State and Local
        Climate and Energy Program
LOCAL GOVERNMENT CLIMATE AND ENERGY STRATEGY SERIES
Combined Heat
and Power
A Guide to Developing and Implementing
Greenhouse Gas Reduction Programs
         U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
                2014

-------
EPA's Local Government Climate and  Energy

Strategy  Series

The Local Government Climate and Energy Strategy Series provides a comprehensive, straightforward overview of green-
house gas (GHG) emissions reduction strategies for local governments. Topics include energy efficiency transportation,
community planning and design, solid waste and materials management, and renewable energy. City, county, territorial,
tribal, and regional government staff, and elected officials can use these guides to plan, implement, and evaluate their
climate change mitigation and energy projects.

Each guide provides an overview of project benefits, policy mechanisms, investments, key stakeholders, and other imple-
mentation considerations. Examples and case studies highlighting achievable results from programs implemented in
communities across the United States are incorporated throughout the guides.

While each guide stands on its own, the entire series contains many interrelated strategies that can be combined to create
comprehensive, cost-effective programs that generate multiple benefits. For example, efforts to improve energy efficiency
can be combined with transportation and community planning programs to reduce GHG emissions, decrease energy and
transportation costs, improve air quality and public health, and enhance quality of life.
LOCAL GOVERNMENT CLIMATE AND ENERGY STRATEGY SERIES
All documents are available at: www.epa.gov/statelocalclimate/resources/strategy-guides.html.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY

Energy Efficiency in Local Government Operations

Energy Efficiency in K-12 Schools

Energy Efficiency in Affordable Housing

Energy-Efficient Product Procurement

Combined Heat and Power

Energy Efficiency in Water and Wastewater Facilities


TRANSPORTATION

Transportation Control Measures
URBAN PLANNING AND DESIGN

Smart Growth


SOLID WASTE AND MATERIALS MANAGEMENT

Resource Conservation and Recovery


RENEWABLE ENERGY

Green Power Procurement

On-Site Renewable Energy Generation

Landfill Gas Energy
Please note: All Web addresses in this document were working as of the time of publication, but links may break over time
as sites are reorganized and content is moved.

-------
CONTENTS

Executive Summary                                                        _v
1. Overview                                                               __1
2. Benefits of Combined Heat and Power                                     __1
3. Combined Heat and Power Opportunities for Local Governments            __4
4. Key Participants                                                         _6
5. Foundations for Project Development                                       8
6. Strategies for Effective Project Implementation                             _9
7. Costs and Funding Opportunities                                           11
   Costs                                                                    11
   Funding Opportunities                                                       11
8. Federal, State, and Other Program Resources                                13
   Federal Programs                                                           13
   State Programs                                                           ._ 14
   Other Programs                                                            14
9. Case Studies                                                           _  15
   City of Boston, Massachusetts                                                  15
      Program Initiation                                                     ._ 15
      Program Features                                                        15
      Program Results                                                       ._ 16
   City of Hartford, Connecticut                                                 ._ 16
      Program Initiation                                                     ._ 16
      Program Features                                                      ._ 16
      Program Results                                                         17
10. Additional Examples and Information Resources                            18
11. References                                                              24

-------

-------
Combined Heat  and

Power


EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Developing and Implementing
Energy Efficiency Programs

Saving energy through energy efficiency improvements
can cost less than generating, transmitting, and distrib-
uting energy from power plants, and provides multiple
economic and environmental benefits. Energy savings
can reduce operating costs for local governments, free-
ing up resources for additional investments in energy
efficiency and other priorities. Energy efficiency can also
help reduce air pollution and GHG emissions, improve
energy security and independence, and create jobs.

Local governments can promote energy efficiency in
their jurisdictions by improving the efficiency of munic-
ipal facilities and operations and encouraging energy
efficiency improvements in their residential, commer-
cial, and industrial sectors. The energy efficiency guides
in this series describe the process of developing and
implementing strategies, using real-world examples, for
improving energy efficiency in local government opera-
tions (see the guides on local government operations,
energy-efficient product procurement, and water and
wastewater facilities) as well as in the community (see
the guide on affordable housing).


Energy Efficiency in Combined
Heat and Power Production

This guide describes how local governments can lead by
example and increase use of combined heat and power
(CHP) in their facilities and throughout their commu-
nities. CHP, also known as cogeneration, refers to the
simultaneous production of electricity and thermal
energy from a single fuel source. This guide includes an
overview of the benefits of CHP systems, costs, sources
of funding, and case studies.

The guide is designed to be used by staff at local energy
or environment agencies, local code enforcement
officials and city planners, city councils, and mayors or
county executives. It also provides information useful for
  RELATED GUIDES IN THIS SERIES


 • Energy Efficiency: Energy Efficiency in Water and
  Wastewater Facilities

  CHP systems are very compatible with wastewater treat-
  ment facilities that use anaerobic digesters. Anaerobic
  digesters produce a continuous flow of biogas that can be
  used as a fuel source. In addition, anaerobic digesters have
  a heat load small enough to be met by most CHP systems.


 • Renewable Energy: Landfill Gas Energy

  Landfill gas, which consists of approximately 50 percent
  methane and 50 percent carbon dioxide, can be captured
  at municipal solid waste landfills and used as a fuel
  source for CHP systems.


 • Energy Efficiency: Energy Efficiency in
  Affordable Housing

  Many local governments partner with private and
  nonprofit organizations to develop multi-family afford-
  able housing. Through these affiliations, local govern-
  ments can encourage developers to use CHP systems in
  multi-family housing units to increase energy efficiency
  and reduce costs.


 • Energy Efficiency: Energy Efficiency in
  K-12 Schools

  A number of schools around the country are using
  CHP systems to reduce energy costs and improve
  energy supply reliability.


 • Energy Efficiency: Energy Efficiency in Local
  Government Operations

  The use of CHP in government buildings and opera-
  tions can help increase energy efficiency and reduce
  GHG emissions and criteria air pollutants by decreasing
  consumption of fossil fuel-based energy.
local government partners, such as local businesses, utili-
ties, energy service companies, and non-profit organiza-
tions. Readers of the guide should come away with an
understanding of options to improve energy efficiency
using CHP, a clear idea of the steps and considerations
involved in implementing CHP systems, and an aware-
ness of expected investment and funding opportunities.
Combined Heat and Power | Local Government Climate and Energy Strategy Series
                                                                                    EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

-------
The guide includes descriptions of the benefits of CHP
(section 2); opportunities to implement CHP systems
(section 3); key stakeholders (section 4); strategies
for promoting CHP projects (section 5); strategies
for effective project implementation (section 6); costs
associated with CHP systems and opportunities to
manage these costs (section 7); federal, state, and other
programs that may be able to help local governments
with information or financial and technical assistance
(section 8); and finally two case studies of CHP
projects implemented at local government facilities
(section 9). Additional examples of successful imple-
mentation are provided throughout the guide.


Relationships to  Other Guides
in the Series

Local governments can use other guides in this series
to develop robust climate and energy programs that
incorporate complementary strategies. For example,
local governments could combine use of CHP with
alternative fuel sources such as biogas generated at
wastewater facilities or landfill gas captured at solid
waste landfills to help achieve additional economic,
environmental, and social benefits associated with
reduced use of fossil fuels. In addition, because CHP
systems require less fuel to produce the same output
as conventional separate heat and power systems, use
of CHP in government and community facilities helps
increase energy efficiency and energy supply reliability
while reducing costs.

See the box on page v for more information about
these complementary strategies. Additional connec-
tions to related strategies are highlighted in the guide.
   EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
                                                     Combined Heat and Power |  Local Government Climate and Energy Strategy Series

-------
1.  OVERVIEW

Combined heat and power (CHP), also known as
regeneration, refers to the simultaneous production of
electricity and thermal energy from a single fuel
source. Simultaneous production is more efficient than
producing electricity and thermal energy through two
separate power systems and requires less fuel. This
reduction in fuel use can produce a number of benefits,
including energy cost savings, reduced GHG emis-
sions, and reductions in other air emissions.
   CHP SYSTEM CONFIGURATIONS

   CHP systems consist of a number of individual
   components—prime mover (heat engine), generator, heat
   recovery, and electrical interconnection—configured into
   an integrated whole. Every CHP application involves the
   recovery of otherwise-wasted thermal energy to produce
   useful thermal energy or electricity.

   CHP systems can be configured either as a topping or a
   bottoming cycle, as explained below.

   In a typical topping cycle system, fuel is burned in a
   prime mover such as a gas turbine or reciprocating
   engine to generate electricity. Energy normally lost in
   the prime mover's hot exhaust and cooling systems
   is instead recovered to provide heat for industrial
   processes (such as petroleum refining or food
   processing); hot  water (e.g., for laundry or dishwashing);
   or for space heating, cooling, and dehumidification.

   In a bottoming cycle system, also referred to as "waste
   heat to power," fuel is burned to provide thermal input to
   a furnace or other industrial process, and heat rejected
   from  the process is then used to produce electricity.

   The graphic below demonstrates the configuration of a
   typical topping cycle gas turbine CHP.
   Source: US. EPA, 2011a, 2013a.
CHP systems are considered a type of distributed
generation (also referred to as distributed energy and
distributed energy resources), because they involve
non-centralized, often small-scale projects. Distributed
generation offers significant benefits, such as reduced
risk of energy supply disruption, lower transmission
and distribution losses, and reduced peak electricity
demand on the grid. CHP systems produce the same
benefits as those provided by typical distributed gener-
ation projects, but have the added benefit of increased
energy efficiency (U.S. EPA, 2008b).

This guide provides information on how local govern-
ments have planned and implemented CHP systems at
local government facilities and in their communities.
It includes an overview of CHP system benefits, costs,
sources of funding, and case studies. Additional exam-
ples and information resources are provided at the end
of this guide in Section 10, Additional Examples and
Information Resources.


2.  BENEFITS OF COMBINED
HEAT AND POWER

A CHP system appropriately sized to meet a facility's
thermal energy needs achieves higher system efficien-
cies than conventional separate heat and power (SHP)
systems that obtain their power and heat from different
sources, such as central coal-fired power plants and
onsite natural gas heating  systems. Fossil-fueled power
plants, for example, generally achieve a total system
efficiency of approximately 33 percent, meaning 67
percent of the energy used to generate electricity is
lost, often vented as heat. If a facility were to obtain its
electricity through the grid from a fossil-fueled power
plant and its thermal energy from an on-site boiler, the
overall efficiency would be approximately 51 percent.i
By using thermal energy that would otherwise be wast-
ed in the power generation process, CHP systems can
achieve total system efficiencies of approximately 60
to 80 percent (U.S. EPA, 2013b). The higher efficiency
of CHP systems compared with SHP  systems can help
local governments and their communities to:

Reduce GHG emissions and other environmental
impacts. Because CHP systems require less fuel to
produce the same energy output as SHP systems,
CHP systems can reduce emissions of GHGs and air
pollutants, such as nitrogen oxides (NOx) and sulfur
dioxide (SO ). For example, a 5 MW CHP system with
1 This calculation assumes that the electricity and thermal energy used by the
facility require 91 units of fuel at a central power plant (33% efficiency) and
56 units in an onsite boiler (80% efficiency). Transmission and distribution
losses would further reduce overall efficiency. See http://epa.gov/chp/basic/
efficiency.html.
Combined Heat and Power  | Local Government Climate and Energy Strategy Series
                                                                                                    1. OVERVIEW

-------
   METHODS FOR CALCULATING CHP
   SYSTEM EFFICIENCY

   Two efficiency metrics are used to compare CHP
   systems with SHP systems:

    • Total system efficiency is the more commonly cited
      efficiency metric. Presented as a percentage, it refers
      to the sum of the useful power output (in MWh
      expressed in Btu/hr) and useful thermal outputs (in
      BTU/hr) divided by the total fuel input (in BTU/hr).

    • Effective electric efficiency refers to the electricity
      output divided by the additional fuel the CHP system
      uses over and above what would have been used by
      a conventional system to meet the facility's thermal
      energy load. This approach accounts for the multiple
      outputs of CHP, and allows for a direct comparison
      of CHP and conventional electricity production  by
      crediting that portion of the CHP system's fuel input
      allocated to thermal output, thus measuring how
      effectively the CHP system generates power once
      the thermal demand of a site  has been met.

   Both efficiency metrics consider all the outputs of CHP
   systems and reflect the benefits of CHP. Since each
   metric measures a different performance characteristic,
   the purpose and calculated value of each type  of
   efficiency metric differs. For example, the total system
   efficiency is typically most appropriate for comparing
   CHP system energy efficiency with the efficiency of
   a site's SHP options. The effective electric efficiency
   is typically used to compare the CHP system with
   conventional electricity production (i.e., the grid).

   In general, a CHP system's total system efficiency differs
   from its effective electric  efficiency by 5% to 15%.

   Source: U.S. EPA, 2013c.
a natural gas turbine typically produces 20,870 metric
tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions annually,
while an SHP system designed to achieve the same
output would produce 44,450 metric tons. The GHG
emissions prevented by a CHP system of this size are
equivalent to the annual GHG emissions of more than
5,400 passenger vehicles (U.S. EPA, 2013f).
        The District General Services Plant in Sacra-
        mento, California, the state capital, was
        replaced in 2010 with a cogeneration plant
   that provides chilled water for cooling, steam for
   heating, and control air to 23 state-owned build-
   ings in the Capitol Building district. The new plant
   uses 58 percent less energy and 90 percent less
   water than the plant it replaced, and its smaller
   footprint allowed the building team to reclaim land
   and turn it into a public garden, complete with a
   landscape feature that reuses water from the plant.
   The reduced water use allowed the plant to elimi-
   nate its former practice of discharging water into
   the Sacramento River, which was one of the major
   goals of the project. The new plant is Platinum
   LEED Certified. The reduced energy consumption
   of the plant avoids more than 3,900 metric tons of
   CO2 annually, equivalent to the annual emissions
   from more than 800 cars. The plant is also
   equipped with combustion air preheating and low
   NOx natural gas burner assemblies, which mini-
   mize combustion emissions of CO2, carbon
   monoxide, NO , and ozone (Skanska, Undated).
Offset capital costs. CHP systems can offset capital
costs that would otherwise be needed to purchase and
install certain facility components, such as boiler and
chiller systems in new construction (U.S. EPA, 2013g).
Installing CHP systems with backup capability can
avoid the need for a local government to purchase a
conventional backup electricity generator. A typical
back-up diesel generator (with accompanying controls
and switchgear) can cost as much as $550 per kW
capacity (U.S. EPA, 2013d), compared with $100-$250
per kW to add backup capability to a CHP system
(ORNL, 2013).
        The wastewater treatment plant, in York,
        Pennsylvania, began operating a microtur-
        bine CHP system in 2011. A combined total
   of $4.2 million in state and federal funding
   allowed the project to move forward as scheduled,
   and reduced the impact of financing the improve-
   ments by the York City Sewer Authority's ratepay-
   ers. Sources of funding included $2 million in two
   separate awards through H2O PA, $1.5 million
   from the Pennsylvania Alternative and Clean
   Energy program, and $500,000 from the Pennsyl-
   vania Department of Environmental Protection's
   GreenWorks program (BioCycle, 2012).
Support economic growth through job creation and
market development. Investing in CHP systems can
help stimulate local, state, and regional economies.
Demand for raw materials and for construction, instal-
lation, and maintenance services can create jobs and
   2. BENEFITS
                                                        Combined Heat and Power |  Local Government Climate and Energy Strategy Series

