United States Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Atmospheric Programs (6207J)
Washington, DC 20005
EPA-430-S-14-001
March 2014
Global Mitigation of  Non-C02 Greenhouse
Gases: 2010-2030
   jcutive Summary

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Table  of Contents

Introduction	2
Energy
      Coal  Mining	4
      Oil and Natural Gas Systems	6
Waste
      Landfills	8
      Wastewater	10
Industrial  Processes
      Nitric and Adipic Acid Production	12
      Refrigeration and Air Conditioning	14
      Solvents	16
      Foams Manufacturing, Use, and Disposal	18
      Aerosols	20
      Fire Protection	22
      Aluminum Production	24
      HCFC-22 Production	26
      Semiconductor Manufacturing	28
      Electric Power Systems	30
      Magnesium Production	32
      Photovoltaic Cell Manufacturing	34
      Flat Panel  Display Manufacturing	36
Agriculture
      Livestock	38
      Rice  Cultivation	40
      Croplands	42

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 Introduction
Climate change is influenced by a number of social and
environmental factors. The change in our Earth's climate is
largely driven by emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) to
the atmosphere.  While some GHG emissions occur through
natural processes, the largest share of GHG emissions come
from human activities. GHG emissions from anthropogenic
sources have increased significantly over a relatively
short time frame (-100 years) and are projected to grow
appreciably  over the next 20 years.

Policy development and planning efforts are underway at
all levels of society to identify climate change strategies
that effectively reduce future greenhouse gas emissions
and prepare  communities to adapt to the Earth's changing
climate. GHG mitigation analysis continues to play an
important role in the formation of climate change policy. A
large body of research has been dedicated to analyzing ways
to reduce carbon dioxide (CC^) emissions.

While this work is critical to developing effective climate
policy, other GHG gases can play an important role in the
effort to address global climate change.  These non-carbon
dioxide (non-CC^) GHGs include methane (CH4), nitrous
oxide (N2O), and a number of industrial gases such as
fluorinated gases.

Non-CO2 greenhouse gases are more potent than CO2 (per
unit weight) at trapping heat within the atmosphere.  Global
warming potential (GWP) is the factor  that quantifies the
heat trapping potential of each GHG relative to that of
carbon dioxide (CC^). For example, methane has a GWP
value of 21 which means that each molecule of methane
released into the atmosphere is 21 more times effective at
trapping heat compared to an equivalent unit of CC^. The
table shows  the list of GHG gases with  their GWP values
that are considered in this report.

Marginal  abatement cost curves (MACCs) are an analytical
tool commonly used in mitigation analysis to assist policy
makers in understanding the opportunities for reducing
GHG emissions and the relative cost of implementation.
MACCs provide information on the amount of
emissions reductions that can be achieved as well as
an estimate of the costs of implementing the GHG
abatement measures. This figure shows the Global
MACC for all non-CO2 GHGs in 2030.  Worldwide,
the potential for cost-effective non-CO2 GHG
abatement is significant. The figure shows the global total
aggregate MAC for the year 2030. Without a price signal
(i.e., at $0/tCO2e), the global mitigation potential is
greater than 1,800 million metric tons of CO2 equivalent
(MtCC^e), or 12% of the baseline emissions. As the
break-even price rises,  the mitigation potential grows.
Significant mitigation opportunities could be realized in
the lower range of break-even prices. For example, the
mitigation potential at a price of $10/tCO2e is greater
than 3,000 MtCO2e, or 20% of the baseline emissions,
and greater than 3,600 MtCC^e or 24% of the baseline
emissions at $20/tCO2e. In the higher range of break-
even prices, the MACC becomes steeper, and less
mitigation potential exists for each additional increase in
price.

As the figure shows, higher levels of emissions reductions
are achievable at higher abatement costs expressed in
dollars per metric ton of CO2 equivalent ($ftCO^e)
reduced. The quantity of emissions that can be reduced,
or the abatement potential, is constrained by the
availability and  effectiveness of the abatement measures
(emission reduction technologies).
                       Global MACC for Non-C02 Greenhouse Gases in 2030
Greenhouse Gases

Carbon Dioxide
Methane
Nitrous Oxide
Hydrofluorocarbons
Sulfur Hexafluoride
Abbreviation

C02
CH4
N20
HFCs
SF6
GWP
(100 year)
1
21
310
140 to 11, 700
23,900
                                       1,500   2,000   2,500   3,000   3,500   4,000    4,500
                                         Non-C02 Reductions (MtC02e)
About  this Report

USEPA has recently updated its International MACC model for the Non-C02 anthropogenic
sources that include energy, waste, industrial processes, and agricultural activities.  The
results of this analysis are published in the EPA report Global Mitigation of Non-C02
Greenhouse Gases: 2010-2030and include improved country-level resolution and increased
transparency in the economic and technological assumptions underlying the abatement
measures considered  in the analysis.  This report is intended to provide a brief summary
of the abatement potential and costs of implementing specific abatement technologies.
Readers  interested in  more technical details of the analysis should  refer to the full technical
report, which is available at EPA's International Non-C02 Mitigation web page.1
                                                                               !The Global Mitigation of Non-C02 Greenhouse Gases: 2010-2030 report is available at:
                                                                               http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/EPAactivities/economics/nonco2mitigation.html

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                    --*
CH4  Emissions  from Underground  Coal  Mining
Sector Description
Coal is an important energy source for
many of the world's economies; it is used
for energy generation or as a feedstock
for industrial production. However,
coal mining is a significant source of
anthropogenic GHG emissions. Extracting
coal through underground and surface
mining releases methane (CIrLi) stored in
the coal bed and the surrounding geology.
According to the U.S. Energy Information
Administration's most recent international
energy outlook, coal production is
projected to increase by 22% between
2012 and 2040, reflecting continued
economic and industrial development of
the world's emerging economies.
                                             Emissions Reduction Potential
                             Assuming full implementation of current technology, emissions in the coal mining
                             sector could be reduced by up to 468 MtCC^e in 2030. This accounts for 10% of
                                      the 4,615 MtC02e in global reduction potential in 2030.
                               Coal Mining
                                  468
                                                    Energy
                                                 Waste
                                        Industrial
                                        Processes
                                                                     Agriculture
        Global Non-C02 Emissions
Coal Mining sector baseline emissions are estimated
  to be 589 MtC02e in 2010.  In 2030, emissions
from this source are projected to be 784 MtC02e or
       6% of total non-CO, emissions.
 Coal Mining
    6%
                                         Projected Emissions in 2030
                                           Emissions from Top 5 Emitting Countries (MtCO e)
                                                   Rest of World: 151 MtC02e
                                                                                               51
                                                   78
                                                                             31
                                                                                             436
                                                                                                     37
 Energy  | Waste
| Industrial
 Processes
Agriculture
Other Non-C02
Sources Not Modeled
                                                                 China United States  Russia  Australia  Ukraine  ROW
                                                                                                                                                         Key Points
                                                                                                                                            Coal mining accounted for 8% of total global anthropogenic methane emissions in 2010, and
                                                                                                                                            these emissions are projected to increase by 33% to 784 MtCC^e by 2030.
                                                                                                                                            The global abatement potential is projected to be 50 to 468 tCf^e, or 6 to 60% of baseline
                                                                                                                                            emissions, in 2030. Cost-effective abatement potential ($0 break-even price) is 77.7 tCIhe,
                                                                                                                                            or 10% of baseline.
                                                                                                                                            The technological maximum potential ($100+ break-even price) is 467.6 tCC^e, or 60% of
                                                                                                                                            baseline.
                                                                                                          Abatement Measures
                                                                                      Emissions reductions by technology in 2030 at $0/tCC>2e and at higher prices.

                                                                                                 VAM oxidation
                                                                                                                     Degasification for
                                                                                                                     pipeline injection

                                                                                                                     Degasification for
                                                                                                                     power generation
                                                                                                                           Open flare
                                                                                                               On-site use in coal
                                                                                                        drying
                                                                                                              On-site use in mine boiler
0   50  100  150  200  250  300  350  400

   Reductions achievable at cost less than $0/tC02e
   Reductions achievable at costs greater than $0/tCO e
                                                                                                                                                                      Abatement Measures
                                                                                                                                                                      Five abatement measures were
                                                                                                                                                                      considered in this analysis, including
                                                                                                                                                                      recovery for pipeline injection, power
                                                                                                                                                                      generation, process heating, flaring,
                                                                                                                                                                      and catalytic or thermal oxidation
                                                                                                                                                                      of ventilation air methane (VAM).
                                                                                                                                                                      These reduction technologies consist
                                                                                                                                                                      of one or more of the following
                                                                                                                                                                      primary components: 1) a drainage
                                                                                                                                                                      and recovery system to remove
                                                                                                                                                                      methane from the underground coal
                                                                                                                                                                      seam, 2) the end-use application for
                                                                                                                                                                      the gas recovered from the drainage
                                                                                                                                                                      system, and 3) the VAM recovery or
                                                                                                                                                                      mitigation system.
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                                                                                                  Emissions Reduction Potential, 2030
                                                                                         It would be cost-effective to reduce emissions by 10%, compared to the
                                                                                           baseline, in 2030. An additional 50% reduction is available using
                                                                                                   technologies with increasingly higher costs.
                                                                                                                                                                       Reduction Potential
                                                                                                                                                                 50%
                                                                                                                                                                 10%
                                                                                                                              Baseline: 784 MtC02e
                                                                                                                                 Residual
                                                                                                                                 Emissions
                                                                                                                                Technically Feasible
                                                                                                                                at Increasing Costs
                                                                                                                                  Reductions at
                                                                                                                                  No Cost

                                                                                                                                                                      Abatement Potential
                                                                                                                                                                      Approximately 60% of total annual
                                                                                                                                                                      emissions in 2030 can be reduced
                                                                                                                                                                      through the adoption of the suite
                                                                                                                                                                      of abatement measures considered.
                                                                                                                                                                      The marginal abatement cost
                                                                                                                                                                      curve (MACC) results suggest
                                                                                                                                                                      that significant reductions in CH4
                                                                                                                                                                      emissions can be achieved at
                                                                                                                                                                      break-even prices at or below
                                                                                                                                                                      $10/tCO2e. Furthermore, reductions
                                                                                                                                                                      of approximately 78 MtCO2e are
                                                                                                                                                                      cost-effectively achievable at a
                                                                                                                                                                      break-even price of $0/tCO2e.

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Oil   and    Natural    Gas
CH4  Emissions from Oil and Natural  Gas Systems
                                                                                                                                                    Key Points
                                                                                                                                       The technological maximum for emissions reduction potential in oil and gas is
                                                                                                                                       1,219 MtC02e, approximately 58% of projected emissions in 2030.
                                                                                                                                       Because of the energy value of the methane captured, EPA estimates that 747
                                                                                                                                       MtC02e, or 40% of the baseline emissions, can be cost-effectively reduced.
                                                                                                                                       Over 26% of total abatement potential is achieved by adopting abatement
                                                                                                                                       measures in the oil and gas production segments.
Sector Description
Oil and natural gas systems are one of
the leading emitters of anthropogenic
CH4, releasing 1,677 MtCO2e, or
23% of total global CH4 emissions
in 2010. The top five CH4 emitters
from oil and natural gas systems in
2010 were Russia, the United States,
Iraq, Kuwait, and Uzbekistan. Global
emissions from the oil and natural
gas system are projected to grow 26%
between 2010 and 2030, with Brazil
and Iraq experiencing the highest
growth rate at 128% and 100%,
respectively.
                                            Emissions Reduction Potential
                              Assuming full implementation of current technology, emissions in the oil and
                            natural gas systems sector could be reduced by up to 1,219 MtCC^e in 2030. This
                              accounts for 26% of the 4,615 MtCC^e in global reduction potential in 2030.
                              Oil & Natural
                              Gas Systems
                                1,219
                                               Refrigeration &
                                               Air Conditioning
                                                                                                      Abatement Measures
                                                                                   Emissions reductions by technology in 2030 at $0/tCC>2e and at higher prices.
                                                                                                   Directed inspection & maintenance
                                                                                              Installing plunger lift systems in gas wells
                                                                                            Reduce emission completions for hydraulically
                                                                                                       fractured natural gas wells
                                                                                                   Fuel gas retrofit for BD valve - take
                                                                                                       recip. compressors offline
                                                                                                    Installing catalytic converters on
                                                                                                       gas engines and turbines
                                                                                                 Replacingwet seals with dry seals in
                                                                                                         centrifugal compressors
                                                                                                 Installing surge vessels for capturing
                                                                                                             blowdown vents
                                                                                            Replacing high-bleed pneumatic devices in the
                                                                                                          natural gas industry
                                                                                                 Reciprocating compressor rod packing
                                                                                                               (Static-Pac)
                                                                                            Installingflash tank separators on dehydrators
                                                                                                             Other measures
                                                                                                                                                      50
                                                                                                                                                          100
                                                                                                                                                                150
                                                                                                                                                                     200
                                                                                                                                                                          250 275
                                                   Energy
                                               Waste
                                       Industrial
                                       Processes
                                                                   Agriculture
        Global Non-C02 Emissions
Oil and Natural Gas Systems baseline emissions are
 estimated to be 1,677 MtC02e in 2010.  In 2030,
emissions from this source are projected to be 2,113
   MtC02e or 16% of total non-C02 emissions.
Oil & Natural Gas Systems
        16%
                                        Projected Emissions in 2030
                                         Emissions from Top 5 Emitting Countries (MtCO e)
                                                 Rest of World: 971 MtC02e
                       I  Reductions achievable at cost less than $0/tC02e
                         Reductions achievable at costs greater than $0/tC02e

