United Slates Office of October 1984
Environmental Protection Radiation Programs EPA 520/1-84-021
Agency Washington, D.C. 20460
Radiation
&EPA An Estimation of the Daily
Average Food Intake by Age
and Sex for Use in Assessing
the Radionuclide Intake of
Individuals in the General
Population
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EPA 520/1-84-021
An Estimation of the Daily Average Food Intake by Age and Sex
for Use in Assessing the Radionuclide Intake of
Individuals in the General Population
You-yen Yang
Christopher B. Nelson
Office of Radiation Programs
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D.C. 20460
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FOREWORD
The Office of Radiation Programs carries out a national program to
evaluate the exposure of man to ionizing and nonionizing radiation and to
develop guidance, standards, and criteria for the protection of public
health and the quality of the environment.
This report describes a more refined methodology than heretofore
used for estimating the daily food intake as food utilization factors in
the assessment of environmental radionuclide intake by individuals
through food consumption.
Readers are encouraged to bring to our attention any questions
encountered in this report. Any comments and suggestions are also
welcome. These comments should be directed to You-yen Yang, Bioeffects
Analysis Branch, Analysis and Support Division, Office of Radiation
Programs (ANR-461C), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington,
D.G. 20460.
Sheldon Meyers, Acting Director
Office of Radiation Programs
111
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Numerous people helped in the preparation of this report,
but particular acknowledgement is due to Drs. Eleanor M. Pao and
Kathryn H, Fleming of USDA for their assistance and support relative
to the USDA study and to Mary Anne Culliton of EPA for her editorial
contributions.
IV
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Contents
Foreword iii
Summary ........................ 1
I. Introduction 2
II. Design of the USDA Nationwide Food Consumption Surevey 2
III. Food Classifications and Statistical Analysis . . 3
IV. Analytical Results ....... 9
V. Intake of Foods Derived from Animals Versus
Those from Plants 13
VI. Comparisons between the EPA Study and
Rupp's Report ...... 13
VII. Conclusion and Discussion 14
References .......... 29
v
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An Estimation of the Daily Average Food Intake by Age and Sex
for Use in. Assessing the Radionuclide Intake of
Individuals in the General Population
You-yen Yang
Christopher B. Nelson
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Radiation Programs
Summary
A Nationwide Food Consumption Survey was conducted by the
U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) in 1977-78 to investigate the food
intake of various selected segments of the U.S. population and to
identify changes in U.S. food intake patterns. In an earlier report
(EPA, 84), we estimated the daily intake of each food subclass for the
U.S. population and for subpopulations classified according to their
geographical (census) characteristics. In this report we have used data
from the USDA survey to determine food intake patterns by age and sex in
the general population and to establish food utilization factors that can
be used in assessing radionuclide intake through food consumption by
individuals in the U.S. population.
The 3,735 food items in the Nationwide Food Consumption Survey
(MFCS) were classified into eight major classes; each was then subdivided
into two or more subclasses based upon the characteristics of radionuclide
transport in the food pathway. The survey data were analyzed according
to a statistical model to determine which factors have a significant
effect on food intake.
Age and sex played an important role in patterns of food intake.
Age significantly affects food intake for all of the major food classes
and, with one exception, subclasses. The relationships between food
intake and age are, in most cases, similar to growth curves: there is a
rapid increase in intake at an early stage of physical development, then
a plateau is reached in adulthood, followed by an occasional decrease
after age 60.
When sex effects were significant, males, without exception,
consumed more than females.
Age and sex interacted significantly on the intake of some subclasses.
The peak intake age for females is reached earlier than that for males;
for males, the peak is more pronounced. In all adult age groups, males
consumed a greater amount of food than females. Mult males consumed
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about 46% more foods derived from animals than adult females; the intake
ratio of foods derived from animals to those derived from plants is
approximately 1 to 4-
There were dietary changes for infants during the period 1966-78;
i.e., from using fresh cow's milk to greater use of commercial infant
formula; from eggs to greater intake of meat.
I. Introduc t ion
EPA's objective in this study was to investigate food intake patterns
by age and sex in the general population and to establish food utilization
factors for assessing radionuclide intakes through food consumption by
individuals in the U.S. population-
The data available on food intake patterns usually have been ad hoc
values for average amounts of food consumed. Few investigators have
included significance tests for reported class effects or confidence
intervals for estimated parameters (Rupp, 1980A-B; USDA, 1980-1982;
USDHEW, 1963, 1977).
Food intake studies by the USDA and the Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare (now Department of Health and Human Services) have
examined food intake patterns and investigated the nutritional status of
different segments of the U.S. population (USDA, 1980-1982; USDHEW, 1963,
1977).
Data from the Nationwide Food Consumption Survey (MFCS) conducted by
the Department of Agriculture in 1977-78 were considered the best
available to meet EPA's objectives. The data were current and were
collected from the general population in the conterminous United States.
The USDA study and our statistical approach for other factors are
described in (EPA, 1984). In this report we present some results of our
statistical analyses and estimate mean daily intake and its standard error<
II. Design of the USDA Nationwide Food Consumption Survey
The Nationwide Food Consumption Survey used a stratified area
probability sample of households in the 48 conterminous States and
District of Columbia in each of the four quarters from April 1977 through
March 1978. The sample was designed to be representative of the 48
conterminous States, 4 regions, and 3 urbanizations (Table l). Data
collection took place in 114 primary sampling units (PSUs), mostly cities
and counties. Four seasonal samples were used, and households were
scheduled for interviews by quarter, month, week, and day of the week
(USDA, 1983). A more detailed discussion of the survey design is given in
(EPA, 1984).
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Table 1. Number of Strata in the Nationwide Food Consumption Survey
by Region, Division, and Urbanization
Region
Northeast
North
Central
South
West
..... Central
Division _.
City
New England
Middle Atlantic
East North Central
West North Central
South Atlantic
East South Central
West South Central
Mountain
Pacific
2
8
8
2
4
2
4
2
6
Sub-
urban
3
9
8
2
6
1
2
1
7
Nonmetro-
politan
2
4
6
5
7
4
5
2
2
Total
7
21
22
9
17
7
11
5
15
TOTAL
38
39
37
114
III. Food Classifications and Statistical Analysis
Because concentrations of radionuclides in foods can vary widely, we
classified foods by categories for which we can measure or calculate
concentrations of radioactivity and which we know comprise significant
dietary intake. We divided foods into eight classes; in turn, each class
was divided into subclasses as shown in Table 1 below.
For example, we classified produce into three subclasses: leafy
vegetables, produce exposed to direct deposition from the atmosphere, and
protected produce. Leafy vegetables, such as lettuce, have a broad flat
leaf surface for direct interception of atmospherically deposited
material. The edible portion of the plants primarily consists of leaves
and stems. Exposed produce, tomatoes for example, also intercepts
atmospherically deposited material, but surface areas (for exposure) are
typically smaller than those of leafy vegetables. Edible parts are
usually reproductive organs which accumulate additional radionuclides
through soil uptake to a smaller extent than vegetative parts. Protected
produce, such as potatoes, are not directly exposed to atmospherically
deposited material. Edible portions are principally reproductive or
storage organs which either grow underground or are protected by pods,
shells or nonedible peels. The accumulation of radionuclides takes place
through uptake of radionuclides from soil or transfer from nonedible
portions.
