for
   U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
    Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
                                      Printed on Recycled Paper

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                                         Contents

Acknowledgments[[[iii
            Overview[[[1
            K-2[[[9
   KeyMessages................................................^^^
   Lesson Plans[[[ 13
        What Color Is My Air Today[[[ 15
        Now You See It, Now You Don't	21
        Breathing and Air Pollution[[[25
        How Dirty is the Air We Breathe?	27
   Student Handout	29
        Breathe Smart!  Four Things Kids  Can  Do	31
Grades 3^5[[[33
   Key Messages	35
   Lesson Plans[[[37
        The Ozone Between Us	39
        The Cilia Game[[[45
        Traffic Tally	53

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        Be Air Quality Smart! Four Things You Can  Do[[[ 163
                  Activities[[[ 165
   Introduction..................................................^^^
   Grades K-2[[[™^
        Circle Game	167
        Match Game	168
        Visible and Invisib e Air Pol ution[[[169
        Milkweed  Polka  Dots	170
        More Activity Ideas[[[ 170
   Grades 3-5[[[ 171
        Lung Capacity[[[ 171
        Tomorrow's AQI	171
        Air  Quality Crossword Puzzle[[[ 172
        What's Your A.Q.I.Q.? (Air Quality Intelligence Quotient): True or False	175
        Concept Map	177
        More Activity Ideas	177
   Grades 6-8[[[^
        Create a Timeline Linking Industrialization to Air Quality	178

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       Thanks to the following North Carolina teachers who reviewed earlier versions of this Toolkit
       and provided insightful suggestions for making it more effective:
       Keith Bamberger, North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources
       Marti Canipe, B'nai Shalom Day School
       Olivia Lee, Corinth Holders Elementary School
       Dr. Richard Thomas, North West High  School
Acknowledgments                        iii                  AQI Toolkit for Teachers

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Notice
       This document has been reviewed in accordance with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
       policy and approved for publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products does
       not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
Notice                                    iv                 AQI Toolkit for Teachers

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        Toolkit OVQFVIQW
                 Good
               Moderate
       Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups
               Unhealthy
             Very Unhealthy
GradQS K-2

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                   to the  AQI and This Toolkit

       Children are one of the sensitive groups at risk for health effects from air pollution, in part
       because their lungs are still developing. The Air Quality Index (AQI) is an important tool for let-
       ting children know when air quality in their area is unhealthy and how they, their families, and
       communities can protect their health. The AQI uses a color-coded scale and maps to provide
       daily air quality  information. Check the AQI atwww.airnow.gov. download the AirNow App, or
       install the AirNow Widget on your website. Many local newspapers and television and radio
       stations also present the AQI. You can also sign up for air quality emails at: www.airnow.gov/
       enviroflash.

       Compiled by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), this Toolkit provides teachers
       with easy-to-use and engaging lesson plans, additional activities, and other resources to teach
       students about the connections between air quality, health, weather, and other related science
       topics, as well as actions students can take to protect their health and reduce air pollution.

       The lesson plans in this Toolkit meet Next Generation Science Standards and can be easily
       incorporated into school curriculums.

           In  This
   This Toolkit includes:
       m   Key messages-Bullet point lists of key air quality messages for each age group.

       •   Lesson plans appropriate for:

           • Grades K through  2

           * Grades 3 through  5

           • Grades 6 through  8

       •  Additional activities—Brief descriptions of other activities about air quality that teachers
           can conduct with students.

       •   Handouts—Simple one-page, age-appropriate handouts for students on air quality that
           highlight how they can protect their health and the environment.

       •   Background information for teachers on air quality, the AQI, and related health  impacts,
           including:

           - Fact Sheets on:

           •Air Pollution and Health

           •The Air Quality Index

           — Bibliography of curricula, lesson plans, activities, publications, and Web sites
Toolkit Overview                          3                  AQI Toolkit for Teachers

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       The Key Messages in the Toolkit provide an overview of air quality issues covered in the lesson
       plans. The Background Summary section of each lesson plan offers a brief synopsis of the
       lesson's topics and procedures; these sections are written in easy-to-understand language
       to assist teachers in communicating relatively complex environmental and health topics to
       students. For more information, teachers can review the Toolkit's fact sheets. The age-appro-
       priate handouts can be distributed at the beginning or end of a lesson, or independently, to
       let students know "at a glance" what they can do to protect themselves and the environment
       when air quality is unhealthy.

       Two pollutants in particular, ground-level ozone and particle pollution, are sometimes pres-
       ent at unhealthy levels in many parts of the United States. The Toolkit focuses on these two
       air pollutants, with information on sources  of these pollutants,  how to use the AQI to find out
       current levels of these pollutants in particular locations, and ways to improve air quality and
       protect our health.

