SEPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Containment and Disposal
of Large Amounts of
Contaminated Water:
A Support Guide for Water Utilities
Office of Water (4608T) EPA 817-B-12-002 September 2012 http://www.epa.gov/watersecurity
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Containment and Disposal of Large Amounts of Contaminated Water: A Support Guide for Water Utilities
Office of Water (4608T)
EPA817-B-12-002
September 2012
http://www.epa.gov/watersecurity
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Containment and Disposal of Large Amounts of Contaminated Water: A Support Guide for Water Utilities
Disclaimer
The Containment and Disposal of Large Amounts of Water: A Support Guide for Water
Utilities is designed to provide recommendations that may be useful in preparing for
contamination threats and events. While it may serve as a reference document for
preparation and response to an actual contamination event when rapid decision mak-
ing is needed, this guide does not address all facets of the decontamination phase of
a response. It consists of broad recommendations that may be adaptable to a specific
situation or incident. Use of this guide is voluntary. This guide is not a rule; it is not le-
gally enforceable; and it does not confer legal rights or impose legal obligations upon
any member of the public, water utilities, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA), state and local governments, tribes, or any other agency. It includes references
to statutes and regulations, but it does not change or substitute for any legal require-
ments. While EPA has made every effort to ensure the accuracy of the discussion in
this guide, the obligations of the regulated community are determined by the relevant
statutes, regulations, or other legally binding requirements. In the event of a conflict
between the discussion in this document and any statute or regulation, this document
would not be controlling. The word "should" as used in this guide does not connote a
requirement, but may indicate EPA's strongly preferred approach to ensure effective
implementation of legal requirements.
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Containment and Disposal of Large Amounts of Contaminated Water: A Support Guide for Water Utilities
List of Acronyms
ACP Area Contingency Plan
ADAMS Agency-wide Documents Access and Management System
AEA Atomic Energy Act
ALARA As Low as Reasonably Achievable
ATSDR Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
BSL Biosafety Level
CBR Chemical, Biological, and Radiological
CDC Centers for Disease Control
CERCLA Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
CFR Code of Federal Regulations
CID EPA Criminal Investigation Division
CRS Congressional Research Service
CSO Combined Sewer Overflow
CWA Clean Water Act
CWT Centralized Waste Treatment
DBP Disinfection Byproduct
DDT Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
DHS U.S. Department of Homeland Security
DOD U.S. Department of Defense
DOE U.S. Department of Energy
DOT U.S. Department of Transportation
EDR Electrodialysis Reversal
EMS Emergency Management Service
EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
ERLN Environmental Response Laboratory Network
ERP Emergency Response Plan
FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation
FEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency
FIFRA Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
FMCSA Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration
FOTW Federally Owned Treatment Works
FR Federal Register
GAC Granular Activated Charcoal
HAA Haloacetic Acid
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Containment and Disposal of Large Amounts of Contaminated Water: A Support Guide for Water Utilities
HASP Health and Safety Plan
HAZMAT Hazardous Materials
HLRW High-level Radioactive Waste
HMR Hazardous Materials Regulation
1C Incident Commander
ICS Incident Command System
ID Identifier
IND Improvised Nuclear Device
JTTF Joint Terrorism Task Force
LDR Land Disposal Restrictions
LLMW Low-Level Mixed Waste
LLRW Low-Level Radioactive Waste
LLRWDF Low-Level Radioactive Waste Disposal Facility
LQG Large Quantity Generators
MARPOL Marine Pollution; more specifically, the designation for the International
Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships
MCL Maximum Contaminant Level
NCP National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan
NHMRR National HAZMAT (Hazardous Materials) Route Registry
NPDES National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
NRC Nuclear Regulatory Commission
NRT National Response Team
OPA Oil Pollution Act
OSC On-Scene Coordinator
OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration
PCB Polychlorinated Biphenyl
PHMSA Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration
POTW Publicly Owned Treatment Works
RAP Remediation Action Plan
RCP Regional Contingency Plan
RCRA Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
ROD Radiological Dispersal Device
RPTB Response Protocol Toolbox
SAFESTAT Motor Carrier Safety Status Measurement System
SAM Standardized Analytical Methods for Environmental Restoration following
Homeland Security Events
SDWA Safe Drinking Water Act
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Containment and Disposal of Large Amounts of Contaminated Water: A Support Guide for Water Utilities
SEB Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B
THM Trihalomethane
IRAQIS Transportation Routing Analysis Geographic Information System
TSCA Toxic Substances Control Act
DIG Underground Injection Control
USAGE U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
USAPHC U.S. Army Public Health Command
USC United States Code
USCG U.S. Coast Guard
USDW Underground Source of Drinking Water
UST Underground Storage Tank
UV Ultraviolet
WCIT Water Contaminant Information Tool
WLA Water Laboratory Alliance
WSi CMP Water Security Initiative Interim Guidance on Developing Consequence
Management Plans for Drinking Water Utilities
WWTP Wastewater Treatment Plant
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Containment and Disposal of Large Amounts of Contaminated Water: A Support Guide for Water Utilities
Glossary
The following terms are defined for purposes of this guidance document:
Agency - A division of government with a specific function, or a non-governmental organization (e.g., private
contractor, business, etc.) that offers a particular kind of assistance. In the incident command system (ICS),
agencies are defined as jurisdictional (having a statutory role in incident mitigation) or assisting and/or coop-
erating (providing resources and/or assistance).
Agreement State - Any State with which the Nuclear Regulatory Commission or the Atomic Energy Com-
mission has entered into an effective agreement under subsection 274b of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as
amended in 68 Stat. 919 (Per 40 CFR 191.02(f)).
All Hazards - An incident, natural or manmade, that warrants action to protect life, property, environment,
and public health or safety, and to minimize disruptions of government, social, or economic activities. (From
U.S. Department of Homeland Security, National Response Framework, FEMA Publication P-692, 2008)
As Low as Reasonably Achievable (ALARA) - Making every reasonable effort to maintain exposures to
radiation as far below the dose limits in this part as is practical consistent with the purpose for which the li-
censed activity is undertaken, taking into account the state of technology, the economics of improvements in
relation to the state of technology, the economics of improvements in relation to benefits to public health and
safety, and other societal and socioeconomic considerations, and in relation to utilization of nuclear energy
and licensed materials in the public interest (Per 10 CFR 20.1003).
Before the Drinking Water Distribution System - Water is considered to be located before the drinking wa-
ter distribution system after it has been withdrawn from the source water (e.g., surface water or ground water)
and before it is released to the pipes in the drinking water distribution system. Therefore, for the purposes of
this guide, this does not include source water, but does include water located within a drinking water treat-
ment plant or reservoir that has not entered the distribution system.
Biosafety Level - The level of precaution that must be taken to minimize the exposure of workers and the
environment to infectious agents. The greater the threat of infection a contaminant poses, the greater the bio-
safety level. (From Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical
Laboratories, 5th ed., HHS Publication (CDC) 21-1112, 2009)
Brine - Treatment residual highly saturated with salt.
Cancelled Pesticide - A pesticide for which the registration (i.e., license) has been cancelled through one
of the following actions:
Voluntary cancellation by the registrant
Cancellation by EPA because required fees were not paid
Cancellation by EPA because unacceptable risk existed that could not be reduced by other actions
such as amendment to terminate one or more uses or amendment to change the terms and conditions
of registration and labeling
For more information, see 7 U.S.C. 136d Section 6(b) and EPA's Web page on regulating pesticides: http://
www.epa.gov/pesticides/regulating/restricted. htm#canceled.
Catch Basins - Chambers or sumps, usually built at the curb line, which allow surface water runoff to enter
the stormwater conveyance system.
Centralized Waste Treatment (CWT) Facility - Any facility that treats (for disposal, recycling, or recovery of
material) any hazardous or non-hazardous industrial wastes, hazardous or non-hazardous industrial waste-
water, and/or used material received from off site. "CWT facility" includes both a facility that treats waste
received exclusively from off site and a facility that treats wastes generated on site as well as waste received
from off site. For example, an organic chemical manufacturing plant may, in certain circumstances, be a CWT
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Containment and Disposal of Large Amounts of Contaminated Water: A Support Guide for Water Utilities
facility if it treats industrial wastes received from off site as well as industrial waste generated at the organic
chemical manufacturing plant. CWT facilities may also include re-refiners and may be owned by the federal
government (Per 40 CFR 437.2).
Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) - The CFR is the codification of the federal regulations published in the
Federal Register by the executive departments and agencies of the federal government. Each volume of the
CFR is updated once each calendar year and is issued on a quarterly basis. See http://www.gpoaccess.gov/
cfr/index.html.
Combined Sewer System - Sewer system that is designed to collect stormwater runoff, domestic sewage,
and commercial and industrial wastewater in a single pipe and transport it to a treatment plant, where it is
treated and then discharged to a water body. Combined sewer systems generally include some combined
sewer overflow (CSO) discharge points prior to reaching the treatment plant. For more information, see EPA's
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Web page on combined sewer overflows: http://
cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/home.cfm?program_id=5.
Containment - The temporary storing of water to prevent further contamination or harm to human health and
the environment.
Contaminated Water-Water contaminated with a biological, chemical, or radiological contaminant.
Decontamination - The inactivation or reduction of contaminants from surfaces by physical, chemical or
other methods to meet a cleanup goal. Decontamination does not include treatment of contaminated water
or wastewater.
Drinking Water Distribution System - System consisting of pipes, pumps, control valves and storage facili-
ties designed to provide water for human consumption (e.g., to homes, businesses, hospitals, government
facilities, etc.). For the purposes of this guide, this does not include the end point of the water (e.g., the home,
business, etc.).
Drinking Water Primacy Agency - The agency that has primary responsibility for administration and en-
forcement of primary drinking water regulations and related requirements applicable to public water systems
within a state (Per 40 CFR Part 142). Drinking water primacy for a particular state or tribe may reside in one
of a variety of agencies, such as health departments, environmental quality departments, etc., or in the appli-
cable EPA region. The drinking water primacy agency may also play the role of technical assistance provider
to drinking water utilities.
Drinking Water System-A utility, its components, personnel, and assets that are involved in providing drink-
ing water to its customers.
Emergency - Any incident, whether natural or manmade, that requires responsive action within hours to pro-
tect life or property. As defined in the Stafford Act, any occasion or instance for which, in the determination
of the President, federal assistance is needed to supplement state and local efforts and capabilities to save
lives and to protect property and public health and safety, or to lessen or avert the threat of a catastrophe in
any part of the United States (Per 42 U.S.C. 5122).
Emergency Response Plan - A document that describes the actions that a drinking water or wastewater
utility might take in response to various emergencies, disasters, and other unexpected incidents. (From EPA
Emergency Response Plan Guidance for Small and Medium Community Water Systems to Comply with the
Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act of 2002, EPA 816-R-04-002, 2004)
Federal Register (FR) - The Federal Register is the official daily publication for rules, proposed rules, and
notices of federal agencies and organizations, as well as executive orders and other presidential documents.
See http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collection.action?collectionCode=FR.
Force Main - Pipeline that conveys wastewater under pressure from the discharge side of a pump or pneu-
matic ejector to a discharge point. Pumps or compressors located in a lift station provide the energy for
wastewater conveyance in force mains.
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Containment and Disposal of Large Amounts of Contaminated Water: A Support Guide for Water Utilities
Hazardous Substance - Consistent with the definitions in the Comprehensive Environmental Response,
Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) and the National Contingency Plan (see 40 CFR 300.5), this term
generally includes (but is not limited to):
Any of more than 400 hazardous substances designated under section 311 (b)(2)(A) of the Clean Wa-
ter Act (CWA) or toxic pollutants listed under section 307(a) of the CWA
Any substance designated pursuant to section 102 of CERCLA
Any hazardous waste having the characteristics identified or listed under section 3001 of the Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
Any of more than 200 hazardous air pollutants listed under section 112 of the Clean Air Act (CAA), as
amended
Any imminently hazardous chemical substance or mixture about which the EPA Administrator has
"taken action pursuant to" section 7 of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA)
The term does not include petroleum, including crude oil or any fraction thereof that is not otherwise listed
or designated above. The term does not include natural gas, natural gas liquids, liquefied natural gas, or
synthetic gas usable for fuel (or mixtures of natural gas and such synthetic gas).
High-Level Radioactive Waste (HLRW) - The highly radioactive materials produced as byproducts of fuel
reprocessing or of the reactions that occur inside nuclear reactors. HLRW includes: (1) irradiated reactor
fuel; (2) liquid wastes resulting from the operation of the first cycle solvent extraction system, or equivalent,
and the concentrated wastes from subsequent extraction cycles, or equivalent, in a facility for reprocessing
irradiated reactor fuel; and, (3) solids into which such liquid wastes have been converted (Per 10 CFR 60.2).
Containment and disposal of this type of radioactive waste is not covered in this guide.
Hydrophobic - Having a strong aversion for water.
In Situ - In place.
Incident Command System (ICS) - A standardized on-scene emergency management construct specifi-
cally designed to provide for the adoption of an integrated organizational structure that reflects the complex-
ity and demands of single or multiple incidents, without being hindered by jurisdictional boundaries. ICS is
a management system designed to enable effective incident management by integrating a combination of
facilities, equipment, personnel, procedures, and communications operating within a common organizational
structure, designed to aid in the management of resources during incidents. It is used for all kinds of emergen-
cies and is applicable to small as well as large and complex incidents. ICS is used by various jurisdictions and
functional agencies, both public and private, to organize field-level incident management operations. (From
U.S. Department of Homeland Security, National Response Framework, 2008, FEMA Publication P-692.)
Individual Control Mechanism - Individual permit, order, or similar control mechanism. For example, this
phrase is used in EPA's General Pretreatment regulations at 40 CFR 403.8(f)(1)(iii).
Initial Response - Actions taken immediately following notification of a contamination incident or release.
In addition to search and rescue, scene control, and law enforcement activities, initial response may include
initial site containment, environmental sampling and analysis, and public health activities, such as treatment
of potentially exposed persons.
Injection Well - A "well" into which "fluids" are being injected. A well is defined as a bored, drilled, or driven
shaft whose depth is greater than the largest surface dimension; or, a dug hole whose depth is greater than
the largest surface dimension; or, an improved sinkhole; or, a subsurface fluid distribution system (Per 40
CFR 144.3.) For more information see http://water.epa.gov/type/groundwater/uic/basicinformation.cfm.
Large Quantity Generators (LOG) - A facility that generates 1,000 kilograms per month or more of hazard-
ous waste, more than 1 kilogram per month of acutely hazardous waste, or more than 100 kilograms per
month of any residue, contaminated soil, waste or other debris from the cleanup of spills of acute hazardous
waste (Per 40 CFR 261.5(e)(2) and 40 CFR 262). For more information on LQG, see http://www.epa.gov/osw/
hazard/generation/lqg.htm.
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Containment and Disposal of Large Amounts of Contaminated Water: A Support Guide for Water Utilities
Lift Station -A tank or chamber accompanied by a pump and related controls used to retain and periodically
discharge effluent.
Lined Evaporation Pond - Man-made pond having a large surface area for maximum exposure (e.g., expo-
sure to sunlight or atmosphere).
Local Limits - Limitations and requirements that an industrial user must meet before discharging into a
publicly owned treatment works (POTW). Developed in accordance with 40 CFR 403.5(c), local limits are
Pretreatment Standards for the purpose of CWA section 307(d) [per 40 CFR 403.5(d)]. Each POTW pretreat-
ment program must develop, implement, and enforce technically based local limits. (From EPA Local Limits
Development Guidance, EPA-833-R-0-4002A, July 2004)
Low Level Mixed Waste (LLMW) - Material containing low-level radioactive waste and hazardous waste as
defined by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA).
Low Level Radioactive Waste (LLRW) - Radioactive waste not classified as high-level radioactive waste,
transuranic waste, spent nuclear fuel, or byproduct material as defined in section 11e (2), (3) or (4) of the
definition of byproduct material set forth in 10 CFR 20.1003 (Per 10 CFR 61.2). LLRW may contain either high
or low concentrations of radioactivity.
Low Level Radioactive Waste Disposal Facility (LLRWDF) - Commercially operated sites licensed by the
NRC or an Agreement State to dispose of solid LLRW.
Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) - The maximum permissible level of a contaminant in water which
is delivered to any user of a public water system (Per 40 CFR 141.2). Under CERCLA, ground waters and
surface waters that are current or potential drinking water sources are generally expected to be returned to
beneficial reuse, which includes achieving MCLs.
Mixed Waste - RCRA section 1004(41) defines mixed waste as waste that contains both hazardous waste
and source, special nuclear, or by-product material subject to the Atomic Energy Act of 1954.
National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan (NCP) - Also called the National
Contingency Plan, the NCP (40 CFR part 300) generally provides a blueprint for carrying out response ac-
tions under CERCLA and section 311 of the CWA. The NCP is designed to provide for efficient, coordinated,
and effective response to discharges of oil and releases of hazardous substances, pollutants, and contami-
nants. The NCP describes the organizational structure and procedures for preparing for and responding to
discharges of oil and releases of hazardous substances, pollutants, and contaminants.
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) -The national program for issuing, modifying,
revoking and reissuing, terminating, monitoring and enforcing permits, and imposing and enforcing pretreat-
ment requirements, under sections 307, 402, 318, and 405 of CWA (Per 40 CFR 122.2). This permit program
controls water pollution by regulating point sources that discharge pollutants into waters of the United States.
Oil - Consistent with the definition published in the NCP at 40 CFR 300.5, this term includes:
Oil as defined by section 311 (a)(1) of the CWA, which means oil of any kind or in any form, including,
but not limited to, petroleum, fuel oil, sludge, oil refuse, and oil mixed with wastes other than dredged
spoil.
Oil as defined by section 1001 of the Oil Pollution Act (OPA), which means oil of any kind or in any
form, including, but not limited to, petroleum, fuel oil, sludge, oil refuse, and oil mixed with wastes
other than dredged spoil, but does not include petroleum, including crude oil or any fraction thereof,
which is specifically listed or designated as a hazardous substance under subparagraphs (A) through
(F) of section 101(14) of CERCLA (42 U.S.C. 9601) and which is subject to the provisions of that Act.
On-Scene Coordinator (OSC) - The federal official predesignated by EPA or the U.S. Coast Guard to co-
ordinate and direct responses under subpart D, or the government official designated by the lead agency to
coordinate and direct removal actions under subpart E of the NCP (Per 40 CFR 300.5). The specific duties of
the OSC are provided in 40 CFR 300.120.
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Containment and Disposal of Large Amounts of Contaminated Water: A Support Guide for Water Utilities
Paint Filter Liquids Test - This method is used to determine the presence of free liquids in a representative
sample of waste and compliance with 40 CFR 264.314 and 40 CFR 265.314 (disposal of bulk and container-
ized liquids at hazardous waste landfills). See Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, Physical/Chemical
Methods, Method 9095B, EPA Publication SW-846, November 2004, for more information.
Potable Water - Water of sufficiently high quality that it can be consumed or used without risk of immediate
or long-term harm.
Public Health -The practice of preventing disease and promoting good health within groups of people, from
small communities to entire countries.
Public Water System - A system for the provision to the public of water for human consumption through
pipes or, after August 5, 1998, other constructed conveyances, if such system has at least 15 service con-
nections or regularly serves an average of at least 25 individuals daily at least 60 days out of the year. Such
term includes: any collection, treatment, storage, and distribution facilities under control of the operator of
such system and used primarily in connection with such system; and any collection or pretreatment storage
facilities not under such control which are used primarily in connection with such system. Such term does
not include any "special irrigation district." A public water system is either a "community water system" or a
"noncommunity water system" (Per 40 CFR 141.2).
Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW) - A treatment works as defined by section 212 of the CWA
which is owned by a state or municipality (as defined by section 502(4) of the CWA). This definition includes
any devices and systems used in the storage, treatment, recycling, and reclamation of municipal sewage or
industrial wastes of a liquid nature. It also includes sewers, pipes and other conveyances only if they convey
wastewater to a POTW plant. The term also means the municipality as defined in section 502(4) of the CWA,
which has jurisdiction over the indirect discharges to and the discharges from such a treatment works (Per
40CFR403.3(q)).
Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW) Pretreatment Program or Approved Pretreatment Program -
A program administered by a POTW that meets the criteria established in 40 CFR 403.8 and 403.9 and that
has been approved by a Regional Administrator or State Director in accordance with 40 CFR 403.11 (Per 40
CFR 403.3(d)). The program may include requirements for the reduction of the amount of contaminants, the
elimination of contaminants, or the alteration of the nature of contaminant properties in wastewater prior to
release into a POTW.
Pump Station - Facility that consists of pumps and service equipment designed to pump flows from lower
to higher elevations to allow continuous and cost-effective treatment.
Radiological Dispersal Device (ROD) - Any device that causes the purposeful dissemination of radioactive
material, across an area with the intent to cause harm, without a nuclear detonation occurring.
Raw Water - Untreated water.
Raw Water Main - Transmission, arterial, or distribution water main, but not a service line that transports raw
water from source to the treatment plant.
Receiving Body - The body of water into which water and/or effluent is discharged from wastewater sys-
tems, stormwater systems, and other point-source dischargers.
Remediation - Remediation includes the processes of characterizing, decontaminating, and clearing a con-
taminated site or items, including disposal of wastes. It is a synonym for cleanup. (From U.S. DHS/EPA, Draft
Planning Guidance for Recovery Following Biological Incidents, May 2009)
Reservoir - Any natural or artificial holding area used to store, regulate, or control water.
Residual - Byproducts from the treatment of contaminated water, including water, water-soluble materials,
and solids.
