402-R-10-005 ENVIRONMENTAL RADIATION DATA REPORT 141 January - March 2010 United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Radiation and Indoor Air ------- This page intentionally left blank 11 ------- Contents Page List of Tables v Preface vii Acknowledgments ix Data Reporting Conventions xi 1. Air Program 1 Airborne Particulates and Precipitation 1 Plutonium and Uranium in Airborne Particulates 15 2. Water Program 17 3. Milk Program 21 Pasteurized Milk 21 in ------- This page intentionally left blank IV ------- List of Tables Table Page 1 Reporting Units and Minimum Detectable Concentrations xiii 2 Gross Beta in Airborne Particulates: January 2010 2 3 Gross Beta in Airborne Particulates: February 2010 5 4 Gross Beta in Airborne Particulates: March 2010 8 5 Specific Gamma in Precipitation: January 2010 11 6 Specific Gamma in Precipitation: February 2010 12 7 Specific Gamma in Precipitation: March 2010 13 8 Tritium in Precipitation: January - March 2010 14 9 Tritium in Drinking Water: January - March 2010 18 10 Radionuclides in Pasteurized Milk: January-March 2010 22 ------- This page intentionally left blank VI ------- Preface Environmental Radiation Data(EKD) is compiled and published quarterly by the Office of Radiation and Indoor Air's National Air and Radiation Environmental Laboratory (NAREL) in Montgomery, Alabama, and contains data from the RadNet monitoring system (formerly ERAMS). ERD is published in both hard-copy and electronic formats. Electronic reports are available online atwww.epa.gov/narel. The United States Environmental Protection Agency established RadNet in 1973 with an emphasis on identifying trends in the accumulation of long-lived radionuclides in the environ- ment. RadNet is comprised of a nationwide network of sampling stations that provide air particulate, precipitation, drinking water, and milk samples. Sampling locations are selected to provide population and geographic coverage for the United States. The radiation analyses performed on these samples include gross alpha and gross beta analysis, gamma analyses, and radionuclide-specific analyses for uranium, plutonium, strontium, iodine, radium, and tritium. This monitoring effort also provides ancillary information on natural background levels and on routine and accidental releases into the environment from stationary sources. The radiochemical procedures used by NAREL to analyze the RadNet samples are contained in the NAREL Radiochemistry Procedures Manual. Station operation and sample collection are in accordance with procedures contained in the ERAMSManital(EPA 520/5-84-007, 008, 009). vn ------- This page intentionally left blank Vlll ------- Acknowledgments All sampling for the RadNet monitoring system (formerly ERAMS) is performed by volunteer collectors who are frequently members of health departments or related environmental agencies of their respective states. The National Air and Radiation Environmental Laboratory (NAREL), on behalf of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, would like to acknowledge the time and effort of these volunteer collectors, who are so essential to the successful operation of RadNet. The efforts of the sample collectors are especially appreciated during times of emergency operation when sampling frequencies are increased and schedules are sometimes demanding. IX ------- This page intentionally left blank ------- Data Reporting Conventions Every laboratory measurement involves uncertainty. When there is little or no radioactivity in a sample, one consequence of measurement uncertainty is the possibility of obtaining a measured value that is less than zero. Such a negative result occurs when random effects in the measure- ment process cause the measured value for the sample to be less than that of the blank or back- ground, which is subtracted from it. From April 1991 to December 1995, negative results were reported as "not detected" or "ND," and gamma analysis results that were less than their estimated measurement uncertainties were also reported as "ND." In January 1996, both of these practices were discontinued. Although negative activities are physically impossible, the inclusion of negative results in the report allows better statistical analysis of the data. Results of gamma analyses are