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Similar considerations were extended to other classifications of
foods so that each classification is pertinent to specific radionuclide
pathways•
Every food item in the MFCS was identified by a 7-digit code (OSDA,
1979A). The first three digits represent food groups; the last four are
associated with ingredients added tos or the preparation of, the food
items. The following illustrates this coding system for the first two
digits.
First digit = major food groups.
1 — milk and milk products,
2 = meat, poultry, fish, and mixtures,
3 = eggs, mixtures, substitutes,
etc.
First and second digits = major food subgroups.
11 - milk and milk drinks,
12 = cream and cream substitutes,
13 - milk desserts,
14 = cheeses,
21 = beef,
22 = pork,
23 = lamb, veal, game, other carcass meat,
24 = poultry,
etc.
We classified all 3,735 food items in the survey into our eight
major classes; each class again was divided into two to four subclasses.
There were many occasions where the appropriate classification was not
clear. To classify them, we made a judgment based on the objectives of
the study and the characteristics of the food items under consideration.
Reconstituted milk, for example, could be classified as other dairy
products or as water-based drinks. We considered the item from a
radiological assessment perspective: what were the ingredients of the
food items and what was the most important ingredient; had it been
processed or stored for some time before it was served? After making
those considerations, we classified reconstituted milk into the other
dairy products subclass.
Stew, for another example, consists of meat, vegetables, starch,
water, and unspecified ingredients. We considered the meat to be the
most significant ingredient and identified the meat in the stew by using
the USBA coding system. We separated bread and filling for sandwiches,
including hamburgers, hot dogs, submarines, and tortillas. Our
categories for the food items in the survey data are shown in Table 2.
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Table 2. Classification of the Pood Items in the MFCS
into Major Classes and Subclasses
Major Class
Subclass
Dairy products
Eggs
Meats
Fish
Produce
Grains
Beverages
Miscellaneous
Fresh cow's milk,
Other dairy products (dry milk,
butter, cheese, etc.).
Fresh eggs,
Other egg products (powdered
eggs and other prepared
egg products).
Beef, veal,
Pork,
Poultry (chickens duck, other
birds),
Other meats (game, organ
meats, meat mixtures,
etc.) .
Fin fish,
Shellfish,
Other seafood (mixtures and
unspecified fish products).
Leafy vegetables,
Exposed produce,
Protected produce,
Other produce (unspecified
vegetables or fruits; mix-
tures of vegetables or fruits),
Breads, pasta, cakes, etc.,
Cereals,
Other grains (wheat, rice,
raw millet, raw rye, etc.).
Tap water,
Water-based drinks
(coffee, tea, etc.),
Soups,
Other drinks (soft drinks,
fruitades, alcoholic drinks).
No subclasses (chocolate,
sugar, salad dressings, etc.).
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Because there are so many varieties of vegetables and fruits, the
following indicate important produce belonging to each subclass.
Leafy vegetables: cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli,
celery, lettuce, spinach.
Exposed produce; apples, pears, berries, cucumber,
squash, grapes, peaches, apricots,
plums, prunes, string beans, pea
pods, tomatoes.
Protected produce: carrots, beets, turnips, parsnips,
citrus fruits, sweet corn, legumes
(peas, beans, etc.), melons,
onions, potatoes.
Other produce: Unspecified vegetables or fruits
and mixtures of vegetables or
fruits •
The survey data were fit to a linear model (1) to assess any
relationships between the factors of interest and food intake. This
model and, in particular, the geographical factors are described in
greater detail in (EPA, 1984).
R. +D./>% + U f. ^ +DU.
P /.,-,. + Sex + A + (Sex * A) + e- .. , (l)
nUijk.^ p q pq ijklmpqr
where:
y. .,-. = the food intake of the rth individual in the qth age
group of pth sex (male: p = 1; female: p - 2) in the
m(ijk)th primary sampling unit (PSU) and in the 1th season;
R^ = the ith census region, i = 1,2,3,4;
D-/-X ™ the jth geographic division in the ith census region,
j = l,2,...,n£ and i n^ - 9;
- the kth urbanization in the ith region, k = 1,2,3;
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DU., /-\ = the interaction effect of the jth division with the
kth urbanization in the ith region;
S,.,..., = the 1th season in the region i, 1 = 1,2,3,4;
P f.., % = the rath PSU in the ith region, the jth division and the
kth urbanization, ia = l,2,...,T. .,: ;: T... =111;
' ijk ijk
Sex = male (p = l) or female (p = 2) ;"
A = the qth age group, q = 1,2,...,10;
e. .. , = the random error associated with y. ., ,
ijklmpqr -^ijklmpqr
The means of "effects" in equation (1) were estimated based on the
concept of estimable functions (Searle, 1971). These means were
weighted by the distributions of 1) geographical regions, 2) seasons,
and 3) age and sex. The weights of these three categories are
discussed below:
1) The geographical distributions are shown in Table 1.
The weights for region, division, and urbanization are
calculated according to the distribution.
2) Each season had the same three-month length of duration.
Their distribution is, therefore, a uniform distribution with
each season having equal weight, 0.25.
3) Ages were divided into 10 age groups by year to reflect
physiological development stages: under 1, 1 to 4, 5 to 9, 10
to 14, 15 to 19, 20 to 24, 25 to 29, 30 to 39, 40 to 59, 60
and over. We generated the distributions of age and sex based
on the 1969-71 U.S. stationary population (USDHEW, 1975) with
age- and sex-specific mortality rates and a constant
male-to-female birth ratio of 1.051 (Shryock, et al. 1976).
The distributions of the resulting stationary population by
age and sex are given in Table 3.
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Table 3. Percent Distribution of Age by Sex
Age
(years)
Under 1
1 to 4
5 to 9
10 to 14
15 to 19
20 to 24
25 to 29
30 to 39
40 to 59
60 and over
TOTAL
Male
(%)
.72
2,83
3.52
3.51
3.50
3.46
3.42
6.73
12.31
8.56
48.56
Female
(%)
.68
2.70
3.37
3.37
3.36
3.35
3.33
6.61
12.58
12.09
51.44
Total
(%)
1.40
5.53
6.89
6.88
6.86
6.81
6.75
13.34
24.89
20.65
100.00
From the above information, we provided the weights required by the
general linear models (GLM) procedure (SAS, 1979) to estimate means by
age and sex.
The stationary population was based on the life table technique. A
stationary population is one whose total number and distribution by age
do not change with time; where birth rate (number of births per year)
remains constant (100,000 in the present study) and each cohort of births
experiences the life table mortality rate throughout life; no external
migration is assumed. For our life tables we use 1969-1971 mortality
rates (USDHEW, 1975).
With a stationary population, the per caput expectation value of a
quantity, (e.g., daily intake of milk, meat, or produce) is the same as
the expected value for an individual in the population averaged over the
individual's lifetime; therefore, a single analysis provides the basis
for both population and individual estimation.
The stationary population also facilitates comparisons between
different periods of time which are independent of the corresponding
changes in age distribution. For example, a comparison of milk intake
averaged for a stationary population at two different periods of time a
decade apart can reveal a change in milk drinking habits as distinct from
the change in the age distribution of the milk drinking population at
these two periods of time.
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IV. Analytical Results
The results of analysis of variance by food class and subclass are
given in Table 4.
