402-R-09-018 ENVIRONMENTAL RADIATION DATA REPORT 139 July - September 2009 United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Radiation and Indoor Air ------- This page intentionally left blank 11 ------- Contents Page List of Tables v Preface vii Acknowledgments ix Data Reporting Conventions xi 1. Air Program 1 Airborne Particulates and Precipitation 1 Plutonium and Uranium in Airborne Particulates 15 Beta Activity in Precipitation 15 2. Water Program 17 3. Milk Program 21 Pasteurized Milk 21 in ------- This page intentionally left blank IV ------- List of Tables Table Page 1 Reporting Units and Minimum Detectable Concentrations xiii 2 Gross Beta in Airborne Participates: July 2009 2 3 Gross Beta in Airborne Particulates: August 2009 5 4 Gross Beta in Airborne Particulates: September 2009 8 5 Gross Beta and Specific Gamma in Precipitation: July 2009 11 6 Gross Beta and Specific Gamma in Precipitation: August 2009 12 7 Gross Beta and Specific Gamma in Precipitation: September 2009 13 8 Tritium in Precipitation: July - September 2009 14 9 Tritium in Drinking Water: July - September 2009 18 ------- This page intentionally left blank VI ------- Preface Environmental Radiation Data(EKD) is compiled and published quarterly by the Office of Radiation and Indoor Air's National Air and Radiation Environmental Laboratory (NAREL) in Montgomery, Alabama, and contains data from the RadNet monitoring system (formerly ERAMS). ERD is published in both hard-copy and electronic formats. Electronic reports are available online at www.epa.gov/narel. The United States Environmental Protection Agency established RadNet in 1973 with an emphasis on identifying trends in the accumulation of long-lived radionuclides in the environ- ment. RadNet is comprised of a nationwide network of sampling stations that provide air particulate, precipitation, drinking water, and milk samples. Sampling locations are selected to provide population and geographic coverage for the United States. The radiation analyses performed on these samples include gross alpha and gross beta analysis, gamma analyses, and radionuclide-specific analyses for uranium, plutonium, strontium, iodine, radium, and tritium. This monitoring effort also provides ancillary information on natural background levels and on routine and accidental releases into the environment from stationary sources. The radiochemical procedures used by NAREL to analyze the RadNet samples are contained in the NAREL Radiochemistry Procedures Manual. Station operation and sample collection are in accordance with procedures contained in theERAMSManual(EPA 520/5-84-007, 008, 009). vn ------- This page intentionally left blank Vlll ------- Acknowledgments All sampling for the RadNet monitoring system (formerly ERAMS) is performed by volunteer collectors who are frequently members of health departments or related environmental agencies of their respective states. The National Air and Radiation Environmental Laboratory (NAREL), on behalf of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, would like to acknowledge the time and effort of these volunteer collectors, who are so essential to the successful operation of RadNet. The efforts of the sample collectors are especially appreciated during times of emergency operation when sampling frequencies are increased and schedules are sometimes demanding. IX ------- This page intentionally left blank ------- Data Reporting Conventions Every laboratory measurement involves uncertainty. When there is little or no radioactivity in a sample, one consequence of measurement uncertainty is the possibility of obtaining a measured value that is less than zero. Such a negative result occurs when random effects in the measure- ment process cause the measured value for the sample to be less than that of the blank or back- ground, which is subtracted from it. From April 1991 to December 1995, negative results were reported as "not detected" or "ND," and gamma analysis results that were less than their estimated measurement uncertainties were also reported as "ND." In January 1996, both of these practices were discontinued. Although negative activities are physically impossible, the inclusion of negative results in the report allows better statistical analysis of the data. Results of gamma analyses are still reported as "ND" when gamma-emitting radionuclides not detected. are Measurement Uncertainty Each measured valuers reported with an expanded uncertainty