EPA 600/R/12/557 | July 2012 | www.epa.gov/ord
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Report on the
2011 U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) Decontamination
Research and Development
Conference
CAUTION
CONTAMINATED
M AREA M
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center
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SEPA
EPA/600/R/12/557
Report on the
2011 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
Decontamination Research and Development Conference
National Homeland Security Research Center
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
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Disclaimer
The United States Environmental Protection Agency, through its Office of Research and
Development's National Homeland Security Research Center, funded and managed this effort
through EP-C-07-015 with Eastern Research Group, Inc. (ERG). This report has been peer- and
administratively reviewed and has been approved for publication as an Environmental Protection
Agency document. It does not necessarily reflect the views of the Environmental Protection
Agency. No official endorsement should be inferred.
Questions concerning this document or its application should be addressed to:
Emily Snyder, Ph.D.
National Homeland Security Research Center
Office of Research and Development (E-343-06)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
109 T.W.Alexander Dr.
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
(919)541-1006
snyder.emily@epa.gov
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Foreword
Following the events of September 11, 2001, the mission of the United States Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) was expanded to address critical needs related to homeland security. Presidential
Directives identify EPA as the primary federal agency responsible for the country's water supplies and for
decontamination following a chemical, biological, and/or radiological (CBR) attack.
As part of this expanded mission, the National Homeland Security Research Center (NHSRC) was
established to conduct research and deliver products that improve the capability of the Agency to carry
out its homeland security responsibilities. As this research was being conducted and others in the
homeland security research community were also conducting research in this area, there became a need
for a forum to discuss the outcomes of this research and encourage collaboration among the community.
The EPA Decontamination Conference was established in 2005. Since then, six EPA Decontamination
Conferences have been held and a report has been generated summarizing each of these conferences. This
year's report features an executive summary, a summary of the plenary session, the technical speakers'
abstracts, their corresponding question and answer session, and their presentations.
NHSRC has made this publication available to facilitate collaboration among the homeland security
research center and help the response community prepare for and recover from disasters involving CBR
contamination. This research is intended to move EPA one step closer to achieving its homeland security
goals and its overall mission of protecting human health and the environment while providing sustainable
solutions to our environmental problems.
Jonathan Herrmann,
Director, National Homeland Security Research Center
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Acknowledgments
The Environmental Protection Agency's National Homeland Security Research Center (NHSRC) would
like to acknowledge the keynote speaker, Colonel Randall J. Larsen, at the 2011 Decontamination
Conference. In addition, NHSRC would like to acknowledge the technical program speakers for
providing the abstracts as well as the presentations published in this report. NHSRC would also like to
acknowledge Eastern Research Group, Inc. for drafting the remaining portions of the report. Lastly,
NHSRC would like to acknowledge Lukas Oudejans from its Decontamination and Consequence
Management Division for review of the Executive Summary.
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Executive Summary
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) held the "2011 EPA Decontamination
Research and Development Conference" to
enable participants from throughout the world to
discuss decontamination related advances
through science and engineering. In addition to
an opening plenary session, the meeting had
eight sessions that addressed the following
topics:
• Responses, exercises, and program
overviews
• Decontamination of water and
wastewater infrastructure
• Decontamination of toxic industrial
chemicals and chemical warfare agents
• Biological agent decontamination fate
and transport
• Bio-Response operational testing and
evaluation
• Radiological/nuclear agent
decontamination and waste management
• Agricultural decontamination
• Biological agent sampling and
decontamination.
Plenary Session
Dr. Emily Snyder (EPA), Mr. Jonathan Hermann
(EPA), and Dr. Shawn Ryan (EPA) provided
opening remarks at the conference and
welcomed all participants, Dr. Peter Jutro (EPA)
introduced the keynote speaker, Colonel Randall
J. Larsen, Chief Executive Officer of the WMD
Center, a not-for-profit research organization
dedicated to homeland security issues. Colonel
Larsen's keynote presentation addressed the 21st
century threats of bioterrorism. The presentation
identified misconceptions and realities
associated with the current threats and
consequences of bioterrorism. More simply, the
presentation considered: Is bioterrorism a
reality, or not? Colonel Larsen then reviewed a
chronology of biological warfare programs and
previous releases of biological agents to
demonstrate that biological agents have already
been tested and used in numerous countries for
decades. He emphasized that one cannot fully
appreciate the 21st century threats without
understanding what has happened in the recent
past. Colonel Larsen also discussed recent
technological advances in developing,
weaponizing, and disseminating biological
agents that have greatly increased the threats of
occurrence of bioterrorism attacks. Finally,
Colonel Larsen discussed a report recently
issued by the WMD Center—Bio-Response
Report Card—that assesses the United States'
current abilities to respond to bioterrorism
events. Section 2 of this report provides
additional detail on the keynote presentation and
other points raised during the plenary session.
Responses, Exercises, and Program
Overviews (Session 1)
The first session included six presentations from
representatives of federal agencies of the United
States, Canada, and the United Kingdom. Four
of these presentations provided updates and
perspectives from U.S. agencies, including EPA,
the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, the
Department of Homeland Security, and the
Department of Defense. In addition to providing
general overviews of these agencies' ongoing
decontamination research activities, the talks
focused on recent developments of interest and
specific exercises, such as lessons learned from
the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear crisis in Japan
and an overview of the recent Liberty RadEx
project—EPA's first National Level Exercise
designed to test responders' ability to assess and
clean up following a radiological dispersion
device terror attack in an urban environment.
The fifth presentation provided updates from
Canada's CBRNE Research and Technology
Initiative, including a program overview and
summaries of recent exercises, research and
development activities, technology
demonstrations, and national response
capability. The final presentation provided
similar updates from the United Kingdom's
Government Decontamination Service. In
addition to providing an overview of the
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agency's ongoing activities, this presentation
gave a detailed account of the recent "Silver
Streak" exercise, which was designed to test
response to a radiological device deployed in an
underground subway tunnel.
A common theme of these presentations was
continued demonstrated progress in the science
and technology of decontamination for a wide
range of attack scenarios. Section 3 of this report
provides additional detail on the six
presentations given during this session.
Decontamination of Water and
Wastewater Infrastructure (Session 2)
This session opened with a presentation
describing how contamination incidents impact
drinking water and wastewater systems, the
knowledge gaps related to mitigating these
impacts, and how research is addressing those
gaps. This presentation provided a general
overview of recent research activities conducted
by EPA's Water Security Division and National
Homeland Security Research Center. These
research activities included laboratory and field
research projects and development of decision-
making frameworks for specific attack
scenarios.
The five other presentations described specific
research projects. One speaker reviewed bench-
and pilot- scale investigations evaluating the
effectiveness of germinants for the
decontamination of Bacillus anthracis spores
adhered to iron and cement-mortar drinking
water infrastructure. Effectiveness of
decontamination varied with environmental
conditions and coincident use of various
disinfectants, and the research ultimately
reported that germination followed by flushing
and chlorination is an effective way to
decontaminate spores from iron and cement
mortar lined pipes. Another speaker reported
findings from a project that used EPA's
Persistence and Decontamination Experimental
Design Protocol to evaluate the absorption,
persistence, and possible decontamination
approaches for Bacillus globigii on concrete-
lined and polyvinyl chloride pipe, with the
principal finding being that decontamination of
these pipe materials may have less to do with
rate of flow than the duration of the flow past
the contaminated sections. The next speaker
summarized bench scale investigations for
decontaminating Bacillus globigii in
wastewater—research that found effectiveness
of decontamination varied with the amount of
household bleach and vinegar used in the
disinfectant recipes. The next speaker discussed
ongoing research designed to use water-based
solutions to remove cesium from surfaces
common to urban settings (e.g., concrete,
asphalt, brick, limestone, granite). Clays and
other natural sequestering agents were used to
sequester and immobilize the cesium. Removal
efficiencies varied across surface types and
composition of the decontamination solution.
The final presentation summarized multiple
research projects supported by EPA's Water
Infrastructure Protection Division. These
projects addressed many topics, from assessing
the persistence and removal of chemical agents
adhered to drinking water pipes to investigating
the effectiveness of advanced oxidation
processes in treating water contaminated with
toxic chemicals prior to disposal into public
sewers.
Section 4 of this report provides additional detail
on the six presentations given during this
session.
Decontamination of Toxic Industrial
Chemicals and Chemical Warfare Agents
(Session 3)
This session began with a presentation on Quick
Reference Guides, which are brief two-page
summaries of information that would be critical
to federal On-Scene Coordinators in the first 24
to 48 hours of a response. These guides present
information on worker protection measures,
means for mitigating the spread of
contamination, sampling and air monitoring
methodologies, and health effects information.
Though presented in the session on toxic
industrial chemicals and chemical warfare
agents, Quick Reference Guides are also
available for numerous biological agents.
Another presentation documented EPA's recent
experience with decontaminating residences in
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Ohio where malathion had been illegally applied
indoors in attempt to rid homes of bedbugs. Data
were presented on the observed contamination
levels before and after cleanup and how these
levels varied with the decontamination solution.
The remainder of the session consisted of five
presentations documenting findings from recent
laboratory evaluations of decontamination
strategies for toxic industrial chemicals and
chemical warfare agents. One presentation
addressed research findings regarding the
efficacy of liquid and foam decontamination
techniques (e.g., undiluted bleach, chlorine
dioxide, foams) for chemical warfare agents on
indoor surfaces. The findings suggested that a
combination of decontamination approaches will
likely be necessary in many scenarios, because
no individual decontamination technology
proved to be highly effective across all surfaces
considered, with porous surfaces being most
challenging. Another presentation documented a
research project that investigated how
effectively two enzymatic solutions could
decontaminate chemical warfare agents applied
to five representative indoor building materials.
This research noted discrepancies between
vendor product evaluations (which are often
based on decontamination of solutions) and the
research results (which were based on
decontamination of surfaces). The next
presentation summarized research on the use of
widely available household chemicals (e.g.,
ammonia floor cleaner, hydrogen peroxide,
baking soda, rubbing alcohol) to decontaminate
chemical warfare agents. Most testing measured
effectiveness of decontamination in solutions,
with limited results presented for surfaces. The
next presentation evaluated fumigation methods
for decontaminating chemical warfare agents on
industrial carpets, galvanized metal, and vinyl
surfaces. Data were presented on how
effectiveness of decontamination varied with
fumigation time and the material being
decontaminated. The final speaker presented
findings from ongoing research on the use of
non-aqueous catalytic processes to
decontaminate sensitive equipment (e.g.,
computers) contaminated with
organophosphorus compounds. Findings were
presented for two metallic catalysts in methanol
solution that were applied to sensitive equipment
either by immersion or spray.
Section 5 of this report provides additional detail
on the seven presentations given during this
session.
Biological Agent Decontamination Fate
and Transport (Session 4)
The five presentations in this session addressed
recent experience with biological agent
decontamination. The presentations included
studies of fate and transport of particles from
contaminated surfaces, a proposed study to
evaluate reaerosolization, and decontamination
methodologies for biological agents and their
surrogates.
The first speaker presented findings on use of
common disinfectants against vegetative cells,
pathogenic strains, and surrogates of Francisella
tularensis, Yersinia pestis, and Brucella
melitensis. The results demonstrated the utility
of proposed surrogates and presented the first
ever quantitative data on the effectiveness of
EPA-registered disinfectants against selected
highly infectious agents. The second
presentation gave an overview of the "Scientific
Program on Reaerosolization and Exposure"—a
multi-agency program to be executed from 2011
through 2014. The program is being designed to
develop a quantitative understanding of the
public health risk from anthrax spore
reaerosolization in an urban environment
following an outdoor agent release. The
presentation provided a general overview of the
research program and anticipated outputs. The
third speaker described the protocols recently
applied in the United Kingdom when
decontaminating residences and a village hall
after detection of Bacillus anthracis spores
associated with African drums made from
contaminated animal hides. Chlorine dioxide
fumigation was used, and the speaker discussed
several challenges ranging from how to handle
potentially contaminated pets to public
perception of risk to discoloration of wall
hangings from use of the fumigant. The next
presentation described a recent study examining
transfer of Bacillus thuringiensis spore powder
from contaminated surfaces in a simulated
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laboratory or office setting. Researchers directly
measured transfer of the surrogate spores to
uncontaminated surfaces and to operators
entering the contaminated areas. Numerous
findings were presented, collectively indicating
that people accessing a site that has been
exposed to a realistic biological aerosol cloud
will: be exposed to the contaminant; collect the
material on clothing, hands, and shoes; and
transfer the contaminant to clean areas. The final
speaker described ongoing research to assess
application of fixatives to biologically
contaminated surfaces as a means of preventing
transfer of biological agents to clean areas.
Testing will eventually be performed on
candidate fixatives comprising different
formulations to examine the potential for spore
release from treated surfaces through physical
contact (e.g., surface wipe sampling).
Section 6 of this report provides additional detail
on the five presentations given during this
session.
Bio-Response Operational Testing and
Evaluation (Session 5)
This session included five presentations
pertaining to the Bio-Response Operational
Testing and Evaluation (BOTE) project—a
multi-agency effort designed to operationally
test and evaluate biological incident response
from health and law enforcement response
through environmental remediation. The first
presentation gave an overview of the exercise,
acknowledging the various agencies that
participated. BOTE included two phases: a field-
level decontamination assessment and a
functional operational evaluation. Three
decontamination methods were evaluated, using
Bacillus atropheus as a surrogate for Bacillus
anthracis.
The remaining presentations focused on specific
aspects of BOTE. The second presentation, for
instance, addressed sampling activities. Topics
included preparation of sampling media (i.e.,
wipe-sponge sticks, swabs, and vacuum socks)
and sampling kits prior to deployment, training
the sampling personnel, sample collection
protocols, and sampler proficiency testing. The
third presentation reported preliminary results
from a study of spore migration that occurred
during BOTE. The study attempted to
characterize the extent to which spores migrated
from inside the test buildings to outside
locations. Preliminary data analysis indicated
that spores can be transported from inside a
facility to outdoor areas, suggesting that future
decontamination efforts need to consider not
only indoor but also immediate outdoor
environments when performing cleanup
activities. The next presentation described a new
research method used during BOTE for rapidly
detecting and identifying—or ruling out the
presence of—live Bacillus anthracis spores.
This Rapid Viability Polymerase Chain Reaction
(RV-PCR) method provided rapid results that
were 95 percent consistent with results derived
from conventional culture methods. The final
presentation provided a preliminary cost analysis
of the overall response. Costs were estimated for
many activities, including sampling and
analysis, application of decontamination
technologies to the building, labor working on
the project, equipment rental and consumables,
waste management, and incident command.
Preliminary cost analysis data were shared for
various metrics, including the cost of applying a
given decontamination technology per square
foot or cubic foot of space and the cost of
applying a given technology per unit of spore
reduction.
Section 7 of this report provides additional detail
on the five presentations given during this
session.
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Radiological/Nuclear Agent
Decontamination and Waste
Management (Session 6)
This session included nine presentations, most of
which presented experimental findings
pertaining to radiological or nuclear agent
decontamination methodologies. The first
presentation summarized laboratory experiments
designed to assess the fate and transport of
deposited cesium and cobalt following simulated
rain events. This research found that the amount
of cesium and cobalt rinsed off surfaces
depended on many factors, including the
building materials considered (e.g., asphalt,
brick, concrete, granite). Another presentation
described a study that used both laboratory
experiments and modeling results to characterize
surface interactions between cesium and
common building materials in the presence of
water. The experimental and modeling results
provided insights into surface interactions and
were expected to help inform selection of
optimal decontamination strategies. Similarly,
another presentation addressed theoretical and
experimental results examining the mobility and
bioavailability of radioactive cesium and
strontium found near Chernobyl. Those research
results might inform decisions about developing
soil amendments to reduce bioavailability of the
deposited radionuclides.
Additional experimental results were
communicated in a presentation that evaluated
decontamination of radionuclides from porous
surfaces using a novel system of affinity-shifting
agents, super-absorbing polymers, and non-ionic
polymeric gels using conventional spray
applicators. The decontamination system was
shown to perform well in laboratory tests for
certain materials, but improvements in
decontamination efficiency were still desired for
various combinations of substrates and
radionuclides. Another presentation documented
a decontamination efficacy testing methodology
recently developed at EPA. This methodology
was used to test the effectiveness of multiple
decontamination technologies, including
strippable coatings, mechanical methods, and
chemical methods. The speaker discussed a
broad range of research findings that varied by
surface type, radionuclide, the applied
decontamination technology, and many other
factors. The fifth presentation presented
experimental findings pertaining to the fate of
radiological contamination from laundering
activities—what fraction of radiological material
originally found on fabric ends up in the
wastewater, adhered to laundry machines, and
retained on clothes. The study reported that
washing effectively removes cesium
contamination from fabric, with most of the
cesium being transferred to the wastewater. The
last presentation that included experimental
results addressed simulated pressure washing for
removal of gross contamination from critical
infrastructure following detonation of an
improvised nuclear device. This research found
that use of ambient water in rotating water jet
washers could remove more than 97 percent of
fallout particles from concrete surfaces. The
presentation also addressed operational
considerations associated with using these
washers under field conditions.
The session included two additional
presentations that did not present new
experimental results but included subject matter
relevant to radiological or nuclear agent
decontamination and waste management. First, a
presentation addressed various activities being
conducted at Defence Research and
Development Canada. The focus of the
presentation was on a recent shift from using
short half life radioactive isotopes (e.g., sodium-
24, lanthanum-140) to using longer lived
isotopes (particularly strontium-85) in the
agency's research and development activities.
The speaker reviewed several examples of
decontamination experiments that have been
conducted using strontium-85. Finally, a speaker
presented information on EPA's radiological
dispersal device waste estimation support tool
and explained how this tool can be used to
evaluate tradeoffs between waste management
and remediation strategies. The speaker
reviewed functionalities currently coded into the
software tool and discussed enhancements
planned for future development, including
modules for assessing the costs and time needed
for transporting wastes and the costs and time
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needed for application of certain
decontamination methodologies.
Biological Agent Sampling and
Decontamination (Session 8)
Section 8 of this report provides additional detail
on the nine presentations given during this
session.
Agricultural Decontamination (Session 7)
This session included three presentations
delivered by representatives of EPA and the U.S.
Department of Agriculture (USDA). The first
presentation gave an overview of the approaches
USDA uses to clean and disinfect premises after
they have been quarantined due to an animal
disease outbreak. The presentation summarized
relevant laws and regulations and described
guidance, standard operating procedures, and
training modules available on the agency's
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
website. In addition, the speaker presented a
case study to illustrate logistical and
environmental challenges faced during cleaning
and disinfection projects. The second speaker
presented a laboratory scale assessment of
methods for decontaminating agricultural
facility surfaces. Many variables were
considered in the experimental setup, including
two different surface materials (treated plywood
or concrete), decontamination agents (Spor-
Klenz and pH-adjusted bleach), application
methodologies (backpack sprayer and gas-
powered sprayer), and contact times (15 minutes
and 30 minutes). Bacillus globigii was used as a
surrogate for anthrax in the experiment. Results
demonstrated how effectiveness of
decontamination varied with contaminated
materials, decontamination agents, and other
experimental variables. The final presentation
summarized findings from a two-stage
decontamination study in which a mobile
pressure washer followed by disinfectant foam
application was used to decontaminate a farm
cultivator. The field experiment used Bacillus
sub tills as a surrogate for anthrax, but the full
study results have not yet been published.
Section 9 of this report provides additional detail
on the three presentations given during this
session.
The final session included seven presentations
addressing sampling and decontamination of
biological agents. One presentation focused on
sampling and described parameters affecting
recovery of bacterial spores and vegetative cells
when conducting surface sampling. This
research considered both spores (Bacillus
anthracis) and vegetative cells (Escherichia coli,
Burkholderia thailandensis, and Bacillus cereus)
under different experimental conditions. For a
given organism, dramatic differences in
recovery across processing methods and
extraction solutions were not observed. Lower
recoveries observed in some cases may have
resulted from adhesion of vegetative cells to the
test tube walls.
Five of the remaining six presentations focused
on research findings about decontamination
strategies for biological agents. The first of these
presentations characterized effectiveness of
decontamination of peracetic acid dry fog for
inactivating Bacillus atrophaeus and
Geobacillusstearothermophilus spores on
building materials. The study identified
operational constraints associated with the
fogging apparatus, which requires use of clean,
dry, oil-free air and sufficient flow and pressure.
Overall, fogging with hydrogen peroxide and
peracetic acid showed promise but did not
appear to be effective on concrete. The second
presentation in this segment assessed gaseous
decontamination technologies for use on
spacecraft and their components. After testing
and researching many candidate technologies
and considering other factors (e.g., compatibility
with materials and equipment), the researchers
identified vapor hydrogen peroxide as the most
appropriate decontamination technology for use
by the European Space Agency and the National
Aeronautics and Space Administration. Next, a
presentation described experimental work
designed to assess the potential for germination-
lysis strategies for responding to anthrax spore
attacks, particularly those occurring over wide
areas. The germinants were low-cost, readily
available materials, such as dilute chicken broth.
The research showed that simple germinants
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could induce rapid germination; the observed
germination was complete at low spore levels
but incomplete at higher concentrations.
Improved spore removal might be observed with
approaches using combined germinant and lytic
enzyme formulations or addition of multiple
germinants. The presentation that followed
presented research findings for use of three
liquid formulations to remove or inactivate
biological agents on five material surfaces. The
research evaluated decontamination of Bacillus
anthracis spores and Flexal South American
hemorrhagic fever virus (FLEV). Two of the
three decontamination solutions achieved total
inactivation of FLEV from the tested materials
and effectiveness of decontamination was not
compromised in experiments where dust was
intentionally added to the surfaces to simulate
common environmental interferences. The final
presentation with experimental results discussed
novel disinfection applications using a portable
chlorine dioxide gas generation system, which
was tested on both athletic gear contaminated
with Staphylococcus aureus and animal skins
inoculated with Bacillus atrophaeus. In both
cases, the authors reported experimental
conditions in which the chlorine dioxide
fumigation eliminated the biological agents.
The last scheduled presentation at the
conference evaluated multiple decontamination
agents for their use in future bioterrorism attacks
involving anthrax spores. Liquid solutions and
fumigation methods were both considered and
evaluated based on criteria that assess the
advantages and disadvantages of the individual
approaches. These criteria included effectiveness
of decontamination, toxicity, and cost. The paper
exercise documented in the presentation was
expected to help EPA and other agencies
develop consensus criteria for selecting liquid
decontamination agents and fumigants for use in
future cleanup scenarios.
Section 10 of this report provides additional
detail on the seven presentations given during
this session.
Note: The conference included an additional
session on EPA's Quality Assurance
Program as an optional training course
designed to help conference participants
develop a better understanding of
quality assurance protocols for
conducting homeland security research.
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Table of Contents
Disclaimer i
Foreword ii
Acknowledgments Hi
Executive Summary iv
List of Abbreviations xiv
1 Introduction 1
2 Plenary Session 2
2.1 Opening Comments from EPA 2
2.2 The 21st Century Threat of Bioterrorism 3
3 Responses, Exercises, and Program Overviews 6
3.1 NRC's Response to the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Crisis 6
3.2 Recent R&D by Environment Canada on CBRN Decontamination 7
3.3 Wide Area Recovery and Resiliency Program—Targeted S&T Solutions to Enhance
Interagency Capabilities 8
3.4 Overview of the DTRA/JSTO Decontamination Portfolio 8
3.5 Update on Government Decontamination Service 9
3.6 Overview of Liberty RadExand Lessons Learned 10
4 Decontamination of Water and Wastewater Infrastructure 12
4.1 Water Decontamination Activities within EPA Water Security Division and National
Homeland Security Research Center 12
4.2 Germinant Enhanced Decontamination of Bacillus Spores Adhered to Iron and Cement-
Mortar Drinking Water Infrastructure 12
4.3 Biological Contaminant Persistence and Decontamination in Drinking Water Pipes Using
the EPA Persistence and Decontamination Experimental Design Protocol 13
4.4 Decontamination of Bacillus anthracis in Wastewater 14
4.5 Progress in the Development of a Rapid, Water-Based Technology for Removing
Contamination Following an Urban Dispersal of Radioactivity 16
4.6 Selected Homeland Security Water Decontamination Research Projects 17
5 Decontamination of Toxic Industrial Chemicals and Chemical Warfare Agents 20
5.1 Application of the Quick Reference Guides (QRGs) to CWA Decontamination 20
5.2 Efficacy Evaluation of Liquid and Foam Decontamination Techniques for Chemical
Warfare Agents on Indoor Surfaces 21
5.3 Field Evaluation of Indoor Cleanup of Malathion 22
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5.4 Enzymatic Decontamination of CWAs from Building Materials ................................................ 23
5.5 Decontamination of Chemical Warfare Agents Using Household Chemicals .......................... 24
5.6 Investigation of Hydrogen Peroxide/Ammonia Fumigation against VX, TGD, and HD ............ 25
5.7 Non-Aqueous Catalytic Process for the Decontamination of Sensitive Equipment from
Organophosphorus Compounds [[[ 26
6 Biological Agent Decontamination Fate and Transport [[[ 28
6.1 Efficacy of Disinfectant against Vegetative BW Agents and Their Surrogates ......................... 28
6.2 From Reaerosolization to Exposure, Connecting the Dots [[[ 29
6.3 An Investigation into the Sources of Two Inhalation Anthrax Fatalities Associated with
African Drums [[[ 30
6.4 Transfer of BW Surrogate Particles from Contaminated Surfaces ........................................... 31
6.5 Fixatives Application for Risk Mitigation Following Contamination with a Biological Agent ..... 33
7 Bio-Response Operational Testing and Evaluation [[[ 35
7.1 Overview of Bio-Response Operational Testing and Evaluation (BOTE) ................................. 35
7.2 Overview of Sampling Activities at BOTE [[[ 36
7.3 Preliminary Results from a Study of Spore Migration Outside a Contaminated Building
Using Soil Container Samples Collected during the BOTE Project .......................................... 37
7.4 Surface Sample Testing using Rapid Viability Polymerase Chain Reaction (RV-PCR)
Method during the BOTE [[[ 38
7.5 BOTE Preliminary Results: Cost Analysis [[[ 39
8 Radiological/Nuclear Agent Decontamination and Waste Management ........................ 41
8.1 Fate and Transport of Radiological Dispersal Device (ROD) Material (Cs and Co) on
Urban Building Surfaces: Effects of Rain [[[ 41
8.2 Mobility and Bioavailability of Long-Lived Chernobyl Radionuclides in the Environment
and Their Consideration at Rehabilitation of Contaminated Sites ............................................ 41
8.3 Adsorption of Cesium from Solutions on Construction Materials .............................................. 42
8.4 Design and Performance of a Superabsorbing Hydrogel for Decontaminating Porous
Materials [[[ 43
8.5 Radiological Decontamination Technologies for ROD Recovery .............................................. 44
8.6 Assessment of ROD Contamination Removal from Laundering ............................................... 45
8.7 Simulated Pressure Washing for Removal of IND Fallout Particles ......................................... 47
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9.3 Decontamination of a Farm Cultivator Using a Pressure Washer with a Water
Containment Mat, Followed by a Chlorine Dioxide Disinfectant Foam Application 54
10 Biological Agent Sampling and Decontamination—Research Results and Their
Implications for Current Cleanup Recommendations 55
10.1 Parameters Affecting Bacterial Spores and Vegetative Cells Surface Sample Collection
Recovery 55
10.2 Dry Fogging of Peracetic Acid for Bacillus Spore Inactivation—Results of a Large
Decontamination Chamber Study 56
10.3 Efficacy of Gaseous Decontamination Technologies for Use on Spacecraft Materials and
Their Components 58
10.4 Germination-Lysis for Wide-Area Decontamination of Bacillus anthracis Spores 59
10.5 Decontamination of Flexal Hemorrhagic Fever Virus and Bacillus anthracis Vollum
Spores Dried onto Material Surfaces 60
10.6 Novel Disinfection Applications Using a Portable Chlorine Dioxide Gas Generation
System 61
10.7 Evaluation of Liquid and Fumigant Decontamination Products for Use Following Future
Anthrax Attacks 62
11 Conducting Homeland Security Research 65
11.1 EPA's Quality Assurance Program 65
Appendix A: Agenda A-l
Appendix B: List of Participants B-l
Appendix C: Presentation Slides C-l
Xlll
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List of Acronyms and Abbreviations
%P percent persistence
AOP advanced oxidation process
APHIS Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
AR annular reactor
ATCC American Type Culture Collection
ATD Advanced Technology Demonstration
ATSDR Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
Bg Bacillus globigii
BOTE Bio-Response Operational Testing and Evaluation
BSL biosafety level
Bt Bacillus thuringiensis
BW biological warfare
C&D construction and demolition
CARC-S solvent-borne Chemical Agent-Resistant Coating
CARC-W water-dispersible Chemical Agent-Resistant Coating
CBR chemical, biological, radiological
CBRN chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear
CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
CFIA Canadian Food Inspection Agency
CPU colony forming units
C1O2 chlorine dioxide
Co cobalt
CRTI Chemical, Biological, Radiological-Nuclear, and Explosives Research and Technology
Initiative
Cs cesium
CWA chemical warfare agent
DF-200 Sandia Decontamination Foam
DHMR dry heat microbial reduction
DHS Department of Homeland Security
DNA deoxyribonucleic acid
DOD U.S. Department of Defense
DOE U.S. Department of Energy
DRDC Defense Research and Development Canada
DTRA Defense Threat Reduction Agency
EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
ESA European Space Agency
ESF Emergency Support Function
ESTS Environment Canada, Emergencies Science and Technology Section
FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation
FE flushing evaluation
FEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency
FLEV Flexal South American hemorrhagic fever virus
GB G-Series nerve agent (sarin), 2-(fluoro-methylphosphoryl)oxypropane
GC/MS gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
GD G-Series nerve agent (soman), pinacolyl methyl phosphonofluoridate
H2O2 hydrogen perocide
HaMMER Hazard Mitigation, Material, and Equipment Restoration
HD distilled mustard, bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide
xiv
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HE hyperchlorination evaluation
HEPA high-efficiency participate air
HI-PS high-impact polystyrene
HOC U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Headquarters Operations Center
HP hydrogen peroxide
HPV hydrogen peroxide vapor
HVAC heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
IBRD Interagency Biological Restoration Demonstration
IND improvised nuclear device
JSTO Joint Science and Technology Office
LLNL Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
LLRW low level radioactive waste
LRE Liberty RadEx
LRN Laboratory Response Network
LVS Live Vaccine Strain
mg/cm2 milligrams per square centimeter
mg/L milligrams per liter
mL milliliter
MLB U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Microbiology
Laboratory Branch
MMAD mass median aerodynamic diameter
MRSA methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
MS mass spectrometry
MSW municipal solid waste
NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NOT National Decontamination Team
NILtCl ammonium chloride
NHSRC National Homeland Security Research Center
NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology
NMR nuclear magnetic resonance
NRC Nuclear Regulatory Commission
NRT U.S. National Response Team
NSIR U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Office of Nuclear Security and Incident Response
OP organophosphorus
ORD U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development
OSC On-Scene Coordinator
OSWER Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response
PBS phosphate buffered saline
PCR polymerase chain reaction
PDED pipe decontamination experimental design
PDEDP Persistence and Decontamination Experimental Design Protocol
PE persistence evaluation
PHAC Public Health Agency of Canada
ppm parts per million
PVC polyvinyl chloride
qPCR quantitative polymerase chain reaction
QRG Quick Reference Guide
R/N radiological/nuclear
ROD radiological dispersal device
RDS Radiological Decontamination Solution
xv
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RIHTOP Research Institute of Hygiene, Toxicology, and Occupational Pathology
RV-PCR Rapid Viability Polymerase Chain Reaction
RWJ rotating water jet
SD Secure Digital (memory card format)
SDF Surface Decontamination Formulation
SPMPT sewage plant microorganism performance testing
SPORE Scientific Program on Reaerosolization and Exposure
Sr strontium
TGD nerve agent GD, thickened with 5% poly(methylmethacrylate)
TSA trypticase soy agar
USAF U.S. Air Force
USDA U.S. Department of Agriculture
USPHS U.S. Public Health Service
VHP vaporous hydrogen peroxide
VX V-series nerve agent, O-ethyl-S-(2-diisopropylaminoethyl)methyl phosphonothiolate
WARRP Wide Area Recovery and Resiliency Program
WEST Waste Estimation Support Tool
WISER Wireless Information System for Emergency Responders
WMD weapon(s) of mass destruction
WSD U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Water Security Division
xvi
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1 Introduction
This report summarizes presentations and
discussions from the "2011 U.S Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) Decontamination
Research and Development Conference," which
was held November 1-3 in Durham, North
Carolina. The technical content of this report is
based entirely on information and discussions
from the workshop.
The workshop consisted of 50 speaker
presentations organized in eight sessions,
followed by brief Question and Answer
Sessions. Mr. Jonathan Herrmann, Director
of National Homeland Security Research Center
(NHSRC), opened the Plenary Session and
Colonel Randall J. Larsen, USAF (retired), Chief
Executive Officer of the Weapons of Mass Destruction
Center, served as the keynote speaker. Approximately
150 workshop participants represented federal,
state, and local government agencies and
laboratories; international organizations (five
countries other than the United States);
academia; and the private sector.
This report provides an overview of the Plenary
Session and summarizes each presentation
within the nine sessions. Each presentation
summary consists of the abstract provided by the
speaker and a review of the brief Question and
Answer Session. The speakers' presentation
slides, which include additional detailed
information, are found in Appendix C of this
report.
This report is organized by topic session and
supporting information as follows:
• Section 2 summarizes the Plenary Session.
• Sections 3-11 contain the abstracts and
Question-and-Answer summaries for nearly
50 presentations given over the course of the
three-day conference. The presentations are
organized according to the nine sessions
included in the meeting agenda.
• Appendix A provides the meeting agenda,
which lists the presentations and speakers in
chronological order, as the presentations
occurred during the workshop.
• Appendix B lists the workshop participants.
• Appendix C includes presentation slides for
speakers who approved them for
distribution.
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2 Plenary Session
2.1 Opening Comments from EPA
Mr. Jonathan Hermann, Director of National
Homeland Security Research Center (NHSRC),
welcomed the conference participants and
presenters to the 6th annual Decontamination
Conference. Mr. Hermann noted that
participation in the conference has grown over
the years—from about 70 attendees at the initial
conference to approximately 110 attendees at the
2011 conference. Mr. Hermann stated three
goals for the 2011 conference:
• To bring together scientists who do
CBR recovery research, persons
conducting remediation activities (e.g.
On-Scene Coordinators) and those who
set policy related to CBR
decontamination in U.S. and
international governments, academia,
and industry.
• To allow the exchange of information
on scientific endeavors (e.g., basic and
applied research, field demonstrations,
guidance and tool development and field
application) related to CBR recovery
issues.
• To show the connection between basic
or fundamental decontamination
research and applied research as well as
applied research and field application.
Mr. Hermann emphasized that the conference
provides a forum for exchanging ideas and
research, which promotes further collaboration
and allows agencies involved in recovery after a
homeland security incident to be cognizant of
any new research and development findings. He
added that the Decontamination Conference is
important because it facilitates the transmission
of recovery-related research outcomes to the
customers who use the research results (e.g.,
Office of Emergency Management, On-Scene
Coordinators).
Mr. Hermann then reviewed the conference
agenda, which includes topics covering all
phases of remediation from site characterization
sampling and analysis all the way to waste
disposal. He noted that this year's conference
will include presentations on recent exercises,
including the Bio-Response Operational Testing
and Evaluation (BOTE) program and Liberty
RadEx. Other presentations will address actual
responses (e.g., the Nuclear Regulatory
Commission's response to the Fukushima Dai-
ichi Nuclear Crisis) and recent research focused
on all-hazards decontamination. Mr. Hermann
acknowledged that the conference is bringing
participants together from across the federal
government (e.g., the Department of Defense,
the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the
Department of Homeland Security, the Nuclear
Regulatory Commission, the Federal Bureau of
Investigation, and the National Institute of
Standards and Technology). Participants also
attended from academia, industry, and multiple
international agencies and laboratories (e.g., the
United Kingdom Ministry of Defense,
Government Decontamination Services, and
Health Protection Agency; Environment Canada
and Defense Research and Development
Canada; and Russia's RPA "Typhoon").
Dr. Shawn Ryan, Division Director of NHSRC's
Decontamination and Consequence Management
Division, also provided welcoming remarks. He
first acknowledged the contributions of Dr.
Emily Snyder, who served as Chairperson of the
conference and organized the agenda and
presentations. Dr. Ryan also acknowledged the
contributions from the attendees, both presenters
and participants. He added that the
Decontamination Conference continues to
remain dynamic, with presentations focused on
current research, most often with novel and
generally ground-breaking efforts being
presented for the first time. Dr. Ryan noted that
this dynamic format was first established when
Dr. Nancy Adams and Mr. Blair Martin (retired
EPA personnel) organized and pioneered the
first Decontamination Conference. He said the
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conference continues to be one of the premier
forums in which a broad array of experts openly
discusses homeland security issues specific to
CBR decontamination.
Finally, Dr. Peter Jutro, Deputy Director for
Science and Policy for NHSRC, introduced the
conference's keynote speaker. This year's
keynote speaker was Air Force Colonel (retired)
Randall Larsen, Chief Executive Officer of the
WMD Center, a not-for-profit research
organization founded by former Senators Bob
Graham (D-FL) and Jim Talent (R-MO). The
keynote speaker previously served as Executive
Director of the Congressional Commission on
the Prevention of Weapons of Mass Destruction
Proliferation and Terrorism. Larsen will discuss
"The 21st Century Threat of Bioterrorism." Dr.
Jutro noted that Colonel Larsen served in the
military for more than 30 years and created and
taught the first homeland security course at the
U.S. Army War College. Dr. Jutro reviewed
many other highlights from Colonel Larsen's
resume, such as being one of the first witnesses
to testify before the 9/11 Commission, testifying
regularly before Congress on bioterrorism and
related homeland security issues, and making
numerous television appearances to comment on
homeland security. Further, the organization that
Colonel Larsen currently runs recently issued a
report titled Bio-Response Report Card, a
document that assessed the United States'
current abilities for responding to bioterrorism
events. The report gave relatively high marks to
the nation's perceived ability for environmental
cleanup following a small-scale, non-contagious
bioterrorism attack but also assigned failing
grades for large-scale attacks. The report and
these specific findings were revisited and
discussed numerous times during the 2011
Decontamination Conference.
2.2
The 21st Century Threat of
Bioterrorism
Colonel Randall J. Larsen, USAF
(retired), Chief Executive Officer of
the WMD Center
Colonel Larsen's presentation addressed the 21st
century threats of bioterrorism. A key to
preparedness for bioterrorism events is ensuring
that elected officials and policymakers fully
appreciate the nature of 21st century threats and
the current state-of-the-science in microbiology
and other related fields, which can be a
challenge given the limited science literacy in
much of the United States population. Much of
the presentation focused on misconceptions and
realities associated with the threats and
consequences of bioterrorism. More simply, the
presentation addressed the question: Is
bioterrorism a reality, or not? Colonel Larsen
posed three questions that are frequently used to
assess threat levels: (1) Do any non-state actors
intend to use biological weapons? (2) Do these
groups have the capability of accessing these
weapons? (3) Is the United States vulnerable to
such an attack? The remainder of the
presentation primarily addressed the second and
third questions and how best to understand 21st
century bioterrorism threats.
Colonel Larsen first noted that many officials
and national security leaders have mistakenly
assumed that strategies for preventing use of
other types of weapons of mass destruction
(WMD) will also prevent bioterrorism attacks.
For example, some officials have previously
suggested that the United States could
OO
effectively address bioterrorism simply by
adopting the model for minimizing risks of
terrorist groups obtaining and detonating nuclear
devices—locating loose nuclear material (e.g.,
highly enriched uranium), "locking down"
facilities that contain this material, and
eliminating this material. Such an approach will
not work for bioterrorism, however, because
individuals with limited background in
microbiology can already develop biological
weapons using readily available materials and
equipment. As an example, in the early 2000s,
microbiologists from Stony Brook University
were able to synthesize viruses in laboratories,
including the polio virus, using genetic material
and equipment accessible through commercial
laboratory supply networks. This example and
others noted during the presentation emphasized
that simply locating and shutting down facilities
will not prevent motivated individuals with
some experience in microbiology from
developing biological weapons.
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Another mentality that can compromise
preparedness is the perception that biological
weapons are extremely difficult to obtain or
develop. Colonel Larsen reviewed a chronology
of biological warfare programs and previous
releases of biological agents to demonstrate that
biological agents have already been tested and
used in numerous countries for decades. He
emphasized that one cannot fully appreciate the
21st century threats without understanding what
has happened in the recent past. Colonel Larsen
also discussed recent technological advances in
developing, weaponizing, and disseminating
biological agents that have greatly increased the
threats of bioterrorism attacks occurring. A brief
review of the chronology provided during the
presentation follows:
• Colonel Larsen provided several
examples of other countries testing or
using biological agents during the World
War II era. For example, the British
tested release of anthrax spores at
Gruinard Island—a location that has
required several decades to
decontaminate. In addition, the Japanese
had a biological warfare program that
used vectors (e.g., plague-infested fleas)
to spread disease among enemy
populations. Those weapons were used
in China and were reportedly being
planned for use in the United States.
• During and after World War II, the
United States had an offensive
biological warfare program. Examples
of activities were presented, including
controlled testing of certain biological
agents on human volunteers at Fort
Detrick as part of "Operation
Whitecoat," dispersal of Q fever from
aircraft at Dugway Proving Ground, and
testing the dispersal of dry powder
anthrax spores in remote areas of the
Pacific and in Alaska. Several other
examples were presented, all showing
advances in technology over the years
for disseminating the biological agents.
These activities ceased in 1969, when
President Nixon signed the Biological
Weapons Convention and terminated the
nation's offensive biological weapons
program.
• Even after many nations signed this
convention, large-scale research into
offensive biological weapons continued
in the Soviet Union and likely in other
countries. The Soviet program included
thousands of personnel working at
dozens of facilities. Biological agents
that were investigated as part of that
program included smallpox, plague, and
anthrax.
• In recent decades, advances in the field
of synthetic biology have greatly
expanded capabilities for developing
biological agents. While terrorist
organizations may not have the ability to
develop or access sufficient quantities of
biological agents for wide area attacks,
such groups are likely to be capable of
acquiring weaponized biological agents
in smaller quantities. Crude methods for
disseminating this material (e.g., leaf
blowers, backpack sprayers, remote-
controlled airplanes) are widely
available.
Colonel Larsen used this chronology to
demonstrate not only that development, testing,
and use of biological agents occurred in recent
decades but also that scientific and technological
advances have increased the likelihood that acts
of bioterrorism will occur in the future. To
illustrate his concern, he noted that any country
with a pharmaceutical industry could likely
develop a biological warfare program and that
many experienced microbiologists can
manufacture smaller quantities of biological
agents using naturally occurring material and
equipment readily available from laboratory
supply companies. Even these small quantities
can have significant consequences: just two
pounds of powdered anthrax, effectively
disseminated in a densely populated urban
center, could result in many thousands of
casualties. Despite these concerns and
consequences, many people in the United States
are completely unaware of what has occurred
previously and the current capabilities for
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developing biological weapons. Colonel Larsen
again emphasized that the United States cannot
eliminate this threat simply by "locking down
laboratories."
Colonel Larsen concluded his presentation by
discussing a report recently issued by the WMD
Center, an organization that he manages. The
report—Bio-Response Report Card—assesses
the United States' current abilities for
responding to bioterrorism events. Colonel
Larsen noted that the report gave the United
States relatively high marks for the nation's
ability for environmental cleanup following a
small-scale, non-contagious bioterrorism attack,
but the report assigned the country failing grades
for response to large-scale, wide-area attacks.
Colonel Larsen said the higher grade for the
small-scale attacks is encouraging news and a
significant improvement over previous
assessments. He added that the failing grade for
wide-area attacks will hopefully provide an
incentive for the government to dedicate more
resources to improving preparedness in this area.
These additional resources could prove to be a
worthwhile investment, given the significant
economic consequences associated with wide-
area bioterrorism attacks.
Question and Answer Session
Question 1: For bioterrorism incidents, do you
anticipate a policy shift that will place greater
emphasis on environmental cleanup as opposed
to medical countermeasures?
Summary of response: Across the federal
government, resources allocated to
decontamination and environmental cleanup are
currently minimal compared to those for medical
countermeasures. However, allocating additional
resources to decontamination and environmental
cleanup would likely offer a better return on
investment: very significant improvements can
result from relatively small increments in
resources for environmental cleanup when
compared to the much greater resources needed
to see major breakthroughs and advances in
medical countermeasures. Part of the challenge
in increasing resources for environmental
cleanup is overcoming the mind set among
policymakers that bioterrorism attacks can and
will be prevented. If policymakers believed that
a bioterrorism attack eventually will happen,
they would be likely to allocate more resources
to preparedness activities (e.g., decontamination
and environmental cleanup).
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3 Responses, Exercises, and Program Overviews
3.1 NRC's Response to the Fukushima
Dai-ichi Nuclear Crisis
Scott A. Morris, Nuclear Regulatory
Commission
Since May 2010, Mr. Scott Morris has served as
the Deputy Director for Incident Response in the
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission's (NRC's)
Office of Nuclear Security and Incident
Response (NSIR). In this capacity, he is
responsible for all aspects of the NRC's Incident
Response Program, including the maintenance
and staffing of the agency's 24/7 Headquarters
Operations Center (HOC). The organization
develops policies, programmatic guidance,
plans, and procedures to ensure that NRC
provides timely and effective response to
national incidents and events involving NRC-
licensed materials. Other key organizational
responsibilities include the coordination and
liaison with other federal, state, and international
emergency response authorities.
A significant response effort in this past year
was the NRC's response to the earthquake and
tsunami that inflicted catastrophic damage to the
coastline of Japan. NRC emergency responders
staffed the HOC for more than three months and
closely monitored the status of the Fukushima
Dai-ichi reactors and spent fuel pools. Such an
extreme set of circumstances led to a fast-paced
response effort with a large degree of
uncertainty about plant conditions. In
responding to this unique challenge, the NRC
dispatched more than 50 technical staff members
to Japan in order to better coordinate its actions
with the U.S. State Department, the Government
of Japan, Tokyo Electric Power Company, and
other federal agencies as part of the U.S.
government's response to the event. Consistent
with the agency's domestic response mission,
the NRC did everything that could be done to
ensure that the U.S. citizens living in that region
of Japan were safe. Following the accident in
Japan, the NRC directed its staff to conduct a
systematic and methodical review of its response
to the events and NRC processes and regulations
to determine whether the agency should make
additional improvements to its regulatory
system. As a result of these reviews, the NRC
has identified a number of good practices and
lessons learned that will be used to improve its
response to future events and its regulatory
system.
Question and Answer Session
Question 1: To what extent has contamination
been observed in the adjacent marine
environment near the Fukushima facility?
Summary of response: The speaker was
unaware of the extent of sampling that has
occurred in the marine environment. Most
efforts initially have focused on containing
contamination, which eventually eliminated
ongoing direct releases to the marine
environment. However, migration of
contaminated groundwater may contribute to
contamination in the marine environment. Many
other types of environmental monitoring are
ongoing.
Question 2: Is there an international
organization with oversight responsibility for
environmental monitoring at nuclear power
plants worldwide?
Summary of response: The International
Atomic Energy Agency has that oversight role.
A current focus is to improve the reporting of
data from individual facilities and countries to a
centralized location, which would eventually
enable researchers to access those data. Since
the Fukushima incident, various nuclear energy
agencies worldwide have voiced concern about
many aspects of operating and monitoring
nuclear power plants.
Question 3: Would NRC consider including
waste management issues as part of its
emergency preparedness exercises?
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Summary of response: NRC conducts many
emergency preparedness exercises, with
involvement from the Federal Emergency
Management Agency (FEMA). These
preparedness exercises typically focus on
accident sequence and immediate response
activities, but NRC has been involved with some
exercises that considered longer-term response
issues and will likely do more of these exercises
in the future.
Question 4: How are authorities managing
contaminated debris from the Fukushima
facility?
Summary of response: This is an ongoing
issue, as most initial response efforts have
focused on containment and regaining control at
the facility. Authorities are now conducting site
characterizations and sectioning off different
areas based on observed contamination levels.
Various options are being considered for near-
term and long-term waste management, such as
building temporary concrete structures to store
debris. However, the full range of final waste
management decisions has not yet been made.
3.2 Recent R&D by Environment
Canada on CBRN Decontamination
Carl E. Brown, Environment Canada
Aim of Work Presented
Over the last nine years, Environment Canada
and Defence Research and Development Canada
(DRDC) have led a number of successful
collaborative projects (funded by the CBRNE
Research and Technology Initiative, or CRTI) in
decontamination-related research. Brief details
of these projects will be presented.
Methods and Results
Environment Canada has been the lead
Government of Canada department on several
CRTI-funded projects over the first nine years of
CRTI and has participated in a supporting role in
projects led by other departments. Examples of
these research and development, technology
demonstration, technology acceleration and
technology acquisition projects will be described
in this presentation. The Emergencies Science
and Technology Section (ESTS) of Environment
Canada is currently leading two large
decontamination projects and is a partner on a
third project led by DRDC-Ottawa.
Technology acquisition projects have provided a
significant level of funding for scientific capital
equipment purchases, person-portable
instrumentation for emergency response, mobile
sampling, and personnel decontamination units
for the ESTS Scientific Support Team, which
provides support to Environment Canada during
major environmental emergencies. Many of
these projects have enhanced Environment
Canada's scientific and operational capabilities
and contributed to decontamination research
efforts.
Conclusions
Through these decontamination research and
development projects, a number of Canadian and
international partner organizations have
contributed to the advancement of knowledge in
this field.
Significance and Impact of Work
As a result of these CRTI-funded
decontamination research and development
activities, the international community is better
equipped to make decisions related to the
decontamination and restoration of facilities
following a CBRN event.
Question and Answer Session
Question 1: Does your agency support a
program on testing foreign agriculture disease
agents?
Summary of response: This is an active area of
research at the Canadian Food Inspection
Agency (CFIA) with funding support from
CRTI and collaboration with the Public Health
Agency of Canada (PHAC).
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3.3 Wide Area Recovery and
Resiliency Program—Targeted
S&T Solutions to Enhance
Interagency Capabilities
Chris Russell, DHS, Science and
Technology Directorate
An abstract for this presentation was not
available for publication.
Question and Answer Session
Question 1: What technologies are you
considering for waste screening and segregation
of radiological waste?
Summary of response: The speaker requested
that a colleague respond to this question. That
individual noted that EPA has a pending project
to identify the best technologies for screening
and segregating radiological waste and debris.
EPA's work will consider what existing
technologies for managing contaminated soil are
adaptable to managing other types of waste
streams.
Question 2: The "Bio-Response Report Card"
recently gave the U.S. an "F" for the nation's
ability to conduct environmental cleanup
following a large-scale bioterrorism attack.
What is DHS doing to improve this grade?
Summary of response: DHS is continuing
efforts to improve abilities for environmental
cleanup following large-scale bioterrorism
attacks, largely through interagency
collaboration with EPA and others. The speaker
did not think the failing grade was warranted,
given the various exercises and research that has
been conducted to date. However, the failing
grade may help stimulate additional funding and
research that will continue to advance
preparedness in this area.
Question 3: How has DHS helped state and
local agencies look beyond initial emergency
response and consider longer term issues, such
as the roles and responsibilities of federal, state,
and local agencies during waste cleanup and
recovery?
Summary of response: All parties involved in
emergency preparedness need to consider the
importance of longer-term recovery. Having the
right mix of people involved in exercises and
preparedness planning is an important step. First
responders are obviously essential in planning
efforts, but they tend to focus largely on initial
response activities. Planning efforts must also
consider people who specialize in waste cleanup
and longer-term recovery. In addition, there is a
need to develop processes for recovery. FEMA
has already implemented a conceptual recovery
process in the National Disaster Recovery
Framework. State and local agencies must also
appreciate that recovery occurs in parallel with
response, and decisions made early in the
response process can have significant bearing on
prospects for longer-term recovery.
Question 4: A participant clarified that the
"Bio-Response Report Card" gave the U.S. a
failing grade for response to large-scale
bioterrorism attacks, but the U.S. received a "B"
for the nation's ability to conduct environmental
cleanup following a small-scale bioterrorism
attack. Significant advances have been made in
small-scale responses, and credit should be taken
for the cleanup responses for the 2001 anthrax
attacks.
Summary of response: The speaker agreed.
The U.S. now has significant experience with
cleaning indoor environments following small-
scale bioterrorism attacks and is taking steps to
increase its capabilities when responding to
large-scale attacks. For example, the Wide Area
Response and Resiliency Program (WARRP)
represents a major effort to prepare for large-
scale attacks. In addition, many of the
presentations scheduled for the workshop
document research that will help inform these
large scale cleanup response efforts.
3.4 Overview of the DTRA/JSTO
Decontamination Portfolio
L. Revell Phillips, Defense Threat
Reduction Agency, Joint Science and
Technology Office
Aim of Work Presented
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The goal of the Defense Threat Reduction
Agency/Joint Science and Technology Office
(DTRA/JSTO) decontamination area is to
develop science and technology that protects the
warfighter from the full range of chemical and
biological agents by supporting acquisition
programs of record and providing the material
developer with innovative and revolutionary
alternatives that meet the user's needs.
Conclusions
This presentation will provide an overview of
our ongoing and future decontamination
research and development efforts, with the goal
of discovering opportunities for synergy with the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's
research and development efforts.
Significance and Impact of Work
We are specifically looking to increase the
effectiveness against both current and emerging
threats, improve materials compatibility, and
decrease logistical requirements.
Historically, there has been an emphasis on
having a single decontaminant for use against all
agents and on all surfaces; ongoing work seeks
to provide a system of decontaminants allowing
the warfighter to tailor the response to the
specific situation. Enzymes for degrading nerve
agents and biologically inspired options for wide
area anthrax spore decontamination are two
potential options for inclusion in this system.
Question and Answer Session
Question 1: Have you considered partnering
with companies that perform large-scale
manufacturing of enzymes through fungal or
bacterial methods? Certain companies can make
tons of enzymes and stabilize them.
Summary of response: Yes. Such interactions
are important, and the agency is pursuing
collaborative efforts.
3.5 Update on Government
Decontamination Service
Rosina Kerswell, United Kingdom's
Government Decontamination
Service
An abstract for this presentation was not
available for publication.
Question and Answer Session
Question 1: The U.S. received a failing grade
on its ability to conduct environmental cleanup
following a large-scale bioterrorism attack.
What is the United Kingdom's ability for
conducting large-scale cleanups?
Summary of response: Large-scale cleanup is
obviously a difficult issue, and various agencies
are trying to advance their preparedness. One
example of relevant research is the United
Kingdom's investigation of using area gamma
monitoring to facilitate response to large-scale
radiological attacks.
Question 2: The "Silver Streak" exercise
mentioned during the presentation used a
substance to simulate alpha-emitting particles.
Please describe whether the substance
effectively simulated alpha particles, especially
considering interferences from where the study
was conducted (a subway train).
Summary of response: The substance did not
perfectly simulate alpha-emitters; for instance, it
could not be shielded to prevent detection.
However, the substance did simulate a property
of alpha-emitters that was of particular interest:
it could be detected only over a small range or
distance. The primary purpose of using the
substance was to demonstrate to local agencies
the technical and logistical difficulties associated
with detecting alpha-emitters following
radiological events—and, in that sense, the
"simulant" was effective.
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3.6 Overview of Liberty RadEx and
Lessons Learned
Bill Steuteville, EPA, Region 3
Liberty RadEx was EPA's first National Level
Exercise and was designed to test responders'
ability to assess and clean up following a
radiological dispersion device terror attack in an
urban environment. Radiological contamination
from an event such as the LRE scenario poses
many decontamination and technological
problems including: safety of cleanup personnel,
waste management and disposal, cleanup
prioritization, technology selection and
application, and cost. The exercise required
coordinated effort from multiple agencies,
scientists, response managers and responders,
the general public and other stakeholders. LRE
attempted to test such cleanup- and
decontamination-related actions over three days
by focusing on discrete areas or challenges.
LRE's Operations Section deployed field teams
to apply technologies selected by the National
Homeland Security Research Center. The Waste
Team attempted to develop a comprehensive
waste management plan. The Technology
Mitigation and Assessment Team attempted to
select technologies and develop cleanup plans
for two Philadelphia neighborhoods. The
Community Advisory Forum challenged the
public to prioritize the cleanup of Philadelphia
and select temporary waste storage areas within
the community. The Community Advisory
Forum was made up of real community
members from the notionally impacted
communities with no prior radiation or exercise
experience. All the groups worked long hours
over three days and successfully met each goal.
Question and Answer Session
Question 1: Public perception of risk for
radiation exposures is expected to be very
challenging. To what extent was the public able
to understand Geiger counter measurements,
exposure dose estimates, and other technical
communications in this exercise?
Summary of response: Public involvement
occurred through a limited number of meetings,
and those meetings generally focused on cleanup
priorities (e.g., which neighborhoods should be
cleaned first). Public participation in this
exercise did not include testing a wide range of
risk communication messages and strategies.
Question 2: What was your proposed approach
for addressing radiological contamination on
sidewalks and concrete? Were these going to be
replaced? Or scoured and resurfaced?
Summary of response: This specific issue was
not addressed during the exercise. In future
events, whether sidewalks are replaced will
depend upon funding decisions made by FEMA
in the context of both Emergency Support
Function (ESF) 10 (Hazardous Materials
Response) and ESF 14 (Long-Term Community
Recovery). Coordination between the ESFs will
be necessary when making these decisions. The
National Disaster Recovery Framework does not
provide this level of detail or specificity in terms
of environmental cleanup.
Question 3: Is there a report on Liberty RadEx
that is publicly available?
Summary of response: Yes. The document
should be available through the Lessons Learned
Information Sharing service managed by DHS.
Question 4: Will the researchers reevaluate their
Liberty RadEx findings in light of lessons
learned following releases from the Fukushima
facility in Japan?
Summary of response: The speaker suspected
that EPA will evaluate information coming from
Japan, but did not know for sure. Another
participant at the workshop stated that
representatives from various U.S. agencies have
met with Japanese embassy officials to offer
assistance in Japan's ongoing emergency
response efforts.
Question 5: How were contaminated trees
handled in the exercise?
Summary of response: In an actual event, a
decision would have to be made about the fate of
trees based on estimated risks. Most likely, the
affected community would work with a health
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agency to make this decision. There has been
precedent for widespread removal of trees as
part of environmental cleanup efforts, but
widespread tree removal can raise quality of life
concerns among residents.
Question 6: The presentation referred to
estimating contamination levels on the rooftop
of a convention center based on outputs from an
air dispersion model. Were those estimates
based on ground-level concentrations? Or was
the model run to estimate how concentrations
varied with height?
Summary of response: Some figures in the
presentation depicted ground-level
contamination. However, the evaluation of
rooftop contamination was based on model
estimates for deposition at the rooftop's actual
height above ground surface. People interested
in learning more about the issue were
encouraged to read the details of the specific
model used in the exercise.
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Decontamination of Water and Wastewater Infrastructure
4.1 Water Decontamination Activities
within EPA Water Security Division
and National Homeland Security
Research Center
Marissa Lynch, EPA, Office of Water
The consequences of intentional or unintentional
contamination of water include 1) adverse public
health impact, including hundreds to thousands
of fatalities (such as a 1993 cryptosporidium
contamination incident in Milwaukee that killed
hundreds and sickened hundreds of thousands);
2) loss of water for public safety uses, such as
fire fighting, hygiene, and decontamination; (3)
economic damage resulting from remediation of
hundreds of miles of pipes, lost productivity, fire
losses, and so on; and 4) loss of consumer
confidence. A contamination attack is likely to
achieve multiple terror objectives, does not have
to produce casualties to be successful, and will
be perceived as an especially serious threat by
the public, as confirmed by a recent crisis
communication study.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) is designated by Homeland Security
Presidential Directive 7 as the federal agency
responsible for the water security of the water
sector. EPA's Water Security Division (WSD) is
located within EPA's Office of Water and
provides national leadership in developing and
promoting security programs that enhance the
sector's ability to prevent, detect, respond to,
and recover from all hazards. WSD provides
resources for water utilities, state and local
governments, public health officials, emergency
responders and planners, assistance and training
providers, environmental professionals,
researchers and engineers, law enforcement, and
others. EPA's National Homeland Security
Research Center (NHRSC) provides tools
needed to improve water security and to recover
from an attack or contamination incident
involving chemical, biological, or radiological
agents or weapons.
This presentation will discuss how
contamination incidents impact drinking and
wastewater systems, the knowledge gaps related
to mitigating these impacts, and how research is
addressing those gaps. The purpose of this
presentation is to provide an overview of recent
activities of EPA's WSD and NHRSC. This
presentation will provide an introduction and
context for the investigations detailed in this
session of EPA's 2011 Decontamination
Research and Development Conference.
Question and Answer Session
Due to time constraints, a question-and-answer
session did not occur after this presentation.
4.2 Germinant Enhanced
Decontamination of Bacillus
Spores Adhered to Iron and
Cement-Mortar Drinking Water
Infrastructure
Jeff Szabo, EPA, Water Infrastructure
Protection Division
Aim of Work Presented
Bacterial spores are persistent on drinking water
infrastructure. Common decontamination
methods such as flushing and chlorination have
had limited decontamination success.
Germination was evaluated as an enhancement
to the disinfection of Bacillus spores from
drinking water infrastructure with free chlorine
and flushing.
Methods and Results
A pilot scale pipe loop was outfitted with iron
(corroded) and cement-mortar coupons, which
were conditioned in tap water for one month.
Bacillus globigii spores were injected into the
loop and allowed to adhere for two hours.
Germinant was added after the adhesion phase,
and allowed to contact the spores for an
additional two hours. Germinant was flushed out
of the loop, and chlorination, followed by
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flushing, was performed. Experiments using
only chlorination and flushing were also
performed to determine the effectiveness of the
germinant.
Decontamination with free chlorine at 5
milligrams per liter (mg/L) was ineffective (~0.2
log removal) on iron and achieved a 1.8-log
reduction on cement-mortar. Increasing free
chlorine concentration to 25 mg/L resulted in
1.2- and 2.2-log reductions of spores on iron and
cement-mortar, respectively. Flushing after
disinfection provided additional reduction, but
spores persisted in each case except cement-
mortar decontaminated with 25 mg/L, where
they dropped to undetectable levels. Adding a
germinant (trypic soy broth) alone decreased the
number of spores adhered to cement-mortar and
iron by 1.1 and 1.4 log, respectively.
Chlorination after germination at 5 mg/L further
reduced spores attached to cement-mortar to
undetectable levels. Spores were reduced to
undetectable levels on iron coupons by
chlorinating at 5 mg/L and then flushing
(increasing shear) after germination.
Conclusions
This study shows that germinating spores before
application of disinfectant or flushing is an
effective way to decontaminate drinking water
infrastructure.
Significance and Impact of Work
Bacillus spores are persistent on drinking water
infrastructure and few in situ decontamination
options have been proposed. The data from this
work show that germination followed by
flushing and chlorination is an effective way to
decontaminate spores from iron and cement-
mortar. These data help prepare the drinking
water sector for infrastructure remediation in the
event of a contamination incident with spore
forming bacteria.
Question and Answer Session
Question 1: The data plotted in the figures are
based on "attached spore density"—a metric for
the amount of spores that adhered to piping and
surfaces. Did this study assess the fate of spores
in the water?
Summary of response: The study did monitor
the number of spores in the water, in addition to
what adhered to surfaces. Spores were obviously
detected in the bulk water after the initial
injection of spores. Spores were also detected in
the bulk water after addition of the germinant.
However, shortly after the disinfectant was
added, spores were not seen in the bulk phase
because the disinfectant kills off the spores
suspended in water faster than those attached to
the coupons.
Question 2: Did this study consider mixed
community bio-films?
Summary of response: Yes. The study
evaluated bio-film density (e.g., how many
heterotrophs per square centimeter), but did not
extensively characterize the bio-films. Once
fresh coupons were added to the experimental
apparatus, water from the municipal supply was
allowed to circulate around the coupons for 30
days. The study considered whatever microbes
formed on the coupons during that time.
4.3 Biological Contaminant
Persistence and Decontamination
in Drinking Water Pipes Using the
EPA Persistence and
Decontamination Experimental
Design Protocol
Ryan James, Battelle
Aim of Work Presented
The objective of this work was to evaluate the
absorption, persistence, and possible
decontamination approaches for Bacillus
globigii (Bg) on concrete-lined and/or polyvinyl
chloride (PVC) pipe using the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
Persistence and Decontamination Experimental
Design Protocol (PDEDP).
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Methods and Results
The PDEDP uses annular reactors (ARs) to
simulate conditions within operational drinking
water pipes. The work included five
components. Surface contamination and surface
extraction method validations were first
performed to confirm that pipe coupons could be
contaminated with Bg from a bulk solution and
that Bg could be extracted from the coupon
surfaces. Additionally, persistence evaluation
(PE) and flushing evaluation (FE) steps were
performed by applying shear to ^-contaminated
concrete-lined and PVC coupon surfaces by
setting the AR inner cylinder rotation to 100
revolutions per minute (rpm) (shear similar to
flow in a 6 inch pipe) for the PE and as high as
250 rpm for the FE. Lastly, the
hyperchlorination evaluation (HE) was
performed by exposing 5g-contaminated
coupons to 25 milligrams per liter (mg/L) and 50
mg/L free chlorine. Prior to contamination of
pipe coupons, a bio-film was grown on all of the
coupons.
Method Validation Results. The surface
extraction method validation confirmed that Bg
could be extracted from both concrete and PVC
surfaces after direct contamination ofBg. The
recovery of Bg from the concrete coupons was
74 percent ±12 percent and from the PVC
coupons was 80 percent ± 12 percent. The
surface contamination method validation
confirmed that concrete and/or PVC coupons
could be contaminated reproducibly with Bg by
exposing the coupons to a solution of
contaminated water. For concrete, 4 x 105 CPU
were contaminated onto four coupons with a
relative standard deviation of 17 percent and for
PVC, 3 x 105 CPU were contaminated onto four
coupons with a relative standard deviation of 23
percent.
PE, FE, and HE Results. Persistence and
flushing evaluations for the concrete and PVC
coupons exhibited very similar results. For
concrete, the percent persistence (%P) after four
hours for the PE was 16 percent ±11 percent,
while the %P after four hours during the FE was
11 percent ± 2 percent. After 24 hours, both the
PE and FE produced %Ps of approximately 0
percent. For PVC, %P after four hours for the
PE was 40 percent ±17 percent, and the %P
after four hours during the flushing evaluation
was 48 percent ± 14 percent. After 24 hours,
both the PE and FE produced %Ps of
approximately 0 percent. Therefore, Bg
essentially did not persist on either type of
coupon surface after 24 hours. For concrete,
results indicated a statistically significant
decrease in Bg on the coupon surfaces
throughout the HE, while for PVC, the large
uncertainties in the residual amounts of Bg did
not allow distinguishing between experimental
conditions.
Conclusions
PE and FE results suggest the decontamination
of Bg from concrete and PVC pipe coupons has
less to do with rate of flow than the duration of
the flow past the contaminated pipe.
Measurement precision is important in
determining differences in decontamination
efficacy between experimental conditions (e.g.,
large uncertainties made it difficult to ascertain
HE results).
Significance and Impact of Work
This work has laid the framework for future
work to study additional contaminants, pipe
materials, and decontamination approaches.
Question and Answer Session
Due to time constraints, a question-and-answer
session did not occur after this presentation.
4.4 Decontamination of Bacillus
anthracis in Wastewater
Capt. Colleen Petullo, USPHS, EPA
OSWER, Environmental Response
Team
Aim of Work Presented
This presentation will provide information on
how to treat wastewater generated from
decontamination activities following a Bacillus
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anthracis contamination event with the goal of
releasing the treated wastewater to a publicly
owned treatment works.
Methods and Results
Information will be provided on how to prepare
disinfectant solutions using amended bleach to
achieve adequate levels of spore inactivation in
wastewater. In addition, new data will be
presented to indicate the efficacy of non-pH
amended bleach for use in this setting.
Significance and Impact of Work
In the event of an anthrax attack, wastewater
from either personal protective equipment wash
water or water used in low technological
decontamination procedures would be generated.
Procedures for treating this water to make it
acceptable for release to a publicly owned
wastewater treatment facility are a major
consideration. Information on appropriate
disinfection methodologies for achieving this
goal will be presented.
Question and Answer Session
Comment 1: Disinfectants will not be as
effective when wastewater contains higher
concentrations of organics. Some research has
been published to quantify this.
Summary of response: This is precisely why
one of the recommendations for future work is
to assess the effectiveness of decontamination
for "more challenging" wastewaters. The
wastewater from typical environmental cleanup
scenarios will likely have far higher
concentrations of suspended solids and organic
material than the waters considered in the
experiments.
Question 2: The study was conducted using
Bacillus globigii as a surrogate for Bacillus
anthracis. Are there plans to conduct this
research using live agents?
Summary of response: Hopefully such
followup research will be conducted. Field
personnel tasked with wastewater
decontamination will have far greater confidence
in their work knowing that effectiveness of
decontamination has been demonstrated with
live agents, rather than just with surrogates.
Question 3: One of the test trials mentioned
during the presentation was based on bleach
alone (5 percent by volume) with no other
additives to adjust pH. Did this solution achieve
6-log reductions in just 5 minutes?
Summary of response: Yes. That is what was
observed for the test conditions considered.
Comment 4: The research documented in this
presentation used "suspension tests" to assess
effectiveness of decontamination. However,
suspension tests have been found to be much
easier to pass than "coupon tests." Therefore,
decontamination solutions found to be highly
effective with suspension tests may be far less
effective for coupon tests, especially for
wastewater containing high concentrations of
organic material and solids (e.g., solids scraped
off surfaces that end up in wastewater). Further
testing with more difficult challenges is
encouraged to belter understand how effectively
the bleach-only solution decontaminates anthrax
spores. However, until such testing is done, the
current recommended method should continue to
be used for decontamination purposes.
