United States National Health Environmental
Environmental Effects Research Laboratory
Protection Agency Corvallis, OR 97333
EPA/600/R-96/124
August 1996
Amphibian Toxicity Data
For Water Quality
Criteria Chemicals
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EPA/600/R-96/124
August 1996
AMPHIBIAN TOXICITY DATA FOR
WATER QUALITY CRITERIA CHEMICALS
by
Gerald S. Schuytema
Alan V. Nebeker
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory
Western Ecology Division
Corvallis, OR 97333
Project Officer:
Mary E. Kentula
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory
Western Ecology Division
Corvallis, OR 97333
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Research and Development
National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory
Western Ecology Division
Corvallis, OR 97333
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Disclaimer
This document has been subjected to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency peer
and administrative review, and has been approved for publication as an EPA
document. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute
endorsement or recommendation for use.
This report should be cited as:
Schuytema, G.S. and A.V. Nebeker. 1996. Amphibian toxicity data for water quality
criteria chemicals. EPA/600/R-96/124. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Western Ecology
Division, Corvallis, Oregon.
11
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CONTENTS
DISCLAIMER ii
TABLES iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY viii
INTRODUCTION 1
Water Quality Criteria Background 1
Water Quality Criteria and Amphibians 1
Objective 2
LITERATURE SOURCES 3
DATA FORMAT 4
Table Structure 4
Table Content 4
DATA DISTRIBUTION 5
CHEMICAL, CRITERIA AND SPECIES RELATIONSHIPS 7
RECOMMENDATIONS 9
LITERATURE CITED 10
APPENDIX A. Amphibian references not used in Tables 5-67 A-1
in
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TABLES
Table 1. Water quality criteria (WQC) chemicals
. and associated amphibian literature 30
Table 2. Distribution of additional acute and "other" amphibian
data beyond that found in water quality criteria (WQC) documents ... 35
Table 3. Summary of amphibian species and associated
chemicals 39
Table 4. Published water quality criteria values for each chemical
or chemical group 56
Table 5. Acrolein - acute data 59
Table 6A. Aldrin/Dieldrin - acute data 60
Table 6B. Aldrin/Dieldrin - chronic data 61
Table 6C. Aldrin/Dieldrin - residue data 62
Table 6D, Aldrin/Dieldrin - other data 63
Table 7A. Aluminum - acute data 66
Table 7B. Aluminum - other data 67
Table 8A. Aniline - acute data 71
Table 8B. Aniline - other data 72
Table 9. Antimony (III) - other data 73
Table 10. Arsenic - other data 74
Table 11. Atrazine - other data 75
Table 12, Benzene - other data 77
Table 13, Beryllium - acute data 78
Table 14. Boron - other data 79
Table 15A. Cadmium - acute data .- 80
Table 15B. Cadmium - chronic data 81
Table 15C. Cadmium - other data 82
Table 16. Carbaryl - other data 87
Table 17. Carbofuran - other data 88
Table 18. Carbon tetrachloride - other data 89
Table 19. Chlordane - other data 91
Table 20. Chloride - other data 92
Table 21. Chlorinated benzenes - other data 93
Table 22A. Chlorinated ethanes - acute data 94
Table 22B. Chlorinated ethanes - other data 95
Table 23. Chlorinated phenols - acute data 96
Table 24. Chloroform - other data ," 97
Table 25A. Chlorophenoxy herbicides - acute data 99
Table 25B. Chlorophenoxy herbicides - other data 100
Table 26. Chlorpyrifos - other data 101
Table 27. Chromium - other data 102
Table 28A. Copper - acute data 103
iv
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Table 28B. Copper - other data 104
Table 29. Cyanide - other data 106
Table 30A. DDT - acute data 107
Table SOB. DDT - other data 108
Table 31. Diazinon - other data 112
Table 32. Dichloropropanes and Dichloropropenes - other data 113
Table 33. Dichlorvos - other data 114
Table 34. Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) - other data 115
Table 35. Endosulfan - other data 116
Table 36A. Endrin - acute data 117
Table 36B. Endrin - other data 118
Table 37A. Guthion - acute data 120
Table 37B. Guthion - other data 122
Table 38. Halomethanes - other data 124
Table 39A. Heptachlor - acute data 125
Table 39B. Heptachlor - other data 126
Table 40A. Hexachlorocyclohexane - acute data 127
Table 40B. Hexachlorocyclohexane - other data 128
Table 41 A. Iron - acute data '. 130
Table 41B. Iron - other data 131
Table 42. Lead - other data 132
Table 43A. Malathion - acute data 137
Table 43B. Malathion - other data 138
Table 44. Manganese - other data 140
Table 45A. Mercury - acute data 141
Table 45B; Mercury - other data 142
Table 46A. Methoxychlor - acute data 151
Table 46B. Methoxychlor - other data 152
Table 47A. Methyl parathion - acute data 153
Table 47B. Methyl parathion - other data 154
Table 48. Mirex - other data 155
Table 49A. Naphthalene - acute data 156
Table 49B. Naphthalene - other data 157
Table 50A. Nickel - acute data 158
Table SOB. Nickel - other data 159
Table 51. Nitrobenzene - other data 160
Table 52A. Nitrosamines - acute data . .., 161
Table 52B. Nitrosamines - other data '. 162
Table 53A. Parathion - acute data 163
Table 53B. Parathion - other data 164
Table 54A. Pentachlorophenol - acute data 167
Table 54B. Pentachlorophenol - other data 168
Table 55A. Phenol - acute data 169
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Table 55B. Phenol - other data 170
Table 56. Phthalate esters - other data 172
Table 57. Pol/chlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) 173
Table 58A. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons - acute data 175
Table 58B. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons - other data 176
Table 59. Propoxur - other data 178
Table 60A. Selenium - acute data 179
Table 60B. Selenium - other data 180
Table 61. Silver - other data 181
Table 62. Thallium - other data 182
Table 63. Toluene - other data 183
Table 64A. Toxaphene - acute data 184
Table 64B. Toxaphene - other data 185
Table 65. Tributyltin - other data 187
Table 66A. Trichloroethylene - acute data 188
Table 66B. Trichloroethylene - other data 189
Table 67A. Zinc - acute data 190
Table 67B. Zinc - other data 191
VI
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We gratefully acknowledge the contributions of Barbara Hagler, Stephanie Bianchi,
and Kristina Dunn for literature searching and library assistance, and Patty Adkins for the
demanding job of typing the tables. Helpful reviews were provided by Lawrence Blus,
Michael Cairns, Stephen Dominguez and Christian Grue.
VII
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EXECUTIVE SUM MARY
The Clean Water Act of 1987 requires the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
to develop and publish water quality criteria; there are now more than 100 criteria
documents published or in preparation. There is increasing recognition that amphibian
data should be included in the derivation of water quality criteria. While water quality
criteria protective of fishes may also protect amphibians, exceptions may occur in wetlands
or ephemeral water bodies where there may be a high degree of exposure of amphibians
to chemicals. The small amount of amphibian data presently in the water quality criteria
documents is based on aquatic stages; there are no specific criteria for terrestrial life
stages. The purpose of this report is to consolidate amphibian toxicity data into forms
useful for others to derive or support ambient water quality criteria, and it covers only those
chemicals in the existing or proposed U.S. EPA water quality criteria documents.
The structure of the tables in this report generally follows the format in existing water
quality criteria documents wherein separate tables are given for acute data, chronic data,
residue data and "other" data. Data on amphibian species non-resident in North America
have been included in the "other data" tables to provide additional background information
on amphibian response to toxic chemicals.
Only about one-fourth of the water quality criteria chemicals or chemical groups
covered in this report have associated amphibian data in their criteria documents. New
data were located for about half of the documents that originally contained no amphibian
information. Additional information in this report has the potential to serve as supplemental
data in about one-third of the documents which presently contain no amphibian data.
Amphibian data in the tables were abstracted from 163 references. Another 101
references were reviewed but data were not included in the tables because of unsuitability
for criteria development.
Fifty-eight species of amphibians were associated with over 135 chemicals,
chemical subgroups, compounds and formulations. Rana pipiens and Xenopus laevis
were linked with over 40 chemicals while 12 species of amphibians were associated with
only a single chemical.
A scarcity of chronic toxicity data for amphibians makes it difficult to generalize
about the protection afforded these animals by current water quality criteria. While the
criteria for some animals (e.g. cadmium, dieldrin) appear protective of amphibians, the
relationships between other criteria (e.g. naphthalene, nitrosamines, thallium) and existing
toxicity data suggest that some amphibians may be at risk. Only a careful evaluation of
all pertinent data and collection of new information will permit definitive conclusions about
the safety of existing criteria.
VIII
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INTRODUCTION
Water Quality Criteria Background
Section 304(a) of the Clean Water Act of 1987 requires the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency to develop and publish water quality criteria reflecting the latest
scientific knowledge on identifiable health and welfare effects which may be expected from
pollution in any body of water. In 1980, 65 ambient water quality criteria documents were
published with new criteria appearing periodically thereafter (USEPA 1986a). There are
presently over 100 criteria documents published or in preparation.
Guidelines for the derivation of these criteria are very complex and have been
described in detail by Stephan et al. (1985). Basically, criteria are derived using a variety
of aquatic organisms in toxictty tests. A final acute value is derived from acceptable acute
test results. The guidelines require tests with at least one species of freshwater animal
from at least eight different families. These families must be from the following animal
groups: Salmonidae; a second family in the class Osteichthyes (e.g. bluegill); a third family
in the phylum Chordata (may be an amphibian); a planktonic crustacean (e.g. cladoceran,
copepod); a benthic crustacean (e.g. amphipod, isopod); an insect (e.g. mayfly, stonefly);
a family or a phylum other than Arthropoda or Chordata (e.g. Annelida, mollusca); and a
family in any insect order or any phylum not already represented.
Acute-chronic ratios are derived from acute and chronic toxicity tests on three or
more species which include one fish, one invertebrate, and one acutely sensitive species.
An acceptable test with a freshwater alga or vascular plant, and at least one acceptable
bioconcentration factor (quotient of chemical in one or more tissues divided by
concentration of chemical in water in which animal has been living) should also be
available. A final chronic value may then be derived. Criteria are then generated from
these tests. A criterion maximum concentration (equal to one-half the final acute value)
is derived using the final acute value. A criterion continuous concentration is derived from
the final chronic value, final plant value, and final residue value (lowest residue value
obtained by dividing maximum permissible tissue concentration by bioconcentration factor),
unless other data have shown that a lower value should be used. The value with the
lowest concentration determines the criterion continuous concentration. Confidence in a
criterion increases with the amount of available data.
Water Quality Criteria and Amphibians
Water quality criteria protective of fish may also protect amphibians, since in most
cases fish are generally considered to be more sensitive to pollutants (Hall and Swineford
1980, Mayer and Ellersieck 1986). Exceptions may occur in wetlands and ephemeral
bodies of water where the use of a chemical would suggest a high degree of exposure to
amphibians, especially where natural or constructed wetlands are used for waste
1
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treatment. In addition, it is conceivable that stresses to amphibians, such as habitat
fragmentation and ultraviolet radiation, which are often implicated in population declines,
could be potentiated, or potentiate, chemical stresses.
Amphibians can be important indicators of environmental contamination, because
they are present in both aquatic and terrestrial environments. There is increasing
recognition that they are important factors in the environment and should be used in the
derivation of water quality criteria (Williams et a/. 1989).
Historically much emphasis has been placed on developing water quality criteria
protective of aquatic species with the assumption that more semi-aquatic wildlife would
also be protected (Williams etal. 1989). Mammals, birds and amphibians/reptiles are three
wildlife subgroups identified by Williams et a/. (1989) for which predictive/extrapolative
models should be developed to generate criteria. The few acute amphibian data that have
been considered in deriving criteria have historically focused on strictly aquatic stages such
as embryos, larvae or tadpoles (USEPA 1980c, 1980e, 1980m, 1980s, 1986e, 1986f,
1993).
Objective
The purpose of this document is to locate and consolidate amphibian toxicity data
into a form useful in deriving or supporting ambient water quality criteria.
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LITERATURE SOURCES
Toxicity literature dealing with the effects of chemicals on amphibians was obtained
primarily from the following sources: 1) on-going surveys of current journal indexes
published weekly by the Institute for Scientific Information, Inc., Philadelphia, PA; 2) a
recent comprehensive review of amphibian toxicity literature (Power ef a/. 1989); 3) data
from ambient water quality criteria documents (Table 1); 4) the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency's aquatic toxicity information retrieval data base (AQUIRE) which covers
data from 1970 to the present (Computer Sciences Corp. 1993); 5) information from
amphibian data files maintained at the Western Ecology Division, National Health and
Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Corvallis, OR.
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DATA FORMAT
Table Structure
The distribution of available data on water quality criteria chemicals and amphibians
is presented in Tables 1-3. The structure of the data tables in this report (Tables 5 -67)
generally follows the format of the tables in existing water quality criteria documents (e.g.
USEPA 1980c) wherein separate tables are given for acute, chronic, residue and "other"
data. Only two chemicals were found where applicable chronic data were available:
aldrin/dieldrin (Table 6B) and cadmium (Table 15B); applicable residue data were found
only for aldrin/dieldrin (Table 6C).
Table Content
The data tables include information on the amphibian species name, life stage or
age, chemical name, test compound or formulation, test duration, test method (whether
static, flow-through, renewal, measured or unmeasured exposure concentrations), test
results and literature citations. Amphibian data in water quality criteria documents are
based only on North American resident species (see Stephen et al. 1985), with the
exception of tributyltin (USEPA 1988d). Species such as Xenopus laevis which have
reproducing wild populations in North America are included in this definition. This practice
has been followed in the present report for acute, chronic and residue tables. Data for
non-resident species have been included, however, in the "other data" tables as
supplemental background information to the chemicals of concern. Acute data tables
include the 96-hr LC50 (median lethal concentration). Chronic data tables include chronic
levels (NOAEL - no observed adverse effects level and LOAEL - lowest observed adverse
effect level) and the chronic value (geometric mean of the NOAEL and LOAEL). Residue
tables include exposure concentrations, percent lipid, tissue type and BCF
(bioconcentration factor). The "other data" tables include reported effects and chemical
concentration; they include data not applicable for the acute and chronic data tables but
potentially useful in characterizing the chemical's toxicity (e.g. exposure times generally
other than 96 hours, physiological and developmental effects, percent mortality).
Hardness and pH are included for metals; pH is included for pentachlorophenol. In
some cases where pH or hardness data were not provided, the type of dilution water (e.g.
Holtfreter's Solution) is included. Exposure concentrations are generally given in
micrograms per liter (ug/L). Concentrations of metals are expressed as the metal, not the
compound. Concentrations of formulated products are given as the active ingredient if
possible.
4
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DATA DISTRIBUTION
Eighty-two of the 95 chemicals or chemical groups reviewed in this report are
described in water quality criteria documents (Table 1). Each document covers a single
chemical or chemical group and their related compounds or sub-divisions (e.g. cadmium:
cadmium chloride, cadmium nitrate; chlorophenoxy herbicides: 2,4-D amine, 2,4, 5 -T
amine). Criteria documents for 13 chemicals are in development and have not yet been
published. Twelve chemicals also have updated versions of the documents. Only 29 of
the documents (covering 23 chemicals or chemical groups) contained amphibian data. No
amphibian data were located for 30 chemicals in either the water quality criteria documents
or in other references. Amphibian" resident species acute toxicity data were located in the
published literature for 16 documents where there are presently no amphibian data and
for nine documents already containing some data. New "other data" for resident species
were located for 33 documents which contained no amphibian data and for 17 documents
that contained some amphibian data. Non-resident species data were located for 25
documents which contained no amphibian data, and for 17 documents with existing data;
this data was included to provide additional insight into the effects of chemicals on
amphibians (Table 2).
The association of individual amphibian species and chemicals is summarized in
Table 3. Fifty-eight species (names as reported by authors) were associated with over 135
chemicals (chemicals, compounds, subgroups, and formulations). Rana pipiens and
Xenopus laevis were linked with 40 or more different chemicals. Some resident North
American species (Acris crepitans blanchardi, Acris gryllus, Bufo canorus, Bufo debilis
debilis, Bufo punctatus, Hyla gratiosa, Hyla squirrela, Hyla versicolor, Notophthalmus
viridescens, Rana grylio, Rana hecksheri, Triturus viridescens) were found in conjunction
with only a single chemical. The effects of mercury have been reported on over 25
resident or nonresident species (Tables 45A, 45B). In contrast, the effects of some
chemicals have been reported on only one resident or non-resident species (acrolein,
Table 5; antimony, Table 9; chlorinated phenols, Table 23; diazinon, Table 31;
dichloropropanes and dichloropropenes, Table 32; dichlorvos, Table 33; DEHP, Table 34;
mirex, Table 48; naphthalene, Tables 49A and 49B; nitrobenzene, Table 51; propoxur,
Table 59. The paucity of amphibian data used in deriving water quality criteria is illustrated
by the presence of only three water quality criteria documents which contain amphibian
data in their acute data tables: aniline (Table 8A); pentachlorophenol (Table 54A); and
toxaphene (Table 64A).
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Documents which contained amphibian data in their "other" tables (data that can't
presently be used for deriving criteria values) were aluminum (Table 76), aniline (Table
8B),antimony III (Table 9), arsenic (Table 10), cadmium (Table 15C), chromium (Table 27),
copper (Table 286), endosulfan (Table 35), lead (Table 42), mercury (Table 456), nickel
(Table 506), pentachlorophenol (Table 54B), selenium (Table 60B),silver (Table 61),
thallium (Table 62), toxaphene (Table 64B), tributyltin (Table 65), and zinc (Table 676).
The dioxin document (USEPA1964) contained an amphibian reference (see Appendix A)
but was not included in this tabulation because exposure was by injection.
Data quality for the tables was evaluated according to the following standards.
Unnamed species were generally not included unless the reference had already been cited
in a water quality criteria document (e.g. Billing and Healey 1926). References were also
not included when toxic effects were determined using isolated tissues in vitro (e.g. skin,
muscle), exposure concentrations were not clearly stated, test results were only presented
in graphical form, body burdens or residues were presented without exposure
concentrations, only spiked sediment and not water column concentrations were
presented, test animals were exposed through injection, feeding or inhalation, exposure
concentrations were only approximate, insufficient detail was presented about test
conditions, the number of affected animals was not stated, exposure concentrations were
not constant, and when the dose to effect relationship was unclear. A total of 101
references, (thirty eight percent of the total reviewed) associated with 36 of the chemicals,
were reviewed but were not included in Tables 5 to 67 (Appendix. A). While not suitable
for criteria development, they might provide additional insight into various aspects of the
effects of toxic chemicals on amphibians.
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CHEMICAL, CRITERIA AND SPECIES RELATIONSHIPS
Ambient water quality criteria for chemicals for which amphibian data has been
located, either in existing water quality criteria documents or in other literature, are listed
in Table 4. The criteria listed for acrolein, beryllium, carbon tetrachloride, chlorinated
benzenes, chloroform, DDE, TDE, dichloropropanes, dichloropropenes, halomethanes,
naphthalene, nitrosamines, phenol, phthalate esters, thallium, toluene and
trichloroethylene are the lowest observed adverse effect levels (LOAEL) because
insufficient data did not permit development of actual criteria. Actual acute criteria values
listed are either a concentration not to be exceeded at any time, or a one-hour average
concentration not to be exceeded more than once every three years on the average.
Actual chronic criteria values listed are either a 24-hour average or a four-day average
concentration not to be exceeded more than once every three years on the average.
The water quality criteria documents for chlorinated ethanes (USEPA 1980J) and
chlorinated phenols (USEPA 1980k) present only a range of acute and chronic toxicity
values for various species instead of specific criteria, indicating a need for more data.
Limited toxicity data bases for polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (USEPA 1980bb) and
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (USEPA 1984) do not permit statements about acute
or chronic criteria in the documents. The criterion given for boron (USEPA 1986a) is for
long-term irrigation or sensitive crops. The criteria given for chlorophenoxy herbicides
(USEPA 1986a) and manganese (USEPA 1986a) are for domestic water supplies.
It is difficult to generalize about the protectiveness of water quality criteria for
amphibian species. For example, the criteria for cadmium and dieldrin (Table 4) would
appear to be protective of amphibians. The cadmium acute and chronic criteria (3.9 and
1.1 ug/L) are well below the range of acute (468-850 ug/L) and chronic (24-210 ug/L)
toxicity values reported in the literature (Tables 15A and 15B). The acute and chronic
criteria for dieldrin (2.5 and 0.0019 ug/L) are likewise well below the range of acute (30-150
ug/L) and chronic (1.2-16.3 ug/L) toxicity literature values (Tables 6A and 6B). The chronic
values in these two cases are the geometric mean of LOAEL and NOAEL values. The
acute criteria values for many of the chemicals listed in Table 4 are lower than reported
literature toxicity values for amphibians. However, since chronic toxicity values were not
found in the literature for these chemicals, generalized conclusions about the
protectiveness of criteria for these chemicals for amphibians maybe unwarranted.
In some cases, existing criteria may not be protective of amphibians. The single 96-
hour LC50 value of 7 ug/L for acrolein (Table 5) is well below both the acute and chronic
criteria values (68 and 21 ug/L), suggesting that some amphibians may be at risk. Acute
criteria values for naphthalene, nitrosamines and thallium are greater than reported acute
toxicity values for various amphibian species (Tables 49A, 52A, 62), also possibly
suggesting these criteria may not protect amphibians. No chronic criteria are reported for
these chemicals, however, making evaluation difficult.
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The range of reported amphibian acute LC50 values may span the acute criterion
value as in the case of aluminum where the criterion of 750 ug/L falls between reported
LCSOs of 400-1,600 ug/L for various species (Table 7A). Similarly, seven to eight-day
LCSOs (30-2130 ug/L) for resident species exposed to chromium span the acute criteria
.value of 1,700 ug/L (Table 27).
Many of the chronic criteria values in water quality documents are based on
Daphnia life cycle tests. The results from these tests may not be equivalent to results
obtained from amphibian life cycle tests which may ultimately be needed to derive
meaningful protective criteria for amphibians.
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RECOMMENDATIONS
The tabulated data in this report provides valuable information on the toxicity of
water quality criteria chemicals to amphibians. It should be viewed as a guideline to the
literature. Researchers should examine the original papers for full understanding of the
data.
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LITERATURE CITED
Abbasi, S.A., and R. Soni. 1984. Teratogenic effects of chromium (VI) in environment as
evidenced by the impact on larvae of amphibian Rana tigrina: Implications in the
environmental management of chromium. Intern. J. Environ. Studies 23: 131-137.
Albers, P.H. and R.M. Prouty. 1987. Survival of spotted salamander eggs in temporary
ponds of coastal Maryland. Environ. Pollut. 46: 45-61.
Anguiano, O.L., C.M Montagna, M. Chifflet de Llamas, L Gauna and A.M. Pechen de
D'Angelo. 1994. Comparative toxicity of parathion in early embryos and larvae of
the toad Bufo arenarum Hensel. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 52: 649-655.
Bantle, J.A., D.J. Fort and B.L James. 1989. Identification of developmental toxicants using
the frog embryo teratogenesis assay-Xenopus (FETAX). Hydrobiologia 188/189:
577-585.
Birge, W.J. 1978. Aquatic toxicology of trace elements of coal and fly ash. In; J.H. Thorpe
and J.W. Gibbons (eds). Energy and Environmental Stress in Aquatic Systems.
CONF-771114. Springfield, VA. pp 219-240.
Birge, W.J. and JA Black. 1977. A continuous flow system using fish and amphibian eggs
for bioassay determinations on embryonic mortality and teratogenesis. Final
Technical Report. EPA 560/5-77-002. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office
of Toxic Substances, Washington, DC. National Technical Information Service,
Springfield, VA. PB 285 191.
Birge, W.J. and J.A. Black. 1979. Effects of copper on embryonic and juvenile stages of
aquatic animals. In: J.O. Nriagu (ed). Copper in the Environment. Part II. Wiley, NY.
pp 374-398.
Birge, W.J. and J.A. Black. 1980. Aquatic toxicology of nickel. In: J.O. Nriagu (ed). Nickel
in the Environment. Wiley, New York, NY. pp 349-366.
Birge, W.J., J.A. Black and R.A. Kuehne. 1980. Effects of organic compounds on
amphibian reproduction. Res. Rept. No. 121. Water Resources Research Institute,
University of Kentucky, Lexington. National Technical Information Service,
Springfield, VA. PB80-147523.
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Birge, W.J., J.A. Black and A.G. Westerman. 1978a. Effects of polychlorinated biphenyl
compounds and proposed PCB-replacement products on embryo-larval stages of
fish and amphibians. Res. Rept. No. 118. Water Resources Research Institute,
University of Kentucky, Lexington. National Technical Information Service,
Springfield, VA.PB 290 711.
Birge, W.J., J.A. Black and A.G. Westerman. 1979a. Evaluation of aquatic pollutants using
fish and amphibian eggs as bioassay organisms. In: S.W. Nielson, G. Migaki and
D.G. Scarpelli (eds). Animals as Monitors of Environmental Pollutants. Nat. Acad.
Sci. Washington, pp. 108-118.
Birge, W.J., J.A. Black, A.G. Westerman and J.E. Hudson. 1979b. The effects of mercury
on reproduction of fish and amphibians. In: J.O. Nriagu (ed). The Biogeochemistry
of Mercury in the Environment. Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press, pp. 529-
655.
Birge, W.J., J.A. Black, A.G. Westerman and B.A. Ramey. 1983. Fish and amphibian
embryos - a model system for evaluating teratogenicrty, Fund. Appl. Toxicol. 3: 237-
242.
Birge, W.J., J.E. Hudson, J.A. Black and A.G. Westerman. 1978b. Embryo-larval bioassays
on inorganic coal elements and in situ biomonitoring of coal-waste effluents. In: D.F.
Samuel, J.R. Stauffer, C.H. Hocutt and W.T. Mason, (eds). Surface Mining and
Fish/Wildlife Needs in the Eastern United States. U.S. Dept. Int. Fish Wild). Serv.,
FWS OBS-78/81. pp 97-104. National Technical Information Service, Springfield,
VA. PB 298 353.
Birge, W.J. and J.J. Just. 1973. Sensitivity of vertebrate embryos to heavy metals as a
criterion of water quality. Res. Rept. No. 61. Water Resources Research Institute,
University of Kentucky, Lexington. National Technical Information Service,
Springfield, VA. PB 226 850.
Birge, W.J. and J.J. Just. 1975. Sensiiivity of vertebrate embryos to heavy metals as a
criterion of water quality. Phase I. Res. Rept. No. 71. Water Resources Research
Institute, University of Kentucky, Lexington.
Birge, J.J. Just, A. Westerman, JA Black and O.W Roberts. 1975. Sensitivity of vertebrate
.. embryos to heavy metals as a criterion of water quality. Phase II.Bioassay
procedures using developmental stages as test organisms. Res. Rept. No. 84.
Water Resources Research Institute, University of Kentucky, Lexington.
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Black, J.A. and W.J. Birge. 1980. An avoidance response bioassay for aquatic pollutants.
Res. Rept. No. 123. Water Resources Research Institute, University of Kentucky,
Lexington. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA. PB80-180490.
Black, J.A,, W.J. Birge, W.E. McDonnell, A.G. Westerman, B.A. Ramey and D.M. Bruser.
1982. The aquatic toxicity of organic compounds to embryo-larval stages of fish and
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in bullfrog tadpoles. Neurotoxicol. and Teratol. 13:167-173.
Taylor, D.H. 1990. Responses of green frog (Rana damitans) tadpoles to lead-polluted
water. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 9: 87-93.
Thurston, R.V., T.A. Gilfoil, E.L Meyn, R.K. Zajdel, T.I. Aoki and G.D. Veith. 1985.
