EPA 530-R-10-001
June 2011
Background Indoor Air Concentrations of
Volatile Organic Compounds in North American
Residences (1990-2005): A Compilation of
Statistics for Assessing Vapor Intrusion
Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, DC 20460
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June 2011 Disclaimer
DISCLAIMER
This document presents technical information on the concentrations of volatile organic
chemicals in typical North American residences, based upon EPA's current understanding. This
document does not confer legal rights, impose legal obligations, or implement any statutory or
regulatory provisions. This document does not change or substitute for any statutory or
regulatory provisions. EPA personnel (and others) are free to use and accept other technically
sound information, either on their own initiative, or at the suggestion of responsible parties or
other interested parties. Interested parties are free to raise questions and objections about the
appropriateness of the information presented in this document. Finally, this is a living document
and may be updated periodically. EPA welcomes public comments on this document at any time
and will consider those comments in any future updates. Mention of trade names or commercial
products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
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11
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June 2011 Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Executive Summary ES-1
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Document Development and Peer Review 2
1.2 Document Organization 2
2.0 Background Indoor Air Quality Studies Considered 3
3.0 Compilation and Evaluation of Background Indoor Air Statistics 11
4.0 Summary and Conclusions 21
5.0 References 23
Appendix A - Summary of Previous Compilations of Background Indoor Air
Appendix B - Document Development and Peer Review
Appendix C - Summary of Information Reported in Reviewed Studies for Individual VOCs
List of Figures
1. Background indoor air concentration (ug/m3) percentiles (50th and 90th) versus
time (1981-2005) for selected VOCs in background indoor air. The percentiles
are plotted versus the starting sample date of the individual studies. Percentiles
below a study's reporting limit are shown with open symbols. See Appendix C for
figure data 14
2. Summary statistics for background indoor air concentrations of selected VOCs
measured in North American residences between 1990 and 2005 plotted as a
function of study start date. Percentiles below a study's reporting limit are shown
with open symbols. See Appendix C for figure data 17
3. Log-normal probability plot for benzene in six residential indoor air quality
studies. Exponential regression lines are used to represent data trends 20
4. Total percent detections of common VOCs in background indoor air compiled
from 15 studies conducted between 1990 and 2005. Range of reporting limits is
shown in parentheses 20
in
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June 2011 Table of Contents
List of Tables
ES-l. Ranges of Summary Statistics for Background Indoor Air Concentrations of
Common VOCs Measured in North American Residences between 1990 and 2005
(all concentrations expressed in ug/m3) 4
1. Summary of Background Indoor Air Quality Studies (1981-2005) Selected for
Evaluation 9
2. Ranges of Summary Statistics for Background Indoor Air Concentrations of
Common VOCs Measured in North American Residences between 1990 and 2005
(all concentrations expressed in ug/m3) 16
C-l. Summary of Information Reported in Reviewed Studies C-l
IV
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June 2011
Table of Contents
Acronyms and Abbreviations
BTEX benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes
CDOT MTL Colorado Department of Transportation Materials Testing Laboratory
EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
GC/MS gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
NHEXAS National Human Exposure Assessment Survey
OSRTI Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation
OSWER Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response
PCE tetrachloroethylene
RL reporting limit
SIM selected ion monitoring
TCA 1,1,1-trichlorethane
TCE trichloroethylene
TEAM Total Exposure Assessment Methodology
VOC volatile organic chemical
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VI
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June 2011 Background Indoor Air Concentrations
Executive Summary
Indoor air typically contains volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) from consumer products,
building materials, and outdoor (ambient) air. Indoor air concentrations resulting from these
sources are commonly referred to as "background" when assessing the potential for intrusion of
subsurface contaminant vapors into the indoor air of overlying buildings. Any indoor air sample
collected for site-specific assessment of subsurface vapor intrusion is likely to detect chemicals
from these other sources. In many cases, the compounds detected in indoor air may be the same
as those present in contaminated soil or groundwater that may enter the building through
subsurface vapor intrusion. The presence of indoor and outdoor sources of VOCs can often make
it challenging to assess the contribution of vapor intrusion to indoor air concentrations because it
is often difficult to distinguish background from subsurface contaminant contributions.
This technical report presents a summary of indoor air studies that measured background
concentrations of VOCs in the indoor air of thousands of North American residences and an
evaluation and compilation of the statistical information reported in these studies. The objective
of this compilation is to illustrate the ranges and variability of VOC concentrations in indoor air
resulting from sources other than vapor intrusion. Similar compilations have been previously
published, but these have been based on generally older data or limited statistical information.
The compilation of statistical information developed for this technical report is based on
15 indoor air studies conducted between 1990 and 2005. These were selected from a total of 18
indoor air quality studies conducted between 1981 and 2005, which reported summary statistics
for distribution of indoor air concentrations measured in residences that are not expected or
known to be located over contaminated soil or groundwater or that have effective vapor intrusion
mitigation systems in place. The information compiled for this technical report includes
percentiles (e.g., 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th, and 95th percentiles), number of samples, percent
detection, and reporting limits. This report has been subject to extensive internal and external
review.
This technical report is part of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) efforts
to update technical aspects of the Draft Guidance for Evaluating the Vapor Intrusion to Indoor
Air Pathway from Groundwater and Soils (Draft VI Guidance), specifically, the background
VOC statistics tabulated in Appendix F of that document. Those background VOCs statistics
were used in the evaluation of EPA's vapor intrusion database to develop the generic
groundwater and sub-slab vapor attenuation factors presented in Appendix F of the Draft VI
Guidance. The information presented in this technical report was collected to provide updated
information to assist in evaluating EPA's updated and expanded vapor intrusion database and to
support fmalization of EPA's vapor intrusion guidance, anticipated to occur by the end of 2012.
EPA also anticipates that the information presented in this report may help EPA and
others evaluate indoor air quality data collected as part of site-specific vapor intrusion
investigations and communicate the findings of indoor air quality studies to building occupants
and other stakeholders. By comparing measured site-specific values with the background
statistics provided in this report, an investigator carrying out a site-specific analysis may be able
ES-1
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June 2011 Background Indoor Air Concentrations
to better understand whether the measured indoor air concentrations are within typical ranges for
background indoor air.
Data Sources
To develop this compilation, EPA reviewed studies of VOCs in the indoor air of
residences in North America. EPA identified a total of 18 indoor air studies that reported
summary statistics, including percentiles, with sampling dates ranging between 1981 and 2005.
These studies are considered to provide information on typical background indoor air
concentrations because they were conducted in residences that are not expected or known to be
located over contaminated soil or groundwater or have effective vapor intrusion mitigation
systems in place.
The 18 studies collectively report statistics regarding the distribution of concentrations of
more than 40 VOCs in thousands of indoor air samples. The sample collection dates range from
1981 to 2005. The study sample sizes vary from about 10 to 2,000 samples, although most of the
studies reported 50 to 500 samples. Most of the earlier studies used adsorbent media for sample
collection. Later studies favored stainless steel canisters. Sample collection periods ranged from
2 hours to over 100 hours, with most of the studies using collection periods from between 12 and
24 hours. Reporting limits vary widely from chemical to chemical and study to study. Outdoor
air data also were collected in many of these studies, but those data are not compiled in this
technical report. The focus of this report is indoor air, of which outdoor air is a component. All
of these studies generally detected numerous VOCs in background indoor air, with wide
concentration ranges.
Indoor air concentration statistics from these indoor air quality studies were compiled in a
spreadsheet to facilitate analysis. The raw data were not available for most studies, so the
summary statistics (e.g., percentiles) reported in the individual studies were compiled. Because
of the lack of raw data, it was not possible to conduct a rigorous statistical analysis of the
compiled data. Instead, qualitative analyses based on graphical and tabular summaries of the
information are presented.
Data from homes identified as "smoking" homes and data based on personal air monitors
worn only during the day were excluded from the compilation to avoid biasing the results with
elevated levels of VOCs released from smoking or craft hobby activities that typically occur only
during day-time hours. Additionally, where sample periods were separated into daytime and
nighttime periods, only the nighttime statistics were evaluated as these are considered more
representative of residential indoor air concentrations typically found in the home when most
participants would have remained indoors at home.
Conclusions
The information and analyses presented in this technical report suggest the following
conclusions:
Time trends in concentrations reported in 18 indoor air studies evaluated for this
compilation suggest that indoor air concentrations measured in North American
residences starting in 1990 and later generally are lower than those measured earlier.
ES-2
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June 2011 Background Indoor Air Concentrations
Based on the observed trends in concentration over time, EPA believes the
background indoor air studies with data collected starting in 1990 and later (i.e., the
more recent 15 of the 18 studies) to be more representative of the current range of
background indoor air concentrations than data collected earlier. Table ES-1 presents
the compilation of "typical" or background indoor air concentrations based on the
post-1990 studies evaluated in this report.
Evaluation of the indoor air concentration statistics collected for this compilation
suggests that background concentrations are highly variable (range spans an order of
magnitude or more). Additionally, the distributions appear log based, where most
concentrations tend to be low (i.e., most of the data are skewed towards the low end
of the distribution), but some very large background concentrations do occur rarely at
the higher percentiles.
Based on the percent detections reported in the evaluated studies, the VOCs most
commonly detected in indoor air due to background sources include benzene, toluene,
ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX), along with chlorinated solvents, such as
chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, tetrachloroethylene (PCE), 1,1,1-trichl or ethane
(TCA), and trichloroethylene (TCE). In contrast, vinyl chloride, 1,1-dichoroethylene,
cis-l,2-dichloroethylene, and 1,1-dichloroethane are rarely detected in background
indoor air.
EPA anticipates that the information presented in this technical report may be useful for
evaluating EPA's updated and expanded vapor intrusion database. EPA also anticipates that the
information presented in this report may help EPA and others determine whether indoor air
quality data collected during site-specific vapor intrusion investigations are within typical
background ranges.1 The information presented in this technical document also may be useful in
communicating the findings of indoor air quality studies to building occupants and other
stakeholders impacted by a vapor intrusion investigation. In addition, it may help affected parties
at a specific site understand which VOCs are likely to be detected in indoor air even in the
absence of any contribution from subsurface vapor intrusion.
It is important to recognize that the background indoor air concentrations found in site-
specific assessments or individual studies in the future may differ from those summarized in this
report. Concentrations of many hazardous chemicals may continue to decrease in the future as
new environmentally friendly consumer products and building materials are developed. This may
be particularly true for trichloroethylene, which is an important risk driver in many vapor
intrusion assessments and shows a strong decrease in concentration over time. Conversely,
concentrations of some chemicals may increase in the future due to their increasing use in certain
consumer products. Changes over time in building construction and ventilation codes also may
result in changes in the concentrations of indoor air contaminants found in buildings.
1 For EPA guidance on how to consider background constituent concentrations of hazardous substances, pollutants,
and contaminants in the Superfund remedy selection process (e.g., risk assessments during the remedial
investigation process), see Role of Background in the CERCLA Cleanup Program, OSWER Directive No. 9285.6-
07P (April 26, 2002).
ES-3
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Background Indoor Air Concentrations
Table ES-1. Ranges of Summary Statistics for Background Indoor Air Concentrations of Common VOCs Measured
in North American Residences between 1990 and 2005 (all concentrations expressed in ug/m3)
Compound
Benzene
Carbon tetrachloride
Chloroform
Dichloroethane, 1,1-
Dichloroethane, 1,2-
Dichloroethylene, 1,1-
Dichloroethylene, cis 1,2-
Ethylbenzene
Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE)
Methylene chloride
Tetrachloroethylene
Toluene
Trichloro-l,2,2-trifluoroethane,
1,1,2- (Freon 113)
Trichloroethane, 1,1,1-
Trichloroethylene
Vinyl chloride
Xylene, m/p-
Xylene, o-
Number
of
Studies
14
6
11
2
7
2
3
10
4
8
13
12
3
9
14
4
10
12
Number
of
Samples
2,615
1248
2,278
682
1,432
475
875
1,484
502
1,724
2,312
2,065
600
1,877
2503
1484
1,920
2,004
Range
%
Detect
31-100
1-100
9-100
1
1-25
7-45
1-9
26-100
9-70
29-100
5-100
86-100
1-56
4-100
1-100
0-25
52-100
31-100
Total %
Detects
91.1
53.5
68.5
1
13.8
13
4.9
85.7
54.5
79.1
62.5
96.4
37.5
53.4
42.6
9.2
92.9
89.0
RL Range
0.05-1.6
0.15-1.3
0.02-2.4
0.08-0.25
0.08-2.0
0.01-0.25
0.25-2.0
0.01-2.2
0.05-1.8
0.12-3.5
0.03-3.4
0.03-1.9
0.25-3.8
0.12-2.7
0.02-2.7
0.01-0.25
0.4-2.2
0.11-2.2
Range of
50th%
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June 2011 Background Indoor Air Concentrations
Background Indoor Air Concentrations of Volatile Organic Compounds
in North American Residences (1990-2005):
A Compilation of Statistics for Assessing Vapor Intrusion
1.0 Introduction
Indoor air typically contains detectable levels of volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) (U.S.
EPA, 1998). The VOCs in indoor air may originate from ambient (outdoor) air, indoor sources
(sources within the building), and, under certain conditions in areas overlying VOC-
contaminated subsurface media through vapor intrusion from the subsurface (e.g., Hers et al.,
2001; DiGiulio et al., 2006; McDonald and Wertz, 2007). Indoor air concentrations resulting
from sources other than vapor intrusion (i.e., ambient air and indoor sources) are commonly
referred to as "background." Compounds present in the ambient outdoor air generally will be
present in indoor air because the air in most buildings is exchanged with outdoor air several to
dozens of times each day. Indoor sources that may emit VOCs include consumer products (e.g.,
cleaners, solvents, strippers, polish, adhesives, water repellants, lubricants, air fresheners,
aerosols, mothballs, scented candles, insect repellants, plastic products); building materials (e.g.,
carpet, insulation, paint, wood finishing products); combustion processes (e.g., smoking,
cooking, home heating); fuels in attached garages; dry-cleaned clothing or draperies; municipal
tap water; or occupant activities (e.g., craft hobbies). Some chemicals may originate from several
sources simultaneously. The presence of these indoor and outdoor "background" sources of
VOCs can often make it challenging to assess the contribution of vapor intrusion to indoor air
concentrations because it is often difficult to distinguish background from subsurface
contaminant contributions.
Several compilations of background indoor air studies have been previously published
(e.g., Shah and Singh, 1988; Stolwijk, 1990; Samfield, 1992; Brown et al., 1994; Holcomb and
Seabrook, 1995; U.S. EPA, 1998; Hodgson and Levin, 2003; see Appendix A of this document).
These compilations show that many VOCs are normally found in indoor air samples in varying
concentrations. However, these previous compilations generally provide only limited statistics
(e.g., median, geometric mean, average, maximum values) as representative of "typical"
background values, and do not include much information on the underlying frequency
distributions of background concentrations. This makes review and comparison of statistical
distributions impossible. In addition, a number of these studies combined background
concentrations measured in commercial buildings with those measured in residences, so
residential concentrations cannot be assessed independently. Furthermore, a number of these
compilations include data collected from more than two decades ago, which may not be
representative of current background indoor air VOC concentrations. Because of these issues,
EPA is making available a new compilation of background indoor air concentrations based on
more recent data and emphasizing the full statistical distribution of background indoor air
concentrations in each study.
