oEPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Interim Guidance for Developing
Global Positioning System
Data Collection Standard
Operating Procedures
and
Quality Assurance Project Plans
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
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EPA/600/R-08/020
February 2008
www.epa.gov
Interim Guidance for Developing
Global Positioning System
Data Collection Standard
Operating Procedures
and
Quality Assurance Project Plans
EPA Report
Revision 1.0
Project Lead
George M. Brilis, Chair
Geospatial Quality Council
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Research and Development
National Exposure Research Laboratory
Environmental Sciences Division
P.O. Box 93478
Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478
Notice: Although this work was reviewed by EPA and approved for publication, it may not necessarily reflect official
Agency policy. Mention of trade names and commercial products does not constitute endorsement or
recommendation for use.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Research and Development
Washington, DC 20460 23iodc07
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Authorship and Contributors
Primary Author
Noel Kohl, Region 5
Contributing Authors
George M. Brilis, EPA, ORD
Carrie Middleton, EPA, NEIC
Rollin Strohman, California Polytechnic University
Nita Tallent-Halsell, EPA, ORD
Contributing Editors
Tyrone R. Smith, county of San Bernardino, CA
Lynne Petterson, EPA, ORD
Jeffrey C. Worthington, EPA, OEI
Reviewed and Edited by
Andrew Lowe,
Field Data Collection Subgroup
EPA GIS Work Group
Kevin Kirby
EPA, OEI
Peer Reviewers
David Hansen
Bureau of Reclamation
John G. Lyon
EPA, ORD
Richard Egg
Texas State Soil & Water
Conservation Board
John T. Lin
EPA, ORD
Jerry Johnston
EPA, OEI
in
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IV
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Table of Contents
Authorship and Contributors iii
Primary Author iii
Contributing Authors iii
Contributing Editors iii
Peer Reviewers iii
Acknowledgments ix
Background xi
Introduction xiii
Purpose and Intended Audience xiii
Document Structure and Use xiv
Section 1 Standard Operating Procedure for Global Positioning System Data Collection
xiv
Section 2 GPS Quality Assurance Project Plan (QAPP) Requirements xiv
Section 3 GPS Quality Assurance Project Plan (QAPP) Template xiv
Section 1 Standard Operating Procedure for Global Positioning System Data Collection
Purpose 3
Background 3
Planning and Implementing a GPS Survey 3
Pre-Survey Planning 3
Define Objectives of the Survey 4
Define Project Area 4
Determine Observation Window and Schedule of Operations 5
Establish Control Configuration 5
Select Survey Locations 6
Coordinate Pre-Survey Plans 6
Equipment Testing and Logistics 7
Prepare the Quality Assurance Project Plan 8
Survey Execution 8
Establishing a Schedule of Operations 8
Pre-Survey: The Day Before 8
Pre-data Collection: Establishing a Base Station(s) 8
Data Collection: Performing the GPS Survey 8
Data Assessment, Processing and Validation 9
Data Transfer 9
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Table of Contents (Cont.)
Data Assessment and Initial Processing 9
Computation 9
Data Conversion to GIS 10
Metadata Documentation and Reporting 10
References 10
Attachment 1 13
Section 2 GPS Quality Assurance Project Plan (QAPP) Requirements
Purpose 1
Background 1
EPA QA Policy 1
EPA QA/QC Requirements and Guidelines 1
Uniform Federal Policy for QA Project Plans 1
Spatial QA Project Plan Considerations 2
Components of aQA Project Plan 2
Group A. Project Management 2
Group B. Data Generation and Acquisition 2
Group C. Assessment and Oversight 2
Group D. Data Validation and Usability 2
Graded Approach 3
Category 1 3
Category II 4
Category III 4
Category IV 4
Generic vs. Project-Specific QA Project Plans 4
Enforcement Considerations 4
QA Project Plans - Quality Management Plans - GPS Template 5
Division and Office Quality Management Plans 5
Use of the GPS QAPP Template 5
VI
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Table of Contents (Cont.)
Section 3 GPS Quality Assurance Project Plan (QAPP) Template
Title and Approval Sheet 1
Table of Contents 3
A. Project Management 5
1. Project Distribution List 5
2. Project/Task Organization 5
3. Problem Definition/Background 5
4. Project/Task Description 6
5. Quality Objectives and Survey Measurement Performance Criteria 6
6. Training/Certification 7
7. Documentation and Records 7
B. Measurement Data Acquisition 7
1. Sampling Process Design 7
2. Sampling and Image Acquisition Methods 8
3. Sample Handling and Custody 8
4. Analytical Methods 8
5. Quality Control 8
6. Instrument/Equipment Testing, Inspection, and Maintenance Records 8
7. Instrument Calibration and Frequency 8
8. Inspection/Acceptance Specifications for Supplies and Consumables 8
9. Nondirect Measurements 8
10. Data Management 9
C. Assessment/Oversight 10
1. Assessment and Response Actions 10
2. Reports to Management 10
D. Data Validation and Usability 11
1. Data Review, Validation, and Verification Criteria 11
2. Verification and Validation Methods 11
3. Reconciliation with User Requirements 11
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Acknowledgments
The geospatial community appreciates the tremendous contribution of the primary author, Mr. Noel Kohl,
EPA Region 5. The U.S. Global Positioning System (GPS) is gaining increasing importance as geospatial
science and technology are further developed and seamlessly integrated into not only environmental
applications, but in our daily lives. This guidance is a landmark on the path to harmonized GPS data
collection activities for environmental applications.
It is noteworthy that in creating the core of this document, Mr. Kohl referenced previous products of the
EPA Geospatial Quality Council. This is a positive reflection of the dedication, efforts, and forward-
thinking of the individuals who have contributed to the efforts of the EPA Geospatial Quality Council.
Manuscript reviewers provide the critical function of peer review. Their comments, suggestions, and
recommendations for this document are greatly appreciated.
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Background
Since its formation in 1998, the U.S. EPA Geospatial Quality Council (GQC) developed products that
provide Quality Assurance (QA) guidance for the development, use, and products of geospatial activities
and research. At least two GQC's products became the foundation for EPA geospatial data policy. These
include:
• EPA Guidance for Geospatial Data Quality Assurance Project Plans (Peer Review Draft),
EPA/600/R-01/062, and
• Global Positioning Systems: Technical Implementation Guidance, (GPS-TIG) Revision 2.0, July
2006, EPA/600/R-03/001.
As demonstrated, the GQC can be credited for establishing the foundation of QA in EPA geospatial
activities.
With a QA foundation in place, the GQC now focuses on improving administrative efficiency. The
approach being taken is to develop Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) that can be tailored and
adapted by organizational entities in the EPA and its extended partners. The administrative benefits of
developing these SOPs include, at a minimum:
• Reduction of time scientists spend writing a full Quality Assurance Project Plan (QAPP)
• Approach taken by the various organizational entities in the EPA is, at the core, harmonized.
This adds the value of increased confidence and interoperability in each other's products.
On February 27, 2004, the Office of Environmental Information (OEI)/Office of Information Collection
(QIC) distributed the GPS-TIG to the EPA. The release memo states:
"This document also provides guidance for the development of consistent Standard Operating
Procedures for the collection of locational data. The ultimate vision is to have universally
comparable locational data by collecting GPS data in a consistent manner."
Mr. Kohl used that guidance to develop an exemplary Region 5 SOP and QAPP template. The Region 5
documents serve as the core of this GQC product.