Comparative toxicrty of ten organic chemicals to ten common aquatic species.
Water Res. 19:1145-1155.
Tyler-Jones, R. , R.C. Beattie and R.J. Aston. 1989. The effects of acid water and
aluminum on the embryonic development of the common frog, Rana temporaria. J.
Zool. Soc. Lond. 219: 355-372.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1976. Quality criteria for water. Washington, DC.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1980a. Ambient water quality criteria for acrolein.
EPA 440/5-80-016. Office of Water Regulation and Standards, Criteria and
Standards Division, Washington, DC.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1980b. Ambient water quality criteria for benzene.
EPA 440/5-80-018. Office of Water Regulation and Standards, Criteria and
Standards Division, Washington, DC.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1980c. Ambient water quality criteria for
aldnn/dieldrin. EPA 440/5-80-019. Office of Water Regulations and Standards,
Criteria and Standards Division, Washington, D.C.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1980d. Ambient water quality criteria for arsenic.
EPA 440/5-80-021. Office of Water Regulations and Standards, Criteria and
Standards Division, Washington, DC.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1980e. Ambient water quality criteria for beryllium.
EPA 440/5-80-024. Office of Water Regulations and Standards,Criteria and
Standards Division, Washington, DC.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 19801 Ambient water quality criteria for cadmium.
.. EPA 440/5-80-025. Office of Water Regulations and Standards. Criteria and
Standards Division, Washington, DC.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1980g. Ambient water quality criteria for carbon
tetrachloride. EPA 440/5-80-026. Office of Water Regulations and Standards,
Criteria and Standards Division, Washington, DC.
23
-------
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1980h. Ambient water quality criteria for chlordane.
EPA 440/5-80-027. Office of Water Regulations and Standards, Criteria and
Standards Division, Washington, DC.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 19801 Ambient water quality criteria for chlorinated
benzenes. EPA 440/5-80-028. Office of Water Regulations and Standards, Criteria
and Standards Division, Washington, DC.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1980J. Ambient water quality criteria for chlorinated
ethanes. EPA 440/5-80-029. Office of Water Regulations and Standards, Criteria
and Standards Division, Washington, DC.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1980k. Ambient water quality criteria for chlorinated
phenols. EPA 440/5-80-032. Office of Water Regulations and Standards, Criteria
and Standards Division, Washington, DC.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 19801. Ambient water quality criteria for chloroform.
EPA 440/5-80-033. Office of Water Regulations and Standards, Criteria and
Standards Division, Washington, DC.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1980m. Ambient water quality criteria for DDT.
EPA 440/5-80-038. Office of Water Regulations and Standards, Criteria and
Standards Division, Washington, DC.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1980n. Ambient water quality criteria for
dichloropropane and dichloropropene. EPA 440/5-80-043. Office of Water
Regulations and Standards, Criteria and Standards Division, Washington, DC.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1980o. Ambient water quality criteria for
endosulfan. EPA 440/5-80-046. Office of Water Regulations and Standards,
Criteria and Standards Division, Washington, DC.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1980p. Ambient water quality criteria for endrin.
EPA 440/5-80-047. Office of Water Regulations and Standards, Criteria and
Standards Division, Washington, DC.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1980q. Ambient water quality criteria for
halomethanes. EPA 440/5-80-051. Office of Water Regulations and Standards,
Criteria and Standards Division, Washington, DC.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1980r. Ambient water quality criteria for heptachlor.
EPA 440/5-80-052. Office of Water Regulations and Standards, Criteria and
Standards Division, Washington, DC.
24
-------
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1980s. Ambient water quality criteria
hexachlorocyclohexane. EPA 440/5-80-054. Office of Water Regulations at
Standards, Criteria and Standards Division, Washington, DC.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1980t. Ambient water quality criteria for lead. EPA
440/5-80-057. Office of Water Regulations and Standards, Criteria and Standards
Division, Washington, DC.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1980u. Ambient water quality criteria for mercury.
EPA 440/5-80-058. Office of Water Regulations and Standards, Criteria and
Standards Division, Washington, DC.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1980v. Ambient water quality criteria for
naphthalene. EPA 440/5-80-059. Office of Water Regulations and Standards,
Criteria and Standards Division, Washington, DC.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1980w. Ambient water quality criteria for nickel.
EPA 440/5-80-060. Office of Water Regulations and Standards, Criteria and
Standards Division, Washington, DC.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1980x. Ambient water quality criteria for
nitrosamines. EPA 440/5-80-064. Office of Water Regulations and Standards,
Criteria and Standards Division, Washington, DC.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1980y. Ambient water quality criteria for phenol.
EPA 440/5-80-066. Office of Water Regulations and Standards, Criteria and
Standards Division, Washington, DC.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1980z. Ambient water quality criteria for phthalate
esters. EPA 440/5-80-067. Office of Water Regulations and Standards, Criteria
and Standards Division, Washington, DC.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1980aa. Ambient v/ater quality criteria for
polychlorinated biphenyls. EPA 440/5-80-068. Office of Water Regulations and
Standards, Criteria and Standards Division, Washington, DC.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1980bb. Ambient water quality criteria for
polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. EPA 440/5-80-069. Office of Water
Regulations and Standards, Criteria and Standards Division, Washington, DC.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1980cc. Ambient water quality criteria for silver.
EPA 440/5-80-071. Office of Water Regulations and Standards, Criteria and
Standards Division, Washington, DC.
25
-------
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1980dd. Ambient water quality criteria for thallium.
EPA 440/5-80-074. Office of Water Regulations and Standards, Criteria and
Standards Division, Washington, DC.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1980ee. Ambient water quality criteria for toluene.
EPA 440/5-80-075. Office of Water Regulations and Standards, Criteria and
Standards Division, Washington, DC.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1980ff. Ambient water quality criteria for
toxaphene. EPA 440/4-80-076. Office of Water Regulations and Standards, Criteria
and Standards Division, Washington, DC.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1980gg. Ambient water quality criteria for
trichloroethylene. EPA 440/5-80-077. Office of Water Regulations and Standards,
Criteria and Standards Division, Washington, DC.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1984. Ambient water quality criteria for 2,3,7,8-
tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. EPA 440/5-84-007. Office of Water Regulations and
Standards, Criteria and Standards Division, Washington, DC.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1985a. Ambient water quality criteria for arsenic -
1984. EPA 440/5-84-033. Office of Water Regulations and Standards, Criteria and
Standards Division, Washington, DC.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1985b. Ambient water quality criteria for cadmium -
1984. EPA 440/5-84-032. Office of Water Regulations and Standards, Criteria and
Standards Division, Washington, DC.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1985c. Ambient water quality criteria for chromium
-1984. EPA 440/5-84-029. Office of Water Regulations and Standards, Criteria and
Standards Division, Washington, DC.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1985d. Ambient water quality criteria for copper.
EPA 440/5-84-031. Office of Water Regulations and Standards, Criteria and
Standards Division, Washington DC.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1985e Ambient water quality criteria for cyanide-
1984. EPA 440/5-84-028. Office of Water Regulations and Standards, Criteria and
Standards Division, Washington, DC
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1985f. Ambient water quality criteria for lead -1984.
EPA 440/5-84-027. Office of Water Regulations and Standards, Criteria and
Standards Division, Washington, DC.
26
-------
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1985g. Ambient water quality criteria for mercur>
EPA 440/5-84-026. Office of Water Regulations and Standards, Criteria and
Standards Division, Washington, DC.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1986a. Quality criteria for water 1986. EPA 440/5-
86-001. Office of Water Regulations and Standards, Washington, DC.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1986b. Ambient water quality criteria for nickel.
EPA 440/5-86-004. Office of Water Regulations and Standards, Criteria and
Standards Division, Washington, DC.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1986c. Ambient water quality criteria for
chloropyrifos 1986 EPA 440/5-86-005. Office of Water Regulations and Standards,
Criteria and Standards Division, Washington, DC.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1986d. Ambient water quality criteria for parathion
-1986. EPA 440/5-86-007. Office of Water Regulations and Standards, Criteria and
Standards Division, Washington, DC.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1986e. Ambient water quality criteria for
pentachlorophenol -1986. EPA 440/5-86-009. Office of Water Regulations and
Standards, Criteria and Standards Division, Washington, DC.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1986f. Ambient water quality criteria for toxaphene
-1986. EPA 440/5-86-006. Office of Water Regulations and Standards, Criteria and
Standards Division, Washington, DC.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1987a. Ambient water quality criteria for zinc -
1987. EPA 440/5-87-003. Office of Water Regulations and Standards, Criteria and
Standards Division, Washington, DC
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1987b. Ambient water quality criteria for selenium -
1987. EPA 440/5-87-006. Office of Water Regulations and Standards, Criteria and
Standards Division, Washington, DC.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1987c. Ambient water quality criteria for di-2-
ethylhexyl phthalate. EPA 440/5-87-013. Draft. Office of Research and
Development, Environmental Research Laboratories; Duluth, MN, Narragansett, Rl.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1988a. Ambient water quality criteria for chloride -
1988. EPA 440/5-88-001. Office of Water Regulations and Standards, Criteria and
Standards Division, Washington, DC
27
-------
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1988b. Ambient water quality criteria for aluminum
-1988. EPA 440/5-88-008. Office of Water Regulations and Standards, Criteria and
Standards Division, Washington, DC.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1988c. Ambient aquatic life water quality criteria
for antimony III. EPA 440/5-88-093. Office of Research and Development, Office of
Science and Technology, Health and Ecological Criteria Division, Washington, DC.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1988d. Ambient water quality criteria for tributyltin.
EPA 440/5-88 Draft. Office of Water Regulations and Standards, Criteria and
Standards Division, Washington, DC.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1993. Ambient aquatic life water quality criteria for
aniline. EPA 440/5-93 Draft. Office of Water Regulations and Standards, Criteria
and Standards Division, Washington, DC.
van Wijngaarden, P. Leeuwangh, W.G.H. Lucassen, K. Romijn, R. Ronday, R. van der
Velde and W. Willigenburg. 1993. Acute toxicity of chlorpyrifos to fish, a newt and
aquatic invertebrates. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 51: 716-723.
Vardia, H.K., P. Sambasira Rao and V.S. Durve. 1984. Sensitivity of toads to 2,4-D and
endosulfan pesticides, Arch. Hydrobiol. 100: 395-400.
Venturino, A. I.E. Gauna, R.M. Bergoc and A.M. Pechen de D'Angelo. 1992. Effect of
exogenously applied polyamines on malathion toxicity in the toad Bufo arenarum
Hensei. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 22: 135-139.
Weis, J. 1975. The effect of DDT on tail regeneration in Rana pipiens and R. catesbeiana
tadpoles. Copeia 1975: 765-767.
Williams, B , S. Marcy and S. Gerould. 1989. Water quality to protect wildlife resources.
EPA 600/3-89-067. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental
Research Laboratory, Corvallis, OR.
Wohlgemuth, E, 1977. Toxicity of endrin to some species of aquatic vertebrates. Acta. Sc.
Nat. Brno 11:1-38.
Woodall, C., N. Maclean and F. Crossley. 1988. Responses of trout fry (Salmo gairdneri)
and Xenopus laevis tadpoles to cadmium and zinc. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 89C:
93-99.
Yasmeen, N. and Nayeemunnisa. 1985. Effects of methyl parathion on the rate of oxygen
consumption of tadpoles of frog, Rana cyanophlyctis. Current Sci. 54: 649-651.
28
-------
Zaffaroni, N,P., T. Zavanella, M.L. Ferrari and E. Arias, 1986. Toxicity of 2-methyl-4-
chlorophenoxyacetic acid to the adult crested newt. Environ. Res. 41: 201-206.
Zavanella, T., N.P. Zaffaroni and E. Arias. 1988. Evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of the
phenoxyherbicide MCPA to an urodele amphibian. Ecotoxicol. and Environ. Safety
16:114-122.
Zettergren, L.D., B.W. Boldt, D.H. Petering, M.S. Goodrich, D.N. Weber and
J.G Zettergren. 1991. Effects of prolonged low level cadmium exposure on the
tadpole immune system. Toxicol. Lett. 55:11-19.
29
-------
Table 1. Water quality criteria (WQC) chemicals and associated amphibian literature.
Chemical
Acenaphthene
Acrylonitrile
Aldrin/Dieldrin
AJuminum
Ammonia
Aniline
Antimony
AntJrnony(HI)
Arsenic
Atrazine
Benzene
Benzidine
Beryllium
Boron
Cadmium
Carbaryl
Carbofuran
Carbon tetrachloride
Chlordane
Chloride
Chlorinated benzenes
Chlorinated ethanes
Chlorinated
naphthalenes
EPA WQC document
publication number
EPA 440/5-80-01 5
EPA 440/5-80-01 6
EPA 440/5-80-01 7
EPA 440/5-80-01 9
EPA 4405-88-008
EPA 440/5-85-001
EPA 440/5-93 Draft
EPA 440/5-80-020
EPA 440/5-88-093
EPA 440/5-80-021
EPA 440/5-84-033
EPA 440/5-80-01 8
EPA 440/5-80-023
EPA 440/5-80-024
EPA 440/5-86-001 c
EPA 440/5-80-025
EPA 440/5-84-032
EPA 440/5-80-026
EPA 440/5-80-027
EPA 440/5-88-00 1
EPA 440/5-80-028
EPA 440/5-80-029
EPA 440/5-80-031
Amphibian
WQC documents
USEPA1980c
USEPA1988b
USEPA1993
USEPA1988C
USEPA1980d
USEPA1985a
USEPA1980e
USEPA1980f
USEPA1985b
data b found in:
Other publications
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
30
-------
Table 1. (continued)
Chemical
Chlorinated phenols
Chlorine
Chloroalkyl ethers
Chloroform
2-Chlorophenol
Chlorophenoxy
herbicides
Chlorpyrifos
Chromium
Copper
Cyanide
DDT
Demeton
Dichlorobenzenes
Diazinon
Dichlorobenzidine
Dichloroethylenes
2, 4-Dichlorophenol
Dichloropropanes/
Dichloropropenes
Dichlorvos
Di-2-ethylhexyl
EPA WQC document1
publication number
' EPA 440/5-80-032
EPA 440/5-84-030
EPA 440/5-80-030
EPA 440/5-80-033
EPA 440/5-80-034
EPA 440/5-86-001'
EPA 440/5-86-005
EPA 440/5-80-035
EPA 440/5-84-029
EPA 440/5-80-036
EPA 440/5-84-031
EPA 440/5-80-037
EPA 440/5-84-028
EPA 440/5-80-038
EPA 440/5-80-039
EPA 440/5-80-040
EPA 440/5-80-041
EPA 440/5-80-042
EPA 440/5-80-043
EPA 440/5-87-01 3
Amphibian data * found in:
WQC documents Other publications
X
X
X
X
X
USEPA1985C X
X
USEPA1985d X
X
___ V
USEPA 1980m X
X
X
X
X
phthalate (DEHP)
2,4 -Dimethylphenol EPA 44075-80-044
31
-------
Table 1. (continued)
Chemical
Dinitrotoluene
Diphenylhydrazine
Endosulfan
Endrin
Ethylbenzene
Fiuoranthene
Guthion
Haloethers
Halomethanes
Heptachlor
Hexachlorobirtadiene
Hexachlorocyclohexane
Hexachlorocyclopenta -
diene
Iron
Isophorone
Lead
Malathion
Manganese
Mercury
Methoxychlor
Methyl parathion
Mirex
Naphthalene
EPA WQC document
publication Number
EPA 440/5-80-045
EPA 440/5-80-062
EPA 440/5-80-046
EPA 440/5-80-047
EPA 440/5-80-048
EPA 440/5-80-049
EPA 440/5-80-050
EPA 440/5-80-051
EPA 440/5-80-052
EPA 440/5-80-053
EPA 440/5-80-054
EPA 440/5-80-055
EPA 440/5-86-001 c
EPA 440/5-80-056
EPA 440/5-80-057
EPA 440/5-84-027
EPA 440/5-86-001 e
EPA 440/5-86-001 <
EPA 440/5-80-058
EPA 440/5-84-026
EPA 440/5-86-001'
EPA 440/5-86-001°
EPA 440/5-80-059
Amphibian data " found in:
WQC documents Other publications
USEPA 1980o X
X
X
X
_ J^
USEPA 1980s X
X
USEPA 198 01 X
USEPA 1985f X
X
X
USEPA 19BOu X
USEPA 1985g X
X
X
X
X
32
-------
Table 1. (continued)
Chemical
Nickel
Nitrobenzene
Nitrophenols
Nitrosamines
Nonylphenol
Parathion
Pentachlorophenol
Phenanthrene
Phenol
Phthalate esters
Polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCBs)
Polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons
Propoxur
Selenium
Silver
Sulfides, Hydrogen
sutfide
1,2,4-TCB
2, 4, 5-TCP
Tetrachloroethylene
2,3,7,8-Tetra-
chlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
Thallium
EPA WQC document
publication Number
EPA 440/5-80-060
EPA 440/5-86-004
EPA 440/5-80-061
EPA 440/5-80-063
EPA 440/5-80-064
EPA 440/5-86-007
EPA 440/5-80-065
EPA 440/5-86-009
EPA 440/5-80-066
EPA 440/5-80-067
EPA 440/5-80-068
EPA 440/5-80-069
EPA 440/5-80-070
EPA 440/5-87-006
EPA 440/5-80-071
EPA 440/5-86-001'
EPA 440/5-80-073
EPA 440/5-84-007
EPA 440/5-80-074
Amphibian data b found in:
WQC documents Other publications
USEPA1980W X
USEPA1986b X
X
X
X
X
USEPA1986e X
X
X
X
X
X
X
USEPA19875 X
USEPA1980cc X
_
'
USEPA19S4 X
USEPA1980dd X
33
-------
Table 1. (continued)
Chemical
Toluene
Toxaphene
Tributyttin
Trichloroethylene
Vinyl chloride
EPA WQC document
publication Number
EPA 440/5-80-075
EPA 440/5-80-076
EPA 440/5-86-006
EPA 440/5-88 Draft
EPA 440/5-80-077
EPA 440/5-80-078
Amphibian
WQC documents
USEPA 1980ff
USEPA1986f
USEPA 1988d
_
data b found in:
Other publications
X
X
X
X
X
__
Zinc EPA 440/5-80-079 X
EPA 440/5-87-003 USE PA 1987 a X
'Criteria for chemicals without a listed number are in development and have not yet been published.
"Citations in the 'WQC" column indicate the presence of amphibian data in existing water quality criteria
documents (mostly in the "other data" tables and not useful for deriving water quality criteria). Additional
amphibian data located in other publications are indicated by Xs in the "other" column. Tables 5 to 67
include the data from both sources. Chemicals with no entries indicate an absence of applicable data.
c Criteria for chemicals with EPA number EPA 440/5-86-001 are collectively listed in Quality Criteria for
Water 1986 (USEPA 1986a) and originally appeared in Quality Criteria for Water 1976 (USEPA 1976).
These two publications contain little background toxicity data.
34
-------
Table 2. Distribution of additional acute and "other" amphibian data beyond that found in water quality criteria (WQC) documents.*
to
Ul
Chemical
Acrotein
AMrin/Dleldrin
Aluminum
Anllne
Arsenic
Atrazfne
Benzene
Boron
Cadmium
Carbaryl
Carbofuran
Carbon tetrachloride
Chfordane
Chloride
A
Chlorinated benzenes
Chlorinated ethanes
Chlorinated phenols
Additional data located for WQC Additional data located for WQC
documents with some amphibian data without any amphibian data
Resident" Resident* Non-resident" Resident11 Resident0
acute "other" "other" acute "other"
%
X X X
X X X
X
X X "
X
X
x
XV Y
/\ /\
X
X
x
x
- -o..n.._ * m- ^^
x
_ _ _ x x
x
documents
Non-resident"
"other"
X
X
X
X
X
X
-------
Tabte 2. (continued)
en
Additional data located for WQC
Chemical
Chloroform
Chtorophenoxy herbicides
documents with some amphibian data
Resident" Resident0 Non-resident"
acute "other" "other"
Additional data located for WQC documents
without any amphibian data
Resident6 Resident1 Non-resident"
acute "other .other-
X X
X XX
X X
Chromium
Copper
Cyanide
DDT
Diazinon
Dlchloropropanes/Dichloropropenes
Dtehlorvos
Dl - 2 - ethylhexyl phthatote PEHP)
Endosulfan
Endrln
GutMon
Hatomethanes
Heptachlor
Hexachlorocydohexane
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-------
Table 2. (continued)
drat licit
Iron
Lewi
il.l.Hilmi
MBfauwuii
Manganese
Mercury
Methoxychtor
Methyl parathton
MNVX
Etia^li^»taM
raapnviMnv
Mctel
Mfrnh*n7MWi
Parathlon
Pentachlorophenol
Phenol
PhthaJate esters
Polychforinated bfphenyb (PCBs)
Additional data located for WQC Additional data located for WQC
documents with some amphibian data without any amphibian data
Resident" Resident" Non-resident" Resident" Resident*
acute "other" "other" acute other"
y y
f\ ^\
y y
f\ f\
y y
~~" ~~ ~~~ /\ n
_ %
X X X
y y
~ ^\ ^\
Xy
X
x
X X X
jj
X X
X X
y y
^^H ^^H ^^ ^^
)(
x
V V
documents
Non-resident"
"other"
X
X
X
X
X
X
Y
-------
Table 2. (continued)
Additional data located for WQC Additional data located for WQC documents
documents with some amphibian data without any amphibian data
Resident" Resident0 Non-resident11 Resident" Resident0 Non-resident"
Chemical acute "other" "other" acute "other"
Propoxur
Selenium X
oRvor ~~* A A *"""*
Tnaluni X
Toluene X
Toxaphene X X
TributyMn X
TrfcMoroethytene X X
Zinc X X X
* AddMonal chmvc data was located only for aldrin/dleldrln and cadmium.
*Acute data pertaining to resident species.
c Resident spades data suitable for 'other data' tables.
* Non-resident species date suitable for "other data" tables Included to provide additional insight into the effects of chemicals on
-------
Table 3. Summary of amphibian species and associated chemicals*.
Species
Acris crepitans
Acris crepitans
blanchardi
Acris gryllus
Adelotus brevis
Ambystoma gracile
Ambystoma
jeffersonianum
Ambystoma
maculatum
Chemical
Carbofuran (Furadan 3G)
Endrin
Parathion
Toxaphene
Mercuric chloride
Mirex (bait)
2,4-D amine
2,4,5-T amine
Sodium arsenrte
Benzene
Cadmium chloride
Carbon tetrachloride
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Phenol
Toluene
Aluminum chloride
Copper chloride
Lead chloride
Zinc chloride
Aluminum
Aluminum chloride
Beryium sulfale
Endrin
Toxaphene
Table
number
17
36B
53B
64B
45B
46
25B
256
10
12
15A, 15B
16
21
24
22B
556
63
76
26A
42
67B
7B
7B
13
366
64B
Reference
Picking eref a/. 1980
Hall and Swineford 1981
Fleming*/ a/. 1982
Hall and Swineford 1961
Birgeera/. 1979b
Collins ef a/ 1973
Johnson 1976
Johnson 1976
Johnson 1976
Blackef al. 1982
Nebekerefe/, 1994, 1995
Black et al 1982
Blackef al. 1982
Black et al. 1982
Black et al. 1982
Blackef al, 1982
Blackef al. 1982
Home and Dunson 1994
Home and Dunson 1994
Home and Dunson 1 994
Home and Dunson 1 994
Dale et al. 1985, Alters and
Prouty1987
Clark and UZerte 1987
Stonlm and Ray 1975
Had and Swineford 1981
HaH and Swineford 1981
39
-------
Table 3. (Continued)
Species
Ambystoma
mexicanum
Ambystoma opacum
Bufo americanus
Chemical
Aniine
Benzene
Cadmium nitrate
Mercuric chloride
Pentachlorophenol
Tributyttin oxide
Trichloroethylene
Aluminum chloride
Beryllium sulfate
Cadmium chloride
Chromium trioxide
Copper sulfate
Endrin
Lead chloride
Mercuric chloride
Nickel chloride
Silver nitrate
Toxaphene
Zinc chloride
Aluminum
Aluminum chloride
Table
number
8B
12
15C
45B
54B
65
66B
7B
13
15C
27
28B
36B
42
45B
SOB
61
64B
67B
7B
7A
Reference
Stoof and Baerselman 1980,
Stoof rf a/. 1983
Stoof and Baerselman 1 980,
Sloof«f«7.1983
Stoof and Baerselman 1980,
Stoof et a/. 1983
Stoof and Baerselman 1980,
Stoof «f a/. 1983
Stoof and Baerselman 1980,
Sloofefa/. 1983
Scadding 1990
Sloof and Baerselman 1980,
Sloofefa/. 1983
Birge ef a/. 1978b
SlonimandRay 1975
Birge era/. 1978b
Birgeefa/. 1978b
Birge et el. 1978b, Birge and
Black 1979
Hall and Swineford 1981
Birgeefa/. 1978b
Birge af a/. I978b, 1979b
Birge at a/. 1978b
Birge afa/.1978b
Han and Swineford 1981
Birge at a/. 1978b
Clark and LaZerte 1985
Freda rf /. 1990, Freda and
Aluminum (inorganic
monomeric)
Aroclor 1016
7B
57
McDonald 1993
Clark nd Had 1985
Birge */. 1978a
40
-------
Table 3. (Continued)
Species Chemical
Aroclor1242
Aroclor 1254
Atrazine
Copper sulfate
Endhn
Lead nitrate
Methoxychlor
Phenol
Toxaphene
Bufo arenarum Aldrin
Cadmium
Cadmium chloride
Chlordane
DDT
Dieldrin
Heptachlor
Lead
Lead nitrate
Malathion
Parathion
Zinc
Bufo boreas Copper sulfate
Ferrous sulfate
Table
number
57
57
11
26B
36B
42
46B
55B
64B
6D
15C
15C
19
30B
6D
39B
42
42
43B
53B
67B
28B
41B
Reference
Birgeefa/.1978a
Birgeefa/. 1978a
Birge et at. 1980, Birge ef at.
1983
Birge and Black 1980
Hall and Swineford 1981
Steeleefa/. 1991
Hall and Swineford 1979
Birgeefa/. 1980
Hall and Swineford 1981
Juarez and Guzman 1984
Herkovits and Perez-Coll
1993
Munio ef a/. 1990, Ferrari ef a/.
1993
Juarez and Guzman 1984
Juarez and Guzman 1984,
1986
de Llamas etal. 1985, Gauna
et al. 1991
Juarez and Guzman 1984b
Perex-Coll and Herkovits
1990,1991
Perez-Cod ef a/. 1988
de Llamas era/. 1985,
Rosenbaum ef al. 1988,
Venturino e/a/. 1992
Anguiano et al. 1 994
Herkovits and Perez-Coll
1991
Porter and Hakanson 1976
Porter and Hakanson 1976
41
-------
Table 3. (Continued)
Species
Bufo bufo
Bufo bufo japonicus
Bufo canorus
Bufo debilis debilis
Bufo fowteri
Chemical
Guthion (formulation)
Methyl parathion
(formulation)
Parathion (formulation)
Zinc sutfate
DDT
Dieldrin
Carbary! (formulation)
DDT (formulation)
Diazinon
Endosulfan (formulation)
Endrin (formulation)
Parathion
Pentachlorophenol
(formulation)
Pentachlorophenol-copper
Pentachlorophenol-sodium
(formulation)
Phenyl mercury acetate
(formulation)
Propoxur
Aluminum Onorganic
monomeric)
Mercuric chloride
Arodor1016
Aroctor 1242
Arodor1254
Boric add
Carbon tetrachtoride
Table
number
37B
47B
53B
67B
30B
6D
16
30B
31
35
36B
53B
54B
54B
54B
45B
59
7B
4SB
57
57
57
14
18
Reference
Mullaafa/. 1963
Mulla1962,Mullae/a/. 1963
Mullae/a/. 1963
Porter and Hakanson 1976
Cooke 1972, Marchal-Segault
1976
Cooke 1972
Hashimoto and Nishiuchi 1981
Hashimoto and Nishiuchi 1981
Hashimoto and Nishiuchi 1981
Hashimoto and Nishiuchi 1981
Hashimoto and Nishiuchi 1981
Hashimoto and Nishiuchi 1981
Hashimoto and Nishiuchi 1981
Nishiuchi and Yoshida 1974
Nishiuchi and Yoshida 1974
Hashimoto and Nishiuchi 1981
Hashimoto and Nishiuchi 1981
Bradford e/ a/. 1992
Birgeafa/. f*79b
Birgeafa/. 197Ba
Birgeafa/. 1978a
Birgeafa/. 1978a
Birge and Black 1977
Birge ef a/. 1980, Black et a/.