           Read the Key Messages and fact sheets in this Toolkit to familiarize yourself with air qual-
           ity issues, the AQI, the  health effects of air pollution, and ways to protect air quality.

           Visit EPA's AIRNow Web site at www.airnow.gov for further information about the AQI and
           to obtain local air quality information.

           Review the table of Next Generation Science Standards and Toolkit Lesson Plans (next
           page) to help you decide which lesson plan(s) to use.

           Read the Background Summary sections of the Tool kit lesson plans to help you select and
           prepare for lessons.

           Checklist:

           	Copy of lesson plan(s) you  will be conducting with your class.

           	Copies of Student Worksheets, as needed, and Teacher Answer Sheets.

           	Internet access, as needed.

           	Copies of age-appropriate  handout for each student.

           	Materials needed for the selected lesson plan(s).
Toolkit Overview                          4                  AQI Toolkit for Teachers

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Next  Generation Science Standards
      The lesson plans in this toolkit meet the following Next Generation Science Standards (www.
      nextgenscience.org/next-generation-science-standards), as verified by an education expert:
         Lesson Plans
         Grades K-2
Next Generation Science Standards
         What Color Is My Air Today?
Engineering Design
Interdependent Relationships in Ecosystems
         Now You See It, Now You Don't
Engineering Design
Interdependent Relationships in Ecosystems
         Breathing, Playing Outside,
         and Air Pollution
Engineering Design
Interdependent Relationships in Ecosystems
         How Dirty is the Air We Breathe?
Engineering Design
Interdependent Relationships in Ecosystems
         Grades 3-5
         The Ozone Between Us
Energy
Interdependent Relationships in Ecosystems
Matter and Energy in Organisms and Ecosystems
Earth and Human Activity
Engineering Design
         The Cilia (not fiilly!) Game
Energy
Interdependent Relationships in Ecosystems
Engineering Design
Matter and Energy in Organisms and Ecosystems
Toolkit OvorviQw
                AQI Toolkit for Teaohors

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          Lesson Plans
          Grades 3-5 (continued)
Next Generation Science Standards
          Traffic Tally
Energy
Interdependent Relationships in Ecosystems
Engineering Design
          Trapping Air Pollution:
          Temperature Inversions #1
Weather and Climate
Earth and  Human Activity
Engineering Design
Matter and Energy in Organisms and Ecosystems
          Save fimog City 2 from
          Particle Pollution
Weather and Climate
Energy
Interdependent Relationships in Ecosystems
Engineering Design
Matter and Energy in Organisms and Ecosystems
          Grades 6-8
          Symptoms Scenario
Interdependent Relationships in Ecosystems
Human Impacts
Engineering Design
          Tracking Air Quality
Chemical Reactions
Human Impacts
Weather and Climate
Engineering Design
Toolkit OvorviQw
                AQI Toolkit for Teaohors

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         Lesson Plans
         Grades 6-8 (continued)
Next Generation Science Standards
         Smog Alert
Human Impacts
Earth's Systems
Weather and Climate
Engineering Design
         Trapping Air Pollution:
         Temperature Inversions #2
Human Impacts
Weather and Climate
Engineering Design
         What's Riding the Wind?
Human Impacts
Engineering Design
         Save fimog City 2 from Ozone
Human Impacts
Engineering Design
Toolkit OvorviQw
                AQI Toolkit for Teaohors

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             GradQg K-2
                   Good
                 Moderate
        Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups
                 Unhealthy
              Very Unhealthy
GradQS K-2
9
AQI Toolkit for Teachers

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Key Messages: Grades  K-2
          Breathing dirty air is not good for people. For example: You might
          feel like it's harder to breathe, you might cough, or your chest might
          feel tight.
AIR QUALITY INDEX
          You can help protect your health when the air is dirty. Here are three things you can do.

          1.   Find out how clean your air is each day.

              •  You can do this by checking the AQI, just like checking the weather report. The AQI
                (or the Air Quality Index) uses colors to tell you how clean or dirty the air is. For
                example, green means the air is clean. Red means the air is unhealthy.

              •  You can always find the AQI on the Internet at a site called AIRNow at: www.
                airnow.gov. You also might hear about the AQI on TV during the weather forecast
                or on the radio, or you  might see it on the weather page in the local newspaper.

              •  Tell your parents about the AQI so they can check how clean or dirty the air is.

          2.   If you play outside when you know the air is polluted, you can protect your health by
              taking it easier. For example, walk instead of run, take breaks often, or play outside at
              another time or on another day when the air is cleaner.

