Office of Atmospheric Programs:
Climate Protection Partnerships
2012 ANNUAL REPORT
State and Local
Climate and Energy Program
LANDFILL METHANE
NTER FOR CORPORATE
CLIMATE
LEADERSHIP
U.S. EPA
Coalbed Methane
\jy«""«H"
SEPA
GREEN
POWER
PARTNERSHIP
NaturalGasfS
•w powmoN punmnii "
,.*-°"""""T°''""«.,- wSta
GREENCHILH
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
OFFICE OF AIR AND RADIATION
JANUARY 2014
-------
CLIMATE PROTECTION PARTNERSHIPS 2012 REPORT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LETTER FROM THE ADMINISTRATOR 1
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2
ENERGY STAR PROGRAM 7
CERTIFIED PRODUCTS 7
RESIDENTIAL SECTOR 12
COMMERCIAL SECTOR 14
INDUSTRIAL SECTOR 15
CARBON DIOXIDE REDUCING ENERGY SUPPLY PROGRAMS 18
GREEN POWER PARTNERSHIP (GPP) 19
COMBINED HEAT AND POWER PARTNERSHIP (CHP) 20
METHANE EMISSIONS REDUCTION PROGRAMS 21
NATURAL GAS STAR 21
AGSTAR 22
LANDFILL METHANE OUTREACH PROGRAM (LMOP) 22
COALBED METHANE OUTREACH PROGRAM (CMOP) 23
FLUORINATED GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS REDUCTION PROGRAMS 24
VOLUNTARY ALUMINUM INDUSTRIAL PARTNERSHIP (VAIP) 25
SFfi EMISSIONS REDUCTION PARTNERSHIP FOR ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS (EPS) 25
b
RESPONSIBLE APPLIANCE DISPOSAL PROGRAM (RAD) 26
GREENCHILL PARTNERSHIP 27
CROSS-CUTTING EMISSIONS REDUCTION PROGRAMS 28
CENTER FOR CORPORATE CLIMATE LEADERSHIP 28
STATE AND LOCAL CLIMATE AND ENERGY PROGRAM 29
MEASURING RESULTS: REPORT METHODOLOGY 30
APPENDIX 38
A: AWARDS 38
B: LIST OF FIGURES 42
C: LIST OF TABLES 43
D: REFERENCES 44
-------
LETTER FROM THE ADMINISTRATOR
REFLECTING ON 2012 CLIMATE PROTECTION PARTNERSHIP ACCOMPLISHMENTS
For more than 20 years the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has collaborated with organizations across
America to develop and deliver innovative, cost-effective solutions to protect our climate. The EPA's
climate-protection partnerships include energy-efficiency and renewable programs such as ENERGY STAR*,
Green Power Partnership, Combined Heat and Power Partnership and programs that address non-C02
greenhouse gases such as Natural Gas STAR, AgSTAR and the GreenChill Partnership, to name a few. Through
investments in energy-efficient, clean, alternative technologies and practices, the EPA's climate protection
partners are tackling the challenges of climate change while improving our health, saving consumers money,
and strengthening our economy.
The urgency to act on climate change is clear. President Obama in June 2013 issued his Climate Action Plan,
which calls on the federal government to work with all stakeholders to take action in three major ways: cut the
harmful carbon pollution thatfuels climate change, help our cities and towns build resilience to its impacts, and
lead international efforts to combat and prepare for global climate change. The plan directs federal agencies
to work together over the next 20 years to cut in half the energy wasted by our homes and businesses and to
leverage new opportunities to reduce pollution from highly potent greenhouse gases like hydrofluorocarbons and
methane. The good news is we can take these responsible steps to protect public health and the planet without
sacrificing economic growth. In fact, we've been doing it for sometime, as every dollar we've invested over the years to comply with the Clean
Air Act has returned $4 to $8 dollars in economic benefits. A clean and healthy environment lays the foundation for a strong,
sustainable economy.
As reflected in the Climate Action Plan, climate change isn't a distant threat; it threatens us today. And the public understands the urgency for
climate action, the benefits of acting on the environment and the economy, and the need to enact regulations to limit carbon pollution. The global
average temperature for every decade since the Industrial Revolution has been hotter than the previous decade, and the 12 hottest years on
record have all been within the past 15 years. Scientists have observed changes in precipitation, rising sea level, melting ice and altered weather
patterns, including more frequent and intense storms. And the science keeps getting stronger. These changes come with devastating
consequences and real economic costs to Americans. Last year alone, the second costliest year ever recorded in terms of disasters, the U.S.
endured 11 different weather and climate events with estimated losses exceeding $1 billion each.
The Office of Atmospheric Programs' climate partnerships are making steady progress reducing greenhouse gas emissions, cutting wasted
energy, and saving American families and businesses money. These accomplishments include:
• Americans saved more than $26 billion on their utility bills in 2012 with the help of ENERGY STAR* and prevented greenhouse gas emissions
equal to the annual electricity use of 35 million homes.
• Since the Green Power Partnership was introduced in 2001, more than 1,400 organizations have committed to using about 29 billion
kilowatt-hours of green power each year.
• More than 450 partners have installed over 5,700 megawatts of new combined heat and power since the Combined Heat and Power
Partnership launched in 2001.
• In 2012, EPA's methane and fluorinated greenhouse-gas-program partners used EPA tools and resources to prevent emissions equal to the
annual electricity use from more than 10 million homes.
• In total, more than 21,000 organizations and millions of American consumers partnered with the EPA through the Office of Atmospheric
Programs' climate partnerships and produced significant environmental benefits, including preventing more than 365 million metric tons of
greenhouse gas emissions equal to the annual electricity use of over 50 million homes.
Together, with our climate protection partners, we have achieved meaningful reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. However, like so many of
our environmental challenges, climate change cannot be addressed solely by the EPA's actions or even by the entire federal government.
Everyone has a role to play in bringing about a healthier climate, a cleaner economy and a strongerfuture.
We lookforward to building on the success of these partnerships to address climate change through comprehensive, common-sense actions that
benefit the planet and all Americans today and for generations to come.
Sincerely,
vvw/ifcVt^
Gina McCarthy
-------
CLIMATE PROTECTION PARTNERSHIPS 2012 REPORT
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Global climate change is a pressing national and international environmental problem. Addressing this
challenge calls for both near- and long-term, proven, cost-effective solutions to reduce overall emissions
of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and remove the barriers that hinder investment in low-cost energy efficiency
and clean energy supply options. Consistent with the President's 2013 Climate Action Plan, the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) climate protection partnership programs continue to implement
a comprehensive set of policies and programs that complement regulatory efforts, successfully achieving
outstanding environmental and financial benefits, as they have doneforthe last 20 years.
Opportunities exist to greatly reduce GHG emissions and many of these strategies are cost-beneficial. The
challenge is to maximize access to these opportunities so that consumers and businesses can overcome
the market barriers that persist across residential, commercial, and industrial sectors. Since 1992, EPA has
worked with its climate protection partners to dismantle those barriers by developing tools, offering
technical assistance, and sharing best practices. That support combined with voluntary standards,
objective information, and public recognition has solidified EPA's partnerships as valuable resources to
reduce GHG emissions.
The success of these programs is demonstrated by their continued annual emissions reductions and the
increasing investment in energy efficiency, clean energy technologies, and other climate-friendly
practices. Through these widespread investments and the adoption of innovative strategies, EPA and its
partners promote long-term market transformation and GHG emissions reductions.
The climate protection partnerships represent one component of EPA's ongoing efforts to develop national
programs, policies, and regulations for reducing air pollution. By coordinating across the Agency and with
other federal programs, EPA can ensure these programs work effectively together to protect our health
and the environment.
In 2012, EPA's climate protection partnerships produced impressive results.1 Over 21,000 organizations
across the United States partnered with EPA to reduce emissions and achieve significant environmental
and economic benefits (see Table 1)2:
• Preventing more than 365 million metric tons of U.S. GHG emissions (in MMTC02e) (see Figure 2,
pg. 5)—equivalent to the emissions from the annual electricity use of over 50 million homes—providing
over $13 billion in benefits to society due to reducing damages from climate change.3
• Reducing net energy bills by more than $26 billion and mitigating methane emissions valued at $4.6
billion in 2012 alone.
Investing over $125 billion in energy-efficient technologies and practices through 2012.
Preventing more than 3,100 MMTC02e of GHG emissions cumulatively due to investments made
through 2012.
This report provides results for the Climate Protection Partnership Programs operated by the Office of Atmospheric Programs at EPA. It does not include emissions reductions attributable to regulatory programs, such
as the Significant New Alternatives Policy Program, nor other voluntary climate programs operated by other EPA offices which are also part of EPA's comprehensive climate program. EPA estimates the reduction in
greenhouse gas emissions across active programs in the buildings and industrial sectors to be approximately 600 million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (MMTCQ2e} in 2012.
Benefits include domestic GHG reductions only. In addition, Global Methane Initiative supported projects reduced international methane emissions by approximately 23 MMTC02e in 2012.
Societal benefits are based on the social cost of carbon which monetizes the damages associated with an incremental increase in carbon emissions in a given year, including (but not limited to) changes in net
agricultural productivity, human health, property damages from increased flood risk, and the value of ecosystem services. $10.5 billion and $2.9 billion of the societal benefits are from C02 and non-CQ2 emissions,
respectively. The non-C02 emissions were converted to CO 2-equivalents assuming global warming potentials from the IPCC Second Assessment Report before applying the social cost of C02. Interagency Working
Group on Social Cost of Carbon, United States Government. 2013.
-------
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
TABLE 1. Summary of OAP Climate Protection Partnership Programs' Benefits and Goals (in Billions of 2012 Dollars and MMTC02e)
ECONOMIC BENEFITS
(BILLIONS)1
ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS
GHG EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS
(MMTC02e)
ANN UAL GOALS
2015 GHG 2020 GHG
ANNUAL CUMULATIVE ANNUAL CUMULATIVE EMISSIONS EMISSIONS
BENEFITS FOR BENEFITS BENEFITS FOR BENEFITS REDUCTIONS REDUCTIONS
PROGRAM 2012 (1993-2012) 2012 (1993-2012) (MMTC02e) (MMTC02e)
ENERGY STAR
Program Total
Products and Homes
Buildings
Industrial
Energy Supply Programs
Methane Programs2
FGHG Programs
$26.5
$17.4
$7.5
$1.6
—
$4.6
—
$239.3
$134.1
$84.4
$20.8
—
$169.9
—
254.7
132.1
89.8
32.7
31.6
63.2
16.1
TOTAL — — 365.6
1,903.8
805.1
784.9
313.7
189.9
856.0
181.2
217.4
116.8
75.0
25.6
44.0
45.1
15.2
3,130.9 321.7
275.1
145.0
93.5
36.6
73.3
48.1
19.1
415.6
Note: See the Measuring Results chapter Ipg. 30) for the methodologies used to calculate annual and cumulative benefits and goals.
' The economic benefits for the ENERGY STAR Program representthe present value of the estimated net energy bill savings for consumers and businesses. Net energy bill savings are the
difference between total consumer energy bill savings and the incremental additional investment in energy efficient technologies and services. The economic benefits for the Methane Programs
represent the present value of the estimated value of gas mitigated.
2 Program goals include only direct GHG emissions reductions. In 2012, Methane programs reduced 53.7 MMTC02e of direct GHG emissions.
-: Not applicable
HIGHLIGHTS OF 2012
Promoting Energy Efficiency Through ENERGY STAR
®
Since 1992, the ENERGY STAR® program has served as a trusted source for voluntary standards and unbiased information to help consumers and
organizations across the country adopt energy-efficient products and practices as cost-effective strategies for reducing GHG emissions and
protecting our climate. Through ENERGY STAR, EPA continues to promote energy efficiency across the residential, commercial, and industrial sectors.
In 2012, EPAs ENERGY STAR efforts helped Americans:
• Save more than 337 billion kilowatt-hours (kWh) — over 5 percent of U.S. electricity demand.
• Prevent more than 254 million metric tons of GHGs — equivalent to the annual electricity use of 35 million homes.
• Save more than $26 billion on their energy bills.
These benefits have more than quadrupled since 2000 (see Figure 1, pg. 4).
-------
CLIMATE PROTECTION PARTNERSHIPS 2012 REPORT
FIGURE 1. ENERGY STAR Annual Benefits Have More Than Quadrupled Since 2000
350
H 300
s
J 250
!5_
3, 200
C
'>
CD
"£. 15°
CD
I 100
III
I I I I I I I I
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Transforming the Energy Supply Marketplace
EPA's Carbon Dioxide Reducing Energy Supply Programs—the Green
Power Partnership and the Combined Heat and Power (CHP)
Partnership—are designed to increase the nation's supply of clean
energy and accelerate the adoption of clean energy supply technologies
throughout the United States. Since 2001, both programs have provided
technical assistance and recognized significant leadership in end-use
efficiency and use of renewable energy. By engaging more than 1,400
partners in the purchase of about 29 billion kWh of green power
annually and more than 450 partners in the installation of more than
5,700 megawatts (MW) of new CHP capacity, the energy supply
programs reduced GHG emissions by over 31 MMTC02e in
2012 alone.
Reducing Methane Emissions and Recovering
an Energy Resource
Methane (CH4) is both a potent GHG and a highly desirable clean fuel.
EPA's methane programs continued to reduce emissions—from landfills,
agriculture (manure management), oil and natural gas systems, and coal
mines—and develop projects to recover and use the methane whenever
feasible. The programs avoided GHG emissions of 63.2 MMTC02e in
2012, exceeding their reduction goals.
Reducing Fluorinated GHG Emissions
Many of the fluorinated gases—including chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs),
hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs),
perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)—are extremely
powerful and persistent GHGs. The combined efforts of the fluorinated
GHG partnerships have helped partners maintain their emissions below
baseline levels. Together in 2012, these programs avoided 16.1
MMTCO,e of GHG emissions.
Facilitating Cross-Cutting Emissions
Reductions Programs
In 2012, EPA launched the Center for Corporate Climate Leadership.
The Center serves as a resource for all organizations interested in
measuring and managing their GHG emissions, and works with NGO
partners to recognize superior climate achievements through the Climate
Leadership Awards. EPA also works with state and local governments
to overcome barriers that can limit the development of energy efficiency
and clean energy policies. In 2012, EPA continued to support the 50
Climate Showcase Communities and promote the lessons learned from
pilot projects to other communities.
Honoring Partner Accomplishments
EPA recognized the accomplishments of many outstanding partners in its
climate protection partnership programs with the following awards:
• ENERGY STAR Awards
• Green Power Leadership Awards
• ENERGY STAR CHP Awards
• Landfill Methane Outreach Program Awards
• GreenChill Achievement Awards
A list of the 2012 award winners can be found in Appendix A on
page 38.
-------
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
FIGURE 2. Annual GHG Emissions Reductions from OAP Climate Partnerships Exceed 365 MMTC02e in 2012
400
I Total FGHG Savings
| Total CH4 Savings
| Total C02 Savings
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
The 2012 Annual Report
EPA's programs continue to advance GHG reduction goals and deliver greater benefits each year. These benefits can only grow as more
businesses, public sector institutions, households, and others adopt the practices promoted by the climate protection partnerships. This annual
report presents detailed information on EPA's 2012 efforts within each of the partnerships mentioned in Table 2, pg. 6. Each individual program
section includes a program overview, environmental and economic benefits achieved in 2012, and summaries of the major tools and resources
offered by the program.
EPA is committed to documenting quantifiable program results and using well-established methods to estimate the benefits of its climate
partnerships. Specific approaches vary by program strategy, sector, availability of data, and market characteristics. These methods are
documented in the Measuring Results section of the report on page 30.