-------
develop markets for CHP technologies (NECHP, 2006).
Facilities that reduce their energy costs can spend
those savings elsewhere, often contributing to the local
economy (Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, 2010).
        Lansing, Michigan, has experienced an
        economic revival due to the local utility's
        installation of the REO Town gas-fired
   cogeneration plant. The installation of the plant
   coincided with the renovation of the adjacent
   Grand Trunk Western Railroad Depot, an historic
   landmark, which now serves as the utility's new
   headquarters. The new plant started operations in
   2013 and serves the new headquarters. The
   construction process generated thousands of jobs
   and pumped an estimated $50 million in wages
   into the local economy. The revitalized downtown
   landscape has boosted the local economy, and is
   expected to attract new enterprises (MLive, 2013;
   Lansing, 2013).
Demonstrate leadership. Using CHP systems at local
government facilities can be an effective and visible
way of demonstrating environmental and fiscal respon-
sibility to the public. Installing CHP systems at facili-
ties frequently visited by the public can lead to greater
community awareness of local government leadership
and the benefits of clean energy.
        The wastewater treatment plant in Sheboy-
        gan, Wisconsin, is recognized as a nation-
        wide leader in energy efficiency in the water
   and wastewater treatment sector. The plant uses 20
   percent less energy than its baseline level in 2003,
   and generates 70 to 90 percent of its own energy
   on site using a CHP microturbine system that runs
   on biogas produced in the wastewater treatment
   process. The biogas project, developed in a part-
   nership between the local government and the
   local utility, allows the city to reap both the finan-
   cial and societal benefits of producing renewable
   energy. The treatment plant receives one renewable
   energy certificate for every megawatt-hour of
   renewable energy the microturbines create
   (ACEEE, 2011). Renewable energy certificates
   represent the environmental attributes of electric-
   ity generated from renewable sources, and they
   EPA CHP EMISSIONS CALCULATOR

   The EPA CHP Emissions Calculator can be used to
   compare anticipated emissions from a CHP system
   with those from an SHP system. The calculator, which
   provides estimates for emissions of CO2, SO2, NOX, N2O,
   and CH4, is designed for users with at least moderate
   familiarities with CHP technologies.

   http://www.epa.gov/chp/basic/calculator.html
   can be sold directly to customers or through
   brokers and marketers.2
Hedge against financial risks. The higher efficiencies
of CHP systems relative to SHP systems translate into
significant energy cost savings. Depending on total
system efficiencies, a CHP system can consume up to
one-third less energy than an SHP system (U.S. EPA,
2013b).s
   EFFICIENCIES OF DIFFERENT CHP SYSTEMS

   Not every CHP system operates at the same total system
   efficiency. A CHP system's efficiency depends on the
   technology used to generate the electricity and thermal
   energy, the system design, and how much of the
   thermal energy is used by the site. The most common
   prime movers include:

   • Steam Turbine: 80% efficiency

   • Diesel Engine: 70%-80% efficiency

   • Natural Gas Engine: 70%-80% efficiency

   • Gas Turbine: 70%-75% efficiency

   • Microturbine: 65%-75% efficiency

   • Fuel Cell: 65%-80% efficiency

   Sources: U.S. EPA, 2013a; 2013b.
2 For more information on how local governments can demonstrate leader-
ship by selling or purchasing renewable energy certificates and other forms
of green power, see EPA's On-site Renewable Energy Generation and Green
Power Procurement guides in the Local Government Climate and Energy
Strategy Series.

3 Based on a 5 MW natural gas-fired combustion turbine CHP system (U.S.
EPA, 2013b).
Combined Heat and Power  | Local Government Climate and Energy Strategy Series
                                                                                                      2. BENEFITS

-------
        By installing a CHP system in 2008, the Back
        River Wastewater Treatment Plant in Balti-
        more, Maryland, reduced its electricity
   consumption by 19.4 million kWh annually. The
   system, which runs on methane gas produced in
   wastewater treatment, saved the City of Baltimore
   approximately $1.4 million per year in electricity
   costs, equivalent to 3.5 percent of the city's entire
   annual energy bill (Baltimore City DPW, 2012).


Since CHP systems require less fuel to produce the
same output as SHP systems, they can help reduce
the vulnerability of local governments to fluctuations
in energy prices. Local governments can achieve
additional protection from volatile energy prices by
siting CHP projects in close proximity to biomass (e.g.,
wood and agricultural wastes) or biogas resources.
Using renewable fuels can help the cost of operating
CHP systems remain stable even as fossil fuel prices
fluctuate. In addition, using biomass or biogas as a fuel
source provides a use for material that often would be
wasted otherwise (U.S. EPA, 2013f).


        Lycoming County, Pennsylvania, partnered
        with a private renewable energy company to
        develop a 6.2 MW CHP system using landfill
   gas. This system supplies 80 percent of the Federal
   Bureau of Prisons' Allenwood Correctional
   Complex's electricity and 90 percent of the power
   and thermal needs of the Lycoming County land-
   fill complex. The federal correctional facility gains
   long-term power price stability and clean energy
   to help it meet federal renewable energy require-
   ments, and the county receives revenue for the
   landfill gas (PPL Renewable Energy, 2012).


Increase electricity reliability. Disruptions in the
energy supply can be a serious risk for local govern-
ments, many of which own facilities where a loss of
electricity could be disastrous, such as waste water
treatment facilities, hospitals, and schools. CHP
systems  can be designed to disconnect from the grid,
enabling them to  operate in "island mode" if grid-
supplied electricity is lost during extreme weather or
other circumstances, and provide increased reliability
for these critical facilities. Using CHP to generate elec-
tricity on site also avoids the need to rely on non-CHP
backup generators, and can even improve the overall
reliability of the electricity grid by reducing peak load
and reducing the risk of blackouts (U.S. EPA, 2013d).
        During the New York City blackout in the
        summer of 2003 and Superstorm Sandy in
        2012, half of city hospitals that used backup
   generators alone experienced failures (U.S. EPA,
   2013d). In contrast, a study conducted after Super-
   storm Sandy showed that all of the CHP units in
   New York City designed to operate during a grid
   outage performed as expected when power was
   lost during the storm (NYSERDA, 2013). Hospi-
   tals, data centers, universities, district energy
   systems, and wastewater treatment plants with
   CHP systems were able to continue operating
   during and after the storm (ORNL, 2013).
        In 2011, the Sonoma County (California)
        Administrative Campus installed a 1,400 kW
        fuel cell CHP system capable of providing 90
   percent independence from the electric grid when
   needed. The CHP system is the centerpiece of the
   County's Comprehensive Energy Project, which
   the county expects will result in $40 to $50 million
   in energy cost savings over the next 30 years. The
   project will reduce and replace 13.4 million kWh
   of electricity use from the electric grid, reduce the
   county government's water consumption by 19
   million gallons each year, and reduce GHG emis-
   sions by more than 5,400 metric tons annually,
   equivalent to the emissions from burning 600,000
   gallons of gasoline (Sonoma County, 2011).
3. COMBINED  HEAT AND
POWER OPPORTUNITIES FOR
LOCAL GOVERNMENTS

CHP systems can provide energy to be used in multiple
applications, including power for facility operations
and waste-heat recovery for facility heating, cooling,
dehumidification, and other processes (U.S. EPA,
2013a). Several types of facilities and operations can be
strong candidates for CHP systems, including:

Wastewater treatment facilities. CHP systems are very
compatible with wastewater treatment facilities using
anaerobic digesters. Anaerobic digesters produce a
continuous flow of biogas that can be used as a fuel
source. In addition, anaerobic digesters require heat,
which most CHP systems can provide. As of August
2013, CHP systems were operating at 185 wastewater
   3. OPPORTUNITIES FOR LOCAL GOVT.
                                                    Combined Heat and Power  | Local Government Climate and Energy Strategy Series

-------
treatment facilities in the United States, providing 612
MW of electric capacity. Of these sites, 143 were fueled
by biogas generated at the facility, for a total of 352
MW (IGF, 2013). For more information on CHP in
wastewater facilities, see EPA's Energy Efficiency in
Water and Wastewater Facilities guide in the Local
Government Climate and Energy Strategy Series.
   GRESHAM, OREGON - CHP AT A WASTEWATER FACILITY

   The City of Gresham installed a 395 kW CHP system at its
   20 million-gallon-per-day wastewater treatment plant in
   2005. The system, which is fueled using byproduct gas
   from the anaerobic digestion of sewage (consisting of
   60% methane and 40% CO2), provides more than 50% of
   the plant's electricity needs in addition to a substantial
   amount of the plant's heat. Annual energy cost savings are
   estimated to be approximately $200,000. For information
   on opportunities for CHP at wastewater treatment
   facilities, see Opportunities for Combined Heat and Power
   at Wastewater Treatment Facilities: Market Analysis and
   Lessons from the Field (U.S. EPA, 2011b) and EPA's Energy
   Efficiency in Water and Wastewater Facilities guide in the
   Local Government Climate and Energy Strategy Series.

   Source: Energy Trust, 2006.
        In 2009, the City of West Lafayette, Indiana,
        installed a CHP system in its wastewater
        treatment facility for the primary purpose of
   reducing GHG emissions. EPA recognized the
   project with a PISCES Award, which highlights
   projects that further the goal of clean and safe
   drinking water. EPA has also recognized the city as
   a Green Power  Partner (Purdue University, 2010).
Landfill gas energy projects. Landfill gas (LFG),
which consists of approximately 50 percent methane
and 50 percent CO2, can be captured at municipal
solid waste landfills and used as a fuel source for CHP
systems. LFG is generated in landfills continuously; it
typically has a heating value of 500 Btu per standard
cubic foot (scf), but values can range from 350 Btu per
scf to 600 Btu per scf (U.S. EPA, 2013i). The economics
of a landfill gas energy project (i.e., a project or facil-
ity capturing LFG for fuel use) improve the closer the
landfill is to the end-user.*
4 The piping distance from a landfill gas energy project to its end-user is typi-
cally less than 10 miles, although piping LFG up to 20 miles can be economi-
cally feasible, depending on gas recovery at the landfill and energy load at the
end-use equipment (U.S. DOE, Undated).
        tin Los Angeles County, California, the Cala-
        basas landfill operates three gas turbines that
        generate up to 10 MW of power for the local
   grid. The turbines, which were installed in 2010,
   have helped reduced NOx and carbon monoxide to
   levels significantly below the mandatory limits in
   Southern California (Solar Turbines, 201 la).
In addition, LFG can be a green power source. Local
governments can sell LFG to landfill gas energy project
developers while retaining the environmental and
technological attributes associated with the green
power in the form of renewable energy certificates. For
more information on landfill gas, see EPA's Landfill
Gas Energy guide in the Local Government Climate and
Energy Strategy Series.

K-12 schools. A number of schools around the coun-
try are using CHP systems to reduce their energy costs
and improve reliability of their energy supply. Large
schools, especially those with swimming pools and
high hot water needs for cafeteria and locker room
loads, are good candidates for CHP. Many schools also
serve as emergency shelters during extreme weather
events, and the CHP system can help the school remain
operational during power outages.
        Cambridge Rindge and Latin School, a
        public school in Cambridge, Massachusetts,
        installed a gas-fired cogeneration system in
   2011 as part of a broader set of energy-saving
   improvements. The system powers the Media Arts
   building and provides heat and hot water to the
   school in winter. In summer, the school uses the
   cogeneration unit to heat the pools at the adjacent
   Cambridge War Memorial Recreation Center. The
   school anticipates the energy savings from the
   overall energy improvement project will reduce
   the its utility bills by more than $335,000 a year
   (Cambridge Public Schools, Undated).
For information on how K-12 schools can improve
their energy efficiency, see EPA's Energy Efficiency in
K-12 Schools guide in the Local Government Climate
and Energy Strategy Series.
Combined Heat and Power  | Local Government Climate and Energy Strategy Series
                                                                                3. OPPORTUNITIES FOR LOCAL GOVT.

-------
Multi-family housing. Many local governments
partner with private and non-profit organizations to
develop multi-family affordable housing. Through
these affiliations, local governments can encourage
developers to use CHP systems in multi-family hous-
ing units. In some local governments, public housing
authorities have taken the initiative of installing CHP
systems in the facilities they manage.
        In 2012, the Reading (Pennsylvania) Housing
        Authority installed a 400 kW CHP system at
        Glenside Homes, a 400 unit multi-family
   residential building. The housing authority was
   able to take advantage of energy efficiency and
   renewable energy federal grant opportunities to
   fund the project, which has an estimated annual
   energy cost savings of $75,000-$100,000 (UGI
   Performance Solutions, 2012).
   USING CHP IN MULTI-FAMILY AFFORDABLE HOUSING

   The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban
   Development (HUD) has developed guidance and a
   tool for using CHP in multi-family affordable housing.
   The guidance materials, which include a question-
   and-answer guide, a feasibility screening guide, and a
   library of resources, are available at http://www.hud.
   gov/offices/cpd/library/energy/index.cfm and http://
   www.hud.gov/offices/cpd/energyenviron/energy/
   library/#chp.

   HUD has also developed a screening tool for CHP in
   multi-family housing. Users enter 12 months of energy
   use data, which the tool uses to calculate the potential
   savings and payback period from using a CHP system
   instead of obtaining heat and power separately. The tool
   is available at http://www.hud.gov/offices/cpd/library/
   energy/software, cfm.
District energy systems. In a district energy system,
steam, hot water, or chilled water is generated at a
central plant and then piped to many facilities through-
out the district. These systems reduce energy consump-
tion and capital costs by eliminating the need to install
chillers and boilers in individual facilities. District
energy systems can incorporate CHP systems into
their configuration, leading to greater energy efficiency
(IDEA, 2013; IDEA, 2007; IEA, 2013).
        tSt. Paul, Minnesota, contracts with a private
        district energy provider to obtain hot water
        and cooling for many of its local government
   facilities. The district energy system relies on a 25
   MW CHP system to generate energy. St. Paul has
   formed an agreement allowing the district energy
   provider to obtain approximately 300,000 tons of
   wood waste from the city's recycling center to be
   used to fuel the CHP system (St. Paul, 2013).
4. KEY PARTICIPANTS

A variety of participants can play important roles in
mobilizing resources and ensuring effective implemen-
tation for CHP projects at local government facilities,
including:

Mayor or county executives. The mayor or county
executive can play a key role in increasing public
awareness of the benefits of CHP. Including CHP goals
in  a mayor's or county executive's priorities can lead
to  increased funding for CHP potential studies and
projects.