Summary of response: The speaker agreed
with these points, and emphasized that the
bleach-only solution is currently not an
approved method for decontaminating
wastewater. The purpose of the research was to
indicate that wastewater decontamination
options may eventually be available that use
smaller quantities of inactivation solutions and
shorter contact times.
Question 5: Other studies are investigating
wastewater with different types and amounts of
organics to assess how effectiveness of
decontamination varies with organic demand in
wastewater.
Summary of response: As noted previously,
one of the recommendations for future work is
to assess the effectiveness of decontamination
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for "more challenging" wastewaters, including
those having concentrations of suspended solids
and organic material more comparable to what
would be expected during field scenarios.
Question 6: Is the purpose of the research to
identify inactivation solutions that would allow
treated wastewater to be discharged directly to
treatment facilities? Some treatment facilities
may ask the government to certify that the
wastewaters have been effectively
decontaminated.
Summary of response: Coordination with water
treatment facilities will be necessary to
determine specific criteria for acceptability of
decontamination wastewaters. Additional peer-
reviewed research demonstrating the
effectiveness of inactivation solutions may help
address concerns about receiving these
wastewaters.
Comment 7: Following previous anthrax
attacks, some publicly owned treatment works
refused to accept decontamination wastewater
even after the water had been thoroughly
decontaminated and pH-adjusted. Thus, risk
perception challenges can be difficult to
overcome, even when extensive data are
available to demonstrate effectiveness of
decontamination.
Summary of response: The speaker agreed
with this comment.
4.5 Progress in the Development of a
Rapid, Water-Based Technology
for Removing Contamination
Following an Urban Dispersal of
Radioactivity
Carol Mertz, Argonne National
Laboratory
Aim of Work Presented
We are developing an inexpensive water-based
means of decontaminating an urban setting for
the purpose of restoring critical infrastructure
and operational activities after a radiological
release. Our approach focuses on the removal of
radioactive cesium from urban substrates such as
concrete, asphalt, brick, limestone, and granite,
and on the sequestration and immobilization of
the removed cesium. Final recovery of cesium
using common separation techniques will be
developed. This technology provides a rapid,
full-scale, cost-effective decontamination effort
for large-scale operations.
Methods and Results
We have evaluated various natural cesium
sequestering agents by batch partitioning
measurements for sorption efficiency in the
presence of wash solution additives. Grace
vermiculite performed better than other clays for
effectively sequestering the cesium at high wash
additive concentrations, especially when
combined with high clay loadings. In addition,
static and flow decontamination tests were
performed on urban substrate coupons of
asphalt, brick, concrete, granite, and limestone
using wash additives and clay slurries. We
achieved up to 60 percent cesium removal from
concrete in five-minute flow tests with 0.5 molar
of ammonium chloride (NFL^Cl). A wetting
agent was necessary to improve the
decontamination of asphalt. Cesium recovery of
40 percent was obtained with 1 millimolar
sodium dodecyl sulfate added to 0.5 molar of
for a one-minute asphalt flow test.
Conclusions
Large-scale implementation of urban substrate
decontamination requires a balance between
finding an effective decontamination
formulation for the urban substrates and
maximizing sorption based upon the
sequestering properties of the clay in the
presence of the wash solution additives. Our
decontamination technology is based on
inexpensive and readily-available materials in
large-scale quantities. Water-soluble additives
(NH4+) preferentially remove cesium from urban
substrates followed by sequestration in the clay.
Current application of our technology provides
up to 60 percent cesium removal from concrete
in five minutes with additional optimization
possible based upon flow and clay slurry
formulation. Dilution of the wash additive
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solution after urban substrate decontamination
would improve cesium sorption properties of the
clay but would increase total solution volume
requiring significant processing. We envision
employing existing emergency equipment and
sewer and waste reclamation infrastructures in
deploying this technology.
Significance and Impact of Work
After a malicious release of radioactivity, large
urban areas may be contaminated, thereby
compromising efforts by first responders and
law enforcement officials. Additional public
services may be disrupted. In such an event, it is
important that we deploy mitigation efforts in
certain areas to restore response activities and
public services. These mitigation efforts may not
be as effective as a full-scale decontamination
effort, but the speed with which mitigation
efforts can be deployed and completed may be
of critical importance immediately after a
release event.
Question and Answer Session
Question 1: The presentation addressed spray
application of wash solutions to decontaminate
surfaces following a radiological release. How is
the wash solution collected after it has been
sprayed?
Summary of response: There are several
options for containing and collecting residual
wash solution. One is to install a flexible barrier
to contain the wash solution until it can be
collected and transported to a wastewater
treatment facility. Another option is to divert the
wash solution into retention ponds where
treatment can take place. The most appropriate
approach will depend on local conditions (e.g.,
proximity to existing retention ponds).
Question 2: The presentation mentioned some
coordination with emergency responders in a
large metropolitan area. To what extent do these
first responders understand technical issues
associated with responding to radiological
releases?
Summary of response: In Chicago, most fire
trucks and police squad cars are equipped with
radiation monitoring devices, and firefighters
and police officers have been trained on how to
use the devices. However, when responding to
fires, explosions, and other major incidents, the
first responders said their initial priority is going
to be saving lives, extinguishing fires, and
addressing other immediate needs. In other
words, checking readings on radiation
monitoring devices is likely not going to be their
first priority in many circumstances.
Question 3: The presentation mentioned use of
clays as sequestering agents for cesium. How
much clay would be needed to decontaminate a
given area?
Summary of response: The speaker requested
that a colleague respond to this question. The
colleague noted that the exact amount of clay
needed will depend on many factors. One such
factor is the ammonium ion concentration in the
water, because the presence of ammonium ion
has been found to suppress the clay's ability to
sequester cesium. However, decontamination of
a large city block would likely require tens of
tons of clay.
Question 4: Following cleanup activities, what
would be done with the clay?
Summary of response: The spent clay, which
will contain sequestered cesium, will likely have
to be collected and disposed of, according to
applicable waste management regulations.
4.6 Selected Homeland Security Water
Decontamination Research
Projects
Matthew Magnuson, EPA, Water
Infrastructure Protection Division
The purpose of this presentation is to provide a
brief discussion of U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) homeland security
water decontamination research projects not
previously detailed in this session of EPA's
2011 Decontamination Research and
Development Conference.
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Specific projects include:
1. Investigation of advanced oxidation processes
(AOP)for the treatment and disposal of drinking
water contaminated with toxic chemicals into
public sewer (collection) systems.
This project involves studying the reaction
between chemical contaminants of interest and
AOPs, such as ozone with hydrogen peroxide.
This research looks at the effectiveness of using
ozone with hydrogen peroxide, as well as other
AOPs, to break down the contaminant to
something relatively nontoxic and suitable for
public sewer discharge.
Suitability for public sewage discharge will be
assessed through testing of the water destined
for sewer discharge. The water will be tested for
how it may impact the ability of the
microorganism within the sewage treatment
plant to continue to perform its intended
function of breaking down "normal" plant
influents. These studies will be performed on the
laboratory scale and investigate at least two
AOP processes. Aqueous solutions of chemicals
of interest will be subjected to the AOP process,
then those AOP-treated solutions will be used in
the sewage plant microorganism performance
testing (SPMPT). While SPMPT is sometimes
referred to as "toxicity testing," SPMPT is used
to avoid confusion with "human toxicity."
Potential contaminants to be studied include
potassium cyanide, chlordane, dichlorvos,
aldicarb, and other contaminants of water
security interest that will be selected in part
through a literature review of existing data.
A key issue lies in the SPMPT testing, for which
a workshop was held to discuss SPMPT issues
and concerns with 15 to 20 technical experts,
plant operators, state pre-treatment staff, and
other stakeholders. The purpose of the workshop
was to develop an understanding of the kinds of
SPMPT testing to use for AOP or other
oxidants, such as chlorinem and to inform EPA
and this project of a suitable approach.
2. Persistence and removal of chemical
contaminants from drinking water pipes studied
with EPA's pipe decontamination experimental
design
The Research Institute of Hygiene, Toxicology,
and Occupational Pathology (RIHTOP) in
Volgograd, Russia, is conducting experiments
on the removal of chemical contaminants from a
variety of drinking water pipe materials. The
contaminants include arsenic, dichlorvos,
disulfoton, and gasoline. The pipe materials
include copper, polyvinyl chloride, cast iron, and
mortar-lined ductile iron. Decontamination
methods investigated include flushing and
hyperchlorination.
This work simulates the problem of drinking
water pipes adsorbing toxic chemicals that are
introduced either accidentally or by some
purposeful means. RIHTOP is using pipe
coupon materials in small reactors that simulate
the flow of water in a real water distribution
pipe. The experiments are performed using a
protocol developed by EPA known as pipe
decontamination experimental design (PDED).
PDED is designed to be implemented in a
reproducible fashion across laboratories and is
used to gain additional experimental information
about the adsorption of contaminants to various
drinking water pipe materials and test various
methods to destroy, reduce, or remove adsorbed
contaminants. Briefly, in the PDED, the
conditions within operational drinking water
pipes are simulated in commercial annular
reactors (ARs). The ARs consist of a glass outer
cylinder and a rotating polycarbonate inner
cylinder with flush-mounted rectangular
coupons that are made of materials that simulate
drinking water pipe materials. Prior to
contamination of any coupon as part of a PDED
study, a bio-film is grown on the coupons. The
PDED includes five steps, with appropriate
controls. The first two steps validate surface
contamination and surface extraction methods
for each combination of contaminant and pipe
material. Next, the AR is operated to simulate
the contaminant's persistence under normal
hydraulic shear and also on flushing induced
shear. Finally, the effect of decontaminants, such
as hyperchlorination, is assessed within the AR.
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This work will enable making science-informed
decisions about how to decontaminate domestic
water pipes. As the PDED was used, decision
makers will be able to compare the results of
these studies with those performed elsewhere.
3. Impact of chemically, biologically, and
radiologically contaminated sediments on
flushing and decontamination of drinking water
storage facilities
Among the concerns associated with such
attacks is the adsorption of chemical, biological,
or radiological (CBR) contaminants to sediments
in drinking water storage tanks and reservoirs.
Sediments can serve as sinks for contaminants.
Therefore, adhesion to sediment particles
following the introduction of CBR agents must
be taken into account when developing
treatment and decontamination strategies.
Research is needed to better understand the
adherence and persistence of selected
contaminants on storage facility sediments and
methods for flushing and decontamination.
Water storage facilities are used to store water
from wells or water treatment facilities at times
when demands for water are low for use during
periods of high demand. Storage facilities may
consist of large reservoirs behind dams
(impoundments) or service storage reservoirs
located at water treatment plants or at various
places in distribution systems. Operational
service storage tanks in distribution systems may
include clear wells, pressure tanks, elevated
tanks, ground level tanks or reservoirs, or
underground facilities.
The scope of this project includes obtaining
sediments from actual water tanks (from various
locations) and then investigating the adsorption
of selected contaminants (with a range of
adsorptive properties) onto the sediments. These
experiments will examine the adsorption
potential of target contaminants to various
sediment samples with different organic matter
content and various particle sizes. Additional
knowledge in this area will be useful to water
utilities and other decision-makers in assessing
impacts of an event and selecting effective
methods for handling contaminated sediments
and decontaminating the storage facilities.
Potential contaminants to be studied will include
metals, bacteria, and an organic pesticide.
Question and Answer Session
Due to time constraints, a question-and-answer
session did not occur after this presentation.
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5 Decontamination of Toxic Industrial Chemicals and Chemical
Warfare Agents
5.1 Application of the Quick Reference
Guides (QRGs) to CWA
Decontamination
Larry Kaelin, EPA, OSWER, National
Decontamination Team
The U.S. National Response Team (NRT) is an
organization of 15 federal departments and
agencies responsible for coordinating emergency
preparedness and response to oil and hazardous
substance pollution incidents. The U.S.
Environment Protection Agency and the U.S.
Coast Guard serve as NRT's chair and vice
chair, respectively. The National Oil and
Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency
Plan and the Code of Federal Regulations (40
CFR Part 300) outline the role of the NRT and
regional response teams. The response teams are
also cited in various federal statutes, including
the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization
Act, Title III and the Hazardous Materials
Transportation Act.
According to its website (www.nrt.org), the
NRT is tasked with "providing technical
assistance, resources and coordination on
preparedness, planning, response and recovery
activities for emergencies involving hazardous
substances, pollutants and contaminants, hazmat,
oil, and weapons of mass destruction in natural
and technological disasters and other
environmental incidents of national
significance." Pursuant to these tasks, the NRT
has developed more than 30 quick reference
guides (QRGs) for a number of chemical and
biological hazards, including chemical and
biological warfare agents and biotoxins. The
QRGs are brief, two-page summaries of
information that would be critical to federal On-
Scene Coordinators (OSCs) in the first 24 to 48
hours of a response. The goal of the QRGs is to
provide information OSCs can use to initiate
appropriate response efforts to protect worker
health and safety, mitigate the spread of
contamination, direct sampling and air
monitoring, and start preliminary cleanup of
contaminated areas and waste management, all
without deleteriously impacting future site
activities. QRGs also direct OSCs to appropriate
reach-back assets for the later consequence
management phase of the event. The QRGs are
not prescriptive or site-specific, nor do they
provide an exhaustive literature review of the
hazards. QRGs do not cover long-term
remediation actions, ongoing site monitoring, or
site-specific clearance goals. The QRGs should
not be used to select personal protection
equipment and do not replace any existing
regional response plans. The NRT currently has
QRGs for seven chemical warfare agents,
ethanol, 18 viruses and bacteria, and botulinum
toxin. Most of these QRGs are being updated to
reflect recent scientific studies. New QRGs are
being prepared for chlorine, methyl isocyanate,
ricin, Coxiella burnetii (the bacterium that
causes Q fever), and additional viruses. All
reference citations used to generate the QRGs
are publicly available, with most citations posted
on the NRT website.
This presentation will cover the general content
of the QRGs, with a specific focus on the QRG
decontamination section. The presentation will
also discuss lessons learned during the drafting
of these QRGs that are useful for their
application.
Question and Answer Session
Question 1: The information covered in the
presentation sounds similar to information
available from the SmartPhone free application
named "WISER" (Wireless Information System
for Emergency Responders). Does this
communicate the same type of information?
Summary of response: WISER is an excellent
resource. In fact, some technical information
included in the QRGs is taken from information
available through WISER.
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Comment 2: The QRGs are publicly available
by selecting "Biological Hazards: QRGs and
other links" or "Chemical Hazards: QRGs and
other links" from the National Response Team's
website (www.nrt.org). There are plans to
eventually move these to www.nrt.org/qrg. but
that has not yet happened.
Summary of response: Point noted.
5.2 Efficacy Evaluation of Liquid and
Foam Decontamination
Techniques for Chemical Warfare
Agents on Indoor Surfaces
Deon Anex, Lawrence Livermore
National Laboratory
Aim of Work Presented
While decontamination strategies have been
developed and evaluated for military settings,
significantly less is known about
decontamination of civilian infrastructure. To
improve the nation's preparedness for indoor
facility restoration after a chemical warfare
agent (CWA) release, liquid and foam
decontamination technologies were tested
against CWAs applied to typical indoor surface
materials. The chosen materials had a range of
porosity and permeability that challenges the
efficacy of decontamination.
Methods and Results
The decontamination agents Allen Vanguard
Surface Decontamination Foam (SDF™),
Sandia Decontamination Foam (DF-200), Decon
Green™ and 0.5 percent bleach with trisodium
phosphate were each tested on a large number of
CWA-surface combinations. The CWAs
(including GB, GD, HD and VX) were applied
to samples of surfaces (including stainless steel,
glass, concrete, vinyl tile, urethane handrails,
terrazzo tile, and wallboard) that are
representative of indoor environments. For each
CWA-surface combination, a number of
coupons were contaminated with measured
droplets of neat CWA. After waiting a period of
time, coupons were removed for analysis to
determine the recoverable contamination levels
immediately before the beginning of the
decontamination process. The remaining
coupons were then treated with a selected
decontamination agent. Coupons were
subsequently removed for analysis over a span
of 24 hours. A parallel series of contaminated
coupons was not treated with decontamination
agent but was analyzed over the same time
course to measure the natural attenuation of the
agent. After removal for analysis, remaining
CWA and decomposition products were
extracted from the coupons using organic
solvent and the extract was analyzed and
quantified by gas chromatography/mass
spectrometry (GC/MS). Decontamination tests
were performed in triplicate on both horizontal
and vertical orientations of the sample coupons.
All decontamination technologies tested, except
for the bleach solution, performed well on
nonporous and nonpermeable glass and stainless
steel surfaces. However, residual chemical agent
contamination typically remained on porous and
permeable surfaces, especially for the more
persistent agents, HD and VX. Solvent-based
Decon Green performed better than aqueous-
based bleach or foams on polymeric surfaces,
possibly because the solvent is able to penetrate
the polymer matrix. Bleach and foams
out-performed Decon Green for penetrating the
highly polar concrete surface. For the less
persistent CWAs on certain nonporous and
nonpermeable surfaces (GB on glass and
stainless steel and GD on stainless steel), the
efficacy of the decontamination agents was not
evaluated because of the fast natural attenuation
of these combinations. Degradation products
were also analyzed to assure that residual
components did not represent a health risk.
Conclusions
Efficacy of decontamination for a particular
approach depends on the CWA and the nature of
the contaminated surface. Effective strategies for
decontamination range from natural attenuation
(e.g., GB on glass or stainless steel) to generally
applicable decontamination methods (e.g.,
Decon Green, SDF or DF-200 for CWAs on
nonporous and nonpermeable surfaces) to
specific methods (e.g., Decon Green for
21
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polymeric surfaces and bleach or foams for
concrete). No single formulation for
decontamination was effective at the clearance
levels needed for all the CWA-surface
combinations tested.
Significance and Impact of Work
These results suggest that the wide range of
characteristics needed for universal
decontamination may not be compatible with a
single formulation. Since even trace amounts of
residual chemical CWA may prove unacceptable
in civilian settings, it is anticipated that an
efficient remediation and recovery of
contaminated complex facilities will require a
range of technologies.
Question and Answer Session
Question 1: For vertical surfaces, did this
research consider a "moving wall" of foam and
the efficiency of penetrating porous surfaces?
Summary of response: No. The research to
date has only considered single, static
applications of foam.
Question 2: The presentation included data on
effectiveness of contamination for certain
chemical warfare agents. Were these data based
on a single application of foam or multiple
applications?
Summary of response: All data presented were
for a single application of foam, with
effectiveness of decontamination evaluated over
a 24-hour period.
Question 3: Was the foam still present after the
24-hour period?
Summary of response: Some of the foam
originally applied was still present on the
vertical surfaces, but some had run off.
Effectiveness of decontamination was estimated
by testing for chemical agents in the foam that
still adhered to the surface and foam that had run
off.
Question 4: Following the 2001 anthrax attacks,
foam technologies were used for
decontaminating surfaces in indoor
environments. In this study, were non-foam
materials applied on vertical surfaces or only on
horizontal surfaces? Past experience has
suggested that reapplication is sometimes
necessary when using non-foam materials on
vertical surfaces.
Summary of response: In this study, every
decontamination reagent was evaluated on both
horizontal and vertical surfaces, considering
only single applications. The research found that
horizontal and vertical surfaces were
decontaminated equally well by most reagents.
Question 5: Did the study evaluate whether the
decontamination process resulted in the
formation of toxic by-products?
Summary of response: Yes. All liquid and
foam material was extracted into organic solvent
and analyzed for chemical warfare agents and
known by-products using gas chromatography
and mass spectrometry. No toxic by-products or
chemical warfare agents were detected in the
liquid and foam material collected after each
test.
Question 6: Did you also analyze these samples
using liquid chromatography and mass
spectrometry?
Summary of response: The speaker did not
know if that analytical method was used.
5.3 Field Evaluation of Indoor Cleanup
of Malathion
Jeanelle Martinez, EPA, OSWER,
National Decontamination Team
Aim of Work Presented
On June 2, 2010, an unlicensed applicator
sprayed a pesticide to exterminate the bedbugs at
a residential duplex in Cincinnati, Ohio. The
commercially available product, Spectracide,
contained 50 percent malathion and had a label
with the words "for outdoor use only." Severe
toxicity symptoms reported by the tenants of this
duplex prompted the involvement of Cincinnati
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Health Department, the Ohio Department of
Agriculture, Cincinnati Fire Department and the
U.S Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
The property owner completed a partial
decontamination plan utilizing a diluted bleach
solution, while post-decontamination samples
revealed the presence of residual malathion as
well as the formed toxic degradation products
isomalathion and malathion oxygen analog.
Thus, it was questionable that the residence had
undergone successful decontamination.
Significance and Impact of Work
In July 2011, an EPA Region 5 On-Scene
Coordinator requested assistance from the
National Decontamination Team (NOT) to
conduct a decontamination study at this
residence contaminated with malathion and
partially decontaminated with diluted bleach
solution. Preliminary assessment of this site
indicated that 20 percent of surface wipe
samples contained levels of malathion that were
approximately five times that of the Agency for
Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
(ATSDR)-recommended cleanup values. The
goals of this investigation include 1)
determining if the residence is contaminated
with malathion and/or the degradation products
one year after a partial decontamination was
initiated, 2) developing and implementing a
cost-effective and commercially available
decontamination approach that achieves
ATSDR-recommended cleanup values, 3)
reviewing the surface cleanup values, and 4)
clearing the duplex apartment for re-occupation.
The objectives of this decontamination study are
to evaluate the fate and behavior of malathion on
indoor surfaces that have previously been
decontaminated with diluted bleach solution and
to evaluate the effectiveness of a commercially
available decontaminating agent previously
demonstrated to be highly effective on CWAs.
The results of this study will shed valuable
information needed for effective remediation of
indoor facilities contaminated with
organophosphates. The study will determine if
technologies developed for CWAs can be
applied to other decontamination situations.
Question and Answer Session
Question 1: The presentation suggests that the
unlicensed applicator sprayed malathion inside
just a single residence. Did EPA or other parties
follow up with the unlicensed applicator to
identify other affected properties?
Summary of response: EPA was very
concerned about this issue, but all accounts
indicate that the unlicensed applicator used
malathion inside this single residence.
Question 2: Did this application eliminate the
bed bug problem?
Summary of response: The problem has
apparently been eliminated but only through
illegal indoor application of a toxic pesticide that
is labeled for "outdoor use only."
Question 3: What were the approximate costs
for the entire response, including sampling,
decontamination, and disposal?
Summary of response: A complete tabulation
of costs is not yet available, in part because the
operation is ongoing. The cost to purchase the
decontamination agent was relatively
inexpensive (approximately $200). There was no
cost associated with analyzing the air and wipe
samples because the Ohio Department of
Agriculture agreed to analyze the samples for
free. The labor costs have not been quantified
but can eventually be estimated from the number
of hours that different people spent working on
the site.
5.4 Enzymatic Decontamination of
CWAs from Building Materials
Lukas Oudejans, EPA,
Decontamination and Consequence
Management Division
The research field that studies the use of
enzymes to counter CWAs covers a broad range
of applications, including medical pretreatments,
therapeutics, and physical decontamination.
Most of the research efforts involve improving
stability (shelf life and pot life) of the various
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enzyme systems and optimization of their
activity. Only recently have commercially
available enzymatic decontamination products
for chemical contamination become available.
Enzyme technology would appear to be an ideal
decontamination method, as it safe and
environmentally benign. Furthermore, enzyme
technology may generally become a more
appropriate alternative for existing
decontamination technologies against chemical
(and possibly biological) agents, especially
when applied on materials that are otherwise
adversely impacted by traditional
decontamination methods such as hydrogen
peroxide vapor or bleach.
In this work, the efficacies of two commercially
available enzymatic decontamination products,
DEFENZ VX-G and DEFENZ B-HD, were
evaluated against chemical warfare agents VX,
thickened soman (GD), and sulfur mustard
(HD), as applied to five representative indoor
building materials. Material-dependent
efficacies up to 40 percent were obtained using
the vendor's recommended application
conditions. Enzymatic decontamination of VX
did not result in formation of toxic byproduct
EA 2192. Moderate improvements in efficacy
were observed for longer enzyme contact times
and higher enzyme solution concentrations.
Additional data will be presented that show the
impact of environmental parameters such as
relative humidity and temperature on the
enzyme efficacy using a CWA surrogate. The
discrepancy between vendor provided efficacy
data and data from this study will be discussed.
Question and Answer Session
Due to time constraints, a question-and-answer
session did not occur after this presentation.
5.5 Decontamination of Chemical
Warfare Agents Using Household
Chemicals
George Wagner, U.S. Army,
Edgewood Chemical Biological
Center
Environmentally friendly hydrogen peroxide
(H2O2) has been used to generate effective
decontaminants for chemical warfare agents VX,
GD, and HD. Decontaminants developed for
military use, Decon Green and DF-200, utilize
35 percent and 8 percent H2O2, respectively. Yet
decontaminants that employ such high H2O2
concentrations would generally be restricted to
use by first responders and hazmat teams. Thus,
for the general public, following a chemical
attack, household bleach, although potentially
corrosive, is the only apparent decontaminant
currently available, but there are other, far less
corrosive household chemicals that can be
utilized. For example, household ammonia
cleaners are specified in military field manuals
as nonstandard decontaminants for G-type nerve
agents such as GD. Unfortunately, ammonia
cleaners are not suitable, in and by themselves,
for decontaminating VX (a V-type nerve agent)
and HD (a blister agent)—the formation of toxic
EA-2192 results for the former and minimal
detoxification occurs for the latter. Recent
studies, however, have shown that VX and HD,
as well as GD, can be decontaminated using
low-concentration, topical 3 percent H2O2
combined with various common household
chemicals, including ammonia-based cleaners.
Therefore, simple, easy-to-mix decontaminants
may be fashioned from 3 percent topical
hydrogen peroxide, ammonia cleaners, baking
soda, washing soda, and rubbing alcohol,
providing safe, minimally-corrosive, and cost-
effective decontamination capability that is
accessible to the general public.
Question and Answer Session
Question 1: The presentation included data
indicating how effectively various combinations
of household chemicals decontaminated
chemical agents. Were these data based entirely
on solution tests? Were any data based on
surface decontamination challenges?
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Summary of response: Two different
approaches were used. First, solution tests were
used to identify the decontamination
effectiveness of various combinations of
household chemicals. (These data were shared
during the presentation in slides 10 to 15). In
these tests, chemical agents and household
chemicals were injected into nuclear magnetic
resonance (NMR) imaging tubes and stirred
once. The tubes were then inserted in the NMR
spectrometer, which then followed the progress
of the chemical reactions. Second, the data
shown on slide 7 represent the effectiveness of
ammonia-based cleaners used to decontaminate
GD on surfaces. Note that these surface
decontamination data were generated for only
one chemical agent.
5.6 Investigation of Hydrogen
Peroxide/Ammonia Fumigation
against VX, TGD, and HD
Harry Stone, Battelle
Aim of Work Presented
The U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological
Center has reported efficacy in the use of
fumigation (hydrogen peroxide [HP; -250 parts
per million (ppm)] combined with ammonia [N;
-20 ppm]) to decontaminate VX, GD (soman),
and HD (sulfur mustard) on military type
materials. The U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency's (EPA's) investigation focused on
evaluating the efficacy of hydrogen
peroxide/ammonia fumigation of VX, thickened
GD, and HD from common building materials,
including a nonporous material and an
adsorptive material.
Methods and Results
Two uL droplets of neat chemical agent were
applied to galvanized metal ductwork and
industrial grade carpet positive control and test
coupons (1.5 x 3.5 centimeters). The test
coupons were placed into a custom test chamber.
The fumigant was added and target
concentrations of HP (-250 ppm) and N (-20
ppm) were maintained for specified contact
times. The temperature was elevated sufficiently
to prevent condensation. Positive control
coupons were simultaneously placed into a
control chamber (no fumigant present) in which
the temperature profile approximated the test
chamber temperature profile. At the end of each
of the contact times, the test chamber and
control chamber were opened. The coupons
were removed and placed into individual vials
containing a volume of hexane sufficient to
cover the coupon. The amount of chemical agent
extracted from the coupon by the hexane was
then determined using gas chromatography/mass
spectrometry. Efficacy was determined as the
relative difference between the amount of
chemical agent recovered from test coupons
after fumigation and the amount of chemical
agent recovered from positive control coupons
that were removed from the control chamber at
times parallel to the test coupon contact times.
Various contact times (from two to eight hours)
were evaluated. In addition, the test chamber
atmosphere was sampled for gas phase chemical
agent.
In all cases, the amount of chemical agent
recovered from test and control coupons
declined with time. Generally, the amount of
chemical agent recovered from the control
coupons was similar to the amount of chemical
agent recovered from test coupons. Efficacy may
be demonstrated for certain agent/material
combinations.
Significance and Impact of Work
Data showing the efficacy of HP/N fumigation
for decontaminating surfaces may be used to
inform decontamination decisions in the event of
a deliberate release of chemical agent by
terrorists.
Question and Answer Session
Question 1: Did the fumigation chamber used in
the experiment have air flow? Or was this a
static chamber?
Summary of response: The fumigation
chamber was not static: it included a fan (see
slide 7) to promote air mixing. The two
fumigants used—ammonia and hydrogen
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peroxide—were pumped into the test chamber
from separate lines, so that the desired ratios of
each of the fumigants could be maintained.
Question 2: In some cases, the experiments
showed high natural attenuation of chemical
agents from the positive control coupons. Was
the extent of natural attenuation surprising,
particularly for HD?
Summary of response: Two factors might
explain the extent of natural attenuation. First,
the chambers had circulating air, which could
have increased attenuation from the surfaces.
Second, the experiments were run at
temperatures of 40 to 50 °C. This temperature
range was necessary to avoid condensation of
the hydrogen peroxide fumigant, but the
relatively high temperatures may also have
contributed to losses of chemical agents from the
positive control coupons.
Question 3: Are any followup experiments
planned to examine how the effectiveness of
decontamination varies with the size of droplets
originally spiked on the coupons? This may be
important for thickened agents to ensure that
fumigants adequately penetrate larger droplets.
Summary of response: EPA currently does not
have plans to conduct these experiments.
Question 4: Did the experiments attempt to
identify any toxic by-products from the
fumigation?
Summary of response: The experiments did not
include measurements of by-products. A
qualitative assessment of by-product formation
was conducted for fumigation of HD agents, but
not for fumigation of VX agents.
5.7 Non-Aqueous Catalytic Process
for the Decontamination of
Sensitive Equipment from
Organophosphorus Compounds
Konstantin Volchek, Environment
Canada
Aim of Work Presented
A recently developed metal-catalyzed
methanolysis process reportedly demonstrated
an effective destruction of organophosphorus
(OP) compounds. Non-aqueous formulations do
not contain highly corrosive components and
can potentially be used for a rapid and non-
destructive decontamination of sensitive
equipment. The aim of the present work was to
evaluate the applicability and efficiency of the
catalytic methanolysis process for the
decontamination of sensitive equipment
materials.
Methods and Results
Decontamination of sensitive equipment
materials from OP compounds, paraoxon (O,O-
diethyl O-/>-nitrophenyl phosphate) and
parathion (O,O-diethyl O-[4-nitrophenyl]
phosphorothioate) has been investigated. Five
types of materials selected from sensitive
equipment spiked with paraoxon and parathion
were decontaminated with methanol-based
catalytic systems, including a lanthanum-based
catalyst (for paraoxon) and a palladium-based
formulation (for parathion). Two modes of
catalytic process were taken, including an
immersion of sample materials into a catalyst
system and spraying the catalytic system directly
on sensitive equipment surfaces. Among tested
materials, high-impact polystyrene (HI-PS) was
found to be the most difficult for the
decontamination. More than 99 percent of
paraoxon on HI-PS was destroyed after contact
with the catalyst system over 10 minutes.
Decontamination of parathion was less efficient
(93 percent) under the same conditions.
Increasing the initial spiking level of paraoxon
on HI-PS plastic from 1 milligram per square
centimeter (mg/cm2) to 5 mg/cm2 reduced the
decontamination efficiency from 99 percent to
87 percent. The complete destruction of both
paraoxon and parathion in a runoff liquid was
achieved after two minutes of contact.
Application of a catalytic system by spraying
provided about 50 percent decontamination of
paraoxon on HI-PS plastic surface. Multiple
applications of the liquid catalytic system on HI-
PS plastic increased the decontamination
efficiency to 90 percent. Evaporation of
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methanol was a limiting factor for the
application by spraying.
Conclusions
Non-aqueous catalytic process can be applied
for the decontamination of sensitive equipment
from OP compounds either by immersion or
spraying. Paraoxon and parathion,
representatives of OP compounds, can
effectively be destroyed (90 to 99 percent) on
some plastic surfaces within less than 15
minutes. Increasing the initial loading decreases
the efficiency of decontamination. The run-off
liquid doesn't contain paraoxon or parathion
after two minutes of contact with catalysts. A
single application of catalyst by spraying was
not effective (less than 50 percent
decontamination) due to a rapid evaporation of
methanol. Multiple applications increased the
decontamination efficiency to 90 percent.
Significance and Impact of Work
This investigation helped assess the applicability
effectiveness of a nonaqueous catalytic method
for the decontamination of sensitive equipment.
The method can enhance CBRN response and
recovery capabilities.
Question and Answer Session
Question 1: The research used a palladium
catalyst for decontaminating parathion and a
lanthanum catalyst for decontaminating
paraoxon. Why were different metals used?
Summary of response: Due to catalyst
selectivity, the most efficient catalyst will vary
from one organophosphate agent to the next.
The specific catalysts were previously developed
by researchers from Queens University in
Canada, and the current research project did not
attempt to modify these.
Question 2: For spray application, how does
effectiveness of decontamination vary with the
number of repeated applications?
Summary of response: The research team has
investigated the effects of repeat applications for
spray application of the catalyst mixture but not
for immersion in catalyst mixture. These
investigations found that repeated spray
applications improved effectiveness of
decontamination (as shown on slide 18).
Question 3: Given the selectivity of the
catalysts, to what extent will catalytic
decontamination be viable for other chemical
agents?
Summary of response: Some catalysts may be
used on several organophosphate agents, but
usually they are selective towards specific
agents. One option is to use mixtures of
catalysts, which can improve decontamination
across a broader range of agents. However,
further research in this area is necessary before
applying this decontamination technique on a
larger scale.
Question 4: How much do the catalysts cost?
Summary of response: While palladium is
indeed expensive, the quantities needed for
decontamination are relatively low. Moreover,
the catalyst is not consumed in the
decontamination process and can be reused,
which is an important consideration if one needs
to decontaminate large amounts of sensitive
equipment. The researchers from Queens
University (see slide 21) would likely be able to
provide more detailed cost information for the
palladium and lanthanum catalysts.
Question 5: Were circuit boards still functional
after being immersed in the decontamination
solution?
Summary of response: The operability
assessment was limited to testing memory cards
("SD cards"). These cards were spiked with the
organophosphate agent, immersed in the catalyst
solution, and dried before the operability
assessment. In every test, the memory cards
continued to function after immersion.
Operability assessments were not conducted on
the other components, however.
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6 Biological Agent Decontamination Fate and Transport
6.1 Efficacy of Disinfectant against
Vegetative BW Agents and Their
Surrogates
Vipin Rastogi, U. S. Army, Edgewood
Chemical Biological Center
Aim of Work Presented
The efficacy of common disinfectants was
evaluated against vegetative cells, pathogenic
strains, and surrogates of Fmncisella tularensis
(Schu S4 and Live Vaccine Strain, LVS),
Yersinia pestis (Colorado 92 and Al 122) and
Brucella melitensis (16M and Agrobacterium
tumifaciens). Quantitative test method
AOAC2008-05 was modified to work with
vegetative cells of pathogenic Gram-negative
biological warfare (BW) agents. Appropriate
media and culture conditions were optimized to
obtain high-titer broth cultures of these strains.
Methods and Results
Freeze-dried cells ofF. tularensis (Schu S4 and
LVS), Y. pestis (Colorado 92 and Al 122), and
B. melitensis were obtained from Unified
Culture Collection, Dr. Scott Bearden of the
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and
Prevention of Vector-borne Infectious Diseases
Bacterial Zoonoses Diagnostic and Reference
Laboratory in Fort Collins, Colorado. Cultures
of Agrobacterium tumifaciens were procured
from ATCC. F. tularensis cells were grown on
Chocolate agar (Culture Media Supplies) or
supplemented Mueller-Hinton media at 36+1 °C.
Cells of Y. pestis were grown on brain-heart
infusion media or tryptic soy agar at 29+1 °C.
Cells of B. melitensis and A. tumifaciens were
grown on nutrient agar or nutrient broth at 36+1
°C. Modifications to the AOAC2008-05 include
1) drying of cell aliquots for 60+15 minutes
before use; 2) use of 5-milliliter eppendorf tubes
for fraction A; 3) ratio of 1:10 between
disinfectantneutralizer; 4) use of Dey-Engley
broth as a neutralizer; 5) no repeated washes of
fraction A pellet; and 6) 15 minute incubation
for recovering fraction C. Control carrier counts
were determined to ensure overall recovery of
>5-logs viable cells before initiating disinfectant
efficacy testing. The disinfectant included [8.0
percent alkyl (50 percent Carbon-14, 40 percent
Carbon-12, and 10 percent Carbon-16) dimethyl
benzyl ammonium chloride, 6.15 percent sodium
hypochlorite, 0.28 percent
diisobutylphenoxyethoxyethyl dimethyl benzyl
ammonium chloride with 17.2 percent
isopropanol, and 1.1856 percent «-alkyl (50
percent Ci4, 40 percent Ci2, and 10 percent Ci6)
dimethyl benzyl ammonium chlorides. The
results show recovery of over 5-logs viable cells
from control carriers for each pair of surrogate
and pathogenic counterpart. Comparable log
reduction values for each pair were observed.
Conclusions
The results clearly demonstrate the suitability of
the modified AOAC2008-05 method for
disinfectant efficacy with vegetative cells,
including Gram-negative select agents. Based on
the log reduction values, the LVS, Al 122, and
A. tumifaciens, respectively, appear to be
suitable surrogates for F. tularensis, Y. pestis,
and B. melitensis.
Significance and Impact of Work
The quantitative data summarized in this study
comprise the first ever demonstration of the
effectiveness of U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency registered disinfectants against highly
infectious select agents. The modified AOAC
2008-05 method offers an attractive quantitative
alternative to the current standard AOAC use-
dilution method (964.02)
Question and Answer Session
Question 1: Some ongoing research is
examining germination-kill strategies for
Bacillus species. Have you done any testing on
Bacillus species?
Summary of response: Some of the speaker's
colleagues are currently researching persistence
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of vegetative Bacillus species in water. The
research is suggesting that vegetative cells can
survive in water for several weeks, depending on
experimental conditions. Further, some
vegetative cells in dirty water were found to
sporulate. Therefore, cleanup strategies that
force germination—without killing the newly
formed vegetative cells—may result in
vegetative cells sporulating in water. The extent
of Bacillus sporulation in water depends on
various conditions, including temperature,
availability of nitrogen, and other factors.
Question 2: Do these organisms or their
surrogates produce bio-films overtime?
Summary of response: Formation of bio-films
was not part of this research project. However,
bacteria (including Yersinia pestis) known to
secrete exo-polysaccharides would be expected
to form bio-films.
Question 3: At what temperature did you
conduct the efficacy studies?
Summary of response: Experiments were
typically conducted at temperatures of 21 °C (±2
°C). The experiments were conducted in
incubators to maintain these temperatures.
Question 4: The presentation referred to "high
treatment" and "low treatment" for killing
vegetative cells. How were these treatment
levels selected?
Summary of response: This approach followed
methodologies employed in earlier EPA research
on disinfection of other microorganisms (e.g.,
Staphylococcus). In that earlier work, "high
treatment" levels were always based on
recommendations made by manufacturers of the
disinfectants, and "low treatment" levels were
determined by reducing the concentration of the
disinfectant and reducing the contact time. When
selecting "low treatment" levels, it was
important to select parameters that would lead to
differences in decontamination effectiveness that
could be reliably discerned by the analytical
methods.
This same approach was adopted in the current
research.
6.2 From Reaerosolization to
Exposure, Connecting the Dots
Capt. Marshall Gray, EPA,
Decontamination and Consequence
Management Division
The "Scientific Program on Reaerosolization
and Exposure" (SPORE) is a multi-agency
program to be executed from 2011 through
2014. The purpose of the program is to develop
a quantitative understanding of the public health
risk from anthrax spore reaerosolization in an
urban environment following an outdoor agent
release. The presentation will provide a general
program overview and anticipated outputs.
Question and Answer Session
Question 1: The methodology used to prepare
Bacillus thuringiensis spores can have a
significant bearing on reaerosolization
properties. How is the spore preparation
methodology being determined for this study?
Summary of response: The experimental
design for the project is still being developed,
and some of the speaker's collaborators are
working on the issue raised in the question.
Question 2: When assessing exposures, will this
project use models for assessing deposition of
inhaled particles in the respiratory tract, possibly
the model being developed by Dr. Jacky Rosati
(EPA-NHSRC) and her colleagues?
Summary of response: The project team is very
familiar with these models, but decisions have
not yet been made regarding which specific
models will be used. Once the study is
conducted, the data collected could be used to
evaluate the performance of these models.
Comment 3: When registering agricultural
products containing Bacillus thuringiensis,
manufacturers are required to submit extensive
product data to EPA's Office of Pesticide
Programs. However, those data are typically
considered confidential. The research team
might consider accessing any publicly available
data from that source.
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Summary of response: Point noted.
Question 4: Many disinfection studies have
previously considered using Bacillus
thuringiensis as a surrogate for Bacillus
anthracis, but chose not to do so because
Bacillus thuringiensis has certain properties that
differ considerably from Bacillus anthracis. For
instance, Bacillus thuringiensis is much more
hydrophobic. Has this been considered in this
research project?
Summary of response: The suitability of the
proposed surrogate will be considered carefully
before the study begins.
Comment 5: Many different factors likely affect
the selection of the surrogate. Extensive research
has previously been conducted using Bacillus
globigii as a surrogate for outdoor studies.
However, the rationale for selecting the
surrogate may also be based on perceived risks
for exposure. In that sense,
Bacillus thuringiensis may be more desirable
because it is a registered pesticide and has been
used in previous outdoor studies.
Summary of response: It might be more
difficult to obtain approval for an atmospheric
release of Bacillus globigii. The speaker also
requested that a colleague respond to this
comment. That individual stated that the most
appropriate surrogate for disinfection studies
may not be the most appropriate surrogate for
outdoor fate and transport studies. In addition,
literature is available indicating that Bacillus
thuringiensis is a suitable surrogate for
evaluating reaerosolization. Justification for
surrogate selection will be part of this research
project.
Question 6: The presentation indicated that
exposure will be evaluated using models. Will
the project also include ambient air monitoring?
Summary of response: Predictive exposure
modeling will be conducted initially to estimate
fate and transport of the surrogate. During the
field study, ambient air monitoring will be
conducted to measure actual concentrations. The
monitoring data will be used to improve the
predictive ability of the models.
Question 7: Will the study include human
subjects who will be evaluated for evidence of
exposure?
Summary of response: The study will not
consider human subjects. The modeling and
monitoring data will be used to characterize
breathing zone concentrations for hypothetical
receptors, and those exposure concentrations can
then be used to develop various risk estimates
(e.g., the percentage of the population with deep
lung deposition). A major goal of this effort is to
develop defensible methodologies for estimating
risk based on the presence of biological agents.
Question 8: The workshop's keynote speaker
described an experiment from the 1950s
involving aerial spraying of a surrogate that was
thought to be benign, but resulted in infections
among some susceptible individuals. How will
such concerns be addressed in a study involving
a release of a surrogate in a large urban area?
Summary of response: The proposed
surrogate—Bacillus thuringiensis—is a
registered pesticide product and has a long
history of being used in populated areas. The
speaker asked a colleague to provide further
information. That individual agreed,
emphasizing that Bacillus thuringiensis is
routinely sprayed over major metropolitan areas,
which gives confidence that the proposed study
would not have the unintended consequences
similar to those observed after the 1950s
experiment.
6.3 An Investigation into the Sources
of Two Inhalation Anthrax
Fatalities Associated with African
Drums
Jimmy Walker, United Kingdom
Health Protection Agency, Biosafety
Unit
Aim of Work Presented
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Following the discovery that the deaths of a 50-
year-old craftsman from Scotland and a 3 5-year-
old Spanish folk musician from London were
caused by inhalational anthrax, an investigation
was carried out to identify the source of the
disease.
Methods and Results
The Health Protection Agency Bioresponse
Team, in conjunction with the local health
authorities, took surface and air samples from a
number of premises (the victims' homes, as well
as workshops and addresses linked to the
playing and manufacture of African drums) and
removed potentially contaminated articles from
these premises for subsequent sampling. Prior to
commencement of the work, detailed risk
assessments were developed and exacting safe
working procedures were put in place and
agreed by all interested parties of a
multidisciplinary team, including the regulatory
authorities, local health authorities and
emergency services. These procedures covered
personal protection, decontamination, sampling,
sample handling, sample analysis, site entry and
exit procedures. The samples were analyzed
using both culture-based and polymerase chain
reaction methods and contamination on a
number of drums and within the properties of
the spores of Bacillus anthracis was detected.
Decontamination of the personnel, equipment
used, and buildings will also be discussed.
Conclusions
Anthrax contamination was detected on a
number of drums and surfaces within the
domestic dwellings, indicating that the cause of
inhalation anthrax was probably related to the
making or playing of the African drums.
Significance and Impact of Work
The anthrax investigation provided an excellent
opportunity to demonstrate the interaction that is
required by multidisciplinary teams in a real
exercise and to test the robustness of emergency
procedures and methods that had previously
been developed.
Question and Answer Session
Question 1: The photographs in the presentation
show different practices for using personal
protective equipment during cleanup activities.
Some personnel donned "Level A" protection,
while others used "Level C." What was the
reason for this?
Summary of response: Different parties were
responsible for deciding the appropriate personal
protective equipment for their workers. Use of
"Level A" offered the best protection, but was
also cumbersome for workers and not as
comfortable to wear. "Level C" protection was
deemed adequate for certain personnel.
Question 2: Did the project include any research
into the prevalence of Bacillus anthracis in the
different regions of Africa where the animal
hides originated?
Summary of response: That was not part of this
research, but such insights are available from
other publications.
Question 3: The presentation referred to the use
of chlorine dioxide fumigation to decontaminate
a village hall. Did this fumigation have any
collateral effects?
Summary of response: The only effect
observed was that some historic wall hangings
were slightly discolored after the chlorine
dioxide fumigation was finished.
6.4 Transfer of BW Surrogate Particles
from Contaminated Surfaces
Richard Byers, Battelle
Aim of Work Presented
Fielded biological aerosol detectors are designed
to collect biological threat agents in the air,
providing a warning to government and public
health officials of potential bioterrorism events.
If a biological threat agent was collected, the
collector and surrounding area could be
contaminated due to bioaerosol deposition. This
contamination could pose a hazard to the
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sampler operator and may be a source of cross-
contamination in clean areas. The operator could
also pose a hazard to co-workers if the
contamination were re-transferred to a
laboratory or office.
Methods and Results
To assess this exposure source, a study was
performed using a Bacillus thuringiensis (Bf)
spore powder preparation to investigate material
transfer from a contaminated site to an
individual and from a contaminated individual to
his or her surroundings. Air samples from an
intentionally ft-contaminated site showed
reaerosolization of the spores, and analysis of
swatches taken from the operator's clothes
showed substantial transfer of spores to the
operator. After leaving the contaminated site, the
operator entered a laboratory/office complex and
performed common tasks. Air and surface
samples were taken to measure reaerosolization
and secondary transfer of bioaerosol particles.
Contaminant transfer to the sampler operator
was considerable. The average swatch collected
from the operator contained 2.5 x 106 colony
forming units (CPU) after performing routine
maintenance on the collector over three and half
minutes. In addition, the operator was exposed
to a secondary aerosol of 24 CPU per liter of air
during this time. Transfer of material from the
contaminated operator to clean surfaces was also
measured. On average, the test results showed
that the field operator re-transferred an estimated
7 percent of the total contamination that
collected on his clothing and shoes to previously
clean areas. Indoor surface sampling results
showed the highest levels of secondary
contamination were found on the carpet,
accounting for 75 percent of the particle transfer.
Reaerosolization from the contaminated operator
was also detected, as all rooms sampled were
positive for aerosolized spores.
Conclusions
A field operator accessing a site that has been
exposed to a realistic biological aerosol cloud
will be exposed to the contaminant, collect the
material on clothing, hands, and shoes, and
transfer the contaminant to clean areas.
Significance and Impact of Work
Results from this study may provide insight into
possible exposure hazards for fielded bioaerosol
collector operators, how transfer of
contaminants to secondary sites occurs, and the
potential for subsequent building contamination.
Question and Answer Session
Question 1: The source of the Bacillus
thuringiensis in this project was DiPel® powder.
However, this powder typically contains only 5
to 10 percent spores, with various additives
accounting for the rest of the mass. Is this
considered representative of actual scenarios
expected to be encountered?
Summary of response: The powder was
considered suitable for an assessment of
reaerosolization. The original powder had a
mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) of
approximately 50 microns, and the original
powder was then milled to generate finer
particles that when aerosolized had a MMAD of
approximately 12 microns.
Question 2: How was the aerosol particle size
distribution characterized?
Summary of response: Both a Battelle Cascade
Impactor and an Andersen Cascade Impactor
were used to characterize the particle size
distribution of bioaerosols.
Question 3: One study result indicated that
carpeted rooms had the highest amount of
reaerosolization. Were any "controls" run to
assess aerosolization from carpet prior to
injecting the tunnel with the DiPel® powder?
Summary of response: No. The study focused
on reaerosolization of Bacillus thuringiensis,
and there was no reason to expect this surrogate
to be present prior to the testing. The carpet was
not installed in the Ambient Breeze Tunnel
itself, but rather in the secondary test trailer.
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Question 4: The study was conducted in an
"Ambient Breeze Tunnel." What was the air
flow through the tunnel when workers entered
and performed their routine standardized tasks?
Summary of response: There was no generated
air flow during that time of the experiment.
Thus, any airborne bioaerosols measured during
that time would be expected to result primarily
from the workers' activities in the tunnel.
Question 5: What was the condition of the
carpet that was used in the project? New carpet
has hydrophobic coatings, so the carpet's
condition can be an important consideration,
especially when examining how reaerosolization
varies with relative humidity.
Summary of response: The carpet was not new.
It was ripped out of an apartment, and the extent
of previous use was not known. It was
vacuumed thoroughly before being installed in
the tunnel.
Comment 6: One of the findings reported in the
study is that the surrogate was found on the
shoes of workers who accessed the contaminated
areas. NHSRC researchers have completed
studies examining the extent to which human
activity causes resuspension of particulate matter
from carpet (see: "Resuspension of and Tracking
of Particulate Matter from Carpet Due to Human
Activity," document number EPA/600/R-
07/131). Those findings should be considered as
part of this ongoing work.
Summary of response: Point noted.
6.5 Fixatives Application for Risk
Mitigation Following
Contamination with a Biological
Agent
Chris Campbell, Lawrence Livermore
National Laboratory
Aim of Work Presented
Spore reaerosolization and transport following a
release of Bacillus anthracis spores has the
potential to increase human health risks and
impede characterization and decontamination
activities. Moreover, as rapid return to service is
essential for recovery, methods are needed to
reduce the potential for resuspension of spores in
the respirable particle size range, prevent
contaminant transport, and establish
transportation corridors for access to critical
infrastructure.
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
(LLNL) in support of the Department of
Homeland Security (DHS) Interagency
Biological Restoration Demonstration (IBRD)
briefly evaluated the theoretical application of
fixatives in response to a biological agent
release. The approach, however, requires
efficacy testing. We propose to review other
uses of fixatives for outdoor areas, including the
use of horticultural oils and soil stabilizers for
agriculture. In addition, the use of fixatives to
prevent reaerosolization and subsequent
migration of radioactive particles is a widely
accepted approach. Fixatives were used
following the Chernobyl accident to create
transportation corridors and were recently used
in Japan following the events at the Fukushima
nuclear power plant to minimize reaerosolization
of contaminated land. In fact, fixatives are
commonly used in the nuclear industry to
immobilize contamination and reduce
reaerosolization and transport risks. Many of
these materials were originally developed for
dust and asbestos mitigation, but could be
applied to the majority of hazardous particulate
matter contributing to an inhalation risk. We will
review the valuable information and experience
provided by these related fixative applications
and develop formulations that are optimized for
bioagent (spore) treatment on relevant surfaces.
Methods and Results
LLNL is currently investigating fixative
technologies in support of the DHS Wide Area
Recovery and Resiliency Program (WARRP).
These initial studies will focus on identifying
existing fixatives with the potential to be
effective in a wide-area biological contamination
event. Testing will be performed on candidate
fixatives comprising different formulations to
examine the potential for spore release from
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treated surfaces through physical contact
(surface wipe sampling).
Conclusions
Our research progress to date will be
summarized, along with a review of the fixatives
concept for risk mitigation.
Significance and Impact of Work
The application of fixatives to biologically
contaminated surfaces is another potential tool
for rapid return to service following a biothreat
agent release. The preliminary work discussed is
building toward larger scale testing of fixative
applications to reduce the risk of resuspended
spores in the inhalation particle size ranges.
This work performed under the auspices of the
U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence
Livermore National Laboratory under Contract
DE-AC52-07NA27344.
Question and Answer Session
Question 1: Application of fixatives is an
intriguing prospect for responding to
bioterrorism attacks. However, is it possible that
this activity itself would contribute to
reaerosolization? For instance, use of backpack
sprayers to apply fixatives may actually
contribute to furthering the spread of spores.
Summary of response: This is a good point,
and further research is needed to determine
which application procedures would be expected
to minimize reaerosolization. Ultimately,
researchers would like to quantify how specific
parameters (e.g., application velocities, droplet
sizes) affect reaerosolization.
Question 2: Will future work use monitoring to
assess whether fixative application contributes to
reaerosolization?
Summary of response: Low-volume air
monitoring systems can be deployed in future
experiments to assess the extent of
reaerosolization as a function of application
parameters and surface types.
Question 3: Are you aware of the EPA research
on use of strippable coatings for removal of
radiological contamination from surfaces (see:
"Radiological Decontamination Strippable
Coating: Technology Evaluation Report,"
document number EPA/600/R-08/100)? That
research has considered effectiveness of
decontamination for multiple surface types.
Summary of response: The speaker's research
collaborators are familiar with this research.
Question 4: Has this research considered adding
peroxides to the fixatives? Such a mixture could
result in both containment and decontamination.
Another possibility is to add germinating agents
to the fixatives.
Summary of response: These are excellent
ideas. An initial challenge is demonstrating the
potential utility of fixatives for decontamination
purposes. Incorporating disinfectants and
germinating agents (with lysis to follow) are
important considerations for future work.
Question 5: The presentation included
information on costs of fixatives and the
associated application equipment, but it did not
include cost information for labor, disposal, and
other deployment costs. Will the full range of
costs be considered when comparing different
decontamination strategies?
Summary of response: The full range of costs
should be considered when comparing different
strategies.
Comment 6: Different environmental
regulations may apply depending on the types of
fixatives used. For example, physical
containment of spores using fixatives would be
covered by certain regulations. However, when
disinfecting agents are included in those same
fixatives, a different set of environmental
regulations may apply. The applicable
regulations would determine what registrations
and exemptions are needed for a particular
mixture.
Summary of response: Point noted.
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7 Bio-Response Operational Testing and Evaluation
7.1 Overview of Bio-Response
Operational Testing and
Evaluation (BOTE)
Shannon Serre, EPA,
Decontamination and Consequence
Management Division
The Bio-response Operational Testing and
Evaluation (BOTE) project was a multi-agency
effort designed to operationally test and evaluate
biological incident (anthrax release) response
from health/law enforcement response through
environmental remediation. The effort included
the coordinated project planning, support, and/or
involvement from the following:
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA)
• Department of Homeland Security
(DHS)
• Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC)
• CDC/National Institute for Occupational
Safety and Health (NIOSH)
• Laboratory Response Network (LRN)
• Department of Energy (DOE) National
Laboratories
• Department of Defense (DOD) Defense
Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA)
• Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
The effort was established through initial
interactions between EPA's National Homeland
Security Research Center and the DHS Science
and Technology Directorate in partnership to
further develop research products to support
EPA's response to incidents of biological
terrorism. This project will help improve EPA's
preparedness and capability to respond to a
biological incident, specifically related to
readiness for mitigating the effects of the release
of a bio-agent over a wide area.
The BOTE project was divided into two phases:
1) a field-level decontamination assessment and
2) a functional operational evaluation. In Phase
1, three decontamination methods showing
effectiveness against Bacillus anthracis spores
in laboratory and/or field use were tested under
field relevant conditions using Bacillus
atropheus. Parameters included the
decontamination method, level of
contamination, and contaminated environment
(e.g., office setting, residential area, and heating,
ventilation, and air conditioning) and the
assessment will include a cost-benefit analysis
of application of each method. The intent of
Phase 1 was to develop an improved
understanding of response strategies for use in
wide area remediation. In Phase 2, an
interagency response to a covert B. anthracis
spore release in a facility was conducted,
including law enforcement response, public
health response, decontamination, and facility
clearance.
This presentation will serve as an overview of
the BOTE project. Specific areas of the project
will be presented by various speakers in this
session.
Question and Answer Session
Question 1: The project involved multiple
rounds of tests in the same building. How was
the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
(HVAC) system decontaminated? What was
done to ensure that HVAC ductwork—both on
the supply side and the return side—had no
residual contamination that carried over from
one test to the next?
Summary of response: In two of the three test
rounds, the HVAC system was actually used to
disseminate the decontamination fumigant
throughout the building; in this case, there was
little concern about extensive residual
contamination being observed in the subsequent
experiment. In the other test round, the HVAC
system was entirely capped off, which could
raise some concern about residual contamination
on the HVAC system components. However, the
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likely amounts of residual decontamination were
expected to be minimal when compared to the
large quantities of Bacillus surrogates that were
disseminated in each test round (i.e.,
approximately 1,000,000 spores per square
foot).
Question 2: Was any sampling done inside the
HVAC ductwork?
Summary of response: Yes. The next
presentation will cover details of the sampling
plan.
7.2 Overview of Sampling Activities at
BOTE
Dino Mattorano, EPA, OSWER,
National Decontamination Team
An abstract for this presentation was not
available for publication.
Question and Answer Session
Question 1: How much time was needed to
purchase bulk quantities of the materials
required for the sampling packages?
Summary of response: The speaker requested
that a colleague respond to this question. That
individual noted that most of the equipment was
purchased through a government contract, and it
took more than a month just to obtain approval
for certain purchases, particularly the more
expensive items bought in bulk.
Question 2: The training and proficiency testing
for sampling personnel is an interesting
component of this study. During the proficiency
testing, sampling personnel were apparently in
"street clothes." Did you conduct any
proficiency testing when sampling personnel
were wearing respirators and other personal
protective equipment?
Summary of response: The performance of the
samplers was not expected to be significantly
impaired by their use of personal protective
equipment. Several observations were provided
to support this statement. First, most of the
personnel involved in the project were not only
experienced samplers, but also had extensive
experience collecting environmental samples
while wearing personal protective equipment.
Second, schedules for individual samplers were
adjusted based on environmental conditions
(e.g., to ensure that personnel were not forced to
work long shifts on the warmest days). Third, all
sampling rooms were equipped with surveillance
cameras that enabled project managers to
oversee sample collection procedures while
samplers were wearing personal protective
equipment. Finally, EPA observers accompanied
every sampling team inside the buildings to
observe sampling activities directly and ensure
that samples were collected correctly; these
observers also documented the amount of time it
took samplers to perform certain tasks, and those
data can be evaluated to assess sampler
efficiency and performance. Taken together,
these observations suggest that use of personal
protective equipment did not impair the
sampling activities conducted, even though this
was not directly evaluated during the proficiency
testing.
Question 3: The project considered vacuum
sampling, swab sampling, and wipe sampling.
How did efficiency of recovery vary across these
three different sample types?
Summary of response: All three sample types
have limited recoveries—in the range of 40 to
50 percent depending on the type of surface
considered. Across all sample types, recovery
from nonporous surfaces and materials tends to
be better than recovery from porous ones. The
sponge sticks, gauze wipe, and swab sampling
methods seem to offer better recoveries than
vacuum sampling, even when considering
sampling from carpets.
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7.3 Preliminary Results from a Study
of Spore Migration Outside a
Contaminated Building Using Soil
Container Samples Collected
during the BOTE Project
Erin Silvestri, EPA, Threat and
Consequence Assessment Division
Aim of Work Presented
The Bio-Response Operational Testing and
Evaluation (BOTE) project was conducted to
evaluate the efficacy of three decontamination
technologies on Bacillus atrophaeus subspecies
globigii (Bg) spores disseminated in a building.
During BOTE, a preliminary study investigating
the potential for spores to migrate from the
contaminated building and deposit in soils
adjacent to the building, creating a secondary
exposure pathway, was conducted. This
presentation will show initial results from the
study.
Methods and Results
Fifty grams of heat-sterilized reference sand was
placed in 150-millimeter polystyrene Petri
dishes. The dishes were positioned in multiple
locations around the building near entrances,
exits, and high traffic areas to assess spore
deposition from each of three dissemination and
decontamination activities. Sample dishes were
also placed within the building to acquire field
positive samples and to assess possible
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) inhibition due
to the decontamination agents. Collected
samples were processed using two methods: the
U.S. Geological Survey method, which allowed
higher throughput using a smaller sample size,
and the draft U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) method developed for this study
that included an additional washing step and
required a larger sample size. Both methods
utilized PowerSoil™ DNA Isolation Kits to
extract DNA before quantitative-PCR (qPCR)
detection of Bg spores.
Conclusions
EPA data showed positive results outside the
building pre- and post-decontamination during
the amended bleach and chlorine dioxide rounds.
U.S. Geological Survey data were non-detect for
a majority of the samples, indicating sample
processing had an impact on the results. Lessons
learned from the sample placement and
sampling methodologies will be presented along
with the analytical results.
Significance and Impact of Work
The preliminary data analysis showed that
spores can be transported from inside a facility
to outdoor areas. Future decontamination efforts
need to consider not only indoor but also
immediate outdoor environments when
performing cleanup activities. Results from this
study provide information on sample collection
and analysis of soils from a field site. The data
also identified a possible route of exposure that
should be considered when decontaminating
sites in support of remediation efforts.
Question and Answer Session
Question 1: Results were shown for duplicate,
collocated samples ("between-sample
variability") but not for replicate analyses of
individual samples ("within-sample
variability"). Was within-sample variability
characterized?
Summary of response: Yes. Though not
covered in the presentation, replicate laboratory
analyses of selected samples were conducted to
characterize method precision and measurement
variability.
Question 2: During the laboratory analyses of
samples, how did the researchers determine the
conversion factor used for computing spore
counts from genomic equivalents?
Summary of response: This question is better
answered by the microbiologist who was
responsible for analyzing the samples.
Question 3: Did the spore migration study
consider negative controls? This could have
included sand that was never exposed to Bacillus
globigii but placed alongside sand that was
exposed.
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Summary of response: Yes. The study included
"trip blanks," which were heat sterilized sand
samples sent to the field but never exposed to
the surrogate. These were used as negative
controls. These tested negative for the surrogate
in two of the three test rounds, but positive
detections in the negative controls occurred in
the test involving vaporous hydrogen peroxide
decontamination.
Question 4: The presentation mentioned that
clearance sampling after decontamination
included laboratory analyses using rapid
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. Were
any culturing methods used in the analyses to
determine the viability of detected spores?
Summary of response: Analyses of clearance
samples were conducted using only PCR
methods. In retrospect, culturing methods should
have been included for some samples.
Question 5: How did the study consider
background effects, especially considering the
detections of Bacillus globigii in the negative
controls?
Summary of response: The data analyses
shown during the presentation are preliminary,
and this issue will be considered in ongoing
work.
7.4 Surface Sample Testing using
Rapid Viability Polymerase Chain
Reaction (RV-PCR) Method during
the BOTE
Sanjiv Shah, EPA, Threat and
Consequence Assessment Division
Aim of Work Presented
The Rapid Viability Polymerase Chain Reaction
(RV-PCR) is a research method developed by
the National Homeland Security Research
Center within the Office of Research and
Development of the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) to rapidly detect and
identify, or rule out, live Bacillus anthracis
spores, during a bioterrorism event. The method
has been developed in direct support of the
Environmental Response Laboratory Network
established by the EPA's Office of Emergency
Management. Briefly, the RV-PCR is a
combination of a reliable broth culture method
and real-time PCR. The method was not
previously challenged with the analysis of a
large number of environmental samples with
potential background interference and post-
decontamination field samples. Phase I of the
Bio-Response Operational Testing and
Evaluation (BOTE) provided a unique
opportunity to evaluate the performance of this
method.
Methods and Results
Three decontamination technologies, namely,
fumigation with vaporized hydrogen peroxide,
fumigation with chlorine dioxide, and surface
treatment with pH-adjusted bleach, were
assessed in-between re-setting and re-staging of
the facility during the BOTE. The study was
performed using intentional release
(aerosolization) of spores of Bacillus atrophaeus
subspecies globigii, a surrogate for Bacillus
anthracis. Using the 5g-specific culture
conditions and PCR reagents, the performance
of the RV-PCR method was tested with the
surface wipe samples collected during pre- and
post-decontamination events. After the spore
recovery from each wipe sample, the spore
suspension was split into two equal parts. Upon
concentrating to generate equivalent spore
numbers, one part was analyzed by the RV-PCR
method and the other by the traditional culture
method.
Conclusions
Out of a total of 262 samples, the Lawrence
Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) and the
Microbiology Laboratory Branch (MLB) of the
EPA's Office of Pesticide Programs analyzed
212 and 50 samples, respectively.
Significance and Impact of Work
Overall, the RV-PCR method provided rapid
results that were 95 percent (250/262 samples)
consistent with results of the culture method.
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Detailed results from both the LLNL and MLB
will be presented.
Question and Answer Session
Question 1: In the quest to find rapid methods
for detecting viable cells, some researchers
previously considered use of mass spectrometry
(MS) methods, possibly looking for trace metals
in spore coats. Might MS methods in
conjunction with other methods (e.g., RV-PCR)
hold promise for this application?
Summary of response: MS may hold some
promise, but the method likely would not
achieve the desired sensitivity and specificity for
detecting biological agents. The lack of
specificity would be most important for samples
that contain many other substances. Another
concern is that use of MS methods would
require development of a large database of
results to support the analyses.
7.5 BOTE Preliminary Results: Cost
Analysis
Paul Lemieux, EPA, Decontamination
Consequence and Management
Division
In April through May, 2011, and September,
2011, a multi-agency field demonstration and
operational exercise called the Bioresponse
Operational Testing and Evaluation (BOTE)
took place at the Idaho National Laboratory
facilities near Idaho Falls, Idaho. The BOTE
project consisted of two phases. Phase 1 was a
field-level building decontamination assessment
managed by the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) and Department of Homeland
Security (DHS), with the Department of Defense
(DOD)/Defense Threat Reduction Agency
(DTRA) coordinating among interagency
participants. Phase 1 included an assessment of
three decontamination methods (fumigation with
hydrogen peroxide, fumigation with chlorine
dioxide, and a wash down process using pH-
adjusted bleach); associated sampling and
analytical activities; and a cost analysis of test
and processing subsequent sampling results.
Phase 2 addressed facets of an interagency
response to a biological attack on a facility and
involved coordination among several federal
agencies, including EPA, DHS, CDC, DOD, and
the Department of Energy (DOE). The project
utilized a nonpathogenic spore simulant,
Bacillus atrophaeus subspecies globigii (Bg), a
common surrogate for Bacillus anthracis.
This presentation will describe the cost analysis
effort. Data were collected from
decontamination and sampling activities, with a
goal of estimating the residual number of spores
in the air and on the surfaces resulting from the
application of various decontamination
technologies as a function of cost, materials, and
time. The cost analysis approach made the
assumption that, although certain pieces of
information derived from the BOTE project are
incident- and site-specific, the information can
still be extrapolated to other events. Applicable
variables include: 1) costs related to sampling
and analytical activities; 2) costs related to the
application of decontamination technologies to
the building; 3) costs related to personnel
entering and leaving the building; and 4) costs
related to equipment rentals and consumables. It
is also assumed that some costs critical to a cost
analysis cannot be assessed purely based on the
BOTE testing, either due to artificialities present
in a field test situation or the fact that BOTE
used a biological agent surrogate and not real
Bacillus anthracis. These costs would include:
1) waste management costs, 2) some travel
costs, and 3) and some incident command costs.
The analysis of these costs was handled using a
combination of data from the BOTE testing and
various notional considerations (such as
adjusting disposal fees by using multiplicative
factors or estimating travel costs assuming that
various teams were present on-site only as long
as necessary). Costs that could not be assessed
using data from the BOTE study, directly or
indirectly, or from best engineering judgment,
were not included in the cost analysis. Costs
were assessed in several ways, including:
• Cost of each decontamination
technology
• Cost of applying a given
decontamination technology per square
foot or cubic foot of space.
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• Cost of applying a given
decontamination technology per unit of
spore reduction from initial level of
contamination in the air or on surfaces.
• Cost of applying a given
decontamination technology to achieve
a final level of contamination in the air
or on surfaces.
Question and Answer Session
Question 1: Has the decision logic for selecting
bioterrorism decontamination strategies (e.g.,
when to use fumigation versus application of
liquid decontaminants) changed since 2001?
Summary of response: The speaker deferred to
the National Decontamination Team for official
guidelines on decontamination decision logic.
