402-R-04-904
ENVIRONMENTAL
RADIATION
DATA
REPORT 120
October - December 2004
United States Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Radiation and Indoor Air
-------
(This page intentionally left blank)
-------
Contents
Page
List of Tables v
Preface vii
Acknowledgments ix
Data Reporting Conventions xi
1. Air Program 1
Airborne Particulates and Precipitation 1
Plutonium and Uranium in Airborne Particulates and Precipitation 12
2. Drinking Water Program 13
3. Milk Program 19
Pasteurized Milk 19
in
-------
(This page intentionally left blank)
-------
List of Tables
Table Page
1 Reporting Units and Minimum Detectable Concentrations xiii
2 Gross Beta in Airborne Particulates: October 2004 2
3 Gross Beta in Airborne Particulates: November 2004 4
4 Gross Beta in Airborne Particulates: December 2004 6
5 Gross Beta and Specific Gamma in Precipitation: October 2004 8
6 Gross Beta and Specific Gamma in Precipitation: November 2004 9
7 Gross Beta and Specific Gamma in Precipitation: December 2004 10
8 Tritium in Precipitation: October - December 2004 11
9 Tritium in Drinking Water: October - December 2004 14
10 Iodine-131 in Drinking Water: January - December 2004 16
11 Alpha, Beta, and Sr-90 Concentrations in Drinking Water:
January - December 2004 Composites 18
12 Radium-226, -228 and Gamma-Emitting Radionuclides in Drinking Water:
January - December 2004 Composites 18
13 Radionuclides in Pasteurized Milk: October - December 2004 20
-------
(This page intentionally left blank)
-------
Preface
Environmental Radiation Data (ERD) is compiled and published quarterly by the Office of
Radiation and Indoor Air's National Air and Radiation Environmental Laboratory (NAREL) in
Montgomery, Alabama, and contains data from the Environmental Radiation Ambient
Monitoring System (ERAMS). ERD is published in both hard-copy and electronic formats.
Electronic reports are available online at www.epa.gov/narel.
The United States Environmental Protection Agency established ERAMS in 1973 with an
emphasis on identifying trends in the accumulation of long-lived radionuclides in the
environment. ERAMS is comprised of a nationwide network of sampling stations that provide
air particulate, precipitation, drinking water, and milk samples.
Sampling locations are selected to provide population and geographic coverage for the United
States. The radiation analyses performed on these samples include gross alpha and gross beta
analysis, gamma analyses, and radionuclide-specific analyses for uranium, plutonium, strontium,
iodine, radium, and tritium. This monitoring effort also provides ancillary information on natural
background levels and on routine and accidental releases into the environment from stationary
sources.
The radiochemical procedures used by NAREL to analyze the ERAMS samples are contained in
the NAREL Radiochemistry Procedures Manual. Station operation and sample collection are in
accordance with procedures contained in the ERAMS Manual (EPA 520/5-84-007, 008, 009).
vn
-------
(This page intentionally left blank)
-------
Acknow ledgmen ts
All sampling for the Environmental Radiation Ambient Monitoring System (ERAMS) is
performed by volunteer collectors who are frequently members of health departments or related
environmental agencies of their respective states. The National Air and Radiation Environmental
Laboratory (NAREL), on behalf of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, would like to
acknowledge the time and effort of these volunteer collectors, who are so essential to the
successful operation of ERAMS. The efforts of the sample collectors are especially appreciated
during times of emergency operation when sampling frequencies are increased and schedules are
sometimes demanding.
IX
-------
(This page intentionally left blank)
-------
Data Reporting Conventions
Every laboratory measurement involves uncertainty. When there is little or no radioactivity in a
sample, one consequence of measurement uncertainty is the possibility of obtaining a measured
value that is less than zero. Such a negative result occurs when random effects in the
measurement process cause the measured value for the sample to be less than that of the blank or
background, which is subtracted from it. From April 1991 to December 1995, negative results
were reported as "not detected" or "ND," and gamma analysis results that were less than their
estimated measurement uncertainties were also reported as "ND." In January 1996, both of these
practices were discontinued. Although negative activities are physically impossible, the
inclusion of negative results in the report allows better statistical analysis of the data.
Results of gamma analyses are still reported as "ND" when gamma-emitting radionuclides are
not detected.
Measurement Uncertainty
Each measured valuey is reported with an expanded uncertainty U=k uc(y), which is determined
from the combined standard uncertainty uc(y) and the coverage factor h = 2. The interval from
y - Utoy + Uis estimated to have a level of confidence of approximately 95%.
Significant Figures
Expanded uncertainties are reported to two significant figures. Measurement results are rounded
to the corresponding number of decimal places.
Detection Capability
The minimum detectable concentrations (MDCs) for each radionuclide are shown in Table 1.
The MDC is defined as the minimum concentration that gives a 95% probability of detection
when the detection criteria are chosen to give only a 5% probability of false detection in a blank
sample.
XI
-------
(This page intentionally left blank)
-------
Table 1
Reporting Units and Minimum Detectable Concentrations
for Radionuclide Analyses
Radionuclide
Gross Alpha
Gross B eta
Tritium
* Plutonium-238, 239/240
f Uranium-234,235,238
Radium-226
Strontium-90
t Iodine-131
Cesium-137
t Barium- 140
Potassium
Potassium-40
Media
Water
Air
Water
Precipitation
Water
Milk
Air
Water
Air
Water
Water
Milk
Water
Milk (gamma)
Water (gamma)
Water
Milk
Water
Milk
Water
Milk
Water
Water
Reporting
Unit
pCi/L
pCi/m3
pCi/L
pCi/L
pCi/L
pCi/L
aCi/m3
pCi/L
aCi/m3
pCi/L
pCi/L
pCi/L
pCi/L
pCi/L
pCi/L
pCi/L
pCi/L
pCi/L
pCi/L
pCi/L
g/L
g/L
pCi/L
Minimum
Detectable
Concentration
2
0.0015
2
2
150
150
0.75
0.1
0.75
0.1
0.02
2
1
4
4
0.3
5
5
15
15
0.06
0.06
50
* The MDC for air is based on an assumed total sample volume of 120,000 nf. Measurement by alpha
spectrometry includes combined activities of 239Pu and 240Pu, since the relative contributions of these two
isotopes cannot be determined.
f The MDC for air is based on an assumed total sample volume of 120,000 m3.
