Transport Partnership
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
SmartWay®Transport Partnership:
Driving Data Integrity in Transportation Supply Chains
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Transport Partnership
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
SmartWay®Transport Partnership:
Driving Data Integrity in Transportation Supply Chains
Transportation and Climate Division
Office of Transportation and Air Quality
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
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TOC Table of Contents
Executive Summary.
.1
SmartWay Data Flow and Integrity Check Process 7
1.1 SmartWay provides appropriate assessment tools for each supply chain mode 7
1.2 SmartWay Partners submit transportation data for the supply chain carbon footprint 11
1.3 Accuracy is critical to data quality across all industries that move goods 13
General Best Practices 17
2.1 Physically secure transportation supply chain data 17
2.2 Establish effective systems to ensure that data gathering, input, and SmartWay reporting processes
are consistent, reliable, and timely 21
2.3 Ensure accurate and reliable SmartWay data reporting 24
Best Practices for Truck and Multi-Modal Carriers 29
3.1 Have processes in place to ensure that freight transportation data are valid 29
3.2 Use effective methods to ensure data integrity 32
Best Practices for Logistics Companies 37
4.1 Incorporate quality control into data input processes 37
4.2 Establish systems and practices to minimize errors in transportation supply chain data 40
4.3 Work closely with carriers and customers to ensure that carrier transportation supply chain data are
accurate and consistent 41
Table of Contents
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Best Practices for Shippers 45
5.1 Quality-check SmartWay data inputs 45
5.2 Use tools to minimize errors in transportation supply chain data 47
5.3 Work closely with carriers to ensure the validity of carrier freight transportation supply chain data 50
Appendix: Additional Resources 55
Appendix: List of Abbreviations 57
SmartWay® Transport Partnership: Driving Data Integrity in Transportation Supply Chains
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September 2013
"On behalf of the EPA and the SmartWay Transport
Partnership, I am pleased to provide SmartWay Trans-
port Partnership: Driving Data Integrity in the Supply
Chain Industry. This document is a compilation of best
practices used by SmartWay Partners to assist with
freight efficiency-related data collection, management,
and quality assurance procedures.
The best practices outlined in this document will assist
EPA and its industry partners in critical and efficient
supply chain data management operations around the
world."
Christopher Grundler, Director
Office of Transportation and Air Quality
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Table of Contents
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SECTION ES Executive Summary
SmartWay is a voluntary collaboration between the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) and the business community (e.g., truck and rail
carriers, shippers, logistics companies1) to improve fuel efficiency and reduce
environmental impacts from moving goods. Established by EPA in 2004,
SmartWay is the only voluntary program working across the entire freight
system to comprehensively address key national economic, energy, and
environmental goals related to goods movement and freight sustainability.
Environmental, state, and community groups rely upon SmartWay's clean air
achievements in protecting Americans' health and well-being.
The freight industry uses price and on-time signals to assess its
performance, but has historically lacked the necessary data to track its
progress in environmental performance. In today's increasingly competitive
global economy, corporations need to assess their carbon and criteria
pollutant emissions consistently across their global supply chains.
SmartWay performs this role by transforming the environmental cost of
goods movement into an environmental performance factor that can be
1. Logistics companies include both third-party logistics providers (3PLs) and consultants (4PLs). Logistics
companies charge a fee for supply chain services, including but not limited to transportation, distribution,
warehousing, and customs clearance services. 3PLs are non-asset-based logistics companies.
Executive Summary
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uniformly quantified and ranked. The environmental performance factor is
available to carriers, logistics companies, and shippers to help them make
informed choices.
The environmental performance data that SmartWay generates allow the
market to function in ways that drive environmental benefits:
• Carriers can cut costs, benchmark both internally and against peers to
improve efficiency, and attract customers looking for environmentally
preferred ways to move their goods.
• By identifying greener carriers or modes, shippers can make choices to
reduce their carbon footprint and improve supply chain efficiency.
EPA is proud of the work that registered SmartWay Partners do every day
to reduce fuel use and emissions. These efforts are good for their bottom
lines. Since 2004, SmartWay Partners have saved 65 million barrels of oil,
equivalent to taking 5 million cars off the road for an entire year. SmartWay
Partners have also demonstrated their commitment to sustainability.
SmartWay Partners have collectively reduced carbon dioxide (C02) by 28
million metric tons as well.
SmartWay Serves Domestic and International Freight
Communities
More than 3,000 of the nation's shippers and truck carriers—including many
Fortune 500 companies and Class 1 rail companies—have registered with
SmartWay to continue improving their transportation supply chains. They are
using SmartWay tools to assess, track, and reduce transportation-related
carbon, energy use, and air emissions.
SmartWay® Transport Partnership: Driving Data Integrity in Transportation Supply Chains
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SmartWay's drayage program extends the benefits of cleaner, more efficient
vehicles and equipment with tools designed specifically to help protect the
health and well-being of citizens, especially in low-income communities
near ports, truck stops, and borders. SmartWay also complements EPA
regulations: SmartWay's experience in demonstrating new technologies
and test procedures to evaluate trucks and truck components also helped
to inform our nation's first-ever greenhouse gas and efficiency standards for
freight trucks.
Through SmartWay, EPA has also provided technical and policy assistance
to international agencies and foreign governments launching their own
green freight programs:
• SmartWay in Canada was launched through a formal U.S.-Canada
agreement.
• Mexico launched Transports Limpio, modeled on SmartWay.
• China adopted a $17 million green freight program using SmartWay
technology transfer and market mechanisms demonstrated via a city
pilot that SmartWay helped to develop and support.
• Green Freight Europe is working to emulate the benefits of SmartWay
in an industry-driven non-governmental structure.
• The United Nations Environment Programme selected a SmartWay-like
green freight program as a key climate initiative for developing regions
under the Climate and Clean Air Coalition to Reduce Short-Lived
Climate Pollutants (CCAC).2
2. CCAC supports efforts to rapidly reduce short-lived climate pollutants.These actions protect public health, food
and energy security, and climate. For more information, visit CCAC's website: http://www.unep.org/ccac/.
Executive Summary
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SmartWay Strives to Lead Industry in Transportation
Data Integrity
SmartWay's success depends on measuring and documenting emissions
savings. Thus, it is critical that SmartWay Partners enter their data into the
tools accurately and completely. Data accuracy and completeness also
serve SmartWay Partners in turn, who can use SmartWay data outputs to
assess the benefits of their investments in technologies and strategies to
reduce their emissions.