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Introduction
Purpose and Intended Audience
The United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA, hereinafter referred to as the "Agency"
or the "EPA" for the purposes of this document) Geospatial Quality Council developed this document to
harmonize the process of collecting, editing, and exporting spatial data of known quality using the Global
Positioning System (GPS). Each organizational entity may adopt this document as the core of their
Standard Operation Procedures (SOP) manual on GPS data collection procedures.
The intended audience for this document includes U.S. EPA staff, contractors, and grantees who will be:
1. Participating in GPS survey planning,
2. Conducting a GPS survey,
3. Maintaining and lending GPS equipment, and
4. Processing data sets collected in the field and converting them to various file formats for use in a
Geographic Information System (GIS) database.
This document may also serve as a reference guide for Agency staff who will be using GPS equipment
and the individual(s) responsible for the maintenance of this equipment. Training on the proper use of the
GPS equipment may be required of Agency staff, contractors, and grantees prior to its use. Training will
be provided either by Agency staff or through vendor contracts.
This document does not attempt to detail the specific functions of the various receivers because the rapid
advancements in GPS technology would necessitate constant, diligent updates to this document. The
mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for
use.
Four important points must be understood by the readers and users of this document:
1. The level of effort and detail should be based on a common sense, "graded approach" that
establishes QA and quality control QC requirements commensurate with the importance of the
work, the available resources, and the unique needs of the organization.
2. Because this guidance is intended to be a living document, recommendations to include technology
that is currently being developed, and new technology that has not yet become an integral part of
the EPA's toolbox, were not included in the document. When the new technology has become an
integral part of the EPA's geospatial repertoire, this document will be updated by its custodian
(OEI).
3. This document is not intended to "micromanage" the GPS community; therefore, only
"suggestions" to define limits were included. In addition, attempts were made to keep the
document "user-friendly" by keeping the volume of the document to a minimum.
4. Users should check the appropriate references for the latest updates prior to the initiation of work.
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Document Structure & Use
This document is divided into three sections. When initially used while targeting a specific project,
implementation of the guidance contained herein will result in an organizational entity creating:
• A Standard Operating Procedure (SOP),
• A GPS Quality Assurance Project Plan (QAPP) for the targeted project, and
• A GPS Quality Assurance Project Plan (QAPP) Template that is tailored for the organizational
entity to create additional GPS QAPPs.
Section 1
Standard Operating Procedure for Global Positioning System Data Collection
This SOP may be tailored, and then adopted by each organizational entity after wordsmithing and
obtaining signatures for approval. The SOP is consistent with the EPA Guidance for Preparing Standard
Operating Procedures, EPA/600/B-07/001, April 2007. When revising this section for their use, each
organizational entity should ensure that the "document control notation" in the upper right-hand corner
accurately reflects the organization's information. When finalized and approved, the SOP should be
distributed throughout the organizational entity. This section also introduces the concept of QA
Categories to facilitate implementation of the graded approach.
In the EPA, GPS is most frequently used for surveys. Therefore, this focus of this SOP is for GPS
surveys. However, it can be edited by the user for the purposes of processing and reporting GPS data
sets.
Section 2
GPS Quality Assurance Project Plan (QAPP) Requirements
This section, and the QAPP template in the next section, is a derivative of EPA Guidance for Geospatial
Data Quality Assurance Project Plans (QA/G-5G), March 2003. It was condensed and tailored to address
GPS data collection activities. This section also contains a table of examples where the graded approach
can be applied. A section has been added on Enforcement Considerations, including chain-of-custody. In
addition, QA Categories are further defined.
The user should refer to the EPA Guidance for Geospatial Data Quality Assurance Project Plans (QA/G-
5G), March 2003, for definitions, more detailed guidance, clarifications, etc.
Section 3
GPS Quality Assurance Project Plan (QAPP) Template
The template in this section was designed to facilitate writing a GPS QAPP. The template was
designed for point data collections which are the most common surveys. Surveys to collect
polygon or line data would require additional modifications in the template. Text in blue font
should be replaced with appropriate text in regular font.
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Section 1
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Standard Operating Procedure for
Global Positioning System Data Collection
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Table of Contents
Purpose 3
Background 3
Planning and Implementing a GPS Survey 3
Pre-Survey Planning 3
Define Objectives of the Survey 4
Define Project Area 4
Determine Observation Window and Schedule of Operations 5
Establish Control Configuration 5
Select Survey Locations 6
Coordinate Pre-Survey Plans 6
Equipment Testing and Logistics 7
Prepare the Quality Assurance Project Plan 8
Survey Execution 8
Establishing a Schedule of Operations 8
Pre-Survey: The Day Before 8
Pre-data Collection: Establishing a Base Station(s) 8
Data Collection: Performing the GPS Survey 8
Data Assessment, Processing and Validation 9
Data Transfer 9
Data Assessment and Initial Processing 9
Computation 9
Data Conversion to GIS 10
Metadata Documentation and Reporting 10
References 10
Attachment 1 13
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Geospatial Quality Council
DRAFT
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE
Title: GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS) DATA COLLECTION
Effective Date:
Number:
Author Date:
Author (Source &/or Steward)
Name:
Organization:
Date:
Editor
Name:
Title:
Approval
Name:
Title:
Signature:
Date:
Concurrence1
Name:
Title:
Signature:
Date:
Optional - typically used by project officers for review by QA Manager
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Global Positioning System (GPS)
Standard Operating Procedures
1. Purpose
This SOP provides basic steps to guide the process of collecting, editing, and reporting accurate
spatial data using Global Positioning System (GPS) technology. The intended audience of this
document includes all personnel involved in planning and conducting GPS surveys, as well as
processing and reporting GPS data sets. This SOP is not intended as a detailed user manual for
specific brands of GPS receivers, operating systems or software applications.
2. Background
The U.S. Global Positioning System is based on the Navigation Satellite Time and Ranging
(NAVSTAR) system operated by the Department of Defense (DOD). The system was initiated in
1977 with the launch of the first constellation of satellites orbiting approximately 12,500 miles above
Earth. There are at least four satellites in each of six fixed orbiting planes. This constellation provides
GPS users with four to eight visible satellite signals at all times from any point on Earth. Its initial use
was intended for highly accurate, all-weather, instantaneous positioning capabilities for the U.S.
military and its allies. GPS is now freely available to the public; however, accuracy may be
attenuated for national security purposes. The decreasing cost of GPS receivers combined with
increasingly accurate operation has allowed this technology to become EPA's method of choice for
the acquisition of spatial data. There are similar systems in operation or under development in other
countries. Russia has a similar system (GLONASS) http://www.glonass-
ianc.rsa.ru/pls/htmldb/f?p=202:1:8312220156118373539 and Europe is working on building a system
(GALILEO) http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/energy transport/galileo/index en.htm. Receivers that will
handle all three have the label Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)
http://igscb.jpl.nasa.gov/faqs.htmltfid2839478
3. Planning and Implementing a GPS Survey
The following sections outline the basic steps involved in systematic planning and conducting a GPS
survey. In order to complete a successful GPS survey, several steps must be taken prior to using the
receiver in the field. These steps will apply to the use of any of the various GPS receivers.