However, findings from the BOTE project and
other research projects are expected to help
inform future decisions regarding
decontamination. For example, the cost
evaluation from BOTE provides estimates on
cleanup costs associated with different
decontamination strategies and their associated
effectiveness of decontamination. These findings
and various other factors will likely help inform
cleanup decisions for future events.
Question 2: The BOTE experiment used a
biosafety level 2 (BSL-2) laboratory, because
the experiment involved surrogates for Bacillus
anthracis. In an event involving Bacillus
anthracis, samples would likely have to be
analyzed in BSL-3 laboratories. To account for
this in cost projections, an adjustment factor was
used to estimate BSL-3 costs based on actual
BSL-2 costs from the BOTE experiment. Do
you recall what the adjustment factor was?
Summary of response: The adjustment factor
was based on an assessment of labor hours for
analyzing samples in BSL-3 laboratories
compared to that for BSL-2 laboratories. The
factor used in the preliminary analysis was
somewhere in the range of 2 to 2.5. The
researchers will consult with representatives
from the Laboratory Response Network to
determine if this factor is reasonable.
Comment 3: A workshop participant shared
three comments that pertain to cost and ability to
respond quickly to incidents. First, hiring
decontamination contractors through the federal
procurement process can be complicated, and
doing so in an expedited manner will be
extremely difficult. Second, labor accounted for
a very significant portion of overall costs for
decontaminating the Brentwood mail facility
following the 2001 anthrax attacks. Third, the
BOTE study considered a relatively small
building (approximately 4,000 square feet), and
findings regarding effectiveness of
decontamination may not apply to buildings that
are hundreds of times larger.
Summary of response: Points noted.
Question 4: Data were presented on sampling
and analysis costs. What type of sampling was
included? Did this include the initial scoping
sampling, confirmation sampling, and all
blanks?
Summary of response: The average sampling
and analysis cost listed ($681 per sample) was
based on the total costs for sampling and
analysis divided by the number of samples
collected. Some finer details should also be
considered. For instance, labor costs associated
with sampling during different decontamination
phases are expected to vary, depending on the
level of personal protective equipment that must
be used. Further, the labor hours needed per
sample tended to decrease with sampling round,
which suggested that sampling time decreased as
the samplers gained experience.
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8 Radiological/Nuclear Agent Decontamination and Waste
Management
8.1 Fate and Transport of Radiological
Dispersal Device (RDD) Material
(Cs and Co) on Urban Building
Surfaces: Effects of Rain
Sang Don Lee, EPA,
Decontamination and Consequence
Management Division
Cesium (Cs) and cobalt (Co) contaminated
urban surfaces were exposed to a simulated rain
event and the fate of Cs and Co on surfaces was
characterized. Five different building materials,
including asphalt, brick, concrete, granite, and
limestone, were used. Known amounts of Cs and
Co liquid solution were atomized and deposited
onto the coupon surfaces. The initial state of Cs
and Co particles on coupon surfaces was
controlled by using two different solvents,
methanol and water. Cs and Co particles using
the methanol solution stayed more locally
concentrated and closer to the surfaces than the
particles in water because of methanol's faster
evaporation rate. The rain rinsate from each
coupon was collected in a container and
analyzed for Cs or Co concentration. Cross
sectioned coupon surfaces were analyzed for the
subsurface concentration profile of Cs and Co.
The results showed that the amount of Cs/Co
rinsed off varied depending on the material and
deposition type.
Question and Answer Session
Question 1: The research presented information
on penetration of cobalt and cesium into various
materials (e.g., asphalt, brick, concrete, granite).
The depth profiles were obtained by cutting the
sampling coupons. How difficult was it to obtain
these depth profiles? Are the observed depth
profiles known with confidence?
Summary of response: A diamond saw was
used to cut the sampling coupons in order to
assess depth profiles. This cutting was necessary
to have flat surfaces for purposes of analysis,
but it may also have contributed to cross-
contamination of samples. The extent of this
cross-contamination has been examined but not
yet quantified. The cross-contamination concern
complicates efforts to quantify the cesium and
cobalt penetration depths with a high degree of
confidence.
8.2 Mobility and Bioavailability of
Long-Lived Chernobyl
Radionuclides in the Environment
and Their Consideration at
Rehabilitation of Contaminated
Sites
Alexey Konoplev, RPA "Typhoon"
Aim of Work Presented
The paper describes the results of theoretical
and experimental studies on the behavior of the
Chernobyl-origin radiocesium and
radiostrontium in the "soil-water " system to
develop the methodology for assessing their
mobility and bioavailability.
Methods and Results
Study methods included laboratory and field
experiments in combination with process-level
physical-chemical modeling of radionuclide
behavior in the environment. Fuel particles
released as a result of the Chernobyl accident
were shown to be responsible for two distinct
features in the behavior of the Chernobyl-origin
radionuclides: 1) the initial mobility and
availability of the radionuclides in the near zone
was lower than those observed in similar
conditions as a result of the global fall-out and
2) the deposition of fuel particles on the
underlying surface, primarily in the near zone,
led to the non-uniform contamination with
refractive radionuclides and a significant
dependence of the initial mobility and
bioavailability on the distance to the damaged
reactor as compared to the more volatile
radiocesium. Kinetic characteristics of the
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radionuclides leaching from the fuel particles in
natural conditions for different soils of the near
zone were obtained. A conceptual model is
proposed for the key processes of transformation
of radiostrontium and radiocesium species in
soil and water bodies. The model accounts for
the radionuclides leaching from fuel particles,
sorption-desorption by the ionic exchange
mechanism, fixation, and remobilization.
The data obtained were used to identify the best
ways to remediate the Chernobyl cooling pond.
The remediation options include a controlled
reduction in the surface water level of the
cooling pond and stabilization of the exposed
sediments. After the planned cessation of water
pumping from the Pripyat Rver to the pond, part
of the sediments will be drained and exposed to
the air. This action will significantly enhance the
dissolution rate of the fuel particles and,
correspondingly, mobility and bioavailability of
radionuclides will increase with time. In exposed
sediments, fuel particles will be almost
completely dissolved in 15 to 25 years, while in
flooded parts of the pond it will take about a
century.
The knowledge gained about the radiostrontium
and radiocesium behavior provided a basis for
developing amendments on base of industrial
waste (hydrolysis lignin, clay-salt slimes, and
phosphogypsum) and sapropel with a view to
reduce the bioavailability of these radionuclides
in soil.
Significance and Impact of Work
Nuclear accidents such as Fukushima-1,
Chernobyl, and Three Mile Island could be
considered prototypes of radiological/nuclear
terrorist attack. Knowledge gained about
radionuclide behavior in the environment after
such accidents and efficiency of rehabilitation of
accidentally contaminated territories should be
used to develop decontamination techniques and
strategies in case of radiological incidents.
Question and Answer Session
Due to time constraints, a question-and-answer
session did not occur after this presentation.
8.3 Adsorption of Cesium from
Solutions on Construction
Materials
Konstantin Volchek, Environment
Canada
Aim of Work Presented
The aim of the work was to study the
interactions between cesium and common
building materials in the presence of water.
Methods and Results
The adsorption of cesium on cement mortar
from aqueous solutions was studied in series of
bench-scale tests. The effects of cesium
concentration, temperature, and contact time on
process kinetics and equilibrium were evaluated.
Experiments were carried out in a range of
initial cesium concentrations from 0.0103 to
10.88 milligrams L-l and temperatures from 278
to 313 K using coupons of cement mortar
immersed in the solutions. Non-radioactive
cesium chloride was used as a surrogate of the
radioactive 137Cs. Solution samples were taken
after set periods of time and analyzed by
inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy.
Adsorption equilibrium models (Freundlich and
Langmuir) and kinetic models (first order,
pseudo-second order, and intra-particle
diffusion) were employed to interpret the test
results. Adsorption activation energy was
calculated to determine the "nature" of
adsorption (physical versus chemical).
Conclusions
Experimental data generated in this study, as
well as modeling results, helped better explain
the nature of interactions in systems "cesium-
construction materials" and to satisfactorily
quantify the interactions. Furthermore, the
models employed in the study enabled the
prediction of the extent of adsorption and thus
the suggestion of appropriate decontamination
approaches. Study results will be instrumental in
developing decision-making tools to select an
optimum decontamination strategy.
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Significance and Impact of Work
Study results will enhance the knowledge of
interactions of cesium with construction
materials. Prediction models will help better
plan response operation.
Question and Answer Session
Question 1: Following RDD events, cesium
contamination levels over large areas will be
considerably lower than what was considered in
this research. In such areas, might the low
cesium concentrations and the presence of other
abundant metals (e.g., sodium) affect the
potential for cesium to reach adsorption
equilibrium?
Summary of response: The research considered
relatively high concentrations of cesium, but this
was necessary given the use of chemical
methods to detect the non-radioactive cesium
isotopes. The use of radiological analytical
methods and radioactive cesium isotopes would
have indeed achieved lower detection limits and
permitted lower concentrations. Nonetheless, the
question raises an important point, and further
testing would be needed to assess the validity of
the partitioning model and coefficients at lower
cesium concentrations. With respect to the
influence of other abundant metals during field
conditions, it is true that many other metals will
be found at much higher concentrations than
cesium. However, what must be considered is
that cesium has a much greater affinity for
binding to minerals in construction materials
than other metals. It would therefore be
preferentially adsorbed, as compared to
competing metal ions.
8.4 Design and Performance of a
Superabsorbing Hydrogel for
Decontaminating Porous Materials
Michael Kaminski, Argonne National
Laboratory
Aim of Work Presented
No radioactive decontamination technology can
properly treat porous surfaces, as evidenced by
the disasters in Chernobyl and Fukushima,
where evacuation was mandated and cleanup
options were abandoned or limited. The purpose
of this work was to develop a novel chemical
decontamination process for removing
radioactivity from such porous surfaces as
granite, marble, asphalt, and concrete following
a recent deposition. We proposed a novel system
of affinity-shifting agents, super-absorbing
polymers, and non-ionic polymeric gels using
conventional spray applicators. Key features of
this approach are 1) in situ dissolution of bound
contaminants without dissolving or corroding
structural components; 2) controlled extraction
of water and dissolved radionuclides from the
surface and pore/microcrack structures into a
stabilize super-absorbing polymer; 3) rapid
immobilization of the solubilized radionuclides
within high-affinity and high-specificity
sequestering agents suspended in the hydrogel;
4) low toxicity of reagents and very low volume
of radioactive waste; and 5) decontamination of
building surfaces to levels that minimize worker
exposure.
Methods and Results
The SuperGel technology consists of a
Superabsorbing hydrogel containing water-based
chemicals and solid sequestering agents
designed to strongly sorb the target
radionuclides. We developed formulas for
decontaminating some high priority
radionuclides. Our methods are centered on
three sub-system evaluations. The first
evaluation included the properties of the
hydrogel. We evaluated a number of
Superabsorbing polymers and additives to
produce a hydrogel that would be robust against
dissolved ions, adhere to vertical substrates, and
be removable by wet vacuum. Secondly, we
evaluated solid sequestering agents for sorption
of radionuclides from high ionic strength
solutions. Finally, we tested combinations of
ionic solutions and chelators or surfactants for
desorption of radionuclides from components of
the building materials. Decontamination was
quantified by depositing dissolved radionuclide
salts into crushed building material and then
applying the wash solution. Hydrogel and wash
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solutions combinations were then tested for
decontamination from coupon samples.
Desorption of radionuclides from minerals
common to building materials was highly
variable. Ammonium salts performed as well as
or better than more complex mixtures. Cement
was easily decontaminated. The SuperGel
successfully decontaminated concrete to 70 to
80 percent of initial levels in a single
application. Additional applications improved
decontamination. Materials with lower porosity
than concretes could be decontaminated to more
than 90 percent and more than 99 percent in a
single application, while those with higher
porosity were poorly decontaminated.
Conclusions
This hydrogel is sprayed onto the surface using
conventional viscous sprayers. The gel retains its
consistency in relatively high temperatures and
humidity for many hours. The hydrogel is
removed by wet-vacuum technology and the
resultant material can be dehydrated to reduce
the waste volume requiring disposal
significantly. Although the SuperGel performed
well in laboratory tests, improvements in
decontamination efficiency are needed for a
variety of substrates and radionuclides. A more
mechanistic understanding is required.
Significance and Impact of Work
The Argonne SuperGel fills a technology gap for
decontamination in an urban setting.
Independent testing at Idaho National
Laboratory established its competitiveness
compared to other technologies recently
introduced to the market.
Question and Answer Session
Question 1: The presentation noted that
effectiveness of decontamination varied across
two different types of concrete. Could these
differences be explained by any specific material
properties or compositions?
Summary of response: The testing considered
in this study was based on two types of concrete:
(1) concrete frequently used in the Midwest,
which is typically made from crushed river rock
aggregate (using sand as the fine aggregate); and
(2) concrete typically used in tropical
environments like Florida, which includes
crushed seashells in the aggregate and is
therefore rich in calcium oxide and calcium
carbonate. The researchers originally expected
the cesium to adhere more strongly to the
crushed river rock than to the seashell-based
material, based on the adsorption coefficients
measured for the selected river rock. However,
effectiveness of decontamination was similar
across the two concrete materials. Further
research would be needed to understand the
mechanisms explaining this counterintuitive
result.
8.5 Radiological Decontamination
Technologies for ROD Recovery
John Drake, EPA, Decontamination
and Consequence Management
Division
Aim of Work Presented
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) is responsible for protecting human
health and the environment from the effects of
accidental and intentional releases of
radiological materials, including such terrorist
incidents as a radiological dispersal device
(ROD) or "dirty bomb." The primary EPA
responsibility of cleanup and restoration of
urban areas would be affected if such an incident
were to occur. In order to prepare for such an
event, in 2007, the EPA's National Homeland
Security Research Center (NHSRC) began
conducting performance evaluations of
commercial, off-the-shelf radiological
decontamination technologies, such as those
originally developed for the nuclear power
industry and the U.S. Department of Energy
complex.
Methods and Results
Desirable decontamination technologies must be
effective in removing threat contaminants from
typical building materials, while minimizing any
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damage to building surfaces. Due to the fact that
large areas are likely to be affected by such an
event, the time required to perform effective
decontamination and the cost of deployment are
significant issues as well. NHSRC has
developed efficacy test methods and facilities,
tested a variety of chemical and mechanical
decontamination technologies, and documented
the results. These test methods, along with a
summary of the results to date, will be
presented.
Significance and Impact of Work
The process and results of this testing, along
with an assessment of deployment issues
associated with each technology, are being made
available to the larger homeland security
community for use in developing cleanup
guidance. The process and results are also being
made available to support decisions concerning
the selection and use of decontamination
technologies for large outdoor environments
contaminated with specific radiological threat
agents.
Question and Answer Session
Due to time constraints, a question-and-answer
session did not occur after this presentation.
8.6 Assessment of ROD
Contamination Removal from
Laundering
Karen Riggs, Battelle
Aim of Work Presented
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is
responsible for environmental cleanup after the
detonation of a radiological dispersal device
(RDD), which includes making
recommendations on how the general public
outside the evacuation zone can reduce their
exposure to this contamination. The current
recommendation for handling clothing
radioactively contaminated by an RDD is to
remove the clothing and bag it. It is unknown
how effective it is to wash clothing items with
water in order to remove RDD contamination
and, perhaps more importantly, the impacts of
the general public knowingly or unknowingly
washing contaminated clothing are not
characterized. The National Homeland Security
Research Center is investigating the efficacy of
machine washing for removing RDD
contamination—specifically cesium 137 (137Cs)
and determining the fate of 137Cs contamination
after washing.
Methods and Results
This assessment involved identifying and
demonstrating methods for depositing 137CsCl
on soft porous surfaces (material swatches) and
for measuring the activity on the swatches and
on a washing machine. Using those methods
demonstrated, polyester and cotton material
were contaminated with a known amount of
137Cs, then washed in a standard front load, low
volume, home-use washing machine with a
common liquid detergent. Various wash
temperatures were investigated. The amount of
137Cs on the material swatches before and after
laundering was measured to determine removal
efficiency. In addition, the amount of 137Cs that
exited the washing machine in the wastewater
and remained on the washing machine was
measured. Additional parameters will be
assessed.
Conclusions
Preliminary results suggest that washing is
effective for removing RDD contamination, with
most of the contamination displaced from the
material to the wastewater. Washing appears
slightly more effective for polyester than for
cotton.
Significance and Impact of Work
The results of this work can be useful for
developing recommendations related to the
laundering of clothing and other porous soft
surfaces contaminated due to an RDD. In
addition, data could also potentially inform self-
help recommendations for the general public
after a nuclear power plant accident.
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Question and Answer Session
Question 1: The underlying premise of the
research is that residents will launder clothing
that contains radioactive contamination, even if
they are told that this will not remove all
contamination. How likely is this to happen?
Would residents be more likely to discard their
contaminated clothing?
Summary of response: The speaker requested
that a colleague respond to this question. That
individual presented insights from the Liberty
RadEx exercise. In that exercise, the most highly
contaminated parts of the city would likely have
been evacuated until decontamination was
finished. However, residents would continue to
live in many other parts of the city that had
lower—but detectable—levels of radiological
contamination. Some of those areas would
eventually be decontaminated, but not right
away. When presented with this information,
citizen advisory groups asked EPA what
residents in those cases should do to minimize
their exposures until decontamination occurs.
One concern expressed was about laundering
clothes, sheets, towels, and other items.
Therefore, this issue is likely going to be an
important issue to some residents, and the results
of this research should help answer questions
about risk reduction measures.
Question 2: Another exercise considered forced
evacuations of more than 200,000 residents from
the city of Charlotte, North Carolina. In that
case, residents reportedly did not want to keep
and wash their clothes that had radiological
contamination. Why is there a difference?
Summary of response: The speaker requested
that a colleague respond to this question. That
individual noted that the response to the first
question (above) pertained to residents outside
of evacuation areas who will continue living in
their homes, despite detectable levels of
radiological contamination. Those residents will
have to make decisions about laundering clothes
and other risk reduction measures, and findings
from this research will help inform those
decisions. Individuals within evacuation areas
may be instructed not to bring any clothing with
them.
Question 3: Were the fabrics colored? Were
advanced fabrics considered, such as those
containing silver nanoparticles for deodorant
purposes? These questions may be important
because dyes, nanoparticles, and other
substances in the clothing could affect
contamination removal.
Summary of response: The experiments
evaluated polyester and cotton fabrics that were
either blue or dark gray (see slide 7 for actual
colors). The research did not consider the
specific effects of dyes or evaluate so-called
advanced fabrics, but those would be interesting
to evaluate in future work for the reasons noted.
Question 4: In every test run, fabric was spiked
with approximately 2 microcuries of cesium-137
before laundering. What was the basis for
selecting this spiking amount?
Summary of response: This decision was based
both on consultation with EPA and on
measurement considerations—ensuring enough
material was spiked to enable reliable
measurements of cesium on the laundered cloth,
on the washing machine surfaces, and in the
wastewater.
Question 5: What are the implications of this
research for water treatment facilities, especially
those that might be receiving wastewater from
washing machines throughout a community?
Summary of response: This research project
was designed to assess the fate of radiological
contaminants from laundering, which can be
used to help address such bigger picture issues.
A collaborator of the speaker further commented
on the issue, noting that communities with
widespread radiological contamination will have
many sources of contaminated wastewater (e.g.,
runoff from precipitation). Further evaluation
would be needed to determine the relative
contributions from these and other sources, but
this could be an important issue given that
cesium would likely adhere to various
components at wastewater treatment plants.
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Another workshop participant emphasized that
contaminated wastewater streams will be
discharged to water treatment facilities
following RDD events with widespread
contamination, due to residents washing clothes
and cars, runoff from precipitation, and other
sources. Therefore, preparedness efforts should
focus on how to address the contamination that
will inevitably occur, instead of assuming that
this contamination will somehow be prevented.
8.7 Simulated Pressure Washing for
Removal of IND Fallout Particles
Emily Snyder, EPA, Decontamination
and Consequence Management
Division
Aim of Work Presented
Detonation of an improvised nuclear device
(IND) would create large areas of destruction
and contamination. In the early phase of a
response to an IND, response efforts would be
focused on life saving activities. These activities
would require both mobile assets, such as
response vehicles, and fixed assets (critical
infrastructure) such as hospitals, power plants,
water treatment plants, and roads for access into
and out of contaminated areas. To continue to
use these response assets and infrastructure,
decontamination may be required.
Decontamination methods must be easy to use,
widely available, and have a fast application
rate, in order to be employed in this early phase.
To learn the effectiveness of pressure washing—
one of these gross decontamination methods—
the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's
National Homeland Security Research Center
evaluated rotating water jet (RWJ) technology
for the removal of simulated fallout.
Methods and Results
As a part of this evaluation, a method for
generating fallout representative of fallout seen
following a detonation of an IND in an urban
environment in the United States was developed.
To evaluate pressure washing as a gross
decontamination technology for removal of IND
fallout, a RWJ attachment from River Jet
Technologies LLC (Forest, Virginia) was
coupled with a standard pressure washer (3,500
pounds per square inch, gas powered, and
capable of generating water at 180 degrees
Fahrenheit (°F)). This attachment included a
shroud that contained and collected the rinsate
from the pressure washer mitigating the health
and safety concerns linked to reaerosolization of
the fallout particles during pressure washing.
The RWJ technology was evaluated in two
capacities: 1) with an ambient temperature (68
°F) water source, and 2) using the hot water
system included with the pressure washer
(which generated water that was 180 °F).
Fallout particles were applied to concrete
coupons (15 centimeters [cm] x 15 cm square
and approximately 4 cm thick) for
decontamination testing. Following deposition
of the radioactive simulated fallout particles, the
gamma radiation from the contaminated coupons
was measured. The RWJ technology was then
used to decontaminate each of the concrete
coupons. Finally, the gamma radiation emitted
from the "decontaminated" coupons was
measured and decontamination efficacy was
calculated. During this evaluation, the
qualitative operational aspects of the evaluation
were also determined, including 1) a full
description of the method used to apply the RWJ
technology; 2) an itemization of costs incurred
during use of the RWJ technology; 3)
deployment and operational data including rate
of surface area decontamination and other
parameters that could include applicability to
irregular surfaces and extent of portability of the
RWJ technology; 4) secondary waste
management, including the estimated amount
and characteristics of the secondary waste; and
5) any health, safety, or legal concerns.
Conclusions
When ambient water was used as the water
source, the percent removal was 97.5 percent
and a very similar percent removal (97.3
percent) was observed for the technology when
hot water (180 °F) was supplied to the nozzle.
These percent removals were comparable to
those seen in the Civil Defense Era experiments
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(Lanthanum-140 tagged sand particles were the
simulated fallout particles) where percent
removals of 98 percent were observed for a
street flusher and greater than 99 percent were
observed for a motorized vacuum street sweeper.
Significance and Impact of Work
These results indicate that standard pressure
washing may remove a great deal of fallout
contamination from the surfaces of response
assets and critical infrastructure. The use of this
technology and other gross decontamination
technologies will assist continuity of response
operations, thereby improving the response
ability of federal, state, and local responders.
Question and Answer Session
Question 1: The simulated pressure washing
device used in the project removed paint from
certain surfaces. Why was it necessary to
remove paint?
Summary of response: To remove fallout
particles, it probably is not necessary to use
pressures that would also scour paint. However,
due to safety concerns for the laboratory
personnel, the experimental setup had to use a
pressure washing device that was completely
enclosed, and that is the primary reason why the
rotating water jet system was used for this
research. Other types of pressure washers may
very well be suitable for field purposes.
Question 2: Was this research intended to
represent conditions following an air burst of a
nuclear device or a ground burst of a nuclear
device?
Summary of response: A surface burst.
Comment 3: As noted during the presentation,
previous research assessed fallout particle
removal efficiency for street flushers and street
sweepers (see slide 17). However, most cities
and towns currently use street sweepers that
exhaust air with limited or no filtering—and this
exhaust could essentially spread contamination.
Other mobile sweeping models are available that
come equipped with high-efficiency particulate
air (HEPA) filters to reduce emissions, but these
models are far more expensive than
conventional street sweepers.
Summary of response: The research team also
noted these concerns about using conventional
street sweepers for removing fallout particles.
That is why the research considered other
approaches (e.g., power washing, vacuuming
with HEPA filters). Another benefit of the
power washing is that it pushes contamination
away from the operators, in contrast to street
sweepers that would concentrate fallout particles
in the vicinity of the drivers.
Question 4: Power washing of surfaces to
remove fallout particles will generate
wastewater with radioactive contamination. Will
this be a problem for operators of water
treatment facilities? How will workers at these
facilities be protected?
Summary of response: This project focused on
gross decontamination strategies during initial
response efforts. For instance, an important first
step will be to decontaminate essential response
assets and critical infrastructure (e.g., major
roads) in order to allow first responders to more
safely engage in lifesaving activities. The
pressure washing was not envisioned for
extensive cleanup throughout an urban area.
Nonetheless, the issues raised in the question are
important and will need to be addressed.
Comment 5: Should contamination result from
improvised nuclear devices, nearby water
treatment plants are inevitably going to be
contaminated due to storm water and other
sources. Use of limited quantities of spray water
to decontaminate critical infrastructure in the
interest of lifesaving activity will likely be
viewed as an acceptable tradeoff, even if it
results in contaminated runoff.
Summary of response: Agreed.
Question 5: What surface decontamination
technologies are being used near the Fukushima
facility in Japan?
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Summary of response: The speaker did not
know the full range of decontamination
technologies being used at Fukushima, but was
aware that decontamination gels are being used
in some areas. However, those gels are not a
gross decontamination technology.
Question 6: Do residents who remain in the
Fukushima area launder their clothes in washing
machines?
Summary of response: Most likely, but this
issue was not part of the research project.
Comment 7: Several questions posed during
this session voiced concern about discharging
contaminated wastewater to treatment facilities.
One option for addressing this issue is by
containing wastewater generated in the field and
treating it on site with conventional filtration and
membrane separation. A presentation at the 2010
EPA decontamination workshop showed how
this on site collection and treatment strategy can
dramatically reduce quantities of wastewater that
are discharged to treatment facilities.
Summary of response: Point noted.
decontamination and asked that a colleague
provide information on the composition of the
decontamination solutions. That individual noted
that SDF is a commercial product from Canada
that was originally designed to decontaminate
chemical and biological agents, and therefore
includes various oxidizers. SDF was
subsequently modified with additives known to
sequester radiological isotopes. Individuals
interested in the composition of RDS were
referred to the manufacturer (Karcher
Futuretech) for further details.
8.8 R/N Decontamination Capability
Development at DRDC Ottawa: The
move to 85§r Decontamination
Testing
Marc Desrosiers, Defense Research
and Development Canada
An abstract for this presentation was not
available for publication.
Question and Answer Session
Question 1: The presentation referred to two
decontamination solutions: "Surface
Decontamination Formulation" (SDF) and
"Radiological Decontamination Solution"
(RDS). What are the primary ingredients in
these solutions?
Summary of response: The speaker noted that
his background pertains more to the laboratory
methods used to test for effectiveness of
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8.9 ROD Waste Estimation Support
Tool to Identify Tradeoffs between
Waste Management and
Remediation Strategies
Timothy Boe, EPA, Decontamination
and Consequence Management
Division
Management of waste and debris from the
detonation of a radiological dispersal device
(RDD) will likely comprise a significant portion
of the overall remediation effort and possibly
contribute to a significant portion of the overall
remediation costs. As part of the national level
exercise Liberty RadExthat occurred in
Philadelphia in April, 2010, EPA developed the
RDD Waste Estimation Support Tool (WEST)
to generate a first-order estimate of a waste
inventory for the hypothetical RDD from the
exercise scenario. Determination of waste
characteristics and whether the generated waste
is construction and demolition (C&D) debris,
municipal solid waste (MSW), hazardous waste,
mixed waste, or low level radioactive waste
(LLRW), and characterization of the wastewater
that is generated from the incident or subsequent
cleanup activities, will all influence the cleanup
costs and timelines. Decontamination
techniques, whether they involve chemical
treatment, abrasive removal, or aqueous
washing, will also influence the waste generated
and associated cleanup costs and timelines.
Current work is focused on increasing the
number of identifiable radionuclides, revamping
the tool's interface, enabling variable cleanup
levels, and decreasing the time needed to
generate results. The tool has spawned numerous
versatile tools, including a surface type
identification system and a HAZUS-MH
database extraction application used to quickly
aggregate preliminary data for the RDD WEST.
This presentation describes the ongoing efforts
to enhance the RDD WEST to further support
RDD planning and response activities.
Question and Answer Session
Question 1: The title of this presentation
suggests that this decision support tool is
specific to RDD release scenarios. Could the
software be expanded to include
decontamination following chemical and
biological attacks?
Summary of response: The decision support
tool can be used for chemical and biological
events. In those cases, the software would follow
the same algorithms for processing satellite
images and characterizing local building stock,
and it would make similar calculations when
estimating the quantities of different types of
wastes (e.g., soils, asphalt, concrete). Some
parameters would have to be updated in the
software to evaluate chemical and biological
agents, but the software can readily
accommodate those scenarios. Note also that the
software can be used to evaluate events
occurring outside the United States, such as
releases from the Fukushima plant in Japan.
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9 Agricultural Decontamination
9.1 Agricultural Decontamination
Lori Miller, U. S. Department of
Agriculture (USDA), Animal and Plant
Health Inspection Service (APHIS)
The purpose of this presentation is to inform
stakeholders about Animal and Plant Health and
Inspection Service (APHIS) resources for
cleaning and disinfecting a location after it has
been quarantined due to an animal disease
outbreak. The presentation summarizes relevant
laws and regulations, highlights guidance,
standard operating procedures, and training
modules available on the APHIS website, as
well as briefly explains the overall response
process and organization. In addition, a case
study is discussed to illustrate some of the
logistical and environmental challenges faced
during cleaning and disinfection (C&D). A brief
overview of the C&D procedure is provided and
several issues are highlighted with information
about how the issues may be
addressed. Examples of APHIS guidance
documents are shown and information on how
stakeholders can get additional assistance is also
covered. As a result, it is hoped that stakeholders
will gain a clearer understanding of the C&D
process, and learn how to access additional
resources.
Question and Answer Session
Question 1: The previous presentation described
a Waste Estimation Support Tool that can be
used to estimate the quantities of different types
of waste generated following chemical,
biological, and radiological events. Would it be
useful to have this software expanded to
estimate wastes and costs for agricultural
decontamination scenarios (e.g., following
foreign animal disease outbreaks)?
Summary of response: It would be very helpful
for the Waste Estimation Support Tool to be
applied to agricultural decontamination
scenarios, and this would be an excellent
opportunity for further collaboration between
EPA and USDA.
Question 2: Is there an upcoming conference on
agricultural decontamination?
Summary of response: Yes. In May, 2012, the
University of Michigan will be hosting the
Fourth International Symposium on Managing
Animal Mortalities, Products, By-Products, and
Associated Health Risk. DHS is sponsoring the
symposium.
Question 3: The cold temperature
decontamination exercise involved a mixture of
antifreeze and bleach, which can mix to form
chlorinated organic compounds. Were
wastewaters tested for these by-products? This
issue raises concerns for worker exposure and
wastewater treatment, but may be viewed as an
acceptable tradeoff when trying to stop an
infectious disease outbreak.
Summary of response: The speaker was not
aware of any testing of wastewater runoff from
the cold temperature decontamination exercise.
Wastewater testing for chlorinated organic
compounds should be considered in future
exercises to determine if chemical contamination
in runoff is an important issue with respect to
worker exposure and wastewater treatment
facilities.
Question 4: The presentation described the
process of decontaminating buildings at a quail
facility. Did the costs of decontamination exceed
the value of the facility itself? Who paid for the
decontamination?
Summary of response: The question raises an
important point regarding agricultural
decontamination approaches—when does it
make sense to decontaminate a facility versus
demolish the facility? In the case of the quail
facility, APHIS hired a contractor to conduct the
decontamination, and the project cost was
approximately $250,000. In these cleanups,
USDA typically pays for the decontamination
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and then tries to recover the costs from facility
owners.
Question 5: Does USDA have a legislatively-
mandated framework or regulatory structure,
similar to the EPA Superfund program, for
recovering costs incurred during agricultural
decontamination events?
Summary of response: The economics of
decontamination events will depend on the
situation. As one example, USDA may have
reason to seize all livestock from a facility,
perhaps to control an infectious disease
outbreak. In such cases, the agency generally
pays indemnity to the facility owner for their
seized livestock. In that sense, the cost recovery
framework for EPA's Superfund program is
different from the current USDA model.
9.2 Laboratory-Scale Assessment of
Agricultural Facility
Decontamination
Worth Calfee, EPA, Decontamination
and Consequence Management
Division
Aim of Work
Two surface decontamination approaches were
evaluated for their efficacy of contamination
removal from two surface materials common to
animal production facilities.
Methods and Results
Material coupons (treated plywood and
concrete) were contaminated with ~1 x 107
spores of Bacillus atrophaeus by aerosol
deposition. Decontaminants (pH-adjusted bleach
or Spor-Klenz®, a peracetic acid-based solution)
were applied to vertically-oriented 14 inch by 14
inch coupons by one of two methods: a
backpack sprayer or gas-powered pressurized
sprayer. Over 10 tests, contact time,
reapplication frequency, rinse method, and
decontaminant delivery method were varied. In
addition to surface removal efficacy, relocation
of biological agent to the rinsate and aerosol
fractions was determined. Following the
completion of the ten tests with 14 inch by 14
inch coupons, two tests were conducted with
larger (40 inch by 40 inch) coupons of treated
plywood and concrete. Decontamination
approaches for the larger coupons were selected
based upon test results from the 14 inch by 14
inch coupons. A summary of test design,
execution, and results will be presented.
Conclusions
Decontamination efficacy was affected by
material type, application procedure, and
decontaminant. Incomplete surface
decontamination can result in viable biological
agent being relocated to rinsates and as an
aerosol and can therefore be a potential source
of contamination spread during remediation.
Significance and Impact of Work
These data help remediation officials and On-
Scene Coordinators develop effective
remediation plans following biological
contamination events.
Question and Answer Session
Question 1: The "Spor-Klenz" decontamination
solution contains peroxides and other
compounds that react with monovalent and
divalent cations. Was there any evidence of
surface reactions following application of this
decontamination solution on concrete?
Summary of response: Previous research has
demonstrated that concrete is not compatible
with peroxide-based decontaminants. Therefore,
it was not surprising that this research found
"Spor-Klenz" to be more effective on wood than
it was on concrete. However, no evidence of
chemical effects on concrete surfaces was
observed following application of "Spor-Klenz."
Question 2: To what extent were results
consistent with previous research involving
these decontamination solutions?
Summary of response: First, for pH-adjusted
bleach, the current research found the solution to
achieve highly effective decontamination on
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both wood and concrete, while previous research
on smaller scales suggested that bleach may be
somewhat ineffective on wood surfaces. Second,
for "Spor-Klenz," decontamination was more
effective on wood than on concrete, and this
finding was consistent with expectations and
with previous research results.
Question 3: How consistent were findings with
regards to transfer of contaminants to rinsate?
Summary of response: The current research
showed that transfer to rinsate varied with many
factors, including the number and duration of
applications, whether decontaminant was
applied using backpack sprayers or pressurized
sprayers, the decontamination solution used, and
the type of surface (see slides 26 and 27). Some
tests in the current research showed less transfer
of contaminants to rinsate when compared to
previous research involving a greater number of
contaminant applications. However, the more
consistent finding across studies is that poor
efficacy of surface decontamination leads to
greater transfer of agents to rinsate.
Question 4: One finding is that "Spor-Klenz"
was more effective on wood than on concrete.
Was this finding statistically significant?
Summary of response: Yes.
Question 5: Please provide additional detail on
the aerosol sampling. What activities were
taking place when samples were collected?
Summary of response: Aerosol sampling took
place during all spraying conducted for a given
set of experimental conditions. For a given test
run, a "Via-Cell" bioaerosol collection cassette
sampled throughout the decontamination
spraying; and the same cassette then sampled
throughout the rinsing process.
Question 6: Was any monitoring conducted on
the backpack sprayer to determine the particle
size distribution of the decontamination spray?
What nozzle tips were used for this spraying?
Summary of response: The project did not
involve measuring the particle size distribution
of the aerosols generated by the backpack
sprayer. However, sprayers were operated in a
uniform fashion across experiments (e.g., the
same nozzle setting, the same spray pressure).
Flow checks were also performed before and
after each experiment to ensure consistent
application rates, which were approximately one
liter per minute.
Question 6: Did the aerosol sampling include
size differentiation to assess what fraction was
respirable?
Summary of response: No. The aerosol
sampling consisted of bulk measurements,
without particle size selection.
Question 7: Based on the results of the
experiments, what type of advice should be
given to On-Scene Coordinators regarding
strategies for minimizing reaerosolization when
using these decontamination methods?
Summary of response: The aerosol data
collected during the experiment were limited
and sometimes inconsistent with expectations
(e.g., aerosol levels were sometimes lower
during pressurized spraying than during
backpack spraying). The main inference to make
from the aerosol data is simply that
reaerosolization will be an important issue
during decontamination. The best approach to
advising On-Scene Coordinators might be to
seek input from aerosol physicists about spray
application practices that would be expected to
minimize reaerosolization. However, decisions
about modified spray practices must be balanced
against other factors, such as the need to
decontaminate large areas over short time
frames.
Comment 8: The test results from this project
found aerosols containing viable spores—a
finding that has important implications for
worker safety and minimizing the spread of
contamination. This participant recommended
that further consideration be given to practices
and controls that can be implemented to reduce
reaerosolization, without compromising
effectiveness of decontamination.
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Summary of response: Point noted.
9.3 Decontamination of a Farm
Cultivator Using a Pressure
Washer with a Water Containment
Mat, Followed by a Chlorine
Dioxide Disinfectant Foam
Application
Craig Ramsey, USDA, APHIS
Aim of Work Presented
A two-stage decontamination study was
conducted with farm equipment to determine the
effectiveness of a mobile pressure washer,
followed by a disinfectant foam application. The
study was conducted from October 24 to
October 27, 2011.
Methods and Results
The study consisted of three tests using a strip
tilling implement that was spiked with
endospores of Bacillus subtilis. The two stages
included pressure washing with a water
containment mat, followed by chlorine dioxide
disinfectant foam treatments. There were five
treatments for each of the three tests, which
included positive and negative control samples,
as well as treated samples. The two study factors
were the number of decontamination stages
(foaming versus pressure washing and foaming),
and two chlorine dioxide formulations. The tiller
was surface sampled on the cutting disks before
and after the pressure washing and foam
applications. Twenty samples were collected
from the treated surfaces and twenty samples
were divided among the positive and negative
control treatments needed for each test. The
samples were placed in sterile vials, frozen, and
shipped to a private microbiology laboratory.
The samples will be cultured to quantify the
viable colony forming unit counts for each
treatment. Results will be evaluated on whether
oxidant based disinfectants could be used to
decontaminate field equipment with high
organic debris challenges.
Significance and Impact of Work
The broader goal of this study is to develop a
mobile system that can decontaminate farm,
military, and construction equipment without
contaminating the soil or groundwater with a
large, portable water containment and
wastewater recycling system. The other goal of
the study is to achieve a high degree of
decontamination with a disinfectant that can be
applied as a longlasting foam, with low human
health risks to the applicator.
Question and Answer Session
Question 1: The presentation mentioned using
spray foam to decontaminate a farm cultivator.
How difficult was it to clean up the foam after it
had been applied?
Summary of response: The cultivator was
inside a barn when the foam was applied. After
application, the cultivator was eventually moved
outdoors and rinsed with a garden hose, at which
point the foam dissipated relatively quickly—
within 30 to 40 minutes.
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10 Biological Agent Sampling and Decontamination—Research
Results and Their Implications on Current Cleanup
Recommendations
10.1 Parameters Affecting Bacterial
Spores and Vegetative Cells
Surface Sample Collection
Recovery
Sandra da Silva, National Institute of
Standards and Technology (NIST),
Biochemical Science Division
Aim of Work Presented
Reliable and precise methods for detection and
quantification of biological threats deposited on
surfaces in buildings prior to and post
decontamination are fundamental to public
health and safety. A comprehensive review of
surface sampling literature has demonstrated that
surface sampling efficiency is impacted by
numerous experimental parameters, including
extraction method and deposition technique. In
the current work, the effect of experimental
conditions on the recovery of Gram negative and
Gram positive bacterial cells was investigated to
optimize and better understand sources of
variability in biological surface sampling
performance. In addition, concepts of surface
thermodynamics were used to predict bacterial
interactions with the surrounding environment
and overall surface sample collection efficiency.
The information obtained for vegetative cells
was compared with B. cmthmcis spores obtained
previously in similar conditions.
Methods and Results
Four types of bacteria, B. anthmcis spores, E.
coli, B. thailandensis and B. cereus vegetative
cells under different experimental conditions
such as sample processing time, physical
dissociation methods, and solutions with
different chemical contents were investigated.
The study was conducted by inoculating a
known concentration of bacteria directly onto a
pre-moistened, polyester-rayon wipe followed
by sample processing after one hour of drying
time (no drying time for B. anthracis).
Furthermore, sample controls were performed
by inoculating the bacteria directly into solutions
from which the maximum number of cells were
recovered. Losses associated with the interaction
of bacteria with the centrifuge tube wall and
wipe as well as losses in bacterial viability were
investigated by applying measurements of
surface thermodynamics components and cell
viability.
Conclusions
Our results have shown no dramatic difference
in recovery across processing methods or
extraction solutions for a given organism. In
contrast to previous observations with B.
anthracis Sterne spores, extraction solution
components including Tween 80 or peptone had
limited impact on recovery efficiency for
vegetative cells. However, the effect of the
extraction solution was dependent on the
organism. Surface charge measurements of E.
coli indicated possible adhesion to the tube walls
and may explain the overall lower observed
recovery values.
Significance and Impact of Work
Developing a better understanding of the critical
parameters affecting biological surface sampling
is essential to identifying the contributing factors
to overall surface sample collection efficiencies.
The identification of these contributing factors
will allow for the prediction and development of
more efficient and reliable sampling
methodologies relevant to public health and
biodefense.
Question and Answer Session
Question 1: The presentation addressed
recovery efficiency for different wipe materials.
Has similar work been done for assessing how
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recovery efficiency varies with time? This may
be an important consideration for holding time
requirements, given the amount of time that
typically elapses between sample collection and
analysis.
Summary of response: In this study, wipes
dried for one hour before laboratory analysis.
The one-hour time frame was selected based on
input from colleagues at the Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention. The experiment
considered how various factors affect recovery
(e.g., wipe material, extraction solution, physical
dissociation method) but generally did not
consider recovery efficiency as a function of
time. However, some earlier experiments
demonstrated that vegetative cells typically died
off within a few hours after samples were
collected. This finding underscores the
importance of rapid analysis and limited holding
times when working with vegetative cells.
Question 2: Did this research use microscopic
analyses or other techniques to assess whether
spore aggregation and clumping contributed to
low recovery efficiencies? Spore aggregation
and clumping might help explain the lower
recovery efficiencies for Escherichia coli, given
the tendency for these bacteria to clump
together.
Summary of response: Microscopic analyses
were not performed, but this would be a good
idea for future work. Based on the low surface
charge for Escherichia coli, it is likely that the
low recovery efficiency was caused by clumping
or bacteria adhering to the centrifuge tube walls.
Question 3: Data shown during the presentation
showed extremely poor recoveries for Bacillus
anthracis spores when extracted in phosphate
buffered saline (PBS) solution. Poor recovery
was even observed for the reference case for the
PBS solution. What might be causing these low
recoveries?
Summary of response: The most likely
explanation is that spores were clumping or
adhering to the centrifuge tube walls, especially
considering that adding surfactant to extraction
solutions tended to improve recovery
efficiencies. This observation is also consistent
with the fact that the outer layers of Bacillus
anthracis spores are more hydrophobic when
compared to vegetative cells. In the case of
vegetative cells, the impact of PBS was not so
pronounced as with Bacillus anthracis spores.
Question 4: What was the "reference"
mentioned during the presentation? Were
recoveries calculated from the reference
observations?
Summary of response: The experiments
focused on recovery efficiencies for
microorganisms inoculated onto different types
of wipe materials. For the "reference" case, the
microorganism was inoculated directly into the
extraction solution, without any use of wipes.
Percent recoveries were calculated by comparing
the amount of microorganism recovered during
laboratory analysis to the amount of
microorganism present in the initial inoculation.
10.2 Dry Fogging of Peracetic Acid for
Bacillus Spore Inactivation—
Results of a Large
Decontamination Chamber Study
Joe Wood, EPA, Decontamination
and Consequence Management
Division
Aim of Work Presented
The study was conducted to obtain data on the
efficacy of a peracetic acid dry fog in the
inactivation of Bacillus atrophaeus and
Geobacillus stearothermophilus spores in a
pilot-scale chamber.
Methods and Results
A commercially available fogging system was
used to generate droplets (less than 10 microns
in diameter) of peracetic acid within a pilot-scale
chamber. Numerous tests were conducted to
assess the effect of fogging process conditions
such as sterilant quantity, relative humidity, and
dwell time on how well Bacillus anthracis spore
surrogates were inactivated. Assays included the
use of biological indicators as well as spores
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aerosolized into the stainless steel chamber via
nebulization. In the latter tests, large coupon
materials were also used to assess the effect of
material on decontamination efficacy.
Conclusions
Results of the testing will be presented.
Significance and Impact of Work
Results will be interpreted and lessons learned
will be presented.
Question and Answer Session
Question 1: Most of the data presented were for
tests involving overnight dwell times. Given the
emphasis placed on rapid response, why did the
experiment not include shorter dwell times (e.g.,
10 minutes, 1 hour)? Also, does this mean that
the fogging occurred for 12 hours?
Summary of response: Fogging occurred only
between 10 and 30 minutes. "Dwell time" is the
amount of time that elapsed between the end of
fogging and the beginning of aeration. Based on
input from the manufacturer of the sporicidal
liquid, a dwell time of a few hours was
originally evaluated. However, when a few
hours did not achieve the target log reductions,
longer dwell times were implemented. While
rapid decontamination is certainly desirable,
effectiveness of decontamination is also
extremely important when considering the
viability of a decontamination strategy.
Overnight dwell times do not seem unreasonably
long, except for some instances (e.g.,
disinfection in hospitals) where immediate
decontamination is essential.
Comment 2: One finding of the study was that
biological indicators can vary from one
manufacturer to the next. This finding is
consistent with experiences from the 2001
cleanups of anthrax-contaminated buildings in
Washington, DC. Specifically, spore strips
provided by Raven Labs were used during the
first buildings that were decontaminated, but
these strips tended to show high amounts of
positive detections—even after sterilization.
Some individuals involved with the cleanups
voiced concerns about quality control issues for
these particular biological indicators (i.e., spore
strips from Raven Labs). As a result, spore strips
provided by other laboratories were used during
subsequent cleanups of additional buildings, and
those biological indicators did not exhibit the
same quality control issues. The experience from
these cleanups might be relevant to some of the
research findings described in this presentation
(see slide 14).
Summary of response: Point noted.
Question 3: Were airborne hydrogen peroxide
concentrations in the experimental apparatus
measured throughout the dwell time?
Summary of response: Yes.
Question 4: Were fans used to ensure adequate
distribution of hydrogen peroxide?
Summary of response: Yes. The experimental
apparatus was equipped with small fans that
operated throughout the dwell time.
Question 5: The presentation noted that past
research found the sporicide formulation to be
effective in its liquid form. In addition to
assessing effectiveness of decontamination for
fogging, did the current study's researchers
assess effectiveness of decontamination for the
liquid sporicide from which the fog was
generated? Such supplemental tests would help
confirm that the starting sporicide solution is an
effective formula, and enable researchers to rule
out lot variability as a potential confounding
factor.
Summary of response: No, this was not done.
The sporicide solution was purchased off-the-
shelf and assumed to contain the active
ingredients and exact composition reported by
the manufacturer.
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10.3 Efficacy of Gaseous
Decontamination Technologies for
Use on Spacecraft Materials and
Their Components
Jimmy Walker, United Kingdom
Health Protection Agency, Biosafety
Unit
Aim of Work Presented
The European Space Agency (ESA) and
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
(NASA) currently use dry heat microbial
reduction (DHMR) at more than 110 °C for
more than 30 hours to decontaminate whole
spacecraft modules or components. However, as
DHMR is a lengthy process that precludes the
use of heat sensitive materials, the aim of this
study was to assess a range of low temperature
decontamination technologies.
Methods and Results
Following an extensive literature review and
selection process, three gaseous decontamination
technologies including vaporous hydrogen
peroxide (VHP, STERIS, Inc.), hydrogen
peroxide vapor (HPV, Bioquell Ltd.) and
chlorine dioxide (ClorDiSys Solutions Inc.)
were tested for biological efficacy, material
compatibility, and residue formation at ambient
pressure within a 20-square-meter
environmental chamber. Following exposure at
the highest concentrations both the VHP
(STERIS Inc.) and HPV (Bioquell Ltd)
technologies resulted in a 6 log reduction in
commercially available biological indicators
within 20 minutes. The ClorDiSys technology
resulted in a >4 log microbial reduction after
exposure for a one-hour period. Three naturally
occurring microorganisms typically found in
clean rooms used for spacecraft components
were also tested as biological indicators.
Bacillus thuringiensis exhibited survival rates
similar to Geobacillus stearothermophilus after
exposure to both VHP and HPV, but B.
thuringiensis demonstrated greater resistance to
chlorine dioxide. A range of 30 materials was
exposed to the decontamination technologies.
No change was witnessed with the hydrogen
peroxide systems, while several materials
showed signs of degradation after exposure to
chlorine dioxide. Residue analysis carried out on
exposed silicon wafers demonstrated that each
decontamination system produced elemental and
nitrogen-containing hydrocarbon contamination,
while chlorine dioxide resulted in additional
sulfate and hypochloride residues, as well as an
oxide layer.
Conclusions
VHP was recommended as the most appropriate
decontamination technology for ESA and NASA
to use as an alternative to DHMR.
Significance and Impact of Work
This work demonstrated that while a number of
decontamination technologies may be
significantly effective at achieving the required
microbial reduction, they may have different
impacts on materials and equipment that are
being decontaminated.
This work was funded by the European Space
Agency (contract no.: 21243/07/NL/EK).
Question and Answer Session
Question 1: The decontamination system used
was ClorDiSys—a system that automatically
generates chlorine dioxide gas. What was the
relative humidity during the experiments?
Summary of response: The relative humidity
was between 60 and 75 percent.
Question 2: Was this relative humidity level
maintained throughout the experiment?
Summary of response: Yes.
Question 3: The figures (see slides 18 to 20)
showing linear D-values were interesting, and
consistent with results EPA has observed both
for chlorine dioxide-based and hydrogen
peroxide-based fumigants.
Summary of response: It is encouraging to hear
about the similar findings regarding linear D-
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values, because peer reviewers have previously
questioned these results.
10.4 Germination-Lysis for Wide-Area
Decontamination of Bacillus
anthracis Spores
Staci Kane, Lawrence Livermore
National Laboratory
Aim of Work Presented
Methods to rapidly restore facilities and the
environment after a wide-area anthrax attack are
currently lacking. We are investigating a low-
cost, environmentally benign, wide-area
decontamination method that induces rapid
spore germination followed by lysis with lower
disinfectant levels, enzymes, or simply by
desiccation or ultraviolet exposure. The
approach involves use of low-cost, readily
available germinants and disinfectants alone or
in combination with enzyme-based methods for
spore cortex degradation (during germination)
and/or lysis of newly germinated cells.
Combined approaches may be necessary to
achieve the required log-kill levels. The
germination-lysis approach is being evaluated
under relevant environmental conditions
including temperature, pH, ionic strength,
available water, and matrix interferences
(surface debris and indigenous microbial
populations). Work is also focused on germinant
and disinfectant formulations and dissemination
methods, with the goal of scaling the approach
to chamber testing with the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency National Homeland Security
Research Center and, ultimately, field-testing.
Surrogate strains are being compared with
virulent strains (e.g., Ames) for different
treatments enabling their use in chamber and
field tests.
Methods and Results
Experiments were conducted with B. anthracis
Sterne spores under saturated conditions with
time points at 0, 30, and 60 minutes; spore
counts were obtained by heating at 65 °C for 20
minutes while total counts (cells and spores)
were obtained by plating directly. We
demonstrated that inexpensive materials such as
dilute chicken broth resulted in -100 percent
germination of 103 Sterne spores and 3 percent
hydrogen peroxide resulted in -100 percent
death of 104-105 Sterne cells within 30 minutes.
Testing of additional germinants (low
concentrations of culture media components,
amino acid/purine mixtures) and disinfectants
(dilute bleach, ethanol) also showed promising
results. Experiments starting with 106 spores
showed about 3-log germination with chicken
broth or alanine/inosine/ammonium chloride
solution, and >4-log germination with a second
addition of germinants at 30 minutes. Enzymatic
approaches showed 1) enhanced germination
with addition of cortex-lytic enzymes and 2)
rapid lysis of Sterne cells upon exposure to low
concentrations (100 nanomolar) of lytic B.
cereus proteins.
Conclusions
Results showed that simple germinants could
induce rapid germination; although low spore
levels (103 spores/mL) showed complete
germination, incomplete (4-to 4.5-log)
germination was observed when starting with
106 spores/mL. Combined approaches using
germinant/lytic enzyme formulations and/or
multiple additions of germinants may further
improve the extent of spore removal.
Germination-lysis approaches followed by
monitored natural attenuation may be useful for
areas that are difficult to treat with traditional
sporicides.
Significance and Impact of Work
Low-cost, effective approaches are needed to
rapidly restore large urban areas to safe
conditions in the event of a wide-area release of
B. anthracis spores. The range of conditions for
the use of these approaches must also be clearly
defined. Forced spore germination followed by
rapid lysis of newly germinated cells may
provide another tool for rapid decontamination
under certain conditions and reduce timelines for
restoration of a contaminated site.
This work was performed under the auspices of
the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence
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Livermore National Laboratory under Contract
DE-AC52-07NA27344. Funding was provided
by the Department of Homeland Security
through the Wide Area Recovery and Resiliency
Program.
Question and Answer Session
Question 1: Research using atomic force
microscopy has shown that spores change with
age (e.g., thickening of spore coats, deeper
furrowing in external areas) in a manner that
makes the spores more resistant to
decontamination. Would thickening of spore
coats with age also make spores more resistant
to germination?
Summary of response: The experiments in this
research project did not include microscopic
imaging. However, the project team is aware of
publications by Alexander Malkin and other
researchers who used atomic force microscopy
to characterize the structure of spore coats for
different Bacillus species. Some of that work
found that spore coats have pitted layers, which
has important implications for germination. This
structural feature may be the pathway by which
small molecules penetrate into the inner
membrane of spores to initiate germination. In
addition, factors other than aging may trigger
changes to spore coat structure, such as changes
in environmental conditions (e.g., moisture
content).
Comment 2: A common agricultural industry
practice involves adding hydrated lime to pits
when burying animal carcasses, particularly for
animals that died from anthrax. This hydrated
lime use can reportedly enhance sporulation.
Summary of response: This research did not
consider how hydrated lime interacts with
Bacillus spores, but this is an interesting
comment.
10.5 Decontamination of Flexal
Hemorrhagic Fever Virus and
Bacillus anthracis Vollum Spores
Dried onto Material Surfaces
Young Choi, Battelle
Aim of Work Presented
This study is part of the Department of Defense
(DOD) Hazard Mitigation, Material, and
Equipment Restoration (HaMMER) Advanced
Technology Demonstration (ATD). The study
determined the ability of liquid decontaminant
formulations to remove or inactivate biological
agents from five material surfaces. This study
also evaluated the potential interference of a
common environmental material on
decontamination efficacy.
Methods and Results
Purified Bacillus anthracis Vollum (V1B, ~ 1 x
10s total colony forming units) spore suspension
and concentrated Flexal South American
Hemorrhagic Fever Virus (FLEV, ~ 2 x 106 total
plaque forming units) were inoculated onto
solvent-borne Chemical Agent-Resistant
Coating (CARC-S), water-dispersible Chemical
Agent-Resistant Coating (CARC-W), Lexan™,
styrene butadiene rubber, and enhanced CARC-
S (with a strippable polyurethane coating)
"pristine" material coupons to evaluate the
efficacy of each decontaminant formulation. In a
separate evaluation, the material surfaces were
uniformly coated with 10 milligrams of Arizona
test dust prior to agent inoculation and then
exposed to the decontaminants. All materials
were rinsed with sterile water to remove residual
decontaminant from all surfaces prior to agent
extraction.
Testing showed total inactivation (> 4.71-log
reduction) of FLEV within the detectable limit
for two of three formulations on all materials.
Surface application of Arizona test dust did not
negatively impact decontaminant efficacy of
FLEV from these materials.
Efficacy results with VIB spores for one
formulation achieved total inactivation (> 6.45-
log reduction) on all pristine materials; two of
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three formulations that did not achieve total
inactivation attained high efficacy (average of
6.63-log reduction). Similar to FLEV testing, no
negative impact on V1B efficacy was seen when
Arizona test dust was applied to the surfaces.
Conclusions
This study is the first to demonstrate the
persistence and decontamination of an emerging
bioterrorism threat agent (FLEV), leading to
quantitative results consistent with the results for
other bacterial organisms tested in the same
program, including V1B spores. Moreover, the
presence of a common environmental interferent
applied to the surfaces of the materials did not
decrease decontamination efficacy.
Significance and Impact of Work
Most arenaviruses that cause hemorrhagic fever
and debilitating sickness are considered
biosafety level (BSL)-4 agents. FLEV is a
pathogenic New World arenavirus, classified as
a BSL-3 select agent. Since pathogenesis of
FLEV is not widely understood, the virus is
transmissible in humans and there are no
vaccines or therapeutics for the virus. In
addition, FLEV is considered a potential
biological warfare agent. Three optimal
decontaminant formulations were identified in
this study to remove and/or neutralize these
types of agents, including V1B spores. A novel
method to uniformly deposit and control the
amount of an environmental interferent onto a
test surface was also developed and successfully
used for decontaminant efficacy testing.
Question and Answer Session
Question 1: Multiple presentation slides refer to
a desired 6-log reduction in contamination for
Flexal hemorrhagic fever virus. What was the
basis for wanting a 6-log reduction? Note that
EPA criteria for registering disinfectants
typically require 4-log reductions for viruses.
Summary of response: A colleague of the
speaker clarified that the 6-log reduction target
is based on a Department of Defense
requirement for decontamination over a unit
area.
10.6 Novel Disinfection Applications
Using a Portable Chlorine Dioxide
Gas Generation System
Anthony Newsome and Jeannie
Stubblefield, Middle Tennessee State
University, Department of Biology
Aim of Work Presented
Chlorine dioxide (C1O2) gas is approved as a
decontaminant for anthrax and has a history of
use in water treatment and food preparation.
More widespread C1O2 use has been hampered
because the gas is too unstable for shipment and
must be prepared at the application site. It is
now feasible to easily produce the gas for local
use with a minimum of material needs and
personnel training. One system (ICA TriNova)
consists of an impregnate within a sachet that is
gas permeable that can produce C1O2 gas or be
submerged in water creating a C1O2 solution.
The aim of the work was to demonstrate the use
of this system in novel disinfection applications
such as elimination of bacteria on sports
equipment (football pads) and respiratory
firefighter masks. C1O2 also proved effective in
elimination of bacterial cells (including spores)
on deceased animal (swine) skin.
Methods and Results
Bacteria were readily recovered from used
football helmets and shoulder pads by rubbing
the pad surface (50 square centimeters) with a
sterile cotton swab and plating onto trypticase
soy agar (TSA) plates. Pads were placed in a
113 liter (30 gallon) plastic garbage bag. A
sachet generating 500 milligrams of C1O2 was
placed in the bag overnight. Following
treatment, an adjacent area was sampled and
plated onto TSA. Chlorine dioxide gas
significantly eliminated bacteria on pad surfaces
(p < 0.001). Gas treatment also eliminated
laboratory applied Staphylococcus aureus on
pad surfaces and in the underlying foam pad
layers. SCBA respiratory masks were inoculated
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with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA). It is suspected that MRS A can be
transmitted from protective gear among
firefighters. Studies showed the bacteria can
survive on masks.
Prior to C1O2 gas treatment, the mask surface
was sampled using cotton swabs and plated onto
agar. After treatment, samples were taken from
adjacent sites. Low dose (less than 200 parts per
million [ppm]) and contact time (less than three
hours) reduced (3 log or greater) MRSA
recovery. Masks were subject to 20 treatments
and are undergoing function tests. The ability of
C1O2 gas to eliminate bacteria on animal
surfaces to decrease potential risks associated
with disposal of animal carcasses was examined.
Untreated swine skin (from a food processing
facility) was inoculated with suspensions (up to
107) of Bacillus atrophaeus. Cotton swabs and
agar contact plates were used to recover bacteria
from C1O2 treated and untreated controls. C1O2
gas eliminated naturally-occurring bacteria
associated with swine surface tissue (two hours
at 1,000 ppm C102). If treatment time was
increased to six hours, spores inoculated onto
the skin surface were eliminated.
Significance and Impact of Work
This work adds to the disinfection methodology
that could be employed in both current and
unforeseen future decontamination needs.
Conclusions
There is potential for more broad-scale use of
ClO2to eliminate infectious agents that occur in
proximity to human activity. These applications
are relevant in normal mitigation activities,
disinfection activities following a natural
disaster, or the mitigation needs following
deliberate release of microbes with potential
harm to humans.
Question and Answer Session
Question 1: The presentation discussed a study
using chlorine dioxide as a potential
decontaminant to reduce infectious risks that
might be associated with an animal disease
outbreak event. In that study, swine skins were
inoculated with Bacillus atrophaeus as a
surrogate for Bacillus anthracis. Were swabs
used to sample the skins after decontamination?
Summary of response: In preliminary studies,
the researchers tried using RODAC™ contact
plates for sampling, but found the levels of pre-
treatment contamination were too high to
quantify with that method. The results presented
here were all obtained using samples collected
with swabs.
Question 2: Physical changes in pig skin were
observed following inoculation. To what extent
might those changes have affected sample
recovery and potentially biased the results?
Summary of response: Quantitative sample
recovery estimates were not generated.
Question 3: One way for qualitatively assessing
sample recovery would be to culture entire skin
samples at the end of test runs to confirm
sterility. Was this done?
Summary of response: No. The purpose of the
research was to assess decontamination of the
skin surface. However, the samples used in the
research included multiple layers of skin and
even some fat that underlies the skin. Post-test
cultures were not conducted because there was
no way to perform them only on the surface
material.
10.7 Evaluation of Liquid and Fumigant
Decontamination Products for Use
Following Future Anthrax Attacks
Dorothy Canter, Dorothy Canter
Consulting LLC
Aim of Work Presented
The aim of this research was to compare and
contrast liquid decontamination agents and
fumigants that could be used to remediate
specific contaminated areas following future
anthrax attacks, as well as to develop proposed
criteria for choosing among the products in each
class of agents.
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Methods and Results
The approach involved generating a list of liquid
decontaminants by selecting the eight agents for
which the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) granted crisis exemptions
following the 2011 anthrax attacks; permitting
their use to treat facilities and items
contaminated with Bacillus anthracis spores by
adding the two liquid antimicrobial products
subsequently registered by EPA as sporicidal
decontaminants specifically to treat Bacillus
an^rac/s-contaminated, pre-cleaned, hard,
nonporous surfaces; and choosing three other
antimicrobial agents demonstrated in recent
research to be effective sporicides on several
nonporous and/or porous materials. The 13
agents selected for evaluation included:
Sabrechlor 25, DrewChlor 4107, Akta Klor 25,
pH-amended bleach, Spor-Klenz RTU sterilant,
Oxonia Active, Actril Cold Sterilant, Vortexx,
Peridox, Steriplex Ultra™ CASCAD™ SDF,
Decon Green, and Easy Decon 200.
Conclusions
This paper evaluates those products with respect
to a number of key factors, including active
ingredients, conditions of use, contact time,
toxicity, and product container volumes. Further,
the paper evaluates the three fumigants for
which EPA issued crisis exemptions to
remediate the interiors of buildings
contaminated during the 2001 attacks, namely,
chlorine dioxide, vaporized hydrogen peroxide
and paraformaldehyde. The paper also evaluates
methyl bromide, which demonstrated sporicidal
efficacy in research sponsored by EPA. Key
factors considered are generation of agent,
maximum volume of space that can be
fumigated at one time, fumigation process
variables, demonstrated efficacy, penetration
capability, mode of fumigant removal, toxicity,
and materials compatibility.
Significance and Impact of Work
Based upon the factors evaluated, the paper
proposes two sets of criteria, including one for
selecting liquid decontamination agents and the
other for choosing fumigants to remediate
contaminated locations following future anthrax
attacks, whether limited in scope or
encompassing wide areas. The paper then
utilizes the criteria to assess some of the agents,
highlighting their respective advantages and
disadvantages. It is anticipated that this work
will contribute to the development of consensus
criteria for selecting liquid decontamination
agents and fumigants from available products
that will be beneficial in recovering from future
bioterrorist attacks.
Question and Answer Session
Comment 1: A participant shared three
comments. (1) The presentation included
information from "Alcatel-Lucent studies"
regarding decontaminating computers. This
information was from a much larger body of
recent research managed by EPA and DHS, with
collaboration from Alcatel-Lucent Bell
Laboratories. Considering the entire range of
those research findings is important when
evaluating decontamination options. (2) One of
the limitations mentioned for methyl bromide as
a fumigant is its relatively long contact time (48
hours) documented in previous research. Recent
research has demonstrated methyl bromide
fumigation times as short as 9 hours for Bacillus
anthracis, and the details of that research should
be explored further when commenting on the
viability of methyl bromide fumigation. (3) EPA
publications on material compatibility for
selected decontaminants (e.g., chlorine dioxide)
have recently been posted on the NHSRC
website, and publications for additional
decontaminants will be posted in the near future.
Summary of response: Points noted.
Question 2: Please comment on the cost
effectiveness of the different fumigants.
Summary of response: Every fumigant has
advantages and disadvantages that affect overall
cost. Therefore, the answer to this question
depends on many factors. For example, if a large
building with complex areas needs to be
decontaminated quickly, chlorine dioxide may
be the most cost effective choice.
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Question 3: One of the proposed criteria for
evaluating liquid decontamination products is
demonstrated sporicidal efficacy (see slide 9).
Should a criterion be included regarding the
number of spores detected in confirmatory
samples?
Summary of response: When evaluating
chemical contamination, quantitative cleanup
goals are based on robust exposure and risk
assessment calculations. For biological agent
contamination, quantitative risk assessment
capabilities are limited due to incomplete
information on dose-response (i.e., how many
spores must be inhaled or contacted in order to
cause disease) and exposure assessment. As long
as major uncertainties remain, the criteria for re-
occupancy of building interiors will likely be
based on confirmation sampling (e.g., all tests
negative for spore growth) rather than on risk
assessment calculations (e.g., a minimum spore
count).
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11 Conducting Homeland Security Research
11.1 EPA's Quality Assurance Program
Eletha Brady-Roberts, EPA, National
Homeland Security Research Center
Note: The final workshop session was not
documented for purposes of this report.
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Appendix A: Agenda
A-l
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2oii U.S. EPA Decontamination Research and
Development Conference
Hilton Raleigh Durham Airport
Durham, NC
November 1-3, 2011
Agenda
Meeting Objectives
• To provide information on scientific endeavors, including applied research, field demonstrations,
guidance and tool development and field applications related to CBR remediation issues.
• To understand the connection between basic orfundamental decontamination research and applied
research, as well as applied research and effective field application.
• To provide information on the gaps related to all phases of CBR cleanup (characterization,
decontamination, disposal and clearance).
