&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
       The Superfund Innovative
       Technology Evaluation
       Program

       Technology Profiles
       Tenth Edition
             SUPERFUND INNOVATIVE
             TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION

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                             TABLE OF CONTENTS

Section                                                                             Page

NOTICE	 ii
FOREWORD	iii
ABSTRACT	iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS	 x

SITE PROGRAM DESCRIPTION	 1
SITE PROGRAM CONTACTS  	 6

DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM	 7

Completed Demonstration Program Projects

       Active Environmental, Inc.
              (TECHXTRACT® Process) 	  20
       American Combustion, Inc. (PYRETRON® Thermal Destruction) 	  22
       ARS Technologies, Inc. (Pneumatic Fracturing Extraction3" and Catalytic Oxidation)	  24
       Bergmann, A Division of Linatex, Inc. (Soil and Sediment Washing)	  26
       Berkeley Environmental Restoration Center
              (In Situ Steam Enhanced Extraction Process)	  28
       Billings and Associates, Inc.
              (Subsurface Volatilization and Ventilation System [SVVS®])  	  30
       BioGenesisSM Enterprises, Inc.
              (BioGenesisSM Soil and Sediment Washing Process)	  32
       Bio-Rem, Inc. (Augmented In Situ Subsurface Bioremediation Process)	  34
       Biotherm, LCC (Biotherm Process™) 	  36
       BioTrol® (Biological Aqueous Treatment System)	  38
       BioTrol® (Soil Washing System)	  40
       Brice Environmental Services Corporation (Soil Washing Process)	  42
       BWX  Technologies, Inc. (affiliated with Babock & Wilcox Co.)
              (Cyclone Furnace)	  44
       Calgon Carbon Advanced Oxidation Technologies
              (perox-pure™ Chemical Oxidation Technology)  	  46
       CF Systems Corporation
              (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology)  	  48
       Chemfix Technologies, Inc.  (Solidification and Stabilization)	  50
       COGNIS, Inc. (TERRAMET® Soil Remediation System)  	  52
       Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment
              (Constructed Wetlands-Based Treatment)	  54
       Commodore Applied Technologies, Inc.
              (Solvated Electron Technology, SET™ Remediation System)	  56
       Cure International, Inc. (CURE®-Electrocoagulation Wastewater Treatment System)  ....  58

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                      TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)

Section                                                                               Page

Completed Demonstration Program Projects (continued)

       E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, and
              Oberlin Filter Company (Membrane Microfiltration)	  60
       Dynaphore, Inc. (FORAGER® Sponge)	  62
       ECOVA Corporation (Bioslurry Reactor)  	  64
       Electrokinetics, Inc. (Electrokinetic Soil Processing)  	  66
       ELI Eco Logic Inc. (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process)	  68
       ELI Eco Logic International Inc. (Thermal Desorption Unit)	  70
       EnviroMetal Technologies Inc.  (In Situ and Ex Situ Metal-Enhanced Abiotic
              Degradation of Dissolved Halogenated Organic Compounds in Groundwater)	  72
       EPOC Water, Inc.  (Precipitation, Microfiltration, and Sludge Dewatering)  	  74
       Filter Flow Technology, Inc. (Colloid Polishing Filter Method®)	  76
       Funderburk & Associates (Dechlorination and Immobilization)	  78
       General Atomics (Circulating Bed Combustor)	  80
       Geo-Con, Inc.  (In Situ Solidification and Stabilization Process)	  82
       Geosafe Corporation  (GeoMelt Vitrification)	  84
       Geotech Development Corporation
              (Cold Top Ex-Situ Vitrification of Chromium-Contaminated Soils)  	  86
       GISYSolutions, Inc. (GIS\Key™ Environmental Data Management System)	  88
       GRACE Bioremediation Technologies (DARAMEND™ Bioremediation Technology) ...  90
       Gruppo Italimpresse  (Infrared Thermal Destruction)	  92
       High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc. (High-Energy Electron Irradiation)	  94
       Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc. (Flame Reactor) 	  96
       Hrubetz Environmental Services, Inc. (HRUBOUT® Process) 	  98
       Hughes Environmental Systems, Inc. (Steam Enhanced Recovery Process) 	  100
       IIT Research Institute/Brown and Root Environmental  (Radio Frequency Heating)  ...  102
       Ionics RCC (B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction Technology)	  104
       KAI Technologies, Inc./Brown and Root Environmental (Radio Frequency Heating) ...  106
       Magnum Water Technology (CAV-OX® Process)  	  108
       Matrix Photocatalytic Inc. (Photocatalytic Water Treatment)	  110
       Maxymillian Technologies, Inc. (Thermal Desorption System)	  112
       Morrison Knudsen Corporation/Spetstamponazhgeologia Enterprises
              (Clay-Base Grouting Technology)  	  114
       National Risk Management Research Laboratory
              (Base-Catalyzed Decomposition Process)	  116
       National Risk Management Research Laboratory (Volume Reduction Unit)	  118
       National Risk Management Research Laboratory
              and INTECH 180 Corporation (Fungal Treatment Technology)	  120
       National Risk Management Research Laboratory
              and IT Corporation (Debris Washing System)  	  122
                                            VI

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                      TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)

Section                                                                               Page

Completed Demonstration Program Projects (continued)

       National Risk Management Research Laboratory, University of Cincinnati,
              and FRX, Inc. (Hydraulic Fracturing)	  124
       New York State Department of Environmental Conservation/
              ENSR Consulting and Engineering and Larsen Engineers (Ex Situ Biovault)  . .  126
       New York State Department of Environmental Conservation/
              SBP Technologies, Inc. (Vacuum-Vaporized Well System)  	  128
       New York State Department of Environmental Conservation/
              R.E. Wright Environmental, Inc. (In Situ Bioventing Treatment System)  	  130
       North American Technologies Group, Inc.
              (Oleophilic Amine-Coated Ceramic Chip) 	  132
       NOVATERRA Associates (In Situ Soil Treatment [Steam and Air Stripping])	  134
       OHM Remediation Services Corp.  (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption)	  136
       Radian International LCC
              (Integrated AquaDetox Steam Vacuum Stripping and Soil Vapor Extraction/ReinjectidSJS
       Remediation Technologies, Inc. (Liquid and Solids Biological Treatment)  	  140
       Rochem Separation Systems, Inc. (Rochem Disc Tube™ Module System) 	  142
       SBP Technologies, Inc. (Membrane Filtration and Bioremediation)  	  144
       J.R. Simplot Company (The SABRE™ Process) 	  146
       Smith Environmental Technologies Corporation
              (Low Temperature Thermal Aeration [LTTA®])	  148
       SoilTech ATP Systems, Inc. (Anaerobic Thermal Processor)	  150
       Soliditech, Inc.  (Solidification and Stabilization) 	  152
       Sonotech, Inc.  (Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System)	  154
       STC Remediation, A Division of Omega Environmental, Inc.
              (Organic Stabilization and Chemical Fixation/Solidification)  	  156
       Terra-Kleen Response Group, Inc. (Solvent Extraction Treatment System)  	  158
       Terra Vac (In Situ and Ex Situ Vacuum Extraction)	  160
       Texaco Inc. (Texaco Gasification Process)  	  162
       Toronto Harbour Commission (Soil Recycling) 	  164
       U.S. Filter/WTS Ultrox  (Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation)  	  166
       United States Environmental Protection Agency
              (Excavation Techniques and Foam Suppression Methods)	  168
       University of Nebraska - Lincoln (Center Pivot Spray Irrigation System)	  170
       WASTECH, Inc. (Solidification and Stabilization)	  172
       Roy F. Weston, Inc.  (Low Temperature Thermal Treatment System)  	  174
       Roy F. Weston, Inc./IEG Technologies (UVB - Vacuum Vaporizing Well)	  176
       Wheelabrator Clean Air Systems, Inc. (PO*WW*ER™ Technology)	  178
       Xerox Corporation (2-PHASE™ EXTRACTION Process)	  180
                                           vn

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                      TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)

Section                                                                              Page

Completed Demonstration Program Projects (continued)

       ZENON Environmental Inc. (Cross-Flow Pervaporation System) 	  182
       ZENON Environmental Inc. (ZenoGem™ Process)  	  184

Ongoing Demonstration Program Projects

       Arctic Foundations Inc. (Cyrogenic Barrier)  	  190
       Duke Engineering
              (Surfactant Enhanced Aquifer Remediation of Nonaqueous Phase Liquids)	  192
       Envirometal Technologies, Inc. (Reactive Barrier)  	  194
       Geokinetics International, Inc.
              (Electroheat-EnhancedNonaqueous-Phase Liquids Removal)	  196
       ITT Night Vision (In situ Enhanced Bioremediation of Groundwater)	  198
       KSE, Inc. (Adsorption-Integrated-Reaction Process)  	  200
       Lasagna Public-Private Partnership (Lasagna In Situ Soil Remediation)	  202
       Matrix Photocatalytic Inc. (Photocatalytic Air Treatment) 	  206
       National Risk Management Research Laboratory (Bioventing)	  208
       Phytokinetics, Inc. (Phytoremediation Process)  	  210
       Phytotech (Phytoremediation Technology)	  212
       Pintail Systems Incorporated  (Spent Ore Bioremediation Process)   	  214
       Praxis Environmental Technologies, Inc. (In Situ Thermal Extraction Process)  	  216
       Process Technologies, Inc. (Photolytic Destruction of Vapor-Phase Halogens)	  218
       Recycling Sciences International, Inc. (Desorption and Vapor Extraction System)	  220
       Rocky Mountain Remediation Services, L.L.C. (Envirobond™ Solutions)	  222
       Sandia National Laboratories (In Situ Electrokinetic Extraction System)  	  224
       Selentec Environmental Technologies, Inc. (Selentec MAG*SEPSMTechnology)	  226
       Sevenson Environmental Services, Inc.  (MAECTITE® Chemical Treatment Process) . . .  228
       SIVE Services (Steam Injection and Vacuum Extraction)  	  230
       Star Organics, L.L.C. (Soil Rescue Remediation Fluid)	  232
       U.S. Air Force (Phytoremediation of TCE-Contaminated Shallow Groundwater)	  234
       Vortec Corporation (Oxidation and Vitrification Process)	  236

DOCUMENTS AVAILABLE FROM THE U.S. EPA
       NATIONAL RISK MANAGEMENT RESEARCH LABORATORY,
       SUPERFUND TECHNOLOGY DEMONSTRATION DIVISION	  239
VIDEO REQUEST FORM  	  251
TRADE NAME INDEX  	  255
APPLICABILITY INDEX  	  265
                                           Vlll

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                         LIST OF FIGURES

Figute                                                             Page

1               DEVELOPMENT OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES 	 2

2               INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN THE DEMONSTRATION
                PROGRAM	 3

3               INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN THE EMERGING TECHNOLOGY
                PROGRAM	 4


                          LIST OF TABLES

Table                                                             Page

1               COMPLETED SITE DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM PROJECTS
                AS OF OCTOBER 1998	 8

2               ONGOING SITE DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM PROJECTS
                AS OF OCTOBER 1998	 186

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Technology Profile
           MONITORING AND MEASUREMENTS
                       TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
                     ANALYTICAL AND REMEDIAL
                             TECHNOLOGY, INC.
                   (Automated Sampling and Analytical Platform)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

Analytical  and Remedial  Technology,  Inc.
(A+RT),  produces  components that can  be
assembled in  various configurations to allow
automated  sampling  and analysis  of water
streams. The A+RT components are mounted in a
custom case to produce an automated sampling
and analytical platform (ASAP).   A complete
ASAP  system consists of the following  basic
components:

  •  An ASAP sampling manifold module
    with internal pump
  •  An optional module to allow the ASAP
    to control up to  48  Grundfos 2-inch
    submersible pumps
    Sampling and Analytical Platform
                  •  One or more ASAP sample preparation
                    modules
                  •  One or more third-party gas or liquid
                    chromatographs  with   appropriate
                    detectors
                  •  One or more third-party integrators for
                    processing raw data and producing hard
                    copies of chromatograms
                  •  A    Windows      3 .X-compatible
                    microcomputer running A+RT software
                    to control the system, store results in a
                    database,      and     provide
                    telecommunication capabilities

                The  photograph  below illustrates  an  ASAP
                configured for automated sampling of 29 points
                using 0.25-inch stainless steel tubing. The A+RT
                purge-and-trap  concentrator  draws a  precise
                volume  of  water  (selectable  from  0.2  to
                10 milliliters) from the selected sample stream
                and prepares it for volatile organic compound
                (VOC) analysis using a gas  chromatograph. The
                A+RT concentrator differs  from the customary
                batch  purging approach  in  that  it  uses  a
                flow-through, countercurrent stripping cell.

                The   A+RT    high    performance    liquid
                chromatograph  (HPLC)   sample  preparation
                module collects a sample in a fixed volume loop
                and delivers  it to the  HPLC.  With additional
                components,  the module can support a second
                channel  for HPLC  analysis along with either
                automated  or manual sample selection.  The
                module can also be configured to process the
                samples  using solid-phase extraction.   This
                process concentrates analytes, which are then
                backflushed  with  solvent  and  extracted  for
                subsequent HPLC analysis.

                An  optional  Grundfos pump interface  module
                (GPIM) allows the ASAP, for a given sample, to
                select and  operate one of up to  48 Grundfos
                RediFlo-2™ 2-inch submersible pumps connected
                to the ASAP.  Thus, this module allows automatic
                sampling of groundwater for groundwater depths
                greater than 15 to 20 feet
Page 14
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                              February 1999
                                                                            Completed Project
below  surface.   Control of up to 48  pumps
requires only  one  Grundfos MP1  controller
interfaced with the GPIM.

The A+RT components and software are designed
to allow continuous (24-hour) monitoring for long
periods of time (months to years) with automated
continuing calibration checks and  recalibration
when necessary.  The ASAP is designed to be
installed with the  other  system  components
permanently or semipermanently  in a  secure,
temperature-controlled space on site.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The ASAP is designed for automated  sampling
and analysis of aqueous samples, such as those
obtained from a treatment or process stream or
from   wells  emplaced  in  a   groundwater
contaminant plume. The ASAP can be configured
for a wide  variety  of contaminants, including
VOCs,   polynuclear  aromatic  hydrocarbons,
ionizable organic chemicals, and a  range of
inorganic substances.
STATUS:

Several commercial ASAP systems have been
purchased by universities for use in groundwater
remediation research at U.S. Department of
Defense facilities. The ASAP has considerably
broader capabilities than the prototype system (the
Automated Volatile Organics Analytical System,
or AVOAS) evaluated under the SITE Program.
The AVOAS was demonstrated in May 1991 at
the Wells G and H Superfund site in EPA Region
1.  The results of the demonstration have  been
published   by  EPA   ("Automated  On-Site
Measurement of Volatile Organics in Water,
EPA/600/R-93/109, June 1993").
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Stephen Billets
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
National Exposure Research Laboratory
Characterization Research Division
P.O. Box 93478
Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478
Telephone No.: 702-798-2232
Fax: 702-798-2261

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Gary Hopkins
Analytical and Remedial Technology, Inc.
473 Gemma Drive
Milpitas, CA 95035
Telephone No.: 408-263-8931
Fax:408-263-8931
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                  approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 15

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Technology Profile
           MONITORING AND MEASUREMENTS
                        TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
               ART'S MANUFACTURING AND  SUPPLY
                       (AMS™ Dual-Tube Liner Soil Sampler)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The Art's Manufacturing and Supply (AMS™)
dual tube soil sampler, shown in the figure below,
is designed to work with direct-push sampling rigs.
The sampler consists of two steel tubes of differing
diameters designed so that the two tubes fit within
one another.  The  outer tube is equipped with a
metal drive tip at the lower end and threaded at the
upper end to allow additional  metal extensions
with increasing sampling depth and the addition of
a drive head adaptor.  The lower end of the inner
tube is threaded with a plastic grabber
                to allow attachment of a polybutyrate liner during
                sampling or a solid-point metal inner drive tip
                during sampler advancement.  The inner drive tip
                fits snugly within the outer drive tip, and both
                extensions and drive tips are held firmly in place
                by the drive head. Dual tube sampler extensions
                are available in 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-foot lengths with
                wall thicknesses of 0.25 or 0.375 inch. The outer
                extension serves as a temporary casing so that
                continuous  or  discrete  soil  samples  can be
                collected using the inner extension liner and drive
                tip assembly.  The inner extension by itself can
                also be used for sampling.
                                                             11/8"
                                                          LINER SAMPLER
                                                         THREAD PROTECTOR
                                                             CAP
                                         11/8" EXTENSION
                                                     LTNER
                                                    2' x 1 1/2"
                                                    4' x 1 1/2"
                                Dual-Tube Liner Soil Sampler
Page 16
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                                February 1999
                                                                              Completed Project
The direct-push drill rig used to mount the dual
tube liner sampler must be a 0.75-ton or heavier
pickup truck supplied by the buyer or a custom-
made truck assembled by AMS.

The  dual tube  liner sampler  decreases  the
likelihood  of cross-contamination,  preserves
sample  integrity,  collects  samples chemically
representative of the target sampling interval, can
collect either discrete or continuous soil samples
of unconsolidated materials, and does not generate
drill cuttings.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The AMS™ dual tube liner sampler can be used
to collect unconsolidated,  subsurface soil samples
at depths that depend on the capability of the
direct-push advancement platform.  The sampler
has been used to collect samples of sandy and
clayey soil contaminated with high concentrations
of volatile organic compounds (VOC). It can also
be  used to  collect samples for  semivolatile
organic compound, metals, general minerals, and
pesticides analyses.

STATUS:

The  AMS™  dual tube  soil  sampler  was
demonstrated under the  Superfund Innovative
Technology Evaluation (SITE) program in May
and June 1997 at two sites: the Small Business
Administration (SBA) site in  Albert City, Iowa,
and the Chemical Sales Company (CSC) site in
Denver, Colorado.   Samples collected during the
demonstrations  were  analyzed  for  VOCs  to
evaluate the performance of the samplers.

Demonstration results indicate that the dual tube
liner sampler had higher sample recoveries in the
clayey  soil present at the SBA  site  than the
standard methods.  Conversely, the sampler had
lower recoveries than the  standard methods in the
sandy  soil present at the  CSC  site.   VOC
concentrations in samples collected with the dual
tube liner sampler did not significantly  differ
statistically  from  concentrations  in  samples
collected using the standard  methods.  Sample
integrity using the dual tube  liner sampler was
preserved in highly  contaminated soil.   The
sampler's  reliability  and   throughput  were
generally  as good as  those of the standard
methods.  Costs for the dual tube liner sampler
were lower  than costs  related to  the standard
sampling methods.  According to the developer,
all sampler decontamination was done using the
on-board wash station on the AMS direct push
platform (the AMS Powerprobe 9600).   This
significantly reduced the overall time to sample
and decontaminate its equipment.

Demonstration results are documented in the
"Environmental Technology Verification" report
for the sampler dated August 1998 (EPA/600/R-
98/093).

Organics  were   the  primary   groundwater
contaminant at the site, and trichloroethene (TCE)
was selected as the contaminant of concern for the
demonstration.   The  Demonstration  Bulletin
(EPA/540/MR-95/511) and Demonstration Capsule
(EPA/540/R-95/511a) are available from EPA.

FOR  FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Stephen Billets
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
National Exposure Research Laboratory
Characterization Research Division
P.O. Box 93478
Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478
Telephone No.: (702)798-2232
Fax No.: (702) 798-2261
E-mail: billets.stephen@epamail.epa.gov

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Brian Anderson
Art's Manufacturing and Supply
105 Harrison Street
American Falls, ID 83211
Telephone No.: (800)  635-7330
Fax No.: (208)226-7280
E-Mail Address: brian@bankipds.com
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                  Page 17

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Technology Profile
           MONITORING AND MEASUREMENTS
                       TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
                             BIONEBRASKA, INC.
                        (BiMelyze® Mercury Immunoassay)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The BioNebraska, Inc., BiMelyze® Mercury
Immunoassay technology measures mercury
concentrations in solid matrix samples.  The
field-portable   immunoassay    technology
provides semiquantitative results based on the
activity  of  mercury-specific  monoclonal
antibodies. The technology consists of two kits:
an extraction kit and an assay tube kit.  The kits
together can process 16 samples.

The solid  matrix samples are first extracted
using  a 2:1:1 mixture of hydrochloric acid,
nitric  acid, and deionized water.  A buffer
solution provided in the extraction kit is then
added  to the sample pH to 6 to 8,  and the
samples are filtered.

The extracted and  filtered samples are then
transferred to mercury assay tubes supplied in
the assay tube kit. These tubes are coated with
sulfhydryl-rich proteins that trap the mercury
ions.   After the  addition  of kit-supplied
antibodies,  conjugate,  and  substrate,  the
presence of mercury can be semiquantitatively
determined by  comparing the color  of the
sample tubes to the color of tubes  of the
mercury standards  supplied in the kit.  The
standards are determined, within limits, by the
customer. The limit of detection is 0.5 parts per
million (ppm) and the analytical range is 0.5 to
40 ppm.  The absorbance of the sample tubes
can be measured using a spectrophotometer.The
BiMelyze® Mercury Immunoassay technology
has been used to analyze soil and sediment
samples containing
                mercury.  The technology works best on fine-
                grained material because of the larger surface-
                to-volume ratio.  The effect of moisture content
                on the technology's applicability is unknown.
                The technology can provide semiquantitative or
                sample screening information and has been
                found to  have a good potential  as a Level I
                analytical method.

                STATUS:

                The   BiMelyze®  Mercury  Immunoassay
                technology was  accepted into the Superfund
                Innovative  Technology  Evaluation  (SITE)
                program  in  1994 and was  demonstrated  in
                August 1995  at two  sites: the Carson  River
                Mercury (CRM) site in Reno, Nevada, and the
                Sulfur

                Bank  Mercury Mine  (SBMM) site in  Clear
                Lake, California. Samples collected during the
                demonstrations were split for analysis in the
                field   using   the   BiMelyze®   Mercury
                Immunoassay  technology  and  for  later
                confirmatory    analysis    using   standard
                inductively   coupled  plasma  (ICP)  mass
                spectrometry  (MS).  A total  of  110 soil and
                sediment samples were collected from the CRM
                and SBMM sites (55 samples from each site)
                and split. The demonstration results indicate
                that the  BiMelyze®  Mercury Immunoassay
                technology agreed with ICP MS results for 66
                percent of the samples analyzed. Demonstration
                results  are  documented  in  the  "Innovative
                Technology Evaluation Report" from July 1998.
Page 18
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                         February 1999
                                                                        Completed Project
FOR FURTHER
INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Stephen Billets
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
National Exposure Research Laboratory
Characterization Research Division
P.O. Box 93478
Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478
Telephone No.: (702) 798-2232
Fax No.: (702)798-2261
E-mail:  billets.stephen@epamail.epa.gov

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Craig Schweitzer
BioNebraska, Inc.
3820N. W. 46th Street
Lincoln, NE 68524
Telephone No.: (800) 786-2580
Fax No. (402)470-2345
                              The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                approve or endorse technologies.
Page 19

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Technology Profile
           MONITORING AND MEASUREMENTS
                        TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
               BRUKER ANALYTICAL SYSTEMS, INC.
                           (Mobile Environmental Monitor)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The Bruker Analytical Systems, Inc. (Bruker),
mobile environmental monitor (see photograph
below)   is   a    field-transportable,   gas
chromatography/mass  spectrometer (GC/MS)
designed to  identify  and  measure  organic
pollutants in various environmental media.  The
MS uses a quadruple mass analyzer similar to
most   conventional   instruments.      Like
conventional MSs, this instrument can  identify
and quantify organic compounds on the basis of
their  retention time,  molecular weight,  and
characteristic fragment pattern.  The integrated
GC allows introduction of complex extracts for
separation   into  individual  components  and
subsequent analysis in the MS.

The Bruker instrument's design and electronics
are specially  designed for field  use.   The
instrument is designed to operate with battery
                power and can be used in various environmental
                situations with minimum support requirements.

                The mobile environmental monitor was originally
                designed for the military to detect and monitor
                chemical warfare agents. Environmental samples
                may be introduced to the MS through the direct
                air sampler or the GC. Results are collected and
                stored in a computer, where data is reduced and
                analyzed. The computer provides reports within
                minutes of final data acquisition.
                WASTE APPLICABILITY:

                The  Bruker mobile  environmental monitor is
                designed to detect the full range of volatile and
                semivolatile organic  compounds directly in air
                and  in  water,  soil, sediment,  sludge,  and
                hazardous  waste extracts.  It provides in-field,
                real-time support during the characterization and
                         Bruker Mobile Environmental Laboratory
Page 20
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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                                                                               February 1999
                                                                              Completed Project
remediation phases of cleanup at  a hazardous
waste site.

STATUS:

This technology was demonstrated at the Re-
Solve, Inc., and Westborough Superfund sites in
EPA Region  1.  The technology was used  to
analyze    polychlorinated   biphenyls    and
polynuclear aromatics in soil and the full range of
Superfund-targeted volatile organic compounds in
water. Splits of all samples analyzed in the field
were  shipped to a laboratory for confirmatory
analysis using standard EPA analytical methods.

The  SITE demonstration was  completed  in
September  1990,  and   the  final   report
(EPA/600/X-91/079) is available from EPA. The
results of this study were presented at the Amer-
ican Society for Mass Spectrometry Conference in
May 1991 and at the Superfund Hazardous Waste
Conference in July 1991.  A recent survey  of
regional laboratories identified additional testing
of this technology as a priority need.

Bruker has developed an additional system that
addresses recommendations made in the project
report. This system, designated the EM640, has
increased  mass   range,   decreased   power
consumption,   faster  sample   analysis,  and
automated report generation.  The EM640 was
evaluated in July and September 1995 through the
U.S. EPA Environmental Technology Verification
Program (ETV). The evaluation showed that the
EM640 provides "useful, cost-effective data for
environmental problem-solving  and  decision-
making." The Environmental Monitoring Systems
Laboratory-Las Vegas purchased a Bruker mobile
environmental monitor in  fiscal year 1992 to
pursue other applications and to expand the scope
of this project.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGERS:
Stephen Billets
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
National Exposure Research Laboratory
Characterization Research Division
P.O. Box 93478
Las Vegas, NV  89193-3478
Telephone No.: 702-798-2232
Fax: 702-798-2261

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Dr. Brian Abraham
Bruker Analytical  Systems, Inc.
5303 Emerald Drive
Sykesville, MD21784
Telephone No.: 508-667-9580
Fax: 508-667-5993
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 21

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Technology Profile
           MONITORING AND MEASUREMENTS
                        TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
                                CLEMENTS, INC.
                      (JMC Environmentalist's Subsoil Probe)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

JMC Environmentalist's Subsoil  Probe  (ESP)
developed by Clements Associates, Inc., consists
of a sampling tube assembly, the ESP body, and
a jack  used to assist in sample retrieval (see
figure below).   The sampler can be advanced
using manual  or direct-push methods.   The
primary component of the ESP body is a heat-
treated, 4130 alloy steel, nickel-plated sampling
tube.  The tube has a uniform 1.125-inch outer
diameter and is 36 inches long.  The ESP tube
comes with three interchangeable stainless-steel
tips (a solid drive point, a standard cutting tip, and
a wet cutting tip) and inner sample liners that can
also be used for sample storage.
                The ESP body serves as a base and guide for the
                sampling tube as it is driven into or retrieved from
                a borehole. The jack used to retrieve the sample
                also allows operators to smoothly lower the
                sampler  and tool string  into the borehole  at a
                controlled  rate,  thereby minimizing  borehole
                disturbance.

                According to the developer, the ESP sampler is
                simple to operate and requires no special training
                to use, is unaffected by variable field conditions,
                can collect either  discrete  or continuous  soil
                samples of unconsolidated materials, can be used
                to characterize subsurface soil contamination, is
                easily transportable, and does not generate  drill
                cuttings.
                   JACK FULCRUM
                 GROUND PAD
                        SAMPLING TUBE
                                      Clements' ESP
Page 22
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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                                                                               February 1999
                                                                              Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The  ESP  sampler  can  be used  to  collect
unconsolidated, subsurface soil samples at depths
of 4  feet below ground surface  (bgs); however,
through the use of extensions, samples from
depths of up to 25  feet bgs can be collected.
Physical  limitations  of ESP sampler operation
depend on the method of sampler advancement
and the nature of the  subsurface matrix.  The
technology    is   primarily   restricted   to
unconsolidated  soil  free  of large  cobbles or
boulders.   The sampler  can also be used in
sediment   containing   gravel-sized  material
supported by a finer-grained matrix.  Originally,
the  sampler  was  designed   for  sampling
agricultural residues containing radioactive trace
elements. The sampler has been used to collect
samples of sandy and clayey soil contaminated
with high  concentrations of volatile  organic
compounds  (VOC). The sampler can also collect
samples for  polychlorinated biphenyl, polynuclear
aromatic  hydrocarbon,  pesticides, and  metals
analyses. The ESP sampler was accepted into the
Superfund  Innovative  Technology  Evaluation
(SITE)  program  in  May  1997   and  was
demonstrated in May and June 1997 at two sites:
the Small Business Administration (SBA) site in
Albert City, Iowa,  and  the  Chemical  Sales
Company  (CSC)  site  in Denver,  Colorado.
Samples collected during the demonstrations were
analyzed for VOCs to evaluate the performance of
the samplers.

Demonstration results  indicate that the  ESP
sampler had higher sample recoveries in both the
clayey soil  present at the SBA site and in the
sandy soil  present at the CSC  site  than the
standard  methods.   VOC concentrations in
samples collected with the ESP sampler from the
SBA site significantly differed statistically from
concentrations in samples collected using  the
standard methods; however, this difference was
not observed for samples collected from the CSC
site.  Sample integrity using the ESP sampler was
preserved  in  highly contaminated soil.   The
sampler's   reliability  and   throughput  were
generally  better  than those of  the  standard
methods. Costs for the ESP sampler were much
lower than costs related to the standard sampling
methods.

Demonstration results are documented  in  the
"Environmental Technology Verification" report
for the sampler dated August 1998 (EPA/600/R-
98/091).

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Stephen Billets
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
National Exposure Research Laboratory
Characterization Research Division
P.O. Box 93478
Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478
Telephone No.: (702)798-2232
Fax No.: (702) 798-2261
E-mail:  billets.stephen@epamail.epa.gov

TECHNOLOGY  DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Jim Clements
Clements Associates Inc.
1992 Hunter Avenue
Newton, IA 50208
Telephone No.: (515) 792-8285
Fax No.: (515) 792-1361
E-Mail Address: jmcsoil@netins.com
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 23

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 Technology Profile
                                   DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                       ACTIVE ENVIRONMENTAL, INC.
                        (formerly EET, Inc. TECHXTRACT® Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The  TECHXTRACT® process employs patented
chemical formulations in successive steps to
remove polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), toxic
hydrocarbons,  heavy metals, and radionuclides
from the subsurface of porous materials such as
concrete, brick,  steel, and  asphalt (see  figure
below). Each formulation consists of chemicals
from up to 14 separate chemical groups, and each
formulation  can be specifically tailored to each
contaminated site.

The process is performed in multiple cycles. Each
cycle  consists  of  three  stages:    surface
preparation,  extraction, and rinsing. Each stage
employs a specific chemical mix.

The surface preparation step uses a solution that
contains buffered organic and inorganic  acids,
sequestering agents, wetting agents, and special
hydrotrope chemicals.  The extraction formula
includes macro- and microemulsifiers in addition
to  electrolyte,   flotation,   wetting,    and
sequestering agents. The rinsing formula  is pH-
balanced and contains wetting and complexing
                            agents.  Emulsifiers in all the formulations help
                            eliminate  fugitive releases of volatile  organic
                            compounds or other vapors.   The chemical
                            formulation in each  stage is sprayed  on  the
                            contaminated surface as a fine mist and worked
                            into the surface with a stiff bristle brush or floor
                            scrubber. The chemicals are allowed to penetrate
                            into the subsurface and  are then  rinsed  and
                            vacuumed from the surface with a high-efficiency,
                            particulate air-filtered, barrel-vacuum. No major
                            capital equipment is required.

                            Contaminant levels can be reduced from 60 to 90
                            percent per cycle. One  cycle can take up to 24
                            hours. The total number of cycles is determined
                            from initial contaminant concentrations and final
                            concentration target levels.

                            WASTE APPLICABILITY:

                            The TECHXTRACT® process is designed to treat
                            porous solid materials contaminated with PCBs;
                            toxic  hydrocarbons such  as  pesticides; heavy
                            metals,  including   lead   and  arsenic;  and
                            radionuclides.  Because the  contaminants  are
                            extracted from the surface, the materials can be
                   1. EET's proprietary

                     TECH\TRACTT'
                     blends are applied
                     in sequence.
         Concrete
            Metal
            Brick
          Asphalt
2. Chemicals
  penetrate
  through pores
  and capillaries.
                                        5. Contaminants
                                          entrained in spent
                                          solution are
                                          vacuumed and
                                          drumed for disposal.
4. Contaminants
  are released
  from substrate
  and drawn to
  surface.
                                          3. Electrochemical bonds holding
                                            contaminants to substrate are
                                            attacked and broken.

                      Process Flow Diagram of the TECHXTRACT® Process
 Page 20
             The SITE Program assesses but does not
               approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                                February 1999
                                                                              Completed Project
left in place, reused, or recycled. After treatment,
the contaminants are concentrated in a small
volume of liquid waste.

In commercial  applications, the process  has
reduced     PCB    concentrations     from
1,000,000 micrograms per 100 square centimeters
(yUg/100 cm2) to concentrations less than 0.2
yitg/100 cm2.  Core samples have shown removals
from up to  4 inches deep  in  concrete.   The
TECHXTRACT® process has been used on concrete
floors, walls and ceilings, tools and machine parts,
internal piping, valves, and lead shielding.  The
TECHXTRACT® process has removed lead, arsenic,
technetium,  uranium,  cesium,  tritium,  and
thorium.

STATUS:

This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in summer 1994.  The
demonstration was successfully completed at the
Pearl Harbor Naval Complex in April 1997. A
video tape of that demonstration is available from
the Technology Developer.
The  technology  has  been   used   in  over
400 successful decontamination projects for the
U.S. Department of Energy; U.S. Department of
Defense; the electric, heavy manufacturing, steel,
and aluminum industries; and other applications.
Active  Environmental,  Inc.   has  developed
methods for removing or concentrating metals,
particularly radionuclides, in the extracted liquids.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Dennis Timberlake
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
   Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7547
Fax:513-569-7676

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Scott Fay
Active Environmental, Inc.
40 High Street, Suite 100
Mount Holly, NJ 08060
609-702-1500
Fax: 609-702-0265
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                  Page 27

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Technology Profile
           EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                 AEA TECHNOLOGY ENVIRONMENT
 (Incorporating UK National Environmental Technology Centre)
                         (Soil Separation and Washing Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

AEA  Technology  Environment  (AEA)  has
developed an ex situ soil separation and washing
process that uses mineral processing technology
and hardware.  The process can be used (1) as a
volume  reduction process to release clean soil
fractions and concentrate contaminants, or (2) as
a pretreatment stage in a treatment train.

Because each contaminated soil is different, AEA
has developed  a  custom physical treatment
process  for soil  using  a three-stage process:
laboratory-scale    characterization,   separation
testing and assessment, and treatment and data
analysis.

AEA  is experienced in conducting pilot plant
testing  programs  on contaminated  soil and
mineral  ores. In addition, AEA uses computer
                 software designed to reconcile material flow data.
                 The  results  of  data  processing   lead  to
                 recommendations for full-scale continuous flow
                 sheets with predicted flows of solids, associated
                 contaminant species, and  water.  Contaminant
                 levels and distributions to the various products
                 can also be estimated. Such data are required to
                 estimate the cost and potential success of the full-
                 scale remediation  process plant.   Flow  sheet
                 configuration is flexible and can be customized to
                 address  the nature and contamination of each soil
                 or waste.  A typical schematic  flow sheet of the
                 process is shown in the diagram on the previous
                 page. The flow sheet involves screening the raw
                 feed at 50 millimeters (mm) under powerful water
                 jets to deagglomerate the mass.  Debris greater
                 than  50 mm in size is often  decontaminated.
                 Remaining  solids  and  the  water are passed
                 through a drum scrubber that deagglomerates the
                 mass further because agitation
                                                   High Pressure Water
                                                      Feed Soil
                                                           50mm Screening

                                                             — > 5Omm Debris
                   Contaminant
                   Concentrate
           1 Alternative option Is to use spiral separator.
           2 Alternative option is to use multi-gravity separator.
                                                                               > 0.5mm
                                                                              Contaminated
                                                                                Product
                  Generalized Flowsheet for the Physical Treatment of Contaminated Soil
Page  16
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                                February 1999
                                                                               Completed Project
is more intense.  It breaks down clay lumps and
adhering material  into suspension,  except for
surface coatings of clay and oil on fine particles.
The drum scrubber discharge is screened at 1 mm,
and the oversize discharge is screened at 10 mm.
The 10 to 50 mm size range is often clean debris;
if it is not clean then it can be crushed and refed to
the system.  Material from 1 to  10 mm is  often
contaminated and requires further treatment.

For all material  less than 1 mm, the clay and
water are removed by hydrocycloning.  The fine
product,  less  than  10 micrometers  (m),  is
flocculated and thickened to recover the process
water for recycling.   Thickened clay  product,
usually  containing concentrated contaminants,
passes to further treatment or disposal.  Sands
from  the  hydrocycloning  step  are  further
dewatered in a classifier before  the third and most
intense deagglomeration operation.

An attrition scrubber  removes  the  remaining
surface contamination and degrades fine clayballs.
Having  completed deagglomeration,  the soil  is
fractionated by particle size  or separated by
specific gravity. A second stream of particles less
than 10 mm is removed by hydrocycloning and
joins the primary product stream.  Finer sands and
silt  are  screened  at  500  mm  to  yield  a
contaminated sand for disposal or retreatment.  A
10  to  500 mm  fraction  can be separated
magnetically,  by  flotation, by   multigravity
separation, or by a combination of these methods.
These stages produce a contaminant concentrate,
leaving   the  remaining  material  relatively
contaminant free.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The  soil  separation and  washing  process  is
designed   to   remove   metals,   petroleum
hydrocarbons,    and   polynuclear   aromatic
hydrocarbons from soil.  The process may be
applied  to soils  from gas and coke works,
petrochemical  plants, coal mines, iron and steel
works,  foundries,  and nonferrous  smelting,
refining, and finishing sites. The process can also
treat sediments, dredgings, sludges, mine tailings,
and some industrial wastes.
STATUS:

The  technology  was  accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in July 1991 and
completed in 1994.  A Final Report was delivered
to the U.S. EPA in 1994, and work done with this
technology was presented the same year at the 87th
Annual Meeting  and Exhibition of the Air and
Waste Management Association, the 20th Annual
RREL Hazardous Waste Research Symposium,
and the 5th Forum on Innovative Hazardous Waste
Treatment   Technologies:     Domestic   and
International.  Pilot trials were conducted on 30
tons  of soil at a  throughput rate of 0.5 ton per
hour.  Several  test  runs  were  performed to
evaluate  different  flow sheet configurations.
Reports on this technology can be obtained from
the U.S. EPA.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Mary Stinson
U.S.  EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
MS-104, Building 10
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ  08837-3679
908-321-6683
Fax:  908-321-6640

TECHNOLOGY  DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Steve Barber
Environmental Engineer
AEA Technology Environment
Culham, Abingdon
Oxfordshire  OX14 3DB England
Telephone No.: 011 -44-123 5 -463 062
Fax:011-44-1235-463010
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                  Page 77

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 Technology Profile
                     DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                        AMERICAN COMBUSTION, INC.
                            (PYRETRON® Thermal Destruction)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The    PYRETRON®    thermal   destruction
technology  controls the  heat  input  during
incineration  by   controlling  excess   oxygen
available to oxidize hazardous waste (see figure
below). The PYRETRON® combustor relies on
a new technique for mixing auxiliary oxygen, air,
and fuel to (1)  provide the flame envelope with
enhanced  stability, luminosity, and flame core
temperature, and (2) increase the rate  of heat
released.

The  technology  is  computer-controlled  to
automatically adjust the  temperatures  of the
primary and secondary combustion chambers and
the amount of excess oxygen. The system adjusts
the  amount  of excess oxygen  in  response to
sudden changes in contaminant volatilization rates
in the waste.

The technology fits any conventional incineration
unit and can burn liquids, solids, and sludges.
                Solids and sludges can also be coincinerated when
                the burner is used with a rotary kiln or similar
                equipment.

                WASTE APPLICABILITY:

                The PYRETRON® technology treats high- and
                low-British   thermal   unit    solid  wastes
                contaminated with rapidly volatilized hazardous
                organics.  In general, the technology treats any
                waste that can be incinerated. It is not suitable for
                processing Resource Conservation and Recovery
                Act heavy metal wastes or inorganic wastes.

                STATUS:

                The PYRETRON® technology was demonstrated
                at  EPA's  Incineration  Research Facility  in
                Jefferson, Arkansas, using a mixture of 40 percent
                contaminated soil from the Stringfellow Acid Pit
                Superfund site in Glen Avon, California and 60
                percent decanter tank tar sludge (K087)
                                                                         Measured
                                                                          Process
                                                                         Parameters
                                                                       Valve Train
                                                                     (gas, oxygen, air)
                                                                            Gas, air, and oxygen
                                                                            flow to the burners
                                                                      T = Temperature
                    Ash Pit
                            PYRETRON® Thermal Destruction System
 Page 22
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                                February 1999
                                                                              Completed Project
from coking operations. The demonstration began
in November 1987 and was completed at the end
of January 1988.

Both  the  Innovative  Technology  Evaluation
Report (EPA/540/5-89/008)  and Applications
Analysis   Report  (EPA/540/A5-89/008)  are
available from EPA.

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

The   polynuclear   aromatic   hydrocarbons
naphthalene,     acenaphthylene,    fluorene,
phenanthrene, anthracene, and fluoranthene were
selected as  the  principal organic hazardous
constituents (POHC) for the demonstration.  The
PYRETRON® technology achieved greater than
99.99 percent destruction and removal efficiencies
for all six POHCs in all test runs. Other results
are listed below:

   •   The PYRETRON® technology with
       oxygen  enhancement doubled  the
       waste  throughput possible  with
       conventional incineration.
   •   All particulate emission levels from
       the scrubber system discharge were
       significantly below the  hazardous
       waste   incinerator  performance
       standard of 180 milligrams per dry
       standard  cubic meter at 7 percent
       oxygen.  This standard was in place
       until May 1993.
       Solid residues were contaminant-free.
    •   There were no significant differences
       in transient emissions of carbon
       monoxide    between     air-only
       incineration   and   PYRETRON®
       oxygen-enhanced   operation  with
       doubled throughput rate.
       Cost savings increase when operating
       and fuel costs are high  and oxygen
       costs are relatively low.
    •   The system can double the capacity
       of  a   conventional  rotary  kiln
       incinerator.  This increase is more
       significant for wastes  with low
       heating values.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Laurel Staley
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
    Laboratory
26 West Martin  Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH  45268
513-569-7863
Fax: 513-569-7105

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Gregory Gitman
American Combustion, Inc.
4476 Park Drive
Norcross, GA 30093
770-564-4180
Fax: 770-564-4192
                                  The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                  Page 23

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Technology Profile
           EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                      ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY/
                          ZENTOX CORPORATION
                     (Photocatalytic Oxidation with Air Stripping)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

Chlorinated volatile organic compounds (VOC),
such    as   trichloroethene    (TCE)    and
tetrachloroethene  (PCE),  are  readily removed
from  groundwater and soil  using established
methods  such  as  air  stripping  and  vapor
extraction.  However, this solution produces a
VOC-contaminated  air  stream that  requires
further treatment.

In gas-solid photocatalytic oxidation (PCO), the
VOC-laden air  stream is exposed  to a titania
catalyst in near-ultraviolet (UV) light. The  UV
light activates the catalyst, producing oxidizing
radicals.   The  radicals  promote  rapid  chain
reactions that completely destroy VOCs to carbon
dioxide and water; these oxidation reactions occur
at or near room temperature.  The treatment of
chlorinated organics also produces  hydrochloric
acid.

Arizona State University (ASU) is investigating
an integrated pilot-scale pump-and-treat system
                 that transfers chlorinated VOCs to an air stream
                 using  air stripping.   A PCO  reactor  installed
                 downstream of the air stripping unit treats the
                 contaminated  air stream.   The  figure below
                 illustrates the system. The PCO unit incorporates
                 a flow-through photocatalytic  reactor for VOC
                 destruction and a caustic absorber bed for removal
                 of hydrochloric acid.  The acid is  neutralized to
                 sodium chloride in the absorber bed.

                 PCO  offers  the following  advantages  over
                 conventional treatment technologies:

                   •  The photocatalytic process allows VOCs
                      to be   oxidized  at  or near  room
                      temperature.
                   •  Low-temperature operation  allows the
                      use of plastic piping and construction,
                      thereby reducing costs and minimizing
                      acid corrosion problems.
                   •  Chemical additives are not required.
                                        VOC-LadenAir
    VOC-Contaminated
      Groundwater
                          Clean Air
                                           Stripped
                                           Water Out
                            Photocatalytic Oxidation with Air Stripping
Page  18
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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                                                                                February 1999
                                                                              Completed Project
   •  The titania catalyst  and UV  lamps are
     inexpensive and  commercially available
     (modified   catalyst   formulations   are
     available for enhanced performance).
   •  A   variety   of  halogenated   and
     nonhalogenated organic compounds can
     be completely oxidized to innocuous or
     easily  neutralized products,  such as
     carbon dioxide and hydrochloric acid.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

This technology  can treat  VOC-contaminated
streams generated by air stripping treatment of
contaminated groundwater or soil vapor extraction
of  contaminated soil.    The  technology  is
appropriate for dilute VOC concentrations (such
as 500 parts per million by volume or less) and
low to moderate  flow  rates.  Laboratory data
indicate that the PCO technology can also  be
adapted for industrial facilities that emit dilute
VOC-contaminated  air  streams.   Candidates
include chemical process plants, dry cleaners,
painting operations, solvent cleaning operations,
and wastewater and hazardous waste treatment
facilities. Air in closed environments could also
be purified by integrating PCO units with heating,
ventilation, and air conditioning systems.

STATUS:

The PCO technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in 1993. Under
the program,  ASU has conducted bench-scale
tests to evaluate the integration of a PCO unit
downstream  of an existing air stripping  unit.
Results of the bench-scale testing have provided
design data for a pilot-scale test at a Phoenix,
Arizona,  Superfund  site  contaminated  with
chlorinated VOCs.  ASU's previous laboratory
studies indicate rapid destruction to nondetectable
levels  (98 to 99  percent removal)  for various
concentrations of TCE  and other  chlorinated
ethenes in humid air streams.
In 1995, Zentox Corporation (Zentox) fielded a
prototype PCO system for the treatment of TCE in
air. Building on the data gained from that system,
Zentox is fabricating a second generation system
for use at the Phoenix site.  Following tests at the
Phoenix site, the 50-to 100-cubic-feet-per-minute
pilot plant unit will be available for trials at other
locations.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Norma Lewis
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH  45268
513-569-7665
Fax: 513-569-7787

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Gregory Raupp
Department of Chemical, Biological,
and Materials Engineering
Arizona State University
Tempe, AZ  85287-6006
602-965-2828
Fax: 602-965-0037
E-mail: Raupp@asu.edu

Elliot Berman
Zentox Corporation
2140 NE 3 6th Avenue
Ocala, FL 34470
352-867-7482Fax: 352-867-1320
E-mail:eberman@zentox.com
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                  Page 19

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 Technology Profile
                     DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                                ARS Technologies, Inc.
                        (formerly Accutech Remedial Systems, Inc.)
               (Pneumatic Fracturing Extraction81*" and Catalytic Oxidation)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

Accutech Remedial Systems, Inc. (Accutech), and
the Hazardous Substance Management Research
Center at the New Jersey Institute of Technology
in Newark, New Jersey have jointly developed an
integrated   treatment  system  that  combines
Pneumatic Fracturing Extraction3"  (PFESM) with
catalytic oxidation.  According to Accutech, the
system provides a  cost-effective, accelerated
approach  for  remediating   less  permeable
formations contaminated with halogenated and
nonhalogenated  volatile  organic  compounds
(VOC) and semivolatile organic compounds
(SVOC).

The Accutech system forces compressed gas into
a geologic formation at pressures that exceed the
               natural  in   situ  stresses, creating a  fracture
               network. These fractures allow subsurface air to
               circulate faster and more efficiently throughout
               the  formation, which  can  greatly  improve
               contaminant mass removal rates.  PFESM also
               increases the effective area that can be influenced
               by each extraction well, while intersecting new
               pockets of contamination that were previously
               trapped in the formation.   Thus,  VOCs and
               SVOCs can be removed faster and from a larger
               section of the formation.

               PFESM can be combined with a catalytic oxidation
               unit equipped  with special catalysts to destroy
               halogenated organics  (see photograph  below).
               The heat from the catalytic oxidation unit can be
               recycled to the formation, significantly raising
               the vapor pressure of the
 Page 24
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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                                                                               February 1999
                                                                             Completed Project
contaminants. Thus, VOCs and SVOCs volatilize
faster, making cleanup more efficient. PFESM can
also be combined with hot gas injection (HGI), an
in situ thermal process, to further enhance VOC
and SVOC removal rates.  HGI returns to the
ground the energy generated  during catalytic
oxidation of the VOCs.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The Accutech system can remove halogenated and
nonhalogenated VOCs and SVOCs from both the
vadose and  saturated  zones.   The integrated
treatment system is cost-effective for treating soil
and   rock  when  less  permeable  geologic
formations limit the effectiveness of conventional
in situ technologies.

According to Accutech, the PFESM-HGI integrated
treatment system is cost-effective for treating less
permeable  soil  and  rock  formations  where
conventional in  situ technologies have limited
effectiveness. Activated carbon is used when
contaminant concentrations  decrease  to levels
where catalytic  oxidation is no longer  cost-
effective.

STATUS:

The Accutech technology was accepted into the
SITE Demonstration Program in December 1990.
The demonstration was conducted  in summer
1992  at   a New  Jersey   Department  of
Environmental Protection and Energy Environ-
mental Cleanup Responsibility  Act site in
Hillsborough,   New   Jersey.   During   the
demonstration, trichloroethene and other VOCs
were removed from a  siltstone formation.
Results of this demonstration were published in
the following documents available from EPA:

       Technology Evaluation Report
       (EPA/540/R-93/509)
    •   Technology Demonstration Summary
       (EPA/540/SR-93/509)
    •   Demonstration Bulletin
       (EPA/540/MR-93/509)
    •   Applications Analysis Report
       (EPA/540/AR-93/509)

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

The demonstration results indicate that PFESM
increased the effective vacuum radius of influence
nearly threefold. PFESM also increased the rate of
mass  removal up to  25 times  over the  rates
measured using  conventional extraction tech-
nology.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
John Liskowitz
ARS Technologies, Inc.
271 Cleveland Ave.
Highland Park, NJ 08904
732-296-6626 Ext. 13
Fax: 732-296-6625
e-mail: jjl@arstechnologies.com
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                  Page 25

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Technology Profile
           EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                        ART INTERNATIONAL, INC.
                        (formerly ENVIRO-SCIENCES, INC.)
                           (Low-Energy Extraction Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The  patented Low-Energy Extraction  Process
(LEEP®)  uses  common  organic  solvents  to
concentrate and extract organic pollutants from
soil, sediments, and sludges.  LEEP® can treat
contaminated solids to the stringent cleanup levels
mandated  by  regulatory  agencies.    LEEP®
includes pretreatment, washing, and concentration
processes (see figure below).

During pretreatment, particles measuring up to 8
inches  in  diameter  are removed in a gravity
settler-floater. The settler-floater includes a metal
detector and remover, a crusher, and a metering
feeder. Floating material often found at remedi-
ation sites, such as  wood chips, grass, or root
material, is also removed.

After pretreatment, the solid matrix is washed in
a unique,  dual  solvent process that uses both
hydrophilic and hydrophobic  solvents.   The
combination  of  these  proprietary  solvents
guarantees efficient contaminant removal.
                 The extracted pollutants are then concentrated in
                 a sacrificial solvent by liquid-liquid extraction or
                 by distillation, before being  removed from the
                 process for off-site disposal  or recycling.  The
                 treated solids can be returned to the site as clean
                 fill.

                 LEEP® is a low-pressure process operated at
                 near-ambient conditions.  It is designed  as  a
                 closed-loop, self-contained, mobile unit consisting
                 of proven heavy-duty equipment. The relatively
                 inexpensive solvents used in the process are
                 recycled internally.  The solvents are applicable to
                 almost every type  of organic contaminant, and
                 their physical properties  enhance  clay and silt
                 particle settling.

                 WASTE APPLICABILITY:

                 LEEP® can treat most organic contaminants in
                 soil, sediment, and sludge, including tar, creosote,
                 chlorinated hydrocarbons, polynuclear aromatic
                 hydrocarbons, pesticides, and wood- preserving
                 chlorophenol formulations.  Bench- and  pilot-
                 scale  experiments  have  shown that
                                LEEP® Process Flow Diagram
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The SITE Program assesses but does not
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                                                                                February 1999
                                                                               Completed Project
LEEP® effectively treats tar-contaminated solids
from  manufactured gas plant  sites, soils  and
sediments contaminated  with  polychlorinated
biphenyls and refinery waste sludges, and soils
contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons.

STATUS:

LEEP®  was accepted  into  the  Emerging
Technology Program in July 1989. Bench-scale
studies for process development were  completed
in 1994. A draft report that details the evaluation
results has been submitted to EPA.  The final
report will be available in  1997.

In addition,  ART International, Inc., routinely
conducts bench-scale treatability studies for
government  and industrial  clients, and  it has
obtained Toxic Substances Control Act, Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act, and air permits
for the technology.  Other developments include
the following:

   •  A 200-pound-per-hour pilot-scale unit
     has been constructed.
   •  Tests of the  pilot-scale unit indicated
     that  LEEP®  can  treat  soil  from
     manufactured gas plant sites containing
     up to 5 percent tar.
   •  Tests to scale up the pilot-scale unit to a
     commercial unit are complete.
   •  Commercial  design  criteria  and  a
     turnkey bid package are complete.
   •  Commercialization activities for a full-
     scale unit are underway.
   •  In 1994, Soil Extraction Technologies,
     Inc.,  a wholly  owned  subsidiary of
     Public   Service   Electric   &   Gas,
     purchased a LEEP® license.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Jack Hubbard
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 46268
513-569-7507
Fax:513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Werner Steiner
ART International, Inc.
100 Ford Road
Denville,NJ 07834
201-627-7601
Fax: 201-627-6524
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                  Page 27

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Technology Profile
           EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
              ATOMIC ENERGY OF CANADA, LIMITED
                       (Chemical Treatment and Ultrafiltration)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The Atomic Energy of Canada, Limited (AECL),
process  uses   chemical   pretreatment   and
ultrafiltration to remove trace concentrations of
dissolved metals from wastewater, contaminated
groundwater,  and  leachate.    The  process
selectively  removes  metal  contaminants  and
produces a  volume-reduced water stream for
further treatment and disposal.

The installed unit's overall dimensions are 5 feet
wide by 7 feet long by 6 feet high.  The  skid-
mounted unit consists of (1) a bank of 5-micron
cartridge prefilters, (2) a feed conditioning system
with polyelectrolytes and  chemicals  for pH
adjustment,  (3)  two  banks of  hollow-fiber
ultrafilters, (4) a backflush system for cleaning the
membrane unit,  and (5)  associated tanks and
instrumentation.

The  figure  below  illustrates  the  process.
Wastewater enters the prefilter through the feed
holding tank, where  suspended  particles are
removed from the feed. The filtered waste stream
is then routed to conditioning tanks where the
solution pH is adjusted.  Water-soluble
                 macromolecular compounds are then added to the
                 wastewater to form complexes with heavy metal
                 ions.  Next, a relatively high molecular weight
                 polymer, generally a commercially  available
                 polyelectrolyte,  is  added to the wastewater to
                 form selective metal-polymer complexes at the
                 desired pH and temperature.  The polyelectrolyte
                 quantities depend on the metal ion concentration.

                 The wastewater then passes through a cross-flow
                 ultrafiltration  membrane system by way of a
                 recirculation loop.   The ultrafiltration  system
                 provides a total membrane  surface  area  of
                 265 square feet and a flow rate of about 6 gallons
                 per minute (gpm).  The membranes retain the
                 metal complexes (in  the  concentrate), while
                 allowing uncomplexed ions to pass through the
                 membrane with the filtered water.  The  filtered
                 water (the permeate) is continuously withdrawn,
                 while the concentrate stream containing most of
                 the contaminants is recycled until it meets the
                 target concentration.  After reaching the target
                 concentration,  the  concentrate   stream   is
                 withdrawn  for  further  treatment,  such  as
                 solidification. It can then be safely disposed of,
                 while the clean filtered water is discharged.
                                                          Recirculation Loop
Feed
Holding
Tank
	


3 refiltration

pH Chemical
Addition
+ •
Pi
Adjus

H
ment

Polyelectrolyte
Addition

1
Metal
Complexation
Reaction
Tank
                                                            100to150L/min
                                                    Circulation
                                                      Pump
                                                    > 20 L/min
                                                 *nFeed
                                                  I—I Pump
                              Ultrafiltration
                                System
                             (265 sq ft Bank)
                                                              -. 20 L/min
                                                                  Filter
                                                                  Water
                                         0.2 to 1.0 L/min
                                          Concentrate
                       Single-Stage Chemical Treatment and Ultrafiltration Process
Page 22
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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                                                                                February 1999
                                                                              Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The AECL process treats groundwater, leachate,
and surface runoff contaminated with trace levels
of toxic heavy metals.  The process also treats
effluents  from   (1)   industrial  processes,
(2) production and processing of base metals,
(3) smelters, (4) electrolysis operations, and
(5) battery manufacturing. Potential applications
include removal of metals such as cadmium, lead,
mercury, uranium, manganese, nickel, chromium,
and silver.

The  process can treat influent with dissolved
metal concentrations from several  parts per
million (ppm) up to about 100 ppm. The process
also removes  other  inorganic  and  organic
materials present as suspended or colloidal solids.
The sole residue is the ultrafiltration concentrate,
which generally constitutes 5 to 20 percent of the
feed volume.

STATUS:

The AECL process was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in 1988. During
initial bench- and pilot-scale  tests, the  AECL
process successfully removed cadmium, lead, and
mercury.  These results  were  used to  help
designers construct the mobile unit.
The mobile unit has been tested at Chalk River
Laboratories and at a uranium mine tailings site in
Ontario, Canada. The field evaluation indicated
that process water characteristics needed further
study; pretreatment schemes are being evaluated.
The mobile unit, which is capable of treating
influent flows ranging from 1,000 to 5,000 gallons
per day, is available for treatability tests and on-
site applications.   An Emerging Technology
Bulletin (EPA/5 40/F-92/002) is available from
EPA.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
John Martin
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7758
Fax: 513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Leo Buckley or Les Moschuk
Atomic Energy of Canada, Limited
Waste Processing Technology
Chalk River Laboratories
Chalk River, Ontario, Canada KOJ 1JO
613-584-3311
Fax: 613-584-8107
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 23

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Technology Profile
           EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
              ATOMIC ENERGY OF CANADA LIMITED
                         (Ultrasonic-Aided Leachate Treatment)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The ultrasonic-aided leachate treatment process
involves enhanced chemical treatment of acidic
soil leachate solutions.  These  solutions, also
known as acid mine drainage, are caused by the
oxidation and dissolution of sulfide-bearing wastes
that produce sulfuric acid.  The resulting  acidic
water  leaches  metal   contaminants  from  the
exposed waste rock and mine tailings, creating
large volumes of toxic acidic leachates.

The ultrasonic-aided leachate treatment process
uses an ultrasonic field to improve contaminant
removal through  precipitation,  coprecipitation,
oxidation,  ion  scavenging,  and  sorption (see
figure below). These processes are followed by
solid-liquid separation using a filter press and a
cross-flow microfilter connected in series. The
                 time  required for treatment depends on (1) the
                 nature of acidic waste to be treated, (2) the treated
                 water  quality  with  respect  to  contaminant
                 concentration, and  (3)  the  rate  at which the
                 physical and chemical  processes  occur.   The
                 treatable leachate volume is scalable.

                 The major difference between this technology and
                 conventional processes is the use  of ultrasonic
                 mixing  instead of mechanical agitation in large
                 tanks. Research indicates that an ultrasonic field
                 significantly increases both the conversion rate of
                 dissolved contaminants to precipitates and the rate
                 of oxidation and ion exchange. Earlier studies by
                 Atomic Energy of  Canada Limited  (AECL)
                 revealed that the time  required  to precipitate
                 heavy metals from aqueous  solutions decreased
                 by an order of magnitude in the presence of an
                 ultrasonic field.
Chemical Reagents Addition
pH Chemical
Oxidant
Precipitant
                                                                             Concentrate
                                                                            (1 To 2% Solids)
      Acidic Soil Leachate Feed
      Percent Dissolved Solids:
            5,000 to 10,000 ppm
      Primary Contaminants:
      (Heavy Metals & Radionuclides)
            1,000 to 2,000 ppm
                                                    To Disposal

                        Single-Stage Chemical Treatment and Ultrafiltration Process
Page 24
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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                                                                                February 1999
                                                                               Completed Project
The ultrasonic-aided leachate treatment process is
compact, portable, and energy-efficient. Safety
and process controls are built in as necessary for
handling mixed radioactive  solutions.    The
process also generates minimal fugitive emissions
and  produces  a  treated effluent  that meets
applicable discharge limits. The process may also
be able to treat waste containing small amounts of
dissolved or suspended organics.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The ultrasonic-aided leachate treatment process
treats acid mine  drainage  contaminated  with
heavy metals and radionuclides. The process can
also   be  combined  with   soil   remediation
technologies.

STATUS:

The ultrasonic-aided leachate treatment process
was accepted into the SITE Emerging Technology
Program in 1993.  Under this program, AECL is
developing and testing a pilot-scale  unit to treat
acidic soil leachate  solutions containing  low
levels of metals and radionuclides.

The quality assurance and test plan was approved
in October 1994. Laboratory-scale testing using
acidic leachates from the Berkeley Pit in Butte,
Montana, and  from Stanleigh Mines in  Elliot
Lake, Ontario, Canada, is complete. The tests
were  designed to  find optimal  single   and
multistage treatment regimes to remove  from the
leachates a variety of dissolved species (such as
iron, aluminum, manganese, magnesium, copper,
zinc, uranium, radium,  and  sulfate), either as
contaminants or as reusable resources.

Given optimum process chemistry,  low energy
(less than 5 kilojoules per liter), and low  frequency
(20 kilohertz), ultrasonic cavitation fields  were
sufficient to remove the dissolved species to
levels meeting discharge requirements.
The energy input corresponds  to  a chemical
conditioning time of a few seconds to tens of
seconds.  The underlying principles examined
include lime and limestone precipitation, copper
cementation, iron, and uranium oxidation, ion
sorption, and ion scavenging.

A Phase  1 interim  report summarizing the
laboratory-scale  results  was issued in August
1995.  A revised Phase  1 report was issued in
February 1996. Testing of the pilot-scale system
was December 1996.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Randy Parker
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7271
Fax:513-569-7676

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Shaun Cotnam and Dr. Shiv Vijayan
Atomic Energy of Canada, Limited
Chalk River Laboratories
Chalk River, Ontario, Canada KOJ  1JO
613-584-3311, ext. 3220/6057
Fax: 613-584-1812
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                  Page 25

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Technology Profile
                             EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                  BATTELLE MEMORIAL INSTITUTE
                     (In Situ Electroacoustic Soil Decontamination)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

This  patented   in  situ   electroacoustic  soil
decontamination  (BSD)  technology  removes
heavy metals from soils through direct current
electrical and acoustic fields.   Direct current
facilitates  liquid transport through soils.   The
technology consists of electrodes, an anode and a
cathode,  and an acoustic  source  (see  figure
below).

The double-layer boundary theory is important
when an electric potential is applied to soils. For
soil particles, the double layer consists of (1) a
fixed layer of negative ions that are firmly held to
the solid phase, and (2) a diffuse layer of more
loosely held cations and anions.  Applying an
electric potential to the double layer displaces the
loosely held ions to their respective electrodes.
The cations take water with them as they move
toward the cathode.

Besides water transport through wet soils, the
direct current produces other effects, such as ion
transfer, pH gradients development, electrolysis,
oxidation and reduction, and heat generation.
                                   Heavy metals present in contaminated soils can be
                                   leached  or  precipitated  out  of  solution by
                                   electrolysis, oxidation and reduction reactions, or
                                   ionic migration. The  soil contaminants may be
                                   (1) cations, such as cadmium,  chromium, and
                                   lead; or (2) anions, such as cyanide, chromate, and
                                   dichromate.  The existence of these ions in their
                                   respective oxidation states depends on soil pH and
                                   concentration gradients.    Direct  current  is
                                   expected  to  increase the  leaching rate and
                                   precipitate the heavy  metals out of solution by
                                   establishing appropriate pH and osmotic gradients.

                                   WASTE APPLICABILITY:

                                   This technology removes heavy metals from soils.
                                   When applied in conjunction with an electric field
                                   and water flow, an acoustic field can enhance
                                   waste dewatering or leaching. This phenomenon
                                   is  not fully understood.   Another possible
                                   application involves the unclogging of recovery
                                   wells.  Because contaminated particles are driven
                                   to the recovery well,  the pores  and  interstitial
                                   spaces in the soil can close.  This technology
                                   could be used to clear  these clogged spaces.
                     Catholyte
                     Treatment
                          Water
                          and
                       Contaminants
Ground
Surface
    Optional
Anolyte Treatment
                             —©
                     Cathode
                                                      Acoustic
                                                      Waves
                                             Acoustic
                                             Source
                                                                        Anode
                             In Situ Electroacoustic Soil Decontamination
Page 26
                  The SITE Program assesses but does not
                    approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                              February 1999
                                                                            Completed Project
The  technology's  potential  for   improving
nonaqueous phase liquid contaminant recovery
and in situ removal of heavy metals needs to be
tested at the pilot-scale level using clay soils.

STATUS:

The BSD technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in 1988. Results
indicate that  ESD is technically  feasible for
removing inorganic  species such  as zinc and
cadmium from clay  soils; however, it is  only
marginally effective for hydrocarbon removal. A
modified ESD process for more effective hydro-
carbon  removal has been developed but has not
been tested. The  Emerging Technology  Report
(EPA/540/5-90/004)   describing  the   1-year
investigation  can be purchased through  the
National Technical Information Service, (PB 90-
204728/AS).     The   Emerging  Technology
Summary (EPA/540/S5-90/004) is available from
U. S. EPA.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Randy Parker
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7271
Fax: 513-569-7571

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Satya Chauhan
Battelle Memorial Institute
505 King Avenue
Columbus, OH 43201
614-424-4812
Fax: 614-424-3321
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                  approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 27

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 Technology Profile
                      DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
               BERGMANN, A DIVISION  OF LINATEX, INC.
                                 (Soil and Sediment Washing)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The  soil  and  sediment washing  technology
developed by Bergmann, A Division of Linatex,
Inc.'s,   (Bergman),   separates   contaminated
particles by density and grain size (see photograph
below).   The technology  operates  on  the
hypothesis   that    most   contamination   is
concentrated in the fine particle fraction (less than
45 microns [um]) and that contamination of larger
particles is generally not extensive.