Table 4. Analysis of Variance by Food Class and Subclasses
(F values for sources of variation)
Food class/
Subclass
Degrees of Freedom
DAIRY PRODUCTS
Fresh fluid milk
Other
EGGS
MEATS
Beef
Pork
Poultry
Other
FISH
Fin fish
Shellfish
PRODUCE
Leafy
Exposed^3 '
Protected'3'
Other
GRAINS
Breads
Cereals
Other
BEVERAGES
Tap water
Water based
Soups
Other
MISCELLANEOUS
Source of variation
Sex
(1)
42. 78**
46.06**
.84
63.84**
224.20**
134.37**
70. 58**
11.86**
87.74**
3.02
3.61
.04
30.51**
.14
3.92
46.96**
3.40
79.32**
219.16**
6.24*
1.31
48.44**
20.29**
2.35
.88
69.65**
19.84**
Age
(9)
70.90**
78.22**
117.23**
19.95**
67.96*
46.57**
21.66**
5.43**
15.78**
12.13**
10.07**
3.88**
26.42**
43.49**
17.55**
14. 66**
13.15**
17.78**
66.46**
6.81**
1.03
99.37**
18.57**
165.53**
8.72**
55.39**
9.02**
Age*Sex
(9)
4.62**
4.68**
.89
4.42**
13.92**
10.26**
4.83**
.64
3.62**
.47
.52
.18
1.81
.09
.58
2.27*
.25
3.28**
10.18**
.20
.14
2.67**
.96
.23
.63
7.80**
1.05
Sampling Error
(in grams)
(84)
807.3
753.7
179.4
75.7
252.3
176.0
85.7
115.9
66.1
81.5
67.5
35.3
538.0
116.8
232.4
348.6
43.2
451.5
218.9
194.3
259.0
2098.5
1513.0
1034.0
186.0
724.6
107,7
Notes:
*: .01 < P < .05
**.
P < .01.
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The F statistics given in Table 4 can be expressed by:
F = MS(A)/MS(PSU),
where MS(A) and MS(PSU) are the mean squares of A and PSU,
respectively. "A" represents any factor under hypothesis testing, such
as sex, age or age by sex interaction. The test statistic, under the
null hypothesis, has an F-diatribution with degrees of freedom f^ and
fpsu> i-e-j *"(^A» fpSlP* ^or a given level of significance, say
a, when
MS (A) /MS ( PSU) _> F1_a(fA, fpsu).
we reject the null hypothesis and declare that the test result is
(statistically) significant at the a level, which is usually 0.05.
Two subclasses, other egg products and other fish products, were not
considered because the quantities consumed were less than one gram per
day. However, they are both included in the corresponding main classes.
Tables 5 through 8 contain mean daily intake on the basis of age and
sex for major food classes and subclasses. Unless otherwise indicated,
intake is per day per caput.
Some satistical findings are as follows.
Age (Tables 4, 5 and 6)
Age significantly affected food intake in every category, except for
other grain products (Table 4). Intake patterns of (main) food classes
changed as age progressed. With the exception of dairy products, the
amount of food intake increased from infancy until late teens or
adulthood, then food intake patterns became quite diverse (Table 5). The
intake pattern of dairy products was quite uneven. The peak intake was
at infancy (569 grams), decreasing drastically to 418 grams at ages 5 to
9, rising to 510 grams at ages 10 to 14, decreasing again to 458 grams at
ages 15 to 19 (458 grams). A further decrease was seen (308 grams) at
ages 20-24 before the intake leveled off around 240 grams.
With the exception of fresh cow's milk and other dairy products, the
intake of items in food subclasses consisting of a large quantity of
animal protein, such as eggs, beef, pork, poultry, other meats, fin fish,
and shellfish increased gradually from infancy, reaching a maximum in the
late teens or adulthood. The levels of intake remained fairly constant
thereafter, although there might be a slight decrease in intake for the
age category 60 years or more. The intake of fresh cow's milk increased
from 272 grams at infancy to 457 grains in the early teens, decreased
gradually to 169 grams at ages 45 to 49; then increased slightly (192
grams) at age 60 and over. The intake of other dairy products (dry milk.
10
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butter> cheese, etc.) was maximal (297 grams) In infancy, decreasing
sharply at age 1 to 4, then remained fairly constant, about 50 grams,
thereafter.
The intake of leafy and protected produce, increased gradually from
infancy. The increment was small but persisted into the oldest age group.
Infants consumed large quantities of exposed produce (76 grams) and
other produce (26 grams). They consumed at least as much as children or
adults did. Many frequently-served baby foods have been assigned to one
of these two subclasses. For example, apple sauce, pears, peaches, and
many other exposed fruits are in the exposed produce subclass. An
unspecified vegetable mixed with other ingredients, such as chicken, ham,
or bacon, belongs to the other produce subclass. For other age groups,
the intake patterns of these two subclasses are very similar to those of
leafy and protected produce.
Bread intake increased sharply at age 1 through 14 years (from 16
grams to 186 grams), but then gradually decreased and reached 122 grams
in the over 60 age group. The intake pattern of cereals was different.
The amount consumed in the early and late years (under 1 year to 14
years, and over 60 years) was approximately the same; it decreased during
adulthood (15 to 59 years). The intake of other grains increased from 2
grams for those under 1 year to 15 grams for the age group 1 to 4 and
then stayed at about 25 grams thereafter-
The intake patterns for liquids, for example, fresh cow's milk, tap
water, water—based drinks, soups, and other drinks, were rather diverse.
The intake of fresh cow's milk has been described in the second paragraph
of this page.
The intake of tap water and water-based drinks was similar—almost
always increasing as age progressed, reaching a maximum intake of 763
grams of tap water for the age 60 and over. The amount of water-based
drinks consumed reached a maximum (687 grams) at age 40 to 59, but there
was a slight decrease at age 60 and over (561 grams). There was a
dramatic increase in soup intake between infancy and age 1 to 4, from 10
grams to 44 grams; practically no further change was observed until age
60 and over (59 grams).
There was a gradual increase from infancy (116 grams) to age 20 to
24 (447 grams) in the consumption of other beverages, then a gradual
decrease to 165 grams at age 60 and over.
The intake of miscellaneous foods varied irregularly with age,
reaching a plateau around age 30 (35 grams).
11
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Sex (Tables 4, 7 and 8)
Sex significantly affected the intake of every major classes except
for fish and the following food subclasses; fresh cow's milk, eggs,
beef, pork, poultry, other meats, protected produce, breads, cereals, tap
water, and other beverages. Without exception, males consumed
significantly more foods of these subclasses than females,
Age by Sex Interaction (Tables 4, 7 and 8)
Age and sex factors interacted significantly on the mean daily
intake of the following major classes and subclasses: dairy products,
eggs, meats, grains, beverages; fresh cow's milk, eggs, beef, pork, other
meats, protected produce, breads, and other beverages.
For both sexes, there is typically a pattern of increasing intake of
all these subclasses through childhood. Then there is a decreasing
intake of fresh cow's milk, breads, and other beverages throughout the
adult period. The intake of eggs, beef, pork, other meats, and protected
produce, reached a plateau in adulthood with a possible slight decrease
at age over 60. The peak intake age for females is generally younger
than that for males; for maless the peak is more pronounced. In all
adult age groups, food intake of males is greater than that of females.
For completeness, the mean daily food intake by age and sex is
presented in Tables 6, 7, 8 and 9 for major classes and subclasses
whether or not the analysis of variance (see Table 4) indicates
statistically significant differences.