1982
42
-------
Table 3. (Continued)
Species Chemical
Chloroform
Copper sulfate
Diisononylphthalate
Dioctylphthatate
Mercuric chloride
Methylene chloride
Nickel chloride
Phenol
Bufo marinas 2,4-D amine
2,4,5-Tamine
Sodium arsenfte
Bufo melanostictus Cadmium sulfate
Copper sulfate
2,4-D
Endosulfan
Mercuric chloride
Nickel sulfate
Potassium dichromate
Silver nitrate
Zinc sulfate
Bufo punctatus Mercuric chloride
Table
number
24
28B
56
56
45B
38
SOB
55B
25B
25B
10
15C
28B
25B
35
45B
SOB
27
61
67B
45B
Reference
Birge efa/. 1980, Black efa/.
1982
Birge and Black 1979
Birge efa/. 1978a
Birge efa/. 1978a
Birge and Black 1977, Birge ef
a/. 1979b, Birge efa/ 1983
Birge efa/. 1980
Birge and Black 1980
Birge efa/. 1980
Johnson 1976
Johnson 1976
Johnson 1976
Khangarot and Ray 1987
Khangarotand Ray 1987
Vardia efa/. 1984
Vardia efa/. 1984
Khangarot and Ray 1987,
Palouse1988
Khangarot and Ray 1987
Khangarotand Ray 1987
Khangarotand Ray 1987
Khangarot and Ray 1987
Birge and Black 1977, Birge ef
Bufo woodhousii
fowieri
AUrin ' 6A
Benzene hexachloride 40A
a/. 1979b, Birge efa/. 1983
Sander* 1970, Mayer and
Elareieck1966
Sander* 1970, Mayer and
Elereieck 1966
43
-------
Table 3. (Continued)
Species Chemical
2,4-D
butoxyethanol
ester
DDT
Diekjrin
Endrin
Guthion
Heptachlor
Lindane
Malathion
Methoxychlor
Parathion
Silvex 2-(2,4,5-T)
Sih/ex (propylene gtycol
butyl ether ester)
TDE
Toxaphene
Gastrophryne Aluminum chloride
carolinensis
Antimony trichloride
Cadmium chloride
Chromium trioxide
Copper sutfate
Table
number
25A
30A, 30B
6A
36A
37A
39A
40A
43A
46B
53A
25B
25B
30A
64A
7B
9
15C
27
28B
Reference
Mayer and Ellersieck 1986
Sanders 1970, Mayer and
Ellersieck 1986
Sanders 1970, Mayer and
Ellersieck1986
Sanders 1970, Mayer and
Ellersieck1986
Sanders 1970, Mayer and
Ellersieck 1986
Sanders 1970, Mayer and
Ellersieck 1986
Sanders 1970, Mayer and
Ellersieck 1986
Sanders 1970, Mayer and
Ellersieck 1986
Sanders 1970, Mayer and
Ellersieck 1986
Mayer and Ellersieck 1986
Sanders 1970
Mayer and Ellersieck 1986
Sanders 1970, Mayer and
Ellersieck 1986
Sanders 1970, Mayer and
Ellersieck 1986
Birge 1978, Birge era/. 1979a
Birge 1976, Birge ft a/. 1979a
Birge 1976, Birge e/ a/. 1979a
Birge 1976, Birye ef «l 1979a
Birge 1978, Birge and Black
1979, Birge et a/. 1979
44
-------
Table 3. (Continued)
Species
Chemical
Table
number
Reference
Hyla chrysocelis
Hyla chrysocephala
Hyla crucifer
Hyla gratiosa
Hyla regilla
Hyla squirella
Hyla wrsicofor
Umnodynastes
peroni
Lead chloride
Manganese chloride
Mercuric chloride
Nickel chloride
Silver nitrate
Sodium arsenite
Sodium selenate
Thallium trichloride
Zinc chloride
Copper sutfate
Mercuric chloride
Mercuric chloride
Chloroform
Mercuric chloride
Mercuric chloride
Chtorpyrifos
Malathion
Methyl parathion
Mercuric chloride
Mercuric chloride
2,4-D amine
2,4,5-Tamine
Sodhim arsentte
42
45B
SOB
Birge 1976, Birge etal. 1979a
Birge 1978. Birge »f a/. 1979
Birge and Black 1977, Birge
1978,Birge era/. 1979b, Birge
era/. 1979a,1983
Birge 1978b, Birge et al.
1979a, Birge and Black 1980
61
10
60B
62
67B
28B
45B
45B
24
45B
45B
26
43B
47B
45B
45B
25B
256
10
Birge 1 976. Birge et al, 1 979a
Birge 1978, Birge etal. 1979a
Birge etal. 1978, Birge et al.
1979b
Birge 1978, Birge era/. 1979a
Birge 1978, Birge etal 1979a
Birge and Black 1979
Birge etal. 1979b, Birge etal
1983
Birge and Black 1977
Birge et al, 1980
Birgeefa/ 1979b
Birge ef a/. 1979b
Johnson 1980
Johnson 1980
Johnson 1980-
Birge and Black 1977, Birge et
a/. 1979b
Birgeefa/. 1979b
Johnson 1976
Johnson 1976
Johnson 1976
45
-------
Table 3. (Continued)
Species
LJmnodynastes
tasmaniensis
Microhyla ornate
Notophthalmus
viridescens
Pleurodeles wattl
Pseudacris regilla
Pseudacris triseriata
Chemical
DieUrin
Benzene hexachloride
Cadmium chloride
Carbofuran
Copper sultate
Malathion
Manganese sulfate
Mercuric chloride
Potassium chloride
Sodium chloride
Zinc surfate
Cadmium acetate
Aroclor1254
Benzo[a]pyrene
Guthion
Guthion 2S
2,4-D amine salt (Weeder
64)
DDT
DieUrin
Endrin
Guthion
Undane
Table
number
6D
40B
15C
17
28B
436
44
45B
20
20
67B
15C
57
58B
37A, 37B
37A, 37B
25A
30A
6A
36A
37A
4QA
Reference
Brookes 1981
Pawar and Katdare 1984
Rao and Madhyastha 1987
Pawar and Katdare 1984
Rao and Madhyastha 1987
Pawar et al. 1983
Rao and Madhyastha 1987
Ghate and Mulherkar 1980,
Rao and Madhyastha 1987
Padhye and Ghate 1992
Padhye and Ghate 1992
Rao and Madhyastha 1987
Manson and O'Flaherty 1978
Fernandez etal. 1989
Fernandez etal. 1989, Marty
etal. 1989, Fernandez and
L'Haridon1994
Schuytema et al. 1 995
Schuytema et al. 1 995
Sanders 1970
Sanders 1970
Sanders 1970, Mayer and
EHersicck1986
Sanders 1970, Mayer and
ENersieck1986
Mayer and EHersieck 1 986
Sanders 1970, Mayer and
EH«rsieck1986
46
-------
Table 3. (Continued)
Species
Chemical
Table
number
Reference
Rana arvalis
Rana breviceps
Rana catesbeiana
Malathion 43A
Methoxychlor 46A
Methyl parathion 47A
Parathion 53A
Silvex (butyl ether ester) 25A
TDE 30A
Toxaphene 64A
Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate 34
(DEHP)
Mercuric chloride 45B
Methyl mercury chloride 45B
AWrin (formulation) 6D
Atrazine 11
Cadmium chloride 15C
Carbon tetrachloride 18
Chlordane (formulation) 19
DDT 30B
DDT (formulation) 30B
Dieldrin 6A, 6D
DiekJrin (formulation) 6D
Endrin . 36A.36B
Endrin (formulation) 366
Heptachtof (formulation) 39B
Hexachtoroethane 22A
Sanders 1970, Mayer and
Ellersieck 1986
Sanders 1970, Mayer and
EUersieck1986
Mayer and Ellersieck 1986
Sanders 1970, Mayer and
Ellersieck 1986
Sanders 1970
Sanders 1970
Sanders 1970, Mayer and
Ellersieck 1986
Larsson and Thuren 1987
Paulose 1988
Paulose 1988
Mulla1963
Klaassen and Kadoum 1979,
Birge ef a/. 1980, Birge ef a/.
1983
Zettergren ef a/. 1991
Birge ef a/. 1980
Mulla1963
Weis 1975
Mulla 1963
Schuytemaefa/, 1991
Mulla 1963
Hall and Swineford 1981,
Thurston //. 1985
Mulla 1963
MuKa1963
Thurston ef a/. 1985
47
-------
Table 3. (Continued)
Species
Chemical
Table
number
Reference
Rana clamitans
Rana cyanophlyctis
Rana grylio
Rana heckscheri
Rana hexadactyla
Lead nitrate 42
Undane(EC1.65) 40B
Malathion (formulation) 43B
Mercuric chloride 45B
Methytene chloride 38
Parathion 53B
Pentachlorophenol 54A
Phenol 55B
Sodium arsenite 10
Toxaphene 64B
Toxaphene (formulation) 64B
Lead nitrate 42
Parathion 53B
Methoxyethyl mercuric 45B
chloride (formulation)
Methyl parathion 47B
(formulation)
Mercuric chloride 45B
Mercuric chloride 45A, 45B
AJdrin 6D
Arsenic trioxide 10
Carbaryl (Ketox) 16
Carbofuran (Furadan) 17
Copper sulfate 28B
Ferrous sutfate 41B
Steelee/a/. 1989, Strickter-
Shaw and Taylor 1991
MuUa 1963
Hall and Kolbe 1980
Birge and Just 1973,1975
Birge e/a/. 1980
Hall and Kolbe 1980, Hall
1990
Thurston et al. 1985
Birge et al. 1980
Birge and Just 1973
Hall and Swineford 1981
Mulla1963
Taylor 1990, Strickler-Shaw
and Taylor 1990
Hall and Kolbe 1980, Hall
1990
Kanamadi and Saidapur 1992
Yasmeen and Nayeemunisa
1985, Mudgall and Pa til 1987
Birge and Black 1977, Birge et
/. 1979b, Birge et al. 1983
Birge and Black 1977, Birge et
a/. 1979b,Punzo1993a.
1993b
Joseph and Rao 1991
Khangarote/a/. 1985b
Khangarotefa/. 1985c
Khangarot* a/ 1985c
Khangarotef a/. 1985a, 1985b
Khangarote/a/. 1985b
48
-------
Table 3. (Continued)
Species Chemical
Lead nitrate
Undane
Malathion (formulation)
Mercuric chloride
Pentachtorophenol-sodium
Potassium chromate
Potassium dichromate
Silver nitrate
Zinc sulfate
Rana muscosa Aluminum (inorflanic
monomeric)
Rana nigromaculata Cadmium chloride
Lead nitrate
Mercuric chloride
Rana palustris Atrazine
Carbon tetrachloride
Chloroform
Phenol
Methylene chloride
Rana pipiens AkJrin
Aluminum chloride
Anthracene
Arodor 1016
Arodor 1242
Arodor 1254
Atrazine
Table
number
42
406
436
456
546
27
27
61
67B
7B
15C
42
45B
11
18
24
55B
38
6D
7A.7B
58B
57
57
57
11
Reference
Khangarotefa/. 1985b
Khangarotefa/. 1985c
Khangarotefa/. 1985c
Khangarotefa/. 1985b
Khangarotefa/. 1985c
Khangarotefa/. 1985b
Khangarotefa/. 1985b
Khangarotefa/. 1985b
Khangarot etal. 1985a, 1985b
Bradford ef a/. 1992
Hah 1978
Hah 1978
Hah 1978
Birge ef a/. 1 980
Birgeefa/. 1980, Black ef a/.
1982
Birgeefa/. 1980, Black ef a/.
1982
Birgeefa/. 1980
Birgeefa/. 1980
Kaplan and Overpeck 1964
Freda and McDonald 1990,
Freda ef a/. 1-990
Kaganefa/. 1984
Birgeefa/. 1978a
Biraeefa/. 1978a
Birgeefa/. 1978a
Birgeefa/. 1980
49
-------
Table 3. (Continued)
Species
Chemical
Table
number
Reference
Benzene 12
Benzene hexachloride 40B
Borax 14
Boric add 14
Cadmium chloride 15C
Carbon tetrachloride 18
Chtordane 19
Chlorobenzene 21
Chloroform 24
DDT 30B
1,2-Dichlorobenzene 21
1,2-Dichloroethane 22B
DieWrin 6A6B.6C,
6D
CHisononylphthalate 56
Dioctylphthalate 56
Endosulfan (Thiodan I) 35
Endosulfan (Thiodan II) 35
Endrin 36B
Fluorarrthene 58B
Leadnrtrate 42
MaMhion 43B
Mercuric chloride ** 45B
Madhoxychlor 46B
Methyl mercury chloride 45B
Black ft al. 1982
Kaplan and Overpeck 1964
Birge and Black 1977
Blrge and Black 1977
Birge and Just 1973, Birge ef
al. 1975. FrancfcefaA 1984,
Zettergren ef a/. 1991
Blacker al. 1980
Kaplan and Overpeck 1964
Blackef al. 1982
Birge ef al. 1980, Black ef al.
1982
Weis1975
Blackef al. 1982
Blackef al. 1982
Kaplan and Overpeck 1964,
Schuytema ef a/. 1991
Birge ef al. 1978a
Birgeefa/. 1978a
Mulla1963
Mulla 1963
Kaplan and Overpeck 1964
Kagan era/ 1985
Kaplan era/. 1967
Kaplan and Glaczenski 1965
Birge and Just 1973,1975,
Birge and Black 1977, Birge ef
/. 1979b, Birge ef a/. 1983,
Kaplan and Oveipeck 1964
Chang ef al. 1974, Dial 1976
50
-------
Table 3. (Continued)
Species
Chemical
Table
number
Reference
Rana sphenocephala
Rana sylvatica
Rana temporaria
Nitrobenzene 51
Parathion 53B
Pentachlorophenol-sodium 54B
Phenol 55B
Pyrene 58B
Sodium anenKe 10
Toluene 63
Toxaphene 64B
Zinc 67B
Endrin 36B
Toxaphene 64B
Aluminum chloride 7A, 7B
Aluminum (inorganic 7B
monomeric)
DDT 306
Endrin ' 36B
Toxaphene 64B
Aluminum 7B
Aluminum chloride 7B
Calcium chloride 20
Carbaryl (Karbatox 75) 16
Carbon tatrachtoride 18
Chloroform 24
Cyanide 29
2,4-D 25B
DDT 30B
Black et al. 1982
Kaplan and Glaczinski 1965
Goodnight 1942
Birgeefa/. 1980
Kaganefa/. 1985
Birge and Just 1973
Black et al. 1982
Kaplan and Overpeck 1964
Kaplan and Glaczenski 1965
Hall and Swineford 1980
Hall and Swineford 1980,
1981
Clark and La Zerte 1985,
Freda and McDonald 1993
Clark and Hall 1985
Ucht 1985,1976
Hall and Swineford 1981
Hall and Swineford 1981
Tyler-Jones et al. 1989
Cummins 1986
Cummins 1988
Rzehakefa/. 1977
Black ef a/. 1980
Black et al. 1982
Costa 1965
-.
Cooke1Q72
Cooke 1970,1972, 1973,
1879; Osbomefa/ 1981
51
-------
Table 3. (Continued)
Species
Chemical
Table
number
Reference
Ranafigrina
Scaphiopus
hammondi
Triturus cristatus
camffex
Triturus viridescens
Triturus vulgaris
Xenopus laevis
DiekJrin 6D
Endrin 36B
N-nitrosodimethylamine 52B
Phenol 55B
Tributylb'n fluoride 65
Tributyftin ox.de 65
Carbaryl 16
DDT 30B
Endosulfan 35
Malthion (formulation) 43B
Potassium dichromate 27
Guthion (formulation) 37B
Methyl parathion 47B
(formulation)
Parathion (formulation) 53B
MCPA 25B
Methyl mercury chloride 45B
Chlorpyrifos 26
DDT 30B
Acrotein 5
Aluminum 7 A, 76
Aniline 8A, 8B
Cooke1972
Wohlgemuth 1977
Khudoley 19 77 a, 1977b
Black era/. 1982
LaughBn and Unden 1982
Laughin and Unden 1982
Marian et al. 1983
Keshaven and Deshmukh
1964
Gopalefa/. 1981
Mohanty-Hejmadi and Dutta
1981
Abbasi and Son! 1984
Mullae/a/ 1963
Mulla 1962, Mullae/8/ 1963
Mullaetal. 1963
Zaffaroni etal. 1986,
Zavanellaefa/. 1988
Chang etal. 1976
van Wijngaarden etal. 1993
Cooke 1972 '
Hoteombe /a/. 1987
Dale ft al. 1985, Under et al,
1991
Dumont at al. 1979, Sloof and
Baerselman 1980, Davis »tal.
1981, Sloof /aV. 1983,
Dumpert1987
52
-------
Table 3. (Continued)
Species
Chemical
Table
number
Reference
Benzene 12
Benzo[a]pyrene 58A
Cadmium 15A, 15C
Cadmium chloride 15C
Cadmium nitrate 15C
Carbaryl (Karbatox 75) 16
Carbon tetrachloride 18
Chloroform 24
Copper 28B
Copper sulfate 28B
1,3-Oichloropropane 32
Dieldrin 6A, 6B,
6C.6D
Guthion 37A, 37B
Guthion 2S 37A, 37B
Iron 41 A, 41B
Lead 42
Lead acetate 42
Undane 40B
Matathion 43A, 43B.
Manganese 44
Mercuty . 45B
Stoof and Baerselman 1980,
Sloof e( a/. 1983, de Zwart and
Stoof 1987
Fort *T a/. 1989
Miller and Landesman 1978,
Under rt a/. 1991
Canton and Sloof 1982,
Woodall otal. 1988
Sloof and Baerselman 1980,
Sloof et al. 1983, de Zwart and
Sloof 1987
Rzehakefa/. 1987
Black era/. 1980
Blackef al. 1982
Under ef al. 1991
de Zwart and Sloof 1987
de Zwart and Sloof 1987
Schuytema et al, 1991
Schuytema etal. 1994,1995
Schuytema etal 1994,1995
Under et al. 1991
Miller and Landesman 1978
Sobotka and Rahwan 1995
Marchal-Segault and Ramade
1961
Snawder and Chambers 1989,
1990
MHtor and Landesman 1976
MWer and Landesman 1978
53
-------
Table 3. (Continued)
Species
Chemical
Table
number
Reference
Mercuric chloride 45B
Methyl mercury chloride 45B
Naphthalene 49A, 49B
Nickel 50A, SOB
Nickel chloride 50A, SOB
N-nrtroso-dimethylamine 52A
Parathion 53A
Pentachlorophenol 54B
Phenol 55A, 55B
Potassium dichromate 27
Selenium 60A, 60B
Sodium chloride 20
Sodium selenate 60A
Sodium selenite 60B
Trichloroethylene 66A, 66B
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol 23
Zinc 67A, 67B
Zincsulfate 67A.67B
Birge et al. 1979b, Sloof and
Baerselman 1960, Stoof et al.
1983, deZwart and Sloof
1987
Dumpert and Zietz 1984
Edrrtsten and Bantie 1982
Under et al. 1991
Hopfer era/. 1991
Fortefa/. 1991
Snawder and Chambers 1984
Sloof and Baerselman 1980,
Sloof et al. 1983, Sloof and
Canton 1983
Black etal. 1982, Holcombe et
al. 1987, Dumpert 1987
Sloof and Canton 1983
Under et al. 1991
Romspert 1976
DeYoungefa/. 1991
Browne and Dumont 1979,
1980
Sloof and Baerselman 1980,
Sloof et al. 1983, Forte/ al.
1991,1993
Holcombe et al. 1987
Under ef a/.! 991
Dawson et al. 1988, Woodall
tal. 1988, Fort at al 1989,
Banttee/a/. 1989
54
-------
Table 3, (Continued)
Species
Chemical
Table
number
Reference
Unidentified
Dichlorvos
Thallium nitrate
33
62
Streenlvasen and
Swaminatrian 1967
Oiling and Healey 1926
'Species names are as reported by authors; no attempt was made to combine species where names have
been changed (e.g. Hyla regilla « Pseudacris ngUlaj. The chemicals include all reported compounds
and subgroups of the major chemicals and chemical groups feted in Tables 1 and 2.
55
-------
Table 4. Published water quality criteria values for each chemical or chemical group*.
Chemical
Acrolein
AJdrin
Aluminum
Aniline
Antimony (III)
Arsenic
Benzene
Beryllium
Boron
Cadmium
Carbon tetrachloride
Chlordane
Chloride
Chlorinated benzenes
Chlorinated ethanes
Chlorinated phenols
Chloroform
Chlorophenoxy herbicides
Chlorpyrifos
Chromium (III)
Chromium (VI)
Copper
Cyanide
DDT
DDE
TDE
Concentrations
Acute
criteria
68b
3.0e
750*
28*
88*
360'
5,300"
130'
B
3.9'"
35,200"
2.4C
860,000"
250"
k
m
28,900"
0
0.083*
1,700*
16*
18*1
22*
1.1e
1,050*
0.066
in^fl/L
Chronic
criteria
21
87'
14'
30'
190'
5.3b
i
i.r
'
0.0043'
230,000"
50'
i
1,240"
e
0.041'
210*
11'
12*
52*
0.0010*
_
Reference
USER A 1980s
USEPA1980C
USEPA1988b
USER A 1993
USEPA1988C
USEPA1985a
USEPA1980b
USEPA1980e
USEPA1986a
USEPA1985b
USEPA1980g
USEPA1980h
USEPA1988a
USEPA 19801
USEPA1980J
USEPA 1980k
USEPA 19801
USEPA 1986a
USEPA 1986c
USEPA 1985c
USEPA 1985c
USEPA 1985d
USEPA 1985e
USEPA 1980m
USEPA 1980m
USEPA 1980m
56
-------
Table 4. (Continued)
Chemical
Dichloropropanes
Dichloropropenes
DieWrin
D»-2-«thylhexy! phthalate (DEHP)
Endosurfan
Endrin
Halomethanes
Heptachlor
Hexachlorocyclohexane
(LJndane)
Iron
Lead
Malathion
Manganese
Mercury
Methoxychlor
Mirex
Naphthalene
Nickel
Nitrosamines
Parathion
Pentachlorophenol
Phenol
Phthalate asters
Polychlorinatad biphanyb (PCBS)
Porynuctaar aromatic
Concentrations
Acute
criteria
23,000'
6,060'
2.5*
400*
0.22*
0.1 8C
11,000"
0.52C
2.0C
82*"
4
2.4*
2,300"
1,400th
5,850*
0.065*
20»
10,200'
840*
2-
r
in^g/L
Chronic
criteria
5,700"
244"
0.0019'
360'
0.056
0.0023'
0.0038
0.080'
1000"
32*
0.1'
4
0.012'
0.03'
0.001"
620"
160*
0.013'
13"1
2,560'
3"
0.014*
r
Reference
USEPA1980n
USEPA1980n
USEPA1980c
USEPA1987C
USEPA 19800
USEPA1980p
USEPA 1980q
USEPA 1980r
USEPA 1980s
USEPA 1986a
USEPA 1985f
USEPA 1986a
USEPA 1986a
USEPA 1985g
USEPA 1986a
USEPA 1986a
USEPA 1980v
USEPA 1986b
USEPA 1980x
USEPA 19B6d
USEPA 1986e
USEPA 1980y
USEPA 19802
USEPA1980aa
USEPA 1980bb
hydrocarbons
57
-------
Table 4. (Continued)
Chemical
Selenium
Silver
2, 3, 7, 8-Tetrachloro-dibenzo-p-
dioxin
Thallium
Toluene
Toxaphene
Tributyttin
Trichloroethylene
Zinc
Concentrations
Acute
criteria
20*
4.1*
i
1,400"
17,500"
0.73'
0.149'
45,000'
120th
in^g/L
Chronic
criteria
y
0.12*
r
40b
0.0002'
0.0264'
21,900"
110*
Reference
USEPA1987b
USEPA1980cc
USEPA1984
USEPA1980dd
USEPA1980ee
USEPA1986f
USEPA1988d
USEPA1980gg
USEPA1987a
Criteria are listed only for chemicals where amphibian data was found in existing water quality criteria
documents or in other literature.
" Criteria not developed because of insufficient data. Value given is lowest observed adverse effect level
(LOAEL).
c Acute value is concentration not to be exceeded at any time.
" Freshwater organisms should not be affected unacceptably when pH is between 6.5 and 9.0.
Acute value is one-hour average concentration not to be exceeded more than once every three years on
the average.
' Chronic value is four-day average concentration not to be exceeded more than once every three years on
the average.
8 Criterion is 750 ^g/L for long-term irrigation on sensitive crops.
" Hardness dependent criterion-100 mg/L.
1 Chronic value is concentration as a 24-hour average.
' Value for chloride associated with sodium.
" Toxidty increases with increasing chlorination. Acute toxidty for various species ranges from 980 Mfl/L
fbrhexachloroethaneto 118,000 ^g/L for 1,2-dichloroethane.
1 Toxidty increases with increasing cMorination. Chronic toxidty for various spedes ranges from 540 ,ug/L
for hexachloroethane to 20,000 ,ug/L for 1,2-dichtoroethane.
Toxidty increases with increasing chlorination. Acute toxidty ranges from as low as 30 ,ug/L for 4-chloro
3-methylphenol to greater than 500,000 ,ug/L for other compounds.
* Toxidty increases with increasing chlorination. Chronic toxidty occurs as tow as 970 ^g/L for 2,4,6-
trichfbrophenol.
* Human health criteria are 100 ^Q/L for 2,4-O and 10 >*g/L for 2,4,5-TP in domestic water supply.
' No time frame given.
Criteria for domestic water supply is 50 jjg/L
' Limited data does not permit statement about acute or chronic criteria.
58
-------
Table 5. AcroWn - acute data
Species Stage/Age Method* 96-hr Reference
LC50
Ol
Xonopus toevto _ Tadpole _ F^M _ 7 _ Hofcombe era/ 1987
F flow-through, M measured
LC50 median lethal concentration
-------
Table 6A. AMrln/DteWrin - acute data.
