Sampling and Analysis of Butadiene at a Neoptene Producing Plant
Entropy Environments lists, inc., Research Triangle Park, NC
Prepared fort
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC
Aug 90
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EPA/6QQ/3-90/G6S
August 1990
SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS OF BUTADIENE
AT A KEOPREN'E PRODLfCINQ PLANT
EPA Jontrsct Mo. 63*0
We»k Assignment flaa. WO and 103
Prepared by:
Anna C, Carver
Entropy Environmentalists,
Triangle Park. North Carolina 37709
Prepared fan
Jimmy
Project Officer
Quality Assurance Diviaion
IS. S, ErsviroziBcntfll Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park. North Carolina 2J711
ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH AND EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT Lr\BOaATORY
OFFICE Of REEiAflCli AND DEVELOPMENT
LI. 5, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, SORTH Ct&OLim 27711
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•*, TITLE *ND SUBTITLE
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
{fir/tit msd InsfmeiitMs art Ilit recent Pr
FEPfiMt NO.
EPA/600/1-UP/06S
Sampling and Analysis of Butadiene at a Keoprene Plant
PB90-2615W
6. KI
, PERFORMING OBGANII*TIGN CODE
7. AUTHORS)
Anna Catrver
NO
B. PF. fl FOR HUNO O B G A.WZ AT I OH H AM6 AN 0 AC D HISS
Entropy Environmentalists, Inc.
Research Triangle Park, HC 27709
68-02-4442, WA 100 & 103
15 SPONSORl-MG AOENCV MAMi
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
MEAL/qAO/SMSB (HD-77A)
Office of Research and Development
Research Triangle Parfc, NC 27711
13, Tfft OF REPORT AND PEHtCC COVSBtCl
Project Report, Jar>.90-June 90_
1*.SI>DMSSftlNa " '
NOTES
10. ABSTRACT
This document details a field study to validate a method for We sampling and
analysis of butadiene emissions from a plant manufacturing neoprene from butadiene/
chlorine mixtures. GawouR samples were collected from the process vent of one such
plant using a modification of the evacuated container sampling procedure, outlined
in Section 7.1J of EPA Method IB. The samples were collected at a sampling rate of
0.04 L/m1n, rather than at 0.5 L/min as specified in the method, Sample cul lection
at the lowered sampling rate yields a tota'i sample volurre of approximately 3 L,
rather than the 30 L obtained when using the specified sampling rate. ^On-site
analysis of samples was performed using a gas chromatograph equipped with a flame
detector,
The method precision was determined by co'ilection and analysis of simultaneous,
quadruplicate samples. The average relative standard deviation for quad-train
samples collected *t the lowerfid sampling rate was approximately 41 for emission
is ranging from about 2 to
17,
a.
. lpSh'TIF,EHS/DI>EN EftOf.D TCRMS
c. COS4TI
IS. PISTRIBL'TION STATEM£*JT
IS.SSCUHITf CLASS tTnuKraran
UNCUSSIFIEP
NO OF PAS is
55
RKLF.A5E TO PUBLIC
20 SECUBllV CLASS n
WCLASSIF1ID
. tRICE
-1 (fin. *-?
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DISCLAIMER NOTICE
The information in this document has been Fondecf wholly by the U. S,
Environmental Protection Afincy under Contract Number 6Q-Q2-^^Z to Entropy
Environmentalists, Inc. It has been subjected to Agency peer and
adminigtrative review, and i. has been approved For publicati-em «3 an EPA
dacuoant.
11
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FOREWORD
and tionitoring research efforts are designed to anticipate
environnental problems, to- support regulatory actions by developing aii in-
depth understanding oP the nature and ptcc-esses that impact health and the
ecolo-iy. to provide innovative means of noni taring compliance with
regulations, and Cr> evaluate the effectiveness of health find environment at
protection efforts through the monitoring of long-teen trends, The
Atmospheric Research and Exposure Asaeasaent Laboratory, Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina, has responsibility for: assessment of environmental
monitoring technology end systems for air, implementation of agency-wide
quality assurance Bfograjna for ai«? pollution measurement systems, and
supplying technical support co other groups in the Agency including Office of
Ait™ and Radiation, the Office of Toxic Substancea, iifld the Office of Solid
Was te .
1,3 -Butadiene ia be ins evaluated For future emissions re-gy 1st ions
this end -other aikenes are quite reactive under atmospheric ccnditions
exist QS "central constituents ii\ urban SDIOK cheniatry," Acceptable
neasuFQaertt nethotiology Ls critical for propeiv msaessment of the imp act on the
envi ronnent of these eaiissions from stationary sources. Development and
validation uf measurement aethoda are key components for producing an
acceptable method. This study wag undertaken to. parforai development and
validation work on a method far the quantification of butadiene emissions Fram
stationary smiccea .
Gary J. Foley
Director
Atmospheric Research and Rxposure Asaessnent Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, Worth Carolina ^7711
ill
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ABSTRACT
Butadiene has been listed as & hazardous ale pollutant hy the United
States Environmental Protection Agency (SPA), This document details a field
study which validates a method! For the soaplirtg and analysis of Butadiene
emissions Ccom a neoprene producing plant. Butadiene emission ssaples were
collected Fcon the process vent of a plant manufacturing naoprenft from
chlorine and butadiene. Pour Tedlar bag samples wete collected sionjltaneousli'
enployins? the evacuated container sampling procedure* outlined in Section J."L,i
of" EPA Metnod iS. Thi3 procedure w*a modified to collect the samples at a flow
rate of 0.04 liters per minute rather Chan the recommended saoiple flow rate of
DoO liters pop minute, On-aite ruin lysis of samples was perfornqd using a gas
chromatoftraph uquipped with a flame ionization detector. The precision of
butadiene concentrations from samples collected was determined. Statistical
evaluation or mean values and precisions of butadiene emission samples
collected sinuitaneoualy waa conducted. With this exception of one
qyndruplicRte-train (quad-train) run, all relative standard devlacioni wece
within the range of 1.7O - S.'lO percent. The relative standard deviaeion of
i:he outlier was 13-5 percent* Twelve ttuad-train runs wftrft -conducted,
Tlits report is subniLtsd by Entropy Environmentalists, inc. irt fulfillment
of EPA Contract No, 68-02-41*42, Work Assipment Na,
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CONTENTS
Po reward ..... „.„.,,.,,, „,,,..,.,..,, ........ „>..., ...... ,..,,*,,,,, .......... iff
Abstract ..... *,.,*, ................... .<»,•.» ............ .•.,,,,,,<» ..... , ^
s and Tables ..<,,,,.,*,,,*,..... ....... . ..... « ............. , , , , , ..... v1
..... ........ ...,........*.. .......... »,...,...,,, ............ vil
Acknowledgements » , . , . ........... .......... ........ ....I......,......,,,,,., ^ ' '
I . Introductlara .......... ....,,.. — ,,,, ...... **.... .......... ,,,.,..., 1
2 . CanciusiOrts and Recammendatinna , — , ........ . .......... ,,..,, ........ *t
1 . Summary of Experimental Approach and Kfitults ,.....,..(«.,<,<(t%^i>,. 6
^ . Quali ty Control ..... . ........ , . , . ........... ...... ........ , .......... 18
JtefiSr'tjn^fiS ........ ..... ..4................. ......... .,,!,<< ,.,.,, ......... , ...19
Appendices
A. Standard Operating- Peocedure.i fan? the Sampling and Analysis of
. . . , ....... ........ ......... , ..................... an
B . Data Sheets/Audi t Heaul 1 3 ......,„.......,.,,.. .......... , ........ , , .28
C. EPA Method IS ...... , .................... .,,,,.., ................... , .36
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FIGURES
Kumber Page
1 Sample location.,..,.,...,... 8
2 Saapie collection system , „ ,,.,, 13
3 flag sampler. ,.,.,.,,,,, ,, .. >., < 14
A-l Sample collection system ..22
A-2 Bag sanpler ^3
TABLES
M_ujiber Pflfie
1 SuBunary of Analytical Results and Precision of Data 10
2 Comparison of Field and Laboratory Analyses 10
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ABBREVIATIONS
butadiene
c n
cm HaO
AJtEAL, QAD
Entropy
EPA
FID
GC
GG/ECD
OC/FID
hr
L
L/min
mL/tD±n
used synonymously with 1,3- butadiene
eentimete r \ s ]
pwssura equivalent to that exerted by a water coluan of the
indicated height
Atufflspiiopic Research and Exposure Assessment Laboratory.
Quality Assurance division of the United States Environmental
Protection Agency
yaed synonyneugly with Entropy Environmentalists, Inc.
United States Environmental Protection Agency
flame ionizatlon datectar
gns
chiroaBtograph equipped wLtli an esloctron capture detector
gas chpoamtograph equipped with R flaae ionization detector
hour Is)
quad-train
ul
liter(a) pee minute
meter {3}
milliUter(sI
oillillter{s ) per ninute
parts por million by voluaie
apparatus for s inul tanaous collection of quadruplicate
¥11
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Jinny Pay provided advice &"d cements throughout the project; his
in reviewing an earlier draft of this report were particularly
helpful. Mr- Gary McAlistCr and DC, Nargit S, Jawa gava aasistancc In
reviewing this document for publication. Williem Lonnemail generously allowed
the inueatigators accoai to his bag sealing machine. All Che above
contributions are gratefully acknowledged.
vf ii
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
t,3-Buta4iene {butadiene) is using evaluated for future emission regula-
tions by the U. 3. Environmental Protection Aorenr.y. This and other alkenes are
quite reictive under atmospheric conditions and ujtist as "central constituents
in urban tittog cheats try,"1 In addition, butadiene haa been listed as *
hazardous air pollutant. Exposure to the substance could result in serious
health effects, including cancer.2 A. wide variety i>f natural and
camb'JStiQn processes produce the gas, but the uumpound is uade
from dehydrogenQtiofi of butene o* butane/foutena nixtures.3 iyt&diene is widely
employed as a polymer buildlii§ block, particularly ill the production or
synthetic rubbers as a copclymer with atyrene'1 «ind in the production af
neoprene rubber. An analytical a^thod for the BQaourem-eftt of butadiene
emissiona frtm polymer -producing proeasses, as wall as from petroleum cracking
operations, »het?e the material is produced, is needed.
ft modified version of EPA Method 18* has previously bocsn proven acceptable
for ttvs sampling and analysis of butadiene at a synthetic rubber plant*4 In an
effect to broaden i;he use of the modified version Df the method, the U. S. EPA
Entropy Environmentalists. [:ic. {Entropy) to conduct A Field
of Che nethod at a necprene producing plant.
Flaw nnto Modification of Method 18
EPA Net bod 18 is eoployed for tii-e collection rttid analysis of" gaseous
org-anic ^ompoundB . Several procedures for sample csllRction are described in
the method, with one of the mosc commonly used hcing the flexible Uag proce-
dure. The ba£ procedure as described in Method 18 requirPs a sainple flow rae&
uf 0.^0 Liters p
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required far a number of replicate analyses using a gas ehfomatogi*sph with
flame ioniaatign. detection IGC/FID), In an affort to minimize the size of
sample that is collected wlien the Method 18 bag procedure is employed, several
studies, have been conducted to eonpare the recenaaieiided flow rate of 0,50 L/nift
to a lesser flow rate of approximately O.OJ L/min. The low Flow rate allows
collection of the emission sample in a bag of cnly 5 liters resulting in toora
convenient sampling containers and easier transportation of tiie sanple from the
field r.o l:he laboratory. The conpounds. which have been evaluated and collected
successfully «t the lower flow rate ares butadiene, carbon tetraehlorida,
chlgmfom, perch loroe thy lend, and triehloi?QetliyJ.ene,
Acurax Corporation, as part of n previous assignment foi? HPA's Quality
Assurance Division of the Atmospheric Research and Exposure Assessment
Laboratory Office of Research and Development (QAD, AREALl. developed a
pjfOtotypQ gaa sampling system, which utilized n rectucedl sampiinp; rate of
0.050 L/min allowing use of the smaller bag size. Acyi*ex -evaluated application
of this methodology l.o sanipling and analyaifl of butadiene in a laboratory
study ,7
Two separate field test; sponaored by QAD, AREAL Office of Itaaearch and
Devslopment have included evmluaeicm of a lower saunile flow rg&
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rate while the remaining twelve samples were collected at approximately Q.Q1*
L/Biii. Comparison of the results From the larger bag to those of the smaller
were again well within. the 95£ confidanee level for measured concentration and
standard deviations.