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) Hazardous Waste - RCRA section 1004(5) defines a
waste as hazardous if it is a solid waste that may cause an increase in mortality or serious illness or pose a
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Containment and Disposal of Large Amounts of Contaminated Water: A Support Guide for Water Utilities
substantial present or potential hazard to human health or the environment when improperly treated, stored,
transported, disposed or otherwise managed. See Solid Waste (below) for the statutory and regulatory defini-
tion of a RCRA solid waste. RCRA hazardous wastes can be liquids, solids, gases, or sludges. The regulatory
definition of hazardous waste is found in 40 CFR Part 261. A waste may be considered hazardous if it exhibits
certain hazardous properties (characteristics) in 40 CFR 261.21 to 261.24 or if it is listed as hazardous waste
in 40 CFR 261.31 to 261.33, Subpart D-Lists of Hazardous Wastes). They can be discarded commercial
products, such as cleaning fluids or pesticides, or the byproducts of manufacturing processes. See RCRA
1004(5) and 40 CFR 261.3 for the complete definitions, and http://www.epa.gov/osw/hazard/index.htm for
more information.
Response - Includes immediate actions to save lives, protect property and the environment, and meet basic
human needs. Response also includes the execution of emergency plans and actions to support short-term
recovery. (From U.S. Department of Homeland Security, National Response Framework, FEMA Publication
P-692, 2008)
Service Reservoir - A water storage container that holds clean water after it has been treated in a water
plant, and before it is piped to the end users.
Solid - State of matter characterized by particles arranged such that their shape and volume are relatively
stable. The constituents of a solid tend to be packed together much closer than the particles in a gas or liquid.
Solid Waste - RCRA section 1004(27) defines a solid waste as any garbage, refuse or sludge from waste
treatment, water supply treatment and air pollution control and other discarded materials from industrial,
commercial, mining and agricultural operations and from community activities. The statutory definition also
includes several exclusions. The RCRA regulatory definition of solid waste is any discarded material that is
abandoned, recycled, inherently waste-like, or a military munition, subject to certain exclusions. See 40 CFR
261.2 for the complete definition and http://www.epa.gov/waste/hazard/dsw/index.htm.
Soluble - Susceptible of being dissolved in or as if in a liquid, especially water.
Source Water - Water in its natural state, prior to any treatment for drinking.
Stabilization/Solidification - Waste stabilization means any physical or chemical process used to either
reduce the mobility of hazardous constituents in a hazardous waste or eliminate free liquids as determined
by Test Method 9095B (Paint Filter Liquids Test) in Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, Physical/Chemi-
cal Methods, EPA Publication SW-846, as incorporated by reference in 40 CFR 260.11. A waste stabilization
process includes mixing the hazardous waste with binders or other materials, and curing the resulting haz-
ardous waste and binder mixture. Other synonymous terms used to refer to this process are "waste fixation"
or "waste solidification." This does not include the adding of absorbent materials to the surface of a waste,
without mixing, agitation, or subsequent curing, to absorb free liquid (Per 40 CFR 265.1081).
Storage - Long term containment of water.
Stormwater System or Separate Storm Sewer System - A conveyance or system of conveyances (includ-
ing roads with drainage systems and municipal streets) that is designed or used for collecting or conveying
stormwater for discharge to waters of the United States.
Surface Water - Water that is open to the atmosphere and subject to surface runoff, such as rivers and lakes.
Suspended Pesticide - A pesticide for which the registration (i.e., license) has been suspended for one of
the following reasons:
If a registrant does not take appropriate steps to address an Agency-imposed requirement for the
generation and submission of data that are necessary to support continued registration of a pesticide
product or does not submit timely and acceptable data in response to such requirement
If necessary to prevent an imminent hazard during the time required for cancellation or change of clas-
sification proceedings
For more information, see 7 U.S.C. 136d Section 6(c) and EPA's Web page on suspended pesticides at:
http://www.epa.gov/opp00001/regulating/registering/.
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Containment and Disposal of Large Amounts of Contaminated Water: A Support Guide for Water Utilities
Temporary Storage - Short-term containment of water in a storage area or container specifically designed
to hold water (e.g., holding ponds and holding tanks).
Transuranic Waste - Waste containing more than 100 nanocuries of alpha-emitting transuranic isotopes,
with half-lives greater than twenty years, per gram of waste, except for: (1) High-level radioactive wastes; (2)
wastes that the Department of Energy has determined, with the concurrence of the EPA Administrator, do
not need the degree of isolation required by this part; or (3) wastes that the Nuclear Regulatory Commission
(NRC) has approved for disposal on a case-by-case basis in accordance with 10 CFR Part 61 (Per 40 CFR
191.02(i)). Transuranic elements are artificially made radioactive elements, such as neptunium, plutonium,
americium, and others that have atomic numbers higher than uranium in the periodic table of elements.
Transuranic waste is primarily produced from recycling spent nuclear fuel or using plutonium to fabricate
nuclear weapons.
Treatment - The removal of contaminants from water or wastewater. Treatment is not the same as "decon-
tamination." (See separate definition for this term.)
Underground Source of Drinking Water -An aquifer or its portion: (a)(1) Which supplies any public water
system; or (2) Which contains a sufficient quantity of ground water to supply a public water system; and (i)
Currently supplies drinking water for human consumption; or (ii) Contains fewer than 10,000 mg/l total dis-
solved solids; and (b) Which is not an exempted aquifer.
Volume Reduction - A process used to decrease the quantity or amount of space the contaminated water
occupies.
Wastewater System - A utility, its components, personnel, and assets that are involved in the handling, col-
lecting, and treating of wastewater.
Wastewater Treatment Plant - A treatment system that may consist of physical, biological, chemical, and
mechanical processes for the purpose of removing and/or reducing contaminants in the wastewater. Generic
term that includes publicly owned treatment works (POTW), federally owned treatment works (FOTW), cen-
tralized waste treatment (CWT) facilities, and other wastewater treatment plants.
Water Contaminant - Any physical, chemical, biological, or radiological substance or matter in water (Per
section 1401 (6) of the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) and 40 CFR 141.2). For the purposes of this guide,
this definition will be used for drinking water and wastewater.
Water Profile - The characteristics of the water including but not limited to contaminant levels, temperature,
pH, and turbidity.
Water System - The water supply source, treatment plant infrastructure and processes, and the water dis-
tribution system.
Within the Drinking Water Distribution System -Water located within the pipe, pumps, control valves, and
storage facilities of the distribution system which are designed to provide water for human consumption to
homes, businesses, hospitals, government facilities, etc. This does not include water at the end point of the
system (e.g., the home, business, etc.).
XIV
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Containment and Disposal of Large Amounts of Contaminated Water: A Support Guide for Water Utilities
Table of Contents
LIST OF ACRONYMS v
GLOSSARY viii
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1
2.0 CONTAINMENT AND DISPOSAL AS PART OF REMEDIATION
AND RECOVERY 5
2.1 Actions Prior to Containment 5
2.2 EPA Water Sector Response and Recovery Guidance 5
2.3 Statutes and Regulations 6
2.4 Potential Partners 7
3.0 CONTAINMENT AND TREATMENT OF WATER 9
3.1 Containment of Water In Situ 9
3.2 Containment of Water in Temporary Storage 12
3.3 Treatment of Water 14
4.0 DISPOSAL OF WATER 19
4.1 Direct Discharge of Water to Surface Water 25
4.2 Disposal of Water through a Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) 26
4.3 Transfer of Water to a Hazardous or Medical/Infectious Waste Facility 30
4.4 Underground Injection of Water 30
4.5 Volume Reduction and Solidification of Water with Radiological Contaminants 31
5.0 STORAGE AND TRANSPORTATION 32
5.1 Storage of Water 32
5.2 Transportation of Water 33
APPENDIX A: RISK COMMUNICATION A-1
APPENDIX B: POTENTIAL TREATMENT METHODS B-1
APPENDIX C: SAMPLE DISPOSAL CHECKLIST C-1
APPENDIX D: RESOURCES D-1
APPENDIX E: SUMMARY OF APPLICABLE LAWS AND REGULATIONS E-1
APPENDIX F: REFERENCES.. .. F-1
XV
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Containment and Disposal of Large Amounts of Contaminated Water: A Support Guide for Water Utilities
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1-1: Classes of Contaminants Addressed in Guide 3
Table 2-1: Potentially Applicable Federal Statutes and Regulations for Containment,
Treatment, and Disposal 7
Table 3-1: Potential Additional Considerations Related to Containment In Situ 12
Table 3-2: Additional Contaminant Specific Considerations for Temporary Storage 13
Table 3-3: Potential Treatment Methods for Water Contaminated with Chemicals 15
Table 3-4: Potential Treatment Methods for Water Contaminated with Biologicals 16
Table 3-5: Recommended Treatment Methods for Biotoxin Contaminated Water 17
Table 3-6: Potential Treatment Methods for Water Contaminated with Radiologicals 17
Table 4-1: Characteristics of Treated Water and Potential Disposal Requirements 20
Table 4-2: Information on Disposal by Direct Discharge to Surface Water
(Chemical, Biological, Toxin, and Radiological) 25
Table 4-3: Some Key Additional Requirements and Considerations for WWTPs 27
Table 4-4: Information on Disposal by Transfer or Discharge to a WWTP 29
Table B-1: Description of Potential Treatment Methods for CBR Contaminants B-2
Table B-2: Potential Hydrolysis Products from Chemical Contaminants B-7
Table B-3: Potential Treatment Byproducts and Treatment Process Residuals B-8
Table D-1: General Resources D-1
Table D-2: Disposal Resources D-6
Table D-3: Storage Resources D-7
Table D-4: Transport Resources D-8
Table D-5: Information on Disposal of Solids D-9
Table E-1: Classes and Considerations for Underground Injection/Well Disposal E-6
Table E-2: Summary of Storage, Treatment, Transportation, and Disposal of Mixed
Wastes, Final Rule, May 2001 E-8
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1-1: Overview of Potential Options for Containment, Treatment, and Disposal of
Large Amounts of Water from Drinking Water, Wastewater, and/or Stormwater Systems... 4
Figure 3-1: Recommended Decision-Making Framework for Containment and
Treatment of Contaminated Water for Drinking Water Systems 10
Figure 3-2: Recommended Decision-Making Framework for Containment and
Treatment of Contaminated Water for Wastewater and Stormwater Systems 11
Figure 4-1: Recommended Decision Tree for Evaluating Disposal of Treated Water for
Drinking Water Systems 23
Figure 4-2: Recommended Decision Tree for Evaluating Disposal of Treated Water for
Wastewater and Stormwater Systems 24
Figure A-1: Recommended Framework for Developing a Risk Communication Strategy
for a Drinking Water Utility Following a Contamination Incident A-3
XVI
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Containment and Disposal of Large Amounts of Contaminated Water: A Support Guide for Water Utilities
1.0 Introduction
In the event that a drinking water, wastewater, or stormwater system is contaminated with a chemical, biological
(including toxins), or radiological (CBR) contaminant, the system may need to contain, treat, and/or dispose of
large volumes of water as a part of the decontamination efforts to return to service. This guide is intended for
events involving emergency response activities at water utilities. In these types of events, an Incident Command
System (ICS) may be established to manage the response, including decontamination activities.1 This guide
provides a summary of key information that may be useful in addressing containment, treatment, and disposal
of water contaminated with a CBR agent within any part of a drinking water, wastewater, and/or stormwater sys-
tem resulting from an "all hazards" contamination event.23
Who May Find this Guide Useful?
The information and recommendations in this guide were developed
primarily for drinking water, wastewater, and stormwater utility per-
sonnel involved in response activities. Decision makers involved with
emergency response planning, such as emergency management
agencies, environmental agencies, public health agencies, law en-
forcement, as well as other federal, state, local, and tribal agencies,
may also find the information and recommendations in this guide
useful as a reference source.
What is the Scope of this Guide?
This guide provides the following for water within drinking water, waste-
water, and/or stormwater systems:
An overview of the issues associated with containment, treatment,
and disposal of water contaminated with CBR agents after a deci-
sion to contain the water has been made, including:
- Potential types of containment
- Potential treatment methods
- Potential disposal options and associated considerations
- Information on some of the key relevant statutes and regulations
that may be applicable for containment and disposal
Recommended decision-making frameworks for containment, treat-
ment, and disposal of water contaminated with CBR agents
This guide is not intended to provide recommendations on:
Initial response activities immediately following a confirmed contami-
nation incident4
Source water, such as ground water or surface water that has not
entered the drinking water, wastewater, or stormwater system
Potential Locations
of Large Amounts of
Contaminated Water at the
Utility
Drinking Water System
Raw water pipe
(intake to treatment plant)
Drinking water treatment plant
Transmission mains
Service reservoir
Drinking water distribution
network
Pump stations
Storage tanks
Wastewater System
Collection system
Wastewater treatment plant
Effluent pipes
Lift stations
Treatment lagoons
Stormwater System
Catch basins
Collection system
Force mains
1 For more information on the ICS and how ICS applies to water facilities, see http://water.epa.gov/infrastructure/watersecurity/emerplan/
index.cfm#pp5.
2 Potential treatment options are included in this guide because disposal options may be affected by the type of treatment employed.
3 For more information on how the U.S. manages an all-hazards response, see http://www.fema.gov/pdf/emergency/nrf/nrf-core.pdf.
4 Please note that water should not be released without regard to statutory and regulatory requirements.
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Containment and Disposal of Large Amounts of Contaminated Water: A Support Guide for Water Utilities
Development of clearance goals
Decontamination of system infrastructure
Decontamination of household infrastructure/equipment (e.g., hot water heaters, etc.)
Disposal of solids including treatment residuals5
Disposal of source water or water residing at consumer locations
Roles and responsibilities during decontamination and/or treatment activities and disposal
Details of coordination activities among involved parties
Wash water generated from decontamination activities that has not been discharged to a wastewater or
stormwater system6
If the contamination event requires a criminal investigation, additional actions that are outside of the scope of
this guide may be required to preserve and collect evidence. In this case, the responding agencies should co-
ordinate evidence preservation/collection and treatment/disposal activities with applicable agencies, such as
local law enforcement, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Criminal Investigation Division (CID), or the
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).
How Should this Guide be Used?
This guide is intended to be used as a preparedness tool and as a
reference during emergency response-related containment, treat-
ment, and disposal activities for large amounts of water. Informa-
tion and recommendations presented in this guide are subject to
change, and users are encouraged to consult current versions of
the laws, regulations, resources, and references presented. In ad-
dition to the methods, statutes, regulations, and issues discussed
in this guide, it may be appropriate to consider other factors such
as system size, available assets, and state and local regulations
pertaining to the treatment, storage, and disposal of large amounts
of contaminated water.
This guide does not supersede any federal or state statutes or
regulations. Please consult state authorities for guidance on ad-
ditional requirements, as states may have laws or regulations that
are more stringent than federal laws and regulations.
Which Contaminants Are Included in this
Guide?
Chemical, biological, toxin, and radiological contaminants of con-
cern to the Water Sector are included in this guide. Contaminant-
specific information is identified through color-coding and the use
of contaminant-specific icons. Table 1-1 presents the contaminant
classes covered in each section of the guide.
How is this Guide Organized?
This guide is organized in the
following sections:
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Containment, Treatment, and
Disposal as Part of Response
and Recovery
3.0 Containment and Treatment of
Water
4.0 Disposal of Water
5.0 Storage and Transportation
Appendix A: Risk Communication
Appendix B: Potential Treatment
Methods
Appendix C: Sample Disposal
Checklist
Appendix D: Resources
Appendix E: Summary of Potentially
Applicable Laws and
Regulations
Appendix F: References
5 This document is not meant to provide guidance for the disposal of solids. However, under RCRA, solid waste includes solid, liquid, semisolid,
or contained gaseous material. Liquids considered solid waste by RCRA are included in this guide. Please refer to the glossary for the definitions
of both solid and solid waste. For information and resources on disposal of solids, refer to Appendix D, Table D-5.
6 While this document is not intended to provide recommendations for the disposal of wash water, some of the information in this guide may be
applicable to wash water.
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Containment and Disposal of Large Amounts of Contaminated Water: A Support Guide for Water Utilities
Table 1-1: Classes of Contaminants Addressed in Guide
Treatment Method
*
&
CHEM
nSn
owLx'
BIO
n2n
O^L^
TOXIN
4.4
RAD
Method Description
Chemical Warfare
Agents
Heavy Metals
Hydrophobics
Pesticides
Bacteria
Viruses
Protozoa
Plant Toxins
Bacterial Toxins
Algal Toxins
Fungal Toxins
Alpha
Betaf
Gamma*
Representative Contaminants
BZ
Cyclosarin
Lewisite
Sarin
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Chlordane
Chlorinated solvent mixtures
Coal Tars
Diesel
Gasoline
Aldicarb
Carbofuran
Dichlorvos
Dicrotophos
Bacillus anthracis
Brucellaspp.
Burkholderia spp.
Clostridium perfringens
Coxiella burnetii
Escherichia co//O157:H7
Caliciviruses
Hepatitis A virus
Cryptosporidium spp.
Giardia spp.
Digoxin
Anatoxin A
Botulinum
Brevetoxin
Microcystins
Aflatoxin
Sulfur Mustard
Tabun
VX
Mercury
Nickel
Thallium
Heating oil
Industrial dyes and solvents
Petroleum products (including oil and
petroleum)
PCBs
Fenamiphos
Mevinphos
Phorate
Francisella tularensis
Salmonella Typhi
Shigella dysenteriae
Vibrio cholerae
Yersinia pestis
Rotavirus
Variola major virus (Smallpox)
Toxoplasma gondii
Ricin
Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB)
Saxitoxin
T2 mycotoxin
Americium-241
Cesium-137
Cobalt-60
Americium-241
Cesium-137
lridium-192
Strontium-90
Cobalt-60
lridium-192
* High-level radioactive waste (HLRW) is not covered in this document.
t Of the four radioisotopes shown here, only Strontium-90 is predominantly a beta emitter; Cesium-137, Cobalt-60, and lridium-192 are predomi-
nantly gamma emitters.
t Americium-241 is predominantly an alpha emitter.
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Containment and Disposal of Large Amounts of Contaminated Water: A Support Guide for Water Utilities
Figure 1-1 presents a high-level overview of the recommended process for containment, treatment, and dis-
posal of water contaminated with CBR contaminants for drinking water, wastewater, and stormwater systems.
Flowcharts in Section 3.0 and Section 4.0 incorporate more detail on containment/treatment and disposal,
respectively. The recommended processes for containment/treatment and disposal for drinking water systems
and wastewater/stormwater systems differ, and, therefore, separate flowcharts are provided.
Identification of
Contamination
Containment for Treatment
Disposal of Water
/' Contamination confirmed in \
| drinking water, wastewater :
s and/or stormwater system /
V
Contain water Conta
In situ tempor
v
Determine /
^ On site f
treatment
V
Apply Deter
treatment treatt
v
Assess water to confirm
treatment and determine
disposal method
V
Determine method
of disposal
ir v V
/Direct discharge^ f***^ ^P°sal at a hazardou^X
, through a or medical waste facility
^to surface wate^ ^ wwyTp J ^ (CHEM, BIO, TOX) 7
t t
V
n water in
any storage
^-^ Transport off site
4-Off site-*' for treatment and/or
disposal
milS v TO trpat m \ Tn HiT-wv-o
nent vix
V V
Underground^ AolHum^ducttioriN\
.... and solidification
VnjeCtl0V V (RAD only) J
t
Figure 1-1: Overview of Potential Options for Containment, Treatment, and Disposal of
Large Amounts of Water from Drinking Water, Wastewater, and/or Stormwater Systems
4
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Containment and Disposal of Large Amounts of Contaminated Water: A Support Guide for Water Utilities
2.0 Containment, Treatment, and Disposal
as Part of Response and Recovery
Containment, treatment, and disposal of large amounts of water associated with decontamination activities may be
critical to response and recovery after a contamination event at a water utility. This section provides information that
may be taken into consideration, including actions taken prior to containment, additional response and recovery
guidance, statutes and regulations, and potential partners in disposal operations.
2.1 Actions Prior to Containment
Response actions taken prior to containment may include confirmation of contamination and identification of
contaminant type.7 Response and recovery actions that support containment, treatment, and disposal planning
may include:
Characterization of the CBR contaminant and utility system - After initial identification, further character-
ization of the chemical, biological, and radiological (CBR) agent may provide critical information regarding
contaminant concentrations and any potential health risks. Characterization of the affected utility may provide
critical information concerning the location and status of the contaminant in the system (e.g., whether the
agent is stable or prone to hydrolysis or natural attenuation).
Determination of clearance goals - Prior to containment, treatment, and/or disposal, clearance goals may
be established on a site-specific and incident-specific basis by the Incident Command (1C) in accordance
with applicable statutory and regulatory requirements. Clearance goals may also specify measurable criteria,
in accordance with any applicable laws and regulations, for determining the success of treatment.
Development of the Remediation Action Plan - The drinking water, wastewater, and/or stormwater system
may develop a site-specific and incident-specific Remediation Action Plan that describes actions to remove,
reduce, or eliminate contaminates in or on a site. It includes a treatment and decontamination strategy in ac-
cordance with any applicable laws and regulations. This plan may consider the capabilities and limitations
of the system, the circumstances of the contamination incident, volume and location of contaminated water,
and any applicable statutory and regulatory requirements.
2.2 EPA Water Sector Response and Recovery Guidance
The following documents provide additional information regarding response and recovery and may be used in
conjunction with this guide:
Water Security Initiative: Interim Guidance on Developing Consequence Management Plans for Drink-
ing Water Utilities, October 2008 (WSi CMP)8 -Assists drinking water utilities with the development of plans
to guide the utility and partner agencies through the processes of validating, responding to, and recovering
from a contamination incident in the distribution system. While the WSi CMP recommends proper disposal
of wastewater, it does not provide specific guidance on the disposal of large amounts of water. However, it
provides in-depth information concerning actions taken prior to containment, including characterization and
development of a Remediation Action Plan, as described in Section 2.1 above.
7 Please note that the water also may be contained during the initial response.
8 See EPA 817-R-08-001, http://water.epa.gov/infrastructure/watersecurity/upload/2008_10_24_watersecurity_guide_interim_cmp_wsi.pdf.
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Containment and Disposal of Large Amounts of Contaminated Water: A Support Guide for Water Utilities
Response Protocol Toolbox: Planning for and Responding to Drinking Water Contamination Threats
and Incidents, Interim Final, April 2004 (RPTB - Module 6)9 - Describes response and recovery activi-
ties following a confirmed contamination incident; however, it provides only limited information on disposal
options for water. A similar toolbox is currently under development for wastewater but is not yet available
to the public.