         Emissions Reduction Potential, 2030
It would be cost-effective to reduce emissions by 35%, compared to the
  baseline, in 2030. An additional 23% reduction is available using
          technologies with increasingly higher costs.
                                                                                                                                                 Reduction Potential
                                                 313
                                                                            418
                                                                                    107
                                                                            188
                                                                                                                                                    23%
                                                                                 116
                                                                                                                          Baseline: 2,113 MtC02e
                                                                                                                             Residual
                                                                                                                             Emissions
                                                                                                                            Technically Feasible
                                                                                                                            at Increasing Costs
                                                                                                                             Reductions at
                                                                                                                             No Cost

 Energy  | Waste
Abatement Measures
Numerous abatement measures are
available to mitigate CH4 emissions
across the four oil and natural gas
system segments of production,
processing, transmission, and
distribution. The measures may be
applied to various components or
equipment commonly used in oil
and natural gas system segments.
The abatement measures typically
fall into three categories: equipment
modifications/upgrades; changes in
operational practices, including direct
inspection and maintenance; and
installation of new equipment.


Abatement Potential
In 2010, the global abatement
potential in the oil and natural
gas sector is projected to be 997
MtCC>2e, or 60% of total emissions.
The abatement potential increases
over time growing to 1,103 and
1,218 MtCO2e in 2020 and 2030,
respectively. Nearly 70% of the
emissions reductions in 2030 are
achievable at break-even prices at or
below $5.
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                                                                                                        C/5
| Industrial
 Processes
Agriculture
Other Non-C02
Sources Not Modeled
                                                                 Russia United States  Iraq  Kuwait  Uzbekistan  ROW

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                                                                                                                                                                 ,ey Points
                                                                                                                                                                   Global abatement potential from landfills is 589 MtC02e, roughly 61% of
                                                                                                                                                                   projected baseline emissions in 2030.
                                                                                                                                                                   Abatement measures with costs below $20/tC02e can achieve a 30% reduction
                                                                                                                                                                   baseline emissions.
                                                                                                                                                                   Abatement measures include (1) conversion of landfill gas to energy and (2)
                                                                                                                                                                   waste diversion projects that use waste in the production of new products.
Sector Description
Landfills produce methane in
combination with other landfill
gases (LFGs) through the natural
process of bacterial decomposition
of organic waste under anaerobic
conditions. LFG is generated over
a period of several decades with gas
flows usually beginning 1 to 2 years
after the waste is put in place.  The
amount of methane generated by
landfills per country is determined
by a number of factors that include
population size, the quantity of waste
disposed of per capita, composition of
the waste disposed of, and the waste
management practices applied at the
landfill.
         Global Non-CQ, Emissions
 Landfills sector baseline emissions are estimated to
 be 847 MtC02e in 2010. In 2030, emissions from
this source are projected to be 959 MtC02e or 7% of
          total non-CO, emissions.
                        Landfills
                          7%
                                                 Emissions Reduction Potential
                                  Assuming full implementation of current technology, emissions in the landfill
                                    sector could be reduced by up to 589 MtCC^e in 2030. This accounts for
                                       13% of the 4,615 MtC02e in global reduction potential in 2030.
                                                                               Landfills
                                  Landfills
                                   589
                                                              Refrigeration &
                                                              Air Conditioning
                                                     Energy
                                                  Waste
                                                      Industrial
                                                      Processes
                                                           Agriculture
                                           Projected Emissions in 2030
                                            Emissions from Top 5 Emitting Countries (MtCO e)
                                                     Rest of World: 632 MtC02e
                                                                                               40
                                                                                                                          Abatement Measures
                                                                                                     Emissions reductions by technology in 2030 at $0/tCC>2e and at higher prices.
                                                                                       Electricity generation w/ reciprocating engine
                                                                                                     Waste to energy (WTE)
                                                                                           Mechanical biological treatment (MBT)
                                                                                                            Composting
                                                                                                       Anaerobic digestion
                                                                                                         Paper recycling
                                                                                             Landfill gas recovery for direct use
                                                                                                      Flaring of landfill gas
                                                                                                       Enhanced oxidation
                                                                                            Electricity generation w/ gas turbine
                                                                                                 Electricity generation w/ CHP
                                                                                            Electricity generation w/microturbine
 10   20  30  40   50  60   70   80

Reductions achievable at cost less than $0/tC02e
Reductions achievable at costs greater than $0/tC02e
                                                                                                                  Emissions Reduction Potential, 2030
                                                                                                         It would be cost-effective to reduce emissions by 12%, compared to the
                                                                                                           baseline, in 2030. An additional 49% reduction is available using
                                                                                                                    technologies with increasingly higher costs.
                                                                                                                                                                             Reduction Potential
                                                                                                                                   Baseline: 959 MtC02e
                                                                                                                                      Residual
                                                                                                                                      Emissions
                                                                                                                                     Technically Feasible
                                                                                                                                     at Increasing Costs
                                                                                                                                                  Reductions at
                                                                                                                                                  No Cost
Several abatement measures are
available to control landfill methani
emissions, and they are commonly
grouped into three major categories:
(1) collection and flaring, (2) LFG
utilization systems (LFG capture fo
energy use), and (3) enhanced wast*
diversion practices (e.g., recycling a:
reuse programs). Although flaring i;
currently the most common abaterr
measure, LFG utilization options rr
be more cost-effective. Under favor;
market conditions, recycling and
reuse or composting alternatives ma
provide additional means for reduci
emissions from landfills.


Abatement  Potential
Global abatement potential in the solid
waste landfill sector is estimated to I
approximately 589 MtCO2e of tota
annual emissions in 2030, or 61% c
the baseline emissions. The margina
                                                                                                                                                                 that there are significant opportunit
                                                                                                                                                                 for CH4 reductions in the landfill
                                                                                                                                                                 sector at costs below $20 per tCO2e
                                                                                                                                                                 emissions reduced. Furthermore,
                                                                                                                                                                 approximately 70 to 80 MtCC^e of
                                                                                                                                                                 reductions are cost-effective at curre
                                                                                                                                                                 energy prices.
 Energy H Waste
| Industrial
 Processes
Agriculture
Other Non-C02
Sources Not Modeled
                                                                    United States  Mexico China  Russia Malaysia  ROW

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Wastewater
CH4 Emissions from Municipal  Wastewater  Systems
                                                                                                                                  ,ey Points
                                                                                                                                   Methane (CH4) emissions from wastewater treatment accounted for over 500
                                                                                                                                   MtC02e in 2010 and are projected to grow 20% by 2030.
                                                                                                                                   The estimated maximum abatement potential in 2030 is 218 MtC02e, or 36% of
                                                                                                                                   projected emissions.
                                                                                                                                   Abatement measures with costs less than $30 tCC^e can achieve a 15%
                                                                                                                                   reduction in CH4 emissions in 2030.
Sector Description
Wastewater is the fifth largest emitter
of anthropogenic CH4, accounting
for more than 500 MtCO2e in 2010;
wastewater treatment is also a source of
N2O emissions. Domestic and industrial
wastewater treatment activities can lead
to venting and fugitive emissions of CH4,
which are produced when organic material
decomposes under anaerobic conditions
of wastewater in a facility. Most developed
countries use aerobic wastewater treatment
systems to minimize the amount of
CH4 generated, but many developing
countries rely on systems such as septic
tanks, latrines, open sewers, and lagoons,
which allow for greater levels of anaerobic
decomposition.
                                           Emissions Reduction Potential
                                Assuming full implementation of current technology, emissions in the
                               wastewater sector could be reduced by up to 218 MtCC^e in 2030. This
                             accounts for 5% of the 4,615 MtCC^e in global reduction potential in 2030.
                             Wastewater
                               218
                                 Energy
                                                                  Refrigeration &
                                                                  Air Conditioning
                                                                                                                                       Abatement Measures
                                                                                                                    Emissions reductions by technology in 2030 at $0/tCC>2e and at higher prices.


                                                                                                                             Latrine to aerobic Wwtp


                                                                                                                          Open sewer to aerobic Wwtp


                                                                                                                          Septic tank to aerobic Wwtp
                                                                                                                       Wastewater treatment plant with
                                                                                                                    anaerobic sludge digester with co-gen
                                                                                                                                            0    20   40    60
                                                                                                                                                                      100   120
                                                                                                                                 Reductions achievable at cost less than $0/tC02e
                                                                                                                                 Reductions achievable at costs greater than $0/tC02e
                                                            Waste
                                      Industrial
                                      Processes
Agriculture
                                       Projected Emissions in 2030
       Global Non-CQ, Emissions
  The Wastewater sector baseline emissions are
  estimated to be 512 MtC02e in 2010. In 2030,
emissions from this source are projected to be 609
   MtC02e or 5% of total non-C02 emissions.
                          Wastewater
                             5%
                              30
                            ^
                                                       Emissions from Top 5 Emitting Countries (MtCO e)
                                                               Rest of World: 252 MtC02e

                                                                                                                 Emissions Reduction Potential, 2030
                                                                                                          It would be cost-effective to reduce emissions by 1%, compared to the
                                                                                                           baseline, in 2030. An additional 35% reduction is available using
                                                                                                                   technologies with increasingly higher costs.
                                                                                                                                                            Reduction Potential

                                          58
                                                                                                                                                            1%
                                                                  78
                                                                                                       Baseline: 609 MtC02e
                                                                                                         Residual     |
                                                                                                         Emissions
                                                                                                                                       Technically Feasible
                                                                                                                                       at Increasing Costs
                                                                                                                                                             Reductions at
                                                                                                                                                             No Cost
                                                                                                                                                 Abatement Measure:
                                                                                                                                                 CH4 emissions from wastewater cai
                                                                                                                                                 be significantly reduced through
                                                                                                                                                 improvements to infrastructure and
                                                                                                                                                 equipment. Abatement measures
                                                                                                                                                 available in the wastewater sector
                                                                                                                                                 include installing aerobic wastewatt
                                                                                                                                                 treatment plants on an individual
                                                                                                                                                 or centralized scale and installing
                                                                                                                                                 anaerobic wastewater treatment
                                                                                                                                                 plants with cogeneration. Factors
                                                                                                                                                 such as economic resources,
                                                                                                                                                 population density, government, an
                                                                                                                                                 technical capabilities are important
                                                                                                                                                 in determining the potential for
                                                                                                                                                 mitigating emissions from the
                                                                                                                                                 wastewater sector.
                                                                                                                                                  Abatement Potential
                                                                                                                                                  The global abatement potential of
                                                                                                                                                  CH4 from wastewater treatment is
                                                                                                                                                  138 MtCO2e in 2020 rising to 218
                                                                                                                                                  MtCO2e in 2030. This level of CH.
                                                                                                                                                  mitigation is considered to be the
                                                                                                                                                  technological maximum abatement
                                                                                                                                                  potential because high-cost abateiru
                                                                                                                                                  measures in the wastewater treatme:
                                                                                                                                                  sector significantly constrain the
                                                                                                                                                  abatement achievable at lower carbc
                                                                                                                                                  prices. Cost-effective emissions
                                                                                                                                                  reductions are limited to 3.4
                                                                                                                                                  MtCO2e—less than 1% of business
                                                                                                                                                  usual (BAU) emissions in 2030.
 Energy
         Waste
| Industrial
 Processes
                         Agriculture
Other Non-C02
Sources Not Modeled
                                                             China  Nigeria  Mexico  India  United States  ROW

