&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Emerging Contaminants -
Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS)
and Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA)
March 2013
At a Glance
EMERGING CONTAMINANTS FACT SHEET - PFOS and PFOA
Introduction
Fully fluorinated compounds
that are human-made
substances and not naturally
found in the environment.
Used as a surface-active
agent and in variety of
products, such as fire fighting
foams, coating additives, and
cleaning products.
Do not hydrolyze, photolyze,
orbiodegrade under typical
environmental conditions and
are extremely persistent in the
environment.
Studies have shown they have
the potential to bioaccumulate
and biomagnify in wildlife.
Readily absorbed after oral
exposure and accumulates
primarily in the serum, kidney,
and liver.
Toxicological studies on
animals indicate potential
developmental, reproductive,
and systemic effects.
Health-based advisories or
screening levels for PFOS and
PFOA have been developed
by both the EPA and the
states agencies.
Standard detection methods
include high-performance
liquid chromatography and
tandem mass spectrometry
(MS/MS).
Common water treatment
technologies include activated
carbon filters and reverse
osmosis units.
An "emerging contaminant" is a chemical or material that is characterized by
a perceived, potential or real threat to human health or the environment or by
a lack of published health standards. A contaminant may also be "emerging"
because a new source or a new pathway to humans has been discovered or
a new detection method or treatment technology has been developed (DoD
2011). This fact sheet, developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency's Federal Facilities Restoration and Reuse Office (FFRRO), provides
a brief summary of the emerging contaminants perfluorooctane sulfonate
(PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), including physical and chemical
properties; environmental and health impacts; existing federal and state
guidelines; detection and treatment methods; and additional sources of
information.
PFOS and PFOA are extremely persistent in the environment and resistant
to typical environmental degradation processes. As a result, they are widely
distributed across the higher trophic levels and are found in soil, air, and
groundwater at sites across the United States. The toxicity and
bioaccumulation potential of PFOS and PFOA indicate a cause of concern
for the environment and human health. This fact sheet is intended for use by
site managers faced with addressing PFOS and PFOA at cleanup sites or in
drinking water supplies and for those in a position to consider whether these
chemicals should be added to the analytical suite for site investigations.
What are PFOS and PFOA?
»> PFOS and PFOA are fully fluorinated, organic compounds and are the
two perfluorinated chemicals (PFCs) made in the largest amounts within
the United States (ATSDR 2009).
»> PFOS is a perfluoralkyl sulfonate that is commonly used as a simple salt
(such as potassium, sodium, or ammonium) or incorporated into larger
polymers (EFSA 2008; EPA 2009b).
»> PFOA is a perfluoralkyl carboxylate that is produced synthetically as its
salts. Ammonium salt is the most widely produced form (EFSA 2008;
EPA2009b).
»> PFOS synonyms include 1-octanesulfonic acid, 1-octanesulfonic acid,
heptadecafluoro-, 1-perfluorooctanesulfonic acid, heptadecafluoro-1-
octanesulfonic acid, perfluoro-n-octanesulfonic acid,
perfluoroctanesulfonic acid, and perfluoroctylsulfonic acid (ATSDR 2009;
UNEP2005).
»> PFOA synonyms include pentadecafluorol-octanoic acid,
pentadecafluoro-n-octanoic acid, pentadecaflurooctanoic acid,
perfluorocaprylic acid, perfluoroctanoic acid, perfluoroheptanecarboxylic
acid, and octanoic acid (ATSDR 2009).
United States
Environmental Protection Agency
Solid Waste and
Emergency Response (5106P)
EPA 505-F-13-002
March 2013
Disclaimer: The U.S. EPA prepared this fact sheet from publicly available sources that were available at the time the fact sheet was published; additional information can be
obtained from the source documents. This fact sheet is not intended to be used as a primary source of information and is not intended, nor can it be relied on, to create any rights
enforceable by any party in litigation with the United States. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
1
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Emerging Contaminants Fact Sheet - PFOS and PFOA
What are PFOS and PFOA? (continued)
They are stable chemicals made of a long carbon
chain that is both lipid- and water-repellent.