J Activity as of the day of counting.
Xlll
-------
(This page intentionally left blank)
-------
1. Air Program
Airborne Participates and Precipitation
Gross beta radioactivity measurements and certain specific analyses are performed on air
particulates and precipitation samples as indicator measurements in assessing the general
(national) impact of all contributing sources on environmental levels of radiation. Airborne
particulates are collected continuously at field stations representing wide geographic coverage
throughout the United States.
Filters (10-cm diameter synthetic fiber) from air samplers are changed twice weekly and field
measurements are made with a G-M survey meter 5 hours after collection to allow natural radon
isotopes and their progeny to decay. Field estimates are reported to appropriate EPA officials by
telephone or mail depending on the activity levels found.
The filters are sent to NAREL for more sensitive analysis in a low background beta counter.
Gamma scans are performed on all filters showing gross beta activity greater than 1 pCi/m3. The
laboratory obtained values are usually lower than the field estimates because of the decay of
naturally occurring radionuclides during the time between the two measurements.
Precipitation samples are collected at most field stations that collect air filters. These samples
are also sent to NAREL where they are composited monthly for gamma scans, tritium, and gross
beta activity measurements.
A compilation of individual measurements is available from the National Air and Radiation
Environmental Laboratory, 540 South Morris Avenue, Montgomery, AL 36115-2601.
-------
Table 2
Gross Beta in Airborne Particulates
October 2004
Location
AL: Montgomery
AR: Little Rock
AZ: Phoenix
CA: Los Angeles
CA: Richmond
CO: Denver
CT: Hartford
DC: Washington
DE: Wilmington
FL: Jacksonville
GA: Atlanta
HI: Honolulu
IA: Iowa C ity
ID: Idaho Falls
IN: Indianapolis
KS: Kansas City
KS: Topeka
MA: Boston
ME: Augusta
MI: Detroit
MI: Lansing
MN: Minneapolis
MS: Jackson
NC: Charlotte
NC: Wilmington
NH: Concord
NJ: Trenton
NV: Las Vegas
NV: Las Vegas/913
NY: Albany
NY: New York City
NY: Yaphank
OH: Painesville
OH: Ross
OR: Portland
PA: Harrisburg
PA: Philadelphia
PA: Pittsburgh
Number
of
Samples
4
6
4
9
4
8
9
9
8
9
4
7
8
8
9
6
5
6
4
8
8
4
9
9
2
6
8
6
6
4
8
7
7
9
9
7
9
8
5 -hour Field
Estimate
Max Min Avg
(pCi/m3)
0.2 0.0 0.1
0.0 0.0 0.0
0.7 0.3 0.5
0.3 0.1 0.2
0.1 0.0 0.1
2.2 0.5 1.0
0.3 0.1 0.1
0.1 0.0 0.1
0.2 0.0 0.1
0.1 0.1 0.1
0.1 0.0 0.0
0.2 0.0 0.1
0.3 0.1 0.2
1.2 0.1 0.4
1.7 0.1 0.7
0.9 0.3 0.6
0.4 0.0 0.2
0.1 0.1 0.1
2.5 0.7 1.2
0.7 0.1 0.3
0.1 0.1 0.1
1.2 0.0 0.2
0.1 0.0 0.1
0.6 0.2 0.4
0.6 0.1 0.2
0.2 0.0 0.1
0.1 0.0 0.1
0.1 0.0 0.0
0.2 0.0 0.1
0.2 0.0 0.1
0.5 0.1 0.3
0.2 0.0 0.1
0.4 0.1 0.2
2.5 0.0 0.4
0.3 0.1 0.2
NAREL Lab
Measurement
Max Min Avg
(pCi/m3)
0.013 0.007 0.011
0.024 0.009 0.016
0.019 0.011 0.014
0.028 0.005 0.014
0.008 0.003 0.006
0.023 0.007 0.012
0.012 0.002 0.008
0.013 0.004 0.008
0.013 0.004 0.009
0.026 0.006 0.014
0.024 0.010 0.015
0.003 0.001 0.002
0.024 0.005 0.010
0.014 0.003 0.009
0.013 0.007 0.009
0.015 0.010 0.013
0.016 0.012 0.014
0.014 0.002 0.007
0.008 0.004 0.006
0.020 0.006 0.011
0.018 0.005 0.010
0.012 0.006 0.009
0.027 0.009 0.017
0.024 0.009 0.016
0.013 0.010 0.012
0.009 0.003 0.006
0.013 0.004 0.008
0.022 0.007 0.012
0.018 0.004 0.008
0.009 0.007 0.008
0.018 0.004 0.010
0.010 0.002 0.007
0.015 0.006 0.010
0.021 0.010 0.015
0.021 0.003 0.008
0.017 0.007 0.011
0.014 0.003 0.010
0.017 0.006 0.011
-------
Table 2 (continued)
Gross Beta in Airborne Particulates
October 2004
Location
SC: Barnwell
SC: Columbia
SD: Pierre
TN: Knoxville
TN: Nashville
TN: Oak Ridge/Bethel
TN: Oak Ridge/K25
TN: Oak Ridge/Melton
TN: OakRidge/Y12 E
TN: OakRidge/Y12 W
TX: Austin
TX: Dallas
TX: El Pa so
UT: Salt Lake City
VA: Lynchburg
WA: Olympia
WA: Spokane
Number
of