Organizations are encouraged to ensure that personnel are cross-trained to perform GPS coordination
activities. Alternatively, an organization may consider appointing and training interested staff
members to serve as GPS coordinators. Most of the steps in the pre-survey and post-survey process
will be conducted in conjunction with, or entirely by, the GPS coordinator. Equipment may be on
loan to those employees who have been trained on the use of the GPS receiver. Those who require
training or feel that retraining is necessary must notify the GPS coordinator well in advance of a
proposed GPS survey so arrangements can be made for training.
a. Pre-Survey Planning. The Field Team Leader should develop the following planning
items in cooperation with the GPS coordinator.
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(1) Define Objectives of the Survey
It is important to initially establish the ultimate objectives of a GPS survey, including Data
Quality Objectives (DQOs). Recognition of these objectives early in the project planning
process will help to focus the rest of the planning phase. The accuracy requirements for the
positional data must be defined and should be consistent with available program guidance on
positional accuracy (See EPA. National Geospatial Data Policy). In the absence of published
program guidance on positional accuracy tiers to meet specific program needs, the following
Interim Quality Categories provide benchmarks for establishing quality controls based on the
intended use. Data collections for Category I use would dictate more stringent quality
controls and potentially higher accuracies than Category IV use. See Section 2 "GPS QA
Project Plan Requirements" for additional background on Interim Quality Categories.
Category I: For enforcement, litigation, direct support of rules & regulations, projects
of national significance and highly influential scientific assessment
Category II: Development of rules & regulations and influential scientific information
Category III: Validation, general applications and feasibility studies
Category IV: Screening, exploratory and pure knowledge
From the discussion above, some distinct survey objectives may include:
• Registration of remotely sensed photography or imagery with ground control locations to
support enforcement actions.
• Evaluation of locational data quality of existing data to validate survey maps, and
• Collection of new data following precise coordinates in a monitoring plan to support rule
development.
NOTE: On a case-by-case basis, the user should consider the impact of various factors when
determining the appropriate QA Category. These factors include, but may not be limited to:
• National Geo spatial Data Policy (NGDP) Accuracy Tiers
• Dwell Time
• Number of Monuments, etc.
QA categorization of Dilution of Precision (DOP) is provided as a suggestion/example
below - section (7) Equipment Testing and Logistics.
(2) Define Project Area
This step is designed to establish the overall project area and define the limits of the survey.
Maps and/or aerial photos should be utilized extensively to familiarize the crew with the area
prior to the actual field work. For identifying the study area and surrounding environment,
7.5-minute topographic maps are ideal. For locating particular sites by address, a local street
map will be required. A complete understanding of the transportation network in the project
area will also enable the field crew to maximize the effectiveness of their field time. Much of
this information may already be available in digital form and may be used directly in
conjunction with GPS site planning as well as validating the capture of the GPS locations.
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(3) Determine Observation Window and Schedule of Operations
This step involves determining the precise window of satellite availability and scheduling
accordingly. With approximately 31 GPS satellites and 9 GLONASS satellites available for
use, satellite links generally are restricted for very short periods of time (usually less than 40
minutes in a continuous block of time and less than 1 hour during a 12-hour time period)
during the day, in open environments. However, in cities with many nearby tall buildings,
GPS signals may be difficult to receive. Updated satellite configuration and orbit information
can be accessed via the Internet. "Trimble Planning Software" from Trimble Navigation is an
easy-to-use software program which provides information critical to the various components
of planning a GPS survey: satellite availability, elevations, azimuths, and Geometric Dilution
of Precision (GDOP) calculations. However, there are many other easy to use software
programs to assist users in updating. Some sites may be specifically designed for desktop,
laptop, or handheld devices. Site sources and URLs may change frequently, therefore, users
are encouraged to find the best site for their hardware and purpose, and ensure that the source
of update is recorded in a notebook. For differential corrections against a base station, the
rover must "see" the same satellites as the base. Accuracy is heavily dependent upon the
amount of observation time and number of observations taken at each point. It is generally
agreed that observation time can be reduced by increasing the quality of observation, i.e.,
observing a maximum number of satellites during viewing periods.
NOTE: "Trimble Planning Software" [2.74 (.zip file)] can be downloaded from
http://www.trimble.com/planningsoftware ts.asp
Download and install "Installation Program for Planning" software. Download the GPS-
satellite almanac from Trimble GPS Data Resources.
If you are in an area with obstructions, select File-Station and click obstacles to enter the
elevation and azimuth to define the obstruction. You should then be able to display the DOP
relating to that location to better plan your survey. If you are occupying multiple stations at
the same time, use File - Multistation in addition to defining the information for each station.
(4) Establish Control Configuration
For high accuracy work, generally sub-meter range, known control points and/or benchmarks
should be located for both horizontal and vertical control. This is usually accomplished by
researching the records of various federal, state, and local agencies such as the National
Geodetic Survey (NGS) or the state geodetic survey. It is advisable to have, if possible, at
least two control points each for both vertical and horizontal positions so that there is a
double check for all control locations. Vertical accuracy is typically half of the horizontal
accuracy. Any additional control points may be done by using centimeter GPS. NGS
benchmark information can be obtained at http://www.ngs.noaa.gov.
NOTE: When high accuracy readings, such as sub-meter range, are required for a project,
such as a Category I, the user must have substantial technical know-how, perhaps high-end
GPS hardware and definitely advance preparation. For the Category I project types, users
may consider contracting for professional land surveyor services. Data obtained by non-
certified personnel may be inadmissible in litigation. Project Officers are encouraged to
contact their local Office of General Council for consultation regarding concerns of
admissibility.
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It is important that the reference datum within which the monument is located be defined.
For horizontal coordinates, the North American Datum of 1927 (NAD 27) or the newer
Datum of 1983 (NAD 83) will be specified. For vertical control coordinates, the National
Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 (NGVD 29) or the new North American Vertical Datum of
1988 (NAVD 88) will be referenced. If the NGS has redefined the benchmark coordinates to
correspond to the newer datums, coordinates will be available for both datums. In translating
GPS elevations to vertical elevations, the geoid used should be identified.
http://www.esri.com/news/arcuser/0703/geoidlof3.html;
http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/GEOID/
(5) Select Survey Locations
Obtain a list of the facilities or features targeted for data collection. One suggested approach is to
organize the site lists alphabetically by city and alphabetically by street name within each city as
well as by zip code. This approach will facilitate initial route planning to visit each survey
location and serve as a master list. If possible, plot the general location on a field map and
highlight a local street map to serve as a general navigation aid. Similarly, project personnel
should also plot potential base stations to serve as control points on a 7.5-minute topographic map
and local street map. The survey points/areas should have continuous and direct line-of-site to the
path of the satellites in the sky.
If the survey point to be obtained is located on private property, care should be taken to pursue
appropriate notification and access protocol. This includes preparation of a letter of introduction
and formal contact with the property owner/manager.
(6) Coordinate Pre-Survey Plans
The Field Team Leader should contact the GPS Coordinator to identify and discuss the following
items prior the GPS survey:
• Objectives. Objectives of the survey, particularly Data Quality Objectives since DQOs
will highlight required data accuracies (sub-meter, 1-5 meters) and in turn, dictate the
type of equipment needed.
• Identification. Identification of the numbers of features to be mapped and time allotted
for the survey.
• Availability. The availability of the GPS equipment for the required dates.
• Features. What features will be mapped, sample point location identification, and how
they should be represented (points, lines, areas).
• Checklist. A checklist of each feature to be mapped so that none will be overlooked in
the field.
• Site Maps. Site maps for determining survey location with the identification features to
be mapped and mapping sequence.
• Reconnaissance. Determine the presence of any obstructions to satellite signals such as
buildings or tree canopies.
