United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Water
Washington, D.C.
EPA 832-F-00-069
September 2000
&EPA Waste water
Technology Fact Sheet
In-Plant Pump Stations
DESCRIPTION
The terrain of the treatment plant site and the
influent sanitary sewer depth govern the need for
and location of in-plant pumping facilities. In-plant
pump stations are facilities that consist of pumps
and service equipment designed to pump flows
from lower to higher elevations to allow continuous
and cost-effective treatment through unit processes
within the plant.
The type of pumps most commonly used at
wastewater treatment plants include the centrifugal,
progressive cavity, and positive displacement. The
three types are listed in Table 1 with the different
pump applications. Archimedes screw pumps
(progressive cavity) are used to pump raw
wastewater and return activated sludge in treatment
plants, but only in larger facilities because of the
high purchase cost. These pumps are popular
because they are relatively easy to operate.
The focus of this section will be on centrifugal
pumps for raw wastewater and effluent pumping
applications.
Key elements of every pump station include: wet
well, pumps, piping with associated valves and
strainers, motors, power supply system, equipment
control and alarm system, odor control system and
ventilation system. Pump station equipment and
systems are often installed in an enclosed structure.
Pump stations can be constructed on site (custom-
designed) or pre-fabricated in a factory. Pump
station capacities range from 76 1pm (20 gpm) to
more than 378,500 1pm (100,000 gpm). Pre-
fabricated pump stations generally have capacity of
up to 38,000 1pm (10,000 gpm). Usually, pump
TABLE 1 PUMP APPLICATION
Pump Type
Typical
Application
Centrifugal
Positive
Displacement
Progressive
Cavity
Raw Wastewater
Primary Sludge
Secondary Sludge
Effluent Wastewater
Primary Sludge
Thickened Sludge
Digested Sludge
Slurries
Chemical Feed
Applications
All types of Sludge
All types of Slurries
Flush Water
Spray Water
Seal Water
Source: WEF, 1992 and Sanks, 1992.
stations include at least two constant-speed pumps
ranging in size from 38 to 75,660 1pm (10 to
20,000 gpm) each and have a basic wet-well level
control system to sequence the pumps during
normal operation.
The most common method for pump control uses
liquid level controls that indicate when a desirable
water level is attained in the wet well. A trapped
air column, or bubbler system that senses pressure
and level, is commonly used for pump station
control. Other control alternatives are electrodes
placed at cut-off levels, and float switches. A more
sophisticated control operation involves the use of
variable speed drives.
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Buildings, although not necessary for the operation
of the pumps, are required if service and repair
work have to be carried out on-site, to protect
electrical equipment from weather, and to provide
room for personnel (sometimes in response to local
regulations). Isolation valves are used to close off
the pumping station or parts of it for routine
inspection and maintenance and repair of the
structure. For large pump stations, the wet wells
are divided to allow for future repair or
rehabilitation while the pump station continues to
operate. Large sloping fillets or wet-well mixers
are used to minimize solids deposition in the wet
wells. Designs for self-cleaning wet wells are
becoming more prominent. Pump stations are
typically provided with equipment for pump
removal. Floor doors or openings above the pump
room and an overhead monorail beam, bridge crane,
or portable hoist are commonly used.
Common Modifications
The two most commonly used types of pump
stations are the dry-pit or dry-well and submersible
pump stations. In dry-well pump stations the
pumps and valves are housed in a pump room (dry
pit or dry-well), that can be easily accessed. The
wet well is a separate isolated chamber attached or
located adjacent to the dry-well (pump room)
structure.
The submersible pump stations do not have a
separate pump room, however, the pump station
header piping, associated valves, and flow meters
are located in a separate dry vault on the surface for
easy access. Submersible pump stations include
sealed pumps that operate submerged in the wet
well. These submerged pumps are not intended for
frequent inspection, but can be removed
periodically to the surface and re-installed using
guide rails and a hoist. Key advantages of the dry-
well pump stations are that they allow an easy
access for routine visual inspection and
maintenance, and in general they are easier to repair
than submersible pumps. Key advantages of the
submersible pump station include lower costs than
the dry-well stations and an ability to operate
without frequent pump maintenance. In addition,
submersible pump stations usually do not require
large aboveground structures and are easier to
blend-in with the surrounding environment in
residential areas. They require less space and
typically are easier and less expensive to construct
for wastewater flow capacities of 38,000 1pm
(10,000 gpm) or less. Figures 1 and 2 illustrate the
two types of pumps.