Because the two different sampling rates utilised for collection of baf
sa&splea during these studies did not statistically affect the valuea or
precision of the determinations Bade, the lower flow rate, which yields a sore
convenient saasple size than the sampling rate recommended in FPA Method IB is
e for collection of bag simples,
Report Organization
This repoet describes f.he field study commissioned by rtREAL, QAO, Research
Triangle Park, fforth Carol inft, which validates ssmplinj? and analysis of
butadiene- enisai-tina froco a neoprcne producing plant usirwr EPA Method 18.
modified f*s described nbovo,
Section 2 presents the conclusions and recQnoretidations regarding use of
W&thod tfl aa a sampling and analysis technique for emissions of butadiene from
a nsoprene producing plant. Sections 3 and 4 discues the e-xperimental
procedures and results of the field teat, and quality assurance /quality
control procedures, respectively,
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SECTION 2
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The Method 18 sainplini end malyttcai protocol was validated for use at
producing planes lACOPpo^stlngf the use of the lowered sampling rate
for- collection of emission camples in snail Tedlar bags. The average re
standard deviation observed using the snail tags was approximately 4. OS.
As a result oF the field teat, the following conclusions and
reconnendatlona can be
;, Low sample flaw rates ( appro xinately 0.05 L/min) arc
for the collection of butadiene at neopcene plants. These
Flow rat na have been proven to be acceptable at the 95?
confidences l«v<*l and they greatly reduce the saaple sise. Thia
reduced saopLe size alloys sample collection in »»ch snaller more
convenient sample containers.
2. The nvepoge precision for this method is 4j£ based on Che overage
relative standard deviations obtained in Che field evaluation.
3. The possible presence of butane/butene iseunera in the
atream necosaltstea the uae of a chrciKQtogi?ophF column capable of
separating butadiene from these potential Interferents. A
2 m x 1/0- inch stainlcaa steel rolunn non^ainfrig 0-1 9J picric acid on
80/100 nesli Carbopack C loas Utilized during chis invoatigatiort. Use
of this -column or Anotter one of similar design capable of resolving
butadiene from these potentially interfering hydrocarbons is highly
<\ , Sumple stability is n concern when collecting butadicno nt
ncopeane plants due to the liigh concentrations (2 - ACJj
observed , Sauoplcs appeni1 to be stable up to two weeks t but no
longer. Rapid analysis of the samples is highly recommended and
will olininate Che possibility if polymerization- of butadiene
sample analysts.
f f yd TMJ c artao n I n t e
The presence of several butene/butene isoncrs in the sample seresa when
this flothod was validated n\, a synthetic rubber producing plane necessitated
the use of 3 chronmtography column capable of separating butadiene frmn these
potential interf Bronts, . To eliminate the possibility of tho same interferents
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at the neoprene plant, the column which had baan proven effective for use at
synthetic rubber producing plants was used. This column, a 2 m x JL/8-ihch
gtsj.nlc£3 steel column containing CM 9$ picric ucld on 10/100 mesh Carbopack,
or another column sinilBtiy able to resolve butadlana frojn these potentially
interfering lisr.lracaehons, is higjhly recomjnef'ded. This syst^n allowed accurate
quantitation of butndlana in the observed aantpla matt-lx to be carried out in
Lees than 4 minutes.
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SECTION 3
SUMMARY OF
PROCEDURES AND RESULTS
The primary objective of this field teat was to evaluate Method ifl &s
applied to sampling and analysis of butadiene at a neoprene producing plant.
The samp Ling and analytical field evaluation protocol was finalized based on
tjha rsHults of previous teats and the presurvey results.
Fiac.il I ty Dascrlt>ti-on
The Rite selected by Entropy and approved by QAD personnel was a plant
which produces ncaprene Tram isc-mers of chlorinated butadiene- In the
production of neoprene rubber", chlorine is edried t5 n stream cf pure
1, 3 -butadiene. When the butadiene and chlorine are nixed, chloraprene and
isomers of dichlorobuteno are produced > Caustic is added to the proceis to
remove the ctvtacoprene, &ftd the dichlorobwtene isomers arc then dechlorioafced
and "washed," The resulting product ia the basic ^omponent of neapporiie rubber,
The process is dry (leas than ICO ppm moisture) up to the point of dechlori-
nation.
g Location
samples were collected from n single point in the process went.
is mixed with chlcuMna and tt'onsporte-d to whefo- the diehlorotautene
s are removed for- use, A three inch, stainless steel pipe is used to vent
the process prior lo "washing" the iaoniers. Thp, process vent reaches approxi-
mately 30 feet: above the ID-inch pipe which transports the reacted butadiene
nnd cMorinc tu l.hR cauatic. Connet'tcd to the base of the three-inch pronoss
vent; is a 3/8-ir^h stainless stftel tube which is r.nnnected to plant nitrogen,
Approximately four feet Prom the connection of the 3/0-inch stainless to the
process vent is a sampling port installed by the plant. Tha sample port is
3/8-lnch stainless tubing in-line froa the process vent to the plant nitrogen.
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Positive pressure flow is present at this point in the process, which allows a
snail amount of the emissions to be diverted to the ssnple poet when the
On /Off valve is in the proper posit ton. The quad- train samples were collected
from a teflon sanple line inserted into the 3/8-inch stainless sample port.
Figure i is a schematic of the sampling location.
A valve is also present to allow plant nitrogen into the emission path,
Tills is a precautionary procedure taken in order to dilute the emission strean
when there i.s danger of a lightning strike to the emission vent. Dilution of
the process vent is necessary due to tho presence of the highly explosive htita-
diene, fluring sampling, the plant nitrogen was not used because of tha
likelihood of interfering- hydrocarbons,
Applicability and Principle
The principles of seuapllng and analysis fallowed the general procedures
ileHcribod in EPA Method 18, with the- exception, that emission samples were col-
lected nl flow j.-alea of 0,0*1 [,/Juin, rather than 0-5
Range and Sensitivity
The runge and sensitivity were determined fot the Tedlar bag ssnpllnf
technique prior to condyctinff tho field teat, An estimation of the Halt of
dataction and quantifiable limit WEB caffiefl out using a aeehod that eaploys
the chroma tog rapA baieiine noise and analjte response For t^ese determination3.q
Using a sample size of 1 nL, these values were determined, to be 0,^3
2,0 f>pnv , I'fjspcctivoly. With sample dilution > or the use of sroftJJer s
loops, the PS is no upper linit, Eolssion Levels quantified in the field test
ranged frcm BpprOHlaat.clj1 2,5 - **!*,» - T^a FID was c&libpatod wains' ^ I- ml
aaniple loop fiiiA standards in the ran^e of 0.20 - 3.W butadiene by vnlunH. Thes
field samples ware analyzed using a 100 ul sample loop,
Pi'fedsicjq and Accuracy
Precision of the sompiing and analysis technln«.iPi-s wns determined using
quad- train runs, For t-.hft field test, gmss were withdrawn fron a single point
at the process vent approxinately 30 Teat from reJ.ease of the emissions into
the atmosphere. All bags were analyzed on-site, as was an audit simple. The
results f'ron analysis of the Pour bags collected simultaneously were averaged
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I.
location.
FROM CHLOfllME/
8UTADIENI
MIXING CHAMBER-
f
PROCESS
VENT
- 3TAINU6SS
SHEL TU81M3
TO SAMPLING
a*" TEFLON
SAMPLi
r
ON/OFF
VALV€
PLANT
NITROGEN
2 OF4OFF
VALVE
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and a standard deviation wsa calculated for each run. The standard deviations
were tested For level dependence by linear regression on the means, and a value
of the y-statistic was calculated for the elope of the regression line. This
value, 0.413. did not exceed the critical value of the t-statistic for 10
degrees of freedom and the 95£ confidence level, 2,228. 'Thus, because the
slope of the regression line was not significantly different from zero, the set
of standard deviations were Independent of level» Application of the Battlett
test10 demonstrated that the variances were homogeneous. An estimate of the
ehi-actuared statistic from the data yielded the value 9-05, which dlF butadiene from
the column and one large peak following the butadiene peak which were not present
in the original analyses were noted during reanalysis. Seventy-five percent of
samples analyzed on or before 13 days were within LOS of the original analyses.
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TABLE 1. SDKMMY OF ANALYTICAL RESUL1S ATO PRECISION OP DATA
Date
4/2/90
4/3/90
4/3/90
O /Tl /QQ
h J3 J£Jf\
^/S/90
W9Q
il/ty/go
4/V90
4/U/90
4/4/90
4/4/90
Bun
ID
1
2
3
i)
5
6
7
8
9
10
11"
12
Mean
Cone. {%}
25,7
33.9
35-5
37-5
20,2
24.0
41,4
34.2
22.8
2.55
15.7
26.9
Coaf fie lent of
Variation [%}
4,W
1.70
2, 46
2.53
6,03
5.77
2.28
1.86
6.1Q
13.5
4.83
6.01
'One bag sample collected during this run was found to leak;
Che results from analysis of this bes are not included in any
statistical evaluation of the data*
TABLE 2, COMPARISON OF FIELD AMD LABORATORY ANALYSES
Sample
ID
1-C
3-B
7-B
8-A
9-C
10-A
10-B
10-C
10-D
11-A
11-B
tl-C
12-B
12-C
Fiekd
Cone.
26.13
35.25
42. 76
3Jt . S^
23.10
28.29
zS,l6
21.17
2U.22
15.67
'-&.*!*>
i^.b'j
27.82
27,55
Lab
Cone,
12.86
23.06
15.86
34. 12
14.89
32.66
31.21
23. M
23.84
10.24
15.06
iB.'fO
28.7'f
26.95
Percent
Deviation
- 3<4.G5S
- 20.92S
- 45.88?
- 1.05*
- 21.61$
* 7.18S
* 5.14JS
* 5.19*
- Q.7W
- 20.965
- t.73*
* 10.06S
* 1.63S
- 1.11J£
Age
15
14
13
n
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
to
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fletvreen-Labortttary
Fallowing reanalysis at Entropy's base laboratory, selected hag samples
were nade available to ABEAL. QAD personnel for independent verification of
butadiene concentrations measured, These analyses were conducted after 15 days
of collection of the saaplea, and a eacond peak not present in the original
analyses was noted. The paak is believed to ba a derivative of the poly-
merization of butadiene; therefore, the values obtained from the reanaljais of
the saaples are not consistent with the o Pi final values. Due to possible
polymerization of tha butadiene, Che values obtained by QAD personnel were not
used to determine between- laboratory precision.
Audit Results
Accuracy of the butadiene detacwinatiana was examined by the on-site
analysis of a blind audit sample provided by Research Teiangla Institute.
Research Triangle Park. North Carolina under SPA's performance audit program,
which utilizes cylinder gases containing volatile organics in the ppm,, range.
Tha audit cylinders available wera known to contain butadiene in the 5""^0 ppm^
remge. Field and laboratory analyses of the cylinder provided a quality
assurance check of f.he thrfe-pgint calibration curves-
Several cjialyses of tlio audit cylinder were conducted while analysing
saaples collected during the field test. The overage value obtained for the
concentration of the audit cylinder was approximately 51 >7 ppm,, while the
actual audit v'Rluc was '19. 8 » with a difference of pl?.
In the previous field teat of butadiene emission samples, several other
components, in addition to butadiene, ware presen" in samples collected
from the plant's process vent. Analysis of samples by the EPA Task Officer from
che first field test an a fflegabore capillary column revealed the presence of
several butane/ butene isomers. The column chosen for usft in the ppesene;*; of
thes-« Isoicers was a 0,19% picric acid on flO/lOO meah Carbopack C, To eliminate
the possibility of these i sonars interfering during the analysis at the neoprene
plant, the iame picric acid column wws uaed for this field test. Analysis of the
presurvey samples on a jne^Hbore capillary column indicated thac no cjlher
interferences were present.
Ll
-------
Pretest simples, were collected to determine any need for acidification of
tha sampling or analysis procedures. After discussions with plant officials
concerning- the compounds present in the process vent stream, which included only
butadiene and hydrogen chloride gas, optimiua GC/F1D conditioas were determined.
Two grab aanjfles were collected and returned to the laboratory Far analysis. The
analyses on tha Cd/FID packed coltnm indicated no interfering peaks, as did
analyses on the megaboro eapillaiey column. The CC/FID conditions to be ussd in
the field wepe -determined and the final analyses procedures were developed bused
on the results of the presurvey teat. The concentration of butadiene collacted
during the pretest survey was sppro*iEBtaly 3-9^-
Sampling Procedures and Sampling Equipment
"Die cast matrix was designed to evaluate QC/FID analysis of butadiene
emission samples hased on 12 quad-train, sampling runs employing Tedlar bags for
sample collection. During the field teat, four samples were collected
simultaneously in 5 L Tedlar bags,
All sampling was conducted according to EPA Method 18. The sonples ware
collected over a one- hour period from a cannon manifold. Twelve a ample runs
ware concucted during the test, generating *l8 samples TDJ? analysis.
