United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Technical Fact Sheet-
Dinitrotoluene (DNT)
December 2012
TECHNICAL FACT SHEET - DNT
Introduction
At a Glance
* Nitroaromatic explosive that
exists as six isomers. 2,4- and
2,6-DNT are the most
common forms.
* Not naturally found in the
environment.
* Used as an intermediate in the
production of ammunition,
polyurethane polymers, dyes,
herbicides, plastics, and
automobile airbags.
* Commonly found in waste
streams of DNT manufacturing
or processing facilities.
* Expected to remain in water
for long periods of time
because of its relatively low
volatility and moderate water
solubility unless broken down
by light, oxygen, or biota.
* Identified adverse effects in
the blood, nervous system,
liver, and kidney in animals
after exposure.
«:« Classified as a Class B2
(probable human) carcinogen.
* Health-based goals, exposure
limits, and state drinking water
guidelines have been
developed.
* Standard detection methods
include gas chromatography
(GC) and high-performance
liquid chromatography
(HPLC).
* Common treatment
technologies include
adsorption, chlorination,
ozonation, ultraviolet radiation,
alkaline hydrolysis, and
bio remediation.
This fact sheet, developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) Federal Facilities Restoration and Reuse Office (FFRRO), provides a
brief summary of dinitrotoluene (DNT), including physical and chemical
properties; environmental and health impacts; existing federal and state
guidelines; detection and treatment methods; and additional sources of
information. This fact sheet is intended for use by site managers and field
personnel who may address DNT contamination at cleanup sites or in
drinking water supplies.
The widespread use of DNT in manufacturing munitions, polyurethane
foams, and other chemical products has contributed to extensive soil and
groundwater contamination (Xu et al. 2012). DNT can be transported in
surface water or groundwater because of its moderate solubility and
relatively low volatility, unless degraded by light, oxygen, or biota. As a
result, releases to water are important sources of human exposure and
remain a significant environmental concern. DNT is considered toxic to most
organisms and chronic exposure may result in organ damage (EPA 2008;
IRIS 1990). DNT is currently identified as a priority pollutant by the EPA and
is on the EPA's Drinking Water Contaminant Candidate List 2 for possible
regulation under the Safe Drinking Water Act. EPA has developed a 10-Day
Health Advisory for 2,4- and 2,6-DNT and has established an ambient water
quality criteria.
What is DNT?
* DNT is a nitroaromatic explosive that exists as six isomers: 2,4- and 2,6-
DNT are the two major forms of the chemical. The other four forms (2,3-
DNT, 2,5-DNT, 3,4-DNT, and 3,5-DNT) make up only 5 percent of the
technical grade DNT (Tg-DNT)(ATSDR 1998; Lent et al. 2012).
»> DNT is not found naturally in the environment. It is usually produced by
mixing toluene with nitric and sulfuric acids and is an intermediate in
2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) manufacturing (ATSDR 1998; EPA 2008).
»> 2,4- and 2,6-DNT are the most common isomers produced during TNT
synthesis (Han et al. 2011).
»> DNT mixtures are predominantly used in the production of polyurethane
polymers. It is also used as an intermediate in the production of dyes,
plastics, herbicides, and automobile airbags (ASTDR 1998; EPA 2008;
Lent et al. 2012; Paca et al. 2011).
»> DNT is also widely used in manufacturing explosives and propellants, as
a gelatinizing, plasticizing, and waterproofing agent. It is also used as a
modifier for smokeless gunpowder (ATSDR 1998; Clausen et al. 2011;
EPA 2007). There are currently a small number of DNT manufacturing
facilities within the United States (EPA 2008).
»> DNT is commonly deposited at military ranges and found in waste
streams and soil near munitions manufacturing and processing facilities
(Clausen et al. 2011).