From these tables, we observe the following:
l) The mean daily intake of fresh cow's milk, eggs, beef,
pork, other meats, protected produce, breads, and other
beverages was about the same for both sexes in the preteen
years; after this period, the difference in intake diverged
until about age 25; the difference remained almost constant
thereafter.
2) Except for fresh cow's milk and beverages, the mean
daily intakes for females reached a plateau by the late teens ;
male intakes did not reach a plateau until age 20 or 30.
3) More liquids than solid foods were consumed by both sexes-
4) For a given food class or subclass, the age group under one
(infants) had the greatest standard error. This was most
likely due to the vast difference in nutritional needs between
newborns and the older infants in the same group as well as the
small sample size (compared to other age groups).
12
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V. Intake of Foods Derived from Animals Versus Those from Plants
We observed some effects of age and sex on the intake of foods
derived from animals (FDFA) and those derived from plants (FDFP). FDFA
includes the first four major classes listed in Table 2 (dairy products,
eggs, meats, and fish); the rest are in the category of foods derived
from plants. The daily intake of these two groups by age and sex is
given in Table 9.
We also compared intake patterns by age for these two food groups,
by calculating the ratios of FDFA to FDFP by sex and the amount of FDFA
and FDFP consumed by males to that by females (Table 10).
For both males and females, the contribution of FDFP increases with
age until at age 60 and over (Table 9).
The ratio of FDFA to FDFP for any given age is strikingly similar in
both sexes (Table 10). Approximately 20% more FDFA than FDFP was
consumed in infancy, chiefly due to the relatively large quantity of
fresh cow's milk consumed by infants. Then there is a 53% to 66%
reduction in the intake ratio from childhood to late teens. The ratio
then remains fairly constant (about 25%) throughout the entire adulthood
for both sexes.
However, the ratio of FDFA to FDFA by sex is quite different (Table
10). Both sexes consume about the same amount of FDFA in infancy and in
childhood. With the exception of the age group 60 and over, males, age
15 and over, consume, on average, 46% more FDFA than females in the same
age. The relative pattern of the FDFP intake for males and females is
very much like that of FDFA but the differences are less; there was about
a 24% increase for males at age 15 and over as compared to adult females
in the same age.
VI. Comparisons between the EPA Study and Rupp's Report
We have compared our results to Rupp's "best estimates" (Rupp, 1980)
even though there were difficulties in making direct comparisons because
age and food items had been grouped differently. The differences in the
results of these two studies are rather striking (except for the
category, leafy produce) (Table 11).
With the exception of leafy produce, Rupp indicated that her
estimates had been based on a variety of sources, although the
predominant source was the USDA survey of 1965i which was conducted
almost 2 decades ago. By using different sources for her estimates, she
may have unintentionally introduced uncontrollable factors into her
estimates; in addition, changes in diet intake may have occurred in the
general population during this time span.
13
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Four observations are worth mentioning;
l) Except for the age group under 1 year, Rupp reported a greater
intake of foods than we did for most food items. It appears
that the population is consuming less food than it was a decade
ago.
2) Much more fresh milk was consumed by infants in Rupp's
estimates than in EPA's, while the reverse was true for other
dairy products.
3) For meat intake in the EPA study, beef was the predominant meat
while pork was consumed at about the same level as poultry.
However, in Rupp's report the intakes of beef and pork were
about the same, but, with an exception of the age group under 1
year, beef and pork intakes were more than twice as much as
that of poultry. Poultry intake was about the same in both
studies, although it was slightly higher in the EPA study.
The infant group consumed as much poultry as the 1 to 9 age
group in EPA's study. This may be due to the fact that we
classified junior chicken dinner as poultry, although it
consisted of chicken, cereal, and other constituents. EPA
reported considerably lower egg and more beef and poultry
intake among infants than Rupp.
4) In both studies, the intake of leafy produce was very similar;
however, in the EPA study there was less intake of other
produce than in Rupp's report. It was not clear to us why the
intake of leafy produce was not greater in the 1970s when there
was a strong advocacy for natural foods and fresh produce.
¥11. Conclusion and Discussion
The estimates in this report could be low—biased because of the
recollection process used in the food consumption survey; respondents
might forget to report food items or to report less than was actually
consumed.
The infant group (age less than 1 year) had the largest standard
errors (Tables 5 through 8) among the age groups because this group had
the smallest sample size and vast differences in nutritional requirements.
Of the two factors, age and sex, age played a far more important
role in food intake. Age significantly affects the intake of almost all
foods under study. The intake patterns for age are, in general, very
similar to a growth curve, with the occasional exception of a small
decrease at age 60 and over.
14
-------
Whenever sex significantly affects intake, males consume more than
females»
The food intake pattern in the EPA study is different from that in
Rupp's report. Except for leafy produce, beef and poultry, food intake
in general was less in the EPA study than in Rupp's report. Some changes
in the infant diet were apparent: from fresh cow's milk to infant
formula, from eggs to more meat.
A greater amount of FDFA consumed by adult males than by females is
rather striking, 46% above the average level of intake by adult females,
while FDFP is only 241 above the average level. Today, there is
persuasive evidence that diet, FDFA intake in particular, has a negative
effect on human health, such as heart disease, cancer, and stroke
(Abelson, 1983). Although EPA's study was not designed as an
epidemiological investigation per se, the relatively higher intake of
FDFA by male adults to female adults may have some significance, not only
in the area of food intake, but also in the domain of epidemiology.