EPA and its SmartWay Partners have joined forces to develop and
implement a number of data quality assurance best practices to ensure
SmartWay's data integrity. This document presents these practices and
strategies to help readers in their own efforts to collect, manage, and
assure the quality of their SmartWay-related data. The best practices
outlined in this document can assist EPA and its partners in continuing to
achieve our objectives, and in promoting best practices in supply chain data
management more broadly. The latter is an important goal since supply
chains are interlinked across industries and globally.
Thanks to the shared wisdom of these SmartWay Partners, the best
practices in this document will help support more accurate, consistent, and
reliable information across business supply chains. This will contribute to
greater efficiency of transportation supply chain networks.
SmartWay® Transport Partnership: Driving Data Integrity in Transportation Supply Chains
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SmartWay Best Practices Ensure Data Quality
SmartWay drives data quality in transportation supply chain re-
porting for SmartWay Partners and the freight industry. Smart-
Way visits a cross-section of SmartWay Partners to assess
their data collection methodologies and processes and uses
the results to share best practices more widely. In addition,
SmartWay regularly performs reasonableness checks com-
pared to industry norms, year-over-year comparison reports,
and reviews of its reporting tool submissions. SmartWay also
provides up-to-date guidance on data that businesses need to
calculate carbon footprints for transportation supply chains.
Executive Summary
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SECTION 1 SmartWay Data Flow and Integrity Check Process
SmartWay provides appropriate assessment
tools for each supply chain mode
SmartWay provides tailored carrier and shipper assessment tools for
different modes of moving goods. Available carrier modes include truck,
rail, logistics, and multi-modal (truck/rail/logistics). Companies engaged in
the same type of business, with similar equipment types and operations,
can use these tools to compare their environmental progress over time and
against peers.
Carriers input data into their carrier reporting tool for each applicable fleet
or business unit level that a shipper can easily identify. For truck carriers,
this is typically at the trucking fleet level. The multi-modal, logistics, and
shipper reporting tools import carrier performance data, multiplied by each
carrier's share of that shipper's freight, providing shippers with a composite
weighted average of their emissions performance.
Carriers collect information, such as fuel used, miles driven, truck and
engine model year, and cargo payload, and input it into the reporting tool to
calculate freight environmental performance. The reporting tools generate
outputs in grams-per-ton-mile or gram-per-mile allowing for emissions
rankings within each mode of moving goods. The tools enable partners to
integrate those data into a single environmental performance profile. They
SmartWay Data Flow and Integrity Check Process
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can also see how their environmental performance profile changes from
year to year as a result of the measures they take to reduce emissions and
to improve efficiency.
The following charts illustrate the steps partners use to capture and report
their data, starting from goods movement through the completion of the
SmartWay reporting tool.
Once partners complete and submit their reporting tools, SmartWay
quality-checks the data, enters the data into a database, and calculates
their company emissions score. SmartWay then sorts the scores from low
(best) to high (worst) and posts the ranked scores in a performance ranking
report on the SmartWay website. This ranking system replaces what
otherwise would be a black box or worse—thousands of individual carriers
and shippers trying to provide and obtain this information absent uniform
metrics, emission factors, or consistency in data integrity and organization.
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Figure 1.1: Best Practices Example of Carrier SmartWay Data Flows
ITrip- and Fleet-
Specific Carrier Data
Data start out highly disaggregated
from different trips.
Action Taken:
Data Check
Data undergo quality check before
entry into database (e.g., fuel receipts
are checked against fuel consumption
data from the ECM).
Company Database/Data
Management System
Data are input into database.
7 Action Taken: Review
of Reporting Tool
Reporting tool's output undergoes a
reasonableness check (e.g., year-over-
year data are checked for accuracy).
8
Completed Reporting
Tool Submitted to EPA
Reporting tool undergoes final review.
Data from separate trips are aggregated.
Queries are run on the data (e.g., "Add up
all the mileage for this particular fleet...,"
"Develop an average for all my payloads
from the past year...").
SmartWay
Carrier Tool
Partner enters data in the SmartWay
Carrier Tool.
Action Taken:
Data Check
Tests are run to check results of
queries against expected results
(e.g., total fuel consumption is
checked against data submitted
to IFTA).
Action Taken:
Post-Processing
Analyses or calculations get the data
into the form needed for submission
to the SmartWay reporting tool.
SmartWay Data Flow and Integrity Check Process
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Figure 1.2: Best Practices Example of Shipper SmartWay Data Flows
ITrip- and Fleet-
Specific Carrier Data
Shippers compile a list of all the
carriers they hire in a year. Data
start as highly disaggregated data
from different carriers and trips.
Action Taken:
Data Check
Data undergo quality check before
entry into database (e.g., shipment
weight on invoice is checked against
product weight in product database).
3 Company Database/Data
Management System
Data are input into database.
7 Action Taken: Review
of Reporting Tool
Reporting tool's output undergoes a
reasonableness check (e.g., year-over-
year data are checked for accuracy).
I
8
Completed Reporting
Tool Submitted to EPA
Reporting tool undergoes final review.
Data from separate trips are aggregated.
Queries are run on the data (e.g., "Add up
all the mileage for this particular fleet...,"
"Develop an average for all my payloads
from the past year...").
SmartWay
Shipper Tool
Partner enters data in the SmartWay
Shipper Tool.
Action Taken:
Data Check
Tests are run to check results of
queries against expected results
(e.g., random spot check on particular
carriers, checking aggregate against
records).
Action Taken:
Post-Processing
Analyses or calculations get the data
into the form needed for submission
to the SmartWay reporting tool.
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1.2
SmartWay Partners submit transportation data
for the supply chain carbon footprint
All SmartWay Partners agree to voluntarily report information to SmartWay
about their freight-transportation-related environmental performance by
completing and submitting information every year into the SmartWay
reporting tool. Partners include descriptive quantitative information
about their fleet, company or business unit, fleet activity, and changes in
performance with regard to vehicle miles traveled, fuel consumption, and
payload.