-------
CLIMATE PROTECTION PARTNERSHIPS 2012 REPORT
TABLE 2. Summary of GAP Climate Protection Partnership Programs
2012
EMISSIONS
START NUMBER OF REDUCTIONS
PROGRAM DESCRIPTION DATE PARTNERS (MMTCO.e) WEBSITE
ENERGY STAR
Green Power Partnership
(GPP)
\>_l 1 1 /
Combined Heat& Power
Partnership (CHP)
Natural Gas STAR
AgSTAR
Landfill Methane
Outreach Program
(LMOP)
Helps businesses and individuals save money and protect
our climate through superior energy efficiency in the
residential, commercial, and industrial sectors.
Encourages organizations to use green power as a way
to reduce the environmental impacts associated with
conventional electricity use.
Promotes increased use of CHP, a cleaner and more
efficient alternative to separately produced electricity and
thermal energy, such as steam and hot water.
Collaborative partnership between EPA and oil and natural
gas companies, designed to spurthe adoption of
cost-effective technologies and practices that reduce
methane emissions.
Provides tools and information to the nation's agriculture
1992
2001
2001
1993
industry to reduce methane emissions by promoting the 1994
use of biogas recovery systems to manage animal waste.
Provides technical assistance to both smaller landfills
not covered by EPA regulations and larger, regulated
operations that a re combusting their gas but not yet using
it as a clean energy source.
Coalbed Methane Works cooperatively with the coal mining industry to
Outreach Program , f, '. . , . .M. . '. .
(CMOP) reduce methane emissions from coal mining activities.
Voluntary Aluminum
Industrial Partnership
(VAIP)
SF6 Reduction
Partnership for Electric
Power Systems (EPS)
Responsible Appliance
Disposal Program (RAD)
Platform forthe U.S. primary aluminum industry and EPA
to reduce perfluorocarbon (PFC) emissions from aluminum
production. The partnership represents 98% of U.S.
production capacity.
Shares information with electric power companies
regarding best practices and cost-effective operational
improvements to actively address climate change.
Partners with utilities, retailers, and manufacturers to
help protect the ozone layer and reduce emissions of
greenhouse gases through environmentally-conscious
recycling practices.2
Collaborates with the supermarket industry to transition
1994
1994
1995
1999
2006
GreenChill Partnership to environmentally friendlier refrigerants and adopt green 2007
State and Local Climate
and Energy Program
Center for Corporate
Climate Leadership
refrigeration technologies and best practices.2
Assists states in developing policies and programs that
can reduce greenhouse gas emissions, lower energy
costs, improve air quality and public health, and help
achieve economic development goals.
Serves as a resource centerfor all organizations looking
to expand their work in the area of GHG measurement and
management.
i
-------
ENERGY STAR
ENERGY STAR'
CELEBRATING
ENERGY STAR
Forthe past 20 years, EPA has effectively captured and channeled the ingenuity of the marketplace through
ENERGY STAR®, an energy efficiency partnership program. Climate change continues to be one of the
nation's most important environmental challenges, and improving energy efficiency is one of the easiest,
fastest, and most cost-effective solutions for reducing GHG emissions. Since 1992, the ENERGY STAR
program has boosted the adoption of energy-efficient products, practices, and services, contributing to
important health and environmental benefits while strengthening our economy.
By identifying innovative solutions and expanding consumer education, EPA and its partners help protect
the climate while making energy efficiency accessible to customers, the public, and their own
organizations. These committed partners and individuals across the country have tapped the value of
ENERGY STAR to achieve dramatic energy savings while cumulatively preventing more than 1.9 billion
metric tons of GHG emissions and saving consumers over $239 billion on utility bills. EPA recognized more
than 100 partners for their commitment to energy efficiency (see Appendix A, pg.38).
In 2012 alone, Americans, with the help of ENERGY STAR, prevented more than 254 million metric tons of
GHG emissions—providing over $9 billion in benefits to society due to reducing damages from climate
change. Consumers and businesses also reduced their utility bills by more than $26 billion, due to
investments in energy-efficient technologies and practices that will provide savings for years to come.
EPA will continue to dismantle barriers to widespread energy efficiency through ENERGY STAR by serving
as a trusted source of information that helps consumers and businesses make choices that are goodforthe
environment and the economy (see Table 3, pg. 8).
ENERGY STAR® Certified Products
The national symbol for energy efficiency, ENERGY STAR® helps
Americans make informed purchasing choices, save money on utility
bills, and protect the environment. In 2012, Americans purchased about
280 million products that earned the ENERGY STAR label across more
than 65 product categories for a cumulative total of more than 4.5
billion4 ENERGY STAR certified products purchased over the past 20
years (see Figure 3). Certified products—including appliances, heating
and cooling equipment, consumer electronics, office equipment, lighting,
commercial food service, data center equipment, and more—offer
consumers savings of as much as 70 percent relative to standard models
while providing the features and functionality they expect.
Achievements in 2012
Keeping ENERGY STAR Requirements Up To Date
EPA added new ENERGY STAR requirements for uninterruptible power
supplies to the program and finalized updates to nine product
specifications, including televisions, audio/video, displays, room
air conditioners, water heaters, vending machines, and commercial
clothes washers, dishwashers and ice makers (see Tables 4 and 5).
FIGURE 3. More Than 4.5 Billion ENERGY STAR Certified Products
Purchased Over the Past 20 Years (Cumulative by Year)
4.5
_ 3.0 -
0.5
I I
2000 2001 2002
• HVAC and Other
^H Appliances
2003 2004 2005
Lighting*
H Home Electronics
2006 2007 2008 2009
^| Home Office Equipment
^H Office Equipment
^Lighting category does not include purchases of light bulbs.
4 Light bulbs are not included in the number of ENERGY STAR certified products purchased.
-------
CLIMATE PROTECTION PARTNERSHIPS 2012 REPORT
TABLE 3. ENERGY STAR Key Program Indicators, 2000 and 2012
YEAR OF RESULTS
Annual Emissions Reductions (MMTC02e)
Cumulative Emissions Reductions (MMTC02e)
Annual Net Energy Bill Savings1
Cumulative Utility Bill Savings1
Annual Societal Benefits1
Electricity Savings as % of Total Annual Electricity Demand
Brand Awareness
Cumulative Individuals Taken ENERGY STAR Pledge
ENERGY STAR CERTIFIED PRODUCTS
Cumulative Certified Products Sold2
Annual Certified Products Sold
Individual Certified Product Models
Product Categories Eligible for ENERGY STAR
Manufacturing Partners
Retail Partners
ENERGY STAR RESIDENTIAL
Home Builder Partners
Cumulative Number of Certified New Homes Built
Annual Certified New Homes Built
Annual Certified Homes Built as Percent of New U.S. Home Starts
Cumulative Number of Certified Manufactured Homes
Cumulative Completion of Certified New Multifamily High-Rise Units
Percent Energy Savings Over IECC 2009 Code
Percent Energy Savings Over Typical New Home
Cumulative Number of Home Energy Yardstick Users
Cumulative Numberof Home Energy Advisor Users
ENERGY STAR COMMERCIAL
Cumulative Number of Certified Buildings
Annual Certified Buildings (includes re-labels)
Building Types Eligible forthe ENERGY STAR
Cumulative Number of Buildings Benchmarked in Portfolio Manager
Cumulative Square Footage Benchmarked
Number of Buildings in Battle of the Buildings
Cumulative Number of Buildings Designed to Earn the ENERGY STAR
ENERGY STAR INDUSTRIAL
Cumulative Number of Facilities Certified
Industrial Sectors & Subsectors
Facility Types Eligible forthe ENERGY STAR
Numberof Industrial Challenge Sites Achieving 10% Reduction in Energy Intensity in 5 Years or
Less
54
> 160 million
$10 billion
$19 billion
40%
600 million
171 million
11,000
33
1,600
550
•
1,600
25,000
> 13,000
4,200
2
> 4,000
>400 million
>254
> 1.9 billion
> $26 billion
> $239 billion
> $9 billion
> 85%
>3 million
••
>4.5 billion3
-280 million
> 40,000
>65
> 1,800
> 2,600
•
> 3,200
> 1.4 million
> 100,000
16%
> 50,000
> 3,800
at least 15%
20-30%
> 760,000
> 420,000
•
> 20,000
> 8,200
16
> 300,000
> 30 billion
> 3,200
500
•
122
24
12
175
' Financial benefits are presented in 2012 dollars and present value terms.
1 The cumulative total of product sales across the entire ENERGY STAH Program from 1992, including those from the efforts of the U.S. Department of Energy. The results for energy saved and the
resulting environmental and economic benefits represent EPA efforts alone.
3 Light bulbs are not included in the number of ENERGY STAR Certified Products purchased.
— :Not applicable as metric reflects a new element of the program that did not exist in 2000.
8~
-------
ENERGY STAR
TABLE 4. EPA Maintains Efficiency Standards with Product Specifications and Revisions
PRODUCT TYPE
NUMBER OF PRODUCT
TYPES
NUMBER OF
SPECIFICATIONS
COVERING THESE
PRODUCTS
NUMBER OF
SPECIFICATION
CHANGES EFFECTIVE
OVER LAST 3 YEARS
(REVISED AND NEW)
NUMBER OF
SPECIFICATIONS
COMPLETED IN 2012
(REVISED AND NEW)
Consumer Electronics
Office Equipment
HVAC
Commercial Food Service
Equipment
Lighting
Building Envelope
Appliances
Other
20
11
9
g
4
5
8
2
7
5
7
8
3
3
7
2
6
2
7
4
3
1
4
1
2
2
—
2
—
—
3
1
Inspiring Consumer Action
EPA engages in public outreach to encourage Americans to make
energy-efficient changes at home, at work, and in their communities.
The ENERGY STAR program's approach highlights both the financial and
environmental benefits of energy efficiency and provides a platform for
others to help drive behavior change. Three major initiatives reached
millions of people through print, broadcast, and social media channels,
events nationwide, and grassroots-to-national partnerships:
• The national Change the World, Start with ENERGY STAR
campaign—supported by hundreds of participating organizations
(pledge drivers)—continued to ask people to take simple
energy-saving steps at home that can make a big difference in
protecting the climate. More than 200,500 individuals took the
ENERGY STAR Pledge in 2012, representing 1.2 million
energy-saving actions, 1.6 billion potential pounds of GHG
emissions prevented, and about 960 million kWh saved. Increased
use of social (Facebook and Twitter) and online media, along with
traditional media, spread the ENERGY STAR message to more than
77 million people.
• The 2012 ENERGYSTARs Across America initiative spurred
more than 1,000 ENERGY STAR events (e.g., community and retail),
engaging millions of Americans in ways to save energy and protect
the climate.
• 2012 marked the launch of the Team ENERGY STAR youth
education initiative, leveraging themes from Dr. Seuss' The Lorax
movie to empower young people to help their families save energy
at home. Working with the Boys & Girls Clubs of America (BGCA)
and DoSomething.org, EPA engaged tens of thousands of families
with Team ENERGY STAR education, including more than 150 BGCA
clubs. The initiative also reached millions of others through media
coverage, e-blasts, and partner events across the country, including
kids' events at The Home Depot, Lowe's, and Sears.
• Along with ENERGY STARs Across America, events promoting
Team ENERGY STAR reached some 500,000 participants.
• Social media results totaled nearly 100 million impressions.
• Fifty Team ENERGY STAR print public service announcements
(PSAs) garnered placements representing a total circulation of
more than 28.5 million potential readers.
Today, over 85 percent of American households recognize the ENERGY
STAR label, and about 40 percent knowingly purchased an ENERGY
STAR labeled product in the past year (see Figure 4, pg. 10).5 Of those
purchasers, more than 70 percent reported the label as influential in their
purchasing decision; 75 percent reported they are likely to recommend
products that have earned the ENERGY STAR to friends.
Increasing Stakeholder Engagement
EPA worked with partners to review the current program and evaluate
ways to continue to strengthen it. In 2012, EPA engaged stakeholders
on an update to the Vision and Guiding Principles for the ENERGY
STAR Products program.6 EPA also partnered with the Information
Technology Industry Association and other stakeholders in a road-
mapping exercise to enhance future work on energy efficiency in
information technology products.
5Formoreinformation, see National Awareness of ENERGY STAR for 2012: Analysis of CEE Household Survey. U.S. EPA2013b.
eFormore information, see http://www.energystar.gov/ia/partners/prod_development/downloads/ENERGY_STAR_Strategic_Vision_and_Guiding_Principles.pdf?20dO-f364.
-------
CLIMATE PROTECTION PARTNERSHIPS 2012 REPORT
ENERGY STAR Third-Party Certification and
Compliance Monitoring
Improving the System. After 20 years, the value of the ENERGY STAR
label is now backed by a robust, state-of-the-art system for third-party
certification. This system includes a worldwide network of nearly 500
laboratories testing products, complemented by 22 independent,
accredited certification organizations reviewing results. As a further
enhancement in 2012, EPA rolled out a new IT system that allows
certification bodies to share real-time information and data on ENERGY
STAR products among certification bodies, EPA, and the public. The
certified product exchange system increases EPA's ability to provide
up-to-date information on ENERGY STAR products. More than 20,000
products were certified in 2012 and logged in the new system.
Protecting the Consumer Experience. Post-market verification
testing administered by certification bodies continued to increase
throughout 2012, while DOE continued to conduct complementary
verification testing in some product categories. A total of 1,169 models
underwent verification testing, with an overall compliance rate of 93
percent. EPA maintained ongoing oversight of the process, disqualifying
products as appropriate after working with manufacturers through its
dispute resolution process.
ENERGY STAR Most Efficient 2012
EPA extended the ENERGY STAR Most Efficient Pilot for a second year to
allow further testing through broader implementation by partner
efficiency programs. Throughout 2012, EPA also evaluated the pilot,
monitoring indicators such as increases in the number of recognized
models on the market, the potential to leverage private sector activities
to increase visibility and consumer understanding of the ENERGY STAR
Most Efficient designation. By the end of the year, this initiative became
a permanent part of the program.
FIGURE 4. Awareness of ENERGY STAR Growing in the United
States
0% 10%
30% 40% 50% 60% 70%
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
Unaided Awareness
Aided Awareness
Note: When a consumer recognizes the ENERGY STAR label before it is shown, it is defined
as "unaided awareness." When a consumer recognizes the ENERGY STAR label after being
shown the label, it is defined as "aided awareness."
Source: National Awareness of ENERGY STAR for 2012: Analysis of CEE Household Survey.
U.S. EPA 2013b.
ENERGY STAR for Displays and Consumer Electronics
In 2012, EPA updated ENERGY STAR specifications for three high-demand product types: computer monitors, televisions, and audio/video
equipment. The updated requirements reward advances in products that are now smarter thanks to network connectivity and more intuitive
systems for powering down to consume even less energy when not in use. At the same time, they kept up with innovations such as higher
resolution in displays and larger sizes in TVs. If all the products sold in these three updated categories were ENERGY STAR certified, the
combined savings would grow to more than $2.5 billion annually, preventing the GHG emissions equivalent to the annual electricity use of
nearly 2 million homes.
