United States Prevention, Pesticides EPA712-C-96-178
Environmental Protection and Toxic Substances August 1996
Agency (7101)
&EPA Residue Chemistry
Test Guidelines
OPPTS 860.1400
Water, Fish, and
rrigated Crops
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INTRODUCTION
This guideline is one of a series of test guidelines that have been
developed by the Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances,
United States Environmental Protection Agency for use in the testing of
pesticides and toxic substances, and the development of test data that must
be submitted to the Agency for review under Federal regulations.
The Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances (OPPTS)
has developed this guideline through a process of harmonization that
blended the testing guidance and requirements that existed in the Office
of Pollution Prevention and Toxics (OPPT) and appeared in Title 40,
Chapter I, Subchapter R of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), the
Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP) which appeared in publications of the
National Technical Information Service (NTIS) and the guidelines pub-
lished by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
(OECD).
The purpose of harmonizing these guidelines into a single set of
OPPTS guidelines is to minimize variations among the testing procedures
that must be performed to meet the data requirements of the U. S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency under the Toxic Substances Control Act (15
U.S.C. 2601) and the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act
(7U.S.C. I36,etseq.).
Final Guideline Release: This guideline is available from the U.S.
Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402 on The Federal Bul-
letin Board. By modem dial 202-512-1387, telnet and ftp:
fedbbs.access.gpo.gov (IP 162.140.64.19), internet: http://
fedbbs.access.gpo.gov, or call 202-512-0132 for disks or paper copies.
This guideline is also available electronically in ASCII and PDF (portable
document format) from the EPA Public Access Gopher (gopher.epa.gov)
under the heading "Environmental Test Methods and Guidelines."
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OPPTS 860.1400 Water, fish, and irrigated crops.
(a) Scope—(1) Applicability. This guideline is intended to meet test-
ing requirements of both the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and
Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) (7 U.S.C. 136, et seq.) and the Federal Food,
Drug, and Cosmetic Act (21 U.S.C. 301, et seq.)
(2) Background. The source material used in developing this har-
monized OPPTS guideline is OPP 171-4 Results of Tests on the Amount
of Residue Remaining, Including a Description of the Analytical Methods
Used (Pesticide Assessment Guidelines, Subdivision O: Residue Chem-
istry, EPA Report 540/9-82-023, October 1982). This OPPTS guideline
should be used in conjunction with OPPTS 860.1000, Background.
(b) Purpose. These studies are used by the Agency to determine the
levels of pesticide residues in water, fish, and irrigated crops when prod-
ucts are applied directly to water to control aquatic pests such as weeds
or insects (e.g. hydrilla, mosquitoes). The data are used in dietary risk
assessment and, in the case of fish and irrigated crops, to establish toler-
ances for enforcement purposes.
(c) Introduction. (1) Any use of pesticides in or near aquatic sites
(i.e. ponds, lakes, impoundments, and fields typically flooded and drained
as a part of normal agricultural practice, before, during, or after treatment
with pesticides) may lead to residues in water, fish and shellfish, irrigated
crops, and meat, milk, poultry, and eggs. Adequate data are needed for
each of these commodities to demonstrate both the nature of the residue
and the level of residues resulting from the maximum proposed use. Be-
cause of the nature of aquatic uses, emphasis must be placed on the use
of practical use restrictions which will be followed by the applicator.
(2) The design of field studies to demonstrate the fate of the pesticide
in the aquatic environment must be directly related to the typical use pat-
tern and restrictions imposed on the use. In the case of fields treated either
before or after flooding, the timing, volume, and release of the flood water
as dictated by normal agricultural practice must be considered in the field
study design. As another example, use in impounded bodies which are
completely under the control of the user may be subject to practical label
restrictions that would preclude livestock watering, fishing, or use for
drinking or irrigation for a specified time period after treatment. On the
other hand, such restrictions would not be practical for use of a pesticide
in a river system. In this latter type of use, restrictions against treatment
within a given distance of irrigation or domestic water intakes may be
practical.
(3) In general, separate and distinct protocols will be required for
still waters (lakes, ponds), flowing water, irrigation conveyance systems,
fields that are flooded and drained, and tidal estuaries. The fate of the
compound must be demonstrated with respect to rate of dispersion down-
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stream, degradation, volatilization, or sorption by plants or hydrosoil. Deg-
radation products in water should be identified and may need to be quan-
tified.
(d) Water. Residue data are required for any water as described
above in the various aquatic systems that either are directly or may be
inadvertently impacted by a pesticide use (i.e. pond, field, drainage canal,
river, estuary). The data collected must show the highest level likely to
occur in water. If a monitoring scheme is used, it should include samples
taken prior to treatment with pesticides and then periodically to show the
gradual decline of the pesticide residues.
(e) Fish. (1) A fish metabolism study on a predator (e.g. bass) or
bottom feeder (e.g. catfish) is required when fish may be exposed to the
pesticide or its degradation products. A shellfish metabolism study is not
required. If no 14C is detected in fish in a static metabolism study the
following fish residue studies are not required. Shellfish residue studies
will still be required, however, with analysis for the parent pesticide.
(2) The fish and shellfish residue studies may be of various types,
depending on the aquatic system involved. Controlled exposure for appro-
priate time intervals may be carried out under static or dynamic conditions
in aquaria, or the specimens may be exposed in natural sites if the treated
area can be isolated, such as by cages. Field studies under natural condi-
tions are preferred. Samples for analyses should reflect the fish commodity
definition under paragraph (g)(l) of this guideline. The proposal for toler-
ances in fish should be expressed on the basis of the edible portion. For
fish, residue data are needed for both bottom feeders (e.g. catfish) and
predators (e.g. bass). For shellfish, data are needed for both molluscs (e.g.
clams, oysters) and crustaceans (e.g. shrimp, crabs). If use in estuarine
areas is planned, data on whole fish protein concentrate, and smoked,
canned, or other processed fish products are needed to determine whether
a food additive regulation is necessary.
(f) Irrigated crops. Experiments to show possible residues in crops
irrigated with treated water may utilize the crop grouping scheme shown
in 40 CFR 180.41. Residue data for representative crops in each crop
group are normally required. If it has been determined that residues are
likely to occur in water when it could be ingested by livestock, animal
feeding studies must be carried out as described in OPPTS 860.1480.
(g) References. The following references should be consulted for ad-
ditional background material on this test guideline.
(1) Pesticide Analytical Manual (PAM). Volume I. Food and Drug
Administration, Washington, DC. Available from National Technical In-
formation Service, Springfield, VA 22161 (1994)
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(2) Pesticide Analytical Manual (PAM). Volume II. Food and Drug
Administration, Washington, DC. Available from National Technical In-
formation Service, Springfield, VA 22161 (1994).
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