Because of the unique amphiphilic character,
PFOS and PFOA are used as surface-active
agents in various high-temperature applications
and for applications in contact with strong acids or
bases (ATSDR 2009; UNEP 2005).
They are used in a wide variety of industrial and
commercial products such as textiles and leather
products, fire fighting foams, metal plating, the
photographic industry, photolithography, semi-
conductors, paper and packaging, coating
additives, cleaning products, and pesticides
(ATSDR 2009; EPA 2009b; OECD 2002).
They are human-made compounds and do not
naturally occur in the environment (ATSDR 2009;
EPA 2009b).
PFOS and PFOA can be formed by environmental
microbial degradation or by metabolism in larger
organisms from a large group of related
substances or precursor compounds (ATSDR
2009; Condor et al. 2010; UNEP 2006).
The 3M Company, the primary manufacturer of
PFOS, completed a voluntary phase-out of PFOS
production in 2002 (ATSDR 2009; EPA 2009b).
PFOS chemicals are no longer manufactured in
United States. However, they can be imported and
used for specific limited uses (EPA 2009b).
PFOA is primarily manufactured for use as an
aqueous dispersion agent, as ammonium salt, in
the manufacture of fluoropolymers, which are used
in a wide variety of mechanical and industrial
components. They are also produced
unintentionally by the degradation of some
fluorotelomers (EPA 2009b).
As part of the EPA's PFOA stewardship program,
eight companies committed to reduce global
facility emissions and product content of PFOA
and related chemicals by 95 percent by 2010, and
to work toward elimination of emissions and
product content by 2015 (ATSDR 2009; EPA
2013).
Exhibit 1: Physical and Chemical Properties of PFOS and PFOA
(ATSDR 2009; Brooke et al. 2004; Cheng et al. 2008; EFSA 2008; Environment Canada 2012; EPA 2002b;
OECD 2002; UNEP 2006)
BBiBB
^^•••••^
CAS Number
Physical Description (physical state at room
temperature and atmospheric pressure)
Molecular weight (g/mol)
Water solubility (mg/L at 25°C)
Melting Point (°C)
Boiling point (°C)
Vapor pressure at 20 °C (mm Hg)
Air water partition coefficient (Pa.nfVmol)
Octanol-water partition coefficient (log Kow)
Organic-carbon partition coefficient (log Koc)
Henry's law constant (atm m3/mol)
Half-Life
PFOS (Potassium Salt)
2795-39-3
White Powder
538 (potassium salt)
570 (purified), 370 (freshwater), 25
(filtered seawater)
>400
Not measurable
2.48X10"b
<2X10'b
Not measurable
2.57
3.05 x 10~9
Atmospheric: 114 days
Water: > 41 years (at 25° C)
laS^B
335-67-1
White powder/waxy white
solid
414
9.5X103(purified)
45 to 50
188
0.017
Not available
Not measurable
2.06
Not measurable
Atmospheric: 90 days*
Water: > 92 years (at 25° C)
Notes: g/mol - grams per mole; mg/L - milligrams per liter; °C - degree Celsius; mm Hg - millimeters of mercury;
Pa m3/mol - pascal-cubic meters per mole; atm m3/mol - atmosphere-cubic meters per mole.
* The identified atmospheric half-life value for PFOA is estimated based on available data determined from short study
periods.
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Emerging Contaminants Fact Sheet - PFOS and PFOA
What are the environmental impacts of PFOS and PFOA?
During past manufacturing processes, large
amounts of PFOS and PFOA were released to the
air, water, and soil in and around fluorochemical
facilities (ATSDR 2009).
PFOS and PFOA have been detected in a number
of U.S. cities in surface water and sediments
downstream of former production facilities,
wastewater treatment plant effluent, sewage
sludge, and landfill leachate (EPA 2002b; OECD
2002).
Both PFOS and PFOA are the stable end products
resulting from the degradation of precursor
substances through a variety of abiotic and biotic
transformation pathways (Conder et al. 2010).