United States
Environmental Protection Agency
Solid Waste and
Emergency Response (5106P)
1
EPA 505-F-12-001
December 2012
-------
Technical Fact Sheet - DNT
What is DNT? (continued)
Exhibit 1: Physical and Chemical Properties of 2,4-and 2,6-DNT
(ATSDR1998; EPA 2008; HDSB 2012; OSHA 2012)
Property
Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) Number
Physical Description (physical state at room
temperature and atmospheric pressure)
Molecular weight (g/mol)
Water solubility (mg/L at 22°C)
Melting Point (°C)
Boiling point (°C)
Vapor pressure at 22 °C (mm Hg)
Specific gravity/Density
Octanol-water partition coefficient (log Kow)
Organic-carbon partition coefficient (log KOC)
Henry's law constant (atm m3/mol)
121-14-2
Yellow solid
182.14
270
71
300 (slight decomposition)
1.47x10"4
1.32@71°C
1.98
1.65
8.79x1 0'8
606-20-2
Yellow to red solid
182.14
180
66
285
5.67 x10"4
1.28@111°C
2.10
1.96
9.26x1 0'8
Notes: g/mol - grams per mole; mg/L - milligrams per liter; C - degree Celsius; mm Hg - millimeters of mercury;
atm m3/mol - atmosphere-cubic meters per mole.
What are the environmental impacts of DNT?
DNT is commonly found in air, surface water,
groundwater, and soil of hazardous waste sites
that contain buried ammunitions waste or waste
from facilities that manufacture or process DNT
(EPA 2008; Darko-Kagya et al. 2010; Lent et al.
2012).
DNT is used directly as an additive in single
base gun propellants and can leach from the
gun propellant matrix into soils. The most likely
source of where gun propellant derived DNT
may occur is within 10 meters in front of the
firing point on small arms ranges or at open
burn/open detonation (OB/OD) units where
propellants are destroyed (Taylor et al. 2012).
According to the latest Toxic Release Inventory,
there were an estimated 10,438 pounds of 2,4-
DNT from six facilities and 2,601 pounds of 2,6-
DNT from three facilities released to the air in
2010(TRI 2010).
2,4- and 2,6-DNT have been identified in
environmental media of at least 122 of 1,467
current or former EPA National Priorities List
(NPL) hazardous waste sites (ATSDR 1998).
Because of their low vapor pressures and low
Henry's Law constants, 2,4- and 2,6-DNT do not
usually volatize from water or soil. The isomers
are usually released to air in the form of dusts or
aerosols or adsorbed to other suspended
particles (ATSDR 1998; Clausen et al. 2011;
EPA 2008).
2,4- and 2,6-DNT only have a slight tendency to
sorb to sediments, suspended solids, or biota
based on their relatively low organic-carbon
partition coefficients (ATSDR 1998; EPA 2008).
The retention of DNT in soil depends on the
chemistry and content of the soil organic matter
(SOM) (Clausen et al. 2011; Singh et al. 2010).
Unless broken down by light, oxygen, or biota,
DNT is expected to remain in water for long
periods of time because of its relatively low
volatility and moderate water solubility. As a
result, DNT has the potential to be transported
by groundwater or surface water (ATSDR 1998;
EPA 2008).
DNT can degrade by several mechanisms in the
environment, including oxidation, photolysis, and
biodegradation in water and soil into a variety of
degradation products (ATSDR 1998; EPA 2008).
Vapor-phase 2,4- and 2,6-DNT have an
estimated half-life of 75 days in the atmosphere
and are broken down by photodegradation (EPA
2008).
Photolysis is the primary route of DNT
degradation in oxygenated water. The
photodegradation of 2,6-DNT was assessed
under simulated solar radiation in a seawater
solution. Within 24 hours, 2,6-DNT had been
reduced by 89 percent and after 72 hours had
been fully degraded. Without solar radiation, 2,-
6-DNT was reduced by only 3.2 percent after 92
hours (ATSDR 2009; NAVFAC 2003).
-------
Technical Fact Sheet - DNT
What are the environmental impacts of DNT? (continued)
Biodegradation of 2,4- and 2,6-DNT can occur
under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions
(EPA 2008).
Bradley et al. (1994) found that microorganisms
indigenous to surface soil collected at a
munitions-contaminated site were able to
transform 2,4- and 2,6-DNT to amino-nitro
intermediates within 70 days (ATSDR 1998;
Bradley et al. 1994).
2,4- and 2,6-DNT have relatively low octanol-
water partition coefficients and, as a result, are
not expected to bioaccumulate significantly in
animal tissue (ATSDR 1998; EPA 2008).
As a result of its moderate solubility, DNT can
be transferred to plants via root uptake from soil
and is expected to accumulate readily in plant
materials (ATSDR 1998; EPA 2008).