15
-------
Table 5. Mean and Standard Error for the Daily Intake of
Major Food Classes Per Caput by Age (in grams)
Age
(yr)
All ages
Under 1
1 to 4
5 to 9
10 to 14
15 to 19
20 to 24
25 to 29
30 to 39
40 to 59
60 and over
Age (yr)
All ages
Under 1
1 to 4
5 to 9
10 to 14
15 to 19
20 to 24
25 to 29
30 to 39
40 to 59
60 and over
Dairy
Products
308, 6+. 5.3
568-7+34-1
418.3+_16.8
493.5+14.0
509.9+a3'2
457.7+13.8
308.4H8.0
269.0+18.5
236.7±14.5
221.3+11.2
248.2+12.6
Major Food
Fresh
Eggs
26.9+_ .5
4.9+3.2
19.8+1.6
17.0+1.3
19.3+1.2
24.8+1.3
28,3+1.7
27.9+1.7
30, 1+1 . 4
31.1+1.0
28.711.2
Class
Meats
172. ^ 1.6
45.2+10.7
92, 3± 5.0
128.5+ 4.2
160. 1+ 3.9
189.6+ 4.2
195. l+_ 5.4
198.3+ 5.5
201.1+ 4.4
193. 8+ 3.4
154.3+ 3.8
Fin fish &
Shellfish
17.5+ .5
0.9+3.5
6.8+1.7
10.9+1.4
13.3+1.3
16.6+1.4
18.7+1.8
20.8+1.9
19.5+1.5
22.0+1.1
17.2+J..3
Major Food Class
Produce
282.6+ 3.5
155.0+22.7
164.2+11.2
225.6+ 9.4
262.9+. 8.8
266.0+ 9.2
250.4+12.0
271.6+12.3
278. l+_ 9.7
315.9+ 7.5
331.1+ 8.4
Grains
200. 0+_ 3.0
56.0+19.1
157.8+ 9.4
216.5+ 7.9
248.2+ 7.4
245.0+ 7.8
211.7+10.1
214.9+10.3
202.0+ 8-1
192.4+ 6.3
183.9+ 7.1
Beverages
1434+13.7
307+89.2
743+43.5
861+36.5
1025+34.2
1241+35.9
1484+46.9
1531+48.0
1642+37.7
1732jj29.3
1547+32.8
Miscellaneous
34.6+ .7
5.5+4.5
25.4+2.2
36.5+1.9
40. 6+1 . 8
38.0+1.9
29.8+2.4
32.5+2.4
34.2+1.9
36.5+1.5
35.5+1.7
16
-------
Table 6. Mean and Standard Error for the Daily Intake of
Food Subclasses Per Caput by Age (in grams)
Age (yr)
All ages
Under 1
1 to 4
5 to 9
10 to 14
15 to 19
20 to 24
25 to 29
30 to 39
40 to 59
60 and over
Age (yr)
All ages
Under 1
1 to 4
5 to 9
10 to 14
15 to 19
20 to 24
25 to 29
30 to 39
40 to 59
60 and over
Dairy Products
Fresh Cow's
milk
253.5+ 4.9
272.0+31.9
337.3+15.6
446.2+13.1
456.6+12.3
404.8+12.9
264.3+16,4
217.6+17.2
182.9+13.5
169.1+10.5
192.4+11.8
Meat
Poultry
31. 3+; .8
18.4_+4.9
19.0+2.4
24.7+2.0
30.0+1.9
33.0+2.0
33.0+2.6
33.8+2.7
34.0+2.1
33.8+1.6
31.5+1,8
Other
55.1+1.2
296.7+7.6
41.0+3.7
47.3+3.1
53.3+2.9
52.9+3.1
44.2+4.0
51.5+4.1
53.8+3.2
52.0+2.5
55.9+2.8
Other
25.1+_ .4
2.6_+2.8
17.6+1.4
22.3+1.2
26.1+1.1
27.6+1.1
28.8+_1.5
28.9+1-5
28.4+1.2
2?.4jK).9
21.1+1.0
Beef
87.6+1.1
18.4+7.4
42.2+3.7
63.4+3.1
81.9+2.9
99.5+3.0
103,7+3.9
103.8+4.0
105.8.+3.2
99.0+2.5
74.3+2.8
Fin fish
Fin fish
14. 7+_ .4
0.6+2.9
6.4+1.4
10.0+1.2
11.9+1.1
14.4+1.2
15.9+1.5
17.4+1.5
15.6+1.2
17.5+0.9
15.3+1.1
Meat
Pork
28.2+ .6
5.8+3.6
13.6+1.8
18.2+1.5
22.2+1.4
29.5+1.5
29.6^1.9
31.8+2.0
33.0>1.5
33.5+1.2
27.5+1.3
and Shellfish
Shellfish
2.6+ .2
0.3±1.5
0.3+_0.7
0.9.+0.6
1,3+0.6
2.1+0.6
2.8+J3.8
3.4+0.8
3.9+0.6
3.8+0.5
1.9+0.6
17
-------
Table 6. Mean and Standard Error for the Daily Intake of
Food Subclasses Per Gaput by Age (in grams)—Continued
Age (yr)
All ages
Under 1
1 to 4
5 to 9
10 to 14
15 to 19
20 to 24
25 to 29
30 to 39
40 to 59
60 and over
Age (yr)
All ages
Under 1
1 to 4
5 to 9
10 to 14
15 to 19
20 to 24
25 to 29
30 to 39
40 to 59
60 and over
Produce
Leafy
39.2+ .8
3.2JH4.9
9.1+.2.4
20.1j;2.0
26.1+1.9
31.4+2.0
35.3+_2.6
41.4+2.7
44.4+2.1
51.3+1.6
45.4+1.8
Breads
147.3+1.4
16.2+9.2
104.&J4.5
154.3+3.8
186.2+3.6
188.5+3.7
166.5+4.9
170.0+5.0
156.8+3.9
144.4+3.1
122.1+3.4
Exposed
86.0+1.5
75.5j+9.8
55.6+4.8
69.2+4.8
76.8+3.8
71.9+4.0
65.6+5-2
73.4+5.3
77.1+4.2
94.7+3.3
114.2+3.6
Grains
Cereals
29.9+1.3
37.9+8.2
38.4+4.0
39.5+3.4
36.4_+3.2
28.8+3.3
20.2+4.3
18.2+4.4
18.8+3.5
24.7+2.7
42.5+3.0
Protected
150.4+ 2.3
50.8+14.7
94.5+ 7,2
128.9+ 6.1
151.7+ 5.7
156.6+ 6.0
144.5+ 7.8
149.8+ 8.0
150.5+ 6.3
162.9+ 4.9
163. 9+ 5.5
Other
22.9+ 1-7
1.8+10.9
14.8_+ 5.4
22.7+ 4.5
25.6^ 4.2
27.8+ 4.4
25.0+ 5.8
26.6+ 5.9
26.4+ 4.6
23.3+ 3.6
19.3+ 4.0
Other
7.0+ .3
25.5+1.8
5.1+0.9
7.3+0.8
8.2+0.7
6.2+0.7
5.0+1.0
7.0+1.0
6.1+0.8
6.9.+0.6
7.6+0.7
Beverages
Tap water
662.5+ 9.9
170.7+64.5
434.6_+31.4
521.0+26.4
620.2+24.7
664.7+26-0
656.4+33.9
619.8+34.6
636.5+27.2
735.3+21.1
762.5+23.7
18
-------
Table 6. Mean and Standard Error for Che Daily Intake of
Food Subclasses Per Caput by Age (in grains)—Continued
Age (yr)
All ages
Under 1
1 to 4
5 to 9
10 to 14
15 to 19
20 to 24
25 to 29
30 to 39
40 to 59
60 and over
Water-based
drinks
457. 1+ 6.7
8.3+43.7
97.9+21.5
116.5+18.0
140.0+16.9
201.5+17.7
343.1+23.1
441.6+23.6
601.0+18.6
686.5+14.4
561.1+16.2
Beverages
Soups
45.9+1.2
10.1+7.9
43.84;3.9
36.6+3.2
35.4+3.0
34. 8+3. 2
38.9+4.2
41.3+4.2
40.6+3.3
51.6+2.6
59.4+2.9
Other
269.9+ 4.7
116.2+30.6
166.5+15.0
187.6^12.6
231.4+11.8
342.2+12.4
447.3+16.2
427.8+16.6
364.8+13.0
260.1+10.1
164.7+11.3
19
-------
Table 7. Mean and Standard Error for Daily Intake (grams)
of Major Food Classes by Age and Sex
Major Food Class
Age (yr)
All ages
Under 1
1 to 4
5 to 9
10 to 14
15 to 19
20 to 24
25 to 29
30 to 39
40 to 59
60 and over
All ages
Under 1
1 to 4
5 to 9
10 to 14