Samples
1
3
6
5
8
8
7
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
7
9
8
5 -hour Field
Estimate
Max Min Avg
(pCi/m3)
0.0 0.0 0.0
0.2 0.1 0.2
0.5 0.2 0.4
0.0 0.0 0.0
0.4 0.0 0.1
1.2 0.2 0.5
2.1 0.3 0.8
1.6 0.3 0.7
1.5 0.2 0.6
1.0 0.2 0.4
0.2 0.0 0.1
1.1 0.1 0.3
1.1 0.3 0.7
0.5 0.0 0.1
1.0 0.3 0.5
0.2 0.0 0.1
1.0 0.1 0.5
NAREL Lab
Measurement
Max Min Avg
(pCi/m3)
0.009 0.009 0.009
0.032 0.013 0.021
0.019 0.007 0.011
0.027 0.012 0.020
0.017 0.009 0.014
0.027 0.009 0.015
0.025 0.008 0.016
0.021 0.009 0.015
0.030 0.010 0.017
0.025 0.010 0.015
0.030 0.005 0.012
0.030 0.004 0.015
0.019 0.006 0.013
0.021 0.004 0.013
0.015 0.007 0.010
0.009 0.002 0.005
0.018 0.004 0.010
-------
Table 3
Gross Beta in Airborne Particulates
November 2004
Location
AL: Montgomery
AR: Little Rock
AZ: Phoenix
CA: Los Angeles
CA: Richmond
CO: Denver
CT: Hartford
DC: Washington
DE: Wilmington
FL: Jacksonville
GA: Atlanta
HI: Honolulu
IA: Iowa C ity
ID: Idaho Falls
IN: Indianapolis
KS: Kansas City
KS: Topeka
MA: Boston
ME: Augusta
MI: Detroit
MI: Lansing
MN: Minneapolis
MS: Jackson
NC: Charlotte
NC: Wilmington
ND: Bismarck
NH: Concord
NJ: Trenton
NV: Las Vegas
NV: Las Vegas/913
NY: Albany
NY: New York City
NY: Yaphank
OH: Painesville
OH: Ross
OR: Portland
PA: Harrisburg
PA: Philadelphia
Number
of
Samples
8
6
5
8
3
8
9
9
9
8
4
5
8
9
8
7
5
9
2
8
9
5
8
8
5
7
8
7
5
5
4
7
7
8
8
8
9
8
5 -hour Field
Estimate
Max Min Avg
(pCi/m3)
0.2 0.0 0.1
0.0 0.0 0.0
0.5 0.2 0.3
0.4 0.1 0.3
0.2 0.0 0.1
1.3 0.1 0.8
0.1 0.0 0.1
0.1 0.0 0.0
0.2 0.0 0.1
0.1 0.0 0.1
0.0 0.0 0.0
0.1 0.0 0.0
0.5 0.1 0.2
0.2 0.1 0.2
1.6 0.3 0.9
0.9 0.4 0.6
0.3 0.0 0.1
0.1 0.1 0.1
1.7 0.3 0.7
0.4 0.1 0.2
0.3 0.1 0.2
0.1 0.0 0.1
0.1 0.0 0.1
2.8 0.3 1.6
0.4 0.1 0.2
0.3 0.0 0.1
0.1 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0
0.1 0.0 0.0
0.1 0.0 0.0
0.3 0.0 0.1
0.4 0.1 0.2
0.1 0.0 0.1
0.4 0.1 0.2
0.7 0.0 0.1
NAREL Lab
Measurement
Max Min Avg
(pCi/m3)
0.015 0.005 0.010
0.016 0.004 0.010
0.018 0.008 0.012
0.025 0.009 0.016
0.012 0.006 0.009
0.020 0.005 0.011
0.012 0.006 0.008
0.017 0.005 0.009
0.018 0.006 0.011
0.014 0.006 0.009
0.019 0.009 0.014
0.003 0.002 0.002
0.017 0.009 0.012
0.031 0.006 0.014
0.011 0.007 0.009
0.021 0.010 0.014
0.020 0.011 0.015
0.013 0.004 0.009
0.012 0.006 0.009
0.020 0.006 0.013
0.016 0.007 0.011
0.019 0.010 0.015
0.017 0.005 0.011
0.016 0.007 0.012
0.014 0.008 0.011
0.033 0.011 0.019
0.010 0.004 0.008
0.015 0.006 0.010
0.017 0.010 0.013
0.017 0.004 0.010
0.017 0.007 0.011
0.020 0.009 0.014
0.013 0.005 0.009
0.017 0.009 0.012
0.023 0.007 0.013
0.019 0.003 0.010
0.022 0.006 0.013
0.018 0.007 0.011
-------
Table 3 (continued)
Gross Beta in Airborne Particulates
November 2004
Location
PA: Pittsburgh
SC: Columbia
SD: Pierre
TN: Knoxville
TN: Nashville
TN: Oak Ridge/Bethel
TN: Oak Ridge/K25
TN: Oak Ridge/Melton
TN: OakRidge/Y12 E
TN: OakRidge/Y12 W
TX: Austin
TX: Dallas
TX: El Paso
UT: Salt Lake City
VA: Lynchburg
WA: Olympia
WA: Spokane
Number
of
Samples
9
6
6
4
8
7
7
7
7
7
6
4
5
7
8
7
9
5 -hour Field
Estimate
Max Min Avg
(pCi/m3)
0.2 0.0 0.1
0.2 0.1 0.1
0.6 0.1 0.3
0.0 0.0 0.0
0.2 0.0 0.1
0.5 0.1 0.3
0.7 0.1 0.4
0.5 0.1 0.3
0.6 0.1 0.3
0.3 0.1 0.2
0.1 0.0 0.1
0.1 0.0 0.1
0.8 0.1 0.5
0.5 0.0 0.2
0.7 0.1 0.4
0.1 0.0 0.0
0.7 0.1 0.4
NAREL Lab
Measurement
Max Min Avg
(pCi/m3)
0.017 0.007 0.011
0.025 0.008 0.012
0.021 0.006 0.013
0.017 0.011 0.014
0.017 0.007 0.011
0.014 0.008 0.011
0.013 0.008 0.010
0.013 0.007 0.010
0.017 0.008 0.011
0.015 0.009 0.011
0.012 0.005 0.008
0.017 0.008 0.014
0.021 0.007 0.013
0.041 0.008 0.016
0.014 0.006 0.010
0.014 0.002 0.006
0.038 0.006 0.015
-------
Table 4
Gross Beta in Airborne Particulates
December 2004
Location
AL: Montgomery
AR: Little Rock
AZ: Phoenix
CA: Los Angeles
CA: Richmond
CO: Denver
CT: Hartford
DC: Washington
DE: Wilmington
FL: Jacksonville
GA: Atlanta
HI: Honolulu
IA: Iowa C ity
ID: Idaho Falls
IN: Indianapolis