Truck and multi-modal carriers submit the following data:
• Total miles driven
• Revenue miles versus empty miles
• Road speed and operational characteristics
• Total fuel consumed
• Alternative fuel (e.g., biodiesel, natural gas) consumed
• Number of trucks by class
• Fuel and payload by truck class
• Truck model engine year
• Payloads
• Trailer capacity volume and utilization
• Average idle-hours per truck
SmartWay Data Flow and Integrity Check Process
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Shipper and logistics companies submit some combination
of the following information for each of their carriers:
• Ton-miles driven
• Total miles driven
• Payload
• Number of loads
• Type of cargo by commodity group
Shippers and logistics companies all need to specify the percentage of
their freight shipments that are provided by SmartWay and non-SmartWay
partners in order to calculate their percentage SmartWay value. The
percentage SmartWay value reflects the percentage of total emissions
attributable to SmartWay carriers. These values are calculated based on
miles or ton-miles driven. Shippers have the additional option of calculating
their SmartWay value based on the percentage C02 generated by their
carriers, or by a custom metric.
These data elements enable shippers and logistics companies to calculate
their carbon footprints. They also serve to:
• Encourage greater use of high-performing SmartWay carriers,
thereby increasing the shipper or logistics company's contributions to
SmartWay program benefits (i.e., higher SmartWay values).
• Encourage carrier or mode shifts to improve the shipper or logistics
company's composite emissions score.
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1.3
Accuracy is critical to data quality across all
industries that move goods
SmartWay collaborated with stakeholders and industry experts in
developing the SmartWay Partner reporting tools. EPA conducted an
Agency peer review on the beta versions3 of the reporting tools. This
peer review process included a review of the data sources, calculation
methodologies, usability, and guidance for partners on how to collect and
submit data to ensure that submissions are consistent and accurate.
SmartWay has also implemented a number of data quality control checks
to ensure data integrity. After partners submit data using the reporting
tools, SmartWay performs a comprehensive review and cross-check of
partner data before accepting the data submission. The reporting tools that
partners use to submit their data also have rigorous automated internal data
quality assurance controls, which include reasonableness checks based on
industry norms and annual data comparison reports to ensure year-over-year
consistency. These data quality assurance controls help partners recognize
data input errors before submitting the reporting tool.
SmartWay has developed a data verification program to assess the quality
of partner data collection and verification procedures. To verify the integrity
of SmartWay data submissions, a sample of partners from a cross-section
of freight industries is invited to participate in data verification interviews.
EPA staff visit these partners to observe and record the processes and
safeguards they maintain to collect, handle, check, manage, track, and
preserve the data they submit to SmartWay. During these visits, EPA
3. A beta version is a program or an application that contains most of its major features, but is not yet complete.
Often these versions are released to a select group of people for testing purposes.Testers generally report any
errors they encounter or changes they would like to see before the final version is released to the public.
SmartWay Data Flow and Integrity Check Process
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meets with key staff involved in data collection and reviews how their data
management and quality assurance measures function. EPA also shares
its SmartWay data verification best practices with these partners to ensure
that they understand SmartWay expectations for verifying the integrity of
their data submission.
Using the information shared during the site visits, EPA assesses whether
its SmartWay guidance or tools need to be refined. As part of its overall
data integrity system, EPA also obtains industry-wide data from a variety of
credible sources against which to compare and validate partner data.
EPA is always looking for ways to recognize SmartWay Partners that take
the lead in ensuring transportation supply chain data quality. Participating
in the data verification program is a way for partners to demonstrate their
commitment in this area.
Finally, EPA provides aggregated SmartWay program data to its program
participants, and to the public through various means, including the EPA
Trends, Indicators, and Partner Statistics (TIPS) Web page.4This ensures
the transparency of SmartWay program data. By disseminating SmartWay
program data to stakeholders and across industry, academia, governmental
agencies, and the general public, EPA provides additional opportunities for
assessment, analysis, and commentary of SmartWay program data.
4. Visit the SmartWay TIPS Web page at http://www.epa.gov/smartway/tips/index.htm.
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SmartWay Data Flow and Integrity Check Process
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SECTION 2 General Best Practices
Physically secure transportation supply
chain data
SmartWay Partners using best practices in data quality assurance/quality
control (QA/QC) have a set of policies and procedures in place to ensure
the physical security of their transportation supply chain data. Strategies
employed include the following:
• Limit access only to those who input the data and those who use
the data. Give other employees, at most, read-only access to this
information.
• Require a password to access the data, and regularly change the
password (e.g., every 90 days).
• Employ a rigorous data backup process and have a data recovery
system in place.
• Cite data sources so that users know where to go to retrieve the
information should a computer malfunction or disaster occur (e.g., a
system crash or some other physical or natural calamity).
General Best Practices
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• Maintain computer-generated backup copies of all SmartWay-related
data and data sources regularly (e.g., every month), and store copies at
one or more remote locations. For example, the data might be stored
on a jump drive that is kept in a security box where the company does
its banking.
Kimberly-Clark Best Practices
Increase Efficiency and Security
Kimberly-Clark Corporation (K-C), with its North American
Transportation team in Knoxville, Tennessee, has been a
SmartWay Partner since 2006. Upon joining SmartWay, K-C's
most immediate objectives were to improve communica-
tions and gain efficiencies among the fleets it hires. Today,
99 percent of K-C's miles and 96 percent of its shipments are
made with SmartWay carriers. K-C made a significant new
investment in its transportation management system (TMS)
software, enabling the company to improve freight mode se-
lection and increase intermodal utilization and savings. K-C
has expanded intermodal utilization by 117 percent, going
from 42,141 loads in 2006 to 91,353 by the end of 2012.
K-C has established a set of principles that govern all ap-
plications and user access. Violators of those principles are
subject to disciplinary action, up to and including termination
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At Kimberly-Clark, we see SmartWay as both good envi-
ronmental policy and good business. The transportation
strategies that SmartWay recommends are saving us
fuel, lessening our carbon footprint, and making a big dif-
ference in bringing us closer to our sustainability goals.
— Stelios Chrysandreas,
Transportation Manager at Kimberly-Clark
Kimberly-Clark Best Practices
Increase Efficiency and Security (cont.)
of employment and legal action. Security incident and event
management solutions monitor for unauthorized access or
events and are reviewed in a timely manner. Access to sys-
tems, applications, and data is granted only after approved
authorization from system owners for each respective sys-
tem or application. All production servers and telecommuni-
cations equipment are in segregated, secure locations that
meet physical control standards.
K-C is a three-time SmartWay Excellence Award winner.