DAY i: TUESDAY, November i, 2011
7:30 am Continental Breakfast
8:00 am Check-in
OPENING SESSION
8:30 am Purpose and Objectives of the Meeting and Introduction of Speaker Peter Jutro
Deputy Director for Science and Policy, EPA's National Homeland Security Research Center
Speaker: The 2ist Century Threat of Bioterrorism Colonel Randall J. Larsen
USAF(Retired), Chief Executive Officer of the WMD Center
9:45 am BREAK
RESPONSES, EXERCISES AND PROGRAM OVERVIEWS
HOW CAN RESPONSES AND EXERCISES BE INFORMED BY RESEARCH
Presentations and Q&A Moderated by Juan Reyes and Shawn Ryan
10:10 am NRC's response to the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Crisis Scott A. Morris
Nuclear Regulatory Commission
10:35 am Recent R&D by Environment Canada on CBRN Decontamination Carl E. Brown
Environmental Canada
A-2
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DECONTAMINATION OF WATER AND WASTE WATER INFRASTRUCTURE
RESEARCH RESULTS AND HOW THEY CAN AFFECT CURRENT POLICY
Presentations and Q&A- Matthew Magnuson and Marissa Lynch
DAY i: TUESDAY, November i, 2011 (Continued)
11:00 am Wide Area Recovery and Resiliency Program -
Targeted S&T Solutions to Enhance Interagency Capabilities Chris Russell
DHS Science and Technology Directorate
11:25 am Overview of the DTRA/JSTO Decontamination Portfolio L. Revell Phillips
Protection and Hazard Mitigation Defense Threat Reduction Agency
Joint Science and Technology Office
11:50 am Update on Government Decontamination Service Rosina Kerswell
UK's Government Decontamination Services
12:15 pm LUNCH (Optional Group Lunch)
1:15 pm Overview of Liberty Pad Ex and Lessons Learned Bill Steuteville
EPA's Region3
M
i:4opm Water Decontamination Activities within EPA Water Security Division
and National Homeland Security Research Center Marissa Lynch
EPA's Off ice of Water
2:oopm Germinant Enhanced Decontamination of Bacillus Spores Adhered
to Iron and Cement-Mortar Drinking Water Infrastructure JeffSzabo
EPA's Water Infrastructure Protection Division
2:25 pm Biological Contaminant Persistence and Decontamination in
Drinking Water Pipes Using the EPA Persistence and
Decontamination Experimental Design Protocol Ryan James
Battelle
2:50 pm Decontamination of Bacillus anthracis in Wastewater CAPT. Colleen Petullo
USPHS, EPA's OSWER, Environmental Response Team
3:15 pm BREAK
3:40 pm Progress In the Development of a Rapid, Water-Based Technology
for Removing Contamination Following an Urban Dispersal of Radioactivity Carol Mertz
Argonne National Laboratory
4:05 pm Selected On-going Homeland Security
Water Decontamination Research Projects Matthew Magnuson
EPA's Water Infrastructure Protection Division
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DAY i: TUESDAY, November i, 2011 (Continued)
Presentations and Q&A- Moderated by Lawrence Kaelin and Joe Wood
4:20 pm Application of the Quick Reference Guides (QRGs)to CWA Decontamination Larry Kaelin
EPA's OSWER National Decontamination Team
4:45 pm Efficacy Evaluation of Liquid and Foam Decontamination Techniques for
Chemical Warfare Agents on Indoor Surfaces Deon 5. Anex
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
5:10 pm ADJOURN
DAY 2: WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 2, 2011
7:30 am Continental Breakfast
8:05 am Efficacy of Disinfectant against Vegetative
BW Agents and Their Surrogates
Vipin Rastogi, BioDefense Branch, R&T
Directorate, US Army, Edgewood Biological and
Chemical Center
8:30 am From Reaerosolization to Exposure,
Connecting the Dots
Capt. Marshall Cray, EPA 's Decontamination
and Consequence Management Division
8:55 am An Investigation Into the Sources of Two
Inhalation Anthrax Fatalities Associated
with African Drums
Jimmy Walker, Biosafety Unit, UK's Health
Protection Agency
9:20 am Transfer of BW Surrogate Particles from
Contaminated Surfaces
Richard Byers, Battelle
9:45 am Fixatives Application for Risk Mitigation
Following Contamination with a Biological
Agent
Chris C. Campbell, Lawrence Livermore
National Laboratories
10:10 am BREAK
8:05 am Field Evaluation of Indoor Clean Up of
Malathion
Jeanelle Martinez, US EPA's OSWER National
Decontamination Team
8:3oam Enzymatic Decontamination of CWAs from
Building Materials
Lukas Oudejans, EPA's Decontamination and
Consequence Management Division
8:55 am Decontamination of Chemical Warfare
Agents Using Household Chemicals
George Wagner, Army's Edgewood Chemical
Biological Center
9:20 am Investigation of Hydrogen Peroxide/
Ammonia Fumigation against VX,
TGD, and HD
Harry Stone, Battelle
9:45 am Non-Aqueous Catalytic Process for the
Decontamination of Sensitive Equipment
from Organophosphorus Compounds
Vladimir Blinov, Environment Canada
10:10 am BREAK
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DAY 2: WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 2, 2011 (Continued)
BIO-RESPONSE OPERATIONAL TESTING AND EVALUATION
HOW TO INTEGRATE RESPONSE AND RESEARCH ACTIVITES
Presentations and Q&A- Moderated by Leroy Mickelsen and Hiba Ernst
10:35 am Overview of Bio-Response Operational Testing and Evaluation (BOTE) Shannon Serre
EPA's Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
10:55 am Overview of Sampling Activities at BOTE.
Dino Mattorano
EPA's OSWER National Decontamination Team
11:15 am Preliminary Results from a Study of Spore Migration Outside a
Contaminated Building using Soil Container Samples Collected
during the BOTE Project Erin E. Silvestri
EPA's Threat and Consequence Assessment Division
ii:4oam Surface Sample Testing using Rapid Viability Polymerase Chain Reaction (RV-PCR)
Method during the BOTE SanjivShah
EPA's Threat and Consequence Assessment Division
12:05 Pm BOTE Preliminary Results: Cost Analysis Paul Lemieux
EPA's Decontamination Consequence and Management Division
12:30 pm LUNCH (Optional Group Lunch)
RADIOLOGICAL/NUCLEAR AGENT DECONTAMINATION AND WASTE MANAGEMENT
Presentations and Q&A- Moderated by Paul Lemieux and James Michael
1:30 pm
1:55 pm
2:20 pm
Fate and Transport of Radiological Dispersal Device (RDD)
Material (Cs and Co) on Urban Building Surfaces: Effects of Rain Sang Don Lee
EPA's Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
Mobility and Bioavailability of Long-Lived Chernobyl Radionuclides in the
Environment and Their Consideration at Rehabilitation of
Contaminated Sites
.Alexey Konoplev
RPA "Typhoon"
Adsorption of Cesium from Solutions on Construction Materials.
....Konstantin Volchek
Environment Canada
2:45 pm
3:10 pm
3:35 pm
Design and Performance of a Superabsorbing Hydrogel for
Decontaminating Porous Materials
Michael D. Kaminski
Argonne National Laboratory
Radiological Decontamination Technologies for RDD Recovery John Drake
EPA's Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
BREAK
A-5
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DAY 2: WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 2, 2011 (continued)
4:00 pm Assessment of ROD Contamination Removal from Laundering
. Karen Riggs
Battelle
4:25 pm Simulated Pressure Washing for Removal of IND Fallout Particles Emily Snyder
EPA's Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
4:50 pm ADJOURN
DAY 3: THURSDAY, November 3, 2011
8:00 am Continental Breakfast
RADIOLOGICAL/NUCLEAR AGENT DECONTAMINATION AND WASTE MANAGEMENT (CONT.)
8:30 am R/N Decontamination Capability Development at DRDC Ottawa:
The move to 8sSr Decontamination Testing Marc Desrosiers
Defense Research and Development Canada
8:55 am ROD Waste Estimation Support Tool to Identify Tradeoffs
between Waste Management and Remediation Strategies Timothy Boe
EPA's Decontamination and Consequence Management Division - ORISE Post Doctoral Fellow
^^^^SSSS^M
9:20 am Agricultural Decontamination Lori Miller
Department of Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
9:45 am Lab-Scale Assessment of Agricultural Facility Decontamination Worth Calfee
EPA's Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
10:10 am BREAK
10:35 am Decontamination of a farm cultivator using a pressure washer with a
water containment mat, followed by a chlorine dioxide
disinfectant foam application Craig Ramsey
Department of Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
A-6
-------
DAY 3: THURSDAY, November 3, 2011 (Continued)
11:00 am
11:25 am
11:50 am
12:15 Pm
1:15 pm
1:40 pm
2:30 pm
2:55 pm
BIOLOGICAL AGENT SAMPLING AND DECONTAMINATION
Presentations and Q&A - Moderated by Worth Calfee
Parameters Affecting Bacterial Spores and Vegetative
Cells Surface Sample Collection Recovery Sandra M. DaSilva
National Institute of Standards and Technology, Biochemical Science Division
Dry Fogging of Peracetic Acid for Bacillus Spore Inactivation -
Results of a Large Decontamination ChamberStudy Joe Wood
EPA's Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
Efficacy of Gaseous Decontamination Technologies for
Use on Spacecraft Materials and Their Components Jimmy Walker
Biosafety Unit, Health Protection Agency
LUNCH (Optional Group Lunch)
Germination-Lysis for Wide-Area Decontamination of
Bacillus anthracis spores
Staci Kane
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Decontamination of Flexal Hemorrhagic Fever Virus and
Bacillus anthracis Vollum Spores Dried onto Material Surfaces.
. Young W. Choi
Battelle
Novel Disinfection Applications Using A Portable Chlorine
Dioxide Gas Generation System Anthony L. NewsomeandJeannieM. Stubblefield
Department of Biology, Middle Tennessee State University
Evaluation of Liquid and Fumigant Decontamination Products for
Use Following Future Anthrax Attacks Dorothy Canter
Dorothy Canter Consulting LLC
BREAK
CONDUCTING HOMELAND SECURITY RESEARCH
DEVELOPING A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF EPA'S QUALITY ASSURANCE SYSTEM
3:15 pm EPA's Quality Assurance Program Eletha Brady-Roberts
Quality Assurance Manager EPA's National Homeland Security Research Center
4:45 pm ADJOURN
A-7
-------
Appendix B: List of Participants
*Speaker B-l
-------
2oii U.S. EPA Decontamination
Research and Development Conference
Hilton Raleigh Durham Airport
Durham, NC
November 1-3, 2011
Attendees
Nancy Adams
no Waterloo Station Drive
Gary, NC 27513
919-460-7726
nhadams64@gmail.com
Jacob Adams
Scientist
The Procter and Gamble Company
11810 East Miami River Road
Cincinnati, OH 45252
513-627-1998
adams.jr.i@pg.com
*Deon Anex
Forensic Science Center
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
POBox8o8(L-ogi)
Livermore, CA 94551
925-422-8054
anexi@llnl.gov
Lee Hwi Ang
DSO National Laboratories
20 Science Park Drive
Singapore 118230
+65 68712910
aleehwi@dso.org.sg
Anthony Arkell
Science Team
UK Government Decontamination Service
MoD Stafford, Building 14
Beaconside
Stafford, Staffordshire STi8-oAQ
United Kingdom
+44 (o) 1785216307
anthony.arkell@fera.gsi.gov.uk
Donald Bansleben
Program Manager
Chemical Biological Division
Department of Homeland Security
245 Murray Lane
Washington, DC 20528
202-254-6146
kelly.boyce@associates.dhs.gov
William Batt
TSWG
CTTSO
PO Box 16224
Arlington, VA 22215
703-602-6199
william.batt.ctr@cttso.gov
William Bell
Principal Scientist
TDA Research, Inc.
12345 West 52nd Avenue
Wheat Ridge, CO 80033
303-940-2355
wbell@tda.com
Nathan Birnbaum
Senior Staff Veterinarian
APHIS
Veterinary Services National Center for
Animal Health Emergency Management
U.S. Department of Agriculture
USDA APHIS VSNCAHEM
4700 River Road - Unit 41
Riverdale, MD 20737
301-734-5867
nathan.g.birnbaum@aphis.usda.gov
*Timothy Boe
Office of Research and Development
Decontamination and Consequence
Management Division
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
109 TW Alexander Drive (£343-06)
Durham, NC 27709
919-541-2482
boe.timothy@epa.gov
*Eletha Brady-Roberts
Quality Assurance Director
ORD/NHSRC - Immediate Office
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
26 W. Martin Luther King Drive (NGi6)
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7662
roberts.eletha@epa.gov
Lance Brooks
Branch Chief
R&D-Chem/Bio Division
Department of Homeland Security S&T
245 Murray Lane S&T CBD Stop 0201
Washington, DC 20528
202-254-5768
lance.brooks@dhs.gov
*Carl Brown
Environment Canada
335 River Road
Ottawa, Ontario KiA oH3
Canada
613-991-1118
carl, brown @ec.gc.ca
Alison Burklund
Student
Johns Hopkins University
3339 North Charles Street Wolman #3588
Baltimore, MD 21218
925-922-7116
aburklui@jhu.edu
Joan Bursey
DCMD
NHRSC/NCBA SEE Program
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
109 T.W. Alexander Drive (£343-06)
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
919-541-2253
bursey.joan@epa.gov
*Richard Byers
Research Scientist
Applied Biology & Aerosol Technology
Battelle
505 King Avenue
Columbus, OH 43201
byersr@battelle.org
*Speaker
B-2
-------
Devon Byrd
Discovery and Analytical Sciences
Research Triangle Institute
3040 Cornwallis Road
Durham, NC 27709
919-541-5981
dbyrd@rti.org
* Worth Calfee
Decon and Consequence Management
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
109 TW Alexander Drive MD £-343-06
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
919-541-7600
calfee.worth@epa.gov
Philip Campagna
Chemist
OSWER/OSRTI/ERT
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
2890 woodbridge ave
Edison, NJ 08837
609-865-4320
campagna.philip@epa.gov
*Chris Campbell
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
PO Box8o8L-627
Livermore, CA 94551
925-422-0529
campbell48@
*Dorothy Canter
Principal
Dorothy Canter Consulting LLC
19 Maplewood Park Court
Bethesda, MD 20814
240-743-9247
dorothy@dorothycanterconsulting.com
Joe Cappello
Senior Research Scientist
Chemical RDT&E Group
CUBRC
PO Box 11
Sprinville, NY 14141
716-592-7331
cappello@cubrc.org
Kimberly Chapman
VP, Sales and Marketing
Morphix Technologies
2557 Production Road
Virginia Beach, VA 23454
757-431-2260
kchapman@morphtec.com
*Speaker
*Young Choi
Research Scientist
Battelle
505 King Ave., JM-7
Columbus, OH 43201
614-424-3787
choiy@battelle.org
Adrian Clark
Project Manager
Dstl Detection
UK Ministry of Defence, Building 6
Porton Down
Salisbury, Wilts SP40JQ
United Kingdom
+441980613203
ajclark@dstl.gov.uk
William Mark Cosby
Agriculture Program Specialist
Food and Drug Protection Division
North Carolina Department of Agriculture
1070 Mail Service Center
Raleigh, NC 27699
919-733-7366
mark.cosby@ncagr.gov
*Sandra Da Silva
Gaithersburg
Chemical Science
NIST
100 Bureau Drive (8311)
Gaithersburg, MD 20899
301-975 4665
sdasilva@nist.gov
*Marc Desrosiers
Defence Scientist
DRDC Ottawa
37OiCarling Ave
Ottawa, ON KiAoZ4
Canada
613-949-2739
marc.desrosiers@drdc-rddc.gc.ca
Brendan Doyle
NHSRC
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW (88oiR)
Washington, DC 20460
202-564-4584
doyle.brendan@epa.gov
*John Drake
National Homeland Security Research Center
Decontamination &
Consequence Management
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
26 Martin Luther King Dr West (NG-i6)
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-235-4273
drake.john@epa.gov
Hiba Ernst
Director, TCAD
B-3
NHSRC
Threat and Cosequence Assessment Division
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
26WestM.L. King Dr. (NGi6)
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7943
ernst.hiba@epa.gov
Julianna Fessenden
Group Leader
Los Alamos National Laboratory
PO Box 1663, MSF6o8
Los Alamos, NM 87545
505-667-5468
julianna@lanl.gov
Richard Fitzpatrick
Laboratory Director
Chemical RDT&E Group
CUBRC
PO Box 11
Springville, NY 14141
716-592-7331
Fitzpatrick@cubrc.org
Karin Foarde
Director
Center for Microbial Communities Systems
and Health Research
RTI International
3040 Cornwallis Road
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
919-541-8018
kkf@rti.org
Brian France
TDA Research, Inc.
12345 West 52nd Avenue
Wheat Ridge, CO 80033
303-940-2357
bfrance@tda.com
*Captain Marshall Gray
CAPT USPHS
ORD/NHSRC
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
109 TW Alexander Drive (£343-06)
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
919-541-4303
gray.marshall@epa.gov
Mike Hennessey
National Science Program Leader, Treatments
PPQ
USDA-APHIS
1730 Varsity Drive - Suite 400
Raleigh, NC 27606
919-855-7424
mike.k.hennessey@aphis.usda.gov
Jonathan Herrmann
Director, National Homeland Security Research
Center
National Homeland Security Research Center
-------
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
26 West Martin Luther King Drive (NG3i)
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7839
herrmann.jonathan@epa.gov
Mario lerardi
Homeland Security Team Leader
WCB/MRWMD/OSWER
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
1200 Pennsylvania Ave, NW (5304?)
Washington, DC 20460
703-308-8894
ierardi.mario@epa.gov
*Ryan James
Battelle Memorial Institute
505 King Avenue
Columbus, OH 43201
614-424-7954
jamesr@battelle.org
Adam Judd
Battelle
505 King Avenue
Columbus, OH 43201
614-424-5396
judda@battelle.org
*Peter Jutro
Deputy Director, Science & Policy
Office of Research & Development (ORD)
National Homeland Security Research Center
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW (88oiR)
Room 51195
Washington, DC 20460
202-564-6522
jutro.peter@epa.gov
*Lawrence Kaelin
Chemist
OSWER/OEM/NDT
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
2890 Woodbridge Avenue - Room L2O2
Building 209, Bay B
Edison, NJ 08837
732-321-6625
kaelin.lawrence@epa.gov
*Michael Kaminski
Principal Materials Engineer
Chemical Sciences and Engineering
Argonne National Laboratory
9700 South Cass Avenue
Argonne, IL 60439
630-252-4777
kaminski@anl.gov
*Staci Kane
Staff Scientist
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
7000 East Avenue (L-452)
Livermore, CA 94550
925-422-7897
kaneii@llnl.gov
Carlton (Jeff) Kempter
Senior Advisor
Office of Pesticide Programs
Antimicrobials Division
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW (7510?)
Washington, DC 20460
703-305-5448
kempter.carlton@epa.gov
*Rosina Kerswell
Department of Environment
Food and Rural Affairs
UK Government Decontamination Service
Building 14
MOD Stafford
Stafford, Staffordshire STiSoAQ
+44 (o)1785216305
rosina.kerswell@fera.gsi.gov.uk
*Aleksei Konoplev
Institute of Environmental Monitoring
Center for Environmental Chemistry
RPA "Typhoon"
4 Pobedyv str
Obninsk, Kaluga 249038
Russia
+79109110698
konoplev@obninsk.com
*Col. Randall Larsen
Chief Executive Officer
The WMD Center
1747 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW
Washington, DC 20006
info@wmdcenter.org
David Langfitt
Mechanical Engineer
Overseas Buliding Operations
Department of State
1701 N Foret Myer Drive
Rosslyn, VA 22209
703-875-4790
langfittdv@state.gov
Glenn Lawson
Director Future Acquisitions (Acting)
JPMP
50 Tech Parkway
Stafford, VA 22556
703-617-2441
glenn.lawsoni@us.army.mil
Julie Layshock
Post Doc
Los Alamos National Laboratory
2299 North Road
Los Alamos, NM 87544
505-500-7049
layshock@lanl.gov
Malcolm Leadbetter
Professor
Statistics and Operations Research
University of North Carolina
HanesHall
Chapel Hill, NC 27599
919-962-1040
mrl@unc.edu
*Sang Don Lee
Research Environmental Scientist
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
109 TW Alexander Drive (MD £343-06)
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
919-541-4531
lee.sangdon@epa.gov
*Paul Lemieux
Associate Division Director
Decontamination and Consequence
Management Division/ NHSRC
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
109 TW Alexander Drive £343-06
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
gig-54i-og62
lemieux.paul@epa.gov
Erik Lucas
SETA
ChemBioR&D
Department of Homeland Security S&T
S&TCBD STOP 0201
245 Murray Lane
Washington, DC 20528-0201
202-254-5623
erik.lucas@associates.dhs.gov
*Marissa Lynch
Office of Water
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW(46o8T)
Washington, DC 20460
202-564-2761
lynch.marissa@epa.gov
*Matthew Magnuson
Research Chemist
National Homeland Security Research Center
Water Infrastructure Protection Division
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
26 W. Martin Luther King Dr
Cincinnati, OH 45268
5i3-56g-732i
magnuson.matthew@epa.gov
*Speaker
B-4
-------
Blair Martin
3236 Grand Oak Lane
New Hill, NC 27562
919-303-0408
gmartin@bellsouth.net
*Jeanelle Martinez
Toxicologist
OSWER/OEM/NDT
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
4900 Olympic Boulevard - Building A
Erlanger, KY 41018
513-487-2428
martinez.jeanelle@epa.gov
John Mason
Chairman and Chief Technology Officer
The Sabre Companies
1891 New Scotland Road
Slingerlands, NY 12159
518-514-1572
jmason@sabretechservices.com
*Dino Mattorano
Industrial Hygienist
OSWER/OEM
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
4900 Olympic Boulevard
Erlanger, KY 41018
513-487-2424
mattorano.dino@epa.gov
Katrina McConkey
Cubic Applications, Inc.
30 Nicks Bend, W
Pittsboro, NC 27312
919-929-3646
katrina.mcconkey@cubic.com
Tanya Medley
Administrative Officer
ORD/NHSRC
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
109 T.W. Alexander Drive (£343-06)
Durham, NC 27709
919-541-2336
medley.tanya@epa.gov
*Carol Mertz
Chemical Sciences and Engineering
Argonne National Laboratory
9700 South Cass Avenue (CSE-2O5)
Argonne, IL 60439
630-252-4394
mertz@anl.gov
James Michael
Chief
Waste Characterization Branch
Materials Recovery and
Waste Management Division
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW (5304?)
Washington, DC 20460
703-308-8610
michael.james@epa.gov
Leroy Mickelsen
Engineer
OSWER/OEM
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
109 TW Alexander Drive (£343-06)
Durham, NC 27711
gig-541-1356
mickelsen.leroy@epa.gov
*Lori Miller
Veterinary Services
EM&D
USDA APHIS
4700 River Road
Unit 41, Room 50-03.3
Riverdale, MD 20737
301-734-4917
lori.p.miller@aphis.usda.gov
Wendy Mills
Contractor
U.S. Army Research Office
P.O. 60x12211
Research Triangle Park, NC 277og
919-549-4235
wendy.y.mills.ctr@mail.mil
Scott Minamyer
Environmental Scientist
National Homeland Security Research Center
Water Infrastructure Protection Division
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
26 West Martin Luther King Drive (NG-i6)
Cincinnati, OH 45268
minamyer.scott@epa.gov
Ong Ming Kwei
Pollution Control Department
Environmental Protection Division
Singapore National Environment Agency
40 Scotts Road #12-00 Environment
Building
Singapore 228231
65-67319701
ong_ming_kwei@nea.gov.sg
*Scott Morris
Acting Director
Nuclear Security and Incident Response
Division of Preparedness and Response
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission
11545 Rockville Pike (T-4A43)
Rockville, MD 20852
301-415-7482
scott.morris@nrc.gov
Harold Mosley
Product Manager/ Hydro-Guard®
Hydro-Guard®
Mueller Company
620 Industrial Drive SW
Cleveland, TN 37311
423-802-0567
HMosley@MuellerCompany.com
Michael Myers
Vice President
The Sabre Companies
i8gi New Scotland Road
Slingerlands, NY i2isg
518-514-1572
mmyers@sabretechservices.com
Matt Naber
Product Manager
Mueller Company
500 West Eldorado Street
Decatur, IL 62522
217-425-7208
mnaber@muellercompany.com
*Anthony Newsome
Professor
Department of Biology
Middle Tennessee State University
Dept. Biology BoxXO33
Middle Tennessee State University
Murfreesboro, TN 37132
6i5-8g8-2os8
anewsome@mtsu.edu
Jeremy O'Kelly
Chemist
FBI
2501 Investigation Pkwy
Quantico, VA 22556
jeremy.okelly@ic.fbi.gov
Kristin Omberg
Decision Applications Division
Los Alamos National Laboratory
POBoxi663(MSF6o6)
Los Alamos, NM 87545
505-667^628
komberg@lanl.gov
*Speaker
B-5
-------
Robert Orr
Contractor
Science and Technology Directorate
Chemical and Biological Division
Department of Homeland Security
14603 Cheverly Court
Centrevill, VA 20120
202-254-6606
robert.orr@associates.dhs.gov
*Lukas Oudejans
Physical Scientist
NHSRC/DCMD
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
109 TW Alexander Drive (£343-06)
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
919-541-2973
oudejans.lukas@epa.gov
Brooke Pearson
Homeland Security/ Defense
Information Operations Division
Cubic Applications, Inc.
5695 King Centre Drive - Suite 300
Alexandria, VA 22310
703-924-3050 X5is6
brooke.pearson@cubic.com
*Captain Colleen Petullo
Captain, USPHS
Ofc. Solid Waste & Emergency Resp.
Environmental Response Team
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
4220 So. Maryland Parkway
Building D - Suite 800
Las Vegas, NV 89193
702-290-7038
petullo.colleen@epa.gov
*Revell Phillips
JSTO/DTRA
8725 Kingman Rd 6201
Fort Belvoir, VA 22060
703-767-3377
revell.phillips@dtra.mil
Ellen Raber
Deputy Program Director Counterterrorism
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
7000 East Avenue (L-i84)
Livermore, CA 94550
925-422-3985
raberi@llnl.gov
*Craig Ramsey
Agronomist
PPQ-CPHST
USDA-APHIS
2301 Research Boulevard - Suite 108
Fort Collins, CO 80526
970-490-4468
craig.l.ramsey@aphis.usda.gov
*Speaker
*Vipin Rastogi
Senior research Biologist
Biodefense Biosciences
USArmy-ECBC
£-3150 Kingscreek Street, N (RDCB-DRB-D)
Aberdeen Proving Grounds, MD 21010
410-436-4856
vipin.rastogi@us.army.mil
Juan Reyes
Dep. Assoc. Administrator
Office of Homeland Security
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
1200 Pennsylvnia Ave, NW (iiogA)
Washington, DC 20460
202-564-6978
reyes.juan@epa.gov
*Karen Riggs
Program Manager
Battelle
505 King Avenue
Columbus, OH 43201
614-424-7379
riggsk@battelle.org
Michael Robertson
AAAS Policy Fellow
Department of Homeland Security
- Ag Defense
1200 East-West Highway - #1405
Silver Spring, MD 20910
678-596-4606
robertson.michaelj@gmail.com
*Christopher Russell
R&D/CBD
Department of Homeland Security S&T
1120 Vermont Avenue- 8th Floor Room 8-015
Washington, DC 20005
202-254-5876
christopher.e.russell@dhs.gov
Tina Sanders
SETA Support
Science & Technology
Chemical & Biological
Research and Development
Department of Homeland Security
245 Murray Lane BOD Stop 0201
Washington, DC 20528
202-254-2354
christina.a.sanders@associates.dhs.gov
Gregory Sayles
Associate Director
National Homeland Security Research Center
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
26 W. Martin Luther King Drive (NG-i6)
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7607
sayles.gregory@epa.gov
B-6
*Shannon Serre
Engineer
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
109 TW Alexander Drive (£343-06)
Research Triangle Park, NC 27271
919-541-3817
serre.shannon@epa.gov
*Sanjiv Shah
MICROBIOLOGIST
National Homeland Security Research Center
TCAD
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW (88oiR)
Washington, DC 20460
202-564-9522
Shah.Sanjiv@epa.gov
Ramona Sherman
Quality Assurance Manager
NHSRC
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
26 W. Martin Luther King Drive (NG24B)
Cincinnati, ohio 45268
513-569-7640
sherman.ramona@epa.gov
*Erin Silvestri
Environmental Health Scientist
National Homeland Security Research Center
Threat and Consequence
Assessment Division
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
26 West Martin Luther King Drive (NGi6)
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7619
Silvestri.Erin@epa.gov
*Emily Snyder
DCMD/ORD NHSRC
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
109 TW Alexander Drive
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
gig-54i-ioo6
snyder.emily@epa.gov
Larry Stack
President, Government and Defense
CBI Polymers
2151 Menoher Boulevard
Johnstown, PA isgos
8o8-225-7g86
lstack@cbipolymers.com
Douglas Steele
Office of Research and Development
Office of Science Policy
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
1200 Pennsylvania Avene, NW (8iO4R)
Washington, DC 20460
steele.doug@epa.gov
"William Steuteville
-------
Homeland Security Coordinator
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
1650 Arch Street
Coatesville, PA 19320
215-814-3264
steuteville.william@epa.gov
Terry Stilman
OSC- Region 4
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
61 Forsyth Street - SNAFC
Atlanta, GA 30303
404-562-8748
stilman.terry@epa.gov
*Harry Stone
Senior Research Scientist
Battelle
10300 Alliance Road - Suite 155
Cincinnati, OH 45242
513-362-2600
stoneh@battelle.org
Daniel Stout II
Biological Scientist
EMAB/HEASD/NERL
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
109 TW AKexander Drive (£205-04)
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
919-541-5767
stout.dan@epa.gov
*Jeannie Stubblefield
Ph.D. Student, Molecular Biosciences
Biology Department
Middle Tennessee State University
Box 60- Biology
Murfreesboro, TN 37130
615-579-3042
jeannie.stubblefield@yahoo.com
*Jeffrey Szabo
Environmental Engineer
NHSRC/WIPD
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
26 W. Martin Luther King Drive (NG-i6)
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-487-2823
szabo.jeff@epa.gov
Kelli Thompson
Senior Scientist
Cubic Applications, Inc
Cubic, Information Ops Division
5695 King Centre Drive - Suite 300
Alexandria, VA 22315
703-924-3050
Kelli.Thompson@cubic.com
Catherine Toque
Defence Science and Technology Laboratory
Room 2, Main Building
Crescent Road, Alverstoke.
Fareham, Gosport POi2 2DL
United Kingdom
+4402392768250
ctoque@dstl.gov.uk
Jenia Tufts
Research Environmental Scientist
National Homeland Security Research Center
Decontamination and Consequence
Management Division
Student Services Contractor
109 T.W. Alexander Drive (£343-06)
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
919-541-0371
Tufts.Jenia@epa.gov
Sheila Van Cuyk
Los Alamos National Laboratory
P.O. 60x1663
Los Alamos, NM 87545
505-665-4839
svancuyk@lanl.gov
*Konstantin Volchek
Head, Environmental Restoration
Science and Technology
Emergencies Science and Technology
Environment Canada
335 River Road
Ottawa, Ontario KiA oH3
Canada
613-990-4073
konstantin.volchek@ec.gc.ca
*George Wagner
U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical
Biological Center
5183 Blackhawk Road (RDCB-DRP-F)
Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010
410-436-8468
george.wagner82g@yahoo.com
*Jimmy Walker
Biosafety Unit
Microbiology Services Division
HPA
Porton Down
Salisbury, Wilts SP4OJG
United Kingdom
44(0)1980 612643
jimmy.walker@hpa.org.uk
Morgan Wendling
Technician
Battelle
1425 Street,. Rt. 142 (JM7)
West Jefferson, OH 43162
614-424-3342
wendlingm@battelle.org
Russell Wiener
Research Physical Scientist
National Homeland Security Research Center
Decontamination and Consequence
Management Division
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
0-205-03
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
gig-54i-igio
wiener.russell@epa.gov
AlanWilley
Principal Scientist
The Procter and Gamble Company
11810 E. Miami River Road
Cincinnati, Ohio 45252
513-410 7202
willey.ad@pg.com
*Joseph Wood
Research Engineer
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(MC £343-06)
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
gig-54i-502g
wood.ioed&epa.aov
*Speaker
B-7
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Appendix C: Presentation Slides
c-i
-------
Table of Contents
Peter Jutro C-3
Scott Morris C-7
Carl Brown C-13
Rosina Kerswell C-28
William Steuteville C-40
Marissa Lynch C-59
Jeffrey Szabo C-71
Ryan James C-80
Captain Colleen Petullo C-90
Matthew Magnuson C-99
Lawrence Kaelin C-108
Deon Anex C-117
VipinRastogi C-126
Jimmy Walker C-136
Richard Byers C-161
Jeanelle Martinez C-173
Lukas Oudejans C-186
George Wagner C-198
Harry Stone C-206
Shannon Serre C-218
Dino Mattorano C-231
PaulLemieux C-249
Aleksei Konoplev C-262
John Drake C-280
Karen Riggs C-293
Emily Snyder C-302
Mark Desrosiers C-313
Timothy Boe C-323
Lori Miller C-336
Worth Calfee C-370
Craig Ramsey C-386
Joseph Wood C-399
Jimmy Walker C-410
Anthony Newsome_Jeannie Stubblefield C-423
Dorothy Canter C-432
C-2
-------
Jutro
2/15/2012
TJ NITE1) ST A.T V. S
C-3
-------
Jutro
2/15/2012
A few days after 9/11,
a retired Air Force
colonel named Randall
Larsen entered the
northwest gate of the
White House, crossed
a courtyard to the
Eisenhower Executive
Off ice Building,
stepped through the
front door and stopped
dead in his tracks.
f*j] tucUdnl toe ami trul Jtm
r i l«Tr=m.'hi!i»iui1r.l MI
C-4
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Jutro
2/15/2012
• •
"Urscn advocates j si-ldom-usfd too! to fight terrorism— common stmt"
—tot SCHBffm. CHffP WASHINGTON CORKESPONDF.NI. (3S NEWS
OWN
ENEMY
ASKING THE RIGHT QUESTIONS
ABOUT SECURITY TO PROTECT YOU,
YOUR FAMILY, AND AMERICA
Randall ]. Larsen.Colonel.U.S.Air Force (Ret.),
Director, Institute tor Homeland Security
C-5
-------
Jutro
2/15/2012
C-6
-------
Morris
2/15/2012
J
Protecting Peaptt and the Environment
EPA Decontamination Conference
Briefing on the NRC and its Incident Response Efforts Associated
with the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant
Scott Morris
Deputy Director, NSIR/ DPR
US Nuclear Regulatory Commission
E-mail: Scott.Morris@inrc.gov
m
Protecting Peoptf and tfte Etteironment
The U.S. NRC
NRC Organization:
-The Energy Reorganization Act of 1974 established the
independent U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission to
regulate commercial use of nuclear materials
-NRC is headed by four Commissioners and a Chairman,
all appointed by the President and confirmed by the
Senate for staggered five-year terms
-NRC employs about 3,700 people
at its Maryland headquarters and
has four regional offices
(Pennsylvania, Georgia, Illinois,
and Texas)
-NRC has assigned resident
inspectors to 65 operating
reactor sites and three fuel facilities
C-7
-------
Morris
2/15/2012
Primary NRC Functions
Functions:
-Establish rules and regulations
-Provide oversight through inspection, enforcement, and
evaluation of operational experience
-Conduct research to provide support for regulatory
decisions
-Issue licenses
- Respond to emergencies
m
Protecting Peoptf and tfte Etteironment
Emergency Preparedness
Security Policy
NSIR Focus Areas
Incident Response
Security Operations
Co
-O
-------
Morris
2/15/2012
*
I*rafefting People anil the Environment
Incident Response
NRC Response Organization:
HQ Operations
Officers
Executive Team
HQ and Regional
^-Assessment Teams
Site Team
m
Protecting Peoptf and tf>e Ettvironment
Fukushima Dai-ichi
C-9
-------
Morris
2/15/2012
J
Protecting People and the Environment
Japan's Earthquake
m
Protecting Peoptf and tfte Environment
Fukushima Response
NRC Actions:
-Activated the NRC Headquarters Operations Center
-Dispatched NRC Experts to Japan
- Focused on Safety
-Extensive Outreach to Stakeholders
-Continued Support for U.S. Response
C-10
4
-------
Morris
2/15/2012
*
I*rafefting People anil the Environment
Continued NRC Activities
Near-Term Activities:
- Inspection Activities
-Generic Communications
- Near-Term Task Force
Recommendations
Lona-Term Activities:
- Lessons Learned and Recommendations 1
EMiHCME REAHOR S»FEH
- Regulatory Actions (21 & 45-Day Papers)
- Research Projects
- Generic Issues
- Regulatory Enhancements
m
Pretexting People and tfte Ettvironment
Japanese Activities
Current Path Forward:
-Japanese Response and Recovery Efforts
-Status of Fukushima Dai-ichi and Local Industry
-Decontamination Efforts
- Outreach to Stakeholders
TEPCD
C-11
-------
Morris
2/15/2012
J
Protecting Peaptt and the Environment
Questions?
US.NRC
I
. '•-!- :v*»i
C-12
6
-------
Brown
2/15/2012
1*1
Canada
Recent R&D by
Environment Canada on
CBRN Decontamination
C.E. Brown and K. Volchek
Emergencies Science and Technology Section,
Environment Canada
C-13
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Brown
2/15/2012
Overview
CRTI Program
Chemical Science Cluster
Exercises
R&D
Technology Demonstration
Technology Acceleration
Technology Acquisition
Science Town
National Response Capability to CBRNE
The Future
Wemtnantl* BNtammM 2011 EPADecontaminationWorkshop-Durham,NC
CVWll Cmtfe November 1-3, 2011 -Page 3
CRTI Program
The CBRNE Research and Technology Initiative
(CRTI) is a Canadian Government program that
is mandated to fund projects in science and
technology (S&T) that will strengthen Canada's
preparedness for, prevention of, and response
to potential CBRNE threats to public safety and
security. Through this collaborative, coordinated
initiative, the federal S&T community and its
partners are working to enhance Canada's
capability and capacity to respond to CBRNE
threats to public security.
1*1
2011 EPADecontaminationWorkshop-Durham,NC
November 1-3, 2011 - Page 4
Canad&
C-14
2
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Brown
2/15/2012
Environment Canada and CRTI
This presentation will describe the
involvement of Environment Canada in the
CRTI program through discussions of
research and development (R&D)
projects, leadership of the CRTI Chemical
Science Cluster and the planning,
preparation and undertaking of a large
number of training exercises with
colleagues from other federal
departments.
1+1
2011 EPA Decontamination Workshop-Durham, NC
November 1-3, 2011 - Page 5
Canada*
CRTI Program Mandate
To strengthen Canada's preparedness for, prevention of, and
response to potential CBRNE attacks by fostering new investments in
research and technology, CRTI generates knowledge and technology,
and supports their application, by;
• creating science clusters of federal laboratories that build science
and technology (S&T) capacity to address the highest risk terrorist
attack scenarios;
• funding research and technology to build capability in critical areas,
particularly those identified with chemical, biological, and radiological
attacks;
• providing funds to areas where national S&T capacity is deficient
because of obsolete equipment, dated facilities, or inadequate
scientific teams; and
• developing and sharing CBRNE S&T expertise and knowledge
through symposia, exercises, workshops, and studies.
l+l
BNtanmM
2011 EPA Decontamination Workshop-Durham, NC
November 1-3, 2011 - Page 6
Canada"
C-15
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Brown
2/15/2012
CRTI Chemical Cluster
Initially the Chemical Laboratory Cluster
Laboratories of federal and provincial government departments and
agencies
Identify chemical related priorities
- Toxic industrial chemicals (TICs)
- Chemical warfare agents (CWAs)
Evaluate chemical-related risks through consolidated risk
assessment
- Intelligence
- Security
- Science
Gradual transition to Chemical Science Cluster
- "Community of Practise"
WEnmrmrt BNtanmmnt 2011 EPADecontaminationWorkshop-Durham,NC
CVWll Cmtfe November 1-3,2011 -Page 7
CanadH
CRTI Chemical Cluster
Identify departmental/agency laboratory capabilities to
analyze priority chemical agents
- TICs and CWAs
Sample matrices
- Air, water, soil, food, bodily fluids, etc
Fit with organizational mandate
Unknown samples
Standard operating procedure for acceptance of
samples into laboratories
- Sample triage, personnel safety
Development and regular update of Cluster work plan
1*1
2011 EPADecontaminationWorkshop-Durham,NC
November 1-3, 2011 - Page 8
Canad&
C-16
4
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Brown
2/15/2012
Chemical Cluster Exercises
Training exercises are an important part of
Cluster work plan
Means to gauge the growth of the CRTI program
as a whole and more specifically, the
functionality of the individual clusters
Clusters cut across the broad spectrum of the
science-based federal government departments
Prior to the formation of the clusters these
departments had minimal linkages
i+i
BVfflOflfWMflt
November 1-3, 2011-Page 9
Canada*
Chemical Cluster Exercises
March 2003 3-day training chemical analysis exercise at DRDC-S
May 2003 CRTI First Responder Workshop at Canadian Police
College, Ottawa
May 2003 TTX
- Engage cluster labs, SOPs, roles, surge capacity, identify gaps
- Chemical Cluster CBRN Emergency Technical Advisory Plan
November 2004, Biological and Chemical clusters DRDC-S
- Objective - resolution of CBRN terrorist incident through the framework
of the National Counter Terrorism Plan
- Link and integrate the expert resources of the cluster organizations
with the functions of traditional first responders in an operational
context
April 2005, cluster members observed first responders in
Government of Canada CBRN First Responder Training Program
- Sample gathering, scientific support to first responders
I+I
2D11
-Durham, NC
November 1-3, 2011 - Page 10
Canada"
C-17
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Brown
2/15/2012
Chemical Cluster Exercises
• November 2005, mock scenario G20 event, activation of
cluster labs, interaction with first responders, sample
analysis
• May 2006, DRDC-S C/B/F exercise CBRN terrorist
incident as part of the national response through the
framework of the National Counter Terrorism Plan
October 2007, laboratory analysis training DRDC-S
February 2008, ExitOS and Sea Barrier exercises in
Vancouver and Victoria, B.C.
cwST"*
J Durham, NC
November 1-3, 2011 - Page 11
CanadH
Chemical Cluster Exercises
November 2008 Exercise Bronze, Richmond, BC
October 2008 le Sommet Francophonie and Exercise Initial
Response (ExlR-08) - live exercise, birth of Science Town
November 2008 Capability Exercise (CAPEX-08), Sydney,
Australia
- Technical Response Group (TRG) of the Chemical, Biological,
Radiological (CBR) Quadripartite
February 2009 Exercise Silver, Richmond, BC
October 2009, Chemical Restoration Operational Technology
Demonstration Project (with US DHS)
November 2009 Exercise Gold, Richmond, BC
October 2010 Exercise Firedrake, DRDC-S, AB
- Advanced chemical support - live exercise
March 2011 Capability Exercise (CAPEX-11), London, UK
1*1
2011 EPADecontaminationWorkshop-Durham,NC
November 1-3, 2011 - Page 12
Canad&
C-18
6
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Brown
2/15/2012
ESTS Participation and Delivery
Environment Canada's Emergencies Science and
Technology Section (ESTS) is an active participant in
the delivery of the CRTI program. ESTS undertakes
hazardous material spills related research and
development (R&D) activities and operational scientific
support under the Environmental Emergencies Program
(EEP). The EEP has an active interest in the S&T
activities and outcomes resulting from CRTI participation
as this involvement directly relates to their mandated
activities under the 1973 Cabinet Directive on
Environmental Emergencies Activities.
l+l
Durham, NC
November 1-3, 2011 - Page 13
Canada*
EC Research and Development -1
• CRTI 02-0041RD Real-Time Determination of Area of
Influence of Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and
Nuclear Releases (Meteorological Service of Canada
(MSC) lead)
• CRTI-02-0067RD Restoration of Facilities and Areas
after a CBRN Attack
• CRTI 02-0093RD Advanced Emergency Response
System for Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and
Nuclear Hazard Prediction and Assessment for the
Urban Environment (MSC lead)
• CRTI-04-0018RD Development of Standards for
Chemical and Biological Decontamination of Buildings
and Structures Affected by Terrorism
l+l
2011 EPADecontaminationWorkshop-Durham,NC
November 1-3, 2011 - Page 14
Canada"
C-19
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Brown
2/15/2012
EC Research and Development - 2
• CRTI 06-0156RD Radiological Dispersal Device
Contamination Interactions with Urban Surfaces (DRDC-
0 lead)
• CRTI-06-0170RD Organophosphorous Agent
Decontamination
CRTI 06-0252RD Protocols for Modeling Explosive
Threats in Urban Environments (Public Safety Canada
lead)
l+l
2011 EPA Decontamination Workshop-Durham, NC
November1-3,2011-Page15
Canada*
CRTI-06-0170RD Organophosphorous
Agent Decontamination
• Environment Canada (lead), Royal Military College of Canada,
Queen's University, SAIC Canada, Research Institute of Hygiene,
Occupational Pathology and Human Ecology (RIHOPHE); State
Research Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology
(GosNIIOKhT).
• The primary objective of this study is to develop an effective and
rapid catalytic decontamination method to remove and destroy
organophosphorus (OP) comp9unds, such as chemical warfare
agents and pesticides, from building materials, sensitive equipment,
and soils.
• The newly devebped methods for decontamination of sensitive
equipment, building materials, and soils will have a significant
impact on Canada's ability to prepare for and recover from a
chemical terrorism event. The rapid and complete destruction of OP
agents will prevent the risk of contamination of the environment by
the breakdown products. The reuse of the solvents and catalysts will
make the methods both environmentally friendly and cost
competitive.
l+l
>-Durham,NC
November 1-3, 2011 - Page 16
Canada"
C-20
8
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Brown
2/15/2012
Technology Acceleration & Demonstration
_j
TA
- CRTI-06-0169TA Universal Surface Decontamination
Formulation
TD
- CRTI-04-0019TD Field Demonstration of Advanced
CBRN Decontamination Technologies
- CRTI-06-0196TD Towards an Operational Urban
Modeling System for CBRN Emergency Response
and Preparedness (MSC lead)
- CRTI-08-0192TD ERIN - Emergency Resource
Inventory Network (Public Safety Canada lead)
Durham, NC
November 1-3, 2011 - Page 17
Canada*
CRTI-06-0169TA Universal Surface
Decontamination Formulation
• Environment Canada (lead), DRDC Ottawa, SAIC Canada, US
Environmental Protection Agency, Allen-Vanguard Corporation,
Research and Development Institute of Construction Technology
(NIKIMT).
• The aim of this project was to modify CASCAD™ (Canadian
Aqueous System for Chemical-Biological Agent Decontamination) to
make it much more effective for radiological decontamination.
• This study will result in the development of a formulation that can be
used in response to chemical, biological, and radiological incidents,
whenever the decontamination is required. The formulation will
have a higher efficiency, simplified waste treatment, reduced
operation time, and lower costs.
• It will help enhance the preparedness and response capabilities of
first responders and technology users in a CBRN event.
l+l
>-Durham,NC
November 1-3, 2011 - Page 18
Canada"
C-21
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Brown
2/15/2012
CBRN Response Workshops
Environment Canada, in collaboration with CRTI and
DFAIT have organized a series of CBRN response
workshops that were attended by leading Canadian and
International experts.
- May 2003 - Ottawa, Canada
- April 2004 - Ottawa, Canada
- April 2005 - Ottawa, Canada
- June 2005 - Volgograd, Russia
- February 2006 - Ottawa, Canada
- October 2006 - Moscow, Russia
- October 2007 - St. Petersburg, Russia
- April 2009 - Ottawa, Canada
- October 2010 - Niagara Falls, Canada
WEnmrmrt BNtanmmnt 2011 EPADecontaminationWorkshop-Durham,NC
CVWll Cmtfe November1-3,2011-Page19
CanadH
Technology Acquisition
• EC, HC, CFIA, CBSA, RCMP, DRDC, RMC, NRC
Analytical laboratory equipment
Person portable field equipment
Portable meteorological stations
Sampling equipment
Mobile sample handling facility
(triage trailer)
1*1
2011 EPADecontaminationWorkshop-Durham,NC
November 1-3, 2011 - Page 20
Canad&
C-22
10
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Brown
2/15/2012
Pan Cluster Technology Acquisition
CRTI Pan Cluster Technology Acquisition Project to
procure mobile biological, chemical (warfare agent) and
forensic lab system
- To support first responders, investigators and federal
government departments in the event of a CBRNE incident.
- A joint agency effort between PHAC, DND (DRDC-S) and the
RCMP
Mobile capability that can be pre-deployed to provide
first responders with rapid identification of the CB
hazards at major events (e.g. V2010, G8/G20)
Four Mobile Nuclear Laboratories (MNLs) were
deployed in British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, and
Nova Scotia through CRTI acquisition
2011 EPA Decontamination Workshop- Durham, NC
November 1-3, 2011 - Page 21
CanadH
EC Mobile Chemical Laboratory
• Funded through EC Capital Investment Plan
• Designed for response to environmental emergencies
- Spills of toxic industrial chemicals
- EC mandated activities
- Scientific support to security related incidents
• Rapid response
• Self-sufficient (generator)
• Self deployable (G-class license)
• Ability to travel on secondary highways)
1*1
2011 EPADecontaminationWorkshop-Durham,NC
November 1-3, 2011 - Page 22
Canad&
C-23
11
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Brown
2/15/2012
Science Town
CBRNE Subject Matter Experts (SMEs)
- Rapid provision of scientific advice to RCMP CBRNE National Team
Sample triage capabilities - Forensics
Mobile laboratory capabilities C,B,R/N
Genesis at ExlR-08 (Quebec City)
Operational at V2010 in Vancouver
and Whistler
- Predeployment
Operational at G8/G20
- Leaner and meaner
Support and coordination by MECSS (Major Events Coordinated
Security Solutions)
WEnmrmrt BNtanmmnt 2011 EPADecontaminationWorkshop-Durham,NC
CVWll Cmtfe November 1-3,2011 -Page 23
CanadH
National Response Capability to CBRNE
• Domestic response to incidents in Canada
- Intelligence, Security and Scientific communities
- Federal, Provincial/Territorial, Municipal departments and
agencies
- First responders
• International response
- Partnerships with US Department of Homeland Security
- CBRN Technical Working Group
- Partnership with UK
- Additional bilateral arrangements (future)
2011 EPADecontaminationWorkshop-Durham,NC
November 1-3, 2011 - Page 24
Canad&
C-24
12
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Brown
2/15/2012
Conclusions
• Environment Canada's participation in the CRTI
program and leadership of the Chemical Science Cluster
has been beneficial for both the department and the
CRTI program as a whole.
• The R&D programs of decontamination and CBRN
material modeling led by Environment Canada are
world-class.
• The results of these research efforts are directly
applicable to the Emergencies Science and Technology
Section's mandated role in providing scientific support in
response to spills of chemical hazardous materials.
l+l
2011 EPA Decontamination Workshop-Durham, NC
November 1-3, 2011-Page 25
Canada*
Conclusions
• The Chemical Science Cluster has transformed into a community
of practice that has developed a capacity to provide chemical
scientific support to the National CBRNE Response Team for
domestic incidents.
• Collaborations have been forged with the intelligence, security and
scientific communities, federal/provincial/municipal departments and
agencies and first responders.
• Internationally, the Cluster has contributed to the development of
research partnerships with the United States and the United
Kingdom.
•Through these decontamination R&D projects, a number of
Canadian and International partner organizations have contributed
to the advancement of knowledge in this field.
l+l
>-Durham,NC
November 1-3, 2011 - Page 26
Canada"
C-25
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Brown
2/15/2012
Significance and Impact of Work
• As a result of these CRTI funded decontamination R&D
activities, the international community is better equipped
to make decisions related to the decontamination and
restoration of facilities following a CBRN event.
WEnmrmrt BNtanmmnt
CVWll Cmtfe
2011 EPADecontaminationWorkshop-Durham,NC
November 1-3, 2011 -Page 27
CanadH
Acknowledgements
• Funding provided by the CRTI Program, Centre for Security Science,
Defence R&D Canada.
• Norman Yanofsky, Chemical Science Cluster Portfolio Manager.
Partners
• Public Health Agency of Canada, Defence R&D Canada (Ottawa,
Valcartier, Suffield), US Environmental Protection Agency, SAIC Canada,
Allen Vanguard, VNL Technologies, Hytech Hydrocarbon Reclamation Inc.,
HC, Atomic Energy of Canada, Russian Institute of Hygiene, Toxicology,
and Occupational Pathology (RIHTOP), Lawrence Livermore Laboratories,
Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission, Wehrwissenschaftliches Institut fur
Schutztechnologien-ABC-Schutz, Research Institute of Hygiene,
Occupational Pathology and Human Ecology (RIHOPHE), State Research
Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology (GosNIIOKhT), Research
and Development Institute of Construction Technology (NIKIMT), Amita
Corporation, Canadian Association of Fire Chiefs, Emergencies Medical
Services Chiefs of Canada, New Brunswick Department of Public Safety,
McGill University, York University, University of Ottawa, University of Leeds
(UK), University of New Brunswick, University of Ontario Institute of
Technology, Royal Military College of Canada, Queen's University, Carleton
University.
2011 EPA Decontamination Workshop-Durham, NC flaniirja'
November 1-3, 2011 - Page 28 V>flllfUul
C-26
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Brown
2/15/2012
Thank You!
Questions?
WEnmrmrt BNtanmmnt 2011 EPADecontaminationWorkshop-Durham,NC
CVWll Cmtfe November 1-3,2011 -Page 29
CanadH
C-27
15
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Kerswell
15/02/2012
G
UK Government
Decontamination
Service
The Food and Environment
Research Agency
Government Decontamination Service
GDS
Rosina Kerswell
Contents
> Who are GDS
> UK Government
> GDS Specialist Suppliers
> GDS Projects
G
UK Govi
Deconian
J
C-28
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Kerswell
15/02/2012
CDS Remit
G
UK Government
Oeconls
Providing advice, guidance and support to those
responsible for dealing with the consequences of
an accidental or deliberate release of CBRN and
hazardous materials;
Facilitating quick access to an assured Framework
of specialist suppliers able to offer
decontamination and related services in response
to a CBRN or major HazMat incident.
Advise the Government on the national capability
for the decontamination of buildings,
infrastructure, transport assets and the open
environment.
UK CBRN
Decontamination
Response
Fera ERR
MOO
EA
HPA
Local Authority
First Responders
C-29
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Kerswell
15/02/2012
G
*
I ^^B UK Go«.>rnmeru
DS Framework Suppliers X-^l
Normal Counter Terrorism
Environment Environment
Nuclear power station
maintenance, decommissionimBi^H^
and legacy remediation ^^^^r
Clinical sterilisation and oil ^^^^^
extraction ^^B^^
Industrial chemical spills and^l^^^
asbestos removal Hl^Hv
Radiological Dispersal Devices
and improvised Nuclear Devices
(IND)
Anthrax remediation (dispersion
of bacillus anthracis)
Deliberate releases of chemical
warfare agents
CDS Framework Renewal
Chemical
Lot 1
Sampling, Monitohng
-^- and Analysis
A
Decontamination
* B
Waste Management
-*- and Disposal
C
Biological
Lot 2
Sampling, Monitoring
-»• and Analysis
A
Decontamination
*~ B
Waste Management
-^- and Disposal
C
GUK Government
Radiological
Lot 3 / Lot 4
-*-
Sampling, Monitoring and
Analysis
Decontamination
Waste Management and
Disposal
National Arrangements
for Incidents Involving
Radioactivity (NAIR)
I
C-30
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Kerswell
15/02/2012
CDS Supplier Roles
G
UK Government
Oeconls
Sampling and monitoring to determine the extent of
the contamination;
Prioritising the appropriate resources and equipment
for decontamination;
Decontamination of the built and open environment,
transport assets and other items;
Sampling and monitoring to assess the effectiveness
of decontamination for reoccupation or reuse;
Managing contaminated waste (throughout).
Case Studies
Radiological
Street Wise
ROD
Busy Urban
environment
Decontamination
Case Study (paper
based)
G
UK Gov,
Deconian
Biological
• May First
• Wool Sorter
• Generic baseline
office
decontamination
• Case Study (paper
based)
Chemical
• May Second
• Sheep Dip
• Generic baseline office
decontamination
• Case Study (paper
based)
J
C-31
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Kerswell
15/02/2012
Street Wise
ROD
Busy urban environment
G
UK Government
Oeconls
Site handover
Waste, movement, storage,
disposal
Time and cost
Joint response
Share of information
Contamination of hire equipment
Exercises
G
UK Gov,
Deconian
Based on case studies
Deployment and practical assessment of
capability
Typically test lessons identified from case
studies
Identification of the limitations in supplier
deployment capability
J
C-32
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Kerswell
15/02/2012
Silver Streak
• Underground attack
• Policy drivers
• Location
• Facility
• Radiological Deployment
Exercise
UK Government
t
Silver Streak Radiological
L
Preparation and set up
Day1
Arrival on site
Site induction
HSL escort to
facility
£;;.._.
GUK Govt"
Decontamination
Day 2
Set up work
Ensure paper
for entry
Dress in PPE
Monitor tunnel
Transport
equipment into
Built double
barrier
containment
Training on Complete
AWF barrier' chanae
and handling
equipment grea b
Calibration of
AMEC
equipment
AWE lay
simulant
Completion
Day 3
Deploy tean, 2
support, 1
barrier control
Dress in PPE/
RPE and
delpoy
Survey
stopped at
entrance and
discussion of
options
oSTp'S8
Tape sheeting
contamination
to allow access
2 contaminated
items removec
for disposal
double bagged
processed and
sealed in
Exit and
undress
Removal of
equipment
Withdrawal
from site
^^^^^^^m
C-33
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Kerswell
15/02/2012
Silver Streak Radiological
Site of
explosion
G
UK Government
Decori!;,:'
Contaminated
zone
Barrier 1 Barrier 2
4 4
Train 3
I
Train 2
4
*
Train 1
1
T
Exit
i 1
Monitoring
and change
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15/02/2012
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15/02/2012
C-36
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Kerswell
15/02/2012
Findings
• Supplier deployment to site
• Practicality of PPE
• Barrier construction
• Use of simulant
• Interface with first responders
Sharing of data
G
UK Government
Oeconls
RIMNET
G
UK Gov,
Deconian
The National Radiation Monitoring Network
and Emergency Response System (RIMNET)
What is RIMNET
Capabilities
How are GDS going to use RIMNET
www.metoffice.gov.uk
J
C-37
10
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Kerswell
15/02/2012
Incidents
G
UK Government
Oeconls
International Exchange
G
UK Gov,
Deconian
Collaborative work
- Share of exercise and testing information
- Technical scientific expertise
- Exchange of lessons learnt
- Wide area
- Critical national infrastructure
- Contamination containment
- Incident recovery timeline
- Testing of suppliers using international facilities
- Determine future road map
J
C-38
11
-------
Kerswell
15/02/2012
G
UK Government
Deconia
Service
Questions
C-39
12
-------
Steuteville
2/15/2012
-" '"~ ^^"^ „. —•Ss~i X^^ »
Ground Deposition to (^Background 7*
Impacted
in Foot Pnn
50
Year
PAG
Immediate
Cleanup
Prioritization
Area
C-40
-------
Steuteville
2/15/2012
Mandatory Temporary Relocation Area
-^WQOOJDT*^
Decon Technology
Deploymnent
Test EPA's ability to deploy multiple
teams using three different mitigation
technologies on multiple real-world
surfaces.
C-41
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Steuteville
2/15/2012
Mitigation Activity
Summary of Mitigation Team Actions
Employ three types of remediation techniques:
LI Mechanical: Wire Brush
a Strippable Coating: StripCoat TLC™
a Chemical Removal EAI Rad-Release P
Test of people and application.
Not a test of technological efficacy
Franklin Square
(PATCO station)
200 N 6th St
Abandoned station
located at Franklin
Square in Philadelphia
C-42
-------
Steuteville
2/15/2012
Vendor/ Product
Industrial Contractors Dust Director
Supplies, Inc. (ICS)
Vendor/ Product
Bartlett Services, Inc. stripCoat TLC
C-43
4
-------
Steuteville
2/15/2012
Mechanical Removal
C-44
-------
Steuteville
2/15/2012
Strippable Coating
Strippable Coating
Real World Safety Issue
- A high concentration of ammonia was
released after the Strippable coating was
applied (nuisance level only)
- NH3 not listed on the product MSDS
- Inadequate ventilation in subway station
C-45
6
-------
Steuteville
2/15/2012
Response to ammonia issue
Both onsite "play safety representatives"
and "real world safety representatives"
monitored the situation closely and
determined it to be a non-issue.
The situation did demonstrate the ability of
the safety representatives to quickly
respond to an unexpected issue.
Chemical Removal
Spray on Chemical treatment
60 minute dwell time
Wet-vac removal
EAI Rad-Release lc
C-46
-------
Steuteville
2/15/2012
C-47
8
-------
Steuteville
2/15/2012
All Three Technologies:
Limited Use
Small areas
Low concentrations
High value items
Low future exposure potential
Won't replace traditional methods over large
areas or outdoor settings
C-48
9
-------
Steuteville
2/15/2012
Other PATCO Safety Issue
Real World Safety Issue
- High levels of dust detected
- PATCO construction activity in subway tunnel
nearby
- Inadequate ventilation in subway station
- PATCO shut down construction during
exercise hours
Community Advisory Forum
Cleanup Prioritization
Temporary waste storage locations
C-49
10
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Steuteville
2/15/2012
Stakeholder Panel Challenges:
Cleanup prioritization & waste storage
Cleanup Prioritization Plan -
Three Options
Option 1 - Cleanup of Areas in and around the 50 year Protective Action
Guide (PAG)
- 1a: Cleanup Prioritization Based on Population Only
- 1b: Cleanup Prioritization Based on Contamination Level
- 1c: Cleanup Prioritization Based on a Combination of Population Data, Contamination Level
and Economic Impact
Option 2-Cleanup of Areas addressing only the populated areas of the 50
Year PAG
- 2a: Cleanup Prioritization Based on Population Only
- 2b: Cleanup Prioritization Based on Contamination Level
- 2c: Cleanup Prioritization Based on a Combination of Population Data, Contamination Level
and Economic Impact
Option 3 -Cleanup is Based Solely on Geography, beginning at the blast
zone
C-50
11
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Steuteville
2/15/2012
Temporary Waste Staging and
Processing Options
Option A: A large tract along the Delaware River riverfront bounded by
Orthodox Street, Richmond Street, and Jenks Street with other bordering
streets.
Option B: A section of the Delaware River riverfront east of I95 and Richmond
Avenue between Delaware Avenue and Allegheny Avenue which include the
Winzinger Recycling facility located at 2879 East Allegheny Avenue.
Option C: Four irregular blocks in an area of high contamination bounded by
2nd Street, Girard Avenue, North Hancock Street, West Wildey Street and
Germantown Avenue.
^^H ^^T^H ^ft ^H H^^Vi
Option D: A section of Delaware River riverfront east of Delaware Avenue
between the foot of Frankford Avenue and the foot of Shackamaxon Street.
Temporary Waste Staging and
Processing Options (cont.)
Option E: Several blocks immediately north of I-95 and west of I-95 in the
area of highest contamination including the blocks between Callowhill and
Spring Garden Streets and between 2nd and 4th Street and the adjoining blocks
between Spring Garden and Brown Streets and between 2nd and 3rd Streets.
Option F: Part of Independence National Historic Park bordered by 6th Street
to the west, Race Street to the north, 5th Street to the east, and Market Street to
the south.
Option G: Two large tracts immediately north of the Walt Whitman Bridge on
either side of Columbus Boulevard.
Option H: Part of the former Philadelphia Naval Yard along Kitty Hawk
Avenue.
C-51
12
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Steuteville
2/15/2012
LRE Waste Team
Waste Management Plan
Estimated Volumes &
Quantities of Wastes by
Zone
- Zonel: 1,000 micro Ci/sq
meter (based upon the
highest concentration
deposition zone)
- Zone 2: 2.0 rem (based on
Federal 1 year relocation
protective action guide
(PAG))
- Zone 3: 0.5 rem ( based
on state 2nd year relocation
PAG)
Waste Classification
NRC Classification of LLRW as it relates to Cs-137:
- Class A: 0-1 Ci/cubic meter
- Class B: 1-44 Ci/cubic meter
- Class C: 44 - 4600 Ci/cubic meter
C-52
13
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Steuteville
2/15/2012
Waste Classification
1 .
2.
3.
4.
5.
Class A Low Level Radioactive
Waste (LLRW). NOTE: This is
over 99% of the waste material.
Class B LLRW (higher activity
levels from blast zone or onsite
concentration efforts)
LLRW with Asbestos (i.e., old
steam pipes from demo buildings)
LLRW with RGB's (i.e., RGB
transformer oils coating
demolished building exteriors)
Low Level Mixed Waste (LLMW)
(RCRA hazardous waste and low-
level radioactive waste)
6. Personal Protective Equipment
(PPE) waste
7. Sludge from onsite
decontamination efforts
8. Sludge from WWTPs
9. Laboratory samples
10. Contaminated clothing from off-
site health facilities
11. Non-radiological solid or
hazardous waste for disposal in
RCRA C or D landfills
LRE Waste Volume by Activity
Est. Solid Waste Activity by Vol % (pCi/m3)
-0.1%
-00%
1 0%-ii 98°A
24.6%
10.3%
• < 1
mt to to
a 10 to 100
a 100 to 1000
• 1000 to 10000
1310000 to 100000
»> 100000
54.2%
C-53
14
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Steuteville
2/15/2012
LRE Waste Volumes by Type
Waste Volume %
73%
15.1%
ffl Asphalt
Concrete
a Soils
a Exterior Walls
• Roofs
HInterior Walls
• Interior Floors
D Coating Waste
Demolition Waste
50.7%
11 "-•-iTirn.'-,n ••T.-iif,r,p k.•
Disposal Options and Costs
Waste Cat
Low-activity
waste-less
than 1 mrem/yr
to a resident
farmer at a
landfill
ClassALLW
Concentration
40-100 pCi/gram
limit
Approximately
100 pCi-gram-
800,000 pCi/gram
Amount/
cubic
meters
35,000 est.
Nearly
700,000
%of
total
10%
90%
Disposal
Options
RCRA D landfills
EnergySolutions
Clive facility in Utah
DOE facilities— NV,
possibly other (Oak
Ridge?)
Build and
license a
special facility
in PA
Cost
Low — estimated to
be $100 -$300 per
cubic meter. Total
cost estimated to
be$7M
As low as $450/per cubic
meter, per EnergySolutions.
This does not include
transportation costs.
Total cost = $450M
Cost to develop a disposal
facility on the order of $1 00
million? Operating costs
assumed to double cost of
disposal Janti/Martin/Allard to
weigh in on this. This works
out to $280 per cubic meter
Total cost = $196M
fa
IS
•
0
C-54
15
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Steuteville
2/15/2012
Disposal Options and Costs
(Continued)
Waste Cat
"Low activity
waste"- defined
as< Class A
limit, but > than
RCRA D.
Suitable for
RCRAC
facilities
Class B LLW
Concentration
200 pCi/gram?
Actual limit TBD
based on site
specific analysis.
USEcology Idaho
facility has accepted
Cs at this
concentration.
Greater than 1
Ci/cubic meter
Amount/
cubic
meters
300,000 ?
14
%of
total
40%
est.
<1%
Disposal
Options
RCRA Subtitle
C— could be US
Ecology Idaho,
or another
hazardous waste
site in the east.
Will identify
possibilities
None for waste
in PA, Barnwell
SC for NJ waste.
Texas site is a
possibility in
future. Might
also be able to
persuade WA or
SC to take all of
it. DOE site
also a possibility
Cost
Typically about half
of EnergySolutions
disposal cost, so
$250/cubic meters.
Total cost = $70M
for 40% of the waste.
Very high per unit
volume, but
quantities very small.
Estimated cost is
$100,000 per cubic
meter at commercial
site, probably much
lower at DOE site.
Total cost = $1.4M
I '\
W
Disposal Options and Costs
(continued)
Waste Cat
Mixed waste
(conventional)
MW with PCB's
MW with
asbestos
Concentration
Assume it includes
all of the Class A
range
Assume that it
includes all of Class
A range
Same as above
Amount/
cubic
meters
25,000
824
7336
%of
total
3%?
<1%
1%
Disposal
Options
Clive Utah
DOE site,
PA new site
Some could go
to existing RCRA
C sites in east or
USEcology
Idaho
Clive ?
DOE?
Some RCRA C
sites?
Same as above
Cost
$5000 per cubic
meter
Total cost = $125M
High
$4.1 2M
minimum
High
$36.7M
minimum
fa
\S
'
0
C-55
16
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Steuteville
2/15/2012
LRE - Technology and
Mitigation Assessment Team
TMAT- Cleanup Plan
Cleanup Tactics and Technologies
Overall Clean-up Goal :
• Reduce the dose rate to
or below 15 mrem / year
for occupants of the
Residential neighborhood
Most Effective Strategies:
a) Roof Replacement
b) Soil Removal
c) Street and Sidewalk
Surface Removal.
C-56
17
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Steuteville
2/15/2012
TMAT Cleanup Plan:
Area Estimates for Residential Cleanup
Residential Neighborhood
• North Philadelphia
Breakdown of Area Estimates
Proposed
Cleanup
Area
Open Area
Roof Area
Roadway
Area
Sidewalk
Area
Area
(Sq. ft.)
Percentage
264,700 (6.08 acres)
117,370
82,050
32,080
33,200
44.3%
31.0%
12.1%
12.5%
E
TMAT Cleanup Plan:
istimated Costs: Residential Neighborhood
Cleanup Priority
Roof Removal/
Replacement
Yards/Dirt Lots
Sidewalks/Concrete
Street Resurface
and Milling
Total
Area/
Vol.
est.
81,000
S.F
2150
C.Y
33,200
S.F
3,000
S.F
Total Cost
$682k
$326k
$103k
$290k
$1.4MM
Cost/
Acre
$111. 8k
$53k
$16.9k
$46.9k
$229k
Cost/ Structure
$4,550
-
-
-
$8,325/lot
fa
IS
•
0
C-57
18
-------
Steuteville
2/15/2012
TMAT Study Area 2:
Business District- Downtown Philadelphia
Estin
TMAT Cleanup Plan:
nated Costs: Residential Neighborhood
Cleanup Priority
Metal Roof
Decontamination
Street Resurface and
Milling
Sidewalks/Concrete
Parking Areas
Total
Area/ Vol.
est.
645k S.F
2 miles
153k S.F
120k S.F
Total Cost
$17MM
$2MM
$458k
S1.2MM
$21.4MM
OSy
C-58
19
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Lynch
2/15/2012
Water Decontamination Activities within
EPA Water Security Division and National
Homeland Security Research Center
Marissa Lynch1, Matthew Magnuson2& Scott Minamyer
1U.S. EPA, Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water, Water Security Division
2U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development, National Homeland Security
Research Center
November 1, 2011
EPA Roles in Homeland
Security
Protecting water and water infrastructure
Indoor and outdoor clean-up following attack or
natural disaster
Reducing vulnerability of the chemical & hazardous
materials sector
Research to protect water infrastructure &
buildings
Hazardous materials emergency response
C-59
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Lynch
2/15/2012
Protecting Water and Water
Infrastructure
• EPA's Office of Water, Water Security Division
provides national leadership in developing and
promoting security programs that enhance the
sector's ability to prevent, detect, respond to, and
recover from all-hazards.
• EPA's water security research focuses on
developing tools and applications that can provide
contamination warnings to water utilities in the
event of terrorist attacks with chemical, biological,
or radiological weapons.