KS: Kansas City
KS: Topeka
MA: Boston
ME: Augusta
MI: Detroit
MI: Lansing
MN: Minneapolis
MS: Jackson
NC: Charlotte
NC: Wilmington
ND: Bismarck
NH: Concord
NJ: Trenton
NM: Santa Fe
NV: Las Vegas
NV: Las Vegas/913
NY: Albany
NY: New York City
NY: Yaphank
OH: Painesville
OH: Ross
OR: Portland
PA: Harrisburg
Number
of
Samples
9
2
4
8
5
9
9
9
9
9
3
5
8
8
8
9
3
8
2
7
9
4
5
7
3
6
9
7
1
5
5
5
9
9
6
9
7
9
5 -hour Field
Estimate
Max Min Avg
(pCi/m3)
0.1 0.0 0.0
0.1 0.0 0.0
0.9 0.2 0.5
0.5 0.2 0.3
0.2 0.0 0.1
0.7 0.1 0.3
0.1 0.0 0.1
0.2 0.0 0.0
0.1 0.0 0.0
0.2 0.1 0.1
0.0 0.0 0.0
0.1 0.0 0.1
1.6 0.0 0.4
0.2 0.0 0.1
4.2 0.6 1.9
0.9 0.4 0.6
0.2 0.0 0.1
0.0 0.0 0.0
0.7 0.1 0.4
0.2 0.0 0.1
0.2 0.1 0.1
0.1 0.0 0.1
0.1 0.0 0.0
4.6 0.3 1.5
0.2 0.0 0.1
0.2 0.1 0.1
2.6 2.6 2.6
0.3 0.0 0.1
0.3 0.0 0.2
0.0 0.0 0.0
0.1 0.0 0.0
0.7 0.0 0.1
0.2 0.0 0.1
0.1 0.0 0.1
0.3 0.1 0.2
NAREL Lab
Measurement
Max Min Avg
(pCi/m3)
0.014 0.007 0.011
0.018 0.015 0.016
0.019 0.013 0.016
0.018 0.005 0.012
0.017 0.006 0.010
0.012 0.004 0.008
0.012 0.003 0.008
0.016 0.003 0.008
0.015 0.005 0.010
0.013 0.006 0.010
0.016 0.014 0.015
0.003 0.002 0.003
0.033 0.013 0.019
0.022 0.007 0.013
0.016 0.009 0.012
0.045 0.013 0.021
0.030 0.017 0.022
0.013 0.005 0.010
0.010 0.009 0.010
0.017 0.009 0.013
0.018 0.009 0.013
0.021 0.018 0.019
0.015 0.007 0.012
0.024 0.009 0.014
0.012 0.009 0.010
0.050 0.022 0.029
0.012 0.004 0.008
0.014 0.006 0.010
0.012 0.012 0.012
0.016 0.008 0.012
0.015 0.007 0.011
0.013 0.007 0.010
0.025 0.007 0.016
0.012 0.004 0.009
0.014 0.007 0.010
0.016 0.010 0.013
0.007 0.002 0.005
0.016 0.007 0.012
-------
Table 4 (continued)
Gross Beta in Airborne Particulates
December 2004
Location
PA: Philadelphia
PA: Pittsburgh
SC: Columbia
SD: Pierre
TN: Knoxville
TN: Nashville
TN: Oak Ridge/Bethel
TN: Oak Ridge/K25
TN: Oak Ridge/Melton
TN: OakRidge/Y12 E
TN: OakRidge/Y12 W
TX: Austin
TX: Dallas
TX: El Pa so
UT: Salt Lake City
VA: Lynchburg
WA: Olympia
WA: Spokane
Number
of
Samples
9
9
5
9
5
8
8
8
8
8
8
6
4
6
8
6
5
9
5 -hour Field
Estimate
Max Min Avg
(pCi/m3)
0.6 0.0 0.1
0.1 0.0 0.1
0.4 0.1 0.2
0.5 0.1 0.3
0.0 0.0 0.0
1.0 0.0 0.2
0.3 0.1 0.2
0.5 0.1 0.3
0.3 0.1 0.2
0.4 0.1 0.2
0.2 0.1 0.1
0.2 0.0 0.1
0.2 0.0 0.1
1.4 0.5 1.0
0.3 0.0 0.1
0.6 0.1 0.2
0.1 0.0 0.0
0.3 0.1 0.2
NAREL Lab
Measurement
Max Min Avg
(pCi/m3)
0.023 0.006 0.012
0.016 0.008 0.011
0.013 0.008 0.010
0.063 0.006 0.022
0.021 0.016 0.019
0.022 0.009 0.014
0.016 0.008 0.012
0.017 0.008 0.013
0.016 0.008 0.012
0.020 0.010 0.014
0.019 0.010 0.014
0.014 0.006 0.010
0.026 0.013 0.018
0.025 0.006 0.016
0.023 0.012 0.015
0.014 0.007 0.010
0.007 0.002 0.004
0.026 0.003 0.013
-------
Table 5
Gross Beta and Specific Gamma in Precipitation
October 2004
Location
AL: Montgomery
AR: Little Rock
CA: Richmond
CO: Denver
CT: Hartford
DE: Wilmington
FL: Jacksonville
GA: Atlanta
HI: Honolulu
IA: Iowa City
ID: Idaho Falls
KS: Kansas City
MA: Boston
MI: Lansing
MN: Minneapolis
NC: Charlotte
NC: Wilmington
NH: Concord
NY: Albany
NY: Yaphank
OH: Painesville
OR: Portland
TN: Knoxville
TN: Nashville
TX: Austin
TX: Dallas
UT: Salt Lake City
VA: Lynchburg
WA: Olympia
Gross B eta
Activity
pCi/L ± 2w
0.39
0.67
0.66
0.76
0.04
1.11
0.58
0.86
0.43
1.22
1.03
0.16
1.90
0.83
1.66
0.41
1.51
3.44
0.92
4.96
0.89
0.27
5.68
0.34
0.04
0.17
0.82
4.13
0.05
0.28
0.29
0.31
0.29
0.26
0.34
0.29
0.30
0.29
0.35
0.33
0.27
0.38
0.33
0.37
0.27
0.36
0.45
0.31
0.53
0.31
0.28
0.57
0.28
0.25
0.26
0.32
0.51
0.24
Gamma-Emitting
Radionuclides
Nuclide pCi/L±2w
Be7
Be7
Be7
Be7
ND
ND
ND
ND
22 16
54 11
36 19
42 25
ND
K40 8 11
T1208 3.3 4.3
Be7
Be7
Be7
Be7
Be7
K40
Be7
Be7
K40
Be7
Be7
ND
41 18
ND
36 16
36 27
ND
55 16
43 20
5.3 9.8
50 27
62 32
11.3 8.2
34 17
ND
ND
ND
ND
9.3 7.8
Note: ND = Not Detected
-------
Table 6
Gross Beta and Specific Gamma in Precipitation
November 2004
Location
AL: Montgomery
AR: Little Rock
AZ: Phoenix
CA: Richmond
CO: Denver
CT: Hartford