still reported as "ND" when gamma-emitting radionuclides are not detected. Measurement Uncertainty Each measured valuers reported with an expanded uncertainty U=k uc(y), which is determined from the combined standard uncertainty uc(y) and the coverage factor k=2. The interval from y - Utoy + Uis estimated to have a level of confidence of approximately 95 %. Significant Figures Expanded uncertainties are reported to two significant figures. Measurement results are rounded to the corresponding number of decimal places. Detection Capability The minimum detectable concentrations (MDCs) for each radionuclide are shown in Table 1. The MDC is defined as the minimum concentration that gives a 95 % probability of detection when the detection criteria are chosen to give only a 5 % probability of false detection in a sample that is analyte-free. XI ------- This page intentionally left blank xn ------- Table 1 Reporting Units and Minimum Detectable Concentrations for Radionuclide Analyses Radionuclide Gross Alpha Gross Beta Tritium * Plutonium-23 8,23 9/240 f Uranium-234,235,238 Radium-226 Strontium-90 { Iodine-131 Cesium- 137 { Barium-140 Potassium Potassium-40 Media Water Air Water Precipitation Water Milk Air Water Air Water Water Milk Water Milk (gamma) Water (gamma) Water Milk Water Milk Water Milk Water Water Reporting Unit pCi/L pCi/m3 pCi/L pCi/L pCi/L pCi/L aCi/m3 pCi/L aCi/m3 pCi/L pCi/L pCi/L pCi/L pCi/L pCi/L pCi/L pCi/L pCi/L pCi/L pCi/L g/L g/L pCi/L Minimum Detectable Concentration 2 0.0015 2 2 150 150 0.75 0.1 0.75 0.1 0.02 2 1 4 4 0.3 5 5 15 15 0.06 0.06 50 * The MDC for air is based on an assumed total sample volume of 120,000 m3. Measurement by alpha spectrometry includes combined activities of 239Pu and 240Pu, since the relative contributions of these two isotopes cannot be determined. f The MDC for air is based on an assumed total sample volume of 120,000 m3. J Activity as of the day of counting. Xlll ------- This page intentionally left blank xiv ------- 1. Air Program Airborne Particulates and Precipitation Gross beta radioactivity measurements and certain specific analyses are performed on air particulates as indicator measurements in assessing the general (national) impact of all contributing sources on environmental levels of radiation. Airborne particulates are collected continuously at field stations representing wide geographic coverage throughout the United States. Filters (10-cm diameter synthetic fiber) from air samplers are changed twice weekly and field measurements are made with a dual-phosphor scintillation counter 5 hours after collection to allow natural radon isotopes and their progeny to decay. Field estimates are reported to appropriate EPA officials by telephone or mail depending on the activity levels found. The filters are sent to NAREL for more sensitive analysis in a low background proportional counter. Gamma scans are performed on all filters showing gross beta activity greater than 1 pCi/m3. The laboratory obtained values are usually lower than the field estimates because of the decay of naturally occurring radionuclides during the time between the two measurements. All stations routinely submit precipitation samples as rainfall, snow, or sleet occurs. The precipitation samples are composited at NAREL into single monthly samples for each station. Each month that precipitation occurs, an aliquant of the composited sample is analyzed for tritium and gamma-emitting radionuclides. NAREL has discontinued gross beta analysis of precipitation. A compilation of individual measurements is available from the National Air and Radiation Environmental Laboratory, 540 South Morris Avenue, Montgomery, AL 36115-2601. ------- Table 2 Gross Beta in Airborne Particulates January 2010 Location AK: Fairbanks AL: Birmingham AL: Montgomery/408 AR: Little Rock AZ: Phoenix AZ: Phoenix/956 AZ: Tucson CA: Anaheim CA: Bakersfield CA: Eureka CA: Los Angeles CA: Richmond CA: Riverside CA: Sacramento CA: San Bernardino Cty. CA: San Diego CA: San Francisco CA: San Jose CO: Colorado Springs CO: Denver CT: Hartford DC: Washington DE: Dover FL: Jacksonville FL: Orlando FL: Tallahassee GA: Augusta HI: Hilo HI: Honolulu IA: Des Moines IA: Mason City ID: Idaho Falls IL: Aurora IL: Chicago IN: Indianapolis KS: Kansas City KS: Topeka