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Nitric  and   Adipic  Acid   Production
N20 Emissions  from Nitric and  Adipic Acid  Production
                                                                                                                                            Key Points
                                                                                                                                The global abatement potential is 116 MtCt^e, or 79% of projected emissions i,
                                                                                                                                2030.
                                                                                                                                A 65% reduction in emissions is achievable at break-even prices below $20.
                                                                                                                                Abatement measure selection is driven by facility design constraints and/or
                                                                                                                                operating costs.
Sector Description
Nitric and adipic acid are commonly
used as feedstock in manufacturing
a variety of commercial products,
particularly fertilizer and synthetic
fibers. The process used to produce
nitric and adipic acid generates
significant quantities  of nitrous
oxide (N2O) as a by-product. The
production of nitric and adipic acid is
expected to increase over time, driven
by continued growth in demand for
fertilizer and synthetic fibers.
                                        Emissions Reduction Potential
                           Assuming full implementation of current technology, emissions in the nitric and
                           adipic acid production sector could be reduced by up to 116 MtCC^e in 2030.
                          This accounts for 3% of the 4,615 MtCC^e in global reduction potential in 2030.
                             Nitric and
                            Adipic Acid
                            Production
                               116
                                                                                                 Abatement Measures
                                                                               Emissions reductions by technology in 2030 at $0/tCC>2e and at higher prices.
                                                                             Tail-gas catalytic decomposition

                                                                             Non-selective catalytic reduction

                                                                          Catalytic decomposition in the burner

                                                                               Homogeneous decomposition
                                                                                         in the burner
                                                                                     Thermal destruction
                                                                Refrigeration &
                                                                Air Conditioning
                                                                                                                                10
                                                                                                                                     15
                                                                                                                                          20
                                                                                                                                                25
                                                                                                                                                     30
                                                                                                                                        Reductions achievable at cost less than $0/tC02e
                                                                                                                                        Reductions achievable at costs greater than $0/tCO e
                                                Energy
                                             Waste
                                     Industrial
                                     Processes
                                                               Agriculture
        Global Non-C02Emissions
   Nitric and Adipic Acid Production baseline
emissions are estimated to be 118 MtC02e in 2010.
In 2030, emissions from this source are projected to
 be 147 MtC02e or 1% of total non-C02 emissions.
                                      Projected Emissions in 2030
                                       Emissions from Top 5 Emitting Countries (MtC02e)
                                              Rest of World: 209 MtC02e
                                                                                          Emissions Reduction Potential, 2030
                                                                                   It would be cost-effective to reduce emissions by 0%, compared to the
                                                                                    baseline, in 2030. An additional 79% reduction is available using
                                                                                            technologies with increasingly higher costs.
                                                                                                                                                         Reduction Potential
                         Nitric & Adipic
                             Acid
                           Production
                             1%
                         ••r
                                                      23
                                                                                                     Baseline: 147 MtC02e
                                                                                                                      Residual
                                                                                                                      Emissions
                                                                                                                     Technically Feasible
                                                                                                                     at Increasing Costs
                                                                                                                       Reductions at
                                                                                                                       No Cost
 Energy
        Waste
| Industrial
 Processes
Agriculture
Other Non-C02
Sources Not Modeled
                                                           United States South Korea Brazil China Ukraine ROW
Abatement Measures
N2O emissions can be mitigated
through a number of alternative
abatement measures.  In nitric acid
production, reduction technologies
are categorized by their location in
the production process. Secondary
reduction technologies, such as
homogeneous thermal decomposition
and catalytic decomposition, are
installed at an intermediate point
in the production process. Tertiary
reduction technologies, such as catalytic
decomposition and nonselective
catalytic reduction units, are applied
to the tail gas streams at the end of the
production process. The implementation
of one technology over another is driven
largely by facility design constraints
and/or cost considerations. Thermal
destruction is the single abatement
measure considered in this analysis.


Abatement Potential
The global abatement potential in
the nitric and adipic acid sector is
approximately 116 MtCC^e of total
annual emissions in 2030, or 79%
of projected baseline emissions. The
marginal abatement cost curve results
show that maximum reduction potential
is achievable at break-even prices below
$50/tCO2e. Over two-thirds of the
abatement potential is achievable at
break-even prices between $0 and $20.

-------
Refrigeration   and   Air   Conditioning
HFC  Emissions  from  Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Systems
                                                                                                                                                  Key Points
                                                                                                                                                  •  The global abatement potential from the options quantified is 994 MtCC^e, 62% of projected
                                                                                                                                                     emissions, in 2030.
                                                                                                                                                  •  30% of the baseline 2030 emissions can be abated from cost-effective mitigation measures
                                                                                                                                                     ($OpertC02e).
                                                                                                                                                  •  This sector accounts for the single largest source of non-CO.2 abatement potential
                                                                                                                                                     accounting for over 20% of total abatement potential across all non-C02 emitting sectors ir
                                                                                                                                                     2030.
Sector Description
Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) used
in refrigeration and air conditioning
(AC) systems are emitted to the
atmosphere during equipment
operation, repair, and disposal, unless
recovered, recycled, and ultimately
destroyed. Equipment is being
retrofitted or replaced to use HFCs
that are substitutes for ozone-depleting
substances. Some of the most common
HFCs include HFC-134a, R-404A,
R-410A, R-407C, and R-507A.
                                                          Emissions Reduction Potential
                                          Assuming full implementation of current technology, emissions in the refrigeration
                                           & air conditioning sector could be reduced by up to 994 MtCC^e in 2030. This
                                           accounts for 22% of the 4,615 MtC02e in global reduction potential in 2030.
                                           Refrigeration &
                                           Air Conditioning
                                               994

                                                 Energy
                                                                                  Refrigeration &
                                                                                  Air Conditioning
                                                              Waste
                                                 Industrial
                                                 Processes
                                                       Agriculture
        Global Non-C02Emissions
  Refrigeration & Air Conditioning sector baseline
emissions are estimated to be 349 MtC02e in 2010.
 In 2030, emissions from this source are projected
     to be 1,596 MtC02e or 12% of total
          non-CO, emissions.
                                       Projected Emissions in 2030
                                                        Emissions from Top 5 Emitting Countries (MtC02e)
                                                                Rest of World: 527 MtC02e

                               Refrigeration &
                              Air Conditioning
                                  12%
                                                                                                               Abatement Measures
                                                                                             Emissions reductions by technology in 2030 at $0/tCC>2e and at higher prices.
                                                                                                 Leak repair for existing large equipment
                                                                                               Refrigerant recovery at disposal for existing
                                                                                                       refrigeration/AC equipment
                                                                                                 HFC secondary loop in large retail food
                                                                                                      R-410A to R-32 for unitary AC
                                                                                                 Distributed systems in large retail food
                                                                                               Refrigerant recovery at servicing for existing
                                                                                                            small equipment
                                                                                               C02transcritical system in large retail food
                                                                                              R-32 with MCHXin new unitary AC equipment
                                                                                                 MicroChannel heat exchangers (MCHX)
                                                                                                            in new equipment
                                                                                              HFO-1234yf in motor vehicle air-conditioners
                                                                                                 Enhanced HFO-1234yf in motor vehicle
                                                                                                             air-conditioners
                                                                                                 NH3 secondary loop in large retail food
                                                                                               NH3 and C02 in cold storage and industrial
                                                                                                        process refrigeration (IPR)
                                                                                                             Other measures
                     0    20    40    60   80   100   120
                     I Reductions achievable at cost less than $0/tC02e
                        Reductions achievable at costs greater than $0/tC02e

        Emissions Reduction Potential, 2030
It would be cost-effective to reduce emissions by 30%, compared to the
  baseline, in 2030. An additional 32% reduction is available using
          technologies with increasingly higher costs.

                                     Reduction Potential
                                                                                                                        Baseline: 1,596MtC02e
                                                                                                                           Residual
                                                                                                                           Emissions
                                                                                                                Technically Feasible
                                                                                                                at Increasing Costs
                                                                                                                            Reductions at
                                                                                                                            No Cost
Abatement Measures
HFC abatement measures are
categorized into three categories: (1)
retrofit of existing systems to utilize
lower GWP refrigerants; (2) new cooling
systems to use lower GWP refrigerants
and/or reduce the charge size; and (3)
better refrigerant management practices
that reduce emissions during use,
servicing, and disposal. Such options are
analyzed for end-uses including retail
food refrigeration systems, window and
unitary AC equipment, motor vehicle
AC systems, and other types of cooling
systems.


Abatement Potential
The global abatement potential from
refrigeration and AC abatement is
calculated to be 994 MtCO2e in
2030, or 62% of baseline emissions;
additional uncalculated options are
explored qualitatively. The marginal
abatement cost curve results show that
479 MtCO2e, 30% of 2030 emissions,
can be reduced at a cost of $0 by
implementing "no-regret" options. At a
cost of $20 per tCO2e, an estimated 910
MtCO2e, or 57% of baseline emissions,
could be abated. All abatement options
quantified are achievable at mitigation
costs below $100/tCO2e.
 Energy
         Waste
                | Industrial
                Processes
Agriculture
Other Non-C02
Sources Not Modeled
                                                             China United States South Korea  Russia Japan  ROW

-------
                                                                             _.,      _ 30,

                                                                                  1	200
           vents
HFC Emissions from Solvent Use

                                                                                                                                            double, reaching 10 MtC02e.
                                                                                                                                            The maximum abatement potential in the solvents sector from the options
                                                                                                                                            analyzed is estimated to be 6 MtC02e, or 59% of the projected baseline in 2030.
                                                                                                                                            5 MtC02e of emissions reductions in 2030 are cost-effective (i.e., $0/tC02e or
                                                                                                                                            lower break-even prices).
Sector Description
HFC solvents are primarily used in
precision cleaning applications and
electronic cleaning applications.
Precision cleaning requires a high level
of cleanliness to ensure the satisfactory
performance of the product being
cleaned, and electronics cleaning is
defined as a process that removes
contaminants, primarily solder flux
residues, from electronics  or circuit
boards. It is assumed that  eventually
approximately 90%  of the solvent
consumed in a given year  will be
emitted, while 10%  of solvent will
be disposed of with the sludge that
remains.
                                            Emissions Reduction Potential
                             Assuming full implementation of current technology, emissions in the solvents
                            sector could be reduced by up to 6 MtCC^e in 2030. This accounts for 0.12% of
                                     the 4,615 MtC02e in global reduction potential in 2030.
                                Solvents
                                                                      Refrigeration &
                                                                      Air Conditioning
                                                                                                         Abatement Measures
                                                                                      Emissions reductions by technology in 2030 at $0/tCC>2e and at higher prices.
                                                                                                                 Substitute HFE solvents for
                                                                                                                          HFC-4310mee
                                                                                                                 Retrofit Existing Equipment
                                                                                                          Replace HFC cleaning system with NIK
                                                                                                                   Aqueous cleaning system
                                                                                                          Replace HFC cleaning system with NIK
                                                                                                               Semi aqueous cleaning system
                                                                                                              I
                                                                                                              I
                                                                                                              I
                                                                                                                                                           1
                                                                                                                                                                  2
                                                    Energy
                                                 Waste
                                        Industrial
                                        Processes
                                                                     Agriculture
        Global Non-C02Emissions
Solvents sector baseline emissions are estimated to
be 5 MtC02e in 2010. In 2030, emissions from this
   source are projected to be 10 MtC02e or
      0.1% of total non-CO, emissions.
                                         Projected Emissions in 2030
                                          Emissions from Top 5 Emitting Countries (MtC02e)
                                                   Rest of World: 2.7 MtC02e
                    I  Reductions achievable at cost less than $0/tC02e
                        Reductions achievable at costs greater than $0/tC02e


         Emissions Reduction Potential,  2030
It would be cost-effective to reduce emissions by 50%, compared to the
   baseline, in 2030. An additional 9% reduction is available using
           technologies with increasingly higher costs.