This technical report presents a summary of indoor air studies that measured background
concentrations of VOCs in the indoor air of thousands of North American residences (Section 2)
and an evaluation and compilation of statistical information reported in these studies. The
objective of this compilation is to illustrate the ranges and variability of VOC concentrations in
indoor air resulting from sources other than vapor intrusion (Section 3). The statistical
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June 2011 Background Indoor Air Concentrations
information compiled for this technical report includes percentiles (e.g., 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th,
and 95th percentiles), number of samples, percent detection, and reporting limits. The data
evaluation includes consideration of trends in indoor air concentrations over time, an analysis of
the distribution of background indoor air concentrations, and an analysis of the frequency of
detection of VOCs in background indoor air. A summary and conclusions are provided in
Section 4.
This technical report is part of EPA's efforts to update technical aspects of the Draft
Guidance for Evaluating the Vapor Intrusion to Indoor Air Pathway from Groundwater and
Soils (U.S. EPA, 2002) (Draft VI Guidance), specifically, the background VOC statistics
tabulated in Appendix F of that document. Those background VOCs statistics were used in the
evaluation of EPA's vapor intrusion database to develop the generic groundwater and sub-slab
vapor attenuation factors presented in Appendix F of the Draft VI Guidance. The information
presented in this technical report was collected to provide updated information to assist in
evaluating EPA's updated and expanded vapor intrusion database and to support finalization of
EPA's vapor intrusion guidance, anticipated to occur by the end of 2012. EPA also anticipates
that the information presented in this report may help EPA and others evaluate indoor air quality
data collected as part of site-specific vapor intrusion investigations and communicate the
findings of indoor air quality studies to building occupants and other stakeholders. Due to the
potentially high variability of VOC concentrations resulting from indoor sources in individual
homes, a literature review providing information based on thousands of homes, such as is done
in this report, is expected to present a more reliable estimate of the range of typical background
concentrations than would be possible for most site-specific background studies given typical
resources available for such efforts.
1.1 Document Development and Peer Review
This document was developed by EPA's Vapor Intrusion Workgroup for the Office of
Solid Waste and Emergency Response (OSWER), with Dr. Helen Dawson of EPA's Office of
Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation (OSRTI) as the primary investigator and
author. This document has undergone extensive internal Agency review, including Regional
review and review by other EPA programs, as well as review by members of an expert panel that
provided support to OSWER. Additionally, the report has been subjected to EPA's formal
external peer-review process. Details of the review process may be found in Appendix B of this
document.
1.2 Document Organization
The remainder of this technical document is divided into the following sections:
Section 2: Background Indoor Air Quality Studies
Section 3: Evaluation and Compilation of Background Indoor Air Statistics
Section 4: Summary and Conclusions
In addition, Section 5 provides the references cited. Appendix A provides a summary of the
information provided in previous compilations. Appendix B describes the development of this
document and the peer-review process. Appendix C provides a detailed summary of the
information reported in the indoor air studies considered in this document.
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June 2011 Background Indoor Air Concentrations
2.0 Background Indoor Air Quality Studies Considered
A total of 18 residential background indoor air quality studies were evaluated and
considered for inclusion in the statistical compilation developed for this report (see Section 3).
The 18 indoor air quality studies targeted specific residential populations in North America for
specific purposes. Most of these studies were conducted in urban or suburban settings, although
7 of the 18 studies also included some residences in rural settings. The studies collectively report
statistics regarding the distribution of concentrations of more than 40 VOCs in thousands of
indoor air samples collected in residences. The collective data span more than two decades, from
1981 to 2005. The study sample sizes vary from about 10 to 2,000 samples, although most of the
studies reported 50 to 500 samples. Most of the earlier studies used adsorbent media for sample
collection. Later studies generally favored stainless steel canisters, though one recent study (Zhu
et al., 2005) used adsorbent media to achieve very low reporting limits.3 Sample collection
periods ranged from 2 hours to over 100 hours, with most of the studies using collection periods
from between 12 and 24 hours. Reporting limits vary widely from chemical to chemical and
study to study. For any given chemical, reporting limits among the studies typically vary by at
least an order of magnitude. Outdoor air data were also collected in many of these studies, but
those data are not compiled in this technical report because the contribution of outdoor air is
already reflected in the indoor air concentrations. All of these studies generally detected
numerous VOCs in background indoor air, with widely varying concentration ranges.
Six of these studies (Foster et al., 2002; Kurtz and Folkes, 2002; Kurtz, 2005; Rago,
2005; Weisel, 2006; and Weisel et al., 2008) state that they present indoor air background levels
unaffected by subsurface contamination. The other studies do not explicitly address this issue,
but EPA believes that they are also similarly representative of indoor background levels
unaffected by subsurface contamination because the studies generally were designed to provide
region-specific indoor air exposure assessments in the absence of known sub-surface
contaminant sources.
Basic information regarding each of the 18 background indoor air studies is provided
below and summarized in Table 1 at the end of this section, starting with the most recently
published study. The percentiles, maximum values, number of samples, reporting limits, and
percent detections reported for each chemical in each of the studies are presented in
Appendix C.
Weisel (2006) and Weisel et al. (2008). To complement an assessment of indoor air
quality by the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, indoor air was sampled in
2004 and 2005 in a total of 100 homes in suburban and rural areas of New Jersey that were
determined to be unaffected by contaminated groundwater or soil. Samples were collected for
24 hours using a Summa canister sampler placed on the ground floor of the home in an actively
used living space other than a kitchen, to minimize collection of compounds emitted during
cooking. A questionnaire was administered to each participant before sampling to identify
3 Reporting limits represent the lowest concentration that the laboratory will report for a compound without data
qualifiers. In this report, the term "reporting limits" is used synonymously with the term "detection limits"
because the different studies compiled used varying conventions for these two terms.
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June 2011 Background Indoor Air Concentrations
potential indoor sources of the target chemicals. Indoor air samples were analyzed using EPA
Method TO-15. The study reported the number of samples, reporting limits, percent non-detects,
and percentiles, including the 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th, and 95th percentiles.
New York State Department of Health (NYSDOH) (2006). This baseline indoor air
quality study sampled the indoor air in basements and living spaces from 104 single-family
homes heated with fuel oil. Approximately 400 samples were collected between 1997 and 2003.
The residences sampled were required to have no past oil spills, no hobbies or home business
that regularly use products containing VOCs, and no recent activities using products that contain
VOCs (e.g., painting, staining). Building information was gathered, along with an inventory of
products that might be sources of indoor VOCs. The samples were collected in 6-liter canisters
over a 2-hour period during both summer and winter and were analyzed for 69 compounds by
EPA's Method TO-15. The study reported the number of samples, reporting limits, percent
detections, and percentiles, including the 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th percentiles. The data for
individual residences were also available, so the 95th and 98th percentiles, as well as maximum
values, were calculated for this compilation to facilitate comparison with the other studies.
Rago et al. (2004) and Rago (2005). To obtain background indoor air quality in
Massachusetts, indoor air samples were collected in 2004 and 2005 in early spring and late fall
(windows closed, heat on) from the first-floor living spaces of 100 residences scattered
throughout the state. The samples were collected over a 24-hour period using 6-liter Summa
canisters. The participants in the study were predominantly Licensed Site Professionals in
Massachusetts, and their residences were located in urban, suburban, and rural areas. The
participants filled out a questionnaire that requested information on their hobbies, residence heat
source, and type of building construction. VOCs were analyzed using EPA Method TO-15. The
study provided reporting limits, percent detections, maximum values, and percentiles, including
the 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th percentiles.
Zhu et al. (2005). Indoor and outdoor air samples were collected at 75 randomly selected
residential houses in Ottawa, Canada, as part of a baseline exposure assessment funded by Health
Canada during the winter of 2002 to 2003. Researchers sampled 10 liters of air at a rate of 100
mL/min for 100 minutes using multi-sorbent sampling tubes located in the middle of the living
room or family room of the house. The samples were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass
spectrometry (GC/MS). The study reported the number of samples, reporting limits, percent
detections, and percentiles, including the 50th, 75th, and 90th percentiles.
Kurtz (2005). As part of a program of vapor intrusion mitigation at a site (Redfield) in
Denver, Colorado, a total of 375 indoor air samples were collected in 1998 from about 100
residences after installation of sub-slab depressurization systems. Because these mitigation
systems are designed and installed to interrupt the vapor intrusion pathway (and on-going
monitoring demonstrated their effectiveness for controlling the subsurface vapors), the author
interpreted the indoor air concentrations to be representative of background indoor air with no
vapor intrusion. The samples were collected on a quarterly basis from the first (lowest) occupied
floor of the building over a 24-hour period and analyzed using EPA Methods TO-14 and TO-15
in full scan mode. (Note: These data include a different set of VOCs [except vinyl chloride] than
the data reported in Kurtz and Folkes [2002]). The data provided (personal communication)
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June 2011 Background Indoor Air Concentrations
included the number of samples, reporting limits, percent detections, and percentiles, including
the 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th, and 95th percentiles.
Sexton et al. (2004). The authors designed this study primarily to measure exposures to
VOCs experienced by healthy, non-smoking adults in three Minneapolis/St. Paul metropolitan
neighborhoods with different outdoor VOC profiles. They combined indoor air data from the
three neighborhoods and reported statistics for the combined data set. A total of 292 indoor air
samples were collected, with 48-hour charcoal-based passive air samplers placed in the 78 to 116
residences studied over three seasons. The samples were analyzed for VOCs by GC/MS. The
study reported the number of samples, percent detections, and percentiles, including the 50th and
90th percentiles.
Foster et al. (2002). As part of a multiyear characterization of a vapor intrusion site
(Colorado Department of Transportation Materials Testing Laboratory [CDOT MTL]) in
Denver, Colorado, indoor air was sampled in residences after installation of sub-slab
depressurization systems. Over 400 indoor air samples were collected from October 1998
through June 2001 from 21 single-family homes, 8 town homes, and 12 apartment buildings.
Only samples with non-detectable levels (at a method detection limit of 0.011 |ig/m3) of 1,1-
dichloroethylene, the primary groundwater contaminant, were compiled for this characterization
of background indoor air. This data screening approach effectively excludes any contribution of
vapor intrusion to the indoor air in these samples. Most of the single-family homes sampled have
basements, and many have attached garages. The samples were collected quarterly over a 24-
hour period from the first (lowest) occupied floor of each building and analyzed using EPA
Method TO-14/TO-15 in selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. Where possible, windows were
closed for 24 to 48 hours before sampling began. The study reported the number of samples,
reporting limits, percent non-detects, and percentiles, including the 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th, and
95th percentiles.
Kurtz and Folkes (2002). As part of a multiyear characterization of a vapor intrusion
site (Redfield) in Denver, Colorado, indoor air was sampled in residences after installation of
sub-slab depressurization systems. More than 282 indoor air samples were collected from June
1998 through December 2001 from 120 single-family homes. Most of the homes sampled have
basements, and many have attached garages. Only samples with non-detectable levels (at a
reporting limit of 0.04 |ig/m3) of 1,1-dichloroethylene, the primary groundwater contaminant,
were compiled for this characterization of background indoor air. This data screening approach
effectively excludes any contribution of vapor intrusion to the indoor air in these samples. The
samples were collected quarterly over a 24-hour period from the first (lowest) potentially
occupied floor of each building and analyzed for eight compounds using EPA Method TO-
14/TO-15 in SIM mode. This study reported the number of samples, reporting limits, percent
non-detects, and percentiles, including the 50th, 90th, and 95th percentiles.
Van Winkle and Scheff (2001). Indoor air was sampled monthly to quarterly in 10 non-
smoking homes in the Chicago area as part of a Public Health Assessment for exposure to VOCs.
A total of forty-eight 24-hour samples were collected using Summa canisters and analyzed using
EPA Method TO-14. The study reported the number of samples, percent detections, maximum
values, and percentiles, including the 50th and 90th percentiles.
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June 2011 Background Indoor Air Concentrations
Clayton et al. (1999). This paper describes the National Human Exposure Assessment
Survey (NHEXAS) conducted by EPA to evaluate residential indoor air quality in residences in
six states in the Great Lakes Region. A total of 396 indoor air samples from more than 200
residences were collected. The indoor air samples were collected with passive sorbent samplers
(OVM 3520). The samplers were deployed in the main living area of all homes over monitoring
periods of approximately 144 hours (6 days). At the end of the monitoring period, each sampler
was capped and stored until it was shipped to the laboratory for analysis, where it was solvent-
extracted and analyzed by GC/MS. Individual sample results were downloaded from EPA's
NHEXAS Web site (http://www.epa.gov/nerl/research/nhexas/nhexas.htm), and the data were
used to generate percentiles, including the 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th, and 95th percentiles.
Gordon et al. (1999). This study was part of NHEXAS, which included indoor air
sampling in residences in Arizona. A total of 185 indoor air samples were collected with passive
sorbent samplers (OVM 3520). The samplers were deployed in the main living area of 179
homes over monitoring periods of approximately 144 hours (6 days). At the end of the
monitoring period, each sampler was capped and stored until it was shipped to the laboratory for
analysis, where it was solvent-extracted and analyzed by GC/MS. The study reported the number
of samples, reporting limits, percent detections, and percentiles, including the 50th, 75th, and
90th percentiles.
Mukerjee et al. (1997). This study was part of a comprehensive environmental scoping
study designed to provide better estimates of total exposure of residents in the Lower Rio Grande
Valley of Texas to contaminants in air, house dust, and soil. Indoor air in nine residences in and
around Brownsville, Texas, was monitored over 3 weeks during the spring of 1993. Multi-
sorbent active samplers were used to collect samples over a 24-hour period. The samplers were
placed in high-use areas 30 cm from an interior wall and 1.5 m from the floor. The samples were
analyzed using thermal desorption GC/MS. The study reported the number of samples, percent
detections, and median (50th percentile) values.
Heavner et al. (1996). This study was sponsored by the Reynolds Tobacco Company and
was designed to compare the indoor air quality in smoking and non-smoking homes in Mount
Laurel, New Jersey. Only data from non-smoking homes are included in this compilation to
avoid biasing the results from an over-select!on of smoking homes.4 A total of 61 indoor air
samples from 61 non-smoking homes were obtained in Mount Laurel during November 1992.
Personal VOC samplers consisted of active multi-sorbent samplers (Tenax and Carbotrap
cartridges) equipped with low-flow pumps. The average sampling time was 14 nighttime hours.
Air samples were analyzed by thermal desorption GC/MS. The study reported the number of
samples, median (50th percentile), and maximum values.
Heavner et al. (1995). This study was sponsored by the Reynolds Tobacco Company and
was designed to compare the indoor air quality in smoking and non-smoking homes in
Columbus, Ohio. Only data from non-smoking homes are included in this compilation to avoid
VOC concentrations, including benzene and styrene, were elevated in the smoking homes.
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June 2011 Background Indoor Air Concentrations
biasing the results from an over-selection of smoking homes.5 A total of 24 indoor air samples
from 24 non-smoking homes were obtained from February 25-29, 1991. Personal VOC samplers
consisted of active multi-sorbent samplers (Tenax and Carbotrap cartridges) equipped with low-
flow pumps carried by non-smoking women in non-smoking homes in Columbus, Ohio. The
average sampling time was three evening hours. The samples were analyzed by thermal
desorption GC/MS. The study reported the number of samples, median (50th percentile), and
maximum values.
Sheldon et al. (1992). Indoor and outdoor air samples from a random probability sample
of 125 homes in Woodland, California, were collected during May and June of 1990 by the
California Air Resources Board for review and assessment of indoor-sourced air pollution. The
samples were collected over a 24-hour period using 6-liter stainless steel Summa canisters and
analyzed using GC/MS SIM, or sorbent tubes with Tenax and a low-flow pump collecting
16 liters of air analyzed by thermal desorption/high resolution GC/MS. The study reported the
number of samples, reporting limits, percent detections, maximum values, and percentiles,
including the 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th percentiles.