KY: Lexington Number of Samples 8 7 8 6 7 8 8 3 7 4 7 4 8 8 8 2 4 4 3 8 8 8 4 3 8 3 4 8 8 7 6 4 8 1 8 3 4 8 5-hour Field Estimate Max Min Avg (pCi/m3) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 -0.0 0.0 1.3 0.1 0.5 1.0 0.0 0.5 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.1 0.0 -0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 -0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 NAREL Lab Measurement Max Min Avg (pCi/m3) 0.022 0.010 0.016 0.024 0.007 0.017 0.049 0.010 0.021 0.035 0.007 0.018 0.040 0.004 0.022 0.044 0.004 0.027 0.018 0.002 0.009 0.007 0.002 0.005 0.044 0.002 0.019 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.018 0.001 0.010 0.028 0.002 0.011 0.016 0.001 0.007 0.033 0.002 0.015 0.020 0.002 0.010 0.010 0.008 0.009 0.016 0.003 0.009 0.022 0.003 0.011 0.013 0.008 0.011 0.011 0.006 0.008 0.016 0.002 0.009 0.008 0.002 0.006 0.013 0.005 0.007 0.011 0.008 0.009 0.017 0.007 0.011 0.010 0.007 0.009 0.013 0.007 0.011 0.006 0.003 0.005 0.005 0.003 0.004 0.024 0.009 0.014 0.187 0.013 0.045 0.015 0.009 0.012 0.037 0.013 0.022 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.017 0.009 0.013 0.028 0.012 0.018 0.049 0.013 0.023 0.018 0.006 0.012 ------- Table 2 (continued) Gross Beta in Airborne Particulates January 2010 Location LA: Baton Rouge LA: Shreveport MA: Worcester MD: Baltimore ME: Orono ME: Portland MI: Bay City 48708 MI: Detroit MN: Duluth MN: St. Paul MN: Welch/510 MO: Jefferson City MO: Springfield MO: St. Louis MS: Jackson MS: Jackson/Deq MT: Billings NC: Charlotte NC: Wilmington ND: Bismarck NE: Kearney NE: Lincoln NE: Omaha NJ: Edison NJ: Trenton NM: Carlsbad NM: Santa Fe NV: Las Vegas/9 13 NY: Albany NY: Hauppauge NY: Lockport NY: Rochester NY: Yaphank OH: Cincinnati OH: Cleveland OH: Painesville OK: Oklahoma City OR: Portland Number of Samples 8 7 6 8 3 8 6 8 5 4 7 6 8 1 4 8 3 8 4 4 8 6 4 7 8 4 7 8 8 7 8 8 5 8 8 5 5 8 5-hour Field Estimate Max Min Avg (pCi/m3) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -0.0 0.0 0.0 -0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.1 4.5 0.0 1.2 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 NAREL Lab Measurement Max Min Avg (pCi/m3) 0.011 0.006 0.008 0.017 0.007 0.011 0.010 0.002 0.007 0.014 0.005 0.009 0.012 0.007 0.010 0.010 0.001 0.006 0.017 0.004 0.011 0.018 0.005 0.012 0.019 0.007 0.013 0.016 0.008 0.013 0.038 0.013 0.025 0.017 0.007 0.012 0.025 0.011 0.017 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.026 0.010 0.021 0.019 0.007 0.013 0.055 0.025 0.037 0.029 0.006 0.012 0.010 0.006 0.008 0.018 0.011 0.014 0.036 0.010 0.016 0.025 0.008 0.017 0.032 0.011 0.022 0.014 0.003 0.007 0.016 0.005 0.010 0.027 0.004 0.017 0.031 0.005 0.016 0.015 0.002 0.008 0.034 0.004 0.015 0.017 0.005 0.011 0.020 0.004 0.010 0.011 0.003 0.007 0.007 0.002 0.004 0.016 0.007 0.011 0.019 0.007 0.012 0.019 0.008 0.014 0.016 0.009 0.013 0.031 0.003 0.011 ------- Table 2 (continued) Gross Beta in Airborne Particulates January 2010 Location PA: Harrisburg PA: Pittsburgh SC: Barnwell SC: Columbia SD: Pierre SD: Rapid City TN: Knoxville TN: Memphis TN: Nashville TN: Oak Ridge/Bethel TN: Oak Ridge/K25 TN: Oak Ridge/Melton TN: Oak Ridge/Y12 E TN: Oak Ridge/Y12 W TX: Amarillo TX: Corpus Christi TX: Dallas TX: El Paso TX: Harlingen TX: Houston TX: Laredo TX: SanAngelo TX: San Antonio UT: Salt Lake City VA: Lynchburg VA: Richmond VA: Virginia Beach WA: Olympia WA: Richland WA: Seattle WA: Spokane WI: Milwaukee WV: Charleston Number of Samples 8 6 2 4 8 1 8 6 5 7 7 7 7 7 4 1 7 7 7 1 6 7 8 8 7 5 6 8 8 8 7 9 6 5-hour Field Estimate Max Min Avg (pCi/m3) 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.2 0.7 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.9 0.4 0.6 0.2 0.0 0.2 1.5 0.3 0.6 0.7 0.2 0.3 0.8 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -0.0 -0.1 -0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 NAREL Lab Measurement Max Min Avg (pCi/m3) 0.020 0.004 0.012 0.015 0.006 0.011 0.013 0.011 0.012 0.014 0.008 0.011 0.031 0.009 0.014 0.059 0.059 0.059 0.014 0.002 0.008 0.021 0.008 0.016 0.015 0.005 0.010 0.026 0.004 0.015 0.031 0.004 0.018 0.026 0.004 0.017 0.025 0.004 0.016 0.030 0.004 0.018 0.028 0.005 0.014 0.011 0.011 0.011 0.018 0.007 0.012 0.043 0.002 0.023 0.019 0.007 0.013 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.043 