U=kuc(y), which is determined from the combined standard uncertainty uc(y) and the coverage factor k=1. The interval from y - Utoy+ Uis estimated to have a level of confidence of approximately 95 %. Significant Figures Expanded uncertainties are reported to two significant figures. Measurement results are rounded to the corresponding number of decimal places. Detection Capability The minimum detectable concentrations (MDCs) for each radionuclide are shown in Table 1. The MDC is defined as the minimum concentration that gives a 95 % probability of detection when the detection criteria are chosen to give only a 5 % probability of false detection in a sample that is analyte-free. XI ------- This page intentionally left blank xn ------- Table 1 Reporting Units and Minimum Detectable Concentrations for Radionuclide Analyses Radionuclide Gross Alpha Gross Beta Tritium * Plutonium-23 8,23 9/240 f Uranium-234,235,238 Radium-226 Strontium-90 { Iodine-131 Cesium- 137 { Barium-140 Potassium Potassium-40 Media Water Air Water Precipitation Water Milk Air Water Air Water Water Milk Water Milk (gamma) Water (gamma) Water Milk Water Milk Water Milk Water Water Reporting Unit pCi/L pCi/m3 pCi/L pCi/L pCi/L pCi/L aCi/m3 pCi/L aCi/m3 pCi/L pCi/L pCi/L pCi/L pCi/L pCi/L pCi/L pCi/L pCi/L pCi/L pCi/L g/L g/L pCi/L Minimum Detectable Concentration 2 0.0015 2 2 150 150 0.75 0.1 0.75 0.1 0.02 2 1 4 4 0.3 5 5 15 15 0.06 0.06 50 * The MDC for air is based on an assumed total sample volume of 120,000 m3. Measurement by alpha spectrometry includes combined activities of 239Pu and 240Pu, since the relative contributions of these two isotopes cannot be determined. f The MDC for air is based on an assumed total sample volume of 120,000 m3. J Activity as of the day of counting. Xlll ------- This page intentionally left blank xiv ------- 1. Air Program Airborne Particulates and Precipitation Gross beta radioactivity measurements and certain specific analyses are performed on air particulates and precipitation samples as indicator measurements in assessing the general (national) impact of all contributing sources on environmental levels of radiation. Airborne particulates are collected continuously at field stations representing wide geographic coverage throughout the United States. Filters (10-cm diameter synthetic fiber) from air samplers are changed twice weekly and field measurements are made with a G-M survey meter 5 hours after collection to allow natural radon isotopes and their progeny to decay. Field estimates are reported to appropriate EPA officials by telephone or mail depending on the activity levels found. The filters are sent to NAREL for more sensitive analysis in a low background beta counter. Gamma scans are performed on all filters showing gross beta activity greater than 1 pCi/m3. The laboratory obtained values are usually lower than the field estimates because of the decay of naturally occurring radionuclides during the time between the two measurements. Precipitation samples are collected at most field stations that collect air filters. These samples are also sent to NAREL where they are composited monthly for gamma scans, tritium, and gross beta activity measurements. A compilation of individual measurements is available from the National Air and Radiation Environmental Laboratory, 540 South Morris Avenue, Montgomery, AL 36115-2601. ------- Table 2 Gross Beta in Airborne Participates July 2009 Location AK: Fairbanks AL: Birmingham AL: Montgomery/408 AR: Little Rock AZ: Phoenix AZ: Phoenix/956 AZ: Tucson CA: Anaheim CA: Bakersfield CA: Eureka CA: Los Angeles CA: Richmond CA: Riverside CA: San Bernardino Cty. CA: San Diego CA: San Francisco CA: San Jose CO: Colorado Springs CO: Denver DC: Washington DE: Dover FL: Jacksonville FL: Miami FL: Orlando FL: Tallahassee GA: Atlanta GA: Augusta HI: Hilo HI: Honolulu IA: Des Moines ID: Idaho Falls IL: Chicago IN: Indianapolis KS: Kansas City KS: Topeka KS: Wichita KY: Lexington KY: Louisville Number of Samples 3 9 9 6 9 9 9 6 9 5 9 4 9 4 3 5 6 4 9 8 5 7 7 5 8 4 4 9 9 8 7 9 8 9 9 9 3 9 5-hour Field Estimate Max Min Avg (pCi/m3) 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.8 0.3 0.5 0.8 0.0 0.4 0.5 -0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -0.0 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.6 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.2 1.6 0.1 0.4 0.6 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.1 0.2 NAREL Lab Measurement Max