gM¥!iietai»frM.
                        WASHINGTON, Q.C.
      Z  sa pl@««®d to transmit to you tit© final fuidanc® documents
which will IM the M®'is for nw @t®t© c@®@tal aonpoint pollution
control program® r®quirtd by @@etion 6217 of ta® Coastal Zon® Act
8@autflori2ation &»@ndat..its of 1990  (C»M&) .    Th© first of th«s@,
"•Guldane© Specifying Nsnag@a@nt H®a®ur®@ for Soure®® of Honpoint
Pollution in CoMtal W©t®r®^ wme d@v@lop@d by ttM United 5tst«s
Snvirona®ntal Protdctlon &g@ney (IF A)  in consultation wits MOAA
arid @tli«r federal af«ncl«s -and will       u th@ t®etmieal
foundation for th© eea^tal nonpoint pregrms^. • Hi® eoapanlon
foem®ntr  "Coastal Monpoint Pollution Centr©! Fregramis: Progrma
|nd 5®v@lop@@nt snd Approval €uidsne©",      dov@lep®d jointly by
      and     and doserib®© how itstss can dtsvcdop ©tmto nonpoint
yollution^control          to                t^stoieml fuid@nc® in
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                                           t©  pre¥id®-t® tho®@ who
     it, up©n                  ®     t©        reproduction costs,
s set of eoaputfif       e@ntsininf          ©f tli© Pennies 1
fuidane« docua®nt in V©rdF®rf@ct S.3..       flfWM an4 tables
not in MordP@iffoct foraat, n@v@¥®r, as^ Mill  bav® to
r®prodtae®d in hmrde©py fora.
     Publication  ®f                                      a aajor
stap forward  in assisting coastal ®tat®a»  l@c©liti®@
land©wn@r© to             protect     quality  ©f     nation's
coastal ratariu            wit^                            otn«r
        &f®nci«8              as w@il as            eonaultation
                          wirlronMfital          iMustrY,.
                               tacbnieml           pr@¥id@s
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provides •                               ©a a           seal© to
assist         to                             and capabilities
vit&in th@ir                                     p^liutiaa control
tg@neisrrecyci«i fiber

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                               -2-
     If w© can b@ of further assistanc® to you In your ®f forts to
       and support your con@tittt@nt@ &m tft®y work with the states
to d©v©lop &nd l@pl®B©nf ©ffeetiv© eosst&l nenpoint pollution
control pr@f?am@, pl@s§@ contact m® st (202) 2iO-7ii@ or Dcv
                    at (202)
                                             Protsetloa Division

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\
 8
                                        Nonpoiit
                                         Guidance
January   1993
    U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Wetlands, Oceans and Watersheds
    National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office erf Ocean and Coastal Resource Management
PROGRAM GUIDANCE  ,:   \    ,:


What is the Purpose of the State
Coastal Nonpoinf Pollution Control
Programs?

    Section 6217 of the Coastal Zone ActReauthorization
Amendments of 1990 (CZARA), requires thatstates with
federally approved coastal zone management programs
develop Coastal Nonpoint Pollution Control Programs to
beapprovedby EPAand NOAA. These programs will for
the first time bring together authorities and capabilities
within state coastal zone management and water quality
agencies to jo intly address the problem of coastal nonpoint
pollution. The purpose of the program is to implement
management measures for nonpoint source pollution by
more fully integrating federal, state and local authorities,
    The state Coastal Nonpoint Programs represent an
innovative approach to dealing with coastal nonpoint
pollution because they build upon state and local authori-
ties and expertise.  They will employ an initial technol-
ogy-based approach generally  throughout the coastal
management area, to be followed by a more stringent
water quality-based approach where necessary to address
known water quality problems.


How Serious is the Coastal Nonpoint
Source Pollution Problem?

    Water pollution, as evidenced by beach closures,
prohibitions  on harvesting shellfish, and the loss of
biological productivity hi coastal habitats, remains  a
serious problem for coastal areas. Based onstates' assess-
ment of 75% of estuarine waters, current best estimates
are that 35% of these waters are impaired and 10% are
threatened.  Although great strides in controlling point
sources of pollution  have been made, nonpoint source
pollution remains a major problem fa many coastal areas.
According tostate water quality assessments, the leading
nonpoint contributors to estuarine waters are urban runoff
(including certain construction and development activi-
                                       ties and onsite disposal systems) and agriculture. Other
                                       significant nonpoint contributors in some coastal water-
                                       sheds   include  silviculture,   marinas,  and
                                       hydromodification. In addition, the loss and degradation
                                       of wetlands and riparian areas has adversely impacted
                                       coastal water quality.
                                       What Is the Objective of the Program
                                       Guidance?

                                           The Program Developmental Approval guidance,
                                       issued jointly by EPA and NOAA, provides a road map
                                       for states to develop coastal nonpoint programs in a
                                       timely, resource efficient manner. State programs are
                                       due to EPA and NOAA for approval in My 1995. If a
                                       program is not approvable, certain grants must be cur-
                                       tailed to the States beginning in Fiscal Year 1996.
                                           A key component of the state programs will be the
                                       implementation of management measures to address
                                       sources of coastal  nonpoint pollution.  Thus, this pro-
                                       gram guidance should be used in  conjunction with
                                       " Guidance Specifying ManagementMeasures forSources
                                       of Nonpoint Pollution in Coastal Waters". The latter
                                       technical guidance, containing management measures
                                       developedby EPA in consultation withNOAAand other
                                       federal agencies, is summarized in a separate fact sheet
                                       Why is the Program Guidance
                                       Important?

                                          The Program Guidance describes what must be
                                       contained in each state's coastal nonpoint program and
                                       how NOAA and EPA will review and approve the state
                                       programs. Many issues will have to be addressed by the
                                       states, including where the program will operate geo-
                                       graphically, how management measures should be se-
                                       lected and implemented, and how the program should be
                                       coordinated with other state and local agencies and the
                                       public. The Program Guidance provides states with the
                                       framework to  incorporate on-going state and local pro-

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grams and to work within existing institutions in imple-
menting their coastal nonpoint programs.
    NOAAand EPA will continue to work with thestates
to help them develop approvable programs that also
reflect local conditions. The Agencies are committed to
assisting the states and others in meeting the goals of
CZARA.

What is in the Program Guidance?