The bioavailability and toxicity of DNT to plants
is greatly altered by soil properties. A recent
study found that the toxicity of 2,4-DNT for
various plant species was significantly and
inversely correlated with SOM content (ATSDR
1998; Rocheleau et al. 2010).
What are the health effects of DNT?
Potential exposure pathways include inhalation,
dermal contact, and incidental ingestion, usually in
occupational settings (ATSDR 1998; EPA 2008).
Studies indicate that 2,4- and 2,6-DNT are readily
adsorbed via oral or inhalation exposure. In
addition, studies have found that 2,4- and 2,6-DNT
can be adsorbed through skin in toxic amounts
(EPA 2008; HDSB2012).
Toxicity to humans has been evaluated in DNT
factory workers, munitions handlers, and mining
workers (EPA 2008).
Adverse health effects posed by chronic DNT
exposure have been identified in the central
nervous system, heart, and circulatory system of
humans (EPA 2008).
Identified symptoms from exposure to DNT include
nausea, dizziness, methemoglobinemia, anemia,
and cyanosis (EPA 2008; Darko-Kagya et al.
2010; OSHA 2012).
Studies of workers indicate that exposure to 2,4-
and 2,6-DNT can lead to increased incidence of
mortality from ischemic heart disease (EPA 2008;
HDSB2012).
A study by Bruning et al. (1999) found 25 percent
of 183 miners exposed to DNT via inhalation or
dermal contact indicated signs of liver disorder
(ATSDR 2009; Bruning et al. 1999).
Bruning et al. (1999) also studied 500 cases of
underground copper-miners exposed (many
through direct skin contact) to DNT in Germany.
The study identified 14 cases of renal cell cancer,
five cases of bladder carcinoma, and one case of
renal pelvic carcinoma (Bruning et al. 1999;
ATSDR 2009).
2,4- and 2,6-DNT have both shown adverse
neurological, hematological, reproductive, hepatic,
and renal effects in animal studies with rats, mice,
and dogs (EPA 2008; OSHA 2012; Xu et al. 2012).
The Oral LD50 (the dose that is lethal to 50 percent
of the animals tested) values for 2,4- and 2,6-DNT
indicate that both isomers are moderately to highly
toxic to rats and mice (EPA 2008).
Animal studies have shown that both 2,4- and 2,6-
DNT are hepatocarcinogens and can cause liver
cancer in rats (ATSDR 1998; HDSB 2012).
Studies indicate that the hepatocarcinogenity of
Tg-DNT could be attributed to the 2,6-DNT isomer
(ATSDR 1998; Lent et al. 2012).
EPA classified the mixture of 2,4- and 2,6-DNT as
a Class B2 (probable human) carcinogen (ATSDR
1998; IRIS 1990; HDSB 2012).
The cancer risk assessment for the 2,4- and 2,6-
DNT mixture is based on an oral slope factor of
6.8 x 10"1 milligrams per kilogram per day
(mg/kg/day) and drinking water unit risk of 1.90 x
10~5 micrograms per liter (|ag/L) (EPA 2008; IRIS
1990).
The Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS)
established an oral reference dose (RfD) of 0.002
mg/kg/day for 2,4-DNT based on neurotoxicity and
the presence of Heinz bodies and biliary tract
hyperplasia (IRIS 1993). EPA has also developed
an RfD of 0.001 mg/kg/day for 2,6-DNT (EPA
2011).
The drinking water equivalent levels are 0.1
milligrams per liter (mg/L) for 2,4-DNT and 0.04
mg/L for 2,6-DNT (EPA 2011).
-------
Technical Fact Sheet - DNT
Are there any federal and state guidelines and health standards for DNT?
For2,4-DNT, a minimal risk level (MRL) of 0.05
mg/kg/day was derived for acute-duration oral
exposure and 0.002 mg/kg/day for chronic-
duration oral exposure (ATSDR 2011).
For 2,6-DNT, a MRL of 0.004 mg/kg/day was
derived for intermediate-duration oral exposure
(ATSDR 2011).
EPA established health advisories for 1-day, 10-
day, and longer-term (up to 7 years) exposures.
The one-day health advisory is 1.0 mg/L for 2,4-
DNT and 0.4 mg/L for 2,6-DNT based on a 10-
killiogram (kg) child (EPA 2011).