          3.   If you notice any signs when you are playing outside like coughing, pain when  you
              take a deep breath, chest tightness, or wheezing, stop playing and tell an adult.

              •  If you have asthma, pay special attention  on polluted days. If you think you or a
                friend may be having an asthma attack, tell an adult.
Key Messages                            11                  AQI Toolkit for Teachers

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 Plans
13

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   What Color Is My Air Today?

             Learning Objectives
             Students  will:
             •  Understand how breathing the air can affect people's bodies and health.
             •  Describe how colors and numbers can represent different classifications of
                something, such as levels of air quality.
             •  Understand that air pollution, driving, and health are connected.
             Grade Level: Grades K-2
             Estimated Time: 30 minutes
Background fiummary
Some days, the air is clear and smells fresh and clean.
Clean air is air that has no harmful levels of pollutants
(such as dirt and chemicals) in it. Clean air is good
for people to breathe. However, on a hot day with no
wind-especially in some cities-the air can feel heavy
and may have a bad smell. Sometimes, the air can
even make your chest feel tight, or make you cough.
When too much  dirt or too many chemicals get into
the air,  the air is  dirty, or polluted. Polluted air  is not
     for people to breathe.
Scientists measure pollution in the air across the
country. Then they use something called the Air Qual-
ity Index, or AQI for short, to tell people how clean or
dirty the air is each day in different places. The AQI
uses colors, words, and numbers to tell you about the    Vocabulary
air.
   •  AQI color posters (online or printed, see Step 6)

   Key Questions
   •  What is air pollution? (Answer:Air pollution is
      when too much dirt or chemicals get into the air.)

   •  What is the Air Quality Index, or AQI? (Answer/The
      AQI tells us how clean or dirty the air is each day.)

   •  How can you and your family help  reduce air
      pollution? (PossibleAnswers: Walk more, ride
      bikes, or carpool. [Carpooling is when more than
      one person not related to each other  share  a ride
      somewhere.] People can also take the bus, train, or
      subway to reduce air pollution instead of driving
      in their cars.)
Using EPA's online Air Quality Index color game, stu-
dents will learn that air quality can be classified ac-
cording to different levels of pollution, and that these
levels can be represented by colors and/or numbers.
They will also learn that they can find out what the
Air Quality Index is on any given day and understand
what it means for people's outdoor activities. This
lesson also introduces students to different types of
transportation and ways that transportation choices
can affect air quality.

Materials Needed
•  Internet access  (preferable) (or, print version of AQI
   Color Game included with this lesson)

•  Computer printer, preferably color, if not conduct-
   ing activity online

•  Chart of AQI colors and their meanings (simplified
   print version included)
   Air Pollution-Occurs when too much dirt or too
   many chemicals get into the air and make it dirty.

   Air Quality Index-Colors and numbers used to tell
   how clean or dirty the air is.
   fiteps
   1.  Have the class play the AQI Color Game online at:
      www.airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=aqikids.games
      easy or hand out copies of the game (Easy ver-
      sion).

      It may take a minute for the color chart to load
      onto your computer.

      (Note:  The AQI Color Game is available online at
      different levels: easy, medium, and hard. First have
      students play the "easy" game, which discusses
      AQI colors only. Then add a discussion of the AQI
      numbers, as discussed in the "Steps" below.
AQI Toolkit For Teachers
15
What Color Is My Air Today?

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   The medium and hard versions of the game are
   appropriate for students in Grades 3-5.)

   If printing, also print out the answer key for the
   teacher. It is best if the student game can be
   printed in color.

2.  Discuss the AQI colors and their meanings with
   students. Tell students that each day, the AQI
   is one of these colors. The  colors tell you how
   healthy the air is to breathe that day. The colors go
   from Green to Yellow to Orange to Red to Purple,
   with each color telling you that the air  is less clean
   than the color before.

   (/Vote: If students ask, you  can tell them that the
   last AQI color, Maroon, which represents the worst
   air quality, is usually not included with  the other
   AQI colors  because air quality in the U.S. has not
   been Maroon in many years. This is probably be-
   cause people have  been working hard to clean up
   the air.)

   Give students the following simplified chart of the
   AQI colors  and their meanings, and read the chart
   to them.
                        3.  Tell students to look at their AQI Color Game
                           Student Worksheet. With the help of the chart of
                           AQI colors and meanings you gave them in Step
                           #2, tell students to draw a line from the AQI words
                           on the left side to the correct color on the right
                           side of the worksheet. For younger students (e.g.,
                           kindergarten), the teacher can read the words and
                           ask students which words go with which colors.
                           For older students (e.g, Grade 2), the teacher may
                           need to assist students in reading  and understand-
                           ing some  of the  key words, as discussed in the
                           table above.