City and county councils. Clean energy activities,
including efforts to increase use of CHP, are often initi-
ated by city and county councils. In many local govern-
ments, city or county councils must authorize large
capital expenditures, such as purchasing CHP systems.
Securing support from city or county council members
can be important for ensuring CHP initiatives receive
the resources necessary to produce results.
        The Orange County Cogeneration Plant is a
        10.4 MW system serving the Santa Ana Civic
        Center Campus in Santa Ana, California.
   Installed in 2009 and powered by two gas turbines,
   the system provides electricity, heating, and cool-
   ing to buildings on the campus. Though econom-
   ics were an important factor in the city's decision
   to install a CHP system, city officials have cited
   reliability and emissions reductions as key drivers
   in their decision to switch to CHP (Combined
   Cycle Journal, 2010).
                                                             Local code enforcement officials and planning
                                                             departments. In some local jurisdictions, older zoning,
                                                             building, and fire codes can present barriers to CHP
   4. KEY PARTICIPANTS
                                                       Combined Heat and Power |  Local Government Climate and Energy Strategy Series

-------
project permitting. Local governments can work with
their code enforcement officials and planning depart-
ments to update codes to accommodate CHP projects
(Virginia DEQ, 2004). Some local governments, such as
Boston, Massachusetts, and Epping, New Hampshire,
have modified zoning ordinances to provide permitting
incentives for CHP projects. Planning departments can
also be responsible for developing local energy plans
that can include CHP-specific goals and activities.

State energy and environmental departments. State
energy and environmental offices can provide local
governments with information resources and technical
assistance in planning and permitting CHP systems for
local government facilities.
        In Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, the
   1 ffl f county partnered with the Pennsylvania
   I—I  Department of Environmental Protection to
   install a 3.2 MW CHP system that uses methane
   produced at two local landfills (U.S. EPA, 2013h).
State public utilities commissions (PUCs). Local
governments can work with state PUCs to obtain infor-
mation on connecting CHP systems to the electricity
grid and to learn about funding opportunities avail-
able for CHP projects. Some state PUCs administer
programs that offer clean energy options for a targeted
customer base or provide financial incentives for
distributed generation projects, including CHP.
        State legislation enacted in 2009 directed the
        Maine Public Utilities Commission to devel-
        op a program offering green power (includ-
   ing CHP) as an option to residential and small
   commercial customers. The PUC issued rules in
   October 2010, and selected a company to manage
   the statewide green power program for Maine's
   transmission and distribution territories. The
   program, which began operating in April 2012,
   includes community-based renewable energy proj-
   ects to the extent possible (Maine Public Utilities
   Commission, Undated).
Local businesses. Local governments can contract
with local businesses to provide electricity or thermal
energy generated by local government CHP systems,
or to purchase the energy generated by a privately
owned CHP system. Local industries can also provide
feedstocks or fuels for CHP systems operated by local
governments.
        The Gloversville-Johnstown Joint Wastewater
        Treatment Facility, in Johnstown, New York,
        works with several nearby cheese and yogurt
   producers to collect their wastewater, which the
   facility processes to generate biogas and then burns
   in a CHP plant to meet its electricity and heating
   needs. The arrangement provides the dairy compa-
   nies with an economical disposal method for their
   wastes, while bringing revenue and a significant
   supply of biogas to the treatment facility. The CHP
   plant avoids 1,950 metric tons of CO2 emissions
   per year, equivalent to the annual GHG emissions
   of more than 400 passenger vehicles (Cogeneration
   and On-Site Power Production, 2011).
Utilities. Local governments can work to connect CHP
systems to the grid either through utilities they own
or by working with utilities with service territory in
their area. Connecting to the grid allows local govern-
ments to help meet electricity loads when demand
exceeds the capacity of the CHP system, and can create
opportunities for local governments to sell electric-
ity to the utility when capacity exceeds demand and
where state interconnection and net metering rules
permit (see Section 6, Strategies for Effective Project
Implementation for more information on selling excess
electricity). Information on state interconnection and
net metering rules, which determine whether  and how
a utility allows customers to connect to the grid, can
be accessed through the EPA CHP Partnership website
(http://epa.gov/chp/policies/database.html). In addi-
tion, many utilities offer financial incentives for CHP
projects through energy conservation programs.s
        A number of municipally owned electric
        utilities, such Gainesville Regional Utilities
        in Gainesville, Florida, are taking advantage
   of the efficiency benefits of CHP systems to
   provide customers with clean energy while reduc-
   ing the utilities' operating costs (GRU, 2010).
5 The Database of State Incentives for Renewable Energy provides
information on utility incentives for CHP (http://dsireusa.org/index.
cfm?&CurrentPageID = 2&EE = l&KE = 0).
Combined Heat and Power |  Local Government Climate and Energy Strategy Series
                                                                                           4. KEY PARTICIPANTS

-------
        Philadelphia Gas Works (PGW) promotes
        microturbines and other types of CHP proj-
        ects as a way to sell more natural gas. As a
   landlocked utility serving a city whose population
   and industrial base have declined, PGW has a lot
   of underused infrastructure. With the price of
   natural gas low, partly because of an abundance of
   fuel produced from shale formations, PGW high-
   lights the savings of natural gas over electricity or
   steam. To induce customers to invest, PGW offers
   a discounted industrial cogeneration rate for CHP
   projects that recover at least 15 percent of the
   waste heat (Philadelphia Inquirer, 2011).
Energy service companies (ESCOs). ESCOs provide
technical expertise on energy efficiency projects and
often offer performance contracts, which typically
include a guarantee that payments will not exceed the
savings generated. Local governments can contract
with ESCOs to purchase and install CHP systems and
to obtain operations and maintenance services. For
more information on performance contracting, see
Section 7, Costs and Funding Opportunities.
        In 2009, the Southeastern Regional School
        District in Easton, Massachusetts, installed a
        250 kW reciprocating engine-powered CHP
   system after entering into an energy service perfor-
   mance contract with an ESCO. The performance
   contract, which includes a broad range of energy
   and water conservation projects in addition to the
   CHP system, is expected to save the district
   $276,000 annually (Ameresco, 2011).
Non-profit organizations. Local governments can
work with non-profit organizations to obtain technical
or financial assistance for implementing CHP-related
activities.

The International District Energy Association
promotes energy efficiency and environmental quality
through the advancement of district heating, district
cooling, and cogeneration, and actively lobbies to
secure favorable policies, legislation, and regulations
for district energy. For example, the association has
worked with brownfield business development parks
that are evaluating CHP as an option.
   TEXAS CHP INITIATIVE

   The Texas CHP Initiative (TXCHPI) is a non-profit
   association with the objective of promoting CHP in
   Texas as a reliable, economical, and environmentally
   sensible solution for Texas's energy needs. TXCHPI
   works in conjunction with the Texas Legislature to
   develop CHP-friendly policies.

   In the years since its foundation, TXCHPI has successfully
   advocated several CHP-friendly policies. In 2010,
   TXCHPI worked with the Texas Public Utility Commission
   and Electric Utility Marketing Managers of Texas to
   determine a fair incentive structure for CHP projects
   that qualified under Texas's Energy Efficiency Incentive
   Program. The previous year, TXCHPI provided language
   the legislature used in two bills addressing emergency
   preparedness in the wake of Hurricane Ike.

   Source: TXCHPI, 2011.
5. FOUNDATIONS  FOR
PROJECT DEVELOPMENT

Local governments use several mechanisms to promote
CHP systems in local government facilities and
throughout the community, including:

Local government planning processes. A number
of local governments have included goals for CHP in
local planning documents.
        In its 2007 Climate Change Local Action
        Plan, the City of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,
        recognizes the role CHP can play in reducing
   GHG emissions from city buildings. The plan
   includes an element for buildings intended to
   promote the installation of CHP at city complexes.
   Initially, the city will evaluate the financial feasibil-
   ity of CHP at its prison system complex, and will
   then explore approaches to encourage CHP at other
   public and private facilities (Philadelphia, 2007).
Modification of zoning ordinances. Local govern-
ments can encourage using CHP systems by modifying
zoning ordinances.
   5. FOUNDATIONS
                                                      Combined Heat and Power  | Local Government Climate and Energy Strategy Series

-------
        Boston, Massachusetts, adopted a Green
        Building Ordinance in January 2007 that
        applies to new public and private buildings
   of 50,000 square feet or greater. To encourage
   CHP, the city included an additional provision
   awarding one credit point toward LEED certifica-
   tion for buildings drawing 10 percent of their total
   energy use from CHP systems (Boston, 2007a).
Incentives for private and public entities. In addition
to installing CHP systems at local government facili-
ties, local governments can work with the private sector
to encourage CHP systems in industrial manufacturing
facilities, institutions, commercial buildings, and multi-
family housing complexes. Local government activities
to encourage CHP in the private sector include:

  Financial incentives. A number of local govern-
  ments offer financial incentives to local businesses
  and residents to install CHP systems at their facili-
  ties. These incentives are included in the Combined
  Heat  and Power Partnership CHP Policies and
  Incentives Database (see text box on page 12).
        In 2003, Chicago, Illinois, organized a semi-
        nar to provide local hospital administrators
        with information on how CHP technologies
   can be applied cost-effectively at hospitals. The city
   followed this seminar with an offer to fund 50
   percent (up to $5,000) of the cost of a CHP screen-
   ing analysis to provide estimates of the costs,
   savings, paybacks, and internal rates of return for
   each participating hospital (Chicago, 2008).
   Outreach. Some local governments are encourag-
   ing local businesses to install CHP systems at their
   facilities through educational outreach.
        Kauai County, Hawaii, has offered technical
        workshops through its Energy Extension
        Service to advise local businesses of opportu-
   nities to use CHP systems (U.S. EPA, 2008a).
6. STRATEGIES FOR
EFFECTIVE PROJECT
IMPLEMENTATION

Local governments can use a number of implementa-
tion approaches to enhance the benefits of CHP-related
activities, including:

Assess local CHP potential. An accurate initial assess-
ment of local demand, potential barriers, and the
availability of fuels can help  ensure successful imple-
mentation of CHP projects.  Local governments can
obtain assistance from a number of resources to help
assess CHP potential. For example, EPA has developed
a CHP Project Development Handbook local govern-
ments can use as a guide throughout the five stages of
developing a CHP project, from initial assessment to
operations and maintenance (for more information on
these stages, see the CHP Project Development text
box on page 10). Some local governments have hired
consultants to assess local potential for government,
commercial, and residential CHP systems.
        San Francisco, California, commissioned a
        study to evaluate CHP potential across the
        city. The study identified potential demand
   for CHP in the city, assessed CHP equipment
   supply in the region, and identified local installa-
   tion concerns, such as site selection and permitting
   issues (San Francisco, 2007).
Select an approach to project development. Some
local governments have chosen to self-develop CHP
projects, hiring consultants to help plan and manage
the design and construction process. This option can
maximize financial returns to the local government,
but involves more risk and requires significant person-
nel resources. Other local governments have purchased
"turnkey" CHP systems that are planned, designed,
and constructed by private developers that provide a
single point of contact. This approach shifts some risk
to the developer but may reduce the economic return
to the facility owner. Local governments can also team
with partners (e.g., an engineering firm) to develop the
project and share the financial returns as well as the
risks (U.S. EPA, 2013J). The EPA Combined Heat and
Power Partnership developed a guidance document
that provides information on determining whether to
Combined Heat and Power  | Local Government Climate and Energy Strategy Series
                                                                                             6. STRATEGIES

-------
      CHP PROJECT DEVELOPMENT

      Planning, installing, and operating CHP systems requires
      attention to many implementation issues. These issues
      can be addressed in five steps:

        •  Qualification assessment. At the initial planning
          stage of project, it is important to determine
          whether CHP is appropriate for the site in
          consideration. Many technical and economic factors
          must be considered, such as electricity and thermal
          energy demand and source fuel availability.

        •  Level 1 feasibility  analysis. Goals at this stage include
          identifying project goals and potential barriers, and
          quantifying technical and economic opportunities.

        •  Level 2 feasibility analysis. Goals at this stage include
          optimizing CHP system design, accounting for
          capacity, thermal  output, and operation needs. This
          stage should also  involve final CHP system pricing
          and a determination of expected investment return.

        •  Procurement. This stage involves selecting a
          qualified contractor or developer, financing the
          project, and ensuring and recording compliance
          with siting and  permitting requirements.

        •  Operations and maintenance. This stage involves
          maintaining a CHP system so that it continues to
          provide expected  energy savings and emission
          reductions.

      The EPA Combined Heat and Power Partnership has
      developed tools  and resources, including a Spark Spread
      Estimator and a CHP  Project Development Handbook,
      to assist with each  of  these stages in the CHP project
      development process. Local governments can find these
      resources on the CHP Partnership Website: http://www.
      epa.gov/chp/project-development/index.html.

      Source: U.S. EPA, 2013h.
    hire or partner with a developer, and how to select one
    that is qualified.s
            Austin Energy, the local municipal energy
            utility in Austin, Texas, worked with a
            private turnkey CHP developer to create a
       CHP plant for the Dell Children's Medical Center
       of Central Texas in 2006. The medical center saved
       $8 million in capital outlay by outsourcing its
       power, heating, and chilled water needs to Austin
       Energy, which owns and operates the plant. The
       medical center will purchase its power and chilled
    6  See http://www.epa.gov/chp/documents/pguide.pdf.
                                                                       water from the CHP plant at tariffed rates over a
                                                                       30-year term (TAS, Undated).
Enter maintenance contracts. CHP systems involve
complex components that need to be maintained
in order to continue working as designed. Local
governments can enter maintenance contracts with
equipment manufacturers and ESCOs for regular
maintenance and operations services on CHP systems
(U.S. HUD, 2005).
         Millbrae, California, incorporated provisions
         into an energy performance contract with an
         ESCO to have future maintenance and
   potential renovations performed on a new CHP
   system (Chevron, 2006; Millbrae, 2005).
Involve local planning departments. Local government
planning departments typically need to verify that CHP
projects are consistent with local land use and zoning
regulations. In some localities, special use permits might
be required for the construction of CHP systems.
         The San Jose, California, Department of
         Planning, Building, and Code Enforcement
         developed a set of instructions for obtaining
   a special use permit to construct CHP systems
   (San Jose, 2008).
   CONNECTING TO THE GRID

   Local governments can connect to the grid to obtain
   electricity to supplement power produced by a CHP
   system, and to sell excess electricity to a local utility
   or provider. Interconnection rules vary by utility, but
   a number of states have adopted standardized rules
   making interconnection more streamlined. The EPA
   CHPP Procurement Guide includes information on the
   steps involved in establishing interconnection (see text
   box on page 12).

   The Interstate Renewable Energy Council tracks
   state interconnection regulation activities. A table
   of these activities is available at http://www.
   irecusa.org/fileadmin/user_upload/ConnectDocs/
   December_2007_IC_Table.doc.