PFCs, including PFOS and PFOA, are chemically
and biologically stable in the environment and
resistant to biodegradation, atmospheric
photooxidation, direct photolysis, and hydrolysis.
As a result, these chemicals are extremely
persistent in the environment (ATSDR 2009).
Low acid dissociation constants (pKa) ranging
from -3 to 4 suggest that PFOS and PFOA are
strong acids and exist predominately in the anionic
form in the environment (Conder et al. 2010).
When released directly to the atmosphere, PFCs
are expected to adsorb to particles and settle onto
soil through wet or dry deposition (ATSDR 2009).
PFOA and PFOS in anionic form are water-soluble
and can migrate readily from soil to groundwater
(Conder et al. 2010; Post et al. 2012).
As a result of their chemical stability and low
volatility in ionic form, PFCs are persistent in water
and soil (ATSDR 2009).
Monitoring data from the Arctic region and at sites
remote from known point sources, have shown
highly elevated levels of PFOS and PFOA in
environmental media and biota, indicating that
long-range transport has occurred (ATSDR 2009;
Post etal. 2012; UNEP 2007).
Long-range PFC transport sources include the
atmospheric transport of precursor compounds,
such as perfluoroalkyl sulfonamides, followed by
photooxidation to form PFCs, and the direct long-
range transport of PFCs via ocean current or in
the form of marine aerosols (ATSDR 2009; Post et
al. 2012).
The wide distribution of PFCs in high trophic levels
increases the potential for bioaccumulation and
bioconcentration. Because of their persistence and
long-term accumulation, higher trophic level
wildlife such as fish, piscivorous birds, and Arctic
biota can continue to be exposed to PFOS and
PFOA (EPA 2006; UNEP 2006).
PFOS exhibits a higher tendency to bind to
organic matter and bioaccumulate compared to
PFOA due to its longer perfluoroalkyl chain length
(Conderetal. 2010).
PFOS has been shown to bioaccumulate and
biomagnify in wildlife species such as fish and
piscivorous birds. The biomagnification factor
ranges from 1.4 to 17 kilogram per kilogram
(kg/kg) in predatory birds and mammals
(Moermond et al. 2010; UNEP 2006).
PFOS is the only PFC that has been shown to
accumulate to levels of concern in fish tissue. The
estimated kinetic bioconcentration factor in fish
ranges from 1,000 to 4,000 (EFSA 2008; MDH
2011).
High levels of PFCs, including PFOA and PFOS,
have been reported at both the Oakdale Dump
Superfund Site in Oakdale, Minnesota (MN) and
Washington County Landfill Site in Lake Elmo, MN
(EPA 2012 b, c).
What are the health effects of PFOS and PFOA?
Studies have found small quantities of PFOS and
PFOA in the blood samples of the general human
population and wildlife nationwide, indicating that
exposure to the chemicals is widespread (ATSDR
2009; EPA 2006).
Data indicate that PFOS and PFOA serum
concentrations are higher in workers and
individuals living near fluorochemical facilities than
those reported for the general population (ATSDR
2009; EPA2009b).
Potential pathways, which may lead to widespread
exposure, include ingestion of food and water, use
of commercial products, or inhalation from long-
range airtransport (ATSDR 2009; EPA 2009b;
MDH 2011).
Based on the limited information available, fish
and fishery products seem to be one of the
primary sources of human exposure to PFOS. The
maximum permissible concentration (MPC) for
PFOS, based on consumption offish by humans
as the most critical route, is 0.65 nanograms per
liter (ng/L) for freshwater (Moermond et al. 2010).
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Emerging Contaminants Fact Sheet - PFOS and PFOA
What are the health effects of PFOS and PFOA? (continued)
Studies also indicate that continued exposure to
low levels of PFOA in drinking water may result in
adverse health effects (Post et al. 2012).
Toxicology studies show that PFOS and PFOA are
readily absorbed after oral exposure and
accumulate primarily in the serum, kidney, and
liver. No further metabolism is expected (EFSA
2008; EPA 2006; EPA 2009b).