General Best Practices
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Lowe's Employs a Variety of Measures
to Secure Transportation Data
Lowe's Companies, Inc., has been a registered SmartWay
Partner since 2005. Lowe's has taken extensive measures
to protect the security and integrity of its data. Lowe's has
controls in place to limit data transfer via both external hard-
ware and email. Lowe's has a formal disaster recovery sys-
tem in place as well.
SmartWay® Transport Partnership: Driving Data Integrity in Transportation Supply Chains
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2.2
Establish effective systems to ensure that
data gathering, input, and SmartWay reporting
processes are consistent, reliable, and timely
Quality methodologies
SmartWay Partners employing data QA/QC best practices have policies
and procedures in place to ensure data quality in all business processes,
specifically in the areas of data collection and storage, recording, and
reporting. SmartWay-related data review and verification are integrated into
the quality management methods as well. Quality methodologies used
by partners include registration to ISO5 standards. Many also implement
Lean practices6 and Six Sigma,7 along with other institutional practices
and controls developed to ensure and enhance corporate governance and
accountability. Some of these may be specific to a given industry. Quality
methodologies used in combination with the SmartWay reporting tool help
ensure an efficient and robust operation.
Standard operating procedures (SOPs)
SmartWay Partners using best practices in data QA/QC also have
comprehensive, up-to-date documented SOPs in place for collecting,
5. ISO is the International Organization for Standardization, located in Geneva, Switzerland. ISO promotes the
development and implementation of voluntary international standards, both for particular products and for
environmental management issues.
6. Lean practices target and eliminate the expenditure of resources for any goal other than the creation of value
for the end customer. Lean is a set of practices and procedures that assist in the identification and elimination
of waste. (Lean manufacturing. InWikipedia. Retrieved July 12, 2013, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lean_
manufacturing.)
7. Six Sigma is a set of tools and strategies to improve the quality of process outputs by identifying and removing
the causes of errors and minimizing variability in manufacturing and business processes. (Six Sigma. In
Wikipedia. Retrieved July 12, 2013, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Sigma.)
General Best Practices
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storing, and reporting data. These SOPs include worksheets that document
the queries and tables used to fill out the reporting tool pages. The
worksheets also show how to input the data into each reporting tool page,
with accompanying step-by-step instructions. Having SOPs makes it very
easy for anyone to step in and complete the SmartWay reporting tool with
minimal prior training on the program.
In addition, standard work instructions are developed to document the step-
by-step process in greater detail, including screen shots of key reporting
tool screens, to ensure comprehensive process understanding.
Succession planning
Succession plans ensure a seamless transition in collecting and storing
data should there be staff turnover in these areas. Quality-driven SmartWay
Partners have trained backup staff ready to assume the duties of collecting
In 2009, Dow became the first major chemical com-
pany to join SmartWay. SmartWay brings government,
shippers and carriers together to drive improved trans-
portation, energy and environmental initiatives. Dow's
participation in this program makes good business sense
as well as reaffirms our company's commitment to the
planet.
— DonTaylor, Dow's corporate Vice President for Sup-
ply Chain, EH&S Operations & Operations Services
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and submitting SmartWay data if the primary SmartWay contact has a
change in duties or leaves the company. Additionally, these partners inform
SmartWay of the new contact.
Dow Chemical Uses Management of
Change Procedures to Ensure Consistency
in SmartWay Submission
The Dow Chemical Company (Dow), based in Midland,
Michigan, has been a SmartWay Partner since 2009. Dow
created and uses a quality management system to ensure
the quality, reliability, and integrity of Dow's products and
services. The system was designed to help ensure strict ad-
herence to specifications, as well as regulatory and quality
requirements.
Dow also has a formal management of change (MOC) proce-
dure that is applied to all personnel, process, and procedure
changes, including formal succession plans for key positions.
MOC requires a formal, documented hand-off of responsibil-
ities from the person leaving the position to the new person
entering the position.This process applies to SmartWay data
management responsibilities as well and helps ensure that
the person handling SmartWay's annual data reporting re-
quirement understands the program.
General Best Practices
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2.3
Ensure accurate and reliable SmartWay data
reporting
SmartWay Partners committed to ensuring the integrity of their SmartWay
data take extra steps to ensure that SmartWay data are accurate and
reliable. They:
• Provide training for staff assigned to perform SmartWay data collection
and entry into the reporting tool. This training should include a review
of SmartWay user guides and a review of screen demos in the
reporting tools.
• Conduct periodic internal reviews on SmartWay-related data, including
having multiple trained staff review the reporting tool data.
• Ensure that the SmartWay reporting tool includes data for their entire
fleet. This includes all types of carriers (e.g., rail, contract, private) and
all types of fleets (e.g., drayage, less-than-truckload, package delivery,
refrigerated [including fuel for the refrigerator unit]).
• Perform a year-to-year comparison on the SmartWay-related data
before submitting the report. Look for major discrepancies or changes
in year-to-year data and analyze them. Unless the company has
undergone a major expansion or has had a serious decline in business,
major discrepancies (e.g., in vehicle miles traveled) may indicate data
entry errors.
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• Consult with the SmartWay executive contact and jointly review the
SmartWay reporting tool before submitting it. The executive contact
performs a detailed review of the various tool reports, asks probing
questions about company data trends, and provides official approval to
submit the reporting tool.
• Involve company senior management in the year-over-year review (this
is also a great way to get them involved in SmartWay). Sharing this
information with company senior management serves as a catalyst for
crafting new environmental performance goals for the company.
Menlo is committed to improving the sustainability of
our operations. The data provided through the SmartWay
partnership has enabled creative new ways to provide val-
ue to our customers by reducing freight emissions while
managing cost and other service requirements. The first
step to reducing the freight footprint is understanding
what it is, and SmartWay has laid a foundation of under-
standing. Now it is the responsibility of shippers, 3PLs,
and carriers to work together to make decisions that will
reduce emissions today.
—Ashton Shaw, Sustainability Engineer for Menlo
General Best Practices
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Menlo Incorporates Transportation Data into ISO
Processes to Ensure Data Integrity
Menlo Worldwide Logistics (Menlo), a subsidiary of Con-way
Freight, with its Transportation Analytics Department head-
quartered in Aurora, Illinois, has been a SmartWay Partner
since 2007. Menlo is committed to reducing its carbon foot-
print and the carbon footprint of its supply chain.