    The program guidance identifies and explains statu-
tory provisions thatstate coastal nonpoint programs must
address in order to be approved by NOAA and EPA.
    *   State programs must include state and locally
       developed management measures which are in
       conformity with those specified in EPA's techni-
       cal guidance. States will have some flexibility in
       adopting management measures. For example,
       states may adopt either the measures specified in
       EPA's guidance or alternative management mea-
       sures to better meet local conditions. Alternative
       measures must be as effective as EPA's measures
       in controlling coastal nonpoint pollution.
    •   State managementmeasuresmustbe implemented
       within  three years of  program approval (i.e.,
       January 1999). EPA and NOAA provide a two
       year monitoring period (to January 2001) for
       states to assess the effectiveness of the measures
       in achieving water quality standards.
    •  S tales then have an additional three years (until
       January 2004) to implementadditional measures
       where necessary to attainormaintainwaterqual-
       ity standards.
    •  States must ensure the implementation of man-
       agement measures through the use of enforceable
       policies and mechanisms  ranging from tradi-
       tional regulatory activities  to innovative incen-
       tive programs.
    *  States are expected to provide technical assis-
       tance to local governments and to the public aad
       opportunities forpubliccommentthroughoutthe
       coastal nonpotetprogiarndevelopmentand imple-
       mentation process.

    EPA  and NOAA are committed to the successful
implementation of CZARA and will continue to provide
programmatic and technical  assistance to states, local
governments and other interested parties.         @)

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                        Coastal Nonpoint Pollution Guidance
January
             1 993
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Wetlands, Oceans, and Watersheds
MANAGEMENT MEASURES
GUIDANCE


What Is the Guidance?

    Section 6217 of the Coastal Zone Reauthorization
Amendments of 1990 (CZARA) requires that states with
federally approved coastal zone management programs
develop and implement Coastal Nonpoint Pollution Con-
trol Programs  to ensure protection and restoration of
coastal waters. State programs are to achieve this resultby
implementing (1) generally applicable management mea-
sures  to protect coastal waters from nonpoint pollution
and (2) additional, more stringent management measures
developed by each state as  necessary to attain and main-
tain applicablestate water quality standards. Inaguidance
document entitled Guidance Specifying Management
Measures for Sources of Nonpoint Pollution in Coastal
Waters and described in this fact sheet, the US. Environ-
mental Protection Agency (EPA) hasspecified the flrstset
of generally applicable management measures. Under
certain circumstances, states may use alternative manage-
ment  measures if the alternative measures provide an
equivalent level of protection and control. The process for
developing coastal nonpoint programs and the content of
such programs is described in a companion guidance
document issued jointly by the National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and EPA, Coastal
Nonpoint Pollution Control Program: Development and
Approval Guidance.
What are Management Measures?

    The management measures are economically achiev-
able measures for the control of pollutants from existing
and new categories and classes of nonpoint sources of
pollution. The measures reflect the greatest degree of
pollutant reduction achievable through the application of
best available technology, siting criteria, operating meth-
ods, or alternatives. The measures typically consist of a
combination of practices, also specified in the guidance.
States may select from a wide  range of practices or
                             combinations of practices that will achieve the level of
                             control specified in the management measure. The guid-
                             ance also includes:
                                •  A description of activities and locations forwhich
                                   each measure may be suitable;

                                *  An identification of pollutants that may be con-
                                   trolled by the  measures and the  water quality
                                   effects of the measures;

                                * A description of factors that should be taken into
                                  account in adapting the measures to specific sites
                                  and locations;

                                *  Any necessary monitoring techniques to assess
                                  the effects of the measures in reducing pollutant
                                  loads and improving water quality.
                            How Serious Is fhe Nonpoint Source
                            Pollution Problem?

                                Water pollution, as evidenced by beach closures,
                            prohibitions on harvesting shellfish, and the loss of bio-
                            logical productivity in coastal habitats,-remains a serious
                            problem for coastal areas. Based on states' assessment of
                            75% of estuarine waters, current best estimates are that
                            35% of these waters are impaired and 10% are threatened.
                            Although great strides in controlling point sources of
                            pollution have  been made,  nonpoint source pollution
                            remains a major problem in many coastal areas. Accord-
                            ing to state water quality assessments, the leadingnoopoint
                            contributors to estuarine waters are urban runoff (includ-
                            ing certain construction and development activities and
                            onstte disposal systems) and agriculture. Other signifi-
                            cant nonpoint contributors in some coastal watersheds
                            include silviculture, marinas, and hydromodifscation. In
                            addition, the loss and degradation ofwetlands and riparian
                            areas has adversely impacted coastal water quality.

                            Who Developed the Guidance?

                               To address the broad requirements of the law and to
                            draw on technical expertise  outside the Agency, EPA
                            convened workgroups for each of the five majorpollutant

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 source group categories (Agriculture, Forestry, Urban,
 Marinas    and   Recreational   Boating,    and
 Hydromodiflcation). Each of these groups held several
 meetings to develop the guidance and to refine  it in
 response to extensive public comment on draft guidance
 published in June 1991. Workgroup members included
 representatives of EPA, NOAA, the U.S. Department of
 Agriculture (Soil Conservation Service, Extension Ser-
 vice, and Forest Service), the U.S. Fish  and Wildlife
 Service, and several other federal agencies, as well as
 experts from state water quality and coastai zone manage-
 ment agencies.
What Is in the Guidance?

    The guidance identifies the management measures
specified for five major categories ofaonpotnt pollution:
Agriculture, Forestry, Urban, Marinas and Recreational
Boating, and Hydromodification.
    The measures are described in terms of management
systems rather than individual practices. Many of these
systems include actions that reduce the generation of
pollutants—a pollution prevention approach—as well as
actions to keep the pollutant from reaching surface or
ground waters. This approach is analogous to the use of
treatment  "trains" or a series of treatment steps used in
most point source waste treatment systems.
    *  The measures reflect the greatest degree of pollut-
      ant reduction that  is  economically  achievable.
      These measures serve as a  benchmark for the
      development of other approaches that provide
      equivalent or better pollutant reduction.
    •  The measures focus first on pollution prevention
      activities such as carefully planning the applica-
      tion of nutrients and pesticides and minimizmg
      soil erosion. These types of measures are often the
      most cost-effective. The measures often specify
      pollution delivery reduction measures, which in-
      tercept pollutants leaving the source by capturing
      the runoff or infiltrate.
     •  Whenever appropriate, the measures include con-
        sideration of nonpoint pollution of both ground
        water and surface water because of their interac-
        tion in the hydrologic cycle. In  coastal  areas,
        nonpoint sources which may contribute to ground-
        water contamination are of special concern be-
        cause of the role ground water often  plays in
        recharging coastal wateis.

     In  addition to "measures," the  guidance  also  de-
 scribes "practices," which are illustrative of more specific
 approaches that can be taken to implement the more
 broadly described measures.
 How Will the Guidance Be
 Implemented?