PFOS and PFOA have a long half-life of about 4
years in humans. This continued exposure could
increase body burdens to levels that would result
in adverse outcomes (ATSDR 2009; EPA 2009b).
Acute- and intermediate- duration oral studies in
rodents have raised concerns about potential
developmental, reproductive, and other systemic
effects of PFOS and PFOA (Austin et al. 2003;
ATSDR 2009; EPA 2006).
The ingestion of PFOA-contaminated water was
found to cause adverse effects on mammary gland
development in mice (Post et al. 2012).
Results of a study indicate that exposure to PFOS
can affect the neuroendocrine system in rats
(Austin et al. 2003).
Both PFOS and PFOA have a high affinity for
binding to B-lipoproteins and liver fatty acid-
binding protein. Several studies have shown that
these compounds can interfere with fatty acid
metabolism and may deregulate metabolism of
lipids and lipoproteins (EFSA 2008; EPA 2009b).
The EPA Science Advisory Board suggested that
PFOA cancer data are consistent with the EPA
guidelines for the Carcinogen Risk Assessment
descriptor "likely to be carcinogenic to humans".
EPA is still in the process of evaluating this
information and additional research pertaining to
the carcinogenicity of PFOA (EPA 2013).
The EPA has not derived a reference dose (RfD)
or reference concentration (RfC) for PFOS or
PFOA and has not classified PFOS or PFOA as to
their carcinogenicity (ATSDR 2009).
The American Conference of Industrial Hygienists
(ACGIH) has classified PFOA as a Group A3
confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown
relevance to humans (ACGIH 2002).
The chronic exposure to PFOS and PFOA can
lead to the development of tumors in the liver of
rats; however, more research is needed to
determine if there are similar cancer risks for
humans (ATSDR 2009; OECD 2002).
In a retrospective cohort mortality study of over
6,000 PFOA-exposed employees, results
identified elevated standardized mortality ratios for
kidney cancer and a statistically significant
increase in diabetes mortality for male workers at
the plant. The study noted that additional
investigations are needed to confirm these
findings (DuPont 2006; Lau et al. 2007).
Studies have shown that PFCs may induce
modest effects on reactive oxygen species and
deoxyribonucleic acid (DMA) damage in the cells
of the human liver (Eriksen et al. 2010).
Analysis of U.S. National Health and Nutrition
Examination Survey representative study samples
indicate that higher concentrations of serum PFOA
and PFOS are associated with thyroid disease in
the U.S. general adult population; however, further
analysis is needed to identify the mechanisms
underlying this association (Melzer et al. 2010).
Epidemiologic studies have shown an association
between PFOS exposure and bladder cancer;
however, further research is needed (EPA 2006;
OECD 2002).
The EPA removed PFOS and PFOA from the
Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) agenda
in a Federal Register Notice released on October
18, 2010. At this time, EPA is not conducting an
IRIS assessment for these chemicals (EPA 2010).
Are there any federal and state guidelines and health standards for PFOS
and PFOA?
The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease
Registry has not established a minimal risk level
(MRL) for PFOS or PFOA because human studies
were insufficient at the time the draft toxicological
profile was published to determine with a sufficient
degree of certainty that the effects are either
exposure-related or adverse (ATSDR 2009).
The EPA finalized two Significant New Use Rules
(SNURs) in 2002, requiring companies to inform
the EPA 90 days before they manufacture or
import 88 identified PFOS-related substances
(EPA 2002a;UNEP 2006).
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Emerging Contaminants Fact Sheet - PFOS and PFOA
Are there any federal and state guidelines and health standards for PFOS
and PFOA? (continued)
In 2007, the SNURs were amended to include
183 additional PFOS-related substances with
carbon chain lengths of five carbons and higher
(EPA 2006).
Under the Toxic Substances Control Act
(TSCA), EPA proposed a SNUR in August 2012
requiring companies to report 90 days in
advance of all new uses of long-chain
perfluoroalkyl carboxylic (LCPFAC) chemicals
for use as part of carpets or to treat carpets,
including the import of new carpet containing
LCPFACs. The EPA is also proposing to amend
the existing SNUR to add 7 additional PFOS-
related substances and add "processing" in the
definition of significant new use (EPA 2012a;
EPA 2013).