2.3 Statutes and Regulations
This section identifies statutory and regulatory
requirements that may apply to planning and
decision making for containment, treatment
and disposal of large amounts of water con-
taminated with CBR contaminants. Table 2-1
lists these statutes and regulations by con-
taminant category. Summaries are available
in Appendix E. The applicability of these stat-
utes and regulations should be evaluated on
a case-by-case and incident-specific basis.
States may have EPA-approved programs
for implementing certain requirements in the
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
(RCRA), Clean Water Act (CWA), Safe Drink-
ing Water Act (SDWA), or other federal en-
vironmental statutes. States may also have
additional, more stringent statutes or regu-
lations as part of these programs. Please
consult state authorities for guidance on ad-
ditional requirements.
Clean Water Act Sections 301 (f) and 311 (b)
While a number of statutes and regulations may apply,
two sections of CWA are particularly relevant to the
contaminants included in this guide.
Section 301 (f): "Not withstanding any other provisions of
[the Clean Water] Act it shall be unlawful to discharge any
radiological, chemical, or biological warfare agent, any
high-level radioactive waste, or any medical waste, into the
navigable waters."
Section 311 (b): "The Congress hereby declares that it is
the policy of the United States that there should be no
discharges of oil or hazardous substances into or upon the
navigable waters of the United States, adjoining shorelines,
or into or upon the waters of the contiguous zone, or in
connection with activities under the Outer Continental Shelf
Lands Act or the Deepwater Port Act of 1974, or which may
affect natural resources belonging to, appertaining to, or
under the exclusive management authority of the United
States (including resources under the Magnuson Stevens
Fishery Conservation and Management Act of 1976)."
9 See EPA 817-D-03-006, http://water.epa.gov/infrastructure/watersecurity/upload/2004_05_19_watersecurity_guide_response_module6.pdf.
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Containment and Disposal of Large Amounts of Contaminated Water: A Support Guide for Water Utilities
Table 2-1: Potentially Applicable Federal Statutes and Regulations for Containment,
Treatment, and Disposal
Chemical
Biological
Toxin
Radiological
* 33 USC 1251 etseq.
t 42 USC 9601 et seq. CERCLA may apply in incidents involving federal response or requiring federal assistance. This guide does not include all
exemptions that may apply during incidents requiring federal assistance or federal response. See http://www.epa.gov/lawsregs/laws/cercla.
html for more information.
t 7 USC 136 etseq.
H 49 CFR Parts 100-185.
§ 33 USC 40 2701-2720; applicable when dealing with a discharge of oil (may also apply for discharge of a mixture of oil and Clean Water Act
section 311 hazardous substances).
** 42 USC 6901 et seq.
ft 42 USC300f etseq.
# 15 USC2601 etseq.
HH 42 USC2011 etseq.
§§ 42 USC 2021 bet seq.
2.4 Potential Partners
The following entities may be involved in containment, treatment, and disposal operations, depending on
site-specific and incident-specific characteristics of the contamination event:
Drinking water utility
Stormwater utility
Wastewater utility
Neighboring utilities (drinking water and/or wastewater)
Local health department
Local law enforcement
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Containment and Disposal of Large Amounts of Contaminated Water: A Support Guide for Water Utilities
Local government
Local emergency planning committees and emergency management agencies
Local fire, emergency medical service (EMS), and hazardous materials (HAZMAT) responders
State government
State environmental and/or public health laboratories
State environment or health department
State emergency responders
State emergency management and homeland security agencies
State law enforcement
State drinking water and wastewater primacy agencies
Mutual aid and assistance partners
Media
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
EPA regional offices and/or laboratories
EPA Criminal Investigation Division (CID)
Joint Terrorism Task Force (JTTF)
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
National Guard
National Response Center
Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USAGE)
U.S. Department of Homeland Security, including Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and U.S.
Coast Guard (USCG)
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Containment and Disposal of Large Amounts of Contaminated Water: A Support Guide for Water Utilities
3.0 Containment and Treatment of Water
Contaminated water generally should be contained and treated either in situ or using temporary storage con-
sistent with applicable regulatory requirements. Figure 3-1 and Figure 3-2 illustrate a recommended decision-
making process for choosing whether to contain in situ or in temporary storage for drinking water systems and
wastewater/stormwater systems, respectively. Numbers in the flowcharts indicate sections in this guide where
the specific topics are discussed in more detail.
A number of factors should be considered when evaluating containment and treatment methods, including:
Risk to public health and the environment
Worker health and safety
Contaminant properties
- Potential adherence to infrastructure and subsequent contamination of additional water
- Formation of, or interaction with, biofilms
- Potential formation of secondary contaminants through hydrolysis or other mechanisms
- Aerosolization and/or vaporization potential
Any isolation of water that may be needed during confirmation of contamination
3.1 Containment of Water In Situ
Depending on the location of the contaminated water, containment and treatment in situ may be an option. A
hydraulic map of the water system may assist in identifying potential locations of contamination. Water may
be able to be contained:
Before the Drinking Water Distribution System - Contaminated water that has not yet entered the drink-
ing water distribution system (e.g., it is in storage tanks at the drinking water treatment facility)
Within the Drinking Water Distribution System - Contaminated water that has entered the distribution
system may be contained within the system by turning off valves and pumps and advising customer(s) to
keep faucets closed10
Within the Wastewater or Stormwater System - Contaminated water that is contained in the wastewater
system (e.g., in overflow tanks, sanitary sewer pipes) or stormwater system (e.g., in stormwater collection
pipes)
10 When making the decision to contain contaminated water within a distribution system, it is important to consider any potential exposure risks
to people served by the closed off portion of the system.
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Containment and Disposal of Large Amounts of Contaminated Water: A Support Guide for Water Utilities
T
.2
/Contamination confirmed in*'
drinking water system
Within Drinking Water
Distribution System
Before Drinking Water
Distribution System
X
Identify and isolate
contaminated water
in pipe network (3.1)
Yes
Contain contaminated
water in situ (3.1)
Yes
Transfer contaminated water to
temporary storage on site (3.2)
Contain to transport
off site for treatment
and/or disposal (5.2)
Sample and evaluate residual
contaminant concentration (3.3)
Has water
'been treated to clearance"
Assess water to determine
disposal method (3.3)
Determine method
of disposal (4.0)
/Direct discharge to\
(urface water (4.1)j
/Disposal at a hazardous or/
medical waste facility
(4.3-CHEM, BIO, TOX)^/
t
.
Undgr°"n,
(4'4)
/Volume reductior^
and solidification
only) _
!
Figure 3-1: Recommended Decision-Making Framework for Containment and Treatment
of Contaminated Water for Drinking Water Systems
10
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Containment and Disposal of Large Amounts of Contaminated Water: A Support Guide for Water Utilities
"o c
IR£
I O CO
N i
J.y E
Is -2
IS §
Contamination
{ confirmed in wastewater;
'-.or stormwater system /
ate
eatmen
-o
cr
CD
CD
c=
i
o
O
/-Can water be\^
contained i '
Yes
Contain contaminated
water in situ (3.1 )
:an water be"
contained in 1
storage on site?
Yes
Transfer contaminated water to
temporary storage on site (3.2)
Determine treatment (3.3)
Yes
Can ^\
"water be treated in"
temporary storage
^on site? (3.2)^-
Yes
Contain to transport
off site for treatment
and/or disposal (5.2)
Apply treatment approach (3.3)
Sample and evaluate residual
contaminant concentration (3.3)
Has'
been treated to clearance"
goals? i
No
Assess water to determine
disposal method (3.3)
ate
a
Determine method
of disposal (4.0)
.. , , , .
Direct discharge to
surface water (4.1
^Disposal at a hazardous o7\
medical waste facility
^(4.3-CHEM, BIO,'
!
.
injection (4.4)
volume reductiori
gnd S0|idification
(4.5.^0 on|y)
Figure 3-2: Recommended Decision-Making Framework for Containment and Treatment of
Contaminated Water for Wastewater and Stormwater Systems11
11 If it is decided that treatment will occur off site, it may be disposed of at a WWTR However, prior to considering disposal through a WWTP as
an option, utilities should check with the proposed receiving WWTP to ensure that contaminated water can be safely treated and/or discharged
according to the terms contained within the facility's discharge permit issued by EPA or an authorized state or tribe. WWTPs are not allowed to
discharge contaminates above the thresholds established within their NPDES permits.
11
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Containment and Disposal of Large Amounts of Contaminated Water: A Support Guide for Water Utilities
Table 3-1 provides potential additional considerations for evaluating each of these containment options.
Table 3-1: Potential Additional Considerations Related to Containment In Situ
Storage
Location
Before the
Drinking
Water
Distribution
System
Additional Considerations
Feasibility of containing water and preventing it from entering the distribution system
Health and safety of drinking water system personnel (e.g., will containment result in further
exposure of workers to contaminants?)
Within the
Drinking
Water
Distribution
System
Feasibility of containing water within the system (e.g., construction, age, and design life of
infrastructure as well as the ability to shut off valves and the timeline for these activities)
Water within the drinking water distribution system posing a risk to those serviced by the
closed-off portion of the system
Notifying the public when contaminated water is contained within the distribution system (see
Appendix A for more information on risk communication and public notification)
Leaks, poorly sealed connections, corrosion, old breaks, etc., that may also allow release of
vapors and water
Contaminated water exacerbating corrosion of connections, pumps, etc.
Within the
Wastewater
or
Stormwater
System
Feasibility of containing water within the system; factors that may affect the ability to contain in
situ, such as system capacity, intake flow rates, design life of infrastructure, and availability of
shutoff valves
Leaks, poorly sealed connections, corrosion, old breaks, etc., that may also allow release of
vapors and water
Contaminated water exacerbating corrosion of connections, pumps, etc.
Health and safety of wastewater and/or stormwater system personnel (e.g., will containment
result in further exposure of workers to contaminants?)
Notifying the public when contaminated water is contained within the system and preventing
sewage backups in homes (see Appendix A for more information on risk communication and
public notification)
Leaks within the system (e.g., collection and conveyance) that, depending on the severity,
may require action (e.g., deploying HAZMAT teams) by the appropriate authority (e.g., fire
department, health department) once they are identified
3.2 Containment of Water in Temporary Storage
Temporary storage may be appropriate for containment of the contaminated water under a number of circum-
stances including, but not limited to:
Containment in situ is not feasible (e.g., stormwater or combined12 systems may not have the infrastructure
or capacity to contain in situ or may result in leakage to ground water)
Treatment in situ is not feasible
Contaminant(s) may adhere to the walls of pipes or other system infrastructure and re-contaminate water
later conveyed through the system
12 See NPDES CSO 9 Minimum Control Plan at http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/cso/ninecontrols.cfm?program_id=5 for more information.
12
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Containment and Disposal of Large Amounts of Contaminated Water: A Support Guide for Water Utilities
Potential considerations for all contaminant types when determining the type of temporary storage to use
include:
Quantity of water
Feasibility of treatment within temporary storage
Availability of tanks, containers, holding ponds, etc.
Potential location of temporary storage and transportation requirements
Structure and integrity of new or existing temporary storage area(s)
Security of temporary storage location(s)
Duration of storage
Applicable regulations on construction of temporary storage area(s)
Threat posed by temporary storage to the public, environment, and emer-
gency responders
Public health threat posed while transferring the water to storage
Potential Types of
Temporary Storage
55-gallon drums
Single tank trucks
hold 5,000 to 9,000
gallons
Multiple truck tankers
Use of railway tanks
to hold in large
facilities
On-site or off-site
holding tanks
Empty water basins
Table 3-2 provides additional contaminant-specific considerations that should be contemplated when evalu-
ating options for containing water in temporary storage.
Table 3-2: Additional Contaminant Specific Considerations for Temporary Storage
Contaminant Type
CHEM
Contaminant-Specific Considerations
Applicability of underground storage tank (UST) regulations (40 CFR Part 280)*
Chemical properties of contaminant (e.g., toxicity, reactivity)
Applicability of RCRA regulations1
State regulations regarding medical/infectious waste
Labeling containers with appropriate Biosafety Level*
BIO
TOXIN
State regulations regarding medical/infectious waste
Applicability of UST regulations (40 CFR Part 280)
Chemical properties of contaminant (e.g., toxicity, reactivity)
Labeling containers with appropriate Biosafety Level
Applicability of RCRA regulations
RAD
Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) licenses (e.g., unless the NRC license require-
ment is waived, one should apply for a license once the type of temporary storage has
been chosen)
Other NRC requirements
RCRA requirements, if any, applicable to mixed waste
* See http://www.epa.gov/swerust1/fedlaws/cfr.htm for an overview of regulations pertaining to underground storage tanks.
t If temporary storage of a RCRA hazardous waste exceeds 90 days, RCRA regulations for treatment, storage and disposal facilities may apply.
t See www.cdc.gov/od/ohs/biosfty/biosfty.htm for information on biosafety and the 5th edition of Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical
Laboratories, http://www.cdc.gov/biosafety/publications/bmbl5/index.htm, for specific BSL definitions.
H Contact the NRC or Agreement State for more information on NRC requirements. Also see http://www.nrc.gov/.
13
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Containment and Disposal of Large Amounts of Contaminated Water: A Support Guide for Water Utilities
3.3 Treatment of Water
The following should be considered when determining which treatment methods to use:
Clearance goals - Water should be treated until it meets the clearance goals in accordance with any ap-
plicable laws and regulations. Sampling and analysis should be used to verify if the clearance goals have
been met.
Quality and characteristics of the water - Characteristics such as water alkalinity, hardness, and turbidity
may influence the efficacy of treatment and the ability to accurately analyze water samples.
CBR contaminant - Characteristics of the contaminant, such as solubility and specific gravity, concentra-
tion of the contaminant, potential for aerosolization, possible toxicologically significant hydrolysis products
(see Appendix B, Table B-2), and treatment byproducts and residuals (Table B-3) may dictate which treat-
ment methods will successfully remove or inactivate the contaminant.
Location of water - Whether the water is located within a water distribution system, wastewater convey-
ance system, or other location can limit treatment options.
System capabilities and limitations - The capabilities of the affected system may limit the system's op-
tions for treatment.
Health and safety considerations13 - During the treatment process, contaminants may become concen-
trated. Safety precautions may include appropriate safety placards and labeling, use of personal protective
equipment (PPE), and limiting periods of exposure. Extra safety precautions should be taken with residuals
which may have high levels of radioactivity.14
FIFRA regulations - Chemicals, such as chlorine, chlorine dioxide, and chloramines, used to treat water
contaminated with biological contaminants, are typically regulated as pesticides under the Federal Insec-
ticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), in which case they may be used only in accordance with
their label or labeling.15 A FIFRA exemption should be requested and obtained for off-label use of a regis-
tered pesticide or use of an unregistered pesticide.
Federal, state, and local laws and regulations - Applicable laws and regulations regarding treatment
and other actions may affect the available range of treatment options.
Tables 3-3, 3-4, 3-5, and 3-6 indicate candidate treatment methods for specific contaminants in each con-
taminant class (see Appendix B for method descriptions and considerations, including the formation of toxic
treatment byproducts).16 These tables summarize data available in EPA's online Water Contaminant Informa-
tion Tool (WCIT).17 Users are encouraged to consult WCIT directly as needed since this tool is updated peri-
odically as new information becomes available. Tables 3-3 through 3-6 reflect current WCIT data and should
not be viewed as an exhaustive or critical review of the state of the science for treatment technologies listed.
13 See http://www.osha.gov/index.html.
14 See http://www.epa.gov/safewater/radionuclides/pdfs/webcast/presentations/worker_safety_loren_setlow.pdf.
15 See http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/regulating/laws.htm#fifra.
16 Tables 3.4, 3.5, and 3.6 do not address treatment residuals.
17 See http://www.epa.gov/wcit/for more information and updates on treatment methods. Registration is required.
14
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Containment and Disposal of Large Amounts of Contaminated Water: A Support Guide for Water Utilities
Table 3-3: Potential Treatment Methods for Water Contaminated with Chemicals
CHEM
BZ
Cyclosarin
Lewisite
Sarin
Sulfur mustard
Tabun
VX
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Mercury
Nickel
Thallium
Chlorinated solvent mixtures
Chlordane
Coal tars
Diesel fuel
Gasoline
Heating oil
Industrial dyes and solvents
Petroleum products (e.g., oil and
petroleum)
PCBs
Aldicarb
Carbofuran
Dichlorvos
Dicrotophos
Fenamiphos
Mevinphos
P ho rate
* The term "sorbents" includes granular activated carbon and powdered activated carbon.
15
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Containment and Disposal of Large Amounts of Contaminated Water: A Support Guide for Water Utilities
Table 3-4: Potential Treatment Methods for Water Contaminated with Biologicals
BIO
Bacillus anthracis
Brucella spp.
Burkholderia spp.
Clostridium perfringens
Coxiella burnetii
Escherichia coli O157:H7
Francisella tularensis
Salmonella Typhi
Shigella dysenteriae
Vibrio choleras
Yersinia pestis
Caliciviruses
Hepatitis A virus
Rotavirus
Variola major virus (Smallpox)
Cryptosporidium spp.
Giardia spp.
Toxoplasma gone///
16
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Containment and Disposal of Large Amounts of Water: A Support Guide for Water Utilities
Table 3-5: Recommended Treatment Methods for Biotoxin Contaminated Water
TOXIN
tin
>xin A
inum
lylococcal Enterotoxin B (SEB)
;toxin
tcystins
oxin
jxin
ycotoxin
Table 3-6: Potential Treatment Methods for Water Contaminated with Radiologicals*
RAD
5 Eg
-E i 1
Americium-241
Cesium-137
Cobalt-60
lridium-192
Strontium-90
* See WCIT at http://www.epa.gov/wcit/ for more information and updates on treatment methods. Registration is required. In addition to WCIT,
this table includes treatment methods investigated in other EPA preliminary scoping studies on existing methods.
t EDR = Electrodialysis reversal.
17
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Containment and Disposal of Large Amounts of Contaminated Water: A Support Guide for Water Utilities
The following methods and resources should be consulted in support of laboratory analyses before and after
treatment:
Water sampling and analysis methods - EPA's Sampling Guidance for Unknown Contaminants in Drinking
Water, November 2008 (EPA-817-R-08-003), EPA's Standardized Analytical Methods for Environmental Restora-
tion Following Homeland Security Events -2010 (Revision 6.0, EPA-600-R-10-122), or state-approved methods
(EPA-817-R-08-003, EPA-600-R-10-122)18<19
Laboratory capabilities and capacities - Environmental Response Laboratory Network (ERLN) and the
Water Laboratory Alliance (WLA)20
Analytical methods for response to contamination with CBR contaminants - WCIT21
Test procedure guidelines and methods - Guidelines Establishing Test Procedures for the Analysis of
Pollutants (40 CFR Part 136) for certain CWA programs and methods included in the National Primary
Drinking Water Regulations (40 CFR Part 141)
Certified drinking water laboratories - Laboratories certified by EPA or the state to analyze drinking water
samples for monitoring compliance with drinking water standards. Contact EPA's State Certification Program
for a list of certified laboratories.22
18 See http://water.epa.gov/infrastructure/watersecurity/wla/upload/2008_12_31_watersecurity_pubs_guide_watersecurity_
samplingforunknown.pdf
19 See SAM at http://www.epa.gov/sam/SAM_2012_07162012.pdf; SAM is updated as new information becomes available; users should consult
the most current version of this document.
20 Seewww.epa.gov/compendium/for ERLN and WLA (registration required).
21 See http://www.epa.gov/wcit/for more information on analytical methods (registration required).
22 See http://water.epa.gov/scitech/drinkingwater/labcert/for more information on the Drinking Water Laboratory Certification program.
18
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Containment and Disposal of Large Amounts of Contaminated Water: A Support Guide for Water Utilities
4.0 Disposal of Water
After the contaminated water has been treated, the sampling and analyses have been completed, and the clear-
ance goals for treatment have been met, the water should be assessed to determine suitable disposal options
in accordance with applicable laws and regulations. For example, when water contains certain contaminants
or exhibits certain characteristics, statutes such as RCRA, CWA, and FIFRA and their implementing regulations
may have additional requirements for disposal.
The following potential disposal methods are discussed in Sections 4.1- 4.5:
Direct discharge to surface water
Disposal through a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP)
Transfer to a hazardous or medical/infectious waste facility
Disposal in an underground injection well
Volume reduction and solidification (radiological contaminants only)
RCRA Hazardous Waste Permits and
Manifests
NRC Disposal Application
CHEM TOXIN
Disposal of water that is considered RCRA
hazardous waste may require:
An EPA identification number (EPA Form 8700-
12)
A hazardous waste manifest for transport (EPA
Form 8700-22)
Permits for the disposal facility
EPA RCRA forms can be obtained either online at
http://www.epa.gov/osw/hazard/index.htm or by
contacting the state waste and/or environmental
office. Water utilities sending RCRA hazardous
waste off site should ensure that the transporter
and disposal facility are in compliance with all
RCRA requirements.
WWTPs that treat hazardous wastewater may
qualify for a Permit-By-Rule exemption (40 CFR
270.60) whereby the facility's non-RCRA permit
serves in place of a RCRA permit, provided
that the facility is in compliance with its permit
and other RCRA administrative requirements.
Waste discharged under a Permit-By-Rule must
meet all federal, state, and local pretreatment
requirements. For information regarding state-
specific RCRA requirements, state agencies
should be contacted.
RAD
In some instances of radiological contamination,
an NRC disposal application may be required. If
required, an NRC disposal application should be
submitted to obtain approval of the disposal method
selected (authority provided to NRC under the AEA,
as amended). The NRC or Agreement State should
be contacted to determine if this approval is required.