10
       6. STRATEGIES
                                                             Combined Heat and Power  | Local Government Climate and Energy Strategy Series

-------
Sell excess energy. In states where interconnection and
net metering rules permit, local governments can sell
some or all of the electricity they generate from CHP
systems. To learn about state interconnection and net
metering rules, visit dCHPP, EPA's database on CHP
policies and  incentives, at http://www.epa.gov/chp/
policies/database.html.
        Winnebago County, Wisconsin, earns
        between $400,000 and $500,000 annually
        from selling electricity generated by a 1.06
   MW CHP system at the county sheriff's office to the
   local electric utility. The office retains the 4,700
   MBtu per hour of thermal energy for space heating
   and domestic hot water (Winnebago, 2007).
7   COSTS AND FUNDING
OPPORTUNITIES

CHP systems involve a significant financial commit-
ment. Fortunately, many funding opportunities are avail-
able for purchasing and installing CHP systems. This
section provides an overview of the costs associated with
CHP systems and opportunities to manage these costs.

Costs

The actual cost of a CHP project varies depending on a
number of characteristics, including who develops the
project (i.e., the local government or a private develop-
er as part of a "turnkey" arrangement), system capacity,
availability and type of fuel, prime mover, and overall
system configuration. A typical CHP system can cost
between $1,000 and $5,000 per kW of installed capac-
ity (CEC, 2012). In addition to the cost of purchasing
and installing the system, a CHP project will incur
other associated costs in conducting preliminary
feasibility studies, obtaining permits, and operation
and maintenance costs. Preliminary feasibility studies,
for  example, can  range from $10,000 to $100,000 (U.S.
EPA, 20131), and operations and maintenance costs can
range from $0.005 per kWh to $0.015 per kWh (U.S.
EPA, 2013k). EPAs CHP procurement guide, which
discusses various financing methods for  CHP projects,
can be found at: http://www.epa.gov/chp/documents/
pguide_financing_options.pdf.
In addition, EPAs CHP Catalog of Technologies (http://
www.epa.gov/chp/technologies.html) provides informa-
tion on cost and performance characteristics for the five
key CHP prime movers.


Funding Opportunities

Many funding opportunities are available to local govern-
ments to help finance CHP installations, including:

Performance contracting. Several local governments
have used energy performance contracts to purchase,
install, and maintain CHP systems. An energy perfor-
mance contract is an arrangement with an ESCO that
bundles together various elements of an energy-effi-
ciency investment, such as installation, maintenance,
and monitoring of energy-efficient equipment. These
contracts, which  often include a performance guaran-
tee to ensure the  investment's success, are typically
financed with money saved through reduced utility
costs but the systems may also be financed using tax-
exempt lease-purchasing agreements.
   MILLBRAE, CALIFORNIA - ENERGY PERFORMANCE
   CONTRACTING

   Millbrae, California, used an energy performance
   contract to install a 250 kW methane-fueled
   microturbine CHP system at its wastewater treatment
   facility. The ESCO also integrated a grease receiving
   station into the facility to receive waste grease from
   local businesses, providing the CHP system with an
   additional source of fuel. The city saves $112,000 per
   year in energy costs by producing heat and power on-
   site, and the grease receiving fees generate $152,000
   annually. These savings and income are used to pay
   for the system, which was installed at no upfront cost.
   This integrated system reduces the city's annual CO2
   emissions by approximately 544 metric tons.

   Source: Chevron, 2006.
State government programs. These programs offer
financial incentives for distributed generation projects
(including CHP) and projects using biomass/biogas
(including CHP), and CHP qualifies as renewable
energy in the renewable portfolio standards of 10 states.
The most frequent state incentives include tax credits,
rebates, and low-interest loans for CHP including
biomass/biogas projects. Some states, such as California,
Connecticut, and New Jersey, have included CHP as a
critical component of their state energy strategies.
Combined Heat and Power |  Local Government Climate and Energy Strategy Series
                                                                                        7. COSTS AND FUNDING
                                                                                                                11

-------
      TOLEDO, OHIO - COMBINING FUNDING SOURCES

      In 2010, the City of Toledo began operating the Bay
      View Wastewater Treatment Cogeneration Facility.
      Before completing the facility, the treatment plant had
      been getting electricity from a 10 MW substation, with
      no backup plan in case of an extended power outage.
      Since having the system offline for any length of time
      could have terrible environmental consequences
      and result in fines, the City of Toledo's Division of
      Water Reclamation decided to install an on-site CHP
      generation station to improve reliability, lower electricity
      costs, and reduce emissions from city operations.

      Final project costs totaled to $31 million. Funding
      sources included an initial $1.5 million federal grant,
      $1.75 million from the City of Toledo, and a $28 million
      loan from Ohio EPA's Division of Environmental and
      Financial Assistance, a program providing financing
      to municipal wastewater treatment, water quality
      improvement, and drinking water projects. Elected
      officials in Toledo were intrigued by a critical
      infrastructure investment with the potential to pay for
      itself in a relatively short time frame. The availability of
      state finance assistance meant that the city did not have
      to advance the capital from its budget.

      Sources: Shanahan and D'Addario, 2013; Solar Turbines, 2011b)
            New Jersey provides grants for CHP systems
            based on system size and amount of electric-
            ity the system generates. The grant award
      cannot exceed $3 million per project, and the
      maximum grant percentage of a project's total cost
      is capped at 45 percent for fuel cells and 30 percent
      for all other CHP. The funds are made available
      through the New Jersey Economic Development
      Authority (U.S. EPA, 2013m).
            In 2011, a biogas-fueled CHP system went
            online at the Beaver Dam Wastewater Treat-
            ment Plant in Beaver Dam, Wisconsin. The
       $20 million project was funded through a $10
       million low-interest Clean Water State Revolving
       Fund loan from the government of Wisconsin and
       a $10 million grant from the American Recovery
       and Reinvestment Act. The plant uses whey waste
       from a local cheese factory to produce biogas and
       electricity, which is sold to a utility, as well as heat
       for the buildings at the plant (Renewable Energy
       From Waste, 2013).
Federal government. Local governments can obtain
financial assistance for CHP projects from the federal
government. The EPA Combined Heat and Power
Partnership maintains a database of federal and state
financial assistance opportunities for CHP projects (see
text box below). The database also provides informa-
tion on non-financial incentives, including favorable
regulatory treatment.

Utilities. Some utilities offer financial assistance to
local governments to help cover the costs of purchasing
and installing CHP systems. A number of utilities also
offer rebates for CHP systems.
         The East Bay Municipal Utility District, a
         publicly owned utility serving two counties
         in California, received a $900,000 rebate
   from an investor-owned utility through the state's
   Self-Generation Program. The municipally owned
   utility used the rebate to offset the $2.5 million cost
   of a new 600 kW CHP system (EBMUD, 2006).
                                                                    Non-profit organizations. Local governments can
                                                                    often obtain financial assistance for CHP projects
                                                                    through non-profit organizations promoting clean
   COMBINED HEAT AND POWER PARTNERSHIP CHP
   POLICIES AND INCENTIVES DATABASE

   State and federal incentives and policies to encourage
   CHP take a variety of forms, including:

     • Financial incentives, such as grants, tax incentives,
      low-interest loans, favorable partial load rates (e.g.,
      standby rates), and tradable allowances; and

     • Regulatory treatment that removes unintended
      barriers, such as standard interconnection
      requirements, net metering, output-based
      regulations, and environmental regulations.

   EPA's CHP Policies and Incentives  Database (dCHPP) is
   an online database that allows users to search for CHP
   policies and incentives by state or at the federal level.
   dCHPP serves the needs of two primary audiences:

     • Policy makers and policy advocates can find useful
      information on significant state/federal policies and
      financial incentives affecting CHP.

     • CHP project developers and others can easily find
      information about financial incentives and state/
      federal  policies that influence  project development.

   Website: http://epa.gov/chp/policies/database.html
12
       7. COSTS AND FUNDING
                                                             Combined Heat and Power  | Local Government Climate and Energy Strategy Series

-------
energy. Most non-profit assistance for CHP takes place
through project development support, in which the
non-profit lends its expertise to evaluating CHP project
feasibility. The non-profits typically receive their fund-
ing through federal or state agencies.
        In 2013, the U.S. Department of Energy
        awarded a four-year, $2.2 million grant to the
        Southwest Energy Efficiency Project
   (SWEEP), a regional non-profit organization, to
   promote energy efficiency through the use of CHP.
   Based in Boulder, Colorado, SWEEP will promote
   best practices for CHP project financing, manage-
   ment and state policies, market analysis tools and
   resources, and technical site evaluations with busi-
   nesses and communities in Colorado, Arizona,
   Oklahoma, New Mexico, Texas, Utah, and
   Wyoming (SWEEP, 2013).
8. FEDERAL,  STATE,
AND OTHER  PROGRAM
RESOURCES

Local governments can obtain information on develop-
ing CHP projects and about CHP systems in general
through many federal, state, and other programs.

Federal Programs

U.S. EPA Combined Heat and Power Partnership. The
EPA Combined Heat and Power Partnership is a volun-
tary program that seeks to reduce the environmental
impact of power generation by promoting the use of
highly efficient CHP. The Partnership works with clean
energy stakeholders from the private and public sectors
to support the deployment of new CHP projects and
to promote their energy, environmental, and economic
benefits. CHP systems using at least 10 percent less fuel
than comparable separate heat and power generation
can qualify for the ENERGY STAR9 CHP Award.

Website: http://www. epa.gov/chp/

U.S. EPA State and Local Climate and Energy
Program. This program helps state, local, and tribal
governments achieve their climate change and clean
energy goals by providing technical assistance, analytical
tools, and outreach support. It includes two programs:
  > The Local Climate and Energy Program helps local
   and tribal governments meet multiple sustainability
   goals with cost-effective climate change mitigation
   and clean energy strategies. EPA provides local and
   tribal governments with peer exchange training
   opportunities along with planning, policy, technical,
   and analytical information that support reduction of
   GHG emissions.

  > The State Climate and Energy Program helps states
   develop policies and programs that can reduce GHG
   emissions, lower energy costs, improve air quality
   and public health, and help achieve economic devel-
   opment goals. EPA provides states with and advises
   them on proven, cost-effective best practices, peer
   exchange opportunities, and analytical tools.

Website: http://www. epa.gov/statelocalclimate/

U.S. DOE Industrial Distributed Energy Program. The
DOE Industrial Distributed Energy Program focuses on
deployment of innovative CHP solutions through the
support of technology development efforts, demonstra-
tions, and technology performance validation projects
conducted through public-private collaborations. DOE
has also established several regional CHP application
centers (now referred to as CHP Technical Assistance
Partnerships) across the country. These centers can
provide information on the benefits of CHP systems and
project-specific support, including feasibility screenings
and third-party reviews of vendor proposals.

Websites:

http://wwwl. eere. energy.gov/manufacturing/distribut-
edenergy/ (Distributed Energy Program)

http://wwwl. eere. energy.gov/manufacturing/distrib-
utedenergy/chptaps.html (CHP Technical Assistance
Partnerships)

Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Cooling,
Heat, and Power Technologies Program. ORNL works
with industry and the federal government to develop
CHP technologies. The CHP Program can provide local
governments with information resources on assessing
site feasibility, evaluating CHP system benefits and
performance, and capacity optimization.

Website: http://www. ornl.gov/sci/
engineering_science_technology/
cooling_heating_power/
Combined Heat and Power |  Local Government Climate and Energy Strategy Series
                                                                                       8. OTHER RESOURCES
                                                                                                            13

-------
   U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Devel-
   opment (HUD). HUD administers a number of
   programs intended to improve energy efficiency in
   the nation's public housing. Through these programs,
   HUD provides information on energy efficiency
   measures that can be implemented in multi-family
   developments, along with financial assistance for local
   governments and public housing authorities. The
   HUD Office of Energy and Environment, for example,
   provides information on CHP systems in multi-family
   housing. HUD, DOE, and EPA have recently issued
   a guide on CHP, reliability, and resiliency: http://
   portal.hud.gov/hudportal/HUD?src=/program_offices/
   sustainable_housing_communities/chpguide.

   Website: http://www. hud.gov/offices/cpd/library/
   energy/index, cfm


   State Programs

   Some states have developed programs to promote CHP
   and other distributed generation technologies. Local
   governments can look to these programs for informa-
   tion resources on the benefits and applicability of CHP
   systems, as well as information on available financial
   assistance.
           The California Energy Commission has devel-
           oped a distributed energy resource guide that
           includes information on CHP systems,
      including cost ranges, efficiency performance esti-
      mates, relative strengths and weaknesses of CHP
      technologies, and lists of vendors (CEC, 2012).
       >\  New Jersey is seeking to improve its energy
      1 ffl F resilience through the New Jersey Energy
       I—I Master Plan. As a part of this plan, the New
      Jersey Economic Development Authority and Board
      of Public Utilities has issued funding to assist in
      improving grid reliability in the state through CHP
      (New Jersey Clean Energy Program, Undated).
   Other Programs

   Combined Heat & Power Association (CHPA). The
   CHPA is a membership organization that encour-
   ages increased deployment of CHP technologies. The
   NYSERDA CHP PROGRAM

   The New York State Energy Research and Development
   Authority (NYSERDA) CHP Program provides technical
   and financial assistance to energy customers for using
   CHP technologies. NYSERDA helps local governments
   gather data and assess energy trends to determine
   CHP project feasibility. From 2000 through 2006,
   NYSERDA assisted in the development of 100 projects
   that will produce a combined 100 MW of power when
   all projects become operational. As of December 2007,
   30 projects had made their performance data available
   via NYSERDA's Website http://chp.fiyserda.org/home/
   index.cfm.

   Source: NYSERDA, 2008.
CHPA has worked with EPA and DOE to develop a
number of resources to address existing barriers to the
development of CHP technologies. Local governments
can access many information resources through the
CHPA website, including policies encouraging CHP,
overviews of CHP basics, and several databases of CHP
projects and resources.

Website: http://chpassociation.org/

Database of State Incentives for Renewable Energy
(DSIRE). A project of the U.S. Department of Energy,
the North Carolina Solar Center, and the Interstate
Renewable Energy Council, DSIRE provides informa-
tion on federal, state, and local incentives for renew-
able energy and energy efficiency projects (including
CHP), including tax credits, loans, and grants. The
database also provides information on state and local
regulations pertaining to renewable energy purchases
and on-site renewable energy generation, includ-
ing overviews of state and local net metering rules,
renewable portfolio standards, and requirements for
renewable energy use at public facilities.

Website: http://www.dsireusa.org/

dCHPP: CHP Policies and Incentives Database. The
dCHPP database is a project of the U.S. EPA Combined
Heat and Power Partnership. The database provides
users with a comprehensive collection of CHP policies
and incentives, which can be searched for at the state
or federal level. The database also includes a function
for searching by policy/incentive type.

Website: http://epa.gov/chp/policies/database.html
14
       8. OTHER RESOURCES
                                                         Combined Heat and Power | Local Government Climate and Energy Strategy Series

-------
 9.  CASE STUDIES

 The following two case studies describe CHP projects
 implemented at local government facilities. Each case
 study describes how the project was initiated and key
 project activities, features, and benefits.


 City of Boston,  Massachusetts

 The City of Boston adopted a Climate Action Plan in
 2007, setting a goal of reducing GHG emissions 20
 percent from current levels by 2020, and 80 percent by
 2050 (Boston, 2007b). The city issued an update to this
 plan in 2011. The update gives credit to CHP systems as
 a major contributor to the reduction of GHG emissions
 in municipal operations (Boston, 2011). Since 2000,
 11 CHP systems have been developed in Boston, two
 of which are located at public facilities.  In 2013, the
 American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy
 named Boston as the most energy efficient city in the
 United States (ACEEE, 2013).