The SNURs allow for the continuation of a few
limited, highly technical uses of PFOS where
there are no alternatives available, and which
are characterized by very low volume, low
exposure, and low releases (ATSDR 2009; EPA
2006).
In January 2009, the EPA's Office of Water
established a provisional health advisory (PHA)
of 0.2 micrograms per liter (ug/L) for PFOS and
0.4 ug/L for PFOA to protect against the
potential risk from short-term exposure of these
chemicals through drinking water (EPA 2009c;
EPA 2013).
EPA Region 4 recommended a residential soil
screening level of 6 milligrams per kilogram
(mg/kg) for PFOS and 16 mg/kg for PFOA (EPA
2009d).
Minnesota has established a health risk limit of
0.3 ug/L for PFOS and PFOA in drinking water
(MDH2011).
New Jersey has established a preliminary
health-based guidance value of 0.04 ug/L for
PFOA in drinking water (NJDEP 2007).
North Carolina has established an interim
maximum allowable concentration of 2 ug/L for
PFOA in ground water (NCDENP 2008).
What detection and site characterization methods are available for PFOS
and PFOA?
Detection methods for environmental samples are
primarily based on high-performance liquid
chromatography (HPLC) coupled with tandem
mass spectrometry (MS/MS) (ATSDR 2009).
HPLC-MS/MS has allowed for more sensitive
determination of individual PFOS and PFOA in air,
water, and soil (ATSDR 2009).
Both liquid chromatography (LC)-MS/MS and gas
chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) can
be used to identify the precursors of PFOS and
PFOA (EFSA 2008).
EPA Method 537, Version 1.1 is a LC-MS/MS
method used for the determination of selected
perfluorinated alkyl acids in drinking water (EPA
2009a). It may also be used to analyze
groundwater samples for PFOA.
The development of LC - electrospray ionization
(ESI) MS and LC-MS/MS has improved the
analysis of PFOS and PFOA (EFSA 2008).
Sample preparation methods include solvent
extraction, ion-pair extraction, solid-phase
extraction, and column-switching extraction
(ATSDR 2009).
Air samples may be collected using high-volume
air samplers that employ sampling modules
containing glass-fiber filters and glass columns
with a polyurethane foam (EFSA 2008).
Reported sensitivities for the available detection
methods include low picograms per cubic meter
(pg/m3) levels in air, high picograms per liter (pg/L)
to low nanograms per liter (ng/L) levels in water,
and high picogram per gram (pg/g) to low
nanogram per gram (ng/g) levels in soil (ATSDR
2009).
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Emerging Contaminants Fact Sheet - PFOS and PFOA
What technologies are being used to treat PFOS and PFOA?
Because of their unique physiochemical properties
(strong fluorine-carbon bond and low vapor
pressure), PFOS and PFOA resist most
conventional treatment technologies such as direct
oxidation and biodegradation (Hartten 2009;
Vectisetal. 2009).
The optimal treatment method depends on the
concentration of PFOS and PFOA, background
organic and metal concentration, available
degradation time, and other site-specific
conditions (Vectis et al. 2009).
Both activated carbon filters and reverse osmosis
units have been shown to be effective at reducing
PFCs in water at levels typically found in drinking
water; however, incineration of the concentrated
waste is required for complete destruction of
PFOS and PFOA (Hartten 2009; MDH 2008;
Vectis et al. 2009).
Alternative technologies studied for PFOS and
PFOA degradation include photochemical
oxidation and thermally-induced reduction (Hartten
2009; Vectis et al. 2009).
Studies have also evaluated the use of
sonochemical degradation to treat PFOS and
PFOA in groundwater (Cheng et al. 2008; Vectis
et al. 2009).
Where can I find more information about PFOS and PFOA?
American Conference of Governmental Industrial
Hygienists (ACGIH). 2002. Documentation of the
threshold limit values and biological exposure
indices. Cincinnati, Ohio.