Source: Qasim, 1994.
FIGURE 1 DRY-WELL PUMP
Based on the type of construction, two types of
pump stations are most common: custom-designed
and pre-fabricated (factory-built) pump stations.
Custom-designed stations are widely used for large
flow applications (22,700 1pm or 6,000 gpm and
above) because they can be designed to
accommodate practically any set of flows, heads,
footprint, and special features. In addition,
Hoist
Discharge
Source: Qasim, 1994.
FIGURE 2 WET-WELL PUMP
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custom-designed pump stations are typically more
spacious and accessible, and have a longer
structural life than factory-built pump stations.
Pre-fabricated pump stations are available in
various forms and can be either dry-well or
submersible. Pre-fabricated pump stations are
typically used for smaller flows because they are
more compact and generally lower in cost than
custom-designed pump stations. Pre-fabricated dry-
well pump stations usually include steel or plastic
shell that is designed to house one to three vertical-
shaft flooded suction pumps. Pumps, valves and
other equipment are installed at the factory prior to
shipment. Circular station shells are more common
and larger pump stations can have an oval shape.
Pump station shells are typically bolted to cast-in-
place concrete base slabs at the job site. In wet-
well configurations, the wet well usually is
constructed of pre-cast concrete. Pre-fabricated
submersible stations are typically constructed of
pre-cast concrete or steel and can accommodate one
or two submersible pumps. For pre-cast concrete
stations, the pump manufacturer may provide a
complete package of equipment, including
submersible pumps, discharge elbows, check
valves, access hatches, and level controls. For steel
stations, the equipment is typically pre-packaged at
the factory. Fiberglass tanks are typically used for
smaller pump stations.
APPLICABILITY
In-plant pump stations are used to move wastewater
from lower to higher elevation, particularly where
the elevation of the source is not sufficient for
gravity flow and/or the use of gravity conveyance
will result in excessive excavation depths and high
plant construction costs. In-plant pump stations are
used to pump flow from areas too low to drain by
gravity into nearby sewer lines.
Current Status
Variable speed pumping is often used to optimize
pump performance and minimize power use.
Several types of variable-speed pumping equipment
are available, including variable voltage and
frequency drives, eddy current couplings, and
mechanical variable-speed drives. Variable-speed
pumping can reduce the size and cost of the wet
well and allows the pumps to operate at maximum
efficiency under a variety of flow conditions.
Because variable-speed pumping allows pump
station discharge to match inflow, only a nominal
wet-well storage volume is required and the well
water level is maintained at a near constant
elevation. Variable-speed pumping may allow a
given flow range to be achieved with fewer pumps
than would a constant-speed alternative. Variable-
speed stations also minimize the number of pump
starts and stops, reducing mechanical wear.
Although there is a significant energy saving
potential for stations with large friction losses, it
may not justify the additional capital costs unless
the cost of power is relatively high. The variable
speed equipment also requires more room within
the pump station and may produce more noise and
heat than constant speed pumps.
Modern pump stations are equipped with automatic
controls for pump starting and operational
sequencing. The pump stations typically have
standby pumps to increase reliability and provide
adequate capacity for unusually high flows. In
unattended pumping stations, automatic controllers
are frequently used to allow switch over to standby
units when a pump fails. Flow recording equipment
is often installed to record instantaneous pumping
rates and the total flow pumped.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
Limitations
Compared with gravity conveyance, pump stations
require an outside source of power. If the power
supply is interrupted, flow conveyance is
discontinued. Unless there are overflow structures,
discontinuation of pump station operation can result
in flooding the area upstream of the pump station
and can interrupt the normal operations of the
treatment facilities. This limitation is typically
handled by providing a stand by power source (e.g.,
back-up generator).
The useful life of pump station equipment is
typically limited to 20 to 30 years, with good
maintenance. Pump station structures typically
have a useful life of 50 years. The useful life of
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pump station equipment and structures can be
prolonged by using corrosion-resistant materials
and protective coatings.
Reliability
Pump stations are complex facilities that contain a
significant number of equipment and auxiliary
systems. Therefore, they are less reliable than
gravity wastewater conveyance but the pump
station reliability can be significantly improved. A
way to improve the situation is by providing stand-
by equipment (pumps and controls) and emergency
power supply systems. In addition, pump station
reliability is improved by using screens to remove
debris, by using non-clog pumps suitable for the
particular wastewater quality, and by applying
emergency alarm and automatic control systems.