Water System Threats:
Problem Statement
Through studies, analyses and simulations, experts
have concluded that:
- Water systems are vulnerable to contamination
- Contamination can be "all hazards"
- Wide range of contaminants pose a viable threat to
water
- Under some scenarios, could produce significant
consequences
- Consequences can escalate rapidly
C-60
-------
Lynch
2/15/2012
Stay Cotinectgos^Ignday. August 29. gm^-'^v
Aug 29, 2011
UPDATE
HOME LATEST NEWS BUSINESS HEALTH TECH ENTE
• Militant- 'plotted to poison water7: Spanish judge
Bbcnewsupdate: Al-Qaeda suspects plotting to poison the water for
tourists to avenge the killing of Osama bin Laden, a Spanish judge
said on Saturday, when the man ill custody awaiting trial-
Consequences
- Adverse public health impact: 1
fatalities (a 1993 incident in Milwaukee killed
100's and sickened 100,000's)
- Loss of water for public safety uses (fire fighting,
hygiene, etc.)
- Economic damage: remediation of 100's of miles
of pipes, lost productivity, fire losses, etc.
- Loss of consumer confidence
C-61
3
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Lynch
2/15/2012
Intentional Contamination
- Is likely to achieve multiple terror objectives
- Does not have to produce casualties to be
successful
Vill be perceived as an especially serious threat
by the public, as confirmed by recent Crisis
Communication study
CIPAC Water Sector
Decontamination Working
.Group
Who: WSD, SCO, &
GCC
Strategic Plan -
October 2008
• Priority Issues (16)
• Recommendations
(35)
IBTBJW, MwsnwfiTwts PwtMfl 4** Afiwsww CftiNCH
WATER S*cte* DECCNTAtreuTWr WefUima Gnour
RECOMMENDATIONS AND
PROPOSED STRATEGIC PLAN
WATER SECTOR DECONTAMINATION PRIORITIES
C-62
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Lynch
2/15/2012
Disposal Guidance for the
Water Sector
CIPAC Recommendation:
Revise existing guidance or
develop new guidance for
containment and disposal of
decontamination waste,
including large amounts of
water and associated solid
waste (Issue l,
Recommendation 2)
Activity: Developing a disposal
guide for the water sector
Containment and Disnosal V
ol large amounts ol Wity^k
A Support Baiie tor
Containment and Disposal of Large
Amounts of Water: A Support Guide
for Water Utilities
'i ganization of the Guide
1. Introduction
2. Containment and Disposal as Part of
Remediation and Recovery
3. Containment and Treatment of water
4. Disposal of Water
5. Storage and Transportation of Water
6. Appendices
A. Risk Communication
B. Potential Treatment Methods
c. Sample Disposal Checklist
D. Resources
E. Summary of Applicable Laws and
Regulations
7. References :
C-63
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Lynch
2/15/2012
Decision- Making
Frameworks/ Roles and
responsibilities
CIPAC Recommendation: Develop a decision-ma king
Framework for the decontamination of CBR agents in water
systems specifically to be used by utilities, responders, and
other decision makers
CIPAC Recommendation: Identify the progression of role
and decision making authority to be used by the utilities and
responding/coordinating agencies during decontamination,
treatment and recovery
Activity: Development of decision-making frameworks that
could be used in emergency response planning and during or
after decontamination activities that also identify the progress
of roles and responsibilities for utilities and
responding/coordinating agencies during decontamination.
C-64
6
-------
Lynch
2/15/2012
C-65
7
-------
Lynch
2/15/2012
Laboratories Capabilities &
Capacities -
Decontamination
CIPAC recommendation: Leverage existing efforts
to identify laboratory capabilities and laboratory
capacities specific to CBR agent decontamination
needs (Issue 14, Recommendation 2)
Activity: Developing a fact sheet
Integrated Consortium of Laboratory Networks (ICLN)
Food National Flint
Emergency Diagnostic
Response Network
Network (NPDN)
-------
Lynch
2/15/2012
Next Steps
Disposal Guide
- Prepare for Publication- Date TBD
Decision-Making Framework/Roles and Responsibilities
- Complete of internal review
- Review by external stakeholders
- Determination of appropriate release
- Projection of completion in Spring 2012
Laboratories Capabilities and Capacities
- Completion of internal review „
Water Infrastructure
Protection Division
• Conducts applied research to help secure the
I nation's drinking water and waste water systems
from threats and attacks
- Prevention, detection, containment, treatment,
and decontamination
- Produces tools, procedures, methodologies,
technology evaluations, models, and
decontamination techniques
• Works with EPA's primary water security
stakeholders — both internal and external
C-67
9
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Lynch
2/15/2012
Treatment and
Decontamination Research
"Treatment" refers to contaminated water
and wastewater
"Decontamination" refers to contaminated
infrastructure
Research based on:
- Critical science and technology needs
identified by NHSRC and key stakeholders,
including the Water Critical Infrastructure
Partnership Advisory Council (CIPAC)
- Contaminant-specific literature reviews
- Previous and ongoing research efforts
Treatment and Decontamination
Research, cont.
Identify which priority chemical, biological, or
radiological (CBR) contaminants will attach to
wetted surfaces and how they can best be
remediated
Determine inactivation and removal capabilities
of typical water treatment and disinfection
technologies for biological contaminants
Determine the efficacy of typical water
infrastructure decontamination technologies to
destroy or remove chemical and radiological
contaminants
C-68
10
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Lynch
2/15/2012
Treatment and Decontamination
i Research, cont.
Expand treatability information on
contaminants most likely to be used
to contaminate drinking water
supplies and systems
Develop models for
developing/evaluating distribution
system decontamination strategies
Some completed projects
Inactivation of bacterial bioterrorism agents
Detection and treatment of biotoxins in drinking water
Pilot-scale adhesion and decontamination of chemical
and biological contaminants
Adhesion and decontamination of radioisotopes
C-69
11
-------
Lynch
2/15/2012
Thank You
If you have any questions, please contact:
Lynch. Marissa@epa .gov
202-564-2761
www.epa.gov/watersecurity
Magnuson. Matthew@epa .gov
513-569-7321
www.epa.gov/NHSRC
C-70
12
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Szabo
Germinant enhanced decontamination of
Bacillus spores adhered to iron and cement-
mortar drinking water infrastructure
Jeff Szabo, Nur Muhammad, Lee Heckman, Gene Rice and John Hall
EPA/NHSRC/WIPD
November 1, 2011
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Centei
www.epa.gov/nhsrc
vvEPA
Overview
Bacillus spore association with water infrastructure
Bench scale experimental design
Pilot scale decontamination results
Future work
Closing thoughts
\-
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Centei
C-71
-------
Szabo
Why focus on Bacillus spores?
1 Some biological agents are persistent
on drinking water infrastructure with
and without biofilm
1 Bacillus spp. is particularly persistent
since it forms spores
1 Causative agent of anthrax
1 It is difficult to decontaminate from
water infrastructure
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Centei
fit
vvEPA
\-
Germination as a decontamination tool
• Germination: spore -> vegetative
• Sporulation: vegetative -> spore
• Instead of chlorination and/or flushing, why not
germinate first?
• What do you germinate with?
-Culture media (trypticsoy broth, nutrient media)
-L-alanine and inosine
• Germinants do not necessarily affect all Bacillus
species in the same way
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Centei
C-72
-------
Szabo
Bench Scale Experiments: Optimal Germination
Bacillus globigii spore
dilutions in 20 ml vials
TSB dilutions: 10,30,50
and 100% of the standard
recipe
pH:6.3, 7.3, 8.3 and 9.0
Temperature: 5°, 15°, 20°
and 25° C
Germination monitored for 2
hours by culture and optical
density (OD580)
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Centei
vvEPA
ntal Fr.Jinctior,
Bench Scale Germination Results
Higher germinant (broth) . Neutral pH was optimal, but lower
concentration was better, but we p|_| worked
chose a 50% solution
I Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Centei
40 60 80
Time (min)
C-73
-------
Szabo
Bench Scale Germination Results
Germination was limited
under 20°C
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Centei
We chose 25°C, pH 7.3 and
50% TSB
vvEPA
„ Decontamination Pipe Loop
Clear PVC
Coupons (1 in2) made of iron (corroded) and concrete
- 30 slots for coupons
6-inch diameter pipe, total system volume of 220 gal
Flow rates up to 100 gpm
10-12 psi operating pressure
Fire hydrant meant to simulate a connection to a water main
running under a street or sidewalk
Contaminants can be directly introduced into the pipe or
through the fire hydrant
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Centei
C-74
-------
Szabo
vvEPA
ntal Fr.Jinctior,
Coupons/Infrastructure Materials
Coupons are meant to represent common drinking water
infrastructure materials
Coupons condition in tap water before contamination (>30 days)
• Iron starts out uncorroded
\-
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center
C-75
-------
Szabo
Contamination/decontamination
Contamination: Contaminant is
added directly into the pipe or
through the hydrant and allowed
to contact coupons. Coupons are
harvested to assess persistence.
Decontamination: Decon
undertaken if contaminants
persist. Flushing, disinfection, pH
adjustment, oxidation, surfactants,
etc. Decontaminating agents
added in the same way as
contaminants.
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Centei
vvEPA
Contaminant contacts
coupons
Coupons are harvested
C-76
-------
Szabo
Coupons
scraped in
the lab
Scraped
coupons
rinsed.
Ready for
analysis or
further
sample
prep.
Office of Research and
National Homeland Seci
Sampling/Analysis
vvEPA
Decontamination with free chlorine
ntal Fr.Jinctior,
1.0E-01 I I
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Time After Injection (hrs)
5 mg/L free chlorine
Orange = spore injection
Red = disinfection (5 or 25 mg/L free chlorine, no flow)
Blue = flushing (88 gpm, 1 ft/sec)
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Centei
5 mg/L Ct: 5,800-7,200 mg/L-min
25 mg/L Ct: 32,900-26,600 mg/L-
min
Ductile Iron Coupons
j 1.0E+00
1.0E-01
V
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Time After Injection (hrs)
25 mg/L free chlorine
C-77
-------
Szabo
Decontamination with free chlorine
"and germinant
1 -*"
J1.0E04 • _J
0-1.0E+01 I
1.0E-01 J-Ll
0 5
\
Cement Mortar Coupons
Ductile Iron Coupons
\
!
L
10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time after Injection (hrs)
Orange = spore injection
Green = germination (50% TSB, 25 C, pH 7.3)
Red = disinfection (5 mg/L free chlorine, no flow)
Blue = flushing (88 pgm, 1 ft/sec)
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Centei
5 mg/L with germinant: Ct 1,300-
1,700 mg/L-min
Ductile iron: Germinant assisted
flushing
Cement-mortar: Germinant
assisted chlorination
vvEPA
Decontamination with Chlorine Dioxide
Preliminary work performed
with chlorine dioxide (5
mg/L)
Effective against spores
adhered to cement-mortar
Better than free chlorine on
ductile iron
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Centei
1.E+06
1 1
Attached Spore Density (c
171 m m m m m
383883
° •— — — — _____
* ^
:
*— Cement-Mortar Coupe
^"Ductile Iron Coupons
500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Time After Injection (min)
>
ns
3000
C-78
8
-------
Szabo
Conclusions and Future Work
• Adding germinant helps free chlorine and/or flushing
decontaminate corroded iron and cement-mortar drinking water
infrastructure
-Won't work in cold weather, less effective at high pH
• What is the best germinant for pathogenic Bacillus anthracis and
what is the lowest effective concentration?
• The impact of other disinfectants with or without germinant
-Chlorine dioxide (5 and 25 mg/L)
-Ozone
- Monochloramine (maybe)
-Acidified nitrite (green)
-Peroxide (green)
-Mixed oxidants and other commercial products
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center
vvEPA
Questions
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Centei
C-79
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James
Testing the Pipe Decontamination Experimental Design
for the Study of Biological Contaminant Persistence
and Decontamination in Drinking Water Pipes
Ryan James, Elizabeth Hanft, Battelle
Scott Minamyer, Jeff Szabo, Matthew Magnuson, John Hall
EPA National Homeland Security Research Center
Wate
Water System Decontamination
Possibility of attacks on water
systems is coupled by reality of
decontamination
> Treatment plants
> Distribution systems
What decontamination
approaches would be used?
How effective are they?
What levels need to be
achieved?
C-80
-------
James
Objective
^Testing of the pipe decontamination experimental
design with a biological contaminant
> Determine adsorption of contaminant to drinking water
pipe materials
>Testing of methods for decontaminating affected pipe
surfaces if contaminant persists
echnical Approach
Pipe Selection
> Cement-lined and PVC annular reactor
coupons
Contaminant Selection
> Bacillus globigii (Bg)
Contamination Method
'>- Biofilm growth in dark
> Direct inoculation
'>- Equilibration with contaminated solution
Contaminant Detection Methodology
> Selective plate enumeration
C-81
-------
James
Experimental Design
Step 1: Contaminant Extraction
> Five drops (15 uL Bg) added directly
to biofilm covering coupon surface
at concentration of 2 x 107 CFU/mL
> Extraction of contaminant from
surface using vortex mixing of
concrete only
Step 2: Surface Contamination
> Equilibrate coupons in 1 L of
contaminated deionized water for 2
hours
• 1 x 105 CFU/mL £#
* Annular reactor rotating at 100 rpm
Step 1 - Surface Contamination Extraction
Results
Bg on Concrete
Coupon #
1
2
3
4
Amount
spiked
(cfu)
1.50E+06
Average
SD
%RSD
Avg. amount
recovered
from concrete
(cfu)
6.93E+05
1.03E+06
8.00E+05
8.00E+05
8.32E+05
1.42E+05
17%
Avg. amount
recovered
from backing
(cfu)
2.43E+05
3.06E+05
2.09E+05
3.41E+05
2.75E+05
5.97E+04
22%
Avg. total
recovered
(cfu)
9.37E+05
1.34E+06
1.01E+06
1.14E+06
1.11E+06
1.77E+05
16%
Total o/o
Recovery
62%
89%
67%
76%
74%
12%
16%
Direct spike onto concrete resulted in 75% of Bg recovered
from concrete and 25% from backing
s Average overall recovery of 75%±12% of total spores
C-82
-------
James
I *
•H
Step 1 - Surface Contamination Extraction
Results
Bg on PVC
Coupon #
1
2
3
4
5
spftMm
1.50E+06
Average
SD
%RSD
Avg. CPU
recovered
1.39E+06
1.36E+06
1.38E+06
1.08E+06
7.60E+05
1.27E+06
1.68E+05
13%
Total °/o Recovery
93%
91%
92%
72%
51%
80%
18%
23%
Average overall recovery of 80% ± 18% of total spores
Step 2 - Surface Contamination Results
Bg on Concrete
Contaminated
Coupon
#1
#2
#3
#4
#5
Avq.
St. Dev.
%RSD
Amount
Recovered from
Concrete (CPU)
4.48E+05
4.26E+05
3.81E+05
3.19E+05
a
3.94E+05
5.07E+04
14%
Amount
Recovered
from Backing
(CPU)
a
5.07E+04
6.73E+04
4.93E+04
4.47E+04
5.30E+04
9.9E+03
19%
a removed as outlier
^ 88% of Bgon concrete, 12%
on backing
•/ RSDofl4%
Bg on PVC
Contaminated
Coupon
#1
#2
#3
#4
#5
Avq.
St. Dev.
%RSD
CPU Recovered
from PVC
4.17E+05
2.81E+05
2.73E+05
3.77E+05
2.51E+05
3.20E+05
7.27E+04
23%
S RSDof23%
C-83
-------
James
Surface Contamination Results Summary
Step 1 - Surface contamination extraction
> Bg was recovered on average 74% across both backing and concrete
surface
> Bg was recovered on average 80% from PVC surface
> Reproducibility of the extraction procedure was very good
> Determined that Bg could be extracted and measured
Step 2 - Surface Contamination
> Following bulk contamination, 88% of ££7 was recovered from the
concrete and 12% from the backing
> No %R calculated because exact level of contamination not known
> Reproducibility of extraction and measurement reasonable (RSD
<25%) given the variables
Persistence Evaluation Experimental Design
Equilibrated coupons in 1 L of contaminated deionized
water for 2 hours
> 1 x 105 cfu/mL Bg
> Annular reactor rotating at 100 rpm with no flow
'/ Removed three coupons as control coupons
Filled AR with tap water and had no flow or rotation for 24
hours (removed three coupons)
s Flow water set at 0.2 L/min and rotating AR at 100 RPM
and removed three coupons after 4 hr, 1 day, 3 days, and
7 days.
C-84
-------
James
Persistence Evaluation
°/oP
°,
0
0
6P Bg- Concrete
°/oP
h 24 h Stop 4 h 24 h 72 h 168 h
Flow
h: 5 x 105 spores
%P Bg- PVC
il
i
1
1
•
1 1
Oh 24 h Stop 4 h 24 h 72 h 168 h
Flow
0 h: 4x 105 spores
Flushing Evaluation Experimental Design
Same as persistence evaluation except
> No 24 hr stopped flow
> Flow water set at 0.2 L/min and rotating AR at 200 RPM and
removed three coupons after 2 hr, 4 hr, and 1 day
> Increased AR to 250 RPM and removed three coupons after 4 hr
and 1 day
Results compared directly to Water Exposure Control
Experiment (WECE) results
C-85
-------
James
Flushing and WECE on Concrete
%P Bg- Concrete
FE
• WECE
2h200rpm 4 h 200 rpm 24 h 200 rpm 4 h 250 rpm 24 h 250 rpm
Oh: 1 x 105 spores
Flushing and WECE on PVC
%P Bg-PVC
FE
1WECE
2h 200 rpm 4 h 200 rpm 24 h 200 rpm 4 h 250 rpm 24 h 250 rpm
0 h: 3 x 105 spores
C-86
-------
James
Persistence and Flushing Results Summary
•s Persistence Evaluation
> %P goes to 0% after 24 hours on both concrete and PVC
-s Flushing Evaluation
> Results for Bgwere similar to persistence evaluation despite
increase in AR rotation from 100 rpm to 200 - 250 rpm
> Precision of results was adequate to determine significant
differences for several time periods of persistence evaluation
> Comparison with WECE revealed that flushing is significantly more
effective that just allowing coupon to be exposed to fresh tap
water
Experimental Design
Description of Hyperchlorination Evaluation
"f Contaminate coupons (covered with biofilm) with bulk solution of
deionized water containing Bg
> Remove three coupons as control coupons
> Fill AR with tap water and adjust chlorine concentration to 25 mg/L
(remove three coupons)
> Flow stopped and AR not rotating. Remove three coupons after
2 hr, 4 hr, and 1 day
x Increase chlorine concentration to 50 mg/L and remove three
coupons after 4 hr and 1 day
C-87
8
-------
James
Hyperchlorination Evaluation Results
%P on Concrete %P on PVC
Oh 25 mg/L 25 mg/L 25 mg/L 50 mg/L 50 mg/L
2h 4h 24 h 28 h 48 h
Oh 25 mg/L 25 mg/L 25 mg/L 50 mg/L 50 mg/L
2h 4 h 24 h 28 h 48 h
> Hyperchlorination on concrete shows steady decline over time and
increasing chlorine concentration
> 30% of Bg persists on PVC after treatment with 25 and 50 mg/L
chlorine
> PVC HE %P similar to WECE %P indicating lack of efficacy of chlorine
on Bg
Summary of Results
s Persistence and flushing evaluation suggest effective
decontamination with flowing water for Bg
•/ Water exposure control evaluation with no flow
demonstrated higher persistence of Bg than flushing
evaluation
^ Hyperchlorination effective on concrete, but uncertainties
too high to make determination on PVC
C-88
9
-------
James
Possible Next Steps
•s Study of the importance of biofilm in
decontamination
Organophosphates as available toxic pesticides and
simulated chemical agents
> Metals to simulate RAD
s Additional pipe materials
s Additional pipe cleaning chemicals
s Comparison with experimental design without flow
v Work performed by Battelle for U.S. EPA National
Homeland Security Research Center
s Contract No. EP-C-10-001 Work Assignment 1-16
s Any opinions expressed in this report are those of the
authors and do not, necessarily, reflect the official
positions and policies of the U.S. EPA. Any mention of
products or trade names does not constitute
recommendation for use by the U.S. EPA.
C-89
10
-------
Petullo
3/30/2012
Bacillus anthracis Decon
Wastewater Inactivation
Protocols
CAPT. Colleen F. Petullo,
USPHS & USEPA-Environmental Response Team
Vicente Gallardo
National Homeland Security Research Center,
USEPA
Acknowledgements
• The Shaw Group, contractor for USEPA
• Nur Muhammad
• Don Schupp
• Radha Krishnan
• NRT, Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)
H Gene Rice, EPA
a Matthew Magnuson, EPA
• Dino Mattorano, EPA
• Frank Schaefer, EPA
• Blake Velde, USDA
H Tyler Willis, Endyna (Contractor to USEPA)
C-90
-------
Petullo
3/30/2012
Presentation Outline
Historical issues with cleanup wastewater from
buildings contaminated with B. anthracis
Current recommended method for treating
contaminated wastewater
Results from one study that tested the current
recommended method
Results from one modified method trial
Future Work
U.S. Capitol Building Cleanup (2001-2002)
B. anthracis spores in 7 of 26 buildings
• Types of contaminated wastes:
H 14,235 gallons of BA wastewater
H 300,000 Ibs Material & Equipment
• classified material, PPE, medical waste
H 700 Metal drums
H 3,200 Bags of critical items
H 4,000 Mail packages
C-91
-------
Petullo
3/30/2012
14K Gallons of Was tew at er
Wastewater Sources:
x Personnel decon
• Equipment/vehicle decon
Guilt by association
B i.e., May contain B. anthracis
spores, maybe not
Inactivation protocol used
B Steam sterilization at Fort
Detrick, MD and then disposal
at on-site treatment plant
Issues associated with the
Inactivation Protocol Used
14,OOOK gallons were steam sterilized
B Slowwwww process
B HazMat Handling & Transportation issues!
• Wastewater transferred from source (e.g., kiddy
pool, mop bucket, etc.) and
• Then transferred to 55 gallon drums and
• Then transferred to tanker trucks and
• Then transported to Ft. Detrick, 50+ miles away.
C-92
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Petullo
3/30/2012
Current Recommended Method (CRM) for
Inactivating B. anthracis in Wastewater
• For a given volume of wastewater
• Add 10% household bleach & 10% white vinegar by
volume
- Yields a 0.5% Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCI) solution
- e.g., 100 gal. wastewater, 10 gal. household bleach & 10
gal. white vinegar = 120 gal. of 0.5% NaOCI solution
- Household bleach contains 6% NaOCI by volume
• Allows for on-site treatment
• Vinegar added to lower pH to ~7
n 1 hour contact time
"Recipe " Using CRM
55 gallon drum: <85% filled, no overflow
Wastewater amount: 0.7 x 55 = 38.5 gallons
Bleach amount: 0.07 x 55 = 3.85 gallons
Vinegar amount: 0.07 x 55 = 3.85 gallons
Total volume = 46 gallons (83.6% filled)
C-93
-------
Petullo
3/30/2012
Potential Issues with CRM
Method developed for surfaces, NOT water.
Method NOT tested for wastewater matrix,
which led to the following questions....
B Is method effective in wastewater?
B Does particulate or organic matter interfere or
diminish chlorine's ability for inactivation?
What Happened Next?
• Research was conducted to test CRM
• B. globigii selected as a surrogate for B. anthracis
* B. globigii spores have been reported to be more
resistant to chlorine than B. anthracis spores.
• Analyzed viable spores via culturing
10
C-94
-------
Petullo
3/30/2012
Outline of
Bench Scale Test ofCRM
• Wastewater characteristics:
:: Turbidity = 220 NTU (Drinking H20 « 1 NTU)
x Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) = 5,450 mg/L
• Total Suspended Solids (TSS) = 120 mg/L
H pH = 9.5
» Wastewater generated by washing floors and
cabinets with water and water/detergent mix
• Water rung out from mops/sponges & collected
a 1.5 liters of wastewater used per inactivation test
11
m
Results of
Bench Scale Test ofCRM
Highly Effective Inactivation
>99.99% Kill (4 log reduction) in 1 minute
12
C-95
-------
Petullo
3/30/2012
Conclusions of
Bench Scale Test ofCRM
Recommended amount of household bleach
(10%) is excessive for 6 log removal
(i.e., 99.9999% Kill).
Recommended method developed for hard
and porous surfaces.
• Spores in water have » contact with
solution. May be the cause of
greater/faster inactivation.
13
TO^_ -^Mipv
mr nwrlfet
What Happened Next?
Three modified "recipe" bench scale trials
• Household bleach @ 1, 3, 5%
• Eliminated vinegar in all 3 trials
B Contact time = 30 minutes in all three trials
14
C-96
-------
Petullo
3/30/2012
Results for 5% Modified
"Recipe " Bench Scale Trial
Inactivation Solution: Added 5% by volume
Household Bleach, No White Vinegar and
Contact Time = 30 minute
6 log kill in 5 minutes!
a > 7 log kill in 10 minutes!
15
TO^_ A'M
Tm I 11wrlfet
Conclusions from 5% Modified
"Recipe " Bench Scale Trial:
Success with shorter "contact time" would allow for
greater volumes of wastewater processed/unit time
Safer field operations
H Overdose of vinegar in a bleach solution could yield
chlorine gas
H 4, HazMat "Handling" issues since procedure can be
performed on-site
16
C-97
-------
Petullo
3/30/2012
Future Work:
• Additional (more challenging) wastewaters
* Additional species of Bacillus spores
• Different environmental conditions (e.g.,
temperatures)
17
C-98
-------
Magnuson
2/15/2012
xvEPA
Selected Homeland Security Water Treatment
and Decontamination Research Projects
Matthew Magnuson, Scott Minamyer, Steve Clark, John Hall, JeffSzabo
US EPA/NHSRC Water Infrastructure Protection Division
Elena P. Vekhter, Igor E. Pildus, Elena A. Demenkova
Research Institute of Hygiene, Toxicology, and Occupational Pathology, Volgograd, Russia
Ryan James, Elizabeth Hanft, Battelle-Columbus
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
vvEPA
Current study
Impact Of Chemical, Biological, and Radiological
Contaminated Sediments on Flushing and Decontamination
of Drinking Water Storage Facilities
Scott Minamyer, John Hall, Matthew Magnuson, JeffSzabo
USEPA National Homeland Security Research Center
Water Infrastructure Protection Division
Ryan James, Elizabeth Hanft
Battelle, Columbus
Office of Research and Development/National Homeland Security Research Center
C-99
-------
Magnuson
2/15/2012
Contaminated Storage Tank Sediment Study
Investigating adherence of contaminants (with a range of
absorptive properties) onto storage tank sediments
-Obtain sediments from water storage facilities at various locations
-Categorize samples by organic, inorganic, and physical
characteristics
-Perform bench-scale study to estimate the adsorptive behavior of
target contaminants for each sediment group
Office of Research and Development/National Homeland Security Research Center
vvEPA
ntal Fr.Jinctior,
Contaminated Storage Tank Sediment Study, Cont.
Provide data on interaction and retention of selected
contaminants within storage tank sediments.
-Determine susceptibility to adverse effects of contamination by
various types of contaminants
-Plan for impacts on overall treatment and decontamination activities
following an event
-Take preventive measures to reduce potential impacts where
heightened vulnerabilities exist (such as cleaning tanks more often)
\-
Office of Research and Development/National Homeland Security Research Center
C-100
2
-------
Magnuson
2/15/2012
Technical Approach - Sediment Selection
Water utilities will anonymously provide a total
of 10-15 sediment samples
Sediment sample analysis:
total organic carbon, organic matter, sand, silt,
and clay content (grain size), pH, phosphorus,
potassium, calcium, magnesium, boron,
sulfur, copper, iron, zinc, manganese, cation
and anion exchange capacity, etc
Likely contaminant selections: Radiological
(non-radioactive cesium), organic (lindane), and
biological (E. coli, Bacillus globigii)
Office of Research and Development/National Homeland Security Research Center
vvEPA
Current Study
\-
Investigation of advanced oxidation processes
(AOP) for the treatment and disposal of drinking
water contaminated with toxic chemicals into
public sewer (collection) systems
Stephen Clark, Matthew Magnuson, Scott Minamyer
USEPA National Homeland Security Research Center
Water Infrastructure Protection Division
Ryan James
Battelle, Columbus
Office of Research and Development/National Homeland Security Research Center
C-101
-------
Magnuson
2/15/2012
Question:
How to deal with large volumes of decon washwater and contaminated
water & wastewater?
Answers?
Incinerate Water? Haul thousands/millions/billions of gallons long
distances to specialty facility? Drain disposal to local wastewater plant?
Challenge:
Drain disposal requires appropriate pre-treatment and assurance that pre-
treated water will not impact wastewater operations and will result in
dischargable effluent.
Office of Research and Development/National Homeland Security Research Center
vvEPA
Goal: Procedure that will enable drain disposal for all
contaminants
Approach:
• Workshop to discuss and develop adequate assurance for
chlorine, ozone, and AOP; i.e., how to test the pre-treated
water to make sure the waste water plant can accept it
• Perform AOP experiments and conduct testing of treated
water
\-
Office of Research and Development/National Homeland Security Research Center
C-102
-------
Magnuson
2/15/2012
Advance Oxidation Process (AOP)
Processes that generate free radicals in large quantities. Radicals can
be powerful oxidants, but can be difficult to control and generate.
Focus on AOP because it is a stronger oxidant than chlorine and ozone,
and may more completely break down contaminants, without
chlorinated by-products. AOP by-products can be good food for sewer
plant microbes.
Several ways of generating radicals suitable for field application will be
investigated: Ozone/UV, ozone/peroxide, UV/persulfate,
electrochemical generation, etc.
hydroxyl
radical
Office of Research and Development/National Homeland Security Research Center
Miss Moneypenny:
Have you got a
mission, James?
James Bond: Yes. I
am to eliminate all
free radicals.
Miss Moneypenny:
Ooh. Be careful.
Office of Research and Development/National Homeland Security Research Center
C-103
-------
Magnuson
2/15/2012
Current study
Persistence and Removal of Chemical
Contaminants from Drinking Water Pipes:
Application of USEPA's Pipe Decontamination
Experimental Design
Elena P. Vekhter, Igor E. Pildus, Elena A. Demenkova
Research Institute of Hygiene, Toxicology, and Occupational
Pathology, Volgograd, Russia
Stephen Clark, Matthew Magnuson
USEPA National Homeland Security Research Center
Water Infrastructure Protection Division
Office of Research and Development/National Homeland Security Research Center
vvEPA
Office of Research and Development/National
C-104
6
-------
Magnuson
2/15/2012
USEPA's Pipe Decontamination
Experimental Design (PDED)
Goal: Experimental design for realistic studies of persistence and
decontamination that can be implemented in reproducible fashion across
laboratories and for various contaminants and pipe materials
Approach:
- Conditions within operational drinking water pipes are simulated in
Biosurface Technologies annual reactors (ARs)
- ARs contain coupons of pipe materials
annular reactor.
coupons
onal Homeland Security Research Center
vvEPA
USEPA's Pipe Decontamination
Experimental Design (PDED)
Experimental:
• For realism, biofilm grown on coupons
• Five steps in PDED for each combo of material and contaminant:
-Validate surface contamination procedure
-Validate surface extraction methods
- Examine persistence under normal sheer
- Examine persistence under flushing sheer
- Determine efficacy of decontaminant under various sheers
Office of Research and
Research Center
Harversting
coupons
C-105
-------
Magnuson
2/15/2012
Example Flushing Evaluation Results
(reported at 2010 Water Security Congress)
Office of Research and Development/
•g 400
o
•g 300
?200
100
Chlordane on Concrete
Initial 2hr- 200 4hr- 200 24 hr- 4hr-250 24 hr-
cont. rpm rpm 200 rpm rpm 250 rpm
Sodium fluoroacetate on Concrete
Initial 2hr- 200 4hr- 200 24 hr- 4hr-250 24 hr-
cont. rpm rpm 200 rpm rpm 250 rpm
ational Homeland Security Research Center
vvEPA
« i Fr.i«t«>n
Example Hyperchlorination Results
(reported at 2010 Water Security Congress)
60
50
<40
LL.
w 30
= 20
10
0
Chlordane on Concrete
Initial 25 mg/L 25 mg/L 25 mg/L 50 mg/L 50 mg/L
cont. 2h 4h 24 h 4h 24 h
Sodium fluoroacetate on Concrete
i
m
i
Initial 25 mg/L 25 mg/L 25 mg/L 50 mg/L 50 mg/L
cont. 2h 4h 24 h 4h 24 h
Office of Research and Development/National Homeland Security Research Center
C-106
8
-------
Magnuson
2/15/2012
RIHTOP USEPA PDED studies
(on-going)
•Initial studies by EPA (shown previously) used pipe materials and
contaminants with very different adsorption mechanisms (e.g.
hydrophobic and ionic).
•RIHTOP studies
-Contaminants: arsenic, dichlorvos, disulfoton, and gasoline.
-Pipe materials: copper, PVC, cast-iron, and mortar lined
ductile iron.
-Decontamination methods: flushing and hyperchlorination.
•Status: Method validation, initial AR studies
•Completion: Late 2012
Office of Research and Development/National Homeland Security Research Center
vvEPA
Thank you!
epa.gov/NHSRC
Matthew Magnuson, Ph.D.
maqnuson.matthew@epa.gov
Cincinnati, OH
5135697321
Disclaimer: The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency funded, partially funded, managed, and/or
collaborated in the research described in this presentation. It has been subject to an administrative review but
does not necessarily reflect the views of the Agency. No official endorsement should be inferred. EPA does
not endorse the purchase or sale of any commercial or non-commercial products or services.
Office of Research and Development/National Homeland Security Research Center
C-107
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Kaelin
Application of
National Response Team (NRT)
Quick Reference Guides (QRGs)
to Decontamination
Developed By: NRT, Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) Subcommittee
Capt. Colleen Petullo, USPHS, Chair, WMD Subcommitte
Presented By: Lawrence Kaelin, Chair, Chemical Workgroup
Prepared By: Matthew Magnuson, Emily Snyder, Lukas Oudejans
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Outline
What are QRGs?
What are QRGs not?
Scope of Decon in QRGs
Lessons learned from development of QRGs
2/15/2012
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
C-108
-------
Kaelin
What are QRG's?
Developer: U.S. National Response Team via
consensus workgroup from Team agencies
Audience: Federal On Scene Coordinators (DoD,
USDA, EPA, etc.)
Format: Single page - double sided
Data Sources: Open literature
Purpose: To provide information needed in the first
24- 48 hours of a response and to prevent activities
in first 24-48 hours from harming OSCs and the
public or complicating the rest of the site activities
2/15/2012
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
What are QRG's not?
Not: solely an EPA document
Not for: general responder community, but may be
useful if applied with caution.
Not to: provide detailed guidance about long-term
decontamination planning.
Not: exhaustive literature review
Not: replacement for safety plan
Not: prescriptive and site specific
Not: a source for site clearance goals.
2/15/2012
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
C-109
-------
Kaelin
Contaminants Covered in QRGs
Currently posted:
- CWA: lewisite, tabun, sarin,
soman, cyclosarin, VX, HD
- Ethanol
- Botulinum toxin
- 14 viruses
- Bacteria causing: Anthrax,
Plague, Brucella, Glanders,
Meliodosis, Q Fever,
Tularemia
In review or preparation:
- Updates to current QRG
agents except ethanol
- Chlorine
- Methylisocyanate
- Ricin
- Viruses: expanded to
include related types
- Bacteria causing Q Fever
2/15/2012
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Working Toatrtwr m ftrotmrt Againtt Thttati la Our land. Ait and Hfehrr
tttuur » MtHli'mA'. I^'M^P*'A^ifyntci
Chemicals
kUJflcllXLl.'.!
lechnitft]
fl£>Mi*£Hg.&
HtHM.niftfl
inicd
jfl{i*n] atonal J3P (.'
Chcmk.il Quick Reference Ctilrie*
Contents of Quick Reference Guides
Agent Characteristics
Release Scenarios
Health Effects
Effect Levels
Personnel Safety
Field Detection
Sampling & Analysis
Decontamination
Waste Disposal
2/15/2012 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(Cvelosann) QRG (
C-110
-------
Kaelin
Example QRG: Sarin (GB)
Agent
Characteristics
Release
Scenarios
Health effects
Effect Levels
Personnel
Safety
Field Detection
Sampling
Analysis
Decontaminatior
Cleanup
Waste Disposal
2/15/2012
Key References in separate document
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Emphasis on the Decontamination/Cleanup
Section
Previous sections of the QRG are more
descriptive in nature
Decontamination requires the OSC to make
site decisions which may effect future site
activities and efforts
Decon/Cleanup section of the QRGs will
direct the OSCs' initial efforts
C-111
-------
Kaelin
Scope of QRG Decon Section
Contents of Decon Section
Difference with traditional clean-up
Impact of Release Scenario on Decon
Data Sources
Gaps in decon data
2/15/2012
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Contents of Decon/Cleanup Section
General considerations
Disposal option
Monitored natural attenuation
Fix in place option (when applicable)
Decon strategy *
- Surface Hot Spot
- Large Volumetric Spaces
- Sensitive Equipment
Cautions
For Chem Agents
2/15/2012
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
10
C-112
-------
Kaelin
Scope of QRG Decon Section vs
Traditional Cleanup Activities
Decontamination technologies selected in QRG must
be widely available (proprietary products mentioned
where applicable but not the emphasis)
Focused on decon for response activities
Not focused on selecting technologies to get to final
cleanup goals
Designed to prevent activities in first 24-48 hours
from complicating the rest of the site activities
2/15/2012
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
11
Release Scenarios Considered and
Impacts on Decon
Release scenarios included air/aerosolization, soils,
surfaces, and water. Decon impacted by
- Reaesolization, including firefighting
- Ambient weather relative to agent physical properties
- Ability of contaminant to accumulate in lower areas of building
- Persistence of contaminant on surfaces and in water
- Decon and environmental byproducts, some of which are
themselves highly toxic.
2/15/2012
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
12
C-113
-------
Kaelin
Data Sources - All Public
Military manuals
Government reports
Journal publications
(both applied studies
and solution based
chemistry)
Difficult to verify some
information in all types
of sources
The Medical CBRN
/MISAfHPPM
2/15/2012
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
13
Data Gaps for CWAs
Most Weapons of Mass Destruction decon
information not developed for civilian environmental
clean-up. Most for military and chem weapons
destruction purposes.
- Tolerance levels for decon efficacy assurances not the
same for civilian and military
- Not all the decon parameters reported or applicable
- Choice of surfaces different. Most widely available decon
methods are damaging to environmental surfaces
2/15/2012
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
14
C-114
-------
Kaelin
Lessons Learned from QRGs
Each situation is extremely site specific. Use reachback, which
was reorganized as result of this QRG development effort.
Initial activities affect public and worker safety and can seriously
influenced later activities.
Difficult to achieve consensus on application of decon data
developed for other purposes to environmental clean-up.
Clean-up levels do not drive initial decon activities as much as
they drive long term remediation activities.
Role of decon and environmental byproducts in sampling plans
not clearly defined.
2/15/2012
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
15
Website Address for QRGs
http://www.nrt.org
2/15/2012
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
C-115
8
-------
Kaelin
WMD Subcommittee Agency Members
• EPA- NHSRC, NOT, ERT, Region 8
• U.S. Army/DoD
• USDA
• CDC
• FBI
• NOAA
• DHS
• Contractors - Endyna
WMD Subcommittee Workgroup Members
Colleen Petullo, Deborah McKean, Dino Mattorano,
Emily Snyder, Frank Schaefer, Gene Rice, Lawrence
Kaelin, Lukas Oudejans, Matthew Magnuson, Philip
Campagna, Tyler Willis, Blake Velde, Joselito
Ignacio, Kenneth Mioduski, Veronique Hauschild, and
James Holler
C-116
-------
An ex
2/15/2012
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
GlabatStcmrtty
Efficacy Evaluation of Liquid and Foam
Decontamination Techniques for Chemical
Warfare Agents on Indoor Surfaces
Peon Anex. Ellen Raber, Christopher Bailey,
M. Leslie Hanna and Adam Love
This work performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence
Livermore National Laboratory under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344.
Understanding physical and chemical properties of CWA is
critical for effective response and recovery
Programmatic Goals:
• Optimize detection capabilities to protect human health
• Mitigate spread of contamination
• Determine most appropriate decontamination methods
• Understand medical countermeasure options
• Allow for attribution and forensics
Scientific Goals:
• Measure critical CWA properties
Agent stability
Degradation pathways
Adsorption, affinity, and surface penetration
• Improve understanding of CWA fate and reactivity
Relevant surfaces
Solvents
Decontamination methods
• Provide data for confirmation of and input to models
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Efficacy Evaluation of Liquid and Foam
Decon-EPA-11-1-11-v3
C-117
-------
An ex
2/15/2012
CHEM OTD: An understanding of CWA fate and reactivity
guides response and recovery
Agents: HD, GB, GF, VX, GD, others
Indoor surfaces studied:
- Glass
- Silanized glass
- Stainless steel
- Vinyl floor tile
- Latex painted wallboard
- Concrete
- Rubber handrail
- Thermoplastic urethane handrail
- Polyester flexible duct
- Galvanized steel HVAC duct
- Bakelite paneling
- Siliconized acrylic caulk
- Terrazzo tile
- DIA roof material
This work is part of the DHS sponsored
"Remediation Guidance for Major Airports after a
Chemical Attack"
Develop agent and material specific data to deepen
understanding of contamination after a release
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
We have evaluated the efficacy of different liquid and
foam decontamination techniques on surfaces
G!ct»'Si«irftv
Decontamination agents:
Diluted bleach (0.5%) plus TSP (0.0625%)
•Aqueous
• Sodium hypochlorite
CASCAD/SDF™ foam
• Aqueous anionic foam
• Chlorinating agent
EasyDECON™ DF200 foam
•Aqueous foam
• Hydrogen peroxide
Decon Green™
• Solvent based
• Hydrogen peroxide
• Non-ionic surfactants
Applied on vertical and horizontal surfaces
Evaluated up to 24 hours after treatment
Suggested clearance goal: 0.3
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Efficacy Evaluation of Liquid and Foam
Decon-EPA-11-1-11-v3
C-118
2
-------
An ex
2/15/2012
Experimental: Coupons exposed to droplets of
CWA and held before decontamination evaluation
Unexposed
material
2 to 10 cm2
top surface area
Agent on
material
5 x 200 nL drops
neat agent
(5 x 1.2 /A for concrete)
Hold
exposed
material
Up to 1 week
Evaluate
Decontamination
Methods
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Experimental: Coupons are extracted after variable
exposure times to decontamination technology
Coupons before application -
of decontamination -I
technology
3X
Coupons with
decontamination technology •>
applied
3X
3X
3X
Coupons exposed to decontamination solution for variable
times, extracted and analyzed by GC-MS
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Efficacy Evaluation of Liquid and Foam
Decon-EPA-11-1-11-v3
C-119
-------
An ex
2/15/2012
CWA desorption (no decontamination): Q^
Liquid agents persist most on organic, porous material syesff*
1000 -
900 -
i
800
GD recovered, jig
Desorption of 1000 fig applied GD
•hand rail
vinyl tile
T Wwall board
| Acaulk
I 1 T
i ;
1 '• " t
f „ -
• { 1
50 100 150 2
Hours, 150 mL/min, 22C, 11% rh
D
180
160
|140
Il20
"o
I 1008
*8°-
1 so -
I
Q 40 -
0
20 -
0
esorption of 1000 jig applied GD
< •
j
•
t
•flex dud
Abakelite
*ss
:
",
• hvac
I
i T
rr
D 1 2 3 4
Hours, 150 mL/min, 22C, 11% rh
•
r
CWA desorption (no decontamination):
Agent can persist for over a year on some s
350 -
}00
250
1
p ?nn
HD recovere
SO VI
o o
1 fc • , — • — 1
0
0
Lawrence
HD -vinyl tile
i painted wall board
[
'i
S
A..J
20 40 6
Time (weeks)
1 800
1600
.
1400
g 1200
| 1000
o
2 800
§
600
400 '
200
0
D (
1
1
P
!
]
vx
Una CSS 2S2SS5SS
• vinyl n:
-------
An ex
2/15/2012
Non-porous materials are readily g^
decontaminated by most methods s*&~*?
i
VX recovered (ng) HD recovered (ng)
Glass HD
T _ :r,: : _^_
Time (hours)
Glass none VX
? ii Decon reen
- SDFfoarn
I I
I
SOD
1™.
•^ eoo i
0 50°,
O 400
o
0
!„,
» „,'
s
o
(J 400
s.
$j»!
Stainless Stee non, HD
bleach+TSP
1
y
|l
I i
Time (hours)
Stainless Steel ^ VX
1 ^ Decon green |
SDFfoam
- T _±_
1 I
Time (hours) Time (hours)
•
Decontamination efficacy varies on different
surfaces
900
800
700
600
UK
400
300
200
100
0
Horizontal Vinyl Floor Tile
VX
• » bleach • TSP
1 — 1
» Decon green
• DF-ZOOfoarn
i « SDF loam
i
.
'
;
5 10 15 JO 15
Time (hours)
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Horizontal Concrete
700
600
|500
u -KX)
O
g 300
> 200
100
0
VX
i
5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (hours)
Efficacy Evaluation of Liquid and Foam
Decon-EPA-11-1-11-v3
C-121
-------
An ex
2/15/2012
This knowledge of agent/surface interaction drives
source reduction and recovery strategies
Non-porous, Non-permeable
I Inorganic I
Non-porous, Non-permeable
Organic
Least potential for
contamination
Porous, Permeable
Inorganic
Contamination within
matrix potential
Surface contamination
potential
Porous, Permeable
Organic
J^
Bulk contamination
potential
See: Efficacy of liquid and foam decontamination technologies for chemical warfare agents on
indoor surfaces. J. Hazard. Mater. (2011), doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.09.005 (in press).
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Follow-on studies include additional
materials and decontamination strategies
Extended studies to site specific materials
Terrazzo tile
DIA roof material
Expanded list of decontamination technologies:
Undiluted bleach (5%)
•Aqueous
• Sodium hypochlorite
Oxone
•Aqueous
• Potassium peroxysulfate
Chlorine dioxide
•Aqueous
• Sodium Chlorite + acetic acid
Decon Green
DF200 foam
SDF foam
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Efficacy Evaluation of Liquid and Foam
Decon-EPA-11-1-11-v3
C-122
6
-------
An ex
2/15/2012
GB decontaminated by all candidate technologies Qy
except chlorine dioxide ?*ss&
•a
$
s.
° 20 '
6
ft
0
Lawrence Livt
Horizontal Roof Material
GB Hnone
•undil bleach
A ox one
chlorine dioxide
Adecon green
• DF 200 foam
A SDF foam
T
T *
*.
10 20 30
Time (hours)
Horizontal Terrazzo Tile
IGB Bnone
•undil bleach
A ox one
chlorine dioxide
• DF 200 foam
A SDF foam
i
0 10 20 30
Time (hours)
^
Persistent agents continue to pose a decontamination Qg
challenge on porous or permeable surfaces ssssss
3
— 500 I
o 300 r
Q
, i
t
i
i
Roof Material HD -
1
*
0 10 20 3
Time (hours)
450
g 400
- 350
£ 300 |
§* 250
£ 150
> 1£t_
i
i
o'l !
— RooflMaterial VX -
T
t
i
0 10 20 3
Time (hours)
Lawrence Livermore National Laborato
• none
• undil bleach
0 Aoxone
• chlorine dioxide
Adecon green
• DF 200 foam
A SDF foam
0
ry
oi 250
•D 200 1
21
s
oi 100 jj
? 50
n "•
'
. ' I
; i i
! 1
0 10 20 30
Time (hours)
•3 300
^ 250 1
fe 200
0 150*
!>
> 50^
0 I
0
T Terrazzo \/X
T T
I
T
J,
10 20 3
Time (hours)
•
V
0
Efficacy Evaluation of Liquid and Foam
Decon-EPA-11-1-11-v3
C-123
-------
An ex
2/15/2012
Experimental test results guide potential
decontamination strategies
All but diluted bleach work well on non-porous
and non-permeable glass and stainless steel
Residual contamination on porous and
permeable surfaces, especially for persistent
agents (e.g. VX and HD)
Solvent-based Decon Green performed better
than aqueous systems on polymers
Bleach and foam better for concrete
Horizontal and vertical surfaces were
decontaminated equally well by most reagents
No perfect decontamination technology exists for all materials;
a combined approach is likely necessary
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Decontamination efficacy varies
relative to clearance goals
Suggested clearance goal is 0.3 |ig/cm2
Developed for persistent agents (VX, HD)
• 24 hour exposure for a child passenger
Porous/permeable materials like vinyl floor tile
cannot be decontaminated to levels below
suggested clearance goals
Major structural materials can be decontaminated
relative to suggested clearance goals
• Non-porous/non-permeable materials such
as stainless steel and glass
• Concrete with selected decontamination
technology
Efficacy relative to clearance goals determines whether material should
be decontaminated or removed.
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Efficacy Evaluation of Liquid and Foam
Decon-EPA-11-1-11-v3
C-124
8
-------
An ex
2/15/2012
These studies have enabled better decisions to be
made in response to CWA release
An improved understanding of CWA fate is
intended to provide better guidance, not fully
predict, contamination dynamics
First responders phase:
- Mitigate any subsequent spread of contamination
Characterization phase:
- More quickly determine the extent of
contamination
Decontamination phase:
- Identifying materials that are easily
decontaminated and those that should be
removed
- Determine the most appropriate decontamination
approach for the contamination scenario and
agent/material combination
- Recommended specific treatment for compounds
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Efficacy Evaluation of Liquid and Foam
Decon-EPA-11-1-11-v3
C-125
9
-------
Rastogi
3/30/2012
(SARVfY
Efficacy of Disinfectants
against Vegetative BW
Agents and Surrogates
TECHNOLOGY DRIVEN. WARFIGHTl
Vipin Rastogi1, Lalena Wallace1, Lisa Smith1, Mary Wade1, Steve Tomasino2
1. BioDefense Branch, R&T Directorate, US Army-ECBC, APG, MD
2. US EPA, OPP, Microbiology Lab Branch, Fort Meade, MD
Procontatinn fin Mm/omhor 9 9011 at 9011 I IS FPA flRn r.nnforonr'o in RTP MP.
Programatics
Comparative Sensitivity of Pathogenic Francisella
tularensis, Brucella melitensis, and Yersinia pestis and their
non-pathogenic surrogates to common antimicrobial
chemicals using modified AOAC 2008-05
IAG:
Principal Investigator:
Sponsoring Agency:
Performing Agency:
Dr. Steve Tomasino, EPA, OPP
Dr. Vipin Rastogi
EPA, OPP
ECBC
TECHNOLOGY DR/VE WARFIGHJER FOCUSED.
C-126
-------
Rastogi
3/30/2012
Program Objectives
1. Provide technical assistance to EPA for surrogate selection for
Yersinia pestis, Francisella tularensis, and Brucella melitensis -
justify the basis of their selection
2. Provide information on proper ID of pathogens and their surrogates
3. Provide information on culture, growth, and maintenance of
pathogens and surrogates
4. Procure the organisms from authentic sources
5. Develop procedures for initiating, maintaining, and storage of the
pathogens and surrogates
6. Conduct and optimize, if necessary, carrier counts with each
organism based on a research study provided by EPA, using the
modified AOAC 2008-05 Quantitative Test Method
7. Perform comparative efficacy testing of common disinfectants
against select vegetative BW agents and their surrogates
TECHNOLOGY DRM: WARFIGHTER FOCUSED.
Test Method and Modifications
Modified AOAC 2008-05
- Use of Dey-Engley neutralization broth for neutralization,
- Drying time shortened to 60 minutes (visibly dry)
- Use of 5-mL eppendorf tubes, and the ratio of
chemical:neutralizer =1:10 (0.4 ml decon + 3.6 ml D-E);
- Fraction A samples, no repeated washing and resuspension;
direct plating of 0.4mL
- Fraction C - incubation time reduced to from 30 to15 min
- In more recent work, fraction B and C combined in one tube,
instead of two tubes
TECHNOLOGY DRIVEN. WARHGHTER FOCUSED.
C-127
-------
Rastogi
3/30/2012
Vegetative BW Agents/Surrogates
1. Brucella melitensis (16M)
- Aerobic, non-motile, gram-negative, non-spore-forming, facultative, intracellular coccobacilli
- Cause of brucellosis, typically leading to abortions in infected animals
- No BSL-2 strains available, therefore Agrobacterium tumefaciens was selected as a surrogate
2. Francisella tularensis (SchuS4)
- A gram-negative, non-motile, coccobacillus capable of an intracellular pathogen in vivo
- Two key species, F. philomiragia and F. tularensis
- Live vaccine strain (LVS) is a BSL-2 derivative, and selected as a surrogate
3. Yersinia pestis (Colorado-92)
- Three out of 11 species of Yersinia are pathogenic
- Caused plague and can occur in bubonic, septicemic, and pneumonic form
- Y. pestis is gram-negative, coccobacillus (0.5-0.8-|xm x 1-3-|xm)
- A1122 is a BSL-2 derivative of Y. pestis, and was selected as a surrogate
TECHNOLOGY DRIVEN, WARFIGHTER FOCUSED.
Agrobacterium for Brucella
• Selected surrogate should be genetically related and physiologically similar to the select
agent
' Brucella is the only genus of the family Brucellaceae and belongs to the alpha-2 sub-class
of proteobacteria, which includes Agrobacterium, Rickettsia, Rhodobacter and Rhizobium
1 Phylogenetically, the closest relative to Brucella is Ochrobactrum anthropi and Bartonella
quintana followed by Agrobacterium tumefaciens with B. abortus being 95.7 and 95.1%
similar to B. quintana and A. tumefaciens, respectively, based on percent similarities
between 16S rRNAs
' Ochrobactrum is an opportunistic human pathogen, and Bartonella is classified as BSL-2
and is known to cause disease in humans (cause of trench fever)
1 Bartonella requires a humid, CO2-rich atmosphere and direct plating onto blood agar and
can take several days to weeks before colonies appear on blood agar plates
' Agrobacterium is a plant pathogen, classified as BSL-1 and does NOT cause disease in
humans, and is easy to grow (at 28°C on TYE agar / broth or nutrient agar / broth)
•Therefore Agrobacterium is recommended to be the
most appropriate surrogate!
TECHNOLOGY DRIVEN. WARHGHTER FOCUSED.
C-128
-------
Rastogi
3/30/2012
LVS for Francisella
• Francisella is the only genus of the family Francisellaceae and
belongs to the y-subclass of proteobacteria
• Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence, there are no close relatives of
the Francisellaceae family
• Taxonomic classification divides Francisella into only 2 species, F.
philomiragia and F. tularensis
• F. philomiragia is an opportunistic pathogen often associated with
water and is virulent only in immunosuppressed individuals
• Four subspecies within F. tularensis are genetically and
biochemically most related to the etiological agent of tularemia
• LVS strain, a non-pathogenic derivative of
holarctica - one of the four subspecies - is
genetically most related and therefore the most
appropriate surrogate!
TECHNOLOGY OIUVEi\ WARF1GHTER FOCUSED,
A1122for Yers/n/a
Avirulent strain A1122 (lacking one of the three virulent plasmids,
pCadl) is genetically most related to the etiological agent of
plague,Y. pestis
Based on chromosomal DMA sequence, Y, pseudotuberculosis is
also related to the Y. pestis
Even though Y. pseudotuberculosis is related, it is a different
species and causes intestinal infections quite diverse from Y, pestis
A1122 is derived from Y. pestis and is avirulent,
and therefore is recommended to be the most
appropriate surrogate
TECHNOLOGY DRlVe WARFIGHJER FOCUSED.
C-129
-------
Rastogi
3/30/2012
Summary - Culture Conditions
Microbe Media Temp Shaking
(°C) (175 rpm)
B. melitensis Brucella broth 35-37 Yes
A, tumifaciens Nutrient broth 28-30 Yes
Y. pestis/
A1122
Brain-heart
infusion broth/
ISA plates
28-30
F. tularensis/ Mueller-Hinton 35-37
LVS media fortified
with glucose,
isovital-X, ferric
pyrophosphate/
Chocolate agar
plates
Yes
Yes
Comments
Single colonies appear after 3-4 days.
One 48 hour initial seed culture
followed by a final subculture for 48
hours @1/50th dilution
Single colonies appear after 2 days.
One 24-48 hour initial seed culture
followed by a final subculture for 24-48
hours @1/50th dilution
Single colonies appear after 2 day
growth on ISA plates. One 48 + 2 hr
initial seed culture followed by a final
sub-culture for 48 + 2 hr @ 1/50*
dilution
Single colonies appear after 3-4 days
of growth on Chocolate agar plates.
One 48 + 2 hr initial seed culture
followed by a final sub-culture for 48 +
2 hr@1/50th dilution
Disinfectants & Treatment
LOW HIGH
Brucella vs. Agrobacterium
• TBQ
• Bleach
• Cavicide
1 :2560
1 :2000
1:10
10min 1:128
5 min 1:25
3 min RTU
10 min
5 min
3 min
Y. pestis vs. A1122
• Lysol
• TBQ
F. tularensis vs
• TBQ
• Bleach
* RTU = ready
RTU*
1 :2560
.LVS
1:2560
1 :2000
to use
1 min RTU
10min 1:128
10min 1:128
5 min 1:25
10 min
10 min
10 min
5 min
TECHNOLOGY DRIVEN. WARHGHTER FOCUSED.
10
C-130
-------
Rastogi
3/30/2012
.t. - Control Carrier Counts
Average Control Carrier Counts for F. tularensis Cells
Run 1
Run 2 Run 3
TECHNOLOGY DWVE!\ WARFIGHTER FOCUSED,
F.t. - Efficacy as LR
Comparative Efficacy of T.B.Q. and Bleach Against Pathogenic
(SchuS4) and Non-pathogenic (LVS) Cells
Control n Low Treatment • High Treatment
Pathogenic (SchuS4) Non-Pathogenic (LVS) Pathogenic (SchuS4) Non-Pathogenic (LVS)
Disinfectant Type and Organism
TECHNOLOGY DRIVEN. WARHGHTER FOCUSED.
C-131
-------
Rastogi
3/30/2012
Y.p. - Control Carrier Counts
Average Control Carrier Counts for Yersinia pestis A1122 and Co92 Cells
Run 1
Run 2 Run 3
TECHNOLOGY DWVEN, WARFICHTER FOCUSED.
Y.p. - Efficacy as LR
Comparative Efficacy of Lysol and TBQ Against Pathogenic (Co92)
and Non-pathogenic (A1122) Cells
Control DLow Treatment BHigh Treatment
Lysol
Disinfectant Type & Organism
INOLOGY DRIVEi WARHGHJER FOCUSED.
C-132
-------
Rastogi
3/30/2012
Brucella- Control Carrier Counts
Control Carrier Counts for B. melitensis and A. tumifaciens Cells
DAgrobactenum •Brucella
Run 1
Run 2
Run 3
TECHNOLOGY ORM: WARF1GHTER FOCUSED.
Brucella - Efficacy as LR
Comparative Efficacy Against B. melitensis and A. tumifaciens
Cells
a None a Low Treatment • High Treatment
Agrobacterium Brucella
TBQ
Agrobacterium Brucella
Bleach
Agrobacterium Brucella
Cavicide
Disinfectant Type & Organism
INOLQGYDRim WARHGHTER FOCUSED.
C-133
-------
Rastogi
3/30/2012
1. The quantitative test method, AOAC 2008-05, was found to be suitable for
efficacy studies with vegetative BW agents (with minor modifications)
2. Appropriate surrogates for all three BW agents, i.e. F. tularensis, Y. pestis,
and B. melitensis, were identified on the basis of phylogenetic and genetic
relationships
3. High titer broth cultures for all three agents and their surrogates were
successfully grown, enabling testing with vegetative cells
4. Typical losses due to drying ranged between 90 - 99%
5. Control carrier counts for all runs >_5-6 logs, with the exception of LVS in
one run and Colarado-92 in one run
6. Ambient RH and temperature are conjectured to be the factors for variable
degree of persistence
TECHNOLOGY DRM: WARFIGHTER FOCUSED.
Conclusions
7. Overall, with the exception of Lysol, the modified AOAC 2008-05 was able
to discriminate between the two treatment levels
8. Based on efficacy results, LR values for all three disinfectants against,
Agrobacterium appears to a suitable surrogate for Brucella
9. LR values for bleach and TBQ against LVS appears to be > than those for
pathogen at low treatment level, however, at high treatment level, both
strains appear to be equally sensitive, suggesting LVS is an appropriate
surrogate for F. tularensis
10. LR values for Lysol are high at both treatment levels against both the
strains, A1122 and Colorado-92, of Y. pestis. With TBQ, low and high
treatment levels resulted in differential LR values. Both strains appear to
comparable in their sensitivity, suggesting suitability of A1122 as a
surrogate for Y. pestis
11. TBQ was tested against all six strains, and overall, Agrobacterium
tumefaciens cells appear to be the most resistant strain to this
disinfectant
TECHNOLOGY DRIVEN. WARHGHTER FOCUSED.
C-134
-------
Rastogi
3/30/2012
1. Since surrogate strain used for each of the three BW agents displayed
comparable sensitivities to their pathogenic counterparts, future studies
can be conducted with the surrogate strains
2. Persistence of vegetative cells appears to be impacted by prevailing
temperature/RH, future work is recommended to evaluate the effect of
environmental conditions on cell persistence, preferably on both hard and
porous surface
3. Further efficacy testing with 4-5 antimicrobial chemicals using two
quantitative methods with just one or two surrogates is recommended for
generating additional data
4. Genomic approach, i.e. gene expression in response to sub-lethal
exposure of antimicrobial chemicals, should be explored for surrogate
selection
5. Further investigation using Agrobacterium cells is also recommended,
since this strain appeared to be most resistant to TBQ
6. Use of porous surface is recommended to generate additional data
TECHNOLOGY DWVEN, WARF1GHTER FOCUSED.
Program Discussion -
Helpful Suggestions -
Technical Assistance -
Steve Tomasino, EPA
Rebecca Pines, EPA
Michelle Ziemski, Joe
Insalaco, ECBC
TECHNOLOGY DRlVe WARFIGHJER FOCUSED.
C-135
10
-------
Walker
An investigation into the sources of two inhalation
anthrax fatalities associated with
African drums
Jimmy Walker
Biosafety Unit
Health Protection Agency
EPA 2nd November 2011
Aims
H,
£
Health
Protection
Agency
To give an overview of the two incidents
Discuss decontamination of personnel involved
Describe decontamination of the buildings
How to decontaminate a cat?
C-136
-------
Walker
Two Investigations
Protection
Agency.
Scottish Borders (2006)
Hackney, London (2008)
H,
£
Scottish case
50 year old male patient died in south Scotland, July 2006,
Cause of death diagnosed as inhalational anthrax
Man was a musician and wood-carver
Health
Protection
Agency
Hackney case
34 year old male patient died on the 2nd November 2008
Post mortem was carried out following infection
Man was a musician and made and repaired
African style Djembe drums
Cause of death: sepsis and toxaemia due to inhalation anthrax
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Possible source of infection
Protection
Agency.
Patients made and played animal hide
drums
The main supplier of animal skins reported
importing hides from the West Africa
including Gambia
There were possibly other sources of skin
but not known to the families
HPA risk assessment:
• The main risk: drum making
• Shaving hair from infected animal skin
results in aerosolised anthrax spores that
can be inhaled
Epidemiology of anthrax
H,
£
Health
Protection
Agency
1981 to 2006:18 possible cases of cutaneous anthrax in E&W.
Bacteria isolated in only one case
Serological confirmation in another two
The last case of pulmonary anthrax in E&W in 1974:
Linked to bonemeal fertilizer
The previous case was in 1965
One case of naturally acquired inhalation anthrax in the US in 2006
In a drum maker who used animal skins imported from Ivory Coast
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Anthrax - the disease
Bacillus anthracis
large, non-motile, non-haemolytic
gram-positive bacillus, forming
endospores
Gram-positive, spore-forming rod
Cutaneous anthrax
small papule or vesicle,
ulcerates with central necrosis,
painless, localized, non-pitting
oedema surrounds ulcerated
area, black eschar
Anthrax - the disease
Inhalation anthrax
fever, chills, drenching
sweats, cough, dyspnoea
respiratory distress;
CXR: mediastinal
widening, pleural effusion
Intestinal anthrax
fever, abdominal
tenderness, diarrhoea,
ascites, ulceration,
haemorrhage, intestinal
obstruction, or perforation
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Incident Control Team (ICT) Scotland
Health i
Protection
Agency_.
Health Protection Scotland
Health Protection Agency
- Porton Down: NADP
- Centre for Infection
- HPA North East
Local services
- Lothian and Borders Police
- Fire brigade
Other organisations involved
- Defra,
- Government Decontamination Service
- Health & Safety Executive
- CDC Atlanta
- Sabre, USA
- Steris, Inc
Working sub groups
formed:
- Clinical Team
- Epidemiological and
Contacts Investigations
Team
- Environmental
Investigations Team
- Communications and
Media team
Incident Control Team (ICT) Hackney
Health Protection Agency
- Porton Down: NADP
- Centre for Infection
Local services
- London Borough of Hackney
- City and Hackney PCT
- Homerton University Hospital
- Local Emergency Services
• Fire brigade
• Police
Other organisations involved
- Defra,
- Government Decontamination Service
- Health & Safety Executive
- Vet employed to remove Chica the cat!
Working sub groups formed:
- Clinical Team
- Epidemiological and Contacts
Investigations Team
- Environmental Investigations
Team
- Communications and Media
team
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Environmental Site sampling
Retortion
Agency.
Environmental testing included visiting a number of
properties to sample:
• Samples from animal skins, drums, tools, surfaces and air at the
studio flat
• Drums stored at the family home
• Animal skins and tools
Scotland
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C-142
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Health "^
Protection
Agency
C-143
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No Pressure?
Detection of Areas of Contamination
Health
Protection
Agency
I'illagc homes sealed off
in hunt for killer anthrax
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Hackney - view of studio flat and Dalston
Lane activity
Retortion
Agency.
Environmental testing results Hackney
B. anthracis isolated from one drum
removed from the studio flat (not
related to patient strain)
Spores also isolated from some
sections of 2 out of 5 animal hides
found in the studio flat (identical to
patients strain)
All samples taken from family home
were negative
Samples taken from the workshop
of the supplier of the animal skins
were also negative
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Environmental Testing in Scotland
Protection
Agency.
Strain isolated from patient identical to those isolated from drums
Spores recovered from the hides not related to strain isolated from
patient
This drum was not made by patient; he bought it approximately 5 years
earlier and played it regularly
Number of samples were PCR positive but culture negative
No air samples were found to be positive
Decontamination of personnel
Health
Protection
Agency
On exit of the buildings
Sprayed with 1000 ppm HCIO2
Boot bucket 1000 ppm HCIO2
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Decontamination Tent
Protection
Agency
Decontamination
personnel at work
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Environmental Decontamination Procedure
Health i
Protection
Agency_.
A Chlorine Dioxide decontamination company from the
US, Sabre, were chosen to carry out the
decontamination of all contaminated Scottish sites
Sabre had previously decontaminated government
buildings sorting offices and the AMI building in Boca
Raton after the 2001 anthrax letters. They had also been
active in decontamination of damp affected buildings in
New Orleans post-Katrina
Smailholm Village Hall
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Problems
Retortion
Agency.
Anthrax detected by culture and per at a few locations in the village
hall (chairs, floor, brooms)
Old building
Leaky
No HVAC systems
Historic wall hanging sensitive to potential bleaching
Scotland in March
Village hall had been in operation for a few months after drumming
class
Local opposition
Support Services
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Protective Equipment
Protection
Agency.
HSE Inspector
First Tarpaulin
H,
£
Health
Protection
Agency
C-153
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Preparing the Second Layer
Protection
Agency.
Heating required between the tarpaulins in order to control temperature
Securing The Second Layer
H,
£
Health ^
Protection
Agency
Folding, adhesives and heavy duty clips required to secure and seal
the tarpaulins
C-154
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Introducing the Chlorine Dioxide
Retortion
Agency.
Press Interest
"It's outrageous. There's more
poison in the pesticides I bring
home in my weekly groceries
than there is in that hall."
"Now we've got lots of fat little
men in dark glasses who have
descended upon this village,
strutting about like they're the
Mafia"
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Outcome
Protection
Agency.
Spore strips to assess effectiveness of process (flown
to Utah for assay) - All spore strips negative
Anthrax sampling using swabs and air samplers
(assayed at HPA CEPR) - No anthrax detected
Belford
H,
£
Health
Protection
Agency
Private residence rented by drum maker and partner
Owned by farmer and located on farm
Anthrax positive drums removed from site
Anthrax positive rug also removed
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Indicators and Detectors
H,
£
Health ^
Protection
Agency
C-157
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-------
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Result
Retortion
Agency.
Surface Cleaning carried out before gaseous
disinfection
All biological indicators negative
No anthrax positive samples
Bagged material autoclaved
Decontamination of the cat - who did not
have anthrax!
• Chica the only occupier of the flat in
Hackney after patient's admission
To carry out sampling and
decontamination, Chica was removed
A vet visited the flat in full PPE,
washed and decontaminated Chica
Transferred to Animal Reception
Centre at Heathrow and received 60
days of CONVENIA injections
(cefovecin, a third generation
cephalosporin given every 14 days)
She was later adopted by one of HPA
staff!
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Djembes and Dunduns
Discussion
H,
£
Health
Protection
Agency
Infection most likely due to handling and manipulating the contaminated
hides rather than playing contaminated drum
The source of contaminated animal skins were not found during the
investigations
Despite ongoing import of (untreated and uncertified) animal skins and
popularity of animal hide drums the disease incidence in the UK
remains very low
CDC, HPA & HPS linked to revise guidance
Existing HPA advice to drummers and drum makers can be found on
the HPA and Defra's website.
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Many thanks to....
Retortion
Agency.