                                       Reduction Potential
                                                                                                                              Baseline: 2 MtC02e
                                                                                                                                 Residual
                                                                                                                                 Emissions
                                                                                                                                Technically Feasible
                                                                                                                                at Increasing Costs
                                                                                                                                  Reductions at
                                                                                                                                  No Cost
Abatement Measures
Four abatement options were
identified for the solvents sector:
(1) replacement of HFCs with HFEs,
(2) retrofitting of vapor degreaser
equipment to reduce emissions,
(3) transition to not-in-kind (NIK)
aqueous cleaning, and (4) transition
to NIK semi-aqueous cleaning.
These technologies have reduction
efficiencies of between 50% and
100%. Retrofitting equipment and
controls is limited to facilities that
have not already been retrofitted.
Transition to NIK aqueous and NIK
semi-aqueous applicability is limited
to some electronic cleaning processes.


Abatement Potential
The global abatement potential
in 2020 and 2030 is 3.0 and 5.7
MtCO2e, respectively. In 2030,
reduction of 4.8 MtCO2e , or 50%,
of total projected emissions, is
achievable at mitigation costs below
$0/tCO2e. Additional abatement
of approximately 1 MtCO2e is
achievable at mitigation costs greater
than $50/tCO2e.
 Energy  | Waste
| Industrial
 Processes
Agriculture
Other Non-C02
Sources Not Modeled
                                                                China  United States  Japan Russia South Korea ROW

-------
Foams
HFC  Emissions  from  Foams Manufacturing,  Use, and Disposal
Sector  Description
Foam is used as insulation in a wide
range of equipment, structures, and
other common products. Foams
were historically produced with
ozone-depleting substances (ODS),
which have been phased out under
the Montreal Protocol in developed
countries and are being phased out in
developing countries. In some end-
uses, HFC blowing agents have largely
replaced ODS. HFC emissions from
the foams sector were approximately
22 MtCO2e in 2010 and are projected
to increase substantially to 52
MtCO2e and 92 MtCO2e by 2020
and 2030, respectively.
                                           Emissions Reduction Potential
                              Assuming full implementation of current technology, emissions in the foams
                             sector could be reduced by up to 37 MtCC^e in 2030. This accounts for 1% of
                                     the 4,615 MtC02e in global reduction potential in 2030.
                                Foams
                                 37
                                               Refrigeration &
                                               Air Conditioning
                                                   Energy
                                                Waste
                                       Industrial
                                       Processes
Agriculture
        Global Non-C02 Emissions
 Foams sector baseline emissions are estimated to
 be 22 MtC02e in 2010. In 2030, emissions from
this source are projected to be 92 MtC02e or 1% of
         total non-CO, emissions.
                                         Projected Emissions in 2030
                                          Emissions from Top 5 Emitting Countries (MtCO e)
                                                  Rest of World: 17 MtC02e
                                                                                                   26
 Energy  | Waste
| Industrial
 Processes
Agriculture
Other Non-C02
Sources Not Modeled
                                                                United States  Japan  Germany  France  Italy   ROW
                                                                                                                                                       Key Points
                                                                                                                                          HFC emissions from foams are projected to quadruple over the next 20 years.
                                                                                                                                          Abatement measures include replacing MFCs with low-GWP blowing agents and proper
                                                                                                                                          recovery and disposal of foam present in existing systems at their end of life.
                                                                                                                                          In 2030, the global abatement potential quantified is 27 MtC02e (29.4% of BAU emissions
                                                                                                                                          from the foams sector) at cost-effective prices ($0 per tCOae). At higher prices, the
                                                                                                                                          abatement options analyzed have the potential to abate up to 37 MtCO^e (40.3% of BAU
                                                                                                                                          emissions) in 2030.
                                               Abatement Measures
                            Emissions reductions by technology in 2030 at $0/tCC>2e and at higher prices.


                                    Substitute HFC with HCCom

                                       Substitute HFC with HC

                              Substitute LCD-Alcohol for HFC134aC02

                                  Appliance EOL-manual recovery

                            Appliance end of life (EOL)-fully automated

                              One component HFC-134a switch to HC |

                                  Substitute C02 for HFC245faC02 |
                                   Continuous and Discontinuous: I
                                        HFC134a switch to HC '

                                  Substitute HC for HFC245faC02 '
                              One component HFC-152a wcitch to HC
                                                                                                                        0      2      4      6      8      10
                                                                                                                        I  Reductions achievable at cost less than $0/tC02e
                                                                                                                           Reductions achievable at costs greater than $0/tC02e

                                                                                                            Emissions Reduction Potential, 2030
                                                                                                   It would be cost-effective to reduce emissions by 29%, compared to the
                                                                                                     baseline, in 2030. An additional 11% reduction is available using
                                                                                                              technologies with increasingly higher costs.

                                                                                                                                         Reduction Potential
                                                                                                                            Baseline: 92 MtC02e
                                                                                                                               Residual
                                                                                                                               Emissions
                                                                                                                              Technically Feasible
                                                                                                                              at Increasing Costs
                                                                                                                               Reductions at
                                                                                                                               No Cost
                                                                                                                                                                  Abatement Measures
                                                                                                                                                                  Abatement options considered include
                                                                                                                                                                  replacing HFCs with various low-GWP
                                                                                                                                                                  blowing agents and properly recovering
                                                                                                                                                                  and disposing of foam contained in
                                                                                                                                                                  equipment and other products after
                                                                                                                                                                  their useful life. More specifically, the
                                                                                                                                                                  use of hydrocarbon or carbon dioxide
                                                                                                                                                                  blowing agents instead of HFCs is
                                                                                                                                                                  assessed quantitatively as an abatement
                                                                                                                                                                  measure in the foams sector noting that
                                                                                                                                                                  other low-GWP agents (e.g., HFO-
                                                                                                                                                                  1234ze, -1233zd(E)) would achieve
                                                                                                                                                                  similar abatement levels.
                                                                                              Abatement Potential
                                                                                              The total abatement potential in the
                                                                                              foams sector from the options explored
                                                                                              is 37 MtCO2e—40% of total annual
                                                                                              foams sector emissions in 2030—while
                                                                                              27 MtCO2e, or 30%, is achievable
                                                                                              at cost-effective carbon prices for the
                                                                                              same year. Total replacement of HFC
                                                                                              blowing agents in foams is limited in
                                                                                              the near term by the installed base of
                                                                                              foam  products. All abatement options
                                                                                              analyzed replace blowing agents in
                                                                                              newly manufactured foams or destroy
                                                                                              the blowing agent only at the foam's
                                                                                              natural  end of life.

-------
Aerosols
                                                                                                                                                        Key Points
HFC Emissions from Aerosol  Product Use
                                                                                                                                                • Global baseline emissions in 2010 for aerosols were estimated at 45 MtCC^e and projected
                                                                                                                                                  to climb to 100 MtC02e and 146 MtC02e by 2020 and 2030, respectively.
                                                                                                                                                • Five abatement measures were considered for the aerosols sector, including transitioning
                                                                                                                                                  away from HFC use to lower GWP propellants and producing alternative non-aerosol
                                                                                                                                                  consumer products, such as a stick or roller.
                                                                                                                                                • Relatively low cost abatement measures (< $5/tC0.2e ) are projected to be capable of
                                                                                                                                                  mitigating 53% of the sector emissions in 2030.
Sector Description
Aerosol propellant formulations
containing HFCs are present in a
wide variety of consumer products-
such as hairsprays, deodorants, and
cleaning supplies—as well as technical
and medical aerosols. Baseline
HFC emissions from aerosols were
estimated at 45 MtCO2e in 2010
and are expected to increase to 146
MtCO2e by 2030. This rapid growth
is primarily driven by the increased
use of aerosols containing HFCs in
developing countries.
                                                   Emissions Reduction Potential
                                     Assuming full implementation of current technology, emissions in the aerosols
                                    product use sector could be reduced by up to 97 MtCC^e in 2030. This accounts
                                         for 2% of the 4,615 MtC02e in global reduction potential in 2030.
                                        Aerosols
                                      Product Use
                                          97
                                                                             Refrigeration &
                                                                             Air Conditioning
                                                                                                         Abatement Measures
                                                                                     Emissions reductions by technology in 2030 at $0/tCC>2e and at higher prices.
                                                                                                                      Substitute HC for HFC-134a
                                                                                                                     Substitute NIK for HFC-152a
                                                                                                                           Dry Powder Inhalers
                                                                                        Substitute NIK for HFC-134a
                                                                                                                Substitute HFO-1234ze for HFC-134a
                                                                                        Substitute HC for HFC-152a
                                                                                                                        Substitute HFO-1234ze for HFC-152a
                                                                                                                          Substitute HFC-1523 to HFC-1343
                                                   Energy
                                                        Waste
                                        Industrial
                                        Processes
                                                                                                                                                              10
                                                                                                                                                                     15
                                                                                                                                                                            20
                                                                                                                                                                                  25
Agriculture
           Global Non-C02 Emissions
   Aerosols sector baseline emissions are estimated to
   be 45 MtC02e in 2010. In 2030, emissions from this
    source are projected to be 146 MtC02e or 1% of
                                         Projected Emissions in 2030
                                                  Emissions from Top 5 Emitting Countries (MtC02e)
                                                          Rest of World: 49 MtC02e
                                Aerosols
                              Product Use
                                  1%
                                                                                                           •  Reductions achievable at cost less than $0/tC02e
                                                                                                              Reductions achievable at costs greater than $0/tC02e
                                                                                                  Emissions Reduction Potential,  2030
                                                                                         It would be cost-effective to reduce emissions by 48%, compared to the
                                                                                           baseline, in 2030. An additional 18% reduction is available using
                                                                                                    technologies with increasingly higher costs.

                                                                                                                               Reduction Potential
                                                                                                                    Baseline: 92 MtC02e
                                                                                                                       Residual
                                                                                                                       Emissions
                                                                                                                                               Technically Feasible
                                                                                                                                               at Increasing Costs
                                                                                                                                 Reductions at
                                                                                                                                 No Cost
                                                                                               Abatement Measures
                                                                                               Abatement options available to reduce
                                                                                               emissions for consumer aerosol
                                                                                               products include transitioning to
                                                                                               replacement propellants with lower
                                                                                               GWPs—HCs, HFO-1234ze, and
                                                                                               HFC-152a (where HFC-134a is
                                                                                               used)—and converting to a not-in-
                                                                                               kind (NIK) alternative, such as sticks,
                                                                                               rollers, or finger/trigger pumps.
                                                                                               Abatement Potential
                                                                                               The global abatement potential from
                                                                                               aerosols containing HFCs is estimated
                                                                                               to be 96.7 MtCO2e—66% of BAU
                                                                                               emissions from this sector and 5% of
                                                                                               total annual emissions from all sectors
                                                                                               that use ODS substitutes in 2030.
                                                                                               At $5 per tCO2e, the abatement
                                                                                               potential is estimated to be 53.4% of
                                                                                               baseline emissions, or 77.8 MtCO2e.
                                                                                               Furthermore, the abatement potential
                                                                                               at prices < $0 per tCC^e is forecasted
                                                                                               to be 70 MtCO2e (48.2% of BAU
                                                                                               emissions) for 2030.
 Energy
| Waste  | Industrial  | Agriculture
        Processes
Other Non-C02
Sources Not Modeled
                                                                China  United States  India   Russia  Mexico  ROW