10
-------
ENERGY STAR
TABLE 5. ENERGY STAR Product Specifications Added, Revised, and In Progress
PRODUCT CATEGORY
2012 NEW SPECIFICATIONS
Uninterruptible Power Supplies
2012 REVISIONS COMPLETED
Audio/Video
Clothes Washers
(small commercial)
Commercial Dishwashers
Commercial Ice Makers
Displays
Residential Water Heaters
Room Air Conditioners
Televisions
YEAR INTRODUCED (AND REVISED)
2012
1999(2003,2009,2010,2013)
1997(2007,2009,2011,2013)
2007(2013)
2008 (2013)
(1995,1998,1999,2005,2009,2010,
2013)
2009(2013)
STATUS OF ACTIVITY IN 2012
1992
1998
Vending Machines
2012 REVISIONS IN PROGRESS
Battery Charging Systems
Commercial Ovens
Commercial Refrigerators
Computers
Imaging Equipment
Lamps
Residential Refrigerators/Freezers
Roofs
Servers
Telephony
Water Coolers
NEW SPECIFICATIONS IN DEVELOPMENT
Commercial Water Heaters
Data Center Storage
Laboratory Grade Refrigerators
and Freezers
Pool Pumps
Small Network Equipment
1996(2001,2003,2005,2013)
(2002,2004,2005,2008,2010,2011,
2013)
2004(2006,2013)
2006
2009
2002 (2004,2006,2008)
1992(1995,1999,2004,2008)
1992(1995,2000,2007,2009)
1999(2002,2008,2009)
1992(1995,1999,2004,2008)
1998(2001,2003,2007,2009)
2009
2001(2009,2010)
2000
Completed. Took effect August 1,2012.
Revised specification to take effect May 1,2013.
Revised specification to take effect February 1,2013.
Revised specification to take effect February 1,2013.
Revised specification to take effect February 1,2013.
Revised specification to take effect June 1,2013.
Revised specification to take effect July 1,2013.
Revised specification to take effect October 1,2013.
Revised specification to take effect June 1,2013.
Revised specification to take effect February 1,2013.
In process, expected to
In process, expected to
In process, expected to
In process, expected to
In process, expected to
In process, expected to
In process, expected to
In process, expected to
In process, expected to
In process, expected to
In process, expected to
be complete in 2013.
be complete in 2013.
be complete in 2013.
be complete in 2013.
be complete in 2013.
be complete in 2013.
be complete in 2013.
be complete in 2013.
be complete in 2013.
be complete in 2013.
be complete in 2013.
New specification to be completed in 2013.
New specification to be completed in 2013.
New specification to be completed in 2014.
New specification to be completed in 2013.
New specification to be completed in 2013.
11
-------
CLIMATE PROTECTION PARTNERSHIPS 2012 REPORT
ENERGY STAR® in the Residential Sector
More than 17 percent of the GHGs emitted in the United States are attributed to the energy we use to heat, cool, and light our homes, as well as
power the appliances and electronics in them.7 By making energy-efficient choices in the construction of new homes and the improvement of
existing homes, American homeowners, renters, homebuilders, and home remodelers can lower utility bills while helping to protect the environment.
Through ENERGY STAR®, EPA offers an array of tools and resources to households and the housing industry to cost-effectively increase the energy
efficiency of the nation's housing stock.
Achievements in 2012
ENERGY STAR Certified Homes
More than 1.4 Million New Homes Have Earned the ENERGY
STAR. In 2012 alone, more than 100,000 homes were constructed to
meet ENERGY STAR requirements8 (see Figure 5), representing 16
percent of new home starts (see Figure 6). Since 1995, some 27,000
builder partners nationwide have helped American homeowners save
more than $4 billion on their energy bills and reduce GHG emissions by
over 18 MMTC02e. In 2012, families living in ENERGY STAR
certified homes saved in excess of $500 million on their utility bills,
while avoiding GHG emissions equivalent to the electricity use of more
than 400,000 homes in one year.
FIGURE 5. More Than 1.4 Million Homes Nationwide Have Earned
the ENERGY STAR Label
£ 400,000
"I
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
• Annual ENERGY STAR Certified Homes Built
Cumulative ENERGY STAR Homes Built
FIGURE 6.2012 Market Share for ENERGY STAR Certified New Homes by State
Increasing Market Percentage
7 For more information, see U.S. EPA 2013a.
1 2 s For more information, see http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=bldrs_lenders_raters.nh_v3_guidelines.
-------
ENERGY STAR
ENERGY STAR for New Multifamily High-Rise Buildings. Through
2012,40 buildings with more than 3,800 individual units have been
certified as ENERGY STAR through the Multifamily High-Rise
program.9 In 2012 alone, 16 buildings housing over 900 multifamily
high-rise units were certified. New and substantially rehabilitated
multifamily high-rise buildings that earn the ENERGY STAR certification
are designed to be at least 15 percent more efficient than the
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning
Engineers (ASHRAE) energy use standard.
Making Affordable Housing More Energy Efficient. In 2012, EPA
continued working with a variety of stakeholders to improve the energy
efficiency of the nation's affordable housing stock, while reducing the
utility bills of families living in those homes. Based on data from the
U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), more than
7,500 ENERGY STAR certified homes were built in FY2012 using public
funding from HUD's HOME program, a 34 percent increase over FY2011.10
In 2012, HUD and EPA completed their collaboration on developing
alternate ENERGY STAR compliance guidance for housing projects
undergoing gut rehabilitation," which typically face challenges unique
to existing housing that make it difficult for those projects to meet all of
EPAs ENERGY STAR requirements. EPA also partners with Habitat for
Humanity's U.S. affiliates to promote the construction of ENERGY STAR
certified homes. In 2012, more than 600 Habitat for Humanity affiliates
built nearly 1,700 homes to ENERGY STAR specifications. In addition,
nearly 4,000 ENERGY STAR certified manufactured homes were built
nationwide, for a cumulative total of more than 50,000.
FIGURE 7. Home Performance With ENERGY STAR Spreads Across the Country in 2012
ENERGY STAR Home Improvement
Home Performance with ENERGY STAR (HPwES). Through a
network of 50 sponsoring partners—such as state and local
governments, utilities, and nonprofit organizations—and more than
1,900 participating contractors, HPwES offers homeowners in 34 states
a comprehensive, whole-house approach to making energy efficiency
improvements (see Figure 7).12 During 2012, more than 78,000 homes
were retrofitted through HPwES programs, for a cumulative total
exceeding 275,000 homes. Also in 2012, nearly 100 participating
contractors were recognized with the ENERGY STAR Century Club Award
for improving more than 100 homes each. The HPwES program is
managed by the U.S. DOE, with support from EPA.
Energy Efficiency Guidance and Tools for Consumers. Through
2012, nearly 1.2 million consumers used EPAs online Home Energy
Yardstick and Home Energy Advisor to assess their homes' energy use
and get recommendations to help reduce utility bills and improve
comfort.13 EPA enhanced the Home Energy Yardstick in 2012 to
incorporate "Green Button" functionality, which enables quicker and
more accurate input of the consumer's utility data into the tool, making it
easier to receive the home's efficiency score.
States with Home Performance with ENERGY STAR Programs
*The green shaded states above have Home Performance with ENERGY STAR programs. However, the programs within each state may
only operate within a certain region of that state.
9For more information, see http://www.energystar.gov/index. cfm?c=bldrs_l9nc/9rs_rat9rs.nh_multifamily_highris9.
'" Given in fiscal year (FYI, not calendar year, due to data availability; fiscal year is from October 1 to September 30.
" For more information, see http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=bldrs_lenders_raters.nh_v3_sector_specific_policies.
12 For more information, see http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=hpwes_profiles.showSplash&s=rr
'3For more information, see https://www.energystar.gov/yardstick and http://www.energystar.gov/homeadvisor.
13
-------
CLIMATE PROTECTION PARTNERSHIPS 2012 REPORT
ENERGY STAR® in the Commercial Sector
Through the ENERGY STAR® program, thousands of American business owners—including retailers, hoteliers, and grocers—along with heads of
major organizations such as state and local governments, school districts, universities, hospitals, and congregations, are using ENERGY STAR tools
and resources to help realize significant energy savings that prevent GHG emissions and contribute to meeting the ambitious goals set in the
President's Climate Action Plan. The accomplishments below demonstrate the power of the ENERGY STAR partnership to bring together
governments, private sector businesses, utilities, architects, and service and product providers to reduce GHG emissions.
Achievements in 2012
Benchmarking Shows Big Savings. Unveiling the largest U.S.
building energy benchmarking data analysis to date, EPA examined more
than 35,000 buildings that consistently used the ENERGY STAR Portfolio
Manager measurement tool from 2008 to 2011. The buildings showed
an average of 7 percent energy savings and 6 percent GHG emissions
reductions over three years—with the buildings that were initially the
lowest performers making the greatest improvements (see Figure 8). In
addition to that analysis, EPA released a series of ENERGY STAR
Portfolio Manager Data Trends and Fact Sheets in 2012 (see Figure 9).
ENERGY STAR Certification for Top Performance. By the end of
2012, more than 8,200 buildings became ENERGY STAR certified, for a
total exceeding 20,000 facilities (see Figure 10). ENERGY STAR buildings
emit 35 percent fewer GHG emissions and use 35 percent less energy
than average buildings.
Significant Portfolio-Wide Savings. More than 270 leading
companies and school districts have been recognized as ENERGY STAR
Leaders for portfolio-wide energy savings, a 30-percent growth over
2011. Some organizations earned recognition for reducing energy use up
to 60 percent. Energy management strategies—such as executive
commitment; active involvement of staff, tenants, or students; and
investment in new technologies—were integral to their success.
Biggest National Building Competition Yet. The 2012 ENERGY
STAR Battle of the Buildings marked the largest participant field yet
in the competition's 3-year history. An elementary school in Bloomfield,
New Jersey, won with a 52 percent reduction in energy use intensity.
More than 85 buildings in the competition demonstrated energy use
reductions of 20 percent or more. In addition, nearly 400 competitors
also tracked and reduced their water consumption with help from EPA's
WaterSense program.14
FIGURE 8. Energy Savings from Benchmarking
IS
"
300
200
100
267
2 co
iii
in
7%
savings
2008
Baseline
2009 2010
2011
6!
6 point
increase
2008
Baseline
2009 2010
2011
FIGURE 9. Cumulative Square Feet Benchmarked in Portfolio
Manager
35,000
25,000
15,000
rrn MINI
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
*0nly buildings that can receive a 1-WO energy performance score are included in the data
from 2001 to 2008. Beginning in 2009, buildings for which there is not yet a 1-100 score
available were included in the count of total buildings benchmarked.
14 For more information, see http://www.epa.gov/watersense/.
14
-------
ENERGY STAR
FIGURE 10. More Than 20,000 Buildings Have Earned the ENERGY STAR Through 2012
Increasing Number of Certified Buildings
<35
35-99 100-299
[Number of Buildings)
>300
ENERGY STAR® in the Industrial Sector
The industrial sector is a vital part of the U.S. economy. Manufacturing goods are valued at nearly $5.5 trillion, contribute over 11 percent to the U.S.
GDP, and provide more than 12.7 million jobs paying an average of $47,500 annually.15 This sector also generates more than a quarter of the nation's
annual GHG emissions.16 Through ENERGY STAR®, EPA enables the industrial sector to improve energy efficiency within its operations and
cost-effectively reduce GHG emissions by removing energy management barriers.
Achievements in 2012
Improving Performance—The ENERGY STAR Focus
Industries
EPA works closely with specific industries to provide advanced tools that
help companies manage energy use themselves and build long-term,
productive energy programs (see Table 6, pg. 16). In 2012, the number of
ENERGY STAR Focus Industries grew to 24 with the addition of
integrated steel production.
New Measures of Plant Energy Performance. Objective
measurement of plant energy performance is key to improving industrial
energy management. Most companies are unable to assess a plant's
energy performance relative to their industry and do not know if a plant
is meeting its efficiency potential. ENERGY STAR plant energy
performance indicators (EPIs) overcome that barrier by empowering
companies to evaluate good energy performance within the industry and
set strong performance goals for their plants. In 2012, EPA released draft
EPIs for testing to the bread and roll baking, iron casting, lithographic
printing, and ready mixed concrete production industries. EPA also
completed a new EPI for gauging the energy performance of integrated
pulp and paper mills, and revised and reissued the wet corn mill EPI.
New Guidance for Improving Energy Efficiency in Industrial
Sectors. ENERGY STAR energy guides identify ways to improve energy
efficiency in a specific industry. In 2012, EPA issued energy guides for
commercial bakeries and concrete production. The growing library of
energy guides continued to help industrial managers identify areas
for improvement.
15 For more information, see U.S. Census Bureau 2010,2008 Annual Survey of Manufactures.
16 For more information, see U.S. EPA 2013a.
15
-------
CLIMATE PROTECTION PARTNERSHIPS 2012 REPORT
TABLE 6. EPA ENERGY STAR Industrial Focuses on Energy
PEER EXCHANGE INDUSTRIAL ENERGY PERFORMANCE ENERGY STAR
FOCUS NETWORK ENERGY GUIDE INDICATOR CERTIFICATION
Cement Manufacturing
Concrete Manufacturing
Corn Refining
Dairy
•Ice Cream
•Fluid Milk
•Cheesemaking
Food Processing
•Bread and Rolls
• Cookies & Crackers
•Juice
• Frozen Fried Potato Products
•Tomato Products
Glass Manufacturing
• Fiberglass
•Flat Glass
• Container Glass
Metal Casting
Motor Vehicle Manufacturing
•Auto Assembly
Petrochemical Manufacturing
Petroleum Industry
Pharmaceuticals
Printing
Pulp & Paper
•Pulp Mill
• Integrated Mill
Steel
•Mini Mills
•Integrated
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Published
Released 2006, Updated 2011
*
Published Draft under review
Published
Published
Published
Published
In progress
Published
Published
Published
Published
In Progress
Published
Published
Released 2006, Updated 2011
Draft under review
Draft under review
Draft under review
Draft under review
Released 2011
Released 2009
Released 2009
Draft under review
Draft under review
Released 2009
Released 2009
Draft under review
Released 2006
Updated 2010
Draft under review
Private System
Recognized by EPA
Released 2010
Draft under review
Released 2012
Released 2012
Draft under review
Draft under review
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Assistance for Regulated Industry. EPA provided guidance through
ENERGY STAR to partners and the regulated community on boiler
efficiency and tune-ups to support EPA's recent Boiler Maximum
Achievable Control Technology (MACT) regulations, highlighting
ENERGY STAR resources and strategies for success.
Landmark Gains Achieved in Wet Corn Mill Energy Performance.
EPA re-benchmarked the energy performance of U.S. wet corn mills as
part of the regular update process for EPIs. That benchmarking revealed
dramatic improvements in energy efficiency across the wet corn milling
industry, including a 4.3 percent improvement in energy intensity (see
Figure 11). The industry reduced annual energy use by 6.7 trillion Rtu,
which can be equated to eliminating 470,000 metric tons (or 0.5 million
metric tons) of GHG emissions.
Building Capacity to Enable Greater Industry
Participation
Key alliances and tools help EPA and its partners build capacity in a
cost-effective manner.
ENERGY STAR Challenge for Industry Continued to Grow. EPA's
ENERGY STAR Challenge for Industry helps manufacturers improve
the energy efficiency of their sites by 10 percent within 5 years or less
through the fundamental energy management practices of establishing
baselines, setting reduction goals, and tracking and managing energy
use over time. Ry the close of 2012,704 sites took the Challenge, and
175 achieved the goal, saving over 33 trillion Rtu.
16
-------
ENERGY STAR
Partnerships with National Collaborations Expanded Reach.
EPA supported the development and implementation of the President's
Executive Order 13624, "Accelerating Investment in Industrial Energy
Efficiency" to extend ENERGY STAR resources to new portions of the
industrial market." Further, EPA collaboration with national-level
industrial groups increased industry's exposure to ENERGY STAR
resources. For example, the American Baking Association and the
National Ready Mixed Concrete Association launched campaigns to
promote the ENERGY STAR Challenge for Industry to their members.