Species
Bufb woodhousti fbwferf
Btrib woodhouat fowtori
Bulb woodhousH towtoii
Buto woodhousi fowtort
Rana canjabdana
flanaplpfen*
Xonopus fewvfe
Xonopus /aavfs
Xonopus /oevfo
Stage/Age
Tadpole
Tadpole
Tadpole
Tadpole
Tadpole
Tadpole
Tadpole
Embryo
Tadpole
Juvenile
Chemical
AMrin
AMrin
DiekJrin
DieMrin
Dieldrin
DieMrin
DieMrin
DieMrin
DieMrin
DieMrin
Method*
S, U
s,u
S, U
S,U
s,u
F,M
F.M
R,M
F,M
F,M
96-hr
LC50
(pg/L)
68
150
150
150
100
30.3. 8.7
71.3
>179.2
49.5, 40.4
46.8
Reference
Mayer and EBersieck 1986
Sanders 1970"
Mayer and Efersieck 1 986
Sanders 1970*
Mayer and Efersieck 1986, Sanders 1970*
Schuytemaefaf. 1991
Schuytemaef a/ 1991
Schuytemae/a/ 1991
Schuytemae/a/. 1991
Schuytemaefa/. 1991
1F - flow-through, M measured, R - static-renewal, S * static, U = unmeasured
Reference also cited in Table 6 (other data) of the water quaity criteria document for aWrin/dieMrin EPA 440/5-80-019 (USEPA 1980c)
-------
Table 6B. AHrin/DieMrin - chronic data
Species
Ranapipient
Xonopus M0vfx
Xenopus M0ws
Stage/Age
Tadpole
Embryo
Tadpole
Chemical
DieUrin
DteWrin
DteWrin
Method*
F.M
R,M
F.M
Duration
28 d
21 d
24 d
Chronic
O^g/
NOAEL
1.9"
1.3*
10.3"
0.8"
irnts"
L)
LOAEL
4.1"
5.0*
25.8"
1.8"
Chronic value1
2.4
2.5
16.3
1.2
Reference
Schuytema ef a/.
Schuytema et al.
Schuytema ef al.
1991
1991
1991
* NOAEL No observed adverse effect level, LOAEL »lowest observed adverse effect level
' Geometric mean of NOAEL and LQAEL
Limits based on mortulty
Limits based on deformity
-------
Table 6C. AUrinffXeMrtn - residue data.
ro
Species Stage/Age Chemical
Ranapiptens Tadpole DieWrin
Xenopus toevfe Tadpole DieWrin
Xenopus laevts Tadpole DieWrin
*
Xenopus fewte Juvenile DieWrin
Cone.
(A*g/L)
08
1.9
2.1
4.1
10.0
0.9
1.8
3.8
9.7
2.0
2.3
4.2
9.3
20.5
1.1'
2.1
% ipid Tissue BCF*
1.0 Whole body 440-690
210
390
160
200
0.8 Whole body 470
420
380
310
0.8 Whole body 400
300
480
320
340
1,640
2.6 Whole body 2,140
Reference
Schuytema et a/.
1991
Schuytema et a/.
1991
Schuytema et a/.
1991
Schuytema et a/.
1991
In nAJC i !«* fwHlAffi IM nrmtnnm **«*l4Ar
"BCF - bioconcentratton factor (quotient of chemical In tissue divided by concentration of chemical in water)
-------
Table 6D. Akffln/DMdrin - other data.
Species
Stage/Age Chemical Method* Duration Effect
Cone. Reference
Bufo
arenarum
Embryo AJdrtn
R,U
Tadpole
Adult
(formulation) isolated
In pond
AkJrin S,U
Adul
Aid (In
pfjnfens
Bufo
arenarurn
Embryo DteWrin
Bufb
erer
Bufo
UnfertJIzed
oocyte
Ferllzed
oocyte
DiekMn
DieMrin
Bufo
atenaruiii
Tadpole DWdrfn
R,U
R.U
R,U
R,U
6.U
<42d 0% mortality
15 d 100% mortality
10 d 100% mortality
96 hr
TOCft mortality
4 wk Decrease in protein
brain-55.4%
muscte-51 2%
kidney-54%
intesflne-52.1%
30 d 40% mortality
20-25 d 25-30% accelerated metamorphosis
20-25 d 100% mortality
4 hr 22.7% AChE inhibition at 11d
4 hr 26.7% ChE Inhibition at 11d
11 d 26.7% AChE Inhibition at 11d
11 d 25.5% ChE inhibition at 11d
1 hr 19.7% AChE inhibition at 11d
4hr 22.3% AChE inhibition at 11d
4 hr 22.75 ACHE InNbWon at 11d
11 d 26.7% ACHE inhibition at 11d
7-8 d Behavioral effects
14 d Beginning mortally
16 d 17% decrease in phospholpids
1,000 Juarez and Guzman
5.000 1984
15.000
0.112 kg/ha* Muto1983
0.560 kg/ha*
240 Joseph and Rao 1991
300 Kaplan and Overpeck
1964
20 deUamas efa/. 1985
200
2,000
2.000
2,000
2,000
2.000 de Uamas ef a/. 1985
2,000
2,000 de Llamas ef a/. 1985
2.000
200 Gauna efa/. 1991
200
200
-------
Table 6D. AWrin/Dtetdrin (continued)
Species
Bufobufo
Umnodynastos
tasmaniensla
Rons
catesbeiona
Rom
nnt^ mttmt^ mtm
caresoeMna
Rana pfpton$
Ranapipient
Rana
tamporarla
Xenopus feevfe
Stage/Age
Tadpole
Embryo
Tadpole
Embryo
Tadpole
Adult
AduH
Tadpole
Embryo
Chemical
Dleldrin
DteWrin
Dteldrin
(formulation)
DiekMn
Dteldrin
Dteldrin
Dleldrin
Dteldrin
Dteldrin
Method1
s,u
s,u-
U,
isolated
in pond
R,U
F,M
F,M
R.U
S,M
R.M
Duration
48 hr
7hr
24 hr
21 d
28 d
28 d
30 d
48 hr
7d
14 d
21 d
Effect
0% mortality, most with abnormal
snouts
0% cephalic abnormaities at 19 d
20% cephafc abnormalities at 20 d
100% mortality
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
5% mortality
47% mortality, many with abnormal
snouts
LC50
LC50
LC50
Cone.
G4JL)'
500
10
100
0.1 12 kg/ha*
34.4
8.3
53.4
100
20
500
167.9
27.9
14.9
Reference
Cooke 1972
Brookes 1981
Mufla 1963
Schuytema et al.
1991
Schuytema et a/.
1991
Schuytema et a/.
1991
Kaplan and
Overpeck1964
Cooke 1972
Schuytema at al.
1991
-------
Table 6D. AkMnOeUrin (continued)
Species Stage/Age Chemical Method* Duration Effect Cone. Reference
Xenopus Tadpole DieMrin R.M 10 d LC50 2.9* Schuytemaefa/1991
laevis 14 d LC50 10.9
24 d LC50 5.5
28 d LC50 <2.0
F Row-through, M measured, R static renewal, S = static, U = unmeasured
* Active ingredient
c DMF carrier, others In acetone
in
-------
Table 7A. Aluminum - acute data.
o\
Species
Bufo
amerfcanus
Bufo
americanus
"""**"
R«rt*n.
ftana sytaftca
Xenopus feevfe
M measured, R*
'Values expressed at
cUatvlnAai« r nL ulratoH
Stage/Age
Embryo
Tadpole
Embryo
Embryo
Embryo
Embryo
renewal, S static,
i aluminum
frnm Pa tuvl Un «i
Chemical Method*
Aluminum S, M
chloride
Aluminum S, M
chloride
Aluminum S, M
chloride
Aluminum S, M
chloride
Aluminum S, M
chloride
Aluminum R, U
U unmeasured
in** Anftratinnc
96-hr"
LC50
C4J/U
>997
> 1,029
>1,038
805
627
403
811
471
746
1,148
1,600
pH Hardness
(as mg/L
CaCoJ
4.8
4.6
4.4
4.2
4.5 6.1e
4.8 6.1*
4.6 6.1 e
4.8 6.1«
4.8
4.6
4.4
42
5.5
Reference
Freda and
McDonald
1993
Freda et a/.
1990
Freda and
McDonald
1990
Freda et a/.
1990
Freda and
McDonald
1993
Under et a/.
1991
-------
Table 76. Aluminum - other data
Species
Ambystoma
feffersonfanum
Ambystomt
macufatum
Ambystoma
macutatum
Ambystoma
maculatum
i
Ambystoma
opacum
Bulb
americanus
fiurb
americanus
Stage/Age
Embryo
Embryo
Embryo
Embryo
.
Embryo
Embryo
Embryo
Chemical
Aluminum
chloride
Aluminum
Aluminum
chloride
Aluminum
Aluminum
chloride
Aluminum
(inorganic
monomeric)
Aluminum
Method1
S.M
In pond,
M
s,u
_
S,M
In
acidified
stream,
M
s.u
Duration
96 hr
Time to
emergence
Until
hatched
31 d
8d
96 hr
96 hr
8-1 1d
Effect
Mortality ameliorated
No effect on develop-
ment rate
Survival and Al cone.
negatively correlated
22-66% hatch
28-79% hatch
24-64% mortaMy
15-61% mortality
11% hatch
3% hatch
2% hatch
2% hatch
LC50
72% hatch
11% hatch
100% hatch
94% hatch
61% hatch
99% hatch
55% hatch
Cone."
>250
2,000
80-1,380
0
200
0
200
100
400
700
1,100
2,280
35
46
20
20
20
100
100
PH
4.5
4.5
3.66-5.18
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4
72-7.6
4.3
4.3
5.75
4.75
4.14
4.75
4.14
Hardness
(as mg/L
CaCOj)
_
3.6-14.4e
7.1C
7.1 c
7.1e
7.1e
Reference
Home and
1994
Albersand
1987
Dunson
Prouty
Clark and La Zerte
1987
Date e/a/.1 985"
93-105
Birge et a/.
f978b*
Clark and Had 1985
7.V
7.6f
7.6'
7.6'
7.6'
Clark and LaZerte
1985
-------
Table 7B. Aluminum (continued)
CO
Species
Bufo
canons
Bulb
canontt
(*M0UfJnrjVMr
caroirien»/s
raNM
muscose
Ranapipkns
Ranaplpiens
Rana plptans
Stage/Age
Embryo
Tadpole
' Embryo
Embryo
Embryo
Tadpole ,
(pre-stage
25)
Tadpole
Chemical Method* Duration
Aluminum S, U 7 d
(Inorganic
monomerlc)
Aluminum S, U 7 d
(inorganic
monomeric)
Alurrtnum R,M 7d
chloride
Aluminum S, U 7 d
(inorganic
monomeric)
Aluminum S, M 96 hr
chloride
Alumrnum S, M 96 hr
chloride
Aluminum S, M 96 hr
chloride
Effect
Hatch time reduced
Hatch time reduced
Hatch time reduced
Length reduced
Length reduced
Length reduced
LC50
Hatch time unaffected
Hatch time unaffected
Hatch time unaffected
75% mortality
60% mortality
49% mortality
54% mortality
20% mortality
100% mortality
100% mortality
6-13% mortality
40% mortality
Cone."
G4P/U
39
70
80
39
70
80
50
39
70
80
0
125
250
450
0
>250
>250
1,000
1,000
pH Hardness
(asmg/L
CaCO,)
4.9
5.3
5.8
4.9
5.3
5.8
7.4
4.9
5.3
5.8
4.2
4.2
4.2
42
4.2
4.44.6
4.8
4.2-4.6
4.8
_
195
_
6.1*
6.1*
6.1*
6.1*
6.1*
6.1*
6.1*
6.1*
6.1*
Reference
Bradford era/. 1992
Bradford eTa/ 1992
Birge1978*,Birgeef
at. 1979a*
Bradford ef «J. 1992
Freda ef a/ 1990
Freda and
McDonald 1990
Freda mid
McDonald 1990
-------
Table 7B. Aluminum (continued)
ot
to
Species Stage/Age
Kara Embryo
sytvotka
Ran* Embryo
sytvattca
ROM Embryo
fomporwfe
Rant Tadpole
temporaria
Chemical
Aluminum
(Inorganic
monomeric)
Aluminum
chloride
Aluminum
Aluminum
chloride
Method* Duration
In 96 hr
acidified
stream,
M
S.U 8-12 d
F,M Until giR
circulation
S, M Until
foreleg
emergence
Until
metamor-
phosis
Effect
91% hatch
83% hatch
93% hatch
87% hatch
67% hatch
94% hatch
67% hatch
47% deformity
18.7% mortally
20.8% mortality
42% mortality
50% mortality
Cone."
(MJ/U
35
46
20
20
20
100
100
400
200
200
800
1.600
pH Hardness
(asmg/L
CaCO,)
4.3
4.3
5.75
4.75
4.14
4.75
4.14
4.5
4.5
6.0
4.4
4.4
__
*
7.V
7.V
7.V
7.V
7&
203*
203e
203e
t
t
Reference
Clark and Had 1985
Clark and La Zerte
1985
Tyler-Jones et a/. 1989
Cummins 1986
-------
Table 7B. Aluminum (continued)
Spedes Stage/Age Chemical Method* Duration Effect
Xenopus Embryo Aluminum 11 d 0% hatch
teevis 88% hatch
100% hatch
100% hatch
90% hatch
100% hatch
100% hatch
100% mortatty
38% mortality
0% mortality
100%mortaity
0% mortality
100% mortality
0% mortality
50% mortality
Cone."
(pg/L)
150
150
900
150
900
150
900
150
200
400
900
400
900
400
900
pH Hardness Reference
(asmg/L
CaCOj)
4.0 Date era/. 1985"
4.5
4.5
5.0
5.0
6.0
6.0
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
5.0
5.0
6.0
6.0
C IbiMi-Mimmh U rtWMMiiraH R ntnoMtal A e efafir* 1 1 a unnmaciiroH
Values expressed as aluminum
c Hardness calculated from reported calcium and magnesium concentrations
* Reference not seen, died in Power ef a/. 1989
Reference also ctted in Table 6 (other data) of the water quaMy criteria document for aluminum EPA 440/5-86-008 (USEPA 1988a)
' Artificial softwater
-------
Table 8A. Arilne - acute data.
OpOCIBS
Xenopus laevfs
Xonopus toevto
Xonopus toevfs
Stage/Age
Embryo (mkJ-Wastula)
Embryo (tattbud)
Tadpole
Method*
S,M
S,M
S.M
96-hr
LC50
<^g/U
550,000
940,000
150,000
Reference
Davte et a/. 1981 b
Davis efa/. 1981*
Davis ef a/. 1981 b
M measured, 8 static
R*l»r<*nr« akn rHurl hi TahlM 1 f acute Hntat of HIA draft wafpr mmBtv rritnria rinrumnnl far nnlina FPA 44n/*wQ^ Draft niSPPA 1OQ^t
-------
Table 8B. Anilne - other data.
Spedes
Ambystoma
mexkanum
Xenopus
laevis
Xenopus
laevis
Xenopus
» r-
loawlS
Xenopus
laevis
Xenopus
laevis
Xenopus
laevis
Stage/Age
Larva
Embryo
Embryo
(mad.
Hastate)
Embryo
(taifcud)
Embryo
Tadpole
Tadpole
Method*
s,u
S,U
S,M
S,M
R,U
R,U
S, U
Duration
48 hr
96 hr
120 hr
96 hr
120 hr
12 hr
12wk
12 d
48 hr
Effect
LC50
28% mortality
11% deformity
4% mortality
6 % deformity
LC50
EC50 (teratogeny)
EC50 (teratogeny)
LC50
delayed development
100% mortality
LC50
Cone.
(M9/L)
440,000
10,000
10,000
50,000
50,000
500,000
91,000
370,000
95,000
1,000
90,000
560,000
Reference
Stoof and Baerselman 1980,
Stoofe/a/. 1983
Dumqntefa/. 1979"
Davis et el. 1981 b
Davis ef a/. 1981*
Dump* rt 1987*
Dumpert 1987"
Stoof and Baerselman 1980",
Sloofefa/. 1983"
M measured, R renewal, S static, U unmeasured
Reference also ctted In Table 5 (other data) of the draft water quality criteria document for aniline EPA/440-5-93 Draft (USEPA1993)
-------
Table 9. Antimony (III) - other data.
Species Stage/Age Chemical Method* Duration Effect Cone." pH Hardness Reference
(Fg/L) (as mg/L
_ CaCO3 ) _
Gastrophryn* Embryo Antimony R,M 7d LC50 300 7.4 195 Blrge 197F, Birge ef a/
trichloride 1979ac
* M measured, R" renewal
'Value eipressed as antimony
c Reference atao dted In Table 6 (other data) of the water quality criteria document for antimony (III) EPA 440/5-85-093 (USEPA 19B8c)
-------
Table 10. Arsenic - other data.
Species
Adetotus
brevis
Ambystoma
opacum
Bulb marinus
Gastrophryna
carolinensla
Rana
csfesbetena
and Rana
pfpiens
Rana
catosboiana
and Rana
pipians
Rana
hoxadactyla
Umnodynastaa
panjni
Stage/Age
Tadpole
Embryo
Tadpole
Embryo
Tadpole
AduR
Tadpole
Tadpole
F» flow-through, M» measured,
* Values expressed as arsenic
' Hardness calculated from caldu
d Rafaranm afen rttaH to Tahla A i
Chemical
Sodium
arsenite
Sodium
arsenite
Sodium
arsenite
Sodium
arsenite
Sodium
arsenite
Sodhim
arsenite
Arsenic
trioxide
Sodhim
arsenite
Method'
s.u
F,M
s.u
R,M
R,M
R.M
s,u
s,u
Duration
96 hr
8d
96 hr
7d
96 hr
22 d
96 hr
25 d
96 hr
96 hr
Effect
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
19% mortality
50% mortally
24% mortality
87% mortally
0% mortality
30% mortality
0% mortally
80% mortality
LC50
LC50
Cone."
kg/i)
55,400
4,450
70,900
40
10.000
25.000
5,000
10.000
25,000
50,000
25,000
50,000
249
34,600
pH Hardness Reference
(asmg/L
CaCO,)
51.2* Johnson 1976
7.2- 93-1 05 Birge er at 1 978b"
7.8
51. Y Johnson 1976
7.4 195 81^01978"
Birge efal. 1979ad
Birge and Just
* 1973
Birge and Just
1973
6.1 249 Khangarotefa/.
1985b
51. 21 Johnson 1976
R« renewal, S» static, U» unmeasured
m and magnesium concentrations
rnthar Hatat nf tha ufntar niialHw Hnrnmont fnr arconir PPA lin/(;.fll.ni? flISFPA IQR^a^
ModMed HoKfreter's Solution
-------
Table 11. Atrazln* - other data.
Species
Bufo
americanus
Rana
catosbalana
Rana
catasbalana
Rana palu3uf9
Ranapiphns
Stage/Age Method* Duration
Embryo F, M 7 d
Embryo F, M 8 d
Tadpole Pond, M 2 d post-
treatment
23 d post-
treatment
51 d post-
treatment
65 d post-
treatment
Embryo F, M 8 d
Embryo ' F,M 9d
Effect
LC50
2% deformity at hatch
3% deformity at hatch
6% deformity at hatch
17% deformity at hatch
LC50
1% deformity at hatch
3% deformity at hatch
7% deformity at hatch
22% deformity at hatch
47% deformity at hatch
100% deformity at hatch
269pg/Kg body burden
27B^g/Kg body burden
309/^g/Kg body burden
235^g/Kg body burden
LC50
2% deformity at hatch
5% deformity at hatch
18% deformity at hatch
LC50
2% deformity at hatch
5% deformity at hatch
9% deformity at hatch
13% deformity at hatch
Cone. Reference
(pg/L)
48,000 Birge et a/. 1 980, Birge et
5,560 a/. 1983
10,800
24,800
48,200
410 Birge et a/. 1980, Birge et
51 a/. 1983
410
6,330
14,800
26,400
45,800
300 Klaassen and Kadoum
1979
300
300
300
17,960 Birgee/e/. 1980
1,040
20,800
33,900
7,680 Birge ef a/. 1980
210
1,130
6,540
13,200
-------
Table 11. Atrazine (continued)
Species
Stage/Age Method* Duration Effect
Cone. Reference
Rana ptpiens Embryo F, M
9d
46% deformity at hatch
46.700 Birge efa/. 1980
F» flow-through, M measured
-------
Table 12. Benzene - other data.
Species
Stage/Age Method* Duration Effect
Cone. Reference
Ambystotna
AmbystontB
ntex/csfium
Ranaplpfen*
Embryo
Larva
Embryo
F.M
s.u
F.M
9d
48 hr
9d
LC50
9% deformity at hatch
27% deformityat hatch
LC50
LC50
5,210
5,430
36,700
370,000
3,660
Black era/. 1982
Sloof and Baersebnan 1980,
Stoof era/. 1983
Black eTa/. 1982
Xenopus foevfe Tadpole S, U
48 hr
0% deformity at hatch
16% deformity at hatch
LC50
2,990
5,070
190,000 de Zwart and Sloof 1987, Sloof
and Baersehnan 1980, Sloof
eTa/. 1983
F- flow-through, M measured, S static, U « unmeasured
-------
Table 13. BeryBum - acute data
Species
Ambystoma
macu/8/um
Ambystoma
/nacufofuni
Ambystoma
macutefum
Ambystoma
opacum
Stage/Age
Larva (small)
Larva
(medium)
Larva (large)
Larva
(medium)
Chemical Method'
Beryllium S, U
sulfate
Beryllium S, U
sulfate
Berylium S, U
sulfate
Beryllium S, U
sulfate
96-hr" pH Hardness
LC50 (as mg/L
(pig/L) CaCOj)
3,150
31,500
8,020
18,200
8.320
18.200
3,150
31,500
20-25
400
20-25
400
20-25
400
20-25
400
Reference
Sfonim and Ray
19751
Stonlm and Ray
1975e
Stonim and Ray
19751
Slonim and Ray
19751
00
S state, U unmeasured
k Values expressed as befyMum
« Reference also died In Table 5 (other data) of the water quality criteria document for beryNum EPA 44075-80-024 (USEPA19800)
-------
Table 14. Boron - other data.
Species Stage/Age Chemical Method*
Bufofowterl Embryo Boric add F, M
ftana Embryo Boric add F,M
ptpktns
Rent Embryo Borax F, M
pipfons
Duration
Until hatch
4 d post hatch
Until hatch
4 d post hatch
Until hatch
4 d post hatch
Effect
LC1 (threshold)
LC1 (threshold)
LC1 (threshold)
LC1 (threshold)
LC1 (threshold)
LC1 (threshold)
LC1 (threshold)
LC1 (threshold)
LC1 (threshold)
LC1 (threshold)
LC1 (threshold)
LC1 (threshold)
Cone.
(pg/L)b
25,000
5,000
25,000
5,000
26,000
23,000
13,000
22,000
6,000
3,000
5,000
3,000
PH
7.6
7.6
7.6
7.6
7.7
7.7
7.7
7.7
8.3
8.4
8.3
8.4
Hardness
(asmg/L
CaCO3)
50
200
50
200
50
200
50
200
50
200
50
200
Reference
Birge and Black
1977
Birge and Black
1977
Birge and Black
1977
F" How-through, M* measured
Values expressed M boron
-------
Tabte 15A. Cadmium - acute data.
Species
Ambystoma
grectte
Xenopua toevto
Stage/Age
Larva
Embryo
Chemical Method*
Cadmium F, M
Chloride
Cadmium R, U
96-hr*
LC50
G4J/L)
468.4
850
PH
6.8
7.2-
7.5
Hardness
(as mg/L
CaCo,)
45
Reference
Nebekerefa/. 1995
Under of a/. 1991
6 Values expressed as cadmium
-------
Tabte 1SB. Cadmium - chronic data.
Species Stage/Age
Ambyatoma Larva
grade
Ambystoma Larva
graate
Chemical Method'
Cadmium F, M
chloride
Cadmium F, M
chloride
1 Duration
10 d
24 d
10 d
24 d
Chronic limits"
(K9/L)
NOAEL
12.8
48.9
193.1
48.9
LOAEL
44.6
193.1
227.3
193.1
Chronic value* pH
O^g/L)
24
97
210
97
6.8
6.8
6.8
6.8
Hardness
(asmg/L
CaCO,)
45
45
45
45
Reference
Nebeker et
a/. 1994
Nebeker et
el. 1995
b NOAEL no observed adverse effect level. LOAEL =* lowest observed adverse effect level. Limits based on Imb regeneration (Nebeker et a/. 1994) and
growth (Nebeker et a/. 1995). Values expressed as cadmium
'Geometric mam of NOAEL and LOAEL
00
-------
Table 15C. Cadmium - other data.
o>
ro
Species
Ambystoma
mexicanum
Mnoysntna
opacum
Bufo
erenarum
Bufo
arenofum
Bufo
BTttnorufn
Bufo
arefiarunt
flufb
me/anosffcftJ*
Gastmphryne
carolinensis
ill..,. fc. Jm
MKrDnjflB
. m fm
OrTMMa
Mfcroftyto
omafa
Stage/Age
Larva
Embryo
Embryo
Tadpole
(young)
Tadpole
(prometa-
morphic)
Tadpole
Tadpole
Embryo
Tadpole
<1"tO
Tadpole
(4wk)
Chemical
Cadmium
nitrate
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
sulfate
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Method*
S.U
S, M
S.U
R,u
R.U
R,U
S.U
R,M
s.u
s.u
Duration
48 hr
8d
24 hr
96 hr
96 hr
96 hr
96 hr
7d
96 hr
96 hr
Effect
LC50
LC50
100% arrested
development
LC5020°C
LC50 25°C
LC50 20°C
LC50 25°C
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
Cone."
U/g/L)
470
150
250
2,190
2.650
3,060
6,770
2.080
8.180
40
1,580
1,810
pH
c
7.2-
7.8
0
f
7.4
7.4
6.9
6.9
Hardness Reference
(asmg/L
CaCO,)
20? Skxrfand
Baerselman1980,
Sloof efa/ 1983
93-105 Birgeefe/.
1978b*
Herkovfts and
Perez-Coll 1993
| Ferrari etal 1993
" Ferrari etal 1993
1 Munioefa/. 1990
185 Khangarotand
Ray
1987
195 Blrge 1978*.
Birge
efa/.1979a
142-145 Rao and
llnHlMfnathn 1 H0T
IVIau|iy4f9U la I
-------
Table 15C. Cadmium (continued)
Species Stage/Age Chemical
Natophlhelmua Larva Cadmium
vWdescen* acetate
Rant Embryp Cadmium
ntfgrDrnacufafa chloride
Rana cttst- Tadpole Cadmium
tetena ana chloride
f?ana piptons
Rana piptons Embfyo Cadmium
(cleavage chloride
stage)
Method* Duration Effect
R, M 25 d 30% mortality
17% mortality
33% mortality
40% mortalty
46% mortality
60% mortality
51 d 35% mortalty
45% mortality
80% mortalty
55 d Poor chondri-
fication in 62%
regenerated limbs
S, U 24 hr 26.3 germ ceHs at 6.5 d
22.4 germ cells at 6.5 d
16.3 germ ceHs at 6.5 d
25.1 germ cells at 1 1 d
23.4 germ cells at 1 1 d
17. 6 germ ceHs at 11 d
36.5 germ cells at 17d
38.3 germ ceHs at 1 7d
31 .8 germ cells at 17d
S, U 96 hr LC50
F, U 96 hr 32% mortalty
67% mortality
18% mortality
92% mortality
89% mortality
10 d 37% mortality
Conc.b
(pg/L)
2,000
2.500
3,000
3.500
4,000
4.500
2,250
4,500
6,750
3,000
600
1,200
2,400
600
1.200
2,400
600
1,200
2,400
3,700
100
500
1,000
2.500
5.000
100
pH Hardness Reference
(asmg/L
CaCO,)
Mansonand ^
O'Flaherty 1978
Hah 1978
7.0 Zettergren ef a/.
1991
Birgeefa/. 1975
-------
Table 15C. Cadmium (continued)
Species
RUM pipfafis
ffanap4pfen*
ffTaiii nfiilaili
1 Iflilfl ^J^JRJf Jw
ftena p/jpfen5
Runn pfplofis
Rons plpiffit
Xenopus
leevis
Stage/Age
Embryo
(cleavage
stage)
Embryo
(neural tube
stage)
Embryo
(tail bud
stage)
Embryo
Tapote .