Nigel Lightfoot
Brian McCloskey
Daniel Krahe
Robert Gosh
Sudy Anaraki
Grainne Nixon
Deborah Turbitt
Kate Harris
Alison Cockerill
Roy Hitching
Graham Lloyd
Tim Brooks
Robert C Spencer
Bengu Said
Hilary Kirkbride
Amanda Walsh
Helen Maguire
Emily Collins
Homerton University Hospital
London Borough of Hackney
NE&NC London HPU
HPA, Centre for Infection
HPA, London Region
HPA, NADP, Porton Down
City & Hackney PCT
London Borough of Waltham Forest
Defra, Animal Health
HP Scotland and many more
Fire Bridgade
Police
Government Decontamination Service
Health & Safety Executive
CDC Atlanta
Sabre, USA ^^tf
Steris, Inc
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Byers
2/15/2012
Transfer of BW Surrogate Particles from
Contaminated Surfaces
Richard Byers*, Michael Dickens, Kent Hofacre,
Steven Medley, and Melanie Samsonow
2011 Decontamination Research and Development Conference
Raleigh Durham, NC
November 2, 2011
"Presenting Author
Overview
• Background
Approach
Test Results
Conclusions
Recommendations
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Background
• Fielded biological aerosol samplers designed to collect
biological threat agents in the air are part of a warning system
for safety and public health officials of potential bioterror
events
If a biological threat agent was collected, the collector and
surrounding area could be contaminated due to bioaerosol
deposition
Presence and reaerosolization of this contamination could
respectively pose a cutaneous and respiratory hazard to the
technician maintaining the aerosol sampler
• Contaminated technician may then serve as a source for
cross-contamination to clean areas that are subsequently
visited
In addition to cross-contamination, contaminated individual may pose a
hazard to others in the area via resuspension of particles
Objectives
• The key objectives of this study were
-To assess and characterize the transfer of deposited BW
surrogate particles from contaminated surfaces
To asses and characterize reaerosolization of deposited
BW surrogate particles due to human activity
To estimate secondary airborne inhalation hazard and
potential cross-contamination associated with physical
contact with contaminated surfaces
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Approach - Overview
Generate a bioaerosol to contaminate test site with 6.
thuringiensis
Phase I
Characterize the transfer from a contaminated site to an individual
through:
Contact
Reaerosolization
Phase II
Characterize the transfer from a contaminated individual:
- Via contact to previously clean areas
Via reaerosolization
Approach
Generate a powder aerosol of DiPel® containing B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki in the Ambient
Breeze Tunnel (ABT)
Generate 10 grams of powder over one minute, collect samples of the bioaerosol, allow the
particles to settle over 10 minutes, then enter the chamber and perform specific tasks
Test Ctmlnil it-wet
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2/15/2012
Approach
Aerosol generation performed
with a venturi eductor
• Aerosol samplers included gelatin
filters, Slit-To-Agar samplers, a
Portable Sampling Unit, an
Andersen Cascade Impactor, a
Battelle Cascade Impactor, and
an Aerodynamic Particle Sizer
Aerosol generation in the ABT
Aerosol sampling in the ABT
Approach - Phase I
A test operator had Sin. x Sin. swatches of material
affixed to 11 locations
Swatches were cotton, denim, latex and rubber
Test operator entered the ABT and performed routine
maintenance on the Portable Sampling Unit
During the 3.5 minutes of activity, 9 of the 11
swatches made physical contact with contaminated
surfaces
Ankle swatches did not contact any surface
Aerosol samplers were activated to collect particles
reaerosolized as a result of the activities
Swatches and bioaerosol reference materials were
analyzed to quantify initial transfer of contaminant to
test operator through contact and via reaerosolization
•r
1
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2/15/2012
Approach - Phase II
After exiting the contaminated test area, the operator entered
a clean area representing a laboratory and office complex
The operator performed routine, standardized tasks, with both
active and passive samplers used to sample the air and
surfaces (floor tiles, desktops and carpet) for the biomaterial
transferred
.•/--IT... Area
IT l"nrTIII
Top View
t AMmwUKWIiWKW {SI Sit TiUjai SimWr t «»im»1«linnli« iimftft
Approach - Phase II
After ABT contamination, operator walked through the test trailer
Swipe sample locations and bioaerosol collectors were placed throughout the rooms
to quantify surface and airborne hazards as the contaminated operator moved
through the clean area
While air samplers were placed near the areas of greatest activity, surface sample
locations were determined using Visual Sample Plan (VSP), a software tool used to
select the number and location of samples to ensure high statistical confidence
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2/15/2012
Approach - Phase II
After operator finished walking through the test
trailer
Swipe samples and bioaerosol collectors were analyzed
to quantify surface and airborne hazards
Phase I Test Results
Average bioaerosol
concentration was
2.7E+04 CFU/l_a
-AIR
Swatch Results
Average swatch contamination
per test was 2.5E+06 CPU
Swatches that collected the
highest number of spores were
affixed to the shoe bottoms
Swatches attached to the
operator's ankles collected the
least
Swatches did not contact any
contaminated surfaces
Implies that spores were reaerosolized
by walking and collected on the ankles
- Hand and chest swatches
comparable loading to shoes
§
c
2 | Hi.,'
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II
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2/15/2012
Phase I Test Results Cont'd
Initial Bioaerosol and
Reaerosolization Results
Initial powder had a MMAD
of 12 jam with a fairly broad
distribution, while the
reaerosolized particles had
a smaller diameter (NMAD
= 4.6 |j,m) and tighter
distribution
Initial bioaerosol
concentration was
2.7E+04 CFU/LAIR
Reaerosolized bioaerosol
concentration was
3.5E+01 CFU/L
•AIR
Phase II Test Results
Initial Bioaerosol and Reaerosolization Results
Large initial bioaerosol spike present on APS
Reaerosolized particle spike evident
5 l.OEt-05
a.
^
Aerosol
Generation
fit
—Test 1
-•-Test 2
-Tests
—Test 4
Test 5
- Test6
1.0E-W2
Time,min
C-167
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2/15/2012
Phase II Test Results
Reaerosolization
Results
Differences in relative
humidity may have led to
different reaerosolization
rates between the two
test phases
Reaerosolization was
significantly higher for all
tests where the relative
humidity was less than
40%
With more moisture
present in the air, the
particles may have more
adhesion to surfaces and
to each other
•c
s
oj
cc
'E
CL
•R
a)
F
^
z
50 -
0 -
^ * Phase 1
W • Phase II
^
^
•
• ^>
» c •
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Relative Humidity, %
Phase II Test Results Cont'd
Generated Bioaerosol
and Reaerosolization
Results
- Generated bioaerosol
hadaMMADof10.5|am
with a fairly broad
distribution, while the
reaerosolized particles
had a smaller diameter
(NMAD = 5.5 (im) and
similar distribution
- Initial bioaerosol
concentration was
4.1E+04CFU/LA|R
- Reaerosolized bioaerosol
concentration was
1.5E+01 CFU/LAIR
0.5
0.4 -
| Generated
MMAD = 10.5 Jim
GSD = 2.9
| Reaerosolized
NMAD = 5.5 Jim
GSD = 2.6
0.25 0.5
124
Diameter, (im
16 32
C-168
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2/15/2012
Phase II Test Results Cont'd
Test results showed surface contamination in each of the
rooms visited
123 out of 125 surface samples were positive for Btk spores (both
judgmental and random sample locations)
Meeting Area Room had the highest level of contamination; majority of the
material was sampled from the carpet
Surface contamination decreased with each successive room (carpet
samples excepted) the contaminated operator entered
Particle resuspension was detected in each room
Carpeted room also had the highest rate of reaerosolization
Fewest number of reaerosolized spores in the final (Office) room visited
Secondary Contamination Contamination,
Room 1 (Lab)
Room 2 (Meeting Area)
Reaerosolized
Concentration,
Room 3 (Office)
4.8E+04
1.8E+05
7.8E+02
17
29
11
5.8 Jim, 2.3
4.0 urn, 1.9
4.1 urn, 2.2
Phase II Test Results Cont'd
Two samples were taken from the
carpet using a HEPA vacuum
The first section of carpet contacted
had higher Btk contamination, though
both were the heavily contaminated
Implies many of the particles were removed
upon first contact with the carpet
The carpet in the room was replaced after
each test to eliminate buildup of
contamination with each successive test
Room 2 (Meeting Area)
Carpet Sample 1, Carpet Sample 2, Carpet Total,
CFU/ft2 CFU/ft2 CFU/ft2
C-169
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2/15/2012
Phase II Test Results Cont'd
The first room encountered
by the operator, the lab,
was the most contaminated
Contamination decreased
with each successive room 11
(excluding the carpet 1 i.OE+oi
contamination)
Decontamination
Meeting Area Offict
Sample Location
Surface areas of the trailer were decontaminated using Bleach-Rite®
0.525% sodium hypochlorite spray
20-minute contact time, washed with 70% isopropyl, then rinsed with
deionized water
Spore removal verified by PCR analysis by the 52nd WMD-CST
Phase II Test Results Cont'd
Similar reaerosolized
particle size distributions
were measured
Majority of the particles collected
were in the respirable range
(taken to be < 10 |j,m)
Reaerosolization - Office
MAD-4.0^m
ISD = 2.2
0.65 1.1 2.1 3.34.7 7 14
Reaerosolization - Laboratory
NMAD-4.
GSD-2.1
Reaerosolization- Meeting Area
NMAD = 3.
GSD- 1.8
Diameter, fim
Diameter, ^i
C-170
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2/15/2012
Conclusions
Biological particles deposited onto surfaces from initial aerosol source can
lead to secondary contamination in clean areas and are resuspended via
human activity. The test results showed the following:
- A field operator accessing a site that has been contaminated by a realistic
biological aerosol cloud will be exposed to the contaminant; collect the material
on clothing, hands, and shoes; and transfer the contaminant to clean areas
The relative humidity appeared to affect reaerosolization, with the
reaerosolization concentration considerably higher when RH levels were below
40 percent
The biological contamination reaerosolized during field operations in both test
phases at an average concentration of 24 CFU/LA|R and had an NMAD of
5.5 |imand a GSD of 2.6
The biological contamination reaerosolized during laboratory and office
operations at an average concentration of 18 CFU/LA|R and had an NMAD of
4.6 |imand a GSD of 2.1
Reaerosolized spores were measured in each room the operator entered
The highest levels of secondary contamination were found on the carpet, with
75 percent of the particle transfer occurring in the carpet
Recommendations
Based upon the results of this study, recommendations are
as follows:
- Mitigation techniques should be researched to protect field operators
and prevent transfer of contamination to clean areas
N95 masks and disposable shoe covers
The effect RH has upon reaerosolization should be studied in depth, as
the influence may be significant
- The transfer of biological particles to, and reaerosolization by, carpet
should be further investigated, as this likely led to the highest transfer
and reaerosolization
Carpet collected high concentration of particles and then was a source of
reaerosolization
Reaerosolization rates need to be used in exposure models to
estimate a threshold clearing level
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2/15/2012
Acknowledgements
1 This was an internally funded study
The authors wish to acknowledge the Ohio and US EPA, the
Ohio Department of Health, the Ohio 52nd WMD-CST, the
Ohio Department of Health Laboratory, and the CDC-NIOSH
for their generous assistance in conducting this study
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Cincinnati Malathion Site
Cincinnati, Ohio
November, 2011
Background
You Tube Video: 0-1:39
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
VYSVByuVTSs&feature=related
Duplex Rental Property -
Apartment in Cincinnati, Ohio
2352 and 2254 Warsaw Avenue
Tenants had a bedbug problem
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Background - June 2-4, 2010
• On June 2, 2010, the Owner hired an
unlicensed applicator [UA]) to spray a pesticide
to exterminate the bedbug problem
The UA purchased an insect spray from Home
Depot, manufactured by Spectracide and was
labeled Malathion (50%) "For Outdoor Use
Only"
June 2, 2010 - UA sprayed AM & PM
- a few of the tenants began showing symptoms such as
headaches, lightheadedness, nausea and severe diarrhea.
Wednesday, June 02. 2010 - Friday, Jure 04, 2010
Malathion Sprayed
Cincinnati Health Department (CHD) &
Ohio Department of Agriculture (ODA)
• On June 4, 2010, the tenants reported
symptoms to CHD, and were taken to a
local hospital where five of the Tenants
received 2-PAM4 shots.
city of
CINCINNATI
Ohio.gov
Department of
Agriculture
ACTION LEVELS
AIR SAMPLES
Malathion - 20 jjg/m3
WIPE SAMPLES
Malathion -15 jjg/100cm2
The CHD called ODA who immediately
mobilized to the property and collected
wipe samples.
The wipe samples showed Malathion
concentrations as high as 7,800 ug on a
table and was detected on mattresses
in the 500 microgram range.
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Background - "Unfit for Human Habitation"
Cincinnati Fire Department (CFD)
submitted a restraining order against
the UA
U.S. EPA OSC, U.S. EPA Pesticide
Division, ATSDR, ODA, CHD, City of
Cincinnati and the property owner
are involved.
9 Jim. 2010
"Unfit for Habitation"
Jun-10 \
UA restraining order \
city or 4^^
CINCINNATI K.
&ER&
ATSDR
6/2/2010-6)4/2010
Malathion Spfaysd
Access agreement for sampling
-x-
\ \ n i i "i r^ \ r^
6/3/2010 6/4/2010 6/5/2010 6/6/2010 6/7/2010 6/8/2010 6/9/2010 6/10/2010 6/11/2010 6/12/2010 6/13/2010 6/14/2010
Pre-Decontamination Air Sampling results
prove 2352 Warsaw had air levels above
ATSDR action level
8-hrPUF air sample, Isomalathion and
the malathion oxygen analog were also
analyzed as breakdown products (no
detections).
- PUF air samples were analyzed by the
ODA Laboratory,
8-hr SUMMA canister air sample to
evaluate VOCs (no detections)
- Method TO-15 analysis
2352 Warsaw: baby's room had a
Malathion concentration of 24.58 ug/m3
(highest)
2354 Warsaw: master bedroom had a
Malathion concentration of 9.63 ug/m3
(highest)
ATSDR Air Action Level: 20 [jg/m3
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Pre-Decontamination #1 -
Wipe Sampling Results Prove 2354
Warsaw had surface values above the
ATSDR action level
The wipe sampling media, media charging
agent and the 100 cm2 templates were
supplied by ODA.
- Wipe samples were collected (baseboards, walls
and various heights, countertops, appliances and the
hardwood or linoleum flooring).
- All wipe samples were analyzed by the ODA
Laboratory, Reynoldsburg, OH
- Isomalathion and the malathion oxygen analog
were also analyzed - no detections
2352 Warsaw: 10/23 wipe samples showed
a Malathion detection 8.16 |jg/cm2
(highest).
2354 Warsaw: 10/17 wipe samples showed
a Malathion detection of 56.3 |jg/cm2
(highest).
- ATSDR Wipe Action Level: 15 [jg/cm2
Decontamination #1 - Property Owner
July 28, 2010, local environmental
company hired by owner and
mobilized and conducted the
following in both apartments:
- Filled three 20-yd3 rolloffs with
porous items from both units
(furniture, carpet, clothes, etc)
- Sprayed and wiped down walls
and floors and non-porous items
with bleach solution
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Post Decontamination #1 -
Air Sampling Results Suggest
Success
August 2010:
All 6 PDF air samples showed
Malathion concentrations less
than 2.9 ug/m3, which is less
than the 20 ug/m3 action level.
Air samples also showed non-
detect for isomalathion and the
malathion oxygen analog
Post Decontamination #1 -
Wipe Sampling Results Prove Surface
Contamination Remains Elevated
EPA collected 3 samples from 2352
Warsaw (August 2010).
ODAwipe sample analytical results in
ug/100cm2
• Master Bedroom (floor):
262.5/1.35/24.85
• Living Room (baseboard):
64.1 / non detect / 0.696
• Master Bedroom (baseboard):
371 /18.1 /11
(Malathion / Isomalathion / Malathion Oxygen Analog)
ATSDR surface wipe action level = 15 ug/100cm2
m
Property owner has had No Further Action in
this unit. Remains vacant & posted in 2011.
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f/EPA
! NATIONAL DECON TEAM
EMERGENCY
RESPONSE
EPA OSC requested
NOT assistance
Do these contamination levels detected in August, 2010 remain in
August 2011?
The goals of this decontamination field test (implemented in October
2011) were to
1) Determine if malathion and/or the degradation products remained
measurable one year following a bleach decontamination
2) To further evaluate under field conditions a surface wipe media
3) To implement a cost effective and commercially available
decontamination approach that achieves clean up values
4) To review the surface clean up values
5) Clear the duplex apartment for reoccupation
NOT Project Objectives
The objectives of this decontamination
case study are
1) To evaluate the fate and behavior of
malathion on indoor surfaces that have
previously been decontaminated with a
dilute bleach solution.
2) To evaluate the efficiency of a
commercially available
decontaminating agent that had been
shown to be effective on chemical
warfare agents (CWAs).
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Does Malathion contamination
persist at 2252 Warsaw Ave?
The goals of this decontamination field test
1. Determine if malathion and/or the
degradation products remained
measurable one year following a partial
decontamination"
August 18, 2011
10 wipe samples obtained by EPA and
analyzed by ODA
20% of samples were five fold over
ATSDR action level.
Results as high as 78 ug/100 cm2
Conclusion: 2010 malathion contamination present in 2011
Goal #2
Surface Wipe Objective:
Evaluate the surface wipe protocols
used compared to those
recommended by ORD.
What is the best approach to
sample, how many samples do we
need to obtain a representative
distribution.
How can one go into a room and
use some approach to obtain a
snapshot of information
State representatives, do targeted
sampling. Can we make
recommendations for a minimal of
how to sample and where to
sample.
C-179
-------
Martinez
Sample Media - What (Goal #2)
Special sample media
was obtained from ORD
- Pre-cleaned media
2 ml of acetone used to
charge media
3 step wipe pattern
utilized
Sample Media - How? Using Visual
Sample Plan
Sampling Design
Combined Judgemental and
Random (CJR)
- Used to establish a high
confidence that a large
fraction of the decision area
is acceptable-provided that
none of the samples are
found to be unacceptable
- To achieve 95% confidence
that 95.5% of area is
acceptable, using 12
judgement samples, 10
additional grids are required
(12X15 area room)
TIT
t
. HI
C-180
8
-------
Martinez
-------
Martinez
1
m
Decon Agents Considered
Decontaminant
DF-200
CASCAD
Decon Green
UltraKlean
FlexD
Fast-Act
Contact time - efficacy
CWA
8-12 min brush scrubbing
>99% forTGD on CARC,
composite, and steel (GD, GB,
GA). 8-12 min brush scrubbing
Poor (removed 60-70% on
CARC and composite) (HD).
15 min in solution >99% (VX).
30 min ->99% on CARC &
alkyd paints
15 min - >99.9 % on bare
aluminum panels
24 hrs - 93% on polyurethane
painted oak, 80% on acrylic
painted steel
Tested by Batelle
Contact
time -
efficacy
PESTICI
DBS
Not
tested
2
Not
tested
Not
tested
^ommercil Availability/Costs
EasyDECON DF200 - 5 Gal Pail Kit $210 . This
amount is capable of covering an area in compresses air foam
approximately 350 ft2 in size. Dispersal is through Macaw
Backpack Compressed Air Foam System (~$4,000). Clean up is
simple using a wet-dry vacuum and water to rinse away the
residue.
Foam AllanVanGurad
300 gallon: $8076 (~ $27/gal). Small scale
decontamination unit is not priced at this time. Defoamer
system $6,390.
Not available
5 gallon ($15.50/gallon)
Four 5 gallon kits ($11,000)
http://wvwv.nanoscalecorp.com/content.php/chemdecon/fa
st act/
Decon Agent Selected
°
terilix Ultra Kleen was selected for
the following reasons:
Commercially available
Liquid spray
Decontamination efficacy has been
evaluated for CWAs and
organophosphate pesticides
Used extensively in post hurricane
home clean ups for mold
Used at the 1995 EPA Methyl
Parathion residential decontamination
(235 residences)
EPA not endorsing this product
C-182
10
-------
Martinez
al # 4 - Review the ATSDR Surface
Clean Up Action Level
Fraction Transferred Model
Exposed skin surface area
of 1944 cm2
Proposed Hybrid Model
Skin contact rate (cm2/hr)
Rate of skin contact with
a contaminated
surface
Surface-specific fraction
transferred value (P/NP)
NonPorous = 70 ug/100cm2
Porous = 350 ug/100cm2
Decon
Gross decon included removing
carpet foam padding, dirt and
debris removal
Decontamination was completed
on October 31, 2011
Decon procedures included:
- 12.8 oz Solution 1 +12.8 oz Activator
up to 1 gallon of tap water
- Sterilix solution sprayed on
walls/baseboards (pre-soak)
- Scrub with brush
- 10 minute retention
- Rinse with water
- Remove excess with Shop Vac
C-183
11
-------
Martinez
Post Decon Sampling
Post Decon Sampling will
occur on Nov 3, 2011
Visual Sample Plan
utilized
- Minor adjustments were made
in set up:
- Judgements samples were
relocated
- A priori probability that a
judgement sample would be
acceptable increased to 90%
Conclusion..?
The results of this case study will
be useful to local, state and
federal responders (OSCs) and
shed valuable information
needed for effective
remediation of indoor facilities
contaminated with
organophosphate insecticides.
city of J^%
CINCINNATI^
C-184
12
-------
Martinez
Thank You!
Tim Anderson and Jim Belt, ODA
Amy Myrsy, R5
Dan Stout, ORD
Emily Snyder, ORD
Dino Mattorano, NDT
Larry Kaelin, NDT
John Wilson, PNNL
Stephanie Mines, Batelle
C-185
13
-------
Oudejans
United S 13(05
E'wr (irlili
&ER*
13(05
iliCTUl Pretacbo'i
Enzymatic Decontamination of
CWAs from Buildinq Materials
2011 US EPA Decontamination
Research and Development Conference,
Research Triangle Park, NC
November 02, 2011
Lukas Oudejans
US EPA
National Homeland Security Research Center
1 09 TW Alexander Dr
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
I Office of Research and Development
| National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS & DISCLAIMER
EPA/OSWER/NDT
Jeanelle Martinez
Battelle
Harry Stone, George Wrenn, Autumn Smiley, Beth Reed, Jessica Schimmoeller,
William Richter, Amy Andrews, Timothy Hayes, James Rogers
ARCADIS US
Barbara Wyrzykovska-Ceradini, Craig Williams
EPA/NRMRL
Dennis Tabor
DISCLAIMER:
The views expressed in this presentation are those of the authors and do not
necessarily reflect views or policies of the U.S. EPA.
Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement
or recommendation for use.
—
I Office of Research and Development
| National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
C-186
-------
Oudejans
v>EPA
JitiM i HU ..
Motivation:
> Many efficacious CWA decontamination solutions can be
detrimental to the underlying material due to their extreme
pH values (e.g. bleach at pH = 12.5)
O A need exist for more benign decon methods
++: Enzymes are efficacious in neutral pH environments.
- : (Published) Enzyme efficacy data is from stirred
reactor research only
Question: How effective are (commercially available)
enzyme products when applied to surfaces
contaminated with chemical agents?
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
v°'EPA Significance and Impact
Environment! Prcwcii
\.. i.T
• Assessment of currently available enzyme decon
products
* How to implement enzymatic decontamination?
Are there limitations in its ability to decontaminate
(e.g. temperature)?
*Are there concerns on the shelf life and potlife
of these type of products?
This information is (to be) used by
• EPA Special Teams
• EPA On-Scene Coordinators
• DoD
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
C-187
-------
Oudejans
<&EFA General Experimental Approach
Two commercially available enzymes were evaluated:
DEFENZ™ VX-G and DEFENZ™ B-HD
Manufacturer: Genencor, a division ofDanisco
Two research efforts conducted in parallel:
1. Efficacy of enzyme product against CWA
• 5 materials (metal, carpet,wood,laminate,vinyl)
• Is there (toxic) by-product formation?
2. Engineering control studies using CWA surrogates
• Effect of T and RH on efficacy (galvanized metal only)
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
DEFENZ™ VX-G Product:
DEFENZ™ VX-G is a blended, buffered (granulated) product that
targets G-Agents (GA, GB, GD, GF) and VX.
• Also includes organophosphate pesticides, paraoxon
Buffer is Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)
Composition:
• DEFENZ™ 120 (OPAA, organoghosphorous acid anhydrolase)
• DEFENZ™ 130 (OPH, organo^hosphate hydrolase)
• Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)
Dissolution is in 10L (2.7 gal) water
• Dissolution pH = 8.3 (+/- 0.2)
According to vendor... .DEFENZ is "non toxic..non corrosive..non flammable..easy to use..
environmentally friendly..highly efficient.compatible..easy scalable..little or no rinsing..
active in tap, hard, and salt water"
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
C-188
-------
Oudejans
v>EPA
UniEcO Slates
E wirumiiMilal PreiUicliiiii
/VX Xx"
GD
O
/•\'-O
k
HD Cl^^
Chemical Agents
DEFENZ™ VX-G "\
^^ I
. Paraoxon jf^f *°"
\ S (surrogate cr^^
/j\ G-agents) O-P-O^
/\ 9
^ y
DEFENZ™ B-HD ^
xSs^x^CI CEPS ri?#xj
-------
Oudejans
United £iatci
OPAA Hydrolysis of GDI
paraoxon:
o
+ H,O + DEFENZ
TM.
tf?\
+ HF
OH
pinacolyl methylphosphonate
Thickener for GD in this study: 5% acrylic polymer
0-P
HO + DEFENZ
paraoxon
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
Experimental Method/Approach:
Decontamination of CWA:
1. Apply 1 |iL agent on ~ 5 cm2 surface (~2 g/m2)
2. Five different materials
3. Positive Controls (5) and test coupons (5) in same
environment (hood&covered / glove box)
4. Enzyme solution applied; representative of spray
amount (50-100 |iL); start of decon time
5. End of decontamination time through extraction of
complete coupon in solvent (10 min sonication)
6. GCMS analysis of extract
Decon of surrogate CWA:
1 -6 As above plus
• RH and T control (5,20,35C; 30/60-80% RH)
• one material (galvanized metal) only
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
C-190
-------
Oudejans
SrEPA Experimental Design:
<>
Default interaction time (15 min) and
concentration; 5 materials
Choice of 2 materials
that are connected to
high and low efficacy
Low Efficacy:
Improvement with
longer time, higher
cone?
High Efficacy:
Shorter interaction
time feasible?
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
Experimental Results:
Method Development prior to testing:
> Better than 70% recoveries from all materials for all agents
> Demonstrated the ability to quench enzyme reaction through
extraction with solvent (hexane or dichloromethane)
Additional controls:
• Buffer solution (predominantly sodium bicarbonate in water) without
enzyme present does not result in decontamination of the material
• Laboratory blanks and procedural blanks were always negative (no
agent present)
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
C-191
6
-------
Oudejans
cxEPA
United Slate:
EmfclMIH u pi.:.-:
mm
O
<
T3
o
O
n
hr
1
>;>
I
\
1 1 Pos Control
Y///A Test Coupon
f*l
S
^
1
i
' '
7 7
/ /
/ /
/ /
ij ^
T
V f1
%
y^
\
1
7 71
/ /
7
!
• 15 minute
interaction time
• default enzyme
concentration
• room temperature
Metal Laminate Wood Carpet Vinyl
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
v-xEPA
UniEM i
Environinciiul Prouctioi
A_.- ,..
Efficacy of
DEFENZ™ VX-G vs. VX:
• default enzyme
Concentration
Metal/.aminate Wood Carpet
Vinyl
" Efficacy not significantly different
from zero at 95% conf. level
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
2 3
Concentration
C-192
-------
Oudejans
VX by product EA 21 92 analysis:
PtonicSoii
Semi quantitative analysis by LCMS.
(solution testing only; no material present)
> EA 2192 was present in VX stock (observed in the
positive controls).
> EA 2192 in positive controls without the enzyme
present was significantly more (63%; Student's t-test p
0.005)
apparent formation ofEA 2192 byproduct during
enzymatic decontamination; in fact, DEFENZ VX-G
appears to be able to decontaminate EA 2192 as well
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
SER* DEFENZ™ VX-G versus TGD:
United SlBtei
E nvironmcnu I »roii"*i{'*n
•
2800-
o5 2400-
? 2000-
^
o
E 1600-
<
o> 1200-
i_
0)
o 800-
o
-------
Oudejans
UnilM Slates
Efficacy versus TGD:
Efficacy = 1 -
Mass Test Coupon
100
90-
80-
70-
3? 60:
>! 50-
I 40:
"J 30-
20-
10-
0
MassPos. Control
• 15 minute
interaction time
• default enzyme
Concentration
n
Metal Laminate Wood Carpet Vinyl
* * * *
* Not significantly different
from zero at 95% conf. level
J5.X 30 45
Decontamination Time (min)
80
60-
8 40-
Laminate
Office of Research and Development Concentration
National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
Efficacy versus paraoxon:
100
80-
60-
40-
SE 100
LU
80-
60-
40-
20-
0
30 min; 30% RH
30 min; 80% RH
"
r
20
•—15 min; 30% RH
•-15 min; 80% RH
20
Temperature (°C)
35
35
Note: Temperature also affects rate of dissolution
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
C-194
9
-------
Oudejans
Additional Results:
Potlife of DEFENZ VX-G versus VX
(3x default enzyme concentration, carpet):
6 15
Potlife (hours)
24
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
- -,. .','••.-*•
1 . '.,
Comparison with
household cleaning solutions:
EPA/600/R-11/055, 2011
Emily Snyder, NHSRC
PH:
OxiClean® Versatile Stain Remover (1% in water) 10.5
Zep® Industrial Purple Cleaner and Degreaser Concentrate 12.5
K-O-K® Household Bleach: 12.5
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
C-195
10
-------
Oudejans
v>EPA
JitiM J HU ..
Summary
a DEFENZ™ VX-G shows marginal (for default 15 min
interaction time) decontamination efficacy against VX and
TGD; modest efficacy against paraoxon
LI Higher efficacy up to ~ 30% observed for higher
concentrated solution of DEFENZ VX-G or longer
interaction times
Q Results are comparable with (diluted) ZEP or bleach
data with advantage of this enzyme product being pH
neutral
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
SERA Comparison with vendor data:
VX and DEFENZ™ 130: "1.5 Grams of VX hydrolyzed in 10 Min/Gram Enzyme"
EXPERIMENTAL WEIGHT RATIO ENZYME over VX."\.5
GD and DEFENZ™ 120: "8,525 Grams of GD hydrolyzed in 10 Min/Gram Enzyme"
EXPERIMENTAL WEIGHT RATIO ENZYME over TGD: 834
Paraoxon&DEFENZ™130: "13,750 Grams of paraoxon hydrolyzed in 10 Min/Gram
Enzyme"
EXPERIMENTAL WEIGHT RATIO ENZYME over paraoxon: 10,793
There is abundant enzyme available. This would not explain
the observed modest efficacies
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
C-196
11
-------
Oudejans
V>EPA Summary / Conclusions
United Slates f
LI Observed large discrepancy between available stirred
reactor efficacy data and data presented here.
May be attributed to limited mass transfer of agent
into water/enzyme containing solution
> A surfactant would help this process
> Care must be taken not to overwhelm the enzyme
LI (Vendor) enzyme product evaluations should also
include surface decontamination efficacy values rather
than only stirred reactor results
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
C-197
12
-------
Wagner
2/15/2012
Iff
TECHNOLOGY DRIVEN. WARFIGHTER
2011 U.S. EPA Decontamination Research and Development Conference
George W. Wagner, Ph.D.
November 2, 2011
Support provided by DTRA projects BA06DEC016 and BA06DEC052
A Brief History of
Hydrogen Peroxide-Based Decon
G-Agents: Larsson, L. "A Kinetic Study of the
Reaction of /soPropoxy-methyl-phosphoryl Fluoride
(Sarin) with Hydrogen Peroxide" Acta. Chem. Scand.
1958, 12, 723-730.
VX: Yang, Y.-C.; Szafraniec, L. L.; Beaudry, W. T.
"Perhydrolysis of Nerve Agent VX" J. Org. Chem.
1993, 58, 6964-6965.
HD: Drago, R. S.; Frank, K. M.; Wagner, G.; Yang,
Y.-C. "Catalytic Activation of Hydrogen Peroxide -A
Green Oxidant System" Proc. 1997 ERDEC Sci.
Conf. Chem. Biol. Dei. Res., pp. 341-342.
VOLQGYDRM WARFIGHTVt FOCUSED.
C-198
-------
Wagner
2/15/2012
Hydrogen Peroxide Reactions for
VX, GD, and HD
V
^^N^
OH'
V
-0-/V
•o'/V + HF
H202
Perhydrolysis (OOH-) much faster for VX than simple basic hydrolysis (OH-),
avoids formation of toxic EA-2192
Oxidation of cleaved thiol (RSH) to the disulfide (RSSR) precludes possible
reformation of VX
GD perhydrolysis slightly faster than simple base hydrolysis
HD oxidized to non-vesicant sulfoxide
TECHf
WARFIGHTER FOCUSED.
Activation of Hydrogen Peroxide
for CWA Decon
NaHC03 (baking soda) and Na2C03 (washing soda)
effective pH-adjusters to allow perhydrolysis
NaHC03 further acts as an oxidation catalyst for HD
(faster than H202 alone):
H2O
H202
HC03-
o
II
HDO
• Co-solvent/surfactant needed to dissolve oily HD
Wagner and Yang "Rapid Nucleophilic/ Oxidative Decontamination of Chemical Warfare
Agents" Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2002, 41, 1925-1928. TECHNOLOGY DRIVEN. WARFIGHTVt FOCUSED.
C-199
-------
Wagner
2/15/2012
Can be deployed at low temp, -32 °C (freezing point of 35 % H2O2 is -33 °C)
Effective against Anthrax (EPA-registered sterilizer)
Efficacy shown for radioisotope (60Co) removal from difficult surfaces ("dirty
bomb" decon)
Wagner, et al. "All-Weather Hydrogen Peroxide-Based Decontamination of Chemical Warfare Agents" Ind. Eng. Chem.
Res. 2010,49, 3099-3105.
WARFIGHTER FOCUSED.
Progression of Hydrogen
Peroxide-Based Decontaminants
Early development of Decon Green® used 50 % H202
Switch made to 35 % H202 (50 % banned from air
cargo)
Easy Decon™ DF200 (developed by Sandia National
Labs and deployed to Iraq) utilizes 8 % H202 (less
restricted for transportation and air cargo)
Topical 3 % H202?
TECHNOLOGY DRlVe WARFIGHJER FOCUSED.
C-200
-------
Wagner
2/15/2012
Foray into Household Chemical
Decon
Development of fumigant decontaminant mVHP® 1 showed the remarkable
effectiveness of gaseous ammonia for GD decontamination
Even ammonia-based cleaners (i.e. window cleaner "Windex") showed good
efficacy for GD on surfaces
Stronger ammonia floor cleaners were better still
However, such cleaners were not effective for HD or VX (toxic EA-2192 formed,
in the absence of hydrogen peroxide)
GD Decontamination
Time
(min)
2
5
15
Window Cleaner
Floor Cleaner
1:50
86.6 %
70.4 %
57.9 %
1:500
63.0 %
33.6 %
17.4%
1:50
20.5 %
1.2%
ND
1:500
ND
1. Wagner, et al. "Decontamination of VX, GD, and HD on a Surface Using Modified Vaporized Hydrogen
Peroxide" Langmuir 2007,23, 1178-1186. TECHNOLOGY DRIVEt WARF1GHTERFOCUSED,
Need for Household Chemical
Decontamination
www.ready.gov
FEMA Chemical Attack Guidance
Shelter-in-place (duct tape, plastic sheeting, etc.)
Caution against touching or handling items outside the home that may
have been exposed
Bleach recommended to decontaminate personal items such as eye
glasses
Less-corrosive alternative to bleach is desirable to decon personal
property- doors, door knobs, railings, pets, walkways, car, etc.
TECHNOLOGY DRIVEN. WARFIGHTER FOCUSED.
C-201
-------
Wagner
2/15/2012
Suitable Household Chemicals
for Decon
^'i Super
Washing Soda
KTRGINT HXBTB .1^.
t HOUSEHOLD UUNiK
ure
Baking Soda
ALCOHOL
~— j£i
Another Bright Afcs
Efficacy of baking soda and washing soda activators already known from
previous work
Isopropyl alcohol (rubbing alcohol) known to dissolve HD
Is topical 3 % hydrogen peroxide of sufficient strength to be efficacious?
TECHNOLOGY DRIVEN, WARFICHTER FOCUSED.
&
- -V-J
©
*5»"
^ Other Suitable Household
^ Chemicals for Decon
Agent
VX
GD
HD
HD
HD
VX
GD
VX
GD
GD
VX
Ammonia
Floor Topical
Cleaner 3 % H2O2
50 vol % 50 vol %
50 vol % 50 vol %
50 vol %
50 vol %
50 vol %
50 vol %
50 vol %
50 vol %
50 vol %
50 vol %
50 vol %
Baking Washing
Soda Soda
NaHCO3 Na2CO3
-
-
-
2 wt %
5 wt %
5 wt %
5 wt %
1 wt %
1 wt %
5 wt %
5 wt %
Rubbing
Alcohol
70 % /-PrOH
-
-
50 vol %
50 vol %
50 vol %
50 vol %
50 vol %
-
-
-
-
•H
Result
ND6 min
ND 1 min
t1;2 47 min
t1/2 10 min
t1;2 8 min
49%, 15 min
3.5%, 15 min
ND 4 min
ND 15 min
ND 4 min
31 %, 15 min
TECHNOLOGY DMVEK WARFIGHTER FOCUSED.
C-202
-------
Wagner
2/15/2012
Other Suitable Household
Chemicals for Decon
Agent
VX
Ammonia Baking Washing Rubbing
Floor Topical Soda Soda Alcohol
Cleaner 3 % H2O2 NaHCO3 Na2CO3 70 % /-PrOH Result
50 vol % ND 6 min
ND 1 min
TECHNOLOGY ORM: WARFIGHTER FOCUSED.
Agent
Other Suitable Household
Chemicals for Decon
Ammonia Baking Washing Rubbing
Floor Topical Soda Soda Alcohol
Cleaner 3 % H2O2 NaHCO3 Na2CO3 70 % /-PrOH
Result
HD
HD
HD
50 vol %
50 vol % 2 wt %
50 vol % 5 wt %
50 vol % t1/2 47 min
50 vol % t1/210min
50 vol % t,,, 8 min
TECHNOLOGY DUIVE: WARFIGHTER FOCUSED.
C-203
-------
Wagner
2/15/2012
Other Suitable Household
Chemicals for Decon
Agent
Ammonia Baking Washing Rubbing
Floor Topical Soda Soda Alcohol
Cleaner 3 % H2O2 NaHCO3 Na2CO3 70 % /-PrOH
HD
HD
HD
VX
GD
50 vol %
50 vol % 2 wt %
50 vol % 5 wt %
50 vol % 5 wt %
50 vol % 5 wt %
50 vol %
50 vol %
50 vol %
50 vol %
50 vol %
Result
t1/2 47 min
t1;210 min
t1;2 8 min
49%, 15 min
3.5%, 15 min
TECHNOLOGY DRM: WARFIGHTER FOCUSED.
Other Suitable Household
Chemicals for Decon
Ammonia Baking Washing Rubbing
Floor Topical Soda Soda Alcohol
Agent Cleaner 3 % H2O2 NaHCO3 Na2CO3 70 % /-PrOH Result
TECHNOLOGY DUIVE: WARFIGHTER FOCUSED.
C-204
-------
Wagner
2/15/2012
Other Suitable Household
Chemicals for Decon
Agent
Ammonia Baking Washing Rubbing
Floor Topical Soda Soda Alcohol
Cleaner 3 % H2O2 NaHCO3 Na2CO3 70 % /-PrOH
Result
VX
GD
GD
VX
50 vol % - 1 wt %
50 vol % - 1 wt %
50 vol % 5 wt %
50 vol % 5 wt %
ND 4 min
ND 15 min
ND 4 min
31 %, 15 min
TECHNOLOGY ORM: WARFIGHTER FOCUSED.
Best Decontaminants Identified
for VX, GD, and HD*
Agent
G
GBlS.iriii.i. GD
(Somnn)
V
H
HUiMnuardi
Universal
fat G. \ . H aa
wlKii it[ciitir
To Mix One Gallon of
Dei:om;iminiUion Solution:
I "se slraighl ammonia \vindu\v
or floor cleaner (no mixing
needed)
Stir two (2) le\'el tablespoons
\viishina sada into one ( 1 ) gallon
topical hydrogen peroxide (3 °«)
until completely dissolved.
Fust stir ' a level cup baking
soda into ' ^ gallon topical
hydrogen peroxide (3 °o) until
completely dissolved Then add
' 2 gallon rubbing alcohol, u ilh
I _ stirring.
Use H solution
above.
•The views in this presentation are those the speaker and do not reflect the official policy
or position of the Department of Army, Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government
Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2011, 50, 12285-12287.
TECHNOLOGY DaiVE: WARFIGHTER FOCUSED.
C-205
-------
Stone
2/15/2012
Investigation of Hydrogen Peroxide/
Ammonia Fumigation against VX,
TGD, HD, and THD on Industrial
Carpet, Galvanized Metal, and Vinyl
Harry Stone*, Emily Snydert, Lukas Oudejanst,
James Rogers*, and Autumn Smiley*
*Battelle
HJ.S. EPA, National Homeland Security Research Center
Chemical Agents, Materials, and
Decontamination Technologies
Chemical Agents (Neat with or without Thickener)
• vx
• Thickened soman (TGD)
• Sulfur mustard (HD)
• Thickened sulfur mustard (THD)
Materials
• Industrial grade nylon carpet
• Galvanized metal ductwork
• Vinyl flooring
Fumigant Decontamination Technology
• Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, 250 ppm) / ammonia
(NH3, 16 ppm)
C-206
-------
Stone
2/15/2012
Procedure for Efficacy Testing
• Coupons: 1.5x3.5 cm
• Thickener: Paraloid K-125™ polymethyl methacrylate, 4.5%
weightvolume
• Spike: 2 x 1 uL drops per coupon (thickened -1 x 2 uL drop
per coupon)
• Expose to fumigation
• Extraction:
- 10 ml hexane
- shake by hand 5-10 sec
- sonicate (40 - 60 kHz) 10 min
• Quantify chemical agents in extract using GC/MS
• "Efficacy": agent recovered from test (fumigated) coupons is
less than that recovered from positive control coupons after
natural attenuation for comparable times and temperatures
H2O2 - NH3 Fumigation, Mixing, and
Control Chambers
Fumigation Chamber
fc ^4 ••
Life
Control Chamber
Mixing Chamber
C-207
2
-------
Stone
2/15/2012
H2O2 - NH3 Fumigation Chamber
Tedlar®bag containing
5000 ppm NH3in air
Thermometer
Tubing for introducing NH3
Acrylic test chamber
Tubing for introducing H2O2
from mixing chamber
Example of Parameters During Test
I 120 -
* 110
=; 100 1
o 9°:L
S- 80
a.
70
60
^ 50
^ 40
•« 30
20
10
2.
X
\11
8:38
VX 6 Hour Exposure-Carpet and Vinyl Tile 04/07/11
(H2O2 @ 250 ppmv & NH3 @ 16 ppmv)
9:50
11:02
12:14
13:26
14:38
Time
1 Test Chamber Temperature °C
NH3 % Expected
. H2O2 % Expected
Control Chamber Temperature C
Test Chamber %RH
Control Chamber %RH
C-208
-------
Stone
2/15/2012
Fumigation Test Matrix
... I--*.,* ii- ^ Contact Time,
Agent Fumigant Concentration Coupons
VX
VX
HD
THD
TGD
H2O2: 250 ppmv; NH3: 16 ppmv
H2O2: 350 ppmv; NH3: 23 ppmv
H2O2: 250 ppmv; NH3: 16 ppmv
H2O2: 250 ppmv; NH3: 16 ppmv
H2O2: 250 ppmv; NH3: 16 ppmv
Carpet, Vinyl
Carpet, Metal,
Vinyl
Carpet, Metal
Carpet, Metal
Carpet, Vinyl
Carpet, Vinyl
Carpet, Vinyl
2,7
4,6
8
4
1,2
1,2
0.5,2
Coupon Functions Included in
Fumigation Test Matrix
_ . T Number of Coupons of Each
Sample Type ,, . . . _
K *K Matena Type
Process Control Coupon
Laboratory Blanks
Procedural Blanks
Positive Control Coupons
Test Coupons
1 (for each fumigation event)
3 (for all testing with a given agent)
2 (for each fumigation event)
3 (for each fumigation event)
5 (for each fumigation event)
C-209
-------
Stone
2/15/2012
V]
ie
K: Carpet Test (H2O2 250 ppmv / IMH3 "
» ppmv) and Positive Control Coupons
•innn
pnn
1
:>» finn
2
o
o
o 4nn
[^ 4UU
X
9nn
n -
i
T
* Positive Controls
A Test Coupons
i
*
0 2 4 6 8 10
Contact Time (hours)
SIGNIFICANT EFFICACY WAS OBSERVED AT 4, 6 AND 8 HOURS
JJJJ^J
VX: Metal Test (H2O2 250 ppmv / IMH3
16 ppmv) and Positive Control Coupons
1000
— 800
o>
£*
s
8
a:
x
200
* Positive Controls
A Test Coupons
2 4 6 8
Contact Time (hours)
10
SIGNIFICANT EFFICACY WAS OBSERVED AT 4 HOURS
C-210
-------
Stone
2/15/2012
VX: Vinyl Test (H2O2 250 ppmv / IMH3
16 ppmv) and Positive Control Coupons
i°nn
innn
"55
5 snn
finn
o DUU
X
onn
n -
i * Positive Controls
y ATest Coupons
I
A A
A
02468
Contact Time (hours)
SIGNIFICANT EFFICACY WAS OBSERVED AT ALL TIME POINTS
TESTED: 2, 4, 6 AND 7 HOURS
HD
16
Carpet Test (H2O2 250 ppmv / IMH3
ppmv) and Positive Control Coupons
-I nnn
pnn
'55
>. cnn
s
o
o
o 4nn
l2 ^uu
Q
I
onn
n -
T
| •
A
i * Positive Controls
A Test Coupons
0123
Contact Time (hours)
SIGNIFICANT EFFICACY WAS OBSERVED AT 2 HOURS
C-211
-------
Stone
2/15/2012
HE
16
): Vinyl Test (H2O2 250 ppmv / IMH3
ppmv) and Positive Control Coupons
^nn
4nn
"55
sx^nn
s
'L * Positive Controls
* A Test Coupons
I
T
0123
Contact Time (hours)
SIGNIFICANT EFFICACY WAS OBSERVED AT 2 HOURS
Tl
ie
HD: Carpet Test (H2O2 250 ppmv / NH3
» ppmv) and Positive Control Coupons
-I Ann
ionn
ni -I nnn
i_ pnn
O ODD
o
o Rnn
0 DUU
a:
Q /inn
onn
n -
1 L
4 >
* Positive Controls
ATest Coupons
i
T
0123
Contact Time (hours)
NO SIGNIFICANT EFFICACY WAS OBSERVED AT 1- OR 2-
HOUR FUMIGATION TIMES
C-212
-------
Stone
2/15/2012
T
1
HD: Vinyl Test (H2O2 250 ppmv / IMH3 **•"
6 ppmv) and Positive Control Coupons
vnn
finn
2.
g
o ouu
o onn
-i nn
i
* Positive Controls
-A-Test Coupons
4
4
0123
Contact Time (hours)
SIGNIFICANT EFFICACY WAS OBSERVED AT 2 HOURS
^
1
•GD: Carpet Test (H2O2 250 ppmv / IMH3 *— *— •
6 ppmv) and Positive Control Coupons
•innn
«nn
'55
>» Ptnn
i
m Ann
<£ 4UU
Q
O
onn
<
]
>
* Positive Controls
A Test Coupons
r
A
0123
Contact Time (hours)
SIGNIFICANT EFFICACY WAS OBSERVED AT BOTH TIME
POINTS TESTED: 0.5 AND 2 HOURS
C-213
-------
Stone
2/15/2012
TC
16
iD: Vinyl Test (H2O2 250 ppmv / IMH3
ppmv) and Positive Control Coupons
innn
snn
"55
>< finn
1
o 4nn
& 4UU
Q
o
9nn
* Positive Controls
A Test Coupons
*
A
0123
Contact Time (hours)
SIGNIFICANT EFFICACY WAS OBSERVED AT BOTH TIME
POINTS TESTED: 0.5 AND 2 HOURS
Measuring Chemical Agent in Test Chamber
Atmosphere
• Vapor sample collected @ 200 mL/min for 5 min
onto Carboxen sorbent (at the end of the exposure)
• Carboxen beads extracted in 1.0 ml chloroform
• Chloroform extract analyzed by GC/MS
• Reported recoveries based on raw peak area
C-214
-------
Stone
2/15/2012
Results of Air Sampling in Test
Chamber
Agent Exposure Time, hours Concentration (ug/L of air)
VX
HD
HD
HD
THD
THD
TGD
TGD
2, 4, 6, 7, and 8
1
1
2
Not detected
2.2
3.5
Not detected
12
3.1
0.72
0.68
H2O2 / IMH3 Fumigation: No Visible
Damage to Carpet, Vinyl, or Metal
Coupons before application of chemical agent (left), after application of
chemical agent (center), and after fumigation (right)
C-215
10
-------
Stone
2/15/2012
Summary of H2O2 / NH3 Fumigation
May be effective for decontamination of VX, HD,
THD, and TGD from nonporous and porous or
absorptive materials
Efficacy against THD on carpet (not demonstrated at
2-hour contact time) may require longer fumigation
times (not tested)
Fumigation time required depends on chemical
agent, material being decontaminated, and
acceptable levels of residual agent
Summary of H2O2 / NH3 Fumigation
(continued)
• Chemical agent recovered from positive control
coupons declined with time
• High natural attenuation from control coupons
resulted in no significant fumigation efficacy being
observed in some cases
• Chemical agent (HD and GD) was detected in the
test chamber atmosphere and transfer to procedural
blanks was detected in some cases
• Fumigation caused no visible damage of the coupon
materials
C-216
11
-------
Stone
2/15/2012
Acknowledgment and Disclaimer
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, through its Office of
Research and Development, funded and managed this investigation
through a Blanket Purchase Agreement under General Services
Administration contract number GS23F0011L-3 with Battelle. This
document has been subjected to the Agency's review and has been
approved for presentation. Note that approval does not signify that the
contents necessarily reflect the views of the Agency.
Mention of trade names or commercial products in this document or in the
methods referenced in this document does not constitute endorsement or
recommendation for use.
Questions concerning this presentation or its application should be
addressed to Emily Snyder, National Homeland Security Research
Center, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, 109 TW Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC
27711,919-541-1006.
C-217
12
-------
Serre
3/30/2012
Bio-response Operational Testing
and Evaluation (BOTE) Project
2011 US EPA Decontamination Research and Development Conference
Nov. 1-3,2011
x-xEPA
Disclaimer
Disclaimer of Endorsement: Reference herein to any
specific commercial products, process, or service by trade
name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not
necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement,
recommendation, or favoring by the United States
Government. The views and opinions of authors expressed
herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the
United States Government, and shall not be used for
advertising or product endorsement purposes.
C-218
-------
Serre
3/30/2012
oEPA
Overview
Purpose: to conduct and evaluate field-level facility biological
remediation
Interagency involvement
- Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
- Department of Homeland Security (DHS)
- Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA)
- Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
- Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
- Department of Energy (DOE/INL)
x-xEPA
Objectives
Phase 1- Remediation Study (April - May 2011)
— Conduct and evaluate field-level facility remediation studies of three
decontamination technologies
— Assess potential risk of exposure to spores
- Evaluate effectiveness of waste/washwater collection, treatment, and
disposal procedures
- Determine total cost of applying selected decontamination technology
or remediation method/strategy (i.e., including waste management)
- Identify any damage to building or contents
Phase 2 - Interagency Exercise (September 2011)
— Operationally test and evaluate biological incident response from
health/law enforcement response through environmental response
(remediation).
C-219
-------
Serre
3/30/2012
oEPA
Background
EPA research products and technical expertise have been
used in field responses, exercises, and program office policy
development
— Sampling/analysis \*L *
• Water pathogen concentrator
• Selected analytical methods (SAM)
— Risk/exposure assessment (situation specific)
• Provisional Advisory Levels (PALs)
• Resuspension and exposure studies
— Decontamination (situation appropriate)
• Efficacy, engineering, and application
— Waste management
• Waste management research and tools
• Wastewater treatment research
Facility
PBF-632 at Idaho National Laboratory
C-220
-------
Serre
3/30/2012
oEPA
-
First Floor Schematic
•••wZIZ
commercial
Example Rooms
C-221
4
-------
Serre
3/30/2012
oEPA
Phase I: Remediation Study
Three Separate Rounds - Conducted in April/May 2011
A Round is defined as:
- Dissemination of Bacillus atropheus (subspecies globigii) spores in facility
• First Floor - high contamination (~106 spores/ft2)
• Second Floor - low contamination (~102 spores/ft2)
- Pre-decontamination sampling
- Application of specified
decontamination procedure(s)
- Post-decontamination sampling
- Post-test analysis
(assessment of effectiveness)
- Reset facility for next round of
testing
X-/EPA
Phase I: Dissemination
Dissemination of BG into
HVAC using nebulizer
IBACS-10/floor
C-222
-------
Serre
3/30/2012
Sampling
Phase 1: Decontamination Methods
Round 1: Fumigation with STERIS
Vaporized Hydrogen Peroxide (VHP®)
• Round 2: Treatment Process
incorporating pH-adjusted bleach
Round 3: Fumigation with Sabre
chlorine dioxide (CI02)
C-223
6
-------
Serre
3/30/2012
oEPA
-
STERISVHP®
• Full-facility fumigation with vaporized hydrogen peroxide
— Two generators
— Separate injection points on top and bottom floors
• Target conditions:
— 250 ppmv for minimum 90 min
- Temp>70 °F
• No tenting/sealing of facility
• No removal of materials
• Biological indictors (G. stearothermophilus) and chemical
indicators placed throughout facility
• 3 days (setup, fumigation, aeration)
STERISVHP
®
C-224
-------
Serre
3/30/2012
oEPA
pH-adjusted Bleach Process
Procedure:
— Negative air machines to clean air ([re]aerosolized spores)
— Removal of all porous materials in facility (PPE Level C)
• Bagging and spraying with pH-adjusted bleach
— Spraying of all remaining surfaces in the facility with
pH-adjusted bleach solution (PPE Level B)
• Target minimum 10 min wetted
— Vacuum standing water
— Decontamination of HVAC return with pH-adjusted bleach
— HVAC supply lines were capped and not decontaminated
3 days for removal of porous material and decontamination of
facility
3 days for drying of facility 14
pH-adjusted Bleach Process
mm \
C-225
8
-------
Serre
3/30/2012
oEPA
pH-adjusted Bleach Process
x-xEPA
Sabre CI02 Fumigation
Fumigation of entire facility w/ CI02
Sealing of facility via tenting (under outer containment and
draw through NAM)
Removal of some porous materials due to potential off-
gassing (longer aeration times)
Target conditions:
- 3000 ppmv for min 3 hrs (9000 ppmv-hrs)
- >65% RH, >65 °F
6 Log Biological indictors (6. atropheus) on stainless steel
placed on each floor
CI02 sampling with impinger/titration & EPA with prototype
remote sensor
3 days (setup, fumigation, aeration) [plus 2 pre-staging days] 17
C-226
9
-------
Serre
3/30/2012
Sabre CI02 Fumigation
x-xEPA
Biological Indicators for CI02
6 Log Bacillus atropheus on stainless steel - First Floor
Average T=76 °F
Average RH=80%
C-227
10
-------
Serre
3/30/2012
oEPA
Biological Indicators for CI02
6 Log Bacillus atropheus on stainless steel - Second Floor
t
Average T=81 °F
=
I W W ,=fZ
•a? .: "i? J
— * Jj
• "s1 j "s? jr" • "^vJL^~"
^ '!
Average RH=64%
Preliminary Results (Positive Samples)
Description
Pre-Decon VHP
Post VHP
Pre-Decon AB
Post AB
Pre-Decon CI02
Post CIO.,
Floor 1
151/153
44/153
146/147
1/134
138/142
1/138
Floor 2
125/133
7/134
109/124
7/111
114/129
0/127
C-228
11
-------
Serre
3/30/2012
vvEPA
Summary (Phase I)
BOTE project provided:
— Information on efficacy of several decontamination
methods
— Information on time requirements, labor requirements,
waste generation, and adverse impacts on facility
— Exposure assessment planning tool to assess potential risk
of exposure to spores
— Information that can be used to estimate costs associated
with a decontamination approach
— Data that can be used to help guide decision making for
future events
— Opportunity for federal agencies to work together
SEPA
Following Me
Sampling Aspects - CMDR Mattorano
Spore Migration - Ms. Silvestri
RV-PCR-Dr. Shah
Cost Analysis - Dr. Lemieux
C-229
12
-------
Serre
3/30/2012
vvEPA
Phase 2: Interagency Exercise
Planned using Homeland Security Exercise and Evaluation Program
(HSEEP) guidance
— To operationally test and evaluate biological incident response from
health/law enforcement response through environmental response
(remediation).
Conducted in September 2011
Blind release in facility using envelope
Coordinated interagency response
Decontamination with methyl bromide
After Action Report (AAR) coming soon
SEPA
Questions
Shannon Serre
- serre.shannon@epa.gov. 919-541-3817
Shawn Ryan
- ryan.shawn@epa.gov. 919-541-0699
Chris Russell
- christopher.e.russell@dhs.gov. 202-254-5876
25
C-230
13
-------
Mattorano
2/15/2012
Sampling Activities - BOTE
NOVEMBER 2, 2O11
Dino Mattorano, MS, CIH
CDR, USPHS
Today's Agenda
1. Sampling: what was done
2. Preparation before study
3. Sampling training
4. On-site preparation
5. What if a large event happens?
C-231
-------
Mattorano
2/15/2012
Sample Types
1. Wipe - sponge stick
2. Swab
3. Vacuum sock
Purpose:
• Evaluate 3 decon technologies
• Side by side sampling
Samples by the Numbers
BO IF. Ihton Study, Sprlup; 11)11
OVERALL SAMPLE TOTALS
3446
tPA = L s L.KKHUK«*I PTOWKIOII AISN
RV-PTR ' r*piA viabilitv-pot-i'.ncrBit duia
RMC ' iffamt nunentl coupon*
EtxHti - R*suspen*iiti
air ompiei
LRN - Laboratory RCTJIODM: Xctwort
'
C-232
-------
Mattorano
2/15/2012
Sample Preparation
• Order materials
• Assemble individual sampling kits
Sponge-stick = 2500
Vacuum = 800
Swab = 400
Sample Preparation
• Order materials - Products list
MACROFOAM SWAB SAMPLING
PRODUCT
1-Sterile Foam Tipped Applicator
1-10 ml Neutrilizer Buffer Solution*
--2ml flip top vial with 1ml NB Microstein
l-15ml High Clarity Polypropylene Conical
Centrifuge Tube
2-Sample Labels
1-Re-sealable plastic bag; 1 Quart or smaller
1-Re-sealable plastic bag; 1 Gallon or larger
Nitrile Gloves-multiple sets
2 X 2 in Sampling Template (4 Square Inches)
PRODUCTNUMBER
25-1607
K105
352097
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
225-2415
PRODUCT
MANUFACTURER
Puritan Medical
Products
Hardy Diagnostics
Becton Dickinson
Supplies
Various
Various
Various
SKC
NUMBER OF UNITINA
PACKAGE
1 Package = 50 Swabs
1 Package = 20 Vials
1 Package = 50 Tubes
Unknown-1 per sample for
Unknown-1 per sample team
per day
Unknown-1 pair for each
person
1 Pack = 250 Disposable
Web Site
wwwDuritanmedDroductscom
www.hardvdiaanostics.com
www bd com
label vial and quart size bag
solution, and conical tube if we
C-233
-------
Mattorano
2/15/2012
Sample Preparation
Assemble individual sampling kits
Swab Kits:
Pre Assembly:
Autoclave 2.0 ml microcentrifuge tubes
Aliquot 1.0 ml Neutralizing Buffer into tube, one for each sample kit
In 6" x 10" 4 mil bag place:
One 2.0ml tube containing 1.0 ml Neutralizing Buffer
One individually wrapped, sterile swab
One small 4"x 6" 4 mil bag
inside 4"x 6" bag, place one 15ml Falcon conical tube
Bar Code Labels;
Affix one replicate label to 15ml conical tube (making sure bar code lines are parallel with tube graduates)
Affix one replicate label to 4"x 6" bag
Affix one replicate label to 6" x 10" kit Bag
Sample Preparation
C-234
-------
Mattorano
2/15/2012
Sample Preparation
Assemble individual sampling kits
Sample Preparation
C-235
-------
Mattorano
2/15/2012
Sample Preparation
Sample Preparation
Sponge stick
200 kits
2.5 hours
Swab
200 kits
5 hours
Vacuum
200 kits
6.5 hours
NOTE: Sample media not prewetted,
TRIPLE assembly time!
C-236
-------
Mattorano
2/15/2012
Training Samplers
• 3-4 hours of training (15-25 individuals)
• Lecture
• Hands-on demo (BBFB)
• Site walk-through
Site Map
1. Command-Control Trailer
2. Sampling Prep Trailer
3. Building Ingress
4. Building Egress
5. RSU Decon Support
6. RSU Decon Support
7. Sampling/Decon Support
Trailer
8. Crew Recovery Trailer
9. General Emergency Rally
Area
10. General Parking
ll.PBF-638
12. Water Tower
13. Pump House
Exclusion Zone:
Orange Line:
- Personnel facility
operational flow
C-237
-------
Mattorano
2/15/2012
Training Samplers
Lecture
- Background and purpose
- Expectations
- Sampling methods
- BROOM sample tracking system
Hands-on demo
- Sampling methods
- BROOM
- Demonstrate proficiency
- Helps determine what you have
Training: Site Walk-through
C-238
-------
Mattorano
2/15/2012
Training: lecture
Sponge-stick Collection Protocol
Assistant
Sampler
1. Remove 10"x 10"
template and kit from
bin
2. Open packaging and
position sponge-stick
for sampler to acquire
3. Scan barcode and fill
in fields
4.Position inner bag to
receive sponge
5. Seal inner and outer
bags
1. Remove sponge-stick from
packaging without touching
sides
2.Gently place template to
minimize disturbing settled
aerosol
3. Horizontal, vertical and diagonal
S-strokes and perimeter wipe,
turn sponge over each time
4. Place sponge in bag and break
off stick
5. Discard template and stick in
waste
C-239
-------
Mattorano
2/15/2012
Sponge-stick Collection Protocol
Sampler
1. Remove sponge-stick from
bag without touching sides
2.Gently place template at
location to minimize
disturbing settled aerosol
3. Horizontal, vertical and
diagonal S-strokes and
perimeter wipe, turn
sponge over each time
4. Place sponge in bag
5. Discard template and stick
in waste
1. Horizontal 2. Vertical
Turn sponge over
3. Diagonal
4. Perimeter
Proficiency Testing
BOTH Sampler Trailing Proficiency
Sample'" Narr>e:
Affiliation: _j
*
*
+•
A
*
•
ample Type
RMC
Vacuum
Swab
Sponge Stick
Wipe
Pass
; •,
."-
-r-S
C-240
10
-------
Mattorano
2/15/2012
Proficiency Testing/Hands on Demo
kgency
DOD WMD CST
DOD USMC
CBIRF
USCG PST
USEPA OSCs
USEPA
Samplers
lumbers
^ocation
60
3
3
28
1, 8,12, 24, 33, 41, 42, 43, 45, 46 48,
54, 73, 81, 83, 84,102,103
Pacific Strike Team
1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8
NHSRC, OEM
C-241
11
-------
Mattorano
2/15/2012
On-site Preparation
On-site preparation
- Develop sampling maps
- Pack sampling kits
- Build sampling carts
Interior Layout Of PBF-632 : First Floor 1 square = 1 ft2
Note 1: Each
Post-Decon
Sam pie will be a
predefined area
adjacent to the
pre-decon
sample.
Note2: RMC and
Settle Plate
samples are co-
located and
represent one
sample of each.
A = Swab of motor/coils
A = Swab of diffuser
A =Swab
A = Swab blanks
A
(only pre-decon)
^ = LLNL wipe Q
O = LLNL blank Q
= Horizontal sponge
-vertical sponge
Q = Sponge wipe
of HVAC
O = Wipe blank
N^ = Vacuum on ceiling
tile, plenum side
^^= Vacuum
<"> = Vacuum blank
C-242
12
-------
Mattorano
2/15/2012
Interior Layout Of PBF-632 : First Floor 1 square = 1 ft2
o
I A = Swab of motors of ^^ = LLNL wipe ^ = Horizontal sponge
coils such wipe
^ = Swab of diffuser C = LUlJL b!ank O = Vertical sponge
on ceiling Q = Sponge sticV, stick wipe
A = Swab wjpe of HVAC ^ = Vacuum on ceiling
I A^wabblanks " =WPe««h<> f^^T**
i^-i = RMC (ontv Dresfint in P
!_' I '
TeamS
ffeas-tfw^-;,*
C-243
13
-------
Mattorano
2/15/2012
Vacuum
Sock
Sampling Kits
Build Sampling Kits
C-244
14
-------
Mattorano
2/15/2012
Build Carts
Build Carts
..
C-245
15
-------
Mattorano
2/15/2012
Samplers Prep for Entry
Pre-entry
C-246
16
-------
Mattorano
2/15/2012
Summary
Sampling takes lots of work!!
Pre study prep
- Develop product list for ordering supplies
- Assemble sampling kits remotely
Train samplers (on-site)
- Lecture
- Hands on demo (proficiency testing) !!!!!!
Build sampling maps and kits
Build carts
Summary
What if something big happens tomorrow?
- Platform for high volume sampling
- Just in time training (lecture and hands on)
C-247
17
-------
Mattorano
2/15/2012
Summary
Questions?
Training Samplers
C-248
18
-------
Lemieux
2/15/2012
BOTE Preliminary Results:
Cost Analysis
X-/EPA
BOTE Overview
Purpose: to conduct and evaluate field-level facility biological
remediation
Interagency involvement
- Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
- Department of Homeland Security (DHS)
- Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA)
- Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
- Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
- Department of Energy (DOE/INL)
iNL
C-249
-------
Lemieux
2/15/2012
Objectives
Two Phase Approach
- Phase 1 (April - May 2011) - Remediation Study
— Phase 2 (September 2011) - Operational Evaluation
Phase 1 (remediation study):
- Conduct and evaluate field-level facility remediation studies of various
decontamination technologies
- Assess potential risk of exposure to spores
- Evaluate effectiveness of waste/washwater collection, treatment, and
disposal procedures
- Determine total cost of applying selected decontamination technology
or remediation method/strategy (i.e., including waste management)
- Identify any damage to building or contents
Motivation
What are the most appropriate remediation
strategies?
— Site-specific clean-up goal(s)
— Sampling/analysis capability/capacity
— Decontamination capability/capacity
— Waste management options
/Contamination
Characteristics /
Systems approach
to research and
response
^\
Spread of ~jf
Contamination j
C-250
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Lemieux
2/15/2012
Facility
PBF-632 at Idaho National Labs
Facility Layout- lst/2nd Floor
C-251
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Lemieux
2/15/2012
Example Rooms
Mail Room
Shop
X-/EPA
Sampling
Surface sampling using current techniques (some
validated)
— Swab, wipe, sponge stick, vacuum
Collected pre- and post-decontamination samples side-
by-side on most surfaces in study rooms
Samplers
- EPA OSCs from 7 Regions and ORD Researchers
- NGBWMDCSTs
Training
— 4 hr lecture and hands-on demo
— Included sampling techniques and BROOM tool used for
tracking and mapping samples
C-252
4
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Lemieux
2/15/2012
oEPA
Phase 1: Remediation Study
Three Separate Rounds - Conducted in April/May 2011
A Round is defined as:
— Dissemination of "prepared" Bacillus atrophaeus subspecies globigii
spores in facility
• First Floor-high contamination (~106 spores/ft2)
• Second Floor - low contamination (~102 spores/ft2)
- Pre-decontamination sampling
- Application of specified decontamination procedure(s)
- Post-decontamination sampling
- Post-test analysis (assessment of decontamination effectiveness)
- Reset facility for next round
of testing
Phase 1: Decontamination Methods
Round 1: Fumigation with STERIS
Vaporous Hydrogen Peroxide
(VHP®)
• Round 2: Treatment Train
incorporating pH-adjusted Bleach
Round 3: Fumigation with Sabre
chlorine dioxide (CI02)
C-253
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Lemieux
2/15/2012
dE
E
;PA
•
rtwnonlil Pivtsu*.".