Continuing to Earn ENERGY STAR Certification
In 2012, 62 plants earned the ENERGY STAR certification by achieving
energy performance in the top quartile nationally, bringing the
cumulative number of certified plants to 122. The cement and auto
assembly sectors earned the greatest number of certifications among the
industrial sectors.
FIGURE 11. Improvement in U.S. Wet Corn Mill Energy Performance, 1997-2009
100
•H 50
115 135 155 175 195
Thousand BTU per Bushel
215
235
255
275
1997 Distribution of U.S. Web Corn Refining Mill Energy Efficiency
2009 Distribution of U.S. Wet Corn Refining Mill Energy Efficiency
17For more information, see http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2012-09-05/pdf/2012-22030.pdf
17
-------
CLIMATE PROTECTION PARTNERSHIPS 2012 REPORT
CARBON DIOXIDE REDUCING ENERGY SUPPLY
PROGRAMS
EPA launched the Green Power Partnership (GPP) and Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Partnership in
2001 to facilitate the growth of green power generation and environmentally beneficial CHP across the
nation.
For the past 11 years, both programs have made remarkable progress in dismantling market barriers to
green power purchasing and CHP use by helping hundreds of partners find cost-effective solutions to
meet their energy needs. By offering technical resources, developing nationally accepted standards,
providing access to expertise, and recognizing environmental leadership, these clean energy supply
programs continually bring value to partners and to the broader clean energy community through program
websites and public webinars.
In turn, partner investments in clean energy yield significant environmental benefits by reducing GHG
emissions and a variety of air pollutants. CHP and GPP partners are transforming the marketplace by
increasing the local, regional, and national demand for clean energy supply technologies. The programs'
achievements have been impressive. In 2012 alone, EPA's energy supply programs reduced GHG
emissions by 31.6 MMTC02e (see Figure 12).
FIGURE 12. Annual GHG Emissions Reductions by the Carbon Dioxide Reducing Energy Supply Programs
35
30
" 25
o "
20
15
10
CD
^
CD
,11
I I I I
2002 2003 2004 2005
2006
2007
2008 2009 2010 2011
2012
18
-------
CARBON DIOXIDE REDUCING ENERGY SUPPLY PROGRAMS
GREEN POWER PARTNERSHIP (GPP)
SEPA
GREEN
POWER
PARTNERSHIP
EPA's Green Power Partnership is a voluntary program that encourages organizations to buy green power to reduce the environmental impacts
associated with purchased electricity use and, in so doing, demonstrate their environmental leadership.18 EPA's Green Power partners include a wide
variety of forward-thinking organizations, such as Fortune 500® companies; small and medium-sized businesses; local, state, and federal
government agencies; and colleges and universities. The voluntary commitments of these partners to promote green power made 2012 an
exceptional year for EPA's Green Power Partnership.
Achievements in 2012
Added 314 new partners, bringing the total to more than 1,400.
These organizations have committed to buying about 29 billion kWh
of green power annually—enough electricity to run more than two
million average American homes for one year (see Figure 13).
Expanded efforts to connect Green Power partners with new,
not-yet-built renewable energy projects that may align with their
energy, environmental, and financial objectives. From a total of
22 proposals submitted on behalf of 15 project developers, EPA
selected seven projects to present to partners during a networking
webinar.
Acknowledged 71 partners in EPA's College & University
2011-2012 Green Power Challenge. EPA ranked the green power
purchases of individual schools against others within their athletic
conferences, and calculated cumulative purchases among
competing conferences. The Pac-12 conference topped the list with
the largest total purchase and earned recognition as the
2011-2012 Collective Conference Champion.
Presented 24 Green Power Leadership Awards to top purchasers
of green power and onsite renewable power systems, and three
awards to green power suppliers (see Appendix A, pg. 39).
• Organized 10 webinars on important topics such as innovative
financing and procurement strategies for renewable energy
projects, the needs of colleges/universities and hotels, and
community-level approaches.
FIGURE 13. Green Power Purchased and GHG Emissions Reductions
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Green Power—Energizing Communities Across the Country
Innovative municipalities across the country are partnering with EPA to become Green Power Communities (GPCs). Towns, villages, cities,
counties, and tribal governments become GPCs when local governments, businesses, and residents collectively buy green power in amounts
that meet or exceed EPA's GPP community purchase requirements. Between 2004 and 2012,39 communities mobilized to reduce their carbon
footprints by buying and using green power. Their purchases helped avoid annual C02 emissions equivalent to those from the electricity used in
more than 600,000 average American homes.
The participating communities added close to one billion kWh of green power to the overall GPC total during the 2011-2012 Green Power
Community Challenge. Washington, DC, won the Challenge title by using the most green power annually (more than one billion kWh), while
Oak Park, Illinois, had the highest green power percentage of total electricity use (close to 92 percent).
For additional information on GPP, see http://www.epa.gov/greenpower/.
19
-------
CLIMATE PROTECTION PARTNERSHIPS 2012 REPORT
COMBINED HEAT AND POWER PARTNERSHIP (CHP)
CHP
«>EPA COMBINED HEAT AND
POWER PARTNERSHIP
EPA's CHP Partnership encourages the use of CHP, which is cleaner than separately produced electricity and thermal energy, such as steam and hot
water. CHP projects are up to 80 percent more efficient than traditional separate heat and power generation, and they can also reduce reliance on
grid-supplied electricity, increase the reliability of the U.S. electricity supply, and lessen the need to build new transmission and
distribution capacity.19
To promote increased use of CHP, EPA works closely with energy users; the CHP industry; state, local, and tribal governments; and other stakeholders
to develop new CHP projects and promote their environmental, economic, and other benefits. Since its inception, the CHP Partnership has made a
significant impact on U.S. CHP capacity, annually assisting up to 54 percent of the new CHP capacity additions.
Achievements in 2012
Assisted in the deployment of more than 156 MW of new CHP
nationwide (out of 869 MW of total new nationwide capacity),
bringing the cumulative impact of the program to over 5,700 MW of
new CHP (see Table 7).
Welcomed 59 new partners, bringing the total to more than 450.
Responded to 76 technical assistance requests from organizations
across the country such as K-12 school districts, hospitals,
manufacturers, federal agencies, and CHP project developers.
Assisted energy managers considering CHP by introducing a
calculator to evaluate the potential economic feasibility of a
prospective CHP system, based on user-supplied data (or
facility-specific default values when user-supplied data are
not available).
TABLE 7. U.S. CHP Capacity and Partnership Market Share
Issued a paper presenting a recommended methodology for
calculating fuel and C02 emissions savings from CHP compared
to separate heat and power (i.e., obtaining electricity from the
grid and producing thermal energy using an onsite boiler or other
source). The paper is intended for policymakers, project developers,
energy managers, and others who need to quantify the fuel and C02
emissions savings of CHP projects.
Added new features to the CHP Emissions Calculator including
calculation of C02e, CH4, and N20 emissions; and fuel-specific C02,
CH4, and N20 factors used in the Greenhouse Gas
Reporting Program.20
Published a fact sheet on waste heat to power systems.21
Supported the development and implementation of the President's
Executive Order 13624 on "Accelerating Investment in Industrial
Energy Efficiency" issued in August 2012.22
Honored two highly efficient CHP projects with ENERGY STAR CHP
Awards: a 7.5 MW system at the Marine Corps Air Ground Combat
Center Twentynine Palms, California, and a 5 MW system at the
Fort Rragg U.S. Army Garrison, North Carolina (see Appendix A,
on\
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
TOTAL
5,580
3,953
3,717
1,715
521
628
428
721
686
618
869
19,436
620(11%)
516(13%)
1,963(53%)
821 (48%)
140(27%)
342 (54%)
190(44%)
373 (52%)
268 (39%)
312(50%)
156(18%)
5,701 (29%)
pg. MI.
19 For additional information on CHP, see www.epa.gov/chp/basic/efficiency.html.
20 For additional information, see http://www.epa.gov/chp/basic/calculator.html.
2' For additional information, see http://www.epa.gov/chp/documents/waste_heat_power.pdf.
20 2 For additional information, see http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2012-09-05/pdf/2012-22030.pdf.
-------
METHANE EMISSIONS REDUCTION PROGRAMS
METHANE EMISSIONS REDUCTION PROGRAMS
Methane is an excellent candidate for reducing the concentration of GHGs in the atmosphere and
providing a clean energy resource in the process. Methane is the second most significant GHG behind
C02 by annual emissions, and currently contributes one third of all anthropogenic (man-made) GHG
emissions to climate change.23 It also has a relatively short atmospheric lifetime of about 9 to 15 years,
which means that reductions made today will yield positive results in the near term.24 And unlike other
GHGs, methane is an important energy resource that allows for cost-effective mitigation. There are many
opportunities to recover and re-use or sell methane from the agriculture (manure management), coal
mining, oil and gas systems, and landfill sectors.
EPA has established partnership programs with industry to reduce methane emissionsfrom some of the
largest sources by encouraging the recovery and use of methane as energy. EPA's programs—Natural
Gas STAR, AgSTAR, the Coalbed Methane Outreach Program, and the Landfill Methane Outreach
Program—strive to remove market barriers and increase investment in cost-effective emissions
reduction technologies and practices. Together, these programs reduced U.S. emissions by 63.2
MMTCO,ein2012(seeTable1,pg.3).
NATURAL GAS STAR PROGRAM
NaturalGas
EM POLLUTION PREVENTER
Natural Gas STAR is a flexible, collaborative partnership between EPA and oil and natural gas companies, designed to spur the adoption of
cost-effective technologies and practices that reduce methane emissions. By working with both domestic and international companies involved in oil
production and all sectors of the natural gas supply chain, Natural Gas STAR helps lower methane emissions, improve operational efficiency,
increase natural gas supply, and contribute to a healthier global environment.
The program offers a full array of tools and resources—including technology transfer workshops, Lessons Learned studies, Partner Reported
Opportunities fact sheets, technical reports and studies, and peer networking fora—to assist companies in implementing a wide range of
cost-effective best management practices and technologies to reduce emissions.25
Achievements in 2012
• Reduced U.S. methane emissions by 26.8 MMTC02e through efforts
undertaken and reported by domestic partners for 2012 (see Figure
14), achieving cumulative program reductions of 469.4 MMTC02e
since 1990.
• Welcomed 3 new partners bringing the total to 121 domestic and
international partners.
• Hosted domestic technology transfer workshops to promote
technologies and practices that reduce methane emissions from
natural gas production and distribution.
FIGURE 14. Natural Gas STAR Annual Methane Emissions Reductions
nil I
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
23 For more information, see U.S. EPA 2013a.
24 For more information, see IPCC 1996.
25 For additional information on Natural Gas STAR and 2012 accomplishments, see http://www.epa.gov/gasstar/accomplishments/index.html £ I
-------
CLIMATE PROTECTION PARTNERSHIPS 2012 REPORT
AgSTAR PROGRAM
Biogas recovery systems help reduce GHG emissions by enabling the recovery and use of methane from animal manure and other organic wastes. A
biogas recovery system is typically anchored by a manure digester that captures and combusts biogas to produce electricity, heat, or hot water. In
addition to avoiding methane emissions, digester systems also reduce local water and air pollution, act as a source of renewable energy, provide
rural economic development, better manage nutrients, and generate other value-added products (e.g., manure fibers) that improve farm revenues.
Through the AgSTAR Program, EPA partners with the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) to collaborate with the nation's agriculture industry to
reduce methane emissions by promoting the use of biogas recovery systems to manage animal waste. EPA offers an array of tools and information
designed to assist livestock producers in evaluating and implementing methane recovery systems.26
Achievements in 2012
• Reduced direct methane emissions from approximately 200
livestock farms by 1.4 MMTC02e and avoided approximately 0.4
MMTC02e in fossil fuel emissions, producing total emission
reductions of 1.8 MMTC02ein2012(seeFigure 15). Cumulatively,
anaerobic digesters on livestock farms have reduced emissions by
9.7 MMTC02e in the past decade.
• Organized several education and outreach events, including a
virtual renewable energy field day and a national conference.
• Developed new technical resources for farmers, industry members,
and other stakeholders.
FIGURE 15. AgSTAR Annual Methane Emissions Reductions
1.5
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
LANDFILL METHANE OUTREACH PROGRAM (LMOP)
Landfill gas (LEG) energy projects prevent direct methane emissions from landfills and reduce indirect C02 emissions by displacing energy
generated from the burning of fossil fuels with LEG, an alternative energy source. Through the Landfill Methane Outreach Program (LMOP), EPA
provides landfill owners and operators a suite of tools and technical resources to help them overcome the obstacles to developing LEG energy
projects. LMOP provides technical assistance to both smaller landfills not covered by EPA regulations and larger, regulated operations that are
combusting their gas but not yet using it as a clean energy source.27 Annually, EPA recognizes outstanding partners for their work on LEG energy
projects. See the full list of 2012 winners in Appendix A, page 40.
Achievements in 2012
• Reduced methane emissions from hundreds of U.S. landfills and
avoided C02 emissions totaling approximately 26.3 MMTC02e in
2012 (see Figure 16). Over the past 18 years, LMOP has assisted
580 LEG energy projects and the country reached 619 currently
operational projects in 2012. The 580 LMOP-assisted projects have
collectively reduced and avoided over 215 MMTC02e since the
program began.
• Welcomed 54 new partners and endorsers, bringing the total to
more than 1,050 LMOP partners and endorsers.
• Assisted partners in implementing a variety of projects that use LEG
for energy projects across the United States including Anchorage,
Alaska; La Crosse County, Wisconsin; St. Landry Parish, Louisiana;
and Hickory Ridge Landfill, Georgia.
• Conducted outreach including supporting ribbon cuttings and
participating in and hosting conferences, workshops, and webinars
to promote methane mitigation activities.
FIGURE 16. LMOP Annual Methane Emissions Reductions
S 15
.Mill I
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
For additional information on AgSTAR and 2012 accomplishments, see http://www.epa.gov/agstar/about-us/accomplish.html.
LL 27For additional information on LMOP and 2012 accomplishments, see http://www.epa.gov/lmop/.
-------
METHANE EMISSIONS REDUCTION PROGRAMS
Global Methane Initiative
The Global Methane Initiative (GMI) is a voluntary, multilateral partnership that aims to reduce methane emissions
and advance the recovery and use of methane as a valuable clean energy source. GMI created an international
capacity building network to help develop strategies, transform markets, and remove barriers to methane reduction
project development in partner countries such as Argentina, China, Colombia, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Russia,
Ukraine, and Vietnam. The United States has been a leader in the GMI from the beginning.28
Achievements in 2012
A
'Global
Methane Initiative
The U.S. provided technical, financial, or capacity-building support to more than 600 global methane projects that reduced methane
emissions by approximately 23 MMTC02e in 2012. The U.S. worked with all 42 GMI partner countries with successes ranging from
innovative agriculture anaerobic digestion projects in China and coal mine methane inventories in Mongolia, to an international best
practices guide for LFG energy projects and undertaking field emission measurement studies in the oil and gas sector in Colombia.
During the year, U.S. agencies held more than 20 workshops and technical demonstrations in more than a dozen partner countries and
undertook numerous site visits, measurement studies, study tours, and technology demonstrations.
Within the past year, renewed international interest in reducing emissions of certain air pollutants led to the development of the Climate
and Clean Air Coalition (CCAC) that targets global emissions of short-lived climate pollutants (SLCPs) such as methane. CCAC will provide
an additional venue for the United States to share its methane reduction expertise and capacity building experience garnered through GMI.
EPA has been supporting additional efforts to reduce methane from the municipal solid waste and oil and gas sectors via CCAC.