Tadpole
Embryo
Chemical
Cadmium
chloride
. Cadmuim
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
chloride
Cadmium
Method* Duration
F,U 10 d
15d
F, U 96 hr
10d
F, U 96 hr
10d
15d
S, M 6-7 d
R, M 96 hr
10d
S. U 42 d
S, U 96 hr
Effect
70% mortality
20% mortality
47% mortality
70% mortality
59% mortality
26% mortatty
49% mortality
30% mortality
59% mortality
30% mortality
63% mortality
10% mortatty
30% mortatty
50% mortality
0% mortatty
19% mortatty
95% mortatty
54% mortality
95% mortatty
Increased B/J ceH
frequency
NOEC
LOEC
Cone,"
500
1,000
100
500
1,000
100
500
100
500
100
500
500
500
500
77
10,000
25,000
10,000
25,000
400-800
100-200
200-400
PH
"
*
k
k
k
li
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
7.9-8.2
k
k
k
k
7.0
7.2-7.5
7.2-7.5
Hardness
(asmg/L
CaCO,)
"
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
102
k
li
k
k
1
_
Reference
Birgeera/ 1975
Birgeefa/. 1975
Birgeefa/ 1975
Frandsefa/ 1984
Birge and Just 1973
Zettergrenefa/ 1991
Under ef a/. 1991
-------
Table 15C. Cadmium (continued)
Species
Xenopua
laevis
Xenopua
laevis
Xenopus
laevis
Xenopus
laevis
Stage/Age Chemical Method* Duration Effect
Embryo Cadmium S, U 6 d 9% mortality. 0 mg/L Mg
13% mortality, 0 mg/L Mg
98% mortality, 0 mg/L Mg
2% mortality .2 mg/L Mg
7% mortality, 2 mg/L Mg
70% mortality ,2 mg/L Mg
9% mortality, 20 mg/L Mg
9% mortality, 20 mg/L Mg
41% mortality, 20 mg/L Mg
7% mortality. 200 mg/L Mg
5% mortality, 200 mg/L Mg
6% mortality ,200 mg/L Mg
Slight deformity, 200 mg/L
Mg
Severe deformity. 0 mg/L
Mg
Tadpole Cadmium S,U 48 hr LC50
chloride lOOd LC50
lOOd EC50 (development)
Tadpole Cadmium S.U 48 hr LC50
nitrate
Tadpole Cadmium S.U 48 hr LC50
nitrate
Cone.6 pH Hardness Reference
G*g/L) (as mg/L
CaCO,)
f
10
100
1.000 '
10 '
100 ,
1,000 ,
10
100
1,000 '
10 '
100 r
1,000 ,
1,000
1
1
3,200
1,500
650
7.360
11,648
f
MiHer and
' Landes-
1 man 1978
r
i
r
f
r
r
i
r
r
170 Canton and
Stoof
1982"
de Zwart and
SlooM987
209* Sloofand
Baersetman
1980*.Sk>ofef
a/. 1983d
-------
Table 15C. Cadmium (continued)
Species
Stage/Age Chemical Method* Duration Effect
Cone."
G4J/L)
PH
Hardness
(as mg/L
CaCO,)
Reference
Xenopus Tadpole Cadmium S,M
feevfe chloride
90 hr 80% mortality 25,600 7.0
100% mortality 40,960 7.0
0% mortality (96 hr pre- 25,600 7.0
treatment with 1,300 /^g/L
Cd)
30% mortality 40,960 7.0
(96 hr pre-treatment with
1,300/jg/LCd)
35% mortality 51,200 7.0
(96 hr pre-treatment with
1,300/jg/LCd)
296" WoodaHefa/.
296" 1988
296*
296>
296>
F» flow-through, M measured, R renewal, S » static, U = unmeasured
g| * Values expressed as Cadmium
'Dutch Standard Water
* Reference also ctted hi Table 6 (other data) of the water quality criteria document for cadmium EPA 440/5-84-032 (USEPA1985b)
Reference abo ctted hi Table 6 (other data) of the water quality criteria document for cadmium EPA 440/5-80-025 (USEPA 19BOd)
'10% Hotfreter-* Solution
Artflcal pond water
' ModMed HoMreter's Solution
' Reported as 102-105 meq CaCO,
1 Reported as 296 pg/L
-------
Table 16. Cartwryl - other data.
Species
Bufobufo
japonicus
Rana
hexadactyto
nmt. m
nWM
fomporaria
Ranatigrina
ttrnftm " *
fwMognrM
Xenopi/s
taevto
Stage/Age
Tadpole
Tadpole
Tadpole
Tadpole
(0.02g)
Tadpole
(1.20)
Tadpole
Chemical Method1
Carbaryl
(formulated)
Carbaryl R, U
(Ketex)
Carbaryl
(Karbatox 75)
Carbaryl S. U
Carbaryl S.U
Carbaryl
(Karbatox 75)
Duration
48 hr
96 hr
24 hr
lOd
96 hr
96 hr
8d
Effect
LC50
LC50
100% mortality
Deformity and Increased
mortality
Deformity and increased
mortality
LC50
LC50
Deformity
20% mortality first week
80% mortality second week
Cone.
0»B/L)
7.200
55,340
500.000-
1,000,000
100,000
10,000
6,200
11,700
1,000
1,000
1.000
Reference
Hashimoto and
NfeNucN 1981
Khangarotef a/.
1985c
Rzehakefa/.
1977"
Marian ef a/.
1983
Marian eta/.
1983
Rzehakefa/.
1977"
R renewal, S » state, U unmeasured
k Reference not seen, ctted in Power ef a/. 1989
-------
Table 17. Carbofuran - other data.
Species
Stage/Age Chemical
Method* Duration Effect
Cone. Reference
-------
Table 16. Carbon tetrachtorlde - other data.
o>
vo
Species Stage/Age Method*
Ambystoma gradto Embryo F, M
Bufo fowfatt Embryo F, M
Rana catesbdana Embryo F, M
Ranapatostrla Embryo F,M
Rana pljpferu Embryo F, M
.. _. ._ .. ..
Rana fwnponvM embryo r, M
Duration
9d
5d
5d
5d
7d
3d
3d
3d
8d
4d
4d
4d
8d
4d
4d
9d
5d
5d
5d
5d
5d
9d
5d
5d
5d
5d
Effect
LC50
3% deformity
10% deformity
21% deformity
LC50
0% deformity
3% deformity
11% deformity
LC50
1% deformity
8% deformity
17% deformity
LC50
0% deformity
100% deformity
LC50
2% deformity
6% deformity
11% deformity
18% deformity
44% deformity
LC50
3% deformity
12% deformity
17% deformity
67% deformity
Cone.
O^g/L)
1.980
10.600
24.200
41.800
2,830
690
4,980
92.500
900
60
1.180
7,810
2.370
4.980
92,500
1,640
76
670
1.070
24.000
41,200
1,160
670
10.700
24.000
41.200
Reference
Blackef a/ 1982
Birge ef a/. 1980. Black ef at.
1982
Birge ef at. 1980
Birge ef at. 1980, Black et al.
1982
Black ef at. 1980
Blackef al. 1980
-------
Table 18. Carbon tetrachloride (continued)
Species
Stage/Age Method* Duration Effect
Cone. Reference
Xenopus taevis
Embryo F, M
6d
2d
2d
2d
LC50
1% deformity
4% deformity
10% deformity
24,420 Blackef a/. 1980
600
10.500
27.200
F* flow-through, M measured
«o
o
-------
Table 19. Chtordane - other data.
Species
Bufo
arenarum
Rana
cafowaMfta
fC*4V9fl Otpttstvv
Stage/Age
Embryo
Tadpole
Mud
Chemical
Chlordane
Chlordane
(formulation)
Chlordane
Method*
s,u
u,
isolated
in pond
s.u
Duration
<42d
20 d
14 d
96 hr
30 d
Effect
0% mortafity
100% mortality
100% mortality
30% mortally
40% mortalty
Cone
1,000
5,000
15,000
0.56 kg/ha*
500
Reference
Juarez and
Mufta 1963
Kaplan and
Guzman 1984
Overpeck 1984
1S state, U unmeasured
k AcfJve Ingredient
-------
Table 20. Chloride - other data.
Species
Microhyts
ornate
Micfohyts
ornate
Mterofiyfa
ornate
Mtarohyta
ornate
Mfcfohyto
ornate
Micron jw
ornate
Rana
Xenopus
toavfe
Stage/Age
Embryo
Tadpole
(8d)
Tadpole
(Nndlmb)
Embryo
Tadpole
(8d)
Tadpole
fiilanMn ijil
(mrmmD;
Embryo
AduR
Chemical
Potassium chloride
Potassium chloride
Potassium chloride
Sodium chloride
Sodium chloride
Sodium chloride
Calcium chloride
Sodium chloride
Method*
S.U
S.U
s.u
s,u
s,u
s.u
s.u
S,M
Duration
96 hr
96 hr
96 hr
96 hr
96 hr
96 hr
88 hr
114(f
Effect
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
0%mortafty
LC50
Cone."
673,000
758,000
1,208,000
1,646,000
3,051,000
4,206,000
11,882*
8,869,000-
9,926,000
Reference
Padhye and Ghate
Padhye and Ghate
Padhye and Ghate
Padhye and Ghate
Padhye and Ghate
Padhye and Ghate
Cummins 1988
Romspert 1976
1992
1992
1992
1992
1992
1992
M measured, S state, U "unmeasured
"Value expressed as chloride
c i__b~j__ v n>n .^.« b__ »i*j._ .J«I«M«. t_ .».i.i!t>>... «.* j icn . /i <»». .«^u.«. <.I.I«^F|A n_^j ^eo . ^.fl i»»^ i» «>4M>4ai ». <«LI uM>*»r
" Concentrations increased In 50 mM (1.772,000 ^g)) increments of chloride from 50 to 250 mM/L (1,772,000 to 8,869,000 /ig/L) in 90 days
and then hi 10 mM (354,000 ^g) Increments to 300 mM/L (10,634,000 ^g/L) over 24 days
-------
Table 21. Chlorinated benzenes - other data.
Species
Stage/Age Chemical
Method* Duration Effect
Cone. Reference
Ambystoma Embryo Chtorobenzene
grBdte
Rant Embryo Chtorobenzene
pipbns
Pane Embryo 1,2-Dtchloro-
pipiens benzene
F, M 9 d LC50
7% deformity at hatch
27% deformity at hatch
F, M 9 d LC50
4% deformity at hatch
38% deformity at hatch
F. M 9 d LC50
2% deformity at hatch
6% deformity at hatch
5% deformity at hatch
6% deformity at hatch
10% deformity at hatch
1,150
630
18.400
1,200
630
14,600
5,560
120
150
1.640
7.430
12,300
Black ef a/. f982
Blackef of. 1982
Black ef a/. 1982
How-through, M measured
-------
Table 22A. Chlorinated ethanes - acute data.
Spedes Stage/Age Chemical Method* 96-hr Reference
LC50
frg/U
Pane cetesbeiana Tadpole Hexachloroethane F, M 2,440 Thurstonef af. 1985
3,180
' F> How-through, M»measured
-------
Table 22B. Chlorinated ethanes - other data.
Species Stage/Age
Ambystoma Embryo
(jrucMs
Rana Embryo
pipiena
Chemical Method* Duration Effect
1,2- F.M 9d
DichtofO-
ethane
1.2- F.M 9d
Dtehtoro-
ethane
LC50
5% deformity at hatch
16% deformity at hatch
LC50
3% deformity at hatch
6% deformity at hatch
25% deformity at hatch
Cone.
G4J/L)
2.540
2,580
21,400
4.400
1.070
2.690
21,900
Reference
Black efa/. 1982
Black ef a/. 1982
F« flow through, M measured
01
-------
Table 23. Chlorinated phenols - acute data.
Spedes Stage/Age Chemical Method* 96-hr Reference
LC50
Xenoptis toevfe Tadpole 2,4,6- F,M 1,200 Hoteombeefa/. 1987
Trichtorophenol
F« flow-through, M measured
-------
Table 24. Chloroform - other data.
Species Stage/Age b.ethod* Duration
Ambystoma gracHe Embryo F, M 9 d
Bufofowteri Embryo F.M 7d
Hyfa cnjcNer Embryo F, M 7 d
Rana pe/usMs Embryo F, M 8 d
Rana p/jpfon* Embryo F, M 9 d
Ranatemporatia Embryo F.M 9d
Effect
LC50
3% deformity at hatch
9% deformity at hatch
14% deformity at hatch
LC50
3% deformity at hatch
5% deformity at hatch
tcso
2% deformity at hatch
4% deformity at hatch
10% deformity at hatch
0% deformity at hatch
LC50
3% deformity at hatch
5% deformity at hatch
LC50
1% deformity at hatch
2% deformity at hatch
2% deformity at hatch
12% deformity at hatch
100% deformity at hatch
LC50
3% deformity at hatch
9% deformity at hatch
21% deformity at hatch
Cone.
C4J/L)
21,500
5,880
9,120
63,300
35,140
6,040
40,000
270
8.7
73
690
7,340
20,550
10,100
32,100
4,160
21
160
660
11,800
26,900
16,950
6,050
9,900
64,100
Reference
Blackef a/. 1982
Blrgeef a/. 1980, Black era/
1982
Blrge era/. 1980
Birga ef a/. 1 980, Black ef a/.
1982
Blrge ef a/. 1 980, Black at a/.
1982
Black era/. 1982
-------
Table 24. Chloroform (continued)
Spedes
Stage/Age Method* Duration Effect
Cone. Reference
Xenopus /aevfe Embryo F, M
6d
LC50
3% deformity at hatch
2% deformity at hatch
3% deformity at hatch
15% deformity at hatch
68,000 Blackef a/. 1982
1.020
6,150
8,400
67,800
1F flow-through, M measured
00
-------
Tabte 25A. CMorophenoxy herbicides - acute data.
Spedes
Stage/Age Chemical
Method*
96-hr Reference
LC50
Bvfowoodhouaitowleri Tadpole
Tadpole
2,4-D
butoxyethanol
ester
Weeder64
(arnine salt of
2,4-D)
Tadpole Sikex
S,U
S,U
S,U
(butyl ether ester)
> 10,000 Mayer and EBersteckl 986
100,000 Sanders 1970
28.000 Sanders 1970
1 S static, U unmeasured
40
40
-------
Table 25B. CMorophenoxy herbicides - other data.
Spedes
Adetotus orevfs
AdeJoftis orevfs
Bufb tnarinus
Bufb marfrius
Bufo
me/anosflcftj*
Bufo wooofKKJSf
fowferi
Bufo woodhoust
fowferi
Umnodynattos
pffoni
Ummmtu wAmtmm^m
mtooytMuns
peroni
Rana tunporaria
Trttuvs erf status
ceHitif&x
TrKunis cflstatus
cavnMur
Triturvs cristatus
camHex
Stage/Age
Tadpole
Tadpole
Tadpole
Tadpole
Tadpole
Tadpole
Tadpole
Tadpole
Tadpole
Tadpole
Adult
(male)
Adult
(female)
Adult
Chemical
2, 4 - D arrine
2, 4 , 5 -T arrine
2, 4 - D arrine
2, 4 , 5 -T arrine
2,4-0
SUvex2-(2,4,5-T)
Sihrex (propylene
grycol butyl ether
ester)
2, 4 - D arrine
2, 4, 5 - T arrine
2,4-D
MCPA
MCPA
MCPA
Method*
s, u
s.u
S, U
s.u
S,U
s.u
s.u
S.U
s.u
s.u
s,u
s.u
s.u
Duration
96 hr
96 hr
96 hr
96 hr
96 hr
48 hr
24 hr
96 hr
96 hr
48 hr
17 hr
35 hr
21 hr
45 hr
1yr
Effect
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
0% mortality
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
No significant
tumor
incidence
Cone.
to/L)
200,000
200,000
288,000
340,000
8,050
20,000
19,000
287,000
169,000
50,000
3,200,000
1,600,000
3.200,000
1,600,000
400,000
Reference
Johnson 1976
Johnson 1976
Johnson 1976
Johnson 1976
Vanfla otal. 1984
Sanders 1970
Mayer and Eltersieck 1986
Johnson 1976
Johnson 1976
Cooke 1972
Zaffaroni efa/. 1986
Zaffaroni eta/. 1986
Zavanefe otal. 1988
S » Static, U unmeasured
-------
Table 26. CMorpyrifos - other data
Species Stage/Age Method* Duration Effect Cone. Reference
HybrvgMa Tadpole S, U 24 hr Onset of thermal stress at 25 Johnson 1980
35.3 ° C
24 hr Onset of thermal stress at 50
34.1°C
THtonia vufrarfa Adult S, M _ 96 hr _ EC 1 0 Qocomottonal behavior) >96 van Wljngaarden ef a/. 1 993
S Stalk:, M measured, U unmeasured
-------
Table 27. Chromium - other data.
Species Stage/Age Chemical Method* Duration
Ambystoma Embryo
opecum
Bufo Tadpole
metanostdus
Gastrophryne Embryo
caroHnensis
Rons . Tadpole
hexadacfyta
Ratio tfgrina Tadpole
Xonopus foevf s Tadpole
Chromium S, M 8 d
trioxkle
Potassium S. U 96 hr
dichromate
Chromium R, M 7 d
trioxide
Potassium R, U 96 hr
chromate
Potassium R, U 96 hr
dichromate
Potassium S, U 72 hr
dichromate
Potassium S.U 100 d
«tf««»«M%«*»M«W
IHClli UI f Hllo
Effect
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
100% mortality
60-100% deformity
NOL(E)C
(mortality)
NOL(E)C
(development )
NOL(E)C (growth
Cone." pH Hardness Reference
(^g/L) (as mg/L
CaCOj)
2,130 7.2-7.8
49,290 7.4
30 7.4
100,000 6.1
42,950 6.1
2,000 6.1
2,000 6.1
1,000
3,200
3.200
93-105 BirgeeraM978b°
185 Khangarot and Ray
1987
195 Birge1978c.Birge
etat. 1979a
20 Khangarot etal.
1985b
20
4 Abbasi and Son!
4 1984
Steof and Canton
1983
M measured, R renewal, S static, U unmeasured
* Values expressed as chromium
C B-tiiM.uxk .!»« ~llm*t >. Taki^ A /«M>» f»^»m\ nf Hut »«>*«r «..«Mu 4>u«i««u.t for ^Kmrnlum CDA A Al\K^MAjm& /I ICCDA 1 OftC^.\
-------
Table 28A. Copper - acute data.
Species
Ambystoma
joffononiwjurn
Xenopttt faevfe
Stage/Age
Embryo
Embryo
Chemical
Copper
chloride
Copper
Method*
S,M
R, U
96-hr*
LC50
315
110
pH
4.5
7.5
Hardness
(asmg/L
CaCOj)
Reference
Home and Dunson
1994
Under ef a/. 1991
M measured, R renewal, S static, U = unmeasured
b Values expressed as copper
-------
Table 28B. Copper other data.
Species
Ambystoma
opacum
Bufo
afneffcano*
BufobofM*
Bufofowert
Bufo
mdanostMiM
Gastrophryno
caroNnensis
Hyta
cftrysocefs
Hi ..mill Jm
nHCfOnytm
OffMte
Mterohyte
,I-MB n»m
omerB
Ran*
hexadtctytt
Stage/Age
Embryo
Tadpole
Tadpole
Embryo
Tadpole
Embryo
Embryo
Tadpole
(1wk)
Tadpole
(4wk)
Tadpole
Chemical
Copper
sulfate
Copper
sulfate
Copper
sulfate
Copper
sulfate
Copper
sulfate
Copper
sulfate
Copper
sulfate
Copper
sulfate
Copper
sulfate
Copper
sulfate
Method*
S,M
F.M
s.u
S,M
s,u
R,M
S,M
s.u
s.u
S, U
Duration
8d
20min.
12 hr
61 d
7d
96 hr
7d
7d
96 hr
96 hr
96 hr
Effect
LC50
avoidance
100% mortafty
100% metamorphosis
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
Cone."
kQ/L)
770
100
3,700
20
26,960
320
40
40
5,040
5,380
39
pH
7.2-7.8
7.6
5-6
5-6
7.2-7.8
7.4
7.4
72-7.8
6.9
6.9
6.1
Hardness
(as mg/L
CaCO,)
93-105
112
_
100
185
195
100
142-145
142-145
20
Reference
Birgeera/. 1978bc,
Birge and Black
1979C
Black and Birge 1980
Porter and Hakanson
1976
Birge and Black 1979*
Khangarot and Ray
1987
Birge 1978C, Blrge
and Black 1979*.
Birge ef a/. 1979a
Blrge and Black 1979*
Rao and Madhyasttia
1987
Rao and Madhyastha
1987
Khangarot ef a/.
1985a, 1985b
-------
Table 28B. Copper (continued)
o
O1
Species
Runs pipfans
RBM ptpfons
Runs pfpp0n3
Xenopus
toevfe
Xenopttt
teevfc
* F flow through
* Values expressc
'Reference also c
tf rt»»~t. ciM^i»«»i 1
Stage/Age Chemical
Embryo Copper
sulfate
Tadpole Copper
sulfate
Adult Copper
sulfate
Embryo Copper
Tadpole Copper
sulfate
, M measured, S static,
id as copper
Jl-rl |_ TntiL* H ItMmmr of1987
EPA 440/5-84-031 (USEPA 1 985d)
-------
Table 29. Cyanide - ob.er data.
Species Stage/Age Chemical Method* Duration
Pane temporaria Tadpole Sodium U* 25-30 min
cyanide
60 min.
4-5 min.
35-40 min.
4-5 min
1-2 min
6-7 min
1-2 min
Effect
time to avoidance
at12-14°C
no avoidance
at 0-2°C
time to avoidance
at 0-2° C
time to avoidance
at 26-28°C
time to avoidance
at13-14°C
time to avoidance
at13-14°C
time to avoidance
at13-14°C
time to avoidance
at13-14°C
Conc.b
(^g/L)
260
1,300
130,000
260
2,600
2,600
2,600
2.600
pH Hardness Reference
(asmg/L
CaCoJ
Costa 1965
__ _
3.2
5.1
8.8
10.2
U unmeasured
* Values expressed as cyanide
c Citation for methodology given in reference
-------
Table 30A. DOT - cute data.
Species
Buto woodhouai fowterl
Bufo woodhousff fbwforf
Bufowoodhousffowfeff
Bufo woodhouaH towteri
Bufo wwntwust fywtsrt
Pseudbcff* MMfiMi
Stage/Age
Tadpole
(1wk)
Tadpole
(4-5 wk)
Tadpole
(6wk)
Tadpole
(7wk)
Tadpole
Tadpole
Tadpole
Chemical
DDT
DDT
DDT
DDT
TDE
DDT
TDE
Method*
S,
S,
s,
S,
s,
S.
S,
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
96-hr
LC50
fog/L)
750
1,000
100
30
140
800
400
Reference
Sanders
Sanders
Sanders
Sanders
Sanders
Sanders
Sanders
1970",
1970",
1970*.
1970*.
Mayer and
Mayer and
Mayer and
Mayer and
1970*. Mayer and
1970*
1970*
ENersieck 1986
EHereleck 1986
EKersieck 1986
EBersieck 1986
ERerstock 1986
S state, U unmeasured
" Reference also dted in Table 6 (other data) of the water qualty criteria document for DDT EPA 440/5-80-038 (USEPA 1980m)
-------
Table 30B. DOT - other data
o
00
Species
Bufo
orenorum
Bufo
arenarum
Bufobufo
Bufo bulb
Bufobufo
Bufobufo
Bufobufo
Bufobufo
Japonicva
Bufo
woodhoust
fowteri
Rant
catoabeiana
Stage/Age
Embryo
Embryo
Tadpole
Tadpole
(9-1 Omm)
Tadpole
(12-14mm)
Tadpole
(16-20mm)
Tadpole
(19-23mm)
Tadpole
Tadpole
Tadpole
Chemical
DDT
DDT
DDT
DDT
DDT
DDT
DDT
DDT
(fornulauon)
DDT
DDT
(formulation)
Method*
s,u
s.u
s,u
S.U
s,u
S.U
s.u
u.
Isolated
Duration
42 d
16 d
12d
31 d
72 hr
48 hr
48 hr
48 hr
48 hr
48 hr
24 hr
96 hr
48 hr
Effect
0% mortality
100% mortality
100% mortality
beta-ghicronidase activity
significantly higher than in
controls
LC50
0% mortaMy, 15% mortally
2 d post-exposure
0% mortalty, 5% mortaMy
5 d post-exposure
0% mortality, 90% mortalty
5 d post-exposure
0% mortaMy, 5% mortaMy
5 d post-exposure
100% mortality
20% mortaMy. 100%
mortality 5-d post-exposure
LC50
LC50
0% mortality
80% mortality
Cone."
0^9/L)
1,000
5,000
15,000
1,000
300-500
500
5
500
20
500
500
31,000
5,400
0.112 kg/ha*
0.560 kg/hab
Reference
Juarez and Guzman
Juarez and Guzman
MafCflnrOOgalm Icffi
Cooke1972
Cooke 1972
Cooke1972
Cooke 1972
1984
1986
B
HasNmotoandNfsNuchi
1981
Mayer and EHersieck 1986
MuHa 1963
in pond
-------
Table 30B. DOT (continued)
o
«o
Species Stage/Age Chemical
Pane Tadpole DDT
cafesoetane
Ran* Tadpole DDT
p^pfens
Ran* Embiyo DDT
syfvaffca
Rant Tadpole DDT
syfvatka
Method* Duration
S,R 7d
S,R 8d
12 d
5d
Bd
S, M 24 hr
S, U 96 hr
7d
96 hr
7d
7d
10d
7d
Effect
30% mortality
30% mortality, significantly
less regeneration than
controls
Significantly less regeneration
than controls
30% mortality
Significantly less regeneration
than controls
60% mortality
0.16 mg/kg residue in jelled
embryos (stage 13-18)
0.82-1 .57 mg/kg residue in Jelly-
free embryos (stage 20)
16.51 mg/kg residue in Iver at
15°C, 2.96 mg/kg at 21°C
9.43 mg/kg residue in liver at
15°C. 2.67 mg/kg at 21°C
16.73 mg/kg residue in Iver at
15°C. 6.20 mg/kg at 21°C
9.71 mg/kg residue in fiver at
15°C, 5.27 mg/kg at 21°C
9.7-37.4 mg/kg residue in fat at
15°C
18.6-23.7 mg/kg residue in fat at
15°C
26.7-81 .7 mg/kg residue in fat at
15°C
Cone." Reference
fog/U
5 Wete 1975
25
5 Weis 1975
5
25
25
25 Ucht1985
25
1 Ucht1976
1
3
3
1
1
3
-------
Table 308. DOT (continued)
Species
Rana
femporarfa
Rone
temporaria
Rana
temporaria
Rana
temporaria
Rana
temporaria
Rana
temporarta
Rana
temporaha
Stage/Age Chemical
Tadpole DDT
(12-14
mm)
Tadpole DDT
(15-20
mm)
Tadpole DDT
(24-34
mm)
Tadpole DDT
(37-40
mm)
Tadpole DDT
Tadpole DDT
(300mg)
Tadpole DDT
(700mg)
Method* Duration Effect
S, U 48 hr 80 % mortality, 90% mortally
1d post-exposure
S, U 48 hr 80 % mortality
100% mortality
S, U 48 hr 0% mortally, 29% mortally
5 d post-exposure
100% mortally
S, U 48 hr 94% mortally
S,M 1hr 3,470 mg/kg whole body
vjuit*ifti.m <\GBt- JL. l-i: u.m_i _Mi__iitjL
residue, 19% abnormal snouts
48 hr post-exposure
1 hr 12,800 mg/kg whole body
residue, 37% abnormal snouts
48 hr post-exposure
S, M 48 hr 2.5 mg/kg whole body residue,
0% abnormal snouts
S, M 48 hr 7.5 mg/kg whole body residue,
29% abnormal snouts
Cone."
kg/U
500
50
500
20
500
500
1,000
10,000
100
100
Reference
Cooke 1972
Cooke 1972
Cooke 1972
Cooke 1972
Cooke 1970
Cooke 1979
Cooke 1979
-------
Table 30B. DOT (continued)
Species
Rana
tetnporaria
Kant
temponrta
Ranatigrina
THfurus
yufjgarfe
M« measured,
Stage/Age
Tadpole
Tadpole
AduR
Larva
R« renewal,
n*
Chemical
DDT
DDT
DDT
DDT
S -static, U
Method* Duration
S, M 28 d
S, M 28 d
S, U 48 hr
S, U 96 hr
S, U 48 hr
unmeasured
Effect
0.82 mg/kg whole body
residue on day 33, 0.57
mg/kg on day 39
2 mg/kg whole body residue
on day 15, 4.3 mg/kg on day
33, 3.3 mg/kg on day 39
29% with abnormal snouts at
96 hr
Decreased vitamin A stores In
liver
33% mortatty
Cone." Reference
04)1-)
0.1 Cooke 1973
1
100 Osbomera/
1981
1 ,000,000 Keshavan and Deshmukh
1984
500 Cooke 1972
-------
Table 31. Diazlnon - other data.