•"»
Waste Management
Description of Items/Waste
Waste
Classification*
Waste Management Facilities
Liquid Waste
Decontamination wastewater,
contaminated
Decontamination wastewater,
uncontaminated
HW, IW
NH/NI
RCRA Subtitle C Hazardous Waste Facility (e.g.,
incinerator)
Publically Owned Water Treatment Plant
Solid Waste
PPE, contaminated
PPE, contaminated
PPE, uncontaminated
Office Waste and General Trash (e.g.,
papers, PPE packing boxes)
Building Materials (e.g., ceiling tiles,
drywall, carpeting)
Furniture
Electronic Waste
HW
IW
NH/NI
NH/NI
NH/NI
NH/NI
NH/NI
RCRA Subtitle C Hazardous Waste Facility (e.g.,
incinerator)
Medical Waste Incinerator
Solid Waste Management Landfill
Solid Waste Management Landfill
Solid Waste Management Landfill
Solid Waste Management Landfill
Solid Waste Management Landfill
Waste Classification (As defined by Federal, State or Local Requirements as applicable):
NH/NI: Non-Hazardous & Non-Infectious through sampling or process knowledge
HW: Hazardous Waste as tested or through process knowledge
IW: Infectious Waste as tested or through process knowledge
10
S-EFA
Cost Elements
Sampling Cost
+ Decon Cost
+ Restoration Cost
Total Cost
C-254
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Lemieux
2/15/2012
Sampling/Analytical Cost Elements
2 over number of entries
- Building Entry Costs
- Team Preparation
- Team Decontamination
- Waste Management
J_ over number of samples
- S&A Costs
- Team Labor for Sampling
- Materials for Sampling
- Labor for Analysis
- Materials for Analysis
- Waste Management
Other
- Preparing Kits
- Travel for Sampling Teams
- HOBOs
- BROOM Support
- Analysis & QA of Data
Decon Cost Elements
2 over number of entries
- Building Entry Costs
- Team Preparation
- Team Decontamination
- Waste Management Due to Entering
Labor
- Decontamination
- Removal
Materials and Equipment
- Decontamination
- Removal
Waste Management from Decontamination
Other
- Travel for Decon/Rem Teams
- Fixed Contractor Costs
- 1C Support (e.g., safety)
- HOBOs
C-255
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Lemieux
2/15/2012
Building Restoration Cost Elements
Post-Decon Removal
- Labor to Remove
- Waste Management
Replacement
- Labor to Replace
- Cost of Items
Approach to Tracking Costs
Based on Entries
- Sampling team labor
• Estimate of time per sample to
derive sampling labor
• Sample kit prep time
- Decon team labor
- Removal team labor
- Decon Line Ops labor
Based on Waste Quantity
- Waste transportation costs
• Adjusted for anthrax waste
- Waste handling costs
- Waste disposal costs
• Adjusted for anthrax waste
- Waste characterization costs
(assumed 1 sample per 100 Ib of
solid waste and 1 sample per 55 gal
drum of liquid waste)
Based on Days and Hours
- Travel
- Training
- BROOM
- Incident Command/Safety
- Purchasing
- Writing Documentation
• Notional
- Regulatory Coordination
• Notional
- Lab Analytical Labor Costs
• Adjusted for BSL-3
Other Costs
- Purchases
• Supplies
• Equipment
- Decon contracts
C-256
8
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Lemieux
2/15/2012
Approach to Labor Costs
Teams Used in Analysis
SamplingTeam
Decontamination Team
RemovalTeam
Decon Line Ops Team
Sample PackagingTeam
Waste Hand ling Team
Lab Analyst Team
BROOM Team
Data Analysis Team
Sample Kit Prep Team
Aggressive Air Sampling Team
Building Upfit Team
Health and Safety Team
Documentation/Plan Writing Team
Command Team
OSC
Regulatory Coordination Team
INL Equipment Purchase Team
Room Sample Box Prep Team
EPA Purchasing Team
Waste Sampling Team
Water Sampling Team
Approach Used
• Define team labor mix
• Generate loaded hourly rate
for team
• Allocate hours for different
activities by teams
Sampling and Analytical Cost Breakdown
• Waste Management
Analysis
Material
• Sampling Labor
Decon Line Labor
I Non-Attributable Other
Sampling/Analytical Related
Costs
I Attributable Other
Sampling/Analytical Costs
VHP
Amended
Bleach
CI02
NOTE: S&A Total Costs are Very High Due to # of Samples
Sampling + Analytical Costs = $681/sample
C-257
-------
Lemieux
2/15/2012
Decontamination Cost Breakdown
$350,000
VHP Amended CI02
Bleach
AB > CI02 > VHP
Waste Management Costs
Based on "Medium" Difficulty
Cost of Decon Materials
Decon Contractor Fixed Costs
Cost of Removal Teams Entering
Cost of Decon Teams Entering
Cost of Decon Line Operations
1400
1200
_1000
I
•s
£
4-»
c
IS
5
800
600
400
200
Liquid Waste Distribution by Activity
I Decon & Other
I Sampling
VHP
Liquid waste from sampling is from personnel decon;
Liquid waste from decontamination includes personnel decon + collected liquids
CI02
C-258
10
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Lemieux
2/15/2012
14000
12000
Solid Waste Distribution by Activity
I Decon & Other
I Sampling
VHP
CI02
SBjB,
Waste Cost Distribution
High Disposal Difficulty
5350 000 '"OW Difficulty = Disposal as Municipal Solid Waste
$200,000 -
$50,000
S-
1
Medium Difficulty = 10x premium on transportation, disposal as Municipal Solid Waste
High Difficulty = 1 0Ox premium on transportation, disposal
Medium Disposal Difficulty
1*8 $100,000
$50,000
$- -
$350 000
•^nn nnn
$250 000
X < Q
> u
C-259
11
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Lemieux
2/15/2012
Overall Cost Breakdown
IIC Cost
Restoration Cost
I Decon Cost
I Sampling and Analysis Cost
VHP
Amended
Bleach
CI02
BOTE Cost Analysis Preliminary
Observations and Conclusions
Sampling and Analytical Costs
— Total sampling and analytical costs very high due to artificially
large numbers of samples taken for study
— Approximately $681/sample
— S&A costs roughly distributed between sampling (1/3) and
analysis (2/3)
For this building, Decon Costs for AB > CIO2 > VHP
— AB had increased labor costs for removing, decontaminating
materials
— AB had increased costs due to entry in Level B PPE
— AB had increased costs due to replacement of damaged items
— NOTE: EPA experts recommended that some materials be
removed prior to VHP decon, and they weren't; VHP decon was
cheaper, but not very effective
C-260
12
-------
Lemieux
2/15/2012
BOTE Cost Analysis Preliminary
Observations and Conclusions Cont.
"Don't generate any waste" - M. Nalipinski
- Waste Mgt Costs for AB » CI02, VHP
— Significant fixed costs for waste management (plans,
regulatory discussions)
— Greater amount of removed materials for AB
— Transportation is a significant cost
— Significant cost savings that may be realized by disposal in
RCRA Subtitle D facilities offset by waste characterization
S&A charges
— Waste characterization sampling and analysis may be a
significant cost, and final disposal pathways should be
worked out prior to initiating waste characterization
sampling
Disclaimer
Reference herein to any specific commercial
products, process, or service by trade name,
trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not
necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement,
recommendation, or favoring by the United
States Government. The views and opinions of
authors expressed herein do not necessarily state
or reflect those of the United States Government,
and shall not be used for advertising or product
endorsement purposes.
C-261
13
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konoplev
2/15/2012
1-
Mobility and bioavailability of long-lived
Chernobyl radionuclides in "soil-water"
environment and their consideration at
rehabilitation of contaminated sites
Alexei Konoplev
Research and Production Association "Typhoon"
Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental
Monitoring of Russian Federation
konoplevtSobn insk.com
2011 US EPA Decon Conference
i-
Outline
Fuel particles, their decomposition and leaching
of radionuclides;
Radionuclide speciation, their transformation -
kinetics and mechanisms;
Bioavailability;
Chernobyl Cooling Pond Decommissioning and
Remediation;
Waste-based amendments for remediation of
contaminated soils;
Fate and transport of radiocesium,
radiostrontium and radiocobalt on urban
surfaces - EPA-ISTC Partner project #4007
2011 US EPA Decon Conference
C-262
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konoplev
2/15/2012
Speciation
Mobility and bioavailability of
radionuclides are determined
by ratio of radionuclide
chemical forms in fallout and
site-specific environmental
characteristics determining
rates of leaching,
fixation/remobilization as well
as sorption-desorption of
mobile fraction (its solid-
liquid distribution).
.
!
-
De Cort M. et al. (2001). Atlas...
2011 US EPA Decon Conference
i-
Fuel Particles in the Chernobyl
fallout
Dominant part of radionuclides deposited on
the soil surface in the Chernobyl NPP vicinity
was incorporated within fuel particles.
Particles dissolution was the key process
governing radionuclides mobility and
bioavailability in soils during first years after
the accident.
Reliable prediction of radionuclide transfer in
the Chernobyl area during these years was
impossible without understanding and
correct modelling of fuel particles behaviour
in soils and sediments.
2011 US EPA Decon Conference
C-263
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konoplev
2/15/2012
Release of fuel particles as a result of the
Chernobyl accident accounts for two
major features in behavior of the
^L Chernobyl origin radionuclides:
UOx matrix fuel particle
Initial mobility and availability of
radionuclides in near zone was
lower those observed in similar
conditions in case of global
fallout, Kyshtym accident and
application of isotope solutions;
Deposition of fuel particles on
underlying surface, primarily into
near zone, led to strong
dependence of the radiocaesium
initial mobility on the distance to
damaged reactor.
After B. Salbu
2011 US EPA Decon Conference
Estimation of fuel particle dissolution rate
It has been shown that fuel particle dissolution in
soils is satisfactorily described by the first-order
kinetics: )"""
%
dF '
* - kF
— —"MM
dt " •*•
Ft - F0exp(-k,t)
»
>- " .
2011 US EPA Decon Conference
C-264
-------
konoplev
2/15/2012
Estimation of fuel particle dissolution rate
To calculate fuel particle dissolution rate in
natural conditions data on 90Sr speciation in
soil/sediments can be used (Konoplev et al.,
1992; Kashparovetal., 1999);
90Sr fraction in fuel particles is assumed to be
equal to a fraction of its non-exchangeable form
minus fraction of the fixed form;
90Sr is convenient to use because its fixation by
soil is weak
2011 US EPA Decon Conference
Conceptual model for transformation of
radionuclide chemical forms in soil-water
systems
The model accpunts for
leaching of radionuclides
from fuel particles,
fixation/remobilization as
well as sorption/
desorption by ion
exchange mechanism
2011 US EPA Decon Conference
C-265
4
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konoplev
2/15/2012
Selective sorption and fixation of
radiocaesium
High retention of radiocaesium in soils
is caused by two main processes:
selective reversible sorption on illitic
clay minerals and fixation
Methods have been proposed for
determining the capacity of selective
sorption sites (Frayed Edge Sites -
FES) and radiocaesium interception
potential (RIP);
Quantitative data were obtained for a
wide range of soils and bottom
sediments with respect to FES
capacities and RIP.
FES RES
FES-M+™Cs+<
2011 US EPA Decon Conference
Radionuclide distribution in soil-
water system
The total distribution coefficient for radionuclides
can vary in a wide range (4 orders of magnitude
for radiostrontium and 5 - for radiocesium) as a
function of fallout characteristics and
environmental conditions;
Radionuclide distribution coefficient is a dynamic
characteristic and depends on transformation
rates of chemical forms;
For reducing uncertainty in estimates and
predictions of radionuclide behavior ^ was
parameterized through key environmental
characteristics responsible for their sorption-
desorption and fixation.
2011 US EPA Decon Conference 10
C-266
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konoplev
2/15/2012
Parameterization of radiocesium and radiostrontium
distribution coefficients Kd through soil characteristics
Kedx(l31Cs) =
RIFX(K)
([K+]W+KC(N/K)[NH4+]W)
[Ca]w+[Mg]w
2011 US EPA Decon Conference
11
Conceptual model of radionuclide
soil-plant transfer
model accounts for
transformation of chemical
forms in soils,
sorption/desorption in soil-
sol utipn system including
selective sorption, ion
exchange in solution - root
exchangeable complex and
reversible transport through
root cell wall.
2011 US EPA Decon Conference
12
C-267
-------
konoplev
2/15/2012
Parameterization of radionuclide soil-plant transfer
„-, , «« mK+Kc(NH4/K)xmM
TF ~ A = — x 1 =
Radiocaesium
Bioavailability ~ I/RIP
Radiostrontium
bioavailability ~ 1/CEC
2011 US EPA Decon Conference
13
Chernobyl Cooling Pond
I ChNPP
-w*%_ » ~ ^f
After A.Antropov
• Area - 22 km2
. -I.5*io8m3ofwater
• VVater is pumped from the Pripyat
River to the Cooling Pond
Sources of
Contamination
Dispersed fuel particles
Heavily contaminated water from
the reactor basement and soils.
Total radioactivity— >200 TBq.
including
«7Cs-80%, MSr-10%, z
Decommissioning
Separating the inflow and outfow
channels from the pond
Alternative source of cooling
water-ground water pumping wells
C-268
7
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konoplev
2/15/2012
Maps of Radionuelide Activities in the Cooling
Pond Bottom Sediments
137Cs
Fuel particles in Cooling Pond
By now fuel particles have been almost
completely disintegrated in terrestrial
soils.
Due to a low dissolved oxygen
concentration and a high pH, dissolution
of fuel particles in the Cooling Pond
(CP) sediments is significantly slower
than in soils.
As a result, in the CP sediments the
prevailing part of 90Sr activity still occurs
in the form of fuel particles.
2011 US EPA Decon Conference
16
C-269
8
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konoplev
2/15/2012
i-
During the coming years, management and remediation strategy
for the Cooling Pond is going to be implemented. Remediation
options include a controlled reduction in water level of the cooling
pond and stabilisation of exposed sediments.
After designed cessation of
water pumping from the
Pripyat river to the pond a
part of sediments will be
drained and exposed to the
air.
This will significantly
enhance the dissolution
rate and,
correspondency, mobility
and bioavailability of
radionucHdes will
increase with time.
Expected Areal Distribution of Exposed Sediments
During the Pond Water-Level Drawdown
Normal scenario
Water levels in residual ponds
H=104.2-105.5 ma.s.l..
Exposed area = 12.9 km2
Dry scenario
Water levels in residual ponds
H=101.2-103.3 ma.s.l..
Exposed area = 18.5 km?
2011 US EPA Decon Conference
17
Components of 90Sr balance in the CCP
Initial 90Sr activity in the pond A0~ (4-7)*1013 Bq;
Inflow with Pripyat river water A,N~ 1.8*1012Bq;
Outflow with infiltration flux AL~ 2*1013 Bq;
Mean fraction in pore water and exchangeable form
~ 2.8 %
Fraction of fixed form < exchangeable fraction
Fraction of 90Sr associated with fuel particles in the Chernobyl fallout 5-90 %
2011 US EPA Decon Conference
18
C-270
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konoplev
2/15/2012
Predicted dynamics of pH and dissolution rate constants in
newly exposed CP sediments (1 - pH ; 2 - rate constant for
exposed sediments of the main part of CP ; 3 - rate constant in
exposed sediments of CP part adjusted to the NPP)
5 10
Time, years
15
2011 US EPA Decon Conference
19
(Prediction of fuel particle dissolution and dynamics of
30Sr exchangeability in Cooling Pond sediments
20 30
Time, years
2011 US EPA Decon Conference
20
C-271
10
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konoplev
2/15/2012
Two major environmental problems to be solved
Utilization of industrial wastes
Generation (million ton per year):
1. Clay-salt slimes = 2.0
2. Hydrolized lignin = 0.24
3. phosphogypsum = 0.42
"^-—
k « , , , , .«_«.
> Rehabilitation of territories
contaminated by 137Cs and 90Sr as a
result of the Chernobyl Accident
2011 US EPADecon Conference
21
Objectives
To develop efficient and ecologically safe
amendments based on industrial waste and natural
raw materials for remediation of soils contaminated
by 137Cs and 90Sr;
To develop methods and models for prediction of
efficacy of such countermeasures as part of
remediation.
2011 US EPA Decon Conference
22
C-272
11
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konoplev
2/15/2012
Objects of the investigation
Source materials
Clay-salt slimes - waste
of potassium production
containing clay minerals
Hydrolyzed lignins -
waste of paper pulp
production
Sapropels - organic rich
bottom sediments of lakes
Organo-mineral Mixtures
Binary, Ternary, Quaternary
Soils
SPS-RF
HGS-RF
2011 US EPADecon Conference
23
Distribution coefficients Kd of radiocaesium and
radiostrontium in soils
Kd(l31Cs) =
RIP(K)
([K+]W+KC(N/K)[NH4+]W)
Clay-salt slimes increase RIP of soils
CEC
~[Ca]w+[Mg]w
Organic sapropels and hydrolized lignin increase CEC of soils
2011 US EPA Decon Conference
24
C-273
12
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konoplev
2/15/2012
Characteristics of source components and soils
Sam pie code
CSS-1-RB
CSS-2-RB
PG-RB
HLAR-RB
HLNR-RB
HL DR-RB
SaprSilica R-RB
SPS-1-RB
SPS-RF
HGS-RF
c.n,.
%
1,50±0,12
1,96±0,29
0,05±0,01
34,6±1,7
47,8±2,4
39,8±1,9
14,3±0,6
0,30±0,05
0,62±0,03
8,6±0,6
PHKCI
7,7
7,3
4,9
3,0
6,3
2,8
4,7
4,2
3,6
3,2
CEC,
cmolc kg-1
14.2±1.0
162.±1.0
-
100±3
64.3±0.8
72.4±2.0
69.6±5.0
8.7±1.6
5.7±0.3
33.9±0.4
RIP(K),
mmol kg-1
6343±1120
3041±334
17.6±1.6
7,2±0,8
23,3±1,8
32,2±1,2
S96,T±0,3
35.1 ±1.2
440 ±70
1200 ±70
2011 US EPADecon Conference
25
RIP in ternary and quaternary OMAs (CSS-2-RB)
Composition of OMAs 2
OMA 2-1 OMA 2-2 OMA 2-3
• SaprSilica R-RB • HL NR-RB • PG-RB D CSS-2-RB
RIPfKl
RIP(K)
Exper
RIP(K)
= 1.3-1.7
Calcul
OMA 2-1
2011 US EPADecon Conference
C-274
13
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konoplev
2/15/2012
M H
Fate and Transport of Cesium,
Strontium and Cobalt Particles on
Urban Surfaces
US EPA-ISTC Partner Project #4007
Contractor: Research and Production
Association "Typhoon"
2011 US EPADecon Conference
Objectives
The objectives of the project are:
• to investigate fate and transport of water
soluble radiocesium, radiostrontium and
radiocobalt deposited on common urban
building materials (concrete, brick, asphalt,
limestone, and granite) under various
environmental conditions;
• to study radiocesium, radiostrontium and
radiocobalt sorption/desorption on
components of drinking water distribution
systems (iron, plastic, copper and concrete
pipes)
2011 US EPADecon Conference
28
C-275
14
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konoplev
2/15/2012
Materials and methods
Asphalt Brick
Limestone
Concrete Granite
Material
Asphalt
Limestone
Concrete
Brick
Granite
Density,
g/cm3
2.71
2.72
2.73
2.76
2.77
Porosity total,
cm3/cm3
0.21
0.17
0.32
0.27
0.05
Hygroscopic
moisture,
%
0.09
0.03
0.40
0.07
0.02
CEC,
meq/kg
-
f2.0±2.5
5.9JO.6
19.3M.7
CW*
0.36*0.03
0.092±0.004
0.30±O.OS
0.092±0.004
2.9±0.03
PH
H2O
f2.3
9.5
10.7
10.0
9.6
KCI
12.5
9.6
10.5
9.7
9.5
2011 US EPADecon Conference
29
Building materials have been characterized in terms of
ability to sorb radiocesium selectively
RIP(K)=^
in,.
2011 US EPADecon Conference
C-276
15
-------
konoplev
2/15/2012
Methodology for determining radionuclides depth profile in building
materials using layer-by-layer grinding has been developed
2011 US EPADecon Conference
31
Sequential extractions have been used to investigate
radionuclide speciation in building materials
Asphalt
137Cs
Granite
1 M MgCI2
1 M CH3COONa
• Residual
Limestone
1 M MgCI2
1 M CH3COONa
Concrete
1 M MgCI2
1 M CH3COONa
"™S8l1 US EPADecon Conference
1 M MgCI2
1 M CH3COONa
1 M MgCl,
1 M CH3COONa
0,04 M
NH2OH*HCI
0,02MHN03
27% H202
Residua?^
C-277
16
-------
konoplev
2/15/2012
Project findings
•/ Ability to bind radiocesium selectively has been shown to increase
in the order: limestone > brick > concrete > granite > asphalt.
•S By the ability to bind 137Cs with the residual fraction, the studied
materials form the following sequence: asphalt > concrete > limestone >
granite > brick.
•S Effective method to study radionuclides distribution in depth of
building materials using layer-by-layer grinding has been developed.
s About 70-75% of 60Co are bound to carbonates in limestone and
brick and about 50% in granite. The iron and manganese oxides bind
14% of 60Co in limestone and 43% in asphalt. 60Co does not practically
bind (<1%) to organic compounds and silicate matrix.
s Major part of 85Sr occurs in exchangeable form and bound to
carbonates. Remaining fractions compose not more than 5 % for all
materials under study.
2011 US EPADecon Conference
33
First results on radionuclide
JLL sorption by pipes
Surprisingly high sorption
of 85Sr on irons pipes;
Relatively high sorption
of 60Co on iron and plastic
pipes;
Very low sorption of 60Co
on copper pipes
2011 US EPA Decon Conference
34
C-278
17
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konoplev
2/15/2012
Main messages
Nuclear accidents (Three Mile island - 1979; Chernobyl - 1986;
Fukushima -2011) could be considered as a prototype of large
scale radiological incidents in general;
Only information on radionuclide deposition levels is not enough
for accurate predictions and dose assessment. Data on
speciation in fallout, rates of transformation processes and site-
specific environmental characteristics determining these rates
are needed;
Information on radionuclide chemical forms, their transformation
in other words mobility and bioavailability should be taken into
account when rehabilitation and decontamination strategies are
developed on local or regional scale.
2011 US EPA Decon Conference
35
Thank you very much for
your attention!
Questions?
2011 US EPA Decon Conference
36
C-279
18
-------
Drake
Radiological Decontamination Technologies
for ROD Recovery
John Drake
National Homeland Security Research Center
Office of Research and Development
US Environmental Protection Agency
2011 U.S. EPA Decontamination Research
and Development Conference
Durham, NC
November 1-3, 2011
I Office of Research and Development
I National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequent Management Division
Radiological Decontamination Technologies for ROD Recovery
'
Overview
-What did we do and Why?
• Developed efficacy testing methodology
• Tested a variety of technologies
• Chemical, mechanical, coatings
• EPA's WMD cleanup mission
-How?
• Test program/protocols/facilities
-Results
• Which ones worked best?
-Future Work
DISCLAIMER
This presentation does not represent EPA policy or product endorsement.
•^•^•^•^l Office of Research and Development
^^^^^^^| National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequent Management Division
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Radiological Decontamination Technologies for RDD Recovery
EPA's WMD Cleanup Mission
(short version)
National Response Framework (NRF)
• Multi-Agency document outlines scenarios
planned for and responsibilities of each Fed
agency
• Scenario #11 is urban "Dirty Bomb"
• EPA tasked to manage clean up during "Late
Phase" of a response
-EPA response community (OEM, OSCs Special
Teams) manages cleanup at the site
• NHSRC is a resource for technology and
scientific information to support the cleanup
I Office of Research and Development
I National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequent Management Division
Radiological Decontamination Technologies for ROD Recovery
Un'tDil Stales
Erwi(onm«ii'r.
Agency
What did we do?
-Developed radiological decon technology efficacy
testing methodology based on DARPA research
-Tested variety of products
-Per vendor instructions
-"Dirty Bomb" contaminant
• Cs-137 (to-date)
• Am, Sr, Co (beginning FY2011)
-Urban materials
• Exterior: concrete
Interior: residential surfaces
Dry run SDF foam at INL
I Office of Research and Development
I National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequent Management Division
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Radiological Decontamination Technologies for ROD Recovery
How?
-EPA/NHSRC does technology evaluation for
decontamination products for CBRN
contaminants
-Technology Testing and Evaluation Program
(TTEP)
-Emphasis on performance of commercially
available cleanup technologies applicable to
buildings, equipment, outdoor areas
-Radiological decontamination evaluations
included strippable coatings, chemical
methods, mechanical methods, commercial
cleaning products
I Office of Research and Development
I National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequent Management Division
Radiological Decontamination Technologies for ROD Recovery
Purpose of the testing
Measure decontamination efficacy
Percent Removed %R = (1-Af/A0) x 100%
A0 = radiological activity measured on each coupon
before application of the decontamination technology
Af = radiological activity of the coupon after application
- Decontamination Factor DF = A
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Drake
Radiological Decontamination Technologies for ROD Recovery
Test Protocols
Coupon material (exterior surfaces)
-Representative of common building material
-Clean, smooth (not polished)
-Type II Portland cement ASTM C150-7
-Affinity for likely contaminant is Cs-137
-6x6x2-inch
- Derived from early DARPA tests
I Office of Research and Development
I National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequent Management Division
Radiological Decontamination Technologies for RDD Recovery
Test Protocols
Coupon preparation
-Lightly brushed/rinsed with Dl
water
-Deposit aqueous Cs-137 (CsCI)
1.0 uCi/coupon
-Measure activity before/after
decon: high purity germanium
detector (Canberra LEGe Model
GL 2825R/S)
-Coupon "ages" for 7-10 days
- Early experiments showed no
significant difference for 7-30 day
aging
-Low RH due to environmental
conditions at INL
I Office of Research and Development
I National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequent Managemen
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Drake
Uri .11-11 SlalOB
Radiological Decontamination Technologies for ROD Recovery
Test Protocols
Facilities
-Initial method development utilized
fume hood
-Horizontal and vertical orientation
with crevices
-Vertical geometry proved to be more
challenging
-9x9-ft stainless steel "wall"
- Pockets for 9 coupons
Radiological
enclosure at INL
I Office of Research and Development
I National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequent Management Division
Radiological Decontamination Technologies for ROD Recovery
Technologies tested to-date BaniettstripcoatTLc
-Strippable coatings (4 products)
-Mechanical methods (5 products)
-Chemical methods (8 products)
-Commercial cleaner on interior
Surfaces (1 product + water baseline)
Interior surfaces cleaned
with Simple Green
River Technologies
Rotating Water-jet
I Office of Research and Development
ANLSuperGel
I National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequent Management Division
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Radiological Decontamination Technologies for RDD Recovery
Strippable coatings
-Tested 4 technologies/ 3 vendors
• CBI DeconGelHOI &1108
« Isotron Orion
• Bartlett Stripcoat TLC
I Office of Research and Development ISUU
I National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequent Management Division
Radiological Decontamination Technologies for RDD Recovery
Mechanical technologies
-Tested 5 technologies/vendors
• CS Unitec (sander)
• River Technologies (rotating water-jet)
• Empire Blast (abrasive blast)
• Dust Director (wire brush)
• Dust Director (diamond flap wheel)
-All utilize effluent capture
I/
I Office of Research and Development
I National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequent Management Division
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Radiological Decontamination Technologies for RDD Recovery
Chemical technologies
-Tested 9 technologies/5 vendors
• EAI Rad-Release I & II
« Rad Decon Solutions Liquid & Foam
• INTEK ND-75 & ND-600
• ANL SuperGel
- Allen-Vanguard SDF
I Office of Research and Development
I National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequent Management Division
41
I
__. Radiological Decontamination Technologies for ROD Recovery
rEPA
Unitod BlaloB
Envtpgnoiwti
AJBHC,
Strippable Coatings Decontamination Efficacy
Decontamination
Technology
Isotron Orion
Decon Gel 1108
Decon Gel 1101
Bartlett Stripcoat TLC
Pre-Decon
Activity
|jCi / Coupon
53.3 ±1.9
1.07 ±0.02
1.10 ±0.03
54.4 ±2.6
Post-Decon
Activity
uCi 1 Coupon
15.3 ±3.8
0.36 ± 0.09
0.60 ± 0.09
36.0 ±6.4
%R
71 .5 ±6.3
67 ±9
49 ±7
33.8 ±10.7
DF
3.7 ±0.8
3.2 ±0.9
1.9 ±0.2
1.5 ±0.2
^^^^^H Office of Research and Development
^^| National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequent Management Division
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£E
ii
En
Ar
•
. Radiological Decontamination Technologies for ROD Recovery
:nF\
|![>I1 S19IOB
vironmtncnl Promotion
Dncv
Chemical Technologies Decontamination Efficacy
Decontamination
Technology*
EAI Rad-Release II
Argonne SuperGel
EAI Rad-Release I
QDS Liquid
INTEK ND-600
QDS Foam
INTEK ND-75
Pre-Decon
Activity
\iC\l Coupon
1.02 + 0.08
1.03 + 0.01
1.11 +0.04
1.10 + 0.03
1.08 + 0.03
1.02 + 0.11
1.12 + 0.05
Post-Decon
Activity
uCi/ Coupon
0.15 + 0.03
0.28 + 0.05
0.34 + 0.14
0.52 + 0.09
0.52 + 0.12
0.49 + 0.07
0.60 + 0.04
%R
85 + 2
73 + 5
71 +13
53 + 7
52 + 12
51+8
47 + 6
DF
7.0 + 1.1
3.8 + 0.7
3.9 + 1.5
2.1 +0.3
2.1 +0.4
2.1 +0.4
1.9 + 0.2
'Allen-Vanguard SDF testing completed Aug 2011 . Data analysis/QA in progress.
^M Office of Research and Development
^1 National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequent Management Division
&
m
Radiological Decontamination Technologies for ROD Recovery
EPA
UnftfdflMn
Emriron«n»ntitl Prowctigr.
Arjencv
Mechanical Technologies Decontamination Efficacy
Decontamination
Technology
DD Wire Brush
DD Diamond Flap Wheel
CSU Sander
RT Rotating Water-jet
EB Grit Blaster
Pre-Decon
Activity
|jCi / Coupon
1.16±0.05
1.13 ±0.07
1.15 ±0.07
1.13 ±0.03
1.17 ±0.04
Post-Decon
Activity
uCi / Coupon
0.72 ±0.09
0.1 2 ±0.09
0.53 ±0.12
0.72 ±0.05
0.03 ±0.03
%R
38 ±7
89 ±8
54 ±10
36 ±4
96 ±3
DF
1.6 ±0.2
14±8.5
2.3 ±0.7
1.6 ±0.09
41 ±21a
^1 Office of Research and Development
^1 National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequent Management Division
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A [-•-*» Radiological Decontamination Technologies for ROD Recovery
£n*ininmflntl*l Prolong!-.
Commercial Cleaner Decontamination Efficacy
Material
Formica
Vinyl Flooring
Granite
Poly coated wood
Painted wallboard
Stainless steel
DF
(Simple Green)
41.3
31.0
1.6
3.1
1.1
39.3
DF
(water)
15.4
25.5
1.1
3.2
1.1
19.3
%R
(Simple Green)
97.60%
96.70%
31.4%
67.20%
9.50%
97.50%
%R
(water)
93.40%
96.00%
7.7%
68.10%
7.30%
94.80%
Conclusions
• Efficacy varies greatly depending on material decontaminated
• Difference between Simple Green® and water not significant for some
materials
• Both Simple Green® and water were ineffective on wallboard and
minimally effective on polyurethane coated wood
•• Office of Research and Development
^| National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequent Management Division
Radiological Decontamination Technologies for ROD Recovery
UnftfdflMn
tnvironin«ntnl
Operational Factors
Some factors are quantitative and some are qualitative
• Decontamination rate (hours/sq meter)
• Secondary waste management
• Cost of materials ($/sq meter)
• Utilities required
• Applicability to irregular surfaces
• Skilled labor requirements
• Extent of portability
• Set-up time
• Surface damage
I Office of Research and Development
I National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequent Management Division
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Radiological Decontamination Technologies for ROD Recovery
Decontamination rate
Time required to decontaminate a surface (hours/sq meter)
Affected by
• Technology type (e.g. chemical spray, mechanical speed, etc)
• Need for multiple steps, repeated applications, dwell time, cure
time, etc.
• Mobility/weight of equipment
• Operator skill requirements
• Surface material and topography
Measured time required to complete treatment per manufacturers
recommended process
Training/set-uptimes not included
Note: Bench scale decon rates should NOT be extrapolated to larger areas by a direct
multiplier. There are many scale-up factors which would need to be considered.
I Office of Research and Development
I National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequent Management Division
Radiological Decontamination Technologies for RDD Recovery
Umfor] SlBlafc
Secondary waste management
Measured as waste volume/area cleaned
(L/m2 or m3/m2)
Affected by
• Technology type (chemical, mechanical)
• Effluent collection method (e.g.
vacuuming, manual coating removal,
absorbent media, etc)
• Need for multiple steps, repeated
applications
• Surface material and topography
Training/set-up waste not included
Bench scale waste generation rates are
considered indicative of waste generation
expected for larger areas.
Figure 5-1. Water running onto othei
coupons.
I Office of Research and Development
I National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequent Management Division
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Radiological Decontamination Technologies for ROD Recovery
Operational Factors
Cost of Materials
Materials cost was reported as $/sq meter cleaned
Labor cost not evaluated
Equipment cost and procurement method (rent vs. buy) not evaluated
One technology tested is available only as a contracted service
Utilities required
Varies by technology. Some require 110v for vacuum or sprayer. One
required diesel powered high pressure water supply or air compressor.
Scale up would require more complex equipment such as large
capacity sprayers/vacuums.
Scale up for some technologies tested would require equipment or
methods not currently available (e.g. large scale wiping method).
I Office of Research and Development
I National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequent Management Division
Radiological Decontamination Technologies for ROD Recovery
Operational Factors
Applicability to irregular surfaces
All technologies were judged to be applicable to irregular surfaces, but
those requiring vacuum removal may prove to be more difficult
depending on the surface and available vacuum attachments.
Skilled labor requirement
For most technologies a brief training
session is adequate. Scale up would
require somewhat more complex
equipment and/or contractor support
with corresponding training
requirements for equipment operation.
All products used while in Level C PPE
Extent of portability
Varies by technology. Some require shore power or ancillary support
equipment (e.g. air compressor, high pressure water)
All technologies tested were judged adequately portable.
^^^^^B Office of Research and Development
^^^^^| National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequent Management Division
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Drake
Radiological Decontamination Technologies for RDD Recovery
Operational Factors
Set-up time
Varies extensively by technology.
Less than 15 minutes for some chemical technologies up to several
hours to a day for others.
Scaled up application would require increased set-uptime consistent
with higher capacity equipment.
Surface damage
Some technologies caused no
visible surface damage, while
others caused some polishing of
the concrete surface.
One mechanical technology
resulted in significant surface
damage (grit blast).
Coupons before/after grit blast
I Office of Research and Development
I National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequent Management Division
Radiological Decontamination Technologies for RDD Recovery
Future Work
-Additional radionuclides
• Americium
• Strontium
• Cobalt
-Additional surface materials
• Asphalt
• Brick
• Limestone
• Ceramic tile/grout
• Metals/glass
-Adaptation of conventional
technologies for radiological application
-New/developmental technologies
• Emphasis on Wide Area
I Office of Research and Development
I National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequent Management Division
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Drake
Radiological Decontamination Technologies for RDD Recovery
NHSRC Rad Team
Emily Snyder, Radiological Team Lead
snvder.emilv@epa.gov. (919) 541-1006
Kathy Hall
hall.kathv@epa.gov. (513) 379-5260
Paul Lemieux
lemieux.paul@epa.gov. (919) 541-0962
John Drake
drake.iohn@epa.gov. (513)235-4273
Jeff Szabo
szabo.jeff@epa.gov. (513) 487-2823
Matthew Magnuson
magnuson.matthew@epa.gov. (513) 569-7321
John Hall
hall.john@epa.gov. (513) 487-2814
Sang Don Lee
lee.sangdon@epa.gov. (919) 541-4531
To download products go to: http://www.epa.gov/nhsrc/pubs.html
I Office of Research and Development
I National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequent Management Division
Radiological Decontamination Technologies for RDD Recovery
I Office of Research and Development
I National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequent Management Division
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Riggs
Assessment of
ROD Contamination Removal
From Laundering
2011 U.S. EPA Decontamination Research and
Development Conference
Emily Snyder (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency)
Karen Riggs (Battelle)
Michael Lindberg (Battelle Pacific Northwest Division)
Background
^Radiation contamination is possible
public threat:
• Release of radiological dispersal device
(ROD)
• Accident at nuclear reactor facilities
^Current recommendation for handling
radioactively contaminated clothing -
take off clothing and bag
^Washing clothing and other soft
porous items may help people living
outside of exclusion zone reduce
their exposure to radiation
BUSINESS SENSITIVE
C-293
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Riggs
Research Objectives
^Determine efficacy of washing to
remove radioactive contamination
from soft porous materials
^Examine fate of radioactive
contamination after washing
• In wastewater
• Within the washing machine
BUSINESS SENSITIVE
Experimental Approach
^Identify and demonstrate methods for:
• Deposition of cesium chloride (Cs-137) on material
swatches
• Measuring activity of swatches before and after
deposition
• Measuring residual activity of washing machine used to
launder contaminated material swatches
demonstrated methods:
Evaluate efficacy of laundering for removing radioactive
contamination from swatches
Evaluate eventual disposition of activity
BUSINESS SENSITIVE
C-294
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Riggs
Materials and Equipment
^Material Swatches
• 15 cm x 15 cm
• Polyester and cotton
• Pre-washed
^Cs-137
• Strong gamma emitter
• Likely candidate for ROD
• Isotope associated with nuclear accidents
• Cesium chloride solution
^Activity detectors
• Broad energy germanium (BEGe)
• High purity germanium (HPGe) system
• Geiger-Mueller survey instrument
BUSINESS SENSITIVE
Materials and Equipment (Cont'd)
^Washing Machine
• Front loading, low volume, used
• Liquid Tide® HE detergent
• Setup for wastewater collection
• Installed inside radiological
containment laboratory
BUSINESS SENSITIVE
C-295
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Riggs
Experimental Procedures
^Material Swatch Contamination
• Activity measured before and spiking
• Approximately <200 pCi before spiking
(swatch background)
• Each test and positive control swatch spiked
with ~2 uCi of Cs-137 before laundering
BUSINESS SENSITIVE
Test Matrix
Material
Wash/Rinse
Temperature
# of Test
Swatches
Cotton
Hot/Cold
Cotton
Cold/Cold
Polyester
Cold/Cold
Quality Control Samples
•Positive control - swatch spiked with Cs-137, and not washed
•Procedural blank - swatch not spiked with Cs-137, and washed with
each test swatch
•Machine blanks - swatch not spiked with Cs-137, washed between
loads with contaminated test swatches
BUSINESS SENSITIVE
C-296
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Riggs
Experimental Results - Method Demonstration
-137 Application on
Material Swatches
• Consistent across replicate
swatches (cotton and
polyester) - 3% RSD
• Consistent across two BEGe
detectors - 2% RSD
Swatch Detection Limit
0.000185 |jCi (20 min
counting time)
BUSINESS SENSITIVE
Experimental Results
^Positive Controls
• Contaminated and handled in same manner as Cs-137
spiked test swatches; processed through all procedures
except washing (drying after contamination,
measurement of radioactivity before and after run load)
• No significant difference between pre- and post-
activities - indicating activity is not lost due to
experimental procedures
Sample
Pre Activity
QiCi)
Post Activity
Cotton 1
Cotton 2
Cotton 3
Polyester 1
Polyester 2
,„ Polyester 3
1
2
2
1
1
1
98
03
01
90
96
96
±
±
±
±
±
±
0.09
0.09
0.09
0.08
0.09
0.08
1.96
1.97
1.98
1.90
1.91
1.92
±
±
±
±
±
±
0
0
0
0
0
0
09
09
09
08
08
AO
BUSINESS SENSITIVE _
C-297
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Experimental Results
^Procedural Blanks
• Not spiked with
Cs-137
• Washed with each
Cs-137 spiked test
swatch
Procedural
Blank
Cotton 1
Cotton 2
Cotton 3
Cotton 4
Cotton 5
Cotton 6
Cotton 7
Cotton 8
Cotton 9
Cotton 10
Polyester 1
Polyester 2
Polyester 3
Polyester 4
Polyester 5
Activity
14 ±
14 ±
16 ±
15 ±
15 ±
13 ±
15 ±
14 ±
15 ±
14 ±
0.38 ±
0.71 ±
0.80 ±
0.64 ±
0.45 ±
(nCi)
1.1
1.0
1.4
1.0
1.3
1.2
1.2
0.95
1.3
1.4
0.056
0.077
0.091
0.074
0.075
11 n
Experimental Results
^Machine blanks
• Not spiked with Cs-137; washed in separate
loads run between loads with Cs-137 spiked
test swatches
• Activity <0.00026 |jCi
• Suggest contamination
may not transfer from
load to load
^Residual Contamination
in Washing Machine
• 0.07 uCi
Machine
Blank
BLK1
BLK2
BLK3
BLK4
BLK5
BLK6
Washed
Between
Loads
Loads 1 and 3
Loads 3 and 5
Loads 5 and 7
Loads 8 and 10
Loads 10 and
12
Loads 15 and
17
Activity
(nCi)
<0.21
<0.23
<0.20
<0.26
<0.25
<0.24
BUSINESS SENSITIVE
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Experimental Results
Laundering of Contaminated Swatches
aterial
Cotton
Cotton
Polyester
Cotton**
Wash/Rinse
Temperature
Hot/Cold
Cold/Cold
Cold/Cold
Cold/Cold
Average*
Percent
Removal
94% ± 0.46%
96% ± 0.97%
97% ± 0.28%
92%
Average*
Decontamination
Factor
18
25
30
12
•Decontamination Factor (unit less) = Activity pre-Wash/Activity post-Wash
•Percent removal = [1 - (Activity post-Wash/Activity pre-Wash)] x 100%
*Five replicates
**Without detergent; preliminary results
BUSINESS SENSITIVE
Experimental Results
Activity of Washing Machine Wastewater
Material
Wash/Rinse
Temperature
Cotton Hot/Cold
Cotton Cold/Cold
Polyester Cold/Cold
Machine
Blank
Average
Activity
for 5
Individual
Washes
(pCi/mL)
86 ± 2.6
83 ±5.8
89 ±2.9
Average
Total
Activity/
Load
(uCi)
Based
Upon 20 L
collected
1.7
1.7
1.8
<0.04
BUSINESS SENSITIVE
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Experimental Results
Material Balance
vs
Pre-Wash
Test Swatch
Post-Wash
Test Swatch
and
Procedural Blank
o
Washing Machine
Wastewater
Wash/Rinse *****
Material T Material
Temperature Ba|ance
Cotton Hot/Cold 96%
Cotton Cold/Cold 92%
Polyester Cold/Cold 95%
BUSINESS SENSITIVE
Conclusions
^Preliminary results indicate laundering can
significantly reduce radiation contamination
from clothing
^Majority of activity from contaminated
clothing ends up in wastewater
^Slight differences observed in effectiveness
between materials (may be within
experimental variability)
^Additional studies ongoing to
evaluate effect of multiple
wash cycles, full load, and
use of no detergent
BUSINESS SENSITIVE
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Disclaimer of Endorsement
Reference herein to any specific commercial products,
process, or service by trade name, trademark,
manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily
constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or
favoring by the United States Government.
The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do
not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States
Government, and shall not be used for advertising or
product endorsement purposes.
BUSINESS SENSITIVE
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Snyder
&EPA
Simulated Pressure Washing for
Removal of IND Fallout Particles
EPA's 2011 Decontamination Research and
Development Conference
Emily Snyder1, RickDemmer2, and Ryan James3
1 EPA/ORD/NHSRC
2 Idaho National Laboratory
3 Battelle
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division.
xvEPA
UmtBiJ Siales
Outline of Presentation
Why is this work being done and what is being
learned from this study?
What is the goal and how do we accomplish this goal?
Results related questions
-How do we generate the fallout simulant for ground
level detonation in an urban environment?
-What is the efficacy of simulated pressure washing
for removal of this fallout?
-What are the operational parameters of this
technology?
Where do we go next?
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Snyder
&EPA Significance and Impact of this Research
Assessment of how well gross decontamination
technologies remove IND fallout particles from
surfaces representative of critical infrastructure and
response assets.
How these technologies can best be implemented in
the field during a response
Who uses this information:
-NIRT
-EPA Special Teams
-EPA On-Scene Coordinators
-DOD
O FPA Gross Decontamination Technologies
United Slales
• Decon method Howeasvto ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^B
^^HlUUfllllH implement? ^^^^^^^^^^^1
Fire hose rinsing
Fire hose w/ detergent
Fire hose w/ detergent and
scrubbing
Street vacuum sweeping
Street flushing
Pressure washing
Steam cleaning
Broom / hand sweeping
Indoor surface vacuuming/
washing
Lawn mowing
Soil plowing/turning
Earthmoving (removal of top soil)
Sealing / painting
Strippable coating
Sand / media blasting
Road heater/planer
Easy
Easy
Moderate
Easy
Easy
Moderate
Moderate
Easy
Moderate
Easy
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Difficult
Difficult
Difficult
3
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Snyder
Existing Data on Decontamination of Fallout
Civil Defense Era decon data used
sand for evaluations of gross
decontamination technologies
Other decon data collected from
Chernobyl - NPP fallout # IND fallout
in terms of chemical composition and
particle size
Based fallout composition for these
current studies on recent outputs
from Oak Ridge National
Laboratory's modeling efforts using
DELFIC and ORIGEN codes
I—1 mm—|
Fused-silicate sand fallout particle from the
Nevada Sugar ground burst, 1951 taken from:
http://glasstone.blogspot.com/2007/03/dr-carl-f-
millers-fallout-and.html
Fallout composition in urban
environment somewhat different than
sand
United Slates
Experimental Approach
Generating Fallout Particles
Particles must be generated that are similar in size and chemical
composition
-Attempted to simulate the particle size distribution from surface burst
tests
• A bimodal log normal particle size distribution ranging from submicron
to 1000s of micron
• Particle size dependent on the weapon, meteorological conditions and
the surface where the weapon is detonated
C-304
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Snyder
Experimental Approach
Generating Fallout Particles
Chemical composition -
According to ORNL model
fallout particles for a ground
level detonation in an urban
environment will be made
up of whatever the local soil
composition is
Vaporized material forms
small metallic oxide
particles which become
radioactive through
dissolution of fission
products into the metal
Particles of dirt that are swept into the fireball incorporate
radionuclides through condensation of fission products on the surface
of the particles or through agglomeration with the metal oxide particles
xvEPA
Experimental Approach
Generating and Applying Fallout Particles
• Particles made up of 75% cesium specific aluminosilicate adsorbent
(sized with a mortar and pestle so the particles will pass through a 710
urn sieve) and 25% kaolinite clay (300 urn sieve)
• Tagged with cesium (a fission product) because already completed
method development for cesium on urban material coupons
• Deposition method included sprinkling particles from mesh-covered
plastic bottles; relative standard deviation for amount applied less than
10%
• Fallout particle mass contamination level = 6.7-11.1 mg/cm2. This is a
low mass range according to the fallout decon literature, but lower
contamination levels have been shown to be more difficult to decon
• Surface activity for cesium = 26 nCi/cm2
C-305
4
-------
Snyder
Surface Selection
Concrete selected because of its
prevalence as an urban building material
(also found on many types of critical
infrastructure) and porosity
Have well characterized concrete samples
left over from DTRA studies at INL
(cementwater ratio, percent air
entrainment, admixtures, the ratio of
tricalcium silicate and dicalcium aluminate,
etc. are known)
These coupons are used in NHSRC's
other technology evaluations
'
xvEPA
Particle Deposition
C-306
-------
Snyder
Simulated Pressure Washer
River Technologies, LLC 3-Way
Decontamination Rotating Water Jet
(RWJ) System
Chosen to simulate pressure
washing
The RWJ connects to a standard
high pressure washer (cold or hot
water) and an air-powered vacuum
recovery system
The RWJ consists of a pressure
washer spray tool equipped with
rotating spray nozzles enclosed by a
vacuum shroud
xvEPA
Video of RWJ Operation
C-307
6
-------
Snyder
Un.terJ Siaios
.imtal PrcU'retion
Testing Procedures
All coupons placed into glove bag
for deposition
Five coupons had simulant
deposited onto surface, procedural
blank did not
Coupons taken out of glove bag
and bagged separately for pre-
decon measurement
After measurement, all six
coupons placed into glove bag for
decontamination
Perform decon on a each of five
test coupons and procedural blank
Take coupons out for post decon
measurement
RH and Temperature were
measured
.
ORTEC portable high purity
germanium detector counting Cs-137
gamma radiation on a concrete
coupon 12
xvEPA
Video of Testing
C-308
-------
Snyder
Percent Removal and Decon Factor Data
Dry Vacuum
Only
rage Standard Average Standard
Deviation in DF Deviation in
95.4
1.6
14.1
2.7
Ambient Water
RWJ
97.5
0.7
15.8
3.8
Hot Water RWJ
97.3
0.7
17.9
5.0
No significant difference in percent removals for
ambient and hot water RWJ
Summary of Percent Removal Data
united Slales
Environmental Protection
Agency
Dry Vac Average
Cold Water RWJ Average
Hot Water RWJ Average
C-309
8
-------
Snyder
Specifications for Vacuum
Nederman Inc., Westland,
Michigan
-Norclean Model NE52
-Compressed air powered:
Requires 106 cubic feet per
minute (cfm) at 100 psi
-Vacuum: -7.5 psi (typical
Shop-Vac, ~-2 psi)
-Air flow: 200 cfm
Diesel-powered air compressor
Vacuum unit and collection reservoir
xvEPA
tat) Slales
Environmental PrcHOC
Agency
How do these results compare to other nuclear fallout
decontamination testing?
Concrete 6.7-11.1
Concrete 6.7-11.1
Concrete 6.7-11.1
Concrete
Asphalt
Asphalt 4.09-
5.45
Concrete 21.5
RWJ Ambient
RWJ Hot
RWJ Vacuum
Only
Street Flusherl
Street Flusher1
Firehosing (5/8
inch nozzle)2
Motorized Street
Sweeper
(optimized
conditions -
single pass)3
1 Clark and Cobbin, Removal of Simulated Fallout from Pavements by Conventionial Street Flushers, 1964
2Wiltshire, L. L; Owen, W. L. Three Tests of Firehosing Technique Equipment for the Removal of Fallout from Asphalt Streets and
Roofing Materials; U.S. Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory: San Francisco, California, 1966. 17
3Clark, D. E.; Cobbin, W. C. Removal Effectiveness of Simulated Dry Fallout from Paved Areas by Motorized and Vacuumized Street
Sweepers; USNRDL-TR-746; U.S. Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory: San Francisco, California, 1963.
C-310
9
-------
Snyder
Operational Considerations for RWJ
Decontamination rate
- 15 sec per 225 cm2 coupon (~900 cm2/min), rate typical for
application of the RWJ (vendor determined)
Applicability to irregular surfaces
-Use on non-flat surfaces problematic because of possible
interference with the rotating jets
-Vertical or horizontal flat surfaces would be acceptable
Skilled labor requirement
-Brief training session would be required, but no specialized
skills
Utilities requirement
-High pressure water and air
United Slates
Operational Considerations for RWJ:
• Extent of portability
-Dependent on availability of utilities; gas/diesel fuel-powered
compressors make portability very possible
• Secondary waste management
-Secondary waste includes 2.5 gal water per minute (at ~ 2500
psi) of tool use (collected by vacuum). Corresponds to 15 sec
per coupon so about 0.6 gal per coupon.
-It was solidified with a desiccant and disposed as solid waste.
• Surface damage
-No visible surface damage
• Cost
-$900 for the tool that would need to be connected to a standard
pressure washer (does not include labor or waste cost) 19
C-311
10
-------
Snyder
Conclusions and Future Work:
Conclusions:
- RWJ is a slow decontamination method - use of this
technology would not be feasible for response phase activities
but would be feasible for small areas during final cleanup
activities
-Pressure washing is likely a good method for removing fallout
from surfaces and could be used for response phase gross
decontamination activities
- Issues with reaersolization and runoff when using standard
pressure washer- can add shroud to off the shelf pressure
washers
Future work:
- Vehicle decontamination
- Vacuum cleaning with standard HEPA vacuum
Acknowledgements
FEMA NIRT Program for funding
MACWG (Vince Jodoin, ORNL) for input on the fallout
particle composition
Disclaimer:
The views expressed in this presentation are those of the authors and do
not necessarily reflect views or policies of the U.S. EPA. Mention of trade
names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or
recommendation for use.
C-312
11
-------
Desrosiers
RN Decontamination Capability
Development at DRDC Ottawa: The
Move to 85Sr Decontamination Testing
2011 US EPA Decontamination Research and
Development Conference
November 2011
Presented by: Marc Desrosiers
far \aaUanmC*aaa
One Topic of Research at DRDC Ottawa
Radiological/Nuclear Groups is Contaminated
Environment which covers:
1. Hazard avoidance,
2. Personal protective equipment (PPE) with integrated RN specific
protection,
3. Contaminated equipment hazard assessment tools (detectors,
detection systems),
4. Decontamination procedures and protocols,
5. Integrated contaminated environments hazard assessment and
decision tool,
6. Training.
C-313
-------
Desrosiers
Current and Past Decontamination Areas of ™»
Interest
• Testing decontamination methods for protocol development
- CRTI-02-0067RD Restoration of Facilities and Areas after a Chemical, Biological, Radiological
and Nuclear Event (EC Lead).
- CRTI-06-0169TA Universal Surface Decontamination Formulation.
• Sensitive equipment
- Canadian Forces Decontamination Of Sensitive Equipment (CFDOSE).
• Process Cost
- CRTI-04-0019TD Field Demonstration of Advanced Chemical, Biological, Radiological and
Nuclear (CBRN) Decontamination Technologies (Little House on the Prairie) (EC Lead).
• ROD contamination interaction
- CRTI-06-0156RD ROD Contamination Interactions with Urban Surfaces.
• Decision Procedures and Tools
- Decontamination Decision Tool (DDT).
Decontamination Protocol (Procedures) Development
and Past Decontamination Experiment.
C-314
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Desrosiers
Development of Protocols: Isotopes
- Have used Na 24, Tc 99m and La 140 in various chemical and physical
forms.
- Short Half Life (less than 15 days) Isotopes are ideal for the development
of procedures and allow us to build safety cases for the use of longer lived
isotopes.
- This has allowed us to use Sr 85, and Ac 225 recently.
- We are also exploring the possibility of using Ir 192 and Ba/Cs 131 in the
near future.
Example of Protocol development
• Contamination procedures developed from our short half
lives isotope work:
- Salt Shaker for powders
• DRDCO-RAD-SOP-0003 Surface Contamination Using the Salt Shaker Method
- Pipette for liquids.
• DRDCO-RAD-SOP-0013 Surface Contamination using the Pipette Method
- We have also used a "puff" method for contamination and airborne
contamination for PPE testing
- We are also working on the development of a micro spray technique to
disseminate small volume, uniform surface contamination.
• Above techniques were all developed using short half life
isotopes. This experience then allows us to migrate the
techniques to longer lived isotopes.
C-315
-------
Desrosiers
Other procedures have also been developed and adopted
from our short half lives isotope work:
- Decontamination Procedures
• HEPA Vacuum
- DRDCO-RAD-SOP-0004 Surface Decontamination Using the
Vacuum Method.
• Small Scale Foam
- DRDCO-RAD-SOP-0001 Preparation, Application, and Removal
of Decontamination Foam.
- Measurement Procedures
• Linearity over the range of activities.
• Precision and Reproducibility.
• HPGe total contamination.
• SVG2 determination of surface contamination.
The move to Sr 85 for Decontamination
Testing
• DRDC Ottawa definition of a medium half life radioisotope is between
15 to 75 days.
• This defines Sr 85 as a medium lived isotopes (64.7 days).
• A medium half life isotope allows the waste management to be done
on site in a practical way. Waste storage is less than 2 years with no
disposal issues.
• Sr 85 is a replacement for Sr 90 for decontamination experiments;
- Unlike Sr 90, Sr 85 is a gamma emitter (514 keV).
- It has a shorter half life than Sr 90 (28.5 years).
- It is commercially available compared to other Sr isotopes (Sr 82 is
available, but it often comes with Sr 85).
- Medium half life isotopes are practical to keep in stock, on site, compared
to short half life isotopes that need to be replenished for each experiment.
C-316
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Desrosiers
Recent Strontium 85 Decontamination —
Testing
• What we used for testing:
- Initial Stock:
• Chemical form SrCI2 in solution of 1 N HCI.
• 18.5 MBq (500 nCi).
• 0.084 ml_ volume of Stock
- Diluted depending on activity concentration required.
• Recent Experiments using Sr 85.
- Two experiments as part of CRTI-06-0169TA Universal Surface
Decontamination lead by Environment Canada.
- One experiment as part of CRTI-06-0156RD ROD Contamination
Interactions with Urban Surfaces. An agreement for this experimentation
exists between the Government of Canada and the Ministry of Defence of
the Federal Republic of Germany. This was done during an RN
decontamination workshop.
CRTI-06-0169TA Universal Surface
Decontamination: First Experiment
• First time DRDC Ottawa used Sr 85
for decontamination experiments.
• Experimental setup:
- Surface tested concrete.
- 3 coupons per decontamination solution.
- Size of surface 5 cm by 5 cm.
- Contamination as DRDC O pipetting SOP.
• 4 large (50 |oJ) dots for contamination.
• 12.5 kBq/coupons (500 Bq/cm2).
• Contamination different than EC spiking.
• Approximately 24 hours between
contamination and decontamination
10
C-317
-------
Desrosiers
CRTI-06-0169TA Universal Surface
Decontamination First Test
• The decontamination formulations tested
were:
Deionised water.
Deionised water with salts.
- Surface Decontamination Formulation (SDF).
- Modified SDF.
• Application process defined by client
Measurements
• Using ORTEC Trans-SPEC 100 (40% HPGe).
• Peak Analysis done using ORTEC Isotopic Supervisor.
- Peak used 514 keV
- ROI From 511.6 to 516.0 keV
• Linearity/precision per DRDC Ottawa procedures
• No Decay correction used (only 2 day experiment)
12
C-318
-------
Desrosiers
Preliminary Results
• Precision: 2 percent
Sample ID
SDF-1
SDF-2
SDF-3
Water- 1
Water-2
Water-3
MOD-1
MOD-2
MOD-3
Water Salts-1
Water Salts-2
Water Salts-3
Bkg1
Bkq2
Bkg3
Bkg4
Bkg5
Pre Decon
Time
935
937
940
954
958
1000
943
947
951
1004
1008
1012
930
1043
1140
1357
1500
Net Cnts in ROI
7881
7667
7417
8282
7625
8076
7826
7700
7982
8050
7425
7782
0
0
4
4
8
Post Decon
Time
1401
1405
1408
1412
1415
1418
1422
1426
1429
1437
1441
1444
Net Cnts in ROI
7350
7075
6802
7503
6755
7398
6893
5708
7045
7108
6191
6696
% Removed
6.74
7.72
8.29
9.41
11.41
8.40
11.92
25.87
11.74
11.70
16.62
13.96
Average I
7.58I
9.74I
16.51|
14.091
13
CRTI-06-0169TA Universal Surface
Decontamination: Second Experiment
• Repeat of the first with the following changes:
- Used 4 coupons for each case.
- The decontamination formulation tested were:
• Deionised water.
• Surface Decontamination Formulation (SDF).
• Modified SDF.
- used 20 small (1 |oJ) dots.
- Less dilution of initial stock (higher HCI concentration)
- 7.1 kBq/coupons (280 Bq/cm2)
14
C-319
-------
Desrosiers
Preliminary Results
• Precision 3 percent.
• Background was 0 counts.
Sample ID
SDF-1
SDF-2
SDF-3
SDF-4
MOD-1
MOD-2
MOD-3
MOD-4
Water-1
Water-2
Water-3
Water-4
Pre Decon
Net Cnts in ROI
897
836
1014
747
855
817
1083
1048
1020
938
995
725
Post Decon
Net Cnts in ROI
873
874
837
700
820
735
938
889
866
929
945
675
% Removed
2.68%
-4.55%
17.46%
6.29%
4.09%
10.04%
13.39%
15.17%
15.10%
0.96%
5.03%
6.90%
Average I
5.47% I
10.67% I
6.99% I
15
CRTI-06-0156RD and German MOU
• Repeat of the first 169TA experiment with the following
changes:
- The decontamination formulation tested were:
• deionised water.
• Radiological Decontamination Solution (RDS 2000).
- CARC painted steel used in the experiment in addition to concrete.
16
C-320
-------
Desrosiers
Results
• Precision 3 percent
• Back ground 3 counts
| Concrete
1 CARC
1 Concrete
1 CARC
1 Concrete
1 CARC
17
Sample ID
RDS1-con
RDS2-con
RDS3-con
RDS4-met
RDS5-met
RDS6-met
wateM -con
water2-con
water3-con
water4-met
waterS-met
waters-met
Initial Counts
1643
1503
1595
1521
1473
1574
1504
1476
1477
1469
1511
1419
1st Post decon
1429
1415
1431
317
338
373
1419
1522
1447
288
425
300
% Decon
13%
6%
10%
79%
77%
76%
6%
-3%
2%
80%
72%
79%
Sample ID
RDS1-con
RDS2-con
RDS3-con
RDS4-met
RDS5-met
RDS6-met
2nd Post Decon
1478
1435
1399
147
193
189
Total % Decon
10.04%
4.52%
12.29%
90.34%
86.90%
87.99%
Average
9%
88%
Average I
10%|
78%l
2%|
77%|
Future Development
• Possible third experiment for CRTI-06-0169TA.
Neutralizing the strontium solution
• Development of micro spray contamination for replicate
surface contamination and possible dry deposition
(currently no dry method for Sr 85)
• Using other medium half life isotopes (Ir 192).
18
C-321
-------
Desrosiers
Conclusion
DRDC Ottawa has successfully and safely performed
many contamination/decontamination experiments using
short half life isotopes.
Using the experience gained,
- We are now moving to longer lived isotopes.
- Developing new procedures for contamination
- Expanding our research capability (PPE testing and evaluation)
19
C-322
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Boe
2/15/2012
v>EPA
ROD WASTE ESTIMATION
SUPPORT TOOL TO
IDENTIFY TRADEOFFS
BETWEEN WASTE
MANAGEMENT AND
REMEDIATION
STRATEGIES
T. Boe
Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education
P. Lemieux, J. Wood, E. Snyder
US EPA, Office of Research and Development
D. Schultheisz, T. Peake
US EPA Office of Radiation and Indoor Air
M. lerardi
US EPA Office of Resource Conservation and Recovery
C. Hayes and M. Rodgers
Eastern Research Group
Outline
Why are we doing this?
Project objectives
Background
Methodology
Results
Implications
New enhancements
\-
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Centei
C-323
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Boe
2/15/2012
Why We Are Doing This Work?
* *^
ROD waste management issues linked with
decontamination and restoration timeline
Waste decisions need to be made early
-Pre-selection of disposal options
-Identification for triage/staging/storage areas
Tool for Liberty RadEx (April 2010) to examine waste
issues
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Centei
Project Objectives
» »
1st order estimate of waste from radiological incident
Tool that can be used for planning and response
Use commercially available software/databases,
NARAC plume models
Adjust parameters based on decontamination,
demolition options
Ability to perform sensitivity analysis on results
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Centei
C-324
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Boe
2/15/2012
Methodology
Estimates
-Mass
-Volume
-Activity
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Cent
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Cenl
Latest Version: GIS Tools
WEST Toolbox
J>« Image Zone 1
J1* Image Zone 2
J.-9 Image Zone 3
J*» Intersect 1
ji Intersect 3
J>« Rejuvenate 1
3-1* Rejuvenate 2
Satellite ImagervTool
Unload Table To Text
C-325
-------
Boe
2/15/2012
Latest Version: Surface Detection
Application
Carved Satellite Imagery
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Centei
Segmented Concrete
vvEPA
HAZUS-MH Database Tool
Waste Estimation Support Tool
- HAZUS DATABASE EXTRACTION TOOL-
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Centei
C-326
4
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Boe
2/15/2012
Radionuclide Selection
RDD Waste Estimation Tool
ROD Waste Estimation Tool
Scenario Name | Event 1
Radio nutlKfes Present
Time Sapsed Srxe Inibal Deposition | 30 days
Area Ursts
per | m2
Zone 1 Activity Zone 2 Activity Zone 3 Activity Includes Daughter?
lGd-153
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center
r>tl*l Pralnclior,
\-
Adjustable Parameters
*
Demolition/decontamination % for each zone
% Distribution of decontamination technologies
(includes solid/aqueous waste, removed material per
unit area)
-Washing
-Abrasive removal
-Strippable coatings
-2 optional "generic" decontamination technologies
-"No decontamination" option
-NOTE: Decontamination factors not included at this
point
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Centei
C-327
-------
Boe
2/15/2012
Decon/Demolition Parameters
RDD Waste Estimation Tool
RDD Waste Estimation Tool
Decontamination/Demolition Parameter
i1 Home PartitorwiQ & Remaong Activity
WasteResute [idj Waste Graphs
Zone 1 r Zone 2 r Zone 3
Decontaminate I %
v-ev-' or Modify Buttng Parameters
Derooteh %
Wew or Modify Surface Mateni Properties View or Modify DecootamnaOai TedmHjue ProperUes
Dust Suppresaon Technology [ None _
View or Modfy Dus t SURXCSSKXI Tetfmotog r Parameters
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Centei
H,Pr, , Remaining Activity
Agency
RDD Waste Estimation Tool ~^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ft
Wfja RDD Waste Estimation Tool
SjgjSjl Partitioning and Remaining Activity
• _i r« r^3
Acttvitv at Depratioo
1 ..•.•:,,,••-• Asphalt St
|Cs 13-1 | 8.00E402
|Cs-137/Ba-137lm j LOOE403
WBV or Modifv Source Partttomng Factors
h Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Cent
I DecontotnoPar^ttfS 1
«" ArtvityatDepoation C Remanna Acttvity at t
5trwts
dewalk* /Concrete Soil Exterior Wflfc F
Event 1
oofs Interior Floors Interior Walt
6.CCC402 [ 8.00E-f02 | 4.00E402 | 8.00E-W2 [ S.OOE-fOl | 4.(XE+01
I.OCC+03 | 1.00E403 | 5.00E402 |
|
r
•QOE+Q3 | LOOE-H12 | B-OOE-KJl
C-328
6
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Boe
2/15/2012
Liberty RadEx Plume Files
Zone 1 (Red)
1,000 [iCUm2
Zone 2 (Orange)
2 Year PAG
240 MCi/m2
Zone 3 (Yellow)
50 Year PAG
112 [iCUm2
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research G
[
oEPA LRE Default Demolition/Decon
UrnterJ Slates
Assumptions Used
Media
Asphalt
Concrete
Soil
Ext. Walls
Roofs
Int. Walls
Floors
Zone 1:
90% demolition, 10%
decontamination
1" removal
1" removal
6" removal
1 mm removal
1 mm removal
1 mm removal
1 " removal
Zone 2:
10% demolition, 90%
decontamination
1 " removal - 70%
Wash - 30%
1 " removal - 70%
Wash - 30%
6" removal
1 mm removal - 20%
Wash - 80%
1 mm removal - 20%
Wash - 80%
1 mm removal - 20%
Wash - 30%
Strip. Coat. -50%
1 " removal
Zone 3
10% demolition, 90%
decontamination
1" removal -70%
Wash - 30%
1" removal -70%
Wash - 30%
6" removal
Wash
1 mm removal - 20%
Wash - 80%
1 mm removal - 20%
Wash - 30%
Strip. Coat. - 50%
1" removal -50%
Wash - 50%
^^M Office of Research and Development
H National Homeland Security Research Center
C-329
-------
Boe
2/15/2012
<>EFV\ Results: "View Summary"
United SlalPB /
Emriron'T'nntiil F'mlnchnn
Affmcy
Demolition and Decontam nation Waste Summary
(MiiUdnM
ZOMl iMHtl
towttea
*™m,» «M« A
P^milMiwMtnm «.OM II
Total IS.«4i 19
jStWMr*
LI-HI. .i,ti,.. ',>.'»t4.Mi t-1 IS
(< ininin*«.n - !.*,*«•. I"
Ttfd SJJMft,M? It r,-1r, ',*
n«<*( Ckcnnunuiunon l Itn ittMi lion- Hi* Wait
i^nUir.Mi (H .l!(i,',i:.*! I
tAW 27.5S .711.77 r 42.071 ,9ll.i;; L
M66 37.704JI7.JH 4J.JM.n$.7fiS t.
v>EPA
United GiaiDs
Waste V
7.6%
21.1% / • ~~r " >.
i-i%/^5i \//
m ™^
10.9%\ .S^
0.2%-^
0.1%-| ^v x
0,1% J ^ -^^
h Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center
olume %
5 9%
D Asphalt
IK • Concrete
\ D Soils
\ D Exterior Walls
I • Roofs
I • Interior Walls
/ • Interior Floors
/ D Coating Waste
/ • Demolition Waste
53.1%
C-330
8
-------
Boe
2/15/2012
Est. Solid Waste Activity by Vol % (nCi/m3)
10.3%
25.8%
10.8%
51.8%
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Centei
• 1 to 10
a 10 to 100
n 100 to 1000
• 1000 to 10000
D 10000 to 100000
• > 100000
vvEPA
3500
Results: Cost vs. Disposal Option
Potential Decision Points
(considering cost while still being protective)
1.E+00
1.E+01
1.E+02
1.E+03
1.E+04
1.E+05
1.E+06
Maximum Activity Level to Allow for RCRA Disposal (uCi/m3)
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Centei
NOTE: Assumed $300/m3 for RCRA disposal and $5000/m3 for LLRW disposal
* Where RCRA disposal is protective of public health and safety
C-331
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Boe
2/15/2012
Implications Identified by the Tool
*
Need to consider waste when selecting
decontamination options
Advantages of on-site treatment to reduce waste
-Soil is prime candidate for on-site treatment
-Soil washing technology inadequacies suggest
research need
Identifies starting point for policy discussions
-Use of RCRA-permitted disposal facilities for
minimally-contaminated materials
-Use of LLRW capacity for materials contaminated at
higher levels
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Centei
&EFA Current Timeline for Development
:,*»_ of Waste Estimate
Import study regions into HAZUS-MH and export
building stock data. (ArcGIS Script)
Analyze study region satellite imagery to generate
outdoor media estimate. (Image Segmentation Tool)
Calculations on building parameter data to convert
HAZUS-MH data into MS Access database needed for
ROD Waste Estimation Spreadsheet. (HAZUS
Database Tool)
Load ROD Waste Estimation application and generate
waste estimate (MS Excel)
Current completion time: ~8 Hours
Completion time for new version <1 Hour
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Centei
C-332
10
-------
Boe
2/15/2012
Other Features in New Version
Ability to save scenarios so that multiple estimates can
be generated and saved without having to completely
recreate the spreadsheet
Multiple radionuclides and daughter products
Ability to export the full spreadsheet to bypass GUI so
that sensitivity analysis could be performed using
software like Crystal Ball
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Centei
Potential Future Enhancements
Structure Analysis
• Provides detailed estimation of building
height and square footage
• Potential for discriminating biomass
types
Detection of buildings and other entities
contained within provided imagery to
increase functionality
\-
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Centei
t&,^.S#ir^.AtWJC^«!pT._W,:
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Other Future Plans
Inclusion of decontamination effectiveness
Inclusion of decontamination costs and time
Inclusion of transportation cost, logistics, and time
Ability to update pattern recognition algorithm
Users can add custom surface types
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Centei
vvEPA
Disclaimer
Reference herein to any specific commercial
products, process, or service by trade name,
trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not
necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement,
recommendation, or favoring by the United States
Government. The views and opinions of authors
expressed herein do not necessarily state or
reflect those of the United States Government, and
shall not be used for advertising or product
endorsement purposes.