 PROGRAM INITIATION

 Boston has a number of programs to encourage CHP
 development. The city's key policy driver is its climate
 action plan, which recognizes reductions in GHG emis-
 sions from CHP.

 PROGRAM FEATURES

 Boston has developed a number of CHP projects through
 its climate change and energy infrastructure improve-
 ment initiatives. Key activities include the following:

1 Climate Action Plan. The city's 2007 plan describes
 a number of initiatives that could be used to promote
 CHP development. For example, it notes the Boston
 Housing Authority uses energy performance contracts
 (EPCs) that include CHP installations. EPCs can make
 the financing of energy efficiency projects more attrac-
 tive, allowing the cost of the capital improvements to
 be paid for out of the savings generated by energy and
 water conservation measures.

 Green Building Standards.  Boston is the first city in
 the United States to require a green building standard
 through municipal zoning requirements. The city
 requires projects larger than 50,000 square feet to meet
 the U.S. Green Building Council's LEED certification
   PROFILE: BOSTON, MA

   Area: 48 square miles

   Population: 636,000 (2012)

   Structure: Boston residents elect a mayor every four
   years, and the mayor can serve for multiple terms.
   Members of the Boston City Council are elected every
   two years. Boston's Environment Department and the
   Environmental and Energy Services Cabinet coordinate
   activities for promoting CHP.

   Program Scope: Boston's Environment Department
   and the Environmental and Energy Services Cabinet
   work with local businesses and public entities to
   provide technical assistance and information on CHP
   technologies. The Boston Housing Authority has also
   installed CHP systems under programs to promote
   energy efficiency.

   Program Creation Mechanism: In 2007, Boston
   adopted a Climate Action Plan, and the mayor issued
   an executive order requiring all existing municipal
   properties to evaluate the feasibility of installing CHP
   and certain other technologies. The City of Boston has
   also worked on improving interconnection standards for
   distributed generation, including CHP.

   Program Results: Since 2000,11 CHP systems have been
   installed in Boston, with a combined capacity of 2 MW.
   Two sites serve public facilities (a jail and a multifamily
   housing building), and nine serve private facilities.
standards. To comply with the green building direc-
tives, the Boston Housing Authority has adopted a
"whole building" and environmentally conscious
approach to its new projects. It is incorporating LEED
standards and ENERGY STAR products into its proj-
ects, some of which include CHP units. To further
encourage CHP, the city awards one credit point
toward LEED certification for buildings drawing 10
percent of their total energy use from CHP systems.

Interconnection Standards. The mayor's office joined
the Distributed Generation (DG) Collaborative (now
the DG Working Group), a forum hosted by the
Massachusetts Technology Collaborative, to develop an
interconnection tariff and to examine the role of DG
in electricity distribution system planning. In 2012,
the DG Working Group recommended changes to the
uniform interconnection standards to  simplify the
process and costs for DG systems, including CHP. The
Massachusetts Department of Public Utilities is review-
ing the working group's recommendations (Massachu-
setts Distributed Generation Working  Group, 2013).
 Combined Heat and Power |  Local Government Climate and Energy Strategy Series
                                                                                                9. CASE STUDIES
                                                                                                                  15

-------
   District Heating. Boston has one of the most extensive
   district heating systems in the country. The GenOn
   Kendall Station CHP system, a 277 MW natural
   gas-fired plant located in Cambridge, recently started
   providing steam to the City of Boston's district heating
   system. Boston is working on plans to expand its use
   of district heating and to incorporate CHP into these
   systems where possible  (Boston Metro Green, 2011).

   CHP in Hospitals. The Boston Green Ribbon
   Commission, an organization composed of Boston
   business, institutional, and civic leaders in Boston
   working to develop climate change strategies, recently
   collaborated on a report evaluating hospital cost
   savings through the use of CHP. The report, Powering
   the Future of Health Care - Financial and Operational
   Resilience: A Combined Heat and Power Guide for
   Massachusetts Hospital Decision Makers, provides an
   overview of CHP applications, costs, and other require-
   ments to help hospital executives decide whether to
   invest in CHP. The report found that installing a 1 MW
   CHP system at a hospital can result in a net positive
   cash flow of $700,000 annually and also provides emis-
   sions reduction and resilience benefits (Health Care
   Without Harm, 2013).

   PROGRAM RESULTS

   Between 2000 and 2012, the City of Boston assisted
   in installing a total of more than 2 MW of CHP at 11
   facilities, including two office buildings, two multifam-
   ily buildings, a brewery, a hotel, an amusement park,
   a college, a jail, and two private residences. The neigh-
   boring city of Cambridge also installed eight CHP
   systems between 2000 and 2012. These CHP projects
   are achieving meaningful energy and cost savings and
   GHG reductions.

   Harvard University installed 75 kW CHP system at a
   hotel owned by the University to helps meet its GHG
   reduction goals. The CHP system supplies 10 to 15
   percent of the hotel s electricity, and the thermal output
   is used for space heating, hotel laundry, and domestic
   hot water. The system will avoid an estimated 175
   metric tons of CO2 equivalent annually, equivalent to
   the annual energy use from 24 homes (Sustainability at
   Harvard, 2011).
The Mass Bay Harpoon Brewery installed a 225 kW
natural gas-fired reciprocating engine in 2012. This
CHP system achieves 90 percent efficiency, provides 70
percent of the brewery's electric power, and supplies 90
percent of its hot water needs (Harpoon Brewery, 2012).

Two private residences in Boston installed micro CHP
systems in 2009. One of these, a 1.2 kW unit, helped a
Boston homeowner save $2,000 in energy costs during
a single heating season (November through March,
2009) (Ferguson, 2009).

Website: http://www. cityofboston.gov/
environmentalandenergy/

City of Hartford, Connecticut

Hartford, Connecticut, has around 73 MW of installed
CHP capacity at 13 sites (IGF, 2013). The CHP systems
are located at public and private facilities, and include
two downtown district energy systems: the Capitol
Area System and the Hartford Steam district energy
systems. As of 2013, there were two more regional
systems under development with a CHP component:
the Hartford Steam fuel cell CHP system addition, and
the Parkville Cluster CHP microgrid project.

PROGRAM INITIATION

State policies favorable to CHP have had significant
influence on the number of CHP systems installed in
the city. As the state capital of Connecticut, Hartford
has been involved in implementing state programs
offering CHP  incentives, innovative financing options,
pilot programs, and the state's comprehensive energy
strategy. This involvement,  combined with the current
city charter, One City, One Plan, has created opportuni-
ties for Hartford to use CHP to promote livable and
sustainable neighborhoods. Public-private partnerships
have played an important role in many of city's CHP
projects, and some projects have received state grant
support, while others are privately owned.

PROGRAM FEATURES

Hartford has been fertile ground for CHP since the city
established its first CHP system in the 1940s. The city's
CHP use has increased steadily since the year 2000,
due in part to policies and initiatives at the state level,
including the following:
16
       9. CASE STUDIES
                                                         Combined Heat and Power | Local Government Climate and Energy Strategy Series

-------
    PROFILE: HARTFORD, CT

    Area: 18.5 square miles

    Population: 124,775 (2010)

    Structure: Hartford residents elect a mayor to a four-
    year term and elect nine members to the city council.
    The city's activities for promoting CHP are coordinated
    by the Hartford Environmental Health Division and Public
    Works department, and also by the state Department of
    Energy & Environmental Protection (DEEP).

    Program Scope: Hartford's Environmental Health
    Division and DEEP both work with local businesses,
    organizations, medical facilities, and public entities.
    DEEP has recognized the energy and environmental
    benefits of CHP in its rules by streamlining the
    permitting requirements for CHP systems.

    Program Creation Mechanism: Hartford has a legacy of
    CHP going back to the late 1940s, when it established
    its first CHP system. The city has built on its legacy
    led through public-private partnerships that have
    capitalized on state funding and city oversight. The
    systems are  in place to serve both public (e.g., schools,
    hospitals) and private facilities (e.g., local YMCA and
    multi-family building). Since 2000, the city has seen a
    growth in CHP systems. One of its projects is currently
    being developed under Connecticut's new microgrid
    pilot program, the Parkville Cluster.
 Connecticut adopted a Climate Change Plan in
 2005. The plan includes two action areas specifically
 encouraging clean CHP. The Climate Change Plan also
 recommends CHP be included as a third class of power
 generation in the state's Renewable Portfolio Standard
 (Connecticut, 2005). In response, Connecticut added
 CHP as a Class III resource to the RPS, with targets
 that began in 2007.

 In 2005, the state established an incentive program to
 address grid congestion, which occurs when actual or
 scheduled flows of electricity over a line or piece of
 equipment are constrained below desired levels. CHP
 systems in congested areas received an added bonus
 of $50/kW over the base incentive of $200-$500/kW.
 Eighty-one CHP projects, for a total installed capacity
 of 250 MW, received funding under this program until
 its closure in 2008 (USEA, 2011).

' In 2008, Connecticut adopted Public Act No. 08-98,
 An Act Concerning Global Warming Solutions, which
 requires the state to  reduce its GHG emissions to 10
 percent below  1990 levels by 2020, and 80 percent
 below 2001 levels  by 2050.
The state is a participant in the Regional Greenhouse
Gas Initiative and has two CHP set-aside accounts for
eligible CHP projects (Connecticut, 2008). (Note that
in late 2013 the state proposed an amendment to elimi-
nate one of its CHP set-asides and reduce the other.)

Connecticut approved Public Act No. 12-148, An
Act Enhancing Emergency Preparedness and Response,
in June 2012, which established the nations first
microgrid pilot program to support local distributed
energy generation, including CHP for critical facilities
(Connecticut, 2012).

Connecticut established a grant program providing up
to $450 per kilowatt for CHP systems (5 MW or less)
located in the service territories of Connecticut utilities
(Energize Connecticut, 2013).

PROGRAM RESULTS

Between 2000 and 2012, the  City of Hartford assisted
in installing more than 4.78 MW of CHP capacity at
10 facilities, including two downtown district energy
systems, three educational facilities, several private
businesses, a zoo, a local Veterans Administration
hospital, and a YMCA. The Hartford Steam Company
installed a 7.5 MW CHP system in  1998 at Hartford
Hospital, and is in the process of installing a  1.4 MW
fuel cell CHP system adjacent to Hartford Hospital
(IDEA, 2013). CHP systems  in Hartford remained
operational during Superstorm Sandy in 2012.

Using CHP, Hartford Steam reduced its downtown
district heating system's water consumption by 41
percent between 2006 and 2009. Over the same period,
the company's downtown system reduced air pollut-
ants by 54 percent and greenhouse gas emissions by 23
percent (Hartford Business Journal, 2013). Compared
with conventional combustion-based power  genera-
tion, Hartford Steam's new fuel cell power plant is
expected to avoid annual emissions  of more than
57,000 pounds of nitrogen oxide, more than  128,000
pounds of sulfur dioxide, more than 3,000 pounds of
particulate matter, and more than 6,000 metric tons of
carbon dioxide—equivalent to the annual emissions
from  1,200 cars (Hartford Steam, 2013).

Some of Hartford's CHP projects currently under
development are part of a microgrid. Microgrids can
provide a centralized energy supply (with CHP, the
systems can provide both power and thermal energy
 Combined Heat and Power |  Local Government Climate and Energy Strategy Series
                                                                                                  9. CASE STUDIES
                                                                                                                     17

-------
   needs) for multiple facilities located in close proximity.
   The City of Hartford's Parkville Cluster is a proposed
   microgrid project with CHP that has received a state
   grant of $2.06 million as part of a broader effort in
   Connecticut to encourage microgrid pilot programs
   (Connecticut, 2013). The proposed project will consist
of a 600 kW gas turbine CHP system and will cover a
school, senior center, and library, as well as an adjacent
supermarket and gas station (Bourgeois, 2013).

Websites: http://www. ct.gov/deep/cwp/view.
asp?a=4120&Q=508780 and http://www.hartford.gov/
 10.     ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES AND INFORMATION RESOURCES
Title/Description
Examples of Combined Heat and Power Opportunities for Local Governments
Website
Schools
Frankfort, Illinois. As part of additions to Lincolnway North High School in Frankfort, the school
district added a CHP system to reduce electrical demand charges and save additional money.
Electricity cost savings for the system were approximately $213,900 per year while saving 4,000
therms of energy yearly.
Hartford, Connecticut. Designed to meet LEED Silver Certification, the Annie Fisher Magnet
School in Hartford installed a CHP system among many other energy efficiency upgrades.
Swampscott, Massachusetts. Swampscott High School installed a 75 kW CHP system that
generated about 760 Massachusetts Alternative Energy Credits per year. Utility incentives brought
the system payback period to only five years.
http://www.berg-eng.com/
executive_ team/hpacaug96.pdf
http://online.qmags.com/LBD0411/
default.aspx?pg=100frmode=2
http://www.groomenergy.com/case_
study_combined_heat_power.html
Multi-Family Housing
Bronx, New York. A large CHP system was installed at the Co-Op City Central Plant in 2010 in the
Bronx, serving the largest co-op housing development in the country. The CHP system produces
savings of approximately $13 million annually.
New Bedford, Massachusetts. The New Bedford Housing Authority installed a 75 kW CHP system
at the Boa Vista Apartments, an elderly high-rise housing development. The system is expected
to save the housing authority nearly $400,000 over 10 years, an overall total energy savings of 24
percent.
Watertown, Massachusetts. As part of a large two-year comprehensive energy and water
conservation audit and improvement program, the Watertown Housing Authority installed a 60
kW CHP system for multiple building use. Collectively, the upgrades are projected to save the
housing authority 883,976 kWh of electricity annually.
http://www.combinedcyclejournal.
com/SQ-Pacesetter/CoopCityCentral.
pdf
http://www.aeg/sefiergyserwces.
com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/
BoaVistaApartments.pdf
h ftp ://www. reu ters. com/
article/2008/10/01/idUS188401+01-
Oct-2008+PRN20081001
Wastewater Treatment Plants
Auburn, New York. Auburn installed a 1400 kW CHP system at the local wastewater treatment
plant in 2010. After the capital costs are repaid, savings from the system are expected to total
$900,000.
Dallas, Texas. A 4,200 kW CHP system was installed at the Southside Wastewater Treatment Plant
in Dallas. The system will allow energy to be sold to the city 3 cents/kWh cheaper than before
it was installed. In addition, the CHP system will avoid an estimated 36,000 metric tons of CO2
emissions.
http://www.auburnny.gov/Public_
Documents/AuburnNY_PLanning/
cipproject
http://www.greendallas.net/pdfs/
greenTimes/newsletter_102009.pdf
18
      10. ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
                                                     Combined Heat and Power |  Local Government Climate and Energy Strategy Series