A schematic of the quad- train sampling systen is presented as Figure 2. The
sample probe, a 3/6- inch teflon line, was tapered at the end for easy Insertion
into the sample port. Tha probe was connected to c sampling manifold
constructed of stainless steel fittings, Bag samples were KOlleceed iVaio the
manifold using individual 1/1-i.nch Teflon sample lines (approximately five fftet
in length). Before each sample run, the manifold was purged with stack gms for
several ainutes to allow equilibration uf the ssstom. The individual .^anplins
3j'stf?KJs wwre connected to a. separate manifold, which in turn was connected to a
vacuum pump. The vacuum allowed sample flow into the Tedlar bags through the
The sampling: containers used during this field cesr. were newly
systems. They were developed in order to reduce the leakage problems associated
with the rigid PVC bag sampling containers that have been previously used for
sample collection. A schematic of the new system is presented as Figure 3- The
sampling device is constructed of a low-cost, commercially available 9~liter
12
-------
Figure 2. Quad-train, sampling system.
W TEFLON
VACUUM LINES*
OUtCK CONNECTS
STAINLESS STEEL
SAMPLE MANIFOLD
STAINLESS
VACUUM MAMFOLD
«• TEFLON
SAMPLE LINES
m
TRANSPARENT GLASS —''
CONTAINERS
-------
Figure J. Sampling1 systen.
BULKHEAD
QUICK-CONNECT
(FWl SAMPLE CAS FLOW)
MALE
COMPRESSION FITTING
(TO VACUUM)
TCROH
L1MEO LID
-------
glass container with a TofIon-lined, threaded uetal lid. .Minor codifications of
the container lid consist ot" drilling holes which ara fitted with bulkhead
connections. One of the Fittings has a female quick-connect an the outside of
the lid for connection to t:w sample line, The Tedlar bag is connected on, tho
inside of the lid* A nale ooEpi'&ssion, fitting is used u evacuate air space
around the Tedlar baj? in order to draw sample into che bag. Leak tests conducted
on thase devices have been encouraging< The containers have been shown to
maintain a vacuum af 21 inches of water overnight. The glass containers also
permit viewing of the Tedlar bag duting sampling to assure that the bag is being
filled. Each Tedlar bag and each coupling container ^as leak checked at 16 in,
Ifg in the laboratory and prior to use in the field.
Flow into each bag was moderated by individual critical wiflces- The
orifices were calibrated in the laboratory and the cptimuia vacuum was
determined to be 15 in. fig with orifice flows ranging from 37.9 - 39.2
The orifices were connected in the evacuation lines from each lung sam
system with specific flow For each uotml.
Doubly seamed Tedlar bags weue fabricated using a bag sealer, and each bag
ws# leak cheeked and blanked before being used to collDCt field aaapleg. Bags
were inflated to rigidity and ftIlowed to stand overnight or lunger. If a bag
sliQh-eri nny loss of rigidity, .it wag discarded, During the field heats, bags to
ba reused ware fluoh-ad four times with nitrogen, to JJSOOVQ previous aaaplea.
They were then completely evaluated ond allowed to stand for several minutes
arid fixamined for the intake of nit id order to detect jjcoss leaks. New bag's
wero used for mast of '.he camples co be retained for post-field Lost studies,
Analytical Procendurps rand Equipment
Two major concerns with nil organic sampling and analytical procedures are
U) rapidity of sample analyses find (2) sample stability, Minimisation of tiaie
required for the total elusion of individually injected samples was considered
u> s^lectinEi of GC conditions ("of Qiialysia at* field samples. Sample stability
was assessed by t'eanalyais of field sfinplefi after "aging,"
All field samples f.oileclcd were anBlyzed by Entropy usiiv^- a Pcrkin-Eljner
9-210 g'as chromatograph ecjuippeJ with a flame ionization. detector nfitl a manually
operated gas saaplinR waive. Peak .irans were deternified using- an electronic
integrator. '[Tie analyses were conducted isotherranily nt. BQfC with a carrier
gas flow rate of 30 millilitet's/min {mL}. The packed column tsed for sample
-------
analysis was a Supelco 0,19?! picric acid on 80/100 mesh Carbopack C. Duplicate
analyses of bag sauples could be conplgted within 10 minutes with this system.
Standards prepared by a conoercial vendor were drawn from Tedlar hags into
s 1 mL sample- loop. The field samples were analyzed using a smaller (100 uL)
sample loop due to the high concentrations of butadiene collected. Samples
were drawn into the samplf* loop by a siesU pump at a rate cf 60 ee/din.
Calibration data were collected in the spui-oxi-mata rangfi nf 0.20 - ^.OJ£. Each
calibration was audited using- cylinders of butadiene provided by the GAD
Division of EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
Sample Stability
To assess the stability of the bagged smnples, reanalysis of erne sample
from several of tha runs and reanalysis of all sam-plea from two of the runs
were conducted, 'L'able 2 shows tha results obtained anF cJie other values. This value was statistically eliminated using-
Chcs Q-^eat for- ei initiation of ouclii»f g . To determine whftt.liHr cho dat^ point rn
question could be statistically Glinift&teeJ i'ron) the avnrpfied, itjsults, the
following equation wos used:
= Difference bcjf,uirt=ri the quest ionable value and the
.leanest point.
Ranges = DlfFerencc between She questionable value and the
lowest point.
16
-------
Q values associated with the deg»?e«s of Freedom are Riven at the 90S confidence
interval. The calculated y«lue nust be greater than thcs (jivefi value in order
to eliminate the questionable data point. The actual calculation for
eliminating the questionable date, point for this test and the given Q values
are presented in Appendix B.
Results
All four bags from each quad-train run were initially analyzed cm-site by
Entropy. For the s-auplcs collected, Che successive duplicate analyses
specified by Method 16 were generally well within 5JJ of their mean values as
required by the method, in fact, the duplicate analyses often differed from
the mean by less than 1J. The average relative standard deviation observed for
the Buaploa was 4,0%, if the outlier is statistically eliminated by the Q-test,
A i-umnary of the results is presented In Table 1.
The on-site analysis of cylinder audit gaaea provided by (IAD allowed
estimation of nelhad accuracy. The audit performed in the LCI - 100 ppni range
yielded 51-7 PPB, while the actual audit "^Ivft was 49.8 ppM, resulting in a
difference of only 4JJ,
Reanal^siR of the bag sanples resulted in 70? of the samples txjnsistant
with 'he original ttnalyses. Due to tho percentage! of sample values chat
repeated after 13 dsys, it Is evident that pernestion of Che butadiene through
the walls of eha Tedler Ls unlikely. The number of sampi-es whose values
not repeat able rtaes. however, cause concern. It waa tietermined that s
analyzed after 13 days from collection had compounds other than butadiene
present. [t is possible that butadiene in the percent levels is tiot stable
over long pcrinds ot" tine; t-.heret*ore, snnple analyses sttotjld be coftducted as
soon as possible.
17
-------
SECTION
QUALITY
During each stage of the investigation every effort was maAe to guarantee
the integrity of the data collected. Sose of tha important precautions ob-
served arc outlined below.
Cyl i, nde r _5 taad ards
cylinders containing appro -{imately 10, 150. 2000 ppmv , LOSS and
Ti.8)! of gaseous butadiene in nitrogen were purchased froci a supplier of high
purity gases. The Cylinders were analyzed after final blending by the
supplier, who certified the butadiene concentrations to *_ 5 ppm. *te other
ware r»ec*ssar« for completion of the rield test or laboratory work,
Calibration ftnd Audit ....... fifocedurea
Calibration standards were injected into the £69 chroma tosraph until two
successive injections disagreed by no more than 5#, aa specified in EPA Method
18, Often duplicate injections of standnrda, «nd those of most sanples,
differed free their mean by lea a than IS.
Instrument reapotiae wa.- obtained (com a least squares fit of the calibra-
tion data. An audit of these results WHS conducted daily by assaying the
concentration of a blind audit sample provided under the EPA1 a performance
audit program. The audit sajn^Le contained butadiene diluted wtth nitrogen gas
fit a concentration in the ppn rnnge.
n& tent ion of Butadiene by Tedlttr Bags
Although Lhe retantion of butadiene by Todlar bags was not rigorously
evaluated, experiments wflre conductaii to demonstrate tliat bags containing field
samples cqyld be rqysed after they had been blanked. Rags were emptied f,f sam-
ple by complete evacuation and flushed frur Ciffles with r.ompreasocl air before
being filled to half their capacities. After flllgwing the bags to stand
18
-------
overnight, analysis of the contained gas showed them to be essentially free of
butadiene.
REFERENCES
1. Grsedel. T.E. Chemical Coppouncis In the Atmosphere, teadetsic Press,
lite., New York. 1978, pp. 71-90.
2. 51 Federal Ragister HO21ff, April i, 1986,
3. fterek i Co., Ine , The Merck Index, Ninth Edition. Ftehway, New Jersey,
1976. P.
*4. Air Pollution Eai salon Factors. Report No. AP-42, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 1973-
5- 40 Code of Federal Regulations 60, App, A. Method iS. July I. 19*3?.
6, Entropy Environmentalists, Int. Sampling arwj Analysis of Butadiene at a
Synthetic Rubbar Plant. EPA Contract Ho, 6S-02-W42, Research Triangle
Park. South Carolina, September
7, ACUDBX Corporation, Development of Methods For* Sampling- I, J-Butadiene -
Interim Reports EPA Contrast Wo. 6S-02-3993. R«searen Triangle Park.
North Carolina. March 1979
S. d. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development,
"Laboratory and Field Evaluations of Methodology for Measuring iaissiong
of Chlorinated Solvents from Stationary Sources," AREAL, ORD, September
1989.
9. Knoll, Joseph E. "'Estimation, of I he Limit of Dotection in Chrosiato-
" Journal iif Chronato^raphie Science, 23 :fl 22-425, 1*385-
1'J, "Statistics foe Research," tkjwdy. WeBrden. p. 297. John Wiley 4 Sons,
Inc.. 1983,
11, "Quality Control and Industrial Statistics," Thirtf Edition. Achason J.
Duncan, pp. 6^2-6^, Richard D. Irwin. Inc., Koraewood, Illinois. 1965.
-------
APPENDIX A
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES
FOR THE SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS OP BUTADIENE EMISSIONS
.1 , Applicability, Principle.. Inter feren ess _... Precision. Bias, and Stability
1.1 Applic ability. Theee procedures are applied in the determination of
1,3-butadieriE (hereafter butadiene) preaenc in waste gases emitted fron a
producing plants.
1,2 Principle, Qaa samples are collected in Tedlar gas sampling bags
from a conduit carrying gaseous emissions and analyzed using a gas chrcnato-
graph equipped with a flame ionization detector (GC/FID) .
1.3 Potential Interferences. Several other organic confionents in
addition to butadiene nan be present in emission samples. The possible
presence! of several C^t and unsatui'ated C1 hyduocarbona In the eoaission saaiplefi
necesaitatei the use t*f a chrowatotPophy column capable of separating butadiene
from these potential inter fe rents.
i.H Precision. The within- laboratory relative standard deviation
oTjsecved for the collection and analysis of quadruplicate samples during field
validation of this method was approximately 4. OS.
1.5 Stability.. Samples should be analysed within two weeks of collec-
tion ,
2, Sucpary
2,1 Ssuapling. En is si on samples are collected in 5 L Tedlar bBRs housed
in rifcld. file- light contairteps. Evacuation of the oontnincr void space
surrounding Che bagf, at Plow rates of 50 mL/min «vi>r a 1 hour period, draws it 3
L sample into the
2.2 CC Analysis. Cylinders or dilute gassous butadiene in nitrogen,
commercially available from a supplier of high purity gases, are used as
standards in calibration of the GC» The linear Calibration curves generated
from analysis of these standards are used to determine the concentration of
butadiene in collected field samples.
3- Safot!;
Butadiene lias been lifted as a hazardous air pollutant in the Federal
since serious health effects result FMB OKposure to the gas;
therefore, inhalation of butadiene, and of other potentially harmful vapors
present in source samples, must ba rigorously avoided. The use of electrical
equipment foe sampling in potentially explosive areas requires additional
precautionary measures.
-------
'*• Apparatus and Materials
4.1 Sampling1 Apparatus. The samp ling ttfain is shown in Figure A-l, and
conponent pacts ace discussed below.