DE: Wilmington
FL: Jacksonville
GA: Atlanta
HI: Honolulu
IA: Iowa C ity
ID: Idaho Falls
KS: Kansas City
MA: Boston
MI: Lansing
MN: Minneapolis
NC: Charlotte
NC: Wilmington
ND: Bismarck
NH: Concord
NY: Albany
NY: Yaphank
OH: Painesville
OR: Portland
PA: Harrisburg
TN: Knoxville
TN: Nashville
TX: Austin
TX: Dallas
TX: El Pa so
UT: Salt Lake City
VA: Lynchburg
WA: Olympia
Gross Beta
Activity
pCi/L ± 2w
0.55
0.88
1.12
0.48
4.70
2.68
0.44
0.26
1.24
1.46
0.63
0.36
0.79
2.21
0.85
1.00
0.71
1.10
0.97
3.79
1.60
2.18
3.98
1.69
1.12
10.38
0.77
0.23
0.90
0.98
0.56
3.92
0.24
0.28
0.31
0.34
0.29
0.53
0.43
0.28
0.28
0.34
0.36
0.29
0.28
0.31
0.39
0.32
0.32
0.29
0.34
0.35
0.47
0.38
0.40
0.48
0.36
0.33
0.75
0.31
0.26
0.32
0.32
0.30
0.49
0.26
Gamma-Emitting
Radionuclides
Nuclide pCi/L±2w
T1208
Be7
Be7
T1208
T1208
K40
Pb212
Pb212
Be7
Be7
Be7
K40
Be7
Be7
K40
Be7
Be7
Be7
Be7
K40
K40
1.1 1.3
ND
ND
ND
64 24
64 21
ND
ND
1.5 1.6
1.0 1.3
ND
21 33
3.3 4.7
3.2 2.6
60 21
27 21
26 21
12 12
39 20
36 30
25 40
70 22
47 20
ND
67 24
ND
49 23
16 12
ND
ND
ND
24 31
ND
ND
ND
Note: ND = Not Detected
-------
Table 7
Gross Beta and Specific Gamma in Precipitation
December 2004
Location
AL: Montgomery
AR: Little Rock
AZ: Phoenix
CA: Richmond
CO: Denver
CT: Hartford
DE: Wilmington
FL: Jacksonville
GA: Atlanta
HI: Honolulu
IA: Iowa C ity
KS: Kansas City
MA: Boston
MN: Minneapolis
NC: Charlotte
NC: Wilmington
ND: Bismarck
NY: Albany
NY: Yaphank
OH: Painesville
OR: Portland
PA: Harrisburg
TN: Knoxville
TN: Nashville
TN: Oak Ridge/Melton
TX: Dallas
TX: El Pa so
UT: Salt Lake City
VA: Lynchburg
WA: Olympia
Gross Beta
Activity
pCi/L ± 2w
0.45
0.55
0.99
-0.15
1.00
2.49
1.38
0.39
0.91
0.48
0.44
0.23
0.72
5.34
1.28
1.6
1.71
0.86
2.07
4.52
1.85
1.49
7.75
0.43
0.89
0.58
0.25
1.28
2.28
0.17
0.28
0.35
0.39
0.32
0.39
0.41
0.35
0.28
0.32
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.30
0.62
0.34
1.1
0.49
0.32
0.40
0.55
0.42
0.35
0.65
0.28
0.31
0.36
0.36
0.45
0.41
0.33
Gamma-Emitting
Radionuclides
Nuclide pCi/L±2w
Be7
Be7
Be7
K40
Be7
K40
Be7
Be7
Be7
Be7
Be7
Be7
Pb212
Be7
Be7
Pb212
T1208
Be7
Bi212
K40
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
31 15
56 18
ND
43 20
9 13
ND
ND
42 18
15 12
44 39
48 20
40 27
186 77
35 18
26 12
1.6 1.9
37 17
81 37
ND
ND
ND
4.3 5.9
3.5 3.9
46 20
34 42
9 13
ND
ND
Note: ND = Not Detected
10
-------
Table 8
Tritium in Precipitation
October - December 2004
Location
AL: Montgomery
AR: Little Rock
AZ: Phoenix
CA: Richmond
CO: Denver
CT: Hartford
DE: Wilmington
FL: Jacksonville
GA: Atlanta
HI: Honolulu
IA: Iowa City
ID: Idaho Falls
KS: Kansas City
MA: Boston
MI: Lansing
MN: Minneapolis
NC: Charlotte
NC: Wilmington
ND: Bismarck
NH: Concord
NY: Albany
NY: Yaphank
OH: Painesville
OR: Portland
PA: Harrisburg
TN: Knoxville
TN: Nashville
TN: Oak Ridge/Melton
TX: Austin
TX: Dallas
TX: El Pa so
UT: Salt Lake City
VA: Lynchburg
WA: Olympia
October 2004
pCi/L ±2w
-80 79
28 84
NS
30 84
-26 82
41 79
103 83
-32 76
-55 75
-22 82
4 83
-28 82
-18 82
127 84
40 85
-89 78
42 80
-20 76
NS
6 78
34 79
97 82
-20 82
-81 79
NS
56 86
20 84
NS
-40 81
32 84
NS
-48 81
38 80
-67 79
November 2004
pCi/L ± 2w
-4 77
-28 78
30 81
10 80
36 82
61 81
97 84
-87 73
-83 74
60 81
67 83
10 80
0 79
65 81
-38 78
10 80
61 81
-8 75
-26 79
94 83
149 85
98 84
55 83
-20 79
59 81
47 80
98 82
NS
-30 78
-42 78
95 85
-67 76
22 79
18 80
December 2004
pCi/L ± 2w
54 78
-55 82
-33 83
-10 84
16 85
163 84
145 83
70 79
98 81
-26 83
146 83
NS
11 85
40 78
NS
88 80
50 78
205 86
127 82
NS
226 87
38 78
44 78
7 84
83 80
92 80
99 81
164 84
NS
-7 84
83 77
18 86
44 78
-30 83
Note: NS = No Sample
11
-------
Plutonium and Uranium in Airborne Particulates
Environmental radiation levels of plutonium and uranium are determined by the analysis of
annually composited samples (air filters) collected from the continuously operating airborne
particulate samplers.
Concentrations of plutonium-238, combined plutonium-239 and 240, and uranium-234, 235, and