-------
Fire   Protection
                                                                                                                                                     Key Points
HFC  and  RFC  Emissions from  Fire  Protection  Equipment
Sector Description
The fire protection sector emits HFCs
and PFCs when total flooding fire
suppression systems and portable
fire extinguishers are used.  GHG
emissions from this sector were
estimated at 21 MtCO2e in 2010.
Under the baseline scenario, emissions
are projected to increase significantly
to 59 MtCO2e in 2030.
                                                                                                             GHG emissions from fire protection equipment are projected to nearly triple between 2010 and
                                                                                                             2030.
                                                                                                             Total flooding fire suppression abatement options involve replacing hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
                                                                                                             and perfluorocarbons (PFCs) with lower-GWP alternatives, including both in-kind and not-in-kin
                                                                                                             measures.
                                                                                                             Any abatement potential in the fire protection equipment sector in 2030 is projected to cost $39
                                                                                                             per tC02e or more. To reduce emissions by 4.6 MtC02e or more, costs of $50 per tC02e or more
                                                                                                             are projected.
               Emissions Reduction Potential
   Assuming full implementation of current technology, emissions in the fire
protection sector could be reduced by up to 6 MtCC^e in 2030. This accounts for
     0.14% of the 4,615 MtC02e in global reduction potential in 2030.
                                                                                    Refrigeration &
                                                                                    Air Conditioning
                                                                Abatement Measures
                                            Emissions reductions by technology in 2030 at $0/tCC>2e and at higher prices.
                                                                           FK-5-1-12 in new Class A total
                                                                                   flooding applications
                                                                                      Inert gas systems
                                                                                                                               Water mist systems
                                                                                                    I
                                                                                                                                              0.0  0.5  1.0  1.5  2.0  2.5  3.0  3.5  4.0

                                                                                                                                               •  Reductions achievable at cost less than $0/tC02e
                                                                                                                                                   Reductions achievable at costs greater than $0/tCO,e
                                                  Energy
                    Waste
Industrial
Processes
Agriculture
        Global Non-CQ2 Emissions
  Fire Protection sector baseline emissions are
  estimated to be 21 MtC02e in 2010. In 2030,
 emissions from this source are projected to be 59
                                        Projected Emissions in 2030
              Emissions from Top 5 Emitting Countries (MtC02e)
                      Rest of World: 36 MtC02e
                                                         Emissions Reduction Potential, 2030
                                                 It would be cost-effective to reduce emissions by 0%, compared to the
                                                  baseline, in 2030. An additional 11% reduction is available using
                                                          technologies with increasingly higher costs.
                                                                                                                                                                  Reduction Potential
                                Fire
                             Protection
                              0.4%
                                                                                                                                                                               \ 0%
                                                                               Baseline: 59 MtC02e
                                                                                                                             Residual
                                                                                                                             Emissions
                                                                                                 Technically Feasible
                                                                                                 at Increasing Costs
                                                                                       Reductions at
                                                                                       No Cost
Abatement Measures
The abatement options explored
replace HFCs and PFCs with zero-
or low-GWP extinguishing agents
to reduce CO2e emissions from the
fire protection sector's total flooding
equipment. The alternatives to  HFCs
and PFCs in total flooding equipment
are both in-kind gaseous agents and
not-in-kind options. The in-kind
gaseous alternatives  include CO2, inert
gases, and fluorinated ketones,  and the
not-in-kind alternatives include varying
materials and systems such as dispersed
and condensed aerosol extinguishing
systems, water sprinklers, water mist,
foam, and inert gas generators.


Abatement Potential
From the options quantified, global
abatement potential of emissions
from total flooding fire suppression
applications is projected to be 6.4
MtCO2e, or nearly  11% of baseline
emissions, in 2030. There is little
abatement potential at break-even
prices below $50 per tCC^e in  2030,
which is projected to have the potential
to abate 4.6 MtCO2e from the fire
protection sector, or 8% of baseline
emissions.
 Energy  | Waste | Industrial  1 Agriculture    Other Non-C02
                Processes               Sources Not Modeled
                   Australia   China   Japan   Poland   Mexico   ROW

-------
Aluminum   P
                                                                                                                                                   Key Points
RFC Emissions  from  Primary Aluminum Production
                                                                                                                                                  • PFC emissions from aluminum production represent the third largest source of fluorinated
                                                                                                                                                    greenhouse gas (F-GHG) emissions in the industrial sector.
                                                                                                                                                  • Primary abatement measures include installation of or upgrades to process computer
                                                                                                                                                    control systems and the installation of systems to allow more precise alumina feeding.
                                                                                                                                                  • Abatement measures in this sector have the potential to reduce over half of the projected
                                                                                                                                                    baseline emissions.
Sector Description
The aluminum production industry
produces perfluorocarbon (PFC)
emissions during brief process upset
conditions in the aluminum smelting
process. Despite a decline in global
emissions of PFCs from primary
aluminum production between 2000
and 2010, baseline emissions are
projected to grow by 42%, from 26
MtCO2e in 2010 to 37 MtCO2e in
2030.
                                                         Emissions Reduction Potential
                                          Assuming full implementation of current technology, emissions in the aluminum
                                          production sector could be reduced by up to 22 MtCC^e in 2030. This accounts
                                             for 0.47% of the 4,615 MtC02e in global reduction potential in 2030.
                                            Aluminum
                                            Production
                                               22
                                                                                   Refrigeration &
                                                                                   Air Conditioning
                                                                                                     Abatement Measures
                                                                                  Emissions reductions by technology in 2030 at $0/tCC>2e and at higher prices.

                                                                                  Minor retrofit (process computer control
                                                                                                   systems only)

                                                                                  Major retrofit (process computer control
                                                                                      systems + alumina point feeding)
                                                                                                                                                          5          10          15
                                                                                                                                                  Reductions achievable at cost less than $0/tC02e
                                                                                                                                                  Reductions achievable at costs greater than $0/tC02e
                                                                                                                                                              Abatement Measures
                                                                                                                                                              Abatement options in the primary
                                                                                                                                                              aluminum production sector are
                                                                                                                                                              primarily associated with installing or
                                                                                                                                                              upgrading process computer control
                                                                                                                                                              systems and alumina point-feed sys-
                                                                                                                                                              tem. The options considered involve
                                                                                                                                                              (1) a minor retrofit to upgrade the
                                                                                                                                                              process computer control systems
                                                                                                                                                              and (2) a major retrofit to the process
                                                                                                                                                              computer control systems coupled
                                                                                                                                                              with the installation of alumina
                                                                                                                                                              point-feed systems.
                             Primary
                            Aluminum
                            Production
                             0.3%
                                                  Energy
                                                             Waste
                                       Industrial
                                       Processes
                                                                  Agriculture
        Global Non-C02 Emissions
Aluminum Production sector baseline emissions are
  estimated to be 26 MtC02e in 2010. In 2030,
 emissions from this source are projected to be 37
   MtCO,e or 0.3% of total non-CO,emissions.
                                       Projected Emissions in 2030
Energy
         Waste
                Industrial
                Processes
Agriculture
                                                       Emissions from Top 5 Emitting Countries (MtC02e)
                                                                Rest of World: 9 MtC02e
                                                                                              Emissions Reduction Potential, 2030
                                                                                       It would be cost-effective to reduce emissions by 7%, compared to the
                                                                                        baseline, in 2030. An additional 51% reduction is available using
                                                                                                technologies with increasingly higher costs.
                                                                                                                                                                Reduction Potential
                                                                                                                       Baseline: 37 MtC02e
                                                                                                                           Residual
                                                                                                                           Emissions
                                                                                                                                         Technically Feasible
                                                                                                                                         at Increasing Costs
                                                                                                                            Reductions at
                                                                                                                            No Cost
Other Non-C02
Sources Not Modeled
                                                             China  United States  Russia  Canada  Australia ROW
Abatement Potential
Global abatement potential in the
primary aluminum sector is projected
to be 21.6 MtCO2e, or nearly 58%
of baseline emissions in 2030. In
the absence of any policy incentive
to reduce PFC emissions,  cost-
effective abatement of 2.5 MtCC^e
is available. Additional mitigation is
feasible with the adoption of more
costly mitigation measures. In 2030,
mitigation measures with costs less
than or equal to $30/tCO2e have
the potential to  reduce emissions
by 17 MtCO2e, or 80% of the total
abatement potential.

-------

                                                                                                                                          Key Points
 HCFC-22   Production
Fluorinated Greenhouse Gas (F-GHG) Emissions from HCFC-22 Production
                                                                                                                              Global abatement potential in the HCFC-22 production sector is 228 MtCt^e and
                                                                                                                              255 MtC02e, in 2020 and 2030, respectively, which equates to a 90% reduction
                                                                                                                              from projected baseline emissions.
                                                                                                                              Thermal oxidation is the only abatement option considered for the HCFC-22
                                                                                                                              production sector.
                                                                                                                              The maximum abatement potential is achievable at costs below $1 per tCC-2.
Sector Description
Chlorodifluoromethane (HCFC-22)
is used in emissive applications (air
conditioning and refrigeration) as well
as in feedstock for synthetic polymer
production. The production of HCFC-22
generates HFC-23 as a by-product, which
is separated as a vapor from the condensed
HCFC-22; emissions occur through
HFC-23 venting to the atmosphere.
HFC-23 emissions were estimated at 128
MtCO2e and are projected to increase to
259 and 286 MtCO2e in 2020 and 2030,
respectively. Because HCFC-22 depletes
stratospheric ozone, its production is
being phased out under the Montreal
Protocol in areas apart from feedstock
production.
                                        Emissions Reduction Potential
                          Assuming full implementation of current technology, emissions in the HCFC-22
                          production sector could be reduced by up to 255 MtCC^e in 2030. This accounts
                              for 6% of the 4,615 MtC02e in global reduction potential in 2030.
                             HCFC-22
                            Production
                              255
                                                                                                         Abatement Measures
                                                                                       Emissions reductions by technology in 2030 at $0/tCC>2e and at higher prices.


                                                                                            Thermal oxidation
                                                                                                                    0     50     100    150    200    250

                                                                                                                    I Reductions achievable at cost less than $0/tC02e
                                                                                                                       Reductions achievable at costs greater than $0/tC02e
                                                               Refrigeration &
                                                               Air Conditioning
                                                                                                                                          Abatement Measures
                                                                                                                                          Thermal oxidation is the only
                                                                                                                                          abatement option considered in
                                                                                                                                          this analysis for the HCFC-22
                                                                                                                                          production sector. Thermal oxidation
                                                                                                                                          is a demonstrated technology that
                                                                                                                                          oxidizes HFC-23 to carbon dioxide
                                                                                                                                          (CO2), hydrogen fluoride, and water
                                                                                                                                          for the destruction of halogenated
                                                                                                                                          organic compounds. This process is
                                                                                                                                          assumed to be compatible with all
                                                                                                                                          facilities.
                                Energy
                                  Waste
                                     Industrial
                                     Processes
Agriculture
       Global Non-CO, Emissions
HCFC-22 Production sector baseline emissions are
 estimated to be 128 MtC02e in 2010. In 2030,
emissions from this source are projected to be 286
   MtCCXe or 2% of total non-CO, emissions.
                                     Projected Emissions in 2030
                                      Emissions from Top 5 Emitting Countries (MtC02e)
                                              Rest of World: 19 MtC02e
                                                                                                   Emissions Reduction Potential, 2030
                                                                                           It would be cost-effective to reduce emissions by 0%, compared to the
                                                                                             baseline, in 2030. An additional 89% reduction is available using
                                                                                                    technologies with increasingly higher costs.
                                                                                                                                                      Reduction Potential
                              HCFC-22
                              Production
                                2%

                                             29
                                                                                                   Baseline: 286 MtC02e
                                                                                                                    Residual
                                                                                                                    Emissions
                                                                                                                   Technically Feasible
                                                                                                                   at Increasing Costs
                                                                                                                               Reductions at
                                                                                                                               No Cost
                                                                                                                                          Abatement Potential
                                                                                                                                          Global abatement potential of
                                                                                                                                          HFC-23 in 2030 is 255 MtCO2e,
                                                                                                                                          approximately 89% of projected
                                                                                                                                          baseline emissions. The analysis
                                                                                                                                          assumes that facilities in most
                                                                                                                                          developed countries have already
                                                                                                                                          adopted abatement measures. As a
                                                                                                                                          result, abatement potential is limited
                                                                                                                                          to developing countries. Maximum
                                                                                                                                          abatement potential is achievable
                                                                                                                                          at a cost of between $0 and $1 per
                                                                                                                                          tCO2e.
 Energy
        Waste
| Industrial
 Processes
Agriculture
Other Non-C02
Sources Not Modeled
                                                          China  India  Mexico   South Korea  Venezuela   ROW

-------
                                                                                                                                      Key Points
Semiconductor   Manufacturing
Fluorinated Greenhouse Gas Emissions from  Semiconductor  Manufacturing


                                                                                                                 Baseline emissions from semiconductor manufacturing are projected to
                                                                                                                 increase slowly from 18 MtC02e in 2010 to 22 MtC02e in 2030.
                                                                                                                 The global abatement potential ranges from 0.2 MtCG^e at today's forecasted
                                                                                                                 energy prices to the technological maximum potential of 4.2 MtC02e.
                                                                                                                 20% of the total abatement potential in this sector is achievable at costs at or
                                                                                                                 below $30/tC02e.
Sector Description
The semiconductor manufacturing
industry uses several fluorinated
greenhouse gases (F-GHGs), including
sulfur hexafluoride (SFg), nitrogen
trifluoride (NF3), and perfluorcarbons
during fabrication. Trace amounts of
these gases are incidentally released
into the atmosphere through normal
fabrication activities. In 2010,
18 MtCO2e of emissions were
produced from the semiconductor
manufacturing sector.
                               Emissions Reduction Potential
                Assuming full implementation of current technology, emissions in the semiconductor
                manufacturing sector could be reduced by up to 4 MtCC^e in 2030. This accounts for
                      0.09% of the 4,615 MtC02e in global reduction potential in 2030.
                Semiconductor
                Manufacturing
                     4
                                                    Refrigeration &
                                                    Air Conditioning
                                                                                                                             Abatement Measures
                                                                                                            Emissions reductions by technology in 2030 at $0/tCC>2e and at higher prices.