Agency for Toxic Substance and Disease Registry
(ATSDR). 2009. "Draft Toxicological Profile for
Perfluoroalkyls."
www.atsdr.cdc.qov/toxprofiles/tp200.pdf
Austin, M.E., Kasturi, B.S., Barber, M., Kannan.K.,
MohanKumar, P.S., and MohanKumar, S.M. 2003.
"Neuroendocrine effects of perfluorooctane sulfonate
in rats." Environmental Health Perspectives. Volume
111(12). Pages 1485 to1489.
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1241651/
Brooke, D., Footitt, A., and Nwaogu, T.A. 2004.
"Environmental Risk Evaluation Report:
Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS)."
Cheng, J., Vecitis, C.D., Park, H., Mader, B.T., and
Hoffmann. M.R. 2008. "Sonochemical Degradation of
Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS) and
Perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) in Landfill Groundwater:
Environmental Matrix Effects." Environmental
Science and Technology. Volume 42 (21). Pages
8057 to 8063.
Conder, J.M., Wenning, R.J., Travers, M., and Blom,
M. 2010. "Overview of the Environmental Fate of
Perfluorinated Compounds." Network for Industrially
Contaminated Land in Europe (NICOLE) Technical
Meeting. 4 November 2010.
DuPont. 2006. Ammonium perfluorooctanoate:
Phase II. "Retrospective cohort mortality analyses
related to a serum biomarker of exposure in a
polymer production plant."
Environment Canada. 2012. "Screening Assessment
Report. Perfluorooctanoic Acid, its Salts, and its
Precursors." http://www.ec.gc.ca/ese-
ees/default.asp?lang=En&n=370AB133-1
Eriksen, K.T., Raaschou-Nielsen, O., Sorensen, M.,
Roursgaard, M., Loft, S., and Moller, P. 2010.
"Genotoxic potential of the perfluorinated chemicals
PFOA, PFOS, PFBS, PFNA and PFHxA in human
HepG2 cells." Mutation Research. Volume 700 (1-2).
Pages 39 to 43.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20451658
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). 2008.
"Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic
acid (PFOA) and their salts." The EFSA Journal.
Volume 6 (53). Pages 1 to 131.
Hartten, A.S. 2009. "Water Treatment of PFOA and
PFOS." DuPont Corporate Remediation Group.
www.epa.gov/oppt/pfoa/pubs/Water%20Treatment%
20Methods%20Hartten%20Oct16-09.pdf
Lau, C., Anitole, K., Hodes, C., Lai, D., Pfahles-
Hutchens, A., and Seed, J. 2007. "Perfluoroalkyl
Acids: A Review of Monitoring and Toxicological
Findings." Toxicological Sciences. Volume 99 (2).
Pages 366 to 394.
Melzer, D., Rice, N., Depledge, M.H., Henley, W.F.,
and Galloway, T.S. 2010. "Association between
Serum Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) and Thyroid
Disease in the U.S. National Health and Nutrition
Examination Survey." Environmental Health
Perspectives. Volume 118 (5). Pages 686 to 692.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20089479
Minnesota Department of Health (MDH). 2008. "MDH
Evaluation of Point-of-Use Water Treatment Devices
for Perfluorochemical Removal. Final Report
Summary."
www.health.state.mn.us/divs/eh/wells/watergualitv/po
udevicefinalsummarv.pdf
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Emerging Contaminants Fact Sheet - PFOS and PFOA
Where can I find more information about PFOS and PFOA? (continued)
MDH. 2011. Perfluorochemicals (PFCs) in
Minnesota.
www.health.state.mn.us/divs/eh/hazardous/topics/pfc
s/index.html
Moermond, C., Verbruggem E., and Smit, C. 2010.
"Environmental risk limits for PFOS: A proposal for
water quality standards in accordance with the Water
Framework Directive."
www.rivm.nl/bibliotheek/rapporten/601714013.pdf
New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection
(NJDEP). 2007. "Guidance for PFOA in Drinking
Water at Pennsgrove Water Supply Company."
http://www.ni.qov/dep/watersupplv/pdf/pfoa dwquida
nce.pdf
North Carolina Department of Environment and
Natural Resources (NCDENP). 2008.