'4.1.1 Probe, Teflon tubing, 3/8- inch CD. Attach to a port in the
conduit carrying gaseous process eniSiions via appropriate connecting fittings,
Sonic flov bhrough esach wrifice should bo
.ipproxioatRly O.O^O t./min. Culitrate and place iu-lir.e between auxiliary
saapling }>\jnip and bag.
'1.1.12 Vacuum Tubing. To connect fche rigid, evicuoble bag containers to
the auxiliary sampling pump.
^l -1.13 Rate Meter. To be used in leak check procedures.
21
-------
Figure A-L. Sample colleccion system.
W41 TEFIOM
VACUUM LINES •
STAINLESS STEEL
VACUUM MANIFOLD
1/4' TEFLON
SAMPLE LINES
PUMP
BULK-H€AO
QUICK CONNECTS
1WNSPAHEKT
CONTAINERS
22
-------
Figure A-2. Bag sampler.
BULKHEAD FEMALE
WICK-CONNECT
[FOR SAMPLE GAS
BULKHEAD
COMPRESSION FITTING
(TO VACUUM)
1FFLON
LINED LJD
CONTAINER
-------
4.2 Gas Standards. Dilute gaseous butadiene in nitrogen at concentra-
tions certified to + 2jf, commercially available from suppliers of hi^h purity
Bases. Purchase cylinders contain! 115 nor-inal butadiene concent rations to
bracket tha emission concentrations expected, Order the desired concent rations
four or more weeks in advance of need to allow time for cuatOtt blending of
gases by suppliers, when necessary.
4.3 Gas ChfamatDgraphic System, General criteria for the OC and
peripheral hardware necessary for analysis of samples are outlined below.
Ii.3
-------
the bulkhead f anal a quick-eonfiftct fixed in the lid cf individual
containers. Screw tha bags tightly to this quick- connect on the underside of
the container lids and inflate bags to rigidity. Discard bass that show any
loss of rigidity afler s-tandinf overnight. Pnllowiflg leak check procedures,
deflate the bags.
5,1.2 Leak Check of Rigid. Evseueble Containers, After ensuring that
leak -Free bags are attached to the lid of each evucuable container, screw the
lids tightly- in place. To laak check individual evflcuable container?, attach a
water manometer to the bulkhead, mole, cocpresgion fitting that is irobcdded in
each container lid. This fitting provides access to the container void apace
surrounding the enclosed sample bag, and allows the pressure changes within the
container to he monitored. Seal other "open" fittings, creato a positive
pressure of 25 cm H^O In tha container by slowly filling the sauple bag with a
snail volume of zarti air via the female quick-connect connected to the enclosed
bag. Any visible change in the level of the water in the tianoaietei? during a
30-second period indicates a leak. Isolate any leaks detected in the evacuable
containers with » leak decoction Fluid*
5-2 Set-up of Sampling Apparatus. Attach the 3/8-inch Q.D, Teflon probs
Line to tha intake of the sampling manifold. Attach the J/8-incli G.D< vacuum
line to the vacuum manifold end the vacuum pimp* Use Teflon tubing to return
Hx-cess sample gas to tha emission conduit, OP whan the concentrations of
process gases present create no explosion risk, pass excess sample fas through
an activated charcoal Til tar before venting to the atmosphere at a safe
distance from sampling personnel. Attach sample lines to the steel manifold.
Place the evacuabls- containers used to house the Tediar baga in position
for connection to- tha manifold sample? lines using- the quick- connects affixed in
their lids. Do not comiect the rigid, ev&euable bag containers to tha a map ling
manifold or to the auxiliary sampling pump until leak -cheek procedures are
completed.
5-3 Qft-Site Leak-Checks of Sampling Apparatus. The sampling apparatus is
l^flk checked on-site in three sections,
5- 3-1 Leax-Clieck af Evacuation System.. Plug the n-pen ertds of the vacuum
t.iibintr used to evacuates the bag containers, Connettc the flow mater to the
outlet of the Auxiliary campling pujup and start Che pump. If the flow meter
indicates any residual flow after a time sufficient to evacuate Che vacuum
lines, a leak is present. Shut off the pump and unplug the vacuun lines when
the leak check is cqaplete.
5,3-2 Leek-Cheek, of Probe. Plug the open end of the probe and start the
If the Plow meter indicates any residual flow after a time sufficient to
the vacuum lines, a leak is present. Shut off the pump, and unplug
the probe when the Inak-chech is complete,
5.3-3 Leak-Cheek of Delivery System. Visually inspect and tighten all
connections. Position the probe to draw In ambient air, and start the puop.
Adjust the flow exiting the sampling manifold tu maintain a positive pressure
af 25 cr H?0, as measured by the water manometer connected to che sampling
manifold, A leak detection Quid may be used Us isolate suspected leaks. Shut
off the pump when the? ieak^checl; is c-omplete.
-------
5.4 Final Assembly of Sampling Apparatus and Purge Procedure, Im-
mediately prior to sampling, cheek tb% Tetilai* gas sampling bags for residual
gas and uvacu&tG as necessary. A large volume of in-drawn ambient air
indicates that the bag may have leaked during transport, Attach thp vacuum
Lines to tha evscuable containers. Insert the probe into the emission conduit,
5-5 Sample Collection. Following the purge of the delivery system, mate
the quick-connects at tha end of ths manifold sample lines with the quick-
connects joined to the gas sampling bags. Immediately start the auxiliary
sampling puap to begin sampling. Adjust the sample flow at this point if the
system pressure drops below approximately ft cm H20, as measured by the water
natwmeter. Rapid filling of an individual Tadlar bag- indie&fies a leak in the
surrounding container. Monitor the manifold pressure every 10 minutes, as a
drop in syaten pressure indicates a leak has forned in the delivery system. At
the end of the 60-minute sampling period, switch off the auxiliary pump and
detach the manifold sample Linea from the evacusble containers.
6, GC Analysis
6.1 Instrument Operating1 Paranatara.
6.1.1 Operating Parameters TOP Datector, For- all analyssi, fix cho
hydro 5
-------
6.f Calculation of Measured Butadlstis Concentrations, Calculate the
concentration of butadiene in the field samples ysinff the detector response, as
.get forth in EPA Itethod 18.
7- RgfgrE-ncpa
1- Federal Register, 51, Ho. 62, pp UQ21-U022, April 1, l$86.
2, Method 18i Measute»efit of Gaseoua Organic Compound Emissions by Gas
Chromatagraphy, '10 Code ofPfidernl Regulations 60. July 1, 1967,
27
-------
APPENDIX 0
DATA SHEETS/AUDIT EESUl.TS
-------
STATISTICAL CALCULATION POB ELIMDS'ATIlffi OUTLIER
Relative standard deviations for test runs arranged Fron lowest to highest:
l.?0 ^-63
1.36 5-77
2,28 6.01
2.16 6,03
2.53 6M
4.W 13.5
Q « Gap/ Range
Gap = Difference between questionable point and the nearest value
* 13,5 - 6. to = 7.07
= Difference between lowest paint and questionable value
= L3.5 - 1,70 = H.8
Q = Gap/Range = 7.07/1 1.8 =0,5^
The point may ha eliminated If:
" "
of freedom
0.91 3
0.64 5
0,56 &
0.47 8
0 ^4 9i
0.4i 1O
ft data points, the dagre^s of fc-ccdo« is greater r.han ID; LherefDue, the
observed 0 value must b*£ greater than 0,4] *
Observed 0 v«Luc Frtc the test is C.5^: there fere, 13 • 5 may be statistically
eiiffllnotcd from the results.
-------
6iS QifQHtDqnpf blifrition
m*mMmm3mmfssSmSSss==~*****mu**m9
;iutidien« Jab
CherfJ P**if P*tti dpril J.
££»»nHnnBBHas4.s4s:9M»4iAS;9«»ias£{33;:»H
CiUbrxtian Curve 4r Unur ftf region
flrea frtificted
,.•*.,...-_... , g|( Btvittign
Bun I ftji i AVIngi Vitue irot Aftiul
IH? 117.23 111, If H8.ll nil.21 *.««
WTO JJ2.T2 i2S.*7 414.1! 10124.17 -1.711
JBtFM 7312.22 2112M ^387.57 iTOIfi.y «*UI
Stiniru-d Curve SLapt J.fliJ? Intirtiot -11.IOT9
«aBaa »wa=s3a s;s*aa aiaisssssssaa *«• mi;s==ra«BBa»'i"-**«
Bun 1 Rut 2 flilttttt Uetlii
— FtfEtnt Ctirij* 5(1 Cane i*ti
\fftn
Ninbtr; i Tiiti 11: Id * L6iji
tut iO
1-fl
5-i
5-C
121LJ1 [2B7.JS2
LIOB.6S 1211,47
1337,01 1272,10 1 301. JO
O.ill
2.UJ
14
1KJ4Z 11 181 SI?
19 2092*0
H)
D.IIf
0»fl*0
0.0XB
Divittion
CQifficirnt if
fi«t 17:0? • KtW
(111
UIO.W U77.ll JH8J6
im.M 1536,15 15M.I?
J.Wl
vf
1211.817
1.0141
10
JO
10
10 mm
21016
ai.e:o
5J70I
S.03?
-------
6*1 ttircHtoijripir LititirjtiQfi Data.
ifaiitieat JD& Hat. +J03
Clisryl (jvn Qitl: April I, IWG
*aiemt Ha;i»»i«H*S3? j±s?=====:==?==i« immm*x
Cilibritjon Curve br Linear fttqreuicii
Cil ftil Aru Predicted Percent
Git -'-- Gtt Dilution
Hun 1 fliui 2 flvifujp Vilui fru -J:tjJL
UT.14 127.Z4 IH.H U«.<5 4.8J1
iJ:.7J AH}.r? 4 JUT [«TL43 Z.22Z
H7E.H ^li.
-------
GM ChfDMtnerjpj Cililntion Oti
t = ssz. as* =E=S—-=s--a:=«sMaaaa ?;===•* =± j jm s^sassa'aiMajftfB.S—SS • !••=££
Job Nl«n3yUiti=~ : sssss u i :«»«$»••«»»«»* ^xiizss srs *£»
Sltndirt Calibntioa Cum 6r tiitttr faqmunn
Ca Pe« Artt Pi-evicted Pffctnt
fiil --"•— — — fa! JlfittiW
iffU RUB i aw 2 Dvtrap Vjilue *ro» ftfttil
1«7 iZJ.ifi 127.24 UUfl 2IZB.« J,iH
4H.7S 4H.7? 6*1.77 l««,3f -l.Mt
?J7i^o im.w im.m
Cum* Stcoi O.WI3
xtaaniia*aiaii2»z:3saaan i HI tmui
Rait i fftui l Citittm nctuil flan
Pnefflt Cfrarflr DO Corn; fi*ti
[3 Arot *r*i Awtp ImitiaA tPWII FJC [FPHI {L/iinJ
to «gihr 14
Run til* id
124,31
3.141
2EU 10
3117 19
2«I 10
28157
Ill&A
2421!
0.01?
O.Uf
o.eto
O.OIB
Dun tin
U-*
11-1
ll-C
IW.fJ 987.3 D 912. U
J9I6.I1 1040.4$ E0JB.23
«J.2l 9I1.JB "?43.l§
SUndinr
0,0 Jt
O.JBI
0.061
af Vintn«
I BOH
Run
t 12
till 4U
12-A li4J.^ 1311. SB n34JO 0.^41
ll-l 17M.7I 1716.36 l»i»5l 1.021
12-C 1733.?? 17JO.S2 l?IL8i 5,071
12-1 I7IT, 41 L.'*J.3« 1JH.4B J.lil
if Viritnct
10
16551 10
UK? it mm
Mtt bi» iNt
1573?