                                                                                                                Thermal abatement

                                                                                                                  NF3 remote clean

                                                                                                                  Gas replacement I

                                                                                                                Process optimization I

                                                                                                                Catalytic abatement I

                                                                                                                 Plasma abatement I
                                                                                                                                0123
                                                                                                                                • Reductions achievable at cost less than $0/tC02e
                                                                                                                                   Reductions achievable at costs greater than $0/tCO e
                                             Energy
                                 Waste
                                                                    Industrial
                                                                    Processes
Agriculture
       Global Non-C02 Emissions
  Semiconductor Manufacturing sector baseline
emissions are estimated to be 18 MtC02e in 2010.
In 2030, emissions from this source are projected to
be 22 MtCO,e or 0.2% of total non-CO, emissions.
                                    Projected Emissions in 2030
                            Emissions from Top 5 Emitting Countries (MtC02e)
                                    Rest of World: 4 MtC02e
                                                                                                                       Emissions Reduction Potential, 2030
                                                                                                               It would be cost-effective to reduce emissions by 1%, compared to the
                                                                                                                 baseline, in 2030. An additional 19% reduction is available using
                                                                                                                        technologies with increasingly higher costs.
                                                                                                                                                  Reduction Potential
                                                                                                                                                               1%
                                                                                 3
                        / Semiconductor
                          Manufacturing
                             0.2%
                                                                                                              Baseline: 22 MtC02e
                                                                                         Residual
                                                                                         Emissions
                                                                                                                             Technically Feasible
                                                                                                                             at Increasing Costs
                                                               Reductions at
                                                               No Cost
Abatement Measures
Despite rapid growth between
2000 and 2010, the semiconductor
manufacturing industry experienced
a stark decline in F-GHG emissions,
decreasing from 28 MtCC^e in
2000 to 18 MtCO2e in 2010.
This decline can be attributed to
voluntary emissions reduction goals
set by the World Semiconductor
Council. Additionally, six abatement
technologies were considered to
further reduce emissions from this
sector: thermal abatement systems,
catalytic abatement systems,
plasma abatement systems, NF3
remote chamber clean process,
gas replacement, and process
optimization.


Abatement Potential
Global F-GHG abatement potential
in the semiconductor manufacturing
industry is estimated to be 4.6
MtCO2e and 4.2 MtCO2e in
2020 and 2030, respectively, which
correspond to 23% and 20%  of
business as usual (BAU) emissions
from this sector. In 2030, the
abatement potential of 1 MtCC^e, or
4%, is achievable at abatement costs
below $30 per tCO2e.
Energy | Waste  | Industrial
              Processes
Agriculture
                                  Other Non-C02
                                  Sources Not Modeled
                                                        China United States Japan Singapore South Korea ROW

-------



Electric   Power   Systems   (EPS)
SF6 from  Electric Power Systems
                                                                                                                            Key Points
                                                                                                                            •  The global abatement potential ranges from 7.5 MtCt^e to 42.8 MtCt^e in 2030.
                                                                                                                            •  Abatement measures include technologies and handling practices to manage SF
                                                                                                                               emissions and prevent leakage during servicing and disposal.
                                                                                                                            •  The abatement potential at cost-effective carbon prices ($5/tC02e) is projected
                                                                                                                               to reduce baseline emissions by 56% in 2030.
Sector Description
Electric power systems (EPSs)
use transmission and distribution
equipment that contains sulfur
hexafluoride (SFg), a potent GHG
with a global warming potential
23,900 times that of carbon
dioxide. Emissions occur through
unintentional leaking of equipment
and improper handling practices
during servicing and disposal. Global
baseline emissions from this sector
were estimated at 44 MtCO2e in
2010. Emissions are projected to
increase to 64 MtCO2e in 2030, a
45% increase.
                                        Emissions Reduction Potential
                           Assuming full implementation of current technology, emissions in the electric
                            power systems sector could be reduced by up to 43 MtCC^e in 2030. This
                           accounts for 1% of the 4,615 MtCC^e in global reduction potential in 2030.
                           Electric Power
                             Systems
                               43
                                                                Refrigeration &
                                                                Air Conditioning
                                                                                                                                  Abatement Measures
                                                                                                                Emissions reductions by technology in 2030 at $0/tCC>2e and at higher prices.
                                                                                                         Improved SF6 handling
                                                                                                                SF6 recycling
                                                                                                                  Leak detection and leak repair
                                                                                                       Equipment refurbishment
                                                                                                                                         0     5     10     15     20     25
                                                                                                                                         H  Reductions achievable at cost less than $0/tC02e
                                                                                                                                         B  Reductions achievable at costs greater than $0/tCO,e
                                                                                                                                           Abatement Measures
                                                                                                                                           Abatement measures that reduce
                                                                                                                                           emissions in the EPS sector include
                                                                                                                                           SFg recycling, leak detection
                                                                                                                                           and repair (LDAR), equipment
                                                                                                                                           refurbishment, and improved SFg
                                                                                                                                           handling. These new technologies
                                                                                                                                           and handling practices have largely
                                                                                                                                           been adopted in Europe and
                                                                                                                                           Japan. SFg recycling is commonly
                                                                                                                                           practiced in the United States, but
                                                                                                                                           there remains significant potential
                                                                                                                                           for further reductions through
                                                                                                                                           improved SFg handling and
                                                                                                                                           upgraded or refurbished equipment.
                                               Energy
                                            Waste
                                                                       Industrial
                                                                       Processes
                                                    Agriculture
       Global Non-C02 Emissions
   The Electric Power Systems sector baseline
emissions are estimated to be 44 MtC02e in 2010.
In 2030, emissions from this source are projected to
be 64 MtC02e or 0.5% of total non-C02 emissions.
                                     Projected Emissions in 2030
 Energy
        Waste
                           Electric
                        Power Systems
                           0.5%
                                                     Emissions from Top 5 Emitting Countries (MtC02e)
                                                             Rest of World: 18 MtC02e
| Industrial
 Processes
                        Agriculture
Other Non-C02
Sources Not Modeled
                                                           China  United States India  Brazil  South Korea ROW
                                                                                                             Emissions Reduction Potential, 2030
                                                                                                     It would be cost-effective to reduce emissions by 12%, compared to the
                                                                                                       baseline, in 2030. An additional 55% reduction is available using
                                                                                                               technologies with increasingly higher costs.
                                                                                                                                                       Reduction Potential
                                                                                                                  Baseline: 64 MtC02e
                                                                                                      Residual
                                                                                                      Emissions
                                                                                                                                  Technically Feasible
                                                                                                                                  at Increasing Costs
                                                                                                                     Reductions at
                                                                                                                     No Cost
Abatement Potential
Global abatement potential in this
sector is projected to be 34 MtCC^e
in 2020 and 43 MtCO2e in 2030,
which corresponds to approximately
two thirds of the business as
usual (BAU) baseline emissions,
respectively. Significant reductions
are available at relatively low cost.
For example, emission reduction
technologies that cost up to $5 per
tCO2e, can reduce emissions by 35
MtCC>2e, accounting for 84% of the
technologically feasible emissions
reductions in 2030.

-------
Magnesium   Production
SF6 Emissions from  Magnesium Production
                                                                                                                                            Key Points
                                                                                                                               The global abatement potential of 98% is achieved through three abatement
                                                                                                                               measures that substitute SF6 with alternative gases.
                                                                                                                               From 2010 to 2030, SFg emissions are projected to stay in the range of 5 MtCO^e
                                                                                                                               Full abatement potential can be achieved at break-even prices of $5/tC02e or
                                                                                                                               less.
Sector Description
Magnesium production uses sulfur
hexafluoride (SFg) as a cover gas
during production and casting to
prevent spontaneous combustion
of molten magnesium in the
presence of air. The use of SFg can
result in fugitive emissions during
manufacturing processes. Advanced
initiatives in the magnesium industry
to phase out the use of SFg have
resulted in a 50% reduction in global
SFg emissions from  10 MtCO2e to
5 MtCO2e between 2000 and 2010.
                                          Emissions Reduction Potential
                           Assuming full implementation of current technology, emissions in the magnesium
                           production sector could be reduced by up to 5 MtCC^e in 2030. This accounts for
                                0.11% of the 4,615 MtC02e in global reduction potential in 2030.
                                                                                                          Abatement Measures
                                                                                         Emissions reductions by technology in 2030 at $0/tCC>2e and at higher prices.
                                                                                                           Alternate cover gas -
                                                                                                                NovecTM612

                                                                                                           Alternate cover gas -
                                                                                                                  HFC-134a
                                                      Oil & Natural
                                                      Gas Systems
                                                                                              Alternate cover gas - S02
                            Magnesium
                            Production
                                                                                                                o.o
                                                                                                                      0.5
                                                                                                                            1.0
                                                                                                                         1.5
                                                                                                                                         2.0
                                                                                                                                               2.5
                                                                Refrigeration &
                                                                Air Conditioning
                                                                                                                    Reductions achievable at cost less than $0/tC02e
                                                                                                                    Reductions achievable at costs greater than $0/tC02e
                                               Energy
                                            Waste
                                               Industrial
                                               Processes
                                                     Agriculture
       Global Non-C02 Emissions
   The Magnesium Production sector baseline
emissions are estimated to be 5 MtC02e in 2010. In
 2030, emissions from this source are projected to
                                      Projected Emissions in 2030
                                       Emissions from Top 5 Emitting Countries (MtC02e)
                                              Rest of World: 0.08 MtC02e
                                                                                                    Emissions Reduction Potential, 2030
                                                                                            It would be cost-effective to reduce emissions by 97%, compared to the
                                                                                              baseline, in 2030. An additional 1% reduction is available using
                                                                                                      technologies with increasingly higher costs.
                                                                                                                                                        Reduction Potential
                                                                       •0.56
                            Magnesium
                            Production
                             0.04%
                                                                                                                   Baseline: 5 MtC02e
                                                                                                       Residual
                                                                                                       Emissions
                                                                                                           Technically Feasible
                                                                                                           at Increasing Costs
                                                                                                                      Reductions at
                                                                                                                      No Cost
Abatement Measures
Three abatement measures are
available for reducing SFg emissions
in production and processing, all
of which involve replacing SFg with
an alternative cover gas: SO2,
HFC-134a, or Novec 612. Although
toxicity, odor, and corrosive properties
are a concern of using SC>2 as a cover
gas, it can potentially eliminate SFg
emissions entirely through improved
containment and pollution control
systems. HFC-134a, along with
other fluorinated gas, contains fewer
associated health, odor, and corrosive
impacts than SO2, but it does have
global warming potential. Novec 612
is currently being used in a diecasting
facility, and the replacement of SFg
with Novec 612 is under evaluation.