• Data Format and Storage. Data capture requirements and data format to facilitate post-
processing at the conclusion of the survey.
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(7) Equipment Testing and Logistics
Action items for equipment testing and logistics include determination of equipment availability
(laptop PDA, GPS units, and transport vehicle), checking equipment for necessary repair and
maintenance (batteries charged in PDA and GPS unit, laptop or PDA loaded with necessary
software and map data), and ensuring that the receiver is functioning properly. Operation manuals
provided by the vendor should be referenced to complete system checks on the equipment.
Modern GPS units contain many settings that can serve as quality checks during data acquisition.
For instance, a minimum number of visible satellites can be specified for data acquisition. The
unit will provide a warning signal if less than the minimum specified are available. Four satellites
in view are the minimum required, but additional satellites can provide the receiver with stronger
signals to select from and perhaps better geometry for calculation. GPS receivers can also
calculate a OOP value for horizontal (HDOP), for time (TDOP) and general position (PDOP).
Position Dilution of Precision (PDOP) is most often referenced with lower values leading to more
accurate measures. PDOP values of 6 or less are generally acceptable and limits on PDOP can be
programmed into the unit or software that interfaces with the receiver. See table titled DOP
Values in Relation to Data Quality Categories below:
NOTE: The Quality Categories in the following table are suggested. Project impact or other
factors may supersede the information in the table.
DOP Values in Relation to Quality Categories
DOP
Value
1
2-3
4-6
7-8
9-20
>20
Rating
Ideal
Excellent
Good
Moderate
Fair
Poor
Description
Highest possible confidence
level.
Meets all but most demanding
needs.
Appropriate for most needs.
For less demanding uses.
Positional measurements
could be used for calculations,
but the fix quality could still
be improved. A more open
view of the sky is
recommended.
Low confidence level.
Positional measurements
should be discarded or used
only to indicate a very rough
estimate of the current
location.
Very low confidence level.
Measurements are inaccurate
by as much as half a football
field and should be discarded.
Suggested
for Quality
Category
I
I or II
II, III, or IV
IV
Not recommended
Not recommended
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Once the equipment is tested, the team can collect and pack the field survey equipment. In
addition to the above items, experienced crews carry everything from a compass and tape
measure to manuals, almanac printouts and first aid packs.
(8) Prepare the Quality Assurance Project Plan
Upon conclusion of the planning and coordination in items (1) through (7), the Field Team
Leader will be in position to develop the QA Project Plan. Requirements for the preparation
of the QA Project Plan are stated in EPA Requirements for Quality Assurance Project Plans,
EPA QA/R2, March 2001 (Reissued May 2006). Additional guidance for developing a
Geospatial QA Project Plan is found in Section 2.
b. Survey Execution. The actual GPS survey consists of:
(1) Establishing a Schedule of Operations
This step involves determining the window of satellite configuration availability and
scheduling the GPS sessions. The schedule is dependent on the size of the crew, the level of
accuracy desired, and the logistics of setup and travel between control points. Maximum data
quality and collection efficiency can be obtained by arranging data collection periods to
coincide with periods of 3-D or better satellite visibility.
(2) Pre-Survey: The Day Before
Plan to arrive at the field site the day before the survey. Charge all batteries, make note if
GPS unit(s) can be charged through the automobile. Many GPS collection systems utilize a
battery system which requires either 8-hour or overnight charging. Review the travel routes
to survey sites and base stations, if required, and coordinate with local personnel. Review use
of unfamiliar equipment and understanding of procedures.
(3) Pre-data Collection: Establishing a Base Control Station(s)
The type of survey will dictate if any base control stations in the field are required. If required
and the location(s) is not secure or if the data collection period is particularly long, part of the
survey crew may be required to remain at the site. Logistical considerations will need to be
scheduled, i.e., shut down periods for downloading files, changing battery packs, and when to
terminate collection. Once a setup at a base station begins, the GPS units will need to be
initialized. Depending upon the location and familiarity with equipment, this activity can take
anywhere from a few minutes to a couple of hours.
(4) Data Collection: Performing the GPS Survey
The crew must warm up, check, and program the receiver for proper operation. Most vendors
currently recommend collecting fixes for discrete point data for a period of 3-5 minutes, at 1-
or 2-second intervals. Vendor documentation should be consulted for the recommended time
on station and sample interval to obtain the most accurate results.
Depending on the unit being utilized, sufficient battery power must be available. For high
accuracy work, the receiving antenna should be leveled on a tripod and centered exactly over
the control point location. Log sheets containing critical information on position, weather,
timing, height of instrument, and local coordinates must be maintained. Once the session is
completed, the receiving equipment must be disassembled and stored. The log and tape files
should then be documented and saved. If the survey to be performed will span numerous
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days, it is likely that the data will be transferred from the GPS to a laptop PC with some
regularity. Data from the base station as well as the roving unit will need to be collected with
equal frequency.
c. Data Assessment, Processing and Validation. Post-processing should be conducted
after returning from the field. Tools for post-processing are more easily used and controlled
in an office environment. The common steps in post-processing are transferring the data from
the field to office workstations, conducting the initial stages of processing, computation of the
solutions for critical factors, data conversion for use in a GIS, and the final documentation
and reporting. Each of these stages is discussed in detail below. Data assessment and
validation should integrate in each stage.
(1) Data Transfer
There are currently two common methods of collecting data in the field: using a GPS unit
with a data logger or using a GPS unit attached to a laptop/notebook/PDA computer. With the
latter method some users subsequently perform all processing directly on the same device.
More commonly, data are transferred into a computer. This consists of reading the raw data
from the GPS unit into a structured data base for processing. As with any computer data,
backup copies should be made immediately. Validation should consist of reviewing the
contents of the data logger or computer file against the survey plan and field notes to ensure
that the data transfer has occurred properly and that file and directory names are adequate to
link the data to specific field operations or features.
(2) Data Assessment and Initial Processing
The electronic GPS data stream may not be immediately useable. It normally consists of
satellite navigation messages, phase measurements, user input field data and other
information that must be transferred to various files for processing before computations can
be accomplished. Depending upon the hardware and software vendor, many of these
operations are transparent to the user.
In some instances, depending on the type of maintenance and upgrades that are going on to
the NAVSTAR constellation at the time of the survey, utilization of the actual ephemeris
rather than the ephemeris projected prior to the survey date may improve solution accuracy.
Actual ephemerides are available 2 weeks after a given survey date.
In the data screening and editing, there are at least three considerations that might be taken in
editing. Outlier position data can be removed from a data file. This editing should be guided
by establishing an absolute deviation threshold, using the mean coordinate as a reference. The
threshold criteria might be varied to determine the sensitivity of the solutions to this editing.
Data points collected immediately after a break in the data stream, such as in the event of
masking, should be edited out because these positions will be less reliable.
The majority of processing operations are typically performed "automatically" by the
application software. Occasionally, the scientist (or operator) may need to override automatic
computer operations. In these instances, scientist (or operator) should document the
judgments made and identify the manual operations in the appropriate notebook.
(3) Computation
This component uses the preprocessed data to compute the network of sites and give a full
solution showing geographical coordinates (latitude, longitude and ellipsoidal height),
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distances of the vectors between each pair of sites in the network, and several assessments of
accuracy of the various transformations and residuals of critical computations. This is usually
accomplished by the vendor post-processing software and may be transparent to the user.
(4) Data Conversion to GIS
Data conversion is accomplished by use of data export utilities provided by the GPS vendor.