Stage/Age Chemical Method Duration Effect
Cone. Reference
(Fg/L)
Butobufo Tadpole Diazlnon
/ponfctfs (formulation)
48 hr LC50
14,000 Hashimoto and NteNuchi 1981
rv>
-------
Table 32. Dtehkxopropanes and Dtehtoropropenes - other data.
Stage/Age Chemical
Method* Duration
Effect
Cone. Reference
Xonopus Tadpole 1,3- Dtchtoro-
laevis propane
S.U
48 hr
LC50
63,000 de Zwart and Stoof 1987
S stattc, U unmeasured
-------
Table 33. Dtehtorvos - other data
Species
Stage/Age Method* Duration Effect
Cone. Reference
Unidentified
Tadpole S, U
48 hr
LC50
100% mortality
10,000 Sreenivasen and Swaminathan 1967
18,000
1S static, U unmeasured
-------
Table 34.01 - 2 - ethylhexyl phthahrte (DEHP) - other data
Species
Stage/Age Method* Duration Effect
Cone.
Reference
ftanaarvaf*
Embryo S, M
30 d
Approximate 50% hatch
150 ^g/gb Larsson and Thuren 1987
M
rod, S state
* Fresh weight In sediments
-------
Table 35. EndosuHan - other data.
Species
Bufobufo
japonicvs
Bufo
me/snosffcfuj
Rons pipfons
Rsfw ptpfans
Ranaligrina
Stage/Age
Tadpole
Tadpole
Tadpole
Tadpole
Tadpole
Chemical
Endosulfan
(formulation)
Endosulfan
Endosulfan
(TNodanll)
Endosulfan
(TNodanI)
Endosulfan
Method* Duration
48 hr
S, U 96 hr
U, isolated 96 hr
in pond
24 hr
U. isolated 24 hr
in pond
S, U 96 hr
Effect
LC50
LC50
10%mortaity
100%mortafty
60% mortafty
100% mortality
LC50
Cone. Reference
(^g/L)
9,000 Hashimoto and Nishiuchi 1 981
123 Vardia efa/. 1984
0.112kg/hab MuNa1963c
0.560 kg/ha"
01 12 kg/ha" Multo 1963°
0.560 kg/ha"
1.8 Gopalefa/,1981
S static, U « unmeasured
"Active ingredient
c Reference also died In Table 6 (other data) of the water quality criteria document for endosulfan EPA 440/5-80-046 (USEPA 1980p)
-------
Table 36A. Endrin - acute data.
Species
Bufo woodhousH fowfori
PMUdacris ftfeerfera
nflfM CaiWNMlBfW
Stage/Age
Tadpole
Tadpole
Tadpole
Method*
s.u
S.U
F.M
96-hr
LC50
120
180
2.5
Reference
Sanders 1970, Mayer and Eltersieck
1986
Sanders 1970, Mayer and EHersieck
1986
Thurstonefa/. 1985
1F flow-through, M measured. S static, U » unmeasured
-------
Table 36B. Endrin - other data.
Spedes
Acris cnipitans
Ambystoma
/nacu/afum
Ambystoma
opacum
flufo
amaricama
Bufobufo
Japonfcus
Rana
cof&sboiana
Rana
catesbefana
Rana
hexadactyta
Ranaptptans
Rana
sphanooaphaJa
Rana
snhttnnrimtuibi
Stage/Age
Tadpole
Larva
Larva
Tadpole
Tadpole
Tadpole
Tadpole
Tadpole
Adi*
Embryo
Tadpole
Chemical
Endrin
Endrin
Endrin
Endrin
Endrin
(formulation)
Endrin
Endrin
(formulation)
Endrin
(formulation)
Endrin
Endrin
Endrin
Method*
F,M
F.M
F,M
F,M
F.M
u,
isolated
In pond
s,u
S.U
F,M
F,M
Duration
24 hr
96 hr
24 hr
96 hr
24 hr
96 hr
24 hr
96 hr
48 hr
24 hr
96 hr
96 hr
96 hr
30 d
96 hr
24 hr
96 hr
Effect
ECSO-behavior
LC50 at 8 d
ECSO-behavior
LC50 at 8 d
ECSO-behavior
LC50 at 8 d
ECSO-behavior
LC50 at 8 d
LC50
ECSO-behavior
LCSO at 8 d
90% mortality
LCSO
30%mortaWy
LCSO at 8 d
ECSO-behavior
i r.sn at R H
Cone.
0^9/L)
23
10
48
56
18
18
8
10
12,000
>40
2
0.112kgAiab
021
30
25
13
9
Reference
Hall and Swineford 1981
Had and Swineford 1981
HaH and Swineford 1981
Had and Swineford 1981
riasrumoto ana NrsrMucni
1981
Hal and Swineford 1981
MuHa1963
Khangarotefa/. 1985c
Kaplan and Overpeck
1964
Hal and Sw*n«ford 1980
Hal and Swineford 1981
-------
Tabte 36B. Endtln (continued)
Species
Rana
sphenocephala
Rana
sphenocephata
Rana aytvattca
Rana tetnporarta
Rana temporaria
Rana temporarta
Ranatemponria
Kana nniporana
Rana temporaria
Stage/Age
Tadpole
Sub-adult
Tadpole
Tadpole
Pd)
Tadpole
(8d)
Tadpole
(16 d)
Tadpole
(45 d)
Tadpole
(86 d)
Tadpole
(107 d)
Chemical
Endrin
Endrin
Endrin
Endrin
(formulation)
Endrin
/I* ... iMaiMM\
(formulation)
Endrin
ftf^m MU «ljl.lljL«l\
(lormuianon)
Endrin
(formulation)
Endrin
(formulation)
Endrin
(formulation)
Method*
F.M
F.M
F.M
s.u
s.u
s,u
s.u
s.u
s.u
Duration
96 hr
96 hr
24 hr
96 hr
72 hr
72 hr
72 hr
72 hr
72 hr
72 hr
Effect
LC50 at 8 d
LC50 at 8 d
71 .4 concentration factor at death
34.4 concentration factor at death
51 .8 concentration factor at death
59.4 concentration factor at death
94.3 concentration factor at death
EC50 - behavior
LC50 at 8 d
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
Cone.
(P9/U
6
5
10
12
16
22
30
<16
34
425.3b
50.5b
287.5*
24.3*
17.2*
14.7*
Reference
HaH and Swineford 1980
Had and Swineford 1980
Hal and Swineford 1981
ijit i . it 4 n*rf
wonigemutn 1977
Wohlgemuth 1977
Wohlgemuth 1977
Wohlgemuth 1977
Wohlgemuth 1977
Wohlgemuth 1977
11 Active ingredient
-------
Table 37A. Gumton - acute data.
ho
o
Species
Bufo woodhousH fowhrl
Bufo woodhowtt fowhrt
PMudacrta fW0Ms
Ps9ttdocfis f0(|Ma
Pswdacrts ofeerfafe
Xenopcis foevfo
Xonopus JMMI
XWlOpUS U9VI3
Stage/Age
Tadpole
Tadpole
Tadpole
Tadpole
Tadpole
Embryo
Embryo
Tadpole
Chemical
Guthion
GutMon
Guthion
Guthion 2S
Guthion
Guthion
Guthion 2S
Guthion
Method*
s,u
s.u
R.M
R, M
S.U
R,M
R,M
R.M
96-hr
LC50
(M9/L)
130
109
4,140
840"
460 b
3,200
1,660rt
2.010*
>890e<
4,950 -
4.910"
7,630 «
6,100"
6,280 d
>890»
>7.620 *
11,810'
10,630
>1.300be
1.600*
2,940
Reference
Sanders 1970
Mayer and EKersieck 1986
Schuytema ef a/.
Schuytema ef a/.
1995
1995
Mayer and ENersieck 1986
Schuytema ef a/.
Schuytema ef a/.
Schuytema ef a/.
1994
1994
1995
-------
Table 37A. Guthkm (continued)
Species Stage/Age Chemical Method* 96-hr Reference
LC50
frg/U
Xenopus teevfe Tadpole Guthion2S R,M 590" Schuytemaef a/. 1995
420"
M measured, R renewal. S « static, U = unmeasured
* Active ingredient
* EC50 - deformity (median effective concentration)
'In 10 ml test volume
In 100 ml test volume
tM
-------
Table 37B. Guthton - other dafa.
rv»
rv»
Spedes Stage/Age
Bufobonas Tadpole
Pseudacris rvgfflte Tadpole
Pseudacrla ngHIa Tadpole
Scaphtopus Tadpole
nammorxf
Xenopus foovh Embryo
Chemical Method* Duration Effect
Guthion U. isolated in 24 hr 0% mortality
(formulation) pond
Guthion R.M 8d LC50
NOAEL (mortally)
LOAEL (mortality)
Guthion 2S R.M 96 hr NOAEL (mortally)
NOAEL (mortality)
LOAEL (mortality)
LOAEL (mortality)
8 d LC50
NOAEL (mortality)
LOAEL (mortality)
Guthion U, isolated in 24 hr 0% mortalty
(formulation) pond
GutWon R,M 96 hr NOAEL (length)1
LOAEL (length)'
NOAEL (deformity)1
LOAEL (deformity)*
NOAEL (mortality)'
LOAEL (mortality)*
NOAEL (length)4
LOAEL (length)4
NOAEL (deformity)'
LOAEL (deformity)4
NOAEL (mortally)4
LOAEL (mortality)4
Cone. Reference
GUJ/L)
0.45 kg/hab Mute et a/. 1 963
2,770 Schuytema et a/. 1 995
1.780
9,670
360" Schuytema et at. 1 995
370*
700*
790*
760*
370*
790*
0.45 kg/ha* MuKa et a/. 1 963
em Schuytema et a/. 1994
2,200
510
1,310
3,140
7,160
1.130
3,110
3.110
7,310
7,160
14,060
-------
Table 37B. Guthton (continued)
Species
Xenopus laevfs
XenOpUS MOVW
Xbnoptis foevfs
Stage/Age
Embfyo
Tadpole
Tadpole
Chemical
Guthion 2S
Guthion
Guthion 2S
Method*
R,M
R,M
R,M
Duration
96 hr
96 hr
96 hr
Effect
NOAEL (length)
LOAEL (length)
NOAEL (mortality)
LOAEL (mortaSty)
NOAEL (mortatty)
LOAEL (mortally)
NOAEL (mortaWy)
LOAEL (mortafity)
Cone.
04J/L)
480"
1,300*
1,300"
3.800*
340
1,720
250"
490*
Reference
Schuytema ef al.
Schuytema ef al.
Schuytema ef al.
1994
1995
1995
M measured, R renewal
* Active ingredient
c In 10 ml test volume
' In 100 ml test volume
rs>
ui
-------
Table 38. Hatemethanes - other data.
Species Stage/Age Chemical Method* Duration Effect
Cone. Reference
BufofbMforf Embryo Methylene F.M 7d
chloride
Rana Embryo Methylene F, M 8d
caresbefona chloride
Rana Embryo Methylene F.M 8d
palustrts chloride
LC50
2% deformity at hatch
LC50
1% deformity at hatch
6% deformity at hatch
20% deformity at hatch
LC50
3% deformity at hatch
5% deformity at hatch
> 32,000 Birgeefa/. 1980
32.100
17,780 Birgeefa/. 1980
660
6.730
46.800
> 32,000 Birgeefa/. 1980
10,100
32,100
1F »flow-through, M measured
IS)
-------
Table 39A. Heptachtor - acute data.
Species
Stage/Age
Method*
96-hr
LC50
Reference
Bufo woodhousi tower* Tadpole
Buto woodhoust tower* Tadpole
S.U
S,U
440
435
Sanders 1970
Mayer and Eltersleck 1986
SB static, U unmeasured
ro
ui
-------
Table 39B. Heptachtor - other data
Species
Bufo
arenarum
Ran*
CflfBADONVM
Stage/Age
Embryo
Tadpole
Chemical
Heptachlor
Heptachlor
(formulation)
Method*
S, U
U,
Isolated
In pond
Duration
<42d
15d
13d
96 hr
Effect
0% mortality
100% mortality
100% mortality
80% mortality
Cone.
kO/L)
1,000
5,000
15,000
0.580 kg/ha*
Reference
Juarez and Guzman
1984b
Mute 1963
S - static, U unmeasured
"Active Ingredient
IM
Ol
-------
Table 40A. Hexachtorocyctonexane - acute data.
IS)
Species
Bufo woodhousU fbwferf
Bufo woodhoost towter/
Bufo woodhousi fowforf
Bufo woodhoust fowttri
Pseudacrfe frfeeriefa
Stage/Age
Tadpole
Tadpole
Tadpole
Tadpole
Tadpole
Tadpole
Chemical
Benzene
hexachloride
Benzene
hexachloride
Undane
Undane
Undane
Undane
Method1
s,u
s.u
S,U
. s,u
S,U
s.u
96-hr
LC50
(pg/L)
3,200
4,350
4,400
3,200
2.700
2,650
Reference
Sanders 1970
Mayer and Efersleck 1986
Sanders 1970*
Mayer and Eltersieck 1986
Sanders 1970*
Mayer and EHersieck 1986
S state, U unmeasured
* Reference also dted In Table 6 (other data) for the water qualty criteria document for hexachlorocyclonexane EPA 440/5-80-054 (USEPA
1980s)
-------
Table 40B. Hexachforocyclohexane - other data.
no
09
opOCIOS
Jticroftyto
ornate
Mfcnihyta
ornate
Ran*
cafesoefona
Rana
hexadactyla
Rana plpktns
Xouopus
foevfe
Xenopus
toevis
Stage/Age
Embryo
Tadpole
Tadpole
Tadpole
Adult
Embryo
Tadpole
Chemical
Benzene
hexachloride
Benzene
hexachloride
Undane (EC
1.65)
Undane
Benzene
hexachloride
Undane
Undane
Method*
R.U
R,U
U,
isolated
in pond
S.U
s.u
s,u
Duration
96 hr
96 hr
96 hr
96 hr
30 d
time to hatch
1 wk post-hatch
2 wk post-hatch
3 wk post-hatch
6 wk post-hatch
12 wk post-hatch
1 wk post-hatch
Effect
LC50
12.5% deformity
100% deformity
LC50
0% mortality
10% mortality
LC50
15% mortality
52% hatch
52% hatch
51% hatch
31% hatch
0% mortally
21% mortality
26% mortality
79% mortality
79% mortality
4% mortality
Cone.
(^g/L)
23.370
10.000
20,000
7.270
0.112kg/hab
0.560 kg/ha6
3.970
17,000
0
500
1,000
2.000
500
500
500
500
500
1.000
Reference
Pawar and Katdare 1984
Pawar and Katdare 1984
Mute 1963
Khangarotefa/. 1985c
Kaplan and Overpeck
1964
Marchal-Segault and
Remade 1981
Marchal-Segault and
Ramade1961
-------
Table 408. Hexachtorocydohexane (continued)
Spedes Stage/Age Chemical
Xenopus Tadpole Undane
laevis
Method* Duration
S, U 2 wk post-hatch
3wk post-hatch
6 wk post-hatch
1 wk post-hatch
2wk post-hatch
3wk post-hatch
6wk post-hatch
Effect
37% mortality
71% mortality
100% mortality
6% mortality
75% mortality
89% mortality
100% mortality
Cone.
fog/L)
1,000
1,000
1,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
2,000
Reference
Marchat-SegauK and
Ramade 1981
R renewal, S static, U unmeasured
b Active ingredient
r\»
-------
Table 41 A. Iron - acute data.
Species
Stage/Age
Chemical Method*
96-hr"
LC50
pH Hardness Reference
(as mg/L
CaCoJ
Xenoptu/aevis
Embryo
Iron
R,U
1,900
1,800
6.0
6.0
Under ef a/. 1991
R »renewal, U unmeasured
b Values expressed as iron
-------
Table 41B. Iron - other data.
Species
Bufoborea*
ffana ftexadacfyfe
Xonopus lawfe
Stage/Age
Tadpole
Tadpole
Embryo
Chemical Method* Duration
Ferrous sutfate R, U 18 d
20 d
39 d
Ferrous suffate 96 hr
Iron R, U 96 hr
Effect
100% mortality
100% mortality
100% meta-
morphosis
LC50
NOEC
LOEC
Conc.D
35,000
30,000
20.000
17,620
300
600
pH
5-6
5-6
5-6
6.1
6.0
6.0
Hardness
(asmg/L
CaCoj)
20
Reference
Porter and
Hakanson
1976
Khangarot
era/ 1985b
Under ef a/.
1991
R renewal, U unmeasured
Values expressed as iron
-------
Table 42. Lead-other data
PO
Species
Ambystoma
fetfersonianum
Atnbystorna
opacun?
flute
amerfcanos
BuJbarenarum
BuJbarvnarum
Bufoarenarum
Bufo arenarum
Bufo arvnarum
.
GajD'up/i/yne
caroMnenste
Rana
^Jb^ >»> la* »M»
Stage/Age
Embryo
Embryo
Tadpole
Embryo
Embryo
(stage 12)
Embryo
(stage 18)
Embryo
(stage 20)
Tadpole
Embryo
Tadpole
Chemical
Lead
chloride
Lead
chloride
Lead
nitrate
Lead
nitrate
Lead
Lead
Lead
Lead
Lead
chloride
Lead
Jtrato
Method'
S.M
S.M
s.u
s.u
s.u
s,u
S.U
s.u
R.M
R.M
Duration
96 hr
8d
144hr
48 hr
20 hr
20 hr
20 hr
120hr
7d
144hr
Effect
None
LC50
No avoidance
LC50
80-1 00% deformity
12% mortafity, 70%
deformity at 96 hr
55% mortalty. 41%
deformity at 96 hr
20% mortalty, 38%
deformity at 96 hr
40% mortalty
60% mortalty
LC50
Activity less variable
m **nmtmle nn affiatf*4e
Cone.*
2.000
1.460
500-1,000
470-900
1,000
1,000
1.000
1,000
8,000
16,000
40
1,000
PH
4.5
7.2-7.8
«
4
t
t
d
«
d
7.4
7.2
Hardness Reference
(asmg/L
CaCO,)
- Home and
Dunson 1994
93-105 Birgeefa/.
19780*
Stoetoefaf. 1991
Perez-Col ef a/.
* 1988
d
Perez-Col and
Herkovits 1990
Perez-Col and
Herkovits 1990
tf
Perez-Col and
Herkovits 1990
' Herkovits and
' Perez-CoH 1991
195 Birge 1978*,
Birgeefa/. 1979a
340 Steeleefaf. 1989
on avoidance or
preference
-------
Table 42. Lead (continued)
u>
u>
Species
Ran*
Puna
damXant
Rana
cfeniflafM
Stage/Age Chemcal Method' Duration
Tadpole Lead R.U 48 hr
Ut , tm
nutate
144 hr
24 hr
144 hr
120hr
Tadpole Lead S, U 144 hr
nitrate
144 hr
Tadpole Lead S, U 120 hr
nitrate
144 hr
Effect
Impaired learning
response
Reduced learning
response
Impaired learning
response
Pronounced
depression in
response
Decreased learning
retention
same as control
Increased variabHNy In
in Tn» -l-li I _«M>«llu
ucornoior acnvity
Adverse effects on
memory
Adverse effects In
Cone"
(Fgfl.)
500
500
625-1,000
625-1,000
625-1,000
500
750-1,000
750
750
PH
7.2
72
72
7.2
72
72
72
Hardness
(asmg/L
CaCO,)
340
340
340
340
340
340
340
Reference
Strickter-Shaw
and Taylor 1991
Taylor 1990
Strickter-Shaw
and Taylor 1990
Tadpole Lead
S, U 96 hr
learning
LC50
33,280
6.1
20 Khargarotefa/.
1985b
-------
Table 42. Lead (continued)
Species
Stage/Age Chemical Method* Duration
Effect
Cone." pH Hardness Reference
(Fg/L) (as mg/L
CaCO,)
Wane Embryo Lead
rrignxnacutofa nitrate
S, U 24 hr
Ranapljpfefts Adult Lead
nitrate
Xanoput leevto Embryo Lead
R.U 30 d
S,U 6d
23.6 primordial germ
cells at 6 5d
23.7 primordial germ
celts at 11 d
37.4 primordial germ
ceRBat17d
16.2 primordial germ
cells at 6.5 d
16.5 primordial germ
cells at 11 d
36.2 primordial germ
cells at 17 d
17.3 primordial
germ ceHs at 6.5 d
18.8 primordial germ
cells at 11 d
33.8 primordial germ
cells at 17 d
LC50
Moderate deformation
at 200 mg/L Mg
Severe deformation at
Omg/LMg
1% itufUilty at
200 mg/L Mg
16% mortaMy at
OmgAMg
11,200
11,200
11,200
21,700
21,700
21.700
43,400
43,400
43.400
Hah 1978
',000*
1,000 '
1 «
1,000 '
t
1
- Kaplan ef a/.
1967*
Miller and
Landesman
1978
t
t
-------
Table 42. Lead (continued)
(A)
in
Species Stage/Age Chemical Method* Duration Effect
Xenopus laevts Embryo Lead S, U 96 hr 1 3% with deformed
acetate tail
50% with deformed
tail
38% with neural tube
deficit
3 wk 27% with deformed
tail
50% with defromed
tail
96 hr Whole body residue
1.2^g/g
Whole body residue
2.8/jg/g
Whole body residue
1 wk Whole body residue
17.6//g/g
Whole body residue
40.4 pg/g
Whole body residue
2 wk Whole body residue
28.4 ^g/g
Whole body residue
47.2 /jg/g
Whole body residue
Cone."
1,000
3,000
3,000
500
1,000
500
1,000
3,000
500
1.000
3.000
500
1.000
3.000
pH Hardness Reference
(asmg/L
CaCO,)
7.7
7.7
7.7
7.7
7.7
7.7
7.7
7.7
7.7
7.7
7.7
7.7
7.7
7.7
110 Sobotkaand
Rahwan 1995
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
-------
Table 42. Lead (continued)
Spedes Stage/Age Chemical Method* Duration Effect
Xenopus teevfo Embryo Lead S, U 3wk Whole body residue
acetate 3.2 ^g/g
Whole body residue
2.6 jiy/g
Whole body residue
71 uglg
Whole body residue
100.5 jig/g
6 mo. Whole body residue
2-2 jig/g
Whole body residue
24 pg/g
Whole body residue
9.0 vgfg
Cone"
G4J/L)
20
50
100
3,000
20
50
100
pH Hardness
(asmg/L
CaCOj)
7.7
7.7
7.7
7.7
7.7
7.7
7.7
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
Reference
Sobotka and
Rahman 1995
M measured, R renewal, 8 state, U unmeasured
» Values expressed M lead
Reference also dtsd In Table 6 (other data) of the water quaMy criteria document for lead EPA 440/5-84-027 (USEPA19851)
* 10% HoMreter's solution
Cited as 100 pg/L hi water quaMy criteria document
-------
Table 43A. MaMhkm - acute data.
Species Stage/Age Method*
Bofo woodhou*H fowled Tadpote S, U
Psoudecrls ftfeorMv Tadpole S. U
Xenopu* Jaevfo Embryo S, U
8 stale, U unmeasured
b ECSO (abnormal pigmentafion)
ECoO (aDnormai gut)
96-hr
LC50
0^9/L)
420
200
10,900
330"
790-=
2,160"
Reference
Sanders 1970, Mayer and EKersieck
1986
Sanders 1970. Mayer and ERersleck
1986
Snawder and Chambers 1989
-------
Table 43B. Malathion - other data.
u>
00
Species
Bufo
arenarum
Bufo
Bufo
wwwum
HylarogHIa
Mkrohyta
ornate
Rana
hoxadacfyta
Rana
caresoetena
Rana plplons
RanaSgrina
Rana Ugrina
Stage/Age
Embryo
Embryo
Tadpole
Tadpole
Embryo
Tadpole
Tadpole
Adult
Embryo
Tadpole
(feeding
stage)
Chemical
Malathion
Malathion
Malathion
Malathion
Malathion
Malathion
(formulation)
Malathion
(formulation)
Malathion
Malathion
(formulation)
Malathion '
(formulation)
Method*
s,u
s,u
s.u
s,u
S,U
s,u
F,U
R,U
R.U
Duration
5d
5d
144 hr
24 hr
96 hr
96 hr
96 hr
48 hr
15d
24 hr
24 hr
<52d
7d
549
Effect
67% mortality
Development unaffected
100% mortality
LC50
Lowered thermal tolerance
23% deformity
100% deformity
100% deformity, 35%
mortality
100% mortality
LC50
40% mortality
LC50
83% mortality
100% mortality
Threshold survival
LC50
100% mortaSty
Threshold beyond feeding
Cone.
44,000
470
47,300
19,200
25-500
1,000
5,000
10,000
15,000
0.59
5,000
150,000
175,000
40,000
30,000
900-700e
40,000-
5,000"
900
Reference
Rosenbaum et al. 1 988
deUamasefa/.
Venturinoefa/.
Johnson 1980
1985
f992
Pawarefa/. 1983
Khangarot et al.
1985c
Hal and Kobe 1980
Kaplan and Gtar
1965b
Dutta 1981
Dutta 1981
c^enaiu
idiand
diand
stage
-------
u»
VD
Table 43B. Matathton (continued)
Species
Stage/Age Chemical Method* Duration Effect
Cone. Reference
Raneligrina. Tadpole
(Imbbud
stage)
MatetWon
(formulation)
Xenopus
toevfs
Embryo MatetWon
R,U
S.U
>49 Threshold beyond limb bud
stage
>49 Threshold metamorphosis
96 hr 18% deformity
100% deformity
90,000 Mohanty-Hejmadi and
Dutta1981
7,000
1,000 Snawder and Chambers
5,000 1990
F flow-through, R renewal, S static, U unmeasured
'Reference not seen, cttad In Power ef a/. 1989
c Exposed to decreasing concentrations
-------
Table 44. Manganese - other data.
Species
Gasfropnryne
caroflneruJs
Mcrofcyfe
ornate
Xenopus
loevis
M » measured,
* M*«|MI»B mnr*»mmm
Stage/Age
Embryo
Tadpole
Tadpole
Embryo
R renewal,
met marwiai
Chemical Method* Duration
Manganese S, M 7 d
chloride
Manganese R, U 96 hr
sulfate
Manganese R, U 96 hr
sulfate
Manganese S, U 6 d
S static, U * unmeasured
namm
Effect
LC50
LC50
LC50
No deformation
at 200 ^g/L Mg
Severe deformation
at 0 ^g/L Mg
6% mortality
at 200^g/LMg
8% mortality
at 0 Aig/L Mg
Cone" pH
1,420 7.4
14,840 6.9
14,330 6.9
10,000
C
1
10,000 e
e
1
Hardness
(asrng/L
CaCOj)
195
142-145
142-145
e
c
c
e
Reference
Birge1978, Birgeef
a/. 1979a
Rao and Madhyastha
1987
Milter and Landesman
1978
10% Holtfreter-s solution
-------
Table 45A. Mercury - acute data.
spodos
Rana
hockschort
Rana
heckscharl
Stage/Age
Tadpole
Adult
Chemical
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Method*
S.M
S.M
96-hr"
LC50
O^g/L)
502
3.252
pH
7.2
7.2
Hardness
(as mg/L
CaCo,)
351
352
Reference
Punzo 1993a
Punzo1993b
M manured. S static
* Value expressed as mercury
-------
Table 458. Mercury - other data.