Abatement Potential
The global abatement potential of SFg
emissions in the magnesium sector
is 5 MtCC>2e, approximately 98% of
projected emissions. The maximum
reduction potential for the suite of
reduction technologies is 98% of
projected emissions in 2030.  These
reductions can be achieved at a cost of
less than $5/tCC>2e.
 Energy
         Waste
| Industrial
 Processes
Agriculture
Other Non-C02
Sources Not Modeled
                                                           China  Russia   Kazakhstan   Israel   Ukraine   ROW

-------
 Photovoltaic  Cell   Manufacturing
 Fluorinated Greenhouse  Gas Emissions from Photovoltaic Cell  Manufacturing


                                                                                                                                          Key Points
                                                                                                                              The global abatement potential in the photovoltaic (PV) manufacturing sector
                                                                                                                              ranges from less than 0.1 MtC02e to 1.7 MtC02e in 2030.
                                                                                                                              Reduction technologies include technologies that reduce fluorinated greenhousi
                                                                                                                              gas (F-GHG) emissions through etch and/or chamber cleaning processes.
                                                                                                                              The high costs of emissions reduction technologies combined with low emission:
                                                                                                                              reductions lead to abatement costs greater than $200/tC02e.
 Sector Description
 The PV cell manufacturing process
 often uses multiple F-GHGs during
 production, some of which are
 released into the atmosphere.
 Baseline emissions were estimated at
 2.3 MtCO2e in 2010. A reduction in
 baseline emissions is anticipated in
 both 2020 and 2030, declining to an
 estimated 2.1 MtCO2e and
 1.9 MtCO2e, respectively.
                                        Emissions Reduction Potential
                         Assuming full implementation of current technology, emissions in the photovoltaic
                           cell manufacturing sector could be reduced by up to 2 MtCC^e in 2030. This
                          accounts for 0.04% of the 4,615 MtC02e in global reduction potential in 2030.
                            Photovoltaic
                               Cell
                           Manufacturing
                                2
                                                                                                         Abatement Measures
                                                                                        Emissions reductions by technology in 2030 at $0/tCC>2e and at higher prices.
                                                                                                          NF3 remote clean
                                                                                                        Thermal abatement
                                                                                              Catalytic abatement
                                                                                                         Plasma abatement
                                                                                                              I
                                                                              Refrigeration &
                                                                              Air Conditioning
                                                                                                                      0.0    0.2   0.4   0.6   0.8   1.0   1.2

                                                                                                                      I  Reductions achievable at cost less than $0/tC02e
                                                                                                                          Reductions achievable at costs greater than $0/tC02e
                                                                                                                                          Abatement Measures
                                                                                                                                          Abatement measures considered
                                                                                                                                          for reducing F-GHG emissions
                                                                                                                                          from the PV manufacturing sector
                                                                                                                                          include thermal abatement systems,
                                                                                                                                          catalytic abatement systems, plasma
                                                                                                                                          abatement systems, and the nitrogen
                                                                                                                                          trifluoride (NF3) remote chamber
                                                                                                                                          clean process. These technologies
                                                                                                                                          have the potential to reduce
                                                                                                                                          emissions from etch and/or chamber
                                                                                                                                          clean processes by 90%.
                                               Energy
                                            Waste
                                               Industrial
                                               Processes
                                                    Agriculture
        Global Non-C02 Emissions
The Photovoltaic Cell Manufacturing sector baseline
emissions are estimated to be 2 MtC02e in 2010. In
 2030, emissions from this source are projected to
                                     Projected Emissions in 2030
                                      Emissions from Top 5 Emitting Countries (MtC02e)
                                             Rest of World: 0.29 MtC02e

                                                                                                   Emissions Reduction Potential, 2030
                                                                                           It would be cost-effective to reduce emissions by 0%, compared to the
                                                                                             baseline, in 2030. An additional 90% reduction is available using
                                                                                                    technologies with increasingly higher costs.
                                                                                                                                                      Reduction Potential

                                                                  0.09
                                                                                          0.19
                           Photovoltaic
                         Cell Manufacturing
                            0.01%
                                                                                                                  Baseline: 2 MtC02e
                                                                                                     Residual
                                                                                                     Emissions
                                                                                                          Technically Feasible
                                                                                                          at Increasing Costs
                                                                                                                     Reductions at
                                                                                                                     No Cost
 Energy
         Waste
| Industrial
 Processes
Agriculture
Other Non-C02
Sources Not Modeled
                                                          China Japan  Germany  Malaysia  South Korea ROW
Abatement Potential
The global abatement potential
in the PV manufacturing sector
is estimated to be 1.9 MtCO2e in
2020 and 1.7 MtCO2e in 2030, or
90% of baseline emissions in each
year. High capital costs and low
emissions reductions associated with
the available abatement measures
result in abatement costs greater
than $200/tCO2e. No statistically
significant emissions reductions
are available at abatement costs
below $200.

-------

Flat   Panel   Display   Manufacturing
Fluorinated Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Flat Panel Display Manufacturing

                                                                                                                           Key Points
                                                                                                                           • The global abatement potential of flat panel display (FPD) manufacturing
                                                                                                                             processes is 10 MtC02e in 2030,80% of baseline emissions.
                                                                                                                           • Six abatement options were analyzed to reduce emissions from etch and/or
                                                                                                                             clean processes.
                                                                                                                           • No abatement potential is achievable at carbon prices below $25/tC02e.
Sector Description
FPD manufacturing processes
produce fluorinated greenhouse
gas (F-GHG) emissions, including
sulfur hexafluoride (SFg), nitrogen
trifluoride (NF3), and carbon
tetrafluoride (CF^). Global
baseline emissions from the FPD
manufacturing sector in 2010 were
estimated at 7 MtCO2e. Baseline
emissions for 2020 are projected
to increase to approximately 12
MtCO2e and remain at 12 MtCO2e
through 2030.
                                       Emissions Reduction Potential
                          Assuming full implementation of current technology, emissions in the flat panel
                         display manufacturing sector could be reduced by up to 10 MtCC^e in 2030. This
                          accounts for 0.21% of the 4,615 MtC02e in global reduction potential in 2030.
                            Flat Panel
                             Display
                          Manufacturing
                               10
                                                               Refrigeration &
                                                               Air Conditioning
                                                                                                         Abatement Measures
                                                                                       Emissions reductions by technology in 2030 at $0/tCC>2e and at higher prices.


                                                                                                Thermal abatement

                                                                                                  NF3 remote clean

                                                                                                Catalytic abatement

                                                                                            Central abatement system I

                                                                                                Plasma abatement |

                                                                                                  Gas replacement I
                                                                                                                                    012345
                                                                                                                                    I Reductions achievable at cost less than $0/tC02e
                                                                                                                                       Reductions achievable at costs greater than $0/tCO e
                                              Energy
                                           Waste
                                              Industrial
                                              Processes
                                                    Agriculture
       Global Non-C02 Emissions
  The Flat Panel Display Manufacturing sector
baseline emissions are estimated to be 7 MtC02e in
 2010. In 2030, emissions from this source are
   projected to be 12 MtC02e or 0.1% of total
          non-CO, emissions.
                                     Projected Emissions in 2030
                                      Emissions from Top 5 Emitting Countries (MtC02e)
                                              Rest of World: 0.0 MtC02e
                                                                                                  Emissions Reduction Potential, 2030
                                                                                           It would be cost-effective to reduce emissions by 0%, compared to the
                                                                                            baseline, in 2030. An additional 80% reduction is available using
                                                                                                    technologies with increasingly higher costs.
                                                                                                                                       Reduction Potential

                                                                                   0.1
                             Flat Panel
                              Display
                           Manufacturing
                              0.1%
                                                                                                                 Baseline: 2 MtC02e
                                                                                                     Residual
                                                                                                     Emissions
                                                                                                         Technically Feasible
                                                                                                         at Increasing Costs
                                                                                                                    Reductions at
                                                                                                                    No Cost
                                                                                                                                          Abatement Measures
                                                                                                                                          Six abatement options were
                                                                                                                                          considered for the FPD
                                                                                                                                          manufacturing sector: central
                                                                                                                                          abatement, thermal abatement,
                                                                                                                                          catalytic abatement, plasma
                                                                                                                                          abatement, NF3 remote chamber
                                                                                                                                          clean, and gas replacement. These
                                                                                                                                          systems are applicable to reducing
                                                                                                                                          emissions from etch and/or clean
                                                                                                                                          processes. Thermal abatement systems
                                                                                                                                          represent the largest abatement
                                                                                                                                          potential, accounting for 40% of
                                                                                                                                          emissions reductions in the FPD
                                                                                                                                          manufacturing sector.
Abatement Potential
Global abatement of F-GHGs in
the FPD manufacturing sector is
estimated to be 9 MtCO2e in 2020
and 10 MtCO2e in 2030, which
equates to 80% abatement from
projected baseline emissions. At a
break-even price of $30, just over
2 MtCO2e in emissions reductions
is achievable in 2030. No emissions
reductions are possible at prices
below $25.
 Energy
        Waste
| Industrial
 Processes
Agriculture
Other Non-C02
Sources Not Modeled
                                                          China   South Korea   Japan    Singapore   ROW

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      ivestoc

                                                                                                                                                      Key Points
Emissions  from  Livestock Operations
                                                                                                                              The livestock sector accounts for 21% of baseline non-Ct^ emissions in 2030.
                                                                                                                              The largest low-cost reductions in emissions resulted from implementation of
                                                                                                                              strategies to improve feed conversion efficiency, incorporate feed supplements,
                                                                                                                              and increase the use of small-scale anaerobic digesters.
                                                                                                                              The technologically feasible abatement potential of the livestock sector is 267
                                                                                                                              MtC02e in 2030,10% of baseline emissions.
Sector  Description
Livestock operations generate
methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide
(N2O) emissions. The greenhouse gas
(GHG) emissions mainly come from
two sources: enteric fermentation
and manure management. Methane
is produced as a by-product of the
digestive process in animals through
a microbial fermentation process.
Manure N2O emissions result from
nitrification and denitrification
of the nitrogen that is excreted in
manure and urine. Global baseline
emissions from the livestock  sector
were estimated to grow from 2,202 to
2,729 MtCO2e from 2010 to 2030.
                                Emissions Reduction Potential
                  Assuming full implementation of current technology, emissions in the livestock
                 sector could be reduced by up to 269 MtCC^e in 2030. This accounts for 6% of
                          the 4,615 MtC02e in global reduction potential in 2030.
                                   Livestock
                                               Oil & Natu
                                               Gas Systems
                     Livestock
                      269
                                               Refrigeration &
                                               Air Conditioning
                                                                                                       Abatement Measures
                                                                                    Emissions reductions by technology in 2030 at $0/tCC>2e and at higher prices.

                                                                                                Antimethanogen
                                                                                             Propionate precursors
                                                                                           Improved feed conversion
                                                                                     Large-scale complete mix digester i
                                                                                                    with engine '
                                                                                  Large-scale covered lagoon with engine |
                                                                                     Large-scale complete mix digester
                 without engine
Large-scale covered lagoon without engine  |
                Intensive grazing
                    Antibiotics  |
Large-scale fixed-film digester with engine  |
        Large-scale fixed-film digester  i
                 without engine  >
                 Other measures
                                                   Energy
                                     Waste
                                       Industrial
                                       Processes
                                                                                    Agriculture
           Global Non-C02 Emissions
     The Livestock sector baseline emissions are
    estimated to be 2,286 MtC02e in 2010. In 2030,
     emissions from this source are projected to be
    2,729 MtC02eor21%of total non-C02 emissions.
                                        Projected Emissions in 2030
                               Emissions from Top 5 Emitting Countries (MtCO e)
                                       Rest of World: 1,553 MtC02e
                                                 186

                             Livestock
                              21%
                                               4t
                                                  246
                           0    10   20   30   40   50   60   70
                           •  Reductions achievable at cost less than $0/tC02e
                              Reductions achievable at costs greater than $0/tC02e

                Emissions Reduction Potential, 2030
        It would be cost-effective to reduce emissions by 3%, compared to the
          baseline, in 2030. An additional 7% reduction is available using
                  technologies with increasingly higher costs.