The NRC provides a list of provisions in 10 CFR
20.2002 for the approval of a disposal procedure not
otherwise authorized by NRC regulations. If a disposal
application is required, all the following information
needs to be submitted in an NRC application before
disposing of the water:
A description of the waste, including the
physical and chemical properties important to
risk evaluation, and the proposed manner and
conditions of disposal
An analysis and evaluation of pertinent information
on the nature of the environment/location of
disposal
The nature and location of other potentially affected
licensed and unlicensed facilities
Analyses and procedures used to ensure that
doses are maintained as low as reasonably
achievable (ALARA) and within the dose limits
this part
19
-------
Table 4-1 provides a high-level overview of potential characteristics and corresponding disposal requirements which may be helpful when evaluat-
ing the above options. The column titled "Potential Disposal Requirements" in particular highlights potential limiting factors to consider.
Table 4-1: Characteristics of Treated Water and Potential Disposal Requirements
Characteristic
Contains chemical, biologi-
cal, or radiological warfare
agent
Class
CHEM
Potential Disposal Requirements
BIO
TOXIN
RAD
The Clean Water Act Section 301 (f) pro-
hibits the discharge of any radiological,
chemical, or biological warfare agent, any
high-level radioactive waste, or any medical
waste into the navigable waters.
Other Potential Considerations To Evaluate
If the contaminant is a chemical warfare agent, the wa-
ter also may be considered RCRA hazardous waste.
If the contaminant is a biological warfare agent, the
water also may be considered infectious/medical
waste.
If the contaminant is a radiological warfare agent,
determine whether the contaminant is an alpha, beta,
or gamma emitter.
Contains harmful quantities
pursuant to the Clean Water
Act 311 (b) and the sheen
rule (40 CFR 110.3) pro-
mulgated thereunder. Rule
prohibits a discharge that
would:
Cause a sheen or discol-
oration on the surface of a
body of water
Violate applicable water qual-
ity standards
Cause a sludge or emulsion
to be deposited beneath the
surface of the water or on
adjoining shorelines
CHEM
Oil that violates the sheen rule should not
be discharged to navigable waters as out-
lined in the Clean Water Act Section 311 (b)
and 40 CFR Part 110.
For disposal of water contaminated with oil, users
should contact the appropriate EPA regional office or
the state and local authorities (e.g., departments of
environmental protection, fish & wildlife, etc.) for the
applicable Area Contingency Plan (ACP). Please refer
to Appendix E for more information on the ACR
EPA reporting exemptions for releases include:
- Discharges from properly functioning vessel
engines
- Research and development releases
- National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
(NPDES)-permitted releases
- Discharges permitted under International
Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from
Ships (MARPOL)
See http://www.epa.gov/emergencies/content/
reporting/oilexem.htm for more information.
NJ
O
-------
Characteristic
Contains cancelled or sus-
pended pesticide (7 USC
136d)
See http://www.epa.gov/pes-
ticides/regulating/registering/
suspensions.htm for a current
list of suspended pesticides
and http://www.epa.gov/pes-
ticides/reg u lating/restricted.
htm for more information on
cancelled pesticides
Class
CHEM
Potential Disposal Requirements
EPA may have issued additional require-
ments and/or procedures for those who dis-
pose of the pesticide (varies by pesticide).
The EPA regional or headquarters pesti-
cides program office should be contacted
to determine if there are additional require-
ments and/or procedures for the cancelled
or suspended pesticide and to determine if
those requirements and/or procedures ap-
ply to the contaminated water.
Other Potential Considerations To Evaluate
Additional requirements and/or procedures may
include:
- Labeling and disposal of the pesticide
- Labeling and disposal of any container of a pesti-
cide, any rinsate containing the pesticide, or any
other material used to contain or collect excess or
spilled quantities of the pesticide
Contains PCBs or other
TSCA-regulated chemicals
Contact the EPA regional office
to determine if the contaminant
is regulated under TSCA
CHEM
Restrictions will depend on the
contaminant. For example, PCB-
contaminated waters are subject to specific
requirements under 40 CFR Part 761.
States may have additional regulations
governing PCB disposal.
State or local officials should be consulted for addi-
tional considerations as they vary by state.
Considered RCRA hazard-
ous waste (40 CFR Part 261)
The water is considered
a RCRA hazardous listed
waste* or
The water exhibits hazardous
waste characteristics of ignit-
ability, corrosivity, toxicity, or
reactivity
CHEM
TOXIN
Subject to RCRA hazardous waste
requirements for transportation, storage,
and disposal including:
- An EPA identification number
- Hazardous waste manifest
- Permits
If the treated water is considered a RCRA hazard-
ous waste and is shipped to a WWTP for disposal
(or another WWTP if the contamination occurred at a
wastewater treatment system), the receiving WWTP
may be subject to additional RCRA regulations.
Considered medical or infec-
tious waste
State or local officials should
be consulted to determine if
the water qualifies as medical
or infectious waste
BIO
CWA Section 301 (f) prohibits discharge of
medical waste to navigable waters as noted
above.
Some states require medical/infectious
waste to be disposed of as RCRA hazard-
ous waste while others enforce special
medical/infectious waste requirements.
State or local officials should be consulted for addi-
tional considerations as requirements vary by state.
-------
Characteristic
Considered low-level radio-
active waste (LLRW)
Confirm that the water is
considered LLRW (i.e., radio-
active by coming in contact or
co-existing with low levels of
radioactive materials or neu-
tron activation)
Class
V
RAD
Potential Disposal Requirements
Maximum federal or state regulatory con-
centrations for direct discharge to surface
water and release into sewers may apply.
Other Potential Considerations To Evaluate
An NRC or Agreement State license may be required
to handle and dispose of the water.
Consider whether the contaminant is an alpha, beta,
or gamma emitter.
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Considered low-level mixed
waste (LLMW)
Confirm that the water is con-
sidered LLMW (see above)
Confirm the water is a RCRA
hazardous waste (see above)
V
RAD
Maximum federal or state regulatory con-
centrations for direct discharge to surface
water and release into sewers may apply for
radioactivity.
Subject to RCRA hazardous waste regu-
lations for transportation, storage, and
disposal unless an exemption is obtained
(Appendix E, Table E-2).
An NRC or Agreement State license may be required
to handle and dispose of the water.
Consider whether the contaminant is an alpha, beta,
or gamma emitter.
If the treated water is considered a RCRA hazard-
ous waste and is shipped to a WWTP for disposal
(or another WWTP if the contamination occurred at a
wastewater treatment system), the receiving WWTP
may be subject to additional RCRA regulations.
* See http://www.epa.gov/osw/hazard/wastetypes/listed.htm.
Figures 4-1 and 4-2 provide a suggested order for evaluating these disposal methods depending on the characteristics of the water and typical
availability of the method. One may evaluate any of these methods, as long as the disposal is conducted in accordance with applicable statutory
and regulatory requirements. Numbers in the flowcharts indicate sections in this guide where the topic is discussed in more detail.
£
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a
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Contamination confirmed in
drinking water system
Obtain NPDES \
permit and discharge )
^tp surface water (4.1>'
Obtain required
i permits and discharge
\water to WWTP (4.21
Obtain required
i manifest and transport
to hazardous waste
facility (4.3)
^Obtain required permits ano\
1 inject underground (4.4) j
Solidify waste and
refer to solid waste
disposal guidance
^_ (4.5-RAD only)
Figure 4-1: Recommended Decision Tree for Evaluating Disposal of Treated Water for Drinking Water Systems
CD
10
-------
, .,, _ , ... ... Identification of
Disposal/Storage Containment and Treatment of Water _ . . ..
Contamination
Contamination
confirmed in wastewater
and/or stormwater
Contain water .
/nstfu(3.1)
T
Determine treatment (3.3) * On-ste
Contain water in
emporary storage
(3.2)
A
( 1 C
w
Apply treatment (3.3) « Determine treatment (3.3) \t
r
Assess water to confirm
treatment and determine
disposal method (3.3)
Stormwater
System
Consider direct
water (4.1)
/Do the\
/contaminants/
<^ meet discharge / No
Requirements?/
Yes
(^^
Wastewater
System
a
/ \,
/Can water/
/be processed/^
/ through POTVW /
\FOTVWWWTP of/
/J4-2)/
Yes
/Process through \
: POTW/FOTW/ i
\ WWTP (4.2) ,
1
Consider
WWTP (4.2)
1
Transport off ,
ff-site ^for treatment ar
disposal (5.C
To treat f- /
To dispose
/Does watei/^
/meet requirements/
to d scharge to other N -,
"/^ POTW/FOTW/CWT/
\private WWTP? /
Yes
A
Has
xOther WWTP agreedx
/to accept the water and/_No
/approved method &/
/ discharge? /
\ (4.2) /
Yes
/ Obtain required permits and \
^discharge water to WWTP (4.2)J
ite
d/or
)
1
Consider disposal at
waste facility (4.3)
/hazardous//
/ medical waste /y^
/ facility accept /
/ waste? /
//
I
Yes
J
/^Obtain required \
/ manifest and transport X)
I to hazardous waste }
facility (4.3) ^/
Yes
4
Consider
underground
injection (4.4)
x-appropriate\^
/ class injection /^No
/well available?/
/(4.4)/
Yes
JL
/Injection weiN> No
/accept water?/
Yes
1
-WaHhe-
Yes
Consider volume / .. \
A\,
/ volume /
' reduction / \
/ solidification \ NO
/feasible? (4.5-/
/RAD only)/
Yes
/''Solidify waste and/
/ refer to solid waste \
\, disposal guidance
Obtain required permits an^ V (4.5-RAD only) ^/
V inject underground (4.4) ^
.'
Figure 4-2: Recommended Decision Tree for Evaluating Disposal of Treated Water for Wastewater and Stormwater Systems
CD
CD
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Containment and Disposal of Large Amounts of Contaminated Water: A Support Guide for Water Utilities
4.1 Direct Discharge of Water to Surface Water
Direct discharge to surface water may be an option for disposing of water from a drinking water system, storm-
water system, or water contained and treated in temporary storage. Table 4-2 summarizes the process of ob-
taining approval and discharging the water, along with any specific requirements or characteristics of the water
that should be considered prior to discharge.
Table 4-2: Information on Disposal by Direct Discharge to Surface Water (Chemical, Biological,
Toxin, and Radiological)
Contaminant
Type
CHEM
BIO
TOXIN
RAD
Contaminant-Specific Considerations
1. Locate an accessible and appropriate body of
water.
2. Contact the state environmental office or EPA
regional office to apply to obtain or modify an
existing NPDES permit. Note that in some cir-
cumstances, discharges in compliance with the
instructions of an On-Scene Coordinator may not
require an NPDES permit. For more information,
see 40 CFR 122.3(d).
3.Test the water using methods in EPA's SAM or
other appropriate methods to confirm that con-
taminant levels are below the acceptable dis-
charge levels listed on the NPDES permit.
4. Discharge to surface water following the specifi-
cations listed in the NPDES permit.
5. Obtain a license or other approval from the NRC
or Agreement State to discharge to the receiving
body of water, if applicable. (Radiological only)
Potential Discharge Specifications/
Requirements
The following characteristics of the dis-
charge should be considered:
- Location of discharge
- Method of discharge
- Time of discharge
- Volume of discharge
- Flow rate of discharge
- Water profile
The Clean Water Act Section 301 (f) pro-
hibits the discharge of any chemical,
biological or radiological warfare agent,
any high-level radioactive waste, or any
medical waste into the navigable waters.
Oil that meets the Sheen Rule should not
be discharged to navigable waters as
per CWA 311(b) and 40 CFR Part 110.
(Chemical, Biological, and Toxin Only)
NPDES Permits
Discharge to surface water is regulated by the CWA, which prohibits discharge of pollutants to waters of the
United States except as in compliance with specified provisions of the Act. To discharge to surface water,
an NPDES permit should be obtained from the authorized state or EPA region (40 CFR Part 122 et seq.). An
NPDES permit includes the following:
Technology-based and water quality-based limitations on pollutant discharges to surface water
Additional provisions such as monitoring and reporting requirements
EPA's national recommended water quality criteria are available at http://water.epa.gov/scitech/swguidance/
standards/criteria/current/index.cfm. These criteria are published pursuant to Section 304(a) of the CWA and
provide guidance for states and tribes to use in adopting water quality standards.
For more information, please see: http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/home.cfm?program_id=45.
25
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Containment and Disposal of Large Amounts of Contaminated Water: A Support Guide for Water Utilities
4.2 Disposal of Water through a Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP)
Water from all systems may be disposed through four types of WWTPs depending on a variety of factors includ-
ing, but not limited to, the availability of the facility and characteristics of the water. These four types of WWTPs
are the following:
Publicly owned treatment works (POTW)
Federally owned treatment works (FOTW)
Centralized waste treatment facility (CWT) (chemical contaminants only)
Privately owned WWTPs
If the water from the incident was contained within the wastewater system, disposal may be appropriate through
the WWTP of the system consistent with the NPDES permit requirements and any applicable permit. It should
be determined if the water can be processed through the WWTP of the system without causing an untreated
pass-through or interference or violating any applicable pretreatment requirements, or if the water should be
transported to another WWTP
Different types of WWTPs may have different requirements for accepting water.23 Table 4-3 lists requirements
that may apply and other potential considerations pertaining to the type of WWTP Table 4-4 summarizes the
recommended process a system may use to identify a receiving treatment works and provides additional infor-
mation for the process of requesting a permit to discharge to a WWTP
23 Water discharged from a WWTP should be authorized by and consistent with a discharge permit issued by EPA or an authorized state or tribe.
26
-------
Table 4-3: Some Key Additional Requirements and Considerations for WWTPs*
WWTP
Type
POTW
Additional Requirements
Water meets all the:
- Federally prohibited discharge stan-
dards
- Federal categorical pretreatment re-
quirements (which vary by industrial
process category)
- State laws and regulations
- Local limits established by the POTW
to prevent either:
Pollutants in the treated water from
passing through the POTW untreat-
ed
Interferences with the POTW (i.e.,
inhibition or disruption of POTW
treatment process or operations or
sludge process, use, or disposal)
CHEM
TOXIN
V
RAD
BIO
Contaminant-Specific Considerations
Water considered a RCRA hazardous waste may be subject to additional disposal
requirements described in the following documents:
- EPA's Guidance Manual for the Control of Wastes Hauled to Publicly Owned
Treatment Works, September, 1999, which explains how smaller POTWs without
pretreatment programs (see box below) accept and control hauled wastewater*
- EPA's Guidance Manual for the Identification of Hazardous Waste Delivered to
POTWs by Truck, Rail or Dedicated Pipe, June 1987, which provides guidance on
hazardous waste hauled to POTWs*
Water classified as hazardous may also be subject to additional reporting require-
ments, as listed in 40 CFR 403.12(p).
If the treated water is considered a RCRA hazardous waste and is shipped to a
WWTP for disposal (or another WWTP if the contamination occurred at a wastewater
treatment system), the receiving WWTP may become a hazardous waste facility and
may be subject to additional RCRA regulations.
Maximum federal or state regulatory concentrations for direct discharge to surface
water and release into sewers may apply for radioactivity.
Some states require medical/infectious waste to be disposed of as RCRA hazardous
waste while others enforce special medical/infectious waste requirements.
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* Please note that regardless of the type of facility, the discharge must be authorized and consistent with a discharge permit issued by EPA or an authorized state or tribe.
t Publication No. EPA-833B-98-003; see http://water.epa.gov/aboutow/owm/upload/2005_07_14_hwfinal.pdf.
t Publication No. EPA-833-B-87-100; see http://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi7Dockey=2000SWI9.txt.
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WWTP
Type
FOTW
OR
OTHER
WWTP
Additional Requirements
The discharge of the water should be
covered by a permit as described below:
The FOTW or WWTP addresses the
specific discharge either in the FOTW/
WWTP's NPDES permit or
The discharge is subject to a separate
NPDES regulation pursuant to 40 CFR
122.44(m) or analogous state, territo-
rial, or tribal NPDES regulation in areas
where such government is authorized
to administer the NPDES permitting
program
CHEM
TOXIN
V
RAD
Contaminant-Specific Considerations
Discharges to an FOTW/WWTP that are not subject to and in compliance with require-
ments such as federal prohibited discharge standards, federal categorical pretreatment
standards, and local limits may be subject to requirements applicable to "solid waste"
under RCRA as well as effluent guidelines and standards.
Maximum federal or state regulatory concentrations for direct discharge to surface
water and release into sewers may apply for water exhibiting radioactivity.
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CWT
The CWT accepts wastewater from off
site for treatment and/or recovery
CWTs are subject to the Centralized
Waste Treatment Rule (40 CFR Part
437), which may affect the CWT's con-
ditions for acceptance of the water
CHEM
Different CWTs may be better suited to treat water contaminated with different
contaminants (e.g., CWT for oily wastes if the contaminant is oil or another
hydrophobic, or CWT for metal-bearing wastes if the contaminant is a heavy metal).
The resulting wastewaters from the CWT may be discharged directly to waters of the
U.S. or indirectly to a POTW consistent with any applicable statutory or regulatory
requirements or permit conditions.
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Containment and Disposal of Large Amounts of Contaminated Water: A Support Guide for Water Utilities
Table 4-4: Information on Disposal by Transfer or Discharge to a WWTP
Recommended Process for Identifying and Contacting
a POTW, FOTW, CWT, or Other WWTP
To transfer or discharge water to a POTW, FOTW, CWT, or other WWTP,
one should:
1. Identify potential treatment facility.
2. Contact a POTW, FOTW, CWT, or other WWTP and request (in writing)
formal permission to discharge to the treatment works.
3. In the written request, inquire about what requirements the WWTP has
for accepting the treated water.
4. If the POTW agrees to accept the treated water, obtain an individual
control mechanism from the POTW (e.g., permit, license, contract, etc.)
and provide information for revising the NPDES permit if necessary.
Alternatively, for discharges to an FOTW, CWT, or other WWTP provide
information for revising the NPDES permit for the FOTW, CWT, or other
WWTP enabling it to accept the water, if necessary.
5. Confirm that contaminant levels are compliant with the individual
control mechanism issued by the POTW or with the requirements of
the NPDES permit for the FOTW, CWT, or other WWTR If contaminant
levels are not compliant, pursue alternate disposal options.
6. After an authorization to send the waters to the POTW, FOTW, CWT, or
other WWTP is confirmed, discharge the water to the treatment works
following the requirements and instructions listed on the individual
control mechanism or the permit, as applicable.
Common Specifications and/or
Requirements
The following characteristics
of the discharge should be
considered:
- Method of discharge
- Time of discharge
- Location of discharge
- Volume of discharge
- Flow rate of discharge
- Discharge standards
The Clean Water Act Section
301 (f) prohibits the discharge
of any chemical, biological, or
radiological warfare agent, any
high-level radioactive waste,
or any medical waste into the
navigable waters.
Oil that meets the Sheen Rule
should not be discharged to
navigable waters as per CWA
311(b)and40CFRPart110.
Pretreatment Programs
An analysis of pretreatment requirements designed to prevent pass through, inhibition, and sludge
contamination at a WWTP should be conducted prior to any transfer or discharge of hazardous waste to the
facility. Section 307(b) of the CWA established the National Pretreatment Program which sets and/or enforces
the following:
Prohibited discharge standards - apply to pollutants that can never be discharged to a POTW (given
below)
Categorical pretreatment standards - national, technology-based limits on pollutant discharges that vary
according to industrial sector
Local limits - standards to prevent untreated pass-through at or interference with specific POTWs
National Pretreatment Standards: Prohibited Discharges (40 CFR 403.5)
The CWA prohibits the discharge of certain pollutants to a POTW, including chemical contaminant(s) and/or
residuals from the treatment process. A POTW also may refuse to accept waste from a discharger. Potential
applicable prohibitions include pollutants that may cause the following:
A pass-through or interference with the treatment processes (including effects on the quality of sludge)
Corrosive structural damage to the treatment works
Acidification of the water to a pH lower than 5.0, unless the treatment works is designed to accommodate
such a discharge
Additionally, potentially prohibited pollutants include the following:
Solid or viscous pollutants in amounts that will cause obstruction to the flow of the POTW
Petroleum oil, non-biodegradable cutting oil, or products of mineral oil origin that will cause interference or
pass-through
29
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Containment and Disposal of Large Amounts of Contaminated Water: A Support Guide for Water Utilities
4.3 Transfer of Water to a Hazardous or Medical/Infectious Waste Facility
Transfer to a hazardous waste facility may be an option for disposal of water from drinking water, wastewater,
and stormwater systems. The following considerations should be evaluated prior to disposal:
Is the treated water considered a RCRA hazardous waste or a medical/infectious waste handled by the state
as RCRA hazardous waste?
Does the facility agree to accept the water?
Does the treated water meet the conditions that the facility has for acceptance?
Does the facility have the appropriate licenses and permits?
Similarly, transfer to a medical/infectious waste facility may be an option for disposal of water from drinking
water, wastewater, and stormwater systems. The following considerations should be evaluated prior to disposal:
Is the treated water considered a medical/infectious waste?
Does the facility agree to accept the water?
Does the treated water meet the conditions that the facility has for acceptance?
Does the facility have the appropriate licenses and permits?
4.4 Underground Injection of Water
Underground injection may be a disposal option for treated water if:
The injection activity is permitted or authorized by rule, and the injection well is constructed and operated so
that underground sources of drinking water are not endangered. Owners/operators of wells are responsible
for obtaining the necessary permits or authorizations.
An appropriate class of injection well is available and willing to accept the water, or a new well is constructed,
and use of the well for injection is consistent with the existing or new Underground Injection Control (UIC)
permit/authorization. A new or revised permit may need to be obtained, or in the case of an injection well au-
thorized by rule, one may be required to submit updated inventory information. Only specific types of wastes
are allowed to be injected into a given well class.
The disposer of the water contacts the well owner/operator and receives permission to transfer the water.
The well owner/operator contacts the EPA regional UIC program office or the state if the state has UIC pri-
macy.
Table E-1 in Appendix E describes the different classes of injection wells, class uses, and considerations for us-
ing each well class in further detail.
More information on underground injection is available from the UIC program office in states with UIC primacy.24
For states that do not have UIC primacy, information is available from the EPA regional UIC program office.25
24 See EPA's Underground Injection Control Programs Web page on UIC Primacy at: http://water.epa.gov/type/groundwater/uic/Primacy.cfm
25 See EPA's Underground Injection Control Programs Web page on UIC Regional Contacts at: http://water.epa.gov/type/groundwater/uic/
whereyoulive.cfm .