After contaminated soil  is screened to remove
coarse rock and  debris, water  and  chemical
additives such as  surfactants, acids, bases,  and
chelators are added to the medium to produce a
slurry feed. The slurry feed flows to an attrition
scrubbing machine.  A rotary trommel screen,
dense media separators, cyclone separators, and
                other equipment create mechanical and fluid shear
                stress, removing contaminated silts and clays from
                granular soil particles.

                Different separation processes create the following
                four output streams: (1) coarse clean fraction; (2)
                enriched fine fraction; (3) separated contaminated
                humic materials; and (4) process wash water. The
                coarse  clean fraction particles,  which measure
                greater than 45 fjm (greater than 325 mesh) each,
                can be used as backfill or recycled for concrete,
                masonry, or asphalt sand application. The enriched
                fine fraction particles, measuring less than 45 ,um
                each  are  prepared  for  subsequent  treatment,
                immobilization, destruction, or regulated disposal.
                Separated contaminated humic materials (leaves,
                twigs, roots, grasses, wood chips) are dewatered
                and require  subsequent treatment or disposal.
                Upflow classification and
                           Bergmann Soil and Sediment Washing
 Page 26
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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                                                                                 February 1999
                                                                               Completed Project
separation, also known as  elutriation, separates
light contaminated materials such as leaves, twigs,
roots, or wood chips.  The process wash water is
treated by flocculation and sedimentation, oil-water
separation, or dissolved air flotation  to remove
solubilized heavy  metal and emulsified organic
fractions. The treated process wash water is then
returned to the plant for reuse.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

This technology is suitable  for treating soils and
sediment contaminated with organics, including
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB),  creosote, fuel
residues, and heavy petroleum; and heavy metals,
including  cadmium,  chromium,  lead, arsenic,
copper, cyanides, mercury,  nickel, radionuclides,
and zinc.

STATUS:

This technology was  accepted into the  SITE
Demonstration Program in  Winter 1991. It was
demonstrated in Toronto, Ontario, Canada in April
1992 as part of the Toronto  Harbour Commission
(THC) soil  recycling  process.   For  further
information  on the  THC process,  including
demonstration results, refer to the THC profile in
the Demonstration Program section (completed
projects). The technology was also demonstrated
in May  1992 at the Saginaw Bay  Confined
Disposal  Facility  in Saginaw, Michigan.   The
Applications      Analysis       Report
(EPA/540/AR-92/075)  and the  Demonstration
Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-92/075) are available from
EPA.  Since  1981, Bergmann has provided 31
commercial systems, treating up to 350 tons per
hour, at contaminated waste sites.

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

Demonstration results  indicate that the soil and
sediment washing  system can effectively isolate
and  concentrate  PCB  contamination into the
organic fractions and the fines. Levels of metals
contamination were also beneficially altered from
the feed stream to  the output streams.   The
effectiveness of the soil and sediment washing
system on the inorganic compoundsmetor
exceeded its performance for PCB contamination.
During a 5-day test in May 1992, the Bergmann
soil and sediment washing system experienced no
downtime as it operated for 8 hours per day to treat
dredged sediments from the  Saginaw River.

The demonstration provided the following results:

     Approximately  71 percent  of  the
     particles  smaller than 45-um in the
     input sediment was apportioned to the
     enriched  fine stream.
  •   Less than 20 percent  of the particles
     smaller than 45-,um in  the input
     sediment was  apportioned  to  the
     coarse clean fraction.
     The distribution of the concentrations
     of  PCBs in the input and output
     streams were as follows:
        Input sediment =1.6 milligrams
        per kilogram (mg/kg)
        Output coarse clean fraction =
        0.20 mg/kg
        Output humic materials =
         11 mg/kg
        Output enriched fines =
        4.4 mg/kg
     The heavy metals were concentrated
     in the same manner as the PCBs.
     The coarse  clean sand  consisted of
     approximately 82 percent of the input
     sediment.

FOR FURTHER  INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Jack Hubbard, U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
  Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7507  Fax: 513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
George Jones
Bergmann, A Division of Linatex, Inc.
1550 Airport Road
Gallatin, TN  37066-3739
615-230-2217  Fax: 615-452-5525
                                  The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                  Page 27

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 Technology Profile
                      DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
      BERKELEY ENVIRONMENTAL RESTORATION CENTER
                        (In Situ Steam Enhanced Extraction Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The  in situ  steam enhanced extraction  (ISEE)
process  removes  volatile  organic  compounds
(VOC) and   semivolatile  organic  compounds
(SVOC) from contaminated water and soils above
and below the water table (see figure below).
Pressurized steam is introduced through injection
wells to force steam through the soil to  thermally
enhance the vapor and liquid extraction  processes.

The extraction wells have two purposes:   (1) to
pump groundwater for ex situ treatment; and (2) to
transport steam and vaporized contaminants under
vacuum to the surface. Recovered contaminants
are condensed and recycled, processed with the
contaminated groundwater, or treated in the gas
phase.  The  ISEE  process uses readily available
components  such  as injection, extraction,  and
monitoring wells;  manifold piping; vapor  and
liquid separators; vacuum pumps; and gas emission
control equipment.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:
                hydrocarbons such as gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel;
                solvents   such   as   trichloroethene,    1,1,1-
                trichloroethane, and dichlorobenzene; or a mixture
                of these compounds. The process may be applied
                to contaminants above or below the water table.
                After treatment is complete, subsurface conditions
                are  amenable  to   biodegradation  of residual
                contaminants, if necessary.  The process  can be
                applied to contaminated soil very near the surface
                with a cap. Compounds denser than water may be
                treated only in low concentrations, unless a barrier
                exists  or  can be created to prevent downward
                percolation of a separate phase.

                STATUS:

                In   August   1988,  a  successful  pilot-scale
                demonstration of the ISEE process was completed
                at a site contaminated with a mixture of solvents.
                Contaminants amounting to 764  pounds were
                removed from the 10-foot-diameter, 12-foot-deep
                test region.  After 5 days of steam  injection, soil
                contaminant concentrations dropped by a factor of
                10.
The ISEE process extracts VOCs and SVOCs from
contaminated soils and groundwater. The primary
compounds suitable for treatment include
                In December 1993, a full-scale demonstration was
                completed at a gasoline spill  site at Lawrence
                Livermore National Laboratory(LLNL)in
                    Water •
                        r-o—*
                           Feed
                           Pump
                              „    Vapors from
                           FlueGas   Recovery WeliT
                    Fuel-
                            Steam
                           Generator
             Liquid/
             Vapor
            Separati
                          Steam to     I
                        Injection Wells —»|
                    Pump
                                         SUBSURFACE
                                                 Water-
                                     Air
»> Liquid
Contaminant

»• Water
                                                            Liquids from
                                                               ry Wells
                                                               LEGEND
                                                               	Liquid Flow
                                                               ^-^ Vapor Flow
                                                               	-Steam Flow
                             In Situ Steam Enhanced Extraction Process
 Page 28
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                                 February 1999
                                                                                Completed Project
Altamont  Hills,  California.    Gasoline   was
dispersed both above and below the water table due
to a 25-foot rise in the water table since the spill
occurred. The lateral distribution of liquid-phase
gasoline was within a region 150 feet in diameter
and up to 125  feet  deep.  Appendix A of the
Hughes   Environmental   Systems   Innovative
Technology  Evaluation  Report   (EPA/540/R-
94/510) contains detailed results from the LLNL
SITE demonstration.  This report is available from
EPA.

A pilot-scale test  of the  ISEE  process  was
conducted in 1994 at Naval Air Station (NAS)
Lemoore in California.   During 3 months of
operation, over 98,000 gallons of JP-5 jet fuel was
recovered  from  medium permeability, partially
saturated sand to a depth of 20 feet. Preliminary
soil sampling showed reductions of JP-5 jet  fuel
concentrations from  several thousand parts per
million (ppm) above the water table to values less
than 25 ppm.

During Fall 1998, Berkeley is scheduled to use the
ISEE  process  to   remediate  a  groundwater
contaminant plume at Alameda Naval Air Station
in California. The contaminant plume contains
halogenated   organic  compounds,   including
trichlolorethene,     1,1,1-trichlorethane,     and
perchloroethylene.

For more information about similar technologies,
see the following profiles in the Demonstration
Program section: Hughes Environmental Systems,
Inc.,    (completed   projects)   and   Praxis
Environmental  Technologies,   Inc.   (ongoing
projects).

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

During the SITE demonstration at LLNL, over
7,600 gallons of gasoline were recovered from
above and below the water table in 26 weeks of
operation.  Recovery rates were about 50 times
greater than those achieved by vacuum  extraction
and groundwater pumping alone.  The rates were
highest  during cyclic steam  injection,  after
subsurface soils reached steam temperatures.  The
majority of the recovered gasoline came from the
condenser as a separate phase  liquid or in the
effluent air stream.

Without  further pumping,  1,2-dichloroethene,
benzene,   ethylbenzene,  toluene,  and  xylene
concentrations in  sampled groundwater  were
decreased to below maximum contaminant levels
after  6 months.   Post-process soil sampling
indicated that a thriving hydrocarbon-degrading
microbial population existed in soils experiencing
prolonged steam contact.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
  Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
Fax:513-569-7105
E-Mail: dePercin.Paul@epamail.epa.gov

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Kent Udell
Berkeley Environmental Restoration Center
6147EtcheverryHall
Berkeley, CA 94720-1740
513-642-6163
Fax:510-642-6163
Steve Collins
Berkeley Environmental Restoration Center
461 Evans Hall
Berkeley, CA 94720-1706
510-643-1900
Fax:510-643-2076
                                          Bologies.
                                   Page 29

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 Technology Profile
                      DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                       BILLINGS AND ASSOCIATES, INC.
                (Subsurface Volatilization and Ventilation System [SWS®])
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The  Subsurface  Volatilization and Ventilation
System  (SWS®), developed by  Billings  and
Associates, Inc. (BAI),  and operated by several
other firms under a licensing agreement, uses a net-
work of injection and extraction wells (collectively
called a reactor nest)  to treat subsurface organic
contamination  through  soil vacuum extraction
combined with in situ biodegradation. Each system
is designed to meet site-specific conditions.  The
SWS® technology has three U.S. patents.

The SWS® is shown  in the figure below.   A
series of injection and extraction wells is installed
at a site. One or more vacuum pumps create nega-
tive pressure to extract contaminant vapors, while
an air compressor simultaneously creates positive
pressure, sparging the subsurface treatment area.
Control is maintained at a vapor control unit that
houses pumps, control valves, gauges, and other
process control hardware.
                At   most   sites   with   subsurface   organic
                contamination, extraction wells are placed above
                the  water table and injection wells  are placed
                below the groundwater. This placement allows the
                groundwater to be used as a diffusion device.

                The number and spacing of the wells depends on
                the modeling results of a design parameter matrix,
                as well as the physical, chemical, and biological
                characteristics of the site. The exact depth of the
                injection   wells  and   screened  intervals  are
                additional design considerations.

                To   enhance   vaporization,  solar  panels  are
                occasionally used  to  heat  the injected  air.
                Additional valves for limiting or increasing  air
                flow and pressure are placed on individual reactor
                nest lines (radials) or, at some sites, on individual
                well points. Depending on groundwater depths and
                fluctuations, horizontal vacuum screens, "stubbed"
                screens, or multiple-depth  completions  can be
                applied.  Positive and negative air flow can be
                shifted to different  locations at the site to
                   Subsurface Volatilization and Ventilation System (SWS®)
 Page 30
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                                  February 1999
                                                                                Completed Project
emphasize remediation on the most contaminated
areas. Negative pressure is maintained at a suitable
level to prevent escape of vapors.

Because it provides oxygen to the subsurface, the
SVVS® can enhance in situ bioremediation at a
site, thereby decreasing remediation time. These
processes are normally monitored by measuring
dissolved oxygen levels in the aquifer, recording
carbon dioxide levels in transmission lines and at
the emission point, and periodically sampling
microbial  populations.   When  required by air
quality  permits,  volatile  organic  compound
emissions  can be treated  by a patent-pending
biological filter that uses indigenous microbes from
the site.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The SVVS® is applicable to soils, sludges, and
groundwater contaminated  with gasoline, diesel
fuels,  and  other   hydrocarbons,   including
halogenated compounds.   The technology is
effective on benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and
xylene contamination.    It  can also  contain
contaminant plumes through its unique vacuum
and air injection techniques.

STATUS:

This  technology was accepted  into  the SITE
Demonstration Program in winter 1991. A site in
Buchanan,  Michigan was  selected  for  the
demonstration, and initial drilling and construction
began in July 1992.  The demonstration began in
March 1993 and was completed in May  1994.  The
Demonstration  Bulletin  (EPA/540/MR-94/529),
Technology Capsule  (EPA/540/R-94/529a),  and
Innovative   Technology   Evaluation  Report
(EPA/540/R-94/529) are available from EPA.  The
SVVS®   has  also  been  implemented  at
95 underground storage tank sites in New Mexico,
North Carolina, South  Carolina,   Florida,  and
Oklahoma.

BAI   is  researching  ways  to  increase  the
microbiological effectiveness of the technology
and is testing a mobile unit. The mobile unit will
allow rapid field pilot tests  to support the design
process.    This unit  will also  permit actual
remediation of small sites and of small, recalcitrant
areas on large sites.

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

Results  from the SWS® demonstration are as
follows:

     Data  indicated  that  the   overall
     reductions for several target analytes,
     as   determined  from   individual
     boreholes, ranged from 71 percent to
     over 99 percent, over a 1-year period.
     The early phase of the  remediation
     was    characterized    by   higher
     concentrations of volatile organics in
     the extracted vapor stream.
  •   The shutdown tests indicate that the
     technology stimulated biodegradative
     processes at the site.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
  Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
Fax: 513-569-7105
E-Mail:  dePercin.Paul@epamail.epa.gov

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Gale Billings or Rick Billings
Billings and Associates, Inc.
6808 Academy Parkway E. N.E.
Suite A-4
Albuquerque, NM 87109
505-345-1116
Fax: 505-345-1756
                                  The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                     approve or endorse technologies.
                                   Page 31

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 Technology Profile
                      DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                        BIOGENESIS ENTERPRISES, INC.
                      (BioGenesisSM Soil and Sediment Washing Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The  BioGenesisSM soil  and sediment washing
process    uses   specialized,   patent-pending
equipment, complex surfactants, and water to clean
soil,  sediment, and  sludge  contaminated with
organic and inorganic constituents.  Two types of
mobile equipment wash different sizes of particles.
A truck-mounted batch unit processes 20 yards per
hour, and washes soil particles 10 mesh and larger.
A full-scale, mobile, continuous  flow unit cleans
sand, silt, clay, and sludge particles smaller than 10
mesh at a rate  of 20 to  40  yards per hour.
Auxiliary equipment includes tanks, dewatering
and water treatment equipment,  and a bioreactor.
Extraction efficiencies per wash cycle range from
85 to 99 percent.  High contaminant levels require
multiple washes.

The principal components of the process consist of
pretreatment equipment for particle sizing, a truck-
mounted soil  washer  for  larger particles,  a
sediment washing unit(s) for fine  particles,  and
water treatment  and reconditioning equipment.
The BioGenesisSM soil washing  system for larger
particles  consists of a trailer-mounted gondola
plumbed for air mixing, water and  chemical
addition, oil skimming, and liquid drainage (see
figure below).  Water, BioGenesisSM cleaning
                chemicals, and soil are loaded into the gondola.
                Aeration nozzles feed compressed air to create a
                fluidized bed.  The resulting slurry is agitated to
                release organic and inorganic contaminants from
                the soil particles.  After mixing, a short settling
                period allows the soil particles to sink and the
                removed oil to rise to the water surface, where it is
                skimmed for reclamation or disposal.  Following
                drainage of the  wash water, the treated soil  is
                evacuated  by   raising   the  gondola's  dump
                mechanism.  Processed soil contains a moisture
                level of 10 to  20 percent depending on the soil
                matrix.

                A prototype BioGenesisSM  sediment   washing
                machine was tested in  Environment  Canada's
                Contaminated  Sediment  Treatment Technology
                Program.  The sediment washing machine is a
                continuous flow unit. Capacities of up to 80 to 100
                cubic yards per hour are possible using full-scale,
                parallel processing equipment.

                In the sediment  washing machine, sediment is
                pretreated to form a slurry. The slurry passes to a
                shaker screen separator that sizes particles into two
                streams. Material greater than 1 millimeter (mm)
                in diameter  is diverted to the large particlesoil
                washer. Material  1 mm and smaller continues to
                the sediment washer's feed hopper.
                             Effluent from
                              Wash Unit  , To Wastewater
                                      Treatment Plant
                           Makeup
                            Water
                                       10 mesh particles ,
                                                    /Clean Solids/
                                                    to Storage /
            Soil Washing Process
                           Sediment Washing Process
 Page 32
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                                 February 1999
                                                                                Completed Project
From there, the slurry is injected to the sediment
cleaning chamber to loosen the bonds between the
pollutant and the particle.

After the cleaning chamber, the slurry flows to the
scrubber to further weaken  the bonds  between
contaminants and particles. After the scrubber, the
slurry passes through a buffer tank, where large
particles separate by gravity. The slurry then flows
through hydrocyclone  banks to  separate solids
down to 3 to 5 microns in size. The free liquid
routes  to  a  centrifuge  for final  solid-liquid
separation. All solids go to the treated soil pile; all
liquid is routed to wastewater treatment to remove
organic    and     inorganic    contaminants.
Decontaminated  wastewater is  recycled back
through the process.  Equipment configuration
varies depending on the soil matrix.

The  BioGenesis™ cleaning  chemical is a light
alkaline mixture of ionic and nonionic surfactants
and bioremediating agents that act similarly to a
biosurfactant.  The proprietary cleaner contains no
hazardous ingredients.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

This technology extracts many inorganics, volatile
and   nonvolatile   hydrocarbons,   chlorinated
hydrocarbons,    pesticides,   polychlorinated
biphenyls    (PCB),    polynuclear   aromatic
hydrocarbons, and most organics from nearly every
soil and sediment type, including clay.

STATUS:

The  BioGenesisSM soil washing technology was
accepted into the SITE Demonstration Program in
June 1990.  The process was demonstrated in
November 1992  on weathered crude oil at a
refinery site in Minnesota.   Results  from the
demonstration have been published in the Inno-
vative    Technology     Evaluation    Report
(EPA/540/R-93/510) and the SITE Technology
Capsule (EPA/540/SR-93/510).  The reports are
available from EPA.  BioGenesis Enterprises, Inc.,
is  planning   a  future demonstration   of  the
BioGenesisSM sediment washing  process using
PCB-contaminated sediment.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

Results of the SITE demonstration are presented
below:

  •    Soil washing and biodegradation with
      BioGenesisSM    removed    about
      85  percent of the total  recoverable
      petroleum   hydrocarbon  (TRPH)-
      related contaminants in the soil.
      Treatment system performance was
      reproducible  at  constant operating
      conditions.
  •    At  the  end  of 90  days,   TRPH
      concentrations     decreased     an
      additional 50 percent compared to
      washing alone.
      The prototype  equipment operated
      within design  parameters.   New
      production equipment is  expected to
      streamline     overall    operating
      efficiency.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Annette Gatchett
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
  Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7697
Fax:513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Charles Wilde
BioGenesis Enterprises, Inc.
7420 Alban Station Boulevard,  Suite B 208
Springfield, VA 22150
703-913-9700
Fax: 703-913-9704
                                  The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                   Page 33

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 Technology Profile
                      DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                                      BIO-REM, INC.
                   (Augmented In Situ Subsurface Bioremediation Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The Bio-Rem, Inc., Augmented In Situ Subsurface
Bioremediation Process uses a proprietary blend
(H-10)   of  microaerophilic   bacteria   and
micronutrients for subsurface bioremediation of
hydrocarbon contamination in soil and water (see
figure  below).   The insertion methodology is
adaptable to site-specific situations. The bacteria
are hardy and can treat contaminants in a wide
temperature range.  The process does not require
additional    oxygen   or   oxygen-producing
compounds,  such   as  hydrogen   peroxide.
Degradation products include carbon dioxide and
water.
                The bioremediation process consists of four steps:
                (1)   defining  and   characterizing   the  con-
                taminationplume;  (2)  selecting  a  site-specific
                application   methodology;   (3)  initiating   and
                propagating   the   bacterial   culture;    and
                (4) monitoring and reporting cleanup.

                This technology treats soil and water contaminated
                with   hydrocarbons,    including   halogenated
                hydrocarbons.     Use  of  the  augmented
                bioremediation  process is   site-specific,   and
                therefore engineered for each individual site.  The
                success of the process  is dependent on a complete
                and accurate site characterization study. This data
                is necessary to determine the treatment magnitude
                and duration.
                               Microaerophilic
                                 Bacteria
                     Water
Contaminated
Soil

	 ^-

H-10

	 ^-
Clean
Soil

                                         Micronutrients
                      Augmented In Situ Subsurface Bioremediation Process
 Page 34
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                            February 1999
                                                                           Completed Project
STATUS:

This technology was accepted  into the  SITE
Demonstration Program in winter  1991.   The
technology was  successfully demonstrated  at
Williams Air Force Base in Phoenix, Arizona from
May 1992 through June 1993. The Demonstration
Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/527) is available from
EPA.   Bio-Rem,  Inc.,  has remediated  sites
throughout the U.S., and in Canada and Central
Europe.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Teri Richardson
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
  Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7949
Fax:513-569-7105

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
David Mann
Bio-Rem, Inc.
P.O. Box 116
Butler, IN 46721
219-868-5823
800-428-4626
Fax:219-868-5851
                                       Bologies.
                                Page 35

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 Technology Profile
                       DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                                     BIOTHERM, LCC
                             (formerly Dehydro-Tech Corporation)
                                       (Biotherm Process™)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The Biotherm Process™ combines dehydration and
solvent extraction technologies to separate wet, oily
wastes into their constituent solid, water, and oil
phases (see figure below).

Waste is first mixed with a low-cost hydrocarbon
solvent. The resultant slurry mixture is fed to an
evaporator  system  that vaporizes  water  and
initiates solvent extraction of the indigenous  oil
extraction unit,  where  solids contact  recycled
solvent until the target amount of indigenous oil is
removed.  Depending on the water content of the
feed, single-effect or energy-saving multi-effect
                evaporators may be used. Next, the slurry of dried
                solids is treated in a multistage solvent. Finally,
                solids  are  centrifuged away from the solvent,
                followed by  "desolventizing," an operation that
                evaporates  residual  solvent.   The  final  solids
                product typically contains less than 2 percent water
                and less than  1 percent solvent. The spent  solvent,
                which contains the extracted indigenous  oil, is
                distilled to  separate the solvent for reuse, and the
                oil for recovery or disposal.

                The  Biotherm Process™ yields (1) a clean,  dry
                solid; (2) a water product virtually free of solids,
                indigenous oil, and solvent; and (3) the extracted
                indigenous oil, which contains the  hazardous
                hydrocarbon-soluble feed components.
                                                                                  VENT
                                           SOLVENT/WATER
                                             DECANTING
              EVAPORATION AND
                1ST SOLVENT
                EXTRACTION
                              SOLVENT +
                              EXTRACTED OIL
                       SOLIDS
                                       SOLVENT +
                                       EXTRACTED OIL
                               2ND SOLVENT
                               EXTRACTION
                                              SOLVENT +
                                              EXTRACTED OIL
                                       SOLIDS
                       VENTED GAS
                                    SOLVENT
                                                             SOLVENT
                                                                        SOLVENT
                                                                                  EVAPORATED
                                                                                    WATER
                                  SOLVENT/OIL
                                  DISTILLATION
                                                                                RECOVERED
                                                                                    OIL
                                                3RD SOLVENT
                                                EXTRACTION
                                                SOLIDS
                                   DESOLVENTIZPNG
                             Biotherm Process   Schematic Diagram
 Page 36
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                                  February 1999
                                                                                Completed Project
The   Biotherm   Process™   combination   of
dehydration  and  solvent  extraction  has  the
following advantages: (l)any emulsions initially
present  are  broken  and  potential  emulsion
formation is prevented; (2) solvent extraction is
more efficient because water is not present; and (3)
the dry solids product is stabilized more readily if
required (for example, if metals contamination is a
concern).

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The Biotherm Process™ can treat sludges, soils,
sediments,   and   other  water-bearing  wastes
containing    hydrocarbon-soluble   hazardous
compounds, including polychlorinated biphenyls,
polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, and dioxins.
The process has been commercially applied to
municipal wastewater sludge, paper mill sludge,
rendering waste, pharmaceutical plant sludge, and
other wastes.

STATUS:

The Biotherm Process™ was accepted into the
SITE Demonstration Program in 1990. The pilot-
scale SITE demonstration of this  technology was
completed in August  1991 at  EPA's  research
facility in Edison, New Jersey. Spent petroleum
drilling fluids from the PAB oil site in Abbeville,
Louisiana, were  used  as  process feed.  The
Applications      Analysis      Report
(EPA/540/AR-92/002), Technology Demonstration
Summary (EPA/540/SR-92/002),  and Technology
Evaluation   Report  (EPA/540/R-92/002)   are
available from EPA.

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

The SITE demonstration of the Biotherm Process™
yielded the following results:

  •  The  process successfully  separated the
     petroleum-contaminated  sludge into  its
     solid, indigenous oil, and  water phases.
     No detectable levels  of indigenous total
     petroleum hydrocarbons were present in
     the final solid product.
  •   The final solid product was a dry powder
     similar to bentonite. A food-grade solvent
     comprised  the  bulk  of the  residual
     hydrocarbons in the solid.
  •   Values for all metals and organics were
     well below the Resource Conservation and
     Recovery   Act  toxicity  characteristic
     leaching    procedure    limits    for
     characteristic hazardous wastes.
     The resulting water  product required
     treatment  due to the presence of small
     amounts of light organics and solvent.
     Normally, it may be disposed of at a local
     publicly owned treatment works.
  •   A full-scale Biotherm Process™ can treat
     drilling fluid wastes at technology-specific
     costs of $100 to $220 per ton of wet feed,
     exclusive   of disposal  costs  for  the
     residuals.    Site-specific costs,  which
     include the  cost of  residual disposal,
     depend  on   site  characteristics  and
     treatment objectives.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Laurel Staley
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
  Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7863
Fax: 513-569-7105

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Theodore Trowbridge
Biotherm, LCC
401 Towne Center Drive
Hillsborough Township
Somerville, NJ 08876
908-904-1606
Fax: 908-904-1561
                                  The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                   Page 37

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Technology Profile
           EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                                     BIOTROL®
                         (Methanotrophic Bioreactor System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The BioTrol methanotrophic bioreactor system is
an aboveground remedial technology for water
contaminated with halogenated hydrocarbons.
Trichloroethene (TCE) and related compounds
pose a difficult challenge to biological treatment.
Unlike aromatic hydrocarbons, for example, TCE
cannot serve as a primary substrate for bacterial
growth.  Degradation depends on cometabolism
(see figure below), which is attributed to the broad
substrate specificity of certain bacterial enzyme
systems. Although many aerobic enzyme systems
reportedly cooxidize TCE and related compounds,
BioTrol claims that the methane monooxygenase
(MMO)  produced by methanotrophic bacteria is
the most promising.

Methanotrophs are bacteria that can use methane
as a sole source of carbon and energy. Although
certain methanotrophs can express MMO in either
a soluble or particulate (membrane-bound) form,
BioTrol has discovered that the soluble form used
in the BioTrol process induces extremely rapid
                TCE degradation rates. Two patents have been
                obtained, and an additional patent on the process
                is pending.  Results  from  experiments with
                Methylosinus trichosporium strain OB3b indicate
                that the maximum specific TCE degradation rate
                is 1.3  grams of TCE per gram of cells (dry
                weight) per hour. This rate is 100 to 1,000 times
                faster than reported TCE degradation rates for
                nonmethanotrophs.       This   species    of
                methanotrophic bacteria   reportedly removes
                various chlorinated aliphatic compounds by more
                than 99.9 percent.

                BioTrol has also developed a colorimetric assay
                that  verifies the   presence  of MMO  in  the
                bioreactor culture.

                WASTE APPLICABILITY:

                The   bioreactor   system   can  treat   water
                contaminated   with  halogenated   aliphatic
                hydrocarbons, including  TCE,  dichloroethene
                isomers,     vinyl     chloride,    chloroform,
                dichloromethane  (methylene  chloride),  and
                others. In the case of groundwater treatment,
                Carbon Dioxide
                                                             Carbon Dioxide, Chloride
              Methane
                                                          Trichloroethene
                                      Cometabolism of TCE
Page 28
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                              February 1999
                                                                             Completed Project
bioreactor effluent can  either be reinjected or
discharged to a sanitary sewer under a National
Pollutant Discharge Elimination System permit.

STATUS:

This technology  was accepted  into the SITE
Emerging  Technology Program in July 1990.
Bench- and pilot-scale tests were conducted using
a continuous-flow, dispersed-growth system. As
shown in the figure below, the pilot-scale reactor
displayed first-order TCE degradation kinetics.
The final report on the demonstration appears in
the Journal of the Air and Waste Management
Association, Volume 45, No. 1, January 1995.
The     Emerging    Technology     Bulletin
(EPA/540/F-93/506)   and   the   Emerging
Technology Summary (EPA/540/SR-93/505) are
available from U.S. EPA.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
David Smith
U.S. EPA
Region 8
999 18th Street
Denver, CO  80202
303-293-1475
Fax:303-294-1198

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Durell Dobbins
BioTrol®
10300 Valley View Road, Suite 107
Eden Prairie, MN 55344-3546
612-942-8032
Fax: 612-942-8526
                      2,000
                      1,500  —
                      1,000  —
                  o
                  O
                  w
                  o
                       500   —
                                              HRT (min)

                          Results for Pilot-Scale, Continuous-Flow Reactor
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 29

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 Technology Profile
                      DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                                        BIOTROL®
                           (Biological Aqueous Treatment System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The BioTrol biological aqueous treatment system
(BATS) is a patented biological system that treats
contaminated groundwater and process water.
The system uses naturally occurring microbes; in
some instances, however, a specific
microorganism may be added. This technique,
known as microbial amendment, is important if a
highly toxic or recalcitrant target compound is
present. The amended microbial system removes
both the target contaminant and the background
organic carbon.

The figure below is a schematic of the BATS.
Contaminated water enters a mix tank, where the
pH is adjusted and inorganic nutrients are added.
If necessary, the water is heated to an optimum
temperature with a heater and a heat exchanger,
to minimize energy costs. The water then flows
to the bioreactor, where the contaminants are
biodegraded.
                The microorganisms that degrade the
                contaminants are immobilized in a multiple-cell,
                submerged, fixed-film bioreactor. Each cell is
                filled with a highly porous packing material to
                which the microbe s adhere.  For aerobic condi-
                tions, air is supplied by fine bubble membrane
                diffusers mounted at the bottom of each cell.
                The system may also run under anaerobic condi-
                tions.

                As water flows through the bioreactor, the
                contaminants are degraded to biological end-
                products, predominantly carbon dioxide and
                water. The resulting effluent may be discharged
                to a publicly owned treatment works or reused on
                site. In some cases, discharge with a National
                Pollutant Discharge Elimination System permit
                may be possible.

                WASTE APPLICABILITY:

                The BATS may be applied to a wide variety of
                wastewaters, including groundwater, lagoons,
                and
              MIX
             TANK
                                                                          BLOWERS
                                                     CONTROLS
                    DISCHARGE
         RECIRCULATION
         LINE
                       BioTrol Biological Aqueous Treatment System (BATS)
 Page 38
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                                 February 1999
                                                                               Completed Project
process water. Contaminants amenable to
treatment include pentachlorophenol (PCP),
creosote components, gasoline and fuel oil
components, chlorinated hydrocarbons,
phenolics, and solvents.  Other potential target
waste streams include coal tar residues and
organic pesticides. The BATS may also be
effective for treating certain inorganic com-
pounds such as nitrates; however, this application
has not yet been demonstrated.  The system does
not treat metals.

STATUS:

The BATS was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in 1989. The system
was demonstrated under the SITE Program from
July  to September 1989 at the MacGillis and
Gibbs Superfund site in New  Brighton,
Minnesota.  The system operated continuously
for 6 weeks at three different  flow rates.  The
Applications Analysis Report
(EPA/540/A5-91/001), the Technology
Evaluation Report (EPA/540/5-91/001), and the
Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-91/001)
are available from EPA.

During 1986 and 1987, BioTrol performed  a
successful 9-month pilot-scale field test of the
BATS at a wood preserving facility. Since that
time, the firm has installed more than 20  full-
scale systems and has performed several  pilot-
scale demonstrations. These  systems have
successfully treated waters contaminated with
gasoline, mineral spirit solvents, phenol,  and
creosote.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

For the SITE demonstration, the BATS yielded
the following results:

  •  Reduced PCP concentrations from about
     45 parts per million (ppm) to 1 ppm or
     less in a single pass
     Produced minimal sludge and no PCP air
     emissions
  •  Mineralized chlorinated phenolics
     Eliminated groundwater biotoxicity
  •  Appeared to be unaffected by low
     concentrations of oil and grease (about
     50 ppm) and heavy metals in
     groundwater
  •  Required minimal operator attention

The treatment cost per 1,000 gallons was $3.45
for a 5-gallon-per-minute (gpm) pilot-scale
system and $2.43 for a 30-gpm system.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Durell Dobbins
BioTrol
10300 Valley View Road, Suite 107
Eden Prairie, MN 55344-3456
612-942-8032
Fax: 612-942-8526
                                  The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                  Page 39

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 Technology Profile
                       DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                                          BIOTROL®
                                       (Soil Washing System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The BioTrol Soil Washing System is a patented,
water-based volume reduction process used to treat
excavated soil.   The system may be applied to
contaminants concentrated in the fine-sized soil
fraction (silt, clay, and soil organic matter) or in the
coarse soil fraction (sand and gravel).

In the first part of the process, debris is removed
from the soil.  The soil is then mixed with water
and subjected to various unit operations common to
the mineral processing industry (see figure below).
The equipment used in these operations can include
mixing trommels, pug  mills, vibrating screens,
froth flotation cells, attrition scrubbing machines,
hydrocyclones,  screw  classifiers,  and  various
dewatering apparatus.

The core of the process is a multistage, counter-
current, intensive scrubbing circuit with interstage
classification.  The scrubbing action disintegrates
soil aggregates, freeing contaminated fine particles
                from the coarser material.  In addition, surficial
                contamination is removed from the coarse fraction
                by the abrasive  scouring action of the particles
                themselves.  Contaminants may also be solubilized,
                as dictated by solubility characteristics or partition
                coefficients.

                Contaminated residual products can be treated by
                other methods. Process water is normally recycled
                after   biological    or   physical    treatment.
                Contaminated fines may be disposed of off site,
                incinerated,  stabilized, or biologically treated.

                WASTE APPLICABILITY:

                This system was initially developed to clean soils
                contaminated with wood preserving wastes, such as
                polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)  and
                pentachlorophenol  (PCP).  The system may also
                apply to soils  contaminated  with  petroleum
                hydrocarbons,     pesticides,     polychlorinated
                biphenyls, various industrial chemicals, and metals.
                                          Recycle
                            BioTrol Soil Washing System Process Diagram
 Page 40
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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                                                                                 February 1999
                                                                               Completed Project
STATUS:

The BioTrol Soil Washing System was accepted
into the SITE Demonstration Program in 1989.
The system was demonstrated  under the SITE
Program between September and October 1989 at
the MacGillis and Gibbs Superfund site in New
Brighton, Minnesota.  A pilot-scale unit with a
treatment capacity of 500 pounds per hour operated
24 hours per day during the demonstration. Feed
for the first phase of the demonstration (2 days)
consisted of soil contaminated with 130 parts per
million (ppm) PCP and 247 ppm total PAHs; feed
for the second phase (7 days) consisted of soil
containing 680 ppm PCP and 404 ppm total PAHs.

Contaminated   process   water  was   treated
biologically in a fixed-film reactor and recycled. A
portion of the contaminated soil  fines was treated
biologically in a three-stage, pilot-scale  EIMCO
Biolift™ reactor system supplied by the EIMCO
Process Equipment Company.  The Applications
Analysis Report  (EPA/540/A5-91/003) and the
Technology  Evaluation  Report   Volume  I
(EPA/540/5-9 l/003a)    and    Volume    II
(EPA/540/5-91/003b and EPA/540/5-91/003c) are
available from EPA.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

Key findings from the BioTrol demonstration are
summarized below:

  •   Feed   soil  (dry   weight  basis)   was
     successfully separated into 83  percent
     washed soil, 10 percent woody residues,
     and 7  percent fines.   The washed soil
     retained about 10 percent of the feed soil
     contamination;  90  percent  of   this
     contamination was contained within the
     woody residues, fines, and process wastes.
     The multistage scrubbing circuit removed
     up to 89 percent PCP and 88 percent total
     PAHs, based  on the difference between
     concentration levels in the  contaminated
     (wet) feed soil and the washed soil.
     The  scrubbing circuit degraded up to
     94  percent PCP  in the process water
     during soil washing. PAH removal could
     not be determined because of low  influent
     concentrations.
     The  cost of  a commercial-scale  soil
     washing system, assuming use of all three
     technologies   (soil   washing,    water
     treatment,  and fines  treatment),   was
     estimated to be $168 per ton. Incineration
     of woody material accounts for 76 percent
     of the cost.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Dennis Chilcote
BioTrol
10300 Valley View Road, Suite 107
Eden Prairie, MN 55344-3456
612-942-8032
Fax: 612-942-8526
                                  The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                  Page 47

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 Technology Profile
                     DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
        BRICE ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES CORPORATION
                                    (Soil Washing Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

Brice Environmental Services Corporation (Brice)
developed a soil washing process that removes
particulate metal contamination from soil.  The
process has been successfully coupled with acid
leaching processes developed by Brice and others
for the removal of ionic metal salts and metal
coatings from soil.  The Brice soil washing process
is modular and uses components specifically suited
to site soil conditions and  cleanup standards.
Component requirements and anticipated cleanup
levels attainable with the process are determined
during treatability  testing at Brice's Fairbanks,
Alaska facility laboratory. The process is designed
to recirculate wash water and leachate solutions.
               Particulate metal contaminants removed from soil,
               and metals recovered from the leaching system (if
               used), are recycled at a smelting facility. Instead of
               stabilizing the metals  in place or placing the
               materials  in  a  landfill,  the  Brice  technology
               removes metal contaminants from the soil, thereby
               eliminating the health hazard associated with heavy
               metal contamination.
               WASTE APPLICABILITY:

               The Brice soil washing process treats soils con-
               taminated with heavy metals.  Typical materials
               suited for treatment with the technology include
               soils at small arm ranges, ammunition
                                 Brice  soil Washing  Plant
 Page 42
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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                                                                                  February 1999
                                                                                 Completed Project
manufacturing and testing facilities, foundry sites,
and sites used for lead-acid battery recycling.

STATUS:

The Brice soil washing process was accepted into
the SITE Demonstration Program in winter 1991.
Under  the   program,  the  technology  was
demonstrated in late  summer  1992 on lead-
contaminated  soil  at  the  Alaskan  Battery
Enterprises (ABE)  Superfund site in Fairbanks,
Alaska.       The    Demonstration   Bulletin
(EPA/540/MR-93/503)   and  the  Applications
Analysis  Report   (EPA/540/A5-93/503)   are
available from EPA.

A Brice soil washing plant was operated in New
Brighton, Minnesota for 9 months at Twin Cities
Army   Ammunition  Plant  (TCAAP   -  see
photograph)   to   process   20,000   tons   of
contaminated soil.  The wash plant was used in
conjunction with a  leaching  plant (operated by a
separate  developer) that removed  ionic  lead
following particulate metal removal.

During  Fall 1996,  Brice   performed   a soil
washing/soil leaching technology demonstration at
a small  arms range at Fort Polk, Louisiana. The
process implemented physical separation of bullet
and  bullet  fragments  from  soil particles, and
included a leaching step for removing residual
ionic lead.   A  total of 835 tons of soil were
processed during  this demonstration, and  all
demonstration goals were  met  with no soil
requiring reprocessing.

In August 1998, Brice  completed a full-scale  soil
washing operation at the Marine Corps Air Ground
Combat Cebter  in  Twentynin Plams, California.
This operation involved processing about  12,000
tons of soil at a small arms firing range.

Several  successful  demonstrations of the pilot-
scale unit have been conducted. The results from
the SITE demonstration have been published in a
Technology   Evaluation  Report  (EPA/5 40/5-
91/006a), entitled "Design and Development of a
Pilot-Scale Debris Decontamination System" and
in  a  Technology Demonstration   Summary
(EPA/540/S5-91/006).
EPA developed  a  full-scale unit  with ancillary
equipment mounted on three 48-foot flatbed semi-
trailers.    EPA  is  expecting  to  formalize a
nonexclusive   licensing  agreement   for   the
equipment  in   late   1998  to   increase   the
technology's use  in treating contaminated debris.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

The demonstration  at the ABE site consisted of
three test runs of five hours each, with 48 tons of
soil  processed.    Feed  soils  averaged  4,500
milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg) and the separated
soil fines fraction averaged 13,00 mg/kg. On-line
reliability was 92 percent, and all processed gravel
passed TCLP testing.  Battery casing removal
efficiencies during the three runs were 94 percent,
100 percent and 90 percent.

The results  for the  demonstration at the TCAAP
site indicated that the Brice technology reduced the
lead load to the leaching process from 39 percent to
53 percent.  Soil was continuously processed at a
rate of 12 to 15 tons per hour.

Results of the Fort Polk demonstration indicate that
the technology reduced lead from firing range soils
by 97 percent.  All soil processed  was below the
demonstration goals of 500 mg/kg total lead and 5
milligrams per liter (mg/L) TCLP lead.  Average
results for all processed soil were 156 mg/kg total
lead and 2.1 mg/L  TCLP lead.  Processing rates
ranged from 6 to  12 tons per our hour.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Craig Jones
Brice Environmental Services Corporation
3200 Shell Street
P.O. Box 73520
Fairbanks, AK 99707
907-456-1955
Fax: 907-452-5018
                                   The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                     approve or endorse technologies.
                                   Page 43

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 Technology Profile
                      DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                            BWX TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
                   (an affiliate of BABCOCK & wlLCOX CO.)
                                        (Cyclone Furnace)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The Babcock & Wilcox Co. (Babcock & Wilcox)
cyclone furnace is designed to combust coal with
high  inorganic content  (high-ash).   Through
cofiring,  the  cyclone   furnace  can   also
accommodate   highly    contaminated   wastes
containing heavy metals and organics in soil or
sludge.  High heat-release rates  of 45,000 British
thermal units (Btu) per cubic foot of coal and high
turbulence in cyclones ensures the high tempera-
tures required for melting the high-ash  fuels and
combusting the organics.  The inert ash exits the
cyclone furnace as a vitrified slag.

The  pilot-scale cyclone furnace, shown in the
figure  below,  is  a  water cooled,  scaled-down
version of a commercial coal-fired cyclone with a
restricted exit (throat). The furnace geometry is a
horizontal cylinder (barrel).
                cyclone burner. For dry soil processing, the soil
                matrix and natural gas enter tangentially along the
                cyclone furnace barrel. For wet soil processing, an
                atomizer uses  compressed air to spray the soil
                slurry directly into the furnace. The soil or sludge
                and  inorganics are  captured and  melted,  and
                organics are destroyed in the gas phase or in the
                molten slag layer. This slag layer is formed and re-
                tained on the furnace barrel  wall by centrifugal
                action.

                The soil melts, exits the cyclone furnace from the
                tap at the cyclone throat, and drops  into a water-
                filled slag  tank  where  it solidifies.   A  small
                quantity of soil also exits as fly ash  with the flue
                gas from the furnace and is collected in a baghouse.
                In principle, this fly  ash can be recycled to the
                furnace to increase metal capture and to minimize
                the volume  of the potentially  hazardous  waste
                stream.
Natural gas and preheated combustion air are
heated to 820 °F and enter tangentially into the
                The  energy requirements for vitrification are
                15,000 Btu per pound of soil treated.  The cyclone
                                        COMBUSTION
                                            AIR
                      INSIDE FURI
                           NATURAL GAS
                            INJECTORS
                                                                  NATURAL GAS

                                                                   SOIL INJECTOR
                                                          V
                                                          CYCLONE
                                                          BARREL
                                               SLAG
                                            QUENCHING
                                               TANK
                                           Cyclone Furnace
 Page 44
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                                  February 1999
                                                                                Completed Project
furnace can be operated with gas, oil, or coal as the
supplemental fuel. If the waste is high in organic
content, it may also supply a significant portion of
the required fuel heat input.

Particulates  are captured  by a  baghouse.   To
maximize the capture of particulate metals, a heat
exchanger is used to  cool the  stack gases to
approximately 200  °F before  they  enter  the
baghouse.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The cyclone furnace can treat highly contaminated
hazardous wastes, sludges, and soils that contain
heavy metals and organic constituents.  The wastes
may be solid, a soil slurry (wet soil), or liquids.  To
be treated in the cyclone furnace, the ash or solid
matrix must melt (with or without additives) and
flow at cyclone furnace temperatures (2,400 to
3,000 °F).  Because the furnace captures heavy
metals in the slag and renders them nonleachable,
it is particularly suited to soils that contain lower-
volatility radionuclides such as  strontium and
transuranics.

Based on results from the  Emerging Technology
Program, the cyclone  furnace  technology was
accepted  into the SITE  Demonstration Program in
August  1991.   A demonstration occurred in
November  1991  at  the developer's  facility in
Alliance, Ohio.   The process was demonstrated
using an  EPA-supplied, wet synthetic soil matrix
(SSM) spiked with heavy metals (lead, cadmium,
and   chromium),  organics  (anthracene   and
dimethylphthalate), and simulated radionuclides
(bismuth, strontium, and zirconium).  Results from
the demonstrations have been published in  the
Applications       Analysis      Report
(EPA/520/AR-92/017) and Technology Evaluation
Report, Volumes  1 and 2 (EPA/5 04/R-92/017A
and EPA/540/R-92/017B);  these documents  are
available from EPA.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

Vitrified slag teachabilities for the heavy metals
met EPA toxicity characteristic leaching procedure
(TCLP) limits.  TCLP leachabilities were 0.29
milligram per liter (mg/L) for lead, 0.12 mg/L
for cadmium, and 0.30  mg/L  for chromium.
Almost 95 percent of the noncombustible SSM was
incorporated into the slag. Greater than 75 percent
of the chromium, 88 percent of the strontium, and
97 percent of the zirconium were captured in the
slag. Dry weight volume was reduced 28 percent.
Destruction   and   removal   efficiencies  for
anthracene and dimethylphthalate were greater than
99.997 percent and 99.998 percent,  respectively.
Stack particulates were  0.001  grain  per  dry
standard cubic foot (gr/dscf) at 7 percent oxygen,
which  was below the  Resource  Conservation
Recovery Act limit of 0.08 gr/dscf effective until
May 1993.  Carbon monoxide  and total  hydro-
carbons in the flue gas were 6.0 parts per million
(ppm) and 8.3 ppm, respectively.

An independent cost  analysis was performed as
part  of the SITE  demonstration.   The  cost to
remediate 20,000 tons of contaminated soil using a
3.3-ton-per-hourunit was estimated at $465 per ton
if the unit is on line 80 percent of the time, and
$529 per ton if the  unit is on line 60 percent of the
time.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Laurel Staley
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
  Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7863  Fax:513-569-7105

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Evans Reynolds
BWX Technologies, Inc., an affiliate of
  Babcock & Wilcox Co.
Mt. Athos Rd., Route 726
Lynchburg, VA 24506-0598
804-522-6723  Fax: 804-522-6650
                                          Bologies.
                                   Page 45

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 Technology Profile
                      DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
  CALGON CARBON ADVANCED OXIDATION TECHNOLOGIES
                  (formerly VULCAN PEROXIDATION SYSTEMS, INC.)
                       (perox-pure™ Chemical Oxidation Technology)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The perox-pure™ treatment system is designed to
destroy  dissolved  organic  contaminants   in
ground-water or wastewater  with  an advanced
chemical oxidation  process that uses ultraviolet
(UV) radiation and hydrogen peroxide.

In the process, proprietary high-powered, medium-
pressure lamps emit high-energy  UV  radiation
through  a  quartz sleeve  into the  contaminated
water.   Hydrogen  peroxide  is  added to the
contaminated water and is activated by the UV
light to  form oxidizing species called  hydroxyl
radicals:

H2O2 + UV -> 2(-OH)

The hydroxyl radical then reacts with the dissolved
contaminants,  initiating  a  rapid  cascade   of
oxidation reactions that ultimately  fully oxidize
(mineralize) the contaminants.  The success of the
process is based on the fact that the  rate constants
                for the reaction of -OH radicals with most organic
                pollutants are very high.  The hydroxyl radical
                typically reacts a million to a billion times faster
                than  chemical  oxidants  such as  ozone and
                hydrogen peroxide.   In addition,  many organic
                contminants (e.g. PCE) undergo a change in their
                chemical structure by the direct absorption of UV
                light   in the UV-C  spectral range emitted by
                Calgon Carbon Corporation's proprietary medium-
                pressure UV lamps.

                WASTE APPLICABILITY:

                The perox-pure™ technology treats groundwater
                and  wastewater contaminated with chlorinated
                solvents, pesticides,  polychlorinated biphenyls,
                phenolics, ethers, fuel hydrocarbons, and other
                organic  compounds.     It  is   effective  on
                concentrations ranging from low parts per billion to
                several hundred parts per million (ppm).  In certain
                instances,  when  used  in  conjunction  with
                photocatalysts,   it  can  be  competitive  for
                contaminated waters at concentrations of several
                                     perox-pure™ Model SSB-30
 Page 46
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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                                                                                 February 1999
                                                                               Completed Project
thousand parts per million (ppm). In some cases,
the combination of the perox-pure™ technology
with activated carbon, air stripping, or biological
treatment  will  provide  a more  economical
approach than would be obtained by using only one
technology.

STATUS:

The perox-pure™ technology was accepted into
the SITE Demonstration Program in April 1991. A
Model SSB-30 (see photograph on previous page)
was  demonstrated  in  September  1992  at the
Lawrence   Livermore   National   Laboratory
Superfund site in Altamont Hills, California. The
purpose of this demonstration was to measure how
well  the  perox-pure™  technology  removed
volatile  organic compounds from contaminated
groundwater at the site.  The Demonstration
Bulletin   (EPA/540/MR-93/501),   Technology
Demonstration Summary (EPA/540/SR-93/501),
Applications      Analysis     Report
(EPA/540/AR-93/501),     and      Technology
Evaluation  Report   (EPA/540/R-93/501)  are
available from EPA.

This technology has been successfully applied to
over  250  sites  throughout  the United  States,
Canada, the Far East, and Europe. The treat-ment
units  at these  sites  have treated contaminated
groundwater, industrial wastewater, contaminated
drinking water, landfill  leachates, and  industrial
reuse streams (process waters).   Equipment
treatment  rates  range  from several gallons to
several thousand gallons per minute.

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

Operating  parameters for the treatment  system
were varied during the demonstration.  Three
reproducibility  tests  were  performed  at  the
optimum  operating  conditions,  which were
selected from the initial test runs.

In most cases, the perox-pure™ technology
reduced   trichloroethene,   tetrachloroethene,
chloroform, trichloroethane, and dichloroethane to
below analytical detection limits. For each organic
contaminant,   the  perox-pure™  technology
complied with California action levels and federal
drinking water maximum contaminant levels at the
95 percent confidence level.  The quartz sleeve
wipers  effectively cleaned  the  sleeves  and
eliminated the interference caused by tube scaling.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Norma Lewis
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
  Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7665
Fax: 513-569-7787

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Bertrand Dussert
Calgon Carbon Advanced Oxidation
Technologies
500 Calgon Carbon Drive
Pittsburgh, PA  15205
412-787-6681
Fax: 412-787-6682
E-mail: Dussert@calgcarb.com
                                  The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                  Page 47

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 Technology Profile
                      DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                           CF SYSTEMS  CORPORATION
                   (Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction [LG-SX] Technology)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The  CF  Systems Corporation  (CF  Systems)
liquified  gas   solvent  extraction   (LG-SX)
technology uses liquified gas solvents to extract
organics from  soils,  sludges,  sediments,  and
wastewaters.    Gases, when  liquified under
pressure, have unique physical properties  that
enhance their use as solvents. The low viscosities,
densities, and surface tensions of these gases  result
in significantly higher rates of extraction compared
to conventional liquid  solvents. These  enhanced
physical properties also accelerate treated water's
gravity settling rate following extraction.  Due to
their high volatility, gases are also easily recovered
from the  suspended  solids  matrix,  minimizing
solvent losses.

Liquified propane solvent is typically used to treat
soils,  sludges, and sediments,  while liquified
carbon  dioxide   is  typically  used  to  treat
wastewater.  The extraction  system uses a batch
extractor-decanter design for solids and sludges
and a continuous trayed tower design for waste-
waters and low-solids wastes.
                Contaminated solids, slurries, or wastewaters are
                fed into the extraction system along with solvent
                (see figure below). After the solvent and organics
                are separated from the treated feed, the solvent and
                organic mixture  passes to the  solvent recovery
                system. Once in the solvent recovery system, the
                solvent is vaporized and recycled as fresh solvent.
                The organics are drawn off and either reused or
                disposed of. Treated feed is discharged from the
                extraction system as a slurry. The slurry is filtered
                and dewatered. The reclaimed water is recycled to
                the extraction system and the filter cake is sent for
                disposal or reused.

                WASTE APPLICABILITY:

                The LG-SX technology can be applied to soils and
                sludges  containing volatile  and  semivolatile
                organic compounds and other higher boiling point
                complex organics, such as polynuclear aromatic
                hydrocarbons (PAFf), polychlorinated biphenyls
                (PCB), dioxins, and pentachlorophenol (PCP). This
                process  can  also treat  refinery  wastes  and
                wastewater contaminated with organics.
                                                                        RECOVERED
                                                                         ORGANICS
                                                                                 TREATED CAKE
                                                                                 TO DISPOSAL
                        Liquified Gas Solvent Extraction (LG-SX) Technology
 Page 48
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                                  February 1999
                                                                                Completed Project
STATUS:

This technology was  accepted  into the  SITE
Demonstration Program in 1988.  Under the SITE
Program, a pilot-scale mobile demonstration unit
was  tested in September  1988 on  PCB-laden
sediments  from  the  New  Bedford  Harbor
Superfund  site   in  Massachusetts.     PCB
concentrations in the harbor sediment ranged from
300 parts per million (ppm) to 2,500 ppm.  The
Technology      Evaluation      Report
(EPA/540/5-90/002) and the Applications Analysis
Report (EPA/540/A5-90/002) are available from
EPA.

A pilot-scale treatability study was completed on
PCB-contaminated   soil   from  a   Michigan
Superfund site.  Analytical data showed that the
treatment reduced PCB levels to below 5 parts per
million (ppm), representing a 98 percent removal
efficiency  for  this   waste.   A  Project
Summary (EPA/540/SR-95/505),  which
details results from this work, is available from
EPA.

CF Systems completed the first commercial on-site
treatment  operation at Star  Enterprise  in  Port
Arthur,  Texas.    The propane-based  solvent
extraction unit processed listed refinery  K- and
F-wastes, producing Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act treated solids that met EPA land-ban
requirements.  The unit operated continuously from
March 1991 to March 1992 and was on-line more
than 90 percent of the time.  Following heavy
metals fixation, the treated solids were disposed of
in a Class I landfill.

Effective   mid-1998,    Morrison   Knudsen
Corporation,  owner  of  CF  Environmental
Corporation,  has   terminated  research   and
development of the LG-SX program, and no longer
actively markets the technology.

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

This technology was demonstrated concurrently
with dredging studies managed by the U.S. Army
Corps of Engineers. Contaminated sediments were
treated by the LG-SX   technology,  using  a
liquified propane and  butane  mixture as the
extraction solvent. The demonstration at the New
Bedford site yielded the following results:

  •    Extraction   efficiencies   were  90  to
      98 percent for sediments containing PCBs
      between 360  and  2,575 ppm.   PCB
      concentrations were as low as 8 ppm in the
      treated sediment.
      Volatile  and  semivolatile  organics  in
      aqueous and  semisolid   wastes  were
      extracted with 99.9 percent efficiency.
  •    Operating  problems  included  solids
      retention in the system  hardware and
      foaming in receiving tanks.  The problems
      were corrected in the full-scale operations
      at Star Enterprise.
      Projected  costs for PCB cleanup were
      estimated at  $150 to  $450  per  ton,
      including material handling and pre- and
      posttreatment  costs.  These costs are
      highly dependent on the utilization factor
      and job size, which may result in lower
      costs for large cleanups.

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Mark Meckes
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
  Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7348
Fax: 513-569-7328

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
V.M. Poxleitner
Morrison Knudsen Corporation
P.O. Box 73
Boise, ID 83729
208-386-5361
                                  The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                     approve or endorse technologies.
                                   Page 49

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 Technology Profile
                       DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                        CHEMFIX TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
                                 (Solidification and Stabilization)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

In this  solidification and stabilization process,
pozzolanic materials react with polyvalent metal
ions and other waste components to produce a
chemically and physically stable solid material.
Optional  binders  and  reagents  may  include
soluble  silicates, carbonates, phosphates,  and
borates. The end product may be similar to a clay-
like soil, depending on the characteristics of the
raw waste and the properties desired in the end
product.

The   figure   below  illustrates   the   Chemfix
Technologies,  Inc. (Chemfix), process.  Typically,
the waste is first blended in a reaction vessel with
pozzolanic  materials  that   contain   calcium
hydroxide. This blend is then dispersed throughout
an aqueous phase.  The reagents react with one
another and with toxic metal ions, forming  both
anionic and cationic metal complexes. Pozzolanics
that accelerate and other reagents that precipitate
metals can be added before or after the dry binder
is initially mixed with the waste.
                When a water soluble silicate reacts with the waste
                and the pozzolanic binder system, colloidal silicate
                gel strengths are increased within the binder-waste
                matrix, helping to bind polyvalent metal cations. A
                large percentage of the heavy metals become part
                of the calcium  silicate and aluminate colloidal
                structures formed by the pozzolans and calcium
                hydroxide.   Some of the metals, such as  lead,
                adsorb to the surface of the pozzolanic structures.
                The entire pozzolanic matrix, when physically
                cured, decreases toxic metal mobility by reducing
                the incursion of leaching liquids into and out of the
                stabilized matrices.

                WASTE APPLICABILITY:

                This process is suitable  for contaminated  soils,
                sludges, ashes, and other solid wastes.  The process
                is particularly applicable to electroplating sludges,
                electric arc furnace dust, heavy metal contaminated
                soils, oil field drilling muds and cuttings, municipal
                sewage sludges, and residuals from other treatment
                processes.  This process  effectively treats heavy
                metals, such as antimony,  arsenic, lead, cadmium,
                hexavalent chromium,
             REAGENT TRUCK.
              UNLOADING  }
             REAGENT TRUCK
              UNLOADING
              WASTE INPUT
             WATER SUPPLY)
             REAGENT TRUCKS
              UNLOADING /
                                                                               TO CONTAINMENT AREA
                                                                      TRANSFER PUMP
                                         Process Flow Diagram
 Page 50
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                                 February 1999
                                                                               Completed Project
mercury, copper, and  zinc.   In  addition, when
combined with specialized binders and additives,
this process can stabilize low-level nuclear wastes.
With modifications, the system may be applied to
wastes containing between  10 to 100  percent
solids.

STATUS:

The solidification and  stabilization process was
accepted into the SITE Demonstration Program in
1988.  The process was demonstrated in March
1989 at the Portable Equipment Salvage Company
site in Clackamas, Oregon.   The Technology
Evaluation Report (EPA/5 40/5-8 9/011 a) and the
Applications      Analysis     Report
(EPA/540/A5-89/011) are available from EPA.

In addition, several full-scale remediation projects
have been completed since 1977, including a 1991
high solids CHEMSET® reagent protocol designed
by  Chemfix  to  treat  30,000 cubic yards  of
hexavalent  chromium-contaminated, high solids
waste.  The average chromium level after treatment
was less than 0.15  milligram per liter and met
toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP)
criteria. The final product permeability was less
than 1 x 10"6 centimeters per second (cm/sec).

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

The demonstration yielded the following results:

  •    The technology effectively reduced copper
      and lead concentrations in the wastes. The
      concentrations in the TCLP extracts from
      the treated wastes were 94  to 99 percent
      less than those from the untreated wastes.
      Total lead concentrations in the untreated
      waste approached 14 percent.
  •  The volume of excavated waste material
     increased between 20 and 50 percent after
     treatment.
  •  During  the  durability tests, the treated
     wastes showed little  or no weight loss
     after 12 cycles of welting and drying or
     freezing and thawing.
  •  The unconfmed compressive strength of
     the  wastes  varied  between  27  and
     307 pounds per square inch after 28 days.
     Hydraulic  conductivity of the  treated
     material ranged between 1  x 10"6 cm/sec
     and 6.4 x 10"7 cm/sec.
     Air monitoring data suggest there was no
     significant     volatilization      of
     polychlorinated  biphenyls  during the
     treatment process.
  •  Treatment costs were approximately $73
     per ton, including mobilization,  labor,
     reagents, and demobilization, but  not
     disposal.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Edwin Barth
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management  Research
  Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7669
Fax:513-569-7585

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
David Donaldson
Chemfix Technologies, Inc.
3500 North Causeway Boulevard
Suite 720
Metairie, LA 70002
504-831-3600
Fax: 504-833-4615
                                  The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                   Page 51

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Technology Profile
           EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
     CENTER FOR HAZARDOUS MATERIALS RESEARCH
                          (Acid Extraction Treatment System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The acid extraction treatment system (AETS) uses
hydrochloric  acid  to  extract  heavy  metal
contaminants from soils. Following treatment, the
clean soil may be returned to the site or used as
fill.

A simplified block flow diagram of the AETS is
shown below. First, soils are screened to remove
coarse solids.  These solids, typically greater than
4 millimeters in size, are relatively clean and
require at most  a simple rinse with water  or
detergent to remove smaller attached particles.

After coarse particle removal, the remaining soil
is scrubbed in an attrition scrubber to break  up
agglomerates and cleanse surfaces. Hydrochloric
acid is  then introduced into  the  soil in  the
extraction unit.   The  residence time in the unit
varies depending on the soil type, contaminants,
and  contaminant concentrations,  but generally
ranges  between  10 and 40 minutes. The soil-
extractant mixture is continuously pumped out of
the  mixing tank, and  the soil and extractant are
separated using hydrocyclones.

When  extraction is  complete, the  solids  are
transferred to the rinse system.  The soils are
rinsed with water to remove entrained acid and
metals. The extraction solution and rinse waters
are  regenerated using a  proprietary technology
that removes the metals and reforms the acid. The
heavy  metals  are  concentrated  in  a form
potentially suitable for recovery.  During the final
step, the soils are mixed with lime and
                 fertilizer to neutralize any residual acid.  No
                 wastewater streams are generated by the process.

                 WASTE APPLICABILITY:

                 The main application of AETS is extraction of
                 heavy metals from soils. The system has been
                 tested using a variety of soils containing one or
                 more  of the  following:   arsenic, cadmium,
                 chromium, copper, lead, nickel, and zinc.  The
                 treatment capacity is expected to range up to 30
                 tons per hour.  AETS can treat all soil fractions,
                 including fines.

                 The major residuals from AETS treatment include
                 the cleaned soil, which is suitable for fill or for
                 return to the site, and the heavy metal concentrate.
                 Depending on the concentration of heavy metals,
                 the mixtures of heavy metals found at the  site, and
                 the  presence  of other compounds  (calcium,
                 sodium) with the metals, heavy metals  may be
                 reclaimed from the concentrate.

                 STATUS:

                 Under  the Emerging  Technology  Program,
                 laboratory-scale  and bench-scale tests  were
                 conducted to develop the AETS technology. The
                 bench-scale pilot system was constructed to
                 process between 20 and 100 kilograms of soil per
                 hour. Five soils were tested, including  an EPA
                 synthetic soil matrix (SSM) and soils from four
                 Superfund  sites, including  NL   Industries in
                 Pedricktown, New Jersey; King of Prussia site in
                 Winslow Township, New Jersey; a smelter site in
                 Butte, Montana; and Palmerton Zinc site in
               CO NT AM I MAT ED
                    SON-	
                                  SCREENING
               MAKE-UP
                 ACID
               RINSE
               WATER
                                 EXTRACTION
                                                           COARSE SOU-
                                                            PARTICLES
                                                  REGENERATED ACID
1
	 —| RINSE
1

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                                                                                  February 1999
                                                                                 Completed Project
Palmerton, Pennsylvania. These soils contained
elevated concentrations of some  or all of the
following:  arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper,
lead, nickel, and zinc. The table below summarizes soil
treatability  results based on the EPA Resource
Conservation  and   Recovery  Act  (RCRA)
hazardous  waste  requirements  for  toxicity
characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) and the
California    standards    for    total    metal
concentrations.   The   Emerging  Technology
Report   (EPA/540/R-94/513)   and   Emerging
Technology Summary (EPA/540/SR-94/513) are
available from EPA.

The results of the study are summarized below:

   •   AETS can treat a wide range of soils
      containing a wide range of heavy metals
      to reduce the  TCLP below the RCRA
      limit.  AETS can also reduce  the total
      metals   concentrations   below   the
      California-mandated   total    metals
      limitations.
   •   In most cases, AETS can treat the entire
      soil, without separate stabilization and
      disposal for fines or clay particles, to the
      required TCLP and total  metal limits.
      The only exception was the SSM, which
      may  require separate stabilization and
      disposal  of 20 percent of the soil to
      reduce the total TCLP lead concentrations
      appropriately.        However,    AETS
      successfully  treated  arsenic,  cadmium,
      chromium, copper, nickel, and zinc in the
      soil.
   •   Treatment costs under expected process
      conditions range from $100 to $180 per
      cubic yard of soil, depending on the site
      size,   soil  types,  and  contaminant
      concentrations. Operating costs ranged
      from $50 to $80 per cubic yard.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
George Moore
U.S. EPA
National  Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7991
Fax:513-569-7276

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Stephen Paff
Center for Hazardous Materials Research
3 20 William Pitt Way
Pittsburgh, PA  15238
412-826-5321, ext. 233
Fax: 412-826-5552

Metal
As
Cd
Cr
Cu
Nl
Pb
Zn
Soil
SSM
*,T,L
* -j-
*,T,L
* T T
,l,lj
*,T,L
*
*.T.L
Butte
*,T,L


*,T,L

*,T,L
*,T,L
King of Prussia


*,T,L
*,T,L
*,T,L


Pedricktown


*,T,L


*,T,L
*,T,L
Palmerton

*,T,L

*,T,L

*,T,L
*,T,L
            Key:  * —Metal is present in that soil
                 T — Successful treatment for total metals
                 L — Reduction in leachability to below standards
     Boldface and larger font indicates high initial metals
     concentration (at least double the regulatory standards)
                                  The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                   Page 31

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Technology Profile
           EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
     CENTER FOR HAZARDOUS MATERIALS RESEARCH
                   (Organics Destruction and Metals Stabilization)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

This technology is designed to destroy hazardous
organics in soils while simultaneously stabilizing
metals and metal ions  (see figure below).  The
technology causes contaminated liquids, soils, and
sludges to react with elemental sulfur at elevated
temperatures. All organic compounds react with
sulfur. Hydrocarbons are converted to an inert
carbon-sulfur powdered residue and hydrogen
sulfide gas; treated chlorinated
                hydrocarbons also produce hydrochloric acid gas.
                These acid gases are recovered from the off-gases.
                The  hydrogen  sulfide  is  oxidized   in   a
                conventional acid gas treating unit (such as ARI
                Technologies LO-CAT™), recovering the sulfur
                for reuse.