                        4.  Discuss the correct answers using  the Teacher
                           Answer Sheet.

                        5.  Add a discussion of the AQI numbering system.
                           An index uses numbers to tell people how good
                           or bad something is. For example, you might say
                           your school lunch is a 1 (very good) or a 5 (yucky).
                           The Air Quality Index uses numbers from 0 to 500.
                           These numbers are used to decide  the AQI color for
                           a particular day. On days measuring less than 100,
                           the air is clean. If the air  is dirtier, the numbers get
                           bigger. On days measuring more than 100, the air
                           can be bad for you to breathe.
  If Color is...    What This Means for Outdoor Aotiviti
 Green
               1
The air is "good" and it's a great day to be active outside!
 YsIIow
The air is "moderate" - it's fine for most people to be ac-
tive outside.  However, people who are unusually sensitive
to air pollution may notice symptoms such as coughing or
shortness of breath.  These are signs to take it easier.
 OrangQ
The air is "unhealthy for sensitive  groups." This group
can include people with heart or lung  problems (such as
asthma), kids, and older grown-ups, who should take it a
little easier.
                     The  air is "unhealthy." Everyone should  take it a  little
                     easier or spend less time being active outside.
                     The  air is "very unhealthy." People should  be active in-
                     doors on purple days.
For more complete Air Quality and Outdoor Activity Guidance for Schools, visit www.epa.gov/airnow/school
flaa/school-chart-2013.Ddf
AQI Toolkit For Teachers
                      16
What Color Is My Air Today?

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   Here is how the AQI numbers match up with the
   AQI colors:
    AQI Numbers     AQI Colors
     Oto50
     51 to 100
     101 to 150
Croon
Yellow
Orango
     151 to 200
     201 to 300
Rod

Purplo
6.  Have students view the six AQI color posters
   online, or print out several sets of the posters and
   pass them around the class, available from the EPA
   AIRNow website at: www.epa.gov/airnow/aqikids/
   pdffiles/posters.pdf

   It is best if these posters can be printed in color.

7.  Discuss the six posters in sequence (from Green
   to Purple), which will reinforce the lesson  thus far,
   including both AQI colors and numbers.

8.  Tell students how  they and their families can help
   reduce air pollution. Most cars contribute  to air
   pollution. To reduce air pollution, students and
   their families can walk more, ride their bikes, or
   carpool. (Carpooling is when more than one per-
   son share a ride somewhere.) People can also take
   the bus, train,  or subway to reduce air pollution
   instead of driving  their cars.
Adaptation
For older students (Grades 3-5), play the Medium
and/or Hard versions of the AQI Color Game. Add
more in-depth discussion from the EPA Web site at:
www.epa.gov/airnow//aqikids/pdffiles/aq irefer.pdf

For Further  Exploration
If using the Internet, go to www.airnow.gov and under
the map find "Local Air Quality Conditions and Fore-
casts" and choose a  state or click on "Select by map."
Review  the information for the nearest city with the
students. You can click on a city name for more de-
tailed information. Ask students what the air quality is
for today and expected to be tomorrow.

Have students try to find and cut out the Air Qual-
ity Index in the newspaper and bring it in to class to
discuss; the AQI can often be found on the weather
page in  newspapers.

AoknowlQdgmQnts/RQSOuroQS
U.S. EPA. Air Quality Index Kids Page at:
www.airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=aqikids.games
                    Noxt GonQration
                    Standards
                    Engineering Design
                    Interdependent Relationships in Ecosystems
AQI Toolkit For Teachers
                  17
                What Color Is My Air Today?

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   Student Worksheet: What Color Is My Air Today?
   Name:
                        AQI Color GamQ
 Easy GamQ
 To play this garriQ, first print this pago and thon draw a lino from tho AQI
 word(s) on tho loft sido to tho correct color on tho right.
 1. Good
 2. Moderate
 3. Unhoalthg for fionsitivQ Groups
 4. Unhoalthy
 5. Vorg Unhealthy
                GrQQn
                YsIIow
                OrangQ
                Rod
                PurplQ
AQI Toolkit For Teachers
18
What Color Is My Air Today?

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  Teacher Answer Sheet: What Color Is My Air Today?
                      AQI Color GamQ
 Easy GamQ
 1.  Good —
 2. Moderate
 3. Unhealthy for fignsitivQ Groups
 4. Unhoalthy ^^^^^^^^^™
 5. Vory Unhealthy
               Red
               Purple
AQI Toolkit For Teachers
19
What Color Is My Air Today?

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   Now You fiee It,  Now You Don't
             Learning Objectives
             Students will:
             •  Observe differences  between gases and particles, in the context of air
                pollution.
             •  Identify common gases and particles in the air that can contribute to air
                pollution.