2,4- and 2,6-DNT are regulated by the Clean
Water Effluent Guidelines in 40 Code of Federal
Regulations (CFR) Part 401 (ATSDR 1998).
EPA established an ambient water quality
criteria of 0.11 ug/L for ingestion of water and
organisms and 9.1 ug/L for ingestion of
organisms only for2,4-DNT at a 10~6 risk level
(EPA 2008).
EPA has calculated a residential soil screening
level of 1.6 milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg) and
the industrial soil screening level of 5.5 mg/kg
for 2,4- DNT. The soil-to-groundwatersoil
screening level (SSL) is 2.8 x10"4 for 2,4-DNT
(EPA 2012).
For 2,6-DNT, EPA has calculated a residential
soil screening level of 61 mg/kg and the
industrial soil screening level of 620 mg/kg. The
SSL is 2.0 x10'2 for 2,6-DNT (EPA 2012).
2,4- and 2,6-DNT are designated as hazardous
substances under section 311(b)(2)(A) of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act (HDSB
2012).
2,4-DNT is a listed substance under the
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
(RCRA) Toxicity Characteristic Leaching
Procedure (TCLP) organics list. If soils or
wastes containing 2,4-DNT fail the TCLP criteria
for DNT, then they
would be classified as RCRA characteristic
hazard waste, and would be required to be
treated to meet the RCRA DNT standard, 0.13
mg/L in leachate based on the TCLP test (CFR
2006).
The Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA) set an average 8-hour
time-weighted average (TWA) permissible
exposure limit (PEL) for DNT in workplace air of
1.5 milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m3) (OSHA
2012).
The National Institute for Occupational Safety
and Health (NIOSH) considers DNT a potential
carcinogen and has established a recommended
exposure limit (REL) of 1.5 mg/m3 for DNT as a
TWA for a standard 10-hour workday and 40-
hour workweek (OSHA 2012; NIOSH 2010).
The American Conference of Governmental
Industrial Hygienist's (ACGIH) threshold limit
value (TLV) for DNT is 1.5 mg/m3 as a TWA for
a conventional 8-hour work day and 40-hour
work week (OSHA 2012).
Per EPA requirements, spills or releases to the
environment of more than 1,000 pounds of DNT
must be reported immediately to the federal
government (ATSDR 1998).
Both 2,4- and 2,6-DNT are identified as toxic
substances under Section 313 of the Emergency
Planning and Community Right to Know Act
under Title III of the Superfund Amendments
and Reauthorization Act (SARA) (ATSDR 1998).
Various states have established drinking water
guidelines for both 2,4- and 2,6-DNT,including
Florida (0.05 |j,g/L for each isomer), Maine (0.5
ug/L for each isomer), and Wisconsin (0.05 ug/L
for each isomer). New Hampshire has
established a drinking water guideline for 2,4-
DNT of 0.11 ug/L (HDSB 2012).
What detection and site characterization methods are available for DNT?
Common analytical methods for DNT isomers
rely on gas chromatography (GC) and high-
performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
(ATSDR 1998; EPA 2008).
GC is usually used in combination with various
detectors including flame ionization detector,
electron capture detector (ECD), hall electrolytic
conductivity detector, thermionic specific
detector, Fourier transform infrared, or mass
spectrometry (MS) (ATSDR 1998).
Capillary GC columns with ECD have been
developed to detect 2,4-DNT in both air and
surface particulate samples (ATSDR 1998).
Surface-enhanced raman spectroscopy (SERS)
was shown to detect 2,4-DNT vapor at a
concentration level of 5 parts per billion (ppb) or
less in air (ATSDR 2009; Sylvia et al. 2000).
Cross-reactive optical microsensors can detect
DNT in water vapor at a level of 23 ppb in clean,
dry air (ATSDR 2009, Albert and Walt 2000).
-------
Technical Fact Sheet - DNT
What detection and site characterization methods are available for DNT?
(continued)
A continuous countercurrent liquid-liquid
extraction method is capable of extracting DNT
from surface water samples (ATSDR 1998).
Reversed-phase, high-performance liquid
chromatography (RP-HPLC) enables the direct
analysis of aqueous samples to identify DNT in
wastewater. The detection limit for 2,4-DNT was
10 ug/L (Jenkins et al. 1986; ATSDR 1998).