COALBED METHANE OUTREACH PROGRAM (CMOP)
U.S. EPA
Coalbed Methane
The Coalbed Methane Outreach Program (CMOP) strives to reduce methane emissions from coal mining activities. Coal mine methane (CMM) is a
potent GHG and can be an explosive hazard inside mines. But if CMM is recovered safely and used for energy, it is a valuable, clean-burning fuel
source. CMOP collaborates with coal companies and related industries to lower emissions through the development of environmentally beneficial,
cost-effective CMM recovery and utilization projects.
The program primarily focuses on mitigating U.S. emissions from underground coal mines, both from degasification systems and from mine
ventilation systems, as well as from abandoned (closed) underground mines and active surface mines. CMOP provides high-quality, mine-specific
information and technical assistance to the coal mining industry and project developers, including identifying project sites, analyzing and
demonstrating technologies, conducting mine-specific project pre-feasibility assessments and market evaluations, and analyzing financial incentives
and regulatory hurdles.2E
Achievements in 2012
• There are 26 operating coal mine methane projects in the U.S.:
14 using drained gas from active underground mines, 2 mitigating
dilute ventilation air methane (VAM) at active underground mines,
and 10 using abandoned mine methane gas.
• CMOP reduced CMM emissions by 8.4 MMTC02e in 2012 (see
Figure 17),30 and since the program began in 1994, cumulative
reductions are 140.2 MMTC02e.
• Developed new technical reports and outreach materials for coal
companies, project developers, and industry stakeholders.
• Continued to proactively engage U.S. coal mines and industry
representatives to stimulate further domestic I
project development.
FIGURE 17. CMOP Annual Methane Emissions Reductions
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
2SFor additional information on GMI and 2012 accomplishments, see http://www.epa.gov/globalmethane/accompreport.htm.
2SFor additional information on CMOP and 2012 accomplishments, see http://www.epa.gov/cmop/.
30 Emission reductions are draft, pending the final 2012 CMM Inventory Numbers.
23
-------
CLIMATE PROTECTION PARTNERSHIPS 2012 REPORT
FLUORINATED GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS
REDUCTION PROGRAMS
EPA's fluorinated greenhouse gas (FGHG) partnership programs continue to make significant reductions
in potent GHG emissions. The fluorinated gases—including perfluorocarbons (PFCs), hydrofluorocarbons
(MFCs), nitrogen trifluoride (NF3), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)—are in several cases byproducts of certain
U.S. industrial operations. MFCs, on the other hand, are principally used as replacements for GHGs that also
deplete the ozone layer. Ozone-depleting substances, including chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and
hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), are used in refrigerators, air conditioners, insulating foams, and other
products, but are being phased out globally underthe Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the
Ozone Layer.
Through its partnership programs, EPA works closely with participating industries to identify cost-effective
emissions reduction opportunities, recognize industry accomplishments, and facilitate the transition toward
environmentallyfriendliertechnologies and chemicals and best environmental practices. Although FGHGs
account for a small portion of total U.S. GHG emissions, they have very high global warming potentials
(GWPs); emissions on a per-facility basis tend to be high. FGHGs trap substantially more heat in the
atmosphere than does C02 on a per-mass basis, and some can have much longer atmospheric lifetimes
than C02.31
The combined efforts of the FGHG partnerships have helped partners maintain their emissions
substantially below baseline levels—an impressive achievement given the sizable growth in many of these
industries. In 2012, FGHG emissions reductions across the partnership programs totaled 16.1 MMTC02e as
EPA continues to support partners in their efforts to improve industrial processes and share
best practices.32
31 For more information, see IPCC 1996.
24 32 These are emissions reductions from voluntary programs and do not include reductions from regulatory programs such as the Significant New Alternatives Policy (SNAP! program.
-------
FLUORINATED GREENHOUSE GAS PROGRAMS
THE VOLUNTARY ALUMINUM INDUSTRIAL PARTNERSHIP (VAIP)
INDL'STRTAI PARTNERSHIP
Since 1995, EPA and the U.S. primary aluminum industry have worked together through the Voluntary Aluminum Industrial Partnership (VAIP), which
represents 98 percent of U.S. production capacity, to reduce perfluorocarbon (PFC) emissions from aluminum production. PFC emissions of
perfluoromethane (CF4) and perfluoroethane (C2F6) are inadvertent byproducts of the smelting process, and are between 6,500 and 9,200 times more
potent warming agents than C02.33 EPA supports partners by providing technical assistance to evaluate the factors that influence PFC emissions,
sharing best practices, and recognizing partners for their commitment to cutting emissions. All aluminum manufacturers now report through the
Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program.34
Achievements in 2012
FIGURE 18. VAIP Annual Emissions Reductions
• Reduced PFC emissions on a per ton basis by more than 74 percent
and absolute emissions by 6.2 MMTC02e compared to the
industry's 1990 baseline (see Figure 18).
• Updated several analytical tools including those used for smelter
training and measurements using data collected through the
Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program.
• Completed technology-based benchmarking analysis to support
partner efforts to further reduce PFC emissions.
• Worked with the International Aluminium Institute (IAI) to update
the EPA/IAI Guidelines for PFC Measurement.
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
2009 2010 2011 2012
SF6 EMISSIONS REDUCTION PARTNERSHIP FOR ELECTRIC
POWER SYSTEMS (EPS)
SF6 is the most potent and persistent GHG—it traps 23,900 times more infrared radiation than the equivalent amount of C02.35 Used primarily by
electric utilities, SF6 is a gaseous dielectric for high-voltage circuit breakers and gas-insulated substations. Utilities nationwide have the opportunity
to make a big difference in the nation's emissions of SF6. EPA partners with 83 electric power companies through the voluntary SF6 Emissions
Reduction Partnership for Electric Power Systems. EPA works with the industry to share information about best management practices and
cost-effective operational improvements, such as detecting and repairing leaks, using recycling equipment, and educating and training employees. In
addition to providing a means to actively address climate change, this program has helped partner companies reap financial savings through reduced
SF6 gas purchases. Partners represent 48 percent of the total U.S. transmission system.36
Achievements in 2012
FIGURE 19. EPS Annual Emissions Reductions
• Reduced emissions by 5.6 MMTC02e, bringing average SF6
emissions rates down to 2.2 percent of the total equipment
nameplate capacity (see Figure 19).
• Launched a stakeholder group—including partner companies,
equipment manufacturers, and gas distributors—to explore issues
related to Nameplate Capacity data quality.
• Completed webinars on SF6 emissions inventory methods and
emissions reporting requirements.
• Welcomed a new partner to the program and continued to work
with partners to update their SF6 reduction goals.
200(1 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
33 For more information, see IPCC 1996.
34For additional information about VAIP and 2012 accomplishments, see http://www.epa.gov/highgwp/aluminum-pfc/index.html.
35 For more information, see IPCC 1996. 25
3SFor additional information about the SFS Emission Reduction Partnership for Electic Power Systems and 2012 accomplishments, see
http://www.epa.gov/highgwp/electricpower-sf6/index.html.
-------
CLIMATE PROTECTION PARTNERSHIPS 2012 REPORT
Responsible Appliance
Lr Disposal Program
RESPONSIBLE APPLIANCE DISPOSAL PROGRAM (RAD)
I&RAD.
EPA launched the Responsible Appliance Disposal Program (RAD) in October 2006 to help protect the ozone layer and reduce GHG emissions.
Partners go beyond Clean Air Act Section 608 regulatory requirements37 by ensuring that old refrigerators, freezers, window air conditioners, and
dehumidifiers are recycled using the best environmental practices available. Partners recover not only refrigerant, as required by law, but also
ozone-depleting and high-GWP chemicals from the insulating foam. Foam is recovered and destroyed, or the blowing agent is recovered and
reclaimed. Further, while regulations only require the final disposer (i.e., a landfill or scrap recycler) to ensure that refrigerant has been recovered at
an appliance's end of life, RAD partner utilities, retailers, and manufacturers are committed to responsible recycling as part of their energy efficiency
and corporate sustainability programs. EPA also works with partners to prevent the release of hazardous materials like mercury and polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCBs), as well as save landfill space and energy by recycling durable materials—eliminating the need to produce virgin materials. The
RAD Program invites utilities, retailers, manufacturers, state and local governments, universities, and other qualifying organizations to become
partners (see Figure 20).
EPA calculates stratospheric ozone benefits, climate benefits, and energy savings achieved by RAD partners. HFC refrigerant and foams in disposed
of appliances are about 1,000 times more potent global warmers than C02.38 EPA also provides support for implementing and developing responsible
appliance disposal programs and recognizes partners through press releases, brochures, and case studies on the RAD website.
Achievements in 2012
• Avoided emissions of 0.2 MMTC02e and more than 756,000 pounds
of ozone-depleting substances through the proper disposal of
approximately 890,000 refrigerant-containing appliances.
• Celebrated the recycling of founding partner Southern California
Edison's one millionth refrigerator.
Welcomed new utility partners, bringing the total to 44 utility
partners servicing 27 states (see Figure 20). On average,
refrigerators collected by RAD utility partners were more than
20 years old. Disposing of a 20-year old refrigerator could save a
household roughly 1,040 kWh/year or about $125/year in
utility bills.
FIGURE 20. Utility Partners Across the United States Are Participating with RAD
States with RAD Utility Partners
States without RAD Utility Partners
37For additional information, see http://www.9pa.gov/oar/caa/titl96.html or http://www.epa.gov/ozone/title6/downloads/Section_608_FactSheet20W.pdf.
3S For more information, see IPCC 1996.
2u 3S For additional information on RAD and 2012 accomplishments, see http://www.epa.gov/rad.
-------
FLUORINATED GREENHOUSE GAS PROGRAMS
GREENCHILL PARTNERSHIP
EPA's GreenChill Partnership works with the supermarket industry to reduce refrigerant emissions that harm the ozone layer and contribute to climate
change. The refrigerants used in supermarkets are generally 1,500 to 3,300 times more potent global warmers than C02.40 Supermarkets leak about
35 million pounds of these refrigerants annually. Partners go beyond regulatory requirements by tracking the use and emissions of all their
refrigerants, not just the ozone-depleting substances required to be monitored by Clean Air Act Section 608.41 GreenChill helps supermarkets
tansition to environmentally friendlier refrigerants, significantly reduce the amount of refrigerant used, appreciably lower refrigerant leak rates, and
adopt green refrigeration technologies and best environmental practices.42
GreenChill's Corporate Emissions Reduction Program currently has 8,034 partner stores—representing just over 21 percent of the supermarket
industry. In 2012, GreenChill supermarket partners set corporate goals and reduced the amount of refrigerant in their commercial systems by about
33 percent compared to the industry average. The Store Certification Program encourages emissions reductions by setting standards for individual
store's refrigerant leak rates, the types of refrigerant used, and the amount of refrigerant used. Stores that achieve GreenChill's certification emit at
least 65 percent less refrigerant than a typical store.
Achievements in 2012
• GreenChill partners had an average annual leak rate (11.7 percent)
that was at least 50 percent lower than the national average annual
leak rate (25 percent).
• An average GreenChill store's climate impact due to refrigerant
leaks (344 MTC02e) was 67 percent lower than the national
average store's (1,053 MTCO e).
Seventy-five GreenChill stores were certified in 2012 for advanced
refrigeration technology that prevents refrigerant leaks (see Figure
21)—3 platinum, 34 gold, and 38 silver. Stores with a platinum,
gold, or silver certification prevented at least 95 percent, 75
percent, or 65 percent, respectively, of the refrigerant leaks from a
typical store.
GreenChill's Advanced Refrigeration program recognized the first
C02 transcritical refrigeration system established in a U.S.
supermarket. This supermarket was one of the three stores to
receive platinum certification in 2012.
FIGURE 21. GreenChill Certified Stores in 2012
* For more information, see IPCC 1996.
41 For additional information, see http://www.epa.gov/oar/caa/title6.html or http://www.epa.gov/ozone/title6/downloads/Section_608_FactSheet2010.pdf.
42For additional information about GreenChill and 2012 accomplishments, see http://www.epa.gov/greenchill. 27
-------
CLIMATE PROTECTION PARTNERSHIPS 2012 REPORT
CROSS-CUTTING EMISSIONS REDUCTION PROGRAMS
EPA supports several additional partnership programs that cut across multiple policy areas to contribute
to sustained emissions reductions. Many organizations have already established sustainability or climate
objectives to identify and achieve cost-effective GHG reduction strategies. In 2012, EPA launched the
Center for Corporate Climate Leadership to serve as a resource for those organizations interested in
reducing their environmental impacts associated with climate change. The Center also strives to help
more advanced organizations continue to improve their GHG reduction strategies and serve as
influencers to drive change in their supply chains and beyond.
State and local governments have a unique opportunity to advance clean energy and reduce emissions
through their own policies, and set an example for other communities across the country. EPA established
the State and Local Climate and Energy Program to assist state and local governments in their efforts to
meet sustainability and economic development goals.
Through these cross-cutting programs, EPA provides partners with technical assistance, analytical tools,
and peer exchange opportunities to help them develop and implement cost-effective solutions to reduce
GHG emissions.
CENTER FOR CORPORATE CLIMATE LEADERSHIP
CENTER FOR CORPORATE
CLIMATE
LEADERSHIP
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Launched in 2012, the Center for Corporate Climate Leadership (The Center) serves as a resource for organizations of all sizes in measuring and
managing their GHG emissions. The Center provides technical tools, ground-tested guidance, educational resources, opportunities for information
sharing, and a platform for peer exchange. The Center also promotes practices and innovative approaches, drawing upon the successes of Climate
Leadership Award recipients and former Climate Leaders partners.43
Achievements in 2012
• Organized and sponsored the first-ever Climate Leadership Awards
(CLA), a national awards program that recognizes and incentivizes
exemplary corporate, organizational, and individual leadership in
response to climate change. The 2012 awards honored one
individual and 20 organizations from across the United States that
are leading the way in managing and reducing GHG emissions—
both in their internal operations and throughout the supply chain.
The Center co-sponsored the Awards with three NGO partners: the
Association of Climate Change Officers, the Center for Climate and
Energy Solutions (C2ES), and The Climate Registry (see Appendix A,
pg.41).
• Served as the lead sponsor of the first Climate Leadership
Conference—an exchange for addressing global climate change
through innovation and business solutions. The inaugural
conference brought together more than 200 forward-thinking
leaders from business, government, academia, and the nonprofit
community who shared best practices for integrating GHG
reductions, as well as climate risk and resilience strategies, into
their organizations' operations. The leadership awards were
presented during the conference.
• Hosted webinars on the Climate Leadership Awards process and on
EPAs Corporate GHG Goal Evaluation Model.
• Posted Climate Leaders program technical resources on the
Center's website, including methodological guidance on developing
a company-wide GHG inventory; tools to help calculate a company's
carbon footprint, identify GHG reduction sources, and track
progress; and a GHG benchmarking tool to help organizations
evaluate and establish existing or new GHG goals that go beyond
business as usual.
For additional information on The Center, see http://www.epa.gov/climateleatiership/.
28
-------
CROSS-CUTTING EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS PROGRAMS
STATE AND LOCAL CLIMATE AND ENERGY PROGRAM
State and Local
Climate and Energy Program
EPA helps state and local governments use renewable energy, energy efficiency, and other policies to reduce carbon pollution and other pollutant
emissions and achieve the associated environmental, energy system, and economic benefits. EPA provides technical assistance, analytical tools, and
peer exchange opportunities for state and local officials.