"Recommended Interim Maximum Allowable
Concentration for Perfluorooctanoic Acid."
Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development (OECD). Environment Directorate.
2002. "Hazard Assessment of Perfluorooctane
Sulfonate (PFOS) and its Salts."
www.oecd.org/dataoecd/23/18/2382880.pdf
Post, G.B., Cohn, P.O., and Cooper, K.R. 2012.
"Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), an emerging
drinking water contaminant: A critical review of recent
literature." Environmental Research. Volume 116.
Pages 93 to 117.
United National Environment Programme (UNEP).
2005. "Perfluorooctane sulfonate proposal."
Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic
Pollutants Review Committee. Geneva, 7-11
November 2005.
UNEP. 2006. "Risk profile on perfluorooctane
sulfonate." Stockholm Convention on Persistent
Organic Pollutants Review Committee. Geneva, 21
November 2006.
UNEP. 2007. "Risk Management Evaluation on
Perfluorooctane Sulfonate." Stockholm Convention
on Persistent Organic Pollutants Review Committee.
Geneva, 19-232007.
U.S. Department of Defense (DoD). 2011. Emerging
Chemical & Material Risks.
http://www.denix.osd.mil/cmrmd/ECMR/ECProgramB
asics.cfm
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2002a.
Perfluoroalkyl Sulfonates; Significant New Use Rule.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 40 CFR 721.
Federal Register: Volume 67 (No 47 and 236).
EPA 2002b. Revised Draft Hazard Assessment of
Perfluorooctanoic Acid and its Salts.
EPA. 2006. PFAS-Proposed Significant New Use
Rule. 40 CFR 721. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency. Federal Register: Volume 71 (No 47).
www.gpo.gov/fdsvs/pkg/FR-2006-03-10/pdf/E6-
3444.pdf
EPA. 2009a."Determination of Selected
Perfluorinated Alkyl Acids in Drinking Water by Solid
Phase Extraction and Liquid
Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry
(LC/MS/MS)." Method 537. Version 1.1.
http://www.epa. gov/nerlcwww/documents/Method%2
0537 FINAL rev1.1.pdf
EPA. 2009b. Long-Chain Perfluorinated Chemicals
(PFCs) Action Plan.
EPA. 2009c. "Provisional Health Advisories for
Perfluorooctanaoic Acid (PFOA) and Perfluorooctyl
Sulfonate (PFOS)."
EPA Region 4. 2009d. "Soil Screening Levels for
Perfluorooctanaoic Acid (PFOA) and Perfluorooctyl
Sulfonate (PFOS)." Memorandum.
EPA. 2010. "Integrated Risk Information System
(IRIS); Request for Chemical Substance Nominations
for the 2011 Program." Federal Register Notice.
Volume 75 (200). Pages 63827 to 63830.
http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2010-10-
18/html/2010-26159.htm
EPA 2012a. "Perfluoroalkyl Sulfonates and Long-
Chain Perfluoroalkyl Carboxylate Chemical
Substances; Proposed Significant New Use Rule."
Code of Federal Regulations. 40 CFR 721.
EPA. 2012b. "Superfund Site Progress Profile:
Oakdale Dump." Superfund Information Systems.
http://cumulis.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm
?id=0503840
EPA. 2012c. "Superfund Site Progress Profile:
Washington County Landfill." Superfund Information
Systems.
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?id=0503888
EPA. 2013. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and
Fluorinated Telomers. www.epa.gov/oppt/pfoa/
Vectis, C.D., Park, H., Cheng, J., and Mader, B.T.
2009. "Treatment technologies for aqueous
perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and
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Volume 3(2). Pages 129 to151.
Contact Information
If you have any questions or comments on this fact sheet, please contact: Mary Cooke, FFRRO, by phone at (703) 603-
8712 or by email at cooke.maryt@epa.gov.
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