Provisions are often made for emergency overflow
or bypass of the pump station to protect engine
driven pumps and to provide more reliable and
uninterrupted operation.
Pump stations have a relatively low impact on the
surrounding air and water and a moderate impact on
land during construction. Key potential
environmental impacts of constructing a pump
station are noise, odor, and emergency sewer
overflows to nearby surface waters. Pump motor
operation is a source of noise, which if not
adequately mitigated, may negatively impact nearby
residential developments. In an emergency (pump
malfunction, power failure, etc.) a portion of the
wastewater conveyed to the pump station may
overflow to nearby surface waters causing potential
health risk. Emergency sewer overflows are
mitigated by installation of highly reliable
equipment, providing redundant control systems
and installing facilities for overflow storage and/or
treatment prior to discharge to surface waters.
Potential odor problems are mitigated by
installation of various odor control systems,
including reduction of odor release by adding
chemicals upstream of the pump station and
odorous gases evacuation and treatment at the pump
station site. The addition of chemicals should be
closely monitored to avoid killing any
microorganisms downstream (in the extended
aeration process).
Advantages
Use of in-plant pump stations can reduce the depth
of plant structures. For example, consider a
treatment plant located on uniform ground
elevation. Installation of an influent pump station
at the headworks of the facility could significantly
reduce the depth of downstream structures (such as
aeration basins, clarifiers, and contact basins),
thereby reducing capital construction costs for the
entire facility.
Disadvantages
Key disadvantages of in-plant pump stations
compared to gravity conveyance, are that they are
costly to operate and maintain, and are a potential
source of odors and noise. In addition, pump
stations require a significant amount of power and
are prone to flooding during pump failure, which
may spread over the adjacent structures.
Primarily due to the low cost of gravity conveyance
and the higher costs of operating and maintaining
in-plant pump stations, the minimizing of in-plant
wastewater pumping should be a primary design
consideration.
DESIGN CRITERIA
Cost effective pump stations are designed to: (1)
match pump capacity, type and configuration with
wastewater quantity; (2) provide reliable and
interruptible operation; (3) allow for easy operation
and maintenance of the installed equipment; (4)
accommodate future capacity expansion; (5) avoid
septic conditions and excessive release of odors in
the collection system and at the pump station; and
(6) avoid flooding of the pump station and the
surrounding areas.
Wet Well
Wet-well design is dependent on the type of pump
station configuration (submersible or dry-well) and
the type of pump controls (constant or variable
speed). Wet-wells are typically designed large
enough to prevent rapid pump cycling, but small
enough to prevent a long detention time and
associated odor release.
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Wet-well maximum detention time in constant
speed pumps is typically 20 to 30 minutes. Use of
variable frequency drives for pump speed control
allows wet-well detention time reduction to 5 to 15
minutes. Wet-well bottom slope should be
designed to allow self-cleaning and minimum
deposition of debris. Bar screens are often installed
in or upstream of the wet well to minimize pump
clogging problems; however, screens are not
typically required for in-plant stations because
course material is generally removed at headworks
in the plant.
Wastewater Pumps
The number of wastewater pumps and associated
capacity should be selected to provide head-
capacity characteristics (elevation of a free surface
of water) that correspond, as closely as possible, to
the wastewater quantity fluctuations. This can be
accomplished by the preparation of pump/pipeline
system head-capacity curves showing all conditions
of head and capacity under which the pumps will be
required to operate.
The number of pumps to be installed in the pump
station depends largely on the station capacity and
range of flow. In small stations, with maximum
flows of less than 2580 1pm (680 gpm), two pumps
are customarily installed, with each unit having
capacity to meet the maximum influent rate. For
larger pump stations, the size and the number
pumps should be selected so that the flow range can
be met without frequent starting and stopping of
pumps and without requiring excessive wet-well
storage.
The pumps are designed to run alternately in an
effort to keep wear and tear even, as well as
keeping all of the parts are lubricated. Additional
pumps may be needed to provide intermediate
capacities that are better matched to typical daily
flows. Another option is to provide flow flexibility
with variable-speed pumps. Usually, the single
pump peak flow approach is most suitable for
stations that have relatively rapid flow increase or
high headlosses. For such stations, parallel
pumping is not as effective, because two pumps
operating together yield only slightly higher flows
than one pump. If the peak flow is to be achieved
with multiple pumps in parallel, the pump station
will need to be equipped with at least three pumps:
two duty pumps that together provide peak flow and
one standby pump for emergency backup. Parallel
peak pumping is typically used for large pump
stations with relatively flat system head curves.