238 are determined by alpha spectrometry following chemical separation. The volume of air
represented by the annual composite typically ranges from 120,000 to 500,000 cubic meters.
Plutonium and uranium results are published when they become available.
Beta Activity in Precipitation
All stations routinely submit precipitation samples as rainfall, snow, or sleet occurs. The
precipitation samples are composited at the NAREL into single monthly samples for each station.
Each month that precipitation occurs, an aliquant of the composited sample is analyzed for gross
beta, tritium, and gamma-emitting nuclides.
12
-------
2. Drinking Water Program
The ERAMS drinking water program provides data on radionuclide concentrations in the
nation's drinking water supplies. Samples are taken at 78 sites which are either major population
centers or selected nuclear facility environs.
Drinking water data are used to assess trends and anomalies in concentrations, and to compare
with standards set forth in the EPA "National Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations."
These regulations provide for approval of supplies when the combined radium-226 and
radium-228 levels do not exceed 5 pCi/L, when the gross alpha (excluding radon and uranium)
levels do not exceed 15 pCi/L, when tritium levels do not exceed 20,000 pCi/L, when the
strontium-90 levels do not exceed 8 pCi/L, and when the gross beta levels do not exceed
50 pCi/L.
The analyses include (a) tritium on a quarterly basis; (b) gross alpha, gross beta, strontium-90,
and gamma on annual composites; (c) radium-226 if the gross alpha exceeds 2 pCi/L and
radium-228 if the radium-226 falls between 3 and 5 pCi/L; (d) iodine-131 on one quarterly
sample per year for each station; and (e) an annual composite for plutonium-238, combined
plutonium-239 and 240, and uranium-234, 235, and 238 for stations that demonstrate gross alpha
levels greater than 2 pCi/L.
13
-------
Table 9
Tritium in Drinking Water
October - December 2004
Location
AK: Fairbanks
AL: Dothan
AL: Montgomery
AL: Muscle Shoals
AL: Scottsboro
AR: Little Rock
CA: Los Angeles
CA: Richmond
CO: Denver
CT: Hartford
DE: Dover
FL: Tampa
GA: Baxley
GA: Savannah
HI: Honolulu
IA: Cedar Rapids
ID: Boise
ID: Idaho Falls
IL: Morris
IL: W. Chicago
KS: Topeka
LA: New Orleans
MA: Lawrence
MD: Baltimore
MD: Conowingo
ME: Augusta
MI: Detroit
MI: Grand Rapids
MN: Minneapolis
MN: RedWing
MO: Jefferson City
MS: Jackson
MS: Port Gibson
MT: Helena
NC: Charlotte
NC: Raleigh
ND: Bismarck
NE: Lincoln
NH: Concord
NJ: Trenton
Date
Collected
10/06/04
10/06/04
10/07/04
10/13/04
10/14/04
10/07/04
10/05/04
10/27/04
10/28/04
10/08/04
10/12/04
11/29/04
10/07/04
12/08/04
10/06/04
10/04/04
11/04/04
11/05/04
10/19/04
10/04/04
10/04/04
11/03/04
12/03/04
10/04/04
11/16/04
10/04/04
10/04/04
10/12/04
10/18/04
10/11/04
10/04/04
10/05/04
10/05/04
10/05/04
10/27/04
10/20/04
10/04/04
10/08/04
10/05/04
10/12/04
3H
pCi/L ± 2w
12
-53
-69
93
176
43
94
-59
-16
159
50
30
-61
-62
4
117
-32
-36
5
80
73
159
107
-10
-83
77
-24
125
78
92
21
40
-33
42
231
-77
74
16
104
83
82
69
74
75
79
80
76
76
78
85
73
79
74
75
78
78
77
77
72
77
76
86
83
78
75
76
77
77
75
75
74
78
76
80
93
75
76
78
83
75
14
-------
Table 9 (continued)
Tritium in Drinking Water
October - December 2004
Location
NJ: Waretown
NM: Santa Fe
NV: Las Vegas
NY: Albany
NY: New York City
NY: Niagara Falls
NY: Syracuse
OH: Cincinnati
OH: E. Liverpool
OH: Painesville
OH: Toledo
OK: Oklahoma City
OR: Portland
PA: Columbia
PA: Harrisburg
PA: Philadelphia - Belmont Lab
PA: Philadelphia - Queen Lane Lab
PA: Philadelphia -Baxter
PA: Pittsburgh
RI: Providence
SC: Barnwell
SC: Columbia
SC: Jenkinsville
SC: Seneca
TN: Chattanooga
TN: Knoxville
TN: Oak Ridge - RoaneCo. #4442
TN: Oak Ridge - Anderson Co. #768
TN: Oak Ridge - RoaneCo. #360
TN: Oak Ridge - Knox Co. #371