As part of its support for state and local governments, EPA also works with DOE to co-facilitate the State and Local Energy Efficiency Action Network
(SEE Action).44 SEE Action offers information resources and technical assistance to state and local decisionmakers to support their efforts to provide
cost-effective energy efficiency to their communities.
Achievements in 2012
STATE CLIMATE AND ENERGY PROGRAM
• Developed state-by-state projections of the energy impacts (in
MWh) from energy efficiency and renewable energy (EE/RE)
policies. The analysis will be useful to jurisdictions interested in
including EE/RE as an emissions reduction strategy in meeting
Clean Air Act or other objectives.
• Hosted state climate and energy webcasts on Quantifying
Emissions Reductions from Clean Energy Policies and
Programs: Using EPA's GHG Reporting Rule Data for State
and Local Governments: and, Estimating the Health Impacts
of Climate Change and Clean Energy Programs.45
LOCAL CLIMATE AND ENERGY PROGRAM
• Issued two new Local Climate and Energy Strategy Guides,
titled Landfill Gas Energy and Energy Efficiency in Resource
Conservation and Recovery. These are the latest installments in
a series that provides comprehensive, straightforward overviews of
GHG emissions reduction strategies for local governments.46
• Hosted a three-part webcast series on Financing Local Clean
Energy Programs. The series covered how to design and
implement funding programs, how to locate available sources of
funding, and how to leverage existing funds and make clean energy
investments more affordable.47
FIGURE 22. EPA Supports 50 Climate Showcase Communities
Climate Showcase Communities
EPA held a workshop for the 50 Climate
Showcase Communities that are piloting
local and tribal government climate
change initiatives (see Figure 22). The
goal of the Showcase program is to create
replicable models of sustainable
community projects that result in
cost-effective and sustained GHG
reductions while improving the
environmental, economic, human health,
or social conditions in a community.48
44 For additional information, see http://www1.eere.energy.gov/seeaction/.
45 State Climate and Energy Webcasts are available at http://epa.gov/statelocalclimate/web-podcasts/forum.html.
41 For additional information on the Local Climate and Energy Strategy Guides, see http://epa.gov/statelocalclimate/resources/strategy-guides.html.
47For additional information, see http://epa.gov/statelocalclimate/web-podcasts/local-webcasts.html.
48For additional information, see http://www.epa.gov/statelocalclimate/local/showcase/index.html. 2cj
-------
CLIMATE PROTECTION PARTNERSHIPS 2012 REPORT
MEASURING RESULTS: REPORT METHODOLOGY
Measuring Results of the Climate Protection Partnership Programs
EPA's climate protection partnerships are important components of the U.S. Government's strategy to
address climate change. EPA is committed to documenting quantifiable program results and using
well-established methods to estimate the benefits of its programs. To present the most realistic estimates
of program benefits, EPA employs a common analytical framework across all of the individual program
approaches. However, the specific approach will vary by program strategy, sector, availability of data, and
market characteristics.
• The benefits discussed represent the results attributable to EPA efforts above pre-existing trends or
business-as-usual (BAU) scenarios.
• Program methods address data quality, potential double counting with other federal programs, the
efforts of third-party actors, and other program-specific market effects.
• Where uncertainty exists, EPA uses the best available information and practices that yield conservative
benefit estimates.
• Annual benefits reflect investments that occurred during the year, as well as those benefits that persist
during that year from investments made in previous years.
• Cumulative benefits are the sum total of annual benefits through 2012. Cumulative benefits do not
include the benefits expected in future years, such as benefits that will persist over the lifetime of an
investment or expectations of future investments. Cumulative reductions from EPA programs include
only active programs in 2012.
• Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reductions are estimated for the operational phase of affected
measures and global warming potentials are based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change's Second Assessment Report.^
• Societal benefits are calculated based on the social cost of carbon which monetizes the damages
associated with an incremental increase in carbon emissions in a given year.50
The 2012 annual and cumulative environmental and financial benefits are summarized in Table 1 on page 3.
The historical and projected environmental benefits of these programs are summarized on Table 8 on page
31. The information presented in this report is similar to much of the information used in EPA's Justification
of Appropriations Estimates reviewed by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget (OMB).
For more information, see IPCC 1996.
50 Damages associated with an incremental increase in carbon emissions in a given year may include, but are not limited to, changes in net agricultural productivity, human health,
property damages from increased flood risk, and the value of ecosystem services. $10.5 billion and $2.9 billion of the societal benefits are from C02 and non-C02 emissions, respectively.
The non-C02 emissions were converted to C02-equivalents assuming global warming potentials from the IPCC Second Assessment Report before applying the social cost of COZ For more
JO information see Interagency Working Group on Social Cost of Carbon, United States Government. 2013.
-------
MEASURING RESULTS: REPORT METHODOLOGY
TABLE 8. Overview of GAP Climate Protection Partnership Programs with Annual GHG Reductions and Program Goals
1 1
GREENHOUSE
GASES
PROGRAM ADDRESSED
ENERGY STAR PROGRAMS
Certified Products CO,
2
Residential C02
Commercial C02
Industrial C02
KEY SECTORS
Residential,
Commercial
Residential
Commercial
Industrial
MARKET PENETRATION
INDICATORS START
AS OF 2012 YEAR 2008
More than 65 product lgg2 g25
categories
16% of new home market 1995 1.9
More than 20,000 labeled
buildings across 16 1995 67.9
building types
122 labeled plants across
12 industrial sectors and 1995 24.2
subsectors
2015 2020
2009 2010 2011 2012 GOAL GOAL
71.9 81.4 107.4 129.2 113.6 141.2
2.1 2.4 2.7 2.9 3.2 3.8
69.2 81.2 86.6 89.8 75.0 93.5
26.4 33.2 32.2 32.7 25.6 36.6
CARBON DIOXIDE REDUCING ENERGY SUPPLY PROGRAMS1
Green Power
Partnership 2
Combined Heat&
Power Partnership 2
METHANE PROGRAMS
Natural Gas STAR CH,
4
AgSTAR2 CH4
Landfill Methane
Outreach Program CH4
(LMOP)2
Coalbed Methane
Outreach Program CH4
(CMOP)
State & Local
Government,
Commercial,
Industrial
Commercial,
Industrial
Natural Gas
Agriculture
Waste
Management
Coal Mining
Over 1,400 partners 2001
22.4
Over 450 partners, 18%
of new CHP capacity 2001
creditable to CHPP
121 US and International
partners
200 anaerobic digester
systems
-1,050 partners and ]m ^
endorsers
Over 80% of gas from
underground coal mine
degasification systems
was recovered and used.
23.8 26.4 29.6 31.6 44.0 73.3
35.3 40.4 35.3 26.8 20.6 22.1
1.1 1.4 1.5 1.8 0.9 0.9
20.5 22.4 24.6 26.3 14.3 15.7
8.8 9.9 8.5 8.4 9.3 9.4
FLUORINATED GREENHOUSE GAS PROGRAMS
Voluntary
Aluminum Industrial PFCs
Partnership (VAIP)
SF6 Emission
Reduction
Partnerships for SF6
Electric Power
Systems (EPS)
Responsible
Appliance Disposal MFCs
Program (RAD)3
GreenChill3 MFCs
Aluminum
Smelting
Electric Power
Systems
Utility, Retail,
Manufacturer,
State & Local
Government
Supermarket
Industry
98% of industry 1995 8.9
48% of US transmission
system
50 partners servicing 27
2006 0.1
states
54 partners 2007 1.5
5.9 5.8 5.6 6.2 0.4 0.4
4.4 4.7 5.3 5.6 9.0 9.3
0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.6
1.8 2.1 3.8 4.1 5.4 8.8
Note: Historic annual reductions reflect the most up-to-date data collected from EPA partners and may differ from reductions reported in previous annual reports. All program benefits reflect GHG
emissions reductions attributable to EPA efforts that are above pre-existing trends, any existing regulatory requirements, orBAU scenarios. EPA also makes adjustments to avoid double counting with
other federal or state policies or programs. See each individual program write-up in this section for additional details.
' GHG reductions and goals are for both the Green Power Partnership and Combined Heat and Power Partnership.
1 Program goals include only direct GHG emissions reductions. In 2012, direct emissions reductions were 1.4MMTC02e for AgSTAR and 17.1 MMTC02e for LMOP.
3 Does not incorporate climate benefits from ozone-depleting substances, which would result in an increase of 0.9 -2.9 MMTC02e per year.
31
-------
CLIMATE PROTECTION PARTNERSHIPS 2012 REPORT
ENERGY STAR® PROGRAMS TO REDUCE CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS
Through the ENERGY STAR® program, EPA helps U.S. businesses and consumers save money and reduce GHG emissions by labeling energy-efficient
products, raising the bar of energy efficiency in new home construction, and encouraging superior energy management practices in the commercial
and industrial sectors.
EPA calculates GHG emissions benefits of the ENERGY STAR program by applying C02 emissions factors, as applicable, to net annual electricity and
fossil fuel savings attributable to the program. For electricity, a national marginal carbon emissions factor is assumed to reflect power plants which
will run less due to energy efficiency. Emissions factors applied to fossil fuel savings are based on on-site fuel combustion.
The financial benefits for the ENERGY STAR program are placed in present value terms. The GDP Implicit Price Deflator Index is used to convert
nominal dollars to constant current reporting year dollars.51 EPAs calculations assume sector-specific, national-average prices, including electricity
and fossil fuel prices published by the Energy Information Administration (EIA).52 A private sector real discount rate is used as the interest rate for
financing purchases of new technologies and practices since the majority of EPA partners making the investments are in the private sector.
The methods for estimating actual and projected energy savings of each of these strategies are described below.
ENERGY STAR Certified Products
• Sales of products due to the ENERGY STAR program are
determined as those above and beyond BAU purchases of these
products.53 These sales are estimated by:
Collecting annual sales data on ENERGY STAR certified
products from participating product manufacturers as a
condition of partnership and comparing these data to industry
reports on total annual product sales. EPA screens the data and
investigates and resolves issues when market penetration is
not as expected.
Establishing BAU baselines for annual product sales for each
product category based on the benefit/cost ratio for the product
and a characterization of the market barriers for the product.
• Annual energy savings are calculated using established
values for the difference in annual energy use between a single
ENERGY STAR product and a typically purchased product. For these
values, EPA:
• Assumes that ENERGY STAR certified products just meet the
ENERGY STAR thresholds, even though there are some products
that exceed those levels.
• Assumes the typically purchased product meets minimum
efficiency standards where standards exist. If standards do not
exist, assumes the average energy use of available products
within a category prior to the introduction of an ENERGY STAR
specification. EPA reviewed the baseline assumptions for key
products in 2012.
• Supports primary data collection, such as product metering to
collect power use information, where additional information is
necessary to estimate energy savings.
• Uses product-specific lifetimes that vary from 4 to 20 years.
• Subtracts out the savings associated with products used in
ENERGY STAR Certified New Homes to avoid double
counting savings.
• Net energy bill savings is the present value (PV) of energy bill
savings minus the PV of any incremental cost of purchasing an
ENERGY STAR certified product above a standard model over the
product lifetimes discussed above.54
• Energy savings goals are estimated based on market projections
for future product sales applied to net annual energy savings for
product types in the program. EPA regularly reassesses key factors,
such as energy consumption of standard non-ENERGY STAR
products, changes in market sales, and new and revised ENERGY
STAR product specifications.
ENERGY STAR Certified New Homes
• EPA receives data quarterly from third-party Home Energy Rating
Providers certified by the Residential Energy Services Network
(RESNET) on the number of homes they verified to be ENERGY
STAR, as a condition of program partnership. These raters abide
by a set of quality assurance practices to ensure data quality. In
addition, EPA reviews the submitted data and resolves any data
irregularities.
• EPA recognizes that some new homes that qualify for ENERGY
STAR are not a direct result of the program and that many homes
built to ENERGY STAR levels due to the program are not labeled
or reported to the program. Currently, EPA estimates the former
number of homes to be lower than the latter.
51 For more details, see U.S. Department of Commerce 2013.
52 For more details, see EIA 2013.
53 For more details on many aspects of this method, see DNVKEMA 2013.
32 54 Calculated using a 7% discount rate and 2012 perspective.
-------
MEASURING RESULTS: REPORT METHODOLOGY
• To account for the energy savings resulting from the operation of
ENERGY STAR certified homes across a range of climates, sizes,
and fuel types, EPA developed composite estimates by determining
the energy consumption of a standard (i.e., code-minimum) home
constructed in each of seven climate zones, taking into account
regional construction characteristics (e.g., foundation type, typical
fuel use profile) and configuring the home to the national model
energy code. EPA then applied ENERGY STAR requirements to each
modeled home to determine the estimated annual energy savings
achieved (for both electricity and natural gas) as compared to the
standard home. This approach avoids double counting of energy
savings from building energy codes.
• Energy bill savings are calculated using an approach similar to that
used for ENERGY STAR products where energy bill savings are
reduced by the incremental cost of purchasing an ENERGY STAR
certified home. National average energy prices for the residential
sector and a 30-year average lifetime of a home are assumed.
• The number of ENERGY STAR certified homes to be constructed
in future years is estimated by applying the annualized average
growth of ENERGY STAR certified homes since 1994 to
2012 actuals.
ENERGY STAR Commercial Buildings
• To calculate energy savings, EPA uses the data from the U.S.
Energy Information Administration's State Energy Data System as
the basis for developing multivariate statistical models that
estimate the change in national electricity and natural gas
consumption for the 48 contiguous states in aggregate as a result
of publicly-funded energy efficiency programs. The general details
of this methodology, which uses the historical variation in levels of
energy efficiency program activity in the 48 states to simulate
current year energy consumption in the absence of all public
programs, are published in the peer-reviewed, international
scientific journal The Energy Journal.55
• Cumulative annual energy savings for the current year, defined
as the accomplishments from current year activities as well as
from the accomplishments of program activities, are derived after
controlling for the uptake in ENERGY STAR products in commercial
buildings. In addition, ENERGY STAR for Commercial Buildings
program accomplishments take into account the reported energy
savings impacts from electric and natural gas utility demand side
management programs, state and third-party public benefits energy
efficiency programs, state building codes and appliance standards
programs, and DOE Building Technologies Office programs. The
spillover and market transformation effects captured in this
methodology reflect the primary actions of the program.56
• Energy savings goals are estimated by applying a steady growth
rate to program savings based on an examination of the opportunity
for emissions reductions in the commercial sector.
ENERGY STAR for Industry
• To calculate energy savings, EPA uses the data from the U.S.
Department of Commerce's Annual Survey of Manufactures as the
basis for developing multivariate statistical models that estimate
the change in national electricity consumption, and fuel
expenditures for 184 manufacturing industries in aggregate as a
result of publicly-funded energy efficiency programs. The details of
this methodology are published in the peer-reviewed,
international scientific journal Energy Efficiency.57
• Cumulative annual ENERGY STAR for Industry program
accomplishments for the current year, defined as the
accomplishments from current year activities as well as from the
accomplishments of program activities, are derived after making
adjustments to avoid double counting of energy savings impacts
from electric and natural gas utility demand side management
programs, state and third-party public benefits energy efficiency
programs, and DOE Advanced Manufacturing Office programs. The
econometric model-based analyses of manufacturing industry
energy consumption takes into consideration permanent shifts
in energy consumption trends in the past decade, and temporary
shock due to the recent economic downturn, as well other market
determinants of purchased energy.58
• Energy savings goals are estimated based on an examination of the
opportunity for emissions reductions in the industrial sector.
55 For more details on this method, see Horowitz 2007.
56 For more details on this method, see Horowitz 2013b.
57For more details on this method, see Horowitz 2013a.