Negative ion mobility spectrometry is a sensitive
and selective technique that has been used to
identify trace amounts of 2,4-DNT and other
explosive vapors (ATSDR 1998).
Pressurized fluid extraction and gas and liquid
chromatography-mass spectrometry can also be
used to detect DNT in soil (ATSDR 2009;
Campbell et al. 2003).
In soils, a sonic extraction-liquid
chromatographic method has been used to
detect DNT (ATSDR 1998).
EPA Method 8330B, HPLC using a dual
wavelength ultraviolet (UV) detector, has been
used for the detection of ppb levels of certain
explosive and propellant residues, such as 2,4-
and 2,6 DNT, in water, soil, or sediment (EPA
2006).
There are currently no EPA approved analytical
methods for the other four (lesser) isomers (3-
DNT, 2,5-DNT, 3,4-DNT, and 3,5-DNT).
What technologies are being used to treat DNT?
Remediation technologies for DNT contaminated
soil and groundwater sites typically involve the
use of a separation process, advanced oxidation
processes, chemical reduction, bioremediation,
and phytoremediation (Reddy et al. 2011).
Adsorption on a solid phase, such as granular
adsorbent, is the basic method to collect DNT
from the atmosphere. This treatment is followed
by removal with solvents such as chloroform,
acetone, or methane (ATSDR 1998; EPA 2008).
Munitions wastewater containing DNT is
commonly treated by activated carbon
adsorption followed by incineration of the spent
carbon (Chen et al. 2011).
As a result of its high efficiency and ease of
operation, electrochemical oxidation has been
applied successfully to treat DNT-contaminated
wastewater (Chen et al. 2011).
Nanotechnology has emerged as a potential
technology for the reductive degradation of DNT
in soil and groundwater. Studies have been able
to successfully enhance transport of the
nanoscale iron particles (NIPs) and degrade 2,4-
DNT in soil using lactate-modified NIPs (Darko-
Kagya et al. 2010; Reddy et al. 2011).
Recent batch experiments demonstrated that in
situ chemical oxidation using iron sulfide
activated persulfate was able to completely
degrade DNT in water (Oh et al. 2011).
Researchers have been assessing potential
bioremediation technologies for soil and
wastewater since physical and chemical
methods can be relatively expensive and
produce concentrated waste streams that
require further treatment (Nishino and Spain
2001; Wang etal. 2011).
Studies have found that 2,4-DNT is more easily
degraded than 2,6-DNT by bioremediation in soil
and groundwater. In addition, sequential
treatment systems may be needed to treat soil
or water containing both isomers (Nishino and
Spain 2001).
Recent studies have achieved a 2,4-DNT
removal efficiency above 99 percent in
wastewater using a sequential
anaerobic/aerobic biodegradation treatment
method (Ku§gu et al. 2011; Wang et al. 2011).
A study was conducted to determine the lowest
concentrations of DNT isomers that could
support sustained growth of DNT degrading
microorganisms under aerobic conditions. Study
results suggested that bioremediation (including
natural attenuation) of DNT-contaminated
groundwater may be an effective treatment
option (Han etal. 2011).
Common methods of treatment of DNT in soils
are incineration and bioremediation (Darko-
Kagya et al. 2010; FRTR 2007).
Recent field demonstrations for soil have
employed alkaline hydrolysis successfully to
treat high concentrations of 2,4- and 2,6-DNT to
meet cleanup criteria (Britto et al. 2010).
A protocol document for application of alkaline
hydrolysis to treat DNT and other explosives in
soil ("Management of Munitions Constituents in
Soil using Alkaline Hydrolysis") has been
developed by the U.S. Army Engineer and
Development Center (ERDC) in Vicksburg,
Mississippi (USAGE 2011).
-------
Technical Fact Sheet - DNT
Where can I find more information about DNT?
Agency for Toxic Substance and Disease
Registry (ATSDR). 1998. "lexicological Profile
for 2,4- and 2,6-Dinitrotoluene."
http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp109.pdf
ATSDR. 2009. "Addendum to the Toxicological
Profile for 2,4- and 2,6- Dinitrotoluene."
http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/dinitrotoluen
e addendum.pdf
ATSDR. 2011. Minimal Risk Levels (MRSL) List.
http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/mrls/index.asp
Albert K.J. and D.R. Walt. 2000. "High-speed
fluorescence detection of explosives-like
vapors." Analytical Chemistry. Volume 72(9).