Menlo's goal is to achieve a sustainable business model
while being a good steward of the environment and the com-
munities where it operates. Menlo strives to ensure that its
sustainability principles are realized by integrating applicable
processes into its lean operating culture.The results of these
principles are realized through specific actions aimed to:
• Procure the most resource-efficient mode of
transportation and carriers where possible.
• Partner with organizations that share comparable long-
term objectives.
• Continuously improve the resource efficiency of the
assets and processes Menlo controls.
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Menlo Incorporates Transportation Data into ISO
Processes to Ensure Data Integrity (cont.)
• Contribute zero waste to landfills through prevention,
minimization, re-use, and recycling.
• Contribute to the communities where employees live
and operate.
A SmartWay Excellence Award winner, Menlo operates 85
percent of its network miles using SmartWay carriers, with
75 percent carrier participation. Menlo has implemented a
no-idling policy at its distribution centers.
Menlo is certified under ISO 14001, the standard for envi-
ronmental management systems at its Aurora facility. This
provides external assurance to Menlo's carbon management
system, CarbonNet, which it uses for transportation emis-
sions reporting. SmartWay data collection, tracking, report-
ing, reviewing, and submission procedures will become part
of Menlo's ISO 14001 process in 2013 and part of its ISO
auditing procedures in 2014. Finally, data from the Smart-
Way Logistics Tool are compared, year-over-year, by senior
management before being submitted to EPA.
General Best Practices
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SECTION 3 Best Practices for Truck and Multi-Modal Carriers
Have processes in place to ensure that freight
transportation data are valid
SmartWay Partners committed to SmartWay data integrity use accuracy
checks to ensure the validity of their transportation data. They:
• Verify satellite records against odometers, dynamic truck
routing, and mileage software
Truck routing software is not error-proof. Quality-driven SmartWay
Partners know this and double-check their satellite data against their
truck hardware or other dynamic mileage and routing software. Most
SmartWay carriers use dynamic truck routing and mileage systems that
yield better delivery mileage predictions and real-time tracking capability
than traditional (i.e., static, fixed, zone, "pins on a map") routing
software programs.
• Check data against International Fuel Tax Association (IFTA)
records, fuel receipts, Electronic Control Modules (ECMs), or
other verification sources to ensure accuracy
Typically, carriers will periodically perform validation checks. Quality-
driven carriers will validate their data at least quarterly, if not monthly.
Some carriers take the additional step of verifying their truck records
against geo-coded customer locations.
Best Practices for Truck and Multi-Modal Carriers
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• Check fuel use against fuel receipts or electronic fuel
metering for accuracy
This includes drayage fuel usage as well as auxiliary power unit and
refrigerator unit fuel use. Carriers should verify these data on a monthly
basis to ensure that records of fuel expenses are accurate. This could
save the company money as errors in reported fuel usage are reduced,
if not eliminated.
AD Transport Best Practices Include
Verifying Miles and Fuel Data
AD Transport Express, Inc., (AD Transport) based out of Can-
ton, Michigan, has been a SmartWay Partner since 2006,
and demonstrates a strong commitment to data quality. AD
Transport regularly checks satellite-reported vehicle miles
traveled (VMT) and fuel data against IFTA reports. It verifies
satellite miles reported against truck odometer readings; in
some situations, it also checks the satellite-recorded VMT
against its own dynamic mileage software.
SmartWay® Transport Partnership: Driving Data Integrity in Transportation Supply Chains
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Swift Transportation Uses Satellite
Systems to Ensure Data Accuracy
Swift Transportation (Swift) is a SmartWay Charter Partner8
and has been a SmartWay Partner since 2004. Swift has
also been a SmartWay Excellence Award winner every year
since 2007. All of Swift's trucks have satellite systems in-
stalled, and these systems continuously log all operational
and trip-related information (e.g., Global Positioning System
[GPS] position, empty and revenue miles traveled, and ECM
parameters). This information is electronically transmitted
daily to more than 1,500 staff for review.
Drivers have goals and scorecards for miles per gallon (MPG)
and idle time that are reviewed daily. Discrepancies in the
data are rare, but when they occur, issues are identified and
fixed quickly. For example, if the driver gets a low MPG daily
score (e.g., 3.5 MPG recorded), the truck is brought into the
shop for a diagnosis. The technicians are well trained to un-
cover problems from faulty sensors in the ECM that logged
erroneous values.
8. SmartWay Charter Partners are a select group of 15 organizations that helped EPA develop and evaluate the
core principles, tools, and design of the SmartWay program.
Best Practices for Truck and Multi-Modal Carriers
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3.2
Use effective methods to ensure data integrity
SmartWay carriers using best practices in data quality assurance/quality
control employ a number of strategies to ensure the integrity of their
SmartWay data. They:
• Accurately record, track, and assess carrier fuel use
Some carriers provide their drivers with fuel cards that automatically
track their fuel purchases. Larger carriers have their own fueling
facilities and dispense fuel directly to the trucks, thereby keeping all
fuel use data in-house. Others use card-less fueling systems that
are electronically integrated with their transportation management
systems (TMSs). All of these strategies help the companies save on
fuel expenses, as they can better identify and use lower-cost fueling
stations. They also use this information to identify those carriers that
need education and training on adopting better fuel efficiency strategies
such as reduced idling.
• Keep engine model year and truck model year information
together for recordkeeping and SmartWay reporting purposes
A truck engine does not necessarily have the same model year as
the truck in which it is installed. Keeping both pieces of information
together ensures accurate reporting when the time comes to enter the
data into the SmartWay reporting tool.
SmartWay® Transport Partnership: Driving Data Integrity in Transportation Supply Chains
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\xTip: The engine model year is not typically found in the
vehicle identification number (VIN). Instead, this information is
on a permanent label affixed to a visible portion of the engine.
This label will contain the phrase "Important Engine Informa-
tion" (or something similar) and will clearly state the model
year of the engine.
• Transmit data via satellite to software that organizes and
stores ECM data (i.e., idle time, fuel use, miles driven, and
other emissions-related data)
Data are transferred directly to the company'sTMS. This minimizes the
possibility for human error in the transmission of the data. Although
these data transmission errors may occur, companies validate and
verify those processes regularly as well.
• Computerize shipment records to capture accurate shipment
weight, dimensions, and volume
This enables these quality-minded carriers to quickly access shipment
data without having to sift through paperwork. This saves them time
and money and reduces billing errors due to misinterpreted handwritten
shipment documents.