             Grade Level: Grades K-2
             Estimated Time: 30 minutes
Background fiummarg
Sometimes the air is clean, and sometimes it's dirty.
When the air is dirty, it's called pollution. There are
different kinds of air pollution. Some air pollution
is made of particles, such as small pieces of dirt or
dust. This is called particle pollution. Other kinds of
air pollution are gases, which  usually you cannot see.
Ozone near the ground  where we can breathe it in is
a harmful air pollutant that is a gas. But ozone many
miles above the Earth (in the stratosphere) is good
for us. It helps protect us from sunburn. You can't see
ozone in the air. The cars that we ride in can make
air pollution-both  particle pollution and gases like
ozone. If people walked, bicycled, or took buses or
trains more often instead of driving places, fewer cars
would be on the  road. This is one way to make less air
pollution.

In this lesson,  students observe differences between
gases and particles in the air.  Water represents air.
Milk in water acts like an air pollutant that is a  gas.
Pepper in water acts like particle pollution in the air.
Students then identify common gases and particles in
the air that can contribute to  air pollution.

Materials  Needed
•  Two clear glass bowls (if teacher demonstrates) or
   2 large clear plastic cups per group (if students
   perform activity)*
•  One tablespoon of milk for one bowl or cup

•  One teaspoon of pepper for the other bowl or cup

•  One plastic spoon for each bowl or cup

•  Water

•  Student Worksheet (included)

•  Teacher Answer Sheet (included)
                                                 *Note: If the teacher does this as a demonstration
                                                 with the clear glass bowl, it helps to have a light
                                                 or white paper behind the pepper so it is easier to
                                                 observe. Alternatively, students can do this in small
                                                 groups using clear disposable cups instead of the
                                                 glass bowl.
                                                 Keg Questions
                                                 •  What is the water supposed to be in this experi-
                                                    ment? (Answer: Air.)

                                                 •  (During Step 2)-What kind of air pollution do you
                                                    think the milk is like when it combines with the
                                                    water: a gas, or particle pollution? (Answer:A gas)

                                                 •  (During Step 3)-What kind of air pollution do you
                                                    think the pepper is like when it combines with
                                                    the water: a gas, or particle pollution? (Answer:
                                                    Particle pollution)
                                                 Gas-Something that is not a solid or a liquid. A gas
                                                 doesn't have a particular shape, and usually is invis-
                                                 ible.

                                                 Particle-A small bit of something, such as dirt or
                                                 dust.

                                                 Pollution-Harmful substance put into the environ-
                                                 ment, for example  into the air, water, or soil.

                                                 Ozone-A gas. When ozone is near the ground, it is
                                                 bad, and is air pollution. Ozone high up in the atmo-
                                                 sphere is  good, and helps protect us from sunburn.
                                                 fiteps
                                                    Review vocabulary as needed and age-appropriate.
                                                    Divide the class into small groups (if the teacher is
                                                    not conducting the activity for the entire class). Fill
                                                    the clear glass bowl or clear disposable cups half
                                                    full with water. Tell students to think of the water
AQI Toolkit For Teachers
                                              21
Now You See It, Now You Don't

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   as "air." Tell students to carefully look at the bowls
   (or cups) to see what happens as you add things
   to the water.

2.  Add one tablespoon of milk to one of the bowls or
   cups of water and stir to mix. Then ask: What hap-
   pened to the milk when it was added to the water?
   (Answer:It mixed with the water, or a similar an-
   swer.) Then ask: What kind of air pollution did the
   milk act like in the water-air pollution that is a
   gas, or particle pollution in the air? (Answer:Gas.)

3.  Now add one teaspoon of pepper to the other
   bowl or cup of water and stir. Then ask: What
   happened to the pepper when it was added to
   the water? (Answer: It did not mix with the water;
   it stayed separate from the water, or a similar
   answer.) Then ask: What kind of air pollution did
   the pepper act like in the water-air pollution that
   is a gas, or particle pollution in the air? (Answer:
   Particle pollution.)

4.  Ask students: If the bowls or cups were left on a
   shelf all day, which do you think would sink to the
   bottom of the bowl or cup-the pepper or milk?
   (Answer: Pepper.) Ask: Would  it be easier  to get the
   milk or the pepper out of the water? (Answer: Pep-
   per.) Remind students that the milk is like air pol-
   lution that is a gas, and the pepper is like particle
   pollution in the air.

5.  Ask students: Do you think it would be easier to
   get gases or particles out of the air? (Answer:
   Particles.) Why?