0.004 0.013 0.023 0.004 0.011 0.017 0.005 0.011 0.061 0.002 0.021 0.017 0.008 0.012 0.011 0.005 0.007 0.012 0.004 0.009 0.019 0.001 0.005 0.060 0.004 0.015 0.006 0.001 0.003 0.023 0.003 0.011 0.026 0.009 0.016 0.018 0.009 0.013 ------- Table 3 Gross Beta in Airborne Particulates February 2010 Location AK: Anchorage AK: Fairbanks AL: Birmingham AL: Montgomery/408 AR: Little Rock AZ: Phoenix AZ: Phoenix/956 AZ: Tucson CA: Anaheim CA: Bakersfield CA: Eureka CA: Los Angeles CA: Richmond CA: Riverside CA: Sacramento CA: San Bernardino Cty. CA: San Diego CA: San Francisco CA: San Jose CO: Colorado Springs CO: Denver CT: Hartford DC: Washington DE: Dover FL: Miami FL: Orlando FL: Tallahassee GA: Atlanta GA: Augusta HI: Hilo HI: Honolulu IA: Des Moines IA: Mason City ID: Idaho Falls IL: Aurora IN: Fort Wayne IN: Indianapolis KS: Kansas City Number of Samples 4 6 8 8 6 7 8 8 4 8 1 7 3 7 7 8 5 4 3 3 8 8 7 4 3 8 4 2 4 8 8 7 3 2 8 1 8 8 5-hour Field Estimate Max Min Avg (pCi/m3) 0.5 -0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.4 0.0 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.4 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 NAREL Lab Measurement Max Min Avg (pCi/m3) 0.008 0.001 0.004 0.016 0.002 0.009 0.019 0.011 0.013 0.022 0.010 0.016 0.020 0.008 0.013 0.026 0.008 0.018 0.028 0.010 0.018 0.028 0.004 0.009 0.020 0.005 0.011 0.030 0.003 0.015 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.017 0.004 0.010 0.005 0.003 0.004 0.021 0.004 0.010 0.012 0.003 0.007 0.024 0.004 0.015 0.012 0.003 0.008 0.005 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.003 0.005 0.016 0.011 0.013 0.016 0.005 0.010 0.008 0.000 0.004 0.008 0.003 0.005 0.011 0.006 0.008 0.008 0.006 0.007 0.011 0.005 0.008 0.009 0.005 0.007 0.009 0.006 0.008 0.012 0.007 0.010 0.006 0.002 0.004 0.005 0.002 0.003 0.018 0.005 0.012 0.020 0.016 0.018 0.024 0.012 0.018 0.024 0.007 0.014 0.021 0.021 0.021 0.016 0.008 0.012 0.036 0.009 0.020 ------- Table 3 (continued) Gross Beta in Airborne Particulates February 2010 Location KS: Topeka KY: Lexington LA: Baton Rouge LA: Shreveport MA: Worcester MD: Baltimore ME: Orono ME: Portland MI: Bay City 48708 MI: Detroit MN: Duluth MN: St. Paul MN: Welch/510 MO: Jefferson City MO: Springfield MS: Jackson MS: Jackson/Deq MT: Billings NC: Charlotte NC: Wilmington ND: Bismarck NE: Kearney NE: Lincoln NE: Omaha NJ: Edison NJ: Trenton NM: Carlsbad NM: Santa Fe NV: Las Vegas/9 13 NY: Albany NY: Hauppauge NY: Lockport NY: Rochester NY: Yaphank OH: Cincinnati OH: Cleveland OK: Oklahoma City OR: Portland Number of Samples 8 7 8 6 6 6 6 6 7 8 4 4 8 7 8 6 8 3 8 4 4 8 8 3 7 6 4 3 9 8 5 7 7 5 7 8 3 8 5-hour Field Estimate Max Min Avg (pCi/m3) 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -0.0 0.0 0.0 -0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.5 0.0 0.2 0.6 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 -0.0 -0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 NAREL Lab Measurement Max Min Avg (pCi/m3) 0.040 0.015 0.024 0.019 0.006 0.011 0.011 0.006 0.008 0.011 0.006 0.009 0.009 0.001 0.005 0.013 0.004 0.009 0.008 0.001 0.004 0.012 0.001 0.006 0.019 0.004 0.010 0.015 0.002 0.008 0.010 0.007 0.008 0.013 0.006 0.010 0.028 0.010 0.021 0.018 0.006 0.012 0.025 0.011 0.018 0.020 0.011 0.015 0.019 0.007 0.011 0.030 0.015 0.023 0.015 0.005 0.008 0.007 0.005 0.006 0.025 0.013 0.019 0.041 0.005 0.017 0.020 0.007 0.014 0.028 0.013 0.018 0.009 0.003 0.006 0.015 0.007 0.010 0.015 0.007 0.011 0.018 0.015 0.016 0.019 0.011 0.014 0.013 0.001 0.007 0.016 0.005 0.011 0.010 0.003 0.007 0.008 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.002 0.005 0.013 0.006 0.011 0.015 0.004 0.010 0.009 0.008 0.008 0.018 0.008 0.012 ------- Table 3 (continued) Gross Beta in Airborne Particulates February 2010 Location PA: Harrisburg PA: Pittsburgh SC: Barnwell SC: Columbia SD: Pierre TN: Knoxville TN: Memphis TN: Nashville TN: Oak Ridge/Bethel TN: Oak Ridge/K25 TN: Oak Ridge/Melton TN: Oak Ridge/Y12 E TN: Oak Ridge/Y12 W TX: Amarillo TX: Corpus Christi TX: Dallas TX: El Paso TX: Ft. Worth TX: Houston TX: Laredo TX: SanAngelo TX: San Antonio UT: Salt Lake City VA: Lynchburg VA: Richmond VA: Virginia Beach WA: Olympia WA: Richland WA: Seattle WA: Spokane WI: Milwaukee WV: Charleston Number of Samples 8 5 1 4 8 4 5 3 7 7 7 7 7 7 2 7 8 6 7 7 7 8 8 8 7 6 8 8 7 7 7 5 5-hour Field Estimate Max Min Avg (pCi/m3) 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0. 