27BW i*
?T35S 10
17111 10
lillt
27.5W
i.0511
244474
277544
Q.Olf
9.W
0.038
J.OP
o.oto
32
-------
PPM FIELD AUDIT REPORT AUDIT i 328 page Z
PART B - Jo be filled out by audit supervisor:
1. Audit Results:
a.Cylfnder ID: 328
b.Last Analysis; 1/S9
c*psfg pre-audtt: 1680
d.psfg after audit: 1600
COMPOUHO AUOITEE RTI CONC AUDIT % BIAS*
COKC (ppffl)
1,3-Sutadiene 51.76 49,8 +4
*
Audit Accuracy expresied Audi tat cone - flTI cone
d& % Bias ' • RTI cane
Comments; If an iudlt gts fs jscd to demonstrate the accuracy
measurements during a complfanee test for and EPA regulation, and Tf Hettod
Ifl (Gas Chromatography) ts the miasurem«nt mat hod, then trtt agrearaent
between tile audftee concentratfon and the assigntd audit concentration
should be as follows;
For audit concentration Agreement, shoyld_b_e tfi'thln
5 to 20 ppm + 15%
> EO ppn f IDS
cc; Darryl ron Lehmden, EPA/AREAL, RTP
Robert Laiflpe, EPA/flflEAL, RTP
33
-------
STATISTICAL CALCULATION FOR ELIMINATING OUTLIER
Relative standard deviations for test runs arranged from lowest to highest:
t.70 4.83
1.36 5-77
2-28 6,01
2.46 6.03
2.53 6.W
Degrees of freedom
0.91
,.76
o.W
0.56
0-51
O.ll?
o.W
Q.Etl
3
4
5
6
7
a
9
10
points, the degrees of freedom is greater than 10; therefore, the
observed 0 value nuat be greater than O.m.
Observpd 0 vaLuo Cot the tesc is O.^'!; therefore, 13.5 may bo statistically
•jliminatedl Fron cha results.
-------
APPEHDIX C
EPA METHOD 18
-------
H. 40. App, A,
I a
Quipiwnl Em i foramen I at 7*ru<
luellWI fiaCOGV fU'te'MIt TrJulJlC n»r».
N C, AFH>-«4» « M.tth. 1611
1. Smllh. V S, H. T- &hlichar». »[ut W,
F Todd A Krillud «f (ntcnnrtlMji
Afulull H«iinir al Hit Air Pakliinan C«Mi-
4 ML Jm.ocLUliui, Si Unm. »t>*f, 1814.
. ft . !*„ A SvrW o' Ccmrat rcul-
ly A*4ihbiG lru(fiiinema,Uen <<*r (he Mru-
iKHiefll of U>lr>lUflf t Ou V-|pcHJri U.S.
I Protection Aitncy, Emission
9rn>«l>. Rnureh IkuuMlc
fc, W.C. Kuvonbeiv 1*'* ua9iaittMl
9. Ahnutl &OOK tf ASTM aiBPj*/dS i'jrt
M aurtiu Puejj: Ce«l md Ceke; Aimt«-
p|^«£SE: Affial>"il4, A£HtflG*ri $£KJC|
UJ>. 417-422.
10. ValkfD. R. F., Rt-cemmcnuea
inrr Sat Smnutt Tn'«r«l In IJlitU OJTHller
Ehi.fl L3 ItlClSC* M OlKmeLer. fj.3. ^1TLp9P^
mcnlkl Prolcctlfln Aienei1. Emkulen Mt»*-
umritllt BrWKh- ReBHrtli TDtnik P"t.
M.C. Movtrooer, 13f i.
MFTHDD ti — Mb£D lifXDTT 0' Ouroai Ott-
mtn Hie pcrfanuuicc
ot ru eluunttagrxijtiy, nor
IntSx pcnon* wtlQ. Brr unJ»mlllir
in Lb-p mti» et t4lrty
etiolcc «f muiijm.rf.L ana Dpcndon in
ttnuxpherei,
TMk nKUloO will not dclCTrcJiU «em-
Iiz wHrhi). 4 3t an DAljnDHfu Mfon Bailii-
•bk er tit hive werf ]bn vapor pneuum at
•toch er miirupmi. i
idH»w)
bi
40 era CH j
;.nd uid
fit mi L(U-I i.-irjD.i. (3
?%ljLuf)»f or ^Lh' r
^iryidpli'^
TUC fifl«' ..... •" M
^ijmiNMhL-ril h;r ''^Fi^^'to witti Lh
Uuwn oltniXiuiiiU under Idrructl
llnni. Tfirt. l.iPt. (uc »n»tvi.! mirirmi UK
lde>n\^l^ ^Ad appro kintal i! (SfitfPiEr*i.lonx al
Ihr e>rt^iili! rmLuian ce^i^ont'^t^ belorcs
hand. WUh tjin Lnfor rrwiliofi, (tic unlm
trtfn prtrim or
! n
5
Ac undri con^ltluiu Idcriuttl la thckM <9l
l^K- «WTlf!k?3. The »r,^l>ol tlio ikltnntlKB
lit* ntM for ;-unpit onuium w »voia ditec-
lor -cKturmUart its it rein iji( rrlLoti u> cILftj!
Ml* «Htt|eulBtT ntaiicr, ifid prmfnlkoo vt
J. ffon
2 1 K*n«e Thr r*n|c ul Ota a«th«4 li
f/cm tboul I pun ;*t mllllaii (BPBU tollit
ufite UmH iCMifrni-a by CC drtedaF dlun-
dei9 or rolMran cm»r^"iin< TtiR u;^c« Ilmu
put 1x cmlcndtd br ']HutU)» the sLut't )uo
n'ltfi p.n Lrt«t-E. 14^ ur by Mini MttMler on
ft,
A, M*th. II
Uicr».i«;Ii jiurjtng ol Itw dC
To ustire tomuitni detcclir Jcspwnae,
ciJibffctl&n £na*a fcff- EchillEWj In {fry Mr.
vhco wkKi »*p<5r r pnueu In iJl* sjynple.
EI, and N owrrr«*ipn ticukr I*
5 I. Jl F*r*«ir.eJ SMDJillnil PulOft.
tiriK-4. lor
39 acnlllNny Tlu-a^fulUvJly llrnll (of
«mi>u.vnd li aednrd w ir>« minimum «*
f a«c>!nlr»!l of i to II iwrtcnt rctt
ndirJ devi4ii«n . Hut IT, cipe-
ClC aotrftlar vnh » rvlltbti Intlru
1,1
t-m Kiulxvb or it>oroxlm»lf ly M .
the local fii^eiu «rf «?ifci c-mutteil fr^cit BH
Indwitl-|*4 MWrec, It t|ae* nil. jncluA: K-tfv
_. unpouniai, men u
tiotr fojnC I|i bulialoi »tr in a fiiitlluc
rater*! CKJI ^#adtl^ M""^
Per I dim mrLhttl, li,r f
QC.'djJcritor VB)U<>, an* rmuireil.
IK Pt«fliH«n, f.uitlicit* kfculjftrt ut
wIlKtn & SKretnt of llvJr m^ui imlue.
(0) AcvTltn;y Aa*l]»b rriulu oJ prepind
tUttlt Hfnpln nrr wllhln 14 pcrerra or VOPIWrMc OC
c«lurVi «nd -3«[4^l»r choice nr by itlLtllim
tUtr retention time* lurauih cliii^n In ih»
A Of
... . Uld jouri: .
unpin ifi«l «,n oc rusiiyied. la eonllnp (he
id »jiproxlrni.lt eoocenUAtiucu
mtt
it«rl of tul/klful JensVi w rt;«*
p: (L*enr er P. mint no tlo**r [a tfc«
lf,*n 1 -p
s l 20 HBtamttcr To
1.1 AWB|*IUI, "^^ "PP*"'1" ILit
I9P1U9 10- Sections f uidl "?
s:,l Tcflaft tvsmu. (Mention ftt
BMHE» ar K>«H*c prpduen *>!* not
lutc *nV hy tut OA
i.S
i.J.I Dclantad JDlitlllcH Wii* r.
6J1 MeUiylEncDIdilaclde.
1.1.3 CklftuvMMi Qmstm. A i« rl« •>[
ij-flj pr»pir«j Fa'
at.
O'i!«J>lc C
by eaniwclknn
ol e/Upa" rr$i>lulAn »nd the
(ut>lr>« 'j Atccwwy "•
wltn
.
tn cbiatrwct, liquid uihpkt ft >11 ilv« onvn-
le imp. CiDLtJ^af 0unr4ni IHD
atr»- far Qu^hliif uunpl* !(MH>,
S I i flljanniur* To racuuK I1«iu rr
t,U RcimiMon. UHKI on IM
lar OC «Ji1 lor cylltufer ituxSHrtc-
l.l Ji Rrrijcati n«ord«f *lih Uanr tirl[>
it miaiBiuifi KcupubUf, tnt»initir-cllnit«
14-1* QlkM JnP». U Hftttfory* ^«Ui-tol.
on4 |9u> Ml» with T«non incd tbte Aw
. filac
o- &unpl« with
Pliikj. rrviprvEy »*npl» cui be
TII *I»J3 paiti vlfh t idle
•^liitlcfh. t!*en fi^&e %ftll M^P *^i^ dtleal**^
uiler, Flu* uric fMt A t awl
tunn*e# mil simply tim wp
la MO' C, M-liiiln. li {Aim (rt«o»r»lar<; tor
1 haur Alirr chIB time fftltxl. ihul 9My wIUi rmh-iJurtlir rdtrw
g«i far t to K miniiwa. Ck»c Alt lite tup-
nck'i 0.fter iay£g1ni CG mKlfltMB ft illfhl
p»«um. Secun ihc IIOD-
mint xnn n«rrH4tv wuar
unplci
-------
Pt, 60,
A, M»lh 18
U.-,*
anq 5urH-n< tfc* Iltak *i[h » ruhLir
ta.li'.
JJ 1.) Kiacy»it.« Ire i» Iliv
{lu* I Mn( MLtl a limn iiMcc LI! TifhlFV
InrilW- £e-k'Mil>.rjC4 ul In* i'Jid id » bimin
of LlVf fliicL [i> be- suiniplr" ln*-K »
vi wool oJuu n> ihc enlvirO b* *E HIE
tfntrold ol the duct, or it t pnlnL nc ciin
UNCt L«-icj Op"V tfii sla^etflf la Lhf It rift
fl*ik unM] Ihc DKMiire In tt)* iLuK rtiche*
fliict praww. Close »(| iht nopeart. ud
the tfst* from tnc mm.
tie IMm tint flu*. *nd IAJX- [he
Ri ti^ prf-MVftt Icftk^ durlO
&Kure IOMI record lite dud
I. 1. 2 F*»g^d
o.ie «M af tnr i^TtpUni CLmt ie> t. rubber
nicLuifi EHiltj. nuich the Oiher rnd w « e
nun OD glmaa trobr u dcxnimJ 11% Section
&,!,].], ?!»« the (Jlur cnu K>
tlen wlili the bulb to eafn$ilelf]y catv the
probe Hid flask. Altjr ihe disk Itml brcn
puiMpe tM lapccclis In prr/cr.l lr»k*ef
mnd r^'oril the
B*| Ptaccdurt Tr-ilur i>r
Blvmlnbcd Mylnf bl«i cut kilo o< uictl Ui
abliin ihc Dr±iurv»y (ample, LUf r. M^»,
•nd le»V eneck th*m hetACt IJrll uM, in 1H-
' <3C ai hi|D un^l-
dhenci thai K Is atari-
inert eta to rcmtin In HT*
I* hduu or ]*Tj^tr to cictk for
on or erff-nicm fnxn the- but Foiisw
Ukr Eirv i
4 t
1 I
Ihf
••»!-" Irofa the plmi
^4-nL. JE k tiipc 5 pJiat
mi.fiii'i-.LL^ltfr m/lt lu«^
" i-l"l lube W (r»M
"» I'M .c»rt*rH ~iii rc*d ii;f llmr- Thr c^clcc el
u>ucn, oum
af CiC rolum-n-', »'iJ
Ail «t LJiC (rrr.isiion a
rrcordi o/ I heir
*I7»tf
^*; tiibtldi"i*ted
Bt
.tiom. l:Ml rnlumii
Vim »rtli>|irn ia>oret-(>r1rj m
^t: tu DfvKktf Ij.lormm jrt (kit
a, 1,1 Pr-fHwlni r» CC Ad»Ltntnrr^
Iht fUndKrdit iltd catulhP aht»lrv*4 >n Bet,
lIutL i.l.lL cerfonn (mil. I
GC conjinarvi thii
jjri End mirnroum Rnalyltl Unve
tat th-S •jomyo-in'HiA tiT l«lrr«(E,
0 l.J Prn»iiriliO,l Mf f"»r*iir»ey S««l^l*s.