Min Avg (pCi/m3) 0.007 0.003 0.005 0.042 0.007 0.019 0.019 0.010 0.014 0.017 0.009 0.012 0.016 0.010 0.012 0.022 0.014 0.017 0.012 0.005 0.008 0.012 0.009 0.011 0.016 0.006 0.009 0.004 0.001 0.002 0.012 0.007 0.009 0.005 0.001 0.003 0.014 0.005 0.007 0.014 0.010 0.012 0.009 0.007 0.008 0.003 0.001 0.002 0.006 0.001 0.004 0.012 0.008 0.010 0.049 0.007 0.014 0.008 0.004 0.006 0.009 0.004 0.007 0.010 0.004 0.007 0.011 0.006 0.008 0.013 0.004 0.009 0.015 0.004 0.009 0.009 0.002 0.007 0.012 0.010 0.011 0.005 0.002 0.004 0.004 0.001 0.003 0.008 0.004 0.006 0.015 0.008 0.011 0.013 0.002 0.007 0.012 0.006 0.009 0.014 0.007 0.011 0.013 0.008 0.011 0.012 0.007 0.010 0.009 0.008 0.008 0.018 0.005 0.011 ------- Table 2 (continued) Gross Beta in Airborne Participates July 2009 Location LA: Baton Rouge MA: Worcester MD: Baltimore ME: Portland MI: Detroit MN: Duluth MN: St. Paul MN: Welch/510 MO: Jefferson City MO: St. Louis MS: Jackson/Deq MT: Billings NC: Charlotte NC: Raleigh NC: Wilmington ND: Bismarck NE: Kearney NJ: Edison NJ: Trenton NM: Carlsbad NM: Santa Fe NV: Las Vegas/9 13 NV: Washoe County NY: Albany NY: Hauppauge NY: Lockport NY: Rochester NY: Yaphank OH: Cincinnati OH: Cleveland OH: Painesville OK: Oklahoma City OK: Tulsa OR: Corvallis OR: Portland PA: Harrisburg PA: Pittsburgh SC: Barnwell Number of Samples 9 1 9 9 9 9 4 8 7 o J 5 1 7 9 2 8 9 9 9 7 7 5 9 9 9 9 5 8 7 4 6 9 8 9 9 9 7 4 5-hour Field Estimate Max Min Avg (pCi/m3) 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 -0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 -0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.3 -0.7 -0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.7 0.2 0.5 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 -0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 NAREL Lab Measurement Max Min Avg (pCi/m3) 0.014 0.007 0.011 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.012 0.006 0.008 0.011 0.003 0.005 0.010 0.002 0.006 0.005 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.004 0.005 0.022 0.004 0.007 0.016 0.006 0.010 0.010 0.005 0.007 0.016 0.007 0.011 0.012 0.012 0.012 0.029 0.007 0.014 0.040 0.008 0.016 0.013 0.009 0.011 0.007 0.004 0.006 0.014 0.007 0.011 0.010 0.004 0.007 0.020 0.006 0.010 0.011 0.007 0.009 0.011 0.008 0.009 0.010 0.008 0.009 0.015 0.006 0.009 0.011 0.005 0.008 0.010 0.005 0.007 0.007 0.002 0.005 0.006 0.003 0.005 0.010 0.003 0.006 0.009 0.003 0.006 0.015 0.006 0.009 0.011 0.006 0.009 0.012 0.006 0.007 0.015 0.010 0.012 0.004 0.001 0.003 0.013 0.005 0.009 0.014 0.006 0.009 0.016 0.006 0.009 0.013 0.009 0.010 ------- Table 2 (continued) Gross Beta in Airborne Participates July 2009 Location SC: Columbia SD: Pierre SD: Rapid City TN: Knoxville TN: Memphis TN: Nashville TN: Oak Ridge/Bethel TN: Oak Ridge/K25 TN: Oak Ridge/Melton TN: Oak Ridge/Y12 E TN: Oak Ridge/Y12 W TX: Corpus Christi TX: Dallas TX: Ft. Worth TX: Houston TX: San Antonio UT: Salt Lake City VA: Harrisonburg VA: Lynchburg VA: Richmond VA: Virginia Beach WA: Olympia WA: Seattle WA: Spokane WI: Madison Number of Samples 5 9 9 8 6 8 8 8 8 8 8 4 8 4 7 5 5 9 6 9 2 9 9 8 9 5-hour Field Estimate Max Min Avg (pCi/m3) 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.9 0.4 0.7 0.6 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.1 0.3 0.7 0.1 0.4 0.7 0.1 0.4 0.8 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.6 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 1.0 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.0 0.2 1.9 0.2 0.7 1.2 0.3 0.6 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 -0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.2 NAREL Lab Measurement Max Min Avg (pCi/m3) 0.015 0.009 0.013 0.012 0.008 0.010 0.012 0.006 0.008 0.011 0.005 0.007 0.012 0.002 0.008 0.011 0.005 0.008 0.014 0.009 0.012 0.016 0.009 0.012 0.015 0.008 0.012 0.014 0.010 0.012 0.014 0.008 0.011 0.012 0.006 0.010 0.012 0.006 0.009 0.015 0.009 0.012 0.013 0.008 0.011 0.014 0.008 0.011 0.034 0.008 0.015 0.010 0.006 0.009 0.012 0.007 0.010 0.010 0.004 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.006 0.001 0.003 0.006 0.001 0.003 0.010 0.007 0.008 0.008 0.002 0.005 ------- Table 3 Gross Beta in Airborne Participates August 2009 Location AK: Fairbanks AL: Birmingham AL: Montgomery/408 AR: Little Rock AZ: Phoenix AZ: Phoenix/956 AZ: Tucson CA: Anaheim CA: Bakersfield CA: Eureka CA: Los Angeles CA: Richmond CA: Riverside CA: Sacramento CA: San Bernardino Cty. CA: San Diego CA: San Francisco CA: San Jose CO: Colorado Springs CO: Denver DC: Washington DE: Dover FL: Jacksonville FL: Miami FL: Orlando FL: Tallahassee FL: Tampa GA: Atlanta GA: Augusta HI: Hilo HI: Honolulu IA: Des Moines ID: Idaho Falls IL: Chicago IN: Indianapolis KS: Kansas City KS: Topeka KS: Wichita Number of Samples 5 8 8 8 9 8 7 7 9 4 8 4 8 6 4 5 4 4 4 9 7 4 7 8 3 9 4 4 4 9 5 8 9 7 9 7 6 9 5-hour Field Estimate Max Min Avg (pCi/m3) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.1 1.1 0.4 0.8 1.0 0.2 0.6 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.1 1.5 0.0 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.8 0.1 0.4 NAREL Lab Measurement Max Min Avg (pCi/m3) 0.004 0.003 0.003 0.023 0.007 0.014 0.017 0.008 0.011 0.016 0.007 0.011 0.018 0.011 0.014 0.026 0.014 0.018 0.010 0.006 0.008 0.021 0.005 0.014 0.021 0.005 0.013 0.008 0.002 0.004 0.016 0.005 0.011 0.005 0.001 0.003 0.013 0.005 0.009 0.009 0.005 0.007 0.017 0.013 0.015 0.014 0.006 0.010 0.003 0.001 0.002 0.006 0.002 0.004 0.013 0.010 0.011 0.022 0.008 0.012 0.010 0.005 0.008 0.012 0.008 0.009 0.008 0.005 0.007 0.012 0.006 0.008 0.011 0.005 0.007 0.009 0.005 0.007 0.025 0.005 0.012 0.011 0.007 0.008 0.016 0.007 0.010 0.006 0.002 0.004 0.005 0.001 0.003 0.010 0.005 0.007 0.013 0.007 0.011 0.013 0.003 0.008 0.015 0.004 0.009 0.016 0.008 0.012 0.018 0.009 0.013 0.017 0.006 0.011 ------- Table 3 (continued) Gross Beta in Airborne Participates August 2009 Location KY: Lexington KY: Louisville LA: Baton Rouge MA: Worcester MD: Baltimore ME: Portland MI: Detroit MN: Duluth MN: St. Paul MN: Welch/510 MO: Jefferson City MO: St. Louis MS: Jackson/Deq MT: Billings NC: Charlotte NC: Raleigh NC: Wilmington ND: Bismarck NE: Kearney NE: Lincoln NE: Omaha NJ: Edison NJ: Trenton NM: Carlsbad NM: Santa Fe NV: Las Vegas/9 13 NV: Washoe County NY: Albany NY: Hauppauge NY: Lockport NY: Rochester NY: Syracuse NY: Yaphank OH: Cincinnati OH: Cleveland OH: Painesville OK: Oklahoma City OK: Tulsa Number of Samples 9 7 9 7 9 o J 5 8 4 6 8 o 3 9 5 8 o J 3 9 9 9 5 6 8 6 7 6 8 7 7 9 1 1 7 9 3 8 7 6 5-hour Field Estimate Max Min Avg (pCi/m3) 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 -0.0 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.1 0.3 0.0 -0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.0 0.2 0.7 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.1 -0.0 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.1 1.4 -0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 NAREL Lab Measurement Max Min Avg (pCi/m3) 0.017 0.004 0.009 0.078 0.006 0.020 0.016 0.005 0.010 0.013 0.006 0.009 0.016 0.007 0.012 0.010 0.006 0.007 0.022 0.008 0.012 0.013 0.003 0.006 0.014 0.005 0.009 0.010 0.005 0.007 0.016 0.007 0.012 0.009 0.004 0.007 0.015 0.007 0.012 0.020 0.009 0.014 0.014 0.008 0.011 0.016 0.010 0.012 0.023 0.008 0.016 0.016 0.004 0.008 0.012 0.006 0.010 0.013 0.006 0.009 0.012 0.007 0.010 0.011 0.006 0.009 0.014 0.007 0.010 0.011 0.008 0.009 0.018 0.007 0.011 0.012 0.005 0.008 0.021 0.012 0.015 0.048 0.009 0.016 0.013 0.006 0.009 0.017 0.004 0.008 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.014 0.003 0.008 0.018 0.000 0.009 0.014 0.008 0.010 0.021 0.006 0.011 0.009 0.006 0.007 0.013 0.006 0.010 ------- Table 3 (continued) Gross Beta in Airborne Participates August 2009 Location OR: Corvallis OR: Portland PA: Harrisburg PA: Philadelphia PA: Pittsburgh SC: Barnwell SC: Columbia SD: Pierre SD: Rapid City TN: Knoxville TN: Memphis TN: Nashville TN: Oak Ridge/Bethel TN: Oak Ridge/K25 TN: Oak Ridge/Melton TN: Oak Ridge/Y12 E TN: Oak Ridge/Y12 W TX: Amarillo TX: Austin TX: Austin/Concordia TX: Corpus Christi TX: Dallas TX: Ft. Worth TX: Houston TX: Laredo TX: San Antonio UT: Salt Lake City VA: Harrisonburg VA: Lynchburg VA: Richmond VA: Virginia Beach WA: Olympia WA: Seattle WA: Spokane WI: Madison WI: Milwaukee WV: Charleston Number of Samples 2 7 9 1 6 4 4 8 8 7 6 6 9 8 9 9 9 3 5 1 5 8 7 8 9 2 9 8 9 8 5 8 8 7 8 8 4 5-hour Field Estimate Max Min Avg (pCi/m3) 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 1.1 0.0 0.5 2.2 0.2 0.5 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.2 0.4 1.0 0.3 0.6 0.9 0.2 0.5 0.9 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.2 1.1 0.4 0.7 0.4 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.2 2.0 0.3 1.3 1.3 0.2 0.7 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.1 -0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 NAREL Lab Measurement Max Min Avg (pCi/m3) 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.016 