These utilities should accompany the data processing software packaged with the GPS
equipment. Example formats are: Arc View, ArcGIS, dBase, ASCII, Maplnfo, AutoCAD, etc.
Before exporting, ensure that the correct coordinate system and datums are chosen. The
default coordinate system should be the Geographic Coordinate System which provides
unprojected latitude/longitude values. The default datum is NAD83 for horizontal coordinates
and NAVD88 for vertical coordinates. Note that GPS units initially capture data using the
WGS84 horizontal datum but can be usually converted to the NAD83 datum during the data
export process. Care should be taken in reporting the proper datum upon completion of the
conversion process.
(5) Metadata Documentation and Reporting
The documentation requirements for spatial data are established in the Agency's Geospatial
Metadata Technical Specification v. 1.0, November 2007. This data specification draws
elements from both the EPA Geospatial Data Policy and the Federal Geographic Data
Committee's (FGDC) Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata, and identifies
metadata elements that EPA views as essential in properly documenting geospatial metadata.
The reporting of spatial information and metadata is addressed in EPA's National Geospatial
Data Policy and EPA's Geospatial Metadata Technical Specification, Management, Version
1.0, November 2, 2007. A Metadata Editor Tool has been developed by EPA to simplify the
documentation process. The aforementioned documents and tools are available for download
from EPA's GeoData Gateway at http://geogateway.epa.gov. Other tools are under
development such as the GeoToolkit to facilitate reporting geospatial data to EPA via EPA's
Central Data Exchange (CDX). Spatial data submitted to the Exchange will be loaded into
EPA's Locational Reference Table for use by EPA, EPA partners and the public. Access
restrictions can be specified in the metadata.
4. References
FGDC-STD-001-1998, Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata, Federal Geographic Data
Committee, June 1998.
FGDC-STD-007.1-1998, Geospatial Positioning Accuracy Standards Part 1: Reporting
Methodology, Federal Geographic Data Committee, June 1998.
EPA Latitude Longitude Data Standard, Standard Number EX000017.2, January 6, 2006.
http://www.epa.gov/edr/LatLongStandard 08112006.pdf
EPA, National Geospatial Data Policy, Office of Environmental Information, August 2005.
http://www.epa.gOv/irmpoli8/ciopolicy/2121 .pdf
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EPA, GeospatialMetadata Technical Specification v. 1.0, November 2, 2007.
http://geodata.epa.gov/docs/EPA Geospatial Metadata Technical Specification vl 11 2 2007.pdf
EPA, Guidance for Geospatial Data Quality Assurance Project Plans (QA/G-5G), March 2003
http://www.epa.gov/nerlesdl/gqc/pdf/g5g-final.pdf
EPA, Global Positioning Systems - Technical Implementation Guidance, Revision 2, Office of
Environmental Information, October 2006.
http://www.epa.gov/oei/pdf/GPS-TIG.pdf
Attachments: Attachment 1, GPS Pre-Survev Checklist
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Attachment 1
GPS Pre-Survey Checklist
Pre-Survey Checklist
Obtain List of Facilities
Obtain Current GPS-Satellite Almanac
Call Coast Guard to Verify Satellite Availability
Obtain Control Points from NGS or Local Source
Obtain 7.5-min. Topographic Maps
Obtain Local Street Maps
Prepare Letter of Introduction
Collect and Pack Field Equipment
Field Equipment
GPS Equipment
Laptop or Other Field Computer
7.5-min. Maps
Aerial Photo if Available
Camera [Digital cameras that can synchronize the images with the latitude / longitude
field data are recommended]
Film [or Memory Stick]
Compass
Tape Measure
Binoculars
Field Forms
Clip Board
Calculator
GPS Hardware/Software Manuals
Mini Tape Recorder
Hard Copy of GPS-Satellite Almanac
Rain Gear
Two-way Radio Communication (i.e., CB, cellular phone, etc.)
Last Minute Checks
Charge Batteries
Verify GPS-Satellite Almanac
Target Travel Route
In the Field Checks
Find Base Stations
Initialize Equipment
Begin Collecting Data
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Section 2
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GPS Quality Assurance Project Plan (QAPP) Requirements
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Table of Contents
Purpose
Background 1
EPA QA Policy 1
EPA QA/QC Requirements and Guidelines 1
Uniform Federal Policy for QA Project Plans 1
Spatial QA Project Plan Considerations 2
Components of aQA Project Plan 2
Group A. Project Management 2
Group B. Data Generation and Acquisition 2
Group C. Assessment and Oversight 2
Group D. Data Validation and Usability 2
Graded Approach 3
Category 1 3
Category II 4
Category III 4
Category IV 4
Generic vs. Project-Specific QA Project Plans 4
Enforcement Considerations 4
QA Project Plans - Quality Management Plans - GPS Template 5
Division and Office Quality Management Plans 5
Use of the GPS QAPP Template 5
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1. Purpose: This Quality Assurance Project Plan (QAPP) Template is designed to provide an outline
for typical Global Positioning System (GPS) data acquisition operations in a field environment. It is
intended for use as guidance by those who plan and carry out GPS data acquisition projects on behalf
of the EPA. The GPS QAPP Template as presented below may be tailored to match the particular
requirements of approved Quality Management Plans (QMPs). Tailored templates may then be used
repeatedly to provide quality management planning for similar GPS data collections.
2. Background:
a. EPA QA Policy
The root QA document, from which other QA documents applicable to the collection and disposition
of GPS data are based, is EPA Order 5360.1 A2 (2000), Policy and Program Requirements for the
Mandatory Agency-wide Quality System, and EPA Manual 5360 Al (2000), EPA Quality Manual for
Environmental Programs. These documents cover environmental data,2 including any field or
laboratory measurements or information that describes location and information compiled from other
sources, such as databases (e.g., georeferenced data) or the literature (maps), under their
requirements. Three of the applicable requirements are:
• The use of a systematic planning approach to develop acceptance or performance criteria for
all work covered by the EPA Order. See Section 3.3.8 of the EPA Quality Manual for
Environmental Programs, and Section 3 of this SOP;
• The approval of Quality Assurance Project Plans (QAPPs), or equivalent documents defined
by a division or office QMP, for all applicable projects and tasks involving environmental
data with review and approval having been made by the EPA QA Manager (or authorized
representative defined in the QMP); see Chapter 5 of the EPA Quality Manual for
Environmental Programs; and
• Assessment of existing data, when used to support Agency decisions or other secondary
purposes, to verify that they are of sufficient quantity and adequate quality for their intended
use.
b. EPA QA/QC Requirements and Guidelines. Key documents for use in developing spatial
QAPPs include EPA Requirements for Quality Assurance Project Plans (QA/R-5), March 2001
(reissued May 2006), and the Guidance for Geospatial Data Quality Assurance Project
Plans (QA/G-5G), March 2003. The latter document is a useful guideline devoted to the technical
aspects of GPS field measurements and forms much of the basis for this attachment.
c. Uniform Federal Policy for QA Project Plans. The Uniform Federal Policy for QA Project
Plans (UFP-QAPP) is a consensus policy voluntarily adopted by the sponsoring federal agencies. It is
used primarily for the evaluation of federal facilities and will be phased into EPA operations over
time. This attachment does not specifically address the content or structure of the UFP-QAPPs,
Environmental data - any measurements or information that describes environmental processes, location, or
conditions, ecological or health effects and consequences or the performance of environmental technology. For
EPA, environmental data included information collected directly from measurements, produced from models, and
compiled from other sources such as data bases or the literature.