[j if,c ajJTipJ'i v/rrt coll-rclcd on u> nuort-
tnl4 ejilnrl the uftiptt L: •fMBepFpeniM Uf
",tif nv«r.ijl«.-i.Lirur lor ,-tirmvil o! \t\t am
pqttitn&* WKIi A Ej^t'^m. AiiltB&le 18 Uie L^pc
Ot CC •A»iy->u> Pt^pftK. Qlhrf bunplu in U)
»ppjuul [He ratnnff,
411 F*tir,ur/?y 6J/nulr /unlytl* Ikfa/i
•nalfll:. hr.at lri« Brcsurw*v •MH(lle to Uir
duel KinAermliirf 10 vrpflftt* uiy ctindcaMl
it>H*rl«l Artily-n- Ihe n»molft by itte iiC
ire. urt-^ CdmiH?^ lli^ ralrallLotn {jm^s
Ihosir or live i*llbrillan. uraplai
Uct-ermlntiuin of Menuir
rit4n or »i.ier«3flUi»U
the rrwiiLuff content, (rntrt muii
or t>y nnftimrr^L-nt Ourlra ih«
If thr- iQurcr j> ticKHi It C,
**t;t Buib an<1 ctry auib tciwipe/^-
rid rUeylme Ittt msiitur« b»: ihU anxxamr,
Jdtnllf/ thrm c/ uiln-r iiie*n* «Lith u ClCr'
•mui nortiiDfi-osy sGC'K&t or OC/infrunl
ICCMnmuri. A OC/WS
U>c Ihr CJL : , .'n.lilinr.i drtemlmid by thr
ul &ef.lMili t,k 1 tar llw (ml U-
Vary (hr QC uuwneMrB durttif
742
f*nrlfBnm*nM
iHUr«N unrr Die CilHirniirr.
(nVn Jririnuiwi. (wrlsrm rvpi-^l 1
cf liir suriitlr in «li-U'rifili n' tnr rrlrft-
iiriH- Df r^rEU CAinpau?*|i| I'Q ilkj^cl A
. dr. m innijiii- UUOiiKli >Jv U/up «• *
n.i jtt, i inn n.i.'ihm r«c jo u'mp|ik>>.
r,-JnJ inn LI, )iir-,MH|i'.<" Ui« tn in (Hi;
Tiim i iff LI 11 (jHjua", *n>l •])>» Hii- (,-14
l- hZFTIjvlr I.Jtl.L. L» f tAtltf l-El KIBlll»-nl ^»f«~^-
l Mm*'. bKtp Lrm.|ier»|i4n.<. *-P$ Enft-t! br i
t-tniplth *od far luiulJ lltnBl
uri|t| sab em u ipumprlxlr. Use (lit
HI turwa IS*rln>n i}l ID plHalil in
rnilcol I
r, 60,
*, Math. I*
;cirni>oo tim^ aF cemfn>ui>4i ex-
i u be in n«e rEitnUon umrj of t»its
(n Ihc i^itipif. Kkfllltv tny rcmmoine Un-
Id^niilifiJ Df*ji> which hMc Lftu i»rK'.T
Ihkn ^ prrcrnJ. »I>
f.2
there ir* th-wf Ultfcrml amfirptlrtilcum al
cuti acytnle .-irornurn) exfKctcd to be
mtiiured in Thr MHIKC Uliplf , por e^ct qr
(fianic tamettDAd. scltn aioM eoncmliml ions
Ihil brickrl (hi: sont^nLrntkau cipictMi in
th« =Aur» umpks. * eaUbr»l|.»n at*nd»rd
•m»y i^ini»in ronri; ihan oinj &ty*eat com-
PMM. )f K»iUtili.-. commercial
illM txy £»!UjfiLc
IJir rjhnJir k'ii (lu»mcnr BMth cvllntlif
41 U. ElK tv»H*blc ijuuitnv *Jid tojt may
priir'i.df li, rrn* error mineducM tv iuim
Ur dilips-ri nil for Gillbrivlion ll Iniitnid
e»rit far uu, nujii.urct of up LJJ I 0*1) la 1.000
OfKf Ihe
nert me fiavmrl the
4JHwAL ^ii iupcuiti uvlitt tJ-mrn
tuiiini, Cu(iri«el the culle! jid* <.f Ihe Han-
racltra LhrOunli K eonf1«lar In • le«lt-rte«
Tcil'r b*K u tnm-n in Figure 2B-S, iSH
Se^lDn t i for IM*,- JeiJi-ctieck
AdlUK -the iU new li» prOMifl-
diloilon. iro (Iu Oit t.L' wi
*nr CC ralLljf Mien, faf c»r«fu[ Hut looarrffn
*nd t*'Jt« r|«i^- fck&2 la appk^i KiMltlAnAL ^-Cfig-
*y.r«; on UM dilution nM*m BweirS I hi- How
ft, |n upai of
each ors»riic m die 4H.uiea cu » folio*!.
Cc -
IX
Eq. 16-1
.
X-Mnie or wlumff (!T»CUCKR of itit urcwnn.-
in the oHhnUeti iu in IK ftHuied,
a. -Flu* me ol Ihf ctliferatlein an u b*41,
lucm.
Q* — DJIu*n". in* Clew r*|,a.
-a.ti(r dlhillani iflo-ula be u*e4 la pit.
e»l*f»usn mixture* up U, «ti&iii )!»
ibn fwlDt
fljiutlaru. * double 4Uuti.ni
Far
It-It. ?
from isw tramd Hue-. Reeara thc ni»n.i*.
rx IrmiMiiBlurc, tauurrtrtrls pravufr. (uifi
June iiMxM,» nuaingi, Correct iiw fJ*«
KMIllf for li-mpei-Hyfi *t.4 Mcuur* C.I
me MUKealfmiieii C. in jpwi cl Um
i; in the {Inml u* ntkilture u follow*
7*3
-------
]*t. 60, Ap|». A, M.(t>. 16
6 - ,
C, - 10 X -_
,
l&" — Co*w*raaon EO pprtfi.
X-M«tc or volutnr inctlen of Ltic er**aH
Va HIE cmUBtmtlan cu Ut b* aHutfd
q ,, -Flow nue «I tnc EMlbntion *a* u be di-
luted lniu« i,
^, - Flo« r»{* *•
mi
jJocrCll*4tllf to WimlK «*«»-
i inn c
cnt. eewUUer
t»c Miu lua -
1) UM rnttertrt *.•* Ha™ of ntf or nl-
i IM ai
Mic. nv> MUni!. ft-
p,kr* * mllilmblCL 0) lUrpi cecwuiUnnoni.
PlureStfh twc on t smooth curtate.
UmtLcly dEBTCBi oripai^C i-U'-.i a I tht
50 tun™ S» mix ui* jasin Retora itie
ur? »ntt pcmuw. ihe
giniwu'lrie pisisvre.
MIIC
;ritlon C. In pom u
f
. ^
?«
VlhCTS.
Ct,*a>n volume mi
it HUE ind
br»ni.
nirrriioin ta ppm.
ttittlr p«inir( H
lactlvA, mm Hi,
knkttlen. '
V.-Qiw
UtMB
Y-Dry
in-
lndieM*d by jjii §u mtter.
e*ilfcftt]gn Ittior, Olnitrt-
^rv o! dry cut irieur. m rA
Hit
» - ABlolul*
e -3 !.! Uauld
IM t€)Blp«l*al
hnit ih< dry
tlaa ft.t-> 1 »
r«n*Mit. UK
liflor, mi.mirt
ua
In
vklve to cbt InlEt ol iht id Hit r Trail r bin,
"Do prvptre Bit i4an«»MS, aistmhle the
*fj«lijmettL tr ilM«.ii tai Vlfn r« 18-*. mi
le#b-t»tcli LUC «yslem Ci>mi>Mciy«t«euM<
the fault. Pill '?"" biv ^Jth |-.)'drii•< Inlet vtivt. and
open the €y irntcf. A3^'i\ rqtillibrMC Id
w Wl iti» l.o-or 18-piitfn-
ERC drtlr»J liquid volujnt
14'J
ft.
Irlo (|ir
Uil.l l.h'fi* int
il»e
. A, **-**. It
tC
.
ai:cijn y&> • PCL-UK ol i;
ta permit kujrcuan ul Lhc Uoutd
fee1t»' me sir ITiJcL Cfnnrti of Hi' Lee.
RrmauelStci.yT.aiCC
cn the b*< ;•• Jil ivi M "U I rut pump and
ISf likti li'kt v*lv.' i;.H}.M (lit- Jliwl
•»el»f naiMni. tf m|n;PMLiiii>. tna pit+xntt.
I'ttfC'itiMH HIT >n« rrn.t Iti* lmt>lnner
oyllcl. ind *nhl'r art .1 «UJ.- |yr •' i<-»n t
hour, or Btk«*iii It" '-^i »a Lr.njr
isAm Inff,
t-rc ny accurately
known voluifie CJ Itir mMcrlel cm
lo (lit nt-ttTsn l tl, HIM) fliuil
^IciK OC AUK^II^.'" K^diftJd be l>er!Glt&£d.
in OwnrBi. -ytie I«lotl1»tlon icijulrpd i* Ancuinrnt tli«
of IMc
. h»» been
inM kM» f6t 3» Mic^idl iL * riL* of (|MrtTrt on ,||t B , Emp), j.^ „,„„, 8hawn t
th
to
[nt lnif;ll"ts vilw Hecnrd
fO.TtcntfaHDH. illrnmujr lu
ItS-] mAS IB-1. TtlK Kuda
•hauit) f-ftft uailj clt< fcy4n
il Lhlu IS sxiccliH. Wntr, tvtllahiE. LTifl
mty «blKlli ik-Klil iyliracro by CDA-
tmt *re&, ovrpulr loon »tfnut- nature, tnlunn
t«Apcr*iun^ *nd ttttltr t" (low nle.
H-tp*lt Itie >tu>dju3 InlfttJun until Cvo ouD-
give it[» coufi
Uofili»fl m &fttttm
tiir. al1brkti«n UEI v*|uc ICT the Mn
IMn.
ReptaL it.Lj procvdurt {ox rich
Pft jure t rfii»htcAl Wen of
IWT»
rut
41
Hie
ttc^poitae- F»clt>r, The cjll-
turvt grncnttd |mm M« Hwidar4«
ror » Ancle arc»Me cin iut*Uy be tH*i«l to
fcLcli CiT l*hK iadkwIaUAj OC rr«E>diwe cuxvi*
in in* lilufitsrv fer «JI
the llrld.
lac tim jii-nir ornnit un tlurn
t* usc4 to *%*klbn>i«" ilu QC Kr *JI ihc or
cutlu pnffnt. Tni» jiroci-itiirc jhoulit Uni
(HTD-ltl. Bcwwch Trl»*ir'Ut Fftrk. North
Cftfolbii 1TTI1. Aualt
from * comm«r:ifcJ iu
IK IMM pitwidMi i h.t i*t the r«*
certi^c* ifK «uidlt cvllndrr In 4
cf ilrajiff L* tiit procedure
in 40 CFH P*rt 11. Ap
SrcHtm S.3,3. 1. Ukl IbJ (.ttt gu
cr edmhs ui Ifi4cp*r*drni tn>J)ilj ol the
lo vcrlfr Ws «J»ly«ljL Imlc-
to dttlnrd u CA KnMyib
ui InflrtrtduaJ ailt«r (Mm Ihr
iu (Mr/aina the «B* n MIU [1C-
^M-, uhl^e
Uiwc Uira tor ihn |U
VtririciLioa it complete KD wtlhln fi pcntnt o( Uia
IDMU r*eturcf'» i
145
-------
n. M,
it
1. Kra
Cwuiiierlni atfciy (fluno Itaiarti*? and
ttM> wmret Madlltcn*. clMl Mi ipjiropjlul*
M*pjloi tad k»H«Ui prawduie iSecUan
7.1, 1.3. 1,1, or 7,m
(]te». or Tsflva. tubttif prnhe. »«orj£njf to
Ihc ana lEinficnturc. with *,l.nu>a OD
Teflon tbblnr W mftlcltnl length to cot,,
elect fcp ttt iMiDM KMf , Dw lUlfdiu iV= -:L Of
to «Mtneei nrot« "in
7.1.UJ Quick Omwcu, Umle 12> tpd
ICPUL* < J I el M«liU*H itfcl oarutmclletn.
1.1 J, I, S NtnU* V»l«*. T* eenMil «u
flow.
111.1,4 Pumc. ItLkttu Tr(]«ti-cottc4
dimtuTUa tn5« t>uim or coutvuent, Te 4<>
Uwr M (Mil 1 Utemnta,
1,],1,1J5 Chuxo*! A^oroUon Tuft* T\)t=
*>aol pHl» tt etc!) end. M ulcerSi firieuite
»»tMn,
T.l.l J.fl PI»*FotU:r. 0 to SQfl-ml now
turrc,
fe. T« oti
trtln
line
lite tftnujnf CeMt«l ilit v*cuani lint
U>* nnsUe «Blve to Itw- Ttfkoo wjnpl*
ttB tL» pmM, PI»J-B lh« * nd &t ihn
»!. ItlC ctntroe inun u»
«•• eontilnf r, Rteonl thr tuur«c ltmprr»
lufc, tmrdnKrlf pneuurr, »lrtbknl tCRi|Kri-
turc, uoapUnc n±w ^itc, *nd ttiHM trtd
FlcM umpllnf UittC on ttt* lMct tliovA
111 Fljur* 1HO FWtcct tt>c Tt4lur bl( >MI
It* conLtlner Item iutll|iit. wiun ««alb1f .