Best Practices for Truck and Multi-Modal Carriers
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ABF Freight System Uses ForkliftTruck Scales and
Other Best Practices for Data Accuracy
ABF Freight System, Inc. (ABF), headquartered in Fort Smith,
Arkansas, has been a SmartWay Partner since 2006.
An early adopter of conservation efforts, ABF is active in pro-
grams designed to reduce both fuel consumption and car-
bon dioxide emissions. Since 1976, the company has been
conserving fuel and reducing emissions by voluntarily limit-
ing the maximum speed of its trucks. To promote efficiency,
a strictly followed equipment maintenance/replacement pro-
gram means the average age of ABF line-haul tractors is less
than two years.
To ensure accuracy in data collection, shipment records are
created automatically when the ABF billing department en-
ters a bill of lading.9To further reduce the possibility of data
submission errors, ABF forklifts are equipped with scales to
weigh shipments and computers transmit the data instantly
to the company's central data system.
9. A bill of lading is a legal document between the shipper of a particular good and the carrier. It details the type,
quantity, and destination of the goods being shipped. It gives title to the goods, and directs the carrier to
deliver the goods to the appropriate party. The bill of lading can be used as proof of shipment for customs and
insurance purposes, and as proof of having completed a contractual obligation.
SmartWay® Transport Partnership: Driving Data Integrity in Transportation Supply Chains
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The EPA SmartWay Transport Partnership has helped
ABF gauge our actions using EPA SmartWay emissions
models and reinforces our decisions to update our equip-
ment on a regular basis.
— Gary Hunt, ABF's Vice President of
Equipment and Maintenance
Dedicated Fueling Cards Help Schneider National
Accurately Track Fuel Purchases
Schneider National (Schneider) is a SmartWay Charter Part-
ner in Green Bay, Wisconsin. Primarily a truck carrier, it also
manages some intermodal shipping. Schneider tracks and
manages fuel purchases for some 13,000 drivers. Twenty
percent of the fuel is dispensed at Schneider's terminal loca-
tions. The remaining 80 percent is purchased with dedicat-
ed fuel purchase cards at negotiated prices at truck stops.
As a result, information for offsite fuel purchases, including
amount of fuel, is captured electronically in a central location.
Best Practices for Truck and Multi-Modal Carriers
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SECTION 4 Best Practices for Logistics Companies
Incorporate quality control into data input
processes
SmartWay logistics companies committed to data integrity employ a
number of data quality checks and processes to ensure the validity of
SmartWay data. They:
• Obtain Standard Carrier Alpha Codes (SCACs), Motor Carrier
Numbers (MCNs), and U.S. Department of Transportation
(DOT) numbers from their SmartWay carriers
These SmartWay logistics companies match the carrier SCACs, MCNs,
and/or DOT numbers provided to them by their carrier fleets against the
associated number in the SmartWay Carrier Performance Rankings.11
This process is more effective and less time-consuming in ensuring that
the correct carrier fleet has been selected for entry into the SmartWay
reporting tool than if the logistics company tries to identify the carrier
fleet by name only.
10. Logistics companies include both third-party logistics providers (3PLs) and consultants (4PLs). Logistics
companies charge a fee for supply chain services, including but not limited to transportation, distribution,
warehousing, and customs clearance services. 3PLs are non-asset-based logistics companies.
11. Other ways to find the SCACs, DOT numbers, and MCNs for carriers: The National Motor FreightTraffic
Association, Inc., assigns SCAC codes and publishes a directory of SCACs. Visit them at http://www.nmfta.org.
A carrier's DOT number and MCN can be found by visiting DOT's Safety and Fitness Electronics Records
(SAFER) System at http://safer.fmcsa.dot.gov/.
Best Practices for Logistics Companies
-------
• Use SmartWay data verification processes to check for
accuracy
Systematic checks typically include the following:
> Comparing current year SmartWay tool data against data
reported for prior years to identify discrepancies in year-to-year
data reported. (This can indicate errors in data collection or data
reporting.)
> Using an Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)12 system that
compares shipment, payload, and paperwork to transportation
management software data to ensure that the values match.
> Checking invoiced miles against company truck routing and mileage
software.
> Checking invoiced payload against product weight recorded in
the ERR
> Comparing less-than-truckload actual data against the ERP standard
route data to ensure accuracy.
> Performing regular accuracy checks on carrier identification in the
SmartWay reporting tool.
> Enhancing ERP systems with more searchable fields, for ease of
data validation and data checks.
12. ERP is business management software that enables a company to integrate all operational processes.
Processes including manufacturing, distribution, sales, and marketing are shared to enable the smooth flow
of data across all operations. Common ERP systems include Oracle, SAP and QAD.These companies are
mentioned for illustration only; this list does not constitute an EPA endorsement.
SmartWay® Transport Partnership: Driving Data Integrity in Transportation Supply Chains
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Ardmore Power Logistics Ensures Data Accuracy
Through Freight Bill Audit and Pay
Ardmore Power Logistics (Ardmore), based in Westlake,
Ohio, has been a SmartWay logistics partner since 2009.
Ardmore provides freight management services to the en-
ergy industry and creates logistics programs tailored to the
unique requirements of the energy industry.
Ardmore uses a freight bill audit and pay system in which
actual data from bills of lading are used to calculate payload
information. This unique freight bill audit and pay system en-
ables the company to compare contract data to the freight
bill to ensure accuracy. The system is designed to check
for errors and over-charges, and actual shipment data are
based on what was ordered and billed. This helps ensure
that the information entered into the SmartWay reporting
tool is accurate.
Best Practices for Logistics Companies
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Ardmore Power Logistics serves an industry which em-
phasizes measuring and reducing carbon emissions. The
SmartWay Data Quality best practices project has been
an opportunity to participate in an initiative firmly aligned
with client priorities.
— Dave Cottenden, Ardmore General Manager
4.2
Establish systems and practices to minimize
errors in transportation supply chain data
Many SmartWay logistics companies use ERP systems with built-in data
validity checks across all company operations. This is preferable to using
multiple standalone systems covering independent operations. An ERP
system enables users to better track orders, from acceptance to fulfillment.
It also can match purchase orders, inventory receipts, and vendor
invoices to reduce data errors. Using an ERP system will greatly improve
efficiencies and reduce errors in data input into the SmartWay reporting
tool. Additionally, a centralized database makes it easier to track and verify
orders, from acceptance to fulfillment. Ideally, an ERP system would
have multiple searchable fields in the database that link to the supporting
documentation. This would allow for increased accessibility to conduct
additional data validation and checks.