-------
Title/Description 1 Website
Holt, Michigan. The Dehli Charter Township in Holt installed a 60 kW CHP system at the local
wastewater treatment plant. The system, which went online in 2009, is expected to produce
annual electricity savings of $30,000 and annual natural gas savings of $40,000.
Oceanside, California. A 560 kW CHP system installed at the San Luis Rey Wastewater Treatment
Plant in Oceanside is capturing methane to produce electricity. As a result, the city is expecting to
save $185,000 per year on electricity and $150,000 per year on natural gas.
Toledo, Ohio. A 10 MW system was installed at the Bay View Wastewater Treatment plant in
Toledo in 2010, the largest wastewater treatment facility in Northwest Ohio. The system is
expected to avoid more than 650,000 metric tons of CO2 over the lifetime of the system.
Vineland, New Jersey. A 170 kW CHP system was installed at the Landis Sewerage Authority
Wastewater Treatment plant in Vineland in 2008, the largest facility in New Jersey. The project
has a total value of more than $1 million.
http://www. tpomag. com/
editorial/2010/05/low-tech-high-tech
http://www.utsandiego. com/
news/2007/dec/07/cogeneration-
sewage-plan-will-save-city-335000-
uti/?printfrpage=all
http://www.epa.gov/lmop/
documents/pdfs/conf/14th/ellman.
pdf
http://www.reec/cofistruct/ofic/ata.
com/building- types/water- treatment/
new-jersey/projects/1000606517/
Municipal Utilities
Austin, Texas. In 2004, Austin Energy installed a 4 MW CHP system at its Domain Industrial Park.
The energy produced from the system is used to provide district cooling services, reducing
operational and energy costs while enhancing commercial property value.
Gainesville, Florida. In 2009, Gainesville Regional Utilities partnered with Shandis HealthCare to
construct the GRU South Energy Center, a 4.3 MW CHP plant that will provide 100 percent of the
energy needs at the University of Florida's Shandis Cancer Hospital. The projected annual energy
savings is equivalent to the power needed to run more than 3,000 homes.
Rochester, New York. The County of Monroe had a CHP system installed at the Rochester
International Airport in 2002. The system will produce $500,000 in savings annually, reducing the
airport's energy consumption by 47 percent. This is the equivalent of the amount of jet fuel two
737's would use flying from Rochester to Chicago for a whole year.
http://www.austinenergy.com/
commercial/other%20services/
On-Site%20Energy%20Systems/
districtcooling.htm
http://www.burnsmcd.com/Press-
Releases/Detail/GRU-Shands-
HealthCare-partner-on-unique-
energy-project
https://www. nyserda. ny.gov/
Energy- Efficiency-and-Renewable-
Programs/CHP/CHP-Conferences/-/
media/Files/El BD/Research/
Combined%20Heat%20and%20
Power/lGRIALynchSlaybaugh.ashx
Landfill Gas Energy
Albany, Georgia. A 1.9 MW CHP system was installed at the Dougherty County Landfill in Albany
in 2011. The energy produced is sold to the nearby Marine Corps Logistic Base. In combination
with other installed energy efficiency measures at the base, the CHP system will reduce the base's
GHG emissions by 9,300 metric tons annually, equivalent to the annual energy use of more than
1,200 homes.
Kalispell, Montana. A CHP plant is currently in the process of being constructed in Kalispell in
Flathead County. The system will use wood byproducts from a local lumber company's logging
and mill operations to generate about 2.5 MW of power, enough to qualify the project for
renewable energy credits.
La Crosse, Wisconsin. Energy created from the La Crosse County Landfill CHP system is
transported through a two-mile-long underground pipe to provide green power to the local grid
and heat both buildings and water on the Hendersen Health System's campus.
Midland, Michigan. In 2011, the City of Midland had a CHP system constructed at the city landfill.
The system will increase plant efficiency and add a revenue stream. The first of the two CHP
generators already constructed saved the facility an estimated $400,000 in energy costs in the
first year of operation. When the second generator comes online, the facility expects to generate
an excess of energy that would then be sold back to a local utility.
http://www.epa.gov/chp/partnership/
current_winners.html#six
http://montananewsnow.com/the-
latest/tag/fh-stoltze-co-generation-
plant
http://www.epa.gov/lmop/partners/
award/2012.html
http://www.mlive.com/midland/
index.ssf/2011/01/trash_to_treasure_
midland_landfill_converting_
methane_into_electricity_on_
schedule_to_fire_up_next_m.html
Combined Heat and Power  | Local Government Climate and Energy Strategy Series
                                                                                                    10. ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
                                                                                                                                     19

-------
    Title/Description
    Punta Gorda, Florida. In 2011, an energy developer constructed a 4.2 MW CHP plant at the Zemel
    Road Landfill in Punta Gorda. The project is expected to generate long-term recurring revenue
    and earnings, and a strong return on investment for company stockholders.
Website
http://www.lime-energy.com/about/
news/Lime-Energy-Announces-
Acquisition-of-Landfill-Gas-Rights-
for-Development-of-42M W-
Electricity-Generating-Facility
    Trinity, Alabama. Part of the energy created by the CHP systems at the Morgan County Landfill in
    Trinity provides winter heating for the city's newly constructed recycling center. EPA recognized
    this achievement by naming the project the 2011 Landfill Methane Outreach Program Community
    Partner of the Year.

    District Energy Systems

    Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. A 200 kW CHP microturbine was installed at Philadelphia Gas Work's
    headquarters in 2011. The CHP system is expected to provide an 84 percent reduction in NOx, 100
    percent reduction in SO2, and 33 percent in CO2, or 475 metric tons of avoided carbon dioxide
    emissions per year. This is equivalent to the annual emissions of 87 cars. The project is also
    expected to save the company $130,000 per year.
http://www.epa.gov/lmop/partners/
award/2011.html
http://www.vv/nn/ngcombo.
net/succeed/
PGWinstallsCHPmicroturbine.pdf
    Tucson, Arizona. NRG Thermal owns and operates a CHP plant in Tucson. The system reduces
    both energy costs and emissions while enhancing power reliability.
http://www.nrgthermal.com/chp.htm
    City/Local Climate Change Plans
    Berkeley, California. The City of Berkeley adopted its Climate Action Plan in 2009. The plan
    outlines a series of recommendations the local government can take to reduce Berkeley's GHG
    emissions by 80 percent by 2050. One of the recommendations in the plan is to "investigate the
    potential and possible sites for combined heat and power (CHP) systems in Berkeley."
http://www.cityofberkeley.info/
uploadedFiles/Planning_and_
Developmen t/Level_3_ -_ Energy•_
and_Sustainable_Development/
Berkeley%20CUmate%20Action%20
Plan.pdf
    Chicago, Illinois. Chicago's Climate Action Plan 2008 outlines 35 actions that can be taken to
    reduce GHG emissions within the city. The plan proposes a goal to achieve GHG emissions
    reduction of 25 percent below 1990 levels by 2020 and 80 percent below 1990 levels by 2050.
    The report's includes an action area to increase efficient power generated on-site using DG and
    CHP systems.
http://www.chicagoclimateaction.
org/filebin/pdf/finalreport/
CCAPREPORTFINALv2.pdf
    Louisville, Kentucky. In 2009, the Louisville Metro Government (LMG) released a series of
    recommendations for reducing the city's GHG emissions. Recommendation 58 states: "LMG
    should investigate and work to remove barriers and provide incentives to stimulate greater
    adoption of combined heat and power systems (CHP). This includes issues of appropriate
    environmental regulations, utility interconnection policies, utility tariffs and reasonable financial
    incentives for high performance CHP systems."
http://www.louisvilleky.gov/
NR/rdonlyres/4AOD4B18-88SB-
4A48-A803-A7A25EA1688E/0/
FinalClimateActionReport.pdf
    New York, New York. PlaNYC's April 2011 update report details the challenges New York City faces
    in the coming years and decades in terms of climate change, and outlines recommendations and
    initiatives to meet those challenges. Initiative 13 encourages the development of clean distributed
    generation and CHP systems, and mentions several examples of CHP development sites in the
    city.

    Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. In 2007, Philadelphia released a series of recommendations aiming
    to reduce the city's GHG emissions. Recommendation 8 states: "Promote the installation of
    combined heat and  power systems (cogeneration) at City complexes. (CG) Combined heat and
    power systems can reduce GHG emissions through their high fuel efficiencies, and these systems
    may be cost effective at some City-owned facilities and at large private-sector projects. Initially,
    the City will evaluate the financial feasibility of cogeneration at the Prison System's complex
    located on State Road. Going forward, the City will explore approaches to encourage combined
    heat and power systems at other public and private facilities."
http://nytelecom. vo. llnwd. net/
ol5/agencies/planyc2030/pdf/
planyc_2011_planyc_full_report.pdf
http://www.phila.gov/green/PDFs/
Attachmentl_Philadelphia_Local_
Action_Plan_Climate_Change.pdf
20
       10. ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
                                                                 Combined Heat and Power |  Local Government Climate and Energy Strategy Series

-------
Title/Description
Website
Information Re
Overview
Combined Heat and Power: Frequently Asked Questions. This EPA CH P partnership document
answers several common questions such as how CHP works, what facilities use CHP, and the
benefits and costs of CHP.
http://www.epa.gov/chp/documents/
faq.pdf
Catalog of CHP Technologies. This EPA CHP partnership document provides an overview of how
CHP systems work, the key concepts of efficiency and power-to-heat ratios, and summarizes the
cost and performance characteristics of commercially proven CHP technologies.
http://www.
cleanenergyresourceteams.org/
sites/default/files/publication_files/
CERTsManualChl0.pdf
Biomass Combined Heat and Power Catalog of Technologies. This EPA CHP partnership
document provides a detailed technology characterization of biomass CHP systems. The report
reviews the technical and economic characterization of biomass resources, biomass preparation,
energy conversion technologies, power production systems, and complete integrated systems.

Waste Heat to Power Systems. This EPA CHP partnership document examines the recovery of
industrial waste heat for power (WHP), a largely untapped type of CHP. The report explains the
opportunity for WHP, applicable technologies, industrial WHP applications, and the economics
and market status of WHP.
http://www.epa.gov/chp/documents/
biomass_chp_catalog.pdf
http://www.epa.gov/chp/documents/
waste_heat_power.pdf
Distributed Energy Resources Guide. This California Energy Commission guide provides
information on performance, costs, strengths, weaknesses, and future development of CHP
systems.
http://www.energy.ca.gov/distgen/
equipment/chp/chp.html
Benefits of Combined Heat & Power
Combined Heat and Power: Effective Energy Solutions for a Sustainable Future. This Oak Ridge
National Lab report describes four key areas in which CHP is effective and holds promise for the
future: as an environmental solution, a competitive business solution, a local energy solution, and
an infrastructure modernization solution. The appendix provides basic information about CHP.
http://info.ornl.gov/sites/
pubUcations/files/Publ3655.pdf
Benefits of CHP. This EPA CHP Partnership web page provides information on the efficiency,
reliability, environmental, and economic benefits CHP provides.
http://www.epa.gov/chp/basic/index.
html
CHP Emissions Calculator. EPA has developed this tool to assist CHP project developers and
policy makers in estimating the environmental benefits of installing CHP systems. The calculator
allows users to characterize a model CHP system and compare its benefits with a comparable
separate heat and power system.

CHP Calculation Methodology for LEED-NC v2.2 EA Credit 1. This document provides guidance
on accounting for CHP systems when using the U.S. Green  Building Council's Leadership in
Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) v2.2 rating system for new construction.
http://www.epa.gov/chp/basic/
calculator.html
http://www.utexas.edu/utilities/
sustainability/leed/documents/
CHPCalculationMethodology.pdf
Treatment of District or Campus Thermal Energy in LEED V2 and LEED 2009 - Design &
Construction. This document describes the treatment of district and campus thermal energy in
the LEED v2.x and LEED-2009 Design & Construction and Interior Design & Construction rating
systems.
http://www. usgbc. org/Docs/Archive/
Ceneral/Docs7671.pdf
Opportunities for Combined Heat & Power
Municipal Wastewater Treatment Facilities. This EPA CHP website provides information on the
compatibility of CHP systems with wastewater treatment facilities.
http://www.epa.gov/CHP/markets/
wastewater.html
Landfill Gas As A Fuel for Combined Heat and Power. This paper describes opportunities to
capture LFG from landfills and use it as a source of fuel for CHP systems in various applications.
http://www. energyvortex. com/
files/Landfill_Gas_as_Fuel_for_
Combined_Heat_and_Power.pdf
Combined Heat and Power |  Local Government Climate and Energy Strategy Series
                                                                                               10. ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
                                                                                                                             21

-------
    Title/Description
    The Role of District Energy in Greening Existing Neighborhoods. This report, from the
    Preservation Green Lab, looks at how district energy can be a critical element of a successful
    community energy plan for neighborhoods. It describes what district energy is, why it matters,
    how to develop district energy systems, and case studies from around North America illustrating
    the crucial role of city governments in promoting and implementing district energy.
Website
http://newenergycities.org/
resources/greening-existing-
neighborhoods-a-district-energy-
policy-primer/view
    Community Energy: Planning, Development & Delivery. An International District Energy
    Association guidebook that provides an overview of the local energy project development
    process to assist mayors, planners, community leaders, real estate developers and economic
    development officials in making informed decisions on the analysis, planning, development and
    delivery of district energy systems.
http://districtenergy.org/community-
energy-planning-development-and-
delivery/
    Combined Heat and Power: Enabling Resilient Energy Infrastructure for Critical Facilities. This
    report summarizes how critical infrastructure facilities with CHP systems were able to power
    through Superstorm Sandy. Several examples from other storms and blackout events in other
    regions of the country are also included. This report also provides information on the use of CHP
    for reliability purposes, as well as state and local policies designed to promote CHP in critical
    infrastructure applications.
https://wwwl.eere.energy.gov/
manufacturing/distributedenergy/
pdfs/chp_critical_facilities.pdf
    Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Resources on CHP. This website describes
    HUD energy initiatives, policies, and how federal government-wide energy policies affect HUD
    programs and assistance. The portal includes resources developed by HUD to explain CHP to
    building owners and managers, and provides evaluation  tools specific to multifamily housing.
http://portal.hud.gov/hudportal/
HUD?src=/program_offices/comm_
planning/library/energyevelopment/
GuidelQAMultifamilyHousing.pdf
    Market Analyses. These analyses cover a wide range of markets, including commercial and
    institutional buildings and facilities, district energy, and industrial sites. They also examine the
    market potential for CHP at federal sites and in selected states and regions.
https://wwwl.eere.energy.gov/
manufacturing/distributedenergy/
market_analyses.html
    Combined Heat and Power on Brownfield Sites. This report, from Redevelopment Economics,
    organizes the federal and New York State energy incentives available for CHP and explores federal
    policy issues surrounding CHP, district energy, and brownfields. It also discusses and analyzes a
    number of in-depth case studies, including financing, technology, impacts, and how CHP fits into
    the overall redevelopment project.