    The management measures guidance will be imple-
 mented through state coastai nonpoint programs. These
 programs will for the first time bring together authorities
 and capabilities within existing federal and local authori-
 ties. The new coastal programs will be incorporated into
 existing or revised state coastal zone management and
 nonpoint source programs so as to build upon programs,
 authorities and institutional arrangements already inplace.
    State programs must include management measures
 in conformity with those specified in EPA's management
 measures. States will have some flexibility in that they
 may adopt either the measures specified in EPA's guid-
 ance or alternative measures to better meet local condi-
 tions, provided the alternative measures are as effective as
 EPA's measures in controlling coastal  nonpoint pollu-
 tion.
    Within three yeais of program approval by NOAA
and EPA (i.e., January 1999), states must provide for
 landowner implementation of the measures. Following a
two-year monitoring period (to January 2001)  to assess
the effectiveness of the measures, states will then have an
additional three  years (until January 2004) to  obtain
landowner implementation of additional, more stringent
management measures where necessary to attain or main-
tain state water quality standards.

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                     Coastal Nonpoint Pollution Management
                                       Measures Guidance
January
             1993
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Wetlands, Oceans, and Watersheds
 AGRICULTURE            ,      */'.',

 What Is the Coastal Nonpoint
 Pollution Program?

    Section6217of the Coastal Zone AetReauthorization
 Amendments of 1990 (CZABA) requires coastal states
 (including Great Lakes states) with approved coastal zone
 management programs to address nonpoint pollution
 impacting or threatening coastal  waters. States must
 submit Coastal Nonpoint Pollution Control Programs for
 approval to both the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
 (EPA) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Ad-
 ministration (NOAA), Requirements for state programs
 are described in a document entitled Coastal Nonpoint
 Pollution Control Program: Program Development and
 Approval Guidance and are summarized in a separate fact
 sheet
What AIB Management Measures?

    CZARA requires EPA, in consultation with NOAA
and other federal agencies, to publish guidance speci fying
"management measures" to restore and protect coastal
waters from specific categories of nonpointsource pollu-
"tion, EPA has done so in a document entitled Guidance
Specifying Management Measures for Sources ofNon-
pointPollution in Coastal Waters. State Coastal Nonpoint
Programs' must provide for implementation of these
measures or'alternative management measures in confor-
mity with these measures in the coastal management area
generally, "Management measures" are defined by law to
be economically achievable measures that reflect the best
available technology for reducing pollutants. States may
select from a wide range of practices or combinations of
practices that will achieve the level of control specified in
the management measure. This fact sheet summarizes the
management measures applicable to agricultural sources.
Other fact sheets summarize the measures for forestry.
                                                 urban areas, marinas and recreational boating, hydro-
                                                 modification, and wetlands/riparian areas.
                                                 What Are the Sources of Agricufture-
                                                 Retated Nonpoint Source Pollution?

                                                    The primary agricultural nonpoint source pollutants
                                                 are nutrients (particularly niirogenand phosphorus),sedi-
                                                 ment, animal wastes, pesticides, and salts. Agricultural
                                                 nonpoint sources enter surface water through direct sur-
                                                 face runoff or through seepage to  ground  water that
                                                 discharges to a surface water outlet. Various fanning
                                                 activities result in the erosion of soil particles. The
                                                 sediment produced by erosion can damage fish habitatand
                                                 wetlands and, in addition, often transports excess agricul-
                                                 tural chemicals resulting in contaminated runoff. This
                                                 runnoff in turn affects changes to aquatic habitat such as
                                                 temperature increases and decreased oxygen. The most
                                                 commonsources of excess nutrients iasurface water from
                                                 nonpointsources are chemical fertil izers and manure from
                                                 animal facilities. Such nutrients cause eutrophication in
                                                 surface water. Pesticides used for pest control in agricul-
                                                 tural operations can also contaminate surface as well as
                                                 ground-waterresources. Return flows,runoff,andleachate
                                                 from irrigated lands may transport sediment, nutrients,
                                                 salts, and other materials. Finally, improper grazingprac-
                                                 tices in riparian, as well as upland areas, caa also cause
                                                 water quality degradation.
                                                MANAGEMENT MEASURES  '1".<;,=
                                                SUMMARY

                                                    SEDIMENT/EROSION CONTROI^Soil ero-
                                                sion is one of the leading causes of water pollution in the
                                                United States, The goal of this measure is to minimize the
                                                delivery of sediment from agricultural lands to receiving
                                                waters. Land owners have a choice of one of two ap-
                                                proaches: (1) apply the erosion component  of the U.S.
                                                Department of Agriculture's Conservation Management

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 System through such practices as conservation tillage,
 strip  cropping, contour farming, and terracing  or (2)
 design and install a combination of practices to remove
 settleabie solids and associated pollutants in runoff for all
 but the larger storms.

    CONFINED ANIMAL  FACILITY—Animal
 waste contaminates many of our waters with pathogens
 and  nutrients. The management measure for all  new
 facilities and existing facilities  over a certain size  is to
 limit discharges from confined animal facilities to waters
 of the United States by storing wastewater and  runoff
 caused by all storms up to and including the 25-year, 24-
 hour frequency storm. For smaller existing facilities, the
 management measure is to design and implementsystems
 that collect solids, reduce contaminant concentrations,
 and reduce runoff to minimize the discharge of contami-
 nants in both facility wastewater and runoff caused by all
 storms up to and including 25-year, 24-hour frequency
 storms.
    This measure also specifies management of stored
 runoff and solids thro ughproper waste utilization and use
 of disposal methods which minimize impacts to surface/
 ground water. Confined animal  facilities required to
 obtain a discharge permit under  the NPDES permit
 program are not subject to these management measures.

    NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT—This measure
 calls fordevelopmentand imptementationof comprehen-
sive nutrient management plans. The fundamentals of a
 comprehensive nutrientmanagement plan include a nutri-
ent budget for the crop, identification of the types  and
amoun tsof nutrients necessary to produce a crop based on
 realistic crop yield expectations, and an identification of
 the environmental hazards of the site. Other items called
 for-in.the measure include soil  tests and other tests to
determine crop nutrient needs and proper calibration of
nutrient equipment

    PESTICIDE MANAGEMENT—This measure is
designed to minimize water quality problems by reducing
pesticide use,  improving the timing and efficiency of
 application, preventing backflow of pesticides into water
 supplies, and improving calibration of pesticide spray
 equipment A key component of this measure is use of
 integrated pest management 0PM) strategies. IPM strat-
 egies include evaluating current pest problems in relation
 to the cropping history, previous pest control measures,
 and apply ingpesticides only when an economic benefit to
 the producer will be achieved, le., application based on
 economic thresholds. If pesticide applications are neces-
 sary, pesticides should be selected based oa consideration
 of their environmental impacts such as persistence, toxic*
 ity, and leaching potential,

    LIVESTOCK GRAZING—The goal of this mea-
 sure is to protect sensitive areas.  Sensitive areas include
 streambanks, wetlands, estuaries, poads, lake shores, and
 riparian zones. Protection is to be achieved with improved
 grazing management that reduces the physical distance
 and direct loading of animal waste and sediment caused
 by livestock by restricting livestock access to sensitive
 areas through a range  of options. In addition, upland
 erosion is to be reduced by either: (1) applying the range
 and pasture components of a Conservation Management
 System or (2) maintaining the land in accordance with the
 activity plans established by either the Bureau of Land
 Management or the Forest Service. Such techniques
 include the restriction of livestock from sensitive areas
 through locating  salt, shade, and alternative drinking
 sources away from sensitive areas, and providing live-
 stock stream crossings.