15 to 19
20 to 24
25 to 29
30 to 39
40 to 59
60 and over
Dairy
Products
348. 9+. 7.7
571.0.+49.1
416.9+23.0
503.3+19.7
564.6^18.6
561.5+19.8
370.8+_26.8
305.5+27.7
277.9+22.0
251.5+17.1
273.1+20.2
270.61 6.8
566.2+47.2
419.8+24.2
483.2+19.8
452.7+18.4
349.6+19.1
244.0+23.8
231.6+24.1
194.7+18.6
191.2J;14.4
230.6+16.0
Eggs
MALE
32.5+0.7
5 . 714. 6
20.2+2.2
17.8+1.9
21 . 3_+l . 7
31.2+1.9
32.2+2.5
33.0+2.6
37.5+2.1
38.4+1.6
37.3+1.9
FEMALE
21.6+0.6
4.0+4-4
19.4+2.3
16.1+1-9
17.2+1.7
18.1+1.8
24.3+2.2
22.7+2.3
22.5+1.7
23.9+1.3
22.7+1.5
Meats
205. 21 2.4
46.7+14.7
94.0+ 6.9
132.2+ 5.9
174, 21 5.6
227.9+ 5.9
236.9+ 8.0
243.41 8.3
247.11 6.6
234.0+ 5.1
186.1+ 6.0
141.11 2.1
43.6+14.2
90.51 7.3
124.7+ 5.9
145.3+ 5.5
149.7+ 5.7
151.9+ 7.1
152.01 7.2
154.3+ 5.6
154.5+ 4.3
131.7+ 4.8
Fin fish &
Shellfish
18.7+0.8
1.1+5.0
7-3+2.3
11.4+2.0
13.4+1.9
16.2+2.0
20.3+2.7
24.1+2.8
20.012.2
23.4+1.7
19.6+2.0
16.3+0.7
0.7+4.8
6.2+2.4
10.4+2.0
13.1+1.9
17.0+1.9
17.1+2.4
17.5+2.4
19.0+1.9
20.5+1.5
15.5+1.6
20
-------
Table 7. Mean and Standard Error for Daily Intake (grams)
of Major Food Classes by Age and Sex (Continued)
Age (yr)
All ages
Under 1
1 to 4
5 to 9
10 to 14
15 to 19
20 to 24
25 to 29
30 to 39
40 to 59
60 and over
All ages
Under 1
1 to 4
5 to 9
10 to 14
15 to 19
20 to 24
25 to 29
30 to 39
40 to 59
60 and over
Produce
305.9+ 5.1
156.2+32.7
170.7+15.4
223.4+13.2
277.6+12.4
300.0+13.2
282.6+17.9
301.2+18.5
311.1+14.7
346.8+11.4
359.4+13.5
260. 6.+ 4.5
153.8+31.5
157.4jtl6.1
227.9+13.2
247.5+12.3
230,6+12.7
217. 1+15. 9
241.2+16.1
244.5+12.4
285.6+9.6
311.1+10.6
Major
Grains
MALE
232-9+ 4.3
59.3+27.4
165.4+12.9
224.2+11.0
272.0^10.4
294.9+11.1
249.9+15.0
260.3+15.5
238.5+12.3
230.0+9.6
214.1+11.3
FEMALE
169.0+ 3.8
52.5+26.4
149.8_+13.5
208.5+11.1
223.4110.3
193.1+10.7
172.2j*13.3
168.2+13.5
164.8+10.4
155.6+8.0
162.5+8.9
Food Class
Beverages
1547J[ 20.0
309+^128.0
778+ 59.8
893+ 51.3
1061+ 48.3
1366+ 51.4
1686+ 69.7
1706+ 72.0
ISOSjJ; 56.0
1874+ 44.5
1650J; 52.4
1328+ 7.6
304+123.7
706+ 62.9
828+ 51.4
988+ 47.8
1110+_ 49.5
1275+ 61.8
1351+ 62.7
1472^ 48.3
1593+ 37.4
1475+ 41.4
Miscellaneous
38.9.+1.0
5.4+6.5
26.1+3.1
36.6+2.6
44.7.+.2.5
42.4+2.6
33.1+3.6
36.8+3.7
39.7+3.0
41.6+2.3
41.9+2.7
30.5+0.9
5.6+6.3
24.8+3.2
36.3+2.6
36.2+2.4
33.4+2.5
26.3_+3.2
28.1+3.2
28.6+2.5
31.5+1.9
30.9+2.1
21
-------
Table 8. Mean and Standard Error for Daily Intake (grams)
of Major Food Subclasses by Age and Sex
Age
(years
All ages
Under 1
1 to 4
5 to 9
10 to 14
15 to 19
20 to 24
25 to 29
30 to 39
40 to 59
60 and over
All ages
Under 1
1 to 4
5 to 9
10 to 14
15 to 19
20 to 24
25 to 29
30 to 39
40 to 59
60 and over
Dairy
Fresh cow's
milk
291.01 ?-2
288.4+45.8
376.4+21.5
454.8+18.4
508.9+17.4
502.4+18.5
323.2+25.1
250.8+25.9
219.4+20.6
196.6+16.0
214.9+.18.8
218. 0+. 6.3
254.8+44.1
378.3_+22.6
437.2+18.5
402.0+17.2
303.1+17-8
203.3+22.2
183.4+22.5
145.8+17.4
142.1+13.5
176.4+14.9
Products
Other
MALE
57.9+ 1.7
282.7+10.7
40.6+ 5.1
48.5+ 4.4
55.8+ 4.1
59.1+ 4.4
47.5+ 6.0
54.6+ 6.2
58.5+ 4.9
54.9+ 3.8
58.2_+ 4.5
FEMALE
52.5+ 1.5
311.4+10.5
41.5+ 5.4
46.0+ 4.4
50.8+ 4.1
46.5+ 4.2
40.7+ 5.3
48.2+ 5.4
49.0+ 4.1
49.1+ 3.2
54.2+ 3.5
Eggs
32.5+0.7
5 . 7+4. 7
2Q.2+_2.2
17.8+1.9
21.3+1.8
31.2+1.9
32.2^2.5
33,0+2.6
37.3+2.1
38.0+1.6
36.8H.9
21.5+0.6
4.0+4.5
19.4+_2.3
16.1+1-9
17.2+1.7
18.0+1.8
24.3+2.3
22.7+2.3
22.5+1.8
23.8+1.4
22.4+1.5
Meat
Beef
105.5+1.7
16.8+10.7
42.8+_ 5.0
64.6+ 4.3
87.5+_ 4.1
120. 3^ 4.3
129. 0+. 5.9
130.8+ 6.0
132.0+ 4.8
119,8+ 3.7
90. 6+, 4.4
70.7+1.5
20.0+10.3
41.4+ 5.3
62.1+ 4.3
76.0+ 4.0
77.9+ 4.2
77.4+ 5.2
76.1+ 5.3
79. 0+^ 4.1
78.7+ 3.1
62.7+ 3.5
22
-------
Table 8. Mean and Standard Error for Dally Intake (grams)
of Major Food Subclasses by Age and Sex (Continued)
Age (yr)
All ages
Under 1
1 to 4
5 to 9
10 to 14
15 to 19
20 to 24
25 to 29
30 to 39
40 to 59
60 and over
AH ages
Under 1
1 to 4
5 to 9
10 to 14
15 to 19
20 to 24
25 to 29
30 to 39
40 to 59
60 and over
Pork
34.8+0.8
6.9+5.2
13.8+_2.4
18.8+2.1
24. 4+2. 0
36.5+2.1
35.8+2.8
39.4+2.9
41.9+2.3
42.4+1.8
35.3+2.1
22.0+0.7
4.6+5.0
13.3+2.6
17.6+2.1
19.8+2.0
22.1+2.0
23.2+2.5
24.1+2.6
23.9+2.0
24.8^1.5
21.9+1.7
Meat
Poultry
MALE
34.4+1.1
20.1+7.1
19.1+3.3
24.9+2.8
33.3+2.7
37.7+2.8
36.4+3.9
37.3+4.0
38.6+3.2
37.7+2.5
33.7+2.9
FEMALE
28.4+1.0
16.7+6.8
18.9+3.5
24.4+2.8
26.5+_2.6
28.1+2.7
29.4+3.4
30.3+3.5
29.2+2.7
30.0+2.1
29.9+2.3
Other
30.5+0.6
2.9+4.0
18.2+1.9
23.9+1.6
29.0+1.5
33.3+1,6
35.5+2.2
36.0+2.3
34.6+1.8
34.0+1.4
26.5+1.7
20.0+.0.6
2.2+3.9
16.9+.2.0
20.6+1.6
23.0+1.5
21.6+1.6
21.8+jZ.O
21.6+2.0
22.1+_1.5
20.9+1.2
17.3+1.3
Fin fish & Shell-
fish
Fin fish
15.7+0.6
0.6+4,1
7.0+1.9
10.3+1.6
12.5+1.6
14.0+1.7
17.2+2.2
20.6+2.3
16.2+1.8
18.3+1.4
17.2+_1.7
13.8+0.6
0.6+3.9
5.8+_2.0
9.6+1.7
11.2+1.5
14.7+1.6
14.5+2.0
14.0+2.0
15.0+1.6
16.7+1.2