    Key Participants

    Portfolio Standards and the Promotion of Combined Heat and Power. This EPACHP Partnership
    paper discusses the different ways CHP is incorporated in portfolio standards.
http://redevelopmenteconomics.
com/yahoo_site_admin/assets/
docs/Brownfields-CHP-district_
Final.35291029.pdf
http://epa.gov/chp/documents/
ps_paper.pdf
    Combined Heat and Power: A Clean Energy Solution. This report by DOE and EPA examines the
    benefits of CHP, the current status of CHP, its potential and future role in the United States, drivers
    and barriers to CHP deployment, and policy solutions to promote CHP.
http://wwwl.eere.energy.gov/
manufacturing/distributedenergy/
pdfs/chp_clean_energy_solution.pdf
    Combined Heat and Power: A Resource Guide for State Energy Officials. This NASEO resource
    guide provides a technology and market overview of CHP and ways in which state officials can
    support CHP through energy assurance planning, energy policies and utility regulations, and
    funding/financing opportunities for CHP.
http://www.naseo.Org/data/sites/l/
documents/publications/CHP-for-
State-Energy-Officials.pdf
    Challenges Facing Combined Heat b Power Today: A State-by-State Assessment. This ACEEE
    report examines the CHP environment and barriers to CHP development both in general and then
    by state. The report concludes with suggestions on how stakeholders can further the CHP market
    building on existing successes.

    Guide to the Successful Implementation of State Combined Heat and Power Policies. This guide,
    from the State & Local Energy Efficiency Action Network, provides state utility regulators and
    other state policymakers with actionable information to assist them in implementing key state
    policies that affect CHP.
http://aceee.org/research-report/
ielll
http://wwwl.eere.energy.gov/
seeaction/chp_policies_guide.html
22
       10. ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
                                                                 Combined Heat and Power  |  Local Government Climate and Energy Strategy Series

-------
Title/Description Website
Project Development
CHP Project Development Handbook. This EPA CHP Partnership handbook provides information,
tools, and insights on the project development process, CHP technologies, and the resources of
the CHP Partnership.
Spark Spread Estimator. This EPA CHP Partnership resource calculates the difference between the
delivered electricity price and the total cost to generate power with a prospective CHP system,
helping to easily evaluate a prospective CHP system for its potential economic feasibility.
http://www.epa.gov/chp/documents/
chp_handbook.pdf
http://www.epa.gov/chp/project-
development/stagel.html
Costs and Funding Opportunities
dCHPP database. EPA's dCHPP is an online database that allows users to search for CHP policies
and incentives at the local, state and federal level.
Database of State Incentives for Renewable Energy. DSIRE is a comprehensive source of
information on incentives and policies that support renewables and energy efficiency, including
CHP, in the United States.
http://www.epa.gov/chp/policies/
database.html
http://www.dsireusa.org/incentives/
index, cfm ?EE=1&RE=1&SPV= O&ST
=0(ttechnology=combined_heat_
power(tsh=l
Case Studies & Strategies for Effective Project Implementation
Distributed Energy Case Study Database. DOE maintains this database of CHP projects. Users can
narrow database searches based on state. Clean Energy Application Center, market sector, NAICS
code, system size, technology, fuel, thermal energy use, and year installed.
Combined Heat and Power Installation Database. This database, operated by ICF International,
lists all known CHP installations. It also lists and provides information on the CHP units, organized
by state.
Combined Heat and Power Systems: Improving the Energy Efficiency of Our Manufacturing
Plants, Buildings, and Other Facilities. This Natural Resources Defense Council report provides
30 case studies demonstrating how various industrial and manufacturing facilities have benefited
from using CHP.
http://wwwl. eere. energy.gov/
manufacturing/distributedenergy/
chp_projects.html
http://www. eea -inc. com/chpdata/
http://www. nrdc. org/energy/files/
combined-heat-power-IP.pdf
District Energy Case Studies. This International District Energy Association web page provides http://www.districtenergy.org/case-
multiple district energy case studies from across the United States and around the world. studies
Regional Studies
Midwest Manufacturing Snapshot: Energy Use ft Efficiency Policies. This World Resources http://pdf.wri.org/working_papers/
Institute paper offers a snapshot of industrial energy use and current state approaches to midwest_manufacturing_snapshot/
reducing industrial energy intensity and energy costs for manufacturers. It also provides state-by- midwest_manufacturing_snapshot.
state policy studies for 10 Midwestern states. pdf
Power Almanac of the American Midwest. This World Resources Institute interactive map
provides facts and figures about the use and potential of CHP in the Midwest.
Clean Energy Roadmap: Washington State. This report by the Cascade Power Group outlines
three scenarios to help meet Washington State's energy demands and emissions reduction goals
by 2035 while decreasing total energy consumption, including the employment of CHP systems.
It is also designed to complement the state's 2012 State Energy Strategy.
California SGIP & CHP: Recent History and Current Status of the California Self-Generation
Incentive Program. This paper highlights the key changes and new program rules for the 2011-
2014 California Self-Generation Incentive Program. The paper is intended to assist potential CHP
site owners, project developers, and others with understanding the latest SGIP program rules.
http://www.wri.org/project/midwest-
almanac#map:stt=mwfrres=chpfrga
s=all
http://www.northwestcleanenergy.
org/NwChpDocs/WA%20Clean%20
Energy%20Roadmap%202012.pdf
http://www.pacificcleanenergy.
org/RESOURCES/Library/PDF/
SGIP2011Fullpaper-FINAL.pdf
Combined Heat and Power  | Local Government Climate and Energy Strategy Series
                                                                                                    10. ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
                                                                                                                                     23

-------
    Title/Description
    2008 Combined Heat and Power Baseline Assessment and Action Plan for the California Market.
    This report provides an updated baseline assessment and action plan for combined heat and
    power in California and identifies the hurdles preventing the expanded use of CHP systems.
                    Website
                    http://www.pacificcleanenergy.org/
                    RESOURCES/Library/PDF/PRAC_CA_
                    Plan_2008.pdf
    2011 Combined Heat and Power and Other Clean Energy System Baseline Assessment and Action
    Plan for the Nevada Market. This report assesses and summarizes the current status of combined
    heat and power, district energy, and waste heat-to-power in Nevada, and identifies the hurdles
    preventing the expanded use of these clean energy systems.
                    http://www.pacificcleanenergy.org/
                    RESOURCES/Library/PDF/PCEAC_
                    NV_Plan_2011.pdf
    2011 Combined Heat and Power and Other Clean Energy System Baseline Assessment and Action
    Plan for the Hawaii Market. This report assesses and summarizes the current status of combined
    heat and power, district energy, and waste heat-to-power in Hawaii, and identifies the hurdles
    preventing the expanded use of these clean energy systems.
                    http://www.pacificcleanenergy.org/
                    RESOURCES/Library/PDF/PCEAC_HI_
                    Plan_2011.pdf
    Combined Heat and Power in Texas: Status, Potential, and Policies to Foster Investment. This
    study from Summit Blue Consulting examines CHP installations in Texas; assesses the technical,
    economic, and regulatory environment surrounding CHP development; and identifies policy
    options to encourage greater investment in CHP.
                    http://www.gulfcoastcleanenergy.
                    org/Portals/24/Reports_studies/
                    Summit%20Blue%20CHP%20
                    Study%20to%20PUCT%20081210.pdf
    U.S. DOE CHP Technical Assistance Partnerships. DOE's seven CHP Technical Assistance
    Partnerships, formerly called the Clean Energy Application Centers, promote and assist in
    transforming the market for CHP, waste heat to power, and district energy technologies and
    concepts throughout the United States.
                    http://wwwl.eere.energy.gov/
                    manufacturing/distributedenergy/
                    chptaps.html
    11.       REFERENCES

    Ameresco. 2011. Southeastern Regional School District.
    Available: http://www.ameresco.com/sites/default/
    files/southeasternsd_0.pdf. Accessed 12/13/2013.

    American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy
    (ACEEE). 2011. Sheboygan Wastewater Treatment Plant
    Energy Efficiency Initiatives. Available: http://aceee.
    org/sector/local-policy/case-studies/sheboygan-
    wastewater-treatment-plant-. Accessed 12/13/2013.

    American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy
    (ACEEE). 2013. Report Ranks U.S. Cities'Efforts
    to Save Energy. Available: http://www.aceee.org/
    press/2013/09/report-ranks-us-cities-efforts-save-.
    Accessed 12/13/2013.

    Baltimore City Department of Public Works. 2012.
    Cogeneration Facility. Available: http://publicworks.
    baltimorecity.gov/Bureaus/WaterWastewater/Waste-
    water/BackRiverWastewaterTreatmentPlant/Cogen-
    erationFacility.aspx. Accessed 8/29/2013.
BioCycle. 2012. Microturbines FillBiogas Utilization
Niche. Available: http://www.biocycle.net/2012/08/14/
microturbines-fill-biogas-utilization-niche/. Accessed
12/13/2013.

Boston. 2007a. Article 37: Green Buildings. Available:
http://www.masstech.org/renewableenergy/public_
policy/DG/resources/2006-Boston-Zoning-Article37-
ModernGrid.pdf. Accessed 8/28/2007.

Boston. 2007b. The City of Boston's Climate Action
Plan, December 2007. Available: http://www.cityof-
boston.gov/climate/pdfs/CAPJan08.pdf. Accessed
12/13/2013.

Boston. 2011. A Climate of Progress: City of Boston
Climate Action Plan  Update 2011. Available: http://
www.cityofboston.gov/Images_Documents/A%20
Climate%20of%20Progress%20-%20CAP%20
Update%202011_tcm3-25020.pdf. Accessed
8/12/2013.
24
       10. ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
                                                            Combined Heat and Power |  Local Government Climate and Energy Strategy Series

-------
Boston Metro Green. 2011. The Boston District Heating
System: A Discussion with Jim Hunt, Chief of Environ-
ment and Energy for the City of Boston and Bill DiCroce,
Chief Operating Officer ofVeolia Energy. Available:
http://bostongreen.wordpress.com/2011/11/07/
the-boston-district-heating-system-a-discussion-
with-jim-hunt-chief-of-environment-and-energy-for-
the-city-of-boston-and-bill-dicroce-chief-operating-
officer-of-veolia-energy/. Accessed 12/13/2013.

Bourgeois, Tom. 2013. Combined Heat and Power in
Critical Infrastructure Applications. Available: http://
chpassociation.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/
CHPA-Spring-Forum-PPTs-pt2.pdf. Accessed
12/13/2013.

Cambridge Public Schools. Undated. Cambridge Rindge
and Latin School Saves Energy with Help from NSTAR.
Available: http://www3.cpsd.us/schools/crls_nstar.
Accessed 12/13/2013.

CEC. 2012. Combined Heat and Power: Policy Analysis
and 2011-2030 Market Assessment. Available: http://
www.energy.ca.gov/2012publications/CEC-200-2012-
002/CEC-200-2012-002.pdf. Accessed 8/29/2013.

Chevron. 2006. Case Study: City ofMillbrae,  Califor-
nia. Available: http://www.ci.millbrae.ca.us/pdf/
co-genprojectcasestudy.pdf. Accessed 5/20/2008.

Chicago. 2001. Chicago Energy Plan. Available:
http://www.ci.chi.il.us/webportal/COCWebPortal/
COC_EDITORIAL/2001EnergyPlan.pdf. Accessed
5/23/2008.

Chicago. 2007. Assessment ofCHP Goals for the
Chicago Energy Plan: 2000-2005. Available: http://
egov.cityofchicago.org/webportal/COCWebPortal/
COC_EDITORIAL/AssessmentofCHPGoals.pdf.
Accessed 5/20/2008.

Chicago. 2008. Cogeneration. Available: http://egov.
cityofchicago.org/city/webportal/portalConten-
tItemAction.do?contentOID = 536912225&contenTy-
peName = COC_EDITORIAL&topChannelName =
Dept&channelld = O&programld = O&entityName =
Environment&deptMainCategoryOID = -536887205.
Accessed 4/8/2008.
Cogeneration and On-Site Power Production. 2011.
CIS. Treatment Plant Converts High-Strength Waste to
Energy. Available: http://www.cospp.com/articles/
print/volume-12/issue-3/project-profiles/us-treat-
ment-plant-converts-high-strength-waste-to-energy.
html. Accessed 10/25/2013.

Combined Cycle Journal. 2010. Cogen Plant Reduces
Energy Cost, Emissions, While Improving Service
Reliability. Available: http://combinedcyclejournal.
com/3Q2010/31074-79Orange.w.pdf. Accessed
10/28/13.

Connecticut. 2005. Climate Change Action Plan. Avail-
able: http://www.ct.gov/deep/lib/deep/climatechange/
ct_climate_change_action_plan_2005 .pdf. Accessed
12/13/2013.

Connecticut. 2008. Control of Carbon Dioxide Emis-
sions. Available: http://www.ct.gov/deep/lib/deep/
air/regulations/mainregs/22a-174-31.pdf. Accessed
12/13/2013.

Connecticut. 2012. An Act Enhancing Emergency
Preparedness and Response. Available: http://www.cga.
ct.gov/2012/act/pa/pdf/2012PA-00148-ROOSB-00023-
PA.pdf. Accessed 12/13/2013.

Connecticut. 2013. Governor Malloy Announces
Nations First Statewide Microgrid Pilot. Available:
http://www.governor.ct.gov/malloy/cwp/view
asp?A=4010&Q=528770. Accessed 12/13/2013.

District Energy. 2008. Combined Heat and Power.
Available: http://www.districtenergy.com/CurrentAc-
tivities/chp.html. Accessed 5/24/2008.

EIA. 2013. Average Retail Price of Electricity to Ultimate
Customer: Total by End-Use Sector. Available: http://
www.eia.gov/electricity/data.cfmtfsales. Accessed
11/20/09.

EBMUD. 2001. East Bay Municipal Utility District
Success Story. Available: http://www.energy.ca.gov/
process/pubs/ebmud.pdf. Accessed 5/20/2008.

EBMUD. 2006. Project Profile: East Bay Municipal
Utility District. Available: http://www.chpcentermw
org/rac_profiles/pacific/EBMUD_vl_2.pdf. Accessed
3/17/2008.
Combined Heat and Power |  Local Government Climate and Energy Strategy Series
                                                                                               11. REFERENCES
                                                                                                                25

-------
   Energize Connecticut. 2013. Combined Heat and Power
   Pilot Program. Available: http://www.energizect.
   com/businesses/programs/Combined-Heat- Power.
   Accessed 12/13/2013.

   Energy Trust. 2006. Biopower: City ofGresham Waste-
   water Services. Available: http://files.harc.edu/Sites/
   GulfCoastCHP/CaseStudies/GreshamORWastewa-
   terServices.pdf. Accessed 3/17/2008.

   Energy Vortex. Undated. Vermont Wastewater Treat-
   ment Facility to Generate its Own Heat and Power.
   Available: http://www.energyvortex.com/pages/
   headlinedetails.cfm?id=682&archive= 1. Accessed
   10/28/2013.

   Epping. 2007. Article 22: Energy Efficiency and Sustain-
   able Design. Available: http://nhplanning.com/epping/
   Article22/ARTICLE22.pdf. Accessed 8/28/2007.

   Ferguson, Kevin. 2009. A Winter's Tale: My First Season
   with Micro-Combined Heat and Power. Available:
   http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/04/29/a-
   winters-tale-my-first-season-with-micro-combined-
   heat-and-power/?_r=0. Accessed 12/13/2013.