Pages 1947 to 1955.
Bradley P.M., F.H. Chapelle, J.E. Landmeyer,
and J.G. Schumacher. 1994. "Microbial
transformation of nitroaromatics in surface soils
and aguifer materials." Applied Environmental
Microbiology. Volume 60(2). Pages 2170 to
2175.
Britto, R., M. Patel, and M. Spangberg. 2010.
"Full-Scale Alkaline Hydrolysis Treatment of
TNT and DNT in Soil." Remediation of
Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds
Conference (Battelle). Monterey, California. May
2010.
Bruning T., C. Chronz, R. Thier, J. Havelka, Y.
Ko, and H.M. Bolt. 1999. "Occurrence of urinary
tract tumors in miners highly exposed to
dinitrotoluene." Journal of Occupational and
Environmental Medicine. Volume 41(3).
Pages144to 149.
Campbell S., R. Ogoshi, G. Uehara, and Q.X.
Li. 2003. "Trace analysis of explosives in soil:
pressurized fluid extraction and gas and liquid
chromatography-mass spectrometry." Journal of
Chromatographic Science. Volume 41(6). Pages
284 to 288.
Chen, Y., W. Shi, H. Xue, W. Han, X. Sun, J. Li,
and L. Wang. 2011. "Enhanced electrochemical
degradation of dinitrotoluene wastewater by Sn-
Sb-Ag-modified ceramic particulates."
Electrochimica Acta. Volume 58. Pages 383 to
388.
Clausen, J.L., C. Scott, and I. Osgerby. 2011.
"Fate of Nitroglycerin and Dinitrotoluene in Soil
at Small Arms Training Ranges." Soil and
Sediment Contamination. Volume 20. Pages
649 to 671.
Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). 2006.
Characteristics of Hazardous Waste - Toxicity
Characteristic. Title 40. Section 261.24.
Darko-Kagaya, K., A.P. Khodadoust, and K.R.
Reddy. 2010. "Reactivity of lactate-modified
nanoscale iron particles with 2,4-dinitrotoluene
in soils". Journal of Hazardous Materials.
Volume 182. Pages 177 to 183.
Federal Remediation Technologies Roundtable
(FRTR). 2007. Common Treatment
Technologies for Explosives in Soil, Sediment,
Bedrock, and Sludge. Remediation
Technologies Screening Matrix and Reference
Guide. Version 4.0.
http://www.frtr.goV/matrix2/section2/2 10 2.html
Han, S., ST. Mukherji, A. Rice, and J.B.
Hughes. 2011. "Determination of 2,4- and 2,6-
dinitrotoluene biodegradation limits."
Chemosphere. Volume 85. Pages 848 to 853.
Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HDSB).
2012. "Dinitrotoluene," "2,4- Dinitrotoluene," and
"2,6- Dinitrotoluene."
http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-
bin/sis/htmlgen?HSDB
Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS).
1990. "2,4-/2,6-Dinitrotoluene mixture."
http://www.epa.gov/iris/subst/0397.htm
IRIS. 1993. "2,4-Dinitrotoluene."
http://www.epa.gov/iris/subst/0524.htm
Kuscu, O.S.and D.T. Sponza. 2011.
"Application of Box-Wilson experimental design
method for 2,4-dinitrotoluene treatment in a
sequential anaerobic migrating blanket reactor
(AMBR)/aerobic completely stirred tank reactor
(CSTR) system." Journal of Hazardous
Materials. Volume 187. Pages 222 to 234.
Lent, E.M, L. Grouse, M.J. Quinn Jr., and S.M
Wallace. 2012. "Assessment of the in vivo
genotoxicity of isomers of dinitrotoluene using
the alkaline Comet and peripheral blood
micronucleus assays." Mutation Research.
Volume 742. Pages 54 to 60.
National Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health (NIOSH). 2010. "Dinitrotoluene." Pocket
Guide to Chemical Hazards.
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0235.html
Naval Facilities Engineering Command
(NAVFAC). 2003. "Assessment of
Environmental Effects of Ordnance Compounds
and Their Transformation Products in Coastal
Ecosystems." Technical Report. TR-2234-ENV.
http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a424122.pdf
Nishino, S.F and J.C. Spain. 2001. "Technology
Status Review: Bioremediation of Dinitrotoluene
(DNT)." Strategic Environmental Research and
Development Program.