30
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Containment and Disposal of Large Amounts of Contaminated Water: A Support Guide for Water Utilities
4.5 Volume Reduction and Solidification of Water with Radiological
Contaminants
For water considered LLRW or LLMW,
solidification may allow for disposal
at an LLRW disposal facility.26 In this
scenario, the feasibility of volume re-
duction and solidification should be
determined. Smaller quantities of wa-
ter may be solidified without volume
reduction. For additional information
on solidification of mixed waste, see
http://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.
cgi?Dockey=P10094M5.txt.
LLMW Requirements
RAD
Water considered LLMW may be subject to RCRA requirements.
The EPA Regional RCRA or Authorized State RCRA program office
should be contacted to determine applicable requirements or to
determine if the water qualifies for an exemption if it is stored as
LLRW (see Appendix E for a description of the exemption).
26 See Glossary for definition of stabilization/solidification.
31
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Containment and Disposal of Large Amounts of Water: A Support Guide for Water Utilities
5.0 Storage and Transportation of Water
As part of the response and recovery process, water may need to be stored or transported before, during,
or after treatment and prior to disposal. The following subsections provide information on potential require-
ments for storage and transportation of water.
5.1 Storage of Water
Section 3.2 of this document discusses containment of water in temporary storage prior to disposal. If the
contaminated water cannot be disposed, the water should be stored above ground until further treatment or
disposal options become available. Long-term storage should be in a secure location, and detailed records
should be maintained. Additional sampling and analyses may be necessary to monitor the characteristics,
quality, and/or contaminant levels of the water over time. Several statutes and regulations may apply to the
storage of water depending on the contaminants in the water, the characteristics of the water, and other fac-
tors specific to the event. State and local jurisdictions may have additional regulations regarding long-term
storage of water contaminated with chemical, biological, and radiological (CBR) agents; users should con-
tact state and local authorities.
EPA Requirements
CHEM BIO TOXIN
These statutes and regulations include:
RCRA
- In cases where the water is considered RCRA hazardous waste, RCRA storage regulations (40 CFR Part
264 and 265) may apply.
- Storage of RCRA hazardous waste may require an EPA identification number and permits that may be
required by state and local environmental and/or waste offices. Refer to Section 4.0 for information on
these permits.
- RCRA hazardous waste may be exempt from permitting regulations if specific requirements are met.
Appendix E provides a list of exemptions from RCRA permitting regulations regarding storage.
- Underground storage - UST systems that are used to store hazardous substances and/or petroleum
> products are regulated under RCRA, Subtitle I. USTs containing hazardous wastes are regulated under
Subtitle C of RCRA. See 40 CFR 302.4 for the regulated list of hazardous substances.
FIFRA
- If the water or water system was intentionally treated with a pesticide (e.g., to control bacteria), the
pesticide label or labeling may impose requirements affecting storage and/or disposal.
- If the contaminant in the water is a pesticide that was canceled or suspended under FIFRA, EPA may
have issued, pursuant to FIFRA section 19, additional requirements and/or procedures for storage and/or
disposal of the contaminated water.
- The regional EPA office should be contacted to determine if there are additional requirements and/
or procedures for the canceled or suspended pesticide and to determine if those requirements and/or
procedures apply to the contaminated water.
32
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Containment and Disposal of Large Amounts of Contaminated Water: A Support Guide for Water Utilities
NRC Requirements
RAD
For water containing radiological contaminants, the NRC or Agreement State should be contacted
to identify storage or labeling requirements specific to the type and amount of radioactivity at hand
(Per 10 CFR 61.55 - 57). For descriptions of potential storage requirements and considerations,
refer to the NRC Regulatory Issue Summary 2008 12, Considerations for Extended Interim Storage
of Low Level Radioactive Waste by Fuel Cell and Materials License and/or Extended Storage of Low
Level Radioactive Waste: Potential Problem Areas, BNL-NUREG-36149. (See Appendices D and F
for links to these documents.)
5.2 Transportation of Water
In some instances, the water may need to be transported from the contaminated site for treatment, storage,
or disposal. The U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) Hazardous Materials Regulations (HMR; 49 CFR
Parts 100 - 185) provide requirements for the packaging, labeling, permitting, and transporting of hazardous
materials, including chemical contaminants. For information about transportation requirements for hazard-
ous materials, contact the DOT Hazardous Materials Information Line at 800-467-4922 or contact the state
transportation department. States may have additional regulations, and state transportation agencies should
be contacted for information regarding state-specific requirements.
EPA Requirements
CHEM TOXIN
In addition to DOT regulations and requirements, EPA may have
additional requirements for those transporting waste under:
RCRA - EPA provides regulatory requirements for transporters
of RCRA hazardous waste (pursuant to RCRA, 40 CFR Part
263) such as requiring an EPA identification number, hazardous
waste manifest, and permits that may be required by state and
local environmental and/or waste offices.
FIFRA- EPA may have labeling requirements and/or procedures
for transporting canceled or suspended pesticides, any
container of a pesticide, any rinsate containing the pesticide, or
any other material used to contain or collect excess or spilled
quantities of the pesticide, which may also apply to water
contaminated with a canceled or suspended pesticide. (Per
FIFRA, 7USCl36q)
NRC Requirements
RAD
The NRC works with DOT for the
transportation and packaging
of radioactive waste under the
Hazardous Materials Regulations
(HMR; 49 CFR Parts 100-185).
These regulations establish
requirements for the permitting,
packaging, labeling, and shipping
of contaminated materials.
33
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Containment and Disposal of Large Amounts of Contaminated Water: A Support Guide for Water Utilities
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34
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Containment and Disposal of Large Amounts of Contaminated Water: A Support Guide for Water Utilities
Appendix A: Risk Communication
Figure A-1 describes an example framework that can be used to develop a risk communication strategy for
decontamination efforts related to containment, treatment, and disposal of large amounts of water from a
drinking water, wastewater, or stormwater system.27 The left-hand column depicts communication and coor-
dination with federal, state, local and/or tribal agencies to notify them of the Remediation Action Plan and to
coordinate the development of a public risk communication strategy. The third column illustrates aspects of
the implementation of the public notification and risk communication strategy. As part of pre-incident plan-
ning, it is recommended that a communication strategy be developed and contact information for federal,
state, local and/or tribal agencies, health agencies, emergency responders, and public officials be collected
and compiled.
Resources on risk communication include:
Revised Public Notification Handbook, March 2010 (EPA-816-R-09-013) - This handbook provides guid-
ance to states, public water systems, and the general public regarding how EPA interprets public noti-
fication regulations. This handbook also provides example "boil water" alerts and "problem corrected"
notices. See EPA's public notification Web page for more details and access to the handbook: http://wat.er.
epa.gov/lawsregs/rulesregs/sdwa/publicnotification/upload/PNrevisedPNHandbookMarch2010.pdf.
40 CFR 141.201, National Primary Drinking Water Regulations Subpart Q - Public Notification of Drinking
Water Violations - 40 CFR 141.201 describes general public notification requirements including Tier 1 re-
quirements.
Water Security Initiative: Consequence Management Plan Guidance, October 2008 (EPA-817-R-08-001)
This guidance document includes an example of how public information activities might be planned during
each response phase of a contamination incident. See http://water.epa.gov/infrastructure/watersecurity/
upload/2008_10_24_watersecurity_guide_interim_cmp_wsi.pdf.
Risk Communication in Action: The Risk Communication Workbook, August 2007 (EPA-625-R-05-003)
This workbook provides a better understanding of the elements of successful risk communication to public
health officials, local environmental managers and community decision makers. It describes concepts of
risk communication based on perceptions, value differences, persuasion, and presentation of data in new
ways. See http://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=60000l2U.txt.
Risk Communication in Action: The Tools of Message Mapping, August 2007 (EPA-625-R-06-012) -
This workbook provides an explanation of how to create and use message maps, which are science-based
risk communication tools that enable members of the emergency response and environmental protection
communities to quickly and concisely deliver the most pertinent information about an emergency. See
http://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=60000IOS.txt.
Effective Risk and Crisis Communication during Water Security Emergencies: Summary Report of
EPA Sponsored Message Mapping Workshops, March 2007 (EPA-600-R-07-027) - This report sum-
marizes results from three water security risk communication message mapping workshops. It provides
information about effective message development and delivery that could be useful to Water Sector organi-
zations as they develop their respective risk communication plans. See http://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.
cgi?Dockey=60000GH1 .txt.
Summary Report of the National Water Security Risk Communication Symposium, November 2005
(EPA-600-C-05-006) - This document summarizes a two-day symposium hosted by EPA about communi-
cating risks to drinking water and wastewater systems on May 20 - 21, 2004, in San Francisco, California.
The Symposium provided an opportunity to inform key water security stakeholder groups about crisis risk
27 Please note that this figure illustrates an example of a drinking water communications strategy and would need to be modified appropriately
for decontamination efforts at a wastewater or stormwater utility.
A-1
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Containment and Disposal of Large Amounts of Contaminated Water: A Support Guide for Water Utilities
communication; a forum to share effective risk communication strategies, best practices, tools, and exist-
ing projects; and an opportunity to gather information and advice to support activities in developing and
implementing successful risk communication strategies, tools, and plans. Sessions included risk com-
munication during and following a crisis and risk communication in preparation for a potential crisis. See
http://nepis. epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL. cgi?Dockey=P100049M.txt.
Response Protocol Toolbox: Planning for and Responding to Drinking Water Contamination Threats
and Incidents, April 2004 (EPA 817-D-03-005 and EPA 817-D-03-006) - These modules provide emergency
response planning tools that are designed to help the water sector to effectively and appropriately respond
to intentional contamination threats and incidents. Module 5 introduces the concept of a comprehensive
communications strategy of providing information to the public and details the message, audience, poten-
tial vehicles, resources needed and feedback mechanisms. Module 6 discusses each of these elements
in more detail. See http://water.epa.gov/infrastructure/watersecurity/upload/2004_05_19_watersecurity_
guide_response_module5.pdf and http://water.epa.gov/infrastructure/watersecurity/upload/2004_05_19_
watersecurity_guide_response_module6.pdf.
A-2
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Verification of Decontamination
Approach Before Public
Communication
c
Coordinate with federal, state, local, and/or
tribal agencies to verify approach before
communicating with public
Communications Started Priorto Decontamination
Notify all applicable agencies (federal, state, local,
and/or tribal, including health agencies), first
responders, and public authorities
Determine public health and environmental risk
with state and local health departments
Coordinate with WWTP(s) and other disposal
options
Obtain applicable permits specific to treatment
Coordinate on federal, state, and local level to
arrange transport
Obtain permits for disposal option
Coordinate with local WWTP(s) to determine
feasibility of discharging to WWTP
Determine feasibility of disposal to underground
injection wells
T
Coordinate on federal, state, and local level to
arrange transport, if applicable
f
Determine feasibility of disposal to hazardous or
medical waste facility
^
Phase of Incident
Response Presented in
Disposal Guide
B Contain ination is
Confirmed
*
Contain and Treat
In situ
Temporary storage
n
1
^^P
I I Discharge to surface
' | water
1 Transfer to hazardous
| facility
1 Underground injection
1
Implementation of Public Notification
and Risk Communication Strategy
After coordinating with involved agencies and
public officials to implement public
notification and risk communication
Communications Started Prior to Decon tarn ination
Initiate public notification of contamination and
Provide information on short/long term alternate
water supply as appropriate
Provide information on water use and safety,
including "curb to faucet"
f Recurring Public Com munications N
Provide information on the nature of incident
and treatment goals and objectives
Regularly update on treatment activities
Incorporate community feedback and adapt
After system is restored, notify public that incident
is mitigated
1
Provide follow-up information and reports to public
Contact Information
State Health Department
Contact:
Phone:
Email:
Local Health Department
Contact:
Phone:
Email:
Other Agencies
Agency Name:
Phone '
Email:
Agency Name:
Contact'
Phone:
Email:
Agency Name:
Contact:
Phone:
Email:
Other Contacts (e.g., public
officials and first responders)
Contact:
Phone:
Email:
Contact:
Org/Title:
Phone:
Email:
Figure A-1 : Recommended Framework for Developing a Risk Communication Strategy for a Drinking Water Utility Following a
Contamination Incident
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Containment and Disposal of Large Amounts of Contaminated Water: A Support Guide for Water Utilities
Appendix B: Risk Communication
In some situations, the contaminant may degrade over time in the water, resulting in natural attenuation. The
likelihood of natural attenuation depends on the characteristics of the contaminant, such as tendency to hy-
drolyze; water quality aspects including acidity/alkalinity, temperature, presence of other contaminants; and
exposure of contaminated water to environmental stressors such as sunlight, wind, and freeze-thaw cycles.
Natural attenuation may require extended holding times and may result in byproducts of toxicological sig-
nificance, for example from hydrolysis (see Table B-2) or other natural processes. Water that has undergone
natural attenuation should be treated and/or disposed in accordance with applicable statutory and regula-
tory requirements. The likelihood of a contaminant to naturally attenuate should also be considered when
choosing and implementing a treatment method. Tables B1 - B3 provide information on potential treatment
methods. These tables can be used to help identify which treatment methods may be appropriate in different
circumstances.
Table B-1 provides method descriptions and specific considerations for potential treatment options identified
in Tables 3-3 through 3-6 that may be used to treat water contaminated with chemical, biological, or radiologi-
cal (CBR) agents. This table does not address disposal of treatment residuals.
Table B-2 lists some of the potential hydrolysis products that may result from the representative contami-
nants listed in this guide. These products vary in toxicological significance. For example, hydrolysis products
of lewisite and VX can have similar, high acute toxicity as the parent compounds. Hydrolysis products with
much lower acute toxicity may be present as well; however, all need to be considered in order to protect hu-
man health and ensure effective treatment. Many of the example hydrolysis products identified in Table B-2
may have non-lethal human health effects, depending on dose and duration of exposure. Table B-2 is not
an exhaustive list. Rather, the entries in the table are designed to illustrate that hydrolysis products may be
of concern in certain circumstances, and should be considered when devising a treatment plan. Consult the
Water Contaminant Information Tool (WCIT) for more information on other potential hydrolysis products. EPA
Cumulative Risk Assessments also provide information on toxicologically significant hydrolysis products for
several classes of pesticides (http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/cumulative/).
Table B-3 provides information on byproducts resulting from several potential treatment methods, along with
some treatment process residuals (e.g., treatment chemicals added in excess). The considerations listed
in Table B-1 indicate the formation of these byproducts for various treatment processes. Table B-3 provides
some specific, illustrative examples for several chemicals. Table B-3 is not an exhaustive list, but is primarily
intended to raise awareness of specific types of treatment byproducts beyond what is well known in the water
industry regarding regulated "disinfection byproducts" such as trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids. Users
are encouraged to obtain updated and more detailed information from EPA's WCIT. EPA Cumulative Risk As-
sessments also provide information on toxicologically significant treatment byproducts for several classes of
pesticides (http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/cumulative/).
While many natural attenuation, hydrolysis, and treatment products may be treated the same way as the par-
ent contaminant, additional treatment technology may be required to remove such byproducts, as illustrated
in Table B-3.
B-1
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Table B-1: Description of Potential Treatment Methods for CBR Contaminants
Treatment Method
Activated alumina
Method Description
1 Adsorption of contaminant is facilitated by
the porous nature of activated alumina.
Considerations and Notes
1 Residuals may include backwash water, caustic regenerant solution,
neutralization water, and rinse water containing high levels of the con-
taminant.
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Activated sludge
1 Microorganisms and air (oxygen) are added
to the water to consume organic material.
1 Radionuclides are consumed with organic
material.
1 Resulting sludge is settled or filtered out of
the water.
Residuals may include contaminated sludge.
Biosorption
Metal ions and/or organic compounds are
removed by microorganisms.
Microorganisms settle or are filtered out.
Residuals may include contaminated sludge.
Booms
1 Floating oil is concentrated in thicker sur-
face layers, making recovery easier.
Recommended for use in holding tanks/storage areas, not within
pipes.
Recommended for use in conjunction with additional removal process-
es.
Chloramination
1 Chlorine (or hypochlorite) and ammonia are
combined in water to form monochloramine,
which inactivates microorganisms in the
water and may also affect some chemical
contaminants.
1 Treatment chemical mixture may be considered a pesticide and may
require special handling.
1 Disinfection byproducts or liquid residuals may be produced; these
byproducts or residuals may result in negative human health effects.
1 Residuals include chloraminated water.
1 If off-label use of a registered pesticide, or use of an unregistered pes-
ticide, is contemplated, an exemption from FIFRA (Sec. 18) must be
obtained.
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Treatment Method
Chlorination
Method Description
1 Chlorine or hypochlorite is added to water
to obtain desired concentration and contact
time.
1 The free chlorine interacts with the
contaminant(s) for treatment.
Considerations and Notes
1 Residuals include chlorinated water.
1 Method may result in the production of disinfection byproducts or
liquid residuals, such as trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids
(HAAs), which may themselves result in negative human health effects.
1 Most vegetative bacteria are susceptible to free chlorine.
1 Some spore-forming bacteria, such as B. anthracis, and many proto-
zoa, may be more resistant to chlorine. However, it may be possible to
use high doses of chlorine (compared to normal treatment) to inacti-
vate resistant organisms.
1 When using chlorine, increased concentrations and/or contact times
may be required for the treatment of chlorine-resistant organisms.
1 Treatment chemical mixture may be considered a pesticide and may
require special handling.
1 If off-label use of a registered pesticide, or use of an unregistered
pesticide, is contemplated, an exemption from FIFRA (Sec.18) must be
obtained.
Microorganisms are inactivated through
oxidation (by chlorine dioxide or sodium
chlorite).
Chlorine dioxide
1 Chlorite and chlorate ions may be formed, which may require addi-
tional processing to mitigate them prior to disposal; however, formation
of these ions will be minimized by proper use of chlorine dioxide.
1 If off-label use of a registered pesticide, or use of an unregistered
pesticide, is contemplated, an exemption from FIFRA (Sec.18) must be
obtained.
1 Disinfection byproducts or liquid residuals may be produced; these
byproducts and residuals may result in negative human health effects.
Coagulants or
flocculants (e.g.,
alum coagulation)
1A coagulant is added to the water, causing
particles to clump together.
1 Repulsion forces between contaminant
molecules are neutralized, allowing forma-
tion of complexes that can be more readily
removed from water.
Method is often used as an initial treatment, prior to filtration or sorbent
methods.
Co-precipitation
with barium
sulfate
1 Radioactive strontium is adsorbed on
barium sulfate precipitate, and has been
used for modeling of the decontamination
process in continuous and semi-continuous
stirred tank reactors.
1 Through simulations, it has been found that the critical parameter is the
mean residence time, and the semi-bath stirred tank reactor is the best
configuration.
oo
CO
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Treatment Method
Electrodialysis/
reversal (EDR)
Method Description
Ions of elements are extracted by a mercury
cathode, creating a mercury mixture that
causes a separation of contaminated mate-
rials from the waste volume.
Considerations and Notes
^H
Additional processing is required for mercury mixture.
1 Water is passed through a filter and the con-
taminant particles become trapped on one
side of the filter.
Filtration
1 Residuals include sand beds and other spent filters with high concen-
trations of contaminants.
1 Filter should be chosen based on physical and chemical properties of
the contaminant.
1 Filters may be fouled quickly, depending on the surface area of the
filter and extent of the contamination.
1 Speed of treatment may be dictated by type of filter employed.
1 Large-scale filtration may be problematic, in terms of time and cost, for
some contaminants.
Hydrogen
peroxide
1 Hydrogen peroxide is added to water to ob-
tain desired concentration and contact time
in order to treat the contaminant.
1 The pH of the water may be decreased by treatment.
1 Disinfection byproducts or liquid residuals may be produced; these
byproducts or residuals may result in negative human health effects.
Hydrous
manganese oxide
1 The contamination becomes surrounded by
oxygen atoms and is removed through an
ion exchange.
Intraparticle diffusion is the rate-limiting step in the sorption of contami-
nant to microporous oxides.
Ion exchange
(e.g., greensand)
1 Water is passed through a resin containing
exchangeable ions (cations, anions, or a
mixture of the two).
1 The ions on the resin are replaced by con-
taminants since they form stronger bonds.
1 Stronger bonds must be formed between the contaminant and resin
than the exchangeable ion.
1 Effectiveness of treatment can be limited by other ions, such as sulfate,
calcium and magnesium.
1 Residuals may include brine, backwash, rinse water, and aged/ineffec-
tive resins.
1 Hydrated lime or quicklime is added to the
water to precipitate the contaminant.
Lime softening
1 Residuals may include backwash, sludge, and aged media.
1 Corrosivity of the water may be altered by the treatment, and a corro-
sion-inhibiting material may need to be added to the water.
1 Disinfection byproducts or liquid residuals may be produced; these
byproducts and residuals may themselves result in negative human
health effects.
1 Contaminants' hydrolysis rates can be altered by lime softening (see
Appendix B, Table B-3).
CD
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Treatment Method
Magnetic
polyamine
epichlorhydrin
resin
Method Description
1 Magnetic polymer composition is placed in
water in the presence of an external mag-
netic field.
Considerations and Notes
Residuals may include spent, contaminated resins.
Oil-water
separators
1 Water is pumped through a separation tank;
hydrophobic contaminants rise to the top or
settle to the bottom of the water column, al-
lowing removal of the contaminant from the
water.
1 Method works well when the contaminant rises to the top or settles to
the bottom of the water column. May not be effective if the contaminant
is dispersed throughout the water column.
1 Oil is effectively removed from heavily contaminated waters; may not
reduce the oil level to an adequate level for discharge.
Ozone
Ozone is infused into water via ozone gen-
erators.
1 Disinfection byproducts or liquid residuals may be produced; these
byproducts and residuals may result in negative human health effects.
1 Bromate is a regulated byproduct of the ozonation reaction, and is
formed regardless of contaminant concentration if the water contains
bromide.
1 Flow should be monitored carefully to ensure sufficient contact time.
Particle
separation
and Magnetic
separation
Metal ions and radionuclides are selectively
bound on the surface of magnetic and non-
magnetic particles.