58 For more details on many aspects of this method, see Horowitz 2001,2007, and 2013c.
33
-------
CLIMATE PROTECTION PARTNERSHIPS 2012 REPORT
CARBON DIOXIDE REDUCING ENERGY SUPPLY PROGRAMS
The OAP Carbon Dioxide Reducing Energy Supply Programs include the Green Power Partnership and Combined Heat and Power Partnership. The
Green Power Partnership boosts supply of clean energy by helping U.S. organizations purchase electricity from eligible renewable generation
sources. The CHP Partnership dismantles the market barriers preventing investment in environmentally beneficial CHP projects.
The benefits analyses for both energy supply programs are limited to GHG emissions benefits for these programs. Consistent C02 emissions factors
are assumed across OAP programs for electricity and fossil fuel savings attributable to the programs.
Energy savings goals are estimated by applying a steady growth rate to program savings based on an examination of the opportunity for emissions
reductions from green power and CHP.
Green Power Partnership (GPP)
As a condition of partnership, GPP partners submit data annually on their
purchases of qualifying green power products. These data are screened
and any issues resolved.
The potential for double counting, such as counting green power
purchases that may be required as part of a renewable portfolio
standard or may rely on resources that are already part of the system
mix, is addressed through a partnership requirement that green power
purchases be incremental to what is already required.
EPA estimates that the vast majority of the green power purchases
made by program partners are due to the partnership, as partners
comply with aggressive green power procurement requirements (usually
at incremental cost) to remain in the program. Further, EPA estimates
that its efforts to foster a growing voluntary green power market have
likely led to additional market transformation benefits, leading to
additional voluntary green power purchases that are not included in the
program's GHG emissions reduction estimates.
Combined Heat and Power Partnership (CHP)
The CHP Partnership's GHG reduction benefits are calculated by
subtracting the emissions from specific CHP systems from the emissions
of the electricity and thermal sources (i.e., electric power grid and
comparable boilers) displaced by those systems. CHP system emissions
are calculated using fuel-specific emissions factors and operational data
provided by the system operators. Program partners such as project
owners voluntarily provide project-specific information on newly
operational CHP projects to EPA. These data are screened and any
issues resolved.
Each project's C02 benefit is calculated individually accounting for its
actual start-up date. Each project receives a credit for avoided
transmission and distribution (T&D) losses, based on a published
national loss factor, reduced based on the amount of electricity supplied
to the grid by the CHP system.
Only the emissions reductions from projects that meet the assistance
criteria for the program are included in the program benefit estimates.
EPA addresses the potential for double counting benefits between this
and other OAP Partnership Programs by having program staff meet
annually to identify and resolve any overlap issues.
CHP partners may also receive assistance from other programs,
including those receiving funding through federal grant programs. No
adjustments are made for such double counting as the magnitude of
potential overlap is estimated to be equal to or less than projects not
reported to EPA, though influenced by the partnership's broader market
transformation efforts.
34
-------
MEASURING RESULTS: REPORT METHODOLOGY
THE METHANE EMISSIONS REDUCTION PROGRAMS
EPA's methane programs facilitate recovering methane from landfills, oil and natural gas systems, agriculture (manure management), and coal mines,
as well as using methane as a clean energy resource. Value of gas mitigated assumes all methane mitigated is sold as natural gas, using the average
annual gas price from EIA.59 In order to estimate program goals, OAP relies on a marginal abatement cost (MAC) curve analysis to estimate future
program impacts.
Natural Gas STAR Program
The Natural Gas Star Program calculates its achieved annual emissions
reductions based on 100 percent of the emissions reductions reported to
the Program by program partners, who submit methane emission
reduction data to EPA annually. These data are used to determine
Program emissions reduction totals and measure the overall
effectiveness of the Natural Gas STAR Program. The Natural Gas STAR
Program focuses on implementation of best management practices
(BMPs) and partner reported opportunities (PROs) that were undertaken
by companies voluntarily. Partner companies have the option of using
default calculation methodologies or company-specific methodologies,
which must be documented on their annual reports. Reported reductions
must be voluntary in nature and cannot be attributable to compliance
with existing regulations. Each Annual Report is reviewed to ensure that
all reductions data are accurate and non-regulatory in nature. Any
inconsistencies are resolved through direct correspondence with the
appropriate partner company. As appropriate, these data are omitted or
adjusted prior to their inclusion in the Natural Gas STAR Program
annual totals.
AgSTAR PROGRAM
AgSTAR is an outreach program aimed at reducing methane emissions
from livestock waste management operations by promoting the use of
biogas recovery systems. AgSTAR tracks and publishes a map of
commercially operational anaerobic digester systems on livestock
facilities in the United States. AgSTAR follows the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) methodology to estimate methane
emissions reductions from these projects and counts both direct and
indirect reductions from anaerobic digester systems in its annual
program accomplishments. Program goals are based on modeled direct
emissions reductions only.
Anaerobic digesters reduce GHG emissions in two ways. The first is
the direct methane emissions reduction from the capture and burning
of biogas that otherwise would escape into the atmosphere from the
waste management system. For projects that generate energy, a second
benefit is the avoided GHG emissions (C02, methane, and nitrous oxide)
and other pollutants from the use of biogas to displace fossil fuels that
otherwise would be used to generate energy.
Landfill Methane Outreach Program (LMOP)
LMOP promotes projects that reduce landfill gas (LEG) emissions.
Through 2012, LMOP used a methodology for estimating direct methane
and indirect C02 emission reductions from LEG energy projects. The
direct reductions represent the collection and destruction of methane
generated from landfill waste, whereas indirect reductions represent
offsets from the combustion of fossil fuels that emit anthropogenic
C02. LMOP calculates annual reductions from projects for which LMOP
provides assistance, technical information, and/or where there is partner
involvement in implementing the project. Reductions of methane that are
the result of compliance with EPA's air regulations are not included in the
program estimates. In addition, only emission reductions from projects
that meet the LMOP assistance criteria are included in the program
benefit estimates.
LMOP maintains a comprehensive database of MSW landfills and LEG
energy projects in the United States. These data are updated frequently
based on information gathered from partners, LMOP's outreach efforts,
and other various sources. In 2011, the Greenhouse Gas Reporting
Program began providing annual facility level data related to LEG
emissions, which has been incorporated into the LMOP database. For
operational LEG energy projects, the LMOP database includes the
estimated MW capacity of each electricity project and the estimated
amount of LFG utilized by each direct-use project, which are used in the
calculations to determine annual emission reductions.
Coalbed Methane Outreach Program (CMOP)
CMOP promotes the profitable recovery and utilization of coal mine
methane. CMOP annually measures the program's accomplishments
using a metric of emissions reductions achieved from coal mine methane
recovery projects in the United States. Emissions reductions attributable
to program activities are distinguished from emissions reductions that
would have occurred without the program. CMOP updated their
methodology in calendar year 2005 to incorporate a tiered system
applied to total emissions reductions from active underground and
abandoned mines. This tiered approach gives weightings of 90 percent,
70 percent, and 40 percent, depending on the extent of the program's
involvement in the specific project or the type of project. For example,
ventilation air methane (VAM) emission reduction projects are assigned
the highest weighting because of the program's instrumental role in
promoting and demonstrating this innovative emissions reduction
technology. Similarly, projects where direct technical assistance
was provided by CMOP are also given a high weighting. In 2012, the
Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program began providing annual facility-level
emissions and other data from this sector, which can be used in the
calculation of CMOP accomplishments.
59 For more details, see EIA 2013.
35
-------
CLIMATE PROTECTION PARTNERSHIPS 2012 REPORT
THE FLUORINATED GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS REDUCTION PROGRAMS
Through fluorinated greenhouse gas (FGHG) partnership programs, EPA identifies cost-effective emissions reductions opportunities, recognizes
industry accomplishments, and facilitates the transition toward environmentally friendlier technologies and best environmental practices.
Voluntary Aluminum Industrial Partnership
(VAIP)
Historically, VAIP has used a methodology to estimate emissions of PFCs
based on the smelter-specific correlation between measured PFC
emissions and operating parameters, weighted by activity data. VAIP
participants reported a smelter-specific emissions coefficient derived
from stack measurements and annual operating parameter data
(frequency and duration of anode effects) and production data. EPA
calculated the VAIP program achievements as the difference between
annual estimated emissions under BAU practices (based on emissions
rates from 1990) and current annual emissions as reported under the
program. In 2011, the Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program began
providing annual facility-level emissions data from this sector from both
partners and non-partners. These data replace the partnership
collected data. In order to estimate program goals, OAP relies on a
marginal abatement cost (MAC) curve analysis to estimate future
program impacts.
SF6 Emissions Reduction Partnership for
Electric Power Systems (EPS)
The SF6 Emissions Reduction Partnership for Electric Power Systems has
been estimating emissions of SF6 using a facility-specific mass-balance
methodology. The mass-balance method works by tracking and
systematically accounting for all company uses of SF6 during the
reporting year. This method is provided by the 2006 IPCC Guidelines as
the Tier 3 approach for estimating emissions from electrical transmission
and distribution facilities. EPA calculates program achievements as the
difference between annual estimated emissions under BAU practices
and annual reported emissions under the program. In 2012, the
Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program began providing annual facility-level
emissions data from this sector, from both partners and non-partners.
In most cases, these data replace the partnership collected data since
the majority of partner facilities are subject to mandatory reporting
through the Greenhouse Gas Report Program. In order to estimate
program goals, OAP relies on a marginal abatement cost (MAC) curve
analysis to estimate future program impacts.
Responsible Appliance Disposal Program
(RAD)
To estimate emissions reductions, the masses of individual refrigerant
and foam-blowing agents reclaimed or destroyed by RAD partners,
provided by the partners in annual reports disaggregated by chemical,
are multiplied by their global warming potential and summed. Only
hydrofluorocarbons are included in the totals; the ozone depleting
substances (ODS) are not included. The destruction or reclamation of
these chemicals is not required by law; however, partners voluntarily
undertake these emissions reductions pursuant to their agreement as
RAD program partners.
A projection of the number of appliances collected and processed by
RAD partners is made. To estimate future emissions reductions, the past
emissions reductions are scaled based on the number of appliances
collected and processed by RAD partners in those years. In addition, it is
assumed that the chemicals whose emissions are avoided will change
over time due to the projected ODS to HFC transition.
Finally, these results are adjusted to account for the recycling of durable
components (metal, plastic, glass) that also occurs under the RAD
program. EPAs Waste Reduction Model (WARM) is used to estimate this
factor for each year data were reported, and the weighted average of
those calculations is used for future projections.60
GreenChill Partnership
To determine emissions reductions from the GreenChill Partnership,
partners provide annual reports of their corporate banks of refrigerant
(i.e., refrigerant contained in equipment owned by the partner) as well
as emissions. EPA analyzes this information from partners, extrapolates
trends and compares the results to typical U.S. non-GreenChill
supermarkets. GreenChill partners provide emissions data
disaggregated by chemical. These data are used to calculate emissions
of HFCs in C02 equivalents and to determine the weighted average
emissions rate of the GreenChill partners. To ensure calculations are
correct, each partner is given a report to double-check their individual
corporate-wide emissions rates, and partnership averages are provided
so that partners can assess the reasonableness of those averages,
benchmark their own emissions rates, and set goals to improve.
The average partner emissions are then compared to the national
average for typical U.S. supermarkets, based on information from
EPAs Vintaging Model, the partners, and other industry experts. The
past emissions reductions from the partnership are then taken as the
difference of the typical U.S. store and the partnership average store,
multiplied by the number of stores represented by the data provided by
the partners.
Due to phaseout regulations for ozone-depleting substances under CAA
Title VI, it is assumed that the types of refrigerant used by all
supermarkets, including GreenChill partners, will change over time,
replacing ozone-depleting substances with alternatives (primarily HFCs).
36
60 For more information about WARM, see http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/waste/calculators/Warm_home.html.
-------
MEASURING RESULTS: REPORT METHODOLOGY
To be conservative, it is assumed that the average GWP of the
alternatives used today will stay the same in the future.
In addition, GreenChill has fostered leak reductions amongst the
partnership. Annual emissions rates as calculated above (total partner
emissions divided by total partner banks) change year to year. The
average reduction in emissions rates achieved during past years is then
assumed to continue annually into the future, on a percent reduction
basis (i.e., so that future leak rates never reach or go below
zero percent).
GreenChill assumes that the market share represented by all GreenChill
partners increases annually based on the historic growth rate. To be
conservative, it is assumed that individual GreenChill partners do not
increase their market share, even though promotion and monetary
savings through the partnership may help them do so.
Key Changes to Results Measurements for the 2012 Annual Report
Historical values in Table 8 have changed slightly since the 2011 Annual Report for ENERGY STAR Products, ENERGY STAR Certified New
Homes, Methane, and FGHG programs to reflect additional information received from program partners. The goals for these programs were
also adjusted where applicable.
The Methane programs' GHG emissions reduction methodologies have been revised to reflect new information from the Greenhouse Gas
Reporting Rule, as well as methane reduction co-benefits expected from regulatory programs for the natural gas and landfill sectors.
The Methane programs began estimating the value of natural gas mitigated in addition to GHG emissions reductions.
ENERGY STAR Certified New Homes revised their goal values to reflect the program's actual long-term average growth rate, which
accounts for changes in the housing markets.
AgSTAR annual emissions reductions, as well as societal benefits for all projects, are reported for the first time in this report.
37
-------
CLIMATE PROTECTION PARTNERSHIPS 2012 REPORT
APPENDIX A
AWARDS
ENERGY STAR Aw
PARTNER OF THE YEAR-
SUSTAINED EXCELLENCE
OM
Olvl
Cf Do,,/ MM
OL. raUi, IVIIv
AEP Texas Central
Corpus Christi, TX
Andersen Corporation
Bayport, MN
APS (Arizona Public Service)
Phoenix, AZ
ArcelorMittal USA
LiiliCdCjO, IL
Austin Energy
Austin, TX
Bentall Kennedy
Toronto, ON
Bosch Home Appliances
Corporation
Irvine, CA
Building Owners and Managers
Association (BOMA)
International
Washington, DC
CalPortland Company
Glendora, CA
CBRE, Inc.
Los Angeles, CA
Cenergistic
Dallas, TX
CenterPoint Energy
Houston, TX
Cleveland Clinic
Cleveland, OH
Colgate-Palmolive Company
New York, NY
ComEd
Chicago, IL
Constellation Energy/Baltimore
Gas and Electric Company
IRRFI
IDU t)
Baltimore, MD
Ecova
Spokane, WA
Energy Inspectors Corporation
Las Vegas, A/1/
EnergyCAP, Inc.
State College, PA
EnergyLogic
Berthoud, CO
Evergreen Public Schools
Vancouver, WA
.- .-
hocus on energy
iviauison, vvt
Food Lion, Bottom Dollar Food,
Harveys and Reid's
Salisbury, NC
rard Winners
GE Lighting
Fairfield, CT
General Motors
Detroit, Ml
Gresham-Barlow School District
Gresham, OR
Habitat for Humanity of Greater
Nashville
Nashville, TN
Habitat for Humanity of Metro
Denver
Denver, CO
Hanesbrands Inc.
Winston-Salem, NC
HEI Hotels & Resorts
Norwalk, CT
Hines
Houston, TX
ITW Food Equipment Group
Troy, OH
Ivey Residential, LLC
Evans, GA
J. C. Penney Company, Inc.
Piano, TX
Jones Lang LaSalle
Chicago, IL
KB Home
Los Angeles, CA
Kohls Department Stores, Inc.