   GRU. 2010. Using CHP to Enhance Energy Security. GRU
   South Energy Center at Shands Cancer Hospital. Avail-
   able: http://www.chpcon2011.com/Portals/24/Events/
   CHP_tr ade_show_2010/Presentations/Heidt_Gaines-
   ville.pdf. Accessed 8/29/2013.

   Harpoon Brewery. 2012. Upgrade: Our New Cogenera-
   tion Unit! Available: http://www.harpoonbrewery.
   com/blog/520/Upgrade-Our-new-Cogeneration-unit.
   Accessed 12/13/2013.

   Hartford Business Journal. 2013. Steam Power:
   Underground System of Tunnels and Piping Heats and
   Cools Downtown Hartford. Available: http://www.
   hartfordbusiness.com/article/20130826/PRINTEDI-
   TION/308229928. Accessed 12/13/2013.

   Hartford Steam. 2013. Hartford Steam to Tap Fuel Cell
   Benefits. Available: http://www.hartfordsteam.com/
   news/intheloop.2nd.2013.pdf. Accessed 12/13/2013.
Health Care Without Harm. 2013. Powering the
Future of Health Care—Financial and Operational
Resilience: A Combined Heat and Power Guide for
Massachusetts Hospital Decision Makers. Available:
http://www.greenribboncommission.org/downloads/
CHP_Guide_091013.pdf. Accessed 12/13/2013.

ICE. 2013. CHP Installation Database. Maintained
for the Department of Energy by ICF International.
Available: http://www.eea-inc.com/chpdata/index.
html. Accessed 8/29/2013.

IDEA. 2007. Personal Communication with Rob Thorn-
ton, President. 8/7/2008. IDEA. 2013. What is District
Energy? Available: http://www.districtenergy.org/
what-is-district-energy. Accessed 8/29/2013.

IEA. 2013.  District Heating and Cooling: Environmental
Technology for the 21st Century. Available: http://iea-
dhc.org/home.html. Accessed 8/29/2013.

IDEA. 2013. FuelCell Energy announces MW-class
power plant order from Hartford Steam for hospital in
Connecticut. Available: http://www.districtenergy.
org/blog/2013/04/18/fuelcell-energy-announces-mw-
class-power-plant-order-from-hartford-steam-for-
hospital-in-connecticut/. Accessed  12/13/2013.

Lansing. 2013. State of the City Address by Mayor Virg
Bernero. Available: http://www.lansingmi.gov/media/
view/2013_SOC_Speech_FINAL/3598. Accessed
12/13/2013.

Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. 2010. Energy Efficiency
Services Sector: Workforce Size and Expectations for
Growth. Available: http://eetd.lbl.gov/ea/emp/reports/
lbnl-3987e.pdf. Accessed 9/20/12.

Maine Public Utilities Commission. Undated. Maine
Green Power Program: Frequently Asked Questions.
Available: http://www.maine.gov/mpuc/greenpower/
faq.shtml. Accessed 12/13/2013.

Massachusetts Distributed Generation Working
Group. 2013. Available: http://massdg.raabassociates.
org/. Accessed 12/13/2013.

Millbrae. 2005. City Report, August 2005. Available:
http://www.ci.millbrae.ca.us/pdf/august05millbrae-
newsletter.pdf. Accessed 5/20/2008.
26
       11. REFERENCES
                                                         Combined Heat and Power |  Local Government Climate and Energy Strategy Series

-------
MLive. 2013. Lansing Board of Water & Light's New $182
Million REO Town Cogeneration Plant Goes Online.
Available: http://www.mlive.com/lansing-news/index.
ssf/2013/07/lansing_board_of_water_lights.html.
Accessed 12/13/2013.

Modesto. 2006. Approval of Agreement to Carollo Engi-
neers for Consulting Services. Available: http://www.
ci.modesto.ca.us/ccl/agenda/ar/2006/06/ar060613-14.
pdf. Accessed 8/1/2008

MTC. 2007. MA DG Collaborative. Available: http://
dg.raabassociates.org/. Accessed 8/28/2007.

NECHP. 2006. Promoting Energy Efficiency, Environ-
mental Protection, and Jobs through CHP. Available:
http://masstech.org/renewableenergy/public_policy/
DG/resources/2006-12-NECHPI-MA-Energy-Envi-
ronment-Transition.pdf. Accessed 5/20/2008.

New Jersey Clean Energy Program. Undated. Combined
Heat and Power and Fuel Cells. Available: http://www.
njcleanenergy.com/CHP. Accessed 12/13/2013.

NYSERDA. 2008. NYSERDA CHP Program. Avail-
able: http://www.nyserda.org/programs/dgchp.asp.
Accessed 5/20/2008.

NYSERDA. 2013. Improving Energy Resilience of Build-
ings in New York City. Available: http://www.earth.
columbia.edu/sitefiles/file/education/capstone/
spring2013/Improving-Energy-Resilience-buildings-
nyc.pdf. Accessed 8/29/2013.

Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). 2013.
Combined Heat and Power: Enabling Resilient Energy
Infrastructure for Critical Facilities. Available: https://
wwwl.eere.energy.gov/manufacturing/distribut-
edenergy/pdfs/chp_critical_facilities.pdf. Accessed
8/29/2013.

Philadelphia. 2007. Local Action Plan for Climate
Change. Available: http://dvgbc.org/sites/default/files/
resources/PhiladelphiaClimateChangeLocalAction-
Plan2007.pdf. Accessed 12/13/2013.

Philadelphia Inquirer. 2011. Microturbines can Save
on Energy, PGW Says. Available: http://articles.philly.
com/201 l-10-16/business/30286400_l_natural-gas-
microturbines-heat-and-power. Accessed 12/13/2013.
PPL Renewable Energy. 2012. Lycoming County
Landfill. Available: http://www.lyco.Org/Portals/l/
ResourceManagementServices/Documents/ppl%20
cogen.pdf. Accessed 12/13/2013.

PPM Energy. 2007. About Klamath Cogeneration Plant.
Available: http://www.ppmenergy.com/klamath.html.
Accessed 8/27/2007.

Renewable Energy from Waste. 2013. Going All the
Whey. Available: http://www.rewmag.com/rew0413-
kraft-foods-electricity-conversion.aspx. Accessed
8/29/2013.

RMT. 2008. School Benefits from Landfill Gas. Avail-
able: http://www.rmtinc.com/public/Awards/165 .pdf.
Accessed 4/8/2008.

San Francisco. 2007. An Assessment of Cogeneration
for the City of San Francisco. Available: http://www.
sfenvironment.org/downloads/library/ciscocogenera-
tionreportpdf.pdf. Accessed 4/8/2008.

San Jose. 2008. Instructions for Special Use Permit for
Standby or Backup Power Generation and Co-Gener-
ation Facilities. Available: http://www.sanjoseca.
gov/planning/applications/dev_sup_gen_app.pdf.
Accessed 4/8/2008.

Santa Cruz. 2003. Wastewater Treatment Facility
Programs. Available: http://www.ci.santa-cruz.ca.us/
pw/wastewt/cogeneration.html. Accessed 5/19/2008.

Santa Monica. 2003. City of Santa Monica Solar
Energy Resource, Co-Generation, and Energy Efficiency
Program Development: Potential Study. Available:
http://www.smgov.net/cityclerk/council/agen-
das/2006/20060314/s2006031408-B-l.htm. Accessed
5/20/2008.

Shanahan, Mark, and Patrick D'Addario. 2013. Chal-
lenges and Pathways to Deployment of CHP at Waste-
water Treatment Facilities in Ohio. Available: http://
aceee.org/files/proceedings/2013/data/papers/2_221.
pdf. Accessed 12/13/2013.

Skanska. Undated. State of California, DCS Central
Plant. Available: http://www.usa.skanska.com/
Projects/Project/?pid=909&plang=en-us. Accessed
12/13/2013.
Combined Heat and Power |  Local Government Climate and Energy Strategy Series
                                                                                                11. REFERENCES
                                                                                                                 27

-------
   Solar Turbines. 20lla. Calabasas Landfill Gas to
   Energy. Available: https://mysolar.cat.com/cda/
   files/2778631/7/dslfg-cl.pdf. Accessed 8/29/2013.

   Solar Turbines. 20lib. Bay View Waste-water Treat-
   ment Plant. Available: http://niysolar.cat.com/
   cda/files/2864587/7/dschp-bvwtp.pdf. Accessed
   12/13/2013.

   Sonoma County. 2011. Sonoma County Dedicates New
   Ultra Clean Energy Plant. Available: http://press.
   sonoma-county.org/content.aspx?sid= 1018&id= 1620.
   Accessed 12/13/2013.

   St. Paul. 2013. District Energy St. Paul Available: http://
   www.districtenergy.com/. Accessed 8/29/2013.

   Sustainability at Harvard. 2011. Power Cogeneration
   Comes to Doubletree by Hilton. Available: http://green.
   harvard.edu/power-cogeneration-comes-doubletree-
   hilton. Accessed 12/13/2013.

   SWEEP. 2013. DOE Awards $2.2 Million Grant to
   Southwest Energy Efficiency Project. Available: http://
   www.swenergy.org/news/press/documents/PressRe-
   lease_DOEAward_CHP.pdf. Accessed 12/13/2013.

   TAS. Undated. Dell Children's Medical Combined Heat
   and Power Solution. Available: http://files.harc.edu/
   Sites/GulfCoastCHP/CaseStudies/DellChildrenHos-
   pital.pdf. Accessed 12/13/2013.

   TXCHPI. 2011. Policy and Regulation. Available:
   http://www.texaschpi.org/content/policy/policy.asp.
   Accessed 8/29/2013.

   UGI Performance Solutions. 2012. Reading Housing
   Authority: Glenside Homes. Available: http://ugiper-
   formance.com/documents/reading_housing_author-
   ity_case_study.pdf. Accessed 8/29/2013.

   United States Energy Association (USEA). 2011.
   Accelerating Combined Heat and Power Deployment.
   Available: http://wwwl .eere.energy.gov/manufactur-
   ing/distributedenergy/pdfs/usea_chp_report.pdf.
   Accessed 12/13/2013.

   U.S. DOE. Undated. FEMP Factsheet: Landfill Gas to
   Energy for Federal Facilities. Available: http://www.epa.
   gov/lmop/res/pdf/bio-alt.pdf. Accessed: 7/3/2008.
U.S. EPA. 2008a. EPA CHP Partnership: County ofKauai
Energy Extension. Available: http://www.epa.gov/chp/
partnership/partners/countyofkauaienergyextens.
html. Accessed 8/29/2013.

U.S. EPA. 2008b. Catalog of CHP Technologies. Decem-
ber 2008. Available: http://epa.gov/chp/technologies.
html. Accessed 8/29/2013.

U.S. EPA. 20lla. Combined Heat and Power: Frequently
Asked Questions. Available:  http://www.epa.gov/chp/
documents/faq.pdf. Accessed 8/29/2013.

U.S. EPA. 20llb. Opportunities for and Benefits of
Combined Heat and Power at Wastewater Treatment
Facilities. Market Analysis and Lessons from the Field.
Available: http://www.epa.gov/chp/documents/
wwtf_opportunities.pdf. Accessed 8/22/2013.

U.S. EPA. 20l3a. CHP: Basic Information. Available:
http://www.epa.gov/chp/basic/index.html. Accessed
8/29/2013.

U.S. EPA. 20l3b. CHP: Efficiency Benefits. Available:
http://www.epa.gov/chp/basic/efficiency.html.
Accessed 8/29/2013.

U.S. EPA. 20l3c. Methods for Calculating Efficiency.
Available: http://www.epa.gov/chp/basic/methods.
html. Accessed 8/29/2013.

U.S. EPA. 2013d. CHP: Reliability Benefits. Available:
http://www.epa.gov/chp/basic/reliability.html.
Accessed 8/29/2013.

U.S. EPA. 20l3e. CT Long-term Loans for Customer-side
DG. Available: http://www.epa.gov/chp/policies/
incentives/colowinterestloanprogram.html. Accessed
8/29/2013.

U.S. EPA. 20l3f. CHP: Environmental Benefits. Avail-
able: http://www.epa.gov/chp/basic/environmental.
html. Accessed 8/29/2013.

U.S. EPA. 20l3g. CHP: Economic Benefits. Available:
http://www.epa.gov/chp/basic/economics.html.
Accessed 8/29/2013.
28
       11. REFERENCES
                                                          Combined Heat and Power |  Local Government Climate and Energy Strategy Series

-------
U.S. EPA. 20l3h. Lancaster County LFG Energy Project.
Available: http://www.epa.gov/lmop/projects-
candidates/profiles/lancastercountylfgenergyp.html.
Accessed 8/29/2013.

U.S. EPA. 20131. Biomass CHP Catalog: Chapter 3.
Available: http://www.epa.gov/chp/documents/
biomass_chp_catalog_part3.pdf. Accessed 8/29/2013.

U.S. EPA. 20l3j. Procurement Guide: Selecting a
Contractor/Project Developer. Available: http://www.
epa.gov/chp/documents/pguide.pdf. Accessed
8/29/2013.

U.S. EPA. 2013k. EPA CHP Partnership: CHP Project
Development: Operations and Maintenance. Available:
http://www.epa.gov/chp/project-development/stage5.
html. Accessed 8/29/2013.

U.S. EPA. 20131. EPA CHP Partnership: CHP Project
Development Process: Level 2 feasibility. Available:
http://www.epa.gov/chp/project-development/stage3.
html. Accessed 8/29/2013.

U.S. EPA. 2013m. CHP Partnership dCHPP (CHP Poli-
cies and Incentives Database). Available: http://epa.
gov/chp/policies/database.html. Accessed 8/29/2013.

U.S. HUD. 2005. CHP Guide #1. Available: http://www.
hud.gov/offices/cpd/library/energy/pdf/chpguidel.
pdf. Accessed 8/24/2007.

Virginia DEQ. 2004. Combined Heat and Power  (CHP)
and Distributed Energy Resources (DER) Summary
and Synthesis of Regulatory and Administrative
Impediments. Available: http://www.deq.virginia.gov/
innovtech/pdf/ARI04.pdf. Accessed 8/24/2007.

We Energies. Undated. Demonstration Projects: Lake
Tower Office Building. Available: http://www.we-ener-
gies.com/business_new/altenergy/laketower_demo-
proj.htm. Accessed 8/27/2007.

Winnebago. 2007. Project Profile: Winnebago County
Sherriff's Office. Available: http://www.midwest-
cleanenergy.org/profiles/ProjectProfiles/Winnebago-
CountySheriffs.pdf. Accessed 3/17/2008.
Combined Heat and Power |  Local Government Climate and Energy Strategy Series
                                                                                                11. REFERENCES
                                                                                                                  29

-------
                      State and Local
                  Climate and Energy Program
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1200 PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE, NW
WASHINGTON, DC 20460

WWW.EPA.GOV/STATELOCALCLIMATE/RESOURCES/STRATEGY-GUIDES.HTML
EPA430-R-09-037

-------