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although is noted that the UFP-QAPPs contain the same four major groups discussed below. See URL
http://www.epa.gov/fedfac/documents/qualitvassurance.htm for additional documentation.
3. Spatial QA Project Plan Considerations:
a. Components of a QA Project Plan
• Group A. Project Management. The elements in this group address the basic area of project
management, including the project history and objectives, roles and responsibilities of the
participants, etc. These elements ensure that the project has a defined goal, that the participants
understand the goal and the approach to be used, and that the planning outputs have been
documented. Group A elements include:
Al Title and Approval Sheet
A2 Table of Contents
A3 Distribution List
A4 Project/Task Organization
A5 Problem Definition/Background
A6 Project/Task Description
A7 Data Quality Objectives and Criteria
A8 Special Training/Certification
A9 Documents and Records
• Group B. Data Generation and Acquisition. The elements in this group address all aspects
of project design and implementation. Implementation of these elements ensures that appropriate
methods for sampling, measurement and analysis, data collection or generation, data handling,
and QC activities are employed and are properly documented. Group B elements include:
B1 Collection Process/Field Survey Design
B2 Data Collection Methods
B3 Data Handling and Custody
B4 Analytical Methods
B5 Quality Control
B6 Instrument/Equipment Testing, Inspection, and Maintenance
B7 Instrument/Equipment Calibration and Frequency
B8 Inspection/Acceptance for Supplies and Consumables
B9 Nondirect Measurements/Secondary Data Use
BIO Data Management
• Group C. Assessment and Oversight. The elements in this group address the activities for
assessing the effectiveness of project implementation and associated QA and QC activities. The
purpose of assessment is to ensure that the QA Project Plan is implemented as prescribed. Group
C elements consist of:
Cl Assessments and Response Actions
C2 Reports to Management
• Group D. Data Validation and Usability. The elements in this group address the QA
activities that occur after the data collection or generation phase of the project is completed.
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Implementation of these elements ensures that the data conform to the specified criteria, thus
achieving the project objectives. Group D elements consist of:
D1 Data Review, Verification, and Validation
D2 Verification and Validation Methods
D3 Reconciliation with User Requirements
b. Graded Approach. The "graded" approach to developing QA Project Plans increases efficiency
in that QA Project Plan elements are planned to be commensurate with the scope, magnitude, or
importance of the project itself. Simple, straightforward data collection tasks would require simple,
straightforward QA Project Plans and plan elements.
The EPA Quality Staff has left the use of the graded approach to the discretion of those implementing
it. To facilitate the application of the graded approach, the use of QA Categories is recommended.
The following definitions were developed from existing QA Category definitions being used in
various parts of the EPA Office of Research and Development.
Examples of Graded QA Project Plan Elements
QAPP
Element
A.3.c
A.3.d
A.S.a
A.S.b
A.S.c
B.l.b
B.2
B.5
Description
Sat. Observation Window
Control Configuration
Data Quality Objectives
Receiver Performance
Statistical Quality Control
Sampling Locations
Sampling Methods
Quality Control
Simple QA
Project Plan
Not Calculated
Use OOP Settings
> 10 Meters
PDOP< 6
Based on Method
Single Location
Standard Operations
Standard QC Checks
Complex QA
Project Plan
Calculated
Differential Correction
< 10 Meters
PDOP< 4
Based on Testing
Multiple Locations
Tailored Operations
Extended QC Checks
Category I: For Enforcement, Litigation, Direct Support of Rules & Regulations,
Projects of National Significance, and Highly Influential Scientific
Assessment
The results from Category I activities may directly and/or immediately support specific Agency rule-
making, enforcement, regulatory, or policy decisions. This category may also include research of
significant national interest, such as tasks that might be monitored by the Administrator. It may also
include technology transfer projects for which the data and/or the research by which the data were
obtained may be critical to the award of a patent or other important commercial or legal decision.
Category I tasks require the most detailed and rigorous QA and QC activities to ensure both legal and
scientific defensibility, and will likely require chain-of-custody. This means that the data quality
objectives (DQOs) and data quality assessments, if required for the project, must be specific (or
quantitative) and that the extensive quality documentation must include all key measurements. This
category includes projects that fit the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) peer review
definition of "highly influential scientific assessment."
NOTE: Project Officers are encouraged to contact their local Office of General Council during the
planning stage of the project.
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Category II: Development of Rules & Regulations, and Influential Scientific
Information
Category II activities are of high programmatic relevance that, in conjunction with other ongoing or
planned studies, is expected to provide complementary support of Agency rule-making, regulatory, or
policy decisions. Chain-of-custody may be required for some projects in this category; however, good
recordkeeping practices always apply. For example, projects providing data measurement technology
effectiveness that may be used by a Program Office, but that were not intended for use in
enforcement. The rigorous standards of Category 1 are not necessarily needed or appropriate,
although thorough quality documentation must be described and developed over the course of the
project.
Category III: Validation, General Applications, and Feasibility Studies
Category III activities provide demonstration or proof of concept projects. Category III activities
include method validation studies. Chain-of-custody may not be required for this category; however,
good recordkeeping practices always apply. Small pilot studies, methods development (sampling or
analytical), process engineering evaluations, etc., that fall into this category require flexible
approaches; considerable latitude is allowed with respect to the format. Quality documentation
initially must be described, but may be changed and further developed over the course of the project.
Category IV: Screening, Exploratory, and Pure Knowledge
Category IV activities are basic, exploratory, conceptual projects to study basic phenomena or issues.
This includes the characterization of naturally occurring mechanisms.
c. Generic vs. Project-Specific QA Project Plans. QA Project Plans can be either generic or
project specific. Generic QA Project Plans are typically used for simple data collections that rely on
logistically simple, repetitive field methods, the same equipment, post-processing techniques and
straightforward data verification and validation methods. As an example, the establishment of field
base stations for GPS differential corrections increases the complexity and would dictate a project-
specific QA Project Plan. Because generic QAPPs are used repetitively, they are typically approved
periodically rather than project by project. SOPs used to support the generic QAPP should be attached
to the QAPP.
d. Enforcement Considerations. For GPS surveys where data may be presented as evidence
during legal proceedings, certain recordkeeping procedures are necessary in order to protect the
integrity of the data as evidence. The recorded information must be sufficient to recall and describe
observations and measurements made as well as document the life cycle of the data that is used in
final products such as reports or court exhibits. Records must be identifiable and secured in a manner
such that they can be retrieved. Records can include information recorded in logbooks, checklists,
electronic media, data bases, and digital documents. Important information contained in records
include: who conducted the GPS survey, data post-processing, and data management; chronological
information related to the data regarding creation, processing, use, and archival; methods used in
collecting, processing, distributing, and archiving the data; who had access to the data throughout the
life cycle of the data; and where the original data and records reside.
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Chain-of-custody procedures apply when the record of transfer and receipt of samples, data,
documents, or other evidence is required. Chain-of-custody is a record of accountability that clearly
identifies the personnel directly in contact with the evidence. The chain-of-custody procedures vary
for each organization; however, it is important that the procedures are followed in order to maintain
the integrity of the evidence. Examples of situations where chain-of-custody procedures apply to GPS
data include activities related to criminal investigations, confidential business information (CBI),
attorney-client privileged information, grand jury rule 6(e) information, and national security
information (NSI). Refer to the appropriate evidence management procedure for your organization for
specific requirements on the handling and custody of GPS data and derived products.