    IRRIGATION—This measure promotes an effec-
 tive irrigation system that delivers necessary quantities of
 wateryet reduces nonpototpoUutiontosurface waters and
 groundwater. To  achieve this,  the  measure calls  for
 uniform application of water based  upon an accurate
 measurement of cropwater needs and the volume  of
 irrigationwater applied. Whenapplyingchemicals thro ugh
 irrigation (a process known as  chemigation),  special
additional precautions apply. The measure also recog-
 nizes thatstates' water laws thatconflict with the measure
will take precedence over the measure.

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                     Coastal Nonpoint Pollution Management
                                       Measures Guidance
 January     1993
 FORESTRY
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Wetlands, Oceans, and Watersheds
                            What Are the Major Sources of
                            Pollutants from Forestry Operations?

                               Silviculrural nonpoint source pollution Impacts de-
                            pend on site characteristics, climatic conditions, and the
                            forest practice employed. Sediment, nutrients, pesticides,
                            and temperature are pollutants commonly associated with
                            forestry activities.
 What Is the Coastal Nonpoint Pollution
 Program?

    Section62l7of the Coastal Zone ActReauthorization
 Amendments of 1990 (CZARA) requires coastal states
 (including Great Lakes states) with approved coastal zone
 management programs to address nonpoint pollution
 impacting or threatening coastal  waters. States must
 submit Coastal NonpointPollution Control Programs for
 approval to both the U.S. Environmenal Protection Agency
 (EPA) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Ad-
 ministration (NOAA). Requirements for state programs
 are described in a document entitled Coastal Nonpoint
 Pollution Control Program: Program Development and
 Approval Guidance and are summarized in a separate fact
 sheet

 What Are Management Measures?

    CZARA requires EPA, in consultation with NOAA
 and other federal agencies, to publ feh guidance specifying
 "management measures" to restore and protect coastal
 waters from specific categories of nonpoint source pollu-
 tion. EPA has done so in a document entitled Guidance
 SpetifyingManagementMeasuresforSourcesQfNonpQwt
 Pollution in  Coastal Waters. State Coastal Nonpoint
 Pollution Control Programs must provide for implemen-
 tation of these measures or alternative management mea-
 sures in conformity with these measures, in the coastal
 managementarea generally. "Managementmeasures:*are
 defined by law to be economically achievable measures
 that reflect the best available technology for reducing
 pollutants. States may select from a  wide range of prac-
 tices or combinations of practices that will achieve the
 level of control specified in the management measure.
This fact sheet summarizes the management measures
applicable to forestry sources. Other fact sheets summa-
 rize the measures for agriculture, urban areas, marinas and
recreational boating, hydromodification, and wetlands/
riparian areas.
                           MANAGEMENT MEASURES
                           SUMMARY

                               PREHARVEST PLANNING—The objective of
                           this management measure is to ensure that silvicultural
                           activities, including timber harvesting, site preparation,
                           and associated road construction, are conducted in a way
                           that takes into accQuntpotentialnonpointsource pollutant
                           delivery to surface waters. Preharvest planning has been
                           demonstrated to play aa important role in the control of
                           nonpoint source pollution and efficient forest manage-
                           ment operations. Components of this measure address
                           key aspects of forestry operations relevant to water quality
                           protection, including the timing, location, and design of
                           harvesting and road  construction, the identification of
                           sensitive areas or high-erosion-hazard  areas; and  the
                           potential for additional cumulative contributions to exist-
                           ing water quality impairments.

                              STREAMSIDE SPECIAL MANAGEMENT
                           AREAS (SMA)—This managementmeasure establishes
                           areas along surface waters that are managed to protect the
                           water quality of the adjacent waterfaody. Streamside
                           Management Areas (SMAs) protect against soil distur-
                           bance and reduce the delivery to waterbodies of sediment
                           and nutrients from upslope activities. Canopy species in
                           SMAs shade waterbodies, which moderates water tem-
                           perature, and provide the detritus that oftea serves as an
                           energy source for stream ecosystems. Trees in the SMA
                           also provide asource of large, woody debris to waterbodies,

                              ROAD  CONSTRUCTION/RECONSTRUC-
                           TION —Road construction is often the largest source of
                           silviculture-produced sediment. The purpose of this man-
                           agement measure is to reduce the generation and delivery

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 of sediment from road construction or reconstruction.
 This is to be accomplished by following the preharvest
 plan layouts and designs for the road system, incorporat-
 ing adequate drainage structures, and properly installing
 stream crossings. Other components of this measure
 include avoiding constructing roads in SMAs, removing
 debris fromstrearns,andstabilizingareas of disturbed soil
 such as road fills.

     ROAD MANAGEMENT—The objective of this
 management measure is to manage existing  roads to
 prevent sedimentation and pollution from runoff-trans-
 ported materials. This management measure describes
 how to manage  existing roads to minimize erosion,
 maintain stability, and reduce the risk of failure or de-
 creased effectiveness of drainage structures and stream
 crossings. Components of this measure include the use of
 inspections and maintenance actions to preventerosionof
 road surfaces and ensure the continued effectiveness of
 stream crossing structures. The measure also addresses
 appropriate actions for closing roads that are no longer in
 use.

    TIMBER HARVESTING—Thismanagementmea-
 sure is intended to reduce NPS pollution resulting from
 timber harvesting operations. The measure includes com-
 ponents for the location of landings, for the operation of
 groundskidding and cable yard ing equipment, and for the
 prevention of pollution from petroleum products. Har-
 vesting practices that protect water quality and soil pro-
 ductivity can also reduce total mileage of roads and skid
 trails, lower equipment maintenance costs, and provide
 better  road  protection and reduce road maintenance.
 Appropriate skidtraO location and drainage and proper
 harvesting in SMAs are addressed by  this measure.
 Erosion from the siting and operation of timber harvest
 opdrattons can be reduced by conducting preharvest
 planning.