To calculate an accurate carbon and emissions footprint, these quality-driven
logistics companies also report all carrier fleets in the SmartWay Logistics
reporting tool, including private and non-SmartWay fleets.
SmartWay® Transport Partnership: Driving Data Integrity in Transportation Supply Chains
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Finally, these logistics companies record actual weight, dimensions, and
volume for all products shipped (including the packaging). They also record
actual payload (i.e., gross weight, including product, package, and pallet
weight), not an estimate. This enables them to submit comprehensive
actual data in the SmartWay reporting tool rather than estimated data.
They choose the ton-mile option in the tool to calculate the percentage
of SmartWay carriers rather than the mile option. This enables them to
accurately assess their carbon footprint.
4.3
Work closely with carriers and customers to
ensure that carrier transportation supply chain
data are accurate and consistent
Quality-driven logistics companies work closely with their carriers
and customers and employ strategies and practices to ensure that
transportation data are accurate and complete. They:
• Encourage, incentivize, or require their carriers to participate
in SmartWay
This helps in several ways. First, SmartWay carriers are more likely
to keep accurate records on SmartWay-related data because of the
partnership's standardized reporting requirements. Accurate carrier data
ensure that the SmartWay logistics composite score will be accurate.
They are also a strong indication that the carrier has internal controls
in place relating to its business practices and corporate transparency.
Such controls can increase a logistics company's confidence in that
carrier's corporate governance and commitment to sustainability.
Best Practices for Logistics Companies
-------
Encouraging, incentivizing, or requiring carriers to register with
SmartWay also tends to help logistics firms submit their reporting
tool on time, since carrier reporting due dates occur before logistics
tools are due. This enables logistics firms to easily obtain SmartWay-
related data on their carriers by finding them in the SmartWay Carrier
Performance Rankings file.
• Work with SmartWay carrier partners to complete and submit
their SmartWay reports
This practice enables SmartWay logistics companies to locate their
carrier partners in the SmartWay Carrier Performance Rankings.
Logistics companies that do not work with their carriers to get
their data submitted on time may have difficulty in getting their
own reporting tools completed because some carriers may delay
submitting their information. Once the deadline has passed for the
carrier to submit its tool, the carrier is dropped from the SmartWay
Carrier Performance Rankings and is no longer in good standing with
SmartWay. If that occurs, logistics companies may not count those
carriers as SmartWay carriers.
• Reward carrier partners for best practices in data quality
Another strategy used by some SmartWay logistics companies is a
carrier scorecard. These SmartWay Partners reward carriers that score
high in error-free invoicing and error-free payload submissions.
• Encourage shipper customers to join SmartWay
This ensures that shipper-contracted carriers managed by the logistics
company are also encouraged to join SmartWay. Once a company is
registered, it will be more likely to keep accurate records.
SmartWay® Transport Partnership: Driving Data Integrity in Transportation Supply Chains
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Best Practices for Logistics Companies
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:
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SECTION 5 Best Practices for Shippers
Quality-check SmartWay data inputs
Shippers committed to data integrity employ a variety of practices to ensure
that their freight transportation data are accurate and complete. They:
• Obtain Standard Carrier Alpha Codes (SCACs), Motor Carrier
Number (MCNs), and U.S. Department of Transportation
(DOT) numbers from their carriers
These shippers match the carrier SCACs, MCNs, and/or DOT numbers
provided to them by their carrier against the associated code or number
in the SmartWay Carrier Performance Rankings for their company-
named fleets.13This process is more effective and less time-consuming
in ensuring that the correct carrier fleet has been selected for entry
into the SmartWay reporting tool than if the shipper tries to identify the
carrier fleet by name only.
13. Other ways to find the SCACs, DOT numbers, and MCNs for carriers: The National Motor FreightTraffic
Association, Inc., assigns SCAC codes and publishes a directory of SCACs. Visit them at http://www.nmfta.org.
A carrier's DOT number and MCN can be found by visiting DOT's Safety and Fitness Electronics Records
(SAFER) System at http://safer.fmcsa.dot.gov/.
Best Practices for Shippers
-------
• Use SmartWay data verification processes to check for
accuracy
Best practices in systematic checks typically include the following:
> Comparing current year SmartWay tool data reported against
SmartWay data reported for prior years to identify discrepancies
in year-to-year data reported. (This can indicate errors in data
collection or data reporting.)
> Using an Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)14 system that
compares shipment, payload, and paperwork to transportation
management software data to ensure that the values match.
> Checking invoiced miles against company truck routing and mileage
software.
> Checking invoiced payload against product weight recorded in
the ERR
> Comparing less-than-truckload actual data against the ERP standard
route data to ensure accuracy.
> Performing regular accuracy checks on carrier identification in the
SmartWay reporting tool.
14. ERP is business management software that enables a company to integrate all operational processes.
Processes including manufacturing, distribution, sales, and marketing are shared to enable the smooth flow
of data across all operations. Common ERP systems include Oracle, SAP and QAD.These companies are
mentioned for illustration only; this list does not constitute an EPA endorsement.
SmartWay® Transport Partnership: Driving Data Integrity in Transportation Supply Chains
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5.2
Use tools to minimize errors in transportation
supply chain data
Many shippers that employ data quality best practices use ERP systems
with built-in data validity checks across all company operations. This
software tool enables users to better track orders, from acceptance to
fulfillment. It also can match purchase orders, inventory receipts, and
vendor invoices to reduce data errors. Having an ERP system in place will
greatly enhance data quality and will reduce SmartWay reporting tool data
input errors.
Submitting actual data is also the only way shippers can assess their
transportation carbon footprint accurately. Quality-driven shippers maintain
records of actual weight, dimensions, and volume for all the products they
ship (including the packaging). These shippers also record actual payload
(i.e., gross weight, including product, package, and pallet weight), not an
estimate. This enables them to submit comprehensive actual data in the
SmartWay reporting tool rather than estimates. They also calculate their
percentage of SmartWay carriers using miles or ton-miles, rather than on
dollars spent on SmartWay carriers or based on the percentage of weight
allocated to SmartWay carriers.
Best Practices for Shippers
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Sharp Electronics Uses ERP System to Ensure Data
Validity and Effective Business Processes
Sharp Electronics Corporation (Sharp), based in Mahwah,
New Jersey, has been a SmartWay Partner since 2004. Sharp
has a strong environmental focus, is ISO 14001 certified, and
requires all of its carriers to participate in SmartWay.