TN: Oak Ridge - Anderson Co. #772
TX: Austin
VA: Lynchburg
WA: Richland
WA: Seattle
Date
Collected
10/14/04
10/25/04
12/21/04
10/04/04
10/05/04
12/27/04
10/14/04
10/25/04
11/17/04
11/03/04
10/07/04
10/06/04
10/12/04
11/17/04
11/18/04
12/15/04
12/15/04
12/15/04
11/17/04
10/12/04
10/18/04
10/08/04
10/14/04
10/05/04
10/08/04
10/21/04
10/20/04
10/22/04
10/22/04
10/22/04
10/22/04
10/19/04
10/05/04
10/08/04
11/23/04
3H
pCi/L ± 2w
10
-32
-48
-63
-18
-20
161
95
-32
-12
4
-7
99
-14
-38
18
0
20
-6
119
-65
16
152
95
-52
-41
276
-40
8
-39
-18
-18
88
129
14
72
77
85
74
77
83
79
84
78
78
77
73
76
78
81
86
84
85
78
77
76
79
78
82
73
77
92
78
79
77
78
78
76
77
79
15
-------
Table 10
Iodine-131 in Drinking Water
January - December 2004
Location
AK: Fairbanks
AL: Dothan
AL: Montgomery
AL: Muscle Shoals
AL: Scottsboro
AR: Little Rock
CA: Los Angeles
CA: Richmond
CO: Denver
CT: Hartford
DE: Dover
FL: Tampa
FL: Tampa
GA: Baxley
GA: Savannah
HI: Honolulu
IA: Cedar Rapids
ID: Boise
ID: Idaho Falls
IL: Morris
IL: W. Chicago
KS: Topeka
LA: New Orleans
MA: Lawrence
MD: Baltimore
MD: Conowingo
ME: Augusta
MI: Detroit
MI: Grand Rapids
MN: Minneapolis
MN: RedWing
MO: Jefferson City
MS: Jackson
MS: Port Gibson
MT: Helena
NC: Charlotte
NC: Raleigh
ND: Bismarck
NE: Lincoln
NH: Concord
NJ: Trenton
Date
Collected
10/06/04
10/06/04
04/09/04
07/20/04
07/21/04
07/09/04
10/05/04
05/10/04
07/21/04
04/15/04
07/08/04
02/26/04
11/29/04
05/20/04
12/08/04
10/06/04
04/20/04
03/01/04
11/05/04
07/12/04
01/28/04
04/09/04
03/17/04
12/03/04
04/09/04
11/16/04
04/09/04
04/15/04
04/21/04
04/13/04
10/11/04
10/04/04
10/05/04
10/05/04
07/08/04
05/05/04
07/21/04
10/04/04
04/16/04
10/05/04
04/22/04
pCi/L
0.00
0.03
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.07
-0.18
0.01
0.03
0.01
0.11
0.18
0.02
0.05
0.02
0.13
0.05
0.07
-0.01
0.11
-0.05
0.06
0.02
0.26
0.15
-0.02
0.10
0.05
-0.01
0.04
0.04
0.40
0.13
0.02
0.15
0.09
0.02
-0.01
-0.06
0.01
0.11
±2w
0.31
0.29
0.14
0.17
0.18
0.13
0.35
0.12
0.17
0.15
0.15
0.18
0.20
0.19
0.16
0.31
0.14
0.12
0.38
0.15
0.29
0.14
0.22
0.22
0.14
0.32
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.13
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.17
0.19
0.16
0.16
0.19
0.19
0.17
0.14
16
-------
Table 10 (continued)
Iodine-131 in Drinking Water
January - December 2004
Location
NJ: Waretown
NM: Santa Fe
NV: Las Vegas
NY: New York City
NY: Niagara Falls
NY: Syracuse
OH: Cincinnati
OH: E. Liverpool
OH: Painesville
OH: Toledo
OK: Oklahoma City
OR: Portland
PA: Columbia
PA: Harrisburg
PA: Philadelphia - Belmont
PA: Philadelphia - Baxter
PA: Philadelphia - Queen Lane Lab
PA: Pittsburgh
RI: Providence
SC: Barnwell
SC: Columbia
SC: Jenkinsville
SC: Jenkinsville
SC: Seneca
SC: Seneca
TN: Chattanooga
TN: Knoxville
TN: Oak Ridge - RoaneCo. #4442
TN: Oak Ridge - RoaneCo. #360
TN: Oak Ridge - Anderson Co. #772
TN: Oak Ridge - Knox Co. #371
TN: Oak Ridge - Anderson Co. #768
TX: Austin
VA: Ashland
VA: Lynchburg
WA: Richland
WA: Seattle
Date
Collected
04/28/04
10/25/04
06/25/04
04/30/04
04/29/04
10/14/04
10/25/04
07/14/04
08/12/04
04/12/04
10/06/04
10/12/04
02/19/04
02/18/04
02/18/04
02/18/04
06/18/04
06/22/04
10/12/04
01/28/04
07/21/04
04/28/04
07/20/04
04/28/04
07/20/04
10/08/04
10/21/04
10/20/04
10/22/04
10/22/04
10/22/04
10/22/04
10/19/04
04/13/04
10/05/04
04/22/04
09/20/04
pCi/L
0.03
-0.01
0.12
0.05
0.11
0.01
0.12
0.73
0.04
0.00
-0.10
-0.02
0.15
0.19
1.79
0.44
0.21
0.12
-0.05
0.00
0.10
0.05
0.06
0.00
0.14
0.05
-0.01
0.05
0.02
-0.05
0.04
0.10
0.02
0.06
0.09
0.03
0.11
±2w
0.14
0.21
0.14
0.16
0.13
0.14
0.25
0.16
0.13
0.11
0.30
0.19
0.16
0.15
0.16
0.16
0.14
0.20
0.23
0.14
0.15
0.15
0.17
0.14
0.18
0.45
0.15
0.20
0.27
0.16
0.16
0.14
0.19
0.13
0.31
0.14
0.18
17
-------
Table 11
Alpha, Beta, and Sr-90 Concentrations in Drinking Water
January - December 2004
Alpha, beta, and strontium-90 in drinking water results will be published when they become
available.