                                             Reduction Potential
                                                                                                                                                                                  3%
                                                                                                                           Baseline: 2,729 MtCO,e
                                                                                                                              Residual
                                                                                                                              Emissions
                                                                                                                  Technically Feasible
                                                                                                                  at Increasing Costs
                                                                                                                              Reductions at
                                                                                                                              No Cost
                                                                                                                                                                                    Abatement Measures
                                                                                                                                                                                    The report considered six enteric
                                                                                                                                                                                    fermentation (CH4) abatement
                                                                                                                                                                                    measures: improved feed conversion
                                                                                                                                                                                    efficiency, antibiotics, bovine soma-
                                                                                                                                                                                    trotropin (bST), propionate precur-
                                                                                                                                                                                    sors, antimethanogen vaccines, and
                                                                                                                                                                                    intensive pasture management. It also
                                                                                                                                                                                    included two manure management
                                                                                                                                                                                    (N2O) abatement measures: small and
                                                                                                                                                                                    large digesters (complete-mix, plug-
                                                                                                                                                                                    flow, fixed film) and covered lagoons.
                                                                                                                                                                                    The largest reductions resulted from
                                                                                                                                                                                    implementation of antimethanogen
                                                                                                                                                                                    vaccines, propionate precursors, and
                                                                                                                                                                                    small digesters.
                                                                                                                                                        Abatement Potential
                                                                                                                                                        Technologically feasible global
                                                                                                                                                        abatement potential for the livestock
                                                                                                                                                        sector was estimated at 267 MtCC^e
                                                                                                                                                        in 2030, a 10% reduction compared
                                                                                                                                                        to the baseline. In 2030, a reduction
                                                                                                                                                        of 58 MtCC>2e is cost-effective under
                                                                                                                                                        current projections and 162 MtCO2e
                                                                                                                                                        would be possible at an abatement
                                                                                                                                                        costof$30/tCO2e.
 Energy
Waste • Industrial
        Processes
Agriculture
Other Non-C02
Sources Not Modeled
                                                                  India  China  Brazil  United States  Pakistan  ROW

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Methane (CH4)  and  Nitrous Oxide  (N20) Emissions from  Rice Cultivation
                                                                                                                                                                Key Points
                                                                                                                                                 The rice cultivation sector accounts for 6% of baseline non-C02 emissions in
                                                                                                                                                 2030.
                                                                                                                                                 Among five abatement measures evaluated, switching to dryland production
                                                                                                                                                 provides the largest emissions reductions.
                                                                                                                                                 The technologically feasible reduction potential of the rice cultivation sector is
                                                                                                                                                 200 MtC02e in 2030,26% of baseline sector emissions.
Sector Description
Rice cultivation is a source of methane
(CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O)
emissions, and changes in soil organic
carbon (C) stocks. When paddy fields
are flooded, decomposition of organic
material depletes the oxygen in the
soil and floodwater, causing anaerobic
conditions. Human activities influence
soil N2O emissions (use of fertilizers
and other crop management practices)
and soil C stocks (residue and crop
yield management). Global baseline
emissions from the rice cultivation
sector were estimated to grow from
565 to 756 MtCO2e from 2010 to
2030.
                                              Emissions Reduction Potential
                              Assuming full implementation of current technology, emissions in the rice sector
                               could be reduced by up to 200 MtC02e in 2030. This accounts for 4% of the
                                        4,615 MtC02e in global reduction potential in 2030.
                                                                         Refrigeration &
                                                                         Air Conditioning
                                                      Energy       I  Waste       I lndustrial         I  Agriculture
                                                                               1 Processes
           Global Non-C02 Emissions
    The Rice Cultivation sector baseline emissions are
     estimated to be 565 MtC02e in 2010.  In 2030,
     emissions from this source are projected to be
                                           Projected Emissions in 2030
                                            Emissions from Top 5 Emitting Countries (MtCO e)
                                                     Rest of World: 176 MtC02e
                                                                                                                         Abatement Measures
                                                                                                     Emissions reductions by technology in 2030 at $0/tCC>2e and at higher prices.
                                                                                                     Mid-season drainage with 50% residue incorporation
                                                                                                                and 30% reduced fertilizer usage
                                                                                                     Switch CF to dry land with 50% residue incorporation
                                                                                                         Switch CF to Mid-season drainage with 100%
                                                                                                                       residue incorporation
                                                                                                     Switch CF to Mid-season dra inage with 50% residue
                                                                                                                and 30% reduced fertilizer usage
                                                                                                       Switch CF to dry land with 50% residue and 20%
                                                                                                                      reduced fertilizer usage
                                                                                                            Switch from RF to base with 50% residue
                                                                                                               incorporation and auto-fertilization
                                                                                                            Switch Rain-fed to CF with 50% residue
                                                                                                           incorporation and use of nitrogen inhibitors
                                                                                                      Switch from CF to Mid-season drainage use of slow
                                                                                                                          release fertilizer
                                                                                                            Switch Rain-fed to CF with 50% residue
                                                                                                                   incorporation and no tillage
                                                                                                       Switch from CFto Mid-season drainage with 50%
                                                                                                                     residue and dry-seeding
                                                                                                         Switch Mid-season drainage to AWD with 50%
                                                                                                      residue incorporation and use of nitrogen inhibitors
                                                                                                          Switch from CFto Mid-season drainage with
                                                                                                                          no till practices
                                                                                                                                                                 Abatement  Measures
                                                                                                                                                                 Five types of abatement measures
                                                                                                                                                                 were considered: paddy flooding
                                                                                                                                                                 (continuous, mid-season,
                                                                                                                                                                 alternating, dry),  crop residue
                                                                                                                                                                 incorporation (50% and 100%),
                                                                                                                                                                 tillage (conventional and no-
                                                                                                                                                                 till), fertilization application
                                                                                                                                                                 (conventional, ammonium sulfate,
                                                                                                                                                                 nitrification inhibitor, slow-release,
                                                                                                                                                                 reduced use, auto fertilization),
                                                                                                                                                                 and direct seeding. Switching to
                                                                                                                                                                 dry-land production provides the
                                                                                                                                                                 largest emissions reductions, though
                                                                                                                                                                 it results in major reductions in  rice
                                                                                                                                                                 yield.
                                                                                                                                       Other measures
                                                                                                                                                  I 16.20
                                                                                                                                                   86.91
                                                                                                                                                                                                12
                                                                                                                                                   Reductions achievable at cost less than $0/tC02e
                                                                                                                                                   Reductions achievable at costs greater than $0/tCO e
                                                                                                                  Emissions Reduction Potential, 2030
                                                                                                          It would be cost-effective to reduce emissions by 8%, compared to the
                                                                                                           baseline, in 2030. An additional  18% reduction is available using
                                                                                                                    technologies with increasingly higher costs.

                                                                                                                                                 Reduction Potential
                                                                                                                                                                                 18%   8%
                                                                                                                                   Baseline: 756 MtC02e
                                                                                                                                      Residual
                                                                                                                                      Emissions
                                                                                                                                     Technically Feasible
                                                                                                                                     at Increasing Costs
                                                                                                                                                  Reductions at
                                                                                                                                                  No Cost
                                                                                                                                                                 Abatement  Potential
                                                                                                                                                                 Technologically feasible global
                                                                                                                                                                 abatement potential for the rice
                                                                                                                                                                 cultivation sector was estimated
                                                                                                                                                                 at 203 MtCO2e in 2020 and
                                                                                                                                                                 200 MtCO2e in 2030, 28% and
                                                                                                                                                                 26% reductions compared to the
                                                                                                                                                                 baseline. In 2030, a reduction of
                                                                                                                                                                 58 MtCC>2e at an abatement cost of
                                                                                                                                                                 $0/tCO2e and 135 MtCO2e would
                                                                                                                                                                 be possible at a cost of $30/tCO2e.
 Energy
          Waste
| Industrial
 Processes
Agriculture
Other Non-C02
Sources Not Modeled
                                                                   India  Bangladesh  Indonesia  China  Vietnam  ROW

-------
                                                                                                                                                          Key Points
Non-rice  Croplands
                                                                                                                                                            The global emission reduction potential of the croplands sector is 56 MtCf^e in
                                                                                                                                                            2030,12% of baseline emissions.
                                                                                                                                                            Seven abatement options were analyzed to reduce soil management emissions.
                                                                                                                                                            Over 80% of reductions result from the implementation of no-till  cultivation and
                                                                                                                                                            reduced fertilizer applications.
Sector Description
Land management in croplands influences
soil nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions
(influenced by fertilization practices, soil
drainage, and nitrogen mineralization),
methane (CH4) fluxes, and soil organic
carbon (C) stocks  (and associated carbon
dioxide [CC^] fluxes to the atmosphere).
The report considers only major crops
(barley, maize, sorghum, soybeans, and
wheat) and minor crops closely related
to these (rye, lentils, other beans, and
oats). Global baseline emissions from the
croplands sector in 2010 were estimated
at 474 MtCC>2e. Projected emissions
are relatively constant, decreasing to
approximately 460 MtCO2e in 2020 and
rebounding to 472 MtCO2e by 2030.
                                                              Emissions Reduction Potential
                                               Assuming full implementation of current technology, emissions in the cropland
                                               sector could be reduced by up to 56 MtC02e in 2030. This accounts for 1% of
                                                       the 4,615 MtC02e in global reduction potential in 2030.
        Global Non-C02 Emissions
  The Croplands sector baseline emissions are
 estimated to be 474 MtC02e in 2010. In 2030,
emissions from this source are projected to be 472
    Croplands
                                                                                      Refrigeration &
                                                                                      Air Conditioning
                                                                                                          Abatement Measures
                                                                                      Emissions reductions by technology in 2030 at $0/tCC>2e and at higher prices.
                                                                                                                                          No tillage
                                                                                                                            20% reduced fertilizer use
                                                                                                                                Use nitrogen inhibitors
                                                                                                                                       Split fertilizer
                                                                                                                           100% residue incorporation
                                                                                                             •I
                                               Croplands
                                                  56
                                                   Energy
                                                                                    20% increase in fertilizer use
                           Waste
Industrial
Processes
                                                                                      Agriculture
                                         Projected Emissions in 2030
                                                           Emissions from Top 5 Emitting Countries (MtCO e)
                                                                   Rest of World: 168 MtC02e
                   0      5       10      15     20     25
                      Reductions achievable at cost less than $0/tC02e
                      Reductions achievable at costs greater than $0/tC02e

         Emissions Reduction Potential, 2030
It would be cost-effective to reduce emissions by 5.4%, compared to the
  baseline, in 2030. An additional 6.4% reduction is available using
           technologies with increasingly higher costs.

                                       Reduction Potential
                                                           "
                                                                                                                                                                                     5.4%
                                                                                                                              Baseline: 472 MtC02e
                                                                                                                                 Residual
                                                                                                                                 Emissions
                                                                                                                                                Technically Feasible
                                                                                                                                                at Increasing Costs
                                                                                                                                  Reductions at
                                                                                                                                  No Cost
                                                                                                                  Abatement Measures
                                                                                                                  Six abatement measures were considered
                                                                                                                  for the croplands sector: adoption of
                                                                                                                  no-till cultivation, reduced fertilizer
                                                                                                                  application, increased fertilizer
                                                                                                                  application, split nitrogen fertilization,
                                                                                                                  application of nitrification inhibitors,
                                                                                                                  and crop residue incorporation. Before
                                                                                                                  2020, the majority of reductions
                                                                                                                  result from the implementation of
                                                                                                                  no-till cultivation (70% in 2010, 60%
                                                                                                                  in 2020).  In 2030, the majority of
                                                                                                                  reductions (96%) are shared between
                                                                                                                  no-till, reduced fertilization, and
                                                                                                                  nitrification inhibitors.
 Energy
Waste • Industrial
        Processes
                           Agriculture
Other Non-C02
Sources Not Modeled
                                                                 China  United States  India  Brazil  Argentina  ROW
                                                                                                                  Abatement Potential
                                                                                                                  Technologically feasible global
                                                                                                                  abatement potential in the croplands
                                                                                                                  sector is estimated to be 70 MtCC^e
                                                                                                                  in 2020 and 56 MtCO2e in 2030,
                                                                                                                  representing 15% and  12%  reductions
                                                                                                                  compared to the baseline. In 2030,
                                                                                                                  abatement measures that break even
                                                                                                                  (i.e., < $0/tCO2e) can reduce nearly
                                                                                                                  30 MtCC>2e. Additional reductions
                                                                                                                  are achievable with the inclusion of
                                                                                                                  more costly abatement measures.
                                                                                                                  For example, the level of reduced
                                                                                                                  emissions increases to 37 MtCC^e by
                                                                                                                  including abatement measures with
                                                                                                                  implementation costs less than or equal
                                                                                                                  to $30/tCO2e.

-------
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