Particles are filtered or applied to a mag-
netic field.
Residuals may include contaminated particles and filters.
Photocatalytic
oxidation
1 Organic contaminants are mineralized, con-
verting them into carbon dioxide, water, and
the oxidized inorganic anions of any hetero-
atoms present.
Disinfection byproducts or liquid residuals may be produced; these
byproducts and residuals may result in negative human health effects.
Precipitation
1 Water flow is reduced and/or chemicals
are introduced so that contaminants can
precipitate.
1 Precipitant is settled out of the water or is
filtered out.
Residuals may include contaminated precipitants.
CD'
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CD
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Treatment Method
Reverse osmosis
Method Description
Water is forced through a membrane with
small pores, achieving a pressure-driven
membrane separation process.
The contaminant is unable to pass through
the pores, separating it from the water.
Considerations and Notes
1 Membrane fouling or scaling can be caused by hard water.
1 Treated water may have decreased pH.
1 Residuals may include spent/used membranes, and liquid residuals
with high concentrations of the contaminant.
Skimmers
Floating oil is removed from water by physi-
cal separation, suction or absorptive materi-
als.
Recommended for use in holding tanks/storage areas, not within
pipes.
Sorbents (e.g.,
granular activated
carbon [GAC])
1 Insoluble materials or mixtures of materials
are used to recover liquids through absorp-
tion, adsorption (adherence), or both.
1 Hydrophobic contaminants are bound to
GAC, enabling physical removal from the
water.
1 Method is often used to remove final traces of oil from water.
1 Characteristics of sorbent and contaminant should be considered to
optimize treatment.
1 GAC is identified as the best available technology in the National
Primary Drinking Water implementation regulation (40 CFR 142.62) for
treatment of many synthetic organics, including chlordane and various
pesticides.
1 Residual GAC may be a RCRA hazardous waste or CERCLA hazard-
ous substance.
Supercritical
water oxidation
1 Temperature and pressure of the water are
raised to be above critical point in order for
oxidation to occur.
1 Additional treatment methods may be necessary for precipitates
formed during supercritical water oxidation.
1 Disinfection byproducts or liquid residuals may be produced; these
byproducts and residuals may result in negative human health effects.
1 Water is passed through UV stream, inacti-
vating microorganisms.
UV
1 Photochemical transformation by this process has been observed.
1 Disinfection byproducts or liquid residuals may be produced; these
byproducts and residuals may result in negative human health effects.
1 Flow should be monitored carefully to ensure sufficient contact time.
1 Efficacy of treatment may decrease for water with high turbidity or high
suspended solids.
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Containment and Disposal of Large Amounts of Contaminated Water: A Support Guide for Water Utilities
Table B-2: Potential Hydrolysis Products from Chemical Contaminants4
Benzyilic acid
3-quinuclidinol
Carbofuran phenol
Dichloroacetaldehyde
Dichloroacetic acid
Dichloroethanol
Dimethyl phosphate
Dimethyl phosphoric acid
O-desmethyldicrotophos
N,N-dimethylacetoacetamide
Monocrotophos
2-Chlorovinyl arsonous acid
Lewisite oxide
Dnsopropyl methylphosphonic acid
Hydrogen fluoride
Isopropyl methylphosphonic acid
Methylphosphonic acid
Methylphosphonic acid mono(1 -methylethyl) ester (IMPA)
Methylphosphonofluondic acid
Cyanide compounds
Dimethylamine
Dimethylphosphamide
Dimethylphosphoramidic acid
D-ethyldimethylamide phosphoric acid
Ethyl phosphoric acid
Ethylphosphoryl cyanidate
Phosphoric acid
Dnsopropyl ethyl mercaptoamme
Ethyl methylphosphonic acid
Methylphosphonic acid
* Note that this table does not contain all potential hydrolysis products. Consult WCIT for more infor-
mation on other potential hydrolysis products. EPA Cumulative Risk Assessment provides informa-
tion on toxicologically significant hydrolysis products for several classes of pesticides (http://www.
epa.gov/oppsrrd1/cumulative/).
B-7
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Table B-3: Potential Treatment Byproducts and Treatment Process Residuals*
Treatment
Method
Free chlorine
Byproducts
Oxons, sulfoxides,
sulfones
Regulated disinfection
byproducts (DBPs)
Byproduct Notes
Examples include aldicarb
sulfoxide, aldicarb sulfone, methyl
paraoxon, phorate sulfoxide, etc.
Include trihalomethanes and
haloacetic acids
Treatment Process
Residual
Free Chlorine
Treatment process for
byproducts
and residual
Byproducts - activated carbon,
filtration, ozonation, etc.
Residuals - dechlorination
agents, reducing agents, etc.
Regulated DBFs - formation
control, reverse osmosis
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Ozone
Oxons, sulfoxides,
sulfones
Regulated DBPs
Examples similar to free chlorine.
All oxidative process may form
these byproducts to varying
degrees.
Bromate will be formed if the water
contains bromide
Byproducts - activated carbon,
filtration, ozonation, etc.
Regulated DBPs - formation
control, reverse osmosis
Reverse
Osmosis
Hydrolysis products
pH change from process may
affect hydrolysis mechanisms and
corresponding products; e.g. for
organophosphates
Residuals may include
spent/used membranes,
and liquid residuals with
high concentrations of the
contaminant.
High concentration of
contaminants may cause waste
to be subject to additional
regulations and/or more difficult
to deal with.
* Note that this table does not contain all potential treatment byproducts or residuals. Additionally, while many byproducts may be treated as described in Table B-1, the treatment technology
for the residuals may be different than the technique needed to treat the original contaminant. EPA Cumulative Risk Assessments provide information on toxicologically significant treatment
byproducts for several classes of pesticides (http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/cumulative/).
CD
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Containment and Disposal of Large Amounts of Contaminated Water: A Support Guide for Water Utilities
Appendix C: Sample Disposal Checklist
Disclaimer: This sample checklist addresses potential actions to contain, treat, and/or dispose of contaminated
water resulting from a CBR incident in a drinking water, wastewater, and/or stormwater system and some of the
potentially applicable statutory and regulatory requirements. Utilities, state agencies, and first responders may
elect to create a site-specific checklist to ensure all actions are documented and performed appropriately.
Contamination Incident and Site Background Information
General Information:
Name(s) of utility or entity affected (if known):
Responsible Party (if known):
Date and Time of the Incident:
Type of Incident (e.g., explosion, vehicle accident, pipeline, intentional):
Systems affected (check all that apply):
Contamination of drinking water distribution system
Contamination of wastewater system
Contamination of stormwater collection system
Other
Contamination Location:
_Public notification has been implemented or addressed (e.g., radio broadcast, safety zone broadcast
to mariners, road closure, etc.)
Contaminant Information:
Type: Biological contaminant(s):
Toxin contaminant(s):
_Chemical contaminant(s):
_Radiological contaminant(s):
Other:
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Containment and Disposal of Large Amounts of Contaminated Water: A Support Guide for Water Utilities
Details (if applicable): Contaminant Name
Viscosity:
Solubility:
Volatility:
Percent Evaporation in: 24 Hours -
Other details:
48 Hours -
gals
Estimated volume of contaminated water:
Release status: Instantaneous Continuous Intermittent
bbls
If continuous or intermittent, specify rate of release:
Estimated surface area covered (if applicable):
_gals/bbls per hour
acres/sq ft
Contact Information
Name
Organization
Phone Number
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Containment and Disposal of Large Amounts of Contaminated Water: A Support Guide for Water Utilities
Step 1: Evaluating the Potential to Contain Contaminated Water for Treatment
Where is the water contained? (Please note: A hydraulic map of the contaminated water system may facilitate
identifying potential locations of contamination within the system to aid containment.)
_Before the drinking water system
_Within the drinking water system
_Within the wastewater system
_Temporary storage
_Within the stormwater system
If stored in temporary storage, what types of container(s) are used (check all that apply)?
_Drums (size: number: )
Holding tanks (size:
Truck tankers (size:
Railway tanks (size:
Holding ponds (size:
Other (
number: }
number: }
number: }
number: }
) (size: number:
Step 2: Treatment of Water
Operations Prior to Treatment:
Water profile evaluation completed
Notes on water profile:
Turbidity
Alkalinity
Laboratory used (if applicable)
Other
Temperature
Hardness
_Clearance goals established
_ Remediation Action Plan developed
_Clearance sampling and analysis plan developed
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Containment and Disposal of Large Amounts of Contaminated Water: A Support Guide for Water Utilities
Notes on
clearance goals and sampling and analysis plan:
Treatment method(s) selected
Have samples been collected and monitored for natural attenuation or hydrolysis (if applicable)?
Yes No
Operations after Treatment:
Treatment confirmed (i.e., water meets clearance goals)
Notes on analysis after treatment:
Analysis method used
Laboratory used (if applicable)
If treatment is not confirmed, conduct additional treatment (list methods above).
Step 3: Assessment of Water after Treatment
Does the water contain any of the following (check all that apply):
Warfare agent(s) RCRA hazardous waste
_TSCA regulated substance
_Radioactivity (LLRW)
_Cancelled or suspended pesticide
_Mixed waste (LLMW)
In addition to the requirements under the Clean Water Act and the Safe Drinking Water Act, there may be ad-
ditional requirements that are applicable to the disposal of water with the following characteristics to surface
waters or underground injection control wells, depending on the particular characteristics of the contami-
nated water (check those that apply in this situation):
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Containment and Disposal of Large Amounts of Contaminated Water: A Support Guide for Water Utilities
Characteristic
Warfare agent(s)
Requirements
_Clean Water Act Section 301 (f) prohibits discharge of warfare agents to
navigable waters
TSCA regulated
substance
_TSCA disposal requirements
Contaminant specific requirements
Radioactivity (LLRW)
_NRC requirements for storage
_NRC requirements for disposal
RCRA hazardous waste
_RCRA hazardous waste requirements for transportation
_RCRA hazardous waste requirements for storage
_RCRA hazardous waste requirements for disposal
Cancelled or suspended
pesticide
_FIFRA storage requirements or procedures
_FIFRA labeling requirements or procedures
_FIFRA disposal requirements or procedures
Contaminant specific requirements
Mixed waste (LLMW)
_NRC requirements for storage
_NRC requirements for disposal
_RCRA hazardous waste requirements for transportation
_RCRA hazardous waste requirements for storage
_RCRA hazardous waste requirements for disposal
Oil
_Clean Water Act Section 311 (b) and 40 CFR Part 110 prohibit discharge of
oil to navigable waters
Step 4: Disposal of Water28
Direct Discharge to Surface Water:
Check once completed/verified.
Location of discharge identified
28 May also apply to the disposal of liquid residuals.
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Containment and Disposal of Large Amounts of Contaminated Water: A Support Guide for Water Utilities
_NPDES and other appropriate permits for discharge obtained
_Water does not contain any biological, chemical, or radiological warfare agents, High Level Radioactive
Waste (HLRW), medical waste, or oil
Disposal of Water through a WWTP (POTW, FOTW, CWT, or Other):
Check once completed/verified.
Water meets federal, state, and local pretreatment program standards (if applicable)
No pollutants in the water will pass through the WWTP untreated
Water will not cause interferences with WWTP (i.e., inhibition or disruption of WWTP treatment process
or operations or sludge process, use, or disposal)
WWTP has agreed to accept the water
WWTP has issued/revised a permit for the discharge
Underground Injection:
Check once completed/verified.
Underground injection disposal located
Well owner(s)/well operator(s) have the appropriate permit(s) and will accept the water
Injection meets federal and state UIC requirements including the prohibition of movement of fluid con-
taining any contaminant into underground sources of drinking water (40 CFR 144.12)
Volume Reduction and Solidification (radiological contaminants only):
Check all that apply.
Feasible to solidify the water (at current amount)
Feasible to reduce volume of water
Disposal at a Hazardous or Medical/Infectious Waste Facility (chemical, biological, and
toxin contaminants):
Check all that apply.
Water qualifies for disposal at a hazardous or medical/infectious waste facility
Hazardous or medical/infectious waste facility agrees to accept water
Public Notifications:
Press releases, other communication strategies and/or other public notification requirements have
been employed to notify affected public of any public health risks associated with disposal
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Containment and Disposal of Large Amounts of Contaminated Water: A Support Guide for Water Utilities
Step 5: Storage of Water
Regulatory Requirements
Check all that apply.
Water is considered a RCRA hazardous waste
Does storage of water qualify for an exemption from RCRA permitting requirement? (If no, obtain per-
mit; if yes, contact state or regional EPA hazardous waste office to identify actions necessary to maintain the
exemption.)
Storage Parameters:
Check once completed.
Storage area and/or containers approved by the authorities such as NRC or EPA (if applicable)
Storage containers and facilities labeled appropriately
Proper security measures implemented around storage area
Public Notifications:
Press releases or other communication strategies employed to notify affected public of any public
health risks
Step 6: Transportation of Water
Operational Controls:
Check once completed.
Receiving entity (e.g., hazardous waste facility) agreed to accept waste and approved method of transport
All required tracking forms, manifests, etc., obtained and filled out
_AII federal, state, and local transportation authorities have approved the method and route of transport
Public Notifications:
Public notification implemented or addressed to facilitate safe transportation of water (e.g., safety zone
broadcast to mariners, road closure, and other DOT requirements)
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Containment and Disposal of Large Amounts of Contaminated Water: A Support Guide for Water Utilities
Appendix D: Resources
Resources for treatment, storage, transportation, and disposal are presented in the following tables:
Table D-1: General Resources
Table D-2: Disposal Resources
Table D-3: Storage Resources
Table D-4: Transport Resources
Table D-5: Information on Disposal of Solids
Table D-1: General Resources
Agency-wide
Documents Access
and Management
System (ADAMS)
This database provides access to all public documents published by
the NRC since November 1, 1999, as well as bibliographic records
for public documents published by the NRC before November 1999.
ADAMS is both Web-based and Citrix-based. ADAMS permits full-text
searching and enables users to view document images as well as
download and print files. See http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/adams.
html to access the tool.
Agency for Toxic
Substances and
Disease Registry
(ATSDR)
ATSDR provides useful information for substances not found in the
EPA WCIT. See http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/.
Biosafety in
Microbiological
and Biomedical
Laboratories 5th
edition, December
2009
This manual explains biosafety procedures for laboratories and
provides biosafety level (BSL) definitions. See HHS Publication No.
(CDC) 21-1112, http://www.cdc.gov/biosafety/publications/bmbl5/
index.htm.
CERCLA/Superfund
Orientation Manual,
October 1992
This document describes the Superfund program. See EPA
publication EPA-542-R-92-005, http://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.
cgi?Dockey=10002WV5.txt.
Communicating
Radiation Risks,
September 2007
The guide has been designed as a resource for emergency
responders and federal, state, and local officials communicating
with the public and the media during a radiological crisis. See
EPA-402-F-07-008. See http://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.
cgi?Dockey=500025HA.txt.
Criminal and
Epidemiological
Investigation
Handbook, 2006
This handbook explains the steps of a criminal investigation following
an attack with a biological contaminant (DOJ, FBI, and U.S. Army
Soldier Biological Chemical Command).
D-1
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Containment and Disposal of Large Amounts of Contaminated Water: A Support Guide for Water Utilities
Effective Risk and
Crisis Communication
during Water Security
Emergencies: Sum-
mary Report of EPA
Sponsored Message
Mapping Workshops,
March 2007
This report summarizes results from three water security risk
communication message mapping workshops. It provides information
about effective message development and delivery that could be
useful to Water Sector organizations as they develop their respective
risk communication plans. See EPA publication EPA-600-R-07-027,
http://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=60000GH1.txt.
Guidance on PCBs
This website provides a list of guidance documents related to PCB
response, removal, and other regulations. See http://www.epa.gov/
wastes/h azard/tsd/pcbs/p u bs/g u id an ce. htm.
Health and Safety
Plans (HASPs)
An electronic expert software system (developed by EPA and OSHA)
is available at: http://www.osha.gov/dep/etools/ehasp/index.html.
Incident Waste
Decision Support Tool
A decision support tool that organizes large amounts of information
related to managing waste resulting from incidents of national
significance (e.g., contaminated buildings and natural disasters). The
tool can be used by individuals (i.e., emergency response authorities
and property owners; tribal, state, and local permitting agencies;
treatment and disposal managers; and/or planners) responsible for
making disposal decisions. See http://www2.ergweb.com/bdrtool
(registration required).
Joint NRC/EPA
Guidance on Testing
Requirements for
Mixed Radioactive and
Hazardous Waste,
November 1997
NRC and EPA's joint final guidance on the testing requirements for
mixed waste. See Federal Register Notice (62 FR 224. November 20,
1997), https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/1997/11 /20/97-30528/
joint-nrcepa-guidance-on-testing-requirements-for-mixed-radioactive-
and-hazardous-waste.
National Primary
Drinking Water
Regulations
SDWA regulations (40 CFR Part 141) set mandatory water quality
standards for drinking water contaminants. More information is
available at: http://water.epa.gov/drink/drink/contaminants/index.cfm.
A list of the standards can be found at http://water.epa.gov/drink/
standardriskmanagement.cfm.
Oil Spill Response
Techniques
This website provides information on oil spill response techniques
including booms, skimmers, and sorbents. See http://www.epa.gov/
OEM/content/learni ng/oi Itech. htm.
Planning for
Decontamination
Wastewater: A Guide
for Utilities, 2005
This guide informs wastewater utility personnel of the pre-planning
necessary to prevent, detect, respond to and/or recover from the
impacts of decontamination wastewater containing CBR substances.
See http://www.michigan.gov/documents/deq/deq-wb-wws-
2005WWDeconGuide_271352_7.pdf.
Radionuclides
Compliance Help
This document describes the treatment and non-treatment options for
radionuclides in water as well as discusses disposal issues. See http://
www.epa.gov/ogwdw/radionuclides/pdfs/learn.pdf.
RCRA Online
The RCRA Online database is designed to enable users to locate
documents, including publications and other outreach materials,
which cover a wide range of RCRA issues and topics. See http://www.
epa.gov/waste/inforesources/online/index.htm.
D-2
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Containment and Disposal of Large Amounts of Contaminated Water: A Support Guide for Water Utilities
Response Protocol
Tool box (RPTB):
Planning for and
Responding to
Drinking Water
Contamination Threats
and Incidents, April
2004
The RPTB is composed of six interrelated modules that focus on
different aspects of planning a response to contamination threats and
incidents. Remediation and Recovery Guide - Module 6. See EPA
publication EPA-817-D-03-006, http://water.epa.gov/infrastructure/
watersecurity/upload/2004_05_19_watersecurity_guide_response_
module6.pdf.
Response Protocol
Toolbox: Response
Guidelines, August
2004
An action-oriented document to assist drinking water utilities,
laboratories, emergency responders, state drinking water programs,
technical assistance providers, and public health and law enforcement
officials during the management of an ongoing contamination threat
or incident. See EPA publication EPA 817-D-04-001, http://water.epa.
gov/infrastructure/watersecurity/upload/2004_11_24_rptb_response_
guidelines.pdf.
Revised Public
Notification Handbook,
March 2010
This handbook provides guidance to states, public water systems,
and the general public regarding how EPA interprets public notification
regulations. See EPA's public notification Web page for more details
and access to the handbook: http://water.epa.gov/lawsregs/rulesregs/
sdwa/publicnotification/upload/PNrevisedPNHandbookMarch2010.
pdf; (EPA publication EPA-816-R-09-013).
Risk Communication
in Action: The Risk
Communication
Workbook, August
2007
This workbook provides a better understanding of the elements
of successful risk communication to public health officials, local
environmental managers, and community decision makers. It
describes concepts of risk communication based on perceptions,
value differences, persuasion and presentation of data in new ways.
See EPA publication EPA-625-R-05-003, http://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/
ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=60000l2U.txt
Risk Communication
in Action: The Tools
of Message Mapping,
August 2007
This workbook provides an explanation of how to create and use
message maps, which are science-based risk communication
tools that enable members of the emergency response and
environmental protection communities to quickly and concisely
deliver the most pertinent information about an emergency. See EPA
publication EPA-625-R-06-012, http://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.
eg i?Dockey=60000I OS .txt.
Safe Drinking Water
Hotline
The Safe Drinking Water Hotline provides the general public,
regulators, medical and water professionals, academia, and media,
with information about drinking water and ground water programs
authorized under the Safe Drinking Water Act. Call 1-800-426-4791 for
a point of contact for drinking water information. Also see http://wat.er.
epa.gov/drink/hotline/index.cfm for more information about the hotline.
D-3
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Containment and Disposal of Large Amounts of Contaminated Water: A Support Guide for Water Utilities
Sampling Guidance
for Unknown
Contaminants in
Drinking Water,
November 2008
This document provides comprehensive guidance that integrates
recommendations for pathogen, toxin, chemical, and radiochemical
sample collection, preservation, and transport procedures to support
multiple analytical approaches for the detection and identification of
potential contaminants in drinking water. This guidance document can
be used to supplement a drinking water utility's emergency response
plan by providing detailed recommended sampling procedures for
use by utility personnel in response to a potential contamination
event. See EPA publication EPA-817-R-08-003, http://water.epa.gov/
infrastructure/watersecurity/wla/upload/2008_12_31_watersecurity_
pubs_guide_watersecurity_samplingforunknown.pdf.
Standardized Analyti-
cal Methods for Envi-
ronmental Restoration
Following Homeland
Security Events (SAM)
This resource identifies analytical methods to be used by laboratories
tasked with performing analyses of environmental samples
following a homeland security event. See http://www.epa.gov/sam/
sam2010_9302010.pdf. Companion documents that discuss related
issues (e.g., sampling) can be found at http://www.epa.gov/sam/
samcomp.htm.
Storage, Treatment,
Transportation, and
Disposal of Mixed
Waste; Final Rule (40
CFR Part 266)
This final rule provides guidance on a conditional exemption for LLMW.
See http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2001 -05-16/pdf/01 -11408.pdf.