4. QA Project Plans - Quality Management Plans - GPS Template
• Division and Office Quality Management Plans. All EPA organizations should have
developed their own tailored Quality Management Plan (QMP). The QMPs may describe the
organization's approach to quality management and identify many of the specifics about timing,
reporting, resources and approvals. Therefore, in developing QA Project Plans based on the
following template or other guidance, the author should be completely familiar with the QMP for
their division and incorporate the division or office policies where appropriate.
• Use of the GPS QAPP Template. The following template was designed for point data
collections which are the most common surveys. Surveys to collect polygon or line data would
require additional modifications in the template. Text in blue font should be replaced with
appropriate text in regular font.
Enclosure GPS QAPP Template
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GPS Quality Assurance Project Plan (QAPP) Template
Template Source:
This template was derived from EPA Guidance for Geospatial Data Quality Assurance Plans,
EPA QA/G-5g, March 2003 [EPA/240/R-03/003] and tailored for point data collections which are
the most common surveys. Surveys to collect polygon or line data would require additional
modifications in the template.
Please refer to EPA QA/G-5g for definitions, more detailed guidance, clarifications, etc.
Template Use:
Text in blue font should be replaced with appropriate text in regular font. Each organization should
also modify the document control notation located in the upper right-hand corner.
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GPS QUALITY ASSURANCE PROJECT PLAN
[Title of QAPP Here]
Division:
Branch:
Section:
Creation Date: [Date original QAPP finalized]
Revi si on #: [Numb er of revi si on]
Date Revised: [Date of last revision]
Review Cycle: [Applicable to generic QAPPs]
Project Summary: [Provide a brief 1 or 2 sentence summary]
APPROVALS
Lead Author(s) of the QAPP, Title Date
Office Name
Program Office Approving Official Date
This QA Project Plan is consistent with
EPA requirements.
Quality Assurance Manager Date
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[Title of QAPP Here]
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section
Title and Approval Sheet 1
Table of Contents 3
A. Project Management 5
1. Project Distribution List 5
2. Project/Task Organization 5
3. Problem Definition/Background 5
4. Project/Task Description 6
5. Quality Obj ectives and Survey Measurement Performance Criteria 6
6. Training/Certification 7
7. Documentation and Records 7
B. Measurement Data Acquisition 7
1. Sampling Process Design 7
2. Sampling and Image Acquisition Methods 8
3. Sample Handling and Custody 8
4. Analytical Methods 8
5. Quality Control 8
6. Instrument/Equipment Testing, Inspection, and Maintenance Records 8
7. Instrument Calibration andFrequency 8
8. Inspect!on/Acceptance Specifications for Supplies and Consumables 8
9. Nondirect Measurements 8
10. Data Management 9
C. Assessment/Oversight 10
1. Assessment and Response Actions 10
2. Reports to Management 10
D. Data Validation and Usability 11
1. Data Review, Validation, and Verification Criteria 11
2. Verification and Validation Methods 11
3. Reconciliation with User Requirements 11
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[Title of QAPP Here]
A. Project Management
1. Project Distribution List
_, QA Manager
_, Project Manager
_, QAPP Writer / Field Team Leader
_, GPS Coordinator
_, GPS Operator
, GIS Coordinator
2. Project/Task Organization
The following individuals and organizations will participate in the project. Their specific roles
and responsibilities are listed in the table below. The Approving Official exercises supervision
over the Project Manager and QAPP Writer. The QA Manager is independent of the Approving
Official, Project Manager, and QAPP Writer. The QA Manager ensures that QA Project Plan is
consistent with USEPA requirements.
Name Organization Role
Approving Official
QA Manager
QAAP Writer
Maintains QAPP
Documents
Project Manager
GPS Coordinator
Field Team Leader
GPS Operator
Data User
3. Problem Definition/Background (See SOP, Section 1, 3a. Pre-Survey Planning)
a. Objectives of the Survey. (State the Objectives of the Survey)
b. Project Area. (Attach Overview Map and describe Project Area)
c. Observation Window and Schedule of Operations (State overall schedule)
d. Control Configuration. (Applicable for high accuracy collections)
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4. Project/Task Description
Task Output Outcome Schedule
Example Tasks
Follow
Develop Pre-
Survey Plan
Develop QA
Project PI an
Coordinate Pre-
Survey Plans
Equipment
Testing & Quality
Checks
Safety Briefing
for Field Crew
Move to Field
Location
Data Collection
Move to Home
Location
Data Assessment
& Processing
Data
Documentation
Internal Data
Review
Publish GPS Data
to Locational
Reference Table
(LRT)
Develop Final
Project Report
Edit & Add as
Appropriate
Pre- Survey Plan
Approved QA Project
Plan
Meetings and Survey
Planning Products
Log of Testing &
Quality Checks
Safety Checklist
Travel Logs
Field & Data Logs
Travel Logs
Data in GIS
Electronic Format
Metadata Record in
Proper Format
Approval Record
Transaction Record
for Data Submission
Approved Final
Project Report
Understand the Survey
Parameters
Quality Assured Project
Implementation
Identification and
resolution of issues
Calibrated & Tested
Equipment per OEM
Manual
Understand Risks and
Proper Safety Measures
Safe Arrival at Field
Survey Site
GPS Data Backed up on
Laptop Computers
Safe Arrival at Home
Location
Quality Assured Data in
Proper Format
Data Documented per
EPA Guidelines
Approved Locational
Data for Distribution
Data Forwarded to LRT
for Secondary Data Users
Document & Understand
Project Results
5 Days
3 Days
3 Days
2 Days
2 Hours
Variable
Variable
Variable
2 Days
4 Hours
Variable
2 Hours
Variable
5. Quality Objectives and Survey Measurement Performance Criteria
a. Data Quality Objectives. The GPS survey will utilize the [Brand, Model] receiver in
the GPS Code, Standard Position Mode to obtain facility latitude/longitude values within
10 meters of true locations at the 95% confidence level. This level of accuracy is
consistent with Tier 3 described in the EPA National Geospatial Data Policy.
b. Receiver Performance Criteria. The [Brand, Model] will be set to capture data
provided that at least four satellites are in view and the Position Dilution of Precision
(PDOP) value remains at 6 or below. The receiver will be set to provide audible or visual
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warnings when the quality settings are exceeded. Sample interval and time on station will
be consistent with [Brand, Model] Manual recommendations. Generally, this will require
3 minutes on each station sampling at 2-second intervals.
c. Statistical Quality Control Check Post-processing the GPS data will be
accomplished using the vendor's software package operating on a local workstation. The
higher end software package will perform statistical analyses on the point data
downloaded from the GPS receiver. For 10-meter data accuracy, any data points with a
standard deviation of 3 meters or more will be a basis to exclude that data point from the
collection. Ideally, the standard deviation for 10-meter accuracy data should be 1 meter
or less at the 95% confidence level.
6. Training/Certification
a. Training. In addition to field safety training, the GPS Operator must complete a
general GPS course, become familiar with the receiver's Operation Manual, and test the
receiver under real operating conditions for familiarity with all receiver settings, options
and operations prior to actual field use.
b. Certification. Not applicable.
7. Documentation and Records
Documentation consists of the outputs described in section A.4 above. The GPS Coordinator is
responsible for development of the metadata documentation. The Project Manager is responsible
for developing the Final Project Report which will reference the planning and performance
documents. The documents will be maintained and managed per EPA Records Management
Guidelines. The QA Manager will maintain a copy of the approved QA Project Plan and any
amendments.