0.2 0.0 0. 0.1 0.0 0. 0.1 0.0 0. 0.1 0.0 0. 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 1.8 0.5 0.9 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.6 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 NAREL Lab Measurement Max Min Avg (pCi/m3) 0.018 0.009 0.014 0.016 0.009 0.011 0.013 0.013 0.013 0.016 0.009 0.012 0.023 0.010 0.017 0.011 0.005 0.008 0.018 0.010 0.013 0.013 0.008 0.011 0.022 0.011 0.015 0.024 0.011 0.016 0.023 0.012 0.015 0.021 0.012 0.014 0.021 0.012 0.015 0.020 0.007 0.012 0.012 0.009 0.011 0.014 0.008 0.011 0.023 0.011 0.016 0.018 0.008 0.013 0.014 0.006 0.009 0.015 0.003 0.007 0.019 0.008 0.012 0.010 0.004 0.008 0.021 0.011 0.017 0.019 0.008 0.012 0.007 0.003 0.006 0.010 0.006 0.008 0.005 0.002 0.004 0.019 0.005 0.010 0.006 0.002 0.004 0.017 0.005 0.010 0.022 0.006 0.011 0.012 0.009 0.010 ------- Table 4 Gross Beta in Airborne Particulates March 2010 Location AK: Anchorage AK: Fairbanks AL: Birmingham AL: Montgomery/408 AR: Little Rock AZ: Phoenix AZ: Phoenix/956 AZ: Tucson CA: Anaheim CA: Bakersfield CA: Eureka CA: Fresno CA: Los Angeles CA: Richmond CA: Riverside CA: Sacramento CA: San Bernardino Cty. CA: San Diego CA: San Francisco CA: San Jose CO: Colorado Springs CO: Denver CO: Grand Junction CT: Hartford DC: Washington DE: Dover FL: Jacksonville FL: Miami FL: Orlando FL: Tallahassee GA: Augusta HI: Hilo HI: Honolulu IA: Des Moines IA: Mason City ID: Idaho Falls IL: Aurora IN: Fort Wayne Number of Samples 9 5 8 9 8 7 9 9 5 9 4 4 9 4 9 9 8 5 4 4 5 9 3 9 9 6 3 6 9 1 5 9 9 8 6 2 9 5 5-hour Field Estimate Max Min Avg (pCi/m3) 0.0 -0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.2 0.6 1.4 0.1 0.5 0.0 -0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 -0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 NAREL Lab Measurement Max Min Avg (pCi/m3) 0.006 0.002 0.004 0.014 0.008 0.010 0.017 0.005 0.010 0.017 0.007 0.011 0.016 0.005 0.009 0.016 0.007 0.012 0.024 0.006 0.014 0.008 0.003 0.005 0.011 0.004 0.006 0.011 0.003 0.006 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.016 0.004 0.009 0.012 0.002 0.006 0.005 0.003 0.004 0.012 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.002 0.004 0.014 0.003 0.007 0.009 0.003 0.006 0.005 0.002 0.003 0.006 0.002 0.004 0.016 0.009 0.011 0.012 0.006 0.010 0.009 0.007 0.008 0.012 0.002 0.006 0.008 0.001 0.005 0.010 0.003 0.007 0.007 0.004 0.006 0.011 0.006 0.007 0.018 0.004 0.009 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.009 0.007 0.008 0.007 0.002 0.004 0.004 0.002 0.003 0.012 0.004 0.008 0.019 0.008 0.012 0.005 0.004 0.005 0.022 0.005 0.012 0.014 0.001 0.009 ------- Table 4 (continued) Gross Beta in Airborne Particulates March 2010 Location IN: Indianapolis KS: Kansas City KS: Topeka KY: Lexington LA: Baton Rouge LA: Shreveport MA: Worcester MD: Baltimore ME: Orono ME: Portland MI: Bay City 48708 MI: Detroit MN: Duluth MN: St. Paul MN: Welch/510 MO: Jefferson City MO: Springfield MS: Jackson MS: Jackson/Deq MT: Billings NC: Charlotte NC: Wilmington ND: Bismarck NE: Kearney NE: Lincoln NE: Omaha NJ: Edison NJ: Trenton NM: Carlsbad NM: Santa Fe NV: Las Vegas/9 13 NV: Washoe County NY: Albany NY: Hauppauge NY: Rochester NY: Yaphank OH: Cincinnati OH: Cleveland Number of Samples 9 8 9 8 9 7 7 9 7 8 8 9 8 5 8 8 8 5 9 2 7 5 9 9 8 5 9 8 5 6 7 8 9 9 8 9 9 9 5-hour Field Estimate Max Min Avg (pCi/m3) 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -0.0 -0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 -0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 -0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.5 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.5 -0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 -0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 NAREL Lab Measurement Max Min Avg (pCi/m3) 0.011 0.004 0.008 0.021 0.008 0.012 0.022 0.007 0.013 0.008 0.003 0.006 0.009 0.004 0.006 0.011 0.005 0.008 0.011 0.002 0.007 0.017 0.004 0.010 0.008 0.002 0.006 0.023 0.003 0.008 0.015 0.008 0.010 0.016 0.006 0.009 0.016 0.005 0.010 0.013 0.007 0.009 0.022 0.009 0.014 0.012 0.006 0.008 0.012 0.005 0.009 0.018 0.009 0.012 0.013 0.004 0.008 0.026 