6.  Use the Student Worksheet, first for word recogni-
   tion, then have students fill out the Worksheet as
   best they can, with teacher assistance.

   (a)   Begin this step as a word recognition task: For
       older students who can read  (e.g., Grade 2),
       tell students to highlight or circle some of the
       words they recognize on the  Student Work-
       sheet. For younger students, the teacher can
        use an overhead transparency or make word
       cards to read, and lead a class discussion.
      (b)   Next, tell students to fill out the Worksheet
           for the highlighted or circled items. Tell them
           to check off whether they think the things
           listed in the first, left-hand  column can make
           particle pollution (2nd column), a gas that is
           air pollution (3rd column), or both particle
           pollution and a gas (last column).

   Review the Student Worksheets with the class.
   (The Teacher Answer Sheet provides  the correct an-
   swers.)

   Adaptation
   Students could receive a star or sticker for answering
   correctly.

   For older students, introduce the concepts of solu-
   tions (i.e., milk and water) and  suspensions (i.e., pep-
   per and water) in scientific terms. Also, see the lesson
   plan, "Parts Per Million," on the Rutgers University
   Web site listed below.

   For Further Exploration
   Have the students  research some of the types of air
   pollution listed on  the Student Worksheet.

   AoknowlQdgmQnts/RQSOuroQS
   Suspended Particulates Lab Lesson Plan.  Rutgers
   Engineering, contributed by D. Gioffre, Hillsborough
   Middle School, Hillsborough, NJ 08844 at:
   www.engineeringplanet.rutgers.edu
   Noxt GonQration
   Standards
   Engineering Design
   Interdependent Relationships in Ecosystems
AQI Toolkit For Teachers
22
Now You See It, Now You Don't

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   Student Worksheet: Now You SQQ It, Now You Don't
   Name:

from...

Car tail pipes
Cow burps
Dirt
Dust
Factory smoko
stacks
Fireplaces
Forest firQS
Volcano ash

•
pollution?





















pollution and a
|igk£fl 1








AQI Toolkit For Teachers
23
Now You See It, Now You Don't

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  Teacher Answer Sheet: Now You SQQ It, Now You Don't
  Air PoIIuti
     from...
  Car tail pipes
..is parti
pollution
...a gas?
            pollution and a
                 gas?
   Cow burps
      Dirt
      Dust
 Factory smoko
     stacks
   FirQpIaoQS
  Forest
  Volcano ash
AQI Toolkit For Teachers
           24
       Now You See It, Now You Don't

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   Breathing and Air Pollution

             Learning Objectives
             Students will:
             •  Observe how breathing changes with physical activity.
             •  Learn how air pollution can affect breathing and our health.

             Grade Level: Grades K-2
             Estimated Time: 30 minutes
Background fiummarg
Most living things, including people, need the oxygen
in air to breathe. When we're more active, like when
we're running, bicycling, or jumping, our bodies need
more oxygen and air. We may notice that our breath-
ing is faster and we take deeper breaths when we're
active. This faster and deeper breathing is how our
body takes in more oxygen and air when needed,
which can help make us healthier.

Breathing dirty, or polluted, air is not good for people.
For example, it might make you cough, or you might
feel like it's harder to breathe. If an adult tells you the
air is polluted while you're playing outside, you can
protect your health by taking it a little easier. For ex-
ample,  walk instead of run, take breaks often, or play
outside at another time or on another day when the
air is cleaner. If you have trouble breathing on days
with a lot of air pollution, tell an adult.

This lesson involves having a few students count their
breaths while at rest and again after jumping up and
down. The class will discuss differences in breathing
when at rest and after jumping, and how students can
protect their health from air pollution.

Matorials Needed
•  Stopwatch, watch, or clock with second hand

•  Blackboard

•  Handout (included)

Kog Questions
•  Does a person breathe faster when active or when
   sitting still? (Answer: When active.)

•  How can faster and deeper breathing improve  our
   health? (Answer: It gives our bodies more oxygen.)
   is a lot of air pollution. We can walk instead of
   run, take more breaks, or play outside when the air
   is cleaner. It you have trouble breathing on days
   with a lot of air pollution, tell an adult.)

Vooabularg
Pollution-Things put into the air that can make the
air dirty.

Improve-To  make better.

Protect-To keep from being hurt.

fitgps
1.  Tell the class that they are going to see how being
   active affects breathing.

2.  Pick three student volunteers. (/Vote: Do not pick
   students who are not feeling well or have health
   conditions that restrict exercising.) Write their
   names on the blackboard horizontally so you can
   add information in columns under each name.