    SITE PREPARATION AND FOREST REGEN-
 ERATION —In some areas mechanical site preparation
 is of great concern for potential impacts to water quality.
This is especially true in areas that have steep slopes on
 highly credible soils, or where the site is located in close
proximity to a waterbody. Careful regeneration of har-
vested forest lands is important in providing water quality
protection from disturbed soils. This management mea-
sure  is intended to reduce the impacts of mechanical site
preparation and regeneration operations and to confine
 on-site potential nonpoint source pollution. Components
of this measure address keeping slash materials out of
 drainages, operating  machinery on the contour and pro-
 tecting the ground cover in ephemeral drainages and
 SMAs.
     FIRE MANAGEMENT—Prescribed burning is
 aimed at reducing slash and competition for nutrients
 among seedlings and protecting against wildfire. Pre-
 scribed fires that burn intensely on steep slopes in close
 proximity to streams and that remove most of the forest
 floor and litter down to the mineral soil, are most likely to
 adversely affect water quality. The purpose of this man-
 agement measure is to reduce the potential nonpoint
 source pollution and erosion resulting from prescribed
 fire for site preparation and from methods for suppression
 of wildfire. Prescribed fires should be conducted under
 conditions to avoid the loss of litter and incorporated soil
 organic matter. Bladed flrelines should be stabilized to
 prevent erosion, orpracticessuchashandlines, firebreaks,
 or hose lays should be used where possible.

    REVEGETATION OF DISTURBED AREAS—
 Revegetation of areas of disturbed soft can successfully
 prevent sediment and pollutants associated with the sedir
 ment (such as nutrients) from entering nearby streams.
 The objective of this management measure is to reduce
 erosion and sedimentation by the rapid revegetatfon of
 areas of soil disturbance from harvesting and road con-
 struction. The disturbed areas to be revegetated are those
 localized areas within harvestunits or roadsystems where
 mineral soil is exposed or agitated such as road cuts, fill
 slopes, landing surfaces, cable corridors, or skidtrails.

    FOREST  CHEMICAL MANAGEMENT—
 Chemicals used in forest management are generally pes-
 ticides (insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides) and fer-
 tilizers. Since pesticides may be toxic, they must be
 properly mixed, transported, loaded, and applied and their
 containers must be properly disposed of to prevent poten-
 tial nonpoint source pollution. Fertilizers must also be
 properly handled and appliedsincethey also may be toxic
 or may shiftsurface water energy dynamics, dependingon
 the exposure and concentration. The objective of this
 management measure is to ensure that the application of
 pesticides and fertilizers does notlead to contaminationof
 surface waters. Components of this measure  include
 applications by skilled workers according to label instruc-
 tions, careful prescription of the type  and amount of
chemical to be applied, and the use of buffer areas for
surface waters to prevent direct appl ication or deposition.

    WETLAND FOREST MANAGEMENT—For-
ested wetlands  provide many  beneficial water quality
 functions and provide habitat for aquatic 1 ife. The purpose
of this management measure is to protect the  aquatic
functions of forested wetlands.

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                     Coastal Nonpoint Pollution Management
                                       Measures Guidance
  January     1993
  URBAN
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Wetlands, Oceans, and Watersheds
 What Is the Coastal Nonpoint Pollution
 Program?

     Section 621 7of the Coastal Zone ActReauthorization
 Amendments of 1990 (CZARA) requires coastal states
 (includingGreatLakes states) with approved coastal zone
 management programs to address nonpoint pollution
 impacting or threatening coastal waters. States must
 submit Coastal Nonpoint Pollution Control Programs for
 approval to both the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
 (EPA) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Ad-
 ministration (NOAA). Requirements for state programs
 are described in a document entitled Coastal jtfonpoint
 Pollution  Control Program; Program Development and
 Approval Guidance and are summarized in a separate fact
 sheet
 What Are Management Measures?

    CZARA requires EPA, in consultation with NOAA
 and other federal agencies, to publis h guidance specifying
 "management measures" to restore and protect coastal
 waters from specific categories of nonpoint source poUu-
, tion. EPA has done so in a document entitled Guidance
 SpecifyingManagementMeasuresforSourcesofNonpoint
 Pollution In Coastal Wafers. State Coastal Nonpoint Pol-
 lution Control Programs must provide for implementation
-of these measures or alternative managment measures in
 conformity with these measures in the coastal manage-
 ment area generally. "Management measures1* are defined
 by law to be economically achievable measures that reflect
 the best available technology for reducing pollutants.
 States  may select from a wide  range  of  practices or
 combinations of practices that will achieve the level of
 control specified in the management measure. This fact
 sheet summarizes the management measures applicable to
 urban areas. Other fact sheets summarize the measures for
 agriculture, forestry, marinas and recreational boating,
 hydromodification, and wetlands/riparian areas.
                           What Are the Major Sources of Urban
                           Nonpoint Source Pollution?

                               Urbanization has been linked to the degradation of
                           urban waterways. The major pollutants found in runoff
                           from urban areas include sediment, nutrients, oxygen-
                           demanding substances, road salts, heavy metals, petro-
                           leum hydrocarbons, pathogenic bacteria, and viruses.
                           Suspended sediments constitute the largest mass of pol-
                           lutant loadings to receiving waters from urban areas,
                           Construction  is a major source of sediment erosion.
                           Nutrient and bacterial sources of contamination include
                           fertilizer usage, pet wastes, leaves, grass clippings, and
                           faulty septic tanks. Petroleumhydrocarbonsresultmostly
                           from automobile sources.
                           MANAGEMENT MEASURES   -  :.  ,
                           SUMMARY

                              NEW DEVELOPMENT—The new development
                           management measure is intended to mitigate the effects of
                           new development on water quality. This measure speci-
                           fies that runoff from new development be managed so as
                           to meet two conditions:

                              (1) The average annual total suspended solid
                                 (TSS) loadings after construction is completed
                                 are reduced:
                                        a) by 80 percent, or
                                        b) so that they are no greater than
                                          predevelopment loadings; and
                              (2) To the extent practicable, post-development
                                 peak runoff rate and average volume are
                                 maintained at levels that are similar to
                                 predevelopment levels.

                                 New developments required to obtain NPDES
                           permits are not subject to this management measure.

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    WATERSHED PROTECTION/SITE DEVEL-
 OPMENT—-The purpose of these measures is to encour-
 age comprehensive p (aiming for development on a water-
 shed scale and for small-scale site development as well,
 including planning  and designing  to protect sensitive
 ecological areas, minimize land disturbances and retain
 natural drainage and vegetation whenever possible.

    CONSTRUCTION EROSION/SEDIMENT
 CONTROL—The purpose of this measure is to reduce
 erosion and transport of sediment from construction sites
 to surface water. A  sediment and erosion control plan
 should be developed and approved prior to land distur-
 bance. This measure applies to construction sites of less
 than 5 acres.

    CONSTRUCTION SITE CHEMICAL CON-
 TROL—This measure addresses the transport of toxic
 chemicals to surface water by  limiting the application,
 generation, and migration of chemical contaminants (i.e.,
 petrochemicals, pesticides, nutrients) andprovidingproper
 storage and disposal.