U.S. EPA (1987a). This publication included two studies that were conducted in 1984 as
part of the Total Exposure Assessment Methodology (TEAM) study conducted by EPA in the
1980s as part of a research program to develop and test statistical and chemical methods for
estimating human exposure to selected toxic or hazardous substances. Indoor air samples were
collected using personal air monitors (Tenax cartridges) over two 12-hour periods: 6 am to 6 pm
(daytime) and 6 pm to 6 am (nighttime). A small pump was used to draw air through the sampler
at approximately 30 mL/min. For this evaluation, EPA considered only the nighttime data from
this study. EPA believes the nighttime data are more representative of residential indoor air
concentrations typically found in the home because most participants would have remained
indoors at home during the nighttime period. The air samples were analyzed by GC/MS. The
portion of the TEAM study reported in U.S. EPA (1987a) included a study of residences in Los
Angeles, California, from which a total of 111 samples were collected, and a study of residences
in Contra Costa County, California, from which a total of 68 samples were collected. For both
studies, EPA (1987a) reported the number of samples, reporting limits, maximum values, and
percentiles, including the 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th, and 95th percentiles. (Note: Because time trend
analysis of the background indoor air concentrations measured in the studies conducted between
1990 and 2005 are considerably lower than those measured in earlier studies, the data from U.S.
EPA [1987a] were not included in the final compilation of statistics developed for this report).
U.S. EPA (1987b). This study was conducted in 1981 and was also part of the TEAM
study conducted by EPA in the 1980s. Indoor air samples were collected using personal air
monitors (Tenax cartridges) over two 12-hour time periods: 6 am to 6 pm (daytime) and 6 pm to
6 am (nighttime). A small pump was used to draw air through the sampler at approximately
30 mL/min. For this evaluation, EPA considered only the nighttime data from this study. EPA
believes the nighttime data are more representative of residential indoor air concentrations
typically found in the home, because most participants would have remained indoors at home
Seven VOCs, benzene, styrene, pyridine, 2-picoline, 3-picoline, 3-ethylpyridine, and 3-ethenylpyridine, were
elevated in the smoking homes.
-------
June 2011 Background Indoor Air Concentrations
during the nighttime period. The air samples were analyzed by GC/MS. This portion of the
TEAM study included residences in an industrial/chemical manufacturing area, in Bayonne and
Elizabeth, New Jersey, from which a total of 348 samples were obtained. U.S. EPA (1987b)
reported the number of samples, reporting limits, percent non-detects, maximum values, and
percentiles, including the 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th, and 95th percentiles. (Note: Because time trend
analysis of the background indoor air concentrations measured in the studies conducted between
1990 and 2005 are considerably lower than those measured in earlier studies, the data from U.S.
EPA [1987b] were not included in the final compilation of statistics developed for this report.)
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June 2011
Background Indoor Air Concentrations
Table 1. Summary of Background Indoor Air Quality Studies (1981-2005) Selected for Evaluation
Reference
Study Location
Sample
Dates
Season
No. of
Samples
Available Data
(Statistics)
Collection Device
Collect!
on
Period
Analytical
Method
Studies included in the compiled summary of statistics (15 studies)
Weisel (2006)
NYSDOH (2006)
Rago et al. (2004,
2005)
Zhu et al. (2005)
Kurtz (2005)
Sexton et al. (2004)
Foster et al. (2002)
Kurtz and Folkes
(2002)
Van Winkle and
Scheff(2001)
Clayton etal. (1999)
Gordon etal. (1999)
Mukerjee et al.
(1997)
Heavner et al.
(1996)
Heavner et al.
(1995)
Sheldon et al.
(1992)
NJ
NY
MA
Ottawa, CA
Denver, CO
Minneapolis, MN
Denver, CO
Denver, CO
Chicago, IL
Midwest States
AZ
Brownsville, TX
Mt. Laurel, NJ
Columbus, OH
Woodland, CA
2004-
2005
1997-
2003
2004-
2005
2002-
2003
1998
1999
1998-
2001
1998-
2001
1994-
1995
1995-
1997
1995-
1997
1993
1992
1991
1990
Varies
All
Spring,
Fall
Winter
All-
Quarterly
Spring,
Summer,
Fall
All-
Quarterly
All-
Quarterly
All
All
All
Spring
Winter
Winter
Summer
100
400
100
75
375
292
427
282
48
395
185
9
61
24
125
Population Stats
(25/50/75/90/95/Max)
Population Stats
(25/50/75/90/95/Max)
Population Stats
(25/50/75/90/Max)
Population Stats (50/75/90/Max)
Population Stats
(25/50/75/90/95/Max)
Population Stats (50/90)
Population Stats
(25/50/75/90/95/Max)
Population Stats (50/90/95/Max)
Population Stats (50/90/Max)
Actual Data
(25/50/75/90/95/Max)
Population Stats (50/75/90/Max)
Population Stats (50)
Population Stats (50/Max)
Population Stats (50/Max)
Population Stats
(25/50/75/90/Max)
Summa canister
Summa canister
Summa canister
Sorbenttube, active
sampler
Summa canister
Charcoal passive
sampler
Summa canister
Summa canister
Summa canister
Passive sorbent
sampler
Passive sorbent
sampler
Multi-sorbent active
canister
Active multi-sorbent
sampler
Multi-sorbent sampler
w/pump
Canister and active
sorbent sampler
24 hours
2 hours
24 hours
1.7 hours
24 hours
48 hours
24 hours
24 hours
24 hours
6 days
6 days
24 hours
14 hours
3 hours
24 hours
EPATO-15
EPATO-15
EPATO-15
GC/MS
EPA TO-
14/1 5 SCAN
GC/MS
EPA TO-
14/15 SIM
EPA TO-
14/15 SIM
EPATO-14
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
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June 2011
Background Indoor Air Concentrations
Reference
Study Location
Sample
Dates
Season
No. of
Samples
Available Data
(Statistics)
Collection Device
Collect!
on
Period
Analytical
Method
Pre-1990 Studies evaluated but not included in the compiled summary of statistics (3 studies)
U.S. EPA(1987a)
U.S. EPA(1987b)
Los Angeles, CA
(1)
Contra Costa,
CA(2)
Elizabeth and
Bayonne, NJ
1984
1984
1981
Winter,
Summer
Summer
Fall
111
68
348
Population Stats
(25/50/75/90/95/Max)
Population Stats
(25/50/75/90/95/Max)
Population Stats
(25/50/75/90/95/Max)
Ten ax
Ten ax
Ten ax
12 hours
12 hours
12 hours
GC/FID
GC/FID
GC/FID
GC/FID = gas chromatography/flame ionization detection; GC/MS = gas chromatography/mass spectrometry; SIM = selected ion monitoring.
10
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June 2011 Background Indoor Air Concentrations
3.0 Compilation and Evaluation of Background Indoor Air Statistics
The indoor air concentration statistics for VOCs commonly measured in North American
residences reported in the 18 indoor air quality studies described in Section 2 were compiled in a
spreadsheet to facilitate analysis. The VOCs for which information was compiled are common
groundwater contaminants and, therefore, are likely to be considered in site-specific vapor
intrusion investigations and analyzed in indoor air.
In compiling the background data concentration statistics, statistical measures that were
reported as lower than the laboratory reporting limit (RL), which typically had been assigned a
value of one-half the analytical reporting limit by the individual study authors, were designated
in this compilation as "
-------
June 2011 Background Indoor Air Concentrations
the reporting limit were excluded from this compilation. Appendix C contains the information
reported by each individual study. The compiled statistics in Table 2 collectively represent
indoor air quality in urban, suburban, and rural residences, without differentiation as to setting.
The population statistics from this compilation compare very well with those of existing
residential buildings in Hodgson and Levin (2003) at the 50th percentile and within a factor of
two at the 90th percentile. The compilation in Table 2, however, includes additional information
that more effectively describes the variability of indoor air concentrations due to background
sources that may be measured in North American residences.
In order to illustrate the variability in background indoor air VOC concentrations
commonly measured in North American residences, Figure 2 plots the individual percentiles
(e.g., 50th, 75th, 90th, and 95th percentiles) reported in the more recent (1990-2005) indoor air
studies versus the year sample collection started. Percentiles reported as less than the reporting
limit are shown with open symbols plotted at the reporting limit. Figure 2, along with Table 2,
illustrate that there is considerable variability in background indoor air concentrations. The
observed variability may be the result of differences in the date of sampling and location of the
studies, as well as differences in study design (e.g., sampling duration, sampling devices, and
sampling strategies). In addition, the individual study statistics presented in this report were
taken from studies conducted in a wide variety of geographic settings and climatic conditions,
which may contribute to the overall variability in the compiled concentration statistics.
Variations in house air exchange rates, consumer habits, and outdoor air concentrations also may
contribute to the overall variability within and between the studies.
The concentrations in Figures 1 and 2 are plotted on a log scale to accommodate the
large ranges in concentrations reported in background indoor air. To test whether the underlying
distribution of background air concentrations is log based, the concentration distribution of an
example chemical commonly found in indoor airbenzenewas analyzed. The benzene
concentration percentiles reported in six studies that provided a comprehensive set of percentiles
(e.g., 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th & 95th percentiles; Appendix C) plot as roughly straight lines in a
log-normal probability plot (Figure 3). This suggests the underlying data are log-normally
distributed. The values along the x-axis in Figure 3 are the number of standard deviations away
from the mean (which has a value of zero). The characterization of the background indoor air
concentrations as log-normally distributed is important because it makes clear that, although
most concentrations tend to be low (i.e., the data are skewed towards zero, with most occurring
in the lower part of the concentration range), some very large background concentrations do
occur, though rarely, on the "long right tail" that is characteristic of the higher part of the range
of a log-normal distribution. The large range of concentrations within and among the studies
reviewed support the use of concentration distributions rather than a single measure of the
distribution, such as a "typical" value, to characterize background concentrations in indoor air. In
summary, the evidence suggests the background indoor air concentrations can be generally
characterized by a log-normal (or similarly skewed) distribution, indicating that although most
concentrations tend to be low, some very large background concentrations do occur.
The VOCs most commonly detected in indoor air in the 15 more recent (1990 to 2005)
studies compiled in Table 2 are presented in Figure 4, which ranks the chemicals on the basis of
the total percent detections shown in Table 2. As described above, the sources that influence the
concentrations of these VOCs include outdoor ambient air, as well as numerous potential indoor
12
-------
June 2011 Background Indoor Air Concentrations
sources. It is important to recognize that the studies used to develop Figure 4 used widely
varying reporting limits (shown in parentheses following each listed compound). Some
compounds (e.g., trichloroethylene) commonly have been analyzed using very low reporting
limits, while other compounds (e.g., cis-l,2-dichloroethylene) have been analyzed using
reporting limits an order of magnitude higher. Studies with lower reporting limits nearly always
have higher detection frequencies for the compounds analyzed (see Appendix C). For example,
Foster et al. (2002) had a very low RL for TCE (0.02 |ig/m3) and a 100% detection frequency,
while Weisel (2006), with the highest TCE RL of 2.7 |ig/m3, had only an 8% detection frequency
for TCE. Similarly, 1,1-dichloroethylene was rarely detected in most studies except for the two
using very low reporting limits. NYDOH (2006) detected 1,1-dichloroethylene in ~ 7% of their
samples using a reporting limit of 0.25 |ig/m3 whereas Zhu et al. (2005) reported detecting 1,1-
dichloroethylene in -45% of their samples using a reporting limit of 0.01 |ig/m3.
Finally, it is important to note that background indoor air concentrations found in site-
specific assessments or individual studies in the future may differ from those found in the
individual studies shown in Figure 2 and may even fall outside of the ranges of statistics
compiled in Table 2 of this report. Concentrations of many hazardous chemicals may continue to
decrease in the future if continued efforts to replace hazardous chemicals in household products
with environmentally friendly alternatives are successful. For example, since 2005, when the
Energy Policy Act removed the oxygen requirement from gasoline, MTBE use in gasoline has
declined considerably6. Thus, current MTBE levels in background indoor air are expected to be
significantly lower than the concentrations reported in Table 2. Conversely, background indoor
air concentrations of some chemicals (e.g., 1,2-dichloroethane) appear to be showing an increase
over time (Kurtz et al., 2010), which has been tied to increasing use in certain consumer products
(Doucette et al., 2009).
6 http://water.usgs.gov/nawqa/vocs/oxvbib/index.oxybib.html
13
-------
June 2011
Background Indoor Air Concentrations
sr so
"M 40
a 30
o
" 20
1 10
o
1 °
19
Indoor Air Cone (ug/m3)
o i-1 KJ eo 4*
i-i
ID
Indoor Air Cone (ug/m3)
M M
O en o en
s
ST 2.0
Jl.5
a
o 1.0
! o,
0
o
T3
£ o.o
19
Benzene
^
4
80 1985 1990 1995
Study Start Date
Carbon Tetrachloride
50%
»90%
t
i
2000 2005
*
,
"* .
I : t *
a
80 1985 1990 1995
Study Start Date
Chloroform
50%
^ »90%
2000 2005
**
4
t °
80 1985 1990 1995
Study Start Date
1,2-Dichloroethane
50%
»90%
2000 2005
50%
+ D »90%
1 * «
80 1985 1990 1995
Study Start Date
* *
2000 2005
Figure 1. Background indoor air concentration (ug/m ) percentiles (50th and 90th) versus time
(1981-2005) for selected VOCs in background indoor air. The percentiles are plotted versus the
starting sample date of the individual studies. Percentiles below a study's reporting limit are
shown with open symbols. See Appendix C for figure data.
14
-------
June 2011
Background Indoor Air Concentrations
Indoor Air Cone (ng/m3)
I-1 NJ UJ
O O O O
1^3
S~ 40
1 30
u
c
o
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June 2011
Background Indoor Air Concentrations
Table 2. Ranges of Summary Statistics for Background Indoor Air Concentrations of Common VOCs Measured
in North American Residences between 1990 and 2005 (all concentrations expressed in ug/m3)
Compound
Benzene
Carbon tetrachloride
Chloroform
Dichloroethane, 1,1-
Dichloroethane, 1,2-
Dichloroethylene, 1,1-
Dichloroethylene, cis 1,2-
Ethylbenzene
Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE)
Methylene chloride
Tetrachloroethylene
Toluene
Trichloro-l,2,2-trifluoroethane,
1,1,2- (Freon 113)
Trichloroethane, 1,1,1-
Trichloroethylene
Vinyl chloride
Xylene, m/p-
Xylene, o-
Number
of
Studies
14
6
11
2
7
2
3
10
4
8
13
12
3
9
14
4
10
12
Number
of
Samples
2,615
1248
2,278
682
1,432
475
875
1,484
502
1,724
2,312
2,065
600
1,877
2503
1484
1,920
2,004
Range
%
Detect
31-100
1-100
9-100
1
1-25
7-45
1-9
26-100
9-70
29-100
5-100
86-100
1-56
4-100
1-100
0-25
52-100
31-100
Total %
Detects
91.1
53.5
68.5
1
13.8
13
4.9
85.7
54.5
79.1
62.5
96.4
37.5
53.4
42.6
9.2
92.9
89.0
RL Range
0.05-1.6
0.15-1.3
0.02-2.4
0.08-0.25
0.08-2.0
0.01-0.25
0.25-2.0
0.01-2.2
0.05-1.8
0.12-3.5
0.03-3.4
0.03-1.9
0.25-3.8
0.12-2.7
0.02-2.7
0.01-0.25
0.4-2.2
0.11-2.2
Range of
50th%
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2077
Background Indoor Air Concentrations
Iso
u
C
o
<
8 1U <
1 <
19
i
31 It:
U
C
o
<
0 5
1
19
i
|
<
o 4U
-D
C
i
i
u
c
§ 20
1 1
n
19
Benzene
x
: * A 4,
±
: i i t
i j
90 1995 2000 20
Study Start Date
Ethylbenzene
A
A A
: " - i
90 1995 2000 20
Study Start Date
Toluene
A
A
A
* * *.