                In addition to destroying organic compounds, the
                technology converts  heavy  metals  to sulfides,
                which are rendered less leachable.  If required,
                the sulfides can be further stabilized before
                                                 Treated
                                                  Gas
                 Makeup
                 Sulfur
                         LO-CAT-n
                    Recovered Sulfur
                  Sulfur

                  Feed
                  Soil -
             Vapor
            Section
                                             Reactor
           Preheater
            Section
                             Salts    Water
Treated
 Soil
                               Organics Destruction and Metals Stabilization
Page 32
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                                 February 1999
                                                                                Completed Project
disposal. Thus, heavy metals can be stabilized in
the same process step as the organics destruction.
The  technology's  main  process  components
consist of the following:

   •  A prereaction mixer where the solid and
     reagent are mixed
   •  An indirectly heated, enclosed reactor
     that includes a preheater section to drive
     off water, and two  integrated reactor
     sections to react  liquid sulfur with the
     solids and further react desorbed organic
     compounds with vapor-phase sulfur
   •  An  acid  gas treatment  system  that
     removes the acid gases  and recovers
     sulfur by oxidizing the hydrogen sulfide
   •  A treated solids  processing  unit that
     recovers excess reagent and prepares the
     treated product to comply with on-site
     disposal requirements

Initial pilot-scale testing of the technology  has
demonstrated that organic  contaminants can be
destroyed in the  vapor phase  with elemental
sulfur.   Tetrachloroethene, trichloroethene, and
polychlorinated  biphenyls were  among   the
organic compounds destroyed.

Batch  treatability  tests of contaminated  soil
mixtures have demonstrated organics destruction
and  immobilization of various heavy  metals.
Immobilization of heavy metals is determined by
the  concentration  of  the  metals  in  leachate
compared to  EPA toxicity characteristic leaching
procedure (TCLP) regulatory limits. Following
treatment, cadmium, copper, lead, nickel, and zinc
were significantly  reduced compared to TCLP
values.  In treatability tests with approximately
700 parts per million of Aroclor 1260, destruction
levels of 99.0 to 99.95 percent were achieved.
Destruction  of a pesticide, malathion, was  also
demonstrated. The process was also demonstrated
to be effective  on soil from manufactured  gas
plants, containing a wide range of polynuclear
aromatics.
The  current tests are providing a more detailed
definition  of   the   process  limits,   metal
concentrations,  and  soil  types  required  for
stabilization of various heavy metals to meet the
limits specified by TCLP.  In addition, several
process enhancements  are  being  evaluated to
expand the range of applicability.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The  technology  is  applicable  to soils  and
sediments contaminated with both organics and
heavy metals.

STATUS:

This technology was accepted into the  SITE
Emerging Technology Program in January 1993.
Bench-scale  testing in  batch  reactors  was
completed in 1993. The pilot-scale program was
directed at integrating the process concepts and
obtaining process data in a continuous unit. The
program was completed in 1995 and the Emerging
Technology Report will be available in 1997.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Randy Parker
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH  45268
513-569-7271
Fax: 513-569-7571

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Stephen Paff
Center for Hazardous Materials Research
320 William Pitt Way
Pittsburgh, PA  15238
412-826-5321, ext. 233
Fax: 412-826-5552
                                  The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                  Page 33

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Technology Profile
           EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                                    COGNIS, INC.
                             (Biological/Chemical Treatment)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The COGNIS, Inc. biological/chemical treatment
is a two-stage process that treats soils, sediments,
and other media contaminated with metals and
organics.   Metals  are  first removed from  the
contaminated matrix by a chemical leaching
process.    Organics  are  then  removed  by
bioremediation.

Although metals removal usually occurs in the
first stage, bioremediation may be performed first
if  organic contamination  levels  are found  to
inhibit   the   metals   extraction   process.
Bioremediation is  more effective if the metal
concentrations in the soil are sufficiently low so
as  not to inhibit microbial activity.  However,
even  in  the presence  of  inhibitory metal
concentrations,  a microbe  population may be
enriched to perform the necessary bioremediation.

Soil handling requirements for both  stages are
similar, so unit operations are fully reversible.
                 The final treatment products are a recovered metal
                 or metal salt, biodegraded organic compounds,
                 and clean soil.  Contaminated soil is first exposed
                 to a leachant solution and classified by particle
                 size (see figure below).  Size classification allows
                 oversized  rock, gravel, and  sand to be quickly
                 cleaned and separated  from the sediment fines
                 (such as silt, clay, and humus), which require
                 longer  leaching  times.    Typically,  organic
                 pollutants are also attached to the fines.

                 After dissolution of the metal compounds, metal
                 ions such as zinc, lead, and cadmium are removed
                 from the aqueous leachate by liquid ion exchange,
                 resin ion exchange, or reduction.  At this point,
                 the aqueous  leaching solution is freed of metals
                 and can be reused to leach additional metal from
                 the contaminated soil.  If an extraction agent is
                 used,  it is later stripped of the bound metal and
                 the agent is fully  regenerated and recycled.
                 Heavy metals  are   recovered  in a  saleable,
                 concentrated form as solid metal or a metal salt.
                 The method of metals recovery
         Contaminated
          Soil 	1
                                                          Leachant Recycle
 Clay/Humus
                                   Leachant Slurry
<

Le
r
jch
Leachate k
1


Metal
Recovery
                                                 > Metal
                Bioremediation
                                                Water Cycle
                                                             Carbon Dioxide

                             Metal Leaching and Bioremediation Process
Page 34
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                                 February 1999
                                                                               Completed Project
depends  on  the  metals  present  and  their
concentrations.

After metals extraction is complete, the "mud"
slurry  settles and is neutralized.   Liquids are
returned to the classifier, and the partially treated
soil  is  transferred  to  a slurry  bioreactor,  a
slurry-phase treatment lagoon, or a closed land
treatment cell for bioremediation.  The soil and
the residual leachate solution  are treated to
maximize contaminant biodegradation. Nutrients
are added to support microbial growth, and the
most readily biodegradable  organic compounds
are aerobically degraded.

Bench-scale tests indicate that this process can
remediate a variety of heavy metals and organic
pollutants.   The  combined  process is  less
expensive than  separate metals removal  and
organic remediation.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

This remediation process  is intended to treat
combined-waste  soils contaminated by  heavy
metals and organic compounds.  The process can
treat contaminants including lead, cadmium, zinc,
and copper, as well as petroleum hydrocarbons
and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons that are
subject to aerobic microbial degradation. The
combined process can also be modified to extract
mercury and other metals, and to degrade more
recalcitrant halogenated hydrocarbons.
STATUS:

This remediation process was accepted into the
SITE Emerging Technology Program in August
1992.   Bench- and  pilot-scale testing of the
bioremediation process is complete.  A full-scale
field test of the metals  extraction process was
completed under the Demonstration Program. For
further information on the full-scale process, refer
to the  profile in the Demonstration Program
section.

This remediation process is no longer available
through COGNIS, Inc.  For further information
about the  process,  contact the EPA  Project
Manager.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Steven Rock
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati,  OH 45208
513-569-7149
Fax:513-569-7105
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                  Page 35

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 Technology Profile
                       DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                                         COGNIS, INC.
                            (TERRAMET® Soil Remediation System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The COGNIS, Inc.  (COGNIS), TERRAMET® soil
remediation system leaches and recovers lead and
other metals from contaminated soil, dust, sludge,
or sediment. The system uses a patented aqueous
leachant that is optimized through treatability tests
for the soil and the target contaminant.   The
TERRAMET® system can treat most types of lead
contamination, including metallic lead and lead
salts and oxides.  The lead compounds are often
tightly bound by fine soil constituents such as clay,
manganese and iron oxides, and humus.

The  figure  below  illustrates  the process.  A
pretreatment,  physical  separation  stage  may
involve dry screening to remove gross oversized
material. The soil can be separated into oversized
(gravel), sand, and  fine (silt,  clay, and humus)
fractions.  Soil, including the oversized fraction, is
first washed. Most lead contamination is typically
associated with fines fraction, and this fraction is
subjected to countercurrent leaching to dissolve the
adsorbed lead and other heavy metal species. The
sand fraction may also  contain  significant lead,
especially  if  the  contamination  is   due  to
particulate lead, such as that found in
                 battery recycling, ammunition burning, and scrap
                 yard activities.  In this case, the sand fraction is
                 pretreated to remove dense metallic or magnetic
                 materials before subjecting the sand fraction to
                 countercurrent leaching.   Sand and fines can  be
                 treated in separate parallel streams.

                 After dissolution of the lead and other heavy metal
                 contaminants, the metal ions are recovered from the
                 aqueous leachate by a metal recovery process such
                 as   reduction,  liquid  ion exchange,  resin  ion
                 exchange, or precipitation.   The metal  recovery
                 technique depends on the metals to be recovered and
                 the  leachant employed. In most cases, a patented
                 reduction process is used  so that the metals are
                 recovered in a compact form suitable for recycling.
                 After the metals are recovered, the leachant can be
                 reused within the TERRAMET® system for continued
                 leaching.

                 Important  characteristics  of the  TERRAMET®
                 leaching/recovery combination are as  follows:
                 (1) the leachant is tailored to the substrate and the
                 contaminant;  (2) the leachant is  fully  recycled
                 within the treatment plant; (3) treated soil can be
                 returned on site; (4) all soil fractions can be treated;
                 (5) end products include treated soil and recycled
            Physical Separation Stage

                              Feeder h
                                     Dewatered
                                      +1/41
                                     Oversize
            TERRAMET® Chemical Leaching Stage
             Soil Fines From
             Separation Stage
                 Sand From
              Separation Stage
                      Make-up
                    Chemicals
                              -200
                              mi
                                                Soil Fines to
                                                Leaching Circuit

                                                Organic Material
                                               - Sand to
                                                Leaching Circuit
                                                                 ^. Lead Concentrate
                                                                    to Recycler
                                                                      I Blender
                                               . Clean, Dewatereo
                                                 Neutralized Soil
                                                                        Lime
                       Lead Concentrate
                        to Recycler
                                 TERRAMET® Soil Remediation System
 Page 52
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                                 February 1999
                                                                               Completed Project
metal;  and (6) no  waste  is  generated during
processing.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The COGNIS TERRAMET® soil remediation system
can treat soil, sediment, and sludge contaminated by
lead  and other heavy metals  or metal mixtures.
Appropriate sites include contaminated ammunition
testing areas, firing ranges, battery recycling centers,
scrap yards, metal plating  shops, and chemical
manufacturers.  Certain lead compounds,  such as
lead sulfide, are not amenable to treatment because
of their exceedingly low solubilities.  The system
can be modified to leach and recover other metals,
such as cadmium, zinc, copper, and mercury, from
soils.

STATUS:

This  technology  was  accepted  into the  SITE
Emerging Technology Program in August  1992.
Based on results from the Emerging Technology
Program, the technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration   Program  in   1994.     The
demonstration took place at the Twin Cities Army
Ammunition Plant (TCAAP) Site F during August
1994.  The TERRAMET® system was  evaluated
during  a  full-scale  remediation conducted by
COGNIS at TCAAP. The  full-scale system was
linked with a soil  washing process developed by
Brice   Environmental   Services   Corporation
(BESCORP). The  system treated soil at a rate of 12
to 15 tons per  hour.  An Innovative Technology
Evaluation Report describing the demonstration and
its results will be available in 1998.

The TERRAMET® system is now available through
Doe Run, Inc. (see  contact information below). For
further information about the development of the
system, contact the Dr. William Fristad (see contact
information below). For further information on the
BESCORP soil washing process, refer to the profile
in the Demonstration Program section (completed
projects).

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

Lead levels in  the feed  soil ranged from 380 to
1,800 milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg).  Lead
levels in untreated and treated fines ranged from 210
to 780 mg/kg  and  from 50  to  190  mg/kg,
respectively. Average removal efficiencies for lead
were about  75  percent.   The TERRAMET® and
BESCORP processes operated smoothly at a feed
rate of 12 to 15 tons per hour. Size separation using
the BESCORP process proved to be effective and
reduced the lead load to the TERRAMET® leaching
process by 39 to 63 percent. Leaching solution was
recycled, and lead concentrates were delivered to a
lead  smelting facility.    The cost of treating
contaminated soil  at the  TCAAP  site using the
COGNIS and BESCORP  processes is about $200
per ton  of treated soil, based on treatment of 10,000
tons of soil.  This cost includes the cost of removing
ordnance from the soil.

FOR FURTHER  INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Michael Royer
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research Laboratory
2890 Woodbridge Avenue, MS-104
Edison, NJ  08837-3679
908-321-6633
Fax: 908-321-6640

SYSTEM DEVELOPER
William E. Fristad
Parker Amchem
32100 Stephenson Hwy
Madison Heights, MI 48071
248-588-4719
Fax:  248-583-2976

TECHNOLOGY CONTACT
Lou Magdits, TERRAMET®  Manager
Doe Run, Inc.
Buick Resource Recycling Facility
HwyKK
HC 1 Box 1395
Boss, MO 65440
573-626-3476
Fax: 573-626-3405
E-mail: lmagdits@misn.com
                                  The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                   Page 53

-------
 Technology Profile
                     DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                   COLORADO DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC
                         HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENT
                     (developed by COLORADO SCHOOL OF MINES)
                          (Constructed Wetlands-Based Treatment)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The   constructed   wetlands-based   treatment
technology   uses   natural   geochemical   and
microbiological processes inherent in an artificial
wetland  ecosystem  to  accumulate and  remove
metals from influent waters. The treatment system
incorporates principal ecosystem components found
in wetlands, such as organic materials (substrate),
microbial fauna, and algae.

Influent waters with high metal concentrations flow
through  the aerobic and anaerobic zones of the
wetland  ecosystem.   Metals are removed by ion
exchange, adsorption, absorption, and precipitation
through geochemical and microbial oxidation and
reduction.  Ion exchange occurs as metals in the
water contact humic or other organic substances
in the soil medium. Oxidation and reduction
               reactions that occur in the aerobic and anaerobic
               zones, respectively, precipitate metals as hydroxides
               and sulfides. Precipitated and adsorbed metals settle
               in quiescent ponds or are filtered out as the water
               percolates through the soil or substrate.

               WASTE APPLICABILITY:

               The constructed wetlands-based treatment process is
               suitable for acid mine drainage from metal or coal
               mining activities.  These wastes typically contain
               high  concentrations  of  metals  and  low  pH.
               Wetlands treatment has been applied with some
               success to wastewater in the eastern United States.
               The process may have to be adjusted to account  for
               differences  in   geology,  terrain, trace metal
               composition, and  climate  in  the metal mining
               regions of the western United States.
                                               SUBSTRATE ^
7 oz. GEOFABRIC 	 v
GEOGRID 	 O*

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PERF. EFFLUENT
PIPING TIE TO /
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                   16 oz. GEOFABRIC
                        Schematic Cross Section of Pilot-Scale Upflow Cell
 Page 54
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

-------
                                                                                  February 1999
                                                                                 Completed Project
STATUS:

Based on the results of tests conducted during the
SITE Emerging Technology Program (ETP), the
constructed wetlands-based treatment process was
selected for the SITE Demonstration  Program in
1991.  Results from the ETP tests indicated an
average removal rate of 50 percent for metals. For
further information on the ETP evaluation, refer to
the   Emerging    Technology    Summary
(EPA/540/SR-93/523), the Emerging Technology
Report (EPA/540/R-93/523), or the Emerging
Technology Bulletin (EPA/540/F-92/001), which
are available from EPA.

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

Studies under the Demonstration Program evaluat-
ed process effectiveness, toxicity reduction, and
biogeochemical processes at the Burleigh Tunnel,
near Silver Plume, Colorado.  Treatment of mine
discharge from the Burleigh Tunnel is part of the
remedy for the Clear Creek/Central City Superfund
site.  Construction of a pilot-scale treatment system
began  in  summer  1993  and was completed  in
November 1993. The pilot-scale treatment system
covered about 4,200 square feet and consisted of an
upflow cell (see figure on previous page) and a
downflow cell.  Each cell treats about 7 gallons per
minute of flow.  Preliminary results indicated high
removal efficiency (between 80 to 90 percent) for
zinc, the primary  contaminant  in the discharge
during summer operation. Zinc removal during the
first  winter of operation ranged from 60 to 80
percent.

Removal efficiency of dissolved zinc for the upflow
cell between March and September remained above
90  percent; however,  the  removal  efficiency
between September and December 1994 declined to
84 percent due to the reduction in microbial activity
in the winter months. The removal efficiency in the
downflow cell dropped to 68 percent in the winter
months and was between 70 and 80 percent during
the summer months.  The 1995 removal efficiency
of dissolved zinc for the upflow cell declined from
84 percent to below 50 percent due to substrate
hydrologic problems originating from
attempts to  insulate this unit during the summer
months.  A dramatic upset event in the spring of
1995 sent about four times the design flow through
the upflow cell, along with a heavy zinc load. The
heavy zinc load was toxic to the upflow cell and it
never recovered to previous performance levels.
Since the upset event, removal efficiency remained
at or near 50 percent.

The  1995 removal efficiency of the downflow cell
declined from 80 percent during the summer months
to 63 percent during winter, again a result of reduced
microbial activity.  The 1996 removal efficiency of
dissolved zinc calculated for the downflow cell
increased from a January low of 63 percent to over
95 percent from May through August. The increase
in the downflow removal efficiency is related to
reduced flow rates through the  downflow substrate,
translating to increased residence time.

The  SITE demonstration was completed in mid-
1998, and the cells were decommissioned in August
1998. An Innovative Technology Evaluation Report
for the demonstration will be  available in 1999.
Information  on the technology can be obtained
through below-listed sources.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Edward Bates
U.S.  EPA
National Risk Management Research
  Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7774 Fax:513-569-7676
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
James Lewis
Colorado  Department  of Public  Health
  Environment
4300 Cherry Creek Drive South
HMWMD-RP-B2
Denver, CO 80220-1530
303-692-3390 Fax: 303-759-5355
and
                                   The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                     approve or endorse technologies.
                                   Page 55

-------
 Technology Profile
                      DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
              COMMODORE APPLIED TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
                 (Solvated Electron Technology, SET™ Remediation System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

Commmodore   Applied  Technologies,  Inc.'s
(Commodore),   solvated  electron   technology
(SET™) remediation system chemically reduces
toxic  contaminants  such  as  polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCB), pesticides, and other halogenated
compounds into benign substances. The solvating
system uses a solution of ammonia and an "active"
metal to create  a powerful reducing agent that can
clean up contaminated soils, sediments, and liquids.

A  solvated  electron  solution  is   a  liquid
homogeneous mixture that produces a large supply
of free electrons. It can be created by combining
liquid ammonia with a metal such as sodium,
calcium, lithium, or potassium. When a solvated
                electron solution  is mixed  with a  contaminated
                material,  the  free  electrons  in  the  solution
                chemically convert the contaminant to relatively
                harmless substances and salts.

                The SET™ process consists of components to move
                and recover the ammonia (such as piping, pumps,
                and tanks), along  with reactor vessels which hold
                the  contaminated medium  and  the  solvating
                solution. The system can be transported to different
                field sites, but the process is  performed ex situ,
                meaning that the  contaminated medium must be
                introduced into the reactor vessels.

                The  treatment  process  begins  by placing  the
                contaminated medium  into the reactor vessels,
                where the medium is then mixed with ammonia.
                    Dirty Soil
                                                 Metal
             Reactor
                                         Ammonia
                                              Ammonia/Soil
                                               Separator
                                       Compressor
                   Clean Soil
                                      Ammonia/Water
                                         Separator
                                                                            Water
                    Schematic Diagram of the Solvated Electron Remediation System
 Page 56
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

-------
                                                                                  February 1999
                                                                                 Completed Project
One of the reactive metals (usually sodium) is then
added  to  the  contaminated  medium-ammonia
mixture, and a chemical reaction ensues.  After the
chemical reaction is complete (about 1 minute), the
ammonia is removed to a discharge tank  for reuse.
The treated medium  is then removed  from the
reactor  vessels,  tested  for contamination,  and
returned to the site.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

Commodore claims that  its  solvating  electron
remediation system can effectively decontaminate
soils,  sludges,  sediments, oils, hand tools, and
personal  protective  clothing.   The technology
chemically transforms PCBs, pesticides,  and other
halogenated compounds into relatively benign salts.
Commodore also believes that the technology is
effective in treating chemical warfare agents and
radionuclides.

STATUS:

Commodore  was   accepted   into   the  SITE
Demonstration  Program  in  1995   and is  also
participating in  the  Rapid  Commercialization
Initiative (RCI).   RCI  was  created  by  the
Department of Commerce, Department of Defense,
Department of Energy, and EPA to  assist in the
integration  of  innovative  technologies   into  the
marketplace.

Commodore demonstrated the solvating  system at
the Construction  Battalion Supply Center in Port
Hueneme,  California  in  September  1996.   The
demonstration  was  designed  to  evaluate  the
system's performance capability, costs, and design
parameters. Results from the demonstration will be
presented in an Innovative Technology Evaluation
Report, which is available from EPA.

In October 1997, Commodore was awarded  a
contract to remediate mixed waste material at the
U.S. Department of Energy site at Weldon Spring,
Missouri using the SET™ technology.

A nationwide permit for the destruction of PCBs
and metals in soils was  issued for the SET™
process by the EPA in March, 1997.  This permit
was  amended  in  May  1998 to  include  the
destruction of PCBs in oil.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
  Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
Fax:513-569-7105
E-Mail: dePercin.Paul@epamail.epa.gov

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Peter E. Harrod
President
Commodore Solution Technologies, Inc.
2340 Menaul Boulevard, NE
Albuquerque, NM 87111
505-872-3508
Fax: 505-872-6827
E-Mail: pharrod@adv-sci.com
                                   The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                     approve or endorse technologies.
                                   Page 57

-------
Technology Profile
           EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                     CONCURRENT TECHNOLOGIES
                (Formerly Center for Hazardous Materials Research)
                           (Smelting Lead-Containing Waste)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

Secondary lead smelting is a proven technology
that reclaims lead from lead-acid battery waste
sites.  The  Concurrent Technologies and Exide
Corporation (Exide) have demonstrated the use of
secondary lead smelting to  reclaim usable lead
from  various  types  of waste materials  from
Superfund  and  other  lead-containing   sites.
Reclamation of lead is based on existing lead
smelting procedures and basic pyrometallurgy.

The figure  below is a generalized process flow
diagram. Waste material is first excavated from
Superfund sites or collected from other sources.
The waste is then preprocessed to reduce particle
size and to  remove rocks, soil, and other debris.
Next, the waste is transported to the smelter.

At the smelter, waste is fed to reverberatory or
blast furnaces, depending on particle size or lead
content. The two reverberatory furnaces normally
treat lead from waste lead-acid batteries, as well
as other lead-containing material. The furnaces
are periodically tapped to remove slag,  which
contains 60 to 70 percent lead, and a soft pure
lead product.

The two blast furnaces treat slag generated from
the reverberatory furnaces, as well as larger-
                 sized  lead-containing  waste.   These furnaces
                 aretapped  continuously  for  lead and  tapped
                 intermittently to remove slag, which is transported
                 offsite for disposal. The reverberatory and blast
                 furnace combination at Exide can reclaim lead
                 from  batteries  and waste  with greater  than
                 99 percent efficiency.

                 WASTE APPLICABILITY:

                 The process has been  demonstrated to reclaim
                 lead from a variety of solid materials, including
                 rubber battery case material, lead dross, iron shot
                 abrasive blasting  material,  and  wood from
                 demolition of houses coated with lead paint. The
                 technology   is   applicable   to   solid  wastes
                 containing more than 2 percent lead, provided that
                 they do not contain excessive amounts of calcium,
                 silica, aluminum, or other similar constituents.
                 Explosive  and  flammable  liquids cannot  be
                 processed  in the  furnace.   As tested, this
                 technology is not applicable to soil remediation.

                 STATUS:

                 This  technology was  accepted  into the SITE
                 Emerging Technology Program in July 1991.
                 Field  work for  the project was  completed  in
                 February 1993.
                           EXCAVATION OR
                             COLLECTION
         PREPROCESSING
                     TRANSPORT OF MATERIAL
                                        ROCKS, SOILS, DEBRIS
                                      LEAD TO
                                      BATTERY •»
                                      PLANT
                                SLAG TO DISPOSAL

•« 	
SMELTER

V s

REVERB
FURNACE
^
LAGj OR
BLAST
FURNACE

*^




                                Smelting Lead-Containing Waste Process
Page 36
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

-------
                                                                                February 1999
                                                                              Completed Project
The process was tested at three Superfund sites.
Materials obtained from two additional sites were
also  used for these  tests.   Results from  the
Emerging Technology Program, presented in the
table below, show that the process is applicable to
waste materials at  each  site  and economically
feasible for all but demolition material.  The
Emerging      Technology      Bulletin
(EPA/540/F-94/510),     the     Emerging
Technology Summary (EPA/540/SR-95/504), and
the Emerging Technology Report (EPA/540/R-
95/504) are available from EPA. An article about
the technology was also published by the Journal
of Hazardous Materials in February 1995.

Specific technical problems encountered included
(1) loss of furnace production due to material
buildup within the furnaces, (2) breakdowns in the
feed system due to mechanical overloads, and (3)
increased oxygen demands inside the furnaces.
All of these problems were solved by adjusting
material  feed rates  or furnace  parameters.
Based   on    these   tests,    Concurrent
Technologies has concluded that secondary lead
smelting is an economical method of reclaiming
lead  from  lead-containing  waste  material
collected at Superfund sites and other sources.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Laurel Staley
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7863
Fax: 513-569-7105

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Brian Bosilovich
Concurrent Technologies Corporation
320 William Pitt Way
Pittsburgh, PA  15238
412-826-5321,  ext. 230
Fax: 412-826-5552
Source of Material/
Type of Material Tested
Tonolli Superfund site (PA)/
Battery cases
Hebalka Superfund site (PA)/
Battery cases
Pedricktown Superfund site (NJ)/
Battery cases; lead dross, residue, and
debris
Laurel House Women's Shelter (PA)/
Demolition material contaminated
with lead-based paint.
PennDOT/
Abrasive bridge blasting material
% Lead
3 to 7
10
45
1
3 to 5
Economical*
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Test Results
Lead can be reclaimed in secondary lead smelter;
incorporated into regular blast furnace feed stock.
Lead can be reclaimed in secondary lead smelter;
reduced in size and incorporated into regular
reverberatory furnace feed stock.
Lead can be reclaimed in secondary lead smelter;
screened and incorporated into regular
reverberatory and blast furnace feed stocks.
Lead can be reclaimed in secondary lead smelter;
however, the cost of processing the material was
estimated to be very high.
Lead can be reclaimed in secondary lead smelter;
incorporated into regular blast furnace feed stock.
* Compared to stabilization or landfilling
               Results from Field Tests of the Smelting Lead-Containing Waste Technology
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 37

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                 WESTERN RESEARCH INSTITUTE
                     (Contained Recovery of Oily Wastes)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The  contained  recovery  of  oily  wastes
(CROW®)  process  recovers  oily  wastes
from the ground by adapting a technology
used for secondary petroleum recovery and
primary production of heavy oil and tar sand
bitumen.  Steam or hot water displacement
moves accumulated oily wastes and water to
production wells for aboveground treatment.

Injection  and production wells  are  first
installed in  soil contaminated  with   oily
wastes (see figure below).  If contamination
has penetrated into or below the aquifer,
low-quality steam can be injected below the
organic  liquids to dislodge and sweep  them
upward  into the more permeable aquifer soil
regions.    Hot water is injected above the
impermeable regions to heat and mobilize
the oily  waste accumulation.  The mobilized
wastes   are  then  recovered  by hot water
displacement.

When the  organic  wastes  are  displaced,
organic  liquid saturation  in  the subsurface
pore space  increases, forming a  free-fluid
bank. The hot water injection displaces the
free-fluid bank  to the  production  well.
Behind the free-fluid bank, the contaminant
saturation is reduced to an immobile residual
saturation in the subsurface pore space.   The
extracted contaminant and water are treated
for reuse or discharge.

During  treatment,  all mobilized organic
liquids  and  water-soluble contaminants are
contained within the original boundaries of
waste accumulation.   Hazardous  materials
are  contained  laterally  by  groundwater
isolation and  vertically by  organic liquid
floatation.    Excess   water  is treated  in
compliance with discharge regulations.

The  CROW®   process  removes   large
portions   of  contaminant   accumulations;
stops the downward and lateral migration of
organic  contaminants;   immobilizes   any
remaining  organic  wastes as  a  residual
saturation;   and   reduces  the   volume,
mobility, and toxicity of the contaminants.
The  process can  be used for  shallow  and
deep areas, and can recover light and dense
nonaqueous phase liquids.  The system uses
readily   available    mobile    equipment.
Contaminant removal can be increased by
adding   small    quantities   of   selected
biodegradable  chemicals  in the  hot  water
injection.

In situ biological  treatment may  follow the
displacement,   which   continues    until
groundwater  contaminants are  no longer
detected in water samples from the site.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The  CROW®  process can  be  applied to
manufactured gas plant sites, wood-treating
sites, petroleum-refining facilities, and other
areas with soils  and aquifers containing light
to dense organic liquids such as coal tars,
pentachlorophenol     (PCP)     solutions,
chlorinated   solvents,    creosote,    and
petroleum  by-products.    Depth  to  the
contamination is not a limiting factor.

STATUS:

The  CROW®  process was tested in the
laboratory and at the pilot-scale level under
the  SITE  Emerging Technology Program
(ETP).    The  process   demonstrated  the
effectiveness of hot  water displacement and
the benefits of including chemicals with the
hot water.  Based on results from the ETP,
the  CROW®  process  was   invited  to
participate  in  the  SITE  Demonstration
Program.  The process was demonstrated at
the Pennsylvania Power and Light  (PP&L)
Brodhead  Creek   Superfund   site   at
Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania.

-------
The  site  contained  an  area  with  high
concentrations of  by-products  from past
operations.    The demonstration began  in
July  1995; field work was completed in June
1996.  Follow-up sampling was completed
in  1998.     The  Innovative  Technology
Evaluation Report is available from EPA.

Sponsors for this program, in addition  to
EPA  and PP&L,  are  the Gas Research
Institute,  the Electric  Power  Research
Institute,  and the  U.S.  Department   of
Energy.  Remediation  Technologies, Inc.,
assisted Western  Research Institute with the
demonstration.

Also,  a  pilot-scale  demonstration  was
completed at a  wood  treatment  site   in
Minnesota.  Over 80 percent of nonaqueous
phase liquids  were removed in the pilot test,
as predicted by treatability studies, and PCP
concentrations decreased by 500 percent.
The  full-scale remediation for this site  is
underway.  Early results show  an organic
removal rate  an order-of-magnitude greater
than conventional pump-and-treat processes.
Several other  sites are being evaluated.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Richard Eilers
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
  Laboratory
26 W. Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7809
Fax: 513-569-7620
E-Mail: Eilers.Richard@epamail.epa.gov

TECHNOLOGY  DEVELOPER
CONTACT:
Lyle Johnson
Western Research Institute
365 North 9th
Laramie,WY 82070-3380
307-721-2281
Fax: 307-721-2233

-------
 Technology Profile
               DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                           CURE INTERNATIONAL, INC.
                 (CURE -Electrocoagulation Wastewater Treatment System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The CURE® - Electrocoagulation (CURE®) system
is designed to remove ionic metal species and other
charged  particles  from  water (see figure  below).
Because many toxic metal ions such as nickel, lead,
and chromates are held in  solution by electrical
charges, they will precipitate out of solution if they
are neutralized with oppositely charged ions.  The
CURE®  system  is  effective  at breaking  oily
emulsions and removing suspended solids.   The
system improves  on previous  electrocoagulation
methods through a unique geometrical configuration.

The CURE® system's patented geometry maximizes
liquid surface  contact  between  the anode  and
concentric  cathode electrocoagulation tubes, thus
minimizing  the power  requirements for efficient
operation. The CURE®  system allows the
         contaminated water to flow continuously through the
         cathode tube,  enabling a direct current to pass
         uniformly through a water system. The
         contaminated water then passes through the annular
         space between the cathode and anode tubes  and is
         exposed to sequential positive and negative electrical
         fields. Typical retention time is less than 20 seconds.
         Water characteristics such as pH, oxidation-reduction
         potential, and conductivity can be adjusted to achieve
         maximum  removal   efficiencies  for  specific
         contaminants.

         After the treated water exits the electrocoagulation
         tubes, the  destabilized colloids are  allowed  to
         flocculate and are then separated with an integrated
         clarifier system. Polymers can be added to enhance
         flocculation, but in most cases they are not required.
         The sludge produced by this process is usually very
         stable and acid-resistant.  Tests have shown that
         sludges produced by the CURE®
      INFLUENT
                                                                                 EFFLUENT
                             CURE®-Electrocoagulation System
 Page 58
Bologies

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                                                                                  February 1999
                                                                                Completed Project
system pass the toxicity  characteristic leaching
procedure  (TCLP) and are often disposed  of as
nonhazardous waste.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The  CURE® system  can  treat a broad range of
dissolved  metals,  including aluminum,  arsenic,
barium, cadmium, chromium, cyanide,  iron, lead,
nickel, uranium, and zinc. The system can also treat
contaminants such as emulsified oils,  suspended
solids, paints, and dyes. Radionuclides were removed
by the system at the  Rocky Flats Environmental
Technology Site (RFETS).

Because this system  treats a wide  range of
contaminants, it is suited for industries and utilities
such  as  plating,  mining,  electronics, industrial
wastewater, as well as remediation projects.

STATUS:

This  technology was accepted  into  the  SITE
Demonstration Program in  1993. A bench-scale test
of the technology was conducted in April 1995 to
determine  the ability of the  system to  remove
radionuclides from solar evaporation water at RFETS.
The system removed over 90 percent of uranium and
plutonium from the test water. The technology was
demonstrated during August and September 1995 at
RFETS  under  a  joint agreement between  the
Department of Energy, the State of Colorado,  and
EPA.

The technology has proven  to be very effective in a
diverse number of industrial applications including
metal refrnishing, oil  treatment plants,  acid mine
drainage  and cooling towers  in the  U.S.  and
internationally. Full or pilot scale units are available
from CURE® International, Inc.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

During the SITE demonstration, four 3-hour test runs
were conducted at RFETS over a 2-week period.
Prior to the demonstration, operating parameters were
adjusted during several optimization runs.

The demonstration showed that the system removed
30 to 50 percent of uranium and 60 to 99 percent of
plutonium from the solar pond water at RFETS.  The
radionuclide and  metal content of the  dewatered
sludge indicated that these contaminants were highly
concentrated in the sludge. Uranium and plutonium
were only slightly leachable by TCLP and no metals
were leachable by TCLP.  These results suggest that
the sludge is very stable and resistant to breakdown.

The   Demonstration Bulletin
(EPA/540/MR-96/502),   Technology   Capsule
(EPA/540/R-92/502a),     and     Innovative
Technology Evaluation Report
(EPA/540/R-96/502) are available from EPA.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Steven Rock
U.S. EPA
National Risk  Management Research
  Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7149
Fax:513-569-7105

TECHNOLOGY  DEVELOPER CONTACT:
David Stanton, President
CURE International, Inc.
1001 U.S. Highway One, Suite 409
Jupiter, FL 33477
561-575-3500
Fax:561-575-9510
                                  The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                     approve or endorse technologies.
                                   Page 59

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 Technology Profile
                      DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                                    DYNAPHORE, INC.
                                      (FORAGER® Sponge)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The FORAGER® Sponge  (Sponge) is an open-
celled cellulose sponge containing a polymer with
selective affinity for dissolved heavy metals in both
cationic and anionic states.  The polymer contains
iminodiacetic acid groups which enter into chelation
bonding with transition-group heavy metal cations.
The polymer's affinity for particular  cations is
influenced by  solution parameters such  as pH,
temperature, and total ionic content.  In general, the
following   affinity   sequence   for   several
representative ions prevails:
      >Cu++>Hg  ++>Pb
During absorption, a cation is displaced from the
polymer.  The displaced cation may be  FT or a
cation below the absorbed cation in the affinity
sequence.

The polymer also contains tertiary amine salt groups
which exhibit selective bonding for anion species
such as the following:

CrO42, AsO4  3, Au(CN)2; SeO4 'HgCl 3,
Ag(S203)3, Si03 2, U04 2
   Fishnet Bags Placed Vertically in a Well
                The absorption of certain anion species can be
                enhanced  by  preabsorption of  a cation that
                ordinarily reacts with a sought anion to produce a
                highly insoluble  compound.   For example,  a
                Sponge presaturated with Fe+3  strongly absorbs
                arsenate anion because ferric arsenate is highly
                insoluble.

                The removal efficiency for transition-group heavy
                metals is about 90 percent at a flow rate of 0.1 bed
                volume per minute.  The Sponge's highly porous
                nature speeds diffusional effects, promoting high
                rates of ion absorption.  The Sponge can be used
                in columns, fishnet-type enclosures, or rotating
                drums.  When used in a column,  flow rates  of
                three bed volumes per minute can be obtained at
                hydrostatic pressures only 2 feet above the bed
                and without additional pressurization. Therefore,
                Sponge-packed   columns   are   suitable   for
                unattended field use.

                Absorbed  ions can  be  eluted from the Sponge
                using techniques typically employed to regenerate
                ion-exchange  resins   and   activated  carbon.
                Following elution, the Sponge can be used  in the
                next absorption  cycle.   The number of useful
                cycles depends on the nature of the absorbed ions
                and the elution technique used. Alternatively, the
                metal-saturated Sponge can be incinerated.  In
                some  instances,  the Sponge may  be dried and
                reduced in volume to facilitate disposal.

                A trailer-mounted pump-and-treat apparatus can
                handle up to  10 gallons per minute with low
                pumping pressures of 4 to 10 pounds per square
                inch.  The apparatus  employs four or six Plexiglas
                columns, connected in series,  with valving  to
                expedite regeneration and staging.  Each column
                accommodates a fishnet container of Sponge in
                the form of half-inch cubes.  Groundwater can be
                remediated in  situ using elongated fishnet bags
                that confine the  Sponge.  The bags are placed
                vertically in wells, as shown in the figure to the
                left, or placed horizontally in trenches, as shown
                in the figure on the next page.  Alternatively, the
                groundwater can be treated aboveground in  a
                packed column configuration.
 Page 62
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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                                                                                February 1999
                                                                              Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The Sponge can scavenge metals in concentration
levels of parts per million and parts per billion
from industrial discharges, municipal sewage,
process  streams, and acid mine drainage.  The
Sponge is particularly useful when treating water
with low  contaminant  levels,  especially  in
polishing or end-of-pipe treatments.  Because of
the low capital investment required, the Sponge is
well-suited for use  in  short-term remediation
projects and for sporadic flow conditions.

STATUS:

This technology was accepted into the  SITE
Demonstration Program in  June  1991.   The
Sponge  was demonstrated in  April 1994 at the
National Lead Industry site in Pedricktown, New
Jersey.        The   Demonstration   Bulletin
(EPA/540/MR-94/522),   Technology  Capsule
(EPA/540/R-94/522a),      and     Innovative
Technology      Evaluation     Report
(EPA/540/R-94/522) are available from EPA.

According to the developer, the Sponge has also
effectively removed trace heavy metals from acid
mine drainage at three locations in Colorado.  In
bench-scale tests, the Sponge reduced mercury,
lead,  nickel,  cadmium,  and   chromium  in
groundwater  from various Superfund sites  to
below detectable levels. The Sponge was also
demonstrated  in  a field-scale installation  at a
photoprocessing operation. The process reduced
chromate and silver by 75 percent at a cost of
$ 1,100 per month. In bench-scale tests, the Sponge
has removed  lead, mercury,  and copper from
pourable  sludges such  as  simulated  municipal
sewage, and from soils slurried with water.

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
Treatment   performance   from
demonstration was as follows:
                 Average Influence
                Concentration (us,
                      537
                      917
                      578
                      426
                                the   SITE
Analvte
Cadmium
Copper
Lead
Chromium111
In 1996, the Sponge, configured in a column, was
employed in  a pump-and-treat remediation of
360,000 gallons of water that had accumulated as
a result of a fuel handling operation.  The water,
containing 0.2 parts per million (ppm) arsenic,
was treated at 12 gallons per minute (0.1 bed
volume per minute) to produce an effluent having
a nondetect level of arsenic.

According to  the developer, a newly developed
modification of the Sponge (designated Grade 0)
has proven effective in removing methyl tert-butyl
ether (MTBE) from groundwater and in removing
dense non-aqueous phase liquids (DNAPL) from
stormwater. The sponge is currently being used in
passive, end-of-pipe installations to remove nickel
from electroplating effluents.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA Project Manager
Carolyn Esposito, U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, New Jersey 08837-3679
732-321-6630, Fax: 732-321-6630

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Norman Rainer, Dynaphore, Inc.
2709 Willard Road
Richmond, VA 23294
804-288-7109, Fax: 804-282-1325
 Fishnet Bags Placed Horizontally in a Trench
                                  The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                  Page 63

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 Technology Profile
                      DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                              ECOVA CORPORATION
                                      (Bioslurry Reactor)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The ECOVA Corporation (ECOVA) slurry-phase
bioremediation (bioslurry) technology aerobically
biodegrades creosote-contaminated materials. The
technology uses  batch  and continuous flow
bioreactors to  process  polynuclear  aromatic
hydrocarbon    (PAH)-contaminated     soils,
sediments,  and sludges.  The  bioreactors  are
supplemented  with  oxygen, nutrients,  and  a
specific  inoculum   of  enriched  indigenous
microorganisms to  enhance the  degradation
process.

Because  site-specific environments influence
biological treatment, all chemical, physical, and
microbial factors are designed into the treatment
process. The ultimate goal is to convert organic
wastes into relatively harmless by-products  of
microbial metabolism, such as  carbon dioxide,
water, and inorganic salts. Biological reaction
                rates are accelerated in a slurry system because of
                the   increased  contact   efficiency   between
                contaminants   and  microorganisms.     The
                photograph below shows the bioslurry reactor.

                WASTE APPLICABILITY:

                The bioslurry reactor is designed to treat highly
                contaminated creosote  wastes. It can also treat
                other  concentrated contaminants that  can be
                aerobically biodegraded,  such  as  petroleum
                wastes.  The bioslurry reactor system must be
                engineered to maintain parameters such  as pH,
                temperature, and dissolved oxygen within ranges
                conducive to the desired microbial activity.

                STATUS:

                This technology was  accepted into  the SITE
                Demonstration  Program in spring 1991.  From
                May through September 1991, EPA conducted a
                                      Bioslurry Reactor
 Page 64
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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                                                                                 February 1999
                                                                                Completed Project
SITE demonstration using six bioslurry reactors at
EPA's Test and Evaluation Facility in Cincinnati,
Ohio.

ECOVA conducted bench- and pilot-scale studies
to evaluate bioremediation of PAHs in creosote-
contaminated soil from the Burlington Northern
Superfund   site   in   Brainerd,   Minnesota.
Bench-scale  studies  were conducted  before
pilot-scale  evaluations to  determine  optimal
treatment  protocols.   EIMCO  Biolift™ slurry
reactors were used for the pilot-scale processing.
Data from the optimized pilot-scale program were
used to establish treatment standards for K001
wastes as part of  EPA's Best Demonstrated
Available Technology program.

This technology is no longer available through
ECOVA.   However,  the technology is being
implemented by Walsh Environmental Scientists
& Engineers.   For  further information on the
technology, contact the EPA Project Manager.

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

Results from the SITE demonstration indicated
that slurry-phase biological treatment significantly
improved  biodegradation rates of carcinogenic
4- to 6-ring PAHs.  The pilot-scale bioslurry
reactor  reduced 82 ±15 percent of the total
soil-bound PAHs in the first week.  After 14 days,
total PAHs  had been  biodegraded  by 96  ±2
percent. An overall reduction of 97  ±2 percent
was observed over a 12-week treatment period,
indicating that almost all biodegradation occurred
within  the   first  2  weeks  of  treatment.
Carcinogenic PAHs were biodegraded by 90 ±3.2
percent  to 501  ±103 milligrams per kilogram
(mg/kg) from levels of 5,081 ±1,530 mg/kg.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ronald Lewis
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
  Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH  45268
513-569-7856
Fax:513-569-7105
                                  The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                   Page 65

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 Technology Profile
                       DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
             E.I. DUPONT DE NEMOURS AND COMPANY, and
                            OBERLIN FILTER COMPANY
                                   (Membrane Microfiltration)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

This membrane microfiltration system is designed to
remove solid particles from liquid wastes, forming
filter cakes typically ranging from 40 to 60 percent
solids.  The system can be manufactured as an
enclosed unit, requires little or no attention during
operation, is mobile, and can be trailer-mounted.

The membrane microfiltration  system  uses  an
automatic  pressure filter (developed by  Oberlin
Filter Company), combined with a special Tyvek®
filter  material  (Tyvek® T-980) made of spun-
bonded olefin (invented by E.I. DuPont de Nemours
and  Company) (see  figure below).  The  filter
material is  a thin, durable plastic fabric with tiny
openings about  1 ten-millionth of a meter in
diameter.   These  openings allow water or  other
liquids and  solid particles smaller than the openings
to flow through. Solids in the liquid stream that are
                too large to pass through the openings accumulate
                on the filter and can be easily collected for disposal.

                The automatic pressure filter has two chambers: an
                upper chamber for feeding waste through the filter,
                and a lower chamber for collecting the filtered
                liquid (filtrate). At the start of a filter cycle, the
                upper chamber is lowered to form a liquid-tight seal
                against the filter.  The waste feed is then  pumped
                into the  upper chamber and  through the  filter.
                Filtered solids accumulate on the Tyvek® surface,
                forming a filter cake, while filtrate collects  in the
                lower chamber. Following filtration, air is fed into
                the upper chamber at a pressure of about 45 pounds
                per square inch. Air removes any liquid remaining
                in the  upper chamber and further dries the filter cake.
                When the filter cake is dry, the upper chamber is lifted,
                and the  filter  cake  is automatically  discharged.
                Clean filter material is then drawn from  a roll into
                the system for the next cycle.  Both the  filter cake
                and the filtrate can be collected and treated further
                before disposal, if necessary.
                              Air Cylinder
                      Filter Cake
                     Used Tyvek®
                                                       Air Bags

                                                      Waste Feed Chamber
                                                           Clean Tyvek®
                                                        Filter Belt
                         Filtrate Chamber
                                               Filtrate
                                              Discharge
                                 Membrane Microfiltration System
 Page 60
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                                   February 1999
                                                                                 Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:

This membrane  microfiltration system  may  be
applied  to  (1)  hazardous waste  suspensions,
particularly liquid heavy metal- and cyanide bearing
wastes  (such  as  electroplating  rinsewaters),
(2) groundwater contaminated with heavy metals,
(3) constituents in landfill leachate, and (4) process
wastewaters containing uranium. The technology is
best   suited   for  treating  wastes  with  solids
concentrations of less than 5,000 parts per million;
otherwise, the cake capacity and handling become
limiting factors. The system can treat any type of
solids, including  inorganics,  organics,  and oily
wastes,  with a wide  variety of particle sizes.
Moreover, because the system is enclosed, it can
treat liquid wastes that contain volatile organics.

STATUS:

The membrane microfiltration system, accepted into
the  SITE Demonstration Program in 1988, was
demonstrated at the Palmerton Zinc Superfund site
in Palmerton, Pennsylvania. The demonstration was
conducted over a 4-week period in April and May
1990.  Groundwater from the shallow aquifer at the
site was contaminated with dissolved heavy metals,
including  cadmium,  lead,  and  zinc.    This
contaminated groundwater served as the feed waste
for the demonstration. The system treated waste at
a rate of about 1 to 2 gallons per minute.

The      Applications      Analysis     Report
(EPA/540/A5-90/007), the Technology Evaluation
Report (EPA/540/5-90/007), and a videotape of the
demonstration are available  from EPA.
Since 1991, about 12 commercial installations of the
technology have been operational.

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

During the demonstration at the Palmerton Zinc
Superfund  site,  the membrane  microfiltration
system achieved the following results:

  •   Removal  efficiencies for zinc and total
     suspended solids  ranged from 99.75 to
     99.99 percent (averaging  99.95 percent).
     Solids in the filter cake ranged from 30.5 to
     47.1 percent.
     Dry filter cake in all test runs passed  the
     Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
     paint filter liquids test.
  •   Filtrate   met  the  applicable National
     Pollutant  Discharge Elimination System
     standards for cadmium, lead, zinc, and total
     suspended solids.
  •   A composite filter cake sample passed the
     extraction procedure toxicity and toxicity
     characteristic leaching procedure tests for
     metals.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
John Martin
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
  Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7758
Fax:513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Ernest Mayer
E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company
Nemours 6528
1007 Market Street
Wilmington, DE  19898
302-774-2277
Fax: 302-368-1474
                                   The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                     approve or endorse technologies.
                                   Page 61

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 Technology Profile
                                                      DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                             ELECTROKINETICS, INC.
                                (Electrokinetic Soil Processing)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

Electrokinetic, Inc.'s, soil processes extract or
remediate heavy metals and organic contaminants
in soils. The process can be applied in situ or ex
situ with suitable chemical agents to optimize the
remediation.  For example,  conditioning fluids
such as suitable acids may be used for electrode
(cathode)   depolarization   to  enhance   the
electrodeposition of certain heavy metals.

The figure below illustrates the field-processing
scheme and  the  flow of  ions  to  respective
boreholes  (or trenches). The mechanism  of
electrokinetic soil remediation for the removal of
toxic  metals  involves  the  application of  an
electrical field across the soil mass.  An in-situ
generated acid causes the solubilization of metal
                                                salts into the pore fluid.  The free ions are then
                                                transported   through  the  soil  by  electrical
                                                migration towards  the  electrode of opposing
                                                charge. Metal species with a positive charge are
                                                collected at the cathode, while species with a
                                                negative charge are collected at the anode.

                                                An  acid front migrates towards the  negative
                                                electrode (cathode), and contaminants are extract-
                                                ed   through   electroosmosis   (EO)   and
                                                electromigration (EM). The concurrent mobility
                                                of the ions and pore fluid decontaminates the soil
                                                mass.   Electrokinetic remediation is extremely
                                                effective  in  fine-grained  soils  where  other
                                                techniques such  as pump  and treat are  not
                                                feasible.   This is  due to  the fact  that  the
                                                contaminants  are  transported  under  charged
                                                electrical fields and not hydraulic gradients.
                                    Process Control System
                  Extraction/
                  Exchange
                                                            Extraction/
                                                            Exchange
                  Processing
                                                            Processing
                                                                            - Cathode
                                                                           BASE FRONT
                                                                           and/or CATHODIC
                                                                           PROCESS FLUID
ACID FRONT
and/or ANODIC
PROCESS FLUID
                                        Processed
                                           Media
                               Electrokinetic Remediation Process
 Page 66
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                                  February 1999
                                                                                Completed Project
Bench-scale results show that the process works
in both unsaturated and saturated soils. Pore fluid
flow moves from the positive electrodes (anodes)
to the cathodes under the effect of the EO and EM
forces.  Electrode selection is important, since many
metal  or  carbon  anodes  rapidly  dissolve  after
contact with strong oxidants. When the removal of
a contaminant is not feasible, the metal can be
stabilized in-situ by injecting stabilizing agents or
creating  an  electrokinetic  "fence"  (reactive
treatment wall) that reacts with and immobilizes
the contaminants.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

Electrokinetic  soil  processing  extracts  heavy
metals,  radionuclides,  and  other  inorganic
contaminants below  their  solubility   limits.
During bench-scale  testing, the  technology has
removed arsenic, benzene, cadmium, chromium,
copper, ethylbenzene,  lead,  mercury, nickel,
phenol, trichloroethylene, toluene,  xylene, and
zinc from soils.  Bench-scale  studies under the
SITE   Emerging    Technology    Program
demonstrated the feasibility of removing uranium
and thorium from kaolinite.

Limited pilot-scale field tests resulted in lead and
copper removal from clays and saturated and
unsaturated  sandy  clay deposits.   Treatment
efficiency depended on the specific chemicals,
their concentrations, and the buffering capacity of
the soil. The technique proved 85 to 95 percent
efficient when removing phenol at concentrations
of 500  parts per  million (ppm).   In addition,
removal   efficiencies  for  lead,  chromium,
cadmium,  and uranium  at  levels  up to 2,000
micrograms per gram ranged between 75 and 98
percent.

STATUS:

Based on results from the Emerging Technology
Program, the electrokinetic technology was
invited  in  1994  to participate  in the  SITE
Demonstration Program.  For further information
on the pilot-scale system, refer to the Emerging
Technology Bulletin (EPA/540/F-95/504), which
is available from EPA.The SITE demonstration
began in July 1995 at an inactive firing range at
the Fort Polk Army Ammunition Reservation in
Louisiana.  The soil at the site is contaminated
with  lead,  copper,  and  zinc,   which  have
accumulated     over     several      decades.
Concentrations of lead in the sandy clay soil range
from 1,000 to 5,000 ppm and are less than 100
ppm at a 3-foot depth.  A 20-foot by 60-foot area
was  remediated to a depth of  3  feet. This
demonstration represents the first comprehensive
study  in  the  United  States  of  an  in  situ
electrokinetic separation technology applied to
heavy  metals  in   soils.   Electrokinetics Inc.
received the 1996 SBIR Phase II Quality Award
from the Department of Defense for its technical
achievement on this project.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Randy Parker
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
  Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7271
Fax:513-569-7571

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Elif Acar
Electrokinetics, Inc.
11552 Cedar Park Ave.
Baton Rouge, LA 70809
504-753-8004
Fax: 504-753-0028
                                  The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                     approve or endorse technologies.
                                   Page 67

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 Technology Profile
                      DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                                 ELI ECO LOGIC INC.
                           (Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The patented ELI Eco Logic Inc. (ECO LOGIC),
Gas-Phase Chemical Reduction (GPCR) Process
(see photograph below) uses a gas-phase reduction
reaction of hydrogen with organic and chlorinated
organic compounds  at elevated temperatures to
produce a hydrocarbon-rich gas product.

The  GPCR is  a non-incineration technology
based upon the ability of hydrogen,  at elevated
temperatures, to chemically reduce organic and
chlorinated  organic molecules  to  primarily
methane and hydrochloric acid. The  destruction
process takes place within a closed-loop system at
normal   atmospheric   pressures   with   no
uncontrolled emissions.  As a result, the process
involves no free oxygen and therefore eliminates
the potential for formation of chlorinated dioxins
and  furans,  which  are  more toxic  than  most
materials being treated. Any dioxins and furans in
the waste are also destroyed in the process.

Waste pretreatment technologies are incorporated
into  the  process   to  vaporize  the  organic
contaminants that are then carried in the vapor
phase to the GPCR reactor for complete reduction.
A Thermal Reduction Batch Processor (TRBP)  is
used to treat bulk solid materials such as drums
and electrical equipment.
                Watery wastes are preheated with boiler steam in
                a preheater vessel before injection into the reactor.
                Hot contaminated material exits the bottom of the
                vaporizer at a controlled flow rate and enters the
                reactor through atomizing nozzles. A liquid waste
                pumping system is used to inject high-strength
                oily waste directly into the reactor  through the
                atomizing nozzles.

                In the reactor, the vaporized organic compounds
                from the injection of liquid wastes  or from the
                TRBP are chemically reduced in a hydrogen-rich
                environment to primarily  methane  and  acidic
                gases.   The gas leaving the  GPCR reactor is
                scrubbed in caustic scrubber towers to  remove acid
                gases, water, heat, and  fine  particulates.   The
                scrubbed product gas is compressed and routed to
                the product gas storage tank and recycled as fuel to
                heat various system components.

                ECO  LOGIC'S computerized  process  control
                system ensures protection of the workers and the
                public with its  state-of-the-art instrumentation.
                This  instrumentation continuously  monitors
                critical system operating parameters and provides
                a continuous indication of destruction efficiency.
                A chemical ionization mass spectrometer and a
                micro gas chromatograph  are used on-line as
                diagnostic tools for trace monitoring of organic
                compounds in the product gas stream.
                           Gas-Phase Chemical Remediation Process
 Page 68
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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                                                                                February 1999
                                                                              Completed Project
Process outputs are analytically tested onsite to
ensure compliance with regulatory criteria prior to
reuse in the system or off-site disposal.  Treated
solids are separated into metals and nonmetals,
which are then recycled or sent to a landfill.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The GPCR process converts organic  hazardous
waste into clean, reusable or safely disposable
products.  The process can eliminate most types of
organic  contaminant  in liquids or bulk solid
materials  in  an  environmentally  acceptable
manner. ECO LOGIC has successfully performed
numerous       laboratory-   and   pilot-scale
demonstrations  on liquids, solids,  and soils
containing polychlorinated biphenyls, pesticides,
chemical warfare  agents  or  other  complex
hazardous organic contaminants.

STATUS:

In October and November 1992, the ECO LOGIC
process was demonstrated at the Middleground
Landfill in  Bay City, Michigan, under a Toxic
Substances Control Act research and development
permit.      The   Demonstration   Bulletin
(EPA/540/MR-93/522)  and the  Applications
Analysis   Report  (EPA/540/AR-93/522)  are
available from EPA.

In 1995, the Western Australian government
approved the setup of the first commercial-scale
ECO  LOGIC   waste  processing system  in
Kwinana, Western Australia.  This unit treats
DDT- and PCB-contaminated wastes.

In 1997, ECO LOGIC completed the treatment of
over 1,000 tons of PCB-contaminated material at
the General Motors of Canada Ltd facility in St.
Catharines,  Ontario.   The materials treated
included soil, sediment, and other granular solid
material.  As part of this project, the Province of
Ontario's Ministry of Environment and Energy
(MOEE) conducted regulatory testing to evaluate
system performance during the treatment of high-
strength PCB oil. The ECO LOGIC Process was
capable of achieving a DRE of at least seven
nines (99.99999 percent) for PCBs and at least six
nines for chlorobenzenes in all tests.  The MOEE
also conducted an air monitoring survey in St.
Catharines to determine PCB levels downwind of
the treatment system.   The  MOEE  survey
concluded that PCBs were not impacting ambient
air in the vicinity of the  treatment  site  during
treatment of high-strength  PCB oil.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

During the Bay City demonstration, two separate
waste feed conditions were used: (1) wastewater
containing an average PCB concentration of 4,600
parts per million, and (2) waste oil containing an
average PCB concentration of 24.5 percent. Both
feeds were tested in triplicate. The demonstration
of the ECO LOGIC process yielded the following
results:

      At least  99.99 percent destruction and
      removal  efficiency for PCBs during all
      runs
  •    A 99.99 percent destruction efficiency for
      perchloroethene,  a tracer  compound,
      during all runs
  •    Net destruction of trace feedstock dioxin
      and furan compounds during all runs

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Gordon Evans,  U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
  Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7684  Fax:513-569-7787

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Jim Nash- Vice President, Business Development
ELI Eco Logic  Inc.
143 Dennis Street
Rockwood, Ontario, Canada NOB 2KO
519-856-9591 ext. 208 Fax: 519-856-9235
E-Mail:  nashj@eco-logic-intl.com
                                  The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                  Page 69

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 Technology Profile
                      DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                   ELI ECO LOGIC INTERNATIONAL INC.
                                   (Thermal Desorption Unit)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The ELI Eco Logic International Inc. (Eco Logic),
thermal desorption unit (TDU)  is  specially
designed for use with Eco  Logic's gas-phase
chemical reduction process. The TDU, shown in
the figure below, consists of an externally heated
bath of molten tin metal (heated with propane) in
a hydrogen  gas atmosphere.  Tin  is used for
several  reasons:     tin  and  hydrogen  are
nonreactive; tin's density allows soils to float on
the molten bath; molten tin is a good fluid for heat
transfer; tin is nontoxic in soil; and tin is used as
a bath medium in the manufacture of plate glass.

Contaminated soil is conveyed into the TDU feed
hopper, where an auger feeds the soil into the
TDU. A screw feeder provides a gas seal between
the outside  air and the hydrogen  atmosphere
inside the TDU. The auger's variable speed drive
provides feed rate control.  Soil inside the TDU
floats on top of the molten tin and is heated to
600  °C, vaporizing  the  water and  organic
material. Decontaminated soil is removed from
the tin bath  into a water-filled
                quench tank.  The  water  in the quench tank
                provides a gas seal between the TDU's hydrogen
                atmosphere  and  the outside air.   A scraper
                mechanism removes decontaminated soil from the
                quench tank into drums.

                After desorption  from the  soil,  the  organic
                contaminants are carried from the TDU to Eco
                Logic's proprietary gas-phase reduction reactor.
                In the reactor, the organic contaminants undergo
                gas-phase  chemical  reduction  reactions  with
                hydrogen at  elevated temperatures  and ambient
                pressure.   This reaction converts  organic and
                chlorinated  organic  contaminants   into   a
                hydrocarbon-rich gas product.   After passing
                through  a scrubber, the gas  product's primary
                components  are hydrogen, nitrogen,  methane,
                carbon monoxide, water vapor, and other lighter
                hydrocarbons.    Most of  this  gas  product
                recirculates into the process, while excess gas can
                be compressed for later analysis and reuse as
                supplemental fuel.  For further information on the
                Eco Logic gas-phase chemical reduction process,
                see  the profile in the Demonstration Program
                section (completed projects).
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                                   Thermal Desorption Unit
 Page 70
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                                February 1999
                                                                              Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The Eco Logic TDU, when used with the gas-
phase chemical reduction reactor, is designed to
desorb soils  and sludges contaminated with
hazardous   organic   contaminants   such  as
polychlorinated  biphenyls  (PCB),  polynuclear
aromatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated dioxins and
dibenzofurans,      chlorinated     solvents,
chlorobenzenes,   and  chlorophenols.     The
combined technologies are suited for wastes with
high water content since water is a good source of
hydrogen.

STATUS:

In October  and November 1992, the Eco Logic
process, including the TDU, was  demonstrated at
the Middleground Landfill in Bay City, Michigan,
under a Toxic Substances Control Act research
and development permit.  The Demonstration
Bulletin    (EPA/540/MR-94/504)   and   the
Applications      Analysis      Report
(EPA/540/AR-94/504) are available from EPA.

Further research and  development  since the
demonstration has focused on  optimizing the
process for commercial operations and improving
the design of the soil and sediment processing
unit. According to Eco Logic, the TDU design
currently in commercial operation has achieved
excellent results, with contaminants in soils and
sediments desorbed from high parts per million
(ppm) levels to low parts per billion levels.

Two commercial-scale SE25 treatment units are
currently in operation: one in  Perth, Western
Australia, and the other at a General Motors of
Canada Ltd (GMCL) facility in Ontario. Both are
currently treating a variety of  waste matrices
including DDT residues and PCBs in soils, oils,
electrical equipment, concrete, and other solids.
Following  the GMCL project, the unit will be
relocated to  Toronto,  Ontario  where General
Electric (GE)  and Eco Logic have a contract to
destroy   PCB-impacted   materials    stored
aboveground at GE's Lansdowne and Davenport
facilities.
Eco Logic also has teamed with Westinghouse
Electric to treat chemical warfare agents using the
process. Eco Logic has been awarded a contract
through the Department of Energy's Morgantown
Energy  Technology  Center  for treatment of
hazardous wastes, radioactive mixed low-level
wastes, and energetics-explosives.

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

During the demonstration in Bay City, Michigan,
the Eco Logic TDU achieved the following:

  •  Desorption efficiencies  for PCBs from
     the soil of 93.5 percent in run one and
     98.8 percent in run two
  •  Desorption     efficiency     for
     hexachlorobenzene  (a tracer compound)
     from the soil of 72.13 percent in run one
     and 99.99 percent in run two
     PCB destruction and removal efficiencies
     of 99.99 percent for the combined TDU
     and reduction reactor

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Gordon Evans
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
  Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7684
Fax:513-569-7787

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Jim Nash
ELI Eco Logic International Inc.
143 Dennis Street
Rockwood, Ontario, Canada NOB 2KO
519-856-9591
Fax:519-856-9235
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                  Page 77

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Technology Profile
           EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                                  ENERGIA, INC.
                     (Reductive Photo-Dechlorination Treatment)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The  Reductive  Photo-Dechlorination  (RPD)
treatment uses ultraviolet (UV) light in a reducing
atmosphere and at moderate temperatures to treat
waste    streams    containing    chlorinated
hydrocarbons (CIHC).    Because  CIHCs  are
destroyed in a reducing environment, the only
products are hydrocarbons and hydrogen chloride
(HC1).

The RPD process is depicted in the figure below.
The  process  consists of five main units: (1)
input/mixer (2) photo-thermal  chamber (3) HC1
scrubber (4) separator and (5) products storage
and  recycling.   Chlorinated  wastes may be
introduced into the process in one of three ways:
vapor, liquid, or bound to an adsorbent, such as
activated carbon.

Air laden with chlorocarbon vapors is first passed
through a condenser, which removes chlorinated
materials as liquids. Chlorocarbon liquids are fed
into a vaporizer, mixed with a reducing gas, and
passed into the  photo-thermal chamber.
                 Chlorinated contaminants adsorbed onto activated
                 carbon are purged with reducing gas and mildly
                 heated to  induce vaporization.   The ensuing
                 vapors are then fed  into  the  photo-thermal
                 chamber.

                 The photo-thermal chamber is the heart of the
                 RPD process because all reactions central to the
                 process occur in this chamber. Saturated, olefmic,
                 or  aromatic  chlorocarbons with one or  more
                 carbon-chlorine bonds are exposed to UV light,
                 heat,  and a  reducing atmosphere, such as
                 hydrogen  gas  or  methane.    According to
                 ENERGIA,  Inc.,  carbon-chlorine  bonds are
                 broken,    resulting    in   chain-propagating
                 hydrocarbon  reactions.   Chlorine  atoms are
                 eventually stabilized as  HC1,  which is easily
                 removed in a scrubber.  Hydrocarbons may hold
                 their original structures,  rearrange, cleave, couple,
                 or   go   through   additional   hydrogenation.
                 Hydrocarbons produced from the dechlorination
                 of wastes include ethane, acetylene, ethene, and
                 methane.  Valuable hydrocarbon products can be
                 stored, sold, or recycled as auxiliary fuel to heat
                 the photo-thermal chamber.
                                   Reducing G
                                                                                    Exhaust
                                                                                    Exhaust
                Reducing Gas
                 Make-up
                           Reductive Photo-Dechlorination (RPD) Treatment
Page 38
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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                                                                                February 1999
                                                                              Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The RPD process is designed specifically to treat
volatile chlorinated wastes in the liquid, gaseous,
or adsorbed states.  The RPD process was tested
on methyl  chloride,  dichloromethane  (DCM),
chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethane
(TCA), dichloroethene (PCE), and trichloroethene
(TCE).