0.009 0.017 0.012 0.003 0.008 0.007 0.004 0.005 0.018 0.004 0.011 0.016 0.004 0.009 0.013 0.004 0.009 0.019 0.007 0.013 0.010 0.002 0.006 0.017 0.003 0.009 0.010 0.008 0.009 0.017 0.007 0.010 0.011 0.005 0.007 0.008 0.003 0.005 0.012 0.002 0.008 0.019 0.003 0.011 0.013 0.004 0.007 0.008 0.001 0.005 0.016 0.005 0.009 0.017 0.005 0.009 ------- Table 4 (continued) Gross Beta in Airborne Particulates March 2010 Location OK: Oklahoma City OR: Portland PA: Harrisburg PA: Pittsburgh SC: Barnwell SC: Columbia SD: Pierre TN: Knoxville TN: Memphis TN: Nashville TN: Oak Ridge/Bethel TN: Oak Ridge/K25 TN: Oak Ridge/Melton TN: Oak Ridge/Y12 E TN: Oak Ridge/Y12 W TX: Amarillo TX: Dallas TX: El Paso TX: Ft. Worth TX: Houston TX: Laredo TX: SanAngelo TX: San Antonio UT: Salt Lake City VA: Lynchburg VA: Richmond VA: Virginia Beach WA: Olympia WA: Richland WA: Seattle WA: Spokane WI: Milwaukee WV: Charleston Number of Samples 3 7 8 5 3 4 9 3 7 2 9 9 9 9 9 7 8 9 7 8 8 8 9 8 9 8 9 8 6 9 8 3 6 5-hour Field Estimate Max Min Avg (pCi/m3) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.7 0.0 0.3 0.4 0.0 0.2 1.7 0.1 0.8 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.6 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.5 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 NAREL Lab Measurement Max Min Avg (pCi/m3) 0.010 0.007 0.009 0.012 0.005 0.007 0.029 0.004 0.016 0.012 0.004 0.008 0.010 0.007 0.008 0.019 0.006 0.011 0.022 0.005 0.011 0.007 0.004 0.005 0.015 0.006 0.011 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.016 0.006 0.010 0.017 0.005 0.011 0.017 0.005 0.010 0.019 0.005 0.011 0.016 0.004 0.010 0.013 0.005 0.009 0.013 0.004 0.009 0.015 0.008 0.012 0.015 0.007 0.011 0.012 0.006 0.009 0.010 0.005 0.008 0.011 0.005 0.008 0.011 0.004 0.008 0.014 0.004 0.009 0.016 0.004 0.009 0.010 0.001 0.005 0.012 0.003 0.006 0.004 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.002 0.002 0.010 0.004 0.006 0.010 0.008 0.009 0.010 0.006 0.008 10 ------- Table 5 Specific Gamma in Precipitation January 2010 Location AL: Montgomery/408 AR: Little Rock AZ: Phoenix CA: Richmond CO: Denver CT: Hartford FL: Jacksonville ID: Idaho Falls KS: Kansas City MN: St. Paul MN: Welch/510 NC: Charlotte NC: Wilmington NY: Albany NY: Yaphank OR: Portland PA: Harrisburg TN: Knoxville TN: Nashville TN: Oak Ridge/K25 TN: Oak Ridge/Melton TN: Oak Ridge/Y12 E TX: El Paso UT: Salt Lake City VA: Lynchburg WA: Olympia Nuclide Be? Be? K40 Be? Be? Be? Be? Pb212 Be? Pb212 Be? Bi212 T1208 Be? Bi212 T1208 Pb212 T1208 Be? Be? Be? Pb212 Be? K40 Pb212 T1208 pCi/L± 31 51 ND 10 ND 63 53 ND 39 16 1.0 18 1.4 21 13.3 0.9 50 ND 27 3.1 3.8 3.9 72 25 33 1.4 38 ND 12 5.7 2.8 ND 2u 20 18 10 17 17 40 12 1.1 11 1.0 12 9.5 1.2 13 38 3.7 6.0 3.5 38 17 13 1.2 17 13 7.0 3.3 11 ------- Table 6 Specific Gamma in Precipitation February 2010 Location AL: Montgomery/408 AR: Little Rock AZ: Phoenix CA: Richmond CT: Hartford FL: Jacksonville ID: Idaho Falls MN: St. Paul MN: Welch/510 NC: Charlotte NC: Wilmington NM: Santa Fe NY: Albany OR: Portland PA: Harrisburg TN: Nashville TN:OakRidge/K25 TN: Oak Ridge/Melton TN: Oak Ridge/Y12 E TX: El Paso UT: Salt Lake City VA: Lynchburg WA: Olympia Nuclide Be? Pb212 Be? Be? Be? Pb212 Be? Be? Pb212 T1208 K40 Be? Be? Be? Be? Pb212 K40 pCi/L± 52 2.5 ND 30 43 80 4.7 ND ND 33 49 1.2 1.9 ND 26 ND 73 88 93 106 ND ND 3.5 38 2u 40 2.5 24 32 43 5.6 33 24 1.8 3.8 42 67 43 37 42 5.5 34 12 ------- Table 7 Specific Gamma in Precipitation March 2010 Location AL: Montgomery/408 AR: Little Rock AZ: Phoenix CA: Richmond CO: Denver CT: Hartford FL: Jacksonville KS: Kansas City MN: St. Paul MN: Welch/510 NC: Charlotte NC: Wilmington NM: Santa Fe NY: Albany NY: Yaphank OR: Portland PA: Harrisburg TN: Knoxville TN: Nashville TN:OakRidge/K25 TN: Oak Ridge/Melton TN:OakRidge/Y12E UT: Salt Lake City VA: Lynchburg WA: Olympia Nuclide Be? Pb212 Be? K40 Bi212 Be? Be? K40 Be? Bi212 T1208 Pb212 K40 Be? K40 K40 Pb212 K40 T1208 K40 Be? Be? Be? pCi/L± 65 2.0 43 8 35 46 ND 35 10 70 ND 43 2.1 ND 2.0 8 71 9 20 1.9 ND ND 19 4.1 55 57 77 40 ND ND ND 2u 35 2.4 33 12 36 34 34 12 35 43 3.9 2.5 11 70 12 11 2.4 34 3.8 36 37 37 31 13 ------- Table 8 Tritium in Precipitation January - March 2010 Location AL: Montgomery/408 AR: Little Rock AZ: Phoenix CA: Richmond CO: Denver CT: Hartford FL: Jacksonville