. ! ! ' t t
990 1995 2000 20
Study Start Date
m/p-Xylene
A
^
f . «
t .«:-. it
90 1995 2000 20
Study Start Date
A 95%
»90%
75%
50%
05
A 95%
»90%
75%
50%
05
A 95%
*90%
75%
50%
05
A 95%
»90%
75%
50%
05
Figure 2. Summary statistics for background indoor air concentrations of selected VOCs
measured in North American residences between 1990 and 2005 plotted as a function of study
start date. Percentiles below a study's reporting limit are shown with open symbols. See Appendix
C for figure data.
17
-------
June 2011
Background Indoor Air Concentrations
Indoor Air Cone (|4g/m3)
P p h-1 h-1 NJ
O Ln b Ln b
i i
to
Indoor Air Cone (ng/m3)
o NJ -P=> en co
b b b b b
i i
to
Indoor Air Cone (pg/m3)
O O I-1 I-1 NJ
O Ln b Ln b
r-1
to
Indoor Air Cone (pg/m3)
r-i NJ LU .p* Ln en
§00000
00000
i-i
to
Carbon Tetrachloride
ft
A
i : : !
D
90 1995
Study Start Date
Chloroform
A 95%
»90%
75%
50%
2000 2005
A A
A 1 *
*
' i " '
90 1995
Study Start Date
A 95%
»90%
75%
50%
2000 2005
1,2-Dichloroethane
D
* *
90 1995
Study Start Date
A 95%
*90%
75%
50%
2000 2005
Methylene Chloride
A
w * ft
90 1995
Study Start Date
A 95%
»90%
75%
50%
2000 2005
Figure 2. (cont.) Summary statistics for background indoor air concentrations of selected VOCs
measured in North American residences between 1990 and 2005 plotted as a function of study
start date. Percentiles below a study's reporting limit are shown with open symbols. See Appendix
C for figure data
18
-------
2077
Background Indoor Air Concentrations
Indoor Air Cone (|lg/m3)
Indoor Air Cone (|Jg/m3)
Indoor Air Cone (jlg/m3)
Indoor Air Cone (ng/m3)
15
10
5
<
o 1
19
80
60
40
20
o'
IS
Tetrachloroethylene
A A
« 1
* * * * s
;.-_ t i - s
A 95%
»90%
75%
50%
90 1995 2000 2005
Study Start Date
1,1/1-Trichloroethane
*
A
t --Ji*
A 95%
»90%
75%
50%
90 1995 2000 2005
Study Start Date
Trichloroethylene
^ 4
1
I
A
0
* 8
- - $ 1 !
A 95%
*90%
75%
50%
1990 1995 2000 2005
Study Start Date
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
19
Vinyl Chloride
ft
ft
4
A 95%
»90%
75%
50%
90 1995 2000 2005
Study Start Date
Figure 2. (cont.) Summary statistics for background indoor air concentrations of selected VOCs
measured in North American residences between 1990 and 2005 plotted as a function of study
start date. Percentiles below a study's reporting limit are shown with open symbols. See Appendix
C for figure data.
19
-------
June 2011
Background Indoor Air Concentrations
Benzene
100
A USEPA, 1987a (CA)
Jit Clayton et al., 1999
Kurtz, 2005
A Foster et al., 2002
NYSDOH, 2006
Weisel, 2006
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
Number of Standard Deviations from Mean
Figure 3. Log-normal probability plot for benzene in six residential indoor air quality studies.
Exponential regression lines are used to represent data trends.
i_
o E
CD ~
£&
(A 0)
Toluene (0.03 -1.9)
m/p-Xylene (0.4 - 2.2)
Benzene (0.05 -1.6)
o-Xylene (0.11-2.2)
Ethylbenzene (0.01-2.2)
Methylene chloride (0.12 - 3.5)
Chloroform (0.02 - 2.4)
Tetrachloroethylene (0.03 - 3.4)
Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) (0.05 -1.8)
Carbon tetrachloride (0.15 -1.3)
1,1,1-Trichloroethane (0.12 - 2.7)
Trichloroethylene (0.02 - 2.7)
1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane (0.25 - 3.8)
1,2-Dichloroethane (0.08 - 2.0)
1,1-Dichloroethylene (0.01 - 0.25)
Vinyl chloride (0.01-0.25)
cis 1,2-Dichloroethylene (0.25 - 2.0)
1,1-Dichloroethane (0.08 - 0.25)
Total Percent Detections
20 40 60 80
100
92.9 I
91-1 I
85-7 I
fiR.S I
62.S I
S4.S I
S3.S I
42.fi I
37.5 I
13.B I
Figure 4. Total percent detections of common VOCs in background indoor air compiled
from 15 studies conducted between 1990 and 2005. Range of reporting limits is
shown in parentheses.
20
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June 2011 Background Indoor Air Concentrations
4.0 Summary and Conclusions
Indoor air typically contains chemicals from consumer products, building materials, and
outdoor (ambient) air. Any indoor air sample collected for site-specific assessment of subsurface
vapor intrusion is likely to detect chemicals from these other sources, and in many cases, the
compounds detected in indoor air may be the same as those present in contaminated soil or
groundwater that may enter the building through vapor intrusion.
This technical report presents a compilation of information on the expected ranges and
variability of typical ('background') indoor air concentrations of VOCs measured in North
American residences. The compilation was developed from 15 background indoor air studies
targeting specific residential populations for specific purposes, conducted between 1990 and
2005. These were selected from a total of 18 indoor air quality studies conducted between 1981
and 2005, which reported summary statistics describing the distribution of indoor air
concentrations measured in residences that are not expected or known to be located over
contaminated soil or groundwater or that have effective vapor intrusion mitigation systems in
place.
The information compiled for this technical report includes percentiles (e.g., 25th, 50th,
75th, 90th, and 95th percentiles), number of samples, percent detection, and reporting limits.
Some chemicals, notably the petroleum hydrocarbons benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and
xylene, as well as the chlorinated hydrocarbons carbon tetrachloride, chloroform,
tetrachloroethylene, and others, are frequently detected in background indoor air.
Evaluation of the background indoor air concentration summary statistics (i.e.,
percentiles) suggests that typical background VOC concentrations are log-normally distributed
and vary considerably within and among the studies. This variation can be attributed to
differences in the date of the study, sampling methods, geographic settings, and climatic
conditions, as well as variations in house air exchange rates, consumer habits, and outdoor air
concentrations. The large range of concentrations within and among the studies reviewed support
the use of concentration distributions rather than a single measure of the distribution, such as a
"typical" value, to characterize background concentrations in indoor air.
Time trends in the background indoor air concentration statistics reported in the studies
reviewed for this technical report suggest that indoor air quality appears to have been improving
over time in the United States and Canada. The indoor air concentrations measured in individual
studies conducted between 1990 and 2005 and compiled here are considerably lower than those
measured earlier. This is a finding that is consistent with other publications (Hodgson and Levin,
2003; Zhu et al., 2005; Weschler, 2009). It is important to note, however, that background indoor
air concentrations found in site-specific assessments or individual studies in the future may differ
from those summarized in this report. Concentrations of many hazardous chemicals may
continue to decrease in the future as new environmentally friendly consumer products and
building materials are developed. This may be particularly true for trichloroethylene, which is an
important risk driver in many vapor intrusion assessments and shows a strong decrease in
concentration over time. Conversely, concentrations of some chemicals may increase in the
future, due to their increasing use in certain consumer products. Changes over time in building
21
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June 2011 Background Indoor Air Concentrations
construction and ventilation codes also may result in changes in the concentrations of indoor air
contaminants found in buildings.
EPA anticipates that the information presented in this technical report may be useful for
evaluating EPA's updated and expanded vapor intrusion database. EPA also anticipates that the
information presented in this report may help EPA, State and tribal programs, and others
determine whether indoor air quality data collected during site-specific vapor intrusion
investigations are within typical background ranges. The information presented in this technical
document also may be useful in communicating the findings of indoor air quality studies to
building occupants and other stakeholders impacted by a vapor intrusion investigation. In
addition, it may help affected parties at a specific site understand which VOCs are likely to be
detected in indoor air even in the absence of any contribution from subsurface vapor intrusion.
22
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June 2011 Background Indoor Air Concentrations
5.0 References
Brown, S.K., M.R. Sim, MJ. Abramson, and C.N. Gray. 1994. Concentrations of volatile
organic compounds in indoor air - a review. Indoor Air 4:123-124.
Clayton, C.A., E.D. Pellizzari, R.W. Whitmore, R.L. Perritt, and JJ. Quackenboss. 1999.
National Human Exposure Assessment Survey (NHEXAS): Distributions and
associations of lead, arsenic, and volatile organic compounds in EPA Region 5. Journal
of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology 5(9): 3 81-3 92.
Dawson, H.E., and T. McAlary. 2009. A compilation of statistics for VOCs from post-1990
indoor air concentration studies in North American residences unaffected by subsurface
vapor intrusion. Ground Water Monitoring and Remediation. 29(l):60-69.
DiGiulio, D.C., CJ. Paul, R. Cody, R. Wiley, S. Clifford, P. Kahn, R. Mosley, A. Lee, and K.
Christensen. 2006. Assessment of Vapor Intrusion in Homes near the Raymark Superfund
Site Using Basement and Sub-Slab Air Samples. EPA Report Number EPA/600/R-
05/147. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development,
National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH. March. Available at
http://www.epa.gov/nrmrl/pubs/600R05147/600R05147.pdf
Doucette, W.J., Hall, A. J., and Gorder, K.A. 2009. Emissions of 1,2-dichloroethane from
holiday decorations as a source of indoor air contamination. Ground Water Monitoring &
Remediation: V30 Nl; p. 67-73.
Foster, S.J., J.P. Kurtz, and A.K. Woodland. 2002. Background indoor air risks at selected
residences in Denver Colorado. In Proceedings: Indoor Air 2002, the proceedings of the
9th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate, Monterey, CA, June 30-
July 5, p. 932-937.
Gordon S.M., PJ. Callahan, M.G. Nishioka, M.C. Brinkman, M.K. O'Rourke, M.D. Lebowitz,
and DJ. Moschandreas. 1999. Residential environmental measurements in the National
Human Exposure Assessment Survey (NHEXAS) pilot study in Arizona: Preliminary
results for pesticides and VOCs. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental
Epidemiology 9(5):456-470.
Heavner, D.L., W.T. Morgan, and M.E. Ogden. 1995. Determination of volatile organic
compounds and ETS apportionment in 49 homes. Environmental International 2l(l):3-
21.
Heavner, D.L., W.T. Morgan, and M.W. Ogden. 1996. Determination of volatile organic
compounds and respirable suspended particulate matter in New Jersey and Pennsylvania
homes and workplaces. Environment International 22(2): 159-183.
Helsel, D.R. 2005a. Nondetects and Data Analysis, Statistics for Censored Environmental Data.
New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Helsel, D.R. 2005b. More than obvious: Better methods for interpreting nondetect data.
Environmental Science & Technology 39(20):419A-423A.
Helsel, D.R. 2006. Fabricating data: how substituting values for non-detects can ruin results, and
what can be done about it. Chemosphere 65:2434-2439.
23
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June 2011 Background Indoor Air Concentrations
Hers, I, R. Zapf-Gilje, L. Li, and J. Atwater. 2001. The use of indoor air measurements to
evaluate intrusion of subsurface VOC vapors into buildings. Journal of the Air & Waste
Management Association 51:174-185.
Hodgson, A.T., and Levin, H. 2003. Volatile Organic Compounds in Indoor Air: A Review of
Concentrations Measured in North America Since 1990. Report LBNL-51715, Lawrence
Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA.
Holcomb, L.C., and B.S. Seabrook. 1995. Indoor concentrations of volatile organic compounds:
implications for comfort, health, and regulation. Indoor Environment 4:7-26.
Kurtz, J.P., and DJ. Folkes. 2002. Background concentrations of selected chlorinated
hydrocarbons in residential indoor air. Pp. 920-925 in Proceedings: Indoor Air 2002, the
proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate,
Monterey, CA, June 30-July 5.
Kurtz, J.P. 2005. "Indoor air samples in Denver, Colorado." Personal communication from
Jeffrey Kurtz, EnviroGroup Limited, to Helen Dawson, U.S. EPA, Region 8.
Kurtz, J.P., Wolfe, E.M., Woodland, A.K., and Foster, S.J., 2010. Evidence for increasing indoor
sources of 1,2-dichloroethane since 2004 at two Colorado residential vapor intrusion
sites. Ground Water Monitoring & Remediation: 30(3): 107-112.
McDonald, G.J, and W.E. Wertz. 2007. PCE, TCE, and TCA vapors in subslab soil gas and
indoor air: A case study in upstate New York. Ground Water Monitoring & Remediation
27(4): 86-92.
Mukerjee, S., W. Ellenson, R.G. Lewis, R.K. Stevens, M.C. Somerville, D.S. Shadwick, and R.D
Willis. 1997. An environmental scoping study in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of
TexasIII. Residential microenvironmental monitoring for air, house dust, and soil.
Environment International 23(5):657-673.
NYSDOH (New York State Department of Health). 2006. Study of Volatile Organic Chemicals
in Air of Fuel Oil Heated Homes. In: Final NYSDOH Soil Vapor Intrusion Guidance.
Appendix C.I. Available at http://www.health.state.ny.us/environmental/investigations/
soil_gas/svi_guidance/docs/svi_appendc.pdf. October.
Rago, R., R. McCafferty, and A. Rezendez. 2004. Background Residential Indoor Air Quality in
Massachusetts. In Proceedings of the Association for Environmental Health and Science
Vapor Intrusion Workshop, Amherst, MA, October.
Rago, R. 2005. "Indoor air samples in Massachusetts." Personal Communication from Richard
Rago, Haley and Aldrich, to Helen Dawson, U.S. EPA Region 8.
Samfield, M. 1992. Indoor Air Quality Database for Organic Compounds. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development. February.
Sexton, K., J.L. Adgate, G. Ramachandran, G. Pratt, S.J. Mongin, T.H. Stock, and M.T.
Morandi. 2004. Comparison of personal, indoor, and outdoor exposures to hazardous air
pollutants in three urban communities. Environmental Science & Technology 38(2):423-
430.
Shah, J.J., and H.B. Singh. 1988. Distribution of volatile organic chemicals in outdoor and indoor
air. Environmental Science & Technology 22(12): 1381-1388.
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June 2011 Background Indoor Air Concentrations
Sheldon, L., A. Clayton, B. Jones, J. Keever, R. Perritt, D. Smith, D. Whitaker, and R.
Whitmore. 1992. Indoor Pollutant Concentrations and Exposures. Final Report.
California Air Resources Board Report No. A833-153. Prepared for the California Air
Resources Board by Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC. January.
Stolwijk, J.A.J. 1990. Assessment of population exposure and carcinogenic risk posed by volatile
organic chemicals in indoor air. Risk Analysis 10(l):49-57.