Field applications include treatment of organic
wastes discharged from soil  vapor extraction
operations,  vented from  industrial hoods and
stacks, and adsorbed on activated carbon.  The
process can be used to (1) treat gas  streams
containing  chlorinated  hydrocarbons,  and (2)
pretreat gas streams entering catalytic oxidation
systems  by  reducing  chlorine  content  and
protecting the catalyst against poisoning.

In comparison to other photo-thermal processes
(such  as reductive  photo-thermal oxidation
[RPTO] and photo-thermal oxidation [PTO]), the
RPD  process is mostly applicable to  streams
without air  and very  high  concentrations  of
contaminants (bulk down  to greater  than  1
percent).  At very low concentrations (parts per
million)  and in the presence  of  air, the other
photo-thermal processes may more  cos- effective.

STATUS:

Bench-scale experiments were  conducted on
several contaminants (such as DCM, DCE, TCA,
and TCE).  Measurements of concentrations of
parent compounds and products as a function of
residence time  were obtained at  several test
conditions. From these measurements, conversion
and dechlorination efficiencies were determined
at optimal operating conditions.

Experimental  results  on   a   representative
chlorocarbon contaminant (TCA) are available in
the Emerging Technology Bulletin (EPA/540/F-
94/508).  Greater than 99 percent conversion and
dechlorination were  demonstrated with  high
selectivity towards two saleable  hydrocarbon
products, ethane and methane.  Similar favorable
results were  obtained for  other saturated and
unsaturated chlorocarbons  treated  by the  RPD
process.

Results of a cost analysis based on experimental
data indicate that the  RPD  process is extremely
cost competitive.   For example,  the  cost  of
treating  TCE concentrations of 1,000 ppm and
10,000 ppm is $1.10 and $0.25 per pound treated,
respectively.  The cost per 1,000 cubic  feet of
contaminated stream with 1,000 ppm is $0.38 and
$0.88, respectively.

All  technical  data  have  been gathered and
optimization has been completed.  Design and
assembly of a pilot-scale prototype are underway.
The field demonstration may take  place during
1999. The developer is seeking appropriate sites
for  field demonstration.    After  successful
demonstration, the RPD process will be ready for
full-scale commercialization.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Michelle Simon
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7469
Fax: 513-569-7676

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Moshe Lavid
ENERGIA, Inc.
P.O. Box 470
Princeton, NJ 08542-470
609-799-7970
Fax:609-799-0312
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                  Page 39

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Technology Profile
           EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                    ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL
                         RESEARCH CORPORATION
                                  (Reactor Filter System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The   Energy  and  Environmental  Research
Corporation (EER) Reactor Filter System (RFS)
technology is designed to control gaseous and
entrained particulate matter emissions from the
primary thermal treatment of sludges, soils, and
sediments.      Most   Superfund   sites  are
contaminated with toxic organic chemicals and
metals.   Currently available thermal treatment
systems for detoxifying these materials release
products of incomplete combustion (PIC) and
volatile  toxic metals.  In  addition, the large air
pollution control devices (APCD) often required
to control  PICs  and metals are generally not
suitable for transport to remote Superfund sites.
EER designed the RFS to avoid some of these
logistical problems. The RFS uses a fabric filter
installed immediately downstream of the thermal
treatment process; the filter controls toxic metals,
particulates, and unburned organic species.  The
RFS involves the following three steps:
                      First, solids are treated with a primary
                      thermal process, such as a rotary kiln,
                      fluidized bed, or other system designed
                      for thermal treatment.
                      Next,   a  low-cost,  alumino silicate
                      sorbent,  such as  kaolinite, is injected
                      into the flue gases at temperatures near
                      1,300 °C (2,370 °F).  The sorbent reacts
                      with volatile metal species such as lead,
                      cadmium, and arsenic in the gas stream;
                      the metals chemically adsorb onto the
                      surfaces of the sorbent particles.  This
                      adsorbtion      forms      insoluble,
                      nonleachable alumino-silicate complexes
                      similar to cementitious species.
                      Finally, fabric  filtration,  operating at
                      temperatures up to 1,000  °C (1,830 °F)
                      provides additional  residence time for
                      the  sorbent/metalreaction,  producing
                      nonleachable by-products.  This step
                      also provides additional time for the
                      destruction  of   organic  compounds
                      associated  with  particulate  matter,
                      reducing ash toxicity.
                                 I   Sorbent
                                 I j—Injection
                                 I '  (1300°C)
                        Reactor Filter System
                                                                             Exhaust
                                                                           ID Fans
                               Example Application of RFS Equipment
Page 42
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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                                                                                February 1999
                                                                               Completed Project
Because  of the established link between PIC
formation and gas-particle chemistry, this process
can virtually eliminate potential polychlorinated
dioxin formation.

The  RFS  may improve the performance  of
existing thermal treatment systems for Superfund
wastes containing  metals and organics. During
incineration,  hazardous  organics   are  often
attached  to the particulate matter that escapes
burning in the primary zone.  The RFS provides
sufficient residence time at sufficiently  high
temperatures to destroy such organics. Also, by
increasing  gas-solid contact parameters,  the
system   can  decrease  metal   emissions   by
preventing  the release  of metals in vapors or
retained on entrained particles.

The figure on the previous page shows the RFS
installed immediately downstream of the primary
thermal treatment zone  at EER's Spouted Bed
Combustion Facility. Because the spouted bed
generates a highly particulate-laden gas stream, a
high-temperature  cyclone is used  to remove
coarse particulate  matter upstream of the RFS.
Sorbent is injected into the flue gas upstream of
the high temperature fabric filter. A conventional
baghouse was available for comparison with RFS
performance during the demonstration.  However,
the baghouse  is  not  needed in typical  RFS
applications  because   the  high-temperature
filtration medium has shown similar performance
to conventional fabric filtration media.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The RFS  is  designed to  remove  entrained
particulates, volatile toxic metals, and condensed-
phase organics present in high-temperature (800
to 1,000 °C) gas streams generated from the
thermal treatment of contaminated soils, sludges,
and sediments. Many conventional treatments can
be combined with the RFS technology. Process
residuals will consist of nonleachable particulates
that are essentially free of organic compounds,
thus reducing toxicity, handling risks, and landfill
disposal.

STATUS:

The RFS  was  accepted  into  the  Emerging
Technology Program in 1993.  EER developed the
pilot-scale process through a series of bench-scale
screening  studies,  which  were  completed in
September  1994.  The screening studies guided
the sorbent selection and operating conditions for
the pilot-scale demonstration.  The  tests  were
completed  in  1996;  the final report will  be
available from the National Technical Information
Service.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Steven Rock
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7149
Fax: 513-569-7105

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Neil Widmer
Energy and Environmental
Research Corporation
18 Mason Street
Irvine, CA  92718
714-859-8851
Fax: 714-859-3194
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                  Page 43

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Technology Profile
           EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                    ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL
                         RESEARCH CORPORATION
                             (Hybrid Fluidized Bed System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The Hybrid Fluidized Bed (HFB) system treats
contaminated solids and sludges by incinerating
organic  compounds   and  extracting   and
detoxifying volatile metals.  The system consists
of three  stages:   a spouted bed, a  fluidized
afterburner, and a high-temperature particulate
soil extraction system.

First,  the spouted bed rapidly heats solids and
sludges to allow extraction of volatile organic and
inorganic compounds.  The spouted bed  retains
larger soil clumps until they are reduced  in size
but allows fine material to pass through quickly.
This segregation process is beneficial because
organic contaminants in fine particles vaporize
rapidly.  The decontamination time for large
particles is longer due to heat and mass transfer
limitations.

The central spouting region is operated with an
inlet gas velocity of greater than 150 feet per
second.  This velocity creates an abrasion and
grinding action, rapidly reducing the size of the
feed materials through attrition.  The spouted bed
operates  between  1,500 and 1,700  °F  under
oxidizing conditions.

Organic vapors, volatile metals, and  fine soil
particles are carried from the spouted bed through
an open-hole  type distributor, which forms the
bottom of the  second  stage, the
                 fluidized bed afterburner.   The  afterburner
                 provides sufficient retention time and mixing to
                 incinerate the organic compounds that escape the
                 spouted bed,  resulting  in a destruction  and
                 removal efficiency of greater than 99.99 percent.
                 The afterburner also contains bed materials that
                 absorb metal vapors, capture fine particles, and
                 promote formation of insoluble  metal silicates.
                 The bed materials are typically  made of silica-
                 supported bauxite, kaolinite, or lime.

                 In the third stage, the high-temperature particulate
                 soil extraction system removes clean processed
                 soil from the effluent gas stream with one or two
                 hot cyclones.  Clean soil is extracted  hot to
                 prevent unreacted volatile metal species from
                 condensing in the  soil.   Off-gases are then
                 quenched  and passed through  a conventional
                 baghouse to capture the condensed metal vapors.

                 Generally, material handling problems create
                 major  operational difficulties for soil  cleanup
                 devices.   The HFB system  uses a specially
                 designed auger feed system.  Solids and sludges
                 are dropped through a lock hopper system into an
                 auger  shredder,   which  is  a   rugged,  low-
                 revolutions-per-minute, feeding-grinding device.
                 Standard augers are simple and reliable, but often
                 they  are  susceptible  to clogging from feed
                 compression in the auger. In the HFB system, the
                 auger shredder is  close-coupled to the  spouted
                 bed to reduce compression and clump formation
                 during feeding.  The close-couple
Page 40
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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                                                                             February 1999
                                                                           Completed Project
arrangement locates the tip of the auger screw
several inches from the internal surface of the
spouted bed, preventing the  formation of soil
plugs.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

This technology is applicable to soils and sludges
contaminated with organic and volatile inorganic
contaminants.   Nonvolatile inorganics  are not
affected.

STATUS:

This technology was accepted into  the  SITE
Emerging Technology Program in January 1990.
Design  and  construction  of the  commercial
prototype HFB system and a limited shakedown
are complete. The Emerging Technology Bulletin
(EPA/540/F-93/508) is available from EPA.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Teri Richardson
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7949
Fax:513-569-7105

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Richard Koppang
Energy and Environmental Research
Corporation
18 Mason Street
Irvine, CA 92718
714-859-8851
Fax:714-859-3194
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                  approve or endorse technologies.
                                Page 47

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 Technology Profile
                     DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                   ENVIROMETAL TECHNOLOGIES INC.
               (In Situ and Ex Situ Metal-Enhanced Abiotic Degradation of
               Dissolved Halogenated Organic Compounds in Groundwater)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

This remedial technology, developed by  the
University  of  Waterloo  and   EnviroMetal
Technologies    Inc.,    degrades   dissolved
halogenated organic compounds in groundwater
with an in situ permeable wall containing reactive
metal (usually iron) (see photograph below). The
technology may also be used in an aboveground
reactor for ex situ treatment.

The    technology    employs    an    abiotic
electrochemical   process.       Contaminated
groundwater passes through the specially prepared
granular reactive iron, which oxidizes, inducing
reductive  dehalogenation   of  contaminants.
Halogenated   organics   are   degraded   to
nonhazardous     substances,     preventing
contaminants from migrating further downstream.
Observed  degradation rates are  several times
higher  than those  reported for natural  abiotic
degradation processes.
               In most in situ applications of this technology,
               groundwater  moves  naturally   through  the
               permeable subsurface wall  or is  directed  by
               flanking impermeable sections such as sheet piles
               or slurry walls. This passive remediation method
               is a cost-effective alternative to conventional
               pump-and-treat methods. Aboveground reactor
               vessels employing this technology may replace or
               add to treatment units in conventional pump-and-
               treat systems.

               Process residuals may include dissolved ethane,
               ethene,  methane,  hydrogen  gas, chloride, and
               ferrous iron.  Because contaminants are degraded
               to nonhazardous substances and not transferred to
               another medium, this process eliminates the need
               for waste treatment or disposal.

               WASTE APPLICABILITY:

               The  process was  developed to treat  dissolved
               halogenated organic compounds in groundwater.
                                          '«,!
                                        Figure 37
                        Installation of Pilot-Scale In Situ Treatment System
                         at an Industrial Facility in Northeast United States
 Page 72
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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                                                                                 February 1999
                                                                               Completed Project
The technology has degraded a wide variety of
chlorinated  alkanes  and  alkenes,  including
trichloroethene (TCE), tetrachloroethene (PCE),
vinyl  chloride,  1,1,1-trichloroethane,  and 1,2-
dichloroethene  (DCE).  The technology also
degrades other organic contaminants, including
Freon-113,   ethylene    dibromide,    certain
nitroaromatics, and N-nitrosodimethylamine.

This technology was  accepted  into the SITE
Demonstration Program in spring 1993.  A pilot-
scale demonstration of the aboveground reactor
(ex situ) technology took place from November
1994 to February 1995 at an industrial facility in
New  Jersey.   Groundwater at  the   facility
contained dissolved TCE and PCE.

A second SITE demonstration was performed in
New York from May through December  1995. A
pilot-scale in situ permeable wall was installed in
a shallow sand and gravel aquifer containing TCE,
DCE, vinyl chloride,  and 1,1,1-trichloroethane.
This project may eventually be expanded to full-
scale.

A successful permeable in situ wall was  installed
at the Canadian Forces Base Borden test site in
June 1991.  The technology removed about 90
percent of the TCE and PCE from groundwater
passing through the reactive iron wall.  The wall
has performed consistently for 5 years. More than
400  sites  have  been  identified  where  the
technology could be applied. Over 75 successful
bench-scale feasibility tests have been completed
using   groundwater   from   industrial  and
government  facilities in the United States and
Canada.

The first full-scale commercial in situ installation
of this technology was completed at an industrial
facility in California  in December 1994. Since
that time, twelve  additional full-scale in situ
systems and ten pilot-scale systems have been
installed in locations including Colorado, Kansas,
North  Carolina and Belfast, Northern  Ireland.
Aboveground  treatment  systems   have been
proposed at sites in the U.S. and Germany.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

During the New Jersey (ex situ) demonstration,
about 60,833 gallons of groundwater was treated
during   13 weeks  of sampling.   Conversion
efficiency of  PCE  during  the demonstration
period exceeded 99.9 percent.  Vinyl chloride and
cis-l,2-dichloroethene occasionally exceeded the
New  Jersey  Department  of  Environmental
Protection limits.   This exceedance may have
been caused by a reduction in the iron's reactive
capacity due to precipitate formation. Complete
demonstration  results  are   published  in  the
Technology Capsule and  Innovative Technology
Evaluation Report  (ITER),  which is available
from EPA.

For  the New York  (in situ)  demonstration,
preliminary data indicate a significant reduction in
all critical contaminants present, and no apparent
decrease in  removal efficiency over the seven
month  demonstration period.  Results of the in
situ demonstration of the process are published in
an ITER that is available from EPA.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Vince Gallardo
U.S.  EPA
National Risk Management Research
  Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7176
Fax:  513-569-7571

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
John Vogan/Stephanie O'Hannesin
EnviroMetal Technologies Inc.
42 Arrow Road
Guelph, Ontario, Canada NIK 1S6
519-824-0432
Fax:519-763-2378
                                  The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                   Page 73

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Technology Profile
           EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
          ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGIES, INC.
                              (Fungal Degradation Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

Polycyclic  aromatic  hydrocarbons  (PAH)  are
typical pollutants at creosote wood treatment sites
and at manufacturing gas plants (MGP).  Media
contaminated  with  these  compounds   are
considered  hazardous  due  to  the  potential
carcinogenic effects of specific PAHs.

Environmental  BioTechnologies, Inc.  (EBT),
investigated the bioremediation of contaminants
associated with former MGP sites in a program
cosponsored by  the  Electric Power  Research
Institute and  the  U.  S.  EPA.   Initially, EBT
screened over 500 fungal cultures (mostly brown
and white rot fungi) for their ability to degrade
PAHs and other organic pollutants. A group of 30
cultures were  more  intensely  examined and
several cultures were  optimized for use in a soil
composting process.

EBT conducted bench-scale treatability studies to
assess the feasibility of PAH degradation in soil
using a fungal-augmented system  designed to
enhance natural biological metabolic processes.
Results of  one study are shown in the figure
below.   Concentrations  of  10 PAHs were
determined over a 59-day treatment period.
                 Some states have a soil treatment standard of 100
                 parts per million for total PAHs. EBT's fungal
                 treatment process was able to reach this cleanup
                 standard within a 5- to 6-week treatment period
                 for one PAH-contaminated soil,  as shown in the
                 figure on the next page.

                 WASTE APPLICABILITY:

                 One intended environmental application for this
                 technology is the treatment of soil and sediment
                 contaminated with coal tar wastes from former
                 MGP sites. Soils at these sites are contaminated
                 with PAHs and are difficult to  cost-effectively
                 remediate.  EBT's fungal soil treatment process is
                 projected to cost $66 to  $80 per ton, which  is
                 more   cost-effective   than  other   technical
                 approaches such as coburning in utility burners,
                 thermal desorption, and incineration.

                 STATUS:

                 EBT was  accepted  into the SITE Emerging
                 Technology  Program  in  1993 and  began
                 laboratory studies in 1994.  The project was
                 completed in 1996. The overall project objectives
                 were to (1) identify fungal and bacterial cultures
                 that efficiently degrade coal tar
                 Naphthalene
                                                                 Chrysene
                             Fluorene      Fluoranthene        Pyrene
                                           Time (Days)

                    Fungal Degradation of Five PAHs in Soil Over A 59-Day Period
Page 44
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                                 February 1999
                                                                               Completed Project
wastes, and (2) develop and demonstrate a pilot-
scale  process that can be commercialized  for
utility industry applications.

EBT initially worked with PAH-spiked water and
soils.    EBT  then  tested,  under   optimized
conditions, selected soil cultures from several
MGP  sites identified by New England Electric
Services, a utility company  sponsor.   Testing
identified  several  possibly  superior   fungal
cultures capable  of  degrading  PAHs.   These
cultures exhibited degradative preferences  for
either lower molecular weight or higher molecular
weight PAHs, suggesting a consortia as a possible
best approach.    These  cultures  were then
examined  in nutrient-supplemented systems to
determine  optimal PAH degradation rates.

A bench-scale composter  system was used to
determine   optimal  moisture  content,  soil
amendment   requirements,  and   inoculation
procedures for  accelerating PAH degradation.
During the second year, small (less than 1 cubic
yard) plots of MGP-site soil were used to test the
optimized process in  laboratory studies before a
field demonstration is conducted. Results from
the evaluation was published by U.  S. EPA in
1997.   Based on its performance during the
Emerging  Technology Program  evaluation, the
microbial composting process has been invited to
participate in the SITE Demonstration Program.
EBT has also conducted a bench-scale treatability
study for a company in France to determine the
feasibility of fungal  PAH degradation in MGP
soil.  Results demonstrated an increased rate of
biodegradation in the fungal-augmented system
for  all  of  the  measured  individual   PAH
compounds  in  the   80-day  treatment  period,
compared with the natural, unamended system.

EBT is also currently conducting a  10-ton soil
PAH field project to demonstrate that the  fungal
degradation process can be scaled up and used in
commercial applications.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ronald Lewis
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin  Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH  45268
513-569-7856
Fax: 513-569-7105

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Douglas Munnecke
Environmental BioTechnologies, Inc.
969C Industrial  Road
San Carlos, CA  94070
415-596-1020
Fax: 415-596-1016
E-mail: ebt(S>ix.netcom.com
                        600 -.	
            Contrd hn
                                         20
                                                       40
                                           Time (days)
                                Degradation of Total PAHs In Soil
                                                             50
                                                                    60
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                  Page 45

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 Technology Profile
                      DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                                  EPOC WATER, INC.
                  (Precipitation, Microfiltration, and Sludge Dewatering)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The  precipitation,  microfiltration, and  sludge
dewatering treatment uses a combination of pro-
cesses to treat a variety of wastes.  In the first step
of the process,  heavy metals are  chemically
precipitated. Precipitates and all particles larger
than 0.2  micron are filtered through a  unique
tubular    textile    crossflow     microfilter
(EXXFLOW).  The  concentrate stream  is  then
dewatered in a filter press of the same material.

EXXFLOW microfilter modules are fabricated
from  a proprietary tubular  woven  polyester.
Wastes pumped into the polyester tubes  form a
dynamic  membrane, which  produces   a  high
quality filtrate and removes all particle sizes
larger  than  0.2  micron.   The  flow velocity
continually maintains the membrane, maximizing
treatment efficiency.

Metals are removed through precipitation by
adjusting the pH in the EXXFLOW feed tank.
                Metal hydroxides or oxides form a  dynamic
                membrane with any other suspended solids.  The
                EXXFLOW concentrate stream, which contains
                up to 5  percent solids, is then dewatered.   A
                semidry  cake, up to  0.25 inch thick, is formed
                inside the tubular filter.  When the discharge
                valve is opened, rollers on the outside of the tubes
                move to form a venturi within the tubes.  The
                venturi creates an area of high velocity within the
                tubes, which aggressively cleans the cloth and
                discharges the cake in chip form onto  a wedge
                wire  screen.  Discharge water is recycled to the
                feed  tank. Filter cakes are typically 40 to 60
                percent solids by weight.

                Constituents  other than metals can be  removed
                using seeded slurry methods in EXXFLOW.
                Hardness can be removed by using lime.  Oil and
                grease can be  removed by  adding adsorbents.
                Nonvolatile organics and solvents can be removed
                using adsorbents, activated carbon, or powdered
                ion-exchange    resins.    The   EXXFLOW
                demonstration unit (see photograph below) is
                              EXXFLOW Demonstration Unit
 Page 74
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                               February 1999
                                                                              Completed Project
transportable and is mounted on skids. The unit is
designed to process approximately 30 pounds of
solids per hour and 10 gallons of wastewater per
minute.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

When flocculation and precipitation techniques
are used at close to stoichiometric dosing rates,
the EXXFLOW  technology removes mixed
metals, oil and grease, and suspended solids sized
at 0.10 micron.

When the EXXFLOW technology operates with
finely divided adsorbent powders, it  removes
contaminants such as isophthalic acid, acetic acid,
methyl ethyl ketone, fluorides, and phos-phates
from  effluents  generated  by  semiconductor
manufacture.   Treated  effluents  can  then be
reclaimed for reuse.

STATUS:

This technology  was accepted  into the SITE
Demonstration Program in  1989.  Bench-scale
tests were conducted in 1990.  The SITE demon-
stration was conducted during May and June 1992
on highly  acidic mine drainage from the  Old
Number 8  mine  seep  at  the  Iron Mountain
Superfund  site in  Redding,  California.   The
Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/513)
and   the   Applications  Analysis   Report
(EPA/540/AR-93/513) are available from EPA.

This technology was commercialized  in 1988.
Treatment systems have since been installed at
over 45 sites worldwide.  System  capacities range
from 1 gallon per minute to over 2 million gallons
per day.

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:
drainage,  when  neutralizing  with   sodium
hydroxide  (NaOH)   and  calcium  hydroxide
[Ca(OH)2], were generally met or exceeded except
for aluminum.  This was most likely due to
excessive alkalinity (high pH) produced by the
added NaOH and Ca(OH)2, which redissolved the
aluminum.  The claims for all metals, including
aluminum, were exceeded when magnesium oxide
(MgO) was used as the neutralizing agent.  In
most cases, no detectable concentrations of heavy
metals were present in the permeate samples.

Filter cake produced from the demonstration test
contained approximately 12 percent, 31 percent,
and 30 percent solids when NaOH, Ca(OH)2, and
MgO, respectively, were used as the treatment
chemicals.    Toxicity characteristic  leaching
procedure (TCLP) tests performed on the  filter
cake showed that leachable levels of TCLP metals
were below regulatory limits for each treatment
chemical tested.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Jack Hubbard
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
  Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7507
Fax:513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Rodney Squires
EPOC Water, Inc.
3065 North Sunnyside
Fresno, CA 93727
209-291-8144
Fax: 209-291-4926
During the SITE demonstration, developer claims
for metal removal efficiencies on acid mine
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                  Page 75

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Technology Profile
           EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                           FERRO CORPORATION
                    (Waste Vitrification Through Electric Melting)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

Vitrification technology converts contaminated
soils, sediments, and sludges into oxide glasses,
chemically rendering them nontoxic and suitable
for landfilling  as  nonhazardous   materials.
Successful vitrification of soils, sediments, and
sludges  requires  (1)  development of  glass
compositions tailored to a specific  waste, and
(2) glass melting technology that can convert the
waste and additives  into a stable glass without
producing toxic emissions.

In an electric melter, glass — an ionic conductor
of relatively high electrical resistivity — stays
molten with heating.  Such melters process waste
under a relatively thick blanket of feed material,
which forms a counterflow scrubber that limits
volatile emissions (see figure below).
                 Commercial electric melters have significantly
                 reduced the loss of inorganic volatile constituents
                 such as boric anhydride (B2O3)  or lead oxide
                 (PbO). Because of its low emission rate and small
                 volume of exhaust  gases,  electric melting is a
                 promising technology for incorporating waste into
                 a stable glass matrix.

                 WASTE APPLICABILITY:

                 Vitrification  stabilizes  inorganic components
                 found in hazardous waste.  In  addition, the high
                 temperature involved in glass production (about
                 1,500 °C) decomposes organic compounds in the
                 waste  such  as  anthracene,  bis(2-ethylhexyl
                 phthalate),   and   pentachlorophenol.     The
                 decomposition products can easily be removed
                 from the low volume of melter off-gas.
                        GLASS-MAKING
                         MATERIALS
                                    <150°C
                            some dust
                         -j-^&volatiles
                        r
                   Electrode
                                                                        -Steel
                                        FRIT, MARBLES, etc.
                                             STABLE
                                              GLASS
                                  DISPOSAL
                                    Electric Furnace Vitrification
Page 46
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                                February 1999
                                                                              Completed Project
STATUS:

Under the  Emerging  Technology Program,
synthetic soil  matrix  IV (SSM-IV) has been
developed and subjected to toxicity characteristic
leaching procedure (TCLP) testing.

Ten  independent replicates  of the preferred
composition produced the following results:

Metal
As
Cd
Cr
Cu
Pb
Ni
Zn
TCLP analyte concentration,
parts per million
Remediation
Limit
5
1
5
5
5
5
5
Mean of Glass
Replicates
<0.100
<0.010
0.019
0.355
0.130
<0.010
0.293
SSM-IV and additives (including sand, soda ash,
and other minerals) required to convert SSM-IV
to the preferred glass composition have  been
processed in a laboratory-scale electric melter.
Three separate campaigns have produced glass at
17 pounds per hour at a fill of 67 percent SSM-IV
and  33 percent  glass-making  additives.   The
TCLP mean analyte concentrations were less than
10 percent of the remediation limit at a statistical
confidence of 95 percent.  Ferro Corporation's ex-
perience indicates that this  melting rate would
produce an equivalent rate of 1 ton per hour in an
electric melter used to treat wastes at a Superfund
site.    The Emerging  Technology Bulletin
(EPA/540/F-95/503) is available from EPA.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Randy Parker
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7271
Fax: 513-569-7571

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
S.K. Muralidhar
Ferro Corporation
Corporate  Research
7500 East  Pleasant Valley Road
Independence, OH 44131
216-641-8580
Fax:216-524-0518
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 4-7

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 Technology Profile
                      DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                     FILTER FLOW TECHNOLOGY, INC.
                              (Colloid Polishing Filter Method®)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The Colloid Polishing Filter Method® (CPFM®)
uses inorganic, oxide-based  sorption  particles
(FF-1000®)  and optimized  fluidics control to
remove  ionic,  colloidal heavy  metals  and
nontritium radionuclides from water. Beta- and
alpha-emitting  radionuclides  can be  treated
selectively by modifying the bed  formulation.
The methodology efficiently removes inorganics
from groundwater, pond water,  or wastewater
based  on  sorption, chemical  and  physical
properties of the pollutant species, and filtration.
The CPFM® is also an efficient heavy metals and
radionuclide polishing filter for groundwater and
wastewater.   Excess solids and total dissolved
solids must be removed first, since they overload
the beds, resulting in frequent bed backwashing
and regeneration cycles and shorter bed lifetimes.
Three different types of CPFM® equipment
have been designed and successfully tested:
                (1)  vertical  plate  design  beds  with  FF-
                1000®sorption  bed  particles   packaged  in
                polymesh  bags  or  filter  packs  for  field
                applications; (2) small, filter-housing units for
                processing   less  than   1,000   gallons   of
                contaminated water;  and (3) deep-bed, epoxy-
                coated, stainless steel  and carbon steel tanks
                equipped with special fluidics controls and bed
                sluicing ports for continuous processing.  The
                photograph below shows a mobile CPFM® unit.

                WASTE APPLICABILITY:

                The CPFM® has proved  to be effective in
                removing   heavy   metals   and   nontritium
                radionuclides from water to parts per million or
                parts   per    billion   levels.      The   ion
                exchange/sorption method can be used separately
                to treat water with low total suspended solids; in
                a  treatment  train  downstream  from  other
                technologies (such as  soil washing,  organics
                oxidation; or conventional wastewater treatment).
 Mobile CPFM® Unit, Including Mixing Tanks, Pumps, Filter Apparatus, and Other Equipment
 Page 76
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                                February 1999
                                                                              Completed Project
The  CPFM®'s major  advantages are its high
performance; alpha and beta emitter efficiency;
and  its application to monovalent,  divalent,
multivalent, and high valence forms existing as
colloids,  and ionic, chelated, and  complexed
forms.  The same equipment can treat water at
different sites, but the preconditioning chemistry
and pH must be optimized for each site through
bench-scale and field testing.

STATUS:

This technology  was  accepted into the  SITE
Demonstration Program in July 1991. EPA and
the  U.S.  Department   of Energy  (DOE)
cosponsored the technology evaluation. The SITE
demonstration occurred in September 1993 at
DOE's  Rocky Flats Plant  (RFP) in Denver,
Colorado.    The    Demonstration    Bulletin
(EPA/540/MR-94/501),   Technology Capsule
(EPA/540/R-94/501a),      and      Innovative
Technology     Evaluation    Report
(EPA/540/R-94/501) are available from EPA.

The CPFM has been demonstrated independent of
the SITE Program at  two locations at DOE's
Hanford facility, where  it removed Strontium-90,
Cesium-137, Plutonium-239, and Americium-241
from water at K-Basin and  Strontium-90 from
groundwater at Site 100N Area (N-Spring). It
also has proven to be effective at several other
individual sites. A report detailing the results is
available from DOE (DOE/RL-95-110).

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

During the SITE demonstration,  the CPFM®
treated  about  10,000   gallons  of  water  that
contained  about  100 micrograms per liter of
uranium and 100  picoCuries per liter of gross
alpha  contamination.     The   demonstration
consisted of three tests.  The first test consisted of
three 4-hour runs,  at a flow rate of about 5 gallons
per minute (gpm). For the second test, also run
for 4 hours at 5 gpm, the influent water was
pretreated with sodium sulfide. The third test was
a 15-hour run designed to determine  the amount
of contamination each filter pack could treat.

The CPFM® system removed up to 95 percent
uranium   and   94   percent   gross   alpha
contamination. However, due to the significant
variation in removal efficiencies between runs,
average removal  efficiencies  were significantly
less:  80 percent for uranium  and 72 percent for
gross  alpha.     Though  removal  is  largely
attributable to the colloid filter pack, uranium was
significantly removed in runs one and four before
colloid filter treatment. Significant gross alpha
was also removed before colloid filter treatment
in runs one and three. At less than the maximum
removal efficiency, effluent  from the CPFM®
system did not meet the Colorado Water Quality
Control Commission standards for discharge of
waters from RFP.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Annette Gatchett
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
  Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7697
Fax:513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Tod Johnson
Filter Flow Technology, Inc.
122 Texas Avenue
League City, TX  77573
281-332-3438
Fax:281-332-3644
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                  Page 77

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 Technology Profile
                     DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                         FUNDERBURK & ASSOCIATES
                                  (formerly HAZCON, INC.)
                            (Dechlorination and Immobilization)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

This technology mixes hazardous wastes with
cement (or fly ash), water, and one of 18 patented
reagents, commonly known as  Chloranan, to
immobilize heavy metals. The developers also
claim  that certain  chlorinated  organics are
dechlorinated by the treatment reagents.

Soils, sludges, and sediments can be treated in situ
or excavated and treated ex situ.  Sediments can
be treated under water. In the finished product,
immobilized metals have a very low solubility. Ex
situ treatment occurs in batches, with volumetric
throughput rated at 120 tons per hour. The
treatment process begins by adding Chloranan and
water to the blending  unit (see figure below).
Waste  is then added and mixed for 2 minutes.
Cement or fly ash is  added and mixed  for a
similar time. After 12 hours, the treated material
hardens into a concrete-like mass that exhibits
unconfmed compressive strengths (UCS) ranging
from 1,000 to 3,000 pounds per
                square inch (psi),  with permeabilities of 10"9
                centimeters per second (cm/sec). The hardened
                concrete-like mass can withstand several hundred
                freeze and thaw cycles.

                WASTE APPLICABILITY:

                The technology is applicable to solid wastes
                containing heavy metals and  organics.   The
                developer claims that,  since the  1987  SITE
                demonstration, the technology has been refined to
                dechlorinate certain chlorinated organics and to
                immobilize other wastes, including those with
                high levels of metals. Wastes with organic and
                inorganic contaminants  can be treated together.
                The process can treat contaminated material with
                high concentrations (up to 25 percent) of oil.

                STATUS:

                This  technology was accepted  into  the  SITE
                Demonstration Program in 1987.  The process was
                demonstrated in October 1987  at a former oil
                processing plant in Douglassville, Pennsylvania.
                        CHLORANAN
                                 I
                                                  CEMENT OR
                                                  FLYASH
                       I
                                        FIELD BLENDING UNIT
                    Dechlorination and Immobilization Treatment Process
 Page 78
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                                February 1999
                                                                              Completed Project
The  site  soil  contained high levels of oil and
grease  (250,000 parts per  million [ppm]) and
heavy metals (22,000 ppm lead), and low levels of
volatile organic compounds (VOC) (100 ppm) and
poly chlorinated biphenyls (PCB) (75 ppm). The
Applications      Analysis      Report
(EPA/540/A5-89/001) and Technology Evaluation
Report (EPA/540/5-89/00 la) are available from
EPA. A report on long-term monitoring may be
also obtained from EPA. The technology has also
been used to remediate a California Superfund site
with zinc contamination as high as 220,000 ppm.

Since the demonstration  in  1987,  17 additional
reagent formulations have been developed. These
reagents   supposedly   dechlorinate   many
chlorinated organics,  including PCBs, ethylene
dichloride,      trichloroethene,      and
pentachlorophenol.

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

For the SITE demonstration, samples were taken
after treatment at intervals of 7 days, 28 days, 9
months, and 22 months. Analytical results from
these samples were generally favorable.  The
physical test results indicated a UCS between 220
and  1,570 psi.   Low  permeabilities  (10~9
cm/sec) were  recorded, and the porosity of the
treated wastes was moderate.  Durability test
results  showed no change  in physical strength
after the wet and dry and freeze and thaw cycles.
The waste volume increased by about 120 percent.
However, technology refinements now restrict
volumetric increases to 15 to 25 percent.  Using a
smaller volume of additives reduces physical
strength, but toxicity reduction is not affected.
The  results of the leaching tests were mixed.
Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP)
results for the  stabilized wastes showed that
concentrations of metals, VOCs, and semivolatile
organic compounds (SVOC) were below 1 ppm.
Lead concentrations in leachate decreased by a
factor of 200 to below 100 parts per billion.  VOC
and SVOC concentrations in the TCLP leachate
were not affected by treatment.  Oil and grease
concentrations were greater in the treated waste
TCLP  leachate  (4  ppm) than in the untreated
waste TCLP leachate (less than 2 ppm).

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
  Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
Fax:513-569-7105
E-Mail: dePercin.Paul@epamail.epa.gov

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Ray Funderburk
Funderburk & Associates
3312 llth Street
Gulfport, MS 35901
228-868-9915
Fax: 228-868-7637
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                  Page 79

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 Technology Profile
                      DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                                 GENERAL ATOMICS
                                 (Circulating Bed Combustor)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

General Atomies'  circulating  bed combustor
(CBC) uses high velocity air to entrain circulating
solids and create a highly turbulent combustion
zone  that  destroys  toxic hydrocarbons.   The
commercial-scale, 3-foot combustion chamber
can treat up to 150 tons of contaminated soil
daily, depending on the heating value of the feed
material.
                As shown in the figure below, waste material and
                limestone are fed into the combustion chamber
                along with the recirculating bed material.  The
                limestone neutralizes acid gases.    A  conveyor
                transports the treated ash out of the system for
                proper  disposal.   Hot combustion  gases pass
                through a convective gas cooler and baghouse
                before they are released to the atmosphere.

                WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The CBC operates at lower temperatures than
conventional incinerators  (1,450 to 1,600 °F).
The CBC's high turbulence produces a uniform
temperature around the combustion chamber and
hot cyclone. The CBC also completely mixes the
waste material during combustion.   Effective
mixing and low combustion temperature reduce
operating costs and potential emissions of such
gases as  nitrogen  oxide  (NOX)  and  carbon
monoxide (CO).  Natural gas, fuel oil, or diesel
can be used as auxiliary fuel. No auxiliary fuel is
needed for waste streams with a net heating value
greater than 2,900 British thermal units per pound.
                The CBC process can treat liquids, slurries, solids,
                and  sludges  contaminated  with  corrosives,
                cyanides, dioxins and furans, inorganics, metals,
                organics, oxidizers, pesticides, polychlorinated
                biphenyls (PCB), phenols, and volatile organic
                compounds.  The  CBC is permitted under the
                Toxic Substances Control Act to burn PCBs in all
                10 EPA regions, having demonstrated a 99.99
                percent destruction removal efficiency (DRE).
                Applications of the CBC include a variety of
                industrial wastes and contaminated site materials.
                Waste feed for the CBC must be sized to less than
                1 inch.   Metals in  the waste do  not inhibit
                performance and become less leachable after
                                 (2)
                                 COMBUSTION
                                 CHAMBER
                           FD
                           FAN
                              Circulating Bed Combustor (CBC)
 Page 80
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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                                                                                 February 1999
                                                                               Completed Project
incineration. Treated residual ash can be replaced
on site or stabilized for landfill disposal if metals
exceed regulatory limits.

STATUS:

The   CBC   (formerly   owned   by   Ogden
Environmental Services) was accepted into the
SITE Demonstration  Program  in 1986.   A
treatability study on wastes  from the McColl
Superfund site in  California was conducted under
the guidance of the SITE Program, EPA Region 9,
and the California Department of Health Services
in March 1989. A pilot-scale demonstration was
conducted  at the  General Atomics  research
facility  in  San  Diego,   California  using  a
16-inch-diameter CBC.  The demonstration was
conducted on soil from the McColl Superfund Site
in Fullerton, California.

Several 3-foot-diameter CBCs have been built and
successfully operated.  At the Swanson River
project in Alaska, over 100,000 tons of PCB-
contaminated soil was  successfully  treated to
limits of detection that were far below allowable
limits. The process took just over 3 years, from
mobilization  of the  transportable   unit  to
demobilization.   The unit operated at  over  85
percent availability  all  year, including winter,
when temperatures were below -50 °F.  The soil
was delisted and returned to the original site. The
unit has subsequently been moved to a Canadian
site.Another unit of similar  size  treated  soils
contaminated with #6 fuel oil. Over 14,000 tons
of soil was successfully treated and delisted.
Upon completion, the site was upgraded to permit
operation as a merchant facility treating a wide
range of materials from leaking underground fuel
tanks at other sites. Two other units of the  same
size  have  been  constructed in  Germany for
treatment of munitions wastes  consisting  of
slurried explosives and propellant. These units
have been operational since early 1995 and have
been   permitted  under  stringent   German
regulations.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

During  the  SITE  demonstration,  the
performed as follows:
CBC
  •   Achieved DRE values of 99.99 percent or
     greater for principal organic hazardous
     constituents
  •   Minimized  formation  of products of
     incomplete combustion
     Met research facility permit conditions
     and  California  South  Coast  Basin
     emission standards
  •   Controlled sulfur  oxide  emissions by
     adding limestone and residual materials
     (fly ash and bed  ash); these emissions
     were nonhazardous. No significant levels
     of hazardous organic compounds  were
     found in the system, the stack gas, or the
     bed and fly ash.
  •   Minimized emissions of sulfur oxide,
     NOX, and particulates.  Other regulated
     pollutants were controlled to well below
     permit levels.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Douglas Grosse, U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
  Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7844  Fax:513-569-7585

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Dan Jensen, General Atomics
P.O. Box 85608
3550 General Atomics Court
San Diego, CA  92186-9784
619-455-4458  Fax:619-455-4111
                                  The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                   Page 81

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 Technology Profile
                      DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                                     GEO-CON, INC.
                       (In Situ Solidification and Stabilization Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The in situ solidification and stabilization process
immobilizes organic and inorganic compounds in
wet or dry soils, using reagents (additives) to produce
a cement-like mass. The basic components of this
technology are (1) Geo-Con, Inc.'s (Geo-Con),
deep soil mixing (DSM) system, to deliver and
mix the chemicals with the soil in situ; and (2) a
batch mixing plant to supply proprietary additives
(see figure below).

The  proprietary additives generate a complex,
crystalline, connective network  of inorganic
polymers in a two-phase  reaction.  In  the first
phase, contaminants  are complexed in a fast-
acting  reaction.     In  the  second  phase,
macromolecules build over a long period of time
in a slow-acting reaction.

The DSM system involves mechanical mixing and
injection. The system  consists of one set of cutting
blades and two sets of mixing blades attached to a
vertical drive auger, which rotates at approximately
15 revolutions per minute.  Two conduits in the
auger inject the additive slurry and supplemental
water. Additives are injected on the downstroke;
the slurry is further mixed upon auger withdrawal.
The treated soil columns
                are 36 inches in diameter and are positioned in an
                overlapping pattern of alternating primary and
                secondary soil columns.

                WASTE APPLICABILITY:

                The process treats soils, sediments, and sludge-
                pond  bottoms   contaminated  with  organic
                compounds and metals.  The process has been
                laboratory-tested    on    soils    containing
                polychlorinated      biphenyls      (PCB),
                pentachlorophenol, refinery wastes, and chlorinated
                and nitrated hydrocarbons.

                STATUS:

                A SITE demonstration was conducted as a joint
                effort between International Waste Technologies
                (IWT) and Geo-Con.  The demonstration was
                conducted at the General Electric Service Shop
                site in Hialeah, Florida in April 1988.  IWT
                provided the treatment reagent, specifically the
                proprietary  additive (HWT-20), and  Geo-Con
                provided both engineering and hardware for the in
                situ soil treatment.  Two 10-by-20-foot areas were
                treated — one to a depth of 18 feet, and the other
                to  a depth of  14  feet.   Ten months after the
                demonstration,  long-term monitoring tests were
                performed on the treated sectors.  A four-auger
                                                               Reagent
                                                               Silo
                                                                   Water
                  In Situ Solidification and Stabilization Process Flow Diagram
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The SITE Program assesses but does not
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                                                                                  February 1999
                                                                                Completed Project
process was later used to remediate the PCB-
contaminated Hialeah site during the winter and
spring of 1990. Cooperative efforts between Geo-
Con and IWT ended with the remediation of the
Hialeah site.

Presently, Geo-Con  offers the entire  in situ
stabilization package, including the treatment
chemicals.   Geo-Con  has used the process to
complete over 40 in situ stabilization projects
throughout the United States. Significant projects
completed to date include the following:

  •   Construction of a 110,000-square-foot,
     60-foot-deep, soil-bentonite DSM wall to
     contain contaminated groundwater from
     a former  waste  pond.    All  DSM
     permeabilities  were  less  than  10"7
     centimeters per second (cm/s).
  •   Shallow soil mixing and stabilization of
     82,000 cubic yards of contaminated soils
     at a former manufactured gas plant site.
     The  site  was   declared  clean  and
     ultimately converted to a city park.

The DSM system augers have been scaled up to
diameters as large as 12 feet. To date, Geo-Con
has used this process to treat over 1 million cubic
yards of contaminated soils and sludges.

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

The SITE demonstration yielded the following
results:
     porosity.  These  physical  properties
     improved in samples retested 1  year
     later, indicating the potential for long-
     term durability.
     Bulk density of the soil increased 21
     percent after treatment.  This treatment
     increased the treated soil volume by 8.5
     percent and caused a small ground rise
     of 1 inch per foot of treated  soil.
  •   The UCS of treated soil was satisfactory,
     with values up to 1,500 pounds per square
     inch.
  •   The permeability of the treated soil was
     satisfactory,  decreasing  to  10"6  and
     10"7 cm/s compared to  10"2 cm/s  for
     untreated soil.
  •   Data  were  insufficient   to  confirm
     immobilization    of   volatile    and
     semivolatile organics.  This may be due
     to  organophilic  clays present in  the
     reagent.
     Process costs were $ 194 per ton for the 1 -
     auger machine used in the demonstration,
     and $111 per ton for a commercial four-
     auger operation.  More recent experience
     with larger  scale equipment reduced
     process costs to about  $ 15  per ton plus
     the  cost of reagents.  The  Technology
     Evaluation Report (EPA/540/5-89/004a)
     and the  Applications  Analysis Report
     (EPA/540/A5-89/004) are available from
     EPA.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
     PCB immobilization appeared likely, but
     could not be confirmed because of low
     PCB concentrations in the untreated soil.
     Leachate tests on treated and untreated
     soil samples showed mostly undetectable
     PCB levels. Leachate tests performed 1
     year later on treated soil samples showed
     no increase in  PCB  concentrations,
     indicating immobilization.
     Data  were insufficient to evaluate the
     system's performance on other organic
     compounds and metals.
     Each   test  sample  showed  high
     unconfmed  compressive   strength
     (UCS),  low permeability,   and  low
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Stephen McCann
Geo-Con, Inc.
4075 Monroeville Boulevard
Corporate One, Building II, Suite 400
Monroeville, PA 15146
412-856-7700
Fax:412-373-3357
                                  The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                     approve or endorse technologies.
                                   Page 83

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 Technology Profile
                      DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                             GEOSAFE CORPORATION
                   (GeoMelt Vitrification, previously In Situ Vitrification)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

Geosafe   Corporation's  (Geosafe)  GeoMelt
vitrification process uses electricity to melt soil or
other earthen materials at temperatures of 1600 to
2000  °C,  destroying organic  pollutants  by
pyrolysis. Inorganic pollutants are immobilized
within the vitrified glass and monolith.  Water
vapor and organic pyrolysis products are captured
in a hood, which draws the  off-gases into a
treatment system that removes particulates, acid
gases and other pollutants.

The process can be applied to materials in situ, or
where staged below grade  or ex situ.  By  the
addition of feeding and melt withdrawal fewtures,
the process can be operated semi-continuosly.  To
begin the vitrification  process, an array  of large
electrode pairs is inserted into contaminated zones
containing enough soil for melting to occur (see
photograph below). A graphite  starter path is
used  to  melt the  adjacent  soil,  which then
becomes the primary current-carrying medium for
further processing.  As power is  applied,  the
melting continues downward and outward at an
average rate of 4 to 6 tons per hour,  or 1  to
2 inches per hour. The
                electrode array is lowered progressively, as the
                melt grows to the desired treatment depth.  After
                cooling, a vitrified  monolith  with  a glass and
                microcrystalline structure remains. This monolith
                possesses high strength and excellent weathering
                and leaching properties.

                The melting process is performed under a hood
                through which air flow is controlled to maintain a
                negative pressure. Excess oxygen is supplied for
                combustion of any  organic pyrolysis products.
                Off-gases are treated by quenching, pH-controlled
                scrubbing, dewatering (mist elimination), heating
                (for dew point control), particulate filtration, and
                either  activated  carbon adsorption  or thermal
                oxidation  as  a  final  off-gas polishing   step.
                Individual melt settings may encompass a total
                melt mass of up to 1,400 tons, a maximum width
                of 40 feet, and depths as great as 22 feet.  Special
                settings to reach deeper contamination are also
                possible.  Void  volume  and volatile material
                removal results in a 30 to 50 percent  volume
                reduction for typical soils.

                The mobile GeoMelt system is mounted on three
                semi-trailers.  Electric power may be provided by
                local utility or on-site diesel generator. Typical
                             In Situ Vitrification Process Equipment
 Page 84
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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                                                                                 February 1999
                                                                               Completed Project
power  consumption ranges from  600 to 800
kilowatt-hours per ton of soil.  The  electrical
supply system has an isolated ground  circuit to
provide safety.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The GeoMelt vitrification process can destroy or
remove organics and immobilize most inorganics
in contaminated soils, sediments, sludges, or other
earthen materials. The process has been tested on
abroad range of volatile and semivolatile organic
compounds, other organics including dioxins and
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), and on most
priority pollutant metals and heavy metal radio-
nuclides.   The process can  also  treat  large
amounts of debris and waste materials present in
soil.  In addition to soils applications, the process
has been used to treat mixed- transuranic (TRU)
buried  waste and underground tanks containing
waste.  Underground tank treatment employs a
new  method of vertically planar melting which
enable  sidewards melting rather than top-down
melting. Tanks to 4,500 gallons have been treated
to date.

STATUS:

The SITE demonstration of the process occurred
during  March and April  1994 at the former
Parsons Chemical (Parsons) site in Grand Ledge,
Michigan.  The soil at Parsons was contaminated
with pesticides, metals, and low levels of dioxins.
The  Innovative Technology Evaluation Report
(EPA/540/R-94/520)  and  the Demonstration
Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-94/520) are  available
from EPA.

In October 1995, Geosafe was issued a National
Toxic  Substances Control  Act permit for the
treatment of soils contaminated with up to 17,860
parts per million PCBs.

In December 1995, Geosafe completed  the
remediation of the Wasatch Chemical Superfund
Site in  Salt Lake City, Utah.  This site contained
about 6,000  tons of dioxin,  pentachlorophenol,
herbicide,    pesticide,  and   other   organic
contaminants in soil containing up to 30 percent
debris  by weight.  In 1996, Geosafe completed
remediation of the Apparatus Service Shop Site in
Spokane, Washington. A total of 6,500 tons of
PCB-contaminated soil was treated at the site.
GeoMelt  vitirification   is  currently   being
employed for the in situ treatment of mixed-TRU
buried waste at the Maralinga Test Range in
South Australia.   Twenty-one  pits containing
Plutonium,   Uranium,   Lead,   Barium,   and
Beryllium are being treated there.  That project
will be completed in 1999.

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

During the SITE demonstration, about 330 cubic
yards of a saturated clayey soil was vitrified in 10
days. This is the equivalent to a production  rate
of 53 tons per day. The technology met cleanup
levels specified by EPA Region 5 for chlordane,
4,4-dichlorodiphe-nyltrichloroethane,  dieldrin,
and  mercury.   Pesticide  concentrations  were
nondetectible in the vitrified soil.  Results also
indicated that leachable mercury was below the
regulatory guidelines (40 CFR Part 261.64),  and
no target pesticides were detected in the leachate.
No target pesticides were detected in the stack gas
samples,  and   metal  emissions  were  below
regulatory requirements.   Continuous emission
monitoring showed that  total hydrocarbon  and
carbon monoxide  emissions  were within EPA
Region 5 limits.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Teri Richardson, U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
  Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH  45268
513-569-7949
Fax:513-569-7105

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
James Hansen or Matthew Haass
Geosafe Corporation
2952 George Washington Way
Richland,WA  99352-1615
509-375-0710
Fax:  509-375-7721
E-Mail: geosafe@oneworld.out.com
                                  The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                  Page 85

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 Technology Profile
                      DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
               GEOTECH DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION
            (Cold Top Ex-Situ Vitrification of Chromium-Contaminated Soils)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The Geotech Cold Top technology is an ex-situ
vitrification process designed to transform metal-
contaminated soils into a nonleachable product.
The primary component of the technology  is a
water-cooled,  double-walled, steel  vessel  or
furnace with  submerged-electrode  resistance
heating. The furnace and associated equipment
are capable of attaining a melting temperature of
up to 5,200 °F.

The furnace is initially charged with a mixture of
sand and alumina/silica clay. Through electrical
resistance  heating, a molten pool forms;  the
voltage to the furnace is properly adjusted; and,
finally, contaminated soil is fed into the furnace
by a screw conveyor.  When the desired soil melt
temperature is achieved, the  furnace plug from
below the molten product tap is removed. As the
soil melts, the outflow is poured into refractory-
lined and insulated molds for slow cooling,  and
additional soil is added to the furnace to maintain
a "cold top." Excess material can be discharged to
a  water sluice  for  immediate  cooling  and
collection before off-site disposal.
                Geotech  Development  Corporation  (Geotech)
                claims that the  Cold Top Vitrification process
                converts quantities of contaminated soil from a
                large  number of particles into an essentially
                monolithic, vitrified mass. According to Geotech,
                vitrification  transforms the  physical state  of
                contaminated soil   from  assorted crystalline
                matrices  to  a glassy,  amorphous solid  state
                comprised of interlaced polymeric chains. These
                chains typically consist of alternating oxygen and
                silicon atoms. It is expected that chromium can
                readily  substitute for  silicon  in the chains.
                According to Geotech, such chromium should be
                immobile to leaching by aqueous solvents and,
                therefore, biologically unavailable and nontoxic.

                WASTE APPLICABILITY:

                According to Geotech, the Cold Top Vitrification
                process has been used to treat soils contaminated
                with hazardous heavy metals  such  as  lead,
                cadmium, and chromium; asbestos and asbestos-
                containing materials; and municipal solid waste
                combustor ash  residue.   Geotech claims that
                radioactive wastes can also be treated by this
                                                                         TO AIR POLLUTION
                                                                         CONTROL SYSTEM
  PRETREATED
 CONTAMINATED
                               MOLTEN PRODUCT TAP
                                                              MOLD CONTAINING
                                                              VITRIFIED PRODUCT
                         Cold Top Ex-Situ Vitrification Technology
 Page 86
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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                                                                                 February 1999
                                                                               Completed Project
technology.  All waste material must be reduced
in size to less than 0.25 inches in diameter. The
Cold Top Vitrification process is most efficient
when feed materials have been dewatered to less
than 5  percent  water  and  organic  chemical
concentrations have  been minimized.   Some
wastes may  require the addition of carbon and
sand to  ensure  that the vitrification process
produces a glass-like product.  Geotech claims
that the vitrified product can have many  uses,
including shore erosion blocks, decorative tiles,
road-bed fill, and cement or blacktop aggregate.

STATUS:

This technology was accepted into the  SITE
Demonstration Program in December 1994.  In
February and  March, 1997, this  process was
demonstrated at Geotech's pilot plant in Niagara
Falls, New York. Approximately 10,000 pounds
of chromium-contaminated soil from two New
Jersey-Superfund sites in the Jersey City area
were collected crushed, sieved, dried, mixed with
carbon and  sand, and shipped to  the Geotech
plant. The SITE demonstration consisted of one
vitrification test run on soil from each site.

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

The demonstration  results indicate that the Cold
Top  Vitrification  process   reduced   the
concentration of leachable chromium to meet the
Resource  Conservation  and  Recovery  Act
(RCRA) toxicity characteristic leaching procedure
(TCLP) total chromium standard.  For example,
concentrations of 29 and 58 mg/L of TCLP
chromium in feed soils were reduced to 1.0 and
0.31 mg/L,  respectively,  in  vitrified products.
Field observations  and  measurements  made
during the demonstration indicate that  several
operational  issues  must  be  addressed  during
technology  scale-up.  First,  a consistent and
controlled feed system needs to be developed that
spreads  the waste uniformly over the surface of
the molten  soil. This feed  system  must also
minimize dust generation. Second, an emission
control system needs to be configured to control
particulate  and  gaseous  emissions from the
furnace and feed system.
The SITE Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/HR-
97/506) and Technology Capsule (EPA/540/R-
97/506a) are available from EPA. Geotech owns
a 50-ton-per-day  Cold Top  Vitrification pilot
plant in Niagara Falls, New York.  This facility
has been used for over 38 research and customer
demonstrations,    including    the    SITE
demonstration. Geotech has built or assisted with
the construction or upgrading of more than five
operating  vitrification plants.    Geotech  has
tentative plans to  build a commercial Colt Top
Vitrification facility within 50 miles of the New
Jersey sites. The planned capacity of this facility
is 300 tons per day. The facility will be designed
to  receive,  dry, vitrify, and dispose of vitrified
product from the chromium sites and municipal
solid  waste  incinerators,  as  well  as other
producers of hazardous and nonhazardous waste.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Marta K. Richards
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
  Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7692
Fax:513-569-7676

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Thomas Tate, President
Geotech Development Corporation
1150 First Avenue, Suite 630
King of Prussia, PA 19406
610-337-8515
Fax: 610-768-5244

William Librizzi
Hazardous  Substance  Management  Research
Center
New Jersey Institute of Technology
13 8 Warren Street Newark, NJ 07102
973-596-5846
Fax: 973-802-1946
                                  The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                   Page 87

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 Technology Profile
                      DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                                GIS\SOLUTIONS, INC.
                  (GIS\Key™ Environmental Data Management System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

GIS\Key™   v.3.0   is   a   comprehensive
environmental database management system that
integrates site data and graphics, enabling the user
to create geologic  cross-sections, boring logs,
potentiometric maps, isopleth maps,  structure
maps, summary tables, hydrographs,  chemical
time series graphs, and numerous other maps and
line graphs (see table below).  The software is
networkable, multi-user, 32 bit and year 2000
compliant. It is menu-driven, making it relatively
simple to use. All system outputs meet Resource
Conservation  and Recovery Act  (RCRA) and
Comprehensive    Environmental   Response,
Compensation, and Liability  Act (CERCLA)
reporting requirements and are consistent with
current industry practices.

In addition to complete integration between data
and graphics, GIS\Key™ v.3.0 integrates different
data types, allowing swift production of complex
graphics such as geo-chemical cross sections and
flux graphics.
                GIS\Key™  v.3.0  stores  and  independently
                manages metadata (such as maps, graphs, reports,
                boring logs and sections)  from multiple sites.
                Metadata is geocoded, stored separately from a
                facility's   source   data   and  retrieved   by
                performance of a spatial query. Metadata from a
                facility may be  retrieved,  viewed and studied
                independently or combined with metadata from
                other facilities for multi-site management.

                The GIS\Key™ software can directly export data
                into the leading  three-dimensional visualization
                systems. These systems produce three-dimensional
                contaminant plume models and groundwater flow
                models as well as fence diagrams.  GIS\Key™
                includes audit or transaction logging capabilities for
                source data as well as metadata.

                The GIS\Key™  v3.0 also employs  two new
                project management and data navigation tools
                called Scout™ and Smart Query™  Scout™
                helps users find and access existing projects, start
                new projects, browse data  and initiate queries
                that result in reports, maps, and other graphics.
CHEMISTRY
• Isopleth maps of soil or water quality
(plan or section view)
• Graphs
Time series graphs
Chemical versus chemical and inter-
well and intra-well
Concentration versus position
Summary of statistics
• Trilinear Piper & Stiff diagrams
• User alerts
When QA/QC results fall outside
data quality objectives
When sample results fall outside
historical ranges
When sample results exceed applic-
able regulatory standards
• Sample Tracking; Electronic Lab
Interface
• Presentation-quality data tables

GEOLOGY
• Completely customizable boring logs
• Geologic cross-section maps
• Isopach maps
• Structure maps
• Presentation-quality data tables
ALL MODULES:
• GIS\Key Scout™ Interface
• Independent management of metadata
• Multi-site management capability
• Integration between data types
• Smart Query™ Data Retrieval
• 3D Modeling, Statistics, CIS
Integration

HYDROLOGY
• Density-corrected water level, floating
product, hydraulic conductivity, and
contour maps
• Water elevation and floating product
thickness versus time graphs
• Flow versus time and chemical flux
graphs
• Presentation-quality data tables
SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS:
• Hardware: Pentium Class PC 32 MB RAM
• Operating System: Windows 95/98 or
Windows NT

                 GISVKey™ Environmental Data Management System Outputs
 Page 88
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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                                                                                  February 1999
                                                                                Completed Project
Scout™ also manages data security and multi-user
network installations of GIS\Key™ v.3.0.  Smart
Query™
users set conditions on project data, displays data
meeting those conditions,  then  creates desired
output. GIS\Key™ v3.0 also has new modules for
radiological chemistry and RCRA Statistics.  Site
data related to ecological assessment and  air
emissions is not managed by this system.

The GIS\Key™ software  can  be used at any
Superfund  site  to  facilitate  the  collection,
reporting, and analysis of site data.  The software
is designed with numerous checks to assure the
quality of  the  data, including  comprehensive
quality  assurance/quality  control  protocols.
System outputs, listed in the table below, are
presentation-quality  and  meet  RCRA  and
CERCLA  reporting requirements.  GIS\Key™
software provides a three level  data validation
system which includes  1) sample tracking by
custody, sample ID and/or date and time, 2) an
electronic   laboratory   import   program   that
immediately finds, and helps the user fix, quality
control (QC)  problems with the laboratory  data
delivery and 3) a series  of "User Alert" reports
which find  data thst falls outside of project QC
objectives, historical data ranges, or above federal,
state, and local or project specific action levels.

STATUS:

This technology was  accepted  into the SITE
Demonstration Program  in summer 1992.  The
demonstration was held  in August 1993 in San
Francisco,  California, and December  1993 in
Washington, DC.   The Demonstration Bulletin
(EPA/540/MR-94/505),  Technology  Capsule
(EPA/540/SR-94/505), Innovative Technology
Evaluation  Report (EPA/540/R-94/505),  and
project videotape are available from EPA.

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

The GIS\Key™  software is in use  at several
Superfund  sites including the  Crazyhorse site
near  Salinas,  Califonia, and the  Moffett
Field site  near San  Jose, California.  The
U.S.    AirForce's    Environmental    Data
Management  and  Decision  Support  working
group has successfully
tested  the  effectiveness  of  the  GIS\Key™
technology  at Norton Air   Force  Base  in
California. The technology is also being used by
consultants at over 30 other U.S. Air Force and
Department of Energy facilities.

Results from the SITE demonstration indicated
that the GIS\Key™ software generated the four
types of contour maps necessary to assist in
groundwater mapping:   hydrogeologic  maps,
chemical  concentration   isopleths,  geologic
structure maps, and geologic structure thickness
isopach maps.   Several  advanced chemistry
reports and construction and borehole summary
tables  were  also  automatically prepared using
customized GIS\Key™ menu commands. The
system automated well and borehole logs based on
the  information   contained  in  the  database.
GISVKey™ provided several editable reference lists,
including  a  list  of  regulatory  thresholds, test
methods, and a list of chemical names, aliases, and
registry numbers.   The GIS\Key™ database menu
provided commands for electronic database import
and export.  Any of the database files used by
GIS\Key™ can be used with the general import and
export commands available in the database menu.

FOR  FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Richard Eilers
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
  Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7809
Fax: 513-569-7111

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Lawrence  S. Eytel
GIS\Solutions, Inc.
1800 Sutter Street
Suite 830
Concord, CA 94520
925-827-5400 x 207
Fax: 925-827-5467
E-mail: sales@giskey.com
Internet: http ://www.giskey.com
                                  The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                     approve or endorse technologies.
                                   Page 89

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 Technology Profile
                      DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
              GRACE BIOREMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES
                        (DARAMEND™ Bioremediation Technology)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The   GRACE  Bioremediation   Technologies
organic  amendment-enhanced  bioremediation
technology (DARAMEND™) is  designed  to
degrade many organic contaminants in industrial
soils and sediments, including pentachlorophenol
(PCP), polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH),
and petroleum hydrocarbons.  The technology has
been applied both in situ and ex situ.  In either
case, soil may be treated in lifts up to 2 feet deep
using  available  mixing  equipment.     The
technology may also be applied  ex situ, as a
biopile.

The  technology treats  batches  of soil  using
DARAMEND™  soil  amendments.     These
amendments are introduced  using conventional
agricultural equipment (see photograph below),
followed   by  regular  tilling and  irrigation.
DARAMEND™ soil amendments are solid-phase
products prepared from natural organic materials
to have soil-specific particle size distribution,
nutrient content, and nutrient releases kinetics.
Soil amendments sharply increase the ability  of
the soil matrix to supply water and nutrients to the
microorganisms  that degrade  the hazardous
compounds.    The  amendments  can  also
transiently bind contaminants, reducing the
                acute toxicity of the soil aqueous phase.  This
                reduction allows microorganisms to survive in
                soils containing very high concentrations of toxic
                compounds.

                DARAMEND™  treatment   involves  three
                fundamental steps.  First, the treatment area is
                prepared.  For the ex  situ  application, a lined
                treatment cell is constructed. In situ application
                requires the treatment area to  be  cleared and
                ripped to reduce soil compaction. Second, the soil
                is pretreated; this includes removing debris larger
                than 4 inches, such as metal or rocks, that may
                damage the tilling equipment. Sediments under-
                going treatment must be dewatered.  And third,
                the   DARAMEND™   soil   amendment  is
                incorporated, usually at 1 percent to 5 percent by
                weight, followed by regular tilling and irrigating.

                Soil is tilled with a rotary tiller to reduce variation
                in soil properties and contaminant concentrations.
                Tilling   also  incorporates  the  required  soil
                amendments  and  helps  deliver  oxygen  to
                contaminant-degrading microorganisms.

                An  irrigation system is used to maintain  soil
                moisture in the  desired range.  If the treatment
                area is not covered, leachate or surface runoff
          •••"" ^
                         DARAMEND™ Bioremediation Technology
 Page 90
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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                                                                                 February 1999
                                                                               Completed Project
caused by heavy precipitation is collected and
reapplied to the soil as needed.

Equipment needed to implement this technology
includes a rotary tiller, irrigation equipment, and
excavation and screening equipment. Depending
on site-specific factors such as contaminant type
and initial concentration, and project schedule and
climate, a waterproof cover may be constructed
over the treatment area.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The DARAMEND™ technology can treat soil,
sediment, and other solid wastes  such as lagoon
sludge.  These matrices may be contaminated by
a wide range of organic compounds including, but
not   limited   to,  PAHs,   PCP,  petroleum
hydrocarbons, and phthalates. Matrices of lead,
manganese, and zinc have been effectively treated
with the DARAMEND™ technology.

This technology  was accepted  into the SITE
Demonstration Program in spring 1993.  The ex
situ   application   of  the   technology  was
demonstrated from fall 1993 to summer 1994 at
the Domtar Wood Preserving facility in Trenton,
Ontario, Canada.  The demonstration was one
component of a  5,000-ton remediation  project
underway at the site.