0.007 0.011 0.014 0.008 0.011 0.018 0.018 0.018 0.015 0.007 0.011 0.014 0.007 0.009 0.011 0.006 0.008 0.015 0.006 0.010 0.056 0.005 0.015 0.013 0.004 0.008 0.015 0.008 0.011 0.012 0.006 0.009 0.023 0.007 0.014 0.024 0.008 0.014 0.022 0.008 0.014 0.024 0.009 0.015 0.021 0.008 0.013 0.009 0.008 0.008 0.013 0.007 0.009 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.011 0.007 0.009 0.009 0.005 0.008 0.015 0.009 0.011 0.016 0.007 0.011 0.028 0.005 0.011 0.015 0.013 0.014 0.014 0.009 0.011 0.025 0.006 0.014 0.020 0.009 0.013 0.015 0.006 0.010 0.014 0.006 0.009 0.005 0.003 0.004 0.006 0.003 0.004 0.012 0.004 0.009 0.012 0.004 0.008 0.011 0.004 0.007 0.020 0.008 0.016 ------- Table 4 Gross Beta in Airborne Participates September 2009 Location AK: Fairbanks AL: Birmingham AL: Montgomery/408 AR: Little Rock AZ: Phoenix AZ: Phoenix/956 AZ: Tucson CA: Anaheim CA: Bakersfield CA: Eureka CA: Los Angeles CA: Richmond CA: Riverside CA: Sacramento CA: San Bernardino Cty. CA: San Diego CA: San Francisco CA: San Jose CO: Colorado Springs CO: Denver DC: Washington DE: Dover FL: Jacksonville FL: Miami FL: Orlando FL: Tallahassee FL: Tampa GA: Atlanta GA: Augusta HI: Hilo IA: Des Moines IA: Mason City ID: Idaho Falls IL: Chicago IN: Indianapolis KS: Kansas City KS: Topeka KS: Wichita Number of Samples 9 5 8 8 8 8 9 9 8 4 6 5 9 8 6 2 4 4 5 8 9 5 9 7 8 1 8 4 5 8 8 3 7 7 8 7 8 7 5-hour Field Estimate Max Min Avg (pCi/m3) 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.1 1.2 0.6 0.9 1.1 0.1 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.7 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.2 0.5 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.2 0.3 1.0 0.2 0.7 0.7 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.7 0.0 0.2 0.6 0.2 0.4 0.9 0.0 0.4 NAREL Lab Measurement Max Min Avg (pCi/m3) 0.008 0.002 0.004 0.023 0.008 0.015 0.022 0.007 0.014 0.021 0.006 0.013 0.019 0.009 0.014 0.021 0.016 0.018 0.012 0.006 0.009 0.019 0.010 0.014 0.022 0.010 0.014 0.006 0.003 0.004 0.030 0.009 0.016 0.007 0.002 0.004 0.014 0.007 0.009 0.016 0.003 0.007 0.021 0.014 0.017 0.010 0.008 0.009 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.005 0.003 0.004 0.016 0.012 0.014 0.022 0.007 0.014 0.010 0.005 0.008 0.008 0.005 0.007 0.008 0.004 0.006 0.006 0.003 0.004 0.013 0.004 0.007 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.009 0.005 0.007 0.015 0.006 0.011 0.024 0.008 0.014 0.006 0.003 0.004 0.021 0.006 0.014 0.024 0.007 0.015 0.012 0.007 0.010 0.019 0.007 0.012 0.019 0.009 0.014 0.032 0.009 0.018 0.028 0.006 0.017 0.023 0.005 0.015 ------- Table 4 (continued) Gross Beta in Airborne Participates September 2009 Location KY: Lexington KY: Louisville LA: Baton Rouge MA: Worcester MD: Baltimore ME: Portland MN: Duluth MN: St. Paul MN: Welch/510 MO: Jefferson City MO: Springfield MO: St. Louis MS: Jackson MS: Jackson/Deq MT: Billings NC: Charlotte NC: Raleigh NC: Wilmington ND: Bismarck NE: Kearney NE: Lincoln NE: Omaha NH: Concord NJ: Edison NJ: Trenton NM: Carlsbad NM: Santa Fe NV: Las Vegas/9 13 NV: Washoe County NY: Albany NY: Hauppauge NY: Lockport NY: Rochester NY: Syracuse NY: Yaphank OH: Cincinnati OH: Painesville OK: Oklahoma City Number of Samples 8 8 7 7 8 4 7 5 9 8 2 o 6 i 8 3 9 5 5 8 8 7 4 1 8 6 5 7 9 8 9 7 8 7 5 7 9 9 7 5-hour Field Estimate Max Min Avg (pCi/m3) 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.7 0.0 0.1 1.0 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.1 1.2 0.1 0.6 1.1 0.1 0.6 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.2 1.4 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 NAREL Lab Measurement Max Min Avg (pCi/m3) 0.014 0.006 0.010 0.023 0.007 0.015 0.015 0.004 0.008 0.009 0.003 0.006 0.014 0.004 0.009 0.011 0.004 0.007 0.024 0.005 0.012 0.023 0.007 0.014 0.023 0.006 0.017 0.031 0.007 0.017 0.013 0.009 0.011 0.011 0.005 0.008 0.016 0.011 0.013 0.014 0.004 0.010 0.020 0.013 0.017 0.024 0.005 0.012 0.012 0.005 0.009 0.010 0.005 0.007 0.034 0.004 0.015 0.025 0.004 0.015 0.026 0.003 0.014 0.022 0.007 0.015 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.008 0.005 0.006 0.013 0.007 0.009 0.029 0.008 0.015 0.018 0.009 0.013 0.019 0.006 0.012 0.017 0.010 0.014 0.014 0.004 0.009 0.009 0.004 0.007 0.013 0.005 0.008 0.011 0.005 0.008 0.013 0.009 0.011 0.006 0.002 0.005 0.011 0.006 0.009 0.018 0.006 0.013 0.030 0.004 0.013 ------- Table 4 (continued) Gross Beta in Airborne Participates September 2009 Location OK: Tulsa OR: Portland