U.S. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). 1987a. The Total Exposure Assessment
Methodology (TEAM) Study: Selected Communities in Northern and Southern
California: Volume III. EPA Report Number EPA/600/6-87/002b. June.
U.S. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). 1987b. The Total Exposure Assessment
Methodology (TEAM) Study: Elizabeth andBayonne, New Jersey, Devils Lake, North
Dakota, and Greensboro, North Carolina: Volume II, Part 2. EPA Report Number
EPA/600/6-87/002c. June.
U.S. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). 1998. A Comparison of Indoor and Outdoor
Concentrations of Hazardous Air Pollutants. Inside IAQ EPA/600/N-98/002
Spring/Summer.
U.S. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). 2002. Draft Guidance for Evaluating the Vapor
Intrusion to Indoor Air Pathway from Groundwater and Soils. Washington, DC: Office
of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. November. Available at
http://www.epa.gov/wastes/hazard/correctiveaction/eis/vapor/complete.pdf
U.S. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). 2009. Residential indoor air screening levels
(RBCs). Available at http://www.epa.gov/reg3hwmd/risk/human/rb-
concentration_table/Generic_Tables/index.htm, updated December 7, 2009.
Van Winkle, M.R., and P. A Scheff. 2001. Volatile organic compounds, polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons and elements in the air of 10 urban homes. Indoor Air 2001 11:49-64.
Weisel, C.P., J. Zhang, B.J. Turpin, M.T. Morandi, S. Colome, T.H. Stock, D.M Spektor, et al.
2005. Relationships of Indoor, Outdoor, and Personal Air (RIOPA): Part 1. Collection
Methods and Descriptive Analyses. HEI Research Report 130; NUATRC Research
Report 7. Health Effects Institute, Boston, MA; Mickey Leland National Urban Toxics
Research Center, Houston, TX. Available at
http://pubs.healtheffects.org/view.php?id=31.
Weisel, C.P. 2006. Investigation of Indoor Air Sources ofVOC Contamination. Final Report,
Year 2, SR03-033. New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection. October.
Weisel, C.P., S. Alimokhtari, and P.P. Sanders. 2008. Indoor air VOC concentrations in
suburban and rural New Jersey. Environmental Science & Technology 42(22):8231-
8238.
Weschler, C.J. 2009. Changes in indoor pollutants since the 1950s. Atmospheric Environment.
43:153-169.
Zhu, J., R. Newhook, L. Marro, and C. Chan. 2005. Selected volatile organic compounds in
residential air in the City of Ottawa, Canada. Environmental Science & Technology
39(11):3964-3971.
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June 2011 Background Indoor Air Concentrations
26
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June 2011 Appendix A
Appendix A
Summary of Previous Compilations of
Background Indoor Air
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June 2011 Appendix A
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June 2011 Appendix A
Appendix A
Summary of Previous Compilations of Background Indoor Air
Shah and Singh (1988) compiled a database of 2,128 indoor air measurements,
including samples from commercial buildings, for 66 VOCs representing 30 cities in
16 states (although 90% of the data are from California and New Jersey). The
sampling dates for these compilations range from 1970 to 1987, with 98% collected
between 1981 and 1984. Shah and Singh reported the number of samples, reporting
limits, median and maximum values, percent detections, and lower and upper
quartiles (i.e., the 25th and 75th percentiles).
Stolwijk (1990) compiled central tendency data from four large studies of indoor air
in homes collected prior to 1987 in the United States, Germany, the Netherlands, and
Italy.
Samfield (1992) compiled central tendency data from the literature on organic
compounds measured indoors from 1975 to 1990.
Brown et al. (1994) consolidated data from 50 studies that measured indoor air
concentrations of VOCs in dwellings, office buildings, schools, offices, and hospitals.
The samples were obtained between 1978 and 1990 in several countries. Assuming
the data were log-normally distributed, the authors estimated weighted average
geometric means and the 90th and 98th percentile concentrations for each VOC.
Holcomb and Seabrook (1995) compiled mean VOC concentration data from
studies of indoor air quality in commercial and residential buildings that were
published between 1980 and 1993.
U.S. EPA (1998) reviewed several field studies and compilation reports published
between 1988 and 1996 to compile mean and median values of VOCs in indoor and
ambient air. The samples were obtained from U.S. and foreign locations and included
numerous commercial buildings, schools, and residences.
Hodgson and Levin (2003) compiled central tendency data (mean and median) and
maximum concentrations for a large number of VOCs, and the 90th and 95th
percentiles for a limited set of VOCs, measured from 1990 to 2001 in 12 studies of
indoor air quality in existing and newly constructed North American residences.
A-l
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June 2011 Appendix A
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A-2
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June 2011 Appendix B
Appendix B
Document Development and Peer Review
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June 2011 Appendix B
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June 2011 Appendix B
Appendix B
Document Development and Peer Review
This appendix provides the history of the development and review process for EPA 530-
R-10-001, Background Indoor Air Concentrations of Volatile Organic Compounds in North
American Residences: A Compilation of Statistics and Implications for Vapor Intrusion. The
document was developed by Dr. Helen Dawson of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA), originally in response to the need to update the background data statistics that are part of
the Appendix F of the Draft Guidance for Evaluating the Vapor Intrusion to Indoor Air Pathway
from Groundwater and Soils (U.S. EPA, 2002) (Draft VI Guidance). From 2007 through the
summer of 2009, Dr. Dawson worked with the Vapor Intrusion Guidance Team to develop, edit,
review, and respond to comments. The Vapor Intrusion Guidance Team includes representatives
from the following organizations with experience and expertise in vapor intrusion and/or indoor
air:
U.S. EPA. Thirteen staff from the Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response
(OSWER), Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation (OSRTI),
Office of Resource Conservation and Recovery (ORCR), the Office of Brownfields
and Land Revitalization, four Office of Research and Development (ORD)
Laboratories, and two Regions.
Consultants. Eleven subject matter experts from Arizona State University,
EnviroGroup Limited, GeoSyntec Consultants, Golder Associates, and RTI
International.
State Agencies. Four expert practitioners/regulators from Kansas, New Jersey, and
New York.
EPA's Vapor Intrusion Forum (VIF), a group of EPA environmental professionals
involved in vapor intrusion assessment, reviewed the document from October 2008 through
February 2009. For this, review the document was sent to 43 VIF members from 9 EPA Regions,
13 VIF members from EPA Headquarters, 5 VIF members from EPA ORD, and 2 members for
the EPA Emergency Response Team. In addition, review was provided by staff in EPA's Office
of Air and Radiation.
In 2008, Dr. Dawson and Mr. Todd McAlary (of GeoSyntec Consultants) submitted a
paper based on the background data compilation to the editors of Ground Water Monitoring and
Remediation (GWMR) journal, where it was peer reviewed and accepted for publication in a
special issue on vapor intrusion (GWMR volume 29, no. 1, p. 60-69; Dawson and McAlary,
20098).
8 Dawson, H.E., and T. McAlary. 2009. A compilation of statistics for VOCs from post-1990 indoor air
concentration studies in North American residences unaffected by subsurface vapor intrusion. Ground Water-
Monitoring and Remediation. 29(l):60-69.
B-l
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June 2011 Appendix B
The document was subjected to EPA's External Peer Review process from June to
August 2009, where it was reviewed by four experts covering the disciplines of vapor intrusion,
indoor air quality, and statistics. In response to their comments, Dr. Dawson and the Draft Vapor
Intrusion Guidance Team developed responses to the external peer-review comments and made
final edits to the document from September to March 2011. From March 2011 through June
2011, the document received final EPA management and legal review prior to its finalization.
B-2
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June 2011 Appendix C
Appendix C
Summary of Information Reported
in Reviewed Studies for Individual VOCs
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June 2011 Appendix C
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June 2011 Appendix C
Appendix C
Summary of Information Reported
in Reviewed Studies for Individual VOCs
This appendix provides the chemical-specific information reported by the 18 indoor air
studies reviewed for this report. Table C-l includes the number of measurements (N), percent of
measurements at or above the reporting limit (% Detect), reporting limits (RL), percentiles, and
the maximum values. The values in Table C-l are sorted by chemical and study start date.
Table 1 in the main document provides information about the individual studies, including
location, sample year and season, number of samples, collection device, collection period, and
analytical method. The two sampling locations in U.S. EPA (1987a) are reported with numbers1
for cross-referencing between Table 1 of the main document and Table C-l in this appendix.
(1) Los Angeles, CA, (2) Contra Costa, CA.
cT
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June 2011 Appendix C
[This page intentionally left blank.]
C-2
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June 2011
Appendix C
Table C-1
Start Date
1992
1997
1998
2002
2004
2004
1981
1984
1984
1984
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1995
1997
1998
1998
1999
2002
2004
2004
1998
2004
Compound
Acetone (2-propanone)
Acetone (2-propanone)
Acetone (2-propanone)
Acetone (2-propanone)
Acetone (2-propanone)
Acetone (2-propanone)
Benzene3
Benzene3
Benzene3
Benzene3
Benzeneb
Benzeneb
Benzeneb
Benzeneb
Benzeneb
Benzeneb
Benzeneb
Benzeneb
Benzeneb
Benzeneb
Benzeneb
Benzeneb
Benzeneb
Benzeneb
Bromoform
Bromoformc
N
60
227
375
75
100
100
348
68
111
50
124
24
61
9
48
395
185
400
427
375
292
75
100
100
375
100
. Summary of Information
% Detect
NR
95
99
99
97
94
95
NR
NR
NR
95
NR
NR
100
100
100
49
93
100
100
100
97
31
76
0
0
RL 25%
NR
0.25 10
1.9 34
0.03
4.8 18
12/12 22
0.44
0.22 2.9
11
0.21 2.2
0.4 1.5
NR
NR
NR
NR
0.9 3.3
1.4 Z9
0.25 1.1
0.20 2.3
0.64 2.6
NR
0.05
1.60 <1.6
1.6/ <1.6
0.64
2.1 <2.1
5.2/2.1 <2.1
Reported in Reviewed Studies
50%
34
21
49
28
26
35
12
4.4
15
4.45
2.2
2.4
3.0
2.40
4.7
1.3
2.1
3.2
3.6
1.9
2.2
<1.6
1.8
<2.1
<2.1
75%
52
71
47
41
55
24
7.5
21
9
4.8
7.0
4&1
5.9
4.7
5.5
3.4
1.9
3.3
<2.1
<5.2
90%
110
110
76
62
91
42
16
30
25
9.4
14
9.5
15
7.4
11.6
15
5.2
6.8
10
<2.1
<5.2
95% Max
390
140 690
153 2,200
456
257
190 2,900
56 200
18 32
34 43
29 35
130
19
33
33.9
18 156
90
29 460
9.9 64
16 39
21
28
13 42
<2.1 2.9
<5.2 <5.2
Study
Heavneret al., 1996
NYSDOH, 2006
Kurtz Personal Comm.,
2005
Zhuetal.,2005
Rago etal., 2004, 2005
Weisel, 2006
US EPA, 1987b
US EPA, 1987a
US EPA, 1987a
US EPA, 1987a
Sheldon etal., 1992
Heavneret al., 1995
Heavneret al., 1996
Mukerjee etal., 1997
Van Winkle and Scheff,
1995
Clayton etal., 1999
Gordon etal., 1999
NYSDOH, 2006
Foster etal., 2002; Kurtz,
Pers. Comm. 2005
Kurtz Personal Comm.,
2005
Sexton etal., 2004
Zhuetal.,2005
Rago etal., 2004, 2005
Weisel, 2006
Kurtz Personal Comm.,
2005
Weisel, 2006
(continued)
C-1
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June 2011
Appendix C
Table C-1. Summary of Information Reported in Reviewed Studies (continued)
Start Date
1997
2004
1993
1994
2002
1998
2002
2004
1981
1982
1984
1984
1984
1990
1993
1994
1997
1998
1999
2004
2004
1982
1997
1998
2002
Compound
Bromomethane (Methyl bromide)
Bromomethane (Methyl bromide)0
Butadiene, 1,3-
Butadiene, 1,3-
Butadiene, 1,3-
Carbon Disulfide
Carbon Disulfide
Carbon Disulfide
Carbon Tetrachloride3
Carbon Tetrachloride3
Carbon Tetrachloride3
Carbon Tetrachloride3
Carbon Tetrachloride3
Carbon Tetrachlorideb
Carbon Tetrachlorideb
Carbon Tetrachlorideb
Carbon Tetrachlorideb
Carbon Tetrachlorideb
Carbon Tetrachlorideb
Carbon Tetrachloridec
Carbon Tetrachloridec
Chlorobenzene3
Chlorobenzene
Chlorobenzene
Chlorobenzene
N
400
100
9
48
75
375
75
100
348
157
68
111
50
124
9
48
400
375
292
100
100
157
400
375
75
% Detect
23
0
67
81
32
10
67
3
30
NR
NR
NR
NR
98
100
94
50
1
100
0
0
NR
1
1
8
RL 25%
0.25 <0.25
1.9/0.78 <0.78
NR
NR
0.32
3.1 <3.1
0.03
1.6/1.6 <1.6
1.7
2.3
0.26 0.6
0.22 0.52
0.26 0.52
0.15 0.49
NR
NR
0.25 <0.25
1.3 <1.3
NR
3.14 <3.14
3.1/1.3 <1.3
0.78
0.25 <0.25
0.92 <0.92
0.01
50%
<0.25
<0.78
0.80
0.26
0.2
<3.1
0.13
<1.6
0.7
1.3
0.71
0.65
0.65
0.59
0.68
0.5
<0.25
<1.3
0.5
<3.14
<1.3
0.39
<0.25
<0.92
<0.01
75%
<0.25
<1.9
0.4,7?