Currently, the DARAMEND™ technology has
received  regulatory  approval,  and has been
applied at field-scale  at five sites in the United
States. These sites include the full-scale treatment
of PCP impacted soil in Montana, Washington,
and  Wisconsin,  the  full-scale  treatment of
phthalate impacted soil in New Jersey and a pilot-
scale demonstration of toxaphene impacted soil in
South Carolina.  In addition, the technology has
been  applied at  a number  of Canadian sites
including  a  2,500  tonne   biopile  in New
Brunswick, and two pilot-scale projects targeting
pesticides and herbicides in Ontario.  The first
full-scale application  to soil containing organic
explosives is scheduled for late 1998.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

In  the  ex  situ  demonstration   area,  the
DARAMEND™  technology   achieved   the
following overall reductions: PAHs, 94 percent
(1,710 milligram/kilogram [mg/kg] to 98 mg/kg);
chlorophenols, 96 percent (352  mg/kg to 13.6
mg/kg); and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH),
87 percent.  These reductions were  achieved in
254 days of treatment,  including winter days
when no activity  occurred because  of low soil
temperatures.   The control area   showed  a
reduction of 41 percent in PAH concentrations; no
reduction was seen in the concentration of either
chlorinated phenols or TPH during the treatment
time.     Results  from   the  toxicity analysis
(earthworm  mortality and  seed germination)
showed that the toxicity was eliminated or greatly
reduced in the treated soil.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Teri Richardson
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
  Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH  45268
513-569-7949
Fax:513-569-7105

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Alan Seech or David Raymond
GRACE Bioremediation Technologies
3465 Semenyk Court, 2nd floor
Mississauga, Ontario
Canada L5C 4Pg
905-273-5374
Fax: 905-273-4367
                                  The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                  Paged!

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 Technology Profile
                     DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                             GRUPPO ITALIMPRESSE
               (developed by SHIRCO INFRARED SYSTEMS, INC.)
                               (Infrared Thermal Destruction)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The infrared thermal destruction technology is a
mobile thermal processing  system that  uses
electrically powered silicon carbide rods to heat
organic wastes to combustion temperatures.  Any
remaining combustibles are  incinerated in  an
afterburner.  One configuration for this mobile
system (see figure below)  consists  of  four
components:  (1) an electric-powered infrared
primary chamber;  (2) a  gas-fired secondary
combustion chamber; (3) an emissions control
system; and (4) a control center.

Waste  is  fed into  the  primary  chamber and
exposed to infrared radiant heat (up to 1,850 °F)
provided  by  silicon  carbide rods  above  the
conveyor belt. A blower delivers air to selected
locations  along the belt to control the oxidation
rate of the waste feed.

The  ash  material  in  the primary  chamber is
quenched with scrubber water effluent. The ash
is then conveyed to an ash hopper, where it is
removed  to  a holding area  and  analyzed for
organic contaminants such as polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCB).

Volatile gases from the  primary  chamber  flow
into the secondary chamber, which uses higher
               temperatures, greater residence time, turbulence,
               and supplemental energy (if required) to destroy
               these gases.  Gases from the secondary chamber
               are ducted through the emissions control system.
               In the emissions control system, the particulates
               are removed in a venturi scrubber. Acid vapor is
               neutralized in  a packed tower scrubber.  An
               induced draft blower draws the cleaned gases
               from the scrubber into the free-standing exhaust
               stack.  The scrubber liquid effluent flows into a
               clarifier, where scrubber sludge settles and is
               removed for disposal.  The  liquid then flows
               through an activated carbon filter for reuse or to a
               publicly owned treatment works for disposal.

               WASTE APPLICABILITY:

               This technology is suitable for soils or sediments
               with organic contaminants. Liquid organic wastes
               can be  treated after mixing with  sand or soil.
               Optimal waste characteristics are as follows:

                 •  Particle size, 5 microns to 2 inches
                    Moisture content, up to 50  percent by
                    weight
                    Density, 30 to 130 pounds per cubic foot
                    Heating  value,  up  to  10,000   British
                    thermal units per pound
                    Chlorine content, up to 5 percent by
                    weight
                    Sulfur content, up to 5 percent by weight
                 •  Phosphorus, 0 to 300 parts per million
                    (ppm)
                 •  pH, 5 to 9
                    Alkali metals, up to 1 percent by weight

               STATUS:

               EPA conducted two evaluations of the infrared
               thermal destruction technology. A full-scale unit
               was evaluated during August 1987 at the Peak Oil
               Superfund site in Brandon, Florida. The system
               treated  nearly  7,000 cubic yards  of  waste  oil
               sludge  containing PCBs and lead.  A pilot-scale
               demonstration took place at the Rose Township-
               Demode Road Superfund site in
    Mobile Thermal Processing System
 Page 92
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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                                                                                February 1999
                                                                               Completed Project
Michigan  during November 1987.   Organics,
PCBs, and metals in soil were the target waste
compounds. Two Applications Analysis Reports
(EPA/540/A5-89/010 and EPA/540/A5-89/007)
and  two  Technology   Evaluation   Reports
(EPA/540/5-88/002aand EPA/540/5-89/007a) are
available from EPA. In addition, the technology
has been used to remediate PCB contamination at
the Florida Steel Corporation and the LaSalle
Electric Superfund sites.

This technology is  no  longer available through
vendors in the  United  States.   For  further
information about the technology,  contact the
EPA Project Manager.

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

The results from the two SITE demonstrations are
summarized below.

     PCBs were reduced to less than 1 ppm in
     the  ash,  with  a destruction  removal
     efficiency (DRE)  for air emissions greater
     than 99.99 percent (based on  detection
     limits).
     In  the  pilot-scale  demonstration, the
     Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
     standard for particulate emissions (0.08
     gram per dry standard cubic foot) was
     achieved.  In the full-scale demonstration,
     however, this standard was not met in all
     runs because of scrubber inefficiencies.
     Lead was not immobilized;  however, it
     remained in the ash. Significant amounts
     were not transferred to the scrubber water
     or emitted to the  atmosphere.
     The  pilot-scale   unit   demonstrated
     satisfactory performance with high feed
     rate and reduced  power consumption
     when fuel oil was added to the waste feed
     and the primary chamber temperature was
     reduced.
     Economic analysis suggests  an overall
     waste remediation cost of less than $800
     per ton.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Laurel Staley
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
  Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7863
Fax:513-569-7105
                                  The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                  Page 93

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Technology Profile
           EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                    HARDING LAWSON ASSOCIATES
              (Formerly ABB Environmental Services, Inc.)
            (Two-Zone, Plume Interception, In Situ Treatment Strategy)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The  two-zone,  plume  interception,  in  situ
treatment strategy is designed to treat chlorinated
and  nonchlorinated  organic   compounds  in
saturated soils and groundwater using a sequence
of anaerobic and aerobic conditions (see figure
below).  The in situ anaerobic and aerobic system
constitutes a treatment train that biodegrades a
wide    assortment    of   chlorinated    and
nonchlorinated compounds.

When applying this technology, anaerobic and
aerobic conditions are produced in two distinct,
hydraulically  controlled, saturated soil  zones.
Groundwater  passes through each zone as it is
recirculated through the treatment area.  The first
zone, the anaerobic zone, is designed to partially
dechlorinate highly chlorinated solvents such as
tetrachloroethene (PCE), trichloroethene (TCE),
and 1,1,1-trichloroethane with natural biological
processes. The second zone, the aerobic zone, is
                designed to biologically  oxidize the partially
                dechlorinated products from the first zone, as well
                as other compounds that were not susceptible to
                the anaerobic treatment phase.

                Anaerobic conditions are produced or enhanced in
                the first treatment zone by introducing a primary
                carbon source, such as lactic acid, and mineral
                nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus. When
                proper anaerobic conditions are attained, the target
                contaminants are reduced. For example, PCE is
                dechlorinated to TCE, and TCE is dechlorinated
                to  dichloroethene  (DCE) and vinyl  chloride.
                Under favorable conditions, this process can
                completely dechlorinate the organics to ethene
                and ethane.

                Aerobic conditions are produced or enhanced in
                the second treatment zone by introducing oxygen,
                mineral  nutrients  such  as   nitrogen   and
                phosphorus, and possibly an additional carbon
                source, such as methane (if an insufficient supply
       CONTAMINANT
         SOURCE
                 TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
                       PLUME
                                                                                 NUTRIENTS,
                                                                                   OXYGEN
                                                                                 (METHANE)
  VADOSE
   ZONE
 SATURATEDJ
   ZONE   \
     IMPERMEABLE
       LAYER
                       GROUNDWATER FLOW
                       Two-Zone, Plume Interception, In Situ Treatment Strategy
Page 50
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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                                                                                 February 1999
                                                                               Completed Project
of methane results from the upstream, anaerobic
zone).   When  proper aerobic  conditions are
attained in  this zone, partially dechlorinated
products and other target compounds from the
first zone  are  oxidized.   For  example,  less-
chlorinated  ethenes such  as DCE  and vinyl
chloride are cometabolized during the  aerobic
microbiological degradation of methane.

The treatment strategy is designed to biologically
remediate   subsoils  by  enhancing indigenous
microorganism activity.  If indigenous bacterial
populations do not provide the adequate anaerobic
or aerobic results, specially adapted cultures can
be introduced to the aquifer.  These cultures are
introduced using media-filled trenches  that can
support added microbial growth.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The two-zone, plume interception,  in situ treatment
strategy is designed to treat groundwater and
saturated  soils  containing   chlorinated   and
nonchlorinated organic compounds.

STATUS:

The  two-zone,  plume  interception,  in  situ
treatment  strategy was accepted into the SITE
Emerging  Technology  Program in July 1989.
Optimal treatment  parameters for field testing
were investigated  in  bench-scale soil  aquifer
simulators. The objectives of bench-scale testing
were  to (1) determine factors affecting the
development  of  each  zone,   (2)   evaluate
indigenous     bacterial      communities,
(3)  demonstrate treatment of chlorinated  and
nonchlorinated solvent mixtures,  and (4) develop
a model for the field remediation design.  The
Emerging Technology Bulletin  (EPA/540/F-95/510),
which details the bench-scale testing results,  is
available from EPA.

A pilot-scale field demonstration system  was
installed at an industrial facility in Massachusetts.
Pilot-scale  testing  began  in  September 1996.
Results from this testing indicate the following:
   •  The reductive dechlorination of PCE and
     TCE  to DCE, VC, and ethene  has been
     accomplished primarily by sulfate-reducing
     bacteria.
   •  A time lag of about 4 months was required
     before significant reductive dechlorination
     occurred.  This corresponded to  the time
     and lactic acid dosing required to reduce the
     redox to  about  -100 throughout  the
     treatment cell.
   •  Sequential anaerobic-aerobic (Two-Zone)
     biodegradation of PCE and its degradation
     products appear to be a viable and cost-
     effective  treatment  technology  for the
     enhancement   of   natural    reductive
     dechlorination processes.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ronald Lewis
U.S. EPANational Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati,  OH  45268
513-569-7856
Fax:513-569-7105

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Jaret Johnson or Willard Murray
Harding Lawson Associates
107 Audubon Road, Suite 25
Wakefield,  MA 01880
781-246-6606
Fax: 781-246-5060
E-mail: jjohnson@harding.com or
wmurray@harding .com
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                  Page 51

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Technology Profile
           EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
            HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE MANAGEMENT
               RESEARCH CENTER AT NEW JERSEY
                   INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY and
    RUTGERS, THE STATE UNIVERSITY  OF NEW JERSEY
                 (Pneumatic Fracturing and Bioremediation Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The Hazardous Substance Management Research
Center (HSMRC) has developed a technology for
the in situ remediation of organic contaminants.
The  process  enhances in situ  bioremediation
through pneumatic fracturing  to establish an
extended biodegradation zone supporting aerobic,
denitrifying, and methanogenic populations. The
technique is designed to provide faster transport
of nutrients and electron acceptors (for example,
oxygen  and  nitrate)  to  the  microorganisms,
particularly in geologic formations with moderate
to low permeability.

An overview of the process is shown in the figure
below.  First, the formation  is  pneumatically
fractured by applying high pressure air in 2-foot-
long,  discrete intervals  through a proprietary
device known as  an HQ Injector.  After the
formation has been fractured with air, nutrients or
other chemicals  are introduced  into the fracture
network to stimulate biological  activity.  The
carrier gas and the particular amendments
                (atomized liquid or dry media) injected into the
                formation can be adjusted according to the target
                contaminant  and  the  desired  degradation
                environment   (aerobic,   denitrifying,    and
                anaerobic).  The high air-to-liquid ratio atomizes
                the  liquid  supplements   during   injection,
                increasing their ability to penetrate the fractured
                formation. In the final step of the process, the site
                is operated as an in situ bioremediation cell to
                degrade the contaminants.  A continuous, low-
                level air flow is maintained through the fracture
                network by a vacuum pump that provide oxygen
                to the  microbial populations.   Periodically,
                additional injections are  made  to  replenish
                nutrients and electron acceptors.

                WASTE APPLICABILITY:

                The integrated process can be applied to a wide
                variety  of  geologic formations.   In geologic
                formations with low to moderate permeabilities,
                such as  those containing  clay,  silt,  or  tight
                bedrock, the process creates artificial fractures
                that  increase  formation permeability.   In
              Overview of the Integrated Pneumatic Fracturing and Bioremediation Process
Page 52
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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                                                                                February 1999
                                                                               Completed Project
formations with higher permeabilities, the process
is still useful for rapid aeration and delivery of
amendments to the microorganisms.

STATUS:

This technology was accepted  into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in July 1991 and
was evaluated at a gasoline refinery located in the
Delaware  Valley.    Soil  at  the  site   was
contaminated with benzene, toluene, and xylene
(BTX) at concentrations up to 1,500 milligrams
per kilogram, along with other hydrocarbons.  The
evaluation was completed in May 1994. Contact
the EPA Project Manager for a copy of the results
from the evaluation.  A journal article has been
submitted to  the Journal  of Air and  Waste
Management.Throughout the 50-week pilot-scale
evaluation, off-gases were  monitored for BTX,
carbon dioxide, and methane, which served as
indicators  of biological   activity.    Process
effectiveness  was  evaluated  by comparing
analytical results of soil samples collected at the
beginning and the end of the evaluation.

Vapor extraction tests revealed postfracture air
flows  to be  24 to  105   times  higher  than
prefracture air flows. Measurements of ground
surface heave and observations  of fractures
venting to the ground surface indicated that the
fractures  had effective radii of up to 20 feet from
the injection point.

Soil gas  data collected  at the  monitoring wells
show that the indigenous microbial populations
responded favorably to  the  injection of the soil
amendments.  Soil gas data consistently showed
elevated  levels of carbon  dioxide immediately
following each injection,  indicating increased
rates of BTX mineralization.  Correspondingly,
BTX  concentrations in the  wells gradually
declined  over time after depletion of oxygen and
nitrate, at which time methanogenic processes
began  to dominate until  the next subsurface
amendment injection.
Comparative analysis of soil samples extracted
from  the  site  before and  after the  evaluation
period showed that a substantial amount of BTX
was degraded as a result of the integrated process.
Total soil-phase BTX was reduced from 28 to 6
kilograms  over  the   50-week   pilot  test,
corresponding to a 79 percent reduction in total
BTX mass. An assessment of pathways of BTX
loss from the formation showed a large proportion
of  the  mass  reduction  (85  percent)  was
attributable to bioremediation.

Process  development for this evaluation was
supported in part by the U.S.  Department of
Defense, Advanced Research Projects Agency,
and the Office of Naval Research.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Randy Parker
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
  Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7271
Fax: 513-569-7571

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
John Schuring
Department of Civil and Environmental
  Engineering
New Jersey Institute of Technology
University Heights
Newark, NJ 07102
201-596-5849
Fax: 201-802-1946

David Kosson
Department of Chemical and Biochemical
  Engineering
Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
P.O. Box 909
Piscataway, NJ 08855
908-445-4346
Fax: 908-445-2637
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                  Page 53

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 Technology Profile
              DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
    HIGH VOLTAGE ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS, INC.
           (formerly ELECTRON BEAM RESEARCH FACILITY, FLORIDA
           INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY, and UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI)
                              (High-Energy Electron Irradiation)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

High-voltage electron irradiation of water produces a
large number of reactive chemical species, including
the aqueous electron (e"^), the hydrogen radical (H-),
and the hydroxyl radical (OH-). These short-lived
intermediates break down organic contaminants in
aqueous wastes.

In the principal  reaction,  the aqueous  electron
transfers to halogen-containing compounds, breaking
the halogen-carbon  bond and liberating halogen
anions such as chloride (Cl~) or bromide (Bf). The
hydroxyl radical can undergo addition or hydrogen
abstraction reactions, producing organic free radicals
that decompose in the presence of other hydroxyl
radicals and water.   In  most  cases, organics are
converted to carbon dioxide, water, and salts. Lower
molecular weight  aldehydes, haloacetic acids, and
carboxylic acids form at low concentrations in some
cases.
        During the high-voltage electron irradiation process,
        electricity  generates high energy  electrons.   The
        electrons  are accelerated by the voltage to
        approximately 95 percent of the speed of light. They
        are then directed into a thin stream of water or sludge.
        All reactions are complete in less than  0.1 second.
        The electron beam and waste flow are  adjusted to
        deliver the necessary dose  of electrons. Although this
        is a form of ionizing radiation, there is  no residual
        radioactivity.

        High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc. (High
        Voltage),  has  developed  a  mobile  facility to
        demonstrate the treatment process (see  photograph
        below).

        WASTE APPLICABILITY:

        This treatment process can effectively treat more than
        100   common  organic  compounds.    These
        compounds include the following:
                   The Mobile Electron Beam Hazardous Waste Treatment System
 Page 94
Bologies

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                                                                                  February 1999
                                                                                Completed Project
     Trihalomethanes  (such  as  chloroform),
     which  are found in chlorinated drinking
     water
     Chlorinated  solvents,  including  carbon
     tetrachloride,      trichloroethane,
     tetrachloroethene  (PCE),  trichloroethene
     (TCE),  ethylene   dibromide,   dibromo-
     chloropropane, hexachlorobutadiene, and
     hexachloroethane
  •   Aromatics found in  gasoline,  including
     benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene
     (BTEX)
  •   Chlorobenzene and dichlorobenzenes
  •   Phenol
     Dieldrin, a persistent pesticide
     Polychlorinated biphenyls
     A variety of other organic compounds

The treatment process is appropriate for removing
various hazardous organic compounds from aqueous
waste streams and sludges.

The high-energy electron irradiation process was
accepted  into the  SITE  Emerging  Technology
Program  (ETP)  in June  1990.   For further
information on the pilot-scale facility evaluated
under the ETP, refer to the Emerging Technology
Bulletins (EPA/540/F-93/502, EPA/540/F-92/009,
and EPA/540/F-93/509), which are available from
EPA. Based on results from ETP, the process was
invited to  participate  in the  Demonstration
Program.

The  ability  of  the   technology  to  treat
contaminated soils, sediments, or sludges is also
being evaluated under the ETP.   For further
information on this evaluation, refer to the the
High Voltage profile in the ETP section (ongoing
projects).

The  treatment process was demonstrated at the
U.S. Department of Energy's Savannah River site
in Aiken, South Carolina  during two  different
periods totaling 3  weeks  in  September  and
November 1994.   A trailer-mounted treatment
system was  demonstrated  on a portion of the
Savannah River site known as M-Area.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

During  the  demonstration, the  system treated
about 70,000 gallons of M-Area groundwater
contaminated with volatile organic compounds
(VOC).  The principal groundwater contaminants
were  TCE and  PCE,  which were  present at
concentrations    of   about   27,000    and
11,000 micrograms per liter (ptg/L), respectively.
The groundwater also contained low levels of cis-
1,2-dichloroethene (40 Mg/L).  The following
compounds  were also  spiked into the influent
stream    at    approximately   500    Mg/L:
1,2-dichloroethane,     carbon   tetrachloride,
1,1,1-trichloroethane, chloroform, and BTEX.

The  highest VOC  removal  efficiencies  were
observed  for   TCE  (99.5   percent),   PCE
(99.0  percent), and dichloroethene (greater than
99 percent).  Removal efficiencies for chlorinated
spiking compounds ranged from 68 to 98 percent,
and removal efficiencies for BTEX ranged from
88 to  99.5 percent.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Franklin Alvarez
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
  Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH  45268
513-569-7631
Fax:513-569-7571

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
William Cooper
University of North Carolina at Wilmington
Department of Chemistry
601 South College Road
Wilmington, NC 28403-3297
910-962-3450
Fax: 910-962-3013
                                  The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                   Page 95

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Technology Profile
           EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
 HIGH VOLTAGE ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS, INC.
                       (High-Energy Electron Beam Irradiation)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The  high-energy  electron  beam  irradiation
technology is a low-temperature method  for
destroying  complex  mixtures  of hazardous
organic chemicals in hazardous wastes. These
wastes include  slurried  soils, river or harbor
sediments, and sludges. The technology can also
treat contaminated soils and groundwater.

The figure below illustrates the mobile electron
beam treatment system. The system consists of a
computer-automated,  portable  electron  beam
accelerator and a delivery system.  The 500-
kilovolt   electron   accelerator   produces   a
continuously variable beam current from 0 to 40
milliamperes. At full power, the system is rated
at 20 kilowatts. The waste feed rate and beam
current can be varied to obtain doses of up to
2,000 kilorads in a one-pass, flow-through mode.
                 The system is trailer-mounted and is completely
                 self-contained, including a 100-kilowatt generator
                 for remote locations or line  connectors where
                 power is available.  The system requires only a
                 mixing tank  to slurry the treatable solids. The
                 system also includes all necessary safety checks.

                 The computerized control system continuously
                 monitors  the waste feed  rate,  absorbed dose,
                 accelerator potential, beam current, and all safety
                 shutdown features.  The feed rate is monitored
                 with a calibrated flow valve.  The absorbed dose
                 is estimated  based  on the   difference  in the
                 temperature of the waste stream before and after
                 irradiation.    The  system is  equipped with
                 monitoring devices that measure the waste stream
                 temperature before and after irradiation. Both the
                 accelerating potential and the beam current are
                 obtained directly from the transformer.
                     PUMPING SYSTEM      ELECTRON ACCELERATOR
                                                           CONTROL ROOM
                                                             OFFICE/LAB

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                            Mobile Electron Beam Treatment System
Page 54
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

-------
                                                                               February 1999
                                                                             Completed Project
Except for slurrying, this technology does not
require any pretreatment of wastes.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

This technology treats  a variety of  organic
compounds, including wood-treating chemicals,
pesticides, insecticides, petroleum residues, and
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) in slurried soils,
sediments, and sludges.

STATUS:

High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc.
(HVEA), was accepted into the SITE Emerging
Technology Program  in 1993.   Under this
program, HVEA will demonstrate its mobile pilot
plant on soils, sediments, or sludges at various
hazardous waste sites. Candidate sites are being
identified.  On-site studies will  last  up to  2
months.

Initial studies by HVEA have shown that electron
beam   irradiation  effectively  removes  2,4,6-
trinitrotoluene from soil slurries.

As part of the Emerging Technology Program,
HVEA  has  identified   350  tons  of  soil
contaminated  with  an  average  Aroclor 1260
concentration of about  1,000 milligrams per
kilogram.  A  small  1-ton feasibility study was
conducted in  August 1995.  After results are
available from the 1-ton  study, HVEA plans to
make  its mobile unit available for full-scale
remediations.
In a recent bench-scale study,  a multisource
hazardous waste leachate containing 1 percent
dense nonaqueous phase liquid was successfully
treated.  In another bench-scale study, a leachate
containing  a light  nonaqueous  phase  liquid
contaminated with PCBs was treated to  F039
standards.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Mary Stinson
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
  Laboratory
MS-104, Building 10
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ  08837-3679
908-321-6683
Fax: 908-321-6640

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
William Cooper
High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc.
9562 Doral Boulevard
Miami, FL  33178
305-593-5330
Fax: 305-593-0071
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 55

-------
 Technology Profile
                     DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
        HORSEHEAD RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT CO., INC.
                                       (Flame Reactor)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc.
(HRD),  flame reactor system  is a  patented,
hydrocarbon-fueled, flash-smelting system that
treats residues and wastes contaminated with
metals (see figure below). The reactor processes
wastes with hot (greater than 2,000 °C) reducing
gases produced by combusting solid or gaseous
hydrocarbon fuels in oxygen-enriched air.

In a  compact, low-capital cost, water-cooled
reactor, the feed materials react rapidly, allowing
a high waste throughput.  The end products are
glass-like slag; a potentially recyclable, heavy
metal-enriched oxide; and in some cases, a metal
alloy.   The  glass-like slag  is not toxicity
characteristic   leaching   procedure   (TCLP)
leachable.  The volatile metals are fumed and
captured  in  a  baghouse;  nonvolatile  metals
partition to the slag or may be separated as a
molten alloy.  Organic compounds  should  be
destroyed at the elevated temperature of the flame
reactor technology. Volume reduction (of waste
               to slag plus oxide) depends on the chemical and
               physical properties of the waste.

               In general, the system requires that wastes be dry
               enough (less than 5 percent total moisture) to be
               pneumatically fed and fine enough (less than 200
               mesh)  to  react rapidly.   HRD claims larger
               particles  (up to  20 mesh) can be processed;
               however, the efficiency of metals recovery is
               decreased. The prototype system has a capacity
               of 1 to 3 tons per hour.   According to HRD,
               individual units can be scaled to a capacity of 7
               tons per hour.

               WASTE APPLICABILITY:

               The  flame reactor system  can  be applied to
               granular solids, soil, flue dusts, slags, and sludges
               that contain heavy metals.   HRD claims that the
               flame reactor technology has successfully treated
               the following wastes:   (1) electric arc  furnace
               dust, (2) lead blast furnace slag, (3) soil, (4) iron
               residues,  (5) primary copper flue dust, (6) lead
               smelter nickel matte, (7) zinc plant leach

                Natural Gas
                                                 Oxygen + Air
                   FLAME
                   REACTOR
                                                 Solid-Waste Feed
                                              Air
                                                               Off-Gas
                                       SLAG
                                   SEPARATOR
                            BAGHOUSE
                        Effluent Slag
                                                             Oxide Product
                                HRD Flame Reactor Process Flow
 Page 96
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                                  February 1999
                                                                                Completed Project
residues and purification residues, (8) brass mill
dusts and fumes, and (9) electroplating sludges.

The system has treated wastes with the following
metal species and concentrations:   zinc (up to
40 percent); lead (up to  10 percent); chromium
(up to 4 percent); cadmium  (up to 3 percent);
arsenic (up to 1 percent); copper (up to 8 percent);
cobalt; and nickel. According to HRD, the system
can also treat soils that are contaminated with a
variety of toxic organics.

STATUS:

This technology was accepted  into the  SITE
Demonstration Program in 1990. Currently, the
prototype  flame reactor system operates  as a
stationary unit  at HRD's  facility in Monaca,
Pennsylvania.   EPA and HRD believe that a
mobile system could be designed and constructed
for on-site treatment of hazardous waste.

The SITE demonstration was conducted in March
1991 using secondary lead smelter soda slag from
the National Smelting and Refining Company
(NSR) Superfund site in Atlanta, Georgia. The
demonstration was conducted at the Monaca,
Pennsylvania   facility  under   a   Resource
Conservation  and  Recovery  Act  research,
development, and demonstration permit.  This
permit allows treatment of wastes containing high
concentrations of metals,  but only negligible
concentrations of organics.

The major objectives of the  SITE technology
demonstration  were  to  investigate  the   reuse
potential of the recovered metal oxides, evaluate
the levels of contaminants in the residual slag and
their  leaching  potential,  and  determine the
efficiency and economics of processing.

A  30,000-standard-tons-per-year  commercial
flame  reactor  system  processes  steel  mill
baghouse dust (K061) at the North Star Steel Mini
Mill near Beaumont, Texas.  The  plant was
activated June  1, 1993, and is  reported to  be
performing as designed.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

Approximately 72 tons of NSR waste material
were processed during the demonstration. Partial
test results are shown in the table below.
      Metal Concentration Ranges in Influent and Effluent
            Waste       Effluent        Oxide
            Feed          Slag        Product
           (mg/kg)'	(mg/kg)	(mg/kg)
Arsenic
Cadmium
Copper
Iron
Lead
Zinc
428-1,040
356-512
1,460-2,590
95,600-130,000
48,200-61,700
3,210-6,810
92.1-1,340
<2.3-13.5
2,730-3,890
167,000-228,000
1,560-11,400
709-1,680
1,010-1,170
1,080-1,380
1,380-1,780
29,100-35,600
159,000-184,000
10,000-16,200
  milligrams per kilogram

All effluent slag  passed toxicity characteristic
leaching procedure criteria.   The  oxide  was
recycled to recover  lead.   The  Technology
Evaluation Report (EPA/540/5-91/005) and the
Applications      Analysis     Report
(EPA/540/A5-91/005) are available from EPA.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Marta K. Richards
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
  Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7692
Fax:513-569-7676

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Regis Zagrocki
Horsehead Resource Development Co., Inc.
Field Station -  East Plant
Delaware Avenue
Palmerton, PA 18071
610-826-8818
Fax: 610-828-8872
                                  The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                     approve or endorse technologies.
                                   Page 97

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 Technology Profile
                      DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
             HRUBETZ ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, INC.
                                     (HRUBOUT® Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The HRUBOUT® process is a thermal, in situ and
ex situ treatment process designed to remove
volatile organic compounds (VOC) and semivolatile
organic compounds (SVOC) from contaminated
soils. The in situ process is shown in the figure
below. Heated air is injected into the soil below
the contamination zone, evaporating soil moisture
and   removing   volatile   and  semivolatile
hydrocarbons.  As the  water evaporates, soil
porosity  and permeability   increase, further
facilitating the air flow at higher temperatures. As
the soil temperature increases,  the less volatile
constituents volatilize or are thermally oxidized.

Injection wells are drilled in a predetermined
distribution   pattern  to  depths  below  the
contamination zone. The wells are equipped with
steel  casings, perforated  at  the  bottom,  and
                cemented into the hole above the perforations.
                Heated,  compressed  air  is  introduced  at
                temperatures of up to 1,200 °F, and the pressure is
                slowly increased.  As the air progresses upward
                through the soil, the moisture is evaporated,
                removing the  VOCs and SVOCs.  A surface
                collection system  captures the exhaust  gases
                under  negative  pressure.   These  gases  are
                transferred to a  thermal oxidizer,  where  the
                hydrocarbons  are  thermally  destroyed in an
                incinerator at a temperature of 1,500 °F.

                The  air  is  heated  in  an adiabatic burner at
                2.9  million  British thermal  units  per  hour
                (MMBtu/hr).  The  incinerator has  a  rating of
                3.1 MMBtu/hr. The air blower can deliver up to
                8,500 pounds per hour.  The units employ a fully
                modulating fuel train that is fueled by natural gas
                or propane. All equipment is mounted on custom-
                designed mobile units and can operate  24 hours
                per day.
                                                               TO ATMOSPHERE
                            HOT COMPRESSED AIR   BURNER/BLOWER
                              (250°-1200°F)
                                                                      INCINERATOR
                        VENT GAS
       VENT GAS
       COLLECTION
       CHANNELS
                                          CENTRAL
                                          COLLECTION
                                           POINT

                                              T=72°F
                                      HOT AIR INJECTION WELLS
                                          T=250°-1200°F
                                            psig=5-22
                                   ------^WATERTABLE_----

                                   HRUBOUT® Process
 Page 98
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                                 February 1999
                                                                               Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The HRUBOUT® process can remediate soils
contaminated with halogenated or nonhalogenated
organic volatiles and  semivolatiles, such  as
gasoline, diesel oil, jet fuel, heating oil, chemical
solvents, or other hydrocarbon compounds.
STATUS:

The HRUBOUT® process was accepted into the
SITE Demonstration Program in July 1992. The
technology was demonstrated at Kelly Air Force
Base in San Antonio, Texas from January through
February 1993. A 30-foot by 40-foot area of an
80,000-gallon JP-4 jet fuel spill site was chosen as
the treatment area. Six heated air injection wells,
spaced on a 3-by-2 grid 10  feet apart, were drilled
to a  depth  of approximately 20 feet.   The
Demonstration  Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/524) is
available from  EPA.

In September  1993,  an  in situ  project was
completed at the Canadian Forces military base in
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.  Levels  up to 1,900
parts  per  million  (ppm)  of total  petroleum
hydrocarbons (TPH) were encountered over a 17-
foot by 17-foot area on the base. Five injection
wells were drilled to a depth of 30 feet. After 12
days of treatment, borehole samples ranged from
nondetect  to 215 ppm TPH, meeting closure
requirements of 450 ppm TPH.

The containerized version of the HRUBOUT®
process was tested in July 1993 at a west Texas
site contaminated with Varsol, or naphtha. The
soil was excavated for treatment  in Hrubetz's
insulated container. Analysis of untreated soil
revealed TPH at 1,550 ppm.  Three loads were
treated for about 60 to 65  hours  each.  Post-
treatment  samples  ranged from nondetect to 7
ppm TPH, meeting the Texas Natural Resource
Conservation  Commission's background  target
level of 37 ppm.  Large-scale mobile container
units, holding up to 40 cubic yards and capable of
ex situ treatment of a load in 8 hours, are under
development.
The ex situ version of the technology was selected
to remediate a site in Toronto, Ontario, Canada,
which consisted of about 1,500 cubic yards (yd3)
of soil contaminated with gasoline and diesel.
Soil contamination was measured at 200  ppm
TPH. Following treatment, seven soil samples
were  collected. Two  samples had  detectable
concentrations of TPH (25 and 37 ppm) and the
remaining five samples had nondetectable levels
of TPH,  achieving the  100 ppm TPH cleanup
goal.

About 100 yd3 of toluene-contaminated soil was
remediated in Orlando, Florida using the soil pile
process with a smaller 5-ton unit. A composite
analysis of the excavated soil found toluene at
concentrations of up to 1,470 parts per billion;
nondetect levels were required for closure.  A
composite soil sample collected after 96 hours of
operation met the closure criteria.

Four patents have been granted, and additional
patents are pending. The process was approved
by the Texas Natural Resources Conservation
Commission in 1991.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Gordon Evans
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
  Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7684
Fax: 513-569-7787

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Albert Hrubetz
Hrubetz Environmental Services, Inc.
5956 Sherry Lane, Suite 534
Dallas, TX  75225
214-363-7833
Fax: 214-691-8545
E-Mail: Hrubetz@prodigy.
                                  The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                  Page 99

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 Technology Profile
                      DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
               HUGHES ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS, INC.
                             (Steam Enhanced Recovery Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The Steam Enhanced Recovery Process (SERF)
removes most volatile organic compounds (VOC)
and semivolatile organic  compounds (SVOC)
from perched groundwater and contaminated soils
both above and below the water table (see figure
below).  The technology is applicable to the in
situ remediation of contaminated  soils below
ground surface and below or around permanent
structures. The process accelerates  contaminant
removal rates and  can be  effective in all soil
types.

Steam is forced through the soil by injection wells
to thermally enhance the recovery of VOCs and
SVOCs.   Extraction wells are  used for two
purposes: to pump and treat groundwater, and to
transport steam and vaporized contaminants to the
surface.    Recovered  nonaqueous  liquids are
separated by gravity separation.  Hydrocarbons
are collected for recycling, and water is treated
before being discharged to a storm drain or
                sewer. Vapors can be condensed and treated by
                any of several vapor treatment techniques (for
                example,   thermal   oxidation  and  catalytic
                oxidation). The technology uses readily available
                components such as  extraction and monitoring
                wells,  manifold  piping,  vapor  and  liquid
                separators, vacuum pumps,  and  gas emission
                control equipment.

                WASTE APPLICABILITY:

                The SERF can extract VOCs and SVOCs from
                contaminated  soils and perched groundwater.
                Compounds suitable for treatment are petroleum
                hydrocarbons such as gasoline and diesel and jet
                fuel;  solvents   such   as   trichloroethene,
                trichloroethane,  and  dichlorobenzene;  or  a
                mixture of these compounds. After application of
                the process, subsurface conditions are excellent
                for biodegradation of residual contaminants. The
                process cannot be applied to contaminated  soil
                very near the ground surface unless a cap exists.
                                     HYDROCARBON
                                       LIQUID
»

1 1 1
III
J
J
                 LIQUIDS
                 (HYDROCARBONS/
                 WATER)
                               VAPOR
                               "       STEAM
                              HYDROCARBON*
                               [7QUID    STEAM
                                Steam Enhanced Recovery Process
 Page 100
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

-------
                                                                                 February 1999
                                                                               Completed Project
STATUS:

This technology was  accepted  into the SITE
Demonstration   Program  in   1991.     The
demonstration of the technology began in August
1991 and was completed in September 1993. The
demonstration took place in Huntington Beach,
California, at a site contaminated by a large diesel
fuel   spill.     The  Demonstration   Bulletin
(EPA/540/MR-94/510),  Technology   Capsule
(EPA/540/R-94/510a),     and     Innovative
Technology      Evaluation      Report
(EPA/540/R-94/510) are available from EPA.

For more information regarding this technology,
see the profiles for Berkeley  Environmental
Restoration Center (completed projects) or Praxis
Environmental   Technologies,  Inc.,   in  the
Demonstration   Program   section   (ongoing
profiles).

This technology is no longer available through a
vendor.    For   further information   on  the
technology, contact the EPA Project Manager.

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

Evaluation of the posttreatment data suggests the
following conclusions:

     The  geostatistical weighted average for
     total  petroleum  hydrocarbon   (TPH)
     concentrations in the treated soils was
     2,290 milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg).
     The  90 percent confidence interval for
     this average concentration is 996 mg/kg
     to  3,570   mg/kg, indicating  a high
     probability that the technology  did not
     meet the cleanup criterion. Seven percent
     of soil samples had TPH concentrations
     in excess of 10,000 mg/kg.
     The geostatistical weighted average for
     total recoverable petroleum hydrocarbon
     (TRPH) concentrations was 1,680 mg/kg,
     with a 90 percent confidence interval of
     676 mg/kg to 2,680 mg/kg. Levels of
     benzene,  toluene,  ethylbenzene,  and
     xylenes (BTEX) were below the detection
     limit  (6  micrograms per kilogram) in
     treated soil samples; BTEX was detected
     at low mg/kg levels in a few pretreatment
     soil samples.
     Analysis of triplicate treated soil samples
     showed  marked  variability  in  soil
     contaminant concentrations  over short
     distances. Analogous results for TPH and
     TRPH triplicate samples suggest that the
     contaminant concentration  variability
     exists within the site soil matrix and is
     not the result of analytical techniques.
     This  variability  is the  reason that
     confidence  intervals  for  the  average
     concentrations are so large.
     The data suggest that lateral or downward
     migration of contaminants did not occur
     during treatment.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
  Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
Fax: 513-569-7105
E-Mail: dePercin.Paul@epamail.epa.gov
                                  The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page  101

-------
 Technology Profile
                     DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                           IIT RESEARCH INSTITUTE/
                  BROWN  AND ROOT  ENVIRONMENTAL
                                  (Radio Frequency Heating)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

Radio frequency heating  (RFH) is an in situ
process that uses electromagnetic energy to heat
soil and enhance soil vapor extraction (SVE).
Developed by IIT Research Institute, the patented
RFH technique heats a discrete volume of soil
using rows of vertical electrodes embedded in soil
(or other media). Heated soil volumes are bounded
by two rows of ground  electrodes  with energy
applied to a third row midway between the ground
rows.  The three rows act as  a buried triplate
capacitor.   When  energy is   applied to the
electrode array, heating begins  at the top center
and proceeds vertically downward and laterally
outward through the soil volume. The technique
can heat soils to over 300 °C.

RFH enhances SVE in two ways: (1) contaminant
vapor pressures are increased by heating, and (2)
the soil permeability is increased
               by drying. Extracted vapor can then be treated by
               a  variety of  existing  technologies,  such as
               granular activated carbon or incineration.

               WASTE APPLICABILITY:

               RFH can treat petroleum hydrocarbons, volatile
               organic   compounds,   semivolatile   organic
               compounds,  and pesticides in  soils.    The
               technology is most efficient in subsurface areas
               with low groundwater recharge.  In theory, the
               technology should be applicable to any polar
               compound in any nonmetallic media.

               STATUS:

               The RFH technique was accepted into the SITE
               Demonstration Program in summer  1992.  The
               technique was demonstrated in August 1993 at
               Kelly Air Force Base (AFB), Texas,  as part of a
               joint project with the U.S. Air Force.  Brown
                                                                     Adjusted in the
                                                                     Field to Match
                                 Contaminated Aluminum
                                     RF Shield
                                                                             Vapor from
                                                                              Surface
                                                                           Expanded Metal
                                                                             RF Shield
                                                                     Vapor from
                                                                     Ground Row
                                                                     Electrodes
                                                                  Vapor Barrier and
                                                                 RF Shield on Surface
                       Shielding Electrode
                            Rows
                           In Situ Radio Frequency Heating System
 Page 102
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                                February 1999
                                                                              Completed Project
and Root Environmental was the prime contractor
evaluating and implementing RFH forthe U.S. Air
Force.    A  field  demonstration  of the KAI
Technologies, Inc. (KAI), RFH technology was
completed in June  1994 at the same  site  for
comparison.     The  Demonstration  Bulletin
(EPA/540/MR-94/527),      Technology
Capsule  (EPA/540/R-94/527a),  and  the
Innovative Technology Evaluation Report
(EPA/540/R-94-527) are  available from
EPA.  For further information on the KAI
technology,   see    the    profile   in  the
Demonstration  Program  section  (completed
projects).

In 1995, the RFH technique  was tested at the
former chemical waste landfill at Sandia National
Laboratories  in  Albuquerque,  New  Mexico.
Approximately 800 cubic yards of silty soil was
heated.   Preliminary results  indicate that the
contaminant concentration in the extracted vapors
increased by a factor of 10 compared to in situ
venting.

Two previous field tests were completed using in
situ RFH. The first test was completed at a fire
training pit,  located at the Volk Air National
Guard Base in Camp Douglas, Wisconsin.  The
sandy soil in the pit was contaminated with jet
fuel. The second test was completed at Rocky
Mountain Arsenal in Colorado, where clayey soil
was contaminated by organochlorine pesticides.

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

Under the SITE demonstration, statistical analyses
for the  design treatment zone indicate that total
recoverable petroleum hydrocarbons, pyrene, and
bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate exhibited statistically
significant decreases (at the 95 and 97.5 percent
confidence levels). Chlorobenzene concentrations
appeared to increase during treatment, possibly
due to volatilization of chlorobenzene present in
the groundwater.

Significant  concentrations   of  2-hexanone,
4-methyl-2-pentanone, acetone, and methyl ethyl
ketone were found in the treated  soils, although
virtually no ketones were found before treatment.
Soil temperatures as high as 1,000 °C during the
demonstration may have caused partial oxidation
of petroleum hydrocarbons.   Alternatively, the
ketones  may have   been   volatilized  from
groundwater. At this time, insufficient data are
available to determine the source of ketones found
in treated soils.

FOR FURTHER  INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Laurel Staley
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
  Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7863
Fax: 513-569-7105

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Harsh Dev
IIT Research Institute
10 West 3 5th Street
Chicago, IL  60616-3799
312-567-4257
Fax: 312-567-4286

Captain Jeff Stinson
U.S. Air Force Armstrong Laboratory
Environmental Risk Management, AL/EQW-OL
139 Barnes Drive, Suite 2
Tyndall AFB, FL 32403-5323
904-283-6254
Fax: 904-283-6064

Clifton Blanchard
Brown and Root Environmental
800 Oak Ridge Turnpike
Jackson Plaza, A-600
Oak Ridge, TN 37830
423-483-9900
Fax: 423-483-2014
                                  The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 103

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Technology Profile
           EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                  INSTITUTE OF GAS TECHNOLOGY
                         (Chemical and Biological Treatment)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The Institute of Gas Technology (IGT) chemical
and   biological   treatment   (CBT)   process
remediates  sludges,  soils,  groundwater,  and
surface   water  contaminated   with   organic
pollutants,   such  as   polynuclear   aromatic
hydrocarbons  (PAH)   and  polychlorinated
biphenyls. The treatment system (see photograph
below)  combines  two  remedial  techniques:
(1) chemical  oxidation as  pretreatment,  and
(2) biological treatment using  aerobic  and
anaerobic biosystems  in sequence  or alone,
depending on the waste.  The CBT process uses
mild chemical treatment to produce intermediates
that are biologically degraded, reducing the cost
and risk associated with a more severe treatment
process such as incineration.

During the pretreatment stage, the contaminated
material is treated with a chemical reagent that
degrades  the organics to carbon dioxide, water,
                and partially oxidized intermediates.   In the
                second  stage of the CBT  process, biological
                systems degrade the hazardous residual materials
                and the partially oxidized intermediates from the
                first  stage.    Chemically treated  wastes  are
                subjected to  cycles of aerobic and anaerobic
                degradation, if aerobic or anaerobic treatment
                alone is not sufficient. Several cycles of chemical
                and biological treatment are  also  used  for
                extremely recalcitrant contaminants.

                WASTE APPLICABILITY:

                The CBT process can be applied to soils, sludges,
                groundwater, and surface water containing (1)
                high waste concentrations that would typically
                inhibit   bioremediation,   or  (2)   low   waste
                concentrations for which bioremediation alone is
                too slow. The process is not adversely affected by
                radionuclides or heavy metals. Depending on the
                types of heavy metals present, these metals will
                bioaccumulate in the biomass,
                             Chemical and Biological Treatment Process
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The SITE Program assesses but does not
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                                                                              February 1999
                                                                             Completed Project
complex with organic or inorganic material in the
soil slurries, or become soluble in the recycled
water.

The CBT process can be applied to a wide range
of  organic  pollutants,  including   alkenes,
chlorinated  alkenes,  aromatics,  substituted
aromatics, and complex aromatics.

STATUS:

IGT evaluated the CBT process for 2 years under
the SITE Emerging Technology Program.  The
Emerging      Technology     Bulletin
(EPA/5 4 O/F-94/540), which details results from
the evaluation, is available from EPA.  Based on
results from the Emerging Technology Program,
this technology was invited to participate in the
SITE Demonstration Program.

Under the  SITE  Demonstration Program, IGT
plans to conduct a full-scale demonstration of the
CBT process  on sediments  containing PAHs.
Different operating  scenarios  will be used to
demonstrate how effectively  the CBT process
treats sediments in a bioslurry reactor. Several
sites are being considered for the demonstration.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ronald Lewis
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
  Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7856
Fax: 513-569-7105

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Robert Kelley
Institute of Gas Technology
1700 South Mount Prospect Road
Des Plaines, IL 60018-1804
847-768-0722
Fax: 847-768-0546
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 57

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Technology Profile
           EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                   INSTITUTE OF GAS TECHNOLOGY
                   (Fluid Extraction-Biological Degradation Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The   three-step,  fluid   extraction-biological
degradation (FEED) process removes organic
contaminants from soil (see figure below). The
process combines three  distinct technologies:
(1) fluid extraction, which removes the organics
from contaminated solids; (2) separation, which
transfers the pollutants from the  extract to a
biologically  compatible  solvent or  activated
carbon carrier; and (3) biological  degradation,
which   destroys  the  pollutants  and  leaves
innocuous end-products.

In the  fluid extraction step, excavated soils are
placed in a pressure vessel and extracted with a
recirculated  stream  of  supercritical  or near-
supercritical  carbon  dioxide.    An   extraction
cosolvent may be added to enhance the removal
of additional contaminants.

During separation, organic contaminants  are
transferred to a  biologically compatible
                 separation  solvent, such as water or a water-
                 methanol mixture.  The separation solvent is then
                 sent to the final  stage of the process, where
                 bacteria degrade the waste to carbon dioxide and
                 water. Clean extraction solvent is then recycled
                 for use in the extraction stage.

                 Organic  contaminants   are  biodegraded  in
                 aboveground aerobic bioreactors, using mixtures
                 of bacterial  cultures.   Specific  cultures  are
                 selected based on site contaminant characteristics.
                 For example, if a site is primarily contaminated
                 with polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH),
                 cultures able to metabolize or cometabolize these
                 hydrocarbons   are  used.    In  this  way  the
                 bioreactors can be configured to enhance the rate
                 and extent of biodegradation.

                 Research continues  on  using  bound, activated
                 carbon in a carrier system during the separation
                 step.  Bound activated carbon should allow high-
                 pressure conditions to be maintained in the fluid
                 extraction step,  resulting in enhanced extraction
             Contaminated
                Soil
                Stage 1

              EXTRACTION
             Decontaminated
                Soil
                                                                       Separation
                                                                        Solvent
                                                                Stage 2

                                                              SEPARATION
                                                                             Separation Solvents
                                                                             with Contaminants
                                             Stage3

                                          BIOLOGICAL
                                          DEGRADATION
                                                                                I
                                                                             Water, Carbon
                                                                              Dioxide, and
                                                                               Biomass
                            Fluid Extraction-Biological Degradation Process
Page 58
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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                                                                                February 1999
                                                                               Completed Project
efficiency and decreased extraction time. Bound,
activated carbon should also  limit the loss of
carbon  dioxide,  thereby  decreasing   costs.
Activated carbon containing the bound  PAHs
could then be treated in the biodegradation step by
converting the carrier system to a biofilm reactor.
The activated carbon carrier systems could then be
recycled into the high-pressure system of the
extraction and separation steps.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

This technology removes  organic compounds
from contaminated solids. It is more effective on
some classes of organics, such as hydrocarbons
(for  example, gasoline  and fuel oils), than  on
others,  such  as halogenated  solvents  and
polychlorinated biphenyls.  The process has also
been  effective  in   treating   nonhalogenated
aliphatic hydrocarbons and PAHs.

STATUS:

This technology was accepted  into the  SITE
Emerging Technology Program in June  1990.
The Institute of Gas Technology has evaluated all
three stages of the technology  with soils from a
Superfund site and from three other manfactured
gas sites.  These soils exhibited  a variety of
physical and chemical characteristics.  About 85
to 99 percent of detectable PAHs, including two-
to six-ring compounds,  were removed from the
soils.
The   measurable  PAHs   were  biologically
converted in both batch-fed and continuously fed,
constantly stirred, tank reactors. The conversion
rate  and removal efficiency were high  in  all
systems. The PAHs were biologically removed or
transformed at short hydraulic retention times.
All PAHs, including four- to six-ring compounds,
were susceptible to biological removal.

Results from this project were published  in the
Emerging      Technology      Bulletin
(EPA/540/F-94/501),  which  is available  from
EPA.  An article on the project was also submitted
to the Journal of Air and Waste Management.

Potential users of the technology have expressed
interest in continuing research, and the technology
has been  invited to  participate in  the  SITE
Demonstration Program. The technology would
be able to remediate other manufactured gas sites,
wood treatment sites, and contaminated soils and
sediments.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Valdis Kukainis
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
 Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7655
Fax: 513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Robert Paterek
Institute of Gas Technology
1700 South Mount Prospect Road
Des Plaines, IL 60018-1804
847-768-0720
Fax: 847-768-0546
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                  Page 59

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Technology Profile
           EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                  INSTITUTE OF GAS TECHNOLOGY
                 (Fluidized-Bed/Cyclonic Agglomerating Combustor)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The  Institute of Gas  Technology  (IGT)  has
developed a two-stage, fluidized-bed/cyclonic
agglomerating combustor (AGGCOM) based on
a combination of IGT technologies.   In  the
combined system,  solid,  liquid, and  gaseous
organic wastes are destroyed efficiently.  Solid,
nonvolatile, inorganic contaminants are combined
within a glassy  matrix consisting of discrete
pebble-sized  agglomerates  that are  suitable  for
disposal in a landfill.

The   first  stage  of  the  combustor  is  an
agglomerating fluidized-bed reactor, which  can
operate  under  substoichiometric conditions or
with excess air. The system can operate from
                low temperature (desorption) to high temperature
                (agglomeration).   The system can also  gasify
                materials with high calorific values (for example,
                municipal solid wastes). With a unique fuel and
                air distribution, most  of the fluidized bed is
                maintained at  1,500 F° to 2,000 F°, while the
                central  hot  zone  temperature  can be  varied
                between 2,000 F° and 3,000 F°.

                When contaminated soils and sludges are fed into
                the fluidized bed, the combustible fraction of the
                waste is rapidly gasified and combusted. The
                solid fraction, containing inorganic and metallic
                contaminants,    undergoes    a    chemical
                transformation  in  the   hot  zone  and  is
                agglomerated into glassy pellets. The pellets are
                essentially nonleachable under the conditions
                                     AGGCOM Pilot Plant
Page 60
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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                                                                                February 1999
                                                                              Completed Project
of the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure
(TCLP).  The product gas from the fluidized bed
may contain unburned  hydrocarbons,  furans,
dioxins, and carbon monoxide, as well as carbon
dioxide  and water, which  are the products of
complete combustion.

Product gas from the fluidized bed is fed into the
second stage of the combustor, where it is further
combusted at a temperature of 1,800 F° to 2,400
F°. The second stage is a high-intensity cyclonic
combustor and separator that provides sufficient
residence time (0.25 second) to oxidize carbon
monoxide and  organic  compounds to  carbon
dioxide  and  water vapor.   This  stage  has  a
combined destruction and removal efficiency of
greater than 99.99 percent. Volatilized metals are
collected downstream in the flue gas scrubber
condensate.

The two-stage AGGCOM  process is based on
IGT's experience with other fluidized-bed  and
cyclonic combustion systems.    The  patented
sloping-grid design and ash discharge port in this
process were initially developed for IGT's U-GAS
coal gasification process. The cyclonic combustor
and separator is a modification of IGT's low-
emissions combustor.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The two-stage AGGCOM  process can destroy
organic contaminants in gaseous, liquid, and solid
wastes,  including soils  and sludges.  Gaseous
wastes can be fired directly into the cyclonic
combustor.  Liquid, sludge,  and solid wastes can
be co-fired directly into the fluidized bed. Solid
particles must be less than about 6 millimeters in
diameter to support fluidized bed operation; there-
fore, certain wastes  may  require grinding or
pulverizing prior to remediation.

Because the solid components in the waste are
heated above fusion temperature  during  the
agglomeration  process,   metals   and  other
inorganic  materials are  encapsulated and
immobilized within the glassy matrix.
STATUS:

This technology was  accepted  into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in July 1990.
Tests conducted in the batch, 6-inch-diameter,
fluidized   bed   have    demonstrated  that
agglomerates can be formed from the soil. The
agglomerates,  produced  at  several  different
operating conditions from soil spiked with lead
and chromium compounds, passed the TCLP test
for leachability.

A pilot-scale combustor with a capacity of 6 tons
per day has been constructed (see photograph on
previous page), and testing has produced samples
of agglomerated soil. Future testing will focus on
sustained and continuous operation of the pilot-
scale plant using different types of soil, as well as
other  feedstocks.   Tests  with  organic and
inorganic hazardous waste surrogates admixed
with the feed soil will also be conducted.  A final
report on the project has been submitted to EPA.

FOR  FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Teri Richardson
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
  Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH  45268
513-569-7949
Fax:513-569-7105

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Amir Rehmat or Michael Mensinger
Institute of Gas Technology
1700 South Mount Prospect Road
Des Plaines, IL  60018-1804
847-768-0588 or 847-768-0602
Fax: 847-768-0516
E-mail: arehmat@igt.org ormensing@igt.org
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                  Page 61

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Technology Profile
           EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                  INSTITUTE OF GAS TECHNOLOGY
                  (Supercritical Extraction/Liquid Phase Oxidation)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The  Institute  of  Gas  Technology's  (IGT)
Supercritical Extraction/Liquid Phase Oxidation
(SELPhOx) process (see figure below) removes
organic contaminants from soils and sludges and
destroys  them.    SELPhOx combines  two
processing  steps:   (1) supercritical extraction
(SCE) of organic contaminants, and (2) wet air
oxidation (WAO) of the extracted contaminants.
The two-step process, linked by a contaminant
collection  stage,  offers  great flexibility  for
removing and  destroying both high  and low
concentrations of organic contaminants.

Combining  SCE and WAO in a single two-step
process allows development of a highly efficient
and  economical   process   for   remediating
contaminated soils.  Supercritical extraction with
carbon  dioxide   (CO2)    removes   organic
contaminants from the soil while leaving much of
                the original soil organic matrix in place.  The
                contaminants are collected on activated carbon in
                a contaminant collection vessel.  The activated
                carbon  with  sorbed  contaminants  is  then
                transported  in an aqueous stream to a WAO
                reactor for destruction.  Concentrating the organic
                contaminants  on activated  carbon  in water
                provides a suitable matrix for the WAO feed
                stream  and improves  process economics  by
                decreasing WAO reactor size.  The activated
                carbon is regenerated in the WAO reactor with
                minimal carbon loss and can  be recycled to  the
                contaminant collection vessel.

                The SELPhOx process requires only water,  air,
                makeup  activated  carbon, and  the  extractant
                (CO2).   Primary treatment  products  include
                cleaned soil, water, nitrogen (from the air fed to
                the  WAO step), and  CO2.   Organic  sulfur,
                nitrogen, and chloride compounds that may be
                present in the original soil or sludge matrix are
                 EXTRACTION
                       WET AIR OXIDATION
         CONTAMINATED
            SOIL
                                                                                  CO2 & H2O
          CLEANED
            SOIL
                                                                            CARBON FOR
                                                                            RECYCLE
      VESSEL HEATERS
                                                                            CLEAN
                                                                            WATER
                   Supercritical Extraction/Liquid Phase Oxidation (SELPhOx) Process
Page 62
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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                                                                                February 1999
                                                                              Completed Project
transformed to relatively innocuous compounds in
the product water. These  compounds include
sulfuric acid and hydrogen chloride, or their salts.
The treated soil can be returned to the original
site, and the water can be safely discharged after
thermal  energy recovery and  minor secondary
treatment.  The gas can be depressurized  by a
turbo expander for energy recovery  and  then
vented through a filter.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The   SELPhOx  process   removes   organic
contaminants from soils and sludges, including
chlorinated  and  nonchlorinated  polynuclear
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), polychlorinated
biphenyls, and other organic contaminants.  The
process   is  targeted  toward  sites  that  are
contaminated with high levels  of these organics
(hot spots).

The SELPhOx process was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in July 1994. The
primary  objectives of the  project  are  to (1)
evaluate  SCE's contaminant removal efficiency,
(2) determine the potential for CO2 recovery and
reuse, and (3) determine destruction efficiencies
of extracted contaminants in the WAO process.
Analytical results  from the project will provide
the necessary  information for the  full-scale
process design.
Laboratory-scale SCE tests have been completed
using soils contaminated with PAHs.  Operating
conditions for the SCE stage and the  activated
carbon adsorption stage have been selected.  A
transportable field test unit was constructed and
tested with PAH-contaminated soil.   The final
report has yet to be submitted by the developer.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Valdis R. Kukainis
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
  Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7955
Fax: 513-569-7879

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Michael Mensinger
ENDESCO Services, Inc.
1700 South Mount Prospect Road
Des Plaines, IL 60018-1804
847-768-0602
Fax: 847-768-0516
E-mail: mensinger @endesco.com
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 63

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 Technology Profile
                            DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                                        IONICS RCC
                           (B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction Technology)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

Solvent extraction treats sludges, sediments, and
soils contaminated with a wide range of hazardous
contaminants including polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCB),  polynuclear  aromatic  hydrocarbons
(PAH), pesticides, and herbicides.  The waste
matrix is separated into three fractions:  oil, water,
and solids. Organic contaminants, such as PCBs,
are concentrated in the oil fraction, while metals
are separated into the solids fraction. The volume
and toxicity of the original  waste  is  thereby
reduced, and the concentrated waste streams can
be efficiently treated for disposal.

The  B.E.S.T. technology  is a mobile  solvent
extraction system that uses secondary or tertiary
amine solvents  to separate organics from soils,
sediments, and sludges. The B.E.S.T. solvents are
hydrophobic above 20 °C and hydrophilic below
20 °C. This property allows the process to extract
both aqueous and nonaqueous  compounds by
changing the solvent temperature.
                      Pretreatment  includes screening the waste to
                      remove particles larger than 1 inch in diameter,
                      which are treated separately.

                      The  B.E.S.T.  process begins  by mixing and
                      agitating the solvent and waste in a mixer/settler.
                      Solids from the mixer/settler are then transferred
                      to the extractor/dryer vessel. (In most cases, waste
                      materials  may  be  added   directly  to  the
                      extractor/dryer  and  the  mixer/settler  is  not
                      required.) Hydrocarbons and water in the waste
                      simultaneously solubilize with  the  solvent,
                      creating a homogeneous mixture.  As the solvent
                      breaks the oil-water-solid emulsions in the waste,
                      the solids are released and settle by gravity.  The
                      solvent mixture is decanted from the solids and
                      centrifuged to remove fine particles.

                      The solvent-oil-water mixture is then heated.
                      As the mixture's temperature increases, the
                      water  separates  from   the   organics  and
                      solvent.   The organics-solvent fraction is
                      decanted and sent to a solvent evaporator,
                      where  the solvent is recycled.  The organics
                      are discharged for
                  PRIMARY
                EXTRACTION/
                DEWATERING
SECONDARY
EXTRACTION/    |
                                 D
                             Steam Ctean
                                 Solids
                                Product
             Spent  Fines Centrals
             Solvent  Tank  Tank
            I      p   *| Solvent
                             rcoxr
                            B.E.S.T. Solvent Extraction Technology
                                                                            Product
 Page  104
      The SITE Program assesses but does not
        approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                               February 1999
                                                                             Completed Project
recycling,  disposal, or treatment.  The water
passes to a steam stripping column where residual
solvent is recovered for recycling.  The water is
typically   discharged  to  a  local  wastewater
treatment plant.

The B.E.S.T. technology is modular, allowing for
on-site treatment.  The process  significantly
reduces the organic contamination concentration
in the solids.  B.E.S.T.  also concentrates the
contaminants into a smaller volume, allowing for
efficient final treatment and disposal.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The B.E.S.T. technology can remove hydrocarbon
contaminants such as PCBs, PAHs, pesticides,
and herbicides from sediments, sludges, or soils.
System performance can be influenced by the
presence of detergents and emulsifiers.

STATUS:

The B.E.S.T. technology was accepted into the
SITE Demonstration Program in 1987. The SITE
demonstration was completed in July 1992 at the
Grand Calumet River site in Gary, Indiana. The
following reports are available from EPA:

     Applications Analysis Report
     (EPA/540/AR-92/079)

     Technology Evaluation Report - Volume I
     (EPA/540/R-92/079a)

     Technology Evaluation Report - Volume II,
     Part  1 (EPA/540/R-92/079b)

     Technology Evaluation Report - Volume II,
     Part  2 (EPA/540/R-92/079c)

     Technology Evaluation Report - Volume II,
     Part  3 (EPA/540/R-92/079d)

  •   Technology Demonstration Summary
     (EPA/540/SR-92/079)
The first full-scale B.E.S.T. unit was used at the
General Refining Superfund site in Garden City,
Georgia. A 75-ton-per-day B.E.S.T. unit is being
installed   at   Idaho  National   Engineering
Laboratory to extract organic contaminants from
mixed wastes.

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

The SITE demonstration showed that the B.E.S.T.
process removed greater than 99 percent of the
PCBs found in river sediments without using
mechanical dewatering equipment.  Treated solids
contained  less  than 2 milligrams  per kilogram
PCBs.  Comparable removal efficiencies were
noted for PAHs.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Mark Meckes
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
  Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7348
Fax: 513-569-7328

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
William Heins
Ionics RCC
3006 Northup Way, Suite 200
Bellevue, WA 98004
425-828-2400
Fax: 425-828-0526
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                Page  105

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Technology Profile
           EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                                 IT CORPORATION
                    (Batch Steam Distillation and Metal Extraction)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The batch steam distillation and metal extraction
treatment process is a two-stage system that treats
soils contaminated with organics and inorganics.
The system uses conventional, readily available
process  equipment  and  does  not  generate
hazardous  combustion  products.   Hazardous
materials are separated from soils as concentrates,
which can then  be  disposed of or  recycled.
Treated soil can be returned to the site.

During treatment, waste soil  is slurried in water
and heated to 100° C. The heat vaporizes volatile
organic compounds  (VOC)  and produces  an
amount of steam equal to 5 to 10 percent of the
slurry volume.  Resulting vapors are condensed
and decanted to separate organic contaminants
from the aqueous phase. Condensed water from
this step can be recycled
                 through the system  after soluble organics are
                 removed.  The soil is then transferred as a slurry
                 to the metal extraction step.

                 In the metal extraction step, the soil slurry is
                 washed with  hydrochloric  acid.   Subsequent
                 countercurrent batch washing with water removes
                 residual acid from the soil.  The solids are then
                 separated  from the  final  wash  solution by
                 gravimetric sedimentation.   Most heavy metals
                 are converted to chloride salts in this step. The
                 acid extract stream is then routed to a batch steam
                 distillation system, where excess hydrochloric
                 acid is recovered (see  figure below).  Bottoms
                 from  the still, which contain heavy metals, are
                 precipitated as hydroxide salts and are drawn off
                 as a sludge for off-site disposal or recovery.

                 As a batch process, this treatment technology is
                 targeted at sites with less than 5,000 tons of soil
                Recycled water from
                extraction step
                                                                        Soil slurry to
                                                                        metal extraction
                                                                        or dewatering vessel
                                 Batch distillation vessel
                                   Batch Steam Distillation Step
Page 64
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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                                                                               February 1999
                                                                              Completed Project
requiring treatment. Processing time depends on
equipment size and batch cycle times; about one
batch of soil can be treated every 4 hours.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

This process may be applied to soils and sludges
contaminated  with organics,  inorganics,  and
heavy metals.

The batch steam distillation and metal extraction
process was accepted into the SITE Emerging
Technology Program  in January  1988.  The
evaluation  was  completed  in  1992.    The
Emerging    Technology     Bulletin
(EPA/540/F-95/509), which details results from
the test, is available from EPA.

Under the  program, three pilot-scale  tests have
been completed on three soils, for a total of nine
tests. The  removal rates for benzene, toluene,
ethylbenzene,   and xylene were  greater  than
99 percent. The removal rates for chlorinated
solvents ranged from 97 to 99 percent. One acid
extraction and two water washes resulted in a 95
percent removal rate for heavy metals. Toxicity
characteristic  leaching procedure tests on the
treated soils showed that soils from eight of the
nine tests met leachate criteria.  Data were also
collected on the recovery rate for excess acid and
the precipitation rate of heavy metals into a
concentrate.
Estimated treatment  costs per ton, including
capital recovery, for the two treatment steps are
shown in the box below.
Batch Steam Distillation
500-ton site
2,500-ton site
Metals Extraction
(including acid recovery)
500-ton site
2,500-ton site
$299-3 93/ton
$266-3 50/ton
$447-6 19/ton
$396-545/ton
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ronald Lewis
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
   Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7856
Fax: 513-569-7105

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Stuart Shealy
IT Corporation
312 Directors Drive
Knoxville, TN 37923-4709
423-690-3211
Fax: 423-694-9573
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 65

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Technology Profile
           EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                                IT CORPORATION
               (Chelation/Electrodeposition of Toxic Metals from Soils)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

IT Corporation has  conducted laboratory-scale
research on an innovative process that removes
heavy metals from contaminated soils and sludges
by forming a soluble chelate. The metals and the
chelating agent are then separated from the soils
and recovered.