13.9+1.3
23
-------
Table 8. Mean and Standard Error for Daily Intake (grams)
of Major Food Subclasses by Age and SeK (Continued)
Age
(yr)
All ages
Under 1
1 to 4
5 to 9
10 to 14
15 to 19
20 to 24
25 to 29
30 to 39
40 to 59
60 & over
All ages
Under 1
1 to 4
5 to 9
10 to 14
15 to 19
20 to 24
25 to 29
30 to 39
40 to 59
60 & over
Fin fish &
Shellfish
Shellfish
2.7+0.3
0.5-1-2.1
0.3+_1.0
1.1+0.9
0.9+0.8
2.0+0.9
3.0+1.2
3.5+1.2
3.8+1.0
3.9_+0.8
2.4+0.9
2.5+0.3
0.0+2.1
0.4+_1.1
0.7+0.9
1.8+0.8
2.2+0.8
2.6+1.0
3.4+1.0
4.0+0.8
3.7+0.6
1.6+0.7
Produce
Leafy
39.1+1.1
3.1+7.1
9. 2+3. 3
19.8+2.9
26.0+2.7
33.0+2.9
35.8+3.9
41.5+4.0
45.6+3.2
51.4+2.5
45.4+_2.9
39.2+1.0
3.4+6.8
9.0+3.5
20.4+2.9
26.3+_2.7
29.8+2.8
34.9+_3.4
41.3+3.5
43.2+_2.7
51.3+2.1
45.3+2.3
Exposed
MALE
89.3+ 2.2
72.0+14.1
56.7+ 6.6
67.5+ 5.7
77.8+ 5-4
79.5+ 5.7
71. 3+ 7.7
78.6+ 8.0
82.4+_ 6.5
100.4+ 4.9
120.3+ 5-8
FQ1ALE
82.8+_ 2.0
79.2J43.6
54.4^ 7.0
71.0+ 5.7
75.7+ 5.3
64.0+ 5.5
59.7+ 6.9
68.0+ 6.9
71.7+ 5.4
89.1+ 4.1
109.8+ 4.6
Protected
169. 9*. 3.3
53.7+21.2
99.5+_10.0
128.9+ 8.5
165.6;+ 8.0
180.9+ 8.6
170.3+_11.6
173.5+12.0
176.4+ 9.5
187.8+ 7.4
184.9+ 8.7
132.0+ 2.9
47.8+20.4
89.2+10.5
129.0+ 8.6
137.3+ 8.0
131.4+ 8.2
117.7+10.3
125.6+10.4
124.2+ 8.0
138.6+ 6.2
149.0+ 6.9
Other
7.5+0.4
27.5+2.6
5.3+1.2
7.2+1.1
8- 2+1.0
6.8+1.1
5.2+_1.4
7.6+1.5
6.7+1.2
7.3+0.9
8.4+_l.l
6.6+0.4
23.3+2.5
4.8+1.3
7.4+1.1
8.2+1.0
5.5+1.0
4.8+1.3
6.3+1.3
5.4+_1.0
6.5_+0.8
7.0+0.8
24
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Table 8« Mean and Standard Error for Daily Intake (grams)
of Major Food Subclasses by Age and Sex (Continued)
Age
(yr)
All ages
Under 1
1 to 4
5 to 9
10 to 14
15 to 19
20 to 24
25 to 29
30 to 39
40 to 59
60 and over
All ages
Under 1
1 to 4
5 to 9
10 to 14
15 to 19
20 to 24
25 to 29
30 to 39
40 to 59
60 and over
Breads
174.1+ 2.1
17.7*13.3
108.9+ 6.2
160. 81 5.3
204.7+ 5.0
227.91 5-4
200.5+ 7.3
208.7+ 7.5
187. 6+ 6.0
174,7+ 4.6
143.6+ 5.5
122.01 l'8
14.7+12.8
100.2+ 6.6
147.5+ 5.4
167.01 5-°
147.4+ 5.2
131.41 6'4
130.2+ 6.5
125.51 5.0
114.7+ 3.9
106.9+ 4.3
Grains
Cereals
MALE
33.21 1.8
40.1+11,8
41.51 5.5
40.5+ 4.8
41.41 4.5
34.9+ 4.8
23.1+ 6.5
19.9+ 6.7
21.71 5*3
28.9+ 4.1
47.31 4.9
FEMALE
26.81 1.6
35.7111.4
35.11 5.8
38.5+ 4.8
31.21 4-4
22.5+ 4.6
17.1* 5.7
16.5+ 5-8
15.91 4-5
20.61 3-5
39.1+ 3.8
Other
25.71 2.5
1.4+15.8
15.11 7.4
22.91 6'3
25.91 6.0
32.11 6*4
26.31 8.6
31.7+ 8.9
29.21 7.1
26.3+ 5.5
23.21 6.5
20.21 2.2
2.1+15.1
14.5+ 7.7
22.51 6'4
25.21 5.9
23.2+ 6.1
23.71 7.6
21.4+ 7.7
23.41 6.0
20.3+ 4.6
16.5+ 5.1
Beverages
Tap water
713.4+14.5
146.4+92.7
458.4143.2
546.7137.0
651.4134.9
755.6+37.1
746.8150.4
683.7+52.0
703.2141.4
795.2+32.1
810.3137.8
614.5112.7
196.3+89.3
409.7145.4
494.2+37.1
587.6+34.6
570.1+35.8
563. 0144. 6
554.2+45.3
568.5134.9
676.6+27.0
728.6+29.9
25
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Table 8. Mean and Standard Error for Daily Intake (grams)
of Major Food Subclasses by Age and Sex (Continued)
Age
(yr)
All ages
Under 1
1 to 4
5 to 9
10 to 14
15 to 19
20 to 24
25 to 29
30 to 39
40 to 59
60 and over
Water-based
drinks
MALE
467. 4+_ 9.9
10.0+62.9
103.7+29.5
121.4+25.3
146.3+23.8
207.2+25.4
352.9+34.4
450.4^35.5
618,3+_28.2
714.0+21.9
586.2+25.8
Beverages
Soups
47.51 1«8
11.5+11.3
43.5+ 5.3
33.9+ 4.6
34.9+ 4.3
37.9+ 4.6
39.6+ 6.2
41.6+ 6.4
43.8+ 5.1
57.2+ 3.9
60.8+ 4.6
Other
319.6+ 6.9
140.9+44.1
172.1+20.7
191.8+17.7
230.3+16.7
367.2+17.8
549.0+24.1
530.2+24.9
443.7+19.8
309.4+15.4
193.0+18.1
All ages
Under I
1 to 4
5 to 9
10 to 14
15 to 19
20 to 24
25 to 29
30 to 39
40 to 59
60 and over
FEMALE
447.3± 8.7
6.7_+60.5
91.9+31.0
111.4+25.4
133.4+23.6
195.5+24.4
333.0+_30.5
432.5^30.9
583.3+23.8
659.5+18.4
543.3+20.4
44.3+ 1.6
8.6.+10.9
44.1+ 5.6
39.5± 4.6
36.0+_ 4.2
31.5+ 4.4
38.1+ 5.5
40.9+ 5.6
37.3+ 4.3
46.1+ 3.3
58.3+ 3.7
223.0+_ 6.1
90.4+42.4
160.8+21.7
183.2+17.8
232.6+16.5
316.2+17.1
342,1+21.4
322.6+21.7
284.4+16.7
211.8^12.9
144.6+14.3
26
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Table 9. Daily Intake of FDFA and FDFP
by Age and Sex (in grams)
Age
Under 1
1-4
5
10
15
20
25
30
40
60
- 9
- 14
- 19
- 24
- 29
- 39
- 59
and over
Food derived
from animals
Male
625
538
665
774
837
660
606
583
547
516
Female
615
536
634
628
534
437
424
391
390
401
Food derived
from plants
Male
530
1140
1377
1655
2003
2252
2304
2397
2492
2265
Female
515
1038
1301
1495
1567
1691
1789
1910
2066
1980
Table 10. Intake Patterns of FDFA to FDFP; Ratio
of FDFA to FDFP by Sex and the Amount
Consumed of FDFA and FDFP by Males to Females
Age
Under
1 -
r _
10 -
15 -
20 -
25 -
30 -
40 -
FDFA/FDFP
1
4
9
14
19
24
29
39
59
60 and over
Male
1.18
.47
.48
.47
.42
.29
.26
.24
.22
.23
Female
1.19
.52
.49
.42
.34
.26
.24
.20
.19
.20
Male/Female
FDFA
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