ID: Idaho Falls KS: Kansas City MN: St. Paul MN: Welch/510 NC: Charlotte NC: Wilmington NM: Santa Fe NY: Albany NY: Yaphank OR: Portland PA: Harrisburg TN: Knoxville TN: Nashville TN: Oak Ridge/K25 TN: Oak Ridge/Melton TN:OakRidge/Y12E TX: El Paso UT: Salt Lake City VA: Lynchburg WA: Olympia January 2010 pCi/L ±2w 28 89 53 91 -100 100 -20 110 15 88 120 94 6 88 0 110 -17 87 26 90 47 90 55 91 -4 88 NS 68 91 19 89 -60 100 26 89 45 90 34 90 139 95 340 100 116 94 24 90 0 100 74 91 -30 100 February 2010 pCi/L ±2« 32 92 55 92 23 92 -20 79 NS 101 95 74 94 -13 79 NS 80 94 89 95 53 93 57 93 17 91 69 93 NS 36 92 124 96 NS -11 90 270 100 310 100 230 100 102 94 25 92 45 93 -65 77 March 2010 pCi/L ±2w -31 96 -71 94 34 81 116 85 -84 94 -75 94 -31 96 NS -82 94 -64 95 -11 97 -77 94 -64 94 -53 95 -62 95 -110 92 24 81 -104 93 -66 94 -117 92 220 110 29 98 -18 96 NS -9 79 -68 94 -2 79 Note: NS = No Sample 14 ------- Plutonium and Uranium in Airborne Particulates Environmental radiation levels of plutonium and uranium are determined by the analysis of annually composited samples (air filters) collected from the continuously operating airborne particulate samplers. Concentrations of plutonium-238, combined plutonium-239 and 240, and uranium-234, 235, and 238 are determined by alpha-particle spectrometry following chemical separation. The volume of air represented by the annual composite typically ranges from 120,000 to 500,000 cubic meters. Plutonium and uranium results are published when they become available. 15 ------- This page intentionally left blank 16 ------- 2. Drinking Water Program The RadNet drinking water program provides data on radionuclide concentrations in the nation's drinking water supplies. Samples are taken at 78 sites which are either major population centers or selected nuclear facility environs. Drinking water data are used to assess trends and anomalies in concentrations, and to compare with standards set forth in the EPA "National Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations." These regulations provide for approval of supplies when the combined radium-226 and radium-228 levels do not exceed 5 pCi/L, when the gross alpha (excluding radon and uranium) levels do not exceed 15 pCi/L, when tritium levels do not exceed 20,000 pCi/L, when the strontium-90 levels do not exceed 8 pCi/L, and when the gross beta levels do not exceedSO pCi/L. The analyses include (a) tritium on a quarterly basis; (b) gross alpha, gross beta, and gamma on annual composites; (c) radium-226 if the gross alpha exceeds 2 pCi/L and radium-228 if the radium-226 falls between 3 and 5 pCi/Lon annual composites; (d) iodine-131 on one quarterly sample per year for each station; and (e) plutonium-238, combined plutonium-239 and 240, and uranium-234, 235, and 238 for stations that demonstrate gross alpha levels greater than 2 pCi/Lon annual composites; and (f) strontium-90 on one-fourth of the annual composites on a four year rotating schedule. 17 ------- Table 9 Tritium in Drinking Water January - March 2010 Location AK: Fairbanks AL: Dothan AL: Montgomery AL: Muscle Shoals AL: Scottsboro AL: Scottsboro AR: Little Rock CA: Los Angeles CA: Richmond CO: Denver CT: Hartford DE: Dover FL: Tampa GA: Baxley GA: Savannah HI: Honolulu IA: Cedar Rapids ID: Boise ID: Idaho Falls IL: Morris IL: W. Chicago LA: New Orleans MD: Baltimore MD: Conowingo MI: Detroit MI: Grand Rapids MN: St. Paul MN: Welch MO: Jefferson City MS: Jackson MS: Port Gibson MT: Helena NC: Raleigh ND: Bismarck NE: Lincoln NJ: Trenton NJ: Waretown NY: Albany NY: New York City NY: Niagara Falls Date Collected 01/18/10 01/13/10 01/11/10 01/07/10 01/06/10 03/31/10 01/12/10 01/12/10 01/07/10 01/07/10 01/11/10 01/11/10 01/21/10 02/02/10 03/09/10 02/04/10 01/22/10 03/02/10 01/14/10 02/17/10 02/08/10 03/25/10 01/07/10 01/12/10 03/04/10 03/29/10 01/11/10 01/12/10 01/08/10 02/19/10 02/17/10 01/25/10 02/26/10 01/11/10 01/11/10 01/11/10 01/13/10 01/26/10 01/19/10 01/12/10 3H pCi/L ±2« 30 91 -18 88 11 98 -14 88 -29 88 13 87 -8 88 -84 85 30 100 -43 87 -35 87 -41 87 -14 83 -5 84 13 88 -9 83 0 83 -110 98 18 90 63 92 24 80 9 87 2 90 78 89 -20 100 -26 85 -45 87 -53 87 51 91 -110 100 -50 100 -22 88 -40 100 -21 88 -115 84 -21 88 51 87 47 86 -48 87 11 96 18 ------- Table 9 (continued) Tritium in Drinking Water