B. Measurement Data Acquisition
1. Sampling Process Design
a. General. Discuss the overall approach to the data acquisition survey in terms of the
purpose of the survey, the number of locations to visit, the operational area (refer to map
to discuss operational area), equipment, timing and team composition.
b. Sampling Locations. Discuss the sampling locations in detail concerning the
measurement sites (e.g., Main Entrance, Receiving Dock, Sub-Facility), need for access
clearance if appropriate, and control points if applicable. Establish a data dictionary and a
list of site attributes to be collected. Identify any checklists.
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2. Sampling and Image Acquisition Methods. Discuss the equipment to be employed, the
time on station and sample interval, receiver settings and mode of operation. Discuss the data
logs and attribute documentation methods (date recorded, time recorded, and correction status).
Identify any checklists. Identify corrective action steps should the receivers fail or malfunction in
the field.
3. Sample Handling and Custody. Discuss the method for protecting the data and
establishing a verifiable record of collection, post-processing and reporting the data. If
supporting an enforcement matter or other sensitive situation, discuss any special recordkeeping
provisions that apply in collecting, processing and reporting the data, such as chain-of-custody
and computer security.
4. Analytical Methods. The GPS unit samples multiple satellite signals within its line of sight
and internally processes the signals using triangulation algorithms to produce latitude/longitude
and altitude values for the station under evaluation. The GPS unit is capable of storing the
latitude/longitude and altitude values along with other relevant GPS data, including the internal
unit settings. Record the GPS make/model information to ensure that triangulation algorithm and
other analytical methods can be traced through the manufacturer if necessary.
5. Quality Control. Quality Control will be achieved by assuring that the GPS receiver
performance criteria under section A.5 above are met at all times. Statistical checks will be
performed on the data during the post-processing phase and the data will be compared to known
map coordinates and features using TIGER/Line files, USGS topographic maps, the Tele Atlas
data base and other appropriate map sources of known quality.
6. Instrument/Equipment Testing, Inspection, and Maintenance Records. Equipment
testing will be accomplished by the GPS Operator prior to, during and after field use. Built-in
equipment diagnostics and functionality checks will be utilized in accordance with the operation
manuals. Results will be reported in pre-survey, field and post-processing logs. Issues will be
documented with the GPS Coordinator or equipment owner.
7. Instrument Calibration and Frequency. GPS receivers cannot be calibrated. However, a
number of settings can be changed (maximum PDOP, signal-to-noise ratio, filter coefficient,
etc.) which will affect operation of the unit. In general, manufacturer default settings will be
employed for optimum data accuracy.
8. Inspection/Acceptance Specifications for Supplies and Consumables. The primary
consumables for GPS operations are batteries. During the equipment testing, inspection and
maintenance periods, batteries will be examined by the GPS Operator for functionality, charge
and compatibility with manufacturer's specifications. Fully charged, backup batteries will be
taken to the field for use when recharging is not an option.
9. Nondirect Measurements. The display of survey results will be accomplished by
overlaying the collected points on map features of comparable quality. This provides a road
network, topographic features and other map elements that can place the collected points in the
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context of real-world features. This is an additional quality check, since large deviations from
expected locations would cause the data and processing methods to be rechecked. Standards map
products of known quality will be used.
10. Data Management
a. Data Dictionary. (Define program-specific terminology)
b. Data Collection Process and Quality Checks. See sections A 5 a and A 5 b above
c. Data Processing. Post-processing is described in section A.S.c above.
d. Metadata Preparation. Metadata preparation will be accomplished by the GPS
Operator upon conclusion of the data processing phase using the EPA, Geospatial
Metadata Technical Specification v. 1.0, November 2007.
e. Data Acceptance and Documentation Process. The Project Manager will prepare a
Data Acceptance Report with an overlay map showing new data collected in the context
of standard map features (roads, streams, political boundaries) and forward it to the
Approving Official for review and approval. The Project Manager is also responsible for
developing the Final Project Report which will reference the planning and performance
documents (see Outputs, section A.4 above). The documents will be maintained and
managed per EPA Records Management Guidelines. The QA Manager will maintain a
copy of the approved QA Project Plan and any amendments. (Option - Data Acceptance
may be combined with the Final Project Report to eliminate a separate report)
f. Data Storage, Access and Security. Data storage, access and security will follow the
procedures described in EPA National Geospatial Data Policy sections.
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C. Assessment/Oversight
In all assessment and oversight issues, the individual(s) making assessments and implementing
actions must be identified in the appropriate records.
1. Assessment and Response Actions
Type Assessment Results Corrective Action
Project Objectives by Project
Manager
Equipment Testing by GPS
Operator
Data Completeness by
Project Manager
Data Quality Objectives by
GPS Operator
Performance Criteria by GPS
Operator
Statistical Quality Checks by
GPS Operator
Map Overlay Against
Known Locations by GPS
Operator
Complete / Incomplete /
Partial
Pass / Fail
Stations Sampled vs.
Planned Sampling
Data Meets / Does Not
Meet DQO
Met / Did Not Meet
Performance Criteria
Met / Did Not Meet
Standard Deviation
Good / Poor Fit Against
Known Locations
Redo or Amend Project
Objectives
Repair or Replace
Revisit Site or Amend
Project Objectives
Exclude Questionable
Data Points
Exclude Questionable
Data Points
Exclude Questionable
Data Points
Recheck Acquisition
and Processing Steps
2. Reports to Management
Report
Project Status Report by
Project Manager
Content
Status of Tasks in
Section A.4 above
Frequency
Bi-Weekly Updates
Data Acceptance Report
by the GPS Operator
Data Collection, Quality
Check Results and
Processing Results
Once Upon Completion
Final Project Report by
Project Manager
Summary of Project
Accomplishments
Once Upon Completion
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D. Data Validation and Usability
1. Data Review, Validation, and Verification Criteria
Data Element Reviewed By Validation Criteria
Coordinate Data
Coordinate Data
Coordinate Data
Coordinate Data
Coordinate Data
Coordinate Data
Metadata
Project Manager
GPS Operator
GPS Operator
GPS Operator
GPS Operator
GPS Operator
Project Manager
Consistent with Sampling Process
Design
GPS Mode Matches Field Log &
GPS Internal Data
Default Settings Match GPS Internal
Data
Standard Deviation below 3 Meters
for Acceptance
Good Fit when Data Plotted against
Known Locations
Meets National Map Accuracy
Standards
Meets EPA Guidelines for Metadata
Documentation
2. Verification and Validation Methods
Data Element Validation Method
Coordinate Data
Coordinate Data
Coordinate Data
Coordinate Data
Compare Sampling Process vs. Field Log and Internal
GPS Log
Compare GPS Planned Mode vs. Field Log and Internal
GPS Log
Compare Manufacturer Default Settings vs. Internal GPS
Log
95% of Coordinate Points fall within National Map
Accuracy Standards when overlaid on known quality
map features of similar accuracy
3. Reconciliation with User Requirements
The GPS Survey results and products will be evaluated against the Data Quality Objectives
established and user requirements to determine if any reconciliation is needed. Reconciliation
concerning the quality, quantity or usability of the data will be reconciled with the user during
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the data acceptance process. Types of reconciliation may include reduction in the scope of the
project in terms quality or quantity of data produced in meeting partial user requirements.
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