    EXISTING DEVELOPMENT—This measuread-
 dresses reduction of pollution loadings from already
 developed areas. Watershed managementprogramsshouid
 be developed that identify the sources, specify appropri-
 ate controls such as retrofitting or the establishment of
 buffer strips, and provide a schedule by which these
 controls are to be implemented.

    NEW ONSITE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS—This
 measure addresses mitrient/pathogea loadings to surface
 water from new on-site disposal systems. The measure
 specifies that new onsite disposal systems (OSDS) are to
 be designed, installed and operated properly and to be
 situated away from open waterbodies and sensitive re-
sources such as wetlands, and floodplains. Protective
separation between the OSDS and the groundwater table
 is to be established. The OSDS unitshould be designed to
 reduce nitrogen  loadings in areas where surface waters
 may be adversely affected,

    OPERATING ONSITE DISPOSAL  SYSTEMS
—This management  measure calls for policies and sys-
 tems to operate and  maintain OSDS so as to prevent
surface water discharge and reduce pollutant loadings to
 ground water. It also calls for inspection at regular time
 intervals and repair or replacement of faulty systems.
     POLLUTION PREVENTION—This measure in-
 cludes  techniques and activities to prevent nonpoint
 source pollutants from entering surface waters. Primary
 emphasis is placed on public education to promote meth-
 ods for proper disposal and/or recycling of hazardous
 chemicals, pet waste management strategies, manage-
 ment practices for lawns and gardens, OSDSs, and com-
 mercial enterprises such as service stations and parking
 lots.

     SITING  ROADS,  HIGHWAYS,  AND
 BRIDGES—The measure calls for roads, highways, and
 bridges to be situated away from areas that are sensitive
 ecosystems and susceptible to erosion and sediment loss.
 The siting of such structures should not adveiseiy impact
 water quality, minimize land disturbances, and retain
 natural vegetation and drainage features.

     CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS FOR ROADS,
 HIGHWAYS, AND BRIDGES—This measure calls
 for the development and implementation of an approved
 erosion and sediment control plan prior to construction,
 which would  reduce erosion and improve retention of
 sediments onsite during and after construction.

    CONSTRUCTION  SITE CHEMICAL CON-
 TROL  FOR  ROADS,   HIGHWAYS,  AND
 BRIDGES—The measure limits toxic and nutrient load-
 ings at construction  sites by ensuring the proper use,
 storage, and disposal of toxic materials to preventsignift-
 cant chemical and nutrient runoff to surface water.

    OPERATION  AND MAINTENANCE FOR
 ROADS, HIGHWAYS, AND BRIDGES—This mea-
 sure provides  an operation and maintenance approach
 designed to reduce pollutant loadings to receiving waters
 during operation and maintenance of roads, highways,
 and bridges.

    RUNOFF SYSTEMS FOR ROADS, HIGH-
 WAYS, AND BRIDGES —This measure specifies de-
 velopment of runoff management systems to reduce
pollutant concentrations in runoff from existing roads,
 highways, and bridges. Runoff management systems
should identify priority pollutant reduction opportunities
and schedule implementation of retrofit projects to pro-
tect impacted areas and threatened surface waters.

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                    Coastal Nonpoint Pollution Management
                                       Measures  Guidance
January    1993
                     U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Wetlands, Oceans, and Watersheds
 What Is the Coastal Nonpoint
 Pollution Program?

    Section6217oftheCoastaIZoneActReauthorization
 Amendments of 1990 (CZARA) requires coastal states
 (including Great Lakes states) withapproved coastal zone
 management programs to address nonpoint pollution
 impacting or  threatening coastal waters. States must
 submit Coastal Nonpoint Pollution Control Programs for
 approval to both the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
 (EPA) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Ad-
 ministration (NOAA). Requirements for state programs
 are described in a document entitled Coastal Nonpaint
 Pollution Control Program: Program Development and
 Approval Guidance and aresummarized in a separate fact
 sheet
What Are Management Measures?

    CZARA requires EPA, in consultation with NOAA
and other federal agencies, to publ ish guidance specifying
"management measures'* to restore and protect coastal
waters from specific categories of nonpointsource pollu-
tion. EPA has done so in a document entitled Guidance
Specifying Management Measures for Sources of Non-
point Pollution in Coastal Waters. State Coastal Non-
point Pollution Control Programs mustprovide for imple-
mentation of these measures or alternative management
measures in conformity with these measures in the coastal
managementarea generally. "Management measures" are
defined by law to be economically achievable measures
that reflect the best available technology for  reducing
pollutants. States may select from a wide range of prac-
tices or combinations of practices that will achieve the
level of control specified in the management measure,
This  fact sheet summarizes the management measures
applicable to marinas and recreational boating. Other fact
sheets summarize the measures for agriculture, forestry,
                                                  urban areas, hydromodiflcation, and wetlands/riparian
                                                  areas.
                                                 What Are the Nonpoinf Source
                                                 Pollution Problems Associated with
                                                 Marinas and Recreational Boating?

                                                    Marinas are located right at the water's edge, and •
                                                 often there is no bufferingof pollutants coming from boats
                                                 or transported by runoff from parking lots and hull
                                                 maintenance areas. Documented adverse environmental
                                                 impacts include dissolved oxygen deficiencies and high
                                                 concentrations of toxic metals in aquatic organisms. In
                                                 addition, construction activities can lead to the physical
                                                 destruction of sensitive ecosystems and bottom-dwelling
                                                 aquatic communities.

                                                MANAGEMENT MEASURES
                                                SUMMARY

                                                   MARINA FLUSHING—The measure requires that
                                                marina siting and design allow for maximum QusMog of
                                                the water supply for the site. Adequate flushing reduces
                                                the potential for the stagnation of water in a marina and
                                                helps to maintain the biological productivity and reduce
                                                the potential for toxic accumulation in bottom sediment

                                                   WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT—This mea-
                                                sure specifies thatwater quality be considered in thesiting
                                                and design of both new and expanding marinas.

                                                   HABITAT ASSESSMENT—Marinas should be
                                                designed and located so as to  protect against adverse
                                                impacts on shellfish resources, wetlands, submerged
                                                aquatic vegetation, and other important habitat areas as
                                                designated by local, state, or federal governments,

                                                   SHORELINE STABILIZATION—Where shore-
                                                line erosion is a nonpoint source pollution problem,
                                               shorelines should be stabilized.  Vegetative methods are
                                               strongly preferred unless structural  methods are cost-
                                               effective.

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    STORMWATER RUNOFF—Thlsmeasure, which
 applies to runoff from the marina site only, specifies
 implementationofrunoffcontrolstrategieswhich include
 the use of pollution prevention activities and the proper
 design of hull maintenance areas. At least 80% of sus-
 pended solids must be removed from stormwater runoff
 coming from the hull maintenance areas. Marinas which
 obtain a NPDES permit for their hull maintenance areas
 are not required to conform to this hull maintenance area
 provision.