Summary Report
of the National
Water Security Risk
Communication
Symposium,
November 2005
This document summarizes a 2-day symposium hosted by EPA
about communicating risks to drinking and wastewater systems
on May 20 21, 2004, in San Francisco, California. The Symposium
provided an opportunity to inform key water security stakeholder
groups about crisis risk communication; a forum to share effective
risk communication strategies, best practices, tools, and existing
projects; and an opportunity to gather information and advice
to support activities in developing and implementing successful
risk communication strategies, tools, and plans. Sessions
included risk communication during and following a crisis and
risk communication in preparation for a potential crisis. See EPA
publication EPA-600-C-05-006, http://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.
cgi?Dockey=P100049M.txt.
Technical Guide 188:
U.S. Army Food and
Water Vulnerability
Assessment Guide,
July 2008
Technical guide for conducting a water vulnerability assessment (U.S.
Army Public Health Command [USAPHC]). The July 2008 revision is
available for official use by contacting USAPHC at http://www.med.
navy.mil/sites/nepmu2/Documents/environmental_health/TG%20
188%20Food%20and%20Water%20Vulnerability%20Assessment%20
Guide.pdf.
Water Contaminant
Information Tool
(WCIT)
A secure, online database that provides information on chemical,
biological, and radiological contaminants of concern for water security.
Also can be used as a resource for contaminant-specific detailed
information on the effectiveness of treatment methods for drinking
water and wastewater. WCIT was updated in 2010 to include analytical
methods data from the National Environmental Methods Index for
Chemical, Biological, and Radiological Methods. See http://www.epa.
gov/wcit/ (registration required).
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Containment and Disposal of Large Amounts of Contaminated Water: A Support Guide for Water Utilities
Resource I Fri n < Description
0 F oc
Water Laboratory
Alliance
Worker Safety
Radionuclides Web
Cast, 2004
The Water Laboratory Alliance (WLA) provides the drinking water
sector with an integrated nationwide network of laboratories with
the analytical capability and capacity to respond to intentional and
unintentional drinking water contamination events involving chemical,
biological, and radiochemical contaminants. See http://water.epa.gov/
infrastructure/watersecurity/wla/index.cfm.
EPA's Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water conducted five
on-site Radionuclides Implementation Workshops in the spring of
2007 (http://water.epa.gov/lawsregs/rulesregs/sdwa/radionuclides/
training. cfm). The training sessions were intended for state drinking
water program and radiation program personnel, but were also open
to technical assistance providers and system operators. Although
rule requirements were reviewed, the focus of the workshops was on
treatment technologies and residual disposal options and regulations.
At the training, a presentation (dated 2004) was used, see http://www.
epa.gov/safewater/radionuclides/pdfs/webcast/presentations/worker_
safety_loren_setlow.pdf.
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Containment and Disposal of Large Amounts of Contaminated Water: A Support Guide for Water Utilities
Table D-2: Disposal Resources
Guidance Manual for
the Control of Wastes
Hauled to Publicly
Owned Treatment Works,
September 1999
Provides information for smaller POTWs, generally those
without pretreatment programs, on how to develop and
implement hauled waste controls. See EPA publication
EPA-833-B-98-003, http://water.epa.gov/aboutow/owm/
upload/2005_07_14_hwfinal.pdf.
Guidance Manual for the
Identification of Hazardous
Waste Delivered to POTWs
by Truck, Rail or Dedicated
Pipe, June 1987
Guidance to EPA regions and states on how to identify POTWs
that receive hazardous wastes by truck, rail, or dedicated pipe,
and what requirements to impose on those POTWs. See http://
www.epa.gov/npdes/pubs/owm0190.pdf.
Guide to Discharging
CERCLA Aqueous
Wastes to Publicly Owned
Treatment Works, March
1991
Describes the process and regulations for discharging CERCLA
wastes to POTWs in greater detail. See EPA publication 9330.2-
13FS, http://www.epa.gov/superfund/policy/remedy/pdfs/93-
30213fs-s.pdf.
National Pollutant
Discharge Elimination
System (NPDES) Program
Information about the EPA discharge permit program can be
found at http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/home.cfm?program_
id=45.
Radioactive Waste
Streams: Waste
Classification for Disposal,
Congressional Research
Service (CRS) Report to
Congress, December
2006
Information on the classification of LLRW is found at http://www.
fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL32163.pdf, (CRS Order Code RL32163).
Stabilization/ Solidification
Processes for Mixed
Waste, June 1996
The document explains how to solidify mixed waste. See
EPA publication EPA 402-R-96-014, http://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/
ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=P10094M5.txt.
A System's Guide to
the Identification and
Disposal of Hazardous
and Non-Hazardous Water
Treatment Plant Residuals,
August 2006
RCRA hazardous waste regulations are summarized in this
document. See EPA publication EPA 816-F-06-011, http://wat.er.
epa.gov/drink/info/arsenic/upload/2006_09_14_arsenic_guide_
arsenic_disposalhazardous-nonhazardous.pdf.
Underground Injection
Control (UIC) Program
EPA established regulations for UIC pursuant to Section 1421 of
SDWA. Those regulations are at 40 CFR Parts 144-148. States
may have more stringent requirements. See http://water.epa.
gov/type/groundwater/uic/index.cfm for more information about
EPA's UIC program.
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Containment and Disposal of Large Amounts of Contaminated Water: A Support Guide for Water Utilities
Table D-3: Storage Resources
Considerations for
Extended Interim Storage
of Low-Level Radioactive
Waste by Fuel Cycle and
Materials Licensees, May
2008
EPA training module:
Introduction to Containers,
September 2005
EPA training module:
Introduction to Land
Disposal Restrictions,
September 2005
Large Quantity Generators
(LQG)
The NRC issued this regulatory issue summary (NRC
Regulatory Issue Summary 2008-12) to address considerations
related to extended interim storage of low-level radioactive
waste. See http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/gen-
comm/reg-issues/2008/ris-08-1 2.pdf.
Provides basic requirements that pertain to the management of
hazardous waste containers and regulations governing residues
of hazardous waste in empty containers. See EPA publication
EPA-530-K-05-01 0, http://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.
cgi?Dockey=P1 008KG6.txt.
Provides an overview of the requirements for RCRA land
disposal restrictions. See EPA publication EPA-530-K-05-01 4,
http://nepis. epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL. cgi?Dockey= P1009IJ2.txt.
Those generating more than 2,200 Ibs hazardous waste or 2.2
Ibs acute hazardous waste per calendar month are subject to
additional RCRA regulations. To determine if you are a large
quantity generator, refer to the EPA chart at: http://www.epa.
gov/solidwaste/hazard/generation/summary.htm.
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Containment and Disposal of Large Amounts of Contaminated Water: A Support Guide for Water Utilities
Table D-4: Transport Resources
Department of Energy
(DOE) Transportation
Routing Analysis
Geographic Information
System (IRAQIS)
The Transportation Routing Analysis Geographic Information
System (TRAGIS) model is used to calculate highway, rail, or
waterway routes within the U.S. and therefore helps identify a
transportation mode and route.
Department of
Transportation (DOT)
Hazardous Materials
Information Line
For answers to questions regarding transportation of hazardous
materials, call 800-467-4922.
Hazardous Waste Manifest
System
To obtain EPA Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest Form 8700-
22 visit http://www.epa.gov/wastes/hazard/transportation/
manifest/pdf/newform.pdf or contact the state hazardous waste
office. See http://www.epa.gov/waste/hazard/transportation/
manifest/index.htm for more information about the program.
National HAZMAT
(Hazardous Materials)
Route Registry (NHMRR)
The NHMRR provides access to a national repository of both
hazardous materials routes that are either designated for
HAZMAT transportation or restricted from use by HAZMAT
carriers. See http://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/safety-security/hazmat/
national-hazmat-Route.aspx.
Nuclear Regulatory
Commission (NRC)
Transportation
Requirements
The following website provides access to NRC regulatory
guides including those with transportation requirements:
http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/reg-guides/
transportation/rg/.
Pipeline and Hazardous
Materials Safety
Administration (PHMSA)
PHMSA works to protect the American public and the
environment by ensuring the safe and secure movement
of hazardous materials to industry and consumers by all
transportation modes, including the nation's pipelines. Call
202-366-4535 or see http://phmsa.dot.gov/hazmat/regs/sp-a/
special-permits.
SafeStat (short for Motor
Carrier Safety Status
Measurement System)
SafeStat is an automated, data driven analysis system
designed by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration
(FMCSA). Combines current and historical carrier-based safety
performance information to measure the relative (peer-to-
peer) safety fitness of interstate commercial motor carriers and
intrastate commercial motor carriers that transport hazardous
materials. See http://ai.fmcsa.dot.gov/SMS/.
State Manifest
Requirements
This EPA website provides links to the state program websites
or contacts for the state hazardous waste manifest program.
See http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/hazard/transportation/states.
htm.
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Containment and Disposal of Large Amounts of Contaminated Water: A Support Guide for Water Utilities
Table D-5: Information on Disposal of Solids
Resource
Land Disposal
Restrictions: Summary
of Requirements, August
2001
Paint Filter Liquid Test
(SAM Method 9095B),
September 2004
Resource Conservation
Recovery Act Orientation
Manual, 2011
Stabilization/Solidification
Processes for Mixed
Waste, June 1996
A System's Guide to
the Identification and
Disposal of Hazardous
and Non-Hazardous Water
Treatment Plant Residuals,
August 2006
T =; % < Description
o m R =
This document summarizes the requirements of the Land
Disposal Restrictions (LDR) program. This document is
organized in a question-answer format to provide information
about LDR regulations. See EPA publication EPA 530-R-01 -007,
http://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi7Dockey = P1004UMF.txt.
This is a method that is used to determine the presence of free
liquids in a representative sample of waste. See EPA publication
SW-846, http://www.epa.gov/wastes/hazard/testmethods/
sw846/pdfs/9095b.pdf for the method description.
This manual addresses the management of solid or hazardous
waste such as contaminated soils, water, debris, and sludges.
See http://www.epa.gov/osw/inforesources/pubs/orientat/.
The document explains how to solidify mixed waste. See
EPA publication EPA 402-R-96-01 4, http://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/
ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey= P10094M5.txt.
This document summarizes the RCRA hazardous waste
regulations. See EPA publication EPA 81 6-F-06-01 1 , http://
water.epa.gov/drink/info/arsenic/upload/2006_09_14_arsenic_
guide_arsenic_disposalhazardous-nonhazardous.pdf.
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Containment and Disposal of Large Amounts of Contaminated Water: A Support Guide for Water Utilities
Appendix E: Summary of Potentially Applicable
Laws and Regulations
This appendix provides a summary of the federal laws and regulations potentially applicable to the contain-
ment and disposal of large amounts of water contaminated with chemical, biological, or radiological (CBR)
contaminants. The full text of all the regulations cited below can be found at the Federal Register website
(https://www.federalregister.gov/) or the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) website (http://www.gpoaccess.
gov/cfr/index.html).
State and local governments and other federal agencies may have additional regulations for containment and
disposal. Those regulations are not summarized in this document. Contact your state or local government for
information and guidance.
EPA Environmental Requirements
Clean Water Act (CWA; 33 USC 1251 et seq.)
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA; 42 USC 9601 et seq.)
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA; 7 USC 136 etseq.)
National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan (NCP; 40 CFR Part 300)
Oil Pollution Act (OPA; 33 USC 2701 et seq.)
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA; 42 USC 6901 et seq.)
Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA; 42 USC 300f et seq.)
Storage, Treatment, Transportation, and Disposal of Mixed Wastes, Final Rule, May 2001 (66 FR 95. May 16,
2001)
Toxic Substance Control Act (TSCA; 15 USC 2601 et seq.)
Other Federal Requirements
Transportation Requirements
Hazardous Materials Regulations (HMR; 49 CFR Parts 100-185)
Atomic Energy Act
Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as Amended (AEA; 42 USC 2011 et seq.)
Disposal Requirements, Non-EPA
Low Level Radioactive Waste Policy Act (Pub. L. 96-573)
Safety Requirements
Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSH Act; 29 USC 651 et seq.)
Federal Emergency Assistance
The Robert T Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (Stafford Act; 42 USC 5212-52076)
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Containment and Disposal of Large Amounts of Contaminated Water: A Support Guide for Water Utilities
Environmental Requirements
Clean Water Act (CWA; 33 USC 1251 et seq.)
The Clean Water Act establishes the basic structure for regulating discharges of pollutants into the waters of
the United States and regulating quality standards for surface waters. The Clean Water Act section 301 (f) pro-
hibits the discharge to waters of the United States of any radiological, chemical, or biological warfare agent,
as well as any high-level radioactive waste or medical waste. For more information, see http://www.epa.gov/
lawsregs/laws/cwa.html.
Under the CWA, EPA has implemented pollution control programs and regulates:
Direct discharges of liquid waste to surface waters (rivers, lakes, etc.) generally through National Pollutant
Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permits (which are in many cases administered on the state level)
(40 CFR Part 122)
Discharges to publicly owned treatment works (POTW) through the National Pretreatment Standards (40
CFR Part 403)
Discharges of oil to navigable water under 40 CFR Parts 110 and 112
EPA's CWA regulations prohibit the discharge of certain pollutants to a POTW through the National Pretreat-
ment Standards: Prohibited Discharges (40 CFR 403.5). CBR contaminants can be considered pollutants.
Prohibitions include pollutants that may:
Cause a pass-through or interference with the POTW treatment processes (including the quality of sludge)
Cause corrosive structural damage to the POTW
Have a pH lower than 5.0 (i.e., are acidic), unless the POTW is designed to handle such a discharge
Create a fire or explosion hazard
Obstruct the flow in the POTW
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA; 42
USC 9601 et seq.)
The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA or Superfund) pro-
vides broad response authority for cleaning up releases of hazardous substances, pollutants or contami-
nants, establishes potential liability of persons responsible for releases of hazardous substances at these
sites, and established a trust fund to provide for cleanup (e.g., when no responsible party could be identified).
CERCLA authorizes both short-term removals (e.g., to address releases or threatened releases in need of
prompt response), and long-term remedial response actions (e.g., to address releases or threats of releases
of hazardous substances for sites listed on EPA's National Priorities List).
CERCLA provides broad federal response authority that EPA (and consistent with Executive Order 12580,
other federal agencies) can use for cleanup. EPA may enter into a cooperative agreement with state and local
governments to assist in the cleanup where CERCLA section 104 authority is used to respond to a release
of CBR contaminants. CERCLA cleanups are carried out consistent with the NCP and existing Superfund
program guidance.
See http://www.epa.gov/lawsregs/laws/cercla.html for more information.
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA; 7 USC 136 et seq.)
Products used to treat water contaminated with biological contaminants, such as chlorine, chlorine dioxide,
and chloramines may be registered as pesticides under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide
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Containment and Disposal of Large Amounts of Contaminated Water: A Support Guide for Water Utilities
Act (FIFRA), in which case they may used only in accordance with the label or labeling approved by EPA.
Under FIFRA, no one may sell or distribute a pesticide unless it is registered by the EPA, or is otherwise ex-
empted from the registration requirement. Registration includes approval by the EPA of the pesticide's label,
which must give detailed instructions for its safe and effective use and disposal. Different kinds of exemptions
are issued by EPA, depending on the situation and whether the criteria for granting such exemptions are met.
For example, EPA issued numerous exemptions permitting the use of registered and unregistered antimicro-
bial pesticides for inactivating Bacillus anthracis spores after EPA reviewed those products to ensure that they
would be effective and not present unreasonable adverse effects to humans or the environment. For more
information, see http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/factsheets/health_fs.htm.
A chemical contaminant that is a FIFRA cancelled or suspended pesticide, rinsate containing the pesticide,
or any other material used to collect excess or spilled quantities of the pesticide may be subject to additional
regulations and/or requirements issued by EPA regarding labeling, transportation, storage, and disposal.
Requirements vary depending on the pesticide, and, therefore, the regional EPA office should be contacted
to determine if there are additional requirements and/or procedures for a cancelled or suspended pesticide
and to determine if those requirements and/or procedures apply to the contaminated water. For more infor-
mation on pesticides, please see http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/. For more information about FIFRA and
cancellation/suspension of pesticides, please see http://www.epa.gov/oecaagct/lfra.html.
National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan (NCP; 40 CFR
Part 300)
The National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan (NCP) provides a blueprint for pre-
paring for and responding to discharges of oil and releases or threats of release of hazardous substances (or
of pollutants and contaminants which may present an imminent and substantial endangerment to the public
health and welfare). The NCP establishes the National Response Team (NRT), which consists of 16 federal
agencies that are responsible for national response and preparedness planning. The NCP also establishes
13 Regional Response Teams (RRTs).2930
Details regarding planning and preparedness are found in 40 CFR 300.200 to 300.220. In this portion of the
NCR the objective, authority, and scopes of the NCR Regional Contingency Plans (RCPs), and Area Contin-
gency Plans (ACPs) are defined. The NCR RCR and ACP may be consulted during the response to a spill for
guidance on cleanup and disposal.
The description and breakdown of responsibilities of a response are found in 40 CFR 300.100 to 300.185.
This part of the NCP describes the actions and responsibilities of the On-Scene Coordinator (OSC) and fed-
eral agencies, as well as establishes the unified command structure.
Regulations specific to oil spill response are found in 40 CFR 300.300 to 300.335 and regulations for re-
sponses to hazardous substances releases are found in 40 CFR 300.400 to 300.525.
Oil Pollution Act (OPA; 33 USC 2701 et seq.)
The OPA establishes provisions that expand the federal government's ability, and provides the money and
resources necessary, to respond to oil spills. The OPA provides new requirements for contingency planning
both by government and industry. The National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan
(NCP) has been expanded in a three-tiered approach: the federal government is required to direct all public
and private response efforts for certain types of spill events; Area Committees- composed of federal, state,
29 See http://www.nrt.org/ for more information on the NRT.
30 See http://www.nrt.org/Production/NRT/RRTHome.nsf/AIIPages/othr_rrt.htm?OpenDocument for information the RRT responsible for your
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Containment and Disposal of Large Amounts of Contaminated Water: A Support Guide for Water Utilities
and local government officials - must develop detailed, location-specific Area Contingency Plans; and own-
ers or operators of vessels and certain facilities that pose a serious threat to the environment must prepare
their own Facility Response Plans. For more information, see http://www.epa.gov/oem/content/lawsregs/
opaover.htm.
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA; 42 USC 6901 et seq.)
The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act gives EPA the authority to control hazardous waste from "the
cradle to the grave." This includes the generation, transportation, treatment, storage, and disposal of hazard-
ous waste. RCRA also sets forth a framework for the management of non-hazardous solid wastes. For more
information, see http://www.epa.gov/lawsregs/laws/rcra.html.
Hazardous waste is defined in 40 CFR 261.3, Definitions of Hazardous Waste. A waste may be considered
hazardous if it exhibits certain hazardous properties (characteristics) in 40 CFR 261.21 to 261.24 or if it is
listed as a hazardous waste in 40 CFR 261.31 to 261.33, Subpart D - Lists of Hazardous Wastes. Waste
streams that are not listed specifically as hazardous wastes may exhibit hazardous characteristics and thus
be a RCRA hazardous waste. RCRA identifies four hazardous waste characteristic properties: ignitability, cor-
rosivity, reactivity, or toxicity. Methods used to determine if a waste qualifies as hazardous waste are found
in Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, Physical/Chemical Methods (SW-846).31 Water produced during
treatment that meets the definition of "Hazardous Waste" as described above may be subject to RCRA regu-
lation (Subtitle C, 40 CFR Parts 260 to 299).
Under RCRA, EPA has promulgated regulations for generators of hazardous waste (40 CFR Part 262), haz-
ardous waste treatment facilities (40 CFR Parts 264 and 265), hazardous waste storage facilities (40 CFR
Parts 264, 265, and 270), hazardous waste transporters (40 CFR Part 263), and state hazardous waste man-
agement plans (40 CFR Part 271).
As described in 40 CFR 264.1(g)(8)(i), RCRA Part 264 regulations do not apply to a person containing or
treating waste during immediate response to the following except as provided in paragraph (g)(8)(ii) of the
same section:
A discharge of a hazardous waste32
An imminent and substantial threat of a discharge of hazardous waste
A discharge of a material that, when discharged, becomes a hazardous waste
An immediate threat to human health, public safety, property, or the environment, from the known or sus-
pected presence of military munitions, other explosive material, or an explosive device, as determined by an
explosive or munitions emergency response specialist as defined in 40 CFR 260.10
Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA; 42 USC 300f et seq.)
The Safe Drinking Water Act was established to protect the quality of drinking water in the U.S. This law
focuses on all waters actually or potentially designed for drinking use, whether from above ground or under-
ground sources. The Act authorizes EPA to establish national primary drinking water regulations for water
for human consumption and requires all owners or operators of public water systems to comply with these
standards. For more information, see http://www.epa.gov/lawsregs/laws/sdwa.html or http://water.epa.gov/
lawsregs/rulesregs/sdwa/index.cfm. EPA's regulations are at 40 CFR Part 141. More information about the
standards is available at http://water.epa.gov/drink/standardsriskmanagement.cfm. A list of the standards
can be found at http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/index.cfm. The National Secondary Drinking Water
31 See http://www.epa.gov/osw/hazard/testmethods/sw846/online/index.htm.
32 Discharge is defined as the accidental or intentional spilling, leaking, pumping, pouring, emitting, emptying, or dumping of hazardous waste
into or on any land or water (40 CFR 260.10, Definitions).
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Containment and Disposal of Large Amounts of Contaminated Water: A Support Guide for Water Utilities
Regulations are listed in Part 143 of the SDWA. These regulations control contaminants that primarily affect
the aesthetic qualities relating the public acceptance of drinking water. At considerably higher concentra-
tions of these contaminants, health implications may also exist. The secondary regulations are not federally
enforceable but are intended as guidelines for states. There are secondary regulations for 15 contaminants.
For more information see http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/secondarystandards.cfm.