<3.1
0.46
<1.6
1.1
1.6
1.6
0.87
0.73
0.72
°$7
<1.3
<3.14
<3.1
0.69
<0.25
<0.92
<0.01
90% 95%
0.6 0.9
<1.9 <1.9
1.6
0.62 4.8
0.9
<1.6 <1.6
2.3 2.7
1.9 2.4
3.8 5.5
1.1 1.5
0.89 0.89
0.94
0.8 1.1
<1.3 <1.3
0.9
<3.14
<3.1 <3.1
1.4 2.7
<0.25 <0.25
<0.92 <0.92
<0.01
Max
23
<1.9
2.5
3.7
82
3.3
4.4
250
7.2
7.6
2.6
3.6
2.6
1.3
4.2
1.4
<3.14
<3.1
6.6
0.6
9.7
0.04
Study
NYSDOH, 2006
Weisel, 2006
Mukerjee et al., 1997
Van Winkle and Scheff,
1995
Zhuetal.,2005
Kurtz Personal Comm.,
2005
Zhuetal.,2005
Weisel, 2006
US EPA, 1987b
US EPA, 1987b
US EPA, 1987a
US EPA, 1987a
US EPA, 1987a
Sheldon etal., 1992
Mukerjee etal., 1997
Van Winkle and Scheff,
1995
NYSDOH, 2006
Kurtz Personal Comm.,
2005
Sexton etal., 2004
Rago etal., 2004, 2005
Weisel, 2006
US EPA, 1987b
NYSDOH, 2006
Kurtz Personal Comm.,
2005
Zhuetal.,2005
(continued)
C-2
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June 2011
Appendix C
Table C-1. Summary of Information Reported in Reviewed Studies (continued)
Start Date
2004
2004
1994
1997
2004
1981
1982
1983
1984
1984
1984
1992
1993
1994
1995
1997
1998
1998
1999
2002
2004
2004
1994
1997
1998
2004
Compound
Chlorobenzenec
Chlorobenzenec
Chloroethane
Chloroethane
Chloroethane
Chloroform3
Chloroform3
Chloroform3
Chloroform3
Chloroform3
Chloroform3
Chloroform13
Chloroform13
Chloroform13
Chloroform13
Chloroform13
Chloroform13
Chloroform13
Chloroform13
Chloroform13
Chloroform13
Chloroform13
Chloromethane (Methyl Chloride)
Chloromethane (Methyl Chloride)
Chloromethane (Methyl Chloride)
Chloromethane (Methyl Chloride)
N
100
100
48
400
100
348
157
47
68
111
50
61
7
48
393
400
427
375
292
75
100
100
48
400
375
100
% Detect
0
0
75
10
0
59
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
78
98
70
47
100
66
75
93
9
29
100
54
98
79
RL
2.30
2.3/0.92
NR
0.25
1.3/0.53
2.1
1.28
0.38
0.22
0.19
0.22
NR
NR
NR
1.1
0.25
0.07
0.97
NR
0.02
2.44
2.4/0.98
NR
0.25
0.82
1.0
25%
<2.30
<0.92
<0.25
<0.53
0.03
0.83
0.28
<1.1
<0.25
0.56
<0.97
<2.44
0.98
<0.25
1.1
1.1
50%
<2.30
<0.92
0.47
<0.25
<1.3
1.8
0.88
2.2
0.03
1.5
0.67
0.3
0.55
1.0
1.8
<0.25
1.3
1.2
0.9
1.2
<2.44
2.4
1.69
0.5
1.3
1.2
75%
<2.30
<2.3
<0^
<1.3
3.7
7.6
6.15
0.98
2.9
1.4
34n
0.5
2.4
2.3
2.5
<2.44
2.4
11?R
1.5
1.4
90%
<2.30
<2.3
<0.25
<1.3
8.2
13
12
2.4
5
5.2
6.2
1.4
4.7
4.2
3.4
4.4
<2.44
2.6
3.3
2.0
1.8
95%
<2.3
1
<1.3
11.5
15
15.5
2.7
6
5.3
7.5
4.6
7.0
6.8
4.1
5
2.5
Max
<2.30
<2.3
3.6
5
1.3
29
35
15.5
6.3
9.7
20
2.9
11
34
25
21
54
8.2
8.3
5.9
4.3
260
7.5
4.2
Study
Ragoetal., 2004, 2005
Weisel, 2006
Van Winkle and Scheff,
1995
NYSDOH, 2006
Weisel, 2006
US EPA, 1987b
US EPA, 1987b
US EPA, 1987b
US EPA, 1987a
US EPA, 1987a
US EPA, 1987a
Heavneret al., 1996
Mukerjee et al., 1997
Van Winkle and Scheff,
1995
Clayton etal., 1999
NYSDOH, 2006
Foster etal., 2002; Kurtz,
Pers. Comm. 2005
Kurtz Personal Comm.,
2005
Sexton etal., 2004
Zhu etal., 2005
Ragoetal., 2004,2005
Weisel, 2006
Van Winkle and Scheff,
1995
NYSDOH, 2006
Kurtz Personal Comm.,
2005
Ragoetal. ,2004, 2005
(continued)
C-3
-------
June 2011
Appendix C
Table C-1. Summary of Information Reported in Reviewed Studies (continued)
Start Date
2004
1993
1997
2002
2004
2004
1994
2004
1981
1984
1984
1984
1994
1997
1998
2002
2004
2004
1994
Compound
Chloromethane (Methyl Chloride)
Cyclohexane
Cyclohexane
Cyclohexane
Cyclohexane
Cyclohexane
Dibromochloromethane
(Chlorodibromomethane)
Dibromochloromethane
(Chlorodibromomethane)
Dichlorobenzene, 1,2-(o-
Dichlorobenzene)3
Dichlorobenzene, 1,2-(o-
Dichlorobenzene)3
Dichlorobenzene, 1,2-(o-
Dichlorobenzene)3
Dichlorobenzene, 1,2-(o-
Dichlorobenzene)3
Dichlorobenzene, 1,2-(o-
Dichlorobenzene)
Dichlorobenzene, 1,2-(o-
Dichlorobenzene)
Dichlorobenzene, 1,2-(o-
Dichlorobenzene)
Dichlorobenzene, 1,2-(o-
Dichlorobenzene)
Dichlorobenzene, 1,2-(o-
Dichlorobenzene)c
Dichlorobenzene, 1,2-(o-
Dichlorobenzene)
Dichlorobenzene, 1,3-(m-
Dichlorobenzene)
N
100
3
400
75
100
100
48
100
348
68
111
50
48
400
375
75
100
100
48
% Detect
81
33
69
93
15
48
13
0
82
NR
NR
NR
29
21
4
5
0
1
10
RL 25%
1/1 1.1
NR
0.25 <0.25
0.03
1.72 <1.72
1.7/0.69 <0.80
NR
4.3/1.7 <1.7
1.3
0.2 0.02
0.2 0.03
0.2 0.02
NR
0.25 <0.25
1.2 <1.2
0.02
3.00 <3.00
3/1.2 <1.2
NR
50%
1.4
0.70
0.80
4.5
<1.72
1.7
-------
June 2011
Appendix C
Table C-1. Summary of Information Reported in Reviewed Studies (continued)
Start Date
1997
1998
2002
2004
2004
1981
1982
1983
1984
1984
1984
1990
1991
1992
1994
1995
1997
Compound
Dichlorobenzene, 1,3-(m-
Dichlorobenzene)
Dichlorobenzene, 1,3-(m-
Dichlorobenzene)
Dichlorobenzene, 1,3-(m-
Dichlorobenzene)
Dichlorobenzene, 1,3-(m-
Dichlorobenzene)c
Dichlorobenzene, 1,3-(m-
Dichlorobenzene)c
Dichlorobenzene, 1,4-(p-
Dichlorobenzene)3
Dichlorobenzene, 1,4-(p-
Dichlorobenzenef
Dichlorobenzene, 1,4-(p-
Dichlorobenzene)3
Dichlorobenzene, 1,4-(p-
Dichlorobenzenef
Dichlorobenzene, 1,4-(p-
Dichlorobenzene)3
Dichlorobenzene, 1,4-(p-
Dichlorobenzenef
Dichlorobenzene, 1,4-(p-
Dichlorobenzene)
Dichlorobenzene, 1,4-(p-
Dichlorobenzene)
Dichlorobenzene, 1,4-(p-
Dichlorobenzene)
Dichlorobenzene, 1,4-(p-
Dichlorobenzene)
Dichlorobenzene, 1,4-(p-
Dichlorobenzene)
Dichlorobenzene, 1,4-(p-
Dichlorobenzene)
N
400
375
75
100
100
348
157
47
68
111
50
125
24
61
48
391
400
% Detect
21
1
81
0
0
7
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
74
NR
NR
81
37
34
RL
0.25
1.2
0.01
3.00
3/1.2
0.83
0.35
0.25
0.2
0.25
0.26
NR
NR
NR
0.8
0.25
25% 50% 75% 90% 95%
<0.25 <0.25 <0.25 0.6 0.9
<1.2 <1.2 <1.2 <1.2 <1.2
0.2 0.29 1.1
<3.00 <3.00 <3.00 <3.00
<1.2 <1.2 <3.0 <3.0 <3.0
3.2 13 63 180
4.2 12 140 220
0.25 0.53 3.0 8.4 46
1.25 2.6 7.3 54 100
0.42 0.84 2.7 23 110
0.26 1.1 4 28.0
0.3
0.6
0.6
<0.8 <0.8 1.£Q 6.2 17
<0.25 <0.25 0.5 1.3 2.6
Max
2.5
1.3
16
<3.00
<3.0
1550
570
151
430
250
300
25
122
96
574
770
Study
NYSDOH, 2006
Kurtz Personal Comm.,
2005
Zhuetal.,2005
Ragoetal., 2004,2005
Weisel, 2006
US EPA, 1987b
US EPA, 1987b
US EPA, 1987b
US EPA, 1987a
US EPA, 1987a
US EPA, 1987a
Sheldon etal., 1992
Heavner et al., 1995
Heavneret al., 1996
Van Winkle and Scheff,
1995
Clayton etal., 1999
NYSDOH, 2006
(continued)
C-5
-------
June 2011
Appendix C
Table C-1. Summary of Information Reported in Reviewed Studies (continued)
Start Date
1998
1999
2004
2004
1997
1998
2004
2004
1997
1998
1998
2004
2004
1984
1984
1984
1994
1997
1998
1998
2002
2004
2004
1997
Compound
Dichlorobenzene, 1,4-(p-
Dichlorobenzene)
Dichlorobenzene, 1,4-(p-
Dichlorobenzene)
Dichlorobenzene, 1,4-(p-
Dichlorobenzene)c
Dichlorobenzene, 1,4-(p-
Dichlorobenzene)
Dichlorodifluoromethane
Dichlorodifluoromethane
Dichlorodifluoromethane
Dichlorodifluoromethane
Dichloroethane,1,1-b
Dichloroethane,1,1-c
Dichloroethane,1,1-b
Dichloroethane,1,1-c
Dichloroethane,1,1-c
Dichloroethane,1,2-a
Dichloroethane,1,2-a
Dichloroethane,1,2-a
Dichloroethane,1,2-b
Dichloroethane,1,2-b
Dichloroethane,1,2-b
Dichloroethane,1,2-b
Dichloroethane,1,2-b
Dichloroethane,1,2-b
Dichloroethane,1,2-b
Dichloroethene, 1,1 -b
N
375
292
100
100
400
375
100
100
400
427
282
100
100
68
111
50
48
400
427
282
75
100
100
400
% Detect
25
73
3
16
46
100
10
88
1
0
1
0
0
NR
NR
NR
19
2
25
25
5
1
1
7
RL
1.2
NR
3.00
3/1.2
0.25
0.99
4.94
2.5/2.5
0.25
0.08
0.08
2.02
2/0.81
0.2
0.19
0.2
NR
0.25
0.08
0.08
0.02
2.02
2/0.81
0.25
25%
<1.2
<3.00
1.2
<0.25
3
<4.94
2.78
<0.25
<0.08
<0.08
<2.02
<0.81
0.12
0.13
0.02
<0.25
<0.08
<0.08
<2.02
<0.81
<0.25
50%
<1.2
0.2
<3.00
3
<0.25
3.4
<4.94
3.3
<0.25
<0.08
<0.08
<2.02
<0.81
0.13
0.25
0.03
-------
June 2011
Appendix C
Table C-1. Summary of Information Reported in Reviewed Studies (continued)
Start Date
2002
2004
2004
1997
1998
2004
2004
1998
2004
2004
1997
1998
2002
2004
2004
1997
2004
2004
2004
2004
1997
2004
1981
1982
1983
1984
1984
Compound
Dichloroethene, 1,1 -b
Dichloroethene, 1,1 -c
Dichloroethene, 1,1-c
Dichloroethene, cis 1,2-b
Dichloroethene, cis 1,2-b
Dichloroethene, cis 1,2-c
Dichloroethene, cis 1,2-b
Dichloroethene, trans 1,2-c
Dichloroethene, trans 1,2-c
Dichloroethene, trans 1,2-c
Dichloropropane, 1,2-
Dichloropropane, 1,2-
Dichloropropane, 1,2-c
Dichloropropane, 1,2-c
Dichloropropane, 1,2-c
Dichloropropene, cis-1,3-
Dichloropropene, cis-1,3-c
Dichloropropene, cis-1,3-c
Dichloropropene, trans-1,3-c
Dichloropropene, trans-1,3-c
Dichlorotetrafluoroethane, 1,2-
(Freon 114)
Dichlorotetrafluoroethane, 1,2-
(Freon 114)
Ethylbenzene3
Ethylbenzene3
Ethylbenzene3
Ethylbenzene3
Ethylbenzene3
N
75
100
100
400
375
100
100
375
100
100
400
375
75
100
100
400
100
100
100
100
400
100
348
157
47
68
111
% Detect
45
0
0
9
2
0
1
0
0
0
2
1
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
13
1
93
NR
NR
NR
NR
RL
0.01
1.98
2/0.79
0.25
0.79
1.98
2/0.79
0.8
1.98
2/0.79
0.25
0.92
0.04
2.31
2.3/0.92
0.25
2.27
2.3/0.91
2.27
2.3/0.91
0.25
3.5/1.4
0.4
0.68
25%
<1.98
<0.79
<0.25
<0.79
<1.98
<0.79
<0.79
<1.98
<0.79
<0.25
<0.92
<2.31
<0.92
<0.25
<2.27
<0.91
<2.27
<0.91
<0.25
<1.4
1.1
4.9
50%
<0.01
<1.98
<0.79
<0.25
<0.79
<1.98
<0.79
<0.79
<1.98
<0.79
<0.25
<0.92
<0.04
<2.31
<0.92
<0.25
<2.27
<0.91
<2.27
<0.91
<0.25
<2.5
2.9
4.9
5.3
1.9
7.9
75%
0.37
<1.98
<2.0
<0.25
<0.79
<1.98
<2.0
<0.79
<1.98
<2.0
<0.25
<0.92
<0.04
<2.31
<2.3
<0.25
<2.27
<2.3
<2.27
<2.3
<0.25
<3.5
5.3
7.9
20
3.3
11
90%
0.8
<1.98
<2.0
<0.25
<0.79
<1.98
<2.0
<0.79
<1.98
<2.0
<0.25
<0.92
<0.04
<2.31
<2.3
<0.25
<2.27
<2.3
<2.27
<2.3
0.5
<3.5
8.9
13
27
6.5
16
95%
<2.0
1.2
<0.79
<2.0
<0.79
<2.0
<0.25
<0.92
<2.3
<0.25
<2.3
<2.3
1.2
<3.5
12
18
30
9.4
19
Max
4.05
<1.98
<2.0
7.4
4.5
<1.98
2.9
<0.79
<1.98
<2.0
34
1.5
<0.04
<2.31
<2.3
4
<2.27
<2.3
<2.27
<2.3
120
20
290
180
32
28
29
Study
Zhuetal.,2005
Ragoetal., 2004, 2005
Weisel, 2006
NYSDOH, 2006
Kurtz Personal Comm.,
2005
Ragoetal., 2004, 2005
Weisel, 2006
Kurtz Personal Comm.,
2005
Ragoetal., 2004, 2005
Weisel, 2006
NYSDOH, 2006
Kurtz Personal Comm.,
2005
Zhuetal.,2005
Ragoetal., 2004, 2005
Weisel, 2006
NYSDOH, 2006
Ragoetal., 2004,2005
Weisel, 2006
Ragoetal., 2004, 2005
Weisel, 2006
NYSDOH, 2006
Weisel, 2006
US EPA, 1987b
US EPA, 1987b
US EPA, 1987b
US EPA, 1987a
US EPA, 1987a
(continued)
C-7
-------