Species
Acris cnpXana
blanchanM
Ambystoma
Ambyttoma
Ambystoma
opacum
Ambystoma
opacum
Bufobufo
japonicus
BurboVMMVs
OBOMFS
OUTO fOVnOFI
Bufo towtoii
Stage/Age
Embryo
Larva
Larva
Embryo
Embryo
Tadpole
Embryo
Embryo
Tadpole
Chemical Method1 Duration
Mercuric R, M 7 d
chloride
Mercuric S, M 48 hr
chloride
Mercuric S. M 48 hr
chloride
Mercuric R, M 7 d
chloride
Mercuric S, M 8 d
chloride
Phenyl 48 hr
mercury
acetate
(formulation)
Mercuric R, M 7 d
chloride
Mercuric R, M 7 d
chloride
Mercuric R, M 7-8 d
chloride
Effect
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
1% deformity
2% deformity
7% deformity
16% deformity
16% deformity
Cone."
10.4
259
296
107.5
110
120
40
65.9
5
10
25
50
75
PH
7.0-7.8
7.0-7.8
7.2-7.8
7.0-7.8
7.0-7.8
7.0-7.8
7.0-7.8
7.0-7.8
7.0-7.8
7.0-7.8
Hardness
(as mg/L
CaCO,)
90-105
90-105
93-105
90-105
90-105
90-105
90-105
90-105
90-105
90-105
Reference
Birgeefa/. 1979bc
Stoofand
Baerseknan 1980*
Sloofefa/. 1983
Birgeefa/. 1979b*
Birgeefa/. 1978b
Hashimoto and
Nrshiuchi 1981
Birgeefa/. 1979b*
Birgeefa/1979bc,
Birgeefa/. 1983
Birgeefa/. 1983
Btfrbfewforf Tadpoto Mercuric R,M 72 hr
chloride
LC50
25-50 7.9 200 Birge and Black
1977
-------
Table 45B. Mercury (continued)
Species
Bufo
mefomuffcftfs
Bufo
me/anosffcfiM
Bufo
metonoaffefift
Bufopuncfaftn
Bufo puncfafut
Bufo punctatua
Gsstrophtyno
caroinem/s
Gadropnryrw
caroinefufo
caroflbensfo
carolinensla
Stage/Age
Tadpole
Tadpole
Tadpole
Embryo
Embryo
Embryo
Embryo
Embryo
Embryo
Embryo
Chemical
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Methyl
mercury
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Method1
s,u
s.u
s.u
R.M
R,M
R.M
R,M
R.M
R,M
R,M
Duration
96 hr
96 hr
96 hr
7d
7d
72 hr
7d
7d
7d
72 hr
Effect
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
1% deformity
8% deformity
11% deformity
60% deformity
82% deformity
LC50
LC50
LC50
8%defomfty
12% deformity
17% deformity
LC50
Conc.b
43.6
185
56
36.8
7
10
25
50
75
25-50
1.3
1
1
2
5
1
pH
7.4
7.4-7.6
7.4-7.6
7.0-7.8
7.0-7.8
7.0-7.8
7.0-7.8
7.0-7.8
7.0-7.8
7.9
7.0-7.8
7.4
7.0-7.8
7.0-7.8
7.0-7.8
7.9
Hardness
(asmg/L
CaCO,)
185
220-240
220-240
90-105
90-105
90-105
90-105
90-105
90-105
200
90-105
195
90-105
90-105
90-105
200
Reference
Khangarot and
Ray 1987
Paufose 1988
Paulose1988
Bkgeefaf. 19790*.
Birge eTa/. 1983
Btrge etal. 1983
Birge and Black
1977
Bhge efa/. 19790*.
Birge efa/. 1983
Birge 1978, Birge
ef a/. 1979a
Birge era/. 1983
Birge and Black
1977
-------
Table 45B. Mercury (continued)
Species
«. -*-
rfyn
c/wysoceM
Hyia
chtysoctttis
Hyto
chrysocophafa
Hyta cfuclfer
rryiByr
Hyta MJUrWMI
*»«*»
Hyta versfcohr
Microhyto
omata
Microhyla
omata
Stage/Age
Embryo
Embryo
Embryo
Embryo
Embryo
Embryo
Embryo
Embryo
Embryo
Tadpole
Chemical
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
wiercunc
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercb.lc
chloride
Method* Duration
R.M 7d
R,M 7d
R, M 72 hr
R, M 7 d
R,M 7d
R.M 7d
R.M 3d
R.M 7d
S,U 96 hr
S. U 96 hr
Effect
LC50
1% deformity
5% defonity
14% deformity
23% deformity
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
Cone."
2.4
1
2
5
7
5
2.8
2.5
2.4
5
2.8
126
88
pH Hardness
(asmg/L
CaCO,)
7.0-7.8
7.0-7.8
7.0-7.8
7.0-7.8
7.0-7.8
7.9
7.0-7.8
7.0-7.8
7.0-7.8
7.9
7.0-7.8
90-105
90-105
90-105
90-105
90-105
200
90-105
90-105
90-105
200
90-105
54
54
Reference
Birgeefa/.
1979^.
Birgeefa/. 1983
Birgeefa/. 1983
Birge and Black
1977
Birge ef a/ f979bc
Birgeefa/. 1979D*
Birgeefa/. f979bc
Birge and Black
1977
Birgeefa/. 19790"
Ghate and
Mulherkar1980
Ghate and
Mulherkar 1980
-------
Table 45B. Mercury (continued)
Spedes
Microhyla
ornate
Mfcrohyto
omata
Rana
orevfcaps
Rana
bnvfctfps
Rana
catesbeiana
and R. piptons
Rana
catosboiana
and R, pfpfans
Rant
cyanofihtydit
Ranagryto
Stage/Age
Tadpole
dwfc)
Tadpole
<4wk)
Tadpole
Tadpole
Tadpole
AduR
Adult
Embryo
Chemical
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Methyl
mercury
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mercuric
chloride
Mathoxy elhyl
mercuric
chloride
ftnJWLU lehll.M-l Y
(VDrmuiBoon)
Mercuric
chloride
Method* Duration
S, U 96 hr
S. U 96 hr
S, U 96 hr
S, U 96 hr
S.M 5d
S. M 96 hr
R, U 96 hr
130 d
R,M 7d
Effect
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
0% mortality
20% mortality
80% mortality
LC50
Spermatogenesls
affected
LC50
Cone."
(MO/L)
1,120
1,430
207
60
1,000
5,000
7,500
10,000
1.650
330
67.2
pH Hardness Reference
(asmg/L
CaCO3)
142-145 Rao anck
Madhyastha
1987
142-145 Rao and
Madhyastha
1987
7.4-7.6 220-240 Paulose 1988
7.4-7.6 220-240 Paulose 1988
Birge and Just
1973' 1975
Birge and Just
* 1973'
Kanamadl and
__,, __,, OnlrJQjii if 1QQ9
- OoluapUl ICF9£
7.0-7.8 90-105 Birge at a/.
1979be,
Birge efa/. 1983
-------
Table 45B. Mercury (continued)
Spedes Stage/Age
Pane grytio Embryo
Rana gryto Embryo
Ran* Embryo
heckscheri .
Rana Embryo
hackachart
Rana Embryo
hoctfschorl
Rana AduR
heckschori
Chemical Method* Duration
Mercuric R, M 7 d
chloride
Mercuric R, M 6 d
chloride
Mercuric R, M 7 d
chloride
Mercuric R, M 6 d
chloride
Mercuric S, U 96 hr
chloride
3hr
2-3 wk
Mercuric S, M 96 hr
chloride 30-60 d
Effect
1% deformity
4% deformity
5% deformity
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
90% fertiization
success
69% fertiization
success
27% fertiization
success
0% fertilization
success
1.5-2,3% deformity
1.5-6.5% deformity
4.5-34.0% deformity
LC50
Significant decrease
Cone."
G4J/L)
25
50
75
75
59.9
75
502
370
739
1,848
3,695
370
739
1,848
3,252
650
pH Hardness
(asmg/L
CaCO,)
7.0-7.8
7.0-7.8
7.0-7.8
7.9
7.0-7.8
7.9
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
90-105
90-105
90-105
200
90-105
200
351
351
351
351
351
351
351
351
352
352
Reference
Birge of a/. 1983
Birge and Black
1977
Blrgeefa/. 1979bc
Birge and Black
1977
Punzo 1993a
Punzo 1993b
in ovanan mass
-------
Table 45B. Mercury (continued)
Species
Stage/Age Chemical Method* Duration
Effect
Cone.
pH Hardness Reference
(asmg/L
CaCO,)
Rana Tadpole Mercuric S, U 96 hr
nexadbcfyfe chloride
Rana Embryo Mercuric S, U 24 hr
nAjrofrtacuMi chloride
LC50
20.6 primordial germ
cells at 6.5 d
21 .2 primordial germ
cells at 1 1 d
35.2 primordial germ
cells at 17 d
18.2 primordial germ
cells at 6.5 d
18.0 primordial germ
cells at 1 1 d
28.1 primordial germ
cells at 1 7 d
11.0 primordial germ
cells at 6.5 d
12.3 primordial germ
cells at 11 d
22 primordial germ
cells at 1 7 d
51
150
150
150
300
300
300
590
590
590
6.1
g
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
20 Khangarotefa/
1985b
' Hah 1978
0
0
9
9
0
0
9
0
Rana fusions Embryo Mercuric R, M 7 d
chloride
Rana pijpfen* Embryo Mercuric R, M 7 d
chloride
LC50
4% deformHy
7% deformity
14% deformity
15% deformity
9% deformity
19% deformity
31% deformity
7.3 7.0-7.8 90-105 Blrge ef a/. 1979tf,
Birge efa/. 1983
1 7.0-7.8 90-105 Birge efa/. 1983
2 7.0-7.8 90-105
5 7.0-7.8 90-105
7 7.0-7.8 90-105
10 7.0-7.8 90-105
25 7.0-7.8 90-105
50 7.0-7.8 90-105
-------
Table 45B. Mercury (continued)
00
Species
Ranapipiens
Ranapipiens
Ranapipiens
Rana pipions
Ranapipiens
Ranapipiens
Ranapipiens
Ranapipiens
Stage/Ape
Embryo
(cleavage)
Embryo
(Mastula)
Embryo
(gastmla)
Embryo
(neurula)
Embryo
(tail bud)
Embryo
Embryo
(Mastula)
Embryo
(gastnila)
Chemical Method* Duration
Mercuric S, M 96 hr
chloride
Mercuric S, M 96 hr
chloride
Mercuric S, M 96 hr
chloride
Mercuric S, M 96 hr
chloride
Mercuric S, M 96 hr
chloride
Mercuric R, M 6 d
chloride
Methyl S, U 5 d
mercury
chloride
Methyl S, U 5 d
mercury
chloride
Effect
6% mortality
7% mortaMy
100% mortaMy
22% mortaMy
18% mortality
100% mortality
5% mortaMy
15% mortaMy
20% mortaMy
100% mortaMy
4% mortaMy
12% mortaMy
7% mortaMy
100% mortaMy
5% mortaMy
7% mortaMy
20% mortaMy
80% mortality
LC50
LC50
EC50 (deformity)
LC50
EC50 (deformity)
Cone."
0.1
1
10
0.1
1
10
0.1
1
10
100
0.4
1
10
100
0.1
1
10
100
10
12-16
0-4
8-12
8-12
pH Hardness Reference
(asmg/L
CaCOJ
Birge and Just
* 1973M975
Birge and Just
' 1973',1975
Birge and Just
1973f,1975
Birge and Just
' 1973M975
Birge and Just
' 1973M975
7.9 200 Birge and Black
1977
* * Dial! 976 «'
k h
* * Dial 1976er
k h
-------
Table 45B. Mercury (continued)
vo
Species Stage/Age
Rone pJjpfon* Embryo
(neurute)
Ronsplptont Tadpole
Triurua AduR
vfrfcfescwir
Xonopus Isovfs Embryo
Xenopus toevrs Embryo
.
Chemical Method* Duration
Methyl S, U 5 d
mercury
chloride
Methyl S. U 48 hr
mercury 3-4 mo
chloride
Methyl R.U >2d
mercury 8 d
chloride 17 d
Mercury S, U 6 d
Methyl R,M >10d
mercury
chloride
Effect
LC50
EC50 (deformity)
100%mortaity
No metamorphosis
Delayed regeneration
100% mortality
100% mortality
Moderate to severe
deformity at 200 mg/L
Mg
Severe deformity at
Omg/LMg
21% mortally at 200
mg/LMg
6% mortalty at 0 mg/L
Mg
18% deformity
21% deformity
38% deformity
61% deformity
37% deformity
12% mortality
21% mortality
11% mortality
22% mortality
63% mortality
Cone." pH Hardness Reference
(ng/L) (as mg/L
CaCO,)
12-10 * * 0311976*'
12
50-100 Changers/. 1974'
1-10
8 Chang era/. 1976"
BOO1
240>
k k
100 Miller and
Landesman
1978
1
k k
100
k k
1
0.3 i Dumpert and Zietz
1.6 , 1984
8
40
80 '
0.3 -
1.0 '
8 ,
40 ,
80
-------
Tabte 458. Mercuty (continued)
Spedes
Xenopustoevfe
Stage/Age
Embryo
Chemical
Mercuric
chloride
Method'
R.M
Duration
7d
Effect
54% mortality'"
72% mortality"1
Conc.b
tal/L)
0.16
0.34
PH
7.3
7.3
Hardness
(asmg/L
CaCO,)
102
102
Reference
Birgeefa/. 1979b
Xenopus toevfo Tadpole Mercuric S, U
chloride
48 hr
LC50
74
deZwarfandSloof
1987, Slooftrfa/
19B3c,Sloofand
Baerselman 19801
U1
o
F - Mow-through. M measured, R renewal. S - static, U - unmeasured
* Values expressed as mercury (Bufo bufojaponicus entry expressed as formulation, Pane cyanophtyctls entry expressed as methoxyethyl
mercuric chloride)
1 Referent* also dted hi Table 6 (other data) of the water qualty criteria document for mercury EPA 440/5-84-026 (USERA 1985g)
'Dutch Standard water
Modifed HoMreter's SoMton
1 Reference also dted In Table 6 (other data) of the water qualty criteria document for mercury EPA 440/5-80-058 (USEPA19800
Steinberg's Solution
HoMreter's Solution
' Cited as 8 uQlL hi EPA/5-80-058 (USEPA 19800 and as 1,000 Mg/L in EPA/ 440/5-84-026 (USEPA 1985g)
' Cited as 24 pg/L In EPA 540-058 (USEPA 19800 and as 1,000 ^g/L In EPA/ 440/5-84-026 (USEPA 1985g)
* 10% HoRfretar's Solution
1 German standard 16-19 dH
"Parents held In 02 pg/L mercury for 11 months
-------
Table 46A. Methoxychlor - acute data.
Species
Stage/Age
Method*
96-hr
LC50
Reference
Pseudacrls trfeeriato Tadpole
Pseudacrfe MseriMi Tadpole
S,U
S.U
330
333
Sanders 1970
Mayer and EBersleck 1986
'S « static, U unmeasured
-------
Table 46B. Methoxychor - other data
Species
Stage/Age Method* Duration Effect
Cone. Reference
Bufb Btn&ricanus
Bufo woodhousli
fowtofi
Bufo woodhousH
fowtori
Ranaplptons
AduR
S, M
Tadpole S, U
Tadpole S, U
AduR S,U
30 d
1d
6d
36 d
48 hr LC50
48 hr LC50
Whole body residue 145
Whole body residue 244
Whole body residue 124
25% mortality
69 Hall and Swineford 1979
69
69
110 Sanders 1970
100 Mayer and EBersieck 1986
80 Kaplan and Overpeck 1964
in
ro
M measured, S static, U unmeasured
-------
Table 47A. Methyl paratMon - acute data.
Species
Stage/Age
Method1
96-hr
LC50
Reference
Pseudacrfe frfseriato Tadpole
S,U
3.700
Mayer and Elersieck 1986
S static, U unmeasured
-------
Table 47B. Methyl parathion - other data
en
opGCIBS
Bufo
bofoss
Hyla
regito
ScapMoput
hammondl
Rana
iMMMMlafcM^fa
cyanopntycitf
Rana
cyanop/**.
R renewal, S
* AHhr a InnraHUki
Stage/Age
Tadpole
Tadpole
Tadpole
Tadpole
Tadpole
-statfc.U-
nt
Chemical
Methyl
parathion
(formulation)
Motnyl
parathion
Methyl
parathion
IIUlflfUlMUUIl/
Methyl
pflfBlInOfl
(formulation)
Methyl
parathion
(formulation)
unmeasured
Method*
U,
isolated
in pond
s.u
u.
Isolated
In pond
s,u
R,U
Duration Effect
24 hr 0% mortality
24 hr Lowered thermal tolerance
24 hr 0% mortality
24 hr Increased brain glucose,
increased oxygen
consumption
96 hr LC50-mate
LCSO-female
Cone.
0.45 kg/hab
25-100
0.45 kg/ha*
5,000
8,000
11,500
Reference
Mulla1962,Mullaefa/.
1963
Johnson 1980
Mute 1962. Mute era/
1963
Yasmeenand
Nayeemunisa 1985
Mudgal and PatJ1 1987
-------
Table 48. Mtrex - other data.
in
ut
Species Stage/Age Chemical
Aalsgryttn Adult Mrex (baH)
"
Method* Duration
M. single 5 d post-
dose to treatment
pond 38 d
post-
treatment
6 mo
post-
treatment
12 mo
post-
treatment
16 mo
post-
treatment
Effect
Whole body residue
30 jjg/kg
Whole body residue
226 jjg/kg
Whole body residue
288 jjg/kg
Whole body residue
20 ^g/kg
Whole body residue
50 ^ig/kg
Cone. Reference
04J/L)
42g/hab Coins era/ 1973
*^
4.2 g/hak
4.2 g/hak
42g/hab
4.2 g/ha"
*M« measured
* Active ingredient
-------
Table 49A. Naphthalene - acute data.
Species
Stage/Age
Method*
96-hr
LC50
Reference
Xenopus laovia
Tadpole
F,M
2,100
Edrnfeten and Bantte 1982
F flow-through, M measured
Ul
CM
-------
Table 496. Naphthalene - other data
Species
Stage/Age
Method* Duration Effect
Cone. Reference
Xenopus laevis Tadpole
F, M 6 hr EC5O (pigment loss)
EC5O (absence of
swimming)
3,700 Edmisten and Bantte 1982
1.700,2,300
1F flow-through, M measured
in
-------
Table 50A. Nickel - acute data.
Species
Xenopua laevis
Xenopus laevis
Stage/Age
Embryo
Embryo
Chemical
Nickel
Nickel
chloride
Method*
s.u
R,M
96-hr*
LC50
04J/L)
1,800
1,700
21,429
146"
PH
6.0
6.0
6.8
6.8
Hairiness
(as mg/L
CaCOj)
c
Reference
Under et at. 1991
Hopfer eta/. 1991
M measured, R renewal, S static, U * unmeasured
"Values expressed as nickel
'FETAX solution
"EC50
in
oo
-------
Table SOB. Mckel - other data.
in
Species
Ambystama
opacum
Bufo fawtoft
Butb
metanoyffcftit
Gajfrophryne
csmtinensis
GasffDp/iryne
caroflnens/s
Xenopos
foevts
Xanopus
rOOnS
Stage/Age
Embryo
Embryo
Tadpole
Embryo
Embryo
Embryo
Embryo
Chemical Method* Duration
Nickel S. M 8 d
chloride
Mckel R. M 7 d
chloride
Nickel S. U 96 hr
sulfate
Mckel R. M 7 d
chloride
Mckel R, M 7 d
chloride
Mckel R. M 24 hr
chloride
Mckel S, U 96 hr
Effect
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
26% deformity 5-29 hr
post-fertiization
92% deformity 29-53
hr post-fertjization
100% deformity 53-75
hr post-fertilization
21% deformity 75-1 01
hr post-fertilization
NOEC
LOEC
Cone."
420
11.030
25.320
50
50
1.761
1,761
1.761
1.761
<300
300
PH
7.2-7.8
7.2-7.7
7.4
7.4
_
6.8
6.8
6.8
6.8
7.4
7.4
Hardness Reference
(asmg/L
CaCO,)
93-1 05 Birge et a/. 1 978brt
95-103 Birge and Black
1980"
1 85 Khangarot and Ray
1987
195 Birge 19780*.
Birge era/. 1979a°1
95-103 Birge and Black
1980"
' Hoofer ef a/. 1991
*
,
Under ef a/. 1991
M measured. R renewal, S static, U = unmeasured
" Values expressed as nickel
' Reference also cried In Table 6 (other data) of the water qualty criteria document for nickel EPA 440/5-80-060(USEPA 1980w)
4 Reference also died In Table 6 (other data) of the water quality criteria document for nickel EPA 440/5-86-004(USEPA 1986b)
' Fetax solution
-------
Table 51. Nitrobenzene - other data.
Species
Stage/Age Method* Duration Effect
Cone. Reference
Embryo F, M
9d
LC50
2%deformrty
0%deformity
4% deformity
640 Black et at 1982
100
410
1,270
F flow-through, M measured
Ol
o
-------
Table 52A. Nftrosamlnes - acute data.
Species Stage/Age Chemical Method* 96-hr Reference
LC50
Xenopusteevfe Embryo N-nrtroso- S, U 3,500 Fort ef a/. 1991
dimethylamine 3,200
2,300"
S static, U unmeasured
"EC50
-------
O»
ro
Table 528. Nttrosamines - other data
Spedes
Stage/Age Chemical
Method* Duration Effect
Cone, Reference
Rana Adult
temporaria
N - nftroso- R, U
dimethylamine
63 d First tumor induction, 43.6%
tumor incidence
77 d First tumor induction, 44.2%
tumor incidence
144 d 50% tumor incidence
5,000 Khudoley 1977a,
1977b
50,000
5.000
1R renewal, U unmeasured
-------
Table 53A. ParatMon - acute data.
Species
Bufo woodhoust fowfoif
PsBudscrfs trtsortsfa
Pseudacrts frfoertate
Xenopti s foevfe
Stage/Age
Tadpole
Tadpole
Tadpole
Embryo
Method*
s,u
s,u
S,U
S.U
96-hr
LC50
(^9/L)
> 1,000
1,000
1,080
14,700
330"
460*
5,420"
Reference
Mayer and EHersieck 1986
Sanders 1970
Mayer and EBersJeck 1986
Snawder and Chambers 1984
S staflc, U unmeasured
ECSO (aboormel pigmentation)
'EC50 (abnormal gut)
' ECSO (abnormal notochord)
CO
-------
Table 53B. ParatMon - other data.
**.
Acrls
fiufo
arenarum
Bufo
arenafufn
flufoboreas
Bufobufo
japonicus
Rana
cafosfcefona
Rana
Stage/Age
AduR
Embryo
Tadpole
Tadpole
Tadpole
Tadpole
Tadpole
Chemical
ParatNon
ParatNon
ParatNon
ParatNon
(formulation)
Parathion
ParatNon
ParatNon
Method*
S,M
s.u
s.u
u,
Isolated
in pond
F.U
F,M
S,M
Duration
96 hr
120hr
120hr
24 hr
48 hr
96 hr
96 hr
96 hr
Effect
Whole body residue 80 «jg/kg
Whole body residue
4,600 /4)/kg
LC50
LC50
0% mortality
LC50
95% mortality
Magnified 64 times
Whole body residue
4 4OO i
-------
Table 53B. ParatMon (continued)
Spedes
Stage/Age Chemical Method* Duration Effect
Cone. Reference
Rana
Ol
Ol
damltans
Rant
dotnltans
Ranapiphns Adult
Tadpole Parathion F, M 96 hr Whole body residue
740 i4j/kg at biomass loading
of 12.75 g/L and flow of
5 ml/min
Whole body residue
490 /^g/Vg at biomass loading
of 25 g/L and flow at
0.5 ml/min
Whole body residue
730 /^g/Vg at biomass loading
of 25 g/L and flow of
5 ml/min
0% mortalty at 10 animals/L
0% mortalty at 20 animals/L
15% mortalty at 10 animals/L
and flow of 0.5 ml/min
85% mortalty at 10 animals/L
and flow of 5 ml/min
0% mortality at 20 animals/L
and flow of 0.5 ml/min
75% mortalty at 20 animals/L
and flow of 5 ml/min
Parathion 48 hr LC50
15 d Increase in anemia and
leucopenia with increasing
concentration
Tadpole Parathion
^_^a >^ Hair fit in
IMpOW rWmlwOn
S, M 24 hr
F, M 24 hr
1,000 Hal 1990
1,000
1,000
5.000 Hal 1990
5,000
5,000 Hal 1990
5,000
5.000
5,000
10,000 Kaplan and Glaczlnski
5.000- 1965e
25,000
-------
cri
cri
Table S3B. ParatNon (continued)
Species
Stage/Age Chemical Method* Duration Effect
Cone. Reference
Scaphtopus Tadpole
nammondF
Parathlon U. 24 hr
(formulation) isolated
in pond
0% mortality
0.45 kg/hab Mute ef a/. 1963
F flow-through, M « measured, S - static, U « unmeasured
b Active ingredient
1 Reference not seen, dtod in Power ef a/. 1989
-------
Table 54A. Perrtachlorophenol - acute data.
Species Stage/Age Method* 96-hr pH Reference
LC50
Ran* cafosfcaferw Tadpole F.M 207 8 Thurstonefa/. 1985*
1F » flow-through, M measured
Reference also cited In Table 1 (acute data) of the water quality criteria document for perrtachlorophenol EPA 440/5-86-009 (USEPA 1986e);
value In document, 44.48 /jg/L, had been adjusted to pH 6.5
o»
-------
Table 54B Pentachlorophenol - other data.
at
oo
Species
Ambystoma
mexkanum
Bufobuh
Japonicus
Bufobufo
faponicua
Bufobuh
japonicus
Rana
hexadactyta
Rana pfpktns
Xenopus
laevis
Xenopu*
feevfe
R renewal, 8
krWd^k Ch>»u4A»
Stage/Age
Larva
Tadpole
Tadpole
Tadpole
Tadpole
Tadpole
Tadpole
Tadpole
Chemical
Pentachlorophenol
Pentachlorophenol
(formulation)
PentKhtorophenol-sodium
/Ciuvwu alftlSjuA
(formulation)
Pentachlorophenol-copper
Pentachlorophenol-sodium
Pentachlorophenol-sodium
Pentachlorophenol
Pentachtorophenol
Method* Duration
S, U 48 hr
48 hr
96 hr
96 hr
R. U 96 hr
S, U 9.5 hr
S, U 48 hr
S, U 100 d
Effect
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
100% mortality
LC50
NOL(E)C for
mortafty,
development and
growth
Cone.