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Centei
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Thank You
Contact Info:
Paul Lemieux
lemieux.paul@epa.gov
919-541-0962
Tim Boe
boe.timothv@epa.gov
919-541-2482
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Centei
C-335
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Miller
USDA Approach to Premises
Cleaning and Disinfection
frx
Animal Disease Outbreak Response
Lori P. Miller, PE
USDA APHIS
Lori.p.miller@aphis.usda.gov
Protecting Animal Agricu
Laws and Regulations
Animal Health Protection Act - Delegates APHIS the
authority to regulate animal health activities
9 Code of Federal Regulations - Animals and Animal
Products; Subchapter B-Cooperative Control and
Eradication of Livestock or Poultry Diseases
- Cleaning and Disinfection of premises as approved by APHIS
- Producer responsible for cost of cleaning and disinfecting
premises
- APHIS typically pays indemnity for animals ordered destroyed
Protecting Animal Agriculture
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Strategic Plans
NAHEMS Guidefines
Industry Manuals
Disease Response
Overview
This website is intended to serve as a collabo
• FAD PReP Brochure (Feb 2010}
The APHIS
Critical Activity SOPs
Continuity of Business
• Secure Egg Supply
Milk Supplv
oreign Animal Di5 = a = e PrqHHWnem MX3 R«SpOfW« "Ian (FAD PReP)
ident Management System (NIMS), and the National Animal Health E
?arate and synch
nt System (NAH
tdustry. Academic
nd Resources
NAHEMS GUIDELINES:
CLEANING AND DISINFECTION
FAD PReP
Foreign Animal Disease
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FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES:
15, CLEANING AND DISINFECTION
FAD PReP
Foreign Animal Disease
Preparedness & Response Plan
National Center for Animal
Health Emergency Management
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Depopulation,
Disposal,
Cleaning and
Disinfecting
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Site Assessment
Meeting with the premises owner to:
• Conduct a property assessment (i.e., location
of electricity poles and lines, underground
cables, phone lines, fuse box, meter, etc.)
• Determine areas and items requiring C&D
• Identify areas requiring specific
decontamination action
• Identify any potential hazardous situations
• Identify the location of drainage and run off.
Protecting Animal Agriculture
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I. Description/Map of the premises
layout
II. Definition of the area to be cleaned
and disinfected
III. Identification of staging areas for:
Vehicles and heavy equipment
Personnel;
Small equipment
IV. Selection of cleaning agents and
disinfectants
V. Outline of specific cleaning and
disinfection steps
Dry Cleaning
Washing
Rinsing
Drying
Disinfecting
Contact time
Final rinse if needed
VI. Personnel requirements and
assignments
VII. Materials, supplies, and equipment
VIII. Regulatory permits and approvals
IX. Disposal of wash water, disinfectants
and materials
X. Quality Assurance/Quality Control
(QA/QC)
Protecting Animal.
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1. \\ ear adequate PPE 35 identified in the site-specific health and safety plan durmg all
steps of cleaning and disinfection. S^meBiojecuiityflGlQX iod Health and Safety-PPE
p. Coosull with the Vector Control Group concerning insect and vector control plaas. and
the proper disposal of dead rodents and other vermin.
Remove feed trom all feeders and place in the area de&i mated us me site-specific
piao for biohizard[>ii5 materials reoiurjiz ripprc-pri-re d^posal.
Alter ail feed ha& been removed, place rodenncioe along estabLs-hed
Use insecticides on the in&ide and ou'ud? pemneter? of the building.
Remove dead insects and rodents aad dispose of according to lie site-specific
disposal plan. £ee the Dispo&al SOP (2010).
Apply insect [tod rodent control prooucEs as soon as me animals are removed
Eliminate opeuiDES where wild timniah and rodei!it5 can enter die building.
litliir; vupp-ie:. :i md:cared Uj the plan
Issues and Considerations
Is disinfectant effluent hazardous/ infectious for disposal
purposes?
- e.g., VirkonS is toxic to aquatic life
- Recent USEPA study found viable pathogens in disinfectant
effluent
How should effluent be treated prior to discharge?
- Collected, characterized, disposed accordingly?
- Recycled?
Qualitative versus quantitative verification?
- Sentinel animals?
- Wipe tests (protocols, analysis, standards)?
Protecting Animal Agriculture
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Agricultural Decontamination
Animal Disease Outbreak Response
Lori P. Miller, PE
USDA APHIS
Lori.p.miller@aphis.usda.gov
Protecting Animal Agricu
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issues an
onsiaerauons
Particulates - infectious?
• Rinsate - hazardous? Infectious?
• Contact time
• Qualitative versus quantitative verification?
- Wipe tests (protocols, analysis, standards)?
- Sentinel animals?
• Manual versus automatic?
Protecting Animal.
Automate?
Labor costs
PPE
Rest cycles
Effectiveness
Cost
Ease of use
Protecting Animal Agriculture
C-367
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tcS ?»
866 303.4IES
:•-:..'
C-368
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We Need to Find a Better
Way...
LRBAA - Long Range Broad Agency
Announcements
SBIR- Small Business Innovation
Research Grants
Protecting Animal Agriculture
C-369
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Calfee
2/15/2012
Lab-Scale Assessment of Agricultural
Facility Decontamination
Worth Calfee
US EPA
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Cenl
vvEPA
Disclaimer of Endorsement:
This presentation has been peer and administratively reviewed and
has been approved for publication. It does not represent EPA
Policy. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not
constitute endorsement or recommendation for use of a specific
product.
\-
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Centei
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2/15/2012
Background and Relevance
Foreign Animal Diseases (FADs) such as FMD, END, and BSE can result
in tens of thousands of infected animals and contamination of their housing
and processing facilities
Outbreaks in South Korea and Japan have resulted in over $2B worth of
damages in the last 2 years
Homeland Security Presidential Directives (HSPD) - 5, 7, 8, 9, 10
- Protection of US resources including food and livestock (HSPD 7 and 9)
- Enhance response and recovery from agricultural attack (HSPD 9)
-Collaboration among federal agencies (HSPD 5 and 7)
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Centei
vvEPA
Questions
How Effective are Surface Decontamination
Methods at Reducing Contamination on
Typical Animal Facility Surfaces?
What is the Fate of the Contaminants?
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Centei
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2/15/2012
Test Design
2 Decon Approaches
- Backpack sprayer-applied decontaminant
-Gas-powered sprayer-applied decontaminant
2 Decontaminants
-pH-adjusted Bleach
-Spor-KlenzRTU
2 Materials
-Concrete (v)
-Treated plywood (v)
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Centei
'
£EF¥\
Environnmntnl Pfij|nclion
Agency
Test Methods
14" x 14" Coupons tested in a
4' x 4' x 4' spray chamber
40" x 40" Coupons tested in a
9'x 10' x8' chamber
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Centei
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2/15/2012
Test Methods
• Spores of Bacillus globigii used as FAD surrogate
-Conservative surrogate for viruses (e.g., FMD)
- Potentially accurate for Prion (e.g., BSE)
• Coupons contaminated by aerosol deposition
1 x 107 spores / coupon (14" x 14")
1 x 108 spores / coupon (40" x 40")
• Efficacy determined by "log reduction"
-6 replicate positive control coupons
-6 replicate test coupons
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Centei
AEPA
Decon Methods
• Method 1
-Apply decontaminant to coupons with backpack sprayer to fully wet
surface (30 second spray per set of 3)
-Wait 15 minutes
- Reapply decontaminant
-Wait 15 minutes
- Rinse with H2O (10 seconds per set of 3)
\-
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Centei
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2/15/2012
Decon Methods
• Method 2
-Apply decontaminant to coupons with gas-powered sprayer to fully
wet surface (15 second spray per set of 3)
-Wait 15 minutes
- Reapply decontaminant
-Wait 15 minutes
- Rinse with H2O (10 seconds per set of 3)
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Centei
e\
v>
\-
ERf
Agency
Test
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
C1
C1
C2
C2
^
lea
r.lfll F'r,llllcl.ar.
Material
Concrete
Wood
Concrete
Wood
Concrete
Wood
Concrete
Wood
Concrete
Wood
Concrete
Wood
Concrete
Wood
Test Matrix
(in)
14"x14"
14"x14"
14"x14"
14"x14"
14"x14"
14"x14"
14"x14"
14"x14"
14"x14"
14"x14"
40"x40"
40"x40"
40"x40"
40"x40"
Reps
(n)
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
2
2
2
2
Application
Bkpk Sprayer
Bkpk Sprayer
Chemical Sprayer
Chemical Sprayer
Bkpk Sprayer
Bkpk Sprayer
Pressure Washer
Pressure Washer
Bkpk Sprayer
Bkpk Sprayer
Bkpk Sprayer
Bkpk Sprayer
Bkpk Sprayer
Bkpk Sprayer
Decon
pH-AB
pH-AB
pH-AB
pH-AB
Spor-Klenz®
Spor-klenz®
Spor-Klenz®
Spor-Klenz®
pH-AB
pH-AB
pH-AB
pH-AB
pH-AB
pH-AB
Total Exposure
(min)
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
15
15
30
30
30
30
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center
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2/15/2012
10
C1
C1
C2
C2
Bkpk Sprayer
Chemical Sprayer
Chemical Sprayer
Bkpk Sprayer
Bkpk Sprayer
Pressure Washer
Pressure Washer
Bkpk Sprayer
Bkpk Sprayer
Bkpk Sprayer
Bkpk Sprayer
Bkpk Sprayer
Bkpk Sprayer
pH-AB
pH-AB
pH-AB
Spor-Klenz®
Spor-klenz®
Spor-Klenz®
Spor-Klenz®
pH-AB
pH-AB
pH-AB
pH-AB
pH-AB
pH-AB
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Centei
AEPA
Day 1 -
Inoculate
Coupons
\-
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Centei
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Inoculation
Aerosol deposition
o ooocKfcKfco 0€?
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Centei
xvEPA
Environmental Prcunctior,
Day 2-
Decon
Procedure
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Centei
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2/15/2012
Decontamination
Procedure
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Centei
xvEPA
Environmental Prcunctior,
Day 2-
Decon
Procedure
Sampling
and
Analysis
\-
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Centei
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Surface Sampling
I Office of Research and Development
I National Homeland Security Research Centei
vvEPA
Surface Sampling
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2/15/2012
Sampling - Large Coupons
• 4 areas sampled before decon (positive controls)
• 5 areas sampled after decon
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Centei
*..,
vvEPA
Rinsate Sampling
• All over-spray and coupon runoff
collected in carboys
Neutralized upon collection
Analyzed replicate aliquots by filter-
plate method
\-
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Centei
C-379
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Calfee
2/15/2012
Aerosol Sampling
"Via-Cell" Bioaerosol Collection
Cassettes
Collection from spray chamber during
active spraying
Non "Isokinetic"
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Centei
xvEPA
Environmental Prcunctior,
Testing Timeline
Day 1 -
Inoculate
Coupons
Day 2-
Decon
Procedure
Day 3-
Sampling
and
Analysis
Day 4-
Analysis
and
Results
\-
^^^m
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Centei
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Calfee
2/15/2012
Results - Surface Reduction (14"x14")
2 applications, 30 minute contact time
pH-adjusted Bleach
Concrete Wood Concrete Wood
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Centei
Spor-Klenz
I6
°
backpack sprayer
pressurized sprayer
Concrete Wood Concrete Wood
vvEPA
Results - Surface Reduction (14"x14")
1 application, 15 minute contact time
pH-adjusted Bleach
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Centei
2
u
backpack sprayer
jtl.aRP.Iicatjon)
6 -•
u
re
u
£
o
%
Concrete Wood
C-381
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2/15/2012
Affmcy
Results - Surface Reduction (40"x40")
pH-adjusted Bleach
c
I6
O)
o
> 4'
re
o
JC
UJ 2-
0
Concrete
— 1
c
Q.
3
O
O
c
3
o
o
1
c
o
o
c
R
o
o
Testl 1 Test 2
Wood
-j
^
|
o
o
JL
c
3
o
o
Testl
^^^^^H Office of Research and Development
T
c
o
O
T
w
c
o
O
Testl
Backpack sprayer
30 minute contact time
2 applications
Rinse 1
v ^^^^^^
Test 2
Backpack sprayer
30 minute contact time
2 applications
Tpet 9 V^10 m"Se ^V
• National Homeland Security Research Center
£EF¥\
Environnmntfll Pfij|nclion
Agency
Results - Rinsate (14"x14")
backpack sprayer
o 60
CO
2 applications, 30 minute contact time
pH-adjusted Bleach Spor-Klenz
pressurized sprayer
\-
Concrete Wood Concrete Wood
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Centei
o: 40 •
20
0
backpack sprayer
pressurized sprayer
Concrete Wood Concrete Wood
C-382
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2/15/2012
Results - Rinsate (14"x14")
1 application, 15 minute contact time
pH-adjusted Bleach
le+6
le+5
^ le+4 • •
| lef3-
w)
c
a: ie+2 • •
le+1
le+0
backpack sprayer
(1 application)
Concrete Wood
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Centei
vvEPA
Results - Aerosol (14"x14")
2 applications, 30 minute contact time
pH-adjusted Bleach
I Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Centei
C-383
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2/15/2012
Results - Aerosol (14"x14")
2 applications, 30 minute contact time
pH-adjusted Bleach
Spor-Klenz
Concrete Wood Concrete Wood
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Centei
Concrete Wood Concrete Wood
vvEPA
Results - Aerosol (14"x14")
1 application, 15 minute contact time
pH-adjusted Bleach
500 K J
backpack sprayer
(1 application)
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Centei
Concrete Wood
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2/15/2012
Summary
pH-adjusted bleach (2 applications, 30 min contact time) was highly effective
(approx 6 LR) on wood and concrete
*
Spor-Klenz was more effective on wood than on concrete
For concrete, pH-adjusted bleach was more effective than Spor-Klenz
Abbreviated pH-adjusted bleach procedure (1 application, 15 min contact time)
resulted in low surface decon efficacy and more spores in rinsate and aerosol
Decon efficacy was similar between the two evaluated application devices
Potential for contamination spread, esp. if low surface reduction
Elimination of rinse step did not equate to low surface decon efficacy
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center
£EF¥\
Environnmntnl Pfij|nclion
Agency
Acknowledgements
Joe Wood - US EPA NHSRC
Leroy Mickelsen - US EPA NOT
Jeff Kempter - US EPA OPP
Lori Miller - USDA
Nathan Birnbaum - USDA
Michelle Colby - DHS (funding)
\-
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Centei
C-385
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Ramsey
3/30/2012
Decontamination of a farm cultivator using a pressure
washer with a water containment mat, followed by a chlorine
dioxide disinfectant foam application
Craig Ramsey, Rick Zink, Russ Bulluck, Mike Hennessey, Melinda
Sullivan, and Lindsey Seastone
USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CPHST
Fort Collins, CO
Overview
Description of "customizable" chlorine dioxide
biocide generation technology
• Strategic Resource Optimization (SRO), Inc.
Description of pressure washing system
• S-K Environmental Co.
Description of foam deployment backpack
• Intelagard, Inc.
Description of farm equipment decontamination
study
Videos of foam application
C-386
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3/30/2012
On-demand CIO2 generation
Intelagard and Strategic Resource Optimization
On demand chlorine dioxide generator
— Formulation additives to match with pest conditions, or food health safety
regulations, or material damage limitations
System requirements:
— water source, IDS (salts), power, additives
Minimize transport and storage costs
Minimize chemical half life, or shelf life issues
Application
technologies
Compressed Air Foam (CAP)
- Extended foam contact
time
- Provides visual
confirmation of treated
areas
- Expands resources for
maximum coverage per
volume
- Equipment and
transportation uses
Air Aspirated Foam
- High expansion foam
Electrostatic Spray
- Provides even coating of contaminated
surfaces
Can be used around electronics and
sensitive equipment
Facility and indoor uses
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3/30/2012
Chlorine dioxide (CIO2) - Electro-BioCide™
• CIO2 disinfects by oxidation
• Two oxygen atoms strip off five electrons in molecular
reactions
• Low health risk-EPA Cat. IV
• Environmentally friendly- no THM formation
— CIO2 used in Germany, Italy, and USA as disinfectants for drinking water
Steel coupon corrosion test
Corrosion test on unprotected carbon steel coupons - 60 minute soak with air dry. Left to right: tap water at 6.9 pH; oxidant at 3.4 pH; oxidant at
7.0 pH; oxidant at 7.0 pH with anti-corrosion additive solution; oxidant at 10.2 pH with anti-corrosion additive solution.
'
EleCtrO-BiOCide ™ Efficacy Testing
Microbe
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Staphylococcus aureus
Methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
Vancomycin -resistant
Enterococci (VRE)
Klebsiella pneumonias
Acinetobacter baumannii
Influenza A (MINI)
RhinovirusType 37
HIV-1
Hepatitis A
Salmonella enterica
Trichophyton mentagrophytes
Vancomycin -resistant
Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA)
Clostridium difficile
(C.diff spores)
*C. cliff EPA GLP standards have been in
recently, recommended delaying furthe
EPA 10-Minute Kill
>99.9999%
>99.9999%
>99.9999%
>99.9999%
>99.9999%
>99.9999%
>99.9999%
>99.9999%
>99.9999%
>99.9999%
>99.9999%
>99.9999%
>99.9999%
99.9997%
flux and testing lab has, until very
r C.diff testing.
EPA GLP?
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No*
Testing Laboratory
ATS Laboratories, Eagan,
ATS Laboratories, Eagan,
ATS Laboratories, Eagan,
ATS Laboratories, Eagan,
ATS Laboratories, Eagan,
ATS Laboratories, Eagan,
ATS Laboratories, Eagan,
ATS Laboratories, Eagan,
ATS Laboratories, Eagan,
ATS Laboratories, Eagan,
ATS Laboratories, Eagan,
ATS Laboratories, Eagan,
ATS Laboratories, Eagan,
ATS Laboratories, Eagan,
MN
MN
MN
MN
MN
MN
MN
MN
MN
MN
MN
MN
MN
MN
C-388
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Ramsey
3/30/2012
Recent USDATest Results
Testing performed at Micro-Chem Laboratories, Euless.TX, per USDA guidelines, Nov - Dec, 2010.
Testing conducted with Electro-Biocide 2 formula at -200 ppm and mixed oxidant (HOCI) formula.
Batch
12141003
(rep of
11221003)
pH -5.0
Exposure Time
10 min
20 min
30 min
Orig. CPU/Carrier
3.17xl06
3.17xl06
3.17xl06
Surv. CPU/Carrier
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Log10 Reduction
6.50
6.50
6.50
6.50
6.50
6.50
6.50
6.50
6.50
Testing against Bacillus subtilis spores prepared on glass slides
The average number of B. subtilis spores originally labeled onto a glass carrier and the average number of B.
subtilis spores surviving after 10.0, 20.0, and 30.0 minutes of exposure to one batch of Electro-BioCide at
ambient temperature. The culture was diluted ten-fold into sterile deionized water for use in this study.
Batch 12141003 killed 6.50 log 10 (total kill) of B. subtilis within 10 minutes of exposure at ambient
temperature.
'
«
EleCtrO-BiOCide ™ Toxicity Testing
EPA Test EPA Category
Acute Eye Irritation \\j
Acute Dermal Toxicity \\j
Acute Inhalation \\j
Acute Oral Toxicity \\j
Acute Skin Irritation \\j
Acute Skin Sensitization Non-Sensitizer
Interpretation
"Practically
Non-Toxic"
"Practically
Non-Toxic"
"Practically
Non-Toxic"
"Practically
Non-Toxic"
"Practically
Non-Toxic"
Non-Sensitizer
Testing Laboratory
ToxMonitor Laboratories,
Chicago, iL
ToxMonitor Laboratories,
Chicago, IL
ToxMonitor Laboratories,
Chicago, IL
ToxMonitor Laboratories,
Chicago, IL
ToxMonitor Laboratories,
Chicago, IL
ToxMonitor Laboratories,
Chicago, IL
* Category IV (per EPA La be I Review Manual, Chapter?) toxicity label
requirements: "No statements a re required." Category IV is the least toxic
rating possible as assigned by the EPA.
** Does not require any warning labels (e.g., caution, danger, warning, etc.)
C-389
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Ramsey
3/30/2012
E. Coli images from a scanning electron
microscope, at the University of Colorado at Boulder,
Nanomaterials Characterization Facility
• Reveal the effects of Electro-BioCide's
"electrically-triggered" kill mechanism
• This greatly minimizes any risk of mutation
and the development of resistance.
Typical Escherichia coli (E. coli) Bacterium
«
'
* Image captured by Scanning Electron Microscope, courtesy of University of
Colorado at Boulder, Nanomaterials Characterization Facility
** A thin layer of suspended bacteria was applied to the surface of silicon wafer
chips and allowed to air dry. Chips with adherent cells were covered in fixative
(2% gluaraldehyde in 50 mM soldium cacodylate buffer, pH 7.3) for 2 hours at
room temperature, rinsed in water, then dehydrated in increasing
concentrations of ethanol. Sam pies were stored in 100%ethanolfor2 days and
critical point dried with liquid carbon dioxide in a Tousimis PVT-3 CPD unit.
Sampleswere then mounted onto SEM stubs, sputter-coated with gold-
palladium (4 nm thick) and imaged in a JEOL 7401F FE-SEM at 5.0 KV.
C-390
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Ramsey
3/30/2012
E. Coli Bacterium Post-Spray with
Electro-BioCide™
* Image captured by Scanning Electron Microscope, courtesy of University of
Colorado at Boulder, NanomateriaIs Characterization Facility
** A thin layer of suspended bacteria was applied to the surface of silicon wafer
chips and allowed to air dry. Inoculated chips were sprayed with Electro-
BioCide™. Chips with adherent cells were covered in fixative (2% gluaraldehyde
in 50 mM soldium cacodylate buffer, pH 7.3) for 2 hours at room temperature,
rinsed in water, then dehydrated in increasing concentrations of ethanol.
Sam pies we re stored in 100% ethanol for 2 days and critical point dried with
liquid carbon dioxide in a Tousimis PVT-3 CPD unit. Samples were then mounted
onto SEM stubs, sputter-coated with gold-palladium (4 nm thick) and imaged in
a JEOL7401F FE-SEM at 5.0 KV.
•
E. Coli Bacterium Post-Spray with
Electro-BioCide™
'
* Image captured by Scanning Electron Microscope, courtesy of University of
Colorado at Boulder, Nanomateria Is Characterization Facility
** A thin layer of suspended bacteria was applied to the surface of silicon wafer
chips and allowed to air dry. Inoculated chips were sprayed with Electro-
BioCide™. Chips with adherent cells were covered in fixative (2% gluaraldehyde
in 50 mM soldium cacodylate buffer, pH 7.3) for 2 hours at room temperature,
rinsed in water, then dehydrated in increasing concentrations of ethanol.
Sam pies we re stored in 100% ethanol for 2 days and critical point dried with
liquid carbon dioxide in a Tousimis PVT-3 CPD unit. Samples were then mounted
onto SEM stubs, sputter-coated with gold-palladium (4 nm thick) and imaged in
a JEOL7401F FE-SEM at 5.0 KV.
C-391
6
-------
Ramsey
3/30/2012
Pressure washing and disinfectant foaming
system for biological containment
• Goal - Prevent animal/plant pathogens, insects, insects eggs,
nematodes, or invasive plant seeds from entering the ground
water or soil after equipment wash down
• Waste water containment mat collects all waste water
• Filters remove all recycled water debris down to 10 microns
• Waste water is recycled and disinfected with non-corrosive
disinfectants
Portable pressure washing systems
with waste water mats
C-392
-------
Ramsey
3/30/2012
Equipment decontamination study
• Field study with farm equipment
• Location - Colorado State U. research i
farm
- Fort Collins, CO
• Test dates
- Oct24-28, 2011
«
'
Study objectives
• Determine the effects of CIO2
disinfectant foam on
Bacillus subtilis efficacy
• Determine the effects of
pressure washing and foam
application on B. subtilis
efficacy
— First CIO2 formulation -
pressure wash + foam
application
— Second CIO2 formulation -
pressure wash + foam
application
C-393
8
-------
Ramsey
3/30/2012
Study factors
First CI02 formulation' Second CI02 formulation
.CI02conc.-215ppm ' CIO2 cone. -215 ppm
• Three surfactants
• Two surfactants
ORP- + 835mV
pH-7.05
Study description
Spike strip tillage implement with B.
subtilis
- Draw twelve 2.5" spots on steel surfaces
- Apply B. subtilis with Q-tip swabs to spots
C-394
9
-------
Ramsey
3/30/2012
Study description
Pressure wash to remove
excess dirt, organic biofilms,
or machinery oil
- Water pressure - 2,000 PSI
- 14'x 50'containment mat
- Use hand wands to
manually clean tiller
- Waste water was collected
mat with sump pump
• Water filtered before
re-entering tank
• 350 gal tank
• Three fabric filters
• 200, 25, 10 micron
'
Study description
Apply CIO2 foam to tiller
- Time for foam exposure-30 min.
Wash off residual foam
with garden hose
Collect B. subtilis samples from
treated and untreated spots
Average foam time on tiller
• Approx. 1 to 5 min.
C-395
10
-------
Ramsey
3/30/2012
8. Subtilis sample collection
Use autoclaved, wool swabs to collect samples
Two or three wool swabs used per 2.5" spot
Sample replicates
- 20 samples for treated areas per test
- 40 total samples for each of three tests
Samples sent to MicroChem labs
- Culture samples
- Viable B. subtilis CPU count
Pressure washing video
«
'
C-396
11
-------
Ramsey
3/30/2012
CIO2 foaming video
Acknowledgements
Sheilah Kennedy
— S-K Environmental
— Mobile pressure washer
John Breedlove and Mike Peters
— Strategic Resource Optimization (SRO)
— Chlorine dioxide formulations
David Shoffner
— Intelagard
— Pressurized McCaw backpack sprayer
Chris Fryrear
— Colorado State University farm coordinator
— Use of farm facilities and farm equipment
C-397
12
-------
Ramsey
3/30/2012
Questions?
C-398
13
-------
Wood
&EPA
Environmental Protection
Agency
Dry Fogging of Hydrogen Peroxide/Peracetic
Acid for Bacillus Spore Inactivation
EPA: Joseph Wood, Worth Calfee, Brian Attwood
Arcadis: A. Touati, M. Clayton, N. Griffin
Presented at US EPA Decontamination Research Conference Research Triangle Park, NC November 3, 2011
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
vxEPA
United Stales
Environmental Protection
Agency
Acknowledgements
Other Decontamination Research Laboratory Group
participants:
-Shannon Serre, Kim Egler
Laboratory support engineers, scientists, technicians
-Tim McArthur, Stella McDonald, Rob Delafield, Christina
Slone
Decontami
Technologies
Research
Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
C-399
-------
Wood
&EPA
United Stales
Environmental Protection
Agency
Disclaimer
Reference herein to any specific commercial products,
process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or
otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its
endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United
States Government. The views and opinions of authors
expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of
the United States Government, and shall not be used for
advertising or product endorsement purposes.
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
oEPA
United St8i_.
Environmenlal Protection
Agency
Outline
Why fog?
Methods
Test variables/matrix
Results
Lessons learned
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
C-400
-------
Wood
&EPA
United Slates
Environmental Protection
Agency
Why fog?
In a wide area release of anthrax, every decontamination tool is
needed
Less costly, less expertise required
Has been tested and reported in literature, but primarily as
disinfection tool for health care settings
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
vxEPA
United Stales
Environmental Protection
Agency
Methods
COnsequence ManageMent ANd Decontamination Evaluation
Room (COMMANDER) test chamber
Fog equipment, liquid sporicide
Microbiological assays
and methods
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
C-401
-------
Wood
&EPA
COMMANDER Test Chamber
State of the art decontamination chamber
Measure and/or control temperature, relative humidity,
hydrogen peroxide (H202) concentration, airflows, pressure
*
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
v-xEPA
United Stales
Environmental Protection
Agency
Fog and Related Equipment
• What is a fog? Dry fog?
• Fogging and related equipment
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
C-402
4
-------
Wood
&EPA
Environmental Protection
Agency
Fog and Related Equipment
Relative humidity (RH) model
DATA
Total Space Volume (in3) '
Rekitrve Humidity HI tlic- '.."i- e(%)
Temperature ("C)
Minncare Volume per in3
Specif
; Sp.ue Ai m'>
23
35% '
22 ;
u
1
CALCULATIONS
Volume of Water to Introduce (ml)
Volume of Minucaie to Intioduce (ml)
Quantity of Diffused Water per in3 (ml)
Total Volume of Minncaie Solution (ml)
Percentage of Minncaie in Solution
Estimated Diffusion Time (Minutes)
408
35
17
443
7.9%
35.45
;• O-i|: vi nht ;LII.<-, U-3' CQI -'ui.lMafjn .•••.II inTitr.; e-; 51 v ed
Fog sporicidal liquid:
Minncare Cold Sterilant
(hydrogen peroxide/peracetic acid
aka H202/PAA)
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
vxEPA
United Stales
Environmental Protection
Agency
Test variables/matrix
Primary independent test variables
-Amount of Minncare and water used
-Contact time
Tests with biological indicators (Bl's)
Log reduction (LR; i.e., inactivation)
of spores nebulized into empty
COMMANDER
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
C-403
-------
Wood
Test variables/matrix
LR of spores nebulized onto 4 ft x 4 ft coupons
Coupon materials:
-Deck wood (horizontal)
-Carpet (h)
-Concrete (vertical)
-Wallboard (v)
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
vxEPA
United Stales
Agency
Microbiological assays and methods
Biological indicators (Bl's)
-6 log Geobacillus stearothermophilus (G.s.), stainless steel
disks in Tyvek; 2 manufacturers
G.s. and Bacillus atrophaeus (B.a.) - surrogates for Bacillus
anthracis
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
C-404
6
-------
Wood
&EPA
United Statoi
Environmental Protect^
Agency
Microbiological assays and methods
• Approx.109 colony forming units (CPU) disseminated via
nebulizer; G.s. and B.a.
Sampling/analysis
-7 day growth/no growth
for Bl's
-Wipe sampling, extraction,
dilution and filter plating
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
vxEPA
United Stales
Environmental Protection
Agency
Results
Bl's
LR of spores on walls and floor of empty COMMANDER
LR of spores with 4 ft x 4 ft coupons
-Wood
-Concrete
-Drywall
-Carpet
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
C-405
-------
Wood
&EPA
Un ledStaros
Environmental Protection
Agency
Bl Results
H202/PAA
used (mL)
20
30
60
60
80
MaxRH
47
91
97
75
82
H2O2 ppm-
hours
266
52*
303
170
497
Apex G.s.
# positive
(n = 28)
4
0
0
0
0
Raven G.s.
# positive
(n = 28)
28
28
28
0
1
* All overnight dwell except 2 hours for indicated test
^^m Office of Research and Development
^^^^^| National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division 14
oEPA
>ta(ea
COMMANDER Spore Deposition Results
United Stales
Environmental Prolectio
Agency
~ o
B. atrophaeus G. stearo.
B. atrophaeus yielded higher pre-fog values than G.s., and pre-fog recoveries from floor were higher than the walls
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
C-406
8
-------
Wood
1
&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
COMMANDER Decon Results
Bug
8. afro.
8. afro.
8. afro.
G. steam.
G. steam.
G. steam.
H202/
PAA
(mL)
30
30
60
60
80
80
Max
RH
88
68
79
82
78
78
H202
ppm-
hours
109*
125
411
282
256
427**
Mean LR
walls
4.03
3.51
3.56
3.91a
3.74
3.80
Mean LR
floor
4.14
3.81
3.93
4.67
4.12
4.25
Jo statistical difference
All overnight dwell except as follows: * Dwell 2.4 hrs ** Dwell time = 2 hours
3 Only test which had a sample location (left rear wall, and right wall) completely decontaminated
^^m Office of Research and Development
^^^^^| National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
United Stales
Environmental Protect
Agency
Decontamination Results for Materials
5i
•-
o
•c
22
o-
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Minncare mL fogged
Wallboard in 100 mL test only material completely decontaminated
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
C-407
9
-------
Wood
&EPA
Lessons Learned - Test Ops
Nebulizer - spore deposition
Concrete sampling issues
RH measurement
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
oEPA
United St8i_.
Erwironmenlal Protection
Agency
Lessons Learned - Fogging Ops
Fogging only as effective as the fogger being used and liquid
sporicide
Fogger in this study requires some care in use:
-Clean, dry, oil free air; sufficient flow & pressure
Fogger vendor indicates max RH is important, but not always
easy to control
-Possible issues with using in very low or very high RH
environments
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
C-408
10
-------
Wood
&EPA
Lessons Learned - Results
Bl's easier to inactivate than spores on building materials
Not all Bl manufacturers the same
Fogging with H202/PAA shows promise, but more tests are
needed
Not effective on concrete
No clear connection
between LR and max
RH, H202 level, contact
time
-TestP H202(ppm}
-TestP ppnVhours
-TestO H2Q2(ppir
-Test 0 H2O2
ppm'hours
Time (days)
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
C-409
11
-------
Walker
fficacy of gaseous decontamination
echnologies for use on spacecraft and
their components
-
Protection
Agency
Jimmy Walker
Health Protection Agency Microbiology Services, Porton
Thursday 3rd November: EPA Decontamination Conference
This activity is fully funded by the European Space Agency under the
AURORA Core Exploration Programme and is performed under the Prime
Contractorship of Systems Engineering & Assessment Ltd. ^^^^B
Contract nos: 21243/07/NL/EK
The view expressed herein does not reflect any official opinion of the
uropean Space Agency.
WILTSHIRE,
;' •Stonehenge
Salisbury
C-410
-------
Walker
Introduction
Health
Protection
Agency
Background
Decontamination prior to going into space
Technology selection
Biological Testing
Surface testing and residue analysis
Recommendations
C-411
-------
Walker
C-412
3
-------
Walker
Background
fHeMti 1
Protection
• Planetary Protection guidelines are upheld by COSPAR and levels of
contamination must be demonstrated and controlled before launch
r -*
• Current sterilisation process is Dry Heat Microbial Reduction (DHMR) to
achieve 0.03 spores nr2
Temperature
I110°C I 115°C I120°C I125°C
Free and
Encapsulated
32 hr 18hr
• Issues with DHMR and material compatibility have been raised on the
EXOMARS project, leading to an investigation of alternative low temperature
sterilisation technologies
C-413
4
-------
Walker
C-414
5
-------
Walker
Selected technology
"teris (VHP)
• Steris ARD-1000 generator uses
Vapour Hydrogen Peroxide
Health
Protection
Agency
• The technology is described as a
'dry' system, VHP continually injected
below the dew point of the enclosure,
therefore no condensation on the
surfaces
• Technology previously used in a
previous study by JPL - MD2000
vacuum chamber steriliser
C-415
-------
Walker
Technology Selected
niorDiSys (CIO2)
• ClorDiSys Minidox M
generator produces CIO2 gas,
by passing chlorine gas
through sodium hypochlorite
cartridges within the generator
• This system was the only
'true' gas decontamination
technology tested
• The system was operated at
25°C rather than 35°C due to
condensation build up on the
photometer lens within the unit
• Widely used during anthrax
letter clean up
Health
Protection
Agency
est Protocols
••'
- ^fc
Health
Protection
Agencv
Studies carried out in the Porton
environmental chamber (22m3)
Temperature controlled at 35°C for H2O2
systems, 25°C for CIO2
Biological indicators (Bl) kept in a
sealed box until the correct
concentration was achieved and the Bis
were then exposed
Bis removed for analysis (in triplicate)
C-416
-------
Walker
Biological Testing
Health
Protection
Agency
Two commercially available indicators were chosen after initial assessment:
- Geobacillus stearothermophilus (GS, Steris) and Bacillus atrophaeus (BA,
SGM Biotech)
Three Naturally Occurring Organisms (NOO) were chosen by ESA (all
isolated from spacecraft assembly facilities):
Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus safensis and Bacillus thuringiensis (BM, BS &
BT)
The commercially available indicators were exposed to triplicate cycles of 3
different sterilant concentrations
The NOOs were exposed to one cycle
chosen by ESA
pacecraft material
onrmatibilitv Testin
fHeMti 1
Protection
Agencv
30 materials Supplied by ESA including
• Adhesives
• Films
• Coating
• Lubricants
• Bulk materials
-'
• Windows
• O rings
• Exposed to 3 cycles of chosen
concentration
• Repackaged and sent to ESA for testing
C-417
8
-------
Walker
Residue Analysis
Health
Protection
Agency
• Carried out by Science and Facilities Technology Council, UK,
• Silicon wafers were SEMI standard single side polished and 100mm in
diameter.
• These wafers were exposed to 3 cycles of the chosen sterilant
concentration, vacuum packed and sent to RAL for analysis.
• The wafers were analysed using Raman spectroscopy and Time-of-
Flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) and the results
reported to the HPA.
C-418
9
-------
Walker
Biological Results
Bioquell
iological Results
lorDiSvs
C-419
10
-------
Walker
Material Surface Testing
Analysis
Health
Protection
Agency
No significant changes in material properties identified for
the hydrogen peroxide sterilisation processes
Chlorine dioxide sterilisation resulted in observable
degradation:
- Germanium coating of Kapton/Ge film
- Bulk adhesives CV 1152, CV 1142, Solithane 113
- Bleaching of Alodine 1200 coating
esidue Analysis Results
fHeMti 1
Protection
Agencv
Analysis
Technique
No change in peak
Raman shifts/new peaks
_ indicating no new
Spectroscopy cnemicals have been
formed
Least contaminated
sample. Contamination
mainly nitrogen
TOF-SIMS hydrocarbons with
sodium being the main
elemental
contamination
Bioquell
No change in peak
shifts/new peaks
indicating no new
chemicals have been
formed
Contaminated with
nitrogen hydrocarbons.
Sodium, Calcium and
magnesium were
elemental contaminants
ClorDiSys
No change in peak
shifts/new peaks
indicating no new
chemicals have been
formed
Most contaminated
sample. High levels of
hypochlorides,
sulphates and nitrogen
hydrocarbons. Chlorine
and sodium were
elemental contaminants
Ellipsometer
measurements
(silicon oxide
thickness)
C-420
11
-------
Walker
ummary tor selection <
low temperature
sterilisation
Health
Protection
Agencv
The Bioquell HPV decontamination technology produced the fastest D-
value for GS, then Steris VHP and ClorDiSys.
Microcondensation appears to increase the decontamination speed but
formed more residues - problems with control
BT is shown to be as resistant, if not more (CIO2), to the decontamination
processes as GS
H2O2 systems showed good material compatibility
ClorDiSys produced most residues and had material compatibility issues
Therefore Steris VHP was recommended for ITS of spaceraft materials
All Mars Images taKen from
Preliminary Planning for an International Mars Sample Return Mission
Report of the International Mars Architecture for the Return of Samples
(iMARS) Working Group June 1, JjNpOS
http://mepaa.iDl. nasa.aov/reports/iMARiS' FinalReport.pdf-
Gerhard Kminek, Thomas Rohr, Michaela' Stieglntfeier- E
John Vrubleyskis, Michael Guest - SEA ,
Bob Stevens, Chantal Fowler and Martin Williams
I
nVWiA
Acknowledgements: Allan Bei
Pottage (HPA)
European S|
Systems, Engineering and Assessments, UK
Science and Facili^s Technology Council, UK
Bioquell, UK ''*
Steris, UK
ClorDiSys, USA.<*—--"
JPL, U!
ice Agency
"It's all set. Now help me catch my sister."
C-421
12
-------
Walker
C-422
13
-------
Newsome Stubblefield
2/15/2012
Novel Disinfection Applications
Using a Portable Chlorine Dioxide
Gas Generation System
Anthony L. Newsome
Jeannie M. Stubblefield
November 3, 2011
MIDDLE
TENNESSEE
STATE UNIVERSITY
Introduction
•Long history as disinfectant
- Effective against bacterial cells, bacteria spores, amoebae,
yeasts, molds and viruses
• Limitations on chlorine dioxide gas use
-Transportation restrictions (gas instability)
- Generation challenges (cost, equipment, expertise)
• Research at MTSU has focused on applications of a
portable, easily-used chlorine dioxide gas generation system
MIDDLE
TENNESSEE
SIAU UMVERSin
C-423
-------
Newsome Stubblefield
2/15/2012
Chlorine Dioxide Research at MTSU
Sports Equipment
Building Materials
Cooling Tower Water Treatment
Field Medical Kits
Disposable PPE
Food-borne Pathogens
First Responder Respirators
Animal Mass Casualty Response
MIDDLE
TENNESSEE
SIAfE UNIVERSITY
Chlorine Dioxide Gas Generation System
Two granulated
components
Combined in
gas-permeable sachet
Can be used to produce
CI02 gas or solution
System provided by
ICATriNova (Newnan, GA)
MIDDLE
TENNESSEE
C-424
-------
Newsome Stubblefield
2/15/2012
Sports Equipment
Treatment to reduce
exposure to bacteria
associated with shared
sports equipment
Naturally-occurring bacteria
and lab-applied
Staphylococcus aureus
MIDDLE
TENNESSEE
SIAfE UNIVERSITY
Sports Equipment Results
Recovery of bacteria colonies (numbers represent colony
forming units) from used high school football pads before and
after treatment with chlorine dioxide gas
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Shoulder Pad-
Hard Surface
Before
50
300
200
200
200
100
100
50
50
50
75
TNTC
200
75
After
0
0
2
1
0
1
0
2
0
0
1
0
0
0
Shoulder Pad-
Soft Surface
Before
TNTC*
400
TNTC
TNTC
300
TNTC
TNTC
TNTC
TNTC
TNTC
200
TNTC
TNTC
50
After
0
0
NA
0
0
50**
0
50**
1
0
10
0
0
5
Helmet-Soft
Surface Set
Before
30
50
100
20
30
100
50
TNTC
30
150
50
50
100
100
After
0
0
0
0
0
NA
0
1
3
1
1
1
2
5
MIDDLE
TENNESSEE
C-425
-------
Newsome Stubblefield
2/15/2012
Sports Equipment Results
Control
(Untreated)
Treated
(5 hour)
Surface
Mesh
3,528
0
Under
Mesh
7,056
0
Top of
Foam
Pad
7,056
0
Inside
Foam Pad
(0.5cm)
4,536
0
Application (1.3 X 10s CPU) of Staphylococcus aureus applied to football pads
Spores of Bacillus atrophaeus (103 spores on steel discs enclosed in Tyvak) were also treated.
Treated strips (3 of 3) had no growth in TSB.
MIDDLE
TENNESSEE
SIAfE UNIVERSITY
Personal Protective Equipment
Potential to recycle health-care products
that historically have been viewed as single-
use items
Decontaminate and sterilize protective
apparel - disposable respirators, protective
gowns
Immediate benefit in third world countries
where supplies and access to sterile apparel
is often quite limited
Potential use in this country when
transportation/manufacturing disruption or
a crisis situation could lead to shortages of
protective apparel
=2008-09 concerns that demand for disposable
respirators might exceed supply due to fears and
perceived needs associated with the bird flu
MIDDLE
TENNESSEE
C-426
-------
Newsome Stubblefield
2/15/2012
PPE Results
Recycling can provide an
environmental and financial benefit
Potential in health care sector to
explore ways to recycle items
currently viewed as single use items
MIDDLE
TENNESSEE
SIAfE UNIVERSITY
First Responder Respirator Masks
Potential infectious risk from shared equipment
Evaluated levels of naturally-occurring bacteria on
used mask
Sampling Area (1 in2)
Filter - Outside mask
Filter - Inside mask
Shield - Inside mask
Face Contact Area - Forehead
Face Contact Area - Chin
Face Contact Area -Left Side
Face Contact Area -Right Side
Face Contact Area - Top Nose
Lower Nose Area (Non-contact area)
Inside drinking tube*
Cloth strap that attaches to mask
Mesh that fits on top of head
Viable CPUs Recovered
360
1,770
15,900
3,930
3,000
2,460
1,980
4,380
15,180
780
187,200
124,000
MIDDLE
TENNESSEE
C-427
-------
Newsome Stubblefield
2/15/2012
First Responder Respirator Masks
Decontamination trials on masks using lab-applied bacteria
- Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
Dose and humidity measured in CIO2Clave
I Hours)
1
1
3
3
1.5
1.5
Grams of
Each
2
2
2
2
5
5
Max
Chlorine
Dioxide
Achieved
Ippm)
143
149
124
138
192
197
Max
Relative
Humidity
Achieved
44
66*
48
64*
47
65*
Cloth Straps
Average
CPUs perl
in2 sample
BEFORE
1.9x10*
l.lxlO3
2.8x10*
2.0X103
UxlO4
2.1X103
CPUs per
AFTER
26
0
14
6
0
1
Killed
99.9%
99.9+%
99.9+%
99.7%
99.9+%
99.9+%
Rubber Mask
CFUsper 1
BEFORE
2.8x10*
2.6 xlO4
6.1X104
3. 3 XlO4
l.lxlO4
5.0 XlO4
Average
CFUsper
lin2 sample
AFTER
201
0
28
0
60
0
Killed
99.3%
99.9+%
99.9+%
99.9+%
99.5%
99.9+%
* Trials were conducted with humidity chips.
MIDDLE
TENNESSEE
SIAfE UNIVERSITY
First Responder Respirator Masks
Conducted trials on new masks to simulate field-use for
selected protocols
> Sanitation: Bi-monthly protocol
> 6 treatments with 2:2 grams of media for 3 hour
exposure, ~50% RH
> Decontamination: Potential bio-threat condition
> 2 treatments, 1,000 ppm, 1 hour exposure at ~50% RH
> Included spore strips (103) of Bacillus atrophaeus
> Treated masks are currently undergoing materials testing
MIDDLE
TENNESSEE
C-428
6
-------
Newsome Stubblefield
2/15/2012
Animal Mass Casualty Response"
Evaluated chlorine dioxide as a
decontaminant to reduce infectious risk
in an animal mass casualty event
> Handling & Disposal
> Assumed an outbreak of natural
or deliberate origins
> Pig skin was inoculated with
spores of Bacillus atrophaeus
I Unique surface to decontaminate
MIDDLE
TENNESSEE
SIAfE UNIVERSITY
Animal Mass Casualty Response*
Growth from Bacillus atrophaeus Spore Strips
Following Treatment"
Treatment
Time
2 Hours
2 Hours
4 Hours
6 Hours
6 Hours
6 Hours
Mass of
Each
Reactant
(grams)
10
20
20
5
10
20
C1O2
Maximum
(ppm)
1,109
2,760
3,035
558
1,451
3,067
104
Negative
Negative
Negative
Negative
Negative
Negative
10'
Postive
Postive
Negative
Positive
Negative
Negative
'""There was ?K &,;>'-•( »;-•..;,! than all r,'j>/:- ate ofv(:fni.»\';; -->•/¥;;" a negative result Av t
!ere incubate-!;^ 1KP, -M '.^C for24hours.
MIDDLE
TENNESSEE
C-429
-------
Newsome Stubblefield
2/15/2012
Animal Mass Casualty Response*
Chlorine Dknf de Gas Treatment Results
MjKsiri
tach
Treatment KcactanT
TimH (grams]
2 Hours 10
2Hours 20
4 Hours 20
6Hourx 5
6 Hours 10
6 Hours 20
(11 ThmumvnMfta
} '
Maxim u m
1,109
2,760
1035
558
1^*51
3JOBT
mai/iqaai
Average CPUs per i ini>:(Z-5 cm£)
UOIlt;aitfd 1 Gas Treatment
Control Treated Percent ^^P99^I^HR5^9^^^V^^^M^H
SamplpJi Samples^ Change Reductiont2* i^^^4 7^»^^ ^\W^ ^xB
12^50^00 1,324 -I2^48/(76 9%!
6.S25.QOO 24 -ft.824^76 33^
E.700JWO 1 -S^TODjOOD SS_S
ID^SOJXW 64 -lOMK^ae S9J
10^50,000 0 -IOJB5OOOO 101
2(050.000 0 -20J50JX» MX
W6 1
« ^k^.^^^^.^^^^K^^
Control 6 hr/558ppm 6hr/1451 ppm
+%
tt%
VI
IK
ifsn-
MIDDLE
TENNESSEE
StMT UNIVERSIH
Mass Casualty Response Comments*
Chlorine dioxide gas was effective in eliminating naturally-occurring skin
bacteria as well as the spore-former B. atrophaeus that was inoculated onto pig
skin.
Spray and dip treatments utilizing chlorine dioxide solutions were effective in
eliminating a portion of naturally-occurring skin bacteria, but not effective in
eliminating B. atrophaeus spores.
Skin is a unique surface to decontaminate and treatment protocols that were
successful in eliminating spore-forming bacteria on spore strips were not equally
effective on skin surfaces
There are clear applications for the use of chlorine dioxide in planning for local
and broad scale responses to outbreaks to mitigate exposure risks in the handling
and disposal of animal mass casualties.
Additional research is needed to optimize broad-scale application protocols for
use in responding to a naturally-occurring outbreak or deliberate origin.
MIDDLE
TENNESSEE
C-430
8
-------
Newsome Stubblefield
2/15/2012
Acknowledgements
*A portion of this research was funded by the Department of
Homeland Security-sponsored Southeast Region Research Initiative
(SERRI) at the Department of Energy's Oak Ridge National
Laboratory.
Appreciation is expressed to Dr. Hugh Berryman, Director of the
Forensics Institute for Research and Education at Middle Tennessee
State University for ongoing support and advisement for these
studies.
Appreciation is expressed to ICATriNova, and specifically to Joel
Tenney (VP Research and Development) for technical advisement and
for providing chlorine dioxide generating materials and the
equipment used in these studies.
MIDDLE
TENNESSEE
SfATl LINIVERsm
Contact Information
Dr. Anthony Newsome
Biology Department
Middle Tennessee State University
Phone: 615.898.2058
Email: anewsome@mtsu.edu
Jeannie Stubblefield
Molecular Biosciences/Biology
Middle Tennessee State University
Phone: 615.579.3042
Email: jms4w@mtmail.mtsu.edu
Dr. Hugh Berryman
Director, Forensics Institute for Research and Education
Middle Tennessee State University
Phone: 615.494.7896
Email: hugh.berryman@mtsu.edu
Joe I Tenney
ICA TriNova
Phone: 770.330.0974
Email: jdtenney@mindspring.com
MIDDLE
TENNESSEE
SIAU UMVERSin
0-431
-------
Canter
Evaluation of Liquid and Fumigant
Decontamination Products for Use
Following Future Anthrax Attacks
US EPA Decontamination Conference
Research Triangle Park, NC
November 3,2011
Dorothy A. Canter, Ph.D.
Carlton J. Kempter
• Evaluate candidate liquid and fumigant
decontamination products for possible use following
future anthrax attacks
Develop proposed product selection criteria
• Test the criteria using specific products
Develop key conclusions/recommendations
C-432
-------
Canter
Products for which the US EPA granted crisis exemptions
following the 2001 anthrax attacks (8)
• Sabrechlor 25, DrewChlor 4107, Akta Klor 25, pH-amended bleach,
Spor-Klenz RTU sterilant, Oxonia Active, Actril Cold Sterilant, Vortexx
Antimicrobial products subsequently registered by EPA as
sporicidal decontaminants specifically to treat Bacillus
anthracis (B.aJ-contaminated, pre-cleaned, hard, nonporous
surfaces (2)
• Peridox+EDS, Steriplex Ultra™
Products demonstrated in recent EPA research to be effective
sporicides on several non-porous and porous materials (4)
• CASCAD SDF, Decon Green, Easy Decon 200, Minncare Cold Sterilant
Active Ingredients of Liquid Decontamination
Products
• Nine products contain hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as
the active ingredient or one of the active ingredients
• Three contain sodium chlorite as the active ingredient
(chlorine dioxide aqueous solution generated in a closed system)
One contains sodium hypochlorite as the active
ingredient: pH-amended bleach
• One contains sodium dichloroisocyanurate as the
active ingredient: CASCAD SDF
C-433
-------
Canter
Liquid Decon PrcHffcts Containing H202
Product
Steriplex Ultra
Peridox+ EDS
(electrostatic
decon system)
SporKlenz RTU
Oxonia Active
Actril Cold
Sterilant
Minncare Cold
Sterilant
Vortexx
Easy Decon 200
Decon Green
Active Ingredients
Pt A: silver (0.03%); Pt B: HzOz
(22%), peroxyacetic acid (15%)
H2C*2 (24%) /peroxyacetic acid
(1.2%) + EDS
H2C*2 (1.0%), peroxyacetic acid
(0.08%), acetic acid (3 min.a or
30 min. (NP), 60 min.
(P)b
ghrs3 or
30 min.b'c
60 min.d or
30 min.c
10 min.3
10 min. d
30 min.3
30 min. (NP)b
60 min. (P)b
60 min.
Qualitative or Quantitative
Sporicidal Testing
NP surfaces
180 porcelain
penicylindersa
20 glass & 20
aluminum3,
5/5b(w/oEDS)
5/5b
2/3c
3/3d
3/3c
180 porcelain
peni cylinders3
3/3d
180 porcelain
penicylinders3
5/5b
5/5b
P surfaces
Not registered3
Not registered3
3/5b (w/oEDS)
3/5b
2/3°
3/4d
3/3c
Not exempted3
i/id
Not exempted3
3/5b
2/5"
5 f EPA Registration Status: S = Sterilant; D = disinfectant; NP = hard, non-porous; P = porous; NR = Not registered
Data references: (FIFRA, 2002)% (EPA, 2010)b , (EPA, 2011)c, (EPA, 2009) d
Liquid Decon Products Containing
Product
Steriplex Ultra
Peridox+ EDS
SporKlenz RTU
Oxonia Active
Actril Cold
Sterilant
Minncare Cold
Sterilant
Vortexx
Easy Decon 200
Decon Green
Conditions of use
Pour contents of Part B container into Part A
container /mix by agitation for 15 sec.; use applicator
-Dilute i part product with 5 parts HzO
-
-------
Canter
Product
pH-
amended
bleach
Sabrechlor
25
DrewChlor
4107
Akta Klor 25
CASCAD SDF
Active ingredient(s)
Sodium hypochlorite (5-6%)
Sodium chlorite (25%)
Sodium chlorite (25%)
Sodium chlorite (25%)
Sodium dichlorisocyanurate
(48-85%)
EPA
Reg.f
+ (S)
+ (D)
+ (D)
+ (D)
NR
Sporicidal
Contact time
30-60 min.a
60 min.b
60 min.d
30 min.c
10 min.c
30 min.a
30 min.a
30 min.a
30 min. (NP)b
60 min. (P)b
30 min. d
Qualitative or Quantitative
Sporicidal Testing
NP surfaces
60 porcelain
penicylinders3
5/5"
3/3c
3/3c
60 porcelain
penicylinders3
60 porcelain
penicylinders3
60 porcelain
penicylinders3
5/5b
3/3d
P Surfaces
Ineffective on 60
silk suture loops3
3/5"
i/4d
3/3c
2/3c
Ineffective on 60
silk suture loops3
Ineffective on 60
silk suture loops3
Ineffective on 60
silk suture loops3
5/5b
2/3d
f EPA Registration Status: S = sterilant; D = disinfectant; NP = hard, non-porous; P = porous; NR = Not registered
7 Data references: (FIFRA, 2002)% (EPA, 2010)b , (EPA, 2011)c, (EPA, 2009) d
Product
pH-amended
bleach
Sabrechlor 25
Drew Chlor 4107
Alta Klor 25
CASCAD SDF
Conditions of Use
-Mix i part bleach, 8 parts H2O, i
part white vinegar
-Circulate, coarse spray, or flood
surface
Use with chlorine dioxide generator
to produce aqueous solution
Use with chlorine dioxide generator
to produce aqueous solution
Use with chlorine dioxide generator
to produce aqueous solution
-3 reagents: decontaminant, buffer,
surfactant
-Make 2 separate solutions for
decontaminant and buffer, mix &
then add surfactant
-Spray application from = i foot
Product
Container
Volume
Multiple sizes >i
quart
Made on site to
desired volume
Made on site to
desired volume
Made on site to
desired volume
Up to 3,000
gallons
Toxic ity
Corrosive to eyes/skin.
Corrosive to eyes/skin; may be
fatal if swallowed; irritating to
nose and throat
Corrosive to eyes/skin; may be
fatal if swallowed; irritating to
nose and throat
Corrosive to eyes/skin; may be
fatal if swallowed; irritating to
nose and throat
Corrosive; very destructive of
mucous membranes; inhalation
may be fatal
C-435
4
-------
Canter
Proposed Criteria tor Evaluating Liquid
Decontamination Products
Regulatory status: Have FIFRA registrations or exemptions been
issued?
Demonstrated sporicidal efficacy
• Credible efficacy data for hard nonporous and/or porous surfaces
• Contact time and other parameters needed for efficacy
Safety concerns
• Risks to humans and non-target organisms
• Materials compatibility
Practical considerations
Commercial availability of product or components
Ease of application/cleanup
Shelf life of product or components
Site-specific factors
Cost
Applying Proposed
Criteria to Selected
Liquid Decontamination
Products
C-436
-------
Canter
• Regulatory status: Not registered, but crisis exemptions issued
after 2001 anthrax attacks
• Demonstrated B.a. or surrogate sporicidal efficacy
• On hard, non-porous and some porous surfaces (EPA, 2009,2010,
2011)
• 10-30 min. contact time (NP); 30-60 min. (P)
Safety
• Corrosive to eyes/skin
• Corrosive effects on some materials (e.g., circuit/computer parts)
• Practical considerations
• Extensive availability of container sizes aa quart; long shelf life
• Easy to formulate and apply; no visible residue
• Large production volume
• <$3 per gallon plus labor for applying product once every 15 min.
Candidate for all nonporous surfaces and some porous surfaces.
Large-scale use possible due to widespread availability and low cost.
Regulatory status: Registered as sporicidal decontaminant specifically for B. a.
spores
Demonstrated B.a. or surrogate sporicidal efficacy
• Registered for bard, non-porous surfaces (i.e., tested on glass & aluminum coupons);
23 minute contact time followed by EDS (UV light wand) within 10 min.
• Efifecth«on5of5luud,non-pon>usniatariakand3of5pon>usinatierials(EPA,
2010) without the EDS for 30 min. and 60 min. contact time, respectively; these uses
require an exemption
Safety concerns
Corrosive to eyes/skin
May be fewer materials compatibility effects than pH-amended bleach
P actical considerations
Only available in i and 5 gallon containers
Small application area
Must use specialized equipment (EDS UV light) 3-10 minutes after application using
slow moving wand si ft/sec at S2 feet from treated surface
Limited production volume
Cost = $87.00 per gallon
Candidate for nonporous surfaces and some porous surfaces.
Use may be limited by EDS, cost and production volume.
C-437
-------
Canter
• Regulatory status: not registered by EPA under FIFRA; Canadian
product
• Demonstrated B.a. or surrogate sporicidal efficacy
• Effective on 5 of 5 non-porous surfaces and 5 of 5 porous surfaces (EPA,
2009,2010)
• Contact time: 30 minutes for non-porous surfaces; 60 minute for porous
surfaces
Safety concerns
• Corrosive/lachrymator
• Little data available on materials compatibility
Practical considerations
• Product pre-packaged in three components that are mixed with HaO on site
• Applied as foam using 2-compartment spray bottle; adheres to vertical surfaces
• Question as to cleanup of foam following decontamination of large areas
• Annual production volume not known
• Cost = $10,095 for 3 gal- °r $89348 for 3,ooo gal. (e.g., approx. $30 to $33/gal)
Candidate for nonporous and porous surfaces. Use may be
limited by cost and production volume.
• Fumigants for which EPA issued crisis exemptions to
remediate building interiors following 2001 attacks
• Gaseous chorine dioxide (C1O2), hydrogen peroxide
(HiOi) vapor, parafbrmaldehyde (pHCHO)
• Fumigant which demonstrated sporicidal efficacy in
EPA-sponsored research
• Methyl bromide (MeBr)
C-438
-------
Canter
Comparison of Candidate Fumigants
Fumigant
Agent generation
Process variables
for efficacy
Mode of removal
post-fumigation
Penetration
capability
Materials
compatibility
(computer parts)
Buildings
fumigated
Toxi city/Other
CIO 2 gas
On site reaction of liquid
precursor chemicals to
generate CIOz gas
Temp > 70°,
70% < RH < 95%, ClOz >
75° PPm f°r 12 hours
Scrubbing with sodium
compounds/carbon
adsorption
High
Greatest extent of damage
4 for anthrax attacks;
multiple buildings for
mold remediation in LA,
TX and MS; registered for
use in labs.
Highly acutely toxic
HzOz vapor
On site vaporization of
35% HzOz solution
Temp > 70°, RH < 40%,
HzOz > 0.3 g/L for 4
hours
Catalytic breakdown to
HzO and Oz
Low
Some damage
2 for anthrax attacks;
registered for use in
rooms, vehicles, etc.;
registered for use in labs
Highly acutely toxic
pHCHO
On site heating of
pHCHO to produce
HCHO gas
68° < Temp < 72°? , RH >
50%, pHCHO >o.3 g/ft?
for 6-12 hours
Reaction with NH4HCO3;
white residue
(methenamine)
High
Not tested (no adverse
effects - long history of
use)
i (partial) for anthrax
attacks; widely used but
not registered for lab
decon; exemptions for
USAMRIID, DHS, USDA
Human carcinogen,
highly acutely toxic
MeBrgas
On site heating of liquid
MeBr to generate MeBr
gas.
Temp> 95°, 40% < RH <
75%, MeBr >3oo mg/L for
48 hours
Removal of MeBr by
scrubber in prototypical
research
High
Some damage
Was once registered for
fumigating homes &
buildings for termites;
some field studies done in
trailer /home
Acutely toxic, neurotoxin;
ozone depletor
Proposed Criteria for Evaluating Fumigants
Regulatory status: Have FIFRA registrations or exemptions
been issued?
Proven efficacy
• Well established process variables
• Penetration capability
Safely concerns
• Toxitity
• Materials compatibility effects
Practical considerations
• Maximum volume of space that can be fumigated at one time
• Demonstrated method(s) for removal of fumigant at end of process
• Real-time monitoring of concentration throughout process
• Commercial availability of fumigant, components and applicators
• Cost
C-439
-------
Canter
Applying Proposed
Criteria to Selected
Fumigants
Regulatory status: FIFRA registered as disinfectant and sterilant; several crisis
exemptions have been issued to treat B.a. spores
• Proven efficacy
• vs. B.a. spores in 4 buildings after 2001 attacks; process parameters well
established; efficacy in biosafety cabinets (BSCs) established by NSF-ANSI49-
2010.
• Largest interior volume fumigated >12 million cu ft.
• High penetration capability
• Safety concerns
• Highly acutely toxic (IDLH: 5 ppm), not tested for carcinogenicity
• Most damage to computer components of fumigants tested in DHS-EPA
studies; damage to circuit breathers noted by USPS
• Practical considerations
• Two methods used for removal of fumigant
• Commercially available, but equipment and trained staff limited and product is
not registered for B.a. spores
• No real-time monitoring of fumigant concentration
• InitiaEy was very expensive, but costs have decreased markedly with tenting and
other improvements
C-440
9
-------
Canter
• Regulatory status: FIFRA registrations voluntarily cancelled in 1991; 2 crisis
exemptions issued in 2002
• Proven efficacy
• Decades of use for decontamination of select agents by numerous federal, state,
commercial and private labs; efficacy in BSCs established
, ,
by NSF-ANSI 49-2010.
• High penetration capability
• Safety concerns
• Active ingredient formaldehyde acutely toxic (IDLH: 20 ppm), human
cardnogen/genotoxin
• Not tested in DHS-EPA materials compatibility studies of computer
components
• Practical considerations
• Demonstrated method for fumigant removal; white residue (methenamine)
must be removed by washing
• Volume of space to be fumigated might be limited
• Commercially available, but not registered for B.O. spores
• Inexpensive for small scale, but costs not known for large scale
Regulatory status: FIFRA registered, but not as disinfectant or sterilant
or for B.a. spores; exemptions granted only for research.
Demonstrated efficacy
• Research in lab/trailer/two-story home indicate efficacy vs. B.a. spores
• High penetration capability
Safety concerns
• Not as acutely toxic as other fumigants (IDLH: 250 ppm), neurotoxin
• Stratospheric ozone depletor - most uses prohibited under Clean Air
Act (unless pre-2oo5 stockpile is used)
• Some damage to computer components in DHS-EPA studies
Practical considerations
• 48 hour exposure required in above studies
• Fumigant removal method available but not demonstrated at field level
• Commercially available
• Relatively inexpensive
C-441
10
-------
Canter
Conclusions/Recommendations -
Liquid Decontamination Products
Currently only 2 liquid decontaminants for B.a. spores can
be bought and used without obtaining FIFRA crisis
exemption (Steriplex Ultra; Peridox + EDS)
• But quarantine exemption issued by EPA in Oct. 2011 for 8
liquid decontaminants that previously received crisis
exemptions
• Crisis exemptions for other 4 products may be obtainable
Practical considerations (e.g., ease of use and cleanup, site
characteristics, cost and availability) will be an important
criterion in selecting liquid decontaminants from among
those with comparable efficacy
Conclusions/Recommendations - Fumigants
• Currently C1O2 is the only fumigant that has been used for
decontaminating interior spaces of 23 million cu. ft. at one time
• Sabre Technical Services is only vendor with equipment to generate QOz to
treat very large interiors at one time
MeBr might be useful fumigant for B.a. spores following wide area
attack, BUT more research is needed to validate process variables and
to develop/validate technology to remove fumigant at end of treatment
• A major hurdle k finding a way to obtain and use MeBr under the QeaiiAk
Act since this use is not currently legal.
• pHCHO proven fumigant for B.a. spores, BUT active ingredient
formaldehyde is human carcinogen
• Would probably only be used under special circumstances following wide
area attack (e.g., interior of building with minimal human usage)
H2O2 vapor would be useful to fumigate certain interiors of £250,000
cu. ft., BUT its low penetration capability would make the presence of
porous materials be an issue
C-442
11
-------
Canter
No magic bullet exists for either surface decontamination
or fumigation
In a future B. a. attack, contaminated areas will need to be
evaluated on a site-specific basis to determine which
product(s) to use
Value exists in having consensus criteria to perform such
evaluations
Criteria for evaluating decontaminants could also be
applied to 'low tech' and physical methods of
decontamination.
Consensus criteria for evaluating these products will aid
responders/Incident Commanders in making better
informed and more timely selection decisions
Dorothy Canter
dorothy@dorothycanterconsulting.com
240-743-9247
Jeff Kempter
kempter.carlton@epa.gov
703-305-5448
C-443
12
-------
Canter
FIFRA. 2002. Efficacy data developed by either registrants or
EPA's Microbiology Laboratory reviewed in conjunction with the
registration or exemption of certain pesticide products.
Unpublished data. Office of Pesticide Programs, EPA.
USEPA. 2009. Evaluation of Liquid and Foam Technologies for
the Decontamination of B. anthracis and B. subtilis Spores on
Building and Outdoor Materials. EPA/6oo/11-09/150. November,
2009. At rd.
USEPA. 2010. Biological Agent Decontamination Technology
Testing: Technology Evaluation Report. EPA/6oo/R-io/o87.
September, 2010. At \v rd.
USEPA. 2011. Systematic Investigation of Liquid and Fumigant
Decontamination Efficacy against Biological Agents Deposited
on Test Coupons of Common Indoor Materials. EPA/6oo/R-
11/076. November, 2011. At
C-444
13
-------
Table of Contents
Peter Jutro C-3
Scott Morris C-7
Carl Brown C-12
Rosina Kerswell C-28
William Steuteville C-40
Marissa Lynch C-59
Jeffrey Szabo C-71
Captain Colleen Petullo C-80
Matthew Magnuson C-89
Lawrence Kaelin C-98
DeonAnex C-107
Vipin Rastogi C-124
Jimmy Walker C-134
Richard Byers C-159
Jeanelle Martinez C-171
Lukas Oudejans C-184
George Wagner C-196
Harry Stone C-204
Shannon Serre C-216
Dino Mattorano C-234
Paul Lemieux C-247
Aleksei Konoplev C-265
John Drake C-278
Karen Riggs C-287
Emily Snyder C-298
Mark Desrosiers C-308
Timothy Boe C-321
Lori Miller C-355
Worth Calfee C-371
Joseph Wood C-378
Jimmy Walker C-395
Anthony Newsome and Jeannie Stubblefield C-404
Dorothy Canter C-417
Craig Ramsey C-430
Note: This appendix includes copies of only those presentations that were authorized for use in
this report. Some speakers requested that their presentations not be included in this
document. Readers interested in learning more about those presentations are encouraged to
contact the speakers.
C-2
-------
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
PRESORTED STANDARD
POSTAGE & FEES PAID
EPA
PERMIT NO. G-35
Office of Research and Development (8101R)
Washington, DC 20460
Official Business
Penalty for Private Use
$300
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