June 2011
Appendix C
Table C-1. Summary of Information Reported in Reviewed Studies (continued)
Start Date
1984
1991
1992
1993
1994
1997
1998
1999
2002
2004
2004
1993
1998
2004
2004
2004
1997
1998
2004
2004
1993
1997
2004
2004
1997
1998
Compound
Ethylbenzene3
Ethylbenzeneb
Ethylbenzeneb
Ethylbenzeneb
Ethylbenzeneb
Ethylbenzeneb
Ethylbenzeneb
Ethylbenzeneb
Ethylbenzeneb
Ethylbenzeneb
Ethylbenzeneb
Ethyltoluene, 4- (p-Ethyltoluene)
Ethyltoluene, 4- (p-Ethyltoluene)
Ethyltoluene, 4- (p-Ethyltoluene)
Heptane, n-
Heptane, n-
Hexachloro-1 ,3-butadiene
Hexachloro-1, 3-butadienec
Hexachloro-1 ,3-butadienec
Hexachloro-1 ,3-butadienec
Hexane, n-
Hexane, n-
Hexane, n-
Hexane, n-
Methyl ethyl ketone (2-butanone)
(MEK)
Methyl ethyl ketone (2-butanone)
(MEK)
N
50
24
61
9
48
400
375
292
75
100
100
9
375
100
100
100
400
375
100
100
9
400
100
100
227
375
% Detect
NR
NR
NR
100
100
86
98
99
83
26
56
56
80
46
31
68
24
0
0
0
100
88
28
75
91
86
RL 25%
0.2 1.5
NR
NR
NR
NR
0.25 0.4
0.87 2
NR
0.01
2 <2
2.2/0.87 <1.2
NR
2 2.2
2.5/0.98 <1.2
2.05 <2.05
2/0.82 <1.9
0.43 <0.43
4.3 <4.3
5.33 <5.33
5.3/2.1 <2.1
NR
0.25 0.6
3.52 <3.52
1.8/0.7 <1.8
0.25 1.4
2.9 4.1
50%
2.5
2.1
3.7
1.00
3.2
1
3.1
1.4
1.1
<2
2.2
0.80
3.3
<2.5
<2.05
2
<0.43
<4.3
<5.33
<2.1
1.30
1.6
<3.52
2.8
3.4
6.5
75%
4.9
2.8
5.6
2.0
2.0
2.8
5.7
2.8
2.8
4.6
<0.43
<4.3
<5.33
<5.3
5.9
4.4
5.1
7.3
12
90%
23
7.3
10
8.9
4.8
6.5
9.6
9.6
8.4
7.8
9.4
4.6
<4.3
<5.33
<5.3
18
14
16
16
21
95%
26
13
17
12
13.3
11
15
11
<4.3
<5.3
35
20
39
35
Max
35
25
26
174
340
170
201
30
39
37
29
135
49
51
<4.3
<5.33
<5.3
950
39
270
180
890
Study
US EPA, 1987a
Heavner et al., 1995
Heavneret al., 1996
Mukerjee et al., 1997
Van Winkle and Scheff,
1995
NYSDOH, 2006
Kurtz Personal Comm.,
2005
Sexton et al., 2004
Zhuetal.,2005
Ragoetal., 2004, 2005
Weisel, 2006
Mukerjee et al., 1997
Kurtz Personal Comm.,
2005
Weisel, 2006
Ragoetal., 2004, 2005
Weisel, 2006
NYSDOH, 2006
Kurtz Personal Comm.,
2005
Ragoetal., 2004,2005
Weisel, 2006
Mukerjee et al., 1997
NYSDOH, 2006
Ragoetal., 2004, 2005
Weisel, 2006
NYSDOH, 2006
Kurtz Personal Comm.,
2005
(continued)
C-8
-------
June 2011
Appendix C
Table C-1. Summary of Information Reported in Reviewed Studies (continued)
Start Date
2004
2004
1997
1998
2002
2004
2004
1997
2002
2004
2004
1994
1997
1998
1998
1999
2002
2004
2004
1998
2004
Compound
Methyl ethyl ketone (2-butanone)
(MEK)
Methyl ethyl ketone (2-butanone)
(MEK)
Methyl isobutyl ketone (4-methyl-2-
pentanone)
Methyl isobutyl ketone (4-methyl-2-
pentanone)
Methyl isobutyl ketone (4-methyl-2-
pentanone)
Methyl isobutyl ketone (4-methyl-2-
pentanone)
Methyl isobutyl ketone (4-methyl-2-
pentanone)
Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE)b
Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE)b
Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE)b
Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE)b
Methylene chlorideb
Methylene chlorideb
Methylene chlorideb
Methylene chlorideb
Methylene chlorideb
Methylene chlorideb
Methylene chlorideb
Methylene chlorideb
Methyl-tert-butyl ketone (2-
hexanone)
Methyl-tert-butyl ketone (2-
hexanone)c
N
100
100
227
375
75
100
100
227
75
100
100
48
400
427
282
292
75
100
100
375
100
% Detect
79
84
55
42
53
4
10
70
9
43
66
100
78
81
82
98
95
29
41
1
0
RL
1.5
1.5/1.5
0.25
1.6
0.02
2.05
2/2
0.25
0.05
1.80
1.8/1.8
NR
0.25
0.42
0.42
NR
0.12
3.47
1.7/1.7
1.6
2.05
25% 50%
1.8 2.7
1.9 3.5
<0.25 0.3
<1.6 <1.6
0.16
<2.05 <2.05
<2.0 <2.0
<0.25 0.8
0.025
<1.80 <1.80
<1.8 3.5
61
0.3 1.4
0.46 0.68
0.49 0.88
1.1
1.9
<3.47 <3.47
<1.7 <1.7
<1.6 <1.6
<2.05 <2.05
75%
4.0
5.3
0.9
3.4
0.38
<2.05
<2.0
5.6
0.03
6.9
11
6.6
1.0
3.2
8.2
4.2
3.2
<1.6
<2.05
90% 95%
9.6
12 21
2.2 5.3
5.7 9.0
0.80
<2.05
<2.0 3.1
26 71
0.03
38
41 72
510
22 45
2.0 2.9
10.0 16.0
12
43
11
6.7 16
<1.6 <1.6
<2.05
Max
76
150
36
1600
1.4
11.2
10
340
3.3
155
470
1190
2100
12
180
408
146
94
2.9
<2.05
Study
Rago etal., 2004, 2005
Weisel, 2006
NYSDOH, 2006
Kurtz Personal Comm.,
2005
Zhuetal.,2005
Rago etal. ,2004, 2005
Weisel, 2006
NYSDOH, 2006
Zhuetal.,2005
Rago etal., 2004,2005
Weisel, 2006
Van Winkle and Scheff,
1995
NYSDOH, 2006
Foster etal., 2002; Kurtz,
Pers. Comm. 2005
Kurtz & Folkes 2002
Sexton etal., 2004
Zhuetal.,2005
Rago etal., 2004,2005
Weisel, 2006
Kurtz Personal Comm.,
2005
Rago etal., 2004, 2005
(continued)
C-9
-------
June 2011
Appendix C
Table C-1. Summary of Information Reported in Reviewed Studies (continued)
Start Date
1994
2002
2004
1981
1982
1983
1984
1984
1984
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1997
1998
1999
2002
2004
2004
1997
2002
2004
2004
1981
Compound
Naphthalene
Naphthalene
Naphthalene
Styrene3
Styrene3
Styrene3
Styrene3
Styrene3
Styrene3
Styrene
Styrene
Styrene
Styrene
Styrene
Styrene
Styrene
Styrene
Styrene
Styrene
Styrene
Styrene
Tetrachloroethane, 1,1,2,2-
Tetrachloroethane, 1,1,2,2-c
Tetrachloroethane, 1,1,2,2-C4QO
Tetrachloroethane, 1,1,2,2-c
Tetrachloroethene
(Tetrachloroethylene) (PCE)3
N
48
75
100
348
157
47
68
111
50
123
24
61
9
48
383
400
375
292
75
100
100
75
100
100
348
% Detect
83
83
16
83
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
87
NR
NR
11
92
85
56
55
74
88
1
19
4
0
0
0
92
RL 25%
NR
0.02
2 <2
0.97
0.95
0.35
0.2 0.33
0.21 1.9
0.19 0.38
0.18 0.3
NR
NR
NR
NR
0.8 1.1
0.25 <0.25
0.9 <0.9
NR
0.05
2.13 <2.13
2.1/0.85 <0.85
0.25 <0.25
0.02
3.43 <3.43
3.4/1.4 <1.4
4.1
50%
0.47
0.4
<2
0.79
1.4
1.3
0.71
2.8
0.84
0.7
1.4
1.0
0.70
0.9
1.8
0.3
0.9
0.5
0.5
<2.13
<2.1
<0.25
<0.02
<3.43
<1.4
6.8
75%
1.1
<2
1.3
2.2
2.8
1.3
4.7
1.6
1.8
2,6 1
0.6
1.6
0.87
<2.13
<2.1
<0.25
<0.02
<3.43
<3.4
13
90% 95%
2.15
4.8
2.7
2.4 3
4.1 6.4
4.5 11
2 2.4
6.7 8.3
2.8 3.2
3.8
3.8 4.4
1.3 2.3
2.8 4.1
1.4
1.5
<2.13
<2.1 2.11
<0.25 <0.25
<0.02
<3.43
<3.4 <3.4
31 44
Max
5
144
42
31
10
11
4.1
9.2
5.3
140.0
5.0
10
9.5
15
50
13
6.5
3.2
5.1
2.7
<0.02
<3.43
<3.4
280
Study
Van Winkle and Scheff,
1995
Zhuetal.,2005
Ragoetal., 2004, 2005
US EPA, 1987b
US EPA, 1987b
US EPA, 1987b
US EPA, 1987a
US EPA, 1987a
US EPA, 1987a
Sheldon etal., 1992
Heavner et al., 1995
Heavneret al., 1996
Mukerjee et al., 1997
Van Winkle and Scheff,
1995
Clayton etal., 1999
NYSDOH, 2006
Kurtz Personal Comm.,
2005
Sexton etal., 2004
Zhuetal.,2005
Ragoetal. ,2004, 2005
Weisel, 2006
NYSDOH, 2006
Zhuetal.,2005
Ragoetal., 2004,2005
Weisel, 2006
US EPA, 1987b
(continued)
C-10
-------
June 2011
Appendix C
Table C-1. Summary of Information Reported in Reviewed Studies (continued)
Start Date
1982
1983
1984
1984
1984
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1997
1998
1998
1999
2002
2004
Compound
Tetrachloroethene
(Tetrachloroethylene) (PCE)a
Tetrachloroethene
(Tetrachloroethylene) (PCE)a
Tetrachloroethene
(Tetrachloroethylene) (PCE)a
Tetrachloroethene
(Tetrachloroethylene) (PCE)a
Tetrachloroethene
(Tetrachloroethylene) (PCE)a
Tetrachloroethene
(Tetrachloroethylene) (PCE)b
Tetrachloroethene
(Tetrachloroethylene) (PCE)b
Tetrachloroethene
(Tetrachloroethylene) (PCE)b
Tetrachloroethene
(Tetrachloroethylene) (PCE)b
Tetrachloroethene
(Tetrachloroethylene) (PCE)b
Tetrachloroethene
(Tetrachloroethylene) (PCE)b
Tetrachloroethene
(Tetrachloroethylene) (PCE)b
Tetrachloroethene
(Tetrachloroethylene) (PCE)b
Tetrachloroethene
(Tetrachloroethylene) (PCE)b
Tetrachloroethene
(Tetrachloroethylene) (PCE)b
Tetrachloroethene
(Tetrachloroethylene) (PCE)b
Tetrachloroethene
(Tetrachloroethylene) (PCE)b
N
157
47
68
111
50
124
24
61
9
48
370
400
427
282
292
75
100
% Detect
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
52
NR
NR
100
100
58
53
63
70
98
83
5
RL
1.64
0.87
0.2
0.22
0.26
NR
NR
NR
NR
1.6
0.25
0.68
0.68
NR
0.03
3.39
25% 50% 75%
5.5 11
6.6 20
0.72 1.8 3.9
6 8.3 14
1.2 1.9 3.3
<0.26 <0.26 0.73
0.7
1.9
0.21
2.2
<1.6 1.9 4.^7
<0.25 0.3 1.1
<0.68 0.86 1.7
<0.68 1.0 1.90
0.6
0.5 1.4
<3.39 <3.39 <3.39
90% 95%
19 33.5
36 72
8.5 12
22 56
4.2 9.75
2.3
7.0 9.1
2.9 4.1
4.3 7.5
4.50 6.50
3.8
3.3
<3.39
Max
98
72
21
130
56
30
5
66
13.1
660
51
42
440
9.2
28
Study
US EPA, 1987b
US EPA, 1987b
US EPA, 1987a
US EPA, 1987a
US EPA, 1987a
Sheldon etal., 1992
Heavneret al., 1995
Heavneret al., 1996
Mukerjee etal., 1997
Van Winkle and Scheff,
1995
Clayton etal., 1999
NYSDOH, 2006
Foster etal., 2002; Kurtz,
Pers. Comm. 2005
Kurtz & Folkes 2002
Sexton etal., 2004
Zhu etal., 2005
Ragoetal., 2004,2005
(continued)
C-ll
-------
June 2011
Appendix C
Table C-1. Summary of Information Reported in Reviewed Studies (continued)
Start Date
2004
1997
2004
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1995
1997
1998
1999
2002
2004
2004
1997
2004
2004
1997
1998
2004
2004
1981
1982
1983
Compound
Tetrachloroethene
(Tetrachloroethylene) (PCE)b
Tetrahydrofuran
Tetrahydrofuran
Tolueneb
Tolueneb
Tolueneb
Tolueneb
Tolueneb
Tolueneb
Tolueneb
Tolueneb
Tolueneb
Tolueneb
Tolueneb
Tolueneb
Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane,
1,1,2-(Freon 113b)
Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane,
1,1,2-(Freon 113)b
Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane,
1,1,2-(Freon 113)b
Trichlorobenzene, 1,2,4-
Trichlorobenzene, 1,2,4-c
Trichlorobenzene, 1,2,4-c
Trichlorobenzene, 1,2,4-c
Trichloroethane, 1,1, 1-a
Trichloroethane, 1,1, 1-a
Trichloroethane, 1,1, 1-a
N
100
400
100
24
61
9
48
396
185
400
375
292
75
100
100
400
100
100
400
375
100
100
348
157
47
% Detect
23
59
15
NR
NR
100
100
100
86
94
100
98
95
90
100
56
1
2
20
0
0
0
80
NR
NR
RL 25%
3.4/1.4 <1.4
0.25 <0.25
1.47 <1.47
NR
NR
NR
NR
17
1.5
0.25 3.5
1.1 15
NR
0.03
1.9 4.0
1.9/0.75 6.8
0.25 <0.25
2.72 <3.83
3.8/1.5 <1.5
0.25 <0.25
5.9 <5.9
3.71 <3.71
3.7/3.7 <3.7
2.3
2.32
0.61
50%
<3.4
<0.25
<1.47
14
17
4.80
12
24
10
9.6
23
12
5.5
7.6
13
0.5
<3.83
<1.9
<0.25
<5.9
<3.71
<3.7
6.6
12
17.5
75%
<3.4
0.4
<1.47
44
22
25
41
12
18
30
1.1
<3.83
<3.8
<0.25
<5.9
<3.71
<3.7
13
24
38
90%
4.4
3.3
3.2
77
49
58
61
54
25
42.5
61
1.8
<3.83
<3.8
3.4
<5.9
<3.71
<3.7
30
58
86
95%
9.5
9
144
110
79
90
3.4
<3.8
6.3
<5.9
<3.7
42
68
120
Max
540
180
26
47
102
44.7
1885
368
510
1300
113
944
160
7
4.4
2.1
37
<5.9