Such operation allow multiple pumps to deliver
substantially more flow than a single pump. In
addition, use of multiple pumps in parallel provides
more flexibility.
Several types of centrifugal pumps are frequently
used at in-plant pump stations. In straight-flow
centrifugal pumps the wastewater does not change
direction of flow as it passes through the pumps
and into the discharge pipe. These pumps are
suitable for low-flow/high head conditions. In
angle-flow pumps, the wastewater enters the
impeller axially and passes through the volute
casing at 90 degrees to its original direction (Figure
3). This type of pump is appropriate for pumping
against low or moderate heads. Most viable for
pumping large quantities of wastewater at low head
are the mixed flow pumps. In these pumps, the
outside diameter of the impeller is less than that of
an ordinary centrifugal pump, hence the flow speed
is greater.
Ventilation
Ventilation and heating are required if the lift
station includes an area of the facility that is
routinely entered by personnel. Ventilation is
particularly important to prevent the collection of
toxic and/or explosive gases in the pump station.
According to the National Fire Protection
Association (NFPA) 820, all continuous ventilation
systems should be fitted with flow detection devices
connected to alarm signaling systems to indication
ventilation system failure. Dry-well ventilation
codes typically require 6 continuous air changes per
hour or 30 intermittent air changes per hour. Wet
wells typically require 12 continuous air changes
per hour or 60 intermittent air changes per hour.
Motor control center (MCC) rooms should have a
ventilation system adequate to provide 6 air
changes per hour and should be air conditioned to
13 to 32 degrees C (55 to 90 degrees F). If the
control room is combined with an MCC room, the
temperature should not exceed 30 degrees C or 85
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t
Impeller
Discharge line
\U-I
Suction line V
Casing
Source: Lindeburg, revised edition 1995.
FIGURE 3 CENTRIFUGAL ANGLE-FLOW
PUMP
degrees F. All other spaces should be designed for
12 air changes per hour. Minimum temperature
should be 13 degrees C (55 degrees F) whenever
chemicals are stored or used.
Odor Control
Odor control is frequently required for pump
stations. A relatively simple and widely used odor
control alternative includes minimizing wet-well
turbulence. More effective options include
collection of odors generated at the pump station
and their treatment in scrubbers or biofilters, or the
addition of odor control chemicals to the sewer
upstream of the pump station. Chemicals typically
used for odor control include chlorine, hydrogen
peroxide, metal salts (ferrous chloride and ferric
sulfate); oxygen, air and potassium permanganate.
Power Supply
The reliability of power for the pump motor drives
is a basic design consideration. Commonly used
methods for emergency power supply include
electric power feed from two independent power
distribution lines; an on-site standby generator; an
adequate portable generator with quick connection;
a stand-by engine driven pump; ready access to a
suitable portable pumping unit and appropriate
connections; and availability of an adequate holding
facility for wastewater storage upstream of the
pump station.
PERFORMANCE
The overall performance of the pump stations
depends on the performance of their pumps. All
pumps have four common performance
characteristics: capacity, head, power and overall
efficiency. Capacity (flow rate) is the quantity of
liquid pumped per unit of time, typically measured
as gallons per minute (gpm) or million gallons per
day (mgd). Head is the energy supplied to the
wastewater per unit weight, typically expressed as
feet of water. Power is the energy consumed by a
pump per unit time, typically measured as kilowatt-
hours. Overall efficiency is the ratio of useful
hydraulic work performed to the actual work input.
Efficiency reflects the pump relative power losses
and is usually measured as a percentage of the
applied power.
Pump performance curves (Figure 4) are used to
define and compare the operating characteristics of
a given pump and to identify the best combination
of performance characteristics under which the
pump station pumping system will operate under
typical conditions. Well designed pump systems
operate at 75 to 85 percent efficiency most of the
time. The overall pump efficiency is highly
dependent on the type of the installed pumps, their
control system and the fluctuation of the influent
wastewater flow. Performance optimization
I40"
i
I 30 -
^~~~^^^
"^\ ^/
'_ __^—^ \
\
\
\
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4
Discharge (m3/s)
Source: Adapted from Roberson and Crowe, 1993.