PA: Harrisburg PA: Philadelphia PA: Pittsburgh SC: Barnwell SC: Columbia SD: Pierre SD: Rapid City TN: Knoxville TN: Memphis TN: Nashville TN: Oak Ridge/Bethel TN: Oak Ridge/K25 TN: Oak Ridge/Melton TN: Oak Ridge/Y12 E TN: Oak Ridge/Y12 W TX: Amarillo TX: Austin TX: Corpus Christi TX: Dallas TX: Ft. Worth TX: Houston TX: Laredo TX: SanAngelo TX: San Antonio UT: Salt Lake City VA: Harrisonburg VA: Lynchburg VA: Richmond VA: Virginia Beach WA: Olympia WA: Seattle WA: Spokane WI: Madison WI: Milwaukee WV: Charleston Number of Samples 8 6 8 4 6 4 2 7 7 7 5 2 7 7 7 7 7 8 3 4 5 3 9 8 8 8 7 9 6 9 6 8 7 9 9 9 6 5-hour Field Estimate Max Min Avg (pCi/m3) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 0.4 0.8 0.8 0.1 0.5 0.4 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.1 0.4 1.0 0.2 0.5 1.0 0.2 0.6 0.8 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.2 1.8 0.3 0.7 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.9 0.1 0.4 2.1 0.0 0.3 0.8 0.1 0.6 0.3 0.0 0.2 1.6 0.2 0.9 1.0 0.2 0.7 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 -0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.6 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 NAREL Lab Measurement Max Min Avg (pCi/m3) 0.020 0.005 0.013 0.020 0.006 0.011 0.016 0.005 0.011 0.019 0.015 0.018 0.013 0.009 0.011 0.014 0.007 0.011 0.015 0.010 0.012 0.028 0.013 0.017 0.017 0.007 0.012 0.014 0.004 0.010 0.020 0.008 0.013 0.020 0.006 0.013 0.025 0.010 0.017 0.023 0.010 0.016 0.026 0.009 0.017 0.027 0.009 0.018 0.026 0.009 0.016 0.023 0.005 0.013 0.020 0.004 0.012 0.018 0.002 0.011 0.014 0.006 0.009 0.012 0.008 0.010 0.020 0.004 0.011 0.014 0.003 0.008 0.030 0.006 0.014 0.018 0.003 0.011 0.019 0.008 0.013 0.018 0.006 0.012 0.017 0.008 0.012 0.014 0.005 0.009 0.008 0.005 0.006 0.006 0.003 0.004 0.006 0.003 0.004 0.012 0.004 0.008 0.017 0.006 0.011 0.016 0.005 0.011 0.027 0.009 0.015 10 ------- Table 5 Gross Beta and Specific Gamma in Precipitation July 2009 Location AL: Montgomery/408 AR: Little Rock AZ: Phoenix CO: Denver CT: Hartford FL: Jacksonville GA: Atlanta ID: Idaho Falls KS: Kansas City MI: Lansing MN: St. Paul MN: Welch/510 NC: Charlotte NC: Wilmington NM: Santa Fe NY: Albany NY: Yaphank OH: Painesville OR: Portland PA: Harrisburg TN: Nashville TN:OakRidge/K25 TN: Oak Ridge/Melton TN:OakRidge/Y12E UT: Salt Lake City VA: Lynchburg Gross Beta Activity pCi/L ±2« 2.32 0.52 0.66 0.62 2.04 0.77 1.25 0.67 1.20 0.41 1.36 0.44 1.69 0.45 0.30 0.59 2.29 0.51 0.40 0.60 2.64 0.58 0.85 0.63 7.0 1.4 4.5 2.1 1.39 0.44 2.39 0.53 1.7 1.5 2.59 0.56 1.26 0.44 2.83 0.88 10.7 2.4 3.15 0.59 0.49 0.36 2.02 0.73 2.27 0.52 1.35 0.68 11.2 2.3 2.52 0.84 Gamma-Emitting Radionuclides Nuclide pCi/L ± 2« Be7 Be7 Pb212 Be7 Be7 Be7 Be7 Pb212 K40 K40 Be7 Be7 K40 Be7 Be7 Be7 Be7 Be7 Be7 Be7 Be7 23 17 ND 56 57 4.0 6.1 41 12 33 21 31 12 53 33 ND ND ND ND 5.1 6.6 20 11 20 11 71 21 49 23 16 12 26 20 ND 64 23 ND 85 40 35 20 57 17 44 20 42 14 321 74 ND Note: ND = Not Detected 11 ------- Table 6 Gross Beta and Specific Gamma in Precipitation August 2009 Location AL: Montgomery/408 AR: Little Rock CO: Denver CT: Hartford FL: Jacksonville GA: Atlanta ID: Idaho Falls KS: Kansas City MI: Lansing MN: St. Paul MN: Welch/510 NC: Charlotte NC: Wilmington NM: Santa Fe NY: Albany NY: Yaphank OH: Painesville OR: Portland PA: Harrisburg TN: Knoxville TN: Nashville TN:OakRidge/K25 TN: Oak Ridge/Melton TN:OakRidge/Y12E VA: Lynchburg WA: Olympia Gross Beta Activity pCi/L ±2« 1.39 0.46 0.63 0.33 5.1 5.9 2.81 0.57 1.55 0.52 2.17 0.53 2.13 0.49 0.49 0.32 1.22 0.40 0.72 0.34 1.97 0.75 1.23 0.45 0.96 0.49 2.70 0.54 1.95 0.60 0.90 0.41 0.26 0.30 0.44 0.32 3.85 0.68 0.19 0.43 1.10 0.44 0.86 0.36 1.04 0.44 0.46 0.32 7.6 1.1 2.56 0.54 Gamma-Emitting Radionuclides Nuclide pCi/L ± 2« Be7 K40 Be7 Be7 Be7 K40 Be7 Be7 T1208 Be7 Be7 Be7 Be7 Be7 Be7 Be7 K40 Pb212 Be7 Be7 Be7 Be7 Be7 Be7 40 20 12 13 22 16 127 50 39 11 6.9 9.2 39 21 54 39 2.1 3.1 21 11 30 16 17.2 9.9 ND 38 18 28 19 37 17 23 11 6.1 9.0 ND 7.1 6.0 ND 78 43 ND 28 16 42 22 49 13 23 20 ND 61 20 Note: ND = Not Detected 12 ------- Table 7 Gross Beta and Specific Gamma in Precipitation September 2009 Location AL: Montgomery/408 AR: Little Rock CA: Richmond CO: Denver CT: Hartford FL: Jacksonville GA: Atlanta ID: Idaho Falls KS: Kansas City MI: Lansing MN: St. Paul MN: Welch/510 NC: Charlotte NC: Wilmington NM: Santa Fe NY: Albany NY: Yaphank OH: Painesville OR: Portland PA: Harrisburg TN: Knoxville TN: Nashville TN:OakRidge/K25 TN: Oak