<3.71
<3.7
520
170
200
Study
Weisel, 2006
NYSDOH, 2006
Ragoetal., 2004, 2005
Heavner et al., 1995
Heavneret al., 1996
Mukerjee et al., 1997
Van Winkle and Scheff,
1995
Clayton et al., 1999
Gordon et al., 1999
NYSDOH, 2006
Kurtz Personal Comm.,
2005
Sexton et al., 2004
Zhuetal.,2005
Ragoetal., 2004, 2005
Weisel, 2006
NYSDOH, 2006
Ragoetal., 2004, 2005
Weisel, 2006
NYSDOH, 2006
Kurtz Personal Comm.,
2005
Ragoetal., 2004, 2005
Weisel, 2006
US EPA, 1987b
US EPA, 1987b
US EPA, 1987b
(continued)
C-12
-------
June 2011
Appendix C
Table C-1. Summary of Information Reported in Reviewed Studies (continued)
Start Date
Compound
N % Detect
RL
25% 50% 75% 90% 95% Max
Study
1984
1984
1984
1990
1993
1994
1995
1997
1998
1998
2004
2004
1997
1998
1998
2004
2004
Trichloroethane, 1,1, 1-a
Trichloroethane, 1,1, 1-a
Trichloroethane, 1,1, 1-a
Trichloroethane, 1,1, 1-b
Trichloroethane, 1,1, 1-b
Trichloroethane, 1,1, 1-b
Trichloroethane, 1,1, 1-b
Trichloroethane, 1,1, 1-b
Trichloroethane, 1,1, 1-b
Trichloroethane, 1,1, 1-b
Trichloroethane, 1,1, 1-b
Trichloroethane, 1,1, 1-b
Trichloroethane, 1,1,2-
Trichloroethane, 1,1, 2-c
Trichloroethane, 1,1, 2-c
Trichloroethane, 1,1, 2-c
Trichloroethane, 1,1, 2-c
68
111
50
115
9
48
396
400
427
282
100
100
400
427
375
100
100
NR
NR
NR
99
100
100
76
59
24
61
4
21
4
0
0
0
0
0.29
0.12
NR
NR
1.3
0.25
0.60
0.60
2.72
2.7/1.1
0.25
0.10
1.1
2.72
2.7/1.1
2.3
19
6.1
1.9
1.3
<0.25
<0.6
<0.6
<2.72
<1.1
<0.25
<0.1
<1.1
<2.72
<1.1
4.3
26
7.2
3
1.75
5.9
3.1
0.3
0.38
0.86
<2.72
<2.7
<0.25
<0.1
<1.1
<2.72
<2.7
8.8
50
11
7
5&
1.1
<0.6
2.6
<2.72
<2.7
<0.25
<0.1
<1.1
<2.72
<2.7
12
84
17
12.0
11
3.1
1.9
5.1
<2.72
2.81
<0.25
<0.1
<1.1
<2.72
<2.7
16
130
24
28
6.9
3.4
7.8
5.11
<0.25
<0.1
<1.1
<2.7
40
240
360
94
293
817
110
14
210
21
9.3
6.2
<0.1
<1.1
<2.72
<2.7
US EPA, 1987a
US EPA, 1987a
US EPA, 1987a
Sheldon etal., 1992
Mukerjee etal., 1997
Van Winkle and Scheff,
1995
Clayton etal., 1999
NYSDOH, 2006
Foster etal., 2002; Kurtz,
Pers. Comm. 2005
Kurtz & Folkes 2002
Ragoetal., 2004,2005
Weisel, 2006
NYSDOH, 2006
Foster etal., 2002; Kurtz,
Pers. Comm. 2005
Kurtz Personal Comm.,
2005
Ragoetal., 2004, 2005
Weisel, 2006
1981
1982
1983
1984
1984
Trichloroethene (Trichloroethylene)
(TCE)a
Trichloroethene (Trichloroethylene)
(TCE)a
Trichloroethene (Trichloroethylene)
(TCE)a
Trichloroethene (Trichloroethylene)
(TCE)a
Trichloroethene (Trichloroethylene)
(TCE)a
348
157
47
68
111
52
NR
NR
NR
NR
1.5
2.2
0.68
0.2
0.2
0.88
2.7
1.5
0.13 0.25
0.43 1.1
1.8
7.2
3.2
0.98
3.45
3.94
12
5.4
2.1
6.9
5.9
15
7.1
2.8
14
30
59
41
6.4
66
US EPA,
US EPA,
US EPA,
US EPA,
US EPA,
1987b
1987b
1987b
1987a
1987a
(continued)
C-13
-------
June 2011
Appendix C
Table C-1. Summary of Information Reported in Reviewed Studies (continued)
Start Date
1984
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1995
1997
1998
1998
1999
2002
2004
2004
1997
1998
2004
Compound
Trichloroethene (Trichloroethylene)
(TCE)a
Trichloroethene (Trichloroethylene)
(TCE)b
Trichloroethene (Trichloroethylene)
(TCE)b
Trichloroethene (Trichloroethylene)
(TCE)b
Trichloroethene (Trichloroethylene)
(TCE)b
Trichloroethene (Trichloroethylene)
(TCE)b
Trichloroethene (Trichloroethylene)
(TCE)b
Trichloroethene (Trichloroethylene)
(TCE)b
Trichloroethene (Trichloroethylene)
(TCE)b
Trichloroethene (Trichloroethylene)
(TCE)b
Trichloroethene (Trichloroethylene)
(TCE)b
Trichloroethene (Trichloroethylene)
(TCE)b
Trichloroethene (Trichloroethylene)
(TCE)b
Trichloroethene (Trichloroethylene)
(TCE)b
Trichloroethene (Trichloroethylene)
(TCE)b
Trichlorofluoromethane (Freon 11)
Trichlorofluoromethane (Freon 11)
Trichlorofluoromethane (Freon 11)
N
50
125
24
61
6
48
378
185
400
427
282
292
75
100
100
400
375
100
% Detect
NR
38
NR
NR
67
90
30
1
19
100
14
84
33
2
8
90
59
17
RL
0.2
0.31
NR
NR
NR
NR
1.1
1.8
0.25
0.02
0.26
NR
0.02
2.68
2.7/1.1
0.25
2.2
2.81
25% 50% 75%
0.08 0.34 0.88
<0.31 <0.31 0.6
1.1
0.2
0.46
0.4
<1.1 <1.1 1.2
<1.8 <1.8
<0.25 <0.25 <0.25
0.06 0.09 0.15
<0.26 <0.26 <0.26
0.2
<0.02 0.08
<2.68 <2.68 <2.68
<1.1 <2.7 <2.7
1.1 2.9 5.4
<2.2 2.6 4.3
<2.81 <2.81 <2.81
90% 95%
2.5 6.4
1.9
1.1
2.1 3.3
<1.8
0.5 0.8
0.28 0.56
0.30 0.70
0.8
0.19
<2.68
<2.7 2.74
17.0 30
12 19
3.6
Max
170
9
9
7.4
720
24
25
3.1
27.0
0.87
110
13
190
130
162
Study
US EPA, 1987a
Sheldon etal., 1992
Heavneret al., 1995
Heavneret al., 1996
Mukerjee etal., 1997
Van Winkle and Scheff,
1995
Clayton etal., 1999
Gordon etal., 1999
NYSDOH, 2006
Foster etal., 2002; Kurtz,
Pers. Comm. 2005
Kurtz & Folkes 2002
Sexton etal., 2004
Zhu etal. ,2005
Ragoetal., 2004,2005
Weisel, 2006
NYSDOH, 2006
Kurtz Personal Comm.,
2005
Ragoetal., 2004, 2005
(continued)
C-14
-------
June 2011
Appendix C
Table C-1. Summary of Information Reported in Reviewed Studies (continued)
Start Date
2004
1991
1992
1993
1997
1998
2002
2004
2004
1991
1992
1993
1997
1998
2004
2004
2004
2004
1997
1998
1998
1998
2004
2004
1981
1982
1983
Compound
Trichlorofluoromethane (Freon 11)
Trimethylbenzene, 1
Trimethylbenzene, 1
Trimethylbenzene, 1
Trimethylbenzene, 1
Trimethylbenzene, 1
Trimethylbenzene, 1
Trimethylbenzene, 1
Trimethylbenzene, 1
Trimethylbenzene, 1
Trimethylbenzene, 1
Trimethylbenzene, 1
Trimethylbenzene, 1
Trimethylbenzene, 1
Trimethylbenzene, 1
Trimethylbenzene, 1
Trimethylpentane, 2
Trimethylpentane, 2
Vinyl chloride13
Vinyl chloride13
Vinyl chloride13
Vinyl chloride13
Vinyl chloride0
Vinyl chloride0
Xylene, m/p-a
Xylene, m/p-a
Xylene, m/p-a
,2,4-
,2,4-
,2,4-
,2,4-
,2,4-
,2,4-
,2,4-
,2,4-
,3,5-
,3,5-
,3,5-
,3,5-
,3,5-
,3,5-4UU
,3,5-
,2,4-
,2,4-
N
100
24
61
8
400
375
75
100
100
24
61
6
375
100
100
100
100
400
427
282
375
100
100
348
157
47
% Detect
76
NR
NR
100
88
90
85
35
57
NR
NR
67
75
34
11
23
7
27
3
12
25
0
0
0
99
NR
NR
RL
2.8/1.1
NR
NR
NR
0.25
2.0
0.03
2.46
2.5/0.98
NR
NR
NR
0.25
2
2.46
2.5/0.98
2.33
2.3/0.93
0.25
0.01
0.02
1.1
1.28
1.3/0.51
0.52
0.62
25%
2.1
0.7
2.8
<2.46
1.68
0.3
<2.0
<2.46
<0.98
<2.33
<0.93
<0.25
<01
<0.02
<1.1
<1.28
<0.51
50%
2.8
1.3
0.8
2.90
1.9
4.5
2.2
<2.46
2.5
1.1
0.8
1.20
0.6
<2.0
<2.46
<2.50
<2.33
<2.3
<0.25
<01
<0.02
<1.1
<1.28
<0.51
6.35
13
19
75%
4.3
4.3
8.1
3.4
3.9
4.2
1.7
2.4
<2.46
<2.50
<2.33
<2.3
<0.25
<01
0.02
<1.1
<1.28
<1.3
11
23.5
57
90% 95%
6.3 13.2
9.5 18
13 19
6.7
7.8
9.8 13.1
3.6 6.5
4.2 5.9
2.5
2.6 4.4
<2.33
7 11.1
<0.25 <0.25
0.01 0.02
0.04 0.09
<1.1 <1.1
<1.28
<1.3 <1.3
19 21
33 49
63 67
Max
62
11
39
260
65
57
32
35
15
67
97
22
8.3
11
21
140
1.0
0.34
0.50
1.6
<1.28
<1.3
350
150
67
Study
Weisel, 2006
Heavneret al., 1995
Heavneret al., 1996
Mukerjee et al., 1997
NYSDOH, 2006
Kurtz Personal Comm.,
2005
Zhuetal., 2005
Ragoetal., 2004, 2005
Weisel, 2006
Heavneret al., 1995
Heavneret al., 1996
Mukerjee et al., 1997
NYSDOH, 2006
Kurtz Personal Comm.,
2005
Ragoetal., 2004, 2005
Weisel, 2006
Ragoetal., 2004, 2005
Weisel, 2006
NYSDOH, 2006
Foster etal., 2002; Kurtz,
Pers. Comm. 2005
Kurtz & Folkes 2002
Kurtz Personal Comm.,
2005
Ragoetal., 2004, 2005
Weisel, 2006
US EPA, 1987b
US EPA, 1987b
US EPA, 1987b
(continued)
C-15
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June 2011
Appendix C
Start Date
1984
1984
1984
1990
1993
1994
1995
1997
1998
1999
2002
2004
2004
1981
1982
1983
1984
1984
1984
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1997
1998
Table C-1
Compound
Xylene, m/p-a
Xylene, m/p-a
Xylene, m/p-a
Xylene, m/p-b
Xylene, m/p-b
Xylene, m/p-b
Xylene, m/p-b
Xylene, m/p-b
Xylene, m/p-b
Xylene, m/p-b
Xylene, m/p-b
Xylene, m/p-b
Xylene, m/p-b
Xylene, o-a
Xylene, o-a
Xylene, o-a
Xylene, o-a
Xylene, o-a
Xylene, o-a
Xylene, o-b
Xylene, o-b
Xylene, o-b
Xylene, o-b
Xylene, o-b
Xylene, o-b
Xylene, o-b
Xylene, o-b
. Summary of Information Reported in Reviewed Studies (continued)
N
68
111
50
125
9
48
396
400
375
292
75
100
100
348
157
47
68
111
50
125
24
61
9
48
395
400
375
% Detect
NR
NR
NR
99
100
100
100
87
99
100
85
52
83
87
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
99
NR
NR
100
100
98
82
98
RL
0.4
NR
NR
0.9
0.25
2.2
NR
0.04
2.17
2.2/0.87
1.1
0.68
0.2
0.11
NR
NR
NR
NR
0.8
0.25
0.9
25%
4.1
16
5.8
3
4.3
0.5
7.1
<2.17
2.5
1.5
7
1.6
1.1
2.5
0.4
2.3
50%
6.1
22
8.7
4
3.5
14
6.4
1.5
11
4.8
3.6
3.0
3.8
2.2
5.4
6
2.2
9.7
2.55
1.8
2.4
2.3
1.30
3.6
3.6
1.1
3.5
75%
11
31
18
8
1^R
4.6
21
6.9
7.4
7.8
3.7
9.1
16
3.9
14
5.3
3.3
6'?6
3.1
6.1
90%
18
40
75
12.0
21
12
37
37
16.4
21
30
6.3
12
22
7.1
19
25
5.5
11
7.6
12
95%
26
42
92
38
21
63.5
41
9.2
20
23.5
11
20.5
30
17
13
20
Max
68
58
94
120
418
2773
550
570
139
82
91
220
100
27
35
34
34
49.0
34
35
186
937
310
130
Study
US EPA, 1987a
US EPA, 1987a
US EPA, 1987a
Sheldon etal., 1992
Mukerjee etal., 1997
Van Winkle and Scheff,
1995
Clayton etal., 1999
NYSDOH, 2006
Kurtz Personal Comm.,
2005
Sexton etal., 2004
Zhu etal. ,2005
Ragoetal., 2004,2005
Weisel, 2006
US EPA, 1987b
US EPA, 1987b
US EPA, 1987b
US EPA, 1987a
US EPA, 1987a
US EPA, 1987a
Sheldon etal., 1992
Heavner et al., 1995
Heavneret al., 1996
Mukerjee et al., 1997
Van Winkle and Scheff,
1995
Clayton etal., 1999
NYSDOH, 2006
Kurtz Personal Comm.,
2005
(continued)
C-16
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June 2011
Appendix C
Table C-1. Summary of Information Reported in Reviewed Studies (continued)
Start Date
1999
2002
2004
2004
Compound
Xylene, o-b
Xylene, o-b
Xylene, o-b
Xylene, o-b
N
292
75
100
100
% Detect
100
87
31
55
RL
NR
0.02
2
2.2/0.87
25%
<2
1.4
50%
1.6
1.2
<2
2.2
75%
3.4
2.4
2.7
90% 95%
11
6.5
6.9
11 13
Max
Study
Sexton et al., 2004
205
31.5
38
Zhuetal.,2005
Rago et al., 2004,
Weisel, 2006
2005
Notes: All concentrations are reported in ug/m . Figure 1 includes those results with a subscript a or b; Figure 2 includes only those results with a subscript b.
a Indicates pre-1990 studies not included in the compilation of statistics
b Indicates the studies included in the compilation of statistics
c Indicates 1990 and later studies not included in compilation of statistics because all values, including the maximum value, are below detection limit
C-17
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