January - March 2010 Location NY: Syracuse OH: Cincinnati OH: Columbus OH: E. Liverpool OH: Painesville OH: Toledo OK: Oklahoma City OR: Portland PA: Columbia PA: Harrisburg PA: Philadelphia/Baxter PA: Philadelphia/Belmont PA: Philadelphia/Queen PA: Pittsburgh RI: Providence SC: Barnwell SC: Columbia SC: Jenkinsville SC: Seneca TN: Chattanooga TN: Knoxville TN:OakRidge/#360 TN:OakRidge/#371 TN:OakRidge/#4442 TN:OakRidge/#768 TN:OakRidge/#772 TX: Austin VA: Ashland VA: Lynchburg WA: Richland WA: Seattle Date Collected 02/24/10 01/22/10 03/30/10 01/27/10 02/09/10 01/11/10 01/11/10 03/31/10 01/13/10 01/12/10 02/02/10 02/02/10 02/02/10 01/26/10 03/18/10 01/12/10 01/15/10 01/13/10 01/11/10 01/11/10 01/08/10 01/12/10 01/12/10 01/12/10 01/12/10 01/12/10 01/08/10 02/22/10 01/11/10 03/01/10 03/26/10 3H pCi/L ±2« -60 100 18 90 220 100 73 89 27 90 39 91 -12 88 41 88 49 87 66 88 2 84 39 85 -14 83 16 85 -9 86 16 85 82 88 57 88 63 87 18 90 -8 89 -40 94 -47 94 -46 96 6 97 11 97 -4 89 3820 210 96 89 -30 100 -21 84 19 ------- This page intentionally left blank 20 ------- 3. Milk Program Pasteurized Milk Milk is a reliable indicator of the general population's intake of certain radionuclides since it is consumed fresh by a large segment of the population and can contain several of the biologically significant radionuclides that result from environmental releases from nuclear activities. A primary function of this program is to obtain reliable monitoring data relative to current radio- nuclide concentrations and determine any long-term trends. Quarterly samples are collected at approximately 55 sampling sites. The samples are composited, according to production, from the major milk suppliers representing more than 80 percent of the milk consumed in a given population center. The samples are analyzed for gamma-emitting nuclides, including iodine-131, barium-140, cesium-137, and potassium-40. Total potassium concentrations in g/L are determined from potassium-40 activities assuming natural isotopic abundances. During the third quarter collec- tion, one-fourth of the samples are also analyzed for strontium-90 on a four year rotating schedule. 21 ------- Table 10 Radionuclides in Pasteurized Milk January - March 2010 Location AR: Little Rock AZ: Phoenix CA: Los Angeles CA: San Francisco CT: Hartford DE: Wilmington FL: Plant City HI: Hilo IA: Des Moines KS: Wichita KY: Louisville MD: Baltimore MO: Jefferson City NJ: Trenton NV: Las Vegas NY: Buffalo NY: Syracuse OH: Cincinnati OH: Cleveland OR: Portland PA: Pittsburgh TN: Chattanooga TN: Knoxville TN: Memphis TX: Austin TX: Dallas VA: Norfolk VT: Montpelier WA: Spokane WA: Tacoma WV: Charleston Date Collected 01/11/10 03/03/10 02/11/10 01/13/10 02/19/10 02/08/10 02/17/10 01/25/10 02/16/10 01/20/10 01/20/10 01/05/10 01/13/10 01/11/10 03/25/10 02/22/10 02/09/10 01/19/10 03/05/10 01/11/10 02/01/10 01/28/10 03/03/10 01/11/10 01/19/10 03/30/10 01/25/10 03/31/10 02/23/10 03/27/10 01/11/10 K g/L ±2w .68 0.20 .56 0.20 .62 0.20 .88 0.23 .63 0.20 .55 0.19 .63 0.20 .63 0.20 .41 0.19 .66 0.21 .63 0.20 .55 0.19 .68 0.21 .44 0.19 .62 0.20 .58 0.20 .60 0.20 .50 0.19 .56 0.20 .58 0.20 .45 0.19 .54 0.20 .50 0.19 .41 0.19 .53 0.20 .56 0.19 .62 0.21 .61 0.21 .62 0.20 .68 0.20 .49 0.19 137Cs pCi/L ±2« ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 140Ba pCi/L ±2« ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND 131j pCi/L ±2u ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Note: ND = Not Detected 22 ------- For More Information Environmental Radiation Data(ERD) is published quarterly by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Radiation and Indoor Air. Requests for information concerning the operation of RadNet, the data that are generated or publication and distribution of ERD should be directed to: Charles M. Petko Office of the Director National Air and Radiation Environmental Laboratory 540 South Morris Avenue Montgomery, Alabama 36115-2601 e-mail: petko.charles@epa.gov Requests for information concerning policies of the Office of Radiation and Indoor Air should be directed to: Jonathan Edwards USEPA - ORIA Radiation Protection Division (MC6608J) 1200 Pennsylvania Ave. N.W. Washington, DC 20460 e-mail: edwards.jonathan@epa.gov *** 23 ------- This page intentionally left blank 24 ------- |