United States Prevention, Pesticides EPA712-C-96-267
Environmental Protection and Toxic Substances February 1996
Agency (7101)
&EPA Occupational and
Residential Exposure
Test Guidelines
OPPTS 875.2100
Foliar Dislodgeable
Residue Dissipation
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INTRODUCTION
This guideline is one of a series of test guidelines that have been
developed by the Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances,
United States Environmental Protection Agency for use in the testing of
pesticides and toxic substances, and the development of test data that must
be submitted to the Agency for review under Federal regulations.
The Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances (OPPTS)
has developed this guideline through a process of harmonization that
blended the testing guidance and requirements that existed in the Office
of Pollution Prevention and Toxics (OPPT) and appeared in Title 40,
Chapter I, Subchapter R of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), the
Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP) which appeared in publications of the
National Technical Information Service (NTIS) and the guidelines pub-
lished by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
(OECD).
The purpose of harmonizing these guidelines into a single set of
OPPTS guidelines is to minimize variations among the testing procedures
that must be performed to meet the data requirements of the U. S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency under the Toxic Substances Control Act (15
U.S.C. 2601) and the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act
(7U.S.C. I36,etseq.).
This guideline, along with the others in Series 875.2000 through
875.2900, is being substantially revised for publication in 1997. However,
the current guidelines are still official. Before initiating any studies for
post-application exposure registrants should contact EPA's Occupational
and Residential Exposure Branch (within the Office of Pesticide Programs)
at 703-305-6094.
Final Guideline Release: This guideline is available from the U.S.
Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402 on The Federal Bul-
letin Board. By modem dial 202-512-1387, telnet and ftp:
fedbbs.access.gpo.gov (IP 162.140.64.19), internet: http://
fedbbs.access.gpo.gov, or call 202-512-0132 for disks or paper copies.
This guideline is also available electronically in ASCII and PDF (portable
document format) from the EPA Public Access Gopher (gopher.epa.gov)
under the heading "Environmental Test Methods and Guidelines."
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OPPTS 875.2100 Foliar dislodgeable residue dissipation.
(a) Scope—(1) Applicability. This guideline is intended to meet test-
ing requirements of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide
Act (FIFRA) (7 U.S.C. 136, et seq.).
(2) Background. The source material used in developing this har-
monized OPPTS test guideline is OPP guideline 132. This guideline should
be used with OPPTS 875.2000 and 875.2900.
(b) Purpose. Requirements of 40 CFR 158.390 described in this sec-
tion are confined to the measurements of pesticide residues which are de-
posited on and remain on surfaces after pesticide application. These sur-
faces are limited to those that can be touched or disturbed by people, and
from which residues can be dislodged during the performance of various
tasks and subsequently deposited on human skin and clothing or inhaled.
(c) Test standards—(1) Test substance. A typical end-use product
should be used for this study.
(2) Sites for conduct of tests. Since climate strongly influences the
dissipation of pesticide residues, the applicant should perform dissipation
study at a site representative of the climatic conditions expected in the
intended use areas. The Agency will provide guidance on the choice of
site upon request.
(3) Substitutions for sites. In certain cases, data from one site (when
available) may be substituted for data from another site when surface char-
acteristics are generally similar or nearly identical (e.g., orange and grape-
fruit orchard applications). For those cases, available residue data should
demonstrate that dissipation rates at the two sites do not differ significantly
for similar use patterns.
(4) Method of application. The test substance should be applied by
application methods recommended for the end-use product. Application
of the test substance to the site, area, or objects should be at the least
dilution and highest rate permitted for that end-use product.
(5) Timing of application. The test substance should be applied at
the time of year or season that would normally be recommended to achieve
satisfactory pest control by the product.
(6) Meteorological conditions. Daily meteorological conditions at or
near the site of application should be recorded as part of the data in this
study. Such data would include, as appropriate, temperature, wind speed,
daily rainfall, humidity, and similar information.
(7) Standards for sample collection—(i) Duplicate samples. Dupli-
cate foliar samples should be collected periodically for the development
of dissipation curves. The first samples should be taken as soon as the
spray has dried or the dust has settled. The intervals at the start of sampling
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should be relatively short and may increase with time. For example, sam-
ples taken as soon as the spray has dried or the dust has settled, and at
1, 2, 5, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days after pesticide application would prob-
ably be appropriate for some pesticides. Comparable control or baseline
samples should be collected immediately before the pesticide application.
If analyses of samples reveal dislodgeable residues above the reentry level,
sampling and analyses should continue until a level at or below the reentry
level is reached.
(ii) Additional standards for soil samples. (A) Whenever the ap-
plied pesticide deposits on, is incorporated into, or diffuses into soil at
the site of application and whenever tasks at the treated site will involve
exposure of workers to large amounts of soil, duplicate soil samples for
pesticide residue analysis should be collected from the soil surface or from
not more than the upper 1 cm of soil in the test plot.
(B) The fine material should be isolated from the soil samples without
grinding to give all of the material having particle sizes of 147 (im or
less without particles larger than 147 (im. The fine material will be ex-
tracted for residue analysis.
(iii) Sample storage. Samples and sample extracts may be stored for
later analysis only if fortified controls are included to permit evaluation
of possible residue deterioration during storage. Such samples should be
stored under conditions which will minimize deterioration.
(8) Procedures for chemical extraction and analysis. The
dislodgeable pesticide residues should be extracted from the foliar material
and soil, isolated from interfering materials by suitable cleanup procedures,
and quantified.
(d) Reporting of test results. In addition to meeting the general re-
porting requirements of 40 CFR 158.390, the test report should also meet
the following requirements: For surface residues such as foliar residues,
the analytical results should be expressed in terms of milligrams or
micrograms of residues per square centimeter of surface (e.g. leaf surface).
It will be necessary to estimate the surface area of extracted leaves that
are too small for a standard leaf punch to be used.
(e) Evaluation and use of data. Data obtained from this study are
for the development of dissipation curves which can be used in the calcula-
tion of reentry intervals according to the approaches described in OPPTS
875.2900.
(f) References. The following references should be consulted for ad-
ditional background material on this test guideline.
(1) Gunther, F.A. et al. Establishing dislodgeable pesticide residues
on leaf surfaces. Bulletin of Environmental Contaminant Toxicology
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9:243-249 (1973). This reference includes discussions of sampling proce-
dures and a description of leaf punches used in sample collection.
(2) Iwata, Y. et al. Worker reentry into pesticide treated crops. I. Pro-
cedure for the determination of dislodgeable residues on foliage. Bulletin
of Environmental Contaminant Toxicology 18:649-655 (1977). This is a
recent modification of the procedure referenced in paragraph (f)(l) of this
guideline for quantification of dislodgeable residues and increases the ap-
plicability of the method. Although additional research may uncover other
methods more predictive of the respiratory and dermal dose variable, at
present these techniques are the most suitable for foliar residues.
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