IM'fom ihe uiktnli. wiii»in i rtnum or
vunplr u>llccll4B.
T IS Direct ftimp iisurplln^ Ptfttijure
1>1.I. cieiBi. oln^ Ore mnp pixt
UK i purnp »n* 111141? vii»t eonjLrucUJ nl
it»lnleiB I(CE! or ununsUitr miMttia not »r
bjr uu *t»tk |M. i^jti cneck (he
, Mid Ulca panr: with
te UIE
T.I J ExpiatLira K^k AJT» a*g
oUaic 1.11
UkOttK-r
(hi*
th*rt if * tcjMinii.il j t>r »
netted prabn, er «(hcr fluitt
7.1,4 Other Modi tied Bad
acdurt* In tlie tvrnc th»( cBnIaci, uwl
II *t k lulutlr rlcvUj-d
diirtni HI
e-- T«k«- CkK la Ictk
prior to l&c 4Un«Joiu «a « r>oi IB emit ft
*imiHT>tic>e.l Hm ui •!•
II In OlC T*dlW b»l
In uic fluA prt^edurr, >VC*L tht box con.
lalMni the im.M« bin ID the Murt* tta-
pcnture, pravMcd th-c oMnciaEiciitt at (he
Hie b«« u
la tUc U)>lyllca| irti*
miintcinlnr trrc lint in*, or eavtr ICit
»'ttti kn liuiuttlint bJlnVcl In tilt *Al
the bo* hfMrrl t« «uitret
ttralKi^luJV BJllU tiuljnn Be *ure tlvM. lh«
iDrihed of tvekltni tDe t»« And the «onira1
far lh» hvaclni clnolt mrc cmntlU]M« vUh
Ihc ufcty KitncUum icqul-rcd Ul rich uct.
To UM: the Mtvtv} procedure, prrliii the
TecUtr H»l »lth m kJmvrt quuttcy of InMt
ik> itttft (tic teefi iu lnt^> the On
U» f Ihe ptbftaurf lit ttir
(KI catmnlxHtlaa aunnurd* D!
Uquld mUrUlt (fieetlan 1.3.3 *!r tout
Ult
Cllltd bitf 10 lh<: Miurcc, iiul
E CU fclo Ihe bti thrau(h
IIDC*
ctlt
Agency
pMltkr dlbpiE£rmrnt CUin 9
(Me dltuUoo (wrLurt pcxIodHKll
lutlan and trrkUrils o! tun o
. A.
dl-
715
1.1.$,. pelicl ibe M*IU* of C; thrt awr«»pO[vli
lo the ptUl iftt. C»lcul»i* Uic conc*ntr»-
Haft nl>u. S^rnr »i fitrUcir-
flulrrd
Tl SJ PKKraurr fljhJiNl. proper OC
aprnlUif eondiuacu u nctcnbrd In S*r.ion
•.3. »nd Keonl »U OB14 Ililni iti fi|cwr« im 1L
chc CC m lH"t <;«* uii be itrtum
npir IIB|V« Fluiti me umple
loop »krt f&s tr«ni an» ol ihr three fMIBrk-
llan nnlituret. und *nl*llr the villc.
QSa*tn »t ]eut i-t- tnnxi!utogr*nt> lor Ibc
Mllyrr. TJlc main *tr uxffftf.bie »hc-n
18-5
ihc
lloA* Knr* U) wiltiln > ixrecni ul ihetr
*|r. If they do nal. run
gr carfKt mt umlrtlrk] ttcttnlQiKt until
IM» rrajulrenirni !• mm. Then mtMyot ihe
vlher Ivg ettlbnuun jni«iur» In th* lunc
minner. Prt[»rr i rMltirvtlan cunt u Mk «•*• preportan by wliame.
rWlaw the •ptcl(lc«il0ia an f*»llc»t* T'* Wwel InLcrtMW Saaspllnt and ,
ill JTr^edui*, The-
dvre tin I
content of the BM dotl nal
the an*iHii ffoff^utf, Ihe eh}ittc»J r«juir«»
/.1«nLt cf the eQUIpfoent &fezi ^e 0tvt at ihc
UU, flJid the xujrtt (M c«lc*rHrll[(i,-, It lot)
Ihlt 0rteCM>T auimttvn It luH A
i Adhcr* to ul Mlcly rEautremni*
> rrdhoa
7,11 Anp*ralu!.
1-X. 1.3 P^OtMr. CanMru^l«d £>l italnifift
itftl, Pyrvi ilaaa, or Trnon lulling «• rt,
quiKd by 4uet U-mperilun-. d.iivit OO, en-
lamed al duct *n. hr.l lJ)e PfOtK- With AMI-
)it£ tjifK or a ipecfal tietUns vnll canaDk 47
mimiaUiia^ duct tempetaturc,
1,3-1,1 Samrtc UIKA. «,t.cnM OD Tetlon
(AiKtMntUie rcltun liuiuldity tobt IBft per- Unit, ttcftt-ituud W> priveni
wot uolesi a IcsMr *«luf U known I i( UK of
bvm btj iwen cafclniai^ed at in tft?VBc«:uree t*i3tp€nlut« imd DfDlM tcra-
WIUl tm- mllklyBet tF tike Kurt* lampta. If pcimlun.
not MM* vlltitti l» peicenL. then 7.1,1.5 Ueaicd Ot» Bunpllni VaJ»*. OC
ib« rewAA lor thr dltei^ptncy, L*a-po«]iioti, •li-pon. Udlm, fa tllan
•Ad ti*i oWTeslrt* uillnn tttiort prac«4. »*oiplr looj> «« be (mr nut u:ilp, we in* notation
"H *," AIU* mit »8rr»plra t|»vr
Ind, repnt t^e milyicj. or t ^r
ifti mtnvrci, »nu txncrtte a m
Uan cunv. Vu ui avcz-MTt 01 tl>e two curvia
Uj deUnMHE tlte uimptr ( u nnrTntrnlaM,
If Ihc two etl'bnulun cufvc* dlfkr lif Mere
tbiin. i P=KWII from llttir iheui relue, tncn
rr[>ajt ttw nnsJ r«u1la by compirUnn (a
both tilibTitlan eurvei.
T.1J Del-rmintllon ol Die W*icr Vipar
Oentcm, Ueuurt -irta rccurd Ihc unblcnl
tTmp«rmcyn> uid btronwirtc [irenurt MM
Hit b»j. Fram > wucr xftiuritlon vinor
utOl*. deinnnlnc uid rosDrfl Ihe
T.i.1.3 <5ulok Connects. T»
-------
^ 60, App A, M*Mt. II
•t \t*fL l Iltcr/EBlnulc nmftUnf nilc,
Of
7,1,1, InlrmlatE »* «udit *i*t* >n
line unmWJiieljF ittkloiMnc
<(dlccl«4
nf pc
I.I.I .14 G«4
or nlL
1 J DHVtlan Inter I PIC J5»«ijrtl»«
iune
C*triw
II BDC 13 U*Mi-
721.11
al
inn?
jnpUn» (ilvc, etrtwm rwjutrwJ
KXWlw* lor Hi I* dif*'
luitr teptcilv L» alia tcnutit4, uid Wit*
tumid null bt hemi«| utd M»«d In Oi«
•vitals IMM»VMV Ib* iiraplr Jirw AHA UM Ultra/
mlnjlt
T.l.l.l JMwMnn S»iiosps fwn Model n-UD
luutri. ta the wrnpvrpjiuit
- HP* ..
an tli c
I Ihi Ikfultel u» nuln-
Q? 4 tg i^C a.'bcva the
ll< Ifte pr&b^ 1AO
i lUwaretetAK noieil. diwoiuieci the
lln« (Tom lite fw jmJnpliiia vMner
Lite line fretQ l)^c c^^^^^Q^ 4?u
'"lutR ihe simple Jnt«J wJin *i5l-
teT^yOO p |h!H fiiFB1^ *^>l yfif, • |JOf^,lQJl
iu, ftrccM trie mulju. Alter Itic
UOB ni MmpI* h" *«*n niuturt Into »-» . • ••• , ... , J,,__1.^, t«
M £££.•» »e (u «vta.«»-. sSs^JSSJ1* *Anct4"li *
io 41u*ti paflWsn, Irjull p«erblM!^ 11*^ prabE
tne prode M tht eortUOM it CtK 4u», « «i •
pdnl IK> 3IQMI Ml slw ««lli «i«n 1 m, _uid
md
dctlrarln* 140 ccfmliutf*. *>r «j«ii»BJthi, **
M OPIUM. MllbnlAd rto«w^i*t» cui he luetf
In ecMwiitUoA wlin Trflwi-wrteH Bnl *f M. .-Kpecti
nit H be l.afil> ctVinln
AfL*r LMoroutn
* mlxturt,
»ddllk»n6l
'a*- Uie i"»
. Cw <'«n
»lr, dtpcndin* o
tor the «i]lbmtan
Uic »n*l)ti>» on
s Ihr
Ht»!rfib« IM» U« Miurce MH! •«•- tfte ttiltrtilon |».-n««ure}. widnnlilueal
i 8«=«Kfld cAMhrtlton iu mixture. KM Unco. A tehetniHc dl*p"fc"i "*£ 'be «*-
ird. Llili €*lJbrpjilAr> d&ta Mid (hf otb^r pcmrnta uid cfannfcMGi* IP aliQ^Fi ^P
C&1 dfcEo, on %h4 data hhctl p~i^ (KeTR. CfrfraL.ii te Jiktn to j»h
1 ttt KftUm pclar W' "* dtLuiiaAx n> s* not IA
t 10 dfl^v fcll G^npl^. ^fcLI- cpcmM" &EK3E£nEJp.U^ expla&I^E •IraafipliePr.i
bntlcn iplxturE*. toA mttdltm Lhroiuh toe ^f,, ^e.twi MI jhcwn in rifyft )in ^
•impdB Map "4 t**e Mlilv pft«i*4fff.> dei^cnB4 |£» fecilv* & heuleti IJilr i^ctn Ihp.
TJH Del*rrnlftWlen tff Btuk CJ« H4nt»- prnbt. An 0(rfJan«l rifclgn Li lo UullO * plttfee
tun Cantcnt. »* M*lWsl * la ncp*vra ll» Unlk ihn iMMhe> dluwtlfr lu the
itufc pu oieiatuK coiawa. •*«• "> lhli *«*' "** Ht*t«n hex
^. 0F1. I'f Ifte
ttrlt^ tMft-
lilt
ProNction
Ll^p fOnCf^l^ tar Ltie protie- h««
ta> 1» pUtrd *l*llill I tic Uii
plcvl. 1C re»y Ue poiijCJc la
prt*c h*tltr^ In r^UKf c
TcHen line \3 u:rd Ic. ttinntct iftc tititt* tiid Hit i-m* l
U »*nnplln» «nvt
cKilr 14 UK cti*ram ni»r. tUmmiuknu l
pumo uia Mlminiltr HtH ItiM
uraKe. UM»IC Mne. mat tieittd bcu. Jru*rt
the prnbe «ml «Hir« ILrmUKDnlOlt ta Lh=
ccntnM of ibc ajti. of to • f-^nt BO clcoer
'» (tic %klli Itlul 1 m. Mrwrc toe sttmt
. infl « prtvurd m tru; utorm
t*rtln*(tL cUi» tn the a»Lt
ijwwii in Plcuw l£*lk. iHlirdiUomJic Ol
CkUbnLUkn EU MV nt'l vlLbb) Id ptr-
ft Urn fluccfrt VLhja, 4ctcmlM
iht rirjudimrtiirh or the dllutlDD
174MB I* Jn tfiOf, tna corpfrn 1L. Verily Iht
OC tHMi«llan. a«Jiw a
by dlvcrtlnf U» JMB k
ojj, dfnuuliur me ttlluUaa
tl Umie •wlyK* tre not within
IkrJU, (urrvct tlir tUlutJon
illluUan, Itdoriv Mtt«
by llon icnlmi u uwd tar thi
Rtp«I (he
valwk do nai nry By BPT« uiu
trorn t Iwtf istm vUiui «J* obttln*A
tbc uyarm. ot tnc c«JHn»Ucn *•*
i»
the twa flew tuttl mrapla
tUJhir Uu- dJiviilan «<»((•. ur 4imcuy «w>-
Wtt to tBe ftm ivngpUni vJvc
Record •!! d*tmK>4 rr[>&it UH * c
OctcnnbiBitar) «f BUck Qu Molt-
Uirt CnnteM. Bust u UCKUCO 1,1.1.