Ridge/Melton TN:OakRidge/Y12E TX: Austin UT: Salt Lake City VA: Lynchburg WA: Olympia Gross Beta Activity pCi/L ±2« 0.85 0.35 0.80 0.36 2.74 0.88 4.14 0.70 0.73 0.34 0.26 0.30 0.93 0.36 1.89 0.48 0.58 0.35 1.40 0.41 1.25 0.43 1.48 0.70 0.60 0.33 0.64 0.34 1.16 0.40 2.15 0.50 0.95 0.36 .63 0.43 .00 0.38 .32 0.40 0.54 0.32 .04 0.38 .25 0.41 .65 0.45 0.74 0.36 0.66 0.36 3.34 0.68 2.87 0.55 0.54 0.34 Gamma-Emitting Radionuclides Nuclide pCi/L ± 2« Be7 Be7 Be7 Be7 Be7 K40 Be7 K40 K40 Be7 Be7 Be7 K40 Be7 Be7 Be7 Be7 Be7 Be7 32 11 ND 27 30 27 11 12 12 12.3 9.0 19 35 12.6 8.8 9 13 ND 35 48 50 36 21 14 15.3 8.1 25 30 8.9 8.3 ND 33 11 ND ND ND 43 16 45 13 14 15 27 12 ND T1208 2.5 3.9 K40 ND 30 34 Note: ND = Not Detected 13 ------- Table 8 Tritium in Precipitation July - September 2009 Location AL: Montgomery/408 AR: Little Rock AZ: Phoenix CA: Richmond CO: Denver CT: Hartford FL: Jacksonville GA: Atlanta ID: Idaho Falls KS: Kansas City MI: Lansing MN: St. Paul MN: Welch/510 NC: Charlotte NC: Wilmington NM: Santa Fe NY: Albany NY: Yaphank OH: Painesville OR: Portland PA: Harrisburg TN: Knoxville TN: Nashville TN: Oak Ridge/K25 TN: Oak Ridge/Melton TN: Oak Ridge/Y12 E TX: Austin UT: Salt Lake City VA: Lynchburg WA: Olympia July 2009 pCi/L ±2w -49 74 -71 73 48 79 NS -23 75 -17 77 -21 74 -18 75 44 79 -23 75 -63 73 2 75 -47 73 -39 75 -27 74 10 76 -6 75 -59 73 -24 75 76 80 -39 74 NS -18 75 78 81 24 77 143 84 NS 26 77 11 75 NS August 2009 pCi/L ±2« -22 66 -13 65 NS NS 38 82 -10 67 -50 64 -10 67 -32 78 -27 66 8 67 2 65 -68 64 74 70 21 69 -30 65 29 69 -19 66 5 67 28 81 19 68 21 68 -29 65 129 85 34 68 69 83 NS NS 10 68 -25 79 September 2009 pCi/L ±2« -15 97 20 97 NS 4 90 -3 91 17 97 40 100 -3 98 67 93 -15 90 25 99 54 99 80 100 150 110 5 97 50 100 80 100 -40 96 15 96 -6 90 -20 98 -27 96 27 97 59 93 103 99 -14 90 30 100 -16 90 57 99 154 97 Note: NS = No Sample 14 ------- Plutonium and Uranium in Airborne Particulates Environmental radiation levels of plutonium and uranium are determined by the analysis of annually composited samples (air filters) collected from the continuously operating airborne paniculate samplers. Concentrations of plutonium-238, combined plutonium-239 and 240, and uranium-234, 235, and 238 are determined by alpha-particle spectrometry following chemical separation. The volume of air represented by the annual composite typically ranges from 120,000 to 500,000 cubic meters. Plutonium and uranium results are published when they become available. Beta Activity in Precipitation All stations routinely submit precipitation samples as rainfall, snow, or sleet occurs. The precipitation samples are composited at NAREL into single monthly samples for each station. Each month that precipitation occurs, an aliquant of the composited sample is analyzed for gross beta, tritium, and gamma-emitting radionuclides. 15 ------- This page intentionally left blank 16 ------- 2. Drinking Water Program The RadNet drinking water program provides data on radionuclide concentrations in the nation's drinking water supplies. Samples are taken at 78 sites which are either major population centers or selected nuclear facility environs. Drinking water data are used to assess trends and anomalies in concentrations, and to compare with standards set forth in the EPA "National Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations." These regulations provide for approval of supplies when the combined radium-226 and radium-228 levels do not exceed 5 pCi/L, when the gross alpha (excluding radon and uranium) levels do not exceed 15 pCi/L, when tritium levels do not exceed 20,000 pCi/L, when the strontium-90 levels do not exceed 8 pCi/L, and when the gross beta levels do not exceed 50 pCi/L. The analyses include (a) tritium on a quarterly basis; (b) gross alpha, gross beta, strontium-90, and gamma on annual composites; (c) radium-226 if the gross alpha exceeds 2 pCi/L and radium-228 if the radium-226 falls between 3 and 5 pCi/L; (d) iodine-131 on one quarterly sample per year for each station; and (e) an annual composite for plutonium-238, combined plutonium-239 and 240, and uranium-234, 235, and 238 for stations that demonstrate gross alpha levels greater than 2 pCi/L. 17 ------- Table 9 Tritium in Drinking Water July - September 2009 Location AK: Fairbanks AL: Dothan AL: Montgomery AL: Muscle Shoals AL: Scottsboro AR: Little Rock CA: Los Angeles CA: Richmond CO: Denver CT: Hartford DE: Dover FL: Miami FL: Tampa GA: Baxley GA: Savannah HI: Honolulu