The treatment employs two key steps (see figure
below):  (1) a water-soluble chelating agent, such
as ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid, bonds with
heavy metals and forms a chelate; and (2) an
electromembrane reactor (EMR) recovers  the
heavy metals from the chelate and regenerates the
chelating agent.

Soils are screened before the chelation step to
remove large particles such as wood, metal scrap,
and large rocks.

The chelated soil is dewatered to  separate  the
water-soluble  chelating  agent from the  solid
phase.   The separated chelating agent, which
contains heavy metals, is then treated in the
                 EMR. The EMR consists of an electrolytic cell
                 with a cation transfer membrane  separating the
                 cathode and anode chambers.

                 WASTE APPLICABILITY:

                 The technology is applicable to a wide variety of
                 metal-contaminated hazardous wastes, including
                 soils and sludges.  To date, IT Corporation has
                 demonstrated the technology's effectivenessin
                 removing lead and  cadmium from  soils  and
                 sludges.

                 STATUS:

                 This  technology  was accepted into  the SITE
                 Emerging Technology Program in July 1994.  The
                 Jack's  Creek  site,   located  near  Maitland,
                 Pennsylvania,   was  selected  as  a   site  for
                 technology evaluation.  The site  operated as a
                 precious and nonprecious metal smelting  and
                 nonferrous metal recycling operation from 1958
                 to 1977.  A portion of the property is currently
                 operated as a scrap yard. Lead concentrations in
                 the contaminated soil used for the  evaluation was
                                               Regenerated Chelating Agent
    Contaminated Soil
De watering
(Phase
Separation)

w. "C
                                                             (Liquid
                                                             Phase)
1 Electromembrane
Reactor (EMR)
Soil
Wai
^
                                                      ^ (Solid Phase)

                         Simplified Process Flow Diagram of Treatment Process
Page 66
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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                                                                              February 1999
                                                                             Completed Project
approximately 2 percent. Toxicity characteristic
leaching  procedure  (TCLP)  analysis on  the
contaminated  soil showed  lead  levels  of 7.7
milligrams per liter (mg/L), which exceeds the
regulatory limit of 5 mg/L. During the project, IT
Corporation established appropriate conditions for
lead removal  and recovery from the soil  and
reduced TCLP concentrations of lead in the soil to
below regulatory levels.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
George Moore
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
  Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7991
Fax: 513-569-7276

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Radha Krishnan
IT Corporation
11499 Chester Road
Cincinnati, OH 45246-4012
513-782-4700
Fax: 513-782-4663
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                  approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 67

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Technology Profile
           EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                                IT CORPORATION
                            (Mixed Waste Treatment Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

IT Corporation's mixed waste treatment process
integrates thermal desorption, gravity separation,
water   treatment,   and  chelant   extraction
technologies  to  treat  soils contaminated  with
hazardous  and radioactive constituents.   The
process separates  contaminants  into  distinct
organic and inorganic phases that can then  be
further  minimized, recycled,  or  destroyed  at
commercial disposal facilities.  Decontaminated
soil  can then be  returned to the site.  Each
technology has been individually demonstrated on
selected contaminated materials.   The process
flow diagram below shows how the technologies
have been integrated to treat mixed waste streams.

During  the initial  treatment step, feed soil is
prepared using  standard  techniques, such  as
screening,  crushing,  and  grinding to  remove
oversized material  and provide a consistent feed
material.
                 Thermal treatment removes  volatile and  semi-
                 volatile organics from the soil.  Soil is indirectly
                 heated in  a rotating chamber,  volatilizing the
                 organic contaminants and any moisture in the soil.
                 The  soil passes through  the  chamber and is
                 collected as a dry solid. The volatilized organics
                 and  water  are  condensed into separate  liquid
                 phases.  The  organic phase is decanted  and
                 removed for disposal. The contaminated aqueous
                 phase  passes through activated carbon, which
                 removes  soluble organics, before the aqueous
                 phase is combined with the thermally treated soil.

                 Inorganic contaminants  are  removed by  three
                 physical  and chemical  separation techniques:
                 (1) gravity  separation of high  density particles
                 (2) chemical precipitation of soluble metals and
                 (3) chelant extraction of chemically bound metals.

                 Gravity separation is used to  separate higher
                 density  particles    from    common    soil.
                 Radionuclide contaminants  are typically found in
                                     Organic Phase
                                                               Radionuclides
                                                                on Resin
                                  Mixed Waste Treatment Process
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                                                                                 February 1999
                                                                                Completed Project
this fraction. The gravity separation device (such
as a shaker table, jig, cone, or spiral) depends on
the contaminant distribution and the physical
properties of the thermally treated soil.

Many radionuclides and other heavy metals are
dissolved or suspended in the aqueous media.
These contaminants are separated from the soils
and are precipitated.  A potassium ferrate for-
mulation precipitates radionuclides. The resulting
microcrystalline precipitant is removed, allowing
the aqueous stream to be recycled.

Some insoluble radionuclides remain with the soil
following the gravity separation process.  These
radionuclides are removed by chelant extraction.
The chelant solution then passes through an ion-
exchange resin to remove the radionuclides, and
the solution is recycled to the chelant extraction
step.

The contaminants are collected as concentrates
from all waste process streams for recovery or
off-site  disposal at commercial hazardous waste
or radiological waste facilities.  Decontaminated
soil can be returned to the site as clean fill.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

This process  treats soils  contaminated  with
organic, inorganic, and radioactive material.

STATUS:

The mixed waste treatment process was selected
for the  SITE Emerging Technology Program in
October 1991. Bench- and pilot-scale testing was
completed in late 1995;  a  report  detailing
evaluation results was made available  from EPA
in 1997. Individual components of the treatment
process have  been demonstrated  on  various
wastes  from the U.S. Department of Energy,
(DOE), the  U.S.  Department of Defense, and
commercial  sites.   Thermal  separation has
removed and recovered polychlorinated biphenyls
from  soils  contaminated with  uranium and
technetium.  These soils were obtained from two
separate DOE gaseous diffusion plants.

Gravity separation  of radionuclides  has been
demonstrated at pilot scale on Johnston Atoll in
the  Pacific   Ocean.     Gravity  separation
successfully removed plutonium from native soils.

Water   treatment  using  potassium   ferrate
formulations has  been demonstrated at several
DOE facilities in laboratory- and full-scale tests.
This  treatment  approach  reduced  cadmium,
copper, lead, nickel, plutonium,  silver, uranium,
and zinc to dischargeable levels.

Chelant extraction has successfully treated surface
contamination  in the nuclear industry for more
than 20 years.   Similar results are expected for
subsurface contamination.

FOR  FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Douglas Grosse
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
   Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH  45268
513-569-7844
Fax:513-569-7585

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Ed Alperin
IT Corporation
312 Directors Drive
Knoxville, TN  37923-4709
423-690-3211
Fax: 423-694-9573
                                  The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                  Page 69

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Technology Profile
           EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                                IT CORPORATION
                     (Photolytic and Biological Soil Detoxification)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

This technology is a two-stage, in situ photolytic
and biological detoxification process designed for
shallow soil contamination. The first step in the
process degrades the organic contaminants with
ultraviolet  (UV)  radiation.   The photolytic
degradation rate is several times faster with
artificial UV light than with natural sunlight.  The
degradation process is  enhanced  by  adding
detergent-like chemicals (surfactants) to mobilize
the contaminants. Photolysis of the contaminants
converts  them  to   more  easily   degraded
compounds.   Periodic sampling  and analysis
determines  when  photolysis   is   complete.
Biodegradation, the second step, further destroys
organic contaminants and detoxifies the soil.

When  sunlight is  used  to treat shallow  soil
contamination, the soil is first tilled with a power
                 tiller and sprayed with surfactant.  The soil is
                 tilled  frequently to expose  new  surfaces and
                 sprayed often to promote the degradation process.
                 Water  may also be  added  to  maintain soil
                 moisture.

                 When UV  lights are used, parabolic reflectors
                 suspended over the soil increase the amount of
                 UV  irradiation  (see  figure below).    After
                 photolysis  is  complete,  biodegradation  is
                 enhanced by adding microorganisms and nutrients
                 and further tilling the soil.

                 When these techniques are applied to soils with
                 deep contamination, the soil must be  excavated
                 and treated in a specially constructed  shallow
                 treatment basin that meets Resource Conservation
                 and Recovery Act  requirements.  When soil
                 contamination is shallow, photolysis and housing
                 prevent  contaminants   from  migrating   to
                 groundwater.
                           Photolytic Degradation Process Using UV Lights
Page  70
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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                                                                                February 1999
                                                                              Completed Project
The only treatment residuals of the process are
soil contaminated with surfactants and the end
metabolites of the biodegradation processes.

The  end metabolites  depend on  the  original
contaminants.   The  surfactants  are  common
materials used in agricultural formulations, the
soils can be left on site.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

This photolytic and biological soil detoxification
process  destroys organics, particularly dioxins
such as  tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin  (TCDD),
polychlorinated    biphenyls    (PCB),    other
polychlorinated  aromatics,  and  polynuclear
aromatic hydrocarbons.

STATUS:

This technology was  accepted into  the  SITE
Emerging Technology Program  in  1989;  the
evaluation was completed in 1992. The Emerging
Technology Report (PB95-159992) is  available
for purchase  from  the  National  Technical
Information Services. The Emerging Technology
Bulletin  (EPA/540/F-94/502)  and Emerging
Technology Summary (EPA/540/SR-94/531)
are available from EPA.

Bench-scale  tests   conducted   on   dioxin-
contaminated soil showed that the effectiveness of
surface irradiation to degrade TCDDs or PCBs is
strongly influenced by soil type. Early tests on
sandy soils  showed  greater than 90 percent
removals for both TCDDs and PCBs.   Using  a
450-watt mercury lamp, the irradiation time was
more than 20 hours for greater than 90 percent
destruction of TCDD and more than 4 hours for
greater than 90  percent destruction  of PCBs.
However, a high humic content decreased the
effectiveness  of  the  UV  photolysis.   Soil
contaminated with PCBs in the bench-scale tests
had a high clay content. The highest removal rate
for these soils was 30 percent, measured over a
16-hour irradiation time. Bench-scale tests used
a medium-pressure, mercury UV lamp; sunlight
was ineffective. No significant improvement in
PCB destruction was achieved using a pulsed UV
lamp.
The process was also tested with Fenton's reagent
chemistry as an alternate method of degrading
PCBs to more easily biodegraded compounds.
PCB destruction ranged from nondetectable to 35
percent. Data indicates that no significant change
in PCB chlorine levels occurred during treatment.

Other studies examined PCB biodegradation in
(1) soil treated with a surfactant and UV radiation,
(2) untreated soil, and (3)  soil known to have
PCB-degrading microorganisms.  Study results
were as follows:

  •  PCB removal  in the  UV-treated soil,
     untreated  soil,  and soil  with  known
     biological activity  was higher  when
     augmented   with   an  isolated  PCB
     degrading microorganism.
  •  In the untreated soil, biphenyl was more
     efficient at inducing  PCB  degradation
     than 4-bromobiphenyl.
  •  For the treated soil, surfactant treatment
     may have inhibited microbial activity due
     to high total organic carbon  and low pH.

Isolation and enrichment techniques have made it
possible  to isolate microorganisms capable of
biodegrading PCBs in contaminated soil.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Randy Parker
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
 Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7271
Fax:513-569-7571

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Duane Graves
IT Corporation
312 Directors Drive
Knoxville, TN 37923-4709
423-690-3211
Fax:  423-694-3626
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                  Page 77

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Technology Profile
            EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                                 IT CORPORATION
                           (Tekno Associates Bioslurry Reactor)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

IT  Corporation (IT)  has used  the  Bioslurry
Reactor (developed by Tekno Associates of Salt
Lake City, Utah) to treat polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons  (PAH)  in  soil.    Traditional
biological treatments, such as landfarming and in
situ bioremediation, may not reduce PAHs in soil
to target  levels in a timely  manner.   Slurry
reactors are more efficient for bioremediation and
are more economical than thermal desorption and
incineration.

During the project, IT operated one 10-liter and
two 60-liter bioslurry reactors (see figure below)
in semicontinuous, plug-flow mode. The first 60-
liter  reactor  received fresh  feed  daily and
supplements of salicylate and succinate.
                  Succinate  is  a  by-product  of  naphthalene
                  metabolism and serves as a general carbon source.
                  Salicylate  induces naphthalene degradation of
                  PAH plasmids in the  microorganisms.   The
                  system has been shown to degrade phenanthrene
                  and anthracene.  The naphthalene pathway may
                  also play a role  in carcinogenic PAH  (CPAH)
                  metabolism.

                  The  first  60-liter  reactor   removed  easily
                  degradable  carbon   and increased  biological
                  activity against more recalcitrant PAHs (three-
                  ring compounds and higher).

                  Effluent from the first reactor overflowed to the
                  second 60-liter reactor in series, where  Fenton's
                  reagent (hydrogen peroxide and iron salts)  was
                  added to accelerate oxidation for four- to six-ring
                                 MANUAL
                                  PH
                               ADJUSTMENT
                                                                                    ATMOSPHERE
               LEGEND:
                  \ SAMPLE PORT
                               (PR) PRESSURE REGULATOR
                (pi) PRESSURE INDICATOR (KE) TIMER

            M-1      B_.,       R_1       M-2ABC     T-7         Z-1       P-5      Z-2
            FEED     A!R       AIR       BIOREACTOR  BIOREACTOR 2   CARBON    EFFLUENT  AIR
            MIXER     BLOWER    ROTAMETER  MIXER      (SOIL)       ADSORPTION  PUMP     SAMPLING
                                                                       DEVICE
T-1       p-1      S-1
FEED     FEED PUMP AIR
(20L)      (12UDAY)  FILTER
                                    T-6       T-8         P-6
                                    BIOREACTOR 1  BIOREACTOR 3   SLURRY
                                    (SOIL)      (SOIL)       PUMP
                             T-2
                             CLARIFIER
T-5
EFFLUENT
CONTAINER
(20L)
                              Tekno Associates Bioslurry Reactor System
Page 72
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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                                                                                February 1999
                                                                              Completed Project
PAHs. Fenton's reagent produces a free radical
that can oxidize multiring aromatic hydrocarbons.

The T-8 reactor (third in a series) was used as a
polishing reactor to remove any partially oxidized
contaminants remaining  after treatment with
Fenton's reagent.  Slurry was removed from this
reactor  and  clarified  using  gravity settling
techniques.

The reactors increased the rate and extent of PAH
biodegradation,  making bioslurry treatment  of
soils and sludges a more effective and economical
remediation option.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

This  technology  is  applicable  to  PAH-
contaminated soils and sludges that can be readily
excavated for slurry reactor treatment. Soils from
coal gasification sites, wood-treating  facilities,
petrochemical  facilities,  and  coke plants  are
typically contaminated with PAHs.
STATUS:

This technology was  accepted  into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in 1993. Under
this program, IT Corporation conducted a pilot-
scale investigation of the three slurry reactors
operating in series. A suitable soil for the pilot-
scale test was  obtained from a wood-treating
facility in the southeastern United States. About
4,000 pounds of PAH-contaminated soil was
screened and treated during 1994.  CPAH and
PAH removals were demonstrated at 84 and 95
percent, respectively. A final report was available
from EPA in 1997.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Brunilda Davila
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
  Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH  45268
513-569-7849
Fax: 513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Kandi Brown
IT Corporation
312 Directors Drive
Knoxville, TN 37923
423-690-3211
Fax: 423-690-3626
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                  Page 73

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 Technology Profile
                      DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                             J.R.  SIMPLOT COMPANY
                                   (The SABRE™ Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The  patented  Simplot Anaerobic  Biological
Remediation   (SABRE™)  process  reduces
contamination through on-site bioremediation of
soils contaminated with the herbicide dinoseb (2-
*ec-butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol)  or  nitroaromatic
explosives. The  biodegradation process begins
when contaminated soil is placed in a bioreactor
and flooded with buffered water.  A source of
carbon and a nitroaromatic-degrading consortium
of anaerobic  bacteria  are  then  added to the
bioreactor.  Anaerobic  conditions are quickly
established, allowing the bacteria to degrade the
target    compounds     while     preventing
polymerization   of intermediate  breakdown
products.  A photograph of the technology in
operation is shown below.

Soil  can be treated in above- or in-ground
containment ponds.  Temperature, pH, and redox
potential in the bioreactor are monitored during
               treatment.   A  hydromixing system has been
               engineered to efficiently solubilize the  target
               compound from  the  soil  while  maintaining
               anaerobic conditions.    Frequency of mixing
               depends  upon   the   contaminants   present,
               concentration, soil heterogeneity, and soil type.

               WASTE APPLICABILITY:

               This  technology is  designed  to  treat  soils
               contaminated with nitroaromatic pesticides and
               explosives. This contamination most often occurs
               at rural crop dusting aircraft sites and at ordnance
               handling and manufacturing  facilities.

               STATUS:

               This  technology  was  accepted  into the  SITE
               Emerging Technology  Program in January 1990.
               Based on bench- and pilot-scale results from the
               Emerging Technology Program, this technology
               was accepted in the SITE Demonstration Program
         Bioreactors and Soil Mixing System at a TNT-Contaminated Site in Washington
 Page 146
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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                                                                                 February 1999
                                                                               Completed Project
in winter 1992.  Demonstrations for dinoseb and
the  explosive TNT (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene) were
performed  at  Bowers  Field  in  Ellensberg,
Washington and at Weldon Spring Ordnance
Works in Weldon Spring, Missouri, respectively.
A Technology Capsule describing the dinoseb
project (EPA/540/R-94/508a) and an Innovative
Technology Evaluation  Report  describing the
TNT project (EPA/540/R-95/529) are  available
from EPA.

Since then, the process  has  been evaluated at
several other sites.  During the winters of 1994
and 1995, two 10-cubic-yard (yd3) batches of soils
from Bangor Naval Submarine Base, Washington
were treated using the SABRE™ Process.  One
batch contained TNT,  while  the  other  was
contaminated with TNT and RDX. Cost savings
were  realized by using in-ground ponds for
bioreactors  and efficient mixing. Heaters were
also installed to maintain  optimum biological
activity  during  the  sub-freezing temperatures.
Treatment goals were met or surpassed in the 90
days allowed for the project.

A full-scale remediation  of 321 yd3  of dinoseb-
contaminated soils was  completed  in  October
1995. The site was a former herbicide distributor
located near Reedley, California. The treatment
was performed in an aboveground containment
already existing on site. Concentrations ranging
from 40 to  100 milligrams  per  kilogram were
reduced to nondetect after 28 days of treatment.
The soil was mixed three times during treatment
using a  full-scale,  expandable hydromixing
system.

A larger evaluation was conducted in fall 1996 at
Naval Weapons Station - Yorktown.  About 500
yd3  of soil were contained in an in-ground pond
measuring 86 feet by 150 feet deep. A  full-scale
hydromixing  system  was used to periodically
slurry the soil and water mixture.

Process   optimization  work    is   ongoing.
Collaborative projects with the U.S. Army Corps
of Engineers Waterways Experiment Station and
the   U.S.   Army  Environmental  Center  are
underway.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

During the Weldon Spring demonstration, TNT
was reduced from average concentrations of 1,500
parts per million (ppm) to an average of 8.7 ppm,
for an average removal  rate  of 99.4  percent.
Toxicity testing, which included early  seedling
growth,   root   elongation,   and  earthworm
reproduction tests, showed that soil toxicity was
significantly  reduced.    The  Weldon  Spring
demonstration showed the effectiveness of this
process even in unfavorable  conditions.  The
treatment time was lengthened by unseasonably
cool ambient temperatures. Temperatures in the
bioreactor were as low as 4 °C; ideal temperatures
for the SABRE™ process are 35 to 37 °C.

During the Ellensburg  demonstration,  dinoseb
was  reduced  from  27.3  ppm  to below  the
detection  limit,  a greater  than  99.8  percent
removal.  Other pesticides were also degraded in
this process, highlighting the effectiveness of the
process even in the presence of co-contaminants.
The  process  was completed  in just 23 days,
despite 18 °C temperatures.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Wendy Davis-Hoover
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
   Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7206
Fax:513-569-7879

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Tom Yergovich
J.R. Simplot Company
P.O. Box 198
Lanthrop, CA  95330
209-858-25llext. 6409
Fax:209-858-2519
                                  The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page  747

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 Technology Profile
                      DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                             KAI TECHNOLOGIES, INC./
                   BROWN AND ROOT ENVIR&NMENTAL
                                   (Radio Frequency Heating)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

Radio frequency heating (RFH) is an in situ process
that uses electromagnetic energy to heat soil and
enhance bioventing and soil vapor extraction (SVE).
The patented RFH  technique, developed by KAI
Technologies,  Inc.  (KAI),  uses an  antenna-like
applicator inserted in a single borehole to heat a
volume of soil.  Large volumes of soil can be treated
by RFH employing a control system and an array of
applicators. When energy is applied by the applicator
to the soil,  heating begins near the borehole and
proceeds radially outward.   This technique  can
achieve soil temperatures from just above ambient to
over 250 °C.

RFH enhances SVE in two ways: (1)  contaminant
vapor pressures are increased by heating, and (2) soil
permeability is increased by drying. Extracted vapor
can then be  treated  by  a  variety  of existing
technologies.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The RFH technique  has been tested using pilot-scale
vertical and horizontal antenna orientations to remove
petroleum hydrocarbons and volatile and
                semivolatile organics from soils. The technology is
                most  efficient  in   subsurface  areas  with  low
                groundwater recharge.   In theory, the  technology
                should be applicable to any polar compound in any
                nonmetallic  medium.   The flexible design permits
                easy access for in  situ treatment of organics and
                pesticides under buildings or fuel storage tanks.

                STATUS:

                The KAI RFH technique was accepted into the SITE
                Demonstration Program  in summer 1992.   The
                technique was  demonstrated between January and
                July 1994 at Kelly Air Force Base, Texas as part of a
                joint project with the  U.S. Air Force  Armstrong
                Laboratory. Brown  and Root Environmental was the
                prime contractor evaluating and implementing RFH
                for the U.S.  Air Force. A field demonstration of the
                IIT  Research   Institute  RFH  technology  was
                completed in summer  1993 at the same  site  for
                comparison.      The   Demonstration   Bulletin
                (EPA/540/MR-94/528),    Technology     Capsule
                (EPA/540/R-94/528a), and Innovative Technology
                Evaluation Report (EPA/540/R-94/528) are available
                from  EPA.   For  further  information on the IIT
                Research Institute technology, see the profile in the
                Demonstration  Program section
                               TD1 &TD2O
                                   TD3O
                           A = antenna
                           O = pressure transducer
                           % = extraction well
                           • = Infrared temperature and
                               electric field profiling wells

a

r Source with 1
itstion & Controls



1
S
l\3
1


E1 E2 E
IP"Fj 	 * 	 V-rfci'
E4 F3 E5
F4 F5
E6 E7 E
* = thermowell
x = thermocouple string
) • • • = vapor collection lines
b

TC2 TD6&TD3
x- O x O O
TC3 TD5 & TD2 TD4
8


:
Vapor
Treatment Systerr

                                      OTDT&TDB
                                      KAI Antenna System
 Page  106
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

-------
                                                                                 February 1999
                                                                               Completed Project
(completed projects).    KAI  is  now leasing
commercial  units  to  engineering  companies
throughout the U.S.

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

For this demonstration,  the original treatment
zone was 10 feet wide, 15 feet long, and 20 feet
deep.  This treatment zone was based on  RFH
operation at 13.56 megahertz (MHz); however,
RFH was applied at 27.12 MHz to the top 10 feet
of the original treatment zone to reduce the time
on site by half.   Demonstration results were as
follows:

  •   Uniform heating  within the  revised
     heating  zone:  significant regions had
     soil temperatures in excess of 100 °C
     with soil temperatures within a 3-foot
     radius of the antenna exceeding 120 °C.
     Significant amounts  of liquid  were
     heated to  around 240 °C as strongly
     suggested by a measurement of 233.9
     °C on the outside wall of the  heating
     well liner.
     Soil permeability increased by  a factor
     of 20 within the revised treatment zone.
  •   In the original treatment zone, the mean
     removal for total recoverable petroleum
     hydrocarbons (TRPH) was 30 percent  at
     the  90 percent  confidence  level.
     Concentrations  in the  pretreatment
     samples varied from  less than 169 to
     105,000 parts  per  million  (ppm);
     posttreatment  concentrations  varied
     from less than 33 to 69,200 ppm.
  •   In the revised treatment zone, the mean
     removal for TRPH was 49 percent at the
     95    percent    confidence    level.
     Concentrations  in  the  pretreatment
     samples varied from less than 169 ppm to
     6,910 ppm; posttreatment concentrations
     varied from less than  33 ppm to 4,510
     ppm.
     Benzo(o)fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene,
     and bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate exhibited
     statistically significant removals within
     the original treatment zone. Benzo(o)-
     fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene, chrysene,
     pyrene,  and fluoranthene exhibited
     statistically significant removals within the
     revised treatment zone.
     Contaminants may have migrated into
     and out of the revised treatment zone
     due to the design and operation of the
     SVE system. The design of the heated
     vapor recovery system  is an essential
     component of  the efficiency of the
     overall system.
     Cleanup  costs  are  estimated to range
     from less than  $80 per ton  for large
     scale  treatments to between $100 to
     $250 per ton for small-scale (hot spot)
     treatments.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Laurel Staley, U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
  Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH  45268
513-569-7863
Fax: 513-569-7105

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Raymond Kasevich or Michael Marley
KAI Technologies, Inc.
170 West Road, Suite 4
Portsmouth, NH 03801
603-431-2266 or 413-528-4651
Fax:603-431-4920

Captain Jeff Stinson
U.S. Air Force Armstrong Laboratory
Environmental Risk Management,
 AL/EQW-OL
139 Barnes Drive, Suite 2
Tyndall AFB, FL 32403-5323
904-283-6254
Fax: 904-283-6286

Clifton Blanchard
Brown and Root Environmental
800 Oak Ridge Turnpike
Jackson Plaza, A-600
Oak Ridge, TN  37830
423-483-9900
Fax: 423-483-2014
                                  The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 107

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Technology Profile
           EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                                        KSE, INC.
                       (Adsorption-Integrated-Reaction Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The Adsorption-Integrated-Reaction (AIR 2000)
process combines two unit operations, adsorption
and  chemical  reaction,  to  treat  air  streams
containing dilute concentrations of volatile organic
compounds (VOC) (see photograph below).

The  contaminated air stream containing dilute
concentrations   of  VOCs   flows  into  a
photocatalytic reactor, where  chlorinated and
nonchlorinated VOCs are destroyed. The VOCs
are trapped  on the surface  of a  proprietary
catalytic adsorbent.  This catalytic adsorbent is
continuously illuminated with  ultraviolet light,
destroying  the  trapped,  concentrated  VOCs
through enhanced photocatalytic oxidation. This
system design simultaneously destroys VOCs and
continuously regenerates the catalytic adsorbent.
Only oxygen in the air is needed as a reactant.
The treated effluent air contains carbon dioxide
and water, which are carried out in the air stream
exiting the reactor.  For chlorinated VOCs, the
chlorine atoms are converted to hydrogen chloride
with some chlorine gas. If needed, these gases
can  be removed  from  the  air stream  with
conventional scrubbers and adsorbents.
                 The AIR 2000 process offers  advantages over
                 other photocatalytic technologies because of the
                 high activity,  stability,  and selectivity of the
                 photocatalyst.  The photocatalyst, which is not
                 primarily titanium dioxide, contains a number of
                 different semiconductors, which allows for rapid
                 and  economical  treatment  of VOCs in air.
                 Previous results indicate that the photocatalyst is
                 highly  resistant  to  deactivation,  even  after
                 thousands of hours of operation in the field.

                 The particulate-based photocatalyst allows  for
                 more  freedom in reactor  design  and  more
                 economical scale-up than reactors with a catalyst
                 film coated on a support medium.  Packed beds,
                 radial flow reactors, and monolithic reactors are
                 all feasible reactor designs.  Because the catalytic
                 adsorbent is continuously regenerated, it does not
                 require disposal or removal for regeneration,  as
                 traditional carbon adsorption typically does. The
                 AIR 2000 process produces no residual wastes or
                 by-products needing further treatment or disposal
                 as hazardous waste. The treatment system is self-
                 contained and mobile, requires a small amount of
                 space, and requires  less energy  than thermal
                 incineration or catalytic oxidation. In addition, it
                 has lower total system costs than
                                               AIR2000
Page  74
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

-------
                                                                               February 1999
                                                                             Completed Project
these  traditional  technologies,  and  can  be
constructed of fiberglass reinforced plastic (FRP)
due to the low operating temperatures.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The AIR 2000 process is designed to treat a wide
range of VOCs in air, ranging in concentration
from less than 1 to as many as thousands of parts
per million.   The  process can destroy the
following  VOCs:   chlorinated  hydrocarbons,
aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons, alcohols,
ethers, ketones, and aldehydes.

The AIR 2000 process can be integrated with
existing technologies, such as thermal desorption,
air  stripping, or  soil  vapor extraction,  to treat
additional  media, including soils, sludges, and
groundwater.

STATUS:

The AIR 2000 process was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in 1995.  Studies
under the  Emerging  Technology Program are
focusing on  (1) developing photocatalysts for a
broad range  of chlorinated and nonchlorinated
VOCs, and  (2)  designing advanced and cost-
effective photocatalytic reactors for remediation
and industrial service.

The  AIR  2000  Process  was  initially
evaluated    at  full-scale  operation  for
treatment of soil vapor extraction off-gas at
Loring Air  Force Base  (AFB).  Destruction
efficiency of tetrachloroethene exceeded 99.8
percent.  The performance results were presented
at the 1996 World Environmental Congress.

The  AIR-I process,  an  earlier version of the
technology,  was  demonstrated  as  part  of a
groundwater remediation demonstration project at
Dover AFB in Dover, Delaware, treating  effluent
air from a groundwater  stripper.  Test results
showed  more  than  99   percent removal  of
dichloroethane    (DCA)   from  air   initially
containing about  1 ppm DCA and saturated with
water vapor.
A 700 SCFM commercial unit is now operating at
a Superfund Site in  Rhode Island, destroying
TCE, DCE and vinyl chloride in the combined
off-gas from a SVE system and  a groundwater
stripper. Preliminary results show that the system
is operating at 99.99% destruction efficiency. The
AIR 2000 unit is operating unattended, with the
number of UV lamps being illuminated changing
automatically  in  response  to  changing  flow
conditions  for  maximum  performance   at
minimum cost.

The AIR 2000 Process was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration  program  in 1998,  with  the
objective of demonstrating the performance of the
system at the Superfund site in Rhode Island.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Vince Gallardo
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
  Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King  Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7176
Fax:513-569-7620
E-mail: gallardo.vincente@epamail.epa.gov

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
J.R. Kittrell
KSE, Inc.
P.O. Box 368
Amherst, MA 01004
413.549.5506
Fax: 413-549-5788
e-mail: kseinc@aol.com

TECHNOLOGY LICENSEE CONTACT:
Dr. Bill de Waal
Trojan Technologies, Inc.
3020 Gore Road
London, Ontario N5V-4T7
CANADA
519-457-3400
Fax:519-457-3030
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 75

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Technology Profile
           EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
            LEWIS ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, INC./
                         HICKSON CORPORATION
                (Chromated Copper Arsenate Soil Leaching Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

Lewis Environmental Services, Inc. (Lewis), has
developed a soil leaching process to remediate
soils contaminated with  inorganics and heavy
metals, including chromium, copper, cadmium,
mercury, arsenic, and lead.

The soil leaching  process consists of leaching
contaminated soil  in a  countercurrent stirred
reactor system (see figure below). A screw feeder
delivers soil into the reactor, where it is leached
with sulfuric acid for 30 to 60 minutes.  The
sulfuric acid solubilizes the inorganics and heavy
metals into the leaching solution.  Any organic
contaminants are separated and decanted from the
leaching solution, using  strong acid leachate,
space separation, and skimming. The processed
soil is then washed with water and air-dried.
                The wash water is then treated with the Lewis'
                ENVIRO-CLEAN, which consists of a granulated
                activated carbon system followed by an electro-
                lytic recovery system.  The ENVIRO-CLEAN
                recovers heavy metals from the leaching solution
                and wash water and produces an  effluent that
                meets EPA discharge limits for heavy metals.
                The treated wash water can then be reused in the
                soil washing step.  The leaching solution can be
                returned  directly to  the stirred reactor system,
                depending on its metals concentration.

                Contaminated soil must be properly sized and
                screened to   facilitate leaching  in the stirred
                reactor system. Large pieces  of debris such as
                rocks, wood, and bricks must be removed before
                treatment. Standard  screening  and classification
                equipment, such as that used in municipal waste
                treatment plants, is suitable for this purpose.
Soil
with

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                         Chromated Copper Arsenate Soil Leaching Process
Page 76
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

-------
                                                                                February 1999
                                                                              Completed Project
The  soil leaching process  does not generate
appreciable quantities of treatment by-products or
waste streams containing heavy metals.  The
treated soil meets toxicity characteristic leaching
procedure (TCLP) criteria  and can  be  either
returned  to   the  site  or  disposed  of at  a
nonhazardous landfill.  The granular activated
carbon requires disposal  after  about  20  to  30
treatment cycles and should also meet TCLP
criteria.    Heavy  metals  recovered  by  the
ENVTRO-CLEAN  process  can be reused  by
industry.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The  soil  leaching  process  can treat  wastes
generated by the wood preserving and  metal
plating industries, battery waste sites, and urban
lead sites.

STATUS:

The soil leaching process  was accepted into the
Emerging  Technology   Program   in   1993.
Laboratory-scale tests  have  shown  that  the
process successfully treats  soil contaminated with
chromated  copper arsenate   (CCA).    The
evaluation of the technology under the  SITE
Program was completed  in September  1996.
Results from the evaluation was made available in
1997.

In 1992, Lewis treated a 5-gallon sample of CCA-
contaminated soil from a Hickson Corporation
(Hickson), a major CCA chemical manufacturer.
The  treated  soil  met  TCLP  criteria,  with
chromium and arsenic,  the  two main leaching
solution  constituents,  averaging 0.8 and  0.9
milligram per kilogram (mg/kg) respectively.
Analysis also revealed 3,330 milligrams per liter
(mg/L) of chromium; 13,300 mg/L of copper; and
22,990 mg/L of iron in the leaching solution.  In
addition,  analysis  indicated  41.4  mg/L  of
chromium, 94.8 mg/L of copper, and 3.0 mg/L of
arsenic in the wash water.  After treatment, the
wash water contained metals levels below 0.01
mg/L for copper and chromium and 0.3 mg/L for
arsenic.

Lewis plans further laboratory-scale testing at its
faculty in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, followed by
bench- or pilot-scale testing at Hickson's facility
in Conley, Georgia.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Randy Parker
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
  Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7271
Fax:513-569-7571

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Tom Lewis III
Lewis Environmental Services, Inc.
R.J. Casey Industrial Park
Preble and Columbus Streets
Pittsburgh, PA 15233
412-322-8100
Fax: 412-322-8109
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                  Page 77

-------
 Technology Profile
                      DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                      MAGNUM WATER TECHNOLOGY
                                     (CAV-OX® Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
                WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The CAV-OX® process uses a combination of
hydrodynamic  cavitation and  ultraviolet (UV)
radiation to oxidize contaminants in water.  The
process (see figure below) is designed to remove
organic  contaminants from  wastewater  and
groundwater without releasing volatile organic
compounds into the atmosphere.

The process generates free radicals to  degrade
organic  contaminants. The cavitation process
alone   has  been  demonstrated  to   achieve
trichloroethene  (TCE)  reductions  of  up to
65 percent.  UV excitation and, where necessary,
addition of hydrogen peroxide and metal catalysts,
provide  synergism to achieve overall reductions
of over 99 percent.  Neither  the  cavitation
chamber nor the UV lamp or hydrogen peroxide
reaction generates  toxic   by-products  or  air
emissions.

Magnum Water Technology (Magnum) estimates
the cost of using the CAV-OX® process to be
about half the cost of other  advanced UV
oxidation  systems  and  substantially less than
carbon  adsorption.   Because  the   process
equipment has one moving part, maintenance
costs are minimal.  According to Magnum, the
CAV-OX® process does not exhibit the quartz
tube scaling common with other UV equipment.
                The process is designed to treat groundwater or
                wastewater      contaminated      with
                organiccompounds.     Contaminants  such  as
                halogenated solvents; phenol; pentachlorophenol
                (PCP);  pesticides;  polychlorinated  biphenyls;
                explosives; benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and
                xylenes; methyl tertiary butyl ether; other organic
                compounds; and  cyanide  are suitable for this
                treatment process. Bacteria and virus strains are
                also eliminated.

                STATUS:

                This technology  was accepted  into the SITE
                Demonstration Program in summer 1992 and was
                demonstrated  for 4  weeks in March  1993 at
                Edwards Air  Force Base (AFB)  Site  16 in
                California.   The Applications Analysis Report
                (EPA/540/AR-93/520), Technology Evaluation
                Report (EPA/540/R-93/520), and a videotape are
                available from EPA.

                Magnum reports that improvements in UV lamp
                and reactor technologies  have  improved the
                efficiency of the  CAV-OX® process three- to
                five-fold, compared with the pilot-scale  unit
                tested at Edwards AFB under the SITE Program.
                CAV-OX®  recently (1996) has proven very
                effective in potentiating ozone concentrations in
                            GROUNDWATER
                            HOLDING TANK
                    INFLUENT
                          FLOW
                          METER
                                                          P
                                    TO
                                 DISCHARGE
                                 ^ OR
                                   REUSE
                                                           CAV-OX® II
                                                         H.E. UV REACTOR |
                                                           (OPTIONAL)
                                                              CAV-OX® I
                                                           L.E. UV REACTOR
                                       CAV-OX®  CAV-OX®
                                        PUMP   CHAMBER
                                    The CAV-OX® Process
 Page 108
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

-------
                                                                                 February 1999
                                                                                Completed Project
water reclamation applications. Ozone gas (O3) is
relatively   insoluble   in   water.    However,
hydrodynamic cavitation used in the CAV-OX®
process continuously  develops  micro bubbles
which enhances the dispersion of ozone in water.
Three O3 techniques are available to Magnum:
corona discharge with air feed, electrochemical
'water splitting' method,  and  electrochemical
anodic oxidation.

The   CAV-OX®  process has  been  tested at
several public and private sites, including the San
Bernadino and Orange County Water Department
in California. At a Superfund site, the process
treated   leachate   containing    15  different
contaminants.     PCP,  one  of  the  major
contaminants, was reduced by 96 percent in one
test series.  The process has also been used to
remediate  former  gasoline  station sites  and
successfully reduced  contaminants in process
streams at chemical and pharmaceutical plants.

The  CAV-OX® unit  was part  of an  ongoing
evaluation at the U.S. Army Aberdeen Proving
Ground (Aberdeen).  Special features of the unit tested
include remote monitoring and control systems for pH,
flow rates, H2O2 flow rate, storage level and pump rate,
UV lamp, main power,  pump function, and remote
system shutdown control. The 15-gallon-per-minute
CAV-OX®! Low  Energy unit was  operated by
Army contractors for 9 months. Upon completion
of testing at Aberdeen, further CAV-OX® II High
Energy Tests were conducted at El Segundo.  The
CAV-OX®  process   achieved  contaminant
concentrations of greater than 95
percent.   During  1997  tests of  CAV-OX®
equipment  and/or  Pilot  Tests were made in
Taiwan,  Thailand,  and  Australia.    Also,  a
continuing   series  of  tests  for  major  U.S.
corporations are on-going.   The  CAV-OX®
process achieved removal efficiencies of greater
than 99.9 percent  for TCE, benzene,  toluene,
ethylbenzene, and xylenes. SITE demonstration
results for the CAV-OX® process are shown in
the table  below.  Results are presented  for both
the CAV-OX® I (cavitation chamber by itself)
and CAV-OX® II (cavitation chamber combined
with UV) demonstrations.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Richard Eilers
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
  Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7809
Fax:513-569-7111

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Dale Cox or Jack Simser
Magnum Water Technology
600 Lairport Street
El Segundo, CA  90245
310-322-4143 or 310-640-7000
Fax:310-640-7005
 H,Cy
                                                                 CAV-OX* I
Concen-
trations Flow
(mq/U2 tarn)3 TCE
33.1
23.4
4.9
48.3
6.0
4.9
5.9
5.9
6.1
0
0
0.5
0.6
1.5
0.6
0.7
1.5
0.5
0.7
1.5
.
:
99.9
99.9
71.4
99.7
87.8
61.7
96.4
87.1
60.6
.
:
CAY-QX® I
Removal Efficiencies (%) Flow
Benzene Toluene Xvlene (qom)
>99.9
>99.9
88.6
>99.9
96.9
81.6
99.4
96.5
86.1
.
:
99.4
>99.9
87.4
>99.9
94.5
83.8
99.8
97.6
87.3
.
:
92.9
>99.9
65.6
>99.9
92.1
80.2
98.9
98.1
>99.9
.
1.5
2.0
4.0
1.4
1.9
3.9
1.4
1.9
4.0
1.6
: i !!
5-kW
99.6
99.7
87.7
99.8
98.4
85.1
99.6
97.8
86.3
94.1
80.6
TCE
10-kW
99.2
99.7
98.1
99.7
99.3
97.1
99.4
99.2
98.9
99.2
97.6
£
5-kW
99.4
99.5
89.7
99.8
98.8
89.5
99.6
99.4
93.5
49.1
38.5
emoval Efficiencies (%)
nzene Toluene
1 0-kW 5-kW 1 0-kW
98.8
99.6
98.7
99.8
99.3
97.8
99.6
99.5
99.5
68.1
60.5
>99.9
>99.9
88.8
>99.9
96.9
91.8
99.8
99.5
94.5
20.7
48.6
98.6
>99.9
97.1
>99.9
98.6
97.9
99.8
99.7
99.6
54.7
75.2
Xylene
5-kW 1 0-kW
>99.9
>99.9
78.7
98.7
93.6
90.4
99.5
99.2
95.4
43.3
56.9
>99.9
>99.9
87.2
>99.9
97.0
96.0
99.5
99.7
>99.9
46.7
83.8
 7 hydrogen peroxide  2 milligrams per liter 3 gallons per minute  4 kilowatts
                          CAV-OX® Process Demonstration Results
                                  The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page  109

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 Technology Profile
                      DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                       MATRIX PHOTOCATALYTIC INC.
                              (Photocatalytic Water Treatment)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The   Matrix  Photocatalytic  Inc.  (Matrix)
photocatalytic oxidation system, shown in the
photograph below, removes  dissolved organic
contaminants from water and  destroys them in a
continuous flow process at ambient temperatures.
When excited by light, the titanium dioxide (TiO2)
semiconductor  catalyst  generates   hydroxyl
radicals that oxidatively break the carbon bonds of
hazardous organic compounds.

The  Matrix  system  converts organics such as
polychlorinated  biphenyls   (PCB);  phenols;
benzene, toluene,  ethylbenzene,  and xylene
(BTEX); and others to carbon dioxide, halides,
and water. Efficient destruction typically occurs
between  30  seconds and  2 minutes actual
exposure time.  Total organic carbon removal
takes longer, depending on  the other organic
molecules and their molecular weights.
                The Matrix  system was initially  designed to
                destroy organic pollutants  or to  remove total
                organic carbon from drinking water, groundwater,
                and plant process water.  The Matrix system also
                destroys  organic  pollutants  such as  PCBs,
                polychlorinated dibenzodioxins, polychlorinated
                dibenzofurans,  chlorinated  alkenes, chlorinated
                phenols, chlorinated benzenes, alcohols, ketones,
                aldehydes, and amines. Inorganic pollutants such
                as  cyanide,  sulphite, and  nitrite  ions  can be
                oxidized to cyanate ion, sulphate ion, and nitrate
                ion, respectively.

                WASTE APPLICABILITY:

                The Matrix  system can treat a wide range of
                concentrations of organic pollutants in industrial
                wastewater and can be applied to the ultrapure water
                industry and the drinking water industry.  The
                Matrix system can also remediate groundwater.
           10-Gallon-Per-Minute TiO2 Photocatalytic System Treating BTEX in Water
 Page 110
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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                                                                                  February 1999
                                                                                 Completed Project
STATUS:

The system was accepted into the SITE Emerging
Technology Program (ETP) in May 1991. Results
from the ETP  evaluation  were published in a
journal article (EPA/540/F-94/503) available from
EPA.  Based on results from the ETP, Matrix was
invited  to  participate  in  the  Demonstration
Program.

During August and September 1995, the Matrix
system was demonstrated at the K-25 site  at the
Department of Energy's Oak Ridge Reservation in
Oak Ridge, Tennessee.   Reports detailing  the
results from the demonstration are available from
EPA.

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

Results  from the  demonstration are  detailed
below:

     In general, high percent removals  (up to
     99.9  percent)  were  observed  for both
     aromatic  volatile  organic  compounds
     (VOCs) and unsaturated VOCs. However,
     the percent removals  for saturated  VOCs
     were low (between 21 and 40 percent).
     The  percent  removals  for  all   VOCs
     increased  with increasing number of path
     lengths  and oxidant doses.  At equivalent
     contact times, changing the flow rate did not
     appear  to  impact  the  treatment  system
     performance for all aromatic VOCs  and
     most  unsaturated  VOCs   (except  1,1-
     dichloroethene [DCE]). Changing the flow
     rate  appeared  to   impact  the  system
     performance for saturated VOCs.
  •  The effluent met the Safe Drinking Water
     Act maximum contaminant levels (MCL)
     for benzene; cis-l,2-DCE; and 1,1-DCE  at a
     significant level  of 0.05.   However, the
     effluent  did  not  meet  the MCLs  for
     tetrachloroethene (PCE);  trichloroethene
     (TCE);  1,1-dichloroethane  (DCA);  and
      1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA) at a significant
     level of 0.05. The influent concentrations for
     toluene  and total xylenes were  below the
     MCLs.
     In tests performed to evaluate the effluent's
     acute toxicity to water fleas and fathead
     minnows, more than 50  percent of the
     organisms died. Treatment by the Matrix
     system  did not reduce the groundwater
     toxicity  for  the  test  organisms  at  a
     significant level of 0.05.
     In  general, the  percent  removals were
     reproducible for aromatic and unsaturated
     VOCs  when  the  Matrix  system  was
     operated  under   identical  conditions.
     However, the percent removals  were  not
     reproducible for saturated VOCs.   The
     Matrix system's performance was generally
     reproducible in (1) meeting the  target
     effluent levels for benzene; cis-l,2-DCE; and
     1,1-DCE; and  (2) not meeting the target
     effluent levels for PCE; TCE; 1,1-DCA;  and
     1,1,1-TCA.
     Purgable  organic  compounds and total
     organic halides results indicated that some
     VOCs were mineralized  in  the  Matrix
     system.    However,  formulation   of
     aldehydes,  haloacetic acids, and  several
     tentatively identified compounds indicated
     that  not  all  VOCs  were  completely
     mineralized.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Richard Eilers
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
  Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7809 Fax:513-569-7111

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Bob Henderson
Matrix Photocatalytic Inc.
22 Pegler Street
London, Ontario, Canada
N5Z 2B5
519-660-8669 Fax:519-660-8525
                                   The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                     approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 777

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 Technology Profile
                      DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                   MAXYMILLIAN TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
                          (formerly CLEAN BERKSHIRES, INC.)
                                (Thermal Desorption System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The  Maxymillian Technologies,  Inc., mobile
Thermal Desorption System (TDS) uses rotary
kiln  technology to remove contaminants from
soils. The TDS can remediate soils contaminated
with  volatile   organic  compounds   (VOC),
semivolatile organic compounds  (SVOC), and
polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). The
TDS is fully transportable, requires a footprint of
100-by-140 feet, and can be set up on site in 4 to
6 weeks.  The system combines high throughput
with the ability to remediate mixed consistency
soil,  including sands, silts, clays, and tars.

The  TDS consists of the  following components
(see figure below):

     Waste feed system
     Rotary kiln drum desorber
     Cyclone
  •   Afterburner
     Quench tower
     Baghouse
     Fan and exhaust stack
     Multistage dust suppression system
  •   Process control room
                Soil is first shredded, crushed, and screened to
                achieve a uniform particle size of less than 0.75
                inch.  Feed soils are also  mixed to achieve
                uniform moisture content and heating value.

                The thermal treatment process involves two steps:
                contaminant  volatilization  followed  by  gas
                treatment.    During  the  volatilization  step,
                contaminated   materials   are   exposed   to
                temperatures ranging from 600 to 1,000 °F in a
                co-current flow rotary kiln drum desorber where
                contaminants volatilize to the gas phase.  Clean
                soils  are then discharged through a multistage
                dust suppression system for remoisturization and
                are stockpiled for testing.

                The gas and particulate  stream passes from the
                kiln to the cyclone, where coarse particles are
                removed.  The stream then enters the afterburner,
                which  destroys  airborne   contaminants  at
                temperatures ranging  from  1,600 to 2,000 °F.
                The gas  stream  is cooled by  quenching before
                passing through a high-efficiency baghouse,
                where fine particles are removed. The clean gas
                is then released to the atmosphere through  a
                60-foot stack.   Processed soil, after discharge
                from the dust suppression
                                                     ...... Atomizing Air

Soil/
Waste

rk
„ KIL

Natural
Gas







r»
C3> Cyclone
" iY-
T" f
GD |
1 T








Multistage ^ Processed Soil
Svstem
I




Monitor ng Points



i r* 0=
i
^ Baghouse
1, 1

!

1
M'


1 . Soil Feed Rate 6. Quench Water Flow
2. Kiln Entry Pressure 7. Quench Exit
3. Kiln Gas Exit Temperature
Temperature 8. Baghouse
4. Soil Discharge Differential Pressure
Temperature 9. ID Fan Differential

5. AB Gas
-xit Pressure

Temperature 10. Stack Gas Flow Rate
11. CEM (CO, C02, 02,


THC)

                                                                 — Make Up Water
                             Mobile Thermal Desorption System
 Page 112
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                              February 1999
                                                                             Completed Project
system, is stockpiled and allowed to cool prior to
sampling.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The TDS is designed to remove a wide variety of
contaminants from soil, including VOCs, SVOCs,
PAHs, coal tars, and cyanide.

STATUS:

The  TDS  was  accepted  into  the   SITE
Demonstration  Program   in   1993.     The
demonstration was conducted in November and
December 1993 at the Niagara Mohawk Power
Corporation Harbor Point site, a former gas plant
in Utica, New York.  During the demonstration,
the  TDS processed three  replicate runs of four
separate waste streams.  Stack emissions and
processed  soil were  measured  to  determine
achievement    of  cleanup  levels.      The
Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-94/507)
and Technology Capsule  (EPA/540/R-94/507a)
are available  from EPA.

Following the SITE demonstration, the TDS was
chosen to remediate approximately 17,000 tons of
VOC-contaminated soil at the Fulton Terminals
Superfund  site in Fulton, New York. This project
was completed in 1995.  The  system has since
been moved  to  a location in  North Adams,
Massachusetts.

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

Results  from  the  SITE  Demonstration  are
summarized below:

     The TDS achieved destruction removal
     efficiencies (DRE) of 99.99 percent or
     better in all  12 runs using total xylenes
     as   a   volatile  principal  organic
     hazardous constituent  (POHC).
  •   DREs of 99.99 percent or better were
     achieved in  11  of  12  runs  using
     naphthalene as a semivolatile POHC.
     Average  concentrations  for  critical
     pollutants   in   treated   soils   were
     0.066 milligram per kilogram (mg/kg)
     benzene,  toluene,  ethylbenzene, and
     xylene (BTEX); 12.4 mg/kg PAHs; and
     5.4 mg/kg total cyanide.
  •   C
     concentration of pollutants in the feed
     and treated soil showed the following
     average     removal     efficiencies:
     99.9 percent for BTEX; 98.6 percent
     for PAHs; and 97.4 percent for total
     cyanide.
     The  TDS  showed  good  operating
     stability during the demonstration with
     only a minor amount of downtime.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ronald Lewis
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
  Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7856
Fax: 513-569-7105

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Neal Maxymillian
Maxymillian Technologies, Inc.
84 State  Street
Boston, MA 02109
617-557-6077
Fax: 617-557-6088
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                Page 113

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Technology Profile
           EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                  MEDIA & PROCESS TECHNOLOGY
 (formerly ALUMINUM COMPANY OF AMERICA andALCOA SEPARATION
                                 TECHNOLOGY, INC.)
                                      (Bioscrubber)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

This bioscrubber technology digests hazardous
organic emissions generated by soil, water, and air
decontamination  processes.   The bioscrubber
consists of a filter with an activated  carbon
medium that supports microbial growth.  This
unique  medium, with  increased microbial
population and  enhanced bioactivity, converts
diluted organics into carbon  dioxide, water, and
other nonhazardous  compounds.   The filter
removes biomass, supplies nutrients, and  adds
moisture. A pilot-scale unit with a 4-cubic-foot-
per-minute  capacity is being field-tested  (see
figure below).

In  addition  to  efficient   degradation,   the
bioscrubber provides an effective sink to mitigate
feed  fluctuations.   During  an 11-month
bench-
                 scale test, the bioscrubber consistently removed
                 contaminants such as petroleum  hydrocarbons,
                 alcohols, ketones, and amines from the waste feed
                 at levels ranging from less than 5 to 40 parts per
                 million (ppm).

                 The bioscrubber provides several advantages over
                 conventional activated carbon adsorbers.  First,
                 bioregeneration keeps the maximum adsorption
                 capacity constantly available; thus,  the  mass
                 transfer zone remains stationary  and relatively
                 short.  The carbon does not require refrigeration,
                 and the required bed length is greatly reduced,
                 thereby reducing capital and operating expenses.
                 Finally, the chromatographic  effect (premature
                 desorption) common in an adsorber is eliminated
                 because the maximum capacity is  available
                 constantly. The bioscrubber's advantages are
                 fully exploited





Mass Flow
Controllers
/\


,





Mass Flow
Controllers





                     T
                                     Bioscrubber Pilot-Scale Unit
Page 78
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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                                                                                February 1999
                                                                               Completed Project
when   the    off-gas      contains   weakly
adsorbedcontaminants,   such  as   methylene
chloride, or adsorbates competing with moisture
in the stream.   The bioscrubber may replace
activated carbon in some applications.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The  bioscrubber  technology  removes organic
contaminants in air streams from soil, water, or air
decontamination  processes.  The  technology is
especially suited to treat streams containing
aromatic solvents, such as benzene, toluene, and
xylene,   as   well    as   alcohols,   ketones,
hydrocarbons,  and others.  The technology has
several applications to Superfund sites, including
(1) organic emission  control for groundwater
decontamination using air strippers, (2) emission
control  for biological  treatment of ground and
surface water,  and (3) emission control for soil
decontamination.    These  primary   treatment
processes have not been designed to prevent
volatile organic compound discharges into the
atmosphere.    The  bioscrubber  is  an   ideal
posttreatment  component for these  processes
because it handles trace organic  volatiles eco-
nomically and effectively.

STATUS:

This technology  was  accepted into  the  SITE
Emerging Technology Program in  July  1990.
Bench-scale bioscrubbers operated continuously
for more than  11  months to treat an air stream
with trace concentrations of toluene at about 10 to
20  ppm.   The  bioscrubbers accomplished  a
removal  efficiency of greater than 95 percent.
The filter had a biodegradation efficiency 40 to 80
times greater than existing filters. The project
was completed in June 1993.  Based  on results
from  the Emerging Technology  Program, the
bioscrubber technology was invited to participate
in the SITE Demonstration Program.
Evaluation results have  been published in the
report  "Bioscrubber for Removing Hazardous
Organic Emissions from Soil, Water  and Air
Decontamination Processes" (EPA/540/R-93/521).
This report is  available  from  the  National
Technical  Information Service.  The Emerging
Technology Bulletin (EPA/540/F-93/507) and the
Emerging      Technology          Summary
(EPA/540/SR-93/521)  are available from EPA.
An article on the technology was also published in
the Journal of Air and Waste  Management,
Volume 44, March 1994, pp. 299-303.

The  pilot-scale unit  has also been tested on
discharge  from an air  stripping tower at a flow
rate  of 2  standard cubic feet per minute.   The
discharge contained from less than 10 to 200 ppm
toluene. The unit demonstrated the effectiveness,
efficiency,  and  reliability   of  its  design.
Additional tests are underway to confirm results
at higher flow rates and with other contaminants.

FOR  FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
   Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
Fax:513-569-7105
E-Mail: dePercin.Paul@epamail.epa.gov

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Paul Liu
Media  and Process Technology, Inc.
1155 William Pitt Way
Pittsburgh, PA   15238
412-826-3711
Fax: 412-826-3720
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                  Page 79

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Technology Profile
           EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
      MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH, INC.
                           (VaporSep® Membrane Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The Membrane Technology and Research, Inc.,
VaporSep® system, shown in the figure below,
uses  synthetic polymer membranes to remove
organic vapors from contaminated air streams.
The process generates a clean air stream  and a
liquid organic stream.

Air laden with organic compounds contacts one
side of a membrane that is 10 to 100 times more
permeable to the organic compound than to air.
The membrane separates the air into two streams:
a permeate stream containing most of the organic
vapor and a clean residual air stream.  The organic
vapor is condensed and removed as a liquid; the
purified air stream may be vented or  recycled.
                The VaporSep® system maintains a lower vapor
                pressure on the permeate side of the membrane to
                drive  the permeation process.  This pressure
                difference can be created by either compressing
                the feed stream or using a vacuum pump on the
                permeate stream.

                The VaporSep® systems built to date range in
                capacity from 1 to 700 standard cubic feet per
                minute.  The systems are significantly smaller
                than  carbon  adsorption  systems  of  similar
                capacity and can be configured for a wide range
                of feed flow rates and compositions.  The process
                has been tested on air streams contaminated with
                a  wide  range of  organic   compounds  at
                concentrations of 100 to more than 100,000 parts
                per million.
                       VaporSep® Membrane Organic Vapor Recovery System
Page 80
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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                                                                               February 1999
                                                                             Completed Project
The VaporSep® system removes between 90 and
99 percent of the organic vapor, depending on the
class of organic compound and the system design.
The system produces a purified air stream and a
small volume  of organic  condensate.    The
concentration  of organics  in the purified air
stream is generally low enough for discharge to
the atmosphere.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

VaporSep® systems can treat most air streams
containing   flammable    or   nonflammable
halogenated   and   nonhalogenated   organic
compounds, including chlorinated hydrocarbons,
chlorofluorocarbons    (CFC),    and     fuel
hydrocarbons.  Typical applications include the
following:

   •  Reduction of process  vent emissions,
     such as those regulated  by  EPA source
     performance standards for the synthetic
     organic chemical manufacturing industry
   •  Treatment of air stripper exhaust before
     discharge to the atmosphere
   •  Recovery   of   CFCs   and   hydro-
     chlorofluorocarbons
   •  Recovery of valuable organic feedstocks
     for recycling to the process
   •  Recovery of gasoline vapors

STATUS:

This technology was  accepted  into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program  in 1989; the
project was completed in 1991.   The process,
demonstrated at both the bench and pilot scales,
achieved removal efficiencies of over 99.5 percent
for selected organic compounds.  The Emerging
Technology  Bulletin  (EPA/540/F-94/503)  is
available from EPA.
Almost  40  VaporSep®  systems  have  been
supplied to customers in the United States and
overseas for applications such as the following:

  •  CFC  and  halocarbon  recovery from
     process vents and transfer operations
  •  CFC recovery from refrigeration systems
  •  Vinyl chloride monomer recovery from
     polyvinyl   chloride    manufacturing
     operations
  •  CFC-12/ethylene  oxide recovery from
     sterilizer emissions
  •  Recovery   of    monomers,    other
     hydrocarbons, and nitrogen in polyolefin
     degassing processes

A VaporSep® system successfully treated an air
stream from a soil vacuum extraction operation at
a U.S. Department of Energy site.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
  Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
Fax: 513-569-7105
E-Mail: dePercin.Paul@epamail.epa.gov

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Marc Jacobs
Doug Gottschlich
Membrane Technology and Research, Inc.
13 60 Willow Road
MenloPark, CA 94025-1516
415-328-2228
Fax: 415-328-6580
E-mail: mjacobs@mtrinc.com
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 81

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Technology Profile
           EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                   MONTANA COLLEGE OF MINERAL
                       SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
                               (Air-Sparged Hydrocyclone)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The   air-sparged  hydrocyclone  (ASH)  was
developed at the University of Utah during the
early  1980s to  achieve  fast flotation  of fine
particles in a centrifugal field. The ASH consists
of two  concentric right-vertical tubes with a
conventional cyclone header at the top and a froth
pedestal at the bottom (see figure below).  The
inner tube is a porous tube through which air is
sparged. The outer tube serves as an air jacket to
evenly distribute  air through the porous inner
tube.

Slurry is fed tangentially through the conventional
cyclone header to develop a swirl flow of a certain
thickness in the radial direction (the swirl-layer
thickness). The swirl is discharged through an
annular opening between the porous tube wall and
the froth pedestal.  Air is sparged  through the
porous inner tube wall and is sheared into small
bubbles. These bubbles are
                 then radially transported, together with attached
                 hydrophobic particles,  into a froth  phase that
                 forms on the cyclone axis.  The froth phase is
                 stabilized and constrained by the froth pedestal at
                 the underflow, moved toward the vortex finder of
                 the cyclone header, and discharged as an overflow
                 product.   Water-wetted  hydrophilic  particles
                 generally  remain in the  slurry  phase and  are
                 discharged as an underflow product through the
                 annulus created by the froth pedestal.

                 During the past decade, large mechanical flotation
                 cells, such as aeration-stirred tank reactors, have
                 been designed, installed, and operated for mineral
                 processing.  In addition, considerable effort has
                 been  made   to  develop   column   flotation
                 technology in the United States and elsewhere; a
                 number of such systems have been installed in
                 industries. Nevertheless, for both mechanical and
                 column cells,  the specific flotation capacity is
                 generally limited to 1 to 2 tons per day (tpd) per
                 cubic foot of cell volume.
                             Overflow
                    Vortex Finder
                                                                             Porous
                                                                Underflow Froth   Cylinder
                            Underflow
                                    Air-Sparged Hydrocyclone
Page 82
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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                                                                                February 1999
                                                                               Completed Project
In contrast,  the  ASH has a specific flotation
capacity of at least 100 tpd per cubic foot of cell
volume.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

Standard flotation techniques used in industrial
mineral  processing  are  effective  ways  of
concentrating materials.  However, metal value
recovery is  never complete and the valuable
material escaping the milling process is frequently
concentrated in the very fine particle fraction.

The ASH can remove fine mineral particles that
are amenable to the froth flotation process. These
particles  are generally sulfide minerals, such as
galena (lead sulfide), sphalerite (zinc sulfide) and
chalcopyrite (copper-iron-sulfide).  Finely divided
mining wastes containing these minerals oxidize
and release the  metallic elements as dissolved
sulfates  into the  groundwater.   Particularly
applicable are tailings from  older  operations
conducted  before  the  development of  froth
flotation. Earlier operations recovered minerals
by  gravity   concentration,  which  did  not
effectively capture fine particles and left tailings
with  relatively  large  concentrations   of the
environmentally hazardous fine sulfide minerals.

STATUS:

This technology was  accepted  into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in  June 1990.
The most recent pilot plant trials  on tailings
generated  by   gravity  concentration   have
confirmed both the technology's ability to recover
sulfide minerals and the high throughput capacity
claimed by proponents of the ASH. However,
results on the economics of ash processing were
inconclusive. Studies under the SITE Program
were completed in August 1994.  The pilot plant
was dismantled after 4 years of operation.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ed Bates
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
 Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7774
Fax:513-569-7676

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Theodore Jordan
Montana College of Mineral Science
  and Technology
West Park Street
Butte, MT 57901
406-496-4112
406-496-4193
Fax: 406-496-4133
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                  Page 83

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Technology Profile
             EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                  MONTANA COLLEGE OF MINERAL
                       SCIENCE  AND TECHNOLOGY
                                (Campbell Centrifugal Jig)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The  Campbell  Centrifugal  Jig  (CCJ)  is  a
mechanical device that uses centrifugal force to
separate fine heavy mineral and metal particles
from waste materials.  The CCJ combines jigging
and centrifuging to separate these particles from
a fluid slurry.  TransMar, Inc., owns the patents
and rights to the CCJ technology.

Standard jigs separate solids of different specific
gravities by differential settling in a pulsating bed
and gravitational  field.   Jigs operating in this
mode can recover solids larger than about 150
mesh (105 microns).  Centrifuges are effective in
separating solids from liquids but are not effective
in separating solids from solids.
                  The CCJ, shown in the figure below, combines the
                  continuous flow and pulsating bed of the standard
                  jig  with  the  high acceleration  forces  of a
                  centrifuge to segregate  and concentrate heavy
                  particles from the waste. The CCJ can recover
                  particles  ranging  in  size  from  1  to about
                  500 microns, depending on whether the particles
                  are sufficiently  disaggregated  from the  host
                  material. The disaggregated particle should have
                  a specific gravity at least 50 percent greater than
                  the waste material.  The CCJ does not need
                  chemicals to separate the solids.

                  Appropriately sized, slurried material is fed into
                  the CCJ through a hollow shaft inlet at the top of
                  the machine. The slurried material discharges
                  from the shaft onto a diffuser plate, which has
                                   Slurry Inlet
                                                                     Bull Wheel
                  Pulse Water Inlet
        Cone Shroud
           Hutch Area —*
       Pulse Water Outlet
                                                                                  Access
                                                                                  'Doors
      —Tails Outlet

- Cone Outlet
                                 Campbell Centrifugal Jig (CCJ)
Page 84
 The SITE Program assesses but does not
    approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                                February 1999
                                                                               Completed Project
vanes that distribute the material radially to the jig
bed.  The jig  bed's  surface is  composed of
stainless-steel shot ragging that is slightly coarser
than the screen aperture. The jig bed is pulsated
by pressurized water admitted through a screen by
four rotating pulse blocks.  The  pulsing water
intermittently fluidizes the bed, causing heavier
particles to move through the ragging and screen
to the concentrate port, while lighter particles
continue  across the face  of the jig bed to the
tailings port.

The effectiveness of separation depends on how
well the original solids are disaggregated from the
waste material and the specific gravity of each
solid.  The  slurried feed material may  require
grinding to ensure disaggregation of the heavy
metals.   Operating parameters include  pulse
pressure, rotation speed or g-load, screen aperture,
ragging  type and  size, weir height,  and feed
percent solids.

The CCJ produces heavy mineral  or  metal
concentrates  which, depending  on the  waste
material, may be further processed for extraction
or sale. A clean tailings stream may be returned
to the environment.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The CCJ can separate  and concentrate a wide
variety of materials, ranging from base metals to
fine coal  ash and fine (1-micron) gold particles.
Applications include (1) remediation  of heavy
metal-contaminated soils, tailings, or harbor areas
containing spilled concentrates; (2) removal of
pyritic sulfur and ash from fine  coal; and (3)
treatment of some sandblasting grit.
STATUS:

The CCJ was accepted into the SITE Emerging
Technology Program in May 1992. The CCJ was
evaluated at the Montana College of Mineral
Science  and  Technology   Research  Center
(Montana Tech).  Montana Tech equipped a pilot
plant to evaluate the Series 12 CCJ, which has a
capacity  of 1 to 3 tons  per  hour.  Tests  were
completed in August 1994 on base-metal mine
tailings  from various  locations in  western
Montana.