ft. tO, App. A, W.tfa. If
allrM- S*iH* 4u! SveUon
Shu. (.tie
U.4.
ki^ T.J.J. uiili the dilution
T.1 AflisrPtlftB Tub* Fn*
l"> Protrdi.fr J ll ia »uii
Eklrr fclcr »« UH- NiLKunl
IS.uiy ihj H
h,[ Lite ciartlculEr Ahnntia u be
unnoted Tlir (JJircip J lhl^rf*rrft[ wtll be
water ifApnr If w*Eef vftj^or Is ^r«fckil mt
KmacmLmllar^ eMKC 9 (rtrtrll lilltk. fe]
ihaido c>< Uitil la from uf tlie ctitrvma
When (iwjff irun one eomcouind .«
In ihe erui*iiono, mm
1A,l AsKHUMiJ Appirnu*. In KWIII&r,
to tile equipment klBtcd ID Ltk* M[O8H
far tlic etrtimaar omaiMf} t« tn
the
T.1.1.1 ProlK (OptloriiJi
llim nr (UUnlUL. uleck, •£pt£I4III*{«t! Hutu
JO. «mh » tiektli*! ivtiaa If wxtcr ojvSun
Ii t Mab^tn, VK) a AlMr Mlher- bi<
or et ot
T 113 UBM.ITIB Sunt)* Pump
CdB>,U|il nit
4«iciJBj onl k»t la
trncn t^ftreAitunily Id u»
7A1, •* Bubble- Tub*
l.-l.l.i
. Ta time tune lint
Straliu- u> oci
H1O3H uaoepV till BBMllvtl
tOfl/MW ma tut eiUJfaml Iub« UM UMO/M4
ng Mr
the bubcl* lube flawmsbs btfcux- ta—fn-f.
The uz&plE *ffif QpenUDf).
l>reMurc. Then, Aurtne iugipilm, UK tht c«-
(hit Ui*
-------
Pi. 40, App. At Mmh. 14
e. if rwilfea. w Dti»n>
l he turn f If ml tl ie cr-.nl fottt si lilt »wct, « »l
». paint n» aloaw (a Lht utlfa thin 1 m Mm>
ImB* Inr Irmiri al fltMW* itiUlJU brl«t-cn
]*rs-
rt! al
natation tutor! i:»j5 be connr«v3 In
tlkir «i*» WtoorptK. e (ipt.Hi y J» I
*1dfi Ihf **m a*fti|jK" iu th? ^KiBIi
• pr«cnirc laMicIe-m lar List l
U* fiineUQrt *» « lonSr oclfl^fr. R^Cflrd- t-he
lultt ilriK pjttf **rti£*k-* ftS* rale lor &hs
nuoil5ljf e£ pu£*p cf*a|:*sK tilt barDlfbHelE
J>««iUK. Vid tmblcnl t«n^
1 U)L»l tidaj* valiiHir egnuneiuunte
»he**E«rt«4 ionceflimiorOT) of Ihe tfbl
orttcnt, ml
loachru fcttfton iwel
%d>0rpUon facdtiV l+t^ntor/ test*
prior Iu Ktiul MtniiUni mmy tx- n«oeulri
U pKdClBrralne (W» WliraS, Wrien
IhaK one oruuitc is pnteni In ine ?n
then dc* elcD ftit'Juc »dtar?llve etpnttLy Ln-
Jon- If w»Ur vtpar to Art&cnt In ttic-
n eDneentnilciM *t»vt 1 ct 3 pw r-
wnl. the mOsii&csuvf c*f i^ily m»/ be jt^tre-
Iy Kducxil Operate ttlf (*E ch-*T,)»ti.jT»ph
it ratnuf&ctui-t't |iutru;tioru.
eiUiblUDIrif apHiPtun Mmuilont.
and documenl clitic comJIdgm
ui oncfKilana, AnUyzc the «udit
cor c Section 1.4 tj). Ihtn
ikrt tfcmpltB, Hcpul »tW KAxlnh
WR(J1 the Mimve devlktlan sf twq
eanl.
lOA The
ui be pioued KxuicUni to itic
OK * nunlanun
I I'ctt c«»-
(D brtiVct tbt expected tvrrmie
uilnt Uie
1,4,4 <
I i.i.l
Prectrr (Ac cr,|llvr*iKm curve bj
iiiJI t / Auu rHK« .
DcEorcKan £f
bath
•a kMcmid
ttrf tctiuift
t»Lnr OK fl€MrpUuri t/dcioicy In (he
r«rj«bie
n, UM
Method of auMdtnl Addlltoiu. MAJT t •: t
lul to detcitblnt thb *Uiie.
7i-ia Dcltrovliinlcfl «J Siinple Colin-
dan Cfflcteney, PCJ- live niu'cc jkmp)=», KM..
|JT« iht ortmpry »ji J t>Mi(tij> p jr\isn» D j i»r
tut™ *?pu»Ulj ir Ihs buleiip
4d CFR Ch.
cf
the
wllb i i*nfer a»mcHln|
144.1 Ar.*IW5 AIIAK
u-lort tt«»jn|Mc iiiili'Kt^ .ui.ilWC'iri* 1*0
uj]ii if, t«jor4»r.M *-i11i B'-> ll«n T 4 S. The
n«]y[1i1 HU3[ >h.lU *K,lil> wllll IKr Kudll
1,1,1
Fi-(*9rm
tllfr iitl
i*f trtc»*
-iTh all
form »U lekli ebrrtsa Acevntliit iO lh* Jii«lU'
tlclufcr't Ifittrwc liirti. ind ritirJ lb< ic-
UK Uir buttle tun* no«itici«- ta
the pump iral.imc (lav rftU wttti
IDs nrlClsc ^^*d Jnd
ttir rrtult If 11 hu crinitd t>y mere II>U 3
tmt iru £hm ;n fj»-Ti>ni. «|cuitir in mxtr-
mfc fi&v rale Ie]/ llie i#^i If iB« Ilov f^u
by m ore lh»n 20 pc retnl. ircm.-
I imn j nfl PCCKIL ,iuri Rfflon reiulit u
ppm b^ ^olurri«, diU an th< d-li thrtu Ehown In
rr IMS.
I.
s Ci T/irouffh C,
oniphtrf |-jy QB»
ASTW O 14M Tl, j=»,rt 2]
!•••' r Trying d
Jn the
i Coition, V. V. M-rthMJOlSKi' (or CoJIfcl-
i'K »ntt AntlrtxSf Organic Air P
[>r«tealan
No, EP
vplrlti. A , B K. Kr«louyn&U.
,!, A. O'EKMJH-M. *iul ?,
•- Emery rn, b1 T. und ? M NfM.cn. Ci*»
of tjijrtni: E»-
try, j*0). i04»- 1 CHI. iti^.
ft. IVllrhcUe.r. W It , !• J Mam. O. H
Ntrrtx tsid D. 1 Ha/rJi TfChnlM Mutucl
«mp Jn< SlrntcKlei l
b U a Ermmnr.ienuM
Ht*TMi:h Trlimite Pmrt, MC. Puhll.
N«. EPA
.
t. nt,
j2 1*74
750
J. Hi. CI FH 3)059 23W2 tnd
JJiliJ 1975
9 Pit, 41 rU l 4&rm I a To
10. m.
11 FUb
K
Ahc.ij Vni^inir 13. flin'trr 3n-
hin^ ('.•Mni>imy MY, NY. JBTJ
.!. .1. IV . a I. Ucjul.IlK II ill
limr. tIJ'A/ISih!!, HTP Pro*-*,
>I
-M y.H E<.vi,a>.nrrrlkt I'tJli
t Krtftnti tn*t\f'-r rirh. HC
caiLaa He, El' A {HI/IT*- iita, Junr
UOtt.
IU. Hirru. .1 C . M J lUyfa. P t. LcVHKi
*m> O. B. LiADfki. Kffc/ISttL STf PraM-
durc< lur Level J S-onuling and Antlycls ef
Oqci^lc MlltrlaU. U3 EJ^^TinirlK-t* Prc,-
tfflUin Aurnff. An«nrvn Trianile
r*C PiitikklKm Ho EPA frj»/1 79-033 _
rvifT U79 IS4 n
II. K»rru, IV, £. H
phi. John Wbirj hio ^Jliifi. AprH
Mic Is* ivk|ut>v r«bm
ur [/^i.ricfili li^vrni-
W»jJnritton, C'C
e: vojum* t- *n-
. cui.ir -.-
Vulyrm- • -OIT HI-OOJlt.Si'lT.35. «ame
S-Hit-tuj 00349- I/KB, VDlu.m»«-aJ1-*43-
6/»i_ ftpd Votuni*
Prlfr» «nsj«i to
30 ftchuetiie. D . T J. Praj.fr. »pd S R
nudirli iUmphtu; Mid Ariilyau of EniH
Biana [rom Si *u Jfi»rjr ^uu/ecc >, Oder mj
Tktlzl Hytlf pr^rMAt JoilrruJ Of li« At' Pal-
hiuon Control AsnXiUloa, ?5i*> 115 »3J.
l*?i-
?l, Snydvr, A ft . t3. M Koo^snn. M A
K«Mm«r *nd J R MeXJ-nJrcB. Utylis ul
Sojia sortx-mj tur &wnplinv Ortuye- firn<*.
•urns from. Stutkuftkry Hovrc^B. U.3, Bn»|>
rmtinemal fToUcKon Ajency, R*a*««ri TTI-
• null! P»rk m' Piibllndan Nil, EPA 8MC2-
14-WL Jtaly 1 811. II it.
Tat»l KydrBC»|taaru In liir
(nienoeifiy Cornraliutr,
JUi Au»ciulcn, IX'M
DC H73. p iJU-lU.
sa. z*«g. c. cac »»»««»<* at
tcm>|5tl> V:'l"Mr« J u,nd II, ijtirnn
led.]. CRC
751
-------
,-1. 60, App. Ar M.th, li
I. KIM of
40 CfK Ch. I (7.1-17
to
puct or vtnt ta b«
lit PfKtit 4tKr1ptl«n
cytl*
; titch
of b*tch er
flu to tut
Contiimogt
18-1, Pral1a1nir>
sheet.
invli*ABMnlat Prol.c
fl. 40, App. A, M»rt>. II
II J. iMflfni lite
A. Oficriptlnn
SHt dfeicrfpitoa
Duct tfiipt and nil*
Mjttrttl
Stiiic
Nali tun Content
wnttat
rigi«» 18-1 (antlBwd).
, PPO
Pf«
*urv«y d«u ihtct.
J,
752
1S3
-------
Pi.
C.
Ml up
to
*t duct
far 6C _
Mftt*
Vthf6le traffic milt
Plant *fltry
B. Sltt
40 CW Ch- I
154
|Bvlru>tion
l*-2. Chrofflatflffr«ptoic conflttionm data
-------
Ft. 60, Aj>p. A, M*rh. 18
at
Ciltbritlq*
40 Ctfft Ch 1 (7-1-&*" Edition}
1(1 TelUr E»3t
Pre|i*ritlan
Or 9 in 1 1: _
"~
:«1t1jl
t«r.per*t«r*
pr«i«re
t«
»*ttr pressure,
Syrtiqc t««pci-»ture t'tl
(Section i.i-Z.H
voluiu tit S** '« s.r'ln9« 1*''
ISeeilan S. 2. 2.11
QensHj Of Hqu1» *fg<«i1c (a*'0')
(Section i. !.?.*!
f.t ef H4ii(4 (H 5^'t-ili!1 UD
&C
Rite ccans* i'tfnln]
i llm*
ta
reirr.tiw t'.*s Utni
ion fi!tnr
height f«i»t
1B-3 or |t'41
Plot pdA »r*» * »t«c»,ai1o«
te fibt»lfl rt
figure 1&-J-
Hi Ji tare
1
'
c CidilariJ COfidt Hoa j.) , 1/14 Ori»
»Q4Ui cunrt. If th« fl linnet* J- bctnj cillDftt'i It * rtittt#ttr or other
Hs» -dtvUf Out l-l vltcailty drpmdtnt. ft "if lit nectftfry to jenerit*
*lt*flr* 6f CilUrttlon Curtts th«t cgntr the Dp*rar.ti>j fruiyft jnd
t(*per«turi* ringei of thi
the
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