Sharp uses a comprehensive ERP system to store all of its
business process data. Customers' orders are submitted di-
rectly into this system, processed, and transmitted direct-
ly to the transportation management system (IMS) where
the order is optimized, routed, and assigned to a carrier. The
shipment information is then electronically submitted to the
warehouse management system for shipment and returns
shipment-specific information back to the ERP system.
SmartWay® Transport Partnership: Driving Data Integrity in Transportation Supply Chains
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Sharp Electronics Uses ERP System to Ensure Data
Validity and Effective Business Processes (cont.)
To ensure that the data are accurate, the ERP system checks
the returned shipment data against the original order data
and creates an exception report within the ERP system
when there are discrepancies. These errors are investigated
to determine the nature of the problem, root-cause analy-
sis, and implementation of countermeasures to ensure data
integrity.
Sharp employees also perform manual verification checks
on the data throughout the year, which further ensures that
SmartWay-related data are accurate. As a result of these
many controls, Sharp is able to confidently and efficiently
analyze these data and identify, plan, and execute strat-
egies that reduce greenhouse gases and strengthen its
bottom line.
Best Practices for Shippers
-------
5.3
Work closely with carriers to ensure the
validity of carrier freight transportation supply
chain data
Quality-driven SmartWay shippers work closely with their carriers and
logistics companies and employ strategies and practices to ensure that
transportation data are accurate and complete. They:
• Encourage, incentivize, or require their carriers to participate
in SmartWay
This helps in several ways. First, SmartWay carriers and logistics
companies are more likely to keep accurate records on SmartWay-
related data because of the SmartWay reporting requirement. Accurate
carrier and logistics company data ensure that the SmartWay shipper
composite score will be accurate. It is also an indication that the
carrier or logistics company has internal controls in place relating to
its business practices and corporate transparency. Such controls may
increase a shipper's confidence in that carrier's corporate governance
and commitment to sustainability.
Finally, encouraging, incentivizing, or requiring their carriers and
logistics company partners to participate tends to help shippers submit
their SmartWay reporting tool on time; carriers and logistics companies
must submit their data to SmartWay before shippers submit their data
to SmartWay. This enables shippers to easily obtain SmartWay-related
data on their SmartWay carriers and logistics company partners by
finding them in the SmartWay Carrier Performance Rankings.
SmartWay® Transport Partnership: Driving Data Integrity in Transportation Supply Chains
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• Work with SmartWay carrier and logistics company partners
to complete and submit their SmartWay reports
These SmartWay shippers also work closely with their SmartWay
carrier and logistics company partners to get their SmartWay reporting
data submitted. Shippers that do not work with their SmartWay
carriers and logistics companies to get their data submitted on time
could have more difficulty getting their own tools completed. This is
because some carriers and logistics companies may delay submitting
their information. Once the deadline has passed for the carrier or
logistics company to submit its tool, the company is dropped from
the SmartWay Carrier Performance Rankings and is no longer in good
standing with SmartWay. If that occurs, shippers may not count those
carriers or logistics companies as SmartWay Partners in their SmartWay
reporting tool.
• Reward carrier and logistics company partners for best
practices in data quality
Another common best practice is the use of a carrier scorecard. Some
SmartWay shippers reward those who score high in, for example, error-
free invoicing and error-free payload submissions.
Best Practices for Shippers
-------
IKEA Incorporates SmartWay
Carrier Review in Bi-Annual Audits
IKEA Distribution Services, Inc. (IKEA), Westampton, New
Jersey, was designated a SmartWay Champion in 2011. IKEA
also won a SmartWay Excellence Award in 2012.
In 2000, IKEA developed its IWAY program: a code of con-
duct covering areas such as environment, health and safe-
ty, and wages and working conditions. All carriers that work
with IKEA agree to comply with IWAY and take part in onsite
IWAY audits every 24 months. Additionally, any carrier that
wishes to do business with IKEA in the United States or
Canada must participate in SmartWay. As part of the IWAY
audits, IKEA carriers must confirm that they are up to date on
their SmartWay reporting tool submissions, and they must
also walk IKEA staff through their SmartWay reporting tool.
SmartWay® Transport Partnership: Driving Data Integrity in Transportation Supply Chains
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Best Practices for Shippers
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APPENDIX A Additional Resources
For basic information about the SmartWayTransport Partnership, call the
SmartWay hotline at (734) 214-4767 or email smartway_transport@epa.gov.
For information on leading freight movement industry indicators and quick
facts about current SmartWay Partner performance metrics, visit the
SmartWay TIPS Web page at www.epa.gov/smartway/tips/index.htm.
For the latest SmartWay Partners fleet ranking categories and emissions
rates, visit www.epa.gov/smartway/partnership/performance.htm.
User and technical guidance documents are available for shippers, truck
carriers, rail carriers, and logistics companies at www.epa.gov/smartway/
partner-resources/index.htm.
EPA is committed to protecting human health and the environment. The
SmartWay Transport Partnership was developed with this goal in mind.
EPA collaborated with the community to ensure that SmartWay achieves
environmental, economic, and energy security benefits. EPA invites
interested companies to join this voluntary partnership. Please visit
www.epa.gov/smartway for information on how to register as a SmartWay
Partner.
Any way you ship it, move it the SmartWay.
Additional Resources
-------
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APPENDIX B List of Abbreviations
APU auxiliary power unit
CCAC Climate and Clean Air Coalition
C02 carbon dioxide
MOC management of change
MPG miles per gallon
QA quality assurance
DOT U.S. Department of Transportation QC quality control
ECM Electronic Control Module
ERP Enterprise Resource Planning
EPA U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency
4PL fourth-party logistics provider
GPS Global Positioning System
SCAC Standard Carrier Alpha Code
SOP standard operating procedure
SWI standard work instructions
3PL third-party logistics provider
TIPS Trends, Indicators and Partner
Statistics
IFTA International Fuel Tax Association TMS transportation management system
ISO International Organization for
Standardization
MCN Motor Carrier Number
VIN vehicle identification number
VMT vehicle miles traveled
List of Abbreviations
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United States
Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Transportation and Air Quality
1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW
Washington, DC 20460
EPA-420-B-13-005
September 2013
www.epa.gov
£EFft
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