In addition, under the U.S. Department of Energy
(DOE) Integrated Demonstration Program, the
CCJ was tested on clean Nevada test  site soil
spiked with bismuth as a surrogate for plutonium
oxide.  These tests occurred at the University of
Nevada,  Reno, during  August and September
1994.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Jack Hubbard
U.S. EPA
National  Risk Management Research
 Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7507
Fax:513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Gordon Ziesing
Montana College of Mineral Science
  and Technology
West Park Street
Butte, MT 59701
406-496-4112
406-496-4193
Fax: 406-496-4133
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                  Page 85

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 Technology Profile
                      DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                  MORRISON KNUDSEN CORPORATION/
             SPETSTAMPONAZHGEOLOGIA ENTERPRISES
                              (Clay-Based Grouting Technology)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

Morrison Knudsen Corporation (MK) is working
under   a   joint   venture   agreement  with
Spetstamponazhgeologia Enterprises  (STG) of
Ukraine to demonstrate the effectiveness of a
clay-based grouting technology. This technology
uses clay slurries as a base for grout solutions,
which are injected into bedrock fracture systems
to inhibit or eliminate groundwater flow in these
pathways.  The clay slurries may also be used as
a base for slurry wall construction.
                The  second  phase,  a  site-specific  grout
                formulation, is developed in the laboratory. The
                overall properties of clay-based grout depend on
                the physical and mechanical properties of the
                clay, cement, and other additives.  Formulated
                clay-based  grouts  are viscoplastic  systems
                composed primarily of clay mineral mortar and
                structure-forming cement. The clay is normally a
                kaolin/illite obtained from  a local source; other
                additives may be required.  The formulation is
                laboratory-tested to determine suitability for the
                desired application.
The MK/STG clay-based grouting technology is
an integrated method  involving three primary
phases:  obtaining detailed site characteristics;
developing a site-specific grout formulation; and
grout mixing and injection. The first phase, site
characterization, includes obtaining geophysical,
geochemical, mineralogical, and hydrogeological
information about the target area.
                The third phase is grout mixing and placement.
                The process for preparing and injecting the clay-
                based  grout is shown in  the  diagram  below.
                Boreholes drilled during the site characterization
                phase  may  be  used  for  grout  placement.
                Additional boreholes may be drilled to complete
                the  injection  program.   A  quality assurance
                program ensures that placement and project
                DRY-PULVERIZED
                 CLAY SUPPLY
    ADDITIVE(S)
      SUPPLY
          ADDITIVE(S)
             BIN
                              CLAY STORAGE
                                & SLURRY
                              PREPARATION
                              WATER SUPPLY
                                 SYSTEM
               CEMENT STORAGE
                  & SLURRY
                 PREPARATION
- WATER
 SUPPLY
                                                                                   CEMENT
                                                                                   SUPPLY
    MK/STG
  CLAY-CEMENT
  BASED GROUT
                Process Flow Diagram of the Clay-Based Grouting Technology
 Page 114
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                                February 1999
                                                                               Completed Project
objectives are met. After injection, the clay-based
grout retains its plasticity and does not crystallize,
providing permanent underground protection.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

This technology is suitable for providing a flow
barrier to groundwater contaminated with both
heavy metals and organics. The clay-based grout
can be formulated to  withstand  detrimental
conditions such as low pH. The technology can
be used at inactive mine sites that produce acid
mine  drainage.   Other  potential  applications
include  liquid effluent control from  landfills,
containment of groundwater contaminated with
chemicals or radionuclides, and reduction of brine
inflows.

STATUS:

This technology was  accepted into the  SITE
Demonstration Program in winter 1993.  It was
partially installed in fall  1994 at the abandoned
Mike  Horse  Mine  site in Montana; operations
were suspended due to winter weather conditions.
The third phase, to complete  installation of the
grout,  was  canceled  due  to  EPA budget
constraints. The demonstration was completed in
1996,  but the technology was not fully evaluated
due to loss of accessibility to the site.

Over 200 projects using this technology have been
completed during the last 20 years in the former
Soviet Union and Eastern block countries, as well
as in China and Australia.  The technology has not
been  applied in the United States  or western
hemisphere other than at the Mike Horse Mine
site.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Jack Hubbard
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
  Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7507
Fax:513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Kathryn Levihn
Rick Raymondi
Morrison Knudsen Corporation/STG
P.O. Box 73
Boise, ID  83729
208-386-6115
Fax: 208-386-6669
                                  The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 115

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 Technology Profile
              DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
         NORTH AMERICAN TECHNOLOGIES GROUP, INC.
                          (Oleophilic Amine-Coated Ceramic Chip)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

This hydrocarbon recovery technology is based on
an oleophilic, amine-coated ceramic chip that
separates suspended and dissolved hydrocarbons,
as well as most mechanical and some chemical
emulsions,  from   aqueous  solutions.    The
oleophilic chip  is manufactured by grafting a
hydrophobic amine to a mineral support, in this
case a ceramic substrate. Each granule is 0.6 to
1 millimeter in diameter, but is very porous and
thus has a large surface area.  The hydrophobic
property of the amine coating makes each granule
more effective for microfiltration of hydrocarbons
in an unstable emulsion.

The  figure below  illustrates the process; the
separator, filter, and coalescer unit is shown on
the next page.  The pressure-sensitive filtering bed
is regenerated by automatic backflushing. This
automatic  regeneration eliminates the expense
associated with regeneration of carbon and similar
filtration  media.    Recovered  hydrocarbons
coalesce and  can  thus  be removed by  simple
gravity separation.
        This technology provides cost-effective oil and
        water separation,  removes free and emulsified
        hydrocarbon  contaminants,  and  significantly
        reduces hydrocarbon loading to air strippers and
        carbon systems.  The technology  can achieve a
        concentration of less than 7 parts per million oil
        and grease in the treated effluent.

        WASTE APPLICABILITY:

        The amine-coated granules have proven effective
        on a wide variety of hydrocarbons, including
        gasoline; crude oil; diesel fuel; benzene, toluene,
        ethylbenzene   and   xylene  mixtures;   and
        polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. The unit also
        removes hydrophobic chlorinated hydrocarbons
        such  as  pentachlorophenol,  polychlorinated
        biphenyls,  and  trichloroethene,   as  well   as
        vegetable and animal oils.

        Treatment systems incorporating this technology
        have been designed for various applications,
        including (1) contamin ated groundwater pump-
        and-treat systems; (2)  in-process  oil and  water
        separation; (3) filtration systems;  (4) combined
/ \
Oleof liter
Pressurized
Feed
/ \
Pressurized
Clean Water
Out
/BackwashX
and Partial
Draw
Recycled
Upstream of
Primary
Separator
/ \
Backwash
Air In
/ \
Backwash
Water in
Heat When
Viscous
Hydrocarbons
Handled
/ \
Control
Cabinet
                          Schematic Diagram of the Oleofilter Technology
 Page 132
Bologies

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                                                                                February 1999
                                                                              Completed Project
oil and water separator-filter-coalescer systems
for on-site waste reduction and material recovery;
and (5) treatment of marine  wastes (bilge and
ballast waters).

STATUS:

This technology was accepted into the  SITE
Demonstration Program in December 1992. The
SITE demonstration was completed in June 1994
at the Petroleum Products Corporation site in Fort
Lauderdale, Florida.  The site is a former oil
recycling facility where groundwater has been
contaminated with a variety of organic and
inorganic  constituents.    The  Demonstration
Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-94/525) and Innovative
Technology     Evaluation      Report
(EPA/540/R-94/525) are available from EPA.

The technology has been used for several full-
scale projects. Several separator-filter-coalescers
(see figure below) are in use  treating industrial
process waters and oily wash waters.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

For the demonstration, five separate evaluation
periods (runs) were initiated.  Each run used the
same feed oil, except run four.  The oil for run
four was  a 3:1 mixture of oil to kerosene.  The
average total recoverable petroleum hydrocarbon
(TRPH)  concentrations for  the  feed  streams
ranged from 422 to 2,267 milligrams per liter
(mg/L). Preliminary data indicate that the system
removed at least 90 percent of the TRPH from the
emulsified oil and water feed stream.

For the runs where the system operated within
normal design parameters, TRPH concentrations
in the treated water  effluent were reduced to
15 mg/L or less. The oleophilic granules achieved
a 95 percent reduction of TRPH concentration for
the runs with similar feed oil.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Laurel Staley
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
 Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7863
Fax:513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Tim Torrillion
North American Technologies Group, Inc.
4710 Bellaire Boulevard, Suite 301
Bellaire, TX 77401
713-662-2699
Fax: 713-662-3728
        Separator, Filter, and Coalescer
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                Page 133

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Technology Profile
           EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
           NEW JERSEY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
                               (GHEA Associates Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The GHEA Associates process applies surfactants
and additives to soil  washing  and wastewater
treatment to make organic and metal contaminants
soluble.   In  soil washing, soil  is excavated,
washed, and rinsed to produce clean soil. Wash
and rinse liquids are then combined and treated to
separate surfactants and  contaminants from the
water. Next, contaminants are separated from the
surfactants by desorption and are isolated as a
concentrate.      Desorption  regenerates   the
surfactants for repeated use in the process.

The liquid treatment consists of a sequence of
steps involving phase separation,  ultrafiltration,
and air flotation (see figure below).  The treated
water meets  all National  Pollutant Discharge
Elimination   System  groundwater  discharge
criteria, allowing it to be  (1) discharged without
                 further treatment, and (2) reused in the process
                 itself or reused as a source of high quality water
                 for other users.

                 In wastewater treatment applications, surfactants
                 added to the wastewater adsorb contaminants.
                 The mixture is then treated in the same manner as
                 described  above  for  (1)  water purification,
                 (2)   separation   of   the   contaminants,  and
                 (3) recovery of the surfactants.  The treatment
                 process yields clean soil, clean water, and a highly
                 concentrated fraction of contaminants.  No other
                 residues,  effluents, or emissions are produced.
                 The figure below illustrates the GHEA process.

                 WASTE APPLICABILITY:

                 This technology  can be applied to soil, sludges,
                 sediments, slurries, groundwater, surface water,
                 end-of-pipe industrial effluents, and in situ soil
Contaminated
Soil
Surfactant
Extraction
f


Liquid
Rinse


Clean
Soil
                                  Recycle
            Recycle
              ;
                  Clean
                  Water
                                                                         Contaminant
                                 GHEA Process for Soil Washing
Page 86
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                               February 1999
                                                                             Completed Project
flushing.   Contaminants  that can  be treated
include  both  organics   and heavy  metals,
nonvolatile and volatile organic compounds, and
highly toxic refractory compounds.

STATUS:

The  technology was accepted  into  the SITE
Emerging  Technology Program in June 1990.
Treatability tests  were conducted on  various
matrices, including soils with high clay contents,
industrial  oily sludges,  industrial wastewater
effluents,  and  contaminated  groundwater (see
table below).   In  situ soil flushing tests have
shown  a 20-fold enhancement of contaminant
removal rates.  Tests using a 25-gallon pilot-scale
plant have also  been conducted.    Costs for
treatment range from $50 to $80 per ton. The
Emerging      Technology      Bulletin
(EPA/540/F-94/509),  which details evaluation
results, is available from EPA.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
National Risk Management Research
  Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7861
Fax:513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Itzhak Gotlieb
GHEA Associates
5 Balsam Court
Newark, NJ 07068
201-226-4642
Fax: 201-703-6805
SUMMARY OF TREATABILITY TEST RESULTS
MATRIX
/olatile Organic Compounds (VOC): Trichloroethene;
1,2-Dichloroethene; Benzene; Toluene
Soil, parts per million (ppm)
Water, parts per billion (ppb)
Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH):
Soil, ppm
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB):
Soil, ppm
Water, ppb
Trinitrotoluene in Water, ppm
Coal Tar Contaminated Soil (ppm):
Benzo[a]pyrene
Benzo[k]fluoranthene
Chrysene
Benzanthracene
Pyrene
Anthracene
Phenanthrene
Fluorene
Dibenzofuran
1 -Methylnaphthalene
2-Methylnaphthalene
Heavy Metals In Soil:
Chromium, ppm
Iron (III) in Water, ppm:
UNTREATED
SAMPLE


20.13
109.0
13,600


380.00
6,000.0
180.0

28.8
24.1
48.6
37.6
124.2
83.6
207.8
92.7
58.3
88.3
147.3
21,000
30.8
TREATED SAMPLE


0.05
2.5
80


0.57
<0.1
<.08

<0.1
4.4
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
<0.1
1.3
<0.1
640
0.3
PERCENT
REMOVAL


99.7%
97.8%
99.4%


99.8%
>99.9%
>99.5%

>99.7%
81.2%
>99.8%
>99.7%
>99.9%
>99.8%
>99.9%
>99.9%
>99.8%
98.5%
>99.9%
96.8%
99.0%
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 87

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 Technology Profile
                                DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                            NOVATERRA ASSOCIATES
                     (In Situ Soil Treatment [Steam and Air Stripping])
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

This technology treats contaminated soils and
contained groundwater by the simultaneous in situ
injection of treatment agents below ground during
active mixing by augers or drilling blades (see
figure below). The in situ injection of steam and
air during  mixing  strips the volatile organic
compounds  (VOC) and  semivolatile organic
compounds (SVOC) from the soil and contained
groundwater. The removed organics are captured
at  the   surface   and  disposed  of  in  an
environmentally safe manner.

The technology is implemented by a drill unit that
can consist of a single or double blade or auger
mounted on a  large crane or backhoe.  The
diameter of the drill or auger can vary from 5 to
8 feet, and it is  mounted on a kelly that reaches
depths of 60 feet.

The steam and air are carried  down the center of
the kelly(s) and injected into the ground through
jets located  on  the blade or auger arms.  The
steam is supplied by an oil- or natural gas-fired
boiler at 450 °F and 500 pounds per square inch
gauge (psig). The air heated by the compressor is
injected at 250 °F and 200 psig. The steam heats
the contaminants in the soil and contained water,
increasing the vapor pressure of the VOCs and
                          SVOCs and increasing their removal rates.  The
                          direct application of the  steam on  the  soil
                          thermally  desorbs  the  VOCs  and  SVOCs,
                          increasing their removal percentage.  Almost all
                          the VOCs and SVOCs  of interest form azeotropes
                          with steam that boil below 212 °F and contain low
                          concentrations  (such  as  a few percent) of
                          contaminants.  These azeotropes significantly
                          increase contaminant removal rates, especially for
                          the higher-boiling-point SVOCs.

                          The VOC- and SVOC-laden air and steam vapor
                          stream removes the contamination to the surface
                          where it can be captured, if necessary, in a metal
                          container.  The container, which makes  a tight
                          seal to  the  ground surface, is connected  to a
                          process stream by piping. A suction blower draws
                          the waste stream to the process stream where it is
                          collected or  destroyed.   The blower creates a
                          slight vacuum in the container and piping as well
                          as a positive displacement inward to the collection
                          or destruction system, thus protecting the outside
                          environment from contamination.

                          The simplest form of  the process system uses a
                          catalytic oxidizer or thermal oxidizer to destroy
                          the  contamination  before  exhausting to the
                          atmosphere.  When treating chlorinated VOCs
                          and SVOCs, an acid scrubber can be added if
                           Air
                        Compressor
Containment
  Device
                             Cutter
                            Blades'
                                               /Kelly
                                  Steam
                                 Generator
                                                     Bar
                                                                    Atmosphere
                                                                  Offgas Process
                                                                 Treatment System
                                           FT n n n
                              In Situ Soil Treatment Process Schematic
 Page  134
          The SITE Program assesses but does not
            approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                                February 1999
                                                                               Completed Project
required  by  the  amount of  material being
processed. Another simple process uses activated
carbon to recover the contamination.  For the
carbon to work efficiently, a cooling system must
precede the carbon bed, so the process must also
treat contaminated water. If recovery and reuse of
the contamination is important or economically
desirable, a process system that condenses the gas
stream can be used.

The in situ soil treatment technology has also
treated contaminated soil by injecting and mixing
other  agents.   Chemical injection  processes
include  the  stabilization  and  solidification  of
heavy metals, neutralization of acids and bases, and
oxidation. The technology has been successfully
used to perform bioremediation. The  equipment
is capable of injecting cement into the soil and
making slurry walls.  The technology has the
unique  feature  of being  able  to  inject  two
materials simultaneously or sequentially.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:

This technology can treat solid materials which do
not contain obstructions, including soils, sludges,
lagoons, and the liquids contained within, such as
water and  dense  and light nonaqueous-phase
liquids.  The technology is applicable to most
VOCs and  SVOCs,  including  pesticides.  It is
particularly  applicable to  free  product  and
removal of highly concentrated contamination. It
is most effective for removals of 95 to 99 percent
of the contamination as  a result of the  low
temperature thermal desorption. After treatment
is  completed,  the soil can meet  construction
engineering  requirements  by  compacting or
injecting small amounts of cement.

STATUS:

This technology was accepted  into the SITE
Demonstration Program in  1989.    A  SITE
demonstration was performed in September 1989
at  the Annex Terminal, San Pedro, California.
Twelve  soil blocks were treated for VOCs and
SVOCs.  Liquid samples were collected during
the demonstration, and the operating procedures
were closely monitored and recorded. In January
1990, six blocks that had been previously treated
in the  saturated zone were analyzed by EPA
methods 8240 and 8270.

The     Applications     Analysis    Report
(EPA/540/A5-90/008)  was  published  in June
1991. The technology remediated 30,000 cubic
yards at the Annex Terminal after completion of
the SITE demonstration and has been used at five
other contaminated sites.

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

The SITE  technology demonstration yielded the
following results:

   •  Removal  efficiencies were  greater than
     85 percent for VOCs present in the soil.
   •  Removal  efficiencies were  greater than
     55 percent for SVOCs present in the soil.
   •  Fugitive air emissions from the process
     were low.
   •  No downward migration of contaminants
     resulted from the  soil treatment.
   •  The process treated 3 cubic  yards of soil
     per hour.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
   Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH  45268
513-569-7797
Fax:513-569-7105
E-Mail: dePercin.Paul@epamail.epa.gov

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Phil La Mori
NOVATERRA Associates
2419 Outpost Drive
Los Angeles, CA 90068-2644
213-969-9788
Fax:213-969-9782
E-mail: NOVATERRA(o),aol.com
                                  The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 135

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 Technology Profile
                     DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                       NATIONAL RISK MANAGEMENT
                           RESEARCH LABORATORY
                          (Base-Catalyzed Decomposition Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The base-catalyzed decomposition (BCD) process
is   a  chemical   dehalogenation  technology
developed by the National Risk Management
Research Laboratory in Cincinnati, Ohio.  The
process  is initiated in  a  medium-temperature
thermal desorber (MTTD) at temperatures ranging
from 600 to 950 °F. Sodium bicarbonate is added
to  contaminated  soils, sediments,  or sludge
matrices   containing   hazardous   chlorinated
organics  including polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCB) and polychlorinated dioxins and furans.
Chlorinated  contaminants that are thermally
desorbed from the matrix are  condensed and
treated by the BCD process.  The BCD process
chemically detoxifies the condensed chlorinated
organic contaminants by removing chlorine from
the contaminants and replacing it with hydrogen.

ETG Environmental, Inc. (ETG), and Separation
and Recovery Systems, Inc. (SRS), developed the
THERM-O-DETOX® and SAREX® systems and
combined them with the BCD process chemistry.
The combined process begins by initiating solid-
phase dechlorination in the MTTD step (see figure
below).  In addition to the dechlorination that
occurs  in  the MTTD, organics are thermally
desorbed from the matrix, and are condensed and
sent to the BCD liquid tank reactor (LTR).
               Reagents are then added and heated to 600 to
               650 °F for 3 to 6 hours to dechlorinate the
               remaining organics. The treated residuals are
               recycled  or   disposed   of  using  standard,
               commercially available methods. Treated, clean
               soil can be recycled as on-site backfill.

               ETG has continued to develop the THERM-O-
               DETOX® system and  now offers continuous
               systems and batch vacuum systems. The batch
               vacuum  system  offers  greater  operational
               flexibility for removal and destruction  of high
               hazard, high boiling point contaminants to ensure
               that  treatment standards  are met. The vapor
               recovery system can be set up to use noncontact
               condensers or  chillers  and  additional  final
               polishing steps to meet the most stringent air
               emission standards.

               WASTE APPLICABILITY:

               The  BCD process can treat soils, sediments, and
               sludges  contaminated   with   the  following
               chlorinated compounds: halogenated semivolatile
               organic compounds (SVOC), including herbicides
               and  pesticides; PCBs; pentachlorophenol (PCP)
               and    other    chlorinated    phenols;    and
               polychlorinated dioxins and furans.
                                                               LIQUID DECOMPOSITION
                          Base-Catalyzed Decomposition (BCD) Process
 Page 116
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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                                                                                 February 1999
                                                                               Completed Project
STATUS:

The combined BCD process was demonstrated
under the SITE Program at the Koppers Company
Superfund site in Morrisville, North Carolina,
from August through September 1993.   The
process  removed PCP from clay soils to levels
below those specified in the Record of Decision.
The process also removed dioxins and furans from
contaminated soil to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-
dioxin  equivalent concentrations less than  the
concentration specified in the Record of Decision.

ETG is also currently operating the batch vacuum
system  at a New York State Department  of
Environmental Conservation  cleanup  site  in
Binghamton, New York. Approximately  1,500
cubic yards of soil contaminated with herbicides
pesticides, dioxins, and furans  (F027 waste) are
being treated.   The  Michigan Department  of
Natural  Resources has also  approved BCD for a
project involving treatment of about 200  cubic
yards of F027 soils.  At another site, multiple
systems  will  treat  soils  contaminated  with
chlorinated volatile organic  compounds and high
boiling point (800-1150 °F) organic lubricants.
The batch vacuum system has also been used to
treat sludges at an operating refinery in Puerto
Rico and a chemical company in Texas.

For information on the SAREX® system, see the
profile  for SRS in the Demonstration Program
section (ongoing projects).

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

The SITE demonstration consisted of four test
runs in the MTTD and two test runs in the LTR.
Feed soil consisted of a dry, clayey silt and had a
residence time of 1 to 2 hours  in the  MTTD,
which was heated to 790 °F to 850 °F.  The MTTD
off-gases were  treated by passing through an oil
scrubber, water scrubbers, and carbon filters. The
oil from the oil scrubber was transferred to the
LTR for BCD treatment. The oil in each LTR test
run was batch-processed for 3 to 4 hours at 600 to
630°F.
Key findings from the SITE demonstration are
summarized as follows:

  •   The MTTD achieved removal efficiencies
     of 99.97 percent or better for PCP and
     99.56 percent or belter for total dioxins
     and total furans.
  •   The treated soils were well below toxicity
     characteristic leaching procedure limits
     for SVOCs.
  •   Treated  soil  met the  cleanup goal of
     95 parts per million PCP in all test runs.
     Treated soil also met a cleanup goal of 7
     micrograms  per   kilogram   2,3,7,8-
     tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin  equivalents
     in all test runs.
  •   The  LTR batch  tests  reduced  PCP
     concentrations by 96.89 percent or belter,
     and  total  dioxin  and  total   furan
     concentrations by 99.97 percent or better.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Terrence Lyons
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
  Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King  Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7589
Fax:513-569-7676

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
George Huffman
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
  Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King  Drive, MS-445
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7431
Fax:513-569-7549

Yei-Shong Shieh or Steven Detwiler
ETG Environmental, Inc.
16 Hagerty Boulevard
West Chester, PA 19382-7594
610-431-9100
Fax:610-431-9140
                                  The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 777

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 Technology Profile
                     DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                       NATIONAL RISK MANAGEMENT
                            RESEARCH LABORATORY
                               and IT CORPORATION
                                  (Debris Washing System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

This technology was developed by EPA's National
Risk Management Research Laboratory and IT
Corporation (IT) for on-site decontamination of
metallic and masonry debris at Comprehensive
Environmental Response,  Compensation,  and
Liability Act sites. The entire system is mounted
on three 48-foot flatbed semi-trailers and can be
readily transported from site to site.

The full-scale debris washing system  (DWS) is
shown in the figure below.  The DWS consists of
dual 4,000-gallon spray-wash chambers that are
connected to a detergent solution holding tank and
rinse water holding tank.  Debris is placed  into
one of two 1,200-pound baskets, which in turn is
placed into one of the spray-wash chambers using
a 5-ton crane  integral to the DWS.  If debris is
large enough, the crane places it directly into one
of the two chambers. Process water is heated to
                160 °F using a diesel-fired, 2,000,000-British-
                thermal-unit-per-hour (Btu/hr) water heater. The
                water  is  continuously  reconditioned   using
                particulate  filters, an  oil-water  separator, and
                other devices such as charcoal columns or ion-
                exchange columns.   About 8,000 to 10,000
                gallons  of  water   is   required   for  the
                decontamination  process.   The  system  is
                controlled by an operator stationed in a trailer-
                mounted control room.

                WASTE APPLICABILITY:

                The DWS can be applied on site to various types
                of debris (scrap metal,  masonry, or other solid
                debris  such  as  stones)  contaminated  with
                hazardous chemicals such as pesticides, dioxins,
                polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), or hazardous
                metals.
                                 Contaminated
                                    Debris
                                Pilot-Scale Debris Washing System
 Page 122
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                                February 1999
                                                                              Completed Project
STATUS:

The  first pilot-scale  tests  were performed in
September 1988 at the Carter Industrial Superfund
site in Detroit, Michigan. An upgraded pilot-scale
DWS  was  tested  at  a   PCB-contaminated
Superfund  site  in  Hopkinsville,  Kentucky in
December 1989.  The DWS was also field tested
in August 1990 at the Shaver's Farm Superfund
site  in  Walker  County,  Georgia.     The
contaminants of concern were benzonitrile and
Dicamba. After being cut into sections, 5 5-gallon
drums were decontaminated in the DWS.

Results from the SITE demonstration have been
published in a Technology Evaluation Report
(EP A/540/5-9 l/006a),  entitled  "Design  and
Development   of   a  Pilot-Scale   Debris
Decontamination System" and in a Technology
Demonstration Summary  (EPA/540/S5-91/006).

In 1993, a manual version of the full-scale DWS
was used to treat PCB-contaminated scrap metal
at the  Summit Scrap Yard in Akron, Ohio.
During the 4-month site remediation, 3,000 tons
of PCB-contaminated scrap metal (motors, cast
iron blocks) was cleaned on site.  The target level
of 7.7 (ig/100 cm2 was met, in most cases, after a
single treatment  with the DWS.  The cleaned
scrap was purchased by a scrap smelter for $52
per ton.  The  net costs  for the on-site  debris
decontamination ranged from $50 to $75 per ton.
The  National  Risk   Management  Research
Laboratory and IT estimate that the system can
decontaminate 50 to 120 tons of typical debris per
day.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

At the Carter Industrial Superfund site, PCB
reductions averaged 58 percent in batch 1 and
81 percent in batch 2. Design changes based on
these  tests were  made to the DWS  before
additional field testing.

At the Hopkinsville, Kentucky site, PCB levels on
the surfaces of metallic transformer casings were
reduced to less than or equal to 10 micrograms
PCB per 100 square centimeters ((jg/cm2).  All 75
contaminated transformer casings on site were
decontaminated to EPA cleanup criteria and sold
to a scrap metal dealer.

At the Shaver's Farm Superfund site, benzonitrile
and Dicamba levels on the drum surfaces were
reduced   from   the   average   pretreatment
concentrations of 4,556 and 23 (ig/100 cm2 to
average concentrations of 10 and 1  (ig/100 cm2,
respectively.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Donald Sanning
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
  Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7875
Fax:513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Michael Taylor or Majid Dosani
IT Corporation
11499 Chester Road
Cincinnati, OH 45246-4012
513-782-4700
Fax:513-782-4807
                                  The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 123

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 Technology Profile
                     DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                      NATIONAL RISK MANAGEMENT
                           RESEARCH LABORATORY
                       and INTECH 180 CORPORATION
                              (Fungal Treatment Technology)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

This biological treatment system uses lignin-
degrading fungi to treat excavated soils.  These
fungi have been  shown to biodegrade a wide
catalogue of organic contaminants.

The contaminated soil is  inoculated  with an
organic carrier infested with the selected fungal
strain. The fungi break down soil contaminants,
using  enzymes normally produced for wood
degradation as well as other enzyme systems.

This technology has the greatest degree of success
when optimal growing conditions for the fungi are
used. These conditions include moisture control
(at 90 percent of field capacity), and temperature
and aeration control.  Organic nutrients such as
peat may be added to soils deficient in organic
carbon.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

This biological treatment system was initially
applied  to  soil  contaminated  with  organic
chemicals found in the wood-preserving  industry.
These contaminants are composed of chlorinated
organics and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons
(PAH).  The treatment system may remediate
different  contaminants  and  combinations  of
contaminants with varying degrees of success. In
particular, the SITE Demonstration Program
               evaluated how well  white  rot fungi  degrade
               pentachlorophenol  (PCP)  in combination with
               creosote PAHs.

               STATUS:

               This biological treatment  system was accepted
               into the SITE Demonstration Program  in April
               1991. In September 1991, a treatability study was
               conducted at the Brookhaven Wood Preserving
               site in Brookhaven, Mississippi. Site soils were
               contaminated with  200 to 5,200 milligrams per
               kilogram (mg/kg) PCP and up to  4,000 mg/kg
               PAHs.

               A   full-scale  demonstration  of  this  fungal
               treatment technology was completed in November
               1992   to   obtain   economic  data.     The
               Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/505) is
               available from EPA.

               The  extent  of treatment  in the full-scale
               demonstration was  disappointing for the time of
               treatment.   The full-scale demonstration was
               hampered by  excessive rainfall which did not
               permit the treatment beds to be sufficiently tilled.
               Without  this   processing,   oxygen-depleted
               conditions developed, leading to loss of fungal
               biomass and activity. Soil bed applications of this
               technology may not be suitable in climates of high
               rainfall.
                                      Fungal
                              *"v  Treatment
                                    Innocuous
                                  By-Products
                    In Situ White Rot Fungal Treatment of Contaminated Soil
 Page 120
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                                February 1999
                                                                               Completed Project
Current costs of fungal treatment operation are
estimated at $150 to $200 per ton. Lower costs
may be achieved with new inoculum formulations
which permit reduction in the amount of inoculum
mass required for treatment.

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

The full-scale project involved a 0.25-acre plot of
contaminated soil and two smaller control plots.
The soil was inoculated with Phanaerochaete
sordida, a species of lignin-degrading fungus. No
other  amendments were added to the prepared
soil. Field activities included tilling and watering
all plots. No nutrients were added. The study was
conducted for 20 weeks.

Some  key findings from the  demonstration were:

  •   Levels of PCP and the target PAHs found
      in the underlying sand  layer  and  the
      leachate  from each of the plots were
      insignificant, indicating low leachability
      and  loss of these contaminants due to
      periodic irrigation of the soil and heavy
      rainfall.
  •   Levels of PCP,  the  target PAHs, and
      dioxins in the active air samples collected
      during  the  soil  tilling  events  were
      insignificant,   indicating  a very  low
      potential  for  airborne   contaminant
      transport.
     Air emissions data showed that soil
     tilling activities did not pose significant
     hazards    to    field   technicians.
     Contaminated  soil,  underlying  sand,
     and   leachate  had  no   significant
     contamination.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Teri Richardson
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
  Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7949
Fax: 513-569-7105

TECHNOLOGY  DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
John Glaser
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
  Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7568
Fax:513-569-7105

Richard Lamar
INTECH 180 Corporation
1770 N. Research Parkway, Suite 100
North Logan, UT  84341
801-753-2111
Fax: 801-753-8321
                                  The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 121

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 Technology Profile
                      DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                       NATIONAL RISK MANAGEMENT
                           RESEARCH LABORATORY,
              UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI, and ^RX, INC.
                                    (Hydraulic Fracturing)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

Hydraulic fracturing is a physical process that
creates fractures in soils to enhance fluid or vapor
flow in the subsurface.  The technology places
fractures   at  discrete  depths  with  hydraulic
pressurization at the base of a borehole.  These
fractures  are  placed at specific locations and
depths to increase the effectiveness of treatment
technologies such as soil vapor extraction, in situ
bioremediation, and pump-and-treat systems. The
technology is designed to enhance remediation in
less permeable geologic formations.

The fracturing process begins by injecting water
into a sealed borehole until the water pressure
exceeds a critical value and a fracture is nucleated
(see photograph below). A slurry composed of a
coarse-grained sand, or other granular material,
and guar gum gel is then injected as the fracture
grows away from the well.  After pumping, the
grains hold the fracture
                open while an enzyme additive breaks down the
                viscous fluid. The thinned fluid is pumped from
                the  fracture, forming a permeable subsurface
                channel suitable for delivering or recovering a
                vapor  or  liquid.  These  fractures  function as
                pathways   for   fluid   movement,  potentially
                increasing the  effective  area  available  for
                remediation.

                The hydraulic  fracturing  process  is  used  in
                conjunction with soil vapor extraction technology
                to enhance recovery of contaminated soil vapors.
                Hydraulic fractures have recently been used to
                improve recovery of light nonaqueous  phase
                liquids by increasing recovery of free product and
                controlling the  influence  of underlying water.
                Hydraulically  induced fractures are used  as
                channels for fluids and nutrients during in situ
                bioremediation.  The technology has the potential
                to deliver nutrients and other materials to the
                subsurface solids useful in bioremediation. Solid
                nutrients or oxygen-releasing granules can  be
                injected into the fractures.
                                         ijfirW  '"".*."*Z5£l&ar~; .'f     -.  .•  • •'.«
              Hydraulic Fracturing Process (Well is at center of photograph)
 Page 124
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

-------
                                                                                 February 1999
                                                                               Completed Project
Real-time techniques for  measuring ground
surface  deformation  have been  developed to
monitor the fracture positions in the subsurface.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

Hydraulic fracturing is appropriate for enhancing
soil  and  groundwater  remediation.    The
technology can channel contaminants or wastes
for  soil vapor extraction, bioremediation, or
pump-and-treat systems.

STATUS:

The hydraulic fracturing technology was accepted
into the  SITE  Demonstration Program in July
1991.  Demonstrations have been conducted in
Oak Brook, Illinois  and Dayton, Ohio.  The
hydraulic fracturing process was integrated with
soil vapor extraction at the Illinois site and with in
situ bioremediation at the Ohio site. The project
was  completed  in  September  1992.    The
Technology Evaluation and Applications Analysis
Reports, which were published under one cover
(EPA/540/R-93/505),  and  the  Technology
Demonstration Summary (EPA/540/SR-93/505)
are available from EPA.

DEMONSTRATION  RESULTS:

The first demonstration was conducted at a Xerox
Corporation site in Oak Brook, Illinois, where a
vapor extraction system has been operating since
early  1991.   The site  is  contaminated  with
ethylbenzene,   1,1-dichloroethane,   trichloro-
ethene, tetrachloroethene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane,
toluene,  and xylene.   In July  1991, hydraulic
fractures were created in two of the four wells, at
depths of 6, 10, and 15 feet below ground surface.
The  vapor flow   rate,  soil  vacuum,   and
contaminant yields   from  the  fractured  and
unfractured  wells  were monitored  regularly.
Results from this demonstration are as follows:

     Over a 1-year  period,  the  vapor yield
     from  hydraulically fractured wells was
     one order of magnitude greater than from
     unfractured wells.
     The   hydraulically   fractured  wells
     enhanced remediation over an area 30
     times greater than the unfractured wells.
     The presence of pore water decreased the
     vapor yield  from  wells; therefore, water
     must be prevented from infiltrating areas
     where vapor extraction is underway.

The technology was also demonstrated at a site
near Dayton, Ohio, which is contaminated with
benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene,  and  xylene
(BTEX), and other petroleum hydrocarbons.  In
August 1991, hydraulic fractures were created in
one of two wells  at 4,  6, 8, and 10 feet below
ground surface. Sampling was conducted before
the  demonstration   and  twice  during  the
demonstration at locations 5,10, and 15 feet north
of the fractured and unfractured wells.  Results
from this demonstration are as follows:

     The flow of water into the fractured well
     was two orders of magnitude greater than
     in the unfractured well.
     The  bioremediation  rate  near  the
     fractured well was 75 percent higher for
     BTEX and  77 percent higher  for total
     petroleum hydrocarbons compared to the
     rates near the unfractured well.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Michael Roulier
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
  Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7796
Fax:513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
William Slack
FRX Inc.
P.O. Box 37945
Cincinnati, OH 45222
513-469-6040
Fax: 513-469-9747
                                  The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page  125

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 Technology Profile
                     DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                      NATIONAL RISK MANAGEMENT
                           RESEARCH LABORATORY
                                  (Volume Reduction Unit)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

  The volume reduction unit (VRU) is a pilot-
  scale, mobile soil washing system designed to
  remove organic contaminants and metals from
  soil through  particle  size separation  and
  solubilization.   The  VRU can process  100
  pounds of soil (dry weight) per hour.

The process subsystems consist of soil handling
and conveying, soil washing and coarse screening,
fine particle separation, flocculation-clarification,
water treatment, and utilities.  The
               VRU   is  controlled  and  monitored  with
               conventional industrial process instrumentation
               and hardware.

               WASTE APPLICABILITY:

               The VRU can treat soils that contain organics
               such  as  creosote,  pentachlorophenol (PCP),
               pesticides, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons
               (PAH),   volatile  organic   compounds,   and
               semivolatile organic compounds. The VRU also
               removes metals.
           Decon Trailer
                                                                               Steam Boiler
                   Filter Package
                                 Typical VRU Operational Setup
 Page 118
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

-------
                                                                             February 1999
                                                                            Completed Project
STATUS:
                                    SITE
The  VRU  was  accepted  into  the
Demonstration Program in summer 1992.
The demonstration was conducted in November
1992 at the former Escambia Treating Company
in Pensacola, Florida. The facility used PCP and
creosote PAHs to treat wood products from 1943
to 1982.   The  Applications Analysis  Report
(EPA/540/AR-93/508) is available from EPA.

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

During the demonstration, the VRU operated at a
feed rate of approximately  100 pounds per hour
and a wash water-to-feed ratio of about six to one.
The following physical wash water conditions
were created by varying the surfactant, pH, and
temperature:
     Condition  1 -  no  surfactant, no pH
     adjustment, no temperature adjustment
     Condition 2 - surfactant addition, no pH
     adjustment, no temperature adjustment
     Condition  3  -  surfactant addition, pH
     adjustment, and temperature adjustment

The table below summarizes the analytical data.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Teri Richardson
U.S.  EPA
National Risk Management Research
  Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7949
Fax:513-569-7105

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Richard Griffiths
U.S.  EPA
National Risk Management Research
  Laboratory
Center Hill Facility
5595 Center Hill Road
Cincinnati, OH 45224
513-569-7832
Fax:  513-569-7879

Average PCP
Average PAH

1
removal 80
removal 79
Feed soil returned as washed soil 96
Mass balance
Mass balance
Mass balance
of total mass 104
ofPCPs 108
ofPAHs 87
Condition (%)
2 3
93 97
84 96
96 81
113 98
60 24
60 17
                                        Demonstration Data
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                  approve or endorse technologies.
                                                                               Page 119

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 Technology Profile
                     DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
    NEW YORK STATE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL
 CONSERVATION/ENSR CONSULTING AND ENGINEERING and
                               LARSEN ENGINEERS
                                      (Ex Situ Biovault)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The  Ex Situ Biovault, developed by  ENSR
Consulting and Engineering (ENSR) and Larsen
Engineers  (Larsen),  is  a specially designed,
aboveground soil pile designed to treat soils
contaminated with volatile organic  compounds
(VOC) and  semivolatile  organic  compounds
(SVOC).  The biovault is enclosed by a double
liner system; the bottom half of the liner contains
a leak detection system.  The bottom half of the
liner is supported by soil berms that serve as side
walls.

To construct a biopile, a layer of gravel containing
an air distribution system is placed on the bottom
liner. The soil to be treated is then placed over
the gravel.  After placing the soil, a layer of sand
containing a second  air distribution system  is
placed on top of the soil. Soaker hoses are also
placed on top of the pile. Finally, the top liner is
placed on the pile and sealed at all seams. The air
distribution systems are designed to control gas
flows throughout the pile while the soaker hoses
add water and nutrients. A sump is located in the
lowest corner of the biovault with a pump that
removes the liquids that drain through the soil
pile.  This liquid is amended
               with nutrients as needed and recirculated through
               the soaker hoses. Together, the sump and soaker
               hoses form the liquid management system (LMS).

               One  of the control  parameters for biovault
               operation is the rate of air supply. For the SITE
               demonstration,  two   identical   vaults  were
               constructed.   One vault was operated with a
               continuous supply of air throughout the course of
               treatment.  In the other biovault, air was supplied
               intermittently  in an effort to cycle the biovault
               between aerobic and anaerobic conditions.

               WASTE APPLICABILITY:

               The  ex situ biovault is intended to  treat soil
               contaminated with chlorinated and nonchlorinated
               VOCs, as well as SVOCs. Soil contaminated with
               VOCs was treated during the demonstration.

               STATUS:

               ENSR's  and  Larsen's  ex situ  biovault  was
               accepted into the SITE Demonstration Program in
               June  1994.     The  pilot-scale,  multivendor
               treatability demonstration (MVTD) was jointly
               sponsored by the New York State Department of
                          Water Piping
                            (Top)
                                                               Nutrient Addition-
                                                                  Contaminated
                                                                     Soil
                                                                    Gravel
              30' -0"
   Schematic of the Ex Situ Biovault System
                          Cross Section of the
                        Ex Situ Biovault System
 Page 126
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                                February 1999
                                                                              Completed Project
Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC), the New
York   State  Center  for  Hazardous  Waste
Management, and  the  SITE  Program.   The
objectives of the MVTD were to (1) generate field
data for biological processes, and (2) evaluate the
performance of each biological process in meeting
NYSDEC clean-up goals.

The demonstration was conducted from July to
December 1994 at the Sweden 3-Chapman site in
Sweden, New York.  The  soil at the site was
contaminated with  elevated levels of acetone,
trichloroethene,   tetrachloroethene,    cis-1,2-
dichloroethene,     2-butanone,     4-methyl-2-
pentanone,  and toluene.   The final report is
available from the vendor.

In addition to the ENSR and Larsen process, the
following systems also were demonstrated:

  •  SBP   Technologies,   Inc.,  Vacuum-
     Vaporized Well System
  •  R.E. Wright Environmental, Inc., In Situ
     Bioventing Treatment System

For information on these technologies, refer to the
NYSDEC profiles in the Demonstration Program
section (completed projects).

The Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-95/524)
is   available  from  EPA.     The  Innovative
Technology Evaluation Report, which provides
more  detailed  demonstration  results, will be
available in 1999.

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

The primary objective of the SITE demonstration
was to determine  the  effectiveness  of the
biovaults in reducing the concentrations of six
target VOCs. The results of the ex situ biovault
technology demonstration were as follows:

     Soil  concentrations of six target VOCs
     were  significantly reduced over the  5-
     month demonstration  period,  but  the
     treatment did not meet NYSDEC criteria.
     Analytical results and field measurements
     indicated that both biovaults supported
     biological processes.
     The  aerobic   and  aerobic/anaerobic
     biovaults performed similarly.

The  biovault process is sensitive to ambient
temperatures, and cool temperatures during the
operating period may have  negatively impacted
microbial activity.   The  developers  suggest
initiating biovault operation in the spring and
discontinuing operation when weather conditions
become too cold to sustain microbial activity.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA CONTACT:
Carolyn Acheson, Ph.D.
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management  Research
  Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH  45268
513-569-7190
Fax: 513-569-7105

NEW YORK STATE CONTACTS:
Jim Harrington
New York State Department of
  Environmental Conservation
50 Wolf Road, Room 268
Albany, NY 12233-7010
518-457-0337
Fax:518-457-9639

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
David Ramsden, Ph.D.
ENSR Consulting and Engineering
3000 Richmond Avenue
Houston, TX 77098
713-520-9900
Fax: 713-520-6802

N. Sathiyakumar, Ph.D., P.E.
Larsen Engineers
700 West Metro Park
Rochester, NY  14623-2678
716-272-7310
Fax: 716-272-0159
                                  The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 727

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 Technology Profile
                     DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
    NEW YORK STATE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL
     CONSERVATION/RE. WRIGHT ENVIRONMENTAL, INC.
                           (In Situ Bioventing Treatment System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The R.E. Wright Environmental, Inc. (REWEI),
process  uses bioventing technology to  induce
aerobic  biological degradation  of chlorinated
compounds. A series of extraction and injection
wells  is used to  amend the soil environment,
creating optimum growth  conditions  for  the
indigenous bacteria.  Anhydrous ammonia and
methane are  injected  into the  subsurface  to
stimulate  the  growth   of  methanotrophic
microorganisms.    Methanotrophs  have  the
enzymatic  capabilities  to  degrade  chlorinated
solvents through a cometabolic process.

The treatment system consists of an injection and
extraction   well   field   and   a   soil  gas
extraction-amendment injection blower unit (see
photograph below).  The blower unit is operated
in the vacuum mode long enough to adequately
aerate the subsoil and  provide oxygen for the
               aerobic  bacteria.  Injection wells  are located
               between the extraction wells and are manifolded
               to  the  pressure  port  of  the  blower  unit.
               Anhydrous ammonia is periodically injected into
               the subsoil to provide a source of nitrogen for the
               aerobic  bacteria.  In  addition, methane gas is
               periodically injected to stimulate the growth of
               methanotrophs. The positive displacement blower
               unit is equipped with a moisture knockout tank, an
               automatic water discharge pump, and a control
               panel that allows remote operation of the system.
               Air and water discharges are typically treated with
               granular activated carbon prior to final discharge.

               Normal  system monitoring consists of periodic
               soil sampling  and  analysis  and  soil  gas
               monitoring.   Soil samples  are  collected and
               analyzed for volatile organic compounds (VOC),
               soil fertility parameters,  and microbiological
               parameters  such as trichloroethene   (TCE)
                           In Situ Bioventing Treatment System
 Page 130
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                               February 1999
                                                                             Completed Project
degraders and methanotrophs.  In situ respiration
tests are conducted to  determine the relative
activity of the bacteria in the soil.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The technology can treat both chlorinated and
nonchlorinated VOCs and semivolatile organic
compounds that are biodegradable. The REWEI
process was developed to treat volatile chlorinated
aliphatic and  aromatic hydrocarbons  in the
unsaturated soil zone.

STATUS:

The REWEI process was accepted into the  SITE
Demonstration  Program in June 1994.    The
REWEI   process  was part  of  a pilot-scale,
multivendor treatability demonstration (MVTD)
that was  jointly sponsored by the New York State
Department  of  Environmental   Conservation
(NYSDEC),  the  New York  State Center for
Hazardous Waste Management,  and the  SITE
Program. The  objectives of the MVTD were to
(1)  generate  field data for  three  biological
processes, and  (2) evaluate the performance of
each biological process in meeting NYSDEC
cleanup  goals.

The  demonstration took place  from  July to
December 1994 at the Sweden 3-Chapman site in
Sweden, New  York and  coincided with the
ongoing remediation of the site.   Soil at the site
contained elevated  levels  of TCE,  acetone,
tetrachloroethene, dichloroethene, and  toluene.
The      Demonstration     Bulletin
(EPA/5 40/MR-95/525) is available from
EPA. The Innovative Technology Evaluation
Report,   which    provides   more   detailed
demonstration results, will be available in 1997.

In addition to the REWEI process, the following
technologies were also demonstrated:

  •  SBP Technologies,   Inc.,  Vacuum-
     Vaporized Well system
  •  ENSR Consulting and Engineering and
     Larsen Engineers Ex Situ Biovault
For information on these technologies, refer to the
NYSDEC profiles in the Demonstration Program
section (completed projects).

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

The SITE demonstration results indicated that the
REWEI process reduced contaminants in the soil.
The initial mass of TCE in the soil was reduced
by 92 percent with 80 percent removal attributed
to biodegradation and 12 percent removed  by
vapor extraction. Results of the microbiological
analyses  indicate that  the  number of total
heterotrophic,  TCE-degrading,  and  methane-
degrading   microorganisms   increased  during
treatment.   The inorganic soil nitrogen content
increased due  to  the subsurface injection  of
anhydrous ammonia.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Greg Sayles
National Risk Management Research
  Laboratory
U.S. EPA
26 West Martin Luther Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7607
Fax:513-569-7105

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Jim Harrington
New York State Department of
  Environmental Conservation
50 Wolf Road, Room 268
Albany, NY 12233-7010
518-457-0337
Fax: 518-457-9639

Richard Cronce
R.E. Wright Environmental, Inc.
3240 Schoolhouse Road
Middletown, PA  17057-3595
717.944.5501
Fax: 717-948-9398
                                        Bologies.
                                Page  131

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 Technology Profile
                      DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
    NEW YORK STATE DEPARTMENT  OF ENVIRONMENTAL
              CONSERVATION/SBP TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
                              (Vacuum-Vaporized Well System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The SBP Technologies, Inc. (SBP), remediation
program uses an in situ Unterdruck-Verdampfer-
Brunnen (UVB) vertical groundwater circulation
well technology, which has been enhanced with
an in situ bioreactor to treat soil and groundwater
contaminated   with   chlorinated  and  non-
chlorinated volatile organic compounds (VOC).
This  process  consists of a  specially  adapted
groundwater circulation well, reduced-pressure
stripping reactor, an in situ bioreactor, and an
aboveground vapor-phase bioreactor.

The UVB technology was developed by IEG mbH
in Germany and is distributed in the U.S. by IEG
Technologies  Corporation.   SBP obtained the
rights to implement this technology and enhanced
it to create a more effective in situ bioremediation
technology.

The   microbiologically   enhanced    vertical
circulation well technology simultaneously treats
the vadose zone, capillary fringe, and saturated
zones. During the demonstration, a groundwater
convection (circulation) cell was created radially
within the aquifer around the 16-inch UVB well.
The UVB well consisted of upper and  lower
screens separated by a solid riser casing. The
lower screen was isolated from the upper screen
by a packer, creating two separate screened zones.
Contaminated  groundwater flowed into the lower
screen of the UVB well and was pumped to the
upper section.  The water rose through the in situ
fixed  film bioreactor, initially  reducing the
contaminant load. Groundwater then flowed to
the in situ aerator/stripping reactor, where fresh
ambient air was mixed with the  contaminated
groundwater.
The convection cell was developed by allowing
the treated groundwater to exit into the upper
aquifer.  The untreated VOCs exiting the in situ
bioreactor  system  were  stripped before the
groundwater flowed out of the upper screen into
                the  aquifer  as  clean  water.    Oxygenated
                groundwater from the shallow aquifer circulated
                to the deep aquifer zone and through the fixed
                film bioreactor to provide for aerobic degradation.
                This circulation created a remediation circulation
                cell in a glacial till geologic formation.

                In conjunction with the groundwater remediation,
                the upper double-cased screen in the well allowed
                for a one-way soil air flow from the vadose zone
                to the UVB.  This one-way soil venting, created
                by the reduced-pressure developed in the well by
                the  blower,  simultaneously  remediated  the
                contaminated unsaturated  and capillary fringe
                zones.

                The off-gases from the in  situ aerator/stripping
                reactor passed  through  an ex  situ gas-phase
                bioreactor for further biotreatment followed by
                granular activated carbon treatment before they
                were vented.  This bioreactor consisted of spirally
                wound, microporous, polyvinyl chloride-silica
                sheets  that  served  as  a  biosupport  for
                Pseudomonas cepacia (strain 17616), a known
                trichloroethene (TCE) degrader. VOCs in the off-
                gases, such as toluene, benzene, xylene, TCE, and
                others, were  also biologically treated through a
                cometabolic process in the gas-phase bioreactor.

                WASTE APPLICABILITY:

                This  technology  treats  soil  and  groundwater
                contaminated with chlorinated and nonchlorinated
                VOCs.

                STATUS:

                The UVB  system  was accepted into  the SITE
                Demonstration Program in June 1994. The pilot-
                scale,  multivendor treatability  demonstration
                (MVTD) was jointly sponsored by the New York
                State Department of Environmental Conservation
 Page 128
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

-------
                                                                                February 1999
                                                                               Completed Project
(NYSDEC), the New York State  Center for
Hazardous Waste Management, and the SITE
Program. The objectives of the MVTD were to
(1)  generate  field  data  for  three  biological
processes, and (2) evaluate the performance of
each biological process  in  meeting NYSDEC
cleanup goals.

The  demonstration took place at the  Sweden
3-Chapman site in Sweden, New York.   Field
work began in July 1994 and was completed in
fall 1995. Final reports from the demonstration
are available from EPA.

The  UVB  demonstration  coincided with  the
remediation of the site. Soil  at the site contained
elevated levels of TCE, acetone, tetrachloroethene,
dichloroethene, and toluene. The contaminants of
concern (COC) were monitored at 15 groundwater
monitoring wells, across the in situ bioreactor, the
vadose zone soils, and the ex situ bioreactor, to
evaluate the system's performance. A dye tracer
test was conducted to determine the extent of the
groundwater circulation cell.

In addition to the SBP process, the following
technologies were also demonstrated:

  •   R.E. Wright Environmental, Inc., In Situ
     Bioventing Treatment System
     ENSR Consulting and Engineering and
     Larsen Engineers Ex Situ Biovault

For information on these technologies, refer to the
NYSDEC profiles in the Demonstration Program
section (completed projects).

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

During the demonstration,  an  in situ  vertical
groundwater circulation cell was established with
an effective radius of 40 feet. The UVB system
reduced  the   concentration   of  COCs   in
groundwater.   The in situ bioreactor provided
biotreatment of the COCs in the dissolved phase;
removal  of  COCs  from  soils  was  also
demonstrated. An ex situ bioreactor was effective
in treating off-gas vapors from the UVB system
prior to final polishing. Mass balance calculations
determined that at least 75  percent of the target
COCs in soil and groundwater, within the UVB's
radius  of influence, were  removed during the
demonstration.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Michelle  Simon
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
  Laboratory
26 West Martin  Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH  45268
513-569-7469
Fax:513-569-7676

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Jim Harrington
New York State Department of
  Environmental Conservation
50 Wolf Road, Room 268
Albany, NY  12233-7010
518-457-0337
Fax:518-457-9639

Richard Desrosiers
SBP Technologies, Inc.
106 Corporate Park Drive
White Plains, NY 10604
914-694-2280
Fax: 914-694-2286
                                  The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 129

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 Technology Profile
                      DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                   OHM REMEDIATION SERVICES CORP.
                 (formerly CHEMICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT, INC.)
                              (X*TRAX™ Thermal Desorption)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The X*TRAX™ technology is a patented thermal
desorption process that removes organic
contaminants from soils, sludges, and other solid
media (see photograph below). X*TRAX™ is
not, however, an incinerator or a pyrolysis system.
Chemical oxidation and reactions are discouraged
by maintaining an inert environment and low
treatment temperatures. Combustion by-products
are not formed in X*TRAX™, as neither a flame
nor combustion gases are present in the desorption
chamber.

The  organic contaminants  are  removed as a
condensed liquid, which is characterized by a high
heat rating.  This liquid may then be destroyed in
a permitted incinerator or used as  a supplemental
fuel. Low operating temperatures  of 400 to  1,200
°F and low gas flow rates optimize treatment of
contaminated media.

An externally fired rotary dryer volatilizes
the water and  organic contaminants from the
                contaminated  media into  an inert carrier gas
                stream. The inert nitrogen carrier gas transports
                the organic contaminants and water vapor out of
                the dryer.  The carrier gas flows through a duct to
                the gas treatment system, where organic vapors,
                water vapors, and dust particles  are removed and
                recovered. The gas first passes through a high-
                energy scrubber, which removes  dust particles and
                10 to 30 percent of the organic contaminants.  The
                gas then passes through two condensers in  series,
                where it is cooled to less than 40 °F.

                Most of the carrier gas is reheated and recycled to
                the dryer.  About 5 to  10  percent of the  gas is
                separated from the main stream,  passed through a
                particulate filter and a carbon adsorption system,
                and then  discharged to the atmosphere.   This
                discharge allows addition of make-up nitrogen to
                the system to keep oxygen  concentrations below
                4 percent  (typically below  1  percent).    The
                discharge  also helps maintain a small negative
                pressure   within  the  system  and  prevents
                potentially contaminated  gases from
 Page 136
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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                                                                               February 1999
                                                                              Completed Project
leaking.  The volume of gas released from this
process vent is approximately 700 times less than
from an equivalent capacity incinerator.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The X*TRAX™ process has been used to treat
solids contaminated with the following  wastes:
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB); halogenated and
nonhalogenated solvents;  semivolatile  organic
compounds,  including  polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons,  pesticides,  and  herbicides;  fuel
oils; benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene;
and mercury.

STATUS:

This  technology was accepted into  the  SITE
Demonstration  Program   in   1989.     The
demonstration was conducted in May 1992 at the
Re-Solve, Inc., Superfund site in Massachusetts.
After  the   demonstration,   the   full-scale
X*TRAX™  system,  Model  200,  remediated
50,000 tons of PCB-contaminated soil at the site.
The      Demonstration       Bulletin
(EPA/540/MR-93/502), which details results from
the demonstration, is available from EPA.

The full-scale system, Model 200, is presently
operating at the Sangamo-Weston Superfund site
in South  Carolina.  More than 45,000  tons of
PCB-contaminated soil, clay, and sludge  have
been thermally treated at this site. Feed material
with  PCB concentrations  of more than 8,800
milligrams  per kilogram  (mg/kg) has  been
successfully treated to produce  (discharge) PCB
levels of less than  2 mg/kg.   PCB removal
efficiency was demonstrated to be greater than
99.97 percent.

Laboratory-,  pilot-, and full-scale X*TRAX™
systems are  available.  Two  laboratory-scale,
continuous  pilot  systems are  available for
treatability studies.  More than 108 tests  have
been completed since January 1988.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

During the  SITE demonstration, X*TRAX™
removed PCBs from feed soil and met the site-
specific treatment standard of 25  mg/kg for
treated soils.  PCB concentrations in all treated
soil samples were less than 1.0 mg/kg and were
reduced from an average of 247 mg/kg in feed soil
to an average of 0.13 mg/kg in treated soil. The
average PCB  removal  efficiency  was  99.95
percent.

Polychlorinated    dibenzo-p-dioxins     and
polychlorinated dibenzofurans were not formed
within the  X*TRAX™ system.  Organic air
emissions from the X*TRAX™ process vent were
negligible (less than 1 gram per day).  PCBs were
not detected in vent gases.

X*TRAX™ removed other organic contaminants
from   feed   soil.       Concentrations   of
tetrachloroethene, total  recoverable  petroleum
hydrocarbons, and oil and grease were reduced to
below detectable levels  in treated soil.  Metals
concentrations and soil physical properties were
not altered by the X*TRAX™ system.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
  Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
Fax:513-569-7105
E-Mail: dePercin.Paul@epamail.epa.gov

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
George Hay
OHM Remediation Services Corp.
16406 U.S.  Route 224 East
Findlay, OH45840
419-423-3526
Fax: 419-424-4991
                                         Bologies.
                                Page  137

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Technology Profile
           EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                             PSI TECHNOLOGIES,
             A DIVISION OF  PHYSICAL SCIENCES INC.
         (Metals Immobilization and Decontamination of Aggregate Solids)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

PSI Technologies has developed a technology for
metals immobilization and decontamination of
aggregate solids (MeIDAS) (see figure below).
The technology involves a modified incineration
process in  which  high temperatures destroy
organic contaminants in soil and concentrate
metals into fly ash.  The bulk of the soil ends up
as bottom ash and is rendered nonleachable. The
fly  ash is  then  treated  with  a  sorbent to
immobilize  the  metals,  as determined by the
toxicity characteristic leaching procedure.  The
MelDAS process requires a sorbent fraction of
less than 5 percent by soil weight.

Standard air pollution control devices clean the
effluent gas stream. Hydrogen chloride and sulfur
dioxide,  which may  be formed  from the
oxidation of chlorinated organics and sulfur
                compounds in the waste, are cleaned by alkaline
                scrubbers. Fly ash is captured by a particulate
                removal  device,   such  as  an  electrostatic
                precipitator or baghouse.  The only solid residues
                exiting the process are treated soils, which no
                longer contain organics and will not leach toxic
                metals.

                WASTE APPLICABILITY:

                The MelDAS process treats organics and heavy
                metals in soils, sediments  and sludges.   The
                process has been effective  in treating arsenic,
                cadmium, chromium, lead, nickel, and zinc.

                The MelDAS process is applicable  to wastes
                contaminated  with  a combination of volatile
                metals and complex organic  mixtures of low
                volatility. Possible MelDAS process applications
                include battery  waste  sites and urban sites
                                           (1) PARTICULATE REMOVAL
                                           (2) ACID-GAS SCRUBBER
           BURNER
               TREATED
             SOIL/FLY ASH
              DISCHARGE
                                      MelDAS Process
Page 88
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                               February 1999
                                                                             Completed Project
containing  lead paint or leaded gasoline, or
chemical or pesticide manufacturing  facilities
contaminated with organometallics.

STATUS:

This technology was accepted into the  SITE
Emerging  Technology Program  in July  1991.
Bench-scale testing under the SITE Program was
completed in July 1992. The testing showed that
organic, lead,  and  arsenic wastes could  be
successfully treated with less sorbent  (1 to 10
percent of the  soil by weight) than previously
anticipated. Pilot-scale testing began in October
1992 and  was completed in May 1993.   The
Emerging Technology Report has been submitted
to EPA for review.

Initial testing, conducted under the EPA Small
Business  Innovative  Research  program, has
demonstrated the  feasibility of treating wastes
containing arsenic, cadmium, lead, and  zinc.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Mark Meckes
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
 Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7348
Fax: 513-569-7328

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Joseph Morency
PSI Technologies, A Division of
   Physical Sciences Inc.
20 New England Business Center
Andover, MA 01810
508-689-0003
Fax: 508-689-3232
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 89

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Technology Profile
           EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                            PULSE SCIENCES, INC.
                       (X-Ray Treatment of Aqueous Solutions)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

X-ray  treatment of  organically  contaminated
aqueous  solutions  is based  on the in-depth
deposition of ionizing radiation.  X-rays collide
with matter, generating a shower of lower energy
secondary electrons  within  the  contaminated
waste material.  The secondary electrons ionize
and excite the atomic electrons, break up the
complex contaminant molecules, and form highly
reactive radicals. These radicals react with the
volatile  organic  compounds   (VOC)   and
semivolatile organic compounds (SVOC) to form
nontoxic  by-products such  as  water,  carbon
dioxide, and oxygen.

An efficient, high-power, high-energy,  linear
induction accelerator (LIA) plus X-ray converter
generates  the  X-rays used  in the  treatment
process.  The LIA energy, which must be small
enough to avoid nuclear activation and as large as
possible   to   increase   the  bremsstrahlung
conversion efficiency, will most likely be in the
range of 8 to 10 million electron volts (MeV). A
repetitive   pulse    of   electrons    50   to
100 nanoseconds long is directed onto a cooled
converter of a high  atomic  number metal to
efficiently generate X-rays.   The X-rays then
penetrate  the  container  and treat  the  waste
materials contained within.

Based  on coupled electron-photon Monte Carlo
transport  code  calculations,  the   effective
penetration  depth  of   X-rays  produced  by
converting 10-MeV electrons is 32 centimeters in
water (after passing through the side of a standard
55-gallon drum). Large contaminant volumes can
be easily treated without being absorbed a signifi-
cant fraction  of the  ionizing radiation in the
container walls.  Either  flowing waste or con-
taminated waste in stationary or rotating contain-
ers can be treated. No additives are required for
the process, and in situ treatment is feasible. The
cost of high  throughput X-rayprocessing is
estimated  to  be competitive  with alternative
processes that decompose the contaminants.
                 WASTE APPLICABILITY:

                 X-ray processing can treat a large number of
                 organic contaminants in aqueous solutions (such
                 as groundwater, liquids, leachates, or wastewater)
                 without expensive waste extraction or preparation.
                 The  technology  has  successfully  treated 17
                 organic contaminants (see the table on the next
                 page). No hazardous by-products are predicted to
                 form or have been observed in the experiments.

                 STATUS:

                 This technology  was accepted into the  SITE
                 Emerging Technology Program in May 1991 and
                 was evaluated in April 1994.  A 1.2-MeV, 800-
                 ampere, 5 5-nanosecond LIA gave a dose rate of 5
                 to 10 rads per second.  Twelve  different VOCs
                 and   SVOCs found  in  Superfund sites  were
                 irradiated in 21 aqueous matrices prepared with a
                 neat solution of the contaminant in reagent
                 grade water. The amount of X-ray dose (1
                 rad = 10"5 Joules per gram) required to decompose
                 a particular contaminant was a function  of its
                 chemical bond structure and its reaction rate with
                 the  hydroxyl  radical.   When  carbonate and
                 bicarbonate ions (hydroxyl radical scavengers)
                 were  present  in  contaminated  well  water
                 samples,  approximately five times the X-
                 ray dose was required to decompose contaminants
                 that react strongly with the hydroxyl radical. The
                 remediation rate of carbon tetrachloride, which
                 does not react with hydroxyl radicals, was not
                 affected.