3.  Have all three student volunteers seated at the
   front of the class. Tell the volunteers to breathe
   normally.  Tell the volunteers and the class that
   when you say "Go," the volunteers are going to
   count how many breaths he or she takes in 30
   seconds, when he or she  is just sitting and is not
   active, until you say "Stop." Remind the volunteers
   to take normal breaths.

4.  Say "Go," remind the volunteers to start counting,
   and watch the clock for 30 seconds.

5.  After 30 seconds, say "Stop" and ask the volunteers
   how many breaths each of them took. Record the
   numbers on the blackboard under the students'
   names.
•  How can we protect our health from air pollution?
   (Answer:We can take it easier on days when there

AQI Toolkit For Teachers                       25
                   Breathing and Air Pollution

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6.  Now tell the volunteers and the class that when
   you say "Go" this time, the volunteers are go-
   ing to jump up and down for 30 seconds. Tell the
   volunteers that when you say "Stop jumping and
   start counting," they should stop jumping and
   immediately start counting their breaths until you
   say "Stop counting."

7.  Say "Go." Student volunteers should start jumping.
   Watch the clock.

8.  After 30 seconds, say "Stop jumping and start
   counting."

9.  After another 30 seconds, say "Stop counting." Ask
   volunteers for the number of breaths they count-
   ed, and write these numbers on the blackboard
   under the students' names.

10. Ask the class what they notice about the results.
   Discuss how the results are the same and differ-
   ent, and  how the results show that breathing is
   faster and deeper when people are active than
   when they are not active. Also discuss how faster
   and deeper breathing when we're active is good
   for our health because it brings more air and oxy-
   gen into our bodies when our bodies need it.

11. Tell students that breathing dirty, or polluted, air is
   not good for people, and can make people not feel
   well.  For example, it might make you cough, or you
   might feel like it's harder to breathe.

   Tell students that on days when there is a lot of
   air pollution outside, they can help protect their
   health by taking it easier. They can walk instead of
   run, take more breaks, or play outside when the
   air is cleaner. If they have trouble breathing on
   days  with a lot of air pollution, they should tell an
   adult.

12. Distribute the handout, Breathe Smart! Four Things
   Kids Can Do. (See Grades K-2 Handout in this
   Toolkit.)
   Adaptation
   Have all students in the class count their breaths at
   rest and after jumping. Take a few responses from the
   class, write them on the blackboard, and discuss the
   differences in breathing at rest and after jumping.
   (Note: If you feel that your classroom does not have
   enough room for jumping, or that it might be too
   disruptive, students can instead stand up and sit down
   repeatedly for one minute.)
   Have students play a quick game of basketball or walk
   quickly up and down a flight of stairs a few times
   rather than jumping up and down in place.

   For Further Exploration
   Explain that cars use gasoline and are one  big source
   of air pollution. Discuss that one  way to reduce air
   pollution  is by going places with  adults in ways other
   than cars, such as walking, bicycling, or taking a bus
   or train. This would reduce the number of cars on the
   road, which would reduce the amount of air pollution
   from cars.

   AoknowlQdgmQnts/RQSOuroQS
   Adapted from the California Air Resources Board, The
   KnowZone at: www.arb.ca.gov/knowzone/knowzone.
   htm

   Also see: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's AQI
   (Air Quality Index) for Kids at: www.airnow.gov/kids
   Noxt GonQration
   Standards
   Engineering Design
   Interdependent Relationships in Ecosystems
AQI Toolkit For Teachers
26
Breathing and Air Pollution

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   How Dirty  Is the Air WQ Breathe?

             Learning Objectives
             Students will:
             •  Make a simple air pollution tester.
             •  Collect and observe air pollution and discuss the findings.

             Grado LQVQ!: Grades K-2

             Estimated Time: 30 minutes (indoors), 30 minutes (outdoors)
Background fiummarg
The air around the Earth is mostly invisible. Some-
times the air is dirty, or polluted. Most of the time
polluted air is also invisible, but sometimes you
can see air pollution. Air pollution that you can see
comes from things like the tailpipes of cars and the
smokestacks of factories. Sometimes you can see air
pollution near busy roads and factories. Air pollution
can also come from burning wood in fireplaces and
wood-burning stoves,  and even from forest fires and
volcanoes. Sometimes the wind can blow air pollu-
tion from where it was created to other places far
away. Breathing  polluted air is not good for people's
health-it can make it  harder to breathe, and for
people with heart or lung problems, it can make their
problems worse.

In this activity, students will make pollution testers,
collect samples of air pollution outdoors, and discuss
how air pollution can affect health and what we can
do to reduce air  pollution.