IA: Cedar Rapids ID: Boise ID: Idaho Falls IL: W. Chicago LA: New Orleans MD: Baltimore MD: Conowingo MI: Detroit MN: S. St. Paul MN: Welch MO: Jefferson City MS: Jackson MS: Port Gibson MT: Helena NC: Raleigh ND: Bismarck NE: Lincoln NJ: Trenton NJ: Waretown NM: Santa Fe NV: Las Vegas NV: Las Vegas NY: Albany NY: New York City Date Collected 07/22/09 07/10/09 07/09/09 07/15/09 07/14/09 07/07/09 07/06/09 07/02/09 07/27/09 07/09/09 07/06/09 07/27/09 07/20/09 07/28/09 09/29/09 08/12/09 07/15/09 09/21/09 07/21/09 08/04/09 09/28/09 07/08/09 07/28/09 09/15/09 07/13/09 07/13/09 07/16/09 07/07/09 07/07/09 07/10/09 07/02/09 07/07/09 07/10/09 07/06/09 07/07/09 08/10/09 07/01/09 09/29/09 07/30/09 07/22/09 3H pCi/L ±2« 17 86 -44 81 45 77 277 95 26 83 -33 80 12 76 54 78 -18 76 -40 81 18 75 6 77 -22 81 -8 76 6 79 70 83 -10 82 2 69 33 85 52 82 -8 83 89 79 -14 75 97 73 -35 80 -57 79 26 86 -51 80 -16 82 -65 79 71 78 -40 81 -36 81 58 78 -10 74 15 80 42 77 -25 82 229 88 -32 82 18 ------- Table 9 (continued) Tritium in Drinking Water July - September 2009 Location NY: Niagara Falls NY: Syracuse OH: Cincinnati OH: Columbus OH: E. Liverpool OH: Painesville OH: Toledo OK: Oklahoma City OR: Portland PA: Columbia PA: Harrisburg PA: Philadelphia/Baxter PA: Philadelphia/Belmont PA: Philadelphia/Queen PA: Pittsburgh RI: Providence SC: Barnwell SC: Columbia SC: Jenkinsville SC: Seneca TN: Chattanooga TN: Knoxville TN: Oak Ridge/#360 TN:OakRidge/#371 TN:OakRidge/#4442 TN:OakRidge/#768 TN:OakRidge/#772 TX: Austin VA: Lynchburg WA: Richland WA: Seattle Date Collected 07/22/09 07/22/09 08/27/09 09/29/09 07/29/09 07/30/09 07/06/09 07/07/09 09/29/09 07/29/09 07/27/09 08/17/09 08/17/09 08/17/09 07/28/09 08/25/09 07/21/09 07/24/09 07/08/09 07/06/09 07/07/09 08/25/09 07/07/09 07/07/09 07/07/09 07/07/09 07/07/09 07/03/09 07/07/09 07/13/09 09/10/09 3H pCi/L ±2« 62 88 28 86 -62 79 -11 79 92 81 355 93 115 81 -64 80 -4 79 25 77 60 78 37 80 142 86 51 82 26 81 -70 78 -19 84 -24 83 9 85 -19 84 161 83 -47 78 56 78 -32 81 63 78 -8 74 63 77 32 76 -8 81 -57 80 -15 69 19 ------- This page intentionally left blank 20 ------- 3. Milk Program Pasteurized Milk Milk is a reliable indicator of the general population's intake of certain radionuclides since it is consumed fresh by a large segment of the population and can contain several of the biologically significant radionuclides that result from environmental releases from nuclear activities. A primary function of this program is to obtain reliable monitoring data relative to current radionuclide concentrations and determine any long-term trends. Quarterly samples are collected at approximately 55 sampling sites. The samples are composited, according to production, from the major milk suppliers representing more than 80 percent of the milk consumed in a given population center. The samples are analyzed for gamma-emitting nuclides, including iodine-131, barium-140, cesium-137, and potassium-40. Total potassium concentrations in g/L are determined from potassium-40 activities assuming natural isotopic abundances. During the third quarter collection, one-fourth of the samples are also analyzed for strontium-90 on a four year rotating schedule. 21 ------- This page intentionally left blank 22 ------- For More Information Environmental Radiation Data(EKD) is published quarterly by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Radiation and Indoor Air. Requests for information concerning the operation of RadNet and the data that are generated should be directed as follows: For System Operations For Analytical Information and Data Rhonda Sears John Griggs National Air and Radiation Environmental National Air and Radiation Environmental Laboratory Laboratory 540 South Morris Avenue 540 South Morris Avenue Montgomery, Alabama 36115-2601 Montgomery, Alabama 36115-2601 e-mail: sears.rhonda@epa.gov e-mail: griggs.john@epa.gov Requests for information concerning publication and distribution of ERD should be directed to: Charles M. Petko Office of the Director National Air and Radiation Environmental Laboratory 540 South Morris Avenue Montgomery, Alabama 36115-2601 e-mail: petko.charles@epa.gov Requests for information concerning policies of the Office of Radiation and Indoor Air should be directed to: Jonathan Edwards USEPA - ORIA Radiation Protection Division (MC6608J) 1200 Pennsylvania Ave. N.W. Washington, DC 20460 e-mail: edwards.jonathan@epa.gov *** 23 ------- This page intentionally left blank 24 ------- |