    FUELING STATION DESIGN—This measure
 specifies that fueling stations should be  located and
 designed so that, in the case of an accident, spill contami-
 nants can be contained in a limited area. Fuel ing stations
 should have fuel containment equipment as well as aspill
 contingency plan.

    SEWAGE FACILITIES—-To prevent the dis-
 charge of sewage directly  to  coastal waters, new and
 expanding marinas are to install pumpout, pump station,
 and restroom facilities where needed.

    SOLID WASTE—'This measure speciGes thatsoiid
 wastes produced by the operation, cleaning, maintenance,
 and repair of boats should be properly disposed of to limit
 their entry to surface waters.

   FISH WASTES—Insufficient quantity, fish wastes
can result in the depletion of dissolved oxygen and odor
problems. To address this concern, the measure requires
that sound fish waste management be promoted through
a combination of fish cleaning restrictions, public educa-
tion, and proper disposal.
     LIQUID MATERIAL—This management mea-
 sure provides for appropriate storage, transfer, contain-
 ment, and disposal facilities for liquid materials com-
 monly used in boat maintanance  and  encourages  the
 recycling of these materials.

     PETROLEUM CONTROL—This measure  ad-
 dresses the problem of fuel and oil leaks, which often
 occur during the refueling and operation of boats. The
 amount of fuel and oil leakage from fuel tank air vents
 should be reduced.

    BOAT CLEANING—This measure minimizes  the
 use of potentially harmful hull cleaners and bottom paints
 and their release to marinas and coastal waters.

    PUBLIC EDUCATION—Public education/out-
 reaeh/ttataing programs should be instituted for boaters,
 as well as marina operators, to prevent improper disposal
 of polluting materials.

    MAINTENANCE OF SEWAGE FACILITIES
 —This measure specifies tbatpumpout facilities be main-
 tained  in operational condition and that their use  be
 encouraged to reduce untreated sewage discharges to
 surface waters.

    BOAT OPERATION—This measure deals with
ecological problems resulting from boating operations
outside marinas. In shallow areas, intense boating activi-
ties may contribute to shoreline erosion. The measure is
designed to prevent increased turbidity and  physical
destruction of shallow-water habitat resulting from boat-
ing activities.                                {§}

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 January     1993
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Wetlands, Oceans, and Watersheds
 HYDROMODIFlCArtON *. „./   J* :l

 What Is the Coastal Nonpoint Pollution
 Program?

    Section6217of the Coastal Zone ActReautharization
 Amendments of 1990 (CZARA) requires coastal states
 (including GreatLakesstates) with approved coastal zone
 management programs to address nonpoint pollution
 impacting or threatening coastai waters. States must
 submit Coastal Nonpoint Pollution Control Programs for
 approval to both the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
 (EPA) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Ad-
 ministration (NOAA). Requirements for state programs
 are described in a document entitled Coastal Honpoint
 Pollution Control Program; Program Development and
 Approval Guidance and are summarized in a separate fact
 sheet
What are Management Measures?

    CZARA requires EPA, in consultation with NOAA
and other federal agencies, to publish guidance specifying
"management measures" to restore and protect coastal
waters from specific categories of nonpoint source pollu-
|ion. EPA has done so in a document entitled Guidance
Specifying Management Measures for Sources of Non-
point Pollution in Coastal Wafers. State Coastal Nonpoint
Pollution Control Programs must provide for implemen-
tation of these measures or alternative management mea-
sures in conformity with these measures in the coastal
management area generally. "Management Measures'* are
defined by law to be economically achievable measures
that  reflect the best available technology  for reducing
pollutants. States may select from a wide range of practices
or combinations of practices that will achieve the level of
control specified in the management measure. This fact
sheetsummarizes the management measures applicable to
hydromodification. Other fact sheets summarize the mea-
sures for agriculture, forestry, urban areas, marinas and
recreational boating, and wetlands/riparian areas.
                            What Are the Nonpoint Source-
                            Refated Problems Associated with
                            Hydromodfflcafion?

                                Hydromodification activities  have been separated
                            into the categories of channel 122 tion and channel modifi-
                            cation, dams, and streambank and shoreline erosion.
                                A frequentresultof channelization and channel modi-
                            fication activities is a diminished suitability of instream
                            and streamside habitat for fish and wildlife. They can also
                            alter instream patterns of water temperature and sediment
                            type, as well as the rates and paths of sediment erosion,
                            transport, and deposition. Hardening of banks along
                            waterways has increased the movementof NPS pollutants
                            from the upper reaches of watersheds into coastal waters.
                                Dams can adversely impact the hydraulic regime, the
                            quality of the surface waters, and habitat in the stream or
                            river where they are located. A variety of impacts can
                            result from the siting, construction,  and operation of these
                            facilities.
                               The erosiono f shore! ines and streambanks is a natural
                            process that can have either beneficial or adverse impacts
                            on the creation and maintenance of riparian habitat
                            Excessively high sediment loads can smother submerged
                            aquatic vegetation, cover shellfish beds and tidal flats, fill
                            in riffle pools, and contribute  to increased levels of
                            turbidity and nutrients.



                            SUMMARY

                            Management Measures for
                            Channelization and Channel
                            Modification

                               PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTER-
                            ISTICS OF SURFACE WATERS—This measure en-
                            sures that the  planning process for new channelization
                            projects includes an evaluation of the potential effects on
                            thephysical and chemicalcharacteristics of surface waters

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 that may occur as a result of the proposed work.  The
 measure encourages planning and design of new projects
 to reduce undesirable impacts.  The operation and main-
 tenance programs for existing modified channels should
 identify and implement any available opportunities to
 improve the physical and chemical  characteristics of
 surface waters in those channels.

    INSTREAM AND RIPARIAN HABITAT RES-
 TORATION  FOR  CHANNELIZATION AND
 CHANNELMODIFICATION—This measure ensures
 that the planning process for new channelization projects
 includes an evaluation of the potential effects on instream
 and riparian habitat that may  occur as a  result of the
 proposed work. The measure encourages planning and
 design of new projects to reduce undesirable impacts. The
 operation and maintenance programs for existing modi-
 fied channels should identify  opportunities  to restore
 Instream and riparian habitat in those channels.  The
 habitat characteristics that may be influenced by
 channelization and channel modification include:  elimi-
 nation of stream bank vegetation, reduced freshwater
 availability, and accelerated delivery of pollutants.

 Management Measures for Dams

    These management measures apply to dams 25 feet or
 more in heightand greater than 15acre-feet in capacity, or
 to dams six feet or more in height and greater thatSO acre-
 feet in capacity. The measures  also apply only to those
projects and activities that fall outside of existing jurisdic-
tion of the National  Pollutant Discharge  Elimination
System permit program.