18
-------
Table 12
Radium-226, -228, and Gamma-Emitting Radionuclides in Drinking Water
January - December 2004
Radium-226, -228, and gamma-emitting radionuclides in drinking water results will be published
when they become available.
19
-------
(This page intentionally left blank)
20
-------
3. Milk Program
Pasteurized Milk
Milk is a reliable indicator of the general population's intake of certain radionuclides since it is
consumed fresh by a large segment of the population and can contain several of the biologically
significant radionuclides that result from environmental releases from nuclear activities. A
primary function of this program is to obtain reliable monitoring data relative to current
radionuclide concentrations and determine any long-term trends.
Quarterly samples are collected at approximately 55 sampling sites. The samples are
composited, according to production, from the major milk suppliers representing more than 80
percent of the milk consumed in a given population center.
The samples are analyzed for gamma-emitting nuclides, including iodine-131, barium-140,
cesium-137, and potassium-40. Total potassium concentrations in g/L are determined from
potassium-40 activities assuming natural isotopic abundances. During the third quarter
collection, one-fourth of the samples are also analyzed for strontium-90 on a four year rotating
schedule.
21
-------
Table 13
Radionuclides in Pasteurized Milk
October - December 2004
Location
AL: Montgomery
AR: Little Rock
AZ: Phoenix
CA: Los Angeles
CA: Sacramento
CA: San Francisco
CT: Hartford
DE: Dover
FL: Tampa
HI: Honolulu
IA: Des Moines
IN: Indianapolis
KS: Wichita
KY: Louisville
MA: Boston
MD: Baltimore
ME: Portland
MI: Detroit
MO: Jefferson City
NJ: Trenton
NM: Albuquerque
NV: Las Vegas
NY: Buffalo
NY: Syracuse
OH: Cincinnati
OH: Cleveland
OR: Portland
PA: Philadelphia
PA: Pittsburgh
TN: Chattanooga
TN: Knoxville
TN: Memphis
TX: Ft. Worth
TX: San Antonio
VA: Norfolk
VT: Montpelier
WA: Spokane
WA: Tacoma
WV: Charleston
Date
Collected
10/08/04
12/06/04
12/27/04
10/15/04
12/21/04
10/12/04
10/29/04
10/27/04
10/06/04
10/28/04
10/11/04
10/15/04
10/05/04
10/11/04
12/15/04
10/01/04
11/04/04
12/15/04
10/26/04
10/27/04
10/26/04
10/12/04
10/08/04
10/08/04
11/30/04
11/09/04
10/18/04
10/05/04
10/05/04
10/25/04
10/26/04
10/25/04
10/28/04
10/12/04
12/22/04
12/30/04
11/29/04
12/28/04
10/05/04
K
g/L ± 2w
1.58 0.13
1.63 0.13
1.62 0.13
1.64 0.17
1.55 0.12
1.67 0.13
1.72 0.13
1.56 0.12
1.63 0.18
1.63 0.11
1.64 0.13
1.60 0.12
1.64 0.12
1.64 0.12
1.67 0.13
1.48 0.12
1.50 0.11
1.69 0.12
1.55 0.13
1.60 0.12
1.50 0.12
1.55 0.13
1.68 0.13
1.62 0.13
1.73 0.18
1.67 0.13
1.51 0.13
1.66 0.13
1.58 0.12
1.53 0.12
1.64 0.12
1.48 0.13
1.53 0.12
1.42 0.11
1.61 0.11
1.62 0.12
1.56 0.12
1.57 0.13
1.54 0.13
137Cs
pCi/L ± 2w
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
140Ba
pCi/L ± 2w
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
131j
pCi/L ± 2w
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Note:
ND = Not Detected
22
-------
For More Information
Environmental Radiation Data (ERD) is published quarterly by the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency's Office of Radiation and Indoor Air.
Requests for information concerning the operation of ERAMS and the data that are generated
should be directed as follows:
For System Operations- For Analytical Information and Data-
Rhonda Sears John Griggs
National Air and Radiation Environmental National Air and Radiation Environmental
Laboratory Laboratory
540 South Morris Avenue 540 South Morris Avenue
Montgomery, Alabama 36115-2601 Montgomery, Alabama 36115-2601
e-mail: sears.rhonda@epa.gov e-mail: griggs.john@epa.gov
Requests for information concerning publication and distribution of ERD should be directed to:
Charles M. Petko
Office of the Director
National Air and Radiation Environmental Laboratory
540 South Morris Avenue
Montgomery, Alabama 36115-2601
e-mail: petko.charles@epa.gov
Requests for information concerning policies of the Office of Radiation and Indoor Air should be
directed to:
Bonnie Gitlin
USEPA - ORIA
Radiation Protection Division (MC6608J)
1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW
Washington, DC 20460
e-mail: gitlin.bonnie@epa.gov
-------
(This page intentionally left blank)
------- |