.02
.00
.05
.23
.57
.51
.43
.49
.40
.29
FDFP
1.03
1.10
1.06
1.11
1.28
1.33
1.29
1.21
1.21
1.14
FDFA Food derived from animals.
FDFP Food derived from plants.
27
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Table 11. Comparisons of Food Intake Estimates
by EPA and Hupp (in grams)
Age
Fresh
Milk
Other
Dairy
Products
Fresh
Eggs Beef
Pork Poultry
Leafy
Produce
Other
Produce
EPA
Under 1
1 to 9
10 to 19
Over 19
272
398
431
192
297
44
53
53
5
18
22
30
18
54
91
94
6
16
26
31
18
22
31
33
3
15
29
46
152
183
236
257
Under 1
1 to 11
12 to 18
Over 18
696
542
485
261
99
64
109
45
17
25
31
41
Rupp
7
38
66
86
4
41
69
76
3
18
27
26
2
20
30
50
220
333
404
393
28
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REFERENCES
Abelson, Philip H. (1983). "Dietary Carcinogens." Science, Vol. 221,
No. 4617, September 1983, p. 1249-
EPA (1984). "An Estimation of the Daily Food Intake Based on Data from
the 1977-1978 USDA Nationwide Food Consumption Survey."
Office of Radiation Programs, Environmental Protection
Agency, EPA 520/1-84-015, May 1984.
Rupp, E. M. (1980A). "Age Dependent Values of Dietary Intake for
Assessing Human Exposure to Environmental Pollutants," Health
Physics, 9, 151-63.
Rupp, E. M.} Forest L. Miller, C. F. Baes, III (1980S). "Some Results
of a Recent Survey of Fish and Shellfish Consumption by Age
and Region of U.S. Residents," Ibid, 165-75.
SAS (1979). "SAS User's Guide, 1979 Edition," pp. 244-263. SAS
Institute, Inc., Raleigh, N. C.
Searle, S. R. (1971). "Linear Models." John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New
York.
Shryock, H. S. and J. S. Siegel and Associates. (1976). "The Methods
and Materials of Demography," Academic Press, New York.
USDA (1980). "Food and Nutrient Intakes of Individuals in 1 Day in
the United States." U.S. Department of Agriculture, Science
and Education Administration. Preliminary Report No. 2,
September 1980.
USDA (1981). "Food Consumption and Dietary Levels of Low-Income
Households, November 1977 -March 1978." U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Science and Education Administration.
Nationwide Food Consumption Survey 1977-1978. Preliminary
Report No. 8, July 1981.
USDA (1982). "Foods Commonly Eaten by Individuals: Amount Per Day
and Per Eating Occasion". U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Human Nutrition Service, Home Economics Research Report No.
44.
USDA (1983). "Food Intakes: Individuals in 48 States, Year
1977-1978." U.S. Department of Agriculture, Human Nutrition
Information Service, NFCS 1977-78, Report No. 1-1.
USDHEW (1963). "Consumption of Selected Food Items in U.S.
Households, July 1962." U.S. Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Radiological
Health Data, Vol. 4, No. 3, March 1963.
29
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USDHEW (1975), "United States Life Tables: 1969-71." U.S. Depart-
ment of Health, Education, and Welfare, National Center for
Health Statistics, Vol. 1, No. 1.
USDHEW (1977). "Dietary Intake Findings, United States, 1971-1974,"
U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public
Health Service, Health Resources Administration. Series 11,
No. 202.
30
U.S. Government Printing Office : 1984 - 421-S45/11835
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing/
1. REPORT NO. - 2.
520/1-84-021
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
An Estimation of the Daily Average Food Intake by A
and Sex for Use in Assessing the Radionuclide Intak
of Individuals in the General Population
7. AUTHOR(S)
You-yen Yang
Christopher B. Nelson
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
401 M Street, S.W.
Washington, B.C. 20460
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
3-REW§SAfiTf207
5. REPORT DATE
je October 1984
3 6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO,
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
16. ABSTRACT
A Nationwide Food Consumption Survey was conducted by the U.S. Department of Agricultur
(USDA) in 1977-78 to investigate the food intake of various selected segments of the
U.S. food intake patterns. In this report data was used from the USDA survey
to determine food intake patterns by age and sex in the general population and to
establish food utilization factors that can be used in assessing radionuclide intake
through food consumption by individuals in the U.S. population.
,4
17, KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
a. DESCRIPTORS b.lDENTIFIEF
I
IS/OPEN ENDED TERMS c. COS ATI Field/Group
J18. D'STRISUTION STATEMENT 19. S6C ^SiTV CLASS (This Report) 21. NO. OF PAGES
unclassified I
unlimited m SECURITY CLASS tTMspage) 1 22. PRICE
I | unclassified
EPA Form 2220-) (Rev, 4-77)
PREVIOUS EDITION !S OBSOLETE
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