300
025
320
350
18.4
800
260
32
pH Reference
Stoof and Baerselman
1980, Stoof eC a/ 1983
Hashimoto and
Mshiuchi 1981
NfeNucM and YoshMa
1974
Ntehiuchl and Yoshida
1974
6.2 Khangarote/a/ 1985c
7.6 Goodnight 1942e
Stoof and Baerselman
198(r, Stoofefa/ 1983e
k
Stoof and Canton 1983e
state, U unmeasured
IUU«*»
c Reference also ctted in Table 6 (other data) of the water quality
for Pentachlorophenol EPA 440/5-86-009 (USEPA1986e)
-------
Table 55A. Phenol - acute data.
Species
Stage/Age
Method*
96-hr
LC50
Reference
Xenopua laevfs
Tadpole
F, M
>51,000
Holcombe efa/. 1987
1F flow-through, M measured
VO
-------
Table 55B. Phenol - other data.
Species
Ambystoma gracile
Bufo americanus
Bufo tbwfoft
Rana catesbolana
Rana palustrts
Renapipiens
Stage/Age
Embryo
Embryo
Embryo
Embryo
Embryo
Embryo
Method* Duration Effect
F, M 9 d LC50
F, M 7 d LC50
0% deformity at hatch
2% deformity at hatch
1% deformity at hatch
2% deformity at hatch
9% deformity at hatch
F, M 7 d LC50
0% deformity at hatch
1% deformity at hatch
5% deformity at hatch
F,M 7d LC50
0% deformity at hatch
2% deformity at hatch
1 5% deformity at hatch
F, M 8 d LC50
0% deformity at hatch
2% deformity at hatch
15% deformity at hatch
F, M 9 d LC50
5% deformity at hatch
2% deformity at hatch
9% deformity at hatch
Cone.
(M9/U
380
>890
22
36
63
220
890
2.450
62
530
10.200
230
62
530
10.200
9,870
15
1,860
21,800
40
4.7
7.3
74
Reference
Black ef a/1 982
BirgeefeM980
BtrgeefaM980
Birgeeraf. 1980
BirgeefaM980
Birgeefa/. 1980
-------
Table 55B. Phenol (continued)
Species
M »_ _1
Rons fompoMno
Xenopt/s to0vft
Xenopus /sevfe
Stage/Age Method* Duration
Embryo F,M 9d
Embryo F,U 5wk
Embryo F, M 6 d
Effect
LC50
2% deformity at hatch
6% deformity at hatch
56% deformity at hatch
No effect on body length
100% mortality
LC50
1% deformity at hatch
8% deformity at hatch
16% deformity at hatch
Cone.
270
120
720
1,450
100-1,000
50,000
7,680
1,450
14,000
26,400
Reference
Black 9t a/. 1982
Dumpert1987
Blackef a/. 1982
1F flow-through, M measured, U unmeasured
-------
Table 56. Phthalate esters - other data.
Species
BufofowterT
Bufofowferf
Rana
pfefens
Rana
pipfens
Stage/Age
Embryo
Embryo
Embryo
Embryo
Chemical
Dioctyl-
phthalate
DHsononyl-
phthalate
Dioctyl-
phthalate
DHsononyl-
phthalate
Method* Duration
R. U 7-8 d
R, U 7-8 d
R. U 7-8 d
R, U 7-8 d
Effect
LC50
LC50
1% deformity
5% deformity
LC50
1% deformity
5% deformity
LC50
1% deformity
4% deformity
at hatch
at hatch
at
at
at
at
hatch
hatch
hatch
hatch
Cone.
kg/L)
3.880
2.950
1.000
100,000
4.440
1.000
10,000
3.360
100
10,000
Reference
Birge et al.
Birge ef a/.
Birge efa/.
Birge ef a/.
1978a
197 8 a
1978a
1978a
ro
R renewal, U « unmeasured
-------
Table 57. Potychtortnated biphenyb (PCBs) - other data,
Spedes Stage/Age Chemical Method* Duration
Effect
Cone. Reference
Bufo Embryo Arock>r1016 R, U 7-8 d
americanut
Bufo Embryo Aroclor1242 R, U 7-8 d
atnoricanus
Bufo Embryo Arodor1254 R.U 7-8 d
americanus
-J
OJ
Bufofowforf Embryo Arodor1016 R, U 7-8 d
Bufoftnvforf Embryo Arodor1242 R, U 7-8 d
LC50
1% deformity at hatch
16% deformity at hatch
29% deformity at hatch
34% deformity at hatch
LC50
1% deformity at hatch
6% deformity at hatch
10% deformity at hatch
32% deformity at hatch
47% deformity at hatch
LC50
2% deformity at hatch
5% deformity at hatch
13% deformity at hatch
25% deformity at hatch
100% deformity at hatch
LC50
1% deformity at hatch
2% deformity at hatch
11 % deformity at hatch
LC50
1% deformity at hatch
2% deformity at hatch
6% deformity at hatch
13% deformity at hatch
7.16 Birgeefa/. 1978a
1
10
100
1.000
2.71 Birgeetal. 1978a
0.1
1
1.0
100
1,000
2.02 Birgeetal. 1978a
0.1
1
10
100
1,000
27.72 Birgeetal. 1978a
10
100
1.000
12.09 Birgeefa/. 1978a
1
10
100
1,000
-------
Table 57. Porychtortnated Uphenyb (PCBs) (continued)
Species
Stage/Age Chemical Method* Duration Effect
Cone. Reference
Bufofowferf Embryo Aroctor1254 R, U 7-8 d
Pfourocfofos Larva
Arodor1254 R, U 12 d
Ran* Embryo Arodor1016 R, U 7-8 d
pipferu
Ran*
Ran*
Embryo Arodor1242 R,U 7-8 d
Embryo ArocJor1254 R, U 7-8 d
LC50
1% deformity at hatch
2% deformity at hatch
4% deformity at hatch
9% defbrnity at hatch
No increase in
micronucleated erythrocytes
LC50
LC50
2% deformity at hatch
5% deformity at hatch
55% deformity at hatch
LC50
2% deformity at hatch
18% deformity at hatch
3.74 Birgeefa/. 1978a
0.1
1
10
100
50 Fernandez efaM 989
6.19 Birgeeraf. 1978a
2.13 Birgeafaf. 1978a
1
10
100
1.03
1
10
1R renewal, U unmeasured
-------
Tabte 58A. Potynudear aromatic hydrocarbons - acute data.
Species
Stage/Age Chemical
Method*
96-hr Reference
LC50
Xenopus loevfs
Embryo
Benzo[a]pyrene S,U
>1 0,000 Fort et a/. 1989
12.000"
10,000"
S static, U* unmeasured
»EC50
U1
-------
Table 58B. Potynuctear aromatic hydrocarbons - other data.
Species
Pfeunxfefes
waltl
Pfeunxfefot
watt
Pteurodew*
waff
Pfeurodeto*
waKI
RBFM plptens
Runs pipfons
Rons pipfons
Stage/Age
Embryo
Qelled)
Embryo
(debited)
Larva
Larva
Embryo
Tadpole
Tadpole
Chemical Method*
Benzo[a]- S, M
pyrene
Benzofa]- S, M
pyrene
Benzofa}- R, U
pyrene
Benzofa]- S, U
pyrene
Anthracene S, U
Anthracene S, U
Fkioranthene S, U
Duration
120hr
48 hr
48 hr
48 hr
312 hr
18 hr
36 hr
18 hr
54 hr
12 d
48 hr
30min
5hr
1 hr
1hr
Effect
10% mortality
58% mortaNty with UVA
exposure
90% mortaHy with UVA
exposure
94% mortaHy with UVA
exposure
24% mortaHy
8% mortality with UVA
exposure
100% mortality with UVA
exposure
33% mortality with UVA
exposure
100% mortality with UVA
exposure
Increase in micronucteated
erythrocytes
Increase in micronucteated
erythrocytes
LC50 during sunBght
exposure
LC50 during sunight
exposure
LC50 during sunight
exposure
LC50 during sunlight
exposure
Cone.
50
12.5
25
50
25
12.5
12.5
25
25
25
200
65
25
110
90
Reference
Fernandez and L'
1994
Haridon
Fernandez and L' Haridon
1994
Fernandez ef a/. 1989
Marty ef a/. 1989
Kaganefaf. 1984
KaganefaA 1985
Kagan era/ 1985
-------
Table 58B. Pofynudear aromatic hydrocarbons (continued)
Species Stage/Age Chemical Method* Duration Effect Cone. Reference
Renapipfon* Tadpole Pyrene S, U 1 hr LC50 during sunlight 140 Kagan et a/. 1985
exposure
M measured, R renewal, S static, U = unmeasured
-------
Tabte 59. Propoxur - other data.
Species
Stage/Age Method
Duration Effect
Cone.
(Fg/L)
Reference
Bufobufojaponkus
Tadpole
48 hr
LC50
35,000
Hashimoto and
Nishiuchi 1981
oo
-------
Table 60A. Selenium - acute data
Species Stage/Age Chemical Method*
Xenopus laevts Embryo Sodium S, U
setenate
Xenopus toevit Embryo Selenium S, U
96-hr"
LC50
O^g/L)
7,106
7.942
11,286
2,508"
2,926"
3,762"
1,500
2,000
pH Hardness Reference
(as mg/L
CaCoO
c
c
e
c
c
c
6.5 -
6.5 -
De Young ef a/. 1991 --
Under eTa/. 1991
S static, U unmeasured
b Values expressed as selenium
c FETAX solution
"EC50
-------
Table 606. Selenium - other data.
oo
Spoctos
Gastntphryne
caroKnensis
Xenopus
loevis
Xenqpus
toevfe
Xenopus
toevfe
Stage/Age
Embryo
Embryo
Embryo
Embryo
*M measured, R renewal, S
k Values expressed as selenium
c Reference aho dted hi Table 6 (
Chemical
Sodium
setenate
Sodium
setenrte
Sodhim
setonKe
Selenium
stadc, U-
other data)
Method*
R.M
S,U
S.M
s.u
unmeasured
of the water ai
Duration
7d
1-7 d
3d
5d
7d
96 hr
jafitv criteria i
Effect
LC50
epidermal
abnormalities, muscle
cell degeneration
LC50
LC50
LC50
NOEC
LOEC
document for selenium EPA
Cone.6
(M9/L)
90
600-3.000
2,412
786
456
800
1,600
440/5-87-00
pH Hardness Reference
(asmg/L
CaCO3)
7.4 195 Birge1978c.
Birgee/a/. 1979be
Browne and
Dumont 1980
Browne and
Dumont 1979
6.5-7.0 Under of a/. 1991
6 fUSEPA 1987W
-------
Table 61. SIfcer-other data
Species
Ambystoma
opacum
Bulb
me/anosffcfus
Gastmphryna
camtinensb
Rana haxadacfyla
M - measured. R<
k Values expressed
Stage/Age
Embryo
Tadpole
Embryo
Tadpole
renewal, S«
aa silver
mtt In TrahU M 1
Chemical Method*
Silver nitrate R, M
Silver nitrate S, U
Silver nitrate R, M
Silver nitrate S, U
static, U » unmeasured
nMftAP flfttfml nf Ht A tufitnr m mfiKf *»ri# Ari
Duration Effect
8 d LC50
96 hr LC50
7 d LC50
96 hr LC50
» rlrkfi imAtit fnr etkjAr P
Cone." pH
O^g/L)
240 7.2-
7.8
4.1 7.4
10 7.4
25,700 6.1
DA AAnK-Kn_mi n ici
Hardness
(asmg/L
CaCo,)
93-105
185
195
20
EDA 1QMVf\
Reference
Birgee/a/. 1978I/
Khangarot and Ray
1987
Birge1978, Birge
etal. 1979a
Khangarot et a/.
1985b
-------
Table 62. Thalum - other data.
Species Stage/Age Chemical Method* Duration Effect Cone." pH Hardness Reference
(lig/L) (as mg/L
CaC03)
Frog Embryo ThaMum R, U 100% mortality at 409 Oiling and Heaty
(unidentified) nitrate emergence 1926C
Gastrophryn* Embryo Thaium R,M 7d LC50 110 7.4 195 Birge 1978, Birge
carmNnensI* trichloride etal. 1979a
M measured, S static, U unmeasured
* Values expressed as thalum
c Reference also ctted In Table 6 (other data) of the water quality criteria document for thallium EPA 440/5-80-074 (USEPA 1980dd)
00
ro
-------
Table 63. Toluene - other data.
Spedes
Stage/Age Method*
Duration
Effect
Cone. Reference
Ambystoma gradfo Embryo
ROM ptptens
Embryo
F, M
S, M
9 d
9 d
LC50
10% deformity at hatch
36% deformity at hatch
100% deformity at hatch
LC50
3% deformity at hatch
50% deformity at hatch
100% deformity at hatch
850 Black ef a/1982
400
25,400
41,500
390 Black ef a/1982
410
22,600
35,300
F flow-through, M measured, S static
DO
-------
Table 64A. Toxaphene - acute data.
Spedes
Bufo woodhousK fowteri
Buto woodhousB fowbrt
Pi*uaacns ffUWMflB
Stage/Age
Tadpole
Tadpole
Tadpole
Tadpole
Method*
S.U
S,U
s,u
s,u
96-hr
LC50
140
150
500
390
Reference
Sanders 1970"
Mayer and Eflersleck 1988
Sanders 1970"
Mayer and EHersieck 1 986
S stale. U unmeasured
Reference also ctted in Table 1 (acute data) of the water quafty criteria document for toxaphene EPA 440/5-86-006 (USEPA 1988d)
2
-------
Table 64B. Toxaphene - other data.
00
en
Species
J|..-JM w»M«tt^mM
Acn s cnpnant
maculatum
opacurn
Bufo
ameffcarMMt
Rana
cofeioetana
Rana
canxpafafM-
Rana piplant
Rana .
8phanoc9phaM
Rana
sphonocophala
Rana
spnenocepnafa
Stage/Age
Tadpole
Larva
Larva
Tadpole
Tadpole
Tadpole
Aduft
Tadpole
Embryo
Tadpoto
Chemical
Toxaphene
Toxaphene
Toxaphene
Toxaphene
Toxaphene
Toxaphene
(formulation)
Toxaphene
Toxaphene
Toxaphene
Toxaphene
Method1
F,M
F,M
F,M
F,M
F,M
u,
Isolated
in pond
s.u
F.M
F.M
F.M
Duration
96 hr
24 hr
96 hr
24 hr
96 hr
24 hr
96 hr
24 hr
96 hr
24 hr
96 hr
24 hr
30 d
96 hr
24 hr
96 hr
96 hr
Effect
LC50
EC50 (behavior)
LC50 at 8 d
EC50 (behavior)
LC50 at 8 d
EC50 (behavior)
LC50 at 8 d
EC50 (behavior)
LC50 at 8 d
EC50 (behavior)
rj%mortaWy
100% mortally
25% mortality
LC50atBd24hr
LCSOatlSd
LC50 at 20 d
LC50at24d
LCSOatBd
LCSOatlSd
LC50 at 30 d
Cone.
76
>1,000
34
227
342
170
34
38
99
312
0.112kg/hac
0.560koVha<
600
130
193
651
60
46
168
65
32
Reference
Had and Swineford 1981"
Hal and Swineford 1981"
Hal and Swineford 1981"
Hal and Swineford 1981b
Hal and Swineford 1981"
Mufta,1963
u i_ __- si. _L. 4nej
Kaplan ana overpedc I9o4
Hal and Swineford 1981
Hal and Swineford 1980*
Hal and Swineford 1980"
-------
Table 64B. Toxaphene (continued)
CD
Ol
Spedes
Stage/Age Chemical
Method* Duration Effect
Cone. Reference
G4J/L)
Pane Subadult Toxaphene F, M 96 hr
sphenocephala
Rarw syrvatfc* Tadpole Toxaphene F, M 96 hr
24 hr
LC50 at 8 d
37.9 concentration factor in
killed animals
52.6 concentration factor in
killed animals
28.7 concentration factor in
killed animals
16.1 concentration factor in
killed animals
36.8 concentration factor in
killed animals
LC50 at 8 d
EC50 (behavior)
378
58
78
150
280
760
195
36
Hall and Swineford 1980"
Had and Swineford 1981
F flow-through. M measured. S static, U = unmeasured
k Reference abo cited In Table 6 (other data) of the water quality criteria document for toxaphene EPA 440/5-86-006 (USEPA 19860
c Active Ingredient
-------
Table 65. TributyWn - other data.
Species
Ambystoma
moxlcanum
Rana
fomponrla
Rana
tomporaria
Stage/Age
Larva
Embryo
Embryo
Chemical
Trlbutyltin
oxide
TributyWn
fluoride
TributyWn
oxide
Method* Duration
S, U 1d
7d
49 d
49 d
49 d
49 d
S.U 5d
S,U 5d
Effect
100% mortality
80% mortaSty
90% mortality
Most Nmbs with detects
Limbs with sfightty increased
defects
Normal imb development
LC50
Body water loss
40% mortaSty
Body water loss
Cone.
48.6
14.6
14.6
4.86
1.46
0.49
28.2
28.2
29.2
29.2
Reference
Scadding 1990
Laughin and
19821
Laughin and
1982e
Linden
Linden
S » stele, U unmeasured
^« - - .*_»» ._
values expraneo as tinjutyian canon
« Rafaranca atai
ndtedbiTableari
other date) of tf
IB water aualtv drteria doc
ument for tributvMn EPA 440/5-88-dra
HOJSEPA19!
I8d)
-------
Tabte 66A. Trichtoroethytene - acute data.
Species Stage/Age Method*
Xenopus teevfe Embryo S, U
96-hr
LC50
f^g/L)
425,000
443,000
34,000"
37,000"
Reference
Fort ef a/ 1991, 1993
* S static, U unmeasured
*EC50
-------
Table 666. Trichloroethytene - other data
Species
Stage/Age Method*
Duration Effect
Cone,
Reference
Ambystoma
mexkanum
XftftOpUS /O0VU
Larva
Tadpole
S.U
s,u
48 hr
48 hr
LC50
LC50
48,000 Stoof ef a/. 1983, Stoof and
Baersehnan 1980
45,000 Stoof ef a/. 1983, Stoof and
Baersehnan 1980
S stalk. U unmeasured
00
10
-------
Table 67A. Zinc - acute data
\o
o
Species
Xenopus laevia
Xenopus laevfs
Xenopus laevfs
Xonopus foovfo
Stage/Age Chemical Method'
Embryo Zinc sulfate S, M
Embryo Zinc sulfate S.M
Embryo Zinc sulfate S, U
Embryo Zinc S, U
96-hr" pH Hardness
LC50 (as mg/L
(A
-------
Table 676. Zinc - other data.
«o
Species
Ambystoma
ieftersonianum
A mliLi.1 AUUIA.M.
rVnUjaiwrwl
opacum
Bufo
arenarum
Bufbboma*
Bulb
fnefanojmtn
WMI UfJv If fi 99
caroSnefisw
Mfcrooyto
omafa
Mfcnhyts
omafa
Rena
hexadoctyla
ftane piptons
Stage/Age
Embryo
Embryo
Tadpole
Tadpole
Tadpole
Embryo
Tadpole
<1"k)
Tadpole
(4«k)
Tadpole
Adult
Chemical
Zinc
chloride
Zinc
chloride
Zinc
Zinc sulfate
ZhtcsuMate
Zinc
_A-|---J-J_
CnDnoB
Zlncsutfate
Zinc sulfate
Zinc sulfate
2nc
Method1
S,M
S.M
s.u
R.U
s.u
R.M
s.u
s.u
s,u
R
1 Duration
96 hr
8d
120hr
12 hr
61 d
96 hr
7d
96 hr
96 hr
96 hr
15d
Effect
No toxic response or
effect on development
rate
LC50
5% mortality
65% mortaNty
100% mortality
100% metamorphosis
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
Cone."
G4J/L)
2,000
2,380
16.000
32,000
39,000
100
19.860
10
22,410
23,080
2.100
155.000
pH Hardness Reference
(asmg/L
CaCO3)
4.5
7.2-7.8
e
c
5-6
7.4
7.4
6.8-6.9
6.8-6.9
6.1
Home and -^
Dunson 1994
93-105 Birgeefet. f978b
HerkovHs and
e Perez-CoB 1991
Porter and
Hakanson 1976
1 85 Khangarot and Ray
1987
195 Hrge1978«, Birge
etal. 1979a*
142-145 Rao and
Madhyastha 1987
142-145 Rao and
Madhyastha 1987
20 Khangarot ef a/.
1985a. 1985b
Kaplan and
Glaczenski 1965*
-------
Table 67B. Zinc (continued)
Species Stage/Age Chemical Method' Duration
Xenopus Tadpole Zincsulfate S, M 90 hr
Jeevfe
Xenopua Embryo Zinc S, U 96 hr
fwvfe
1 M measured, R renewal, S static, U » unmeasured
" Values expressed as Zinc
c 10% HoMreter's solution
4 Df*t*m****+r+» *»!»** «U«Wtf4 in T*4ft«la A fj»M«^«' «4«t«\ r\f MkA uj*»tAr nti*»ii4u r*ritAi
Effect
80% mortalty
45% mortality
50% mortality
15% mortality.
pre-treated with 1,100
^ig/L Zn for 96 hr
NOEC
LOEC
-J*» rl«-kr*ii»vkfkn( fr\r -vinr* EDA ,
Conc.b
(^g/L)
2.300
3,400
4,500
4,500
400
800
AAftK. H7JV
pH
7.0
7.0
7.0
7.0
5.5^.7
5.5^.7
11 n ICCDA
Hardness
(asmg/L
CaCO,)
296
296
296
296
1 Qfl7al
Reference
Woodafle/e/
1988
Under efe/ 1991
ro
Reference not seen, cited in Power ef a/. 1989
-------
APPENDIX A
Amphibian References not used in Tables 5-67B
Chemical List:
Aldrin/Dieldrin
Akkermans et al. 1974, 1975a,1975b 1975c; Dowd et a/. 1985, Fonovich de
Schroeder and Pechen de D'Angelo 1991, Georgacakis et a/. 1971, Kaiser and
Dunham 1972-1973, Korschgen 1970, Nishiuchi 1980a, Punzo et a/. 1979,
Rane and Mathur 1978, Vinson et a/. 1963, Webb et a/. 1979
Aluminum
Canton and Sloof 1982, Marquis 1982, Olsson et a/. 1987
Benzene
Garavini and Seren 1978, Lipnick 1989
Cadmium
Beyer etal. 1985, Birge et al. 1977, Dawson et al. 1985, Dmowski and Karolewski
1979, Fox and Sillman 1979, Gale et al. 1973, Hall and Mulhern 1984, Hillyard ef
al. 1979, Kanno et al. 1978, Kasinathan et al. 1987, Niethammer et al. 1985,
Pramoda and Saidapur 1986, Suzuki and Akitomi 1983, Suzuki and Tanaka 1983,
Suzuki et al. 1986
Carbaryl
Ardizzone et al. 1990, Sampath et al. 1995, Webb et al. 1979
Chlordane
Albright et al. 1980, Dowd et al. 1985, Nishiuchi 1980B, Webb et al. 1979
Chloride
Shpunefa/. 1992
A-l
-------
Chlorinated benzenes
Nishiuchi1980b
Chlorophenoxy herbicides
Nishiuchi1979, 1980b
Chlorpyrifos
Johnson and Prine 1976
Copper
Beck 1956, Beyer et al. 1985, Cicero 1990. Cooke 1973, Dawson et al. 1985,
Gale et al. 1973, Goldfisher and Schiller 1970, Hall and Mulhern 1984, Jordan
et al. 1977, Kanno et al. 1978, Miller and Mackay 1983, Pavel and Kucera
19861, Rlcoetal. 1987
Dichlorvos
Tomar and Pandey 1988
DDT
Cooke 1971, 1973; Dowd et al, 1985, Dimond et al. 1968, Ferguson andGilbert
1967, Finley and Pillmqre 1963, Harri 1980, Harri et al. 1979, Herald 1949, Hunt
and Bishoff 1960, Jabbar Kahn 1975, Kaiser and Dunham 1972-1973, Kirk 1988,
Licht 1976, Logier 1949, Nishiuchi 1980a, Peaslee 1970,Punzo et al. 1979,
Rajendra et al. 1980, Rico et al. 1987, Spiers 1949, Tarzwell 1950, van den
Bercken and Akkermans 1971, Webb et al. 1979
Endosulfan
Nishiuchi 1980a
Endrin
Dowd et al. 1985, Rosato and Ferguson 1968, Webb et al. 1979,
Wohlgemuth and Trnkova 1979
A-2
-------
Heptachlor
Dowd ef al. 1985, Kaiser and Dunham 1972-1973, Nishiuchi 1980a, Webb et
al. 1979, Whitacre and Ware 1967
Hexachlorocyclohexane
Dowd ef al. 1985, Jabbar Kahn 1975, Kaiser and Dunham 1972-1973, Publicover
et al. 1979, Rico ef al. 1987, Webb ef al. 1979
Iron
Pavel and Kucera 1986"
Lead
Barrett 1947, Beyer ef al. 1985, Birdsall ef al. 1986, Dawson 1933,
Dawson ef al. 1985, Dmowski and Karolewski 1979, Fox and Sillman
1979: Gale ef al. 1973, Hall and Mulhern 1984, Ireland 1977,
Krishnamoorthy ef al. 1987, Niethammer ef al. 1985, Rico ef al. 1987, Schroeder
andTipton 1968
Malathion
Baker 1985. Giles 1970, Kowsalya ef al. 1987
Manganese
Gale ef al. 1973, Pavel and Kucera 19861
Mercury
Birge ef a/. 1977, Cox and Holm 1975, Dustman ef al. 1972, Fox and Sillman
1979, Hall and Mulhern 1984, Rico ef al. 1987, Terhivuo et al. 1984, Yorio and
Bentley1973
Methoxychlor
Webb ef al. 1979
A-3
-------
Methyl parathion
Johnson and Prine 1976, Woodham et al. 1977, Yasmeen and Nayeemunnisa
1986
Naphthalene
Blankenmeyer et al. 1990, Lipnick 1989
Nitrophenols
Gorge et a/. 1987, Statham et al. 1978, Zettergren etal. 1988, 1991
Parathion
Guzman and Guardia 1978, Jurez and Guzman 1984
Pentachlorophenol
Schuytema et al. 1993
Phenanthrene
Lipnick 1989
Phenol
Nagel and Urich 1981
Phthalate esters
Larsen and Thuren 1987
Polychlorinated biphenyls
Dowd et al. 1985, Rico et al. 1987
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
Beattye/a/. 1976b, Fanellie/a/. 1980, Korfmacher et al. 1986a, 1986b
A-4
-------
Toluene
Ekblom et a/. 1984, Garavini and Seren 1979
Toxaphene
Dowdefa/. 1985
Zinc
Beyer et a/. 1985, Birge et at. 1977, Dawson et a/. 1985, Dmowski and Karolewski
1979, Gale et a/. 1973, Hall and Mulhem 1984, Kanno et a/. 1978,
Niethammer et a/. 1985, Nishiuchi 1979, Rico et a/. 1987, Taban et a/. 1982
Cited in Power et at. 1989
b Cited in water quality criteria document, but exposure was by injection
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A-5
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A-6
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A-7
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Finley, R.B. and R.E. Pillmore. 1963. Conversion of DDT to DDE in animal tissue.
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A-8
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A-9
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A-10
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A-ll
-------
Rajendra, W., C. Sree Ramulu Chetty, R. Anasuya, K. Indira and K.S. Swami. 1980.
Insecticide impact on contractile pattern of amphibian skeletal muscle. Current Sci.
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Rane, P.O. amd D.S. Mathur. 1978. Toxicity of aldrin to Rana cyanophlyctis (Schn)
Science and Culture 44: 128-130.
Rico, M.C., L.M. Hernandez, M.A. Gonzalez, M.A. Fernandez and M,C. Montero. 1987.
Organochlorine and metal pollution in aquatic organisms in the Donana National
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Rosato, P. and D.E. Ferguson. 1968. The toxicrty of endrin-resistant mosquitofish to eleven
species of vertebrates. Bioscience 18:783-784.
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