                 An X-ray dose of 150 kilorads (krad) reduced the
                 moderate contamination levels in a well  water
                 sample  from  a  Superfund  site  at  Lawrence
                 Livermore National Laboratory  (LLNL) to less
                 than those set by the California Primary Drinking
                 Water Standards. For a more highly contaminated
                 LLNL  well water  sample,  experimental data
                 suggested a 500-krad dose was needed to reduce
                 the  contamination  levels  to drinking  water
                 standards.
Page 90
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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                                                                                February 1999
                                                                              Completed Project
In principle, the rate coefficients determined from
the  data can be used to estimate the dose level
required to destroy  mixtures of multiple VOC
contaminants and hydroxyl radical scavengers.
However,  these  estimates  should  be applied
judiciously. Only the experimentally determined
destruction curves, based on the remediation of
test samples of the actual mixture, can be used
with confidence. The table below summarizes the
X-ray treatment results from the SITE evaluation.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Esperanza Piano Renard
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
  Laboratory
2890 Woodbridge Avenue, MS-104
Edison, NJ 08837-3679
908-321-4355
Fax: 908-321-6640

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Vernon Bailey
Pulse Sciences, Inc.
600 McCormick Street
San Leandro, CA 94577
510-632-5100, ext. 227
Fax: 510-632-5300


CONTAMINANT
TCE
PCE
Chloroform
Methylene Chloride
Trans-l,2-Dichloroethene
Cis - 1 ,2-Dichloroethene
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Carbon Tetrachloride (CC14)
Benzene
Toluene
Ethylbenzene
Xylene
Benzene/CCl4
Ethylbenzene/CCl4
Ortho-xylene/CCl4
TCE
PCE
1 , 1 -Dichloroethane
1 , 1 -Dichloroethene
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Cis - 1 ,2-Dichloroethene
TCE
PCE
Chloroform
CC14
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1 , 1 -Dichloroethane
Freon


MATRIX
Deionized Water











Contaminated
Well Water

LLNL Well Water
Sample #1




LLNL Well Water
Sample #2





INITIAL
CONCENTRATION
(ppb)*
9,780
10,500
2,000
270
260
13
590
180
240
150
890
240
262/400
1,000/430
221/430
3,400
500
<10
25
13
14
5,000
490
250
14
38
11
71
FINAL
CONCENTRATION
(ppb)
<0.1
<0.1
4.4
3.1
0.78
<0.5
54
14
<0.5
<0.5
3.6
1.2
< 0.5/196
< 0.5/70.9
< 0.5/85
<0.5
<0.5
1
<1
2.0
<0.5
<1.0
1.6
81
4
17
6.8
32

CPDWS"
(ppb)
5
5
—
5
10
6
200
0.5
1
150
680
1,750
1/0.5
680/0.5
1,750/0.5
5
5
5
6
200
6
5
5
—
0.5
5
5
-

X-RAY DOSE
(krad)
50.3
69.8
178
145.9
10.6
10.6
207.1
224
8.8
4.83
20.4
5.6
39.9/93.8
33.2/185
20.5/171
99.0
99.0
145.4
49.9
145.4
49.9
291
291
291
291
291
291
291
  parts per billion
  California Primary Drinking Water Standards
                               Summary of X-ray Treatment Results
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 91

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 Technology Profile
                     DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                        RADIAN INTERNATIONAL LLC
                        (formerly DOW ENVIRONMENTAL, INC.)
             (Integrated AquaDetox Steam Vacuum Stripping and Soil Vapor
                                   Extraction/Reinj ection)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The  integrated  AquaDetox  Steam  Vacuum
Stripping and soil vapor extraction/reinj ection
(SVE) system simultaneously treats groundwater
and  soil contaminated  with  volatile  organic
compounds (VOC).   The integrated system
consists of (1) an AquaDetox moderate vacuum
stripping tower that uses low-pressure steam to
treat contaminated groundwater, and (2) an SVE
process that treats contaminated soil.  The two
processes  form  a  closed-loop  system  that
simultaneously    remediates    contaminated
groundwater and soil in situ with virtually no air
emissions.

AquaDetox is a high-efficiency, countercurrent
stripping technology.  A single-stage unit can
remove up to  99.99 percent of VOCs in water.
The SVE system uses a vacuum to treat VOC-
               contaminated soil, inducing a flow of air through
               the soil and removing vapor-phase VOCs with the
               extracted soil gas. Carbon beds remove the VOCs
               from the soil gas, which is then reinjected into the
               ground. The AquaDetox and SVE systems share
               a  granular activated  carbon  (GAC)  unit that
               decontaminates the combined vapors from both
               systems (see photograph below). By-products of
               the system are a free-phase recyclable product and
               treated water.  In addition, mineral regenerable
               carbon requires disposal after about 3 years.

               A key element of the  closed-loop system  is the
               vent  header  unit.     This  unit   collects
               noncondensable  gases  from the  AquaDetox
               system for treatment  in the GAC  units.   The
               AquaDetox system then condenses and treats the
               steam used to regenerate the GAC units.
                                  Integrated AquaDetox/SVE System
 Page 138
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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                                                                               February 1999
                                                                             Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:

This  technology  removes  VOCs,  including
chlorinated hydrocarbons, in groundwater  and
soil.  Sites with contaminated groundwater and soils
containing      trichloroethene     (TCE),
tetrachloroethene (PCE), and other VOCs are suit-
able for this on-site treatment process.

STATUS:

This technology  was accepted  into the SITE
Demonstration Program  in  1990.   A SITE
demonstration was conducted in September 1991
as part of an ongoing remediation at the  San
Fernando Valley Groundwater Basin Superfund
site in Burbank,  California.  The Applications
Analysis   Report (EPA/540/A5-91/002)   and
Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-91/002) are
available from EPA.

The AquaDetox/SVE system had been used for
over 3 years at the time of the SITE evaluation to
treat groundwater and soil gas at the Lockheed
Aeronautical  Systems  Company  in  Burbank,
California.    Contaminated groundwater  was
treated at a rate of up to 1,200 gallons per minute
(gpm), while soil gas was removed and treated at
a rate of 300 cubic feet per minute. The system
occupied  about  4,000  square  feet.    It  was
operational 95 percent of the time, with 5 percent
downtime   for  scheduled  and  nonscheduled
repairs.

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

During the SITE demonstration, the AquaDetox/
SVE system achieved the following results:

   •  The technology treated groundwater and
     soil gas contaminated with VOCs.
   •  Efficiencies ranged from 99.92 to 99.99
     percent  for removal  of VOCs from
     contaminated groundwater. VOC removal
     efficiencies for soil gas ranged from 98.0
     to 99.9 percent when the GAC beds were
     regenerated according to the specified
     frequency (8-hour shifts). VOC
removal efficiencies dropped to as low as 93.4
percent when the GAC beds were regenerated less
frequently.

  •  The technology produced effluent
     groundwater that complied with
     regulatory discharge requirements for
     TCE and PCE (5 micrograms per liter
     for each compound).
  •  The GAC beds removed VOCs from
     contaminated soil gas even after 24
     hours of continuous operation without
     steam regeneration.
  •  The system's steam consumption
     dropped with decreasing tower
     pressures. During the demonstration,
     the system was more efficient at lower
     operating tower pressures.
  •  The 500-, 1,000-, and 3,000-gpm
     systems are estimated to cost about
     $3.2, $4.3, and $5.8 million,
     respectively.  The total annual operation
     and maintenance costs are about
     $410,000, $630,000 and $1,500,000 for
     the 500-, 1,000-, and 3,000-gpm
     systems, respectively.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Gordon Evans
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
  Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7684
Fax:513-569-7787

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Ken Solcher
Radian International LLC
1990 North California Boulevard, Suite 500
Walnut Creek, CA 94596
713-914-6607
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                Page  139

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Technology Profile
           EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                     RECRA ENVIRONMENTAL, INC.
                    (formerly ELECTRO-PURE SYSTEMS, INC.)
                 (Alternating Current Electrocoagulation Technology)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The alternating current electrocoagulation (ACE)
technology offers an  alternative to the  use  of
metal  salts  or polymers and  polyelectrolyte
addition  for breaking  stable  emulsions  and
suspensions.  The technology removes metals,
colloidal solids and particles, and soluble inorganic
pollutants from aqueous media by introducing
highly charged polymeric aluminum  hydroxide
species. These species neutralize the electrostatic
charges on suspended solids and oil droplets to
facilitate  agglomeration or  coagulation  and
resultant separation from the aqueous phase.  The
treatment  prompts the precipitation  of  certain
metals and salts.
                 polymeric   hydroxide   species.      Charge
                 neutralization    is    initiated   within   the
                 electrocoagulation cell(s) and continues following
                 effluent discharge.  Application of the electrical
                 field prompts electrolysis of the water medium
                 and generates minute quantities of hydrogen gas.
                 The coagulated solids will often become entrained
                 in the gas, causing their flotation.

                 Attrition scrubbing of the fluidized bed pellets
                 within  the cell inhibits the buildup of scale or
                 coating on the aluminum pellets and the face of
                 the  electrodes.   Coagulation and flocculation
                 occur simultaneously within the ACE cells as the
                 effluent is exposed to the electric field  and the
                 aluminum dissolves from the  fluidized bed.
The figure below depicts the basic ACE process.
Electrocoagulation occurs in either batch mode,
allowing recirculation, or continuous (one-pass)
mode  in an  ACE  fluidized  bed  separator.
Electrocoagulation is conducted by passing the
aqueous medium through the treatment cells in
upflow  mode.  The electrocoagulation cell(s)
consist of nonconductive piping  equipped with
rectilinearly  shaped,  nonconsumable   metal
electrodes  between  which  is  maintained a
turbulent, fluidized bed of aluminum alloy pellets.

Application of the alternating current electrical
charge to the electrodes prompts the dissolution
of the fluidized bed and the formation of the
                                            Vent or
                                           Treated Gas
                             Aqueous
                                            ACE
                                          SEPARATOR™
                 The working volume of the fluidized bed cell,
                 excluding external plumbing, is 5 liters. The ACE
                 systems have few moving parts and can easily be
                 integrated into a process  treatment train for
                 effluent,  pretreatment,  or polishing treatment.
                 The ACE technology has  been  designed into
                 water treatment systems which include membrane
                 separation, reverse  osmosis,  electrofiltration,
                 sludge    dewatering,   and   thermo-oxidation
                 technologies.

                 System operating  conditions  depend  on the
                 chemistry of the aqueous medium, particularly the
                 conductivity   and   chloride    concentration.
                 Treatment generally requires application of low
                 voltage (<135 VAC) and operating currents of
                                                                Liquid
                                                                Solid
                                                   - Air far
                                                    Turbulence
                             Alternating Current Electrocoagulation (ACE)
Page 92
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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                                                                               February 1999
                                                                              Completed Project
less than 20  amperes.   The flow rate  of the
aqueous medium through the treatment cell(s)
depends on the solution chemistry, the nature of
the entrained  suspension or emulsion, and the
treatment objectives.

Product separation occurs in conventional gravity
separation devices  or filtering systems.   Each
phase is removed for reuse, recycling, additional
treatment, or disposal.

Current systems are designed  to treat waste
streams of between 10 and 100 gallons per minute
(gpm). RECRA Environmental, Inc., maintains a
bench-scale unit (1 to 3 gpm) at its Amherst
Laboratory  for use in  conducting treatability
testing.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The  ACE  technology  treats  aqueous-based
suspensions and emulsions such as contaminated
groundwater,  surface water runoff, landfill and
industrial leachate,  wash and rinse waters, and
various solutions and effluents.  The suspensions
can include solids such as inorganic and organic
pigments, clays, metallic powders, metal ores, and
colloidal materials.  Treatable emulsions include
a  variety of  solid and  liquid  contaminants,
including petroleum-based by-products.

The ACE technology has demonstrated reductions
of clay, latex,  and various hydroxide loadings by
over 90 percent.  Chemical oxygen demand and
total organic  carbon content of spiked  slurries
have been  reduced by over 80  percent.   The
technology has removed heavy metals at between
55 and 99 percent efficiency.    Fluoride and
phosphate have been removed at greater than 95
percent efficiency.  The system has been used to
recover  fine-grained products  which  would
otherwise have been discharged.
STATUS:

The ACE technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in July 1988. The
laboratory-scale testing was completed in June
1992.   The  Emerging Technology Bulletin
(EPA/540/F-92/011) and Emerging Technology
Summary (EPA/540/S-93/504) are available from
EPA. The  research results are described in the
Journal of Air and Waste Management, Volume
43, May 1993, pp. 784-789, "Alternating Current
Electrocoagulation    for    Superfund    Site
Remediation."

Experiments on metals and complex synthetic
slurries have defined major operating parameters
for  broad  classes  of waste  streams.    The
technology  has  been  modified  to  minimize
electrical power consumption  and  maximize
effluent throughput rates.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Randy Parker
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
   Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7271
Fax: 513-569-7571

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Kenneth Kinecki
RECRA Environmental, Inc.
10 Hazelwood Drive, Suite  110
Amherst, NY  14228-2298
800-527-3272
Fax: 716-691-2617
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 93

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Technology Profile
           EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
                   (Biofilm Reactor for Chlorinated Gas Treatment)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The Remediation Technologies, Inc., biological
treatment technology uses aerobic cometabolic or-
ganisms in fixed-film biological reactors to treat
gases contaminated  with  volatile  chlorinated
hydrocarbons.   Contaminated  gases enter the
bottom of the 6-foot-tall reactor column and flow
up through a medium that has a high surface area
and favorable porosity for gas distribution. Both
methanotrophic and phenol-degrading organisms
have been  evaluated within the reactor. The figure
below illustrates a methanotrophic reactor.

In  methanotrophic  columns,  methane   and
nutrients are  added to grow the organisms capable
of degrading volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons.
                 The organisms degrade these compounds into
                 acids and chlorides that  can be subsequently
                 degraded to carbon dioxide and chloride. Because
                 of  intermediate  toxicity   and  competitive
                 inhibition, methane-volatile  organic compound
                 (VOC)  feeding strategies  are critical to obtain
                 optimum VOC degradation over the long term.

                 Methanotrophic bacteria from various soils were
                 tested to determine  potential VOC compound
                 degradation. The optimal culture from this testing
                 was isolated and transferred to a bench-scale
                 biofilm reactor, where substrate degradation rates
                 per unit of biofilm surface area were determined.
                 Four pilot-scale  biofilm  reactors  were then
                 established, with feeding strategies and retention
                 times based on earlier testing.
                                            Gas
                                          Effluent
                                     Column Ht = 6'
                                     Dia = 5"
                                          Toxic
                                  Methane  Material
                             Humidified
                                Air
                                                   Nutrients
               A


               Aj,


               A

               A

               A

                                                       Sample
                                                       Taps
                                                     3' media
                    4" gravel
                                                   Drain
                                 Methanotrophic Biofilm Reactor
Page 94
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                              February 1999
                                                                             Completed Project
The  following issues  are investigated in the
methanotrophic biofilm reactors:

  •  Comparison of different media types
  •  Trichloroethene (TCE)  removal across
     the columns
  •  TCE degradation rates

In addition to studies of the methanotrophic
biofilm reactors,  a  column was seeded with  a
filamentous  phenol-degrading  consortia that
grows  well  on phenol in a  nitrogen-limited
solution. Phenol also induces enzymes capable of
rapid cometabolic degradation of TCE.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

This technology  can treat gaseous  streams of
volatile chlorinated  hydrocarbons.  These waste
streams  may  result  from  air  stripping of
contaminated groundwater or industrial process
streams, or from vacuum extraction  during in situ
site remediation.
STATUS:

This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in summer 1992;
the evaluation was  completed  in  1995.   The
Emerging  Technology  Report,  which details
results from the evaluation, is being prepared.

TCE degradation rates in the pilot-scale biofilm
reactor  were  well  below  those  previously
measured in laboratory testing or those reported in
the literature for pure cultures.  The phenol-fed
column  was started  on a celite  medium.  TCE
removal   was   superior  to   that   in  the
methanotrophic columns, even with sub-optimal
biomass development.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ronald Lewis
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
   Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7856
Fax: 513-569-7105
                                                 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
                                                 Hans Stroo
                                                 Remediation Technologies, Inc.
                                                 1011 S.W. Klickitat Way, Suite 207
                                                 Seattle, WA 98134
                                                 206-624-9349
                                                 Fax: 206-624-2839
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 95

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 Technology Profile
                      DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                   REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
                           (Liquid and Solids Biological Treatment)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

Liquid and solids biological treatment (LST) is a
process   that  remediates  soils  and  sludges
contaminated with biodegradable organics (see
figure below). The process is similar to activated
sludge treatment of municipal and industrial
wastewaters,  but  it treats  suspended  solids
concentrations greater than 20 percent.  First, an
aqueous slurry of the waste material is prepared,
and environmental conditions such as nutrient
concentrations, temperature, and pH are optimized
for biodegradation. The slurry is then mixed and
aerated for a sufficient time to degrade the target
waste constituents.

Several   physical  process  configurations are
possible, depending on site-  and waste-specific
conditions. Waste can be treated continuously or
in batches in impoundment-based reactors. This
configuration is  sometimes  the only practical
option for projects greater  than 10,000  cubic
yards.   Alternatively, tank-based systems
may be constructed.Constituent losses due to
                volatilization  must be controlled  during LST
                operations. The potential for emissions is greatest
                in batch  treatment  systems  and  lowest  in
                continuously   stirred  tank  reactor   systems,
                particularly those with  long  residence  times.
                Technologies  such as  carbon adsorption  and
                biofiltration can control emissions.

                LST  may require  pre-   and  posttreatment
                operations. However, in situ applications that
                store  treated  sludge  residues  do not require
                multiple unit operations.

                Overall  bioremediation  in  a hybrid  system
                consisting of LST and land treatment systems can
                provide an alternative to landfilling treated solids.
                This  combination rapidly  degrades  volatile
                constituents in a contained system, rendering the
                waste suitable for landfilling.

                Remediation Technologies, Inc. (ReTeC),  has
                constructed a  mobile  LST pilot system for field
                demonstrations.   The system consists of two
                reactors, two 2,000-gallon holding tanks, and
            Contaminated
                Soil
 Water
Nutrients
Microbes


Cleaned
Soil
Dewatering


Return Soils
to Site
                              Liquid and Solids Biological Treatment
 Page 140
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

-------
                                                                                February 1999
                                                                               Completed Project
associated process equipment.  The reactors are
aerated using coarse bubble diffusers and mixed
using axial flow turbine mixers. The reactors can
operate  separately, or as batch or continuous
systems.  Oxygen and pH are continuously
monitored and recorded.  Additional features
include  antifoaming  and temperature  control
systems.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The  technology treats sludges, sediments, and
soils containing biodegradable organic materials.
To date, the  process has mainly treated sludges
containing petroleum and  wood  preservative
organics such as creosote and pentachlorophenol
(PCP).  LST has  treated polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAH),  PCP, and a broad range of
petroleum hydrocarbons in the laboratory and the
field.

STATUS:

This technology  was accepted into  the  SITE
Demonstration Program in 1987. The technology
was  demonstrated under SITE at  the Niagara
Mohawk Power Corporation facility  at Harbor
Point in Utica, New  York  from June through
August 1995. The following equipment was used
for   the  demonstration: (1) a 10,000-gallon
cylindrical tank (12-foot diameter) with bottom-
mounted air diffusers  that provided  aeration and
assisted in suspending solids; (2) a tank  cover
outfitted with exhaust piping that contained and
channeled air discharge; and (3) a spray system
that  recircultated liquid from within the tank to
disperse foam buildup.

ReTeC has applied the technology in the field
over a dozen times to treat wood  preservative
sludges with impoundment-type LST systems. In
addition, LST  has treated  petroleum refinery
impoundment sludges in two  field-based pilot
demonstrations  and several laboratory treatability
studies.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

Analytical results from the SITE demonstration
showed  a  reduction   in  oil  and  grease
concentrations from 14,500 to 3,100 milligrams
per kilogram (mg/kg), or 79 percent; total PAH
concentrations were  reduced  from  137 to 51
mg/kg, or 63 percent; and total benzene, toluene,
ethylbenzene,  and  xylene  concentrations were
reduced from 0.083 to 0.030 mg/kg, or 64 percent.
PAH leachability in the  solids was reduced to
nondetect levels after treatment. Toxicity of the
solids to earthworms was also decreased by the
treatment.   Only 24 percent of the earthworms
survived when added to untreated contaminated
soil, while earthworms  placed in treated  soil
showed no toxic effects.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ronald Lewis
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
   Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7856
Fax:513-569-7105

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Merv Cooper
Remediation Technologies, Inc.
1011 S.W. KlickitatWay, Suite 207
Seattle, WA 98134
206-624-9349
Fax: 206-624-2839
                                  The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 141

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Technology Profile
           EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
             RESOURCE MANAGEMENT & RECOVERY
                    (formerly BIO-RECOVERY SYSTEMS, INC.)
                          (AlgaSORB© Biological Sorption)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The AlgaSORB© sorption process uses algae to
remove heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions.
The process takes advantage of the natural affinity
for heavy metal ions  exhibited by algal cell
structures.

The photograph below shows a portable effluent
treatment equipment (PETE) unit, consisting of
two columns operating either in series  or  in
parallel. Each column contains 0.25 cubic foot of
AlgaSORB©, the treatment medium.  The  PETE
unit shown below can treat waste at a flow rate of
approximately 1 gallon per minute (gpm). Larger
systems have been designed and manufactured to
treat waste at flow rates greater than 100 gpm.
                The AlgaSORB© medium consists of dead algal
                cells immobilized in a silica gel polymer. This
                immobilization  serves  two purposes:   (1) it
                protects the algal cells from decomposition by
                other microorganisms, and (2) it produces a hard
                material that can be packed into columns that,
                when  pressurized,   still  exhibit good flow
                characteristics.

                The  AlgaSORB©   medium  functions  as  a
                biological ion-exchange resin  to  bind both
                metallic cations (positively charged ions, such as
                mercury   [Hg+2])  and  metallic   oxoanions
                (negatively charged, large, complex,  oxygen-
                containing  ions, such  as  selenate  [SeO4~2]).
                Anions  such as chlorides or sulfates are only
                weakly bound or not bound at all. In contrast to
                current ion-exchange technology, divalent cations
                        Portable Effluent Treatment Equipment (PETE) Unit
Page 96
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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                                                                              February 1999
                                                                             Completed Project
typical of hard water, such as calcium (Ca+2) and
magnesium (Mg+2), or monovalent cations, such
as sodium (Na+) and potassium  (K  +) do not
significantly interfere with the binding of toxic
heavy metal ions to the algae-silica matrix.

Like ion-exchange resins, AlgaSORB© can be
regenerated. After the AlgaSORB© medium is
saturated, the metals are removed from the algae
with acids, bases, or other suitable reagents. This
regeneration process generates a small volume of
solution containing highly concentrated metals.
This solution must undergo treatment prior to
disposal.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

This technology can remove heavy metal ions
from groundwater or surface leachates that are
"hard" or that contain  high levels of dissolved
solids.   The process can also treat rinse waters
from electroplating, metal finishing, and printed
circuit board manufacturing operations.  Metals
removed by the technology  include aluminum,
cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, gold, iron,
lead, manganese, mercury, molybdenum, nickel,
platinum, selenium, silver, uranium, vanadium,
and zinc.

STATUS:

This technology was accepted into the  Emerging
Technology Program in 1988; the evaluation was
completed  in   1990.   Under the  Emerging
Technology Program, the AlgaSORB© sorption
process  was tested  on mercury-contaminated
groundwater at a hazardous waste site in Oakland,
California.  Testing was designed to  determine
optimum flow rates,  binding capacities, and the
efficiency of stripping agents.
The     Emerging     Technology     Report
(EPA/540/5-90/005a&b), Emerging Technology
Summary (EPA/540/S5-90/005), and Emerging
Technology  Bulletin (EPA/540/F-92/003) are
available from EPA.   An  article was also
published  in the  Journal of Air and  Waste
Management, Volume 41, No. 10, October 1991.
Based on results from the Emerging Technology
Program, Resource Management & Recovery was
invited to participate in the SITE Demonstration
Program.

The  process  is  being  commercialized  for
groundwater treatment and industrial point source
treatment.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ronald Lewis
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
   Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7856
Fax: 513-569-7105

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Michael Hosea
Resource Management & Recovery
4980 Baylor Canyon Road
LasCruces,NM 88011
505-382-9228
Fax: 505-382-9228
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 97

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 Technology Profile
                      DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                  ROCHEM SEPARATION SYSTEMS, INC.
                           (Rochem Disc Tube™ Module System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The Rochem Disc Tube™ Module System uses
membrane separation to treat aqueous solutions
ranging from seawater  to leachate contaminated
with organic solvents.  The system uses osmosis
through a semipermeable membrane to separate
pure water from contaminated liquids.

Osmotic theory implies  that a saline solution may
be separated from pure water by a semipermeable
membrane.  The higher osmotic pressure of the
salt  solution   causes  the   water  (and  other
compounds having high diffusion rates through
the selected membrane) to diffuse through the
membrane  into the salt  water.   Water will
continue to permeate the salt solution until the
osmotic pressure of the salt  solution equals the
osmotic pressure of the pure water. At this point,
the salt concentrations  of the two solutions are
equal, eliminating any additional driving force for
mass transfer across the membrane.
                However, if external pressure is exerted on the
                salt solution,  water  will flow in the reverse
                direction from the salt  solution  into the  pure
                water.

                This  phenomenon, known as reverse  osmosis
                (RO), can separate pure water from contaminated
                matrices.   RO can treat hazardous  wastes by
                concentrating the hazardous chemical constituents
                in an aqueous brine, while recovering  pure water
                on the other side of the membrane.

                Fluid dynamics and system construction result in
                an  open-channel, fully turbulent  feed  and
                water-flow system. This configuration prevents
                accumulation  of  suspended  solids  on   the
                separation membranes, ensuring high efficiency
                filtration for water and contaminants. Also, the
                design of the disc tubes allows easy cleaning of
                the filtration medium, providing a long service
                life for the membranes.
LEGEND


Indicates Permeate

Flow Path
                                                                  BRINE
                                                                  TANK
                              Three-Stage, Reverse Osmosis Flow Path
 Page 142
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                               February 1999
                                                                              Completed Project
A general flow path for the Rochem Disc Tube™
Module  System  as  applied  at  the  SITE
demonstration is shown on the previous page.
Waste feed, process permeate, and rinse water are
potential feed materials to the RO modules.  The
modules are  skid-mounted and consist of a tank
and a  high-pressure feed system.   The high-
pressure feed system consists of a centrifugal  feed
pump, a prefilter cartridge housing, and a triplex
plunger pump to  feed the RO modules.   The
processing units are self-contained and require
electrical  and  interconnection  process piping
before operation.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

Many types of waste material can be treated with
this system,  including sanitary and hazardous
landfill leachate containing  both  organic  and
inorganic chemical species.

STATUS:

This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration  Program  in  July  1991.    The
demonstration was conducted in August 1994 at
the  Central Landfill Superfund site in Johnston,
Rhode  Island.   The system  was used to treat
landfill leachate from a hazardous waste landfill.
During   the   demonstration,  approximately
4 gallons  per minute of contaminated waste  was
processed over a 3-week period. All feed  and
residual effluent streams were sampled to evaluate
the  performance  of this  technology.    The
Innovative   Technology  Evaluation   Report
(EPA/540/R-96/507),  the  Technology  Capsule
(EPA/540/R-96/507a),  and the Demonstration
Bulletin  (EPA/540/MR-96/507)  are  available
from EPA.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

Preliminary  results  from  the  demonstration
suggest the following:

  •  Over 99 percent of  total dissolved
     solids, over 96 percent of total organic
     carbon, and 99 percent of all target
     metals were removed. In addition, the
     average percent rejection  for volatile
     organic compounds was greater than
     the test criteria of 90 percent.
  •  The average water recovery rate for
     the  Rochem Disc Tube™  Module
     System during the demonstration was
     approximately 75 percent.  The test
     criterion was 75 percent treated water
     recovery rate.
  •  The Rochem Disc  Tube™  Module
     System operated for 19 days at up to 8
     hours per day. Daily operation hours
     were not as long as  planned due to
     weather   and   field   operational
     difficulties.   However,  the system
     operated long enough to evaluate the
     technology's performance.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Douglas Grosse
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
  Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7844
Fax:513-569-7585

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
David LaMonica
Pall Rochem
3904 Del Amo Boulevard, Suite 801
Torrance, CA 90503
310-370-3160
Fax:310-370-4988
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                Page  143

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Technology Profile
           EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                             ROY F. WESTON, INC.
                             (Ambersorb® 563 Adsorbent)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

Ambersorb®  563 adsorbent is a regenerable
adsorbent that treats groundwater contaminated
with hazardous  organics (see figure  below).
Ambersorb 563  adsorbent has 5 to 10 times the
capacity of granular activated carbon  (GAC) for
low concentrations of volatile organic compounds
(VOC).

Current GAC adsorption techniques require either
disposal  or thermal regeneration of the spent
carbon. In these  cases, the GAC must be removed
from the site and shipped as a hazardous material
to the disposal or regeneration facility.
                 Ambersorb 563 adsorbent has unique properties
                 that provide the following benefits:

                   • Ambersorb  563   adsorbent  can  be
                     regenerated  on site using steam, thus
                     eliminating the liability and cost of off-
                     site regeneration or disposal associated
                     with  GAC  treatment.    Condensed
                     contaminants  are  recovered through
                     phase separation.
                   • Because Ambersorb 563 adsorbent has a
                     much higher  capacity than GAC for
                     volatile organics (at low concentrations),
                     the process can operate for significantly
                     longer  service  cycle  times  before
                     regeneration is required.
                  STEAM SUPPLY
                  REGENERATION
                     CYCLE)
                                           AMBERSORB
                                           ADSORBENT
                                            COLUMS
                                   TREATED WATER
                                                                     SATURATED
                                                                      AQUEOUS
                                                                       PHASE
                                                                    CONCENTRATED
                                                                    ORGANIC PHASE
              CONTAMINATED
              GROUNDWATER
                                    Ambersorb® 563 Adsorbent
Page  116
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                                                                               February 1999
                                                                             Completed Project
  •  Ambersorb 563 adsorbent can operate at
     higher  flow  rate loadings  than  GAC,
     which translates  into a smaller, more
     compact system.
  •  Ambersorb  563  adsorbents are hard,
     nondusting,   spherical   beads   with
     excellent physical integrity, eliminating
     handling problems and  attrition  losses
     typically associated with GAC.
  •  Ambersorb 563 adsorbent is not prone to
     bacterial fouling.
  •  Ambersorb 563 adsorbent has extremely
     low ash levels.

In addition,  the Ambersorb 563  carbonaceous
adsorbent-based   remediation   process   can
eliminate the need to dispose of by-products.
Organics can be recovered in  a form potentially
suitable for  immediate reuse.   For example,
removed organics could be burned for energy in a
power plant.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

Ambersorb 563 adsorbent is  applicable to any
water stream  containing contaminants that can be
treated with  GAC, such as 1,2-dichloroethane,
1,1,1 -trichloroethane,  tetrachloroethene, vinyl
chloride, xylene, toluene, and other VOCs.

STATUS:

This technology was  accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in 1993.   The
Emerging Technology Bulletin (EPA/540/F-95/500),
the     Emerging    Technology    Summary
(EPA/540/SR-95/516),  and   the  Emerging
Technology  Report  (EPA/540/R-95/516)   are
available from EPA.

The Ambersorb 563 technology evaluation was
conducted at the former Pease Air Force Base in
Newington, New Hampshire.  The groundwater
contained vinyl chloride, 1,1-dichloroethene, and
trichloroethene. The field study was conducted
over a 12-week period.  The tests included four
service cycles and three steam regenerations. The
effluent from the Ambersorb adsorbent system
consistently met drinking water standards.  On-
site steam regeneration demonstrated that the
adsorption capacity of the Ambersorb system
remained  essentially   unchanged   following
regeneration.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ronald Turner
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
  Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7775
Fax: 513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
John Thoroughgood
Roy F. Weston, Inc.
1 Weston Way
West Chester, PA  19380-1499
610-701-3728
Fax: 610-701-5129

Deborah Plantz
Rohm and Haas Company
5000 Richmond Street
Philadelphia, PA  19137
215-537-4061
Fax: 215-537-4157
E-mail: MAHZDP@ROHMHAAS.COM

Note: Ambersorb® is a registered trademark of
Rohm and Haas Company.
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                Page 117

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 Technology Profile
                     DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                            SBP TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
                         (Membrane Filtration and Bioremediation)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

SBP Technologies, Inc. (SBP), has developed a
hazardous waste treatment system consisting of
(1) a membrane filtration system that extracts and
concentrates contaminants  from  ground water,
surface water, wash water, or slurries; and (2) a
bioremediation system that treats concentrated
groundwater, wash water, and soil slurries (see
photograph below).  These two systems treat a
wide range of waste materials separately or as
parts of an integrated waste handling system.

The  membrane  filtration system  removes and
concentrates   contaminants    by   pumping
contaminated  liquids through porous stainless
steel tubes  coated with specifically formulated
membranes. Contaminants are collected inside
the tube membrane, while "clean" water permeates
               the membrane and tubes.  Depending on local
               requirements and regulations, the clean permeate
               can be discharged to the sanitary sewer for further
               treatment at a publicly owned treatment works
               (POTW).  The  concentrated contaminants  are
               collected in  a holding  tank and  fed  to  the
               bioremediation system.

               Contaminated water or  slurry can also flow
               directly into the bioremediation system  and be
               polished in the membrane filtration system. The
               bioremediation system consists of one or more
               bioreactors that are  inoculated with specially
               selected, usually indigenous microorganisms to
               produce effluent with  low to nondetectable
               contaminant levels.  Integrating the two systems
               allows  removal  and destruction   of   many
               contaminants.
                          Membrane Filtration and Bioremediation
 Page 144
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                                February 1999
                                                                               Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The  membrane filtration system concentrates
contaminants   and  reduces  the  volume  of
contaminated materials from a number of waste
streams,  including contaminated groundwater,
surface water, storm water, landfill leachates, and
industrial process wastewater.

The bioremediation system can treat a wide range
of  organic contamination,   especially  wood-
preserving wastes and  solvents.   A modified
version  can also  treat polynuclear  aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAH) such as creosote and coal
tar; pentachlorophenol; petroleum hydrocarbons;
and    chlorinated   aliphatics,    such   as
trichloroethene.

The two technologies can be  used separately or
combined, depending on site characteristics and
waste treatment needs. For example, for waste-
waters or slurries contaminated with inorganics or
materials not easily bioremediated, the membrane
filtration system  can separate the  material for
treatment by another process.  Both the membrane
filtration system and the bioremediation system
can be used as part of a soil cleaning system to
handle residuals and contaminated liquids.

STATUS:

The membrane  filtration system, accepted into the
SITE Program in 1990, was demonstrated in
October 1991 at the American  Creosote Works in
Pensacola, Florida. The Demonstration Bulletin
(EPA/540/MR-92/014) and Applications Analysis
Report (EPA/540/AR-92/014) are available from
EPA. A full-scale SITE Program demonstration
of    the    bioremediation    system    was
canceledHowever, a smaller-scale field study was
conducted at the site; results are available through
the developer. SBP is marketing its bioremediation
and membrane filtration systems to industrial and
governmental clients for on-site treatment of
contaminated soil, sludge, and water.

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

Results  from  the  SITE  demonstration  are
summarized as follows:

  •  The system effectively concentrated the
     PAHs into a smaller volume.
  •  The process removed 95 percent of the
     PAHs found in creosote from the feed
     and produced a permeate stream that was
     acceptable for discharge to a POTW.
  •  The membrane removed 25 to 35 percent
     of smaller phenolic compounds.
  •  The system removed an average of about
     80  percent of the total concentrations of
     creosote  constituents  (phenolics and
     PAHs) in the feedwater and permeate.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
John Martin
U.S.  EPA
National Risk Management Research
  Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7758
Fax:  513-569-7620
                                  The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 145

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 Technology Profile
                      DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                            SMITH ENVIRONMENTAL
                       TECHNOLOGIES CORPORATION
        (formerly CANONIE ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES CORPORATION)
                      (Low Temperature Thermal Aeration [LTTA®])
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The   Low  Temperature  Thermal  Aeration
(LTTA®) technology  is  a  low-temperature
desorption process  (see figure  below).   The
technology removes organic contaminants from
contaminated soils  into a contained air stream,
which  is extensively  treated  to  collect or
thermally destroy the contaminants.

A direct-fired rotary dryer heats an air stream
which, by direct contact, desorbs water and organic
contaminants from the soil. Soil can be heated to
up to 800 °F. The processed soil is quenched to
reduce temperatures and mitigate dust problems.
The processed soil is then discharged into a
stockpile.  The  hot air stream that contains
vaporized water and organics is treated by one of
two air pollution control systems.  One system
removes  the  organic contaminants from the air
stream by adsorption on granular activated carbon
(GAC) and includes the  following units in series:
(1) cyclones and
                baghouse  for  particulate  removal;  (2) wet
                scrubber for acid gas and some organic vapor
                removal; and (3) GAC adsorption beds for organic
                removal.

                The second air pollution control system can treat
                soils containing high concentrations of petroleum
                hydrocarbons.  The system includes the following
                units in series:  (1) cyclones for particle removal;
                (2) thermal oxidizer-afterburner for destruction of
                organics; (3) quench tower for cooling  of air
                stream;  (4) baghouse  for  additional particle
                removal;  and  (5) wet scrubber for  acid gas
                removal.

                The LTTA® technology generates no wastewater
                or waste soils.  Cyclone fines and baghouse dust
                are combined with treated soil and quenched with
                treated scrubber water.  The treated soil, once
                verified  to meet  the  treatment  criteria,  is
                backfilled on site without restrictions. GAC beds
                used for air pollution control are regenerated or
                incinerated when spent.
                                                  GENERATOR
                                                   TRAILER
               TREATED MATERIAL
                               IMPACTED MATERIAL
                     Low Temperature Thermal Aeration (LTTA®) Technology
 Page 148
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                              February 1999
                                                                            Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:

LTTA® can remove volatile organic compounds
(VOC), semivolatile organic compounds (SVOC),
organochlorine      pesticides      (OCP),
organophosphorus pesticides (OPP), and total
petroleum  hydrocarbons  (TPH)  from  soils,
sediments, and some sludges. LTTA® has been
used at full scale to remove  VOCs  such as
benzene,     toluene,     tetrachloroethene,
trichloroethene, and dichloroethene; SVOCs such
as acenaphthene,  chrysene, naphthalene,  and
pyrene; OCPs such as DDT, DDT metabolites,
and toxaphene; OPPs such as  ethyl  parathion,
methyl parathion, merphos, and mevinphos; and
TPHs.

STATUS:
     Residual levels of all the pesticides in the
     treated soil were generally below or close
     to the laboratory detection limit, with the
     exception of 4,4'-DDE, which was found
     at residual concentrations of 0.1 to 1.5
     mg/kg.     Removal   efficiencies  for
     pesticides found  in  the  feed  soil at
     quantifiable     concentrations     are
     summarized below:
       Compound

          4,4'-DDD
          4,4'-DDE
          44'-DDT
          Endrin
          Toxaphene
  Efficiency

>99.97%
 90.26%
 99.97%
>99.85%
>99.83%
The LTTA® technology was accepted into the
SITE Demonstration Program in summer 1992.
LTTA® was demonstrated in September 1992 on
soils contaminated with OCPs during a full-scale
remediation at a pesticide site in Arizona.  The
Demonstration  Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-93/504)
and     Applications     Analysis     Report
(EPA/540/AR-93/504) are available from EPA.

The full-scale LTTA® system  has remediated
contaminated soils at  six sites, including three
Superfund sites. The system has treated more
than 117,000 tons of soil.

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

Key findings  from  the  demonstration are
summarized below:

  • The  LTTA®  system achieved  the
    specified cleanup criteria for the site, a
    sliding     scale     correlating    the
    concentrations   of   DDT    family
    compounds (DDT, DDE, and ODD) with
    concentrations  of toxaphene.    The
    maximum     allowable     pesticide
    concentrations in the treated  soil were
    3.52 milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg) of
    DDT family compounds and 1.09 mg/kg
    oftoxaphene.
  •  The LTTA® process did not generate
     dioxins  or  furans  as  products  of
     incomplete  combustion  or  thermal
     transformation.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
  Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
Fax:513-569-7105
E-Mail: dePercin.Paul@epamail.epa.gov

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Joseph Hutton
Smith Environmental Technologies Corporation
304 Inverness Way South, Suite 200
Englewood, CO 80112
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                Page 149

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 Technology Profile
                      DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                         SOILTECH ATP SYSTEMS, INC.
                                (Anaerobic Thermal Processor)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The  SoilTech  ATP Systems, Inc.  (SoilTech),
anaerobic thermal processor (ATP) uses a rotary
kiln to desorb, collect, and recondense contaminants
or recyclable hydrocarbons from a wide variety of
feed material (see figure below).

The  proprietary kiln contains  four  separate
internal  thermal  zones:     preheat,  retort,
combustion, and cooling.  In the preheat zone,
water and volatile organic compounds (VOC) are
vaporized. The hot solids and heavy hydrocarbons
then pass through a proprietary sand seal to the
retort zone.  The sand seal allows solids to pass
and inhibits gas and contaminant movement from
one zone to the other. Concurrently, hot treated
soil from the combustion zone enters the retort
zone through a second sand seal. This hot treated
soil provides the thermal  energy necessary to
desorb the heavy organic contaminants.  The
vaporized contaminants are removed under slight
vacuum  to  the  gas  handling  system.   After
cyclones remove dust from the gases, the gases
are  cooled,  and condensed oil  and water are
separated into their various fractions.

The coked soil passes through a third sand seal
from the retort zone to  the  combustion zone.
Some of the hot treated  soil  is recycled to the
retort zone through the second sand seal as
                previously described.  The remainder of the soil
                enters the cooling zone.  As the hot combusted
                soil enters the cooling zone, it is cooled in the
                annular space between the outside of the preheat
                zone and the kiln shell. Here, the heat from the
                combusted soils is transferred indirectly to the
                soils in the preheat zone. The cooled, treated soil
                exiting the cooling zone is quenched with water
                and conveyed to a storage pile.

                Flue gases from the combustion zone pass through
                the cooling zone to an emission control system.
                The system consists of a cyclone and baghouse to
                remove particulates,  a wet scrubber to remove
                acid gases, and a carbon adsorption bed to remove
                trace organic compounds.

                WASTE APPLICABILITY:

                The system treats soils, sediments, and sludges
                contaminated with compounds that vaporize at
                temperatures up to 1,100 °F. Treated solids are
                free of organics and suited for backfill on site.
                Applicable contaminants include the following:

                  • Petroleum hydrocarbons:  fuel,  oil, lube
                    oil,  semivolatile  organic  compounds
                    (SVOC), VOCs
                  • Halogenated      hydrocarbons:
                    polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB),
                    dioxins, furans,  pesticides, herbicides
                                        Clean Stack Gas
                                      Discharge To Atmosphere
ATP
Processor
Hydrocarbons ^
^
^oncondensable
Condensation
Separation
Water
lib

On-Site
Treatment
                                   Fuel
                                   Gas
                                                 r       i
                                              Recovered organic
                                                to off-site
                                              treatment or recycle
                          Treated Water
                           reused as
                          process water
                             Anaerobic Thermal Processor (ATP)
 Page 150
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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                                                                                February 1999
                                                                               Completed Project
  •  Aromatic hydrocarbons: coal tar residues
     polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons
     (PAH)
  •  Volatile metals:  mercury

STATUS:

This technology was  accepted  into the SITE
Demonstration Program in 1991.  The ATP has
been demonstrated at two sites.  At the first
demonstration, in May 1991, a full-scale unit
dechlorinated PCB-contaminated soil at the Wide
Beach Development Superfund site in Brant, New
York. At the second demonstration, completed in
June 1992, a full-scale unit remediated soils and
sediments at the Waukegan Harbor Superfund site
in Waukegan, Illinois. Two additional Superfund
sites in Ohio and Kentucky have  since been
remediated by the ATP. Soils at these sites were
contaminated with PCBs, PAHs, and pesticides.

The  ATP  has been  used to  treat more than
100,000 tons of waste on four separate sites. The
system has operated in compliance with state and
federal regulations in New York, Illinois, Ohio,
and Kentucky.  SoilTech is currently negotiating
with a confidential client to remediate  25,000
cubic yards of trichloroethene- (TCE) and PCB-
contaminated  soil   at   a  site  located   in
Pennsylvania.

SoilTech is  continuing its research  into more
diverse  organic  remediation applications and
bitumen recovery.

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

Test results from both SITE demonstrations
indicate the following:

  •  The  SoilTech  ATP removed  over
     99  percent of  the  PCBs   in  the
     contaminated soil, resulting in PCB levels
     below 0.1 part per million (ppm) at the
     Wide Beach Development site and aver-
     aging 2 ppm at the Waukegan Harbor
     site.
  •  Dioxin and furan stack gas emissions
     were below the site-specific standards.
  •  PCB stack gas emissions were equivalent
     to 99.99 percent destruction and removal
     efficiency at the Waukegan Harbor site.
  •  No   volatile   or  semivolatile   organic
     degradation products were detected in the
     treated soil.  Also, no leachable metals,
     VOCs, or SVOCs were detected in the
     treated soil.
  •  For the Wide Beach Development and
     Waukegan Harbor remediation projects,
     soil treatment costs were approximately
     $265 and  $155 per ton, respectively.  The
     regulatory support, mobilization, startup,
     and demobilization costs totaled about
     $1,400,000 for each site.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
  Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King  Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
Fax: 513-569-7105
E-Mail: dePercin.Paul@epamail.epa.gov

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Joseph Hutton
Smith Environmental Technologies
  Corporation
304 Inverness Way South, Suite 200
Englewood, CO 80112
                                  The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 151

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 Technology Profile
                     DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                                  SOLIDITECH, INC.
                               (Solidification and Stabilization)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

This  solidification  and stabilization process
immobilizes contaminants in soils and sludges by
binding them in a concrete-like, leach-resistant
matrix.    Contaminated waste materials are
collected, screened to remove oversized material,
and introduced to the  batch mixer (see  figure
below). The waste material  is then mixed with
water; Urrichem, a proprietary chemical reagent;
proprietary additives; and pozzolanic material (fly
ash), kiln dust, or cement. After it is thoroughly
mixed, the treated waste is discharged from the
mixer. Treated waste is a solidified mass with
significant     unconfined    compressive
strength (UCS), high stability, and a rigid texture
similar to that of concrete.
               WASTE APPLICABILITY:

               This process treats soils and sludges contaminated
               with organic compounds,  metals,  inorganic
               compounds, and oil and grease.  Batch mixers of
               various capacities can treat different volumes of
               waste.

               STATUS:

               This technology was  accepted  into  the  SITE
               Demonstration   Program  in   1988.     The
               solidification   and   stabilization process  was
               demonstrated in December 1988 at the Imperial
               Oil  Company/Champion Chemical  Company
               Superfund site in Morganville, New Jersey.  This
               site formerly contained both chemical processing
                                                               INTERNAL VIEW OF MIXER
                                                         FRONT END LOADER
                                                     (LOADING CONTAMINATED SOIL!
                                    PROPRIETARY ADDITIVES
                             CONTROL PANEL

                                  TREATED WASTE
                             Soliditech Processing Equipment
 Page 152
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                                  February 1999
                                                                                Completed Project
and oil reclamation facilities. Soils, filter cakes,
and oily wastes from an old storage tank were
treated during the demonstration. These wastes
were contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons,
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), other organic
chemicals, and heavy metals.  The  Technology
Evaluation    Report    (EPA/540/5-89/005a),
Applications      Analysis      Report
(EPA/540/A5-89/005),   and   Demonstration
Bulletin (EPA/540/M5-89/005) are available from
EPA. This technology is  no longer available
through a vendor.  Contact the EPA Project
Manager for further information.

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

Key findings from the Soliditech demonstration
are summarized below:

   •  Extract and leachate analyses showed that
     heavy metals in the untreated waste were
     immobilized.
   •  The process solidified both solid and
     liquid wastes with high organic content
     (up to  17 percent), as well as oil and
     grease.
   •  Volatile  organic  compounds in  the
     original waste were not detected  in the
     treated  waste.
   •  Physical test results  of the  solidified
     waste showed (1) UCS  ranging from 390
     to  860 pounds per  square inch  (psi);
     (2) very little weight loss after 12 cycles
     of wet and  dry  and  freeze and thaw
     durability tests; (3) low permeability of
     the treated  waste; and (4)  increased
     density after treatment.
   •  The solidified waste increased in volume
     by an average of 22 percent. Because of
     solidification, the bulk density  of the
     waste   material  increased by   about
     35 percent.
   •  Semivolatile    organic     compounds
     (phenols) were detected in the treated
     waste  and the  toxicity  characteristic
     leaching procedure (TCLP) extracts from
     the treated waste, but not in the untreated
     waste or its TCLP extracts. The presence
     of these compounds is believed to result
     from chemical  reactions  in the  waste
     treatment mixture.
   •  The  oil  and  grease  content of  the
     untreated  waste ranged  from  2.8  to
     17.3 percent (28,000 to 173,000 parts per
     million  [ppm]).   The  oil  and grease
     content of the TCLP extracts from the
     solidified  waste ranged  from  2.4  to
     12 ppm.
   •  The pH of the  solidified  waste ranged
     from  11.7 to  12.0.   The  pH of the
     untreated waste ranged from 3.4 to 7.9.
   •  PCBs were not detected in any extracts or
     leachates from the treated waste.
   •  Visual  observation of solidified  waste
     revealed  bulk  oily material about  1
     millimeter in diameter.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Jack Hubbard
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
   Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7507
Fax:513-569-7620
                                  The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                     approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 153

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                           SOLUCORP INDUSTRIES
                           (Molecular Bonding System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The Molecular Bonding System (MBS) is a
process developed for the stabilization of a
variety of media, such as soil, sludge, slag,
and ash, that is contaminated with heavy
metals. The process employs a proprietary
mixture of nonhazardous chemicals to
convert the heavy metal contaminants from
their existing reactive and leachable forms
(usually oxides) into insoluble, stable,
nonhazardous, metallic-sulfide compounds
that will achieve toxicity characteristic
leaching procedure (TCLP) levels far below
regulatory limits. The MBS process
maintains the pH levels in the media within
the range where the insolubility of the heavy
metal sulfides is assured. The system also
provides buffer capacity to ensure that the
pH is not significantly altered by the
addition of acids or caustics to the media.

As depicted in the diagram below, the MBS
treatment process is completely mobile and
easily transportable (to allow for on-site
treatment).  Waste material is screened and
crushed as required to reduce particle sizes
to an average 1-inch diameter (particle size
reduction increases surface area, which
maximizes  contact with the reagents). The
waste media is then mixed with powdered
reagents in  a closed-hopper pug mill (the
reagent mixture is established through treat
ability studies for the site-specific
conditions).  Water is then added to catalyze
the reaction and to ensure homogeneous
mixing. There is no curing time and the
resulting increase in volume is between 2 to
3 percent.  The treated media is then
conveyed to a stockpile where it can be
either returned to the original site or
disposed in a landfill as cover, fill,  or
contour material.

MBS can also be applied with traditional in
situ mixing techniques such as tillers,
eliminating the need for excavating and
preparing the soil.

The MBS process can also be used to
stabilize waste "in line" during the
manufacturing process, preventing  the waste
from being classified as hazardous.
Commercial applications on slag from a
secondary smelter are underway.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The MBS process stabilizes heavy metals in
soil, sludges, baghouse dust, ash, slag, and
sediment.  Heavy metals rendered inert by
the process include arsenic, cadmium,
chromium, copper,  lead, mercury, nickel,
silver, and zinc. The process can
simultaneously stabilize multiple heavy
metal contaminants. The presence  of
organics does not affect treatment by MBS.
                    Process Flow Diagram of the Molecular Bonding System

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STATUS:

This technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in early 1995. A
SITE demonstration was conducted at the
Midvale Slag Superfund Site in Midvale,
Utah in 1997. Three waste streams
contaminated with As, Cd, and Pb were
treated. Approximately 500 tons of each
waste stream was treated. The treated
wastes and souls passed EPA's Multiple
Extraction Procedure. The MBS process has
undergone extensive bench-scale and pilot-
scale testing prior to its successful full-scale
commercialization. The same reductions in
the TCLP levels of hazardous contaminants
achieved in the laboratory were achieved at
five manufacturing site in five different
states.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Thomas Holdsworth
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
  Laboratory
26 W. Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7675
Fax: 513-569-7676
E-Mail:
Holdworth.Thomas@epamail.epa.gov

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER
CONTACT:
Noel Spindler
SOLUCORP Industries
250 West Nyack Road
WestNyack,NY 10994
914-623-2333
Fax: 914-623-4987

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 Technology Profile
                      DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                                   SONOTECH, INC.
                      (Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The  Sonotech,  Inc., frequency-tunable  pulse
combustion system (Sonotech system) is designed
to significantly improve batch- and continuous-
mode combustion or thermal processes (such as
incineration)  by   creating   large-amplitude,
resonant  pulsations  inside  the  combustion
chamber.  This technology can be applied to new
or existing combustion systems. The technology
is used  in  fossil  fuel combustion  devices,
residential natural gas furnaces,  and industrial
combustion systems.  It should prove  similarly
beneficial to hazardous waste incineration and soil
remediation applications.

The  Sonotech system  (see photograph below)
consists of an air inlet, a combustor section, a
tailpipe, a control panel, and safety features. This
                system  is designed to improve an incinerator's
                performance  by  (1)  increasing  mixing rates
                between the fuel and air, (2) increasing mixing
                rates between reactive gas pockets and ignition
                sources, and (3) increasing rates of heat and mass
                transfer between the gas and the burning waste.
                These  improvements  should  (1)  reduce  the
                amount of excess air required to completely burn
                the waste, (2) increase destruction and removal
                efficiencies (DRE) of principal organic hazardous
                constituents,  (3)  minimize the  formation  of
                products of  incomplete  combustion,  and  (4)
                eliminate or minimize detrimental emissions or
                "puffs."

                The  Sonotech   system  has  achieved  sound
                amplitudes  as   high  as   170 decibels and
                frequencies  of 100 to  500 hertz within  the
                combustion chamber. The high frequencies and
               Frequency-Tunable Pulse Combustion System  Installed at
                                  EPA's Research Facility
 Page 154
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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                                                                                 February 1999
                                                                               Completed Project
velocities of these gas oscillations help mix the
gases in the chamber and thus reduce or eliminate
stratification effects.

The Sonotech system can function alone or as a
supplemental retrofit to an existing combustion
system. In the latter application, the frequency-
tunable pulse combustion system can supply as
little as 2  to  10 percent  of the total energy
requirements. The total fuel supplied to the main
burner and the Sonotech system should be less
than the amount of fuel supplied to the main
burner before retrofitting.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

This technology can be used with any material
that can be treated in a conventional incinerator.
Sonotech,  Inc., believes  that the technology is
ready for incineration of hazardous, municipal,
and medical wastes.

STATUS:

This technology was  accepted  into the SITE
Demonstration Program  in 1992.  The  6-week
demonstration evaluated whether the technology
improved  the  performance of  a larger scale
incineration system. To meet this goal, the pilot-
scale rotary kiln incinerator at EPA's Incineration
Research Facility in Jefferson,  Arkansas was
retrofit  with  a   Sonotech   system.     The
demonstration  took place  from September to
October 1994.  The retrofit incinerator was used
to  treat   coal-  and  oil-gasification   wastes,
traditionally  incinerated  with  conventional
technology.     The   Technology   Capsule
(EPA/540/R-95/502a)  is available from EPA.
More detailed results will be available from EPA
in early 1997.

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

The  Sonotech  system  increased  the incinerator
waste feed rate capacity by  13 to  21  percent
compared to conventional combustion.  As the
demonstration   waste  had   significant  heat
content,the  capacity increase was equivalent to a
reduction in the auxiliary fuel needed to treat a
unit mass of waste from 21,100 British thermal
unit/pound (Btu/lb) for conventional combustion
to 18,000 Btu/lb for the Sonotech system. Visual
observations indicated improved mixing in the
incinerator cavity  with the Sonotech  system
operating.

Benzene and naphthalene DREs were greater than
99.99 percent.   The average concentration of
carbon  monoxide  exiting  the   afterburner,
corrected to 7 percent oxygen, decreased from 20
parts  per  million  (ppm)  with   conventional
combustion to 14 ppm with the Sonotech system.
The  average concentration  of  nitrogen oxides
exiting the after burner, corrected to 7 percent
oxygen,   decreased   from   82    ppm   with
conventional combustion to 77 ppm with the
Sonotech system. Average soot emissions exiting
the afterburner, corrected to 7  percent oxygen,
were  reduced   from  1.9 milligrams  per dry
standard cubic meter (mg/dscm)  for conventional
combustion to  less than 1.0  mg/dscm with the
Sonotech  system.   Total air requirements for
system    combustion,    determined     from
stoichiometric calculations, were lower with the
Sonotech system in operation.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Marta K. Richards
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
   Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH  45268
513-569-7692
Fax: 513-569-7676

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Ben Zinn
Sonotech, Inc.
3656 Paces Valley Road
Atlanta, GA 30327
404-894-3033
Fax: 404-894-2760
                                  The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page  155

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Technology Profile
           EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
       STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK AT OSWEGO,
               ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH CENTER
   (Electrochemical Peroxidation of PCB-Contaminated Sediments and Waters)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The Environmental Research Center at the State
University of New York at Oswego (SUNY) has
developed  an   electrochemical  peroxidation
process widely  applicable for the treatment of
liquid wastes and slurries with low solids content.
The  process treats mixed waste by  using (1)
oxidative   free   radicals  to  attack  organic
contaminants, and  (2)   adsorptive removal of
metals from liquid waste streams. Initial testing
indicates destructive efficiencies greater than 99
percent for a variety of compounds  including
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), volatile organic
compounds, benzene,  toluene,  ethylbenzene,
xylene, organic dyes, and microbes.

The process involves combining Fenton's reagent
with  a small electrical current.   In a batch
treatment process, steel electrodes are submersed
                 into the waste to be treated; solid particles are
                 suspended by mechanical mixing or stirring.  A
                 low direct current is applied to the electrodes,
                 and hydrogen peroxide and a reduced form of iron
                 are  added.   The iron and hydrogen peroxide
                 instantaneously react to form free radicals, which
                 oxidize organic contaminants.  Free radicals are
                 also produced by the reaction of the peroxide with
                 solvated  electrons.     The  process  can be
                 significantly enhanced by pH adjustment, periodic
                 current  reversal,  and   use   of  proprietary
                 enhancements.

                 Metals readily adsorb to the iron hydroxide by-
                 product, and the metals can then be separated by
                 precipitation or flocculation. The volume of by-
                 products may be reduced and the metals may be
                 immobilized by heating and phase conversion to
                 hematite. In specific applications, select metals
                 may be plated onto electrodes and recovered.
                                  Contaminated Liquids,
                                    Solids, Slurries (1)
        DC Current (2a)
       Mixing
    Containment
     Vessel (2)
      Acid (3)
    Co-solvent (4)
  Zero Valent Iron (5)
    Ferrous Iron (6)
 Hydrogen Peroxide (7)
                                      Liquid/Solid
                                     Separation (8)
                         Iron
                      Hydroxide (9)
           Metal
       Hydroxides (11)
                  Solids (10)
     Water (12)
Discharge
                           Pilot-Scale Electrochemical Peroxidation System
Page 98
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                               February 1999
                                                                             Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:

This process is  capable of treating liquids and
slurries  containing a variety of contaminants,
including  oxidizable organic  compounds and
metals. The process may be applied to industrial
process  wastes  (textiles,  pulp  and paper, food
industry), landfill leachates, gasoline- or solvent-
contaminated groundwater, pesticide  rinsates, or
other liquid wastes.

STATUS:

The  technology was accepted into the  SITE
Emerging  Technology Program in  November
1993  to evaluate photochemical methods of
destroying PCBs in water and sediment.  The
evaluation was complete in 1995. An Emerging
Technology Report will be available in late 1996.

During  research  related  to  the  initial  SITE
evaluation, which focused on  photocatalytic
processes, a new  technology  (electrochemical
peroxidation) was  discovered.  Electrochemical
peroxidation  has  distinct  advantages  over
photochemical processes, and its development
was  pursued.   A pilot-scale  continuous flow
treatment system  has been constructed with a
local remediation  firm and will be  tested at a
gasoline-contaminated groundwater site  in spring
1997.  If initial tests  are encouraging, in situ
application of the process will be conducted.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Hector Moreno
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
  Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7882
Fax: 513-569-7879

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Ronald Scrudato
Jeffrey Chiarenzelli
Environmental Research Center
319PiezHall
State University of New York at Oswego
Oswego,NY  13126
315-341-3639
Fax:315-341-5346
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 99

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 Technology Profile
                     DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                             STC REMEDIATION, INC.
                 (formerly SILICATE TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION)
               (Organic Stabilization and Chemical Fixation/Solidification)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

STC Remediation, Inc. (STC Remediation), has
developed both chemical organic stabilization and
chemical fixation/solidification technologies that
treat inorganic and organic solid hazardous wastes
(see  photograph below).   Leachable  organic
contaminant concentrations are reduced to well
below regulatory limits. The chemical fixation/
solidification  technology  forms   insoluble
chemical   compounds,   reducing   leachable
inorganic contaminant concentrations in soils and
sludges.

STC  Remediation's  technology   has  been
successfully implemented on numerous full-scale
hazardous   waste    remediation    projects,
successfully stabilizing more than 750,000 tons
                of hazardous soils, sediments, and sludges. These
                sites include Superfund sites and industrial sites
                across the United States and in Italy.

                STC Remediation has evaluated various materials
                handling and mixing systems for use on full-scale
                remediation  projects.     Materials  handling
                processes consist  of pretreatment processes for
                screening and crushing contaminated  soils, and
                placement and conveying systems for handling
                treated  material.   Mixing systems consist  of
                various batching plants, pug mills, and high-shear
                batch mixing systems to properly meter and mix
                reagents  with  contaminated  soils.     STC
                Remediation provides complete treatability study
                services during project development and on site
                technical  services  and/or  contracting services
                during full scale remediation to ensure  effective
                             Treatment of Contaminated Soil
 Page 156
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                                February 1999
                                                                               Completed Project
application  of  the  treatment  technologies,
documentation,  and  quality assurance/quality
control procedures during the treatment process.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

STC Remediation's technology can treat a wide
variety  of  hazardous  soils,   sludges,  and
wastewaters, including the following:

  •  Soils and  sludges  contaminated  with
     inorganics,   including  most   metals,
     cyanides, fluorides, arsenates, chromates,
     and selenium
  •  Soils and  sludges  contaminated  with
     organics,     including     halogenated
     aromatics,     polynuclear    aromatic
     hydrocarbons, and aliphatic compounds
  •  Wastewaters contaminated with heavy
     metals  and  emulsified and  dissolved
     organic  compounds,   excluding  low-
     molecular-weight organic contaminants
     such as alcohols, ketones, and glycols

STATUS:

This technology was accepted  into  the  SITE
Demonstration  Program  in  1988,  and  the
demonstration was completed in November 1990
at the Selma Pressure Treating (SPT) Superfund
site in Selma, California.  STC Remediation was
subsequently   selected  for   the   full-scale
remediation  of  the  SPT  site,  which   is
contaminated    with    organics,    mainly
pentachlorophenol (PCP), and inorganics, mainly
arsenic, chromium, and copper. The Applications
Analysis  Report   (EPA/540/AR-92/010)   is
available  through the National  Technology
Information Service (Order No. PB93-172948).
The     Technology    Evaluation    Report
(EPA/540/R-92/010) and Demonstration Bulletin
(EPA/540/MR-92/010) are available from EPA.

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

The  SITE  demonstration yielded the  following
results:
  •  The  organic  stabilization technology
     reduced   total    extractable    PCP
     concentrations up to 97 percent.
     The    chemical    fixation/stabilization
     technology stabilized  the residual  PCP
     concentrations to very low leachable levels
     (from 5 to less than 0.3 milligrams per liter).
   •  STC    Remediation's    technology
     immobilized arsenic and copper, while
     chromium    remained   well   within
     regulatory  limits.
   •  Long-term  monitoring   at  18   and
     32 months following the demonstration
     project provided comparable results for
     PCP,   arsenic,   and   copper,   while
     chromium    remained   well   within
     regulatory  limits.
   •  The treated wastes had moderately high
     unconfmed   compressive   strength,
     averaging  300 pounds per square inch
     (psi) after  28 days, increasing to more
     than 700 psi after 18 months.
   •  Permeability of the treated waste was less
     than 1.7 x 10"7 centimeters per second).
     The relative cumulative weight loss after
     12 wet/dry and 12 freeze/thaw cycles was
     negligible (less than 1 percent).
   •  Treatment costs depend on specific waste
     characteristics.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT  MANAGER:
Edward Bates
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
   Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH  45268
513-569-7774
Fax: 513-569-7676

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Scott Larsen or Stephen Pegler
STC Remediation, Inc.
7650 East Redfield Road, Suite D-5
Scottsdale, AZ 85260
602-948-7100
Fax:602-991-3173
                                  The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 157

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Technology Profile
              EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                        SVEDALA INDUSTRIES, INC.
               (PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:
          PYROKILN
THERMAL
The      	
ENCAPSULATION  process  is  designed  to
improve conventional rotary kiln incineration of
hazardous  waste.    The  process  introduces
inorganic  additives  (fluxing agents)  with  the
waste to promote incipient slagging or thermal
encapsulating reactions near the kiln discharge.
The thermal encapsulation is augmented using
other  additives  in either the kiln or in the air
pollution control (APC) baghouse to stabilize the
metals in the fly ash.  The process is designed to
(1) immobilize the metals remaining in the kiln
ash, (2) produce an easily handled nodular form of
ash, and (3) stabilize metals in the fly ash, while
avoiding the problems normally experienced with
higher temperature "slagging kiln" operations.

The basis of this process is thermal encapsulation.
Thermal encapsulation traps metals in a controlled
melting process operating
in the temperature range between slagging and
nonslagging modes, producing ash nodules that
are 0.25- to 0.75-inch in diameter.

The figure below illustrates the process. Wastes
containing organic and metallic contaminants are
incinerated in a rotary kiln. Metals (in particular,
those with high melting points) are trapped in the
bottom  ash  from the kiln through the use of
fluxing agents that promote agglomeration with
controlled nodulizing.

The      PYROKILN      THERMAL
ENCAPSULATION process may reduce leaching
of  metals  to   levels below  EPA  toxicity
characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) limits
for metals.    Metals with  low melting  and
vaporization temperatures, such as arsenic, lead,
and zinc,  are  expected to partially volatilize,
partitioning between the bottom ash and the fly
ash.  Metals concentrated in the fly ash may be
stabilized,  if necessary, by adding reagents to the
kiln and to the APC system to reduce leaching to
             Contaminated
             Bulk Materials
                             Rotary Kiln
                                                                       Decontaminated
                        PYROKILN THERMAL ENCAPSULATION Process
Page  100
   The SITE Program assesses but does not
     approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                                 February 1999
                                                                               Completed Project
below TCLP limits. This process may also reduce
the total dust load to the APC system and the
amount of particulate emissions from the stack.

The use of fluxing reagents is a key element in
this  technology.    The   fluxing  agents  are
introduced into the kiln in the proper amount and
type to lower the  ash's softening temperature.
Proper kiln design is required to allow the kiln
outlet to function as an ash agglomerator. Good
temperature control  is required  to  keep  the
agglomerates at the correct particle size, yielding
the desired 0.25-  to  0.75-inch  nodules.   By
producing nodules, rather than a molten slag, the
process is expected to prevent operating problems
such   as  ash  quenching,  overheating,   and
premature refractory failure. The process should
also simplify cooling, handling, and conveying of
the ash.

The  controlled   nodulizing   process  should
immobilize  metals  with  high boiling  points.
Lead,  zinc,  and  other   metals with  lower
volatilization temperatures tend to exit the kiln as
fine fumes.  Reagents can be injected into the kiln,
the APC devices, or a final  solids mixer to aid in
the collection of these metals from the gas stream.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The technology is intended for soils and sludges
contaminated with organics and metals. As with
other rotary kiln systems, the process is expected
to destroy  a broad range of organic species,
including   halogenated  and  nonhalogenated
organics and  petroleum   products.   Svedala
Industries, Inc., claims  that metals that may be
encapsulated or  stabilized include antimony,
arsenic, barium, beryllium, cadmium, chromium,
copper, lead, nickel, selenium, silver, thallium,
and zinc.

STATUS:

This technology was  accepted into  the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in March 1990.
A final report has been prepared, and a technical
paper summarizing the project was presented in
1994  at  the  Air  and  Waste  