    EROSION AND SEDIMENT CONTROL—This
measure provides for reducing erosion and retaining
sediment onsite, to the exteatpractieable, during and after
construction of dams. An approved erosion and sediment
control plan, or similar administrative document that
 contains erosion and sediment control provisions, should
 be prepared and implemented prior to land disturbance.

    CHEMICALAND POLLUTANT CONTROL—
 This measure ensures the proper storage and disposal of
 certain chemicals, substances, and other materials that are
 used in construction or maintenance activities at dams.
 These include construction chemicals such as concrete
 additives, petrochemicals, solid wastes, cement washout,
 pesticides and fertilizers. The measure limits the applica-
 tion, generation, and migration of toxic substances, and
 ensures their proper storage and disposal. The measure
 also ensures that nutrients are applied at rates accessary to
 establishand maintain vegetation without causingsignifi-
 cant nutrient runoff to surface waters.

    PROTECTION OF SURFACE WATER QUAL-
 ITY AND INSTREAM  AND RIPARIAN  HABI-
 TAT—This measure ensures that the operation of dams
 will be assessed for impacts to surface water quality and
 instream and riparian habitat, and that the potential for
 improvement  will be evaluated.  Significant nonpoint
 source pollution problems that exist from excessive sur-
 face water withdrawals will also be assessed and evalu-
 ated.

 Management Measure for
 Streambank and Shoreline Erosion

    STREAMBANK  AND SHORELINE ERO-
 SION—Eroding streambanks and shorelines should be
stabilized, where streambank and shoreline erosion is a
nonpoint source problem.  Vegetative methods such as
marsh creation and vegetative bank stabilization ("bio-
engineering") are the preferred methods.  The measure
also ensures that streambank and shoreline features such
as wetlands and riparian areas with the potential to reduce
NFS pollution are protected. Streambanks and shorelines
should also be protected from erosion due to uses of either
the shorelands or adjacent surface wateis.

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 January     1993
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Wetlands, Oceans, and Watersheds
 WETLANDS, RIPARIAN AREAS, Hill
                 TREATMENT SYSTEMS


   What Is the Coastal Nonpoint
 Pollution Program?

    Section6217of the Coastal Zone ActReauthorization
 Amendments of 1990 (CZARA) requires coastal states
 (including Great Lakes states) withapproved coastal zone
 management programs  to address nonpoint pollution
 impacting or threatening coastal waters. States must
 submit Coastal NonpointPolIutionControl Programs for
 approval to both the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
 (EPA) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Ad-
 ministration (NOAA). Requirements for state programs
 are described in a doctnaiest endtled Coastal Nonpoint
 Pollution Control Program: Program Development and
Approval Guidance and are summarized in a separate fact
 sheet
What Are Management Measures?

    CZARA requires EPA, in consultation with NOAA
and other federal agencies, to pubi ish guidance specifying
"management measures'* to restore and protect coastal
waters from specific categories of nonpoint source pollu-
tion. EPA has done so in a document entitled Outdance
Specifying Management Measures for Sources of Non-
point Pollution in Coastal Waters. State Coastal Non-
point Pollution Control Pro grams mustprovide forimple-
mentation of these measures or alternative management
measures in conformity with these measures in the coastal
management area generally.  "Management measures"
are defined by law to be economically achievable mea-
sures that reflect the best available technology for reduc-
ing pollutants.  States may select from a wide range of
practices or combinations of practices that will achieve
the level of control specified in the managementmeasure.
Chapters 2-6 of the Guidance specify management mea-
sures thatrepresentthe mosteffectivesystemsofpractices
to prevent or reduce coastal nonpoint source pollution
                             from five specific categories of sources (agriculture,
                             forestry, urban areas, marinas and recreational boating,
                             and hydromodification). In chapter 7, management mea-
                             sures are specified thatappiy to a wide variety of sources,
                             including the five categories of sources addressed in the
                             preceding chapters, as well  as to  the protection and
                             restoration of wetlands and riparian areas. This factsheet
                             summarizes the management measures specified in chap-
                             ter?.

                             What Are Some Activities That Lead
                             to the Destruction of Wetlands and
                             Riparian Areas ?

                                Changes to hydrology, geochemistry, substrate, or
                             species composition may impair the ability of a wetland
                             or riparian area to function properly, Such alterations can
                             affect the ability of the wetland or riparian area to act as a
                             filter for excess sedimentation and nutrienss, which can
                             result in deteriorated surface waterquality. The following
                             are examples of typical activities that often cause such
                             impairment: the drainage of wetlands for additional crop-
                             land,  overgrazing,  construction  of highways,
                             channelization of an adjoining waterway, deposition of
                             dredged material, and excavation for ports and  marinas.
                            MANAGEMENT MEASURES
                            SUMMARY
                                THE PROTECTION OF WETLANDS AND
                            RIPARIAN AREAS—The purpose of this management
                            measure is to maintain the water quality benefits of wet-
                            lands and riparian areas and to ensure that they do not in
                            turn become a source of nonpoint pollution due to degra-
                            dation.  Wetlands and riparian zones reduce nonpoint
                            source pollution by filtering out of solution NPS-related
                            contaminants such as phosphorus  and nitrogen.  The
                            ability of wetlands and riparian zones to perform this
                            function is determined by the vegetative composition,
                            geochemistry, and faunal species  composition. Any
                            changes to these characteristics could affect GItering ca-
                            pacities.

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    THE RESTORATION OF WETLANDS AND
RIPARIAN AREAS—This measure promotes the res-
toration of preexisting wetland and riparian areas where
the restoration of such  systems will have a significant
nonpoint source pollution  abatement function.  This
measure is intended to address the increase in pollutant
loadings that can result from degradation or destruction of
wetlands and riparian areas. These areas are effective in
removing several pollutants from  stormwater, such as
sediment, nitrogen, and phosphorus. Wetland and ripar-
ian areas also help to attenuate flows from higher-than-
average storm events, thereby protecting downstream
areas from impacts such as channel scour, streambank
erosion, and fluctuations in temperature and chemical
characteristics. This can be accompl ished by reestablish-
ing previous hydrologic dynamics, vegetation, and struc-
tural characteristics.
    ENGINEERED VEGETATED TREATMEN1
SYSTEMS—The purpose of vegetated filter strips is to
remove sediment and other pollutants from runoff and
wastewater by filtration, deposition, infiltration, absorp-
tion, adsorption, decomposition, and volatilization, thereby
reducing the amount of pollution entering  adjacent
waterbodies.  The ability of a wetland to act as a sink for
phosphorus and the ability to convert nitrate to nitrogen
gas through denitrificationare two examples of the impor-
tant NFS poEutfon abatement functions performed by
constructed wetlands. This measure promotes the devel-
opment of artificial wetlands or vegetated treatment sys-
tems where these systems will serve a nonpoint source
pollution abatement function.

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