The SDWA also required EPA to establish regulations for the UIC Program to prevent endangerment of under-
ground sources of drinking water (USDWs). The UIC regulations are at 40 CFR Parts 144-148. UIC programs
are administered by EPA or states with primary enforcement responsibility for the program. States may have
more stringent requirements. There are six classes of injection wells: Hazardous, Radioactive, Industrial &
Municipal Waste Disposal Wells (Class I), Waste disposal wells for oil and gas production (Class II), Solution
Mining Wells (Class III), Shallow Hazardous and Radioactive Injection Wells (Class IV; banned in 1984), injec-
tion wells not included in Class I, II, III, IV, or VI (Class V), and Geological Sequestration of Carbon Dioxide
(Class VI).
Table E-1 describes the different classes of injection wells and considerations specific to each well class.
Refer to EPA's Technical Program Overview: Underground Injection Control Regulations for further guidance
on the regulations of UIC wells.33
33 See http://water.epa.gov/type/groundwater/uic/upload/2004_5_3_uicv_techguide_uic_tech_overview_uic_regs.pdf.
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Containment and Disposal of Large Amounts of Contaminated Water: A Support Guide for Water Utilities
Table E-1: Classes and Considerations for Underground Injection/Well Disposal34
Class
Includes deep injection wells used
for hazardous waste, radioactive
waste and other industrial material
As defined in 40 CFR 144.3, radioac-
tive waste includes any waste which
contains radioactive material in
concentrations which exceed those
listed in 10 CFR 20, Appendix B,
Table 2, Column 2
There are approximately 650 Class
I injection wells nationwide, of those
only about 113 are used for the injec-
tion of hazardous waste.
Only 10 states have wells that accept
hazardous waste
Considerations
1 Class I hazardous or mixed radioactive waste disposal
wells have the most stringent USDW protective require-
ments
1 As with all well classes under the UIC program may not
conduct any injection activity in a manner that allows
the movement of fluid containing any contaminant into
USDWs, if the presence of that contaminant may cause
a violation of any primary drinking water standard under
40 CFR 142 or may otherwise adversely affect public
health (40 CFR 144.12)
1 Very few Class I facilities are able to accept hazardous
waste generated off site
1 Fluids must be injected below the lowermost formation
containing a USDW
1 Class I wells can be expensive to construct because
they are technically complex
1 No radioactive waste disposal wells are currently in
operation
Includes injection wells used for dis-
posal of fluid brought to the surface
in connection with oil and natural gas
production, or for enhanced recovery of
oil or natural gas, or liquid hydrocarbon
storage
Not an option
Wells which inject to extract minerals
Not an option
IV
Shallow wells used to inject hazardous
or radioactive waste into or above an
underground source of drinking water
(USDW)
Class IV wells were banned in 1984 with the exception of
wells used to inject contaminated ground water that has
been treated and is being reinjected into the same forma-
tion from which it was drawn, if such injection is approved
by EPA, or a State, pursuant to provisions for a cleanup of
releases under CERCLA or RCRA
V
Injection wells not included in Class-
es I - IV, or VI
Class V wells are located in every
state
1 As with all well classes under the UIC program may not
conduct any injection activity in a manner that allows
the movement of fluid containing any contaminant into
USDWs, if the presence of that contaminant may cause
a violation of any primary drinking water standard under
40 CFR 142 or may otherwise adversely affect public
health (40 CFR 144.12)
VI
Wells that are used for geologic
sequestration of carbon dioxide be-
neath the lowermost USDW
Not an option
34 For more information on UIC and well disposal classes, please visit http://water.epa.gov/type/groundwater/uic/index.cfm.
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Containment and Disposal of Large Amounts of Contaminated Water: A Support Guide for Water Utilities
Storage, Treatment, Transportation, and Disposal of Mixed Wastes, Final Rule, May 2001
(66 Federal Register 95 (16 May 2001), pp. 27217-27266)
Following the Storage, Treatment, Transportation, and Disposal of Mixed Wastes, Final Rule, low-level mixed
waste (LLMW) may be conditionally exempt from RCRA storage, treatment, transportation, and disposal
regulations if the waste meets several conditions.35 Conditionally exempt LLMW is then stored, treated, trans-
ported, and disposed as low-level radioactive waste (LLRW).
This exemption is applicable only in RCRA-authorized states that have adopted the exemption provisions.
States may also have additional conditions for the exemption. If waste does not qualify for the exemption it is
subject to both NRC and RCRA requirements.
Table E-2 provides a summary of the provisions for the conditional exemption.
35 Refer to http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2001 -05-16/pdf/01 -11408.pdf for the full text of the final rule.
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Table E-2: Summary of Storage, Treatment, Transportation, and Disposal of Mixed Wastes, Final
Rule, May 2001
Action
Conditions for
Exemption
1 Waste is generated
under a single NRC
or Agreement State
license
1 Waste is stored in a
tank or container
1 Waste is treated in a
tank or container
1 Waste must be
treated to levels
that are as low
as reasonably
achievable (ALARA)
1 Waste cannot be
transported if one
wishes to maintain
the LLMW exemption
1 Comply with NRC
or Agreement
State regulations
and manifest
requirements
1 Waste must be
treated to levels that
are ALARA
1 Solid waste must
be treated to land
disposal restrictions
(LDR) treatment
standard
1 Liquids cannot be
disposed of at LLRW
disposal facilities
1 Solid waste must
be treated to LDR
treatment standards
and disposed of in
containers meeting
NRC requirements
Notifications
1 Notify RCRA regulatory authority in
writing by certified delivery claiming a
conditional exemption for the LLMW
- Notify within 90 days of when a
storage unit is first used to store
conditionally exempt LLMW
-Includeyour name, address, RCRA
identification number, NRC or NRC
Agreement State license number, the
waste code(s) and storage unit(s),
and a statement that you meet the
conditions of this subpart
- Check to make sure the notification
is signed by the authorized
representative.
Provide notice to the RCRA regulatory
authority claiming the transportation
conditional exemption prior to shipment
(notice must include the facility name,
address, phone number, RCRA ID, and
be sent by certified delivery)
Notify those receiving the exempted
waste before shipment. Notification
includes:
-A statement that you have claimed the
waste exemption
-A statement that the waste meets LDR
treatment standards
-Facility's name, address, and RCRA ID
number
-A statement that the waste must be
placed in a container according to 40
CFR 266.340 prior to disposal
-The manifest number of the shipment
that will contain the exempt waste
-A certification that all the information
provided is true, complete and
accurate
Recordkeeping
1 Keep the following:
-Records required by
NRC or NRC Agreement
State license
-Initial notification records
- Return receipts
- Reports of failures to
meet the exemption
conditions
-All records supporting
any reclaim of an
exemption
- Certification that facility
personnel who manage
stored mixed waste
are trained in safe
management of LLMW
- Emergency plan as
specified in 40 CFR
266.230(b)
Keep all records for as
long as the exemption is
claimed and for 3 years
thereaft
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Containment and Disposal of Large Amounts of Contaminated Water: A Support Guide for Water Utilities
Toxic Substance Control Act (TSCA; 15 USC 2601 et seq.)
The Toxic Substance Control Act (TSCA) provides EPA with authority to require reporting, record-keeping and
testing requirements, and restrictions relating to chemical substances and/or mixtures. TSCA also addresses
chemicals specifically including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), asbestos, radon and lead-based paint.
For additional information, see http://www.epa.gov/lawsregs/laws/tsca.html. Under TSCA authority, EPA has
promulgated regulations to implement pre-market review of any new chemical substance before it is intro-
duced into commerce. Under TSCA, EPA developed regulations for disposal of liquids and solids contami-
nated with PCBs.
Transportation Requirements
Hazardous Materials Regulations (HMR; 49 CFR Parts 100-185)
For information on the Hazardous Materials Regulations and other Department of Transportation (DOT) trans-
port requirements see: http://www.phmsa.dot.gov/hazmat/regs/.
Safety Requirements
Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSH Act; 29 USC 651 et seq.)
For information about the Occupational Safety and Health Act and worker health and safety guidance refer
to: http://www.osha.gov/.
Federal Emergency Assistance
The Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (Stafford Act; 42
USC 5121 etseq.)
If state and local resources are overwhelmed during an emergency or major disaster, the Stafford Act pro-
vides guidance on how the state can request federal assistance. For information about the Stafford Act and
the process for receiving federal assistance during an emergency or major disaster, refer to: https://www.fema.
gov/library/viewRecord.do?fromSearch=fromsearch&id=3564.
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Containment and Disposal of Large Amounts of Contaminated Water: A Support Guide for Water Utilities
Appendix F: References
General References
Bazan, EB, 2005. Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act: Legal Requirements
for Federal and State Roles in Declarations of an Emergency or Major Disaster. CRS Report for Congress.
September 2005. http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/53688.pdf
National Association of Clean Water Agencies (NACWA), 2005. Planning for Decontamination
Wastewater: A Guide for Utilities, http://www.michigan.gov/documents/deq/deq-wb-wws-
2005WWDeconGuide_271352_7.pdf
U.S. Department of Energy, 2006. Transportation Routing Analysis Geographic Information System.
September 2006.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and National
Institutes of Health, 2007. Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition.
http://www.cdc.gov/biosafety/publications/bmbl5/index.htm
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Inspector General, 2005. Possession, Use, and
Transfer of Select Agents and Toxins; Final Rule. Federal Register Volume 70, Number 52, March 18, 2005.
http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2005-03-18/pdf/05-5216.pdf
U.S. Department of Homeland Security and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2009. Planning
Guidance for Recovery Following Biological Incidents. May 2009 Draft.
U.S. Department of Homeland Security, 2008. National Response Framework. FEMA Publication P-692,
January 2008. http://www.fema.gov/pdf/emergency/nrf/nrf-core.pdf
U.S. Department of Homeland Security, 2003a. Homeland Security Presidential Directive - 7: Critical
Infrastructure Identification, Prioritization, and Protection. December 17, 2003. http://www.dhs.gov/xabout/
laws/gc_1214597989952.shtm
U.S. Department of Homeland Security, 2003b. Presidential Policy Directive - 8: National Preparedness.
December 17, 2003. http://www.dhs.gov/xabout/laws/gc_1215444247124.shtm
U.S. Department of Homeland Security, 2003c. Homeland Security Presidential Directive - 10: Biodefense
for the 21st Century. December 17, 2003. https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=446666
U.S. Department of Labor, 2006. OSHA e-HASP Software. Occupational Safety and Health Administration,
March 2006. http://www.osha.gov/dep/etools/ehasp/index.html
U.S. Department of Transportation, 2008. The National Hazardous Materials Route Registry. Federal Motor
Carriers Safety Administration. http://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/safety-security/hazmat/national-hazmat-Route.aspx
U.S. Department of Transportation, 2005. Special Permits. Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety
Administration, http://phmsa.dot.gov/hazmat/regs/sp-a/special-permits
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2008. Resource Conservation Recovery Act Orientation Manual.
Office of Solid Waste, http://www.epa.gov/osw/inforesources/pubs/orientat/
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2012. Incident Waste Decision Support Tool. Office of Research and
Development, National Homeland Security Research Center, April 2012. http://www2.ergweb.com/bdrtool/
login.asp
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Containment and Disposal of Large Amounts of Contaminated Water: A Support Guide for Water Utilities
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2007. Technical Brief: Water Systems Materials Disposal Decision
Support Tool. Office of Research and Development, National Homeland Security Research Center,
September 2007.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2007. Risk Communication in Action: The Risk Communication
Workbook. Publication No. EPA/625/R-05/003, Office of Research and Development, August 2007.
http://nepis. epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL. cgi?Dockey=60000!2U.txt
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2007. Risk Communication in Action: The Tools of Message
Mapping. Publication No. EPA/625/R-06/012, Office of Research and Development, August 2007.
http://nepis. epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL. cgi?Dockey=60000IOS.txt
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2007. Effective Risk and Crisis Communication during Water
Security Emergencies: Summary Report of EPA Sponsored Message Mapping Workshops. Publication No.
EPA/600/R-07/027. Office of Research and Development, March 2007. http://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.
cgi?Dockey=60000GH1 .txt
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010. Revised Public Health Notification Handbook. Publication
No. EPA/816/R-07/03. Office of Water, March 2010. http://water.epa.gov/lawsregs/rulesregs/sdwa/
publicnotification/upload/PNrevisedPNHandbookMarch2010.pdf
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2005. Introduction to Containers (Training Module). Publication No.
530-K-05-010. Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, September 2005. http://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/
ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=P1008KG6.txt
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2005. Introduction to Tanks (Training Module). Publication No. 530-
K-05-018. Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, September 2005. http://www.epa.gov/wastes/
inforesources/pubs/training/tanks05.pdf
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2005. Introduction to Land Disposal Units (Training Module).
Publication No. 530-K-05-014. Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, September 2005.
http://nepis. epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL. cgi?Dockey=P1009IJ2.txt
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2004. Method 9095B: Paint Filter Liquids Test. Office of Solid Waste
and Emergency Response, November 2004. http://www.epa.gov/wastes/hazard/testmethods/sw846/
pdfs/9095b.pdf
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2004. Response Protocol Toolbox: Planning for and Responding
to Drinking Water Contamination Threats and Incidents, Response Guidelines. Office of Water, Interim
Final, August 2004. http://water.epa.gov/infrastructure/watersecurity/upload/2004_11_24_rptb_response_
guidelines.pdf
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2004. Response Protocol Toolbox: Planning for and Responding to
Drinking Water Contamination Threats and Incidents, Module 6: Remediation and Recovery Guide. Office
of Water, Interim Final, April 2004. http://water.epa.gov/infrastructure/watersecurity/upload/2004_05_19_
watersecurity_guide_response_module6.pdf
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2004. Summary Report of the National Water Security Risk
Communication Symposium. Publication No. EPA/600/C-05/006. Office of Research and Development, May
2004. http://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=P100049M.txt
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2004 Local Limits Development Guidance, EPA833-R-0-4002A, July
2004. http://www.epa.gov/npdes/pubs/final_local_limits_guidance.pdf
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Containment and Disposal of Large Amounts of Contaminated Water: A Support Guide for Water Utilities
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2001. Land Disposal Restrictions: Summary of Requirements,
EPA530-R-01-007, Offices of Solid Waste and Emergency Response and Enforcement and Compliance
Assurance, August 2001. http://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=P1004UMF.txt
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2001. Technical Program Overview: Underground Injection Control
Regulations, EPA 816-R-02-025, Office of Water, July 2001. http://water.epa.gov/type/groundwater/uic/
upload/2004_5_3_uicv_techguide_uic_tech_overview_uic_regs.pdf
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1999. Guidance Manual for the Control of Wastes Hauled to
Publicly Owned Treatment Works, Publication No. EPA-833-B-98-003. Office of Wastewater Management,
September 1999. http://water.epa.gov/aboutow/owm/upload/2005_07_14_hwfinal.pdf
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1996. Hazardous Waste Requirements for Large Quantity
Generators, Publication No. 530-F-96-032. Office of Solid Waste, June 1996. http://www.epa.gov/osw/
hazard/downloads/lqgpdf.pdf
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2012. Hazardous Waste Manifest System, Office of Solid Waste and
Emergency Response, http://www.epa.gov/waste/hazard/transportation/manifest/index.htm
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011. National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution
Contingency Plan (also known as the National Contingency Plan [NCP]) Overview. Office of Emergency
Management, http://www.epa.gov/osweroe1/content/lawsregs/ncpover.htm
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2012. Off-Site Rule Fact Sheet. Office of Solid Waste and
Emergency Response, http://www.epa.gov/waste/hazard/wastetypes/wasteid/offsite/os-facts.htm
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2012. State Manifest Requirements, Office of Solid Waste and
Emergency Response, http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/hazard/transportation/states.htm
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010. Standardized Analytical Methods for Environmental
Restoration following Homeland Security Events, Revision 6, EPA/600/R-10/122. Office of Research and
Development, http://www.epa.gov/sam/sam2010_9302010.pdf
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010. Water Contaminant Information Tool (WCIT). Office of Water.
http://www.epa.gov/wcit/
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 2012. NRC Regulatory Guides - Transportation (Division 7). http://
www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/reg-guides/transportation/rg/
Water UK, 2003. Protocol for the Disposal of Contaminated Water, Version 2.1, September 2003. http://www.
water.org.uk/home/policy/publications/archive/industry-guidance/disposal-of-contaminated-water/2003-
protocol-contamwater.pdf?s1=protocol&s2=for&s3=the&s4=disposal&s5=of&s6=contaminated&s7=water
Chemical References
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/
Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, 2010. SafeStat Module, August 2010. http://ai.fmcsa.dot.gov/SMS/
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010. Hazardous Waste Generator Regulations, Version 5, August
2011. http://www.epa.gov/solidwaste/hazard/downloads/tool.pdf
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2009. Booms, March 2009. http://www.epa.gov/emergencies/
content/learning/booms.htm
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Containment and Disposal of Large Amounts of Contaminated Water: A Support Guide for Water Utilities
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2009. Drinking Water Contaminants, Technical Factsheet on:
Cadmium.(archived document) http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/historical/upload/
Archived-Technical-Fact-Sheet-on-Cadmium.pdf. For current information, see http://water.epa.gov/drink/
contaminants/basicinformation/cadmium.cfm.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2009. Drinking Water Contaminants, Technical Factsheet on:
Chromium, (archived document) http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/historical/
upload/Archived-Technical-Fact-Sheet-on-Chromium.pdf
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2009. Drinking Water Contaminants, Technical Factsheet on:
Copper, (archived document) http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/historical/upload/
Archived-Technical-Fact-Sheet-on-Copper.pdf
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2009. Drinking Water Contaminants, Technical Factsheet on:
Mercury, (archived document) http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/historical/upload/
Archived-Technical-Fact-Sheet-on-Mercury.pdf
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2009. Drinking Water Contaminants, Technical Factsheet on: Nickel.
(archived document) http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/historical/upload/Archived-
Technical-Fact-Sheet-on-Nickel.pdf
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2009. Drinking Water Contaminants, Technical Factsheet on:
Thallium, (archived document) http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/historical/upload/
Archived-Technical-Fact-Sheet-on-Thallium.pdf
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2009. Emergency Management: Skimmers, March 2009.
http://www.epa.gov/emergencies/content/learning/skimmers.htm
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2009. Emergency Management: Sorbents, March 2009.
http://www.epa.gov/emergencies/content/learning/sorbents.htm
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2009. National Biennial RCRA Hazardous Waste Report: Documents
and Data. July 2009. http://www.epa.gov/solidwaste/inforesources/data/biennialreport/index.htm
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2009. NRT Quick Reference Guide: Cyclosarin (GF), National
Response Team. 2000. http://www.nrt.org/production/NRT/NRTWeb.nsf/AIIAttachmentsByTitle/A-
1043WMDGF(Cyclosarin)QRG/$File/GF_QRG_Final_(07-28-11).pdf?OpenElement
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2009. NPDES Permit Program Basics. Office of Water, April 2009.
http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/home.cfm7programjd = 45
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2009. Underground Injection Control Program. July 2009.
http://water.epa.gov/type/groundwater/uic/index.cfm
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2008. Generator Summary Chart. November 2008.
http://www.epa.gov/solidwaste/hazard/generation/summary.htm
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2008. Sampling Guidance for Unknown Contaminants in Drinking
Water, Publication No. 817-R-08-003, November 2008. http://water.epa.gov/infrastructure/watersecurity/wla/
upload/2008_12_31_watersecurity_pubs_guide_watersecurity_samplingforunknown.pdf
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2008. NRT Quick Reference Guide: Lewisite (L), National
Response Team. 2008. http://www.nrt.org/production/NRT/NRTWeb.nsf/AIIAttachmentsByTitle/A-
1009WMDQRGLewisite/$File/120216_Lewisite_QRG_Final.pdf?OpenElement
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Containment and Disposal of Large Amounts of Contaminated Water: A Support Guide for Water Utilities
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2005. Treatment Technologies for Arsenic Removal. National Risk
Management Research Laboratory, Publication No. EPA/600/S-05/006, November 2005. http://nepis.epa.
gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=20017IDW.txt
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2000. Technologies and Costs for Removal of Arsenic from Drinking
Water. Office of Water, Publication No. EPA 815-R-00-028, December 2000. http://water.epa.gov/drink/info/
arsenic/upload/2005_11_10_arsenic_treatments_and_costs.pdf
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1992. CERCLA/SUPERFUND Orientation Manual. Office of Solid
Waste and Emergency Response. Publication No. EPA 542-R-92-005, October 1992. http://nepis.epa.gov/
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1991. Guide to Discharging CERCLA Aqueous Wastes to Publicly
Owned Treatment Works (POTWs). Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, March 1991. http://
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1987. Guidance Manual for the Identification of Hazardous Waste
Delivered to POTWs by Truck, Rail or Dedicated Pipe. Office of Water Enforcement and Permits, June 1987.
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Biological References
Burleson, G.R., T.M. Murray, and M. Pollard, 1975. Inactivation of Viruses and Bacteria by Ozone, with and
without Sonication. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 29(3): 340-344.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Office of Inspector General, Department of Health Human
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Register Volume 70, Number 52, March 18, 2005. http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2005-03-18/pdf/05-
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Chauret, C., T Miller, I. Auvray, R. Hofmann, C. Durance, R.C. Andrews, and H. Baribeau, 2003. Inactivation
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Selected Heterotrophic Bacteria. American Water Works Association.
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Wastewater Treatment for Mexico City. Water Science and Technology. 43(10): 155-162.
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Lowe H.N., and D.C. Lindsten, 1957. Removal of CBR Contaminants from Water. Military Med. 121: 330-335.
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2006. A System's Guide to the Identification and Disposal of
Hazardous and Non-Hazardous Water Treatment Plant Residuals, Publication No. 816-F-06-011. Office of
Water, August 2006. http://water.epa.gov/drink/info/arsenic/upload/2006_09_14_arsenic_guide_arsenic_
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Toxin References
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/
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Services (HHS), 2005. Possession, Use, and Transfer of Select Agents and Toxins; Final Rule, 2005. Federal
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Radiological References
Andrews, A., 2006. Radioactive Waste Streams: Waste Classification for Disposal, CRS Report to Congress,
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321-326.
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600/8-77-005, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, Ohio.
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Containment and Disposal of Large Amounts of Contaminated Water: A Support Guide for Water Utilities
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