FIGURE 4 PUMP PERFORMANCE CURVE
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strategies focus on matching pump operational
characteristics with system flow and head
requirements. They may include the following
options: adjusting system flow paths; installing
variable speed drives; using parallel pumps;
installing pumps of different sizes; trimming a
pump impeller; putting a gear reducer and a two-
speed motor on one or more pumps in the pump
station. While savings will vary with the system,
electrical energy savings in the range of 20 to 50
percent are possible by optimizing system
performance.
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
Pump station operation is usually automated and
does not require continuous on-site operator
presence. However, frequent inspections are
recommended to assure normal functioning of
pump station equipment and to identify potential
problems early. Weekly pump station inspection
typically includes observation of pumps, motors
and drives for unusual noise, vibration, heating or
leakage; check of pump suction and discharge lines
for valving arrangement and leakage; check of
control panel switches for proper position;
monitoring of discharge pump rates and pump
speed; and monitoring of pump suction and
discharge pressure. If a pump station is equipped
with bar screens to remove coarse materials from
the wastewater, these materials are collected
automatically or manually in containers and
disposed to a sanitary landfill site once a week or as
needed. If the pump station has a scrubber system
for odor control, chemicals for this system are
supplied and replenished typically once every one
to three months. If chemicals are added for odor
control ahead of the pump station, the chemical
feed stations should be inspected weekly and
chemical supplies replenished as needed.
The most labor-intensive task for pump stations is
routine preventive maintenance. A well-planned
maintenance program for pump station pumps
prevents unnecessary equipment wear and
downtime. Regardless of the excellence of
servicing programs, equipment use causes wear
and, ultimately, failure or breakage of parts. Pump
station operators must have an inventory of critical
spare parts available. The number of spare parts in
the inventory depends on the critical needs of the
unit, the rate at which the part would normally fail,
and the availability of the part. The operator of the
pump station needs to tabulate each pumping
element in the system and its recommended spare
parts. This information is typically available from
the manufacturer's operation and maintenance
manuals provided with the pump station.
COSTS
In-plant pump station costs depend on many factors
including: (1) flow and quantity of the liquid being
pumped, (namely, wastewater, sludge or
chemicals); (2) depth of the required structures; (3)
alternatives for standby power sources; (4)
operation and maintenance needs and support; (5)
soil properties and underground conditions; (6) the
severity of impact of accidental sewage spill upon
the local area; and (7) the need for an odor control
system. These site and system specific factors must
be examined and incorporated in the preparation of
pump station cost estimate.
Construction Costs
The most important factors influencing costs are the
design pump station capacity and the installed
pump power. Another important cost factor is the
pump station complexity. Factors which would
classify a pump station as complex include two or
more of the following items: (1) subsurface
condition; (2) congested site and/or restricted
access; (3) rock excavation; (4) extensive
dewatering requirements such as cofferdams; (5)
site conflicts, including modification or removal of
existing facilities; (6) special foundations including
piling; (7) dual power supply and on-site switch
stations and emergency power generator; (8) high
pumping heads.
Typically in-plant pump stations are less expensive
than their collection system (lift station) counter
parts. Pump station construction has a significant
economy-of-scale. Typically, if the capacity of a
pump station is increased 100 percent, the
construction cost would only increase about 50 to
55 percent. An important practical consideration is
that two identical pump stations would cost
approximately 25 to 30 percent more than a single
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station of the same combined capacity. Usually,
complex pump stations cost two to three times
more than more simple pump stations with no
construction complications.
Construction costs for in-plant pump stations are
usually not segregated, but rather included in the
overall capital construction costs for a treatment
facility. Therefore, there is a wide range of costs
starting as low as $30,000 and reaching as high as
$1,000,000 (Pasco, 2000). The low end cost is for
small plants while the higher end includes
sophisticated equipment and/or a large plant.
Operation and Maintenance Costs
Pump station operation and maintenance (O&M)
costs include costs for power, labor and
maintenance. If chemicals are used at the pump
station for odor control, O&M costs will include
the cost for chemicals. Usually, the costs for solids
disposal are minimal, but are considered a part of
the O&M costs if the pump station is equipped with
bar screens to remove coarse materials from the
wastewater. Typically, power costs are 85 to 95
percent of the total O&M costs and are directly
proportional to the unit cost of power and the actual
power used by the pump station pumps. Labor
costs are usually 1 to 2 percent of total O&M costs.
Annual maintenance costs vary, depending on the
complexity of the equipment and instrumentation.