Materials Needed
•  Double-sided masking tape

•  Half gallon or larger milk cartons filled with sand
   (optional)

•  White paper for each child or group  of children

•  Adult assistants for outdoor placement of tape
   (and  milk cartons if using them)
Keg Questions
•  Do you think air pollution is invisible or can you
   see it? (Answer: Both. Some air pollution is invis-
   ible, some you can see.)

•  Do you think that people's health can be affected
   by air pollution? How? (Answers: Yes. People might
      have more trouble breathing. Some pollutants can
      make heart or lung problems worse.)

   •  How can we help keep the air clean? (Possible
      answers: Instead of driving places, we can walk,
      bicycle, or take a bus or train, with an adult, when
      it's safe to do so.)

   Vooabularg
   Invisible-Impossible to see.

   Visible-Possible to see.

   fiteps
   1.  Tell students: As we  look outside, we often see a
      clear blue sky. Where is air pollution? If using milk
      cartons, tell students that they are going to make
      a simple tester for air pollution so we can see it. If
      using double-sided tape only, tell students that the
      class is going to go outside to test the air to see
      air pollution.

   2.  Have students make the milk carton testers, if us-
      ing them. Divide the class into groups with adult
      assistants and give the groups their materials.
      With the double-sided masking tape, have each
      group wrap the tape around the sand-filled milk
      carton, and make sure the tape is securely at-
      tached. If using double-sided masking tape only
      (no milk cartons), give each group's adult assistant
      a roll of the tape.

   3.  Take the class outside. With adult assistants, have
      students place the milk cartons outdoors on posts,
      fences, walls, and/or window sills in various loca-
      tions. If using  pieces of double-sided masking tape
      only, place tape on trees in various locations and
      on other surfaces on which the tape will stick. If
      you can, place some milk cartons or double-sided
      tape near a road and some  in a protected location
      away from roads. Try to pick places where the milk
AQI Toolkit For Teachers
27
How Dirty Is The Air We Breathe?

-------
   cartons won't be knocked over by pets or children's
   play. Leave them for 24 hours.

4.  The next day, collect the milk cartons and double-
   sided pieces of tape, and make labels of the tester
   locations. Help students remove the tape from the
   milk cartons and lay the tape, exposed side up, on
   white paper. Place location labels next to each cor-
   responding sample.

5.  Have the class examine the air pollution collected
   on the testers.

6.  Discuss the findings. Ask: Did your tester collect
   any air pollution? How does your tape compare
   to those of the other groups? In what places does
   the  air seem to be the dirtiest? (Possible answers:
   Near busy roads, near factories.) Why do you think
   those areas might have the most air pollution?
   (Possibleanswers: Because cars and factories make
   pollution.)

7.  Discuss possible health effects of breathing air
   pollution. Soy: We have seen air pollution where
   we first didn't see any. Clean air is important for  us
   to breathe to be healthy. Breathing in dirty, or pol-
   luted, air can make us less healthy-it can make it
   harder to breathe, and some  pollutants can make
   heart or lung (especially asthma) problems worse.

8.  Discuss what people can do to reduce air pollu-
   tion. Ask: What can we do to keep the air clean?
   (Possible answers: People could drive  less and walk
   more, such as to school, with adults.  We can turn
   off lights, TVs, and computers when we're not
   using them; this saves energy and keeps the air
   cleaner. Factories could reduce their pollution.)
   Adaptation
   For Grades 3-5, students can write a paper and explain
   the differences they observed among the pieces of
   tape.

   For Further Exploration
   Have students take their tester home (along with in-
   structions for parental assistance) to test for pollution
   for 24 hours. Students can then report their findings
   to the class the next day.
   Ask students to leave the tester outside for a week
   (sheltered from precipitation); students can report re-
   sults to the class each day and at the end of the week.

   AoknowlQdgmQnts/RQSOuroQS
   Texas Commission on Environmental Quality at:
   www.tceq.state.tx.us

   Noxt GonQration fioionoQ
   Standards
   Engineering Design
   Interdependent Relationships in Ecosystems
AQI Toolkit For Teachers
28
How Dirty Is The Air We Breathe?

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fitudont Handout
       29

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Breathe Smart!
FourThings
                                           Can Do
                        Find out what AQI color for today is where you live.
                        • Visit the AIRNow Web site at www.airnow.gov.
                        • Tell your parents about the AQI so they can help you.
           Protect your health when the air is dirty.
           • Take it easier when you play outside.
           • If it feels harder to breathe, tell an adult.
                                 Help reduce pollution.
                                 •  Turn off lights, TVs, and computers
                                   when not using them.
                                 •  Walk, bike, or take a bus or train with
                                   an adult. But remember, your safety
                                   always comes first!
           Visit the AQI kids' site at www.airnow.gov
           (click on "Kids" in the "Learning Center")
  y

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