Menomonee Falls, I/I//
KPPC-Kentucky Pollution
Prevention Center
Louisville, KY
LG&Eand KU
Louisville, KY
Long Island Power Authority
M 1 DA \
(LlrA)
Uniondale, NY
Loudoun County Public Schools
Ashburn, VA
Lowe's Companies, Inc.
Mooresville, NC
Manitowoc Foodservice
New Port Richey, FL
Merck
Whitehouse Station, NJ
Meritage Homes
Scottsdale, AZ
New Jersey Board of Public
Utilities
Trenton, NJ
New York State Energy Research
and Development Authority
(NYSERDA)
Albany, NY
New York-Presbyterian Hospital
New York, NY
Nissan North America, Inc.
Franklin, TN
Northeast Energy Efficiency
Partnerships, Inc. (NEEP)
Lexington, MA
Northwest Energy Efficiency
Alliance (NEEA)
Portland, OR
Pacific Gas and Electric
Company
San Francisco, CA
Panasonic Eco Solutions North
America
Secaucus, NJ
PepsiCo, Inc.
Purchase, NY
Public Service Company of
Oklahoma (PSO)
Tulsa, OK
Raytheon Company
Waltham, MA
Saint-Gobain
Valley Forge, PA
Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
Suwon, South Korea
Sears Holdings Corporation
Hoffman Estates, IL
Servidyne
Atianta, GA
Southern California Edison
Rosemead, CA
Southern Energy Management
Morrisville, NC
Staples, Inc.
Framingham, MA
The Boeing Company
Chicago, IL
The E Group, a Division of
FirstEnergy Solutions Corp.
Akron, OH
TIAA-CREF
New York, NY
Toyota Motor Engineering &
Manufacturing North America,
Inc.
Erlanger, KY
TRANSWESTERN
Houston, TX
USAA Real Estate Company
San Antonio, TX
PARTNER OF THE YEAR
AEP Ohio
Columbus, OH
Air Force Medical Support Agency-
Health Facilities Division
San Antonio, TX
Air-King, Ltd.
West Chester, PA
Allergan, Inc.
Irvine, CA
AVR Homebuilders
Yonkers, NY
Beacon Capital Partners, LLC
Boston, MA
Brandywine Realty Trust
Radnor, PA
Burton Energy Group
Alpharetta, GA
CassidyTurley
Washington, DC
Columbia Gas of Ohio
rnliimhnc CIU
{jUIUlltuU;}, Un
Des Moines Public Schools
Des Moines, IA
DIRECTV
El Segundo, CA
Dominion East Ohio
Richmond, VA
Eastman Chemical Company
Kingsport, TN
El Paso Electric
El Paso, TX
Energy Services Group
New Castle, DE
Entergy Texas
Beaumont, TX
Fanning/Howey Associates, Inc.
Celina, OH
Grayhawk Homes, Inc.
Columbus, GA
Hoshizaki America, Inc.
Peachtree City, GA
Kenton County School District
Ft. Wright, KY
LG Electronics, Inc.
Englewood Cliffs, NJ
Liberty Property Trust
Malvern, PA
Memorial Hermann Healthcare
System
Houston, TX
Nationwide Marketing Group
Winston Salem, NC
New Hampshire CORE Utilities
Manchester, NH
North Penn School District
Ldns ddls PA
PECO Energy Company
Philadelphia, PA
Pella Corporation
Pella, IA
•
Philips Lighting Company
Somerset, NJ
ProVia
Sugarcreek, OH
Scotsman Ice Systems
Vernon Hills, IL
Scott County Schools
Georgetown, KY
Sharp Electronics Corporation
Mahwah, NJ
Southern Maryland Electric
Cooperative (SMECO)
Hughesville, MD
Technical Consumer Products,
Inc. (TCP)
Aurora, OH
The Connecticut Energy Efficiency
Fund with Ul and CL&P
Orange, CT
The Home Depot
Atlanta, GA
Verizon Wireless
Basking Ridge, NJ
Vornado Realty Trust
Mom, Vnr\f I\IV
iMew YorK, IV r
Wells Real Estate Funds
Norcross, GA
AWARDS FOR
EXCELLENCE
ENERGY STAR Promotion
Amerlux
Fairfield, NJ
FSL Home Energy Solutions
Phoenix, AZ
National Grid
Waltham, MA
South Carolina Electric & Gas
Company
Cayce, SC
Affordable Housing
Milford Housing Development
Corporation
Milford, DE
Energy-Efficient Product Design
Cree, Inc.
Durham, NC
Retailing
Metro Lighting
Brentwood, MO
38
-------
AWARDS
APPENDIX
2012 Green Power Leadership Awards
GREEN POWER PURCHASING
American University Washington, DC
Bloomberg L.P. New York, NY
City of Philadelphia Philadelphia, PA
Hobart and William Smith Colleges Geneva, NY
Kettle Foods Salem, OR
Lockheed Martin Bethesda, MD
McDonald's USA, LLC OakBrook,IL
MOM's Organic Market Rockville, MD
NYSEEuronext New York, NY
Quinnipiac University Hamden, CT
TDBank Cherry Hill, NJ
SUSTAINED EXCELLENCE IN GREEN POWER
Intel Corporation Santa Clara, CA
Kohl's Department Stores Menomonee Falls, I/I//
Staples Framingham, MA
Whole Foods Market Austin, TX
ON-SITE GENERATION
Coca-Cola Refreshments Atlanta, GA
Zotos International, Inc. Geneva, NY
GREEN POWER PARTNER OF THE YEAR
City of Austin Austin, TX
Hilton Worldwide Mountain View, CA
Microsoft Corporation Redmond, WA
University of Oklahoma Norman, OK
GREEN POWER COMMUNITY OF THE YEAR
Beaverton, OR Beaverton, OR
Oak Park, IL Oak Park, IL
GREEN POWER SUPPLIER OF THE YEAR
Renewable Choice Energy Boulder, CO
Sterling Planet Atlanta, GA
INNOVATIVE GREEN POWER PROGRAM OF THE YEAR
Wellesley Municipal Light Plan Wellesley, MA
2012 ENERGY STAR Combined Heat and Power Awards
CHP PROJECT LOCATION
Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center,
Marine Air Ground Task Force Training
Command Twentynine Palms
COLLABORATING CHP PARTNERSHIP PARTNERS
Twentynine Palms, CA Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center, Johnson Controls,
Solar Turbines, Vanderweil Engineers
US Army Garrison, Fort Bragg Fort Bragg, NC
US DOE, Broad U.S.S., Honeywell, North Carolina Solar
Center, Solar Turbines, Vanderweil Engineers
Natural Gas STAR Awards
Natural Gas STAR did not provide partner awards in 2012. For information on upcoming events and awards, please visit
http://www.epa. gov/gasstar/newsroom/awardwinners.html#2012.
39
-------
CLIMATE PROTECTION PARTNERSHIPS 2012 REPORT
AWARDS
2012 Landfill Methane Outreach Program Awards
PROJECTS OF THE YEAR
Anne Arundel County's Millersville Landfill
Electricity Project
Hickory Ridge Landfill and Coca-Cola CCHP
Project
La Crosse County Landfill and
Gundersen Health System CHP Project
Lycoming County Landfill Dual
Cogeneration and Electricity Project
Orange County's Olinda Alpha Landfill
Combined Cycle Project
Maryland
Georgia
Wisconsin
Pennsylvania
California
St. Landry Parish Landfill CNG Project
Watauga County Landfill Small
Electricity Project
INDUSTRY PARTNER OF THE YEAR
Landfill Energy Systems
Louisiana
North Carolina
Michigan
2012 GreenChill Achievement Awards
SUPERIOR GOAL ACHIEVEMENT
Food Lion
Hy-Vee
King Kullen
Price Chopper
Stater Bros. Supermarkets
Weis Markets
EXCEPTIONAL GOAL ACHIEVEMENT
King Kullen
MOST IMPROVED EMISSIONS RATE
Price Chopper (year-to-year)
McQuade's Marketplace (since baseline year)
BEST EMISSIONS RATE
Stater Bros. Supermarkets
BEST OF THE BEST
Hannaford Turner, ME
STORE CERTIFICATION EXCELLENCE
(SUPERMARKET PARTNER)
Sprouts Farmers Market
STORE CERTIFICATION EXCELLENCE
(NON-SUPERMARKET PARTNER)
Hillphoenix
STORE RE-CERTIFICATION EXCELLENCE
(SUPERMARKET PARTNER)
Raley's Petaluma, CA
DISTINGUISHED PARTNER
Ronald Vogl
Weis Markets
40
-------
APPENDIX
AWARDS
2012 Climate Leadership Award Winners
ORGANIZATIONAL LEADERSHIP AWARD
IBM
San Diego Gas & Electric
INDIVIDUAL LEADERSHIP AWARD
Gene Rodrigues, Director of Customer Energy Efficiency
& Solar, Southern California Edison
SUPPLY CHAIN LEADERSHIP AWARD
Port of Los Angeles
SAP
UPS
EXCELLENCE IN GHG MANAGEMENT
(GOAL SETTING CERTIFICATE)
Avaya
Bentley Prince Street
Campbell Soup Company
Ford Motor Company
Gap Inc.
Ingersoll Rand
EXCELLENCE IN GHG MANAGEMENT
(GOAL ACHIEVEMENT AWARD)
Campbell Soup Company
Casella Waste Systems
Conservation Services Group
Cummins Inc.
Fairchild Semiconductor
Genzyme
Hasbro
Intel Corporation
International Paper
SCJohnson
41
-------
CLIMATE PROTECTION PARTNERSHIPS 2012 REPORT
APPENDIX B
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 1. ENERGY STAR Annual Benefits Have More Than Quadrupled Since 2000 4
FIGURE 2. Annual GHG Emissions Reductions from OAP Climate Partnerships Exceed 365 MMTC02e in 2012 5
FIGURES. More than 4.5 Billion ENERGY STAR Certified Products Purchased Overthe Past 20 Years (Cumulative by Year) 7
FIGURE 4. Awareness of ENERGY STAR Growing in the United States 10
FIGURE 5. More Than 1.4 Million Homes Nationwide Have Earned the ENERGY STAR Label 12
FIGURE 6. 2012 Market Share for ENERGY STAR Certified New Homes by State 12
FIGURE 7. Home Performance With ENERGY STAR Spreads Across the Country in 2012 13
FIGURE 8. Energy Savings from Benchmarking 14
FIGURE 9. Cumulative Square Feet Benchmarked in Portfolio Manager 14
FIGURE 10. More Than 20,000 Buildings Have Earned the ENERGY STAR Through 2012 15
FIGURE 11. Improvement in U.S. Wet Corn Mill Energy Performance, 1997-2009 17
FIGURE 12. Annual GHG Emissions Reductions by the Carbon Dioxide Reducing Energy Supply Programs 18
FIGURE 13. Green Power Purchased and GHG Emissions Reductions 19
FIGURE 14. Natural Gas STAR Annual Methane Emissions Reductions 21
FIGURE 15. AgSTAR Annual Methane Emissions Reductions 22
FIGURE 16. LMOP Annual Methane Emissions Reductions 22
FIGURE 17. CMOP Annual Methane Emissions Reductions 23
FIGURE 18. VAIP Annual Emissions Reductions 25
FIGURE 19. EPS Annual Emissions Reductions 25
FIGURE 20. Utility Partners Across the United States are Participating with RAD 26
FIGURE 21. GreenChill Certified Stores in 2012 27
FIGURE 22. EPA Supports 50 Climate Showcase Communities 29
42
-------
APPENDIX
APPENDIX C
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 1. Summary of OAP Climate Protection Partnership Programs' Benefits and Goals (In Billions of 2012 Dollars and
MMTC02e) 3
TABLE 2. Summary of OAP Climate Protection Partnership Programs 6
TABLES. ENERGY STAR Key Program Indicators, 2000 and 2012 8
TABLE 4. EPA Maintains Efficiency Standards with Product Specifications and Revisions 9
TABLES. ENERGY STAR Product Specifications Added, Revised, and In Progress 11
TABLE 6. EPA ENERGY STAR Industrial Focuses on Energy 16
TABLE?. U.S. CHP Capacity and Partnership Market Share 20
TABLE 8. Overview of OAP Climate Protection Partnership Programs with Annual GHG Reductions and Program Goals 31
43
-------
CLIMATE PROTECTION PARTNERSHIPS 2012 REPORT
APPENDIX D
REFERENCES
Climate Protection Partnerships Division, Climate Change Division,
Stratospheric Protection Division, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency. 2013. Partner and emissions data for 2012 provided by
individual programs within the Office of Atmospheric Programs.
DNV KEMA Energy & Sustainability. 2013. "E-CAST 2012 Results
for Carbon and Energy Savings from the ENERGY STAR Program."
Technical Memorandum to EPA December 2013.
Energy Information Administration (EIA). 2013. Annual Energy Outlook
2013 with Projections to 2040. Office of Integrated and International
Energy Analysis. (DOE/EIA-0383 (2013)). April. Available online at http://
www.eia.gov/forecasts/archive/aeo13/index.cfm.
Horowitz, Marvin J. 2013a. "Purchased energy and Policy Impacts in
the U.S. Manufacturing Sector." Energy Efficiency, DOI 10.007/s12053-
013-9200-3, April.
Horowitz, Marvin J., 2013b. "Technical Memorandum: Impact
Evaluation of ENERGY STARforthe Commercial Buildings Sector in
2012." to EPA November 2013.
Horowitz, Marvin J., 2013c. "Technical Memorandum: Impact
Evaluation of ENERGY STARforthe Industrial Sector in 2012." to EPA
November 2013.
Horowitz, M.J. 2007. "Changes in Electricity Demand in the United
States from the 1970s to 2003." The Energy Journal, Vol 28, Summer
(3):93-119.
Horowitz, M.J. 2001. "Economic Indicators of Market Transformation:
Energy Efficient Lighting and EPA's Green Lights." The Energy Journal,
Vol 22, Fall (41:95-122.
Interagency Working Group on Social Cost of Carbon, United States
Government. 2013. Technical Support Document: Technical Update
of the Social Cost of Carbon for Regulatory Impact Analysis Under
Executive Order 12866. November. United States Government. Available
online at http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/defaulVfiles/omb/assets/
inforeg/technical-update-social-cost-of-carbon-for-regulator-impact-
analysis.pdf.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 1996. IPCC Second
Assessment Report: Climate Change 1995. [J.T. Houghton, L.G. Meira
Filho, B.A. Callander, N. Harris, A. Katenberg, and K. Maskell, (eds.)].
Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, UK.
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis. 2013.
Table 1.1.9. Implicit Price Deflators for Gross Domestic Product.
October 2013. Available online at http://www.bea.gov/iTable/iTable.
cfm?ReqlD=9&step=1#reqid=9&step=1&isuri=1&903=13.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 2013a. Inventory
of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2011. Tables ES-7
and ES-8. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
U.S. EPA#430-R-13-001. April. Available online at http://www.epa.gov/
climatechange/ghgemissions/usinventoryreport.html.
U.S. EPA. 2013b. National Awareness of ENERGY STAR for 2012:
Analysis of 2012 CEEHousehold Survey. Office of Air and Radiation,
Climate Protection Partnerships Division. Available online at http://
www.energystar.gov/ia/partners/publications/pubdocs/National%20
Awareness%20of%20ENERGY%20STAR%202012%20508%20compliant.
pdf?b1ef-17eb.
U.S. Census Bureau. 2010. 2008 Annual Survey of Manufactures.
March. Available online at http://www.census.gov/manufacturing/asm/
index.html.
44
-------
-------
&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection Agency
Air and Radiation 6202J
EPA430-R-14-002
www.epa.gov
January 2014
Recycled/Recyclable Printed on paper containing 50% post consumer waste.
------- |