REFERENCES
Other Related Fact Sheets
Sewers, Lift Stations
EPA 832-F-00-073
September, 2000
Other EPA Fact Sheets can be found at the
following web address:
http://www.epa.gov/owmitnet/mtbfact.htm
1. Cavalieri R.R. and G. L. Devin Pitfalls in
Wet Weather Pumped Facilities Design. In
Proceedings of the Water Environment
Federation, 71st Annual Conference,
Orlando, Florida, Vol. 2, 719-729, October
1998.
10.
11.
Don Casada. Pump Optimization for
Changing Needs. Operations Forum. Vol. 9,
No. 5, 14-18, May 1998.
Environmental Protection Agency. Design
Manual. Odor and Corrosion Control in
Sanitary Sewerage Systems and Treatment
Plants. EPA/625/1-85/018, October 1985.
Gravette B. R. Benefits of Dry-pit
Submersible Pump Stations. In Proceedings
of the Water Environment Federation, 68th
Annual Conference, Miami Beach, Florida,
Vol. 3, 187-196, October 1995.
Graham B, I, Pinto T.G. and T. Southard.
Backyard Pumping Stations - The Low-
pressure Grinder Systems That Call Old
Septic Tanks Home. Operations Forum, Vol.
10, No. 5, 25-29, May 1993.
Jackson J. K. Variable Speed Pumping
Brings Efficiency to Pump Systems.
Operations Forum,Vol. 13, No. 5, 21-24,
May 1996.
Lindeburg, Michael R. Civil Engineering
Reference Manual, 6th ed., Professional
Publications, Inc., revised edition 1995.
Makovics J. S. and M. Larkin.
Rehabilitating Existing Pumping Systems:
Trips, Traps and Solutions. Operations
Forum, Vol. 9, No. 5, 10-17, May 1992.
Metcalf & Eddy Inc., Wastewater
Engineering: Collection and Pumping of
Wastewater, McGraw Hill Book Company,
1981.
National Fire Protection Association.
National Fire Codes. Volume 7, Section
820. Quincy, Massachusetts, 1995.
Paschke N.W. Pump Station Basics -
Design Considerations for a Reliable Pump
Station. Operations Forum, Vol. 14, No. 5,
15-20, May 1997.
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12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
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Public Works Journal. The 1997 Public
Works Manual. April 15, 1997.
Qasim, Syed R. Wastewater Treatment
Plants - Planning Design, and Operation.
Technomic Publishing company, Inc., 1994.
Rotondo/Carlgen, 2000.
personal communication
Engineering Science, Inc.
Ken Pasco,
with Parsons
Russell Edward. Screw-Pump
Preservation. Operations Forum, Vol. 9,
No. 5, 18-19, May 1992.
SanksR. L., TchobanoglousG., Newton D.,
Bosserman, B.E., Jones, G. M. Pumping
Station Design, Butterworths, Boston, 1989.
Schneller T. M. Pumping it Up? Practical
Means For Evaluating Lift Station Fitness.
In Proceedings of the Water Environment
Federation, 68th Annual Conference, Miami
Beach, Florida, Vol. 3, 155-166 October
1995.
Smith E. C. Don't Lose the Pump
Efficiency Game. Operations Forum, Vol.
11, No. 7, 18-21, July 1994.
Seigal S.E. Upgraded to the World's
Largest. Dry-Pit/Submerged Pumps Make
the Grade. Operations Forum, Vol. 11, No.
5, 24-28, May 1994.
Water Environment Federation. Design of
Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants,
Manual of Practice No. 8, 1992.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Miami-Bade Water and Sewer Department
Luis Aguiar, Assistant-Director
4200 Salzedo Street
Coral Gables, FL 33146
East Bay Municipal Utility District
Eileen M. White
P.O. Box 24055
Oakland, CA 94523
Wastewater Treatment Plant
Richard R. Roll
P.O. Box 69
Niagara Falls, NY 14302
City of Houston DPW and Engineering
Gary N. Oradat
Utility Maintenance Division
306 McGowen Street, Houston, TX 7706
City of Fayetteville
David Jurgens
113 West Mountain Street
Fayetteville, AR 72701
Water & Wastewater Utility
Bruno Conegliano
City of Austin, P.O. Box 1088
Austin, TX 78767
The mention of trade names or commercial
products does not constitute endorsement or
recommendations for use by the United States
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
For more information contact:
Municipal Technology Branch
U.S. EPA
Mail Code 4204
1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW
Washington, D.C. 20460
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