-------
Technical Fact Sheet - DNT
Where can I find more information about DNT? (continued)
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
(OSHA). 2012. "Occupational Safety and Health
Guidelines for Dinitrotoluene."
http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/healthquidelines/dinit
rotoluene/recognition.html
Oh, S., S. Kang, D. Kim, and P.C. Chiu. 2011.
"Degradation of 2,4-dinitrotoluene by persulfate
activated with iron sulfides." Chemical
Engineering Journal. Volume 172. Pages 641 to
646.
Paca, J., M. Halecky, T. Hudcova, J. Paca, Jr.,
M. Stiborova, and E. Kozliak. 2011. "Factors
influencing the aerobic biodegradation of 2,4-
dinitrotoluene in continuous packed bed
reactors." Journal of Environmental Science and
Health. Part A. Volume 46. Pages 1328 to 1337.
Reddy, K.R., K. Darko-Kagya, and C.
Cameselle. 2011. "Electrokinetic-enhanced
transport of lactate-modified nanoscale iron
particles for degradation of dinitrotoluene in
clayey soils." Separation and Purification
Technology. Volume 79. Pages 230 to 237.
Rocheleau, S., R.G. Kuperman, M. Simini, J.
Hawari, R.T. Checkai, S. Thiboutot, G.
Ampleman, G.I. Sunahara. 2010. "Toxicity of
2,4-dinitrotoluene to terrestrial plants in natural
soils." The Science of the Total Environment.
Volume 408. Pages 3192 to 3199.
Singh, N., A.E. Berns, D. Hennecke, J. Hoerner,
W. Koerdel, and A. Schaeffer. 2010. "Effect of
soil organic matter chemistry on sorption of
trinitrotoluene and 2,4-dinitrotoluene." Journal of
Hazardous Materials. Volume 173. Pages 343 to
348.
Sylvia J.M., J.A. Janni, J.D. Klein, and K.M.
Spencer. 2000. "Surface-enhanced raman
detection of 2,4-dinitrotoluene impurity vapor as
a marker to locate landmines." Analytical
Chemistry Volume 72(23). Pages 5834 to 5840.
Taylor, S., K. Dontsova, S. Bigl, C. Richardson,
J. Leverl, J. Pitt, J.P. Bradley, M. Walsh, and J.
Simunek. 2012. "Dissolution Rate of Propellant
Energetics from Nitrocellulose Matrices. US
Army Corps of Engineers. ER-1691.
Toxics Release Inventory (TRI). 2010. National
Library of Medicine, http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-
bin/sis/htmlgen?TRI
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USAGE). 2011.
"Management of Munitions Constituents in Soil
Using Alkaline Hydrolysis." ERDC/EL TR-11-16.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
2006. SW-846. Method 8330B. Nitroaromatics,
Mitramines, and Nitrate Esters by High
Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC).
http://www.epa.gov/osw/hazard/testmethods/pdf
s/8330b.pdf
EPA. 2007. "2,4-Dinitrotoluene." Technology
Transfer Network Air Toxics website.
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/hlthef/dini-lue.html
EPA. 2008. "Drinking Water Health Advisory for
2,4-Dinitrotoluene and 2,6-Dinitrotoluene." EPA
822-R-08-010.
EPA. 2011. Drinking Water Standards and
Health Advisories.
httpV/water.epa.gov/drink/standards/hascience.c
fm
EPA. 2012. Regional Screening Level (RSL)
Summary Table.
http://www.epa.gov/reqion9/superfund/prq/
Wang, Z.Y., Z.F. Ye, and M.H. Zhang. 2011.
"Bioremediation of 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT)
in immobilized micro-organism biological filter.
Journal of Applied Microbiology." Volume 110.
Pages 1476 to 1484.
Xu, J. and N. Jing. 2012. "Effects of 2,4-
dinitrotoluene exposure on enzyme activity,
energy reserves and condition factors in
common carp (Cyprinus carpio)." Journal of
Hazardous Materials. Volume 203 to 204. Pages
299 to 307.
Contact Information
If you have any questions or comments on this fact sheet, please contact: Mary Cooke, FFRRO, by phone at
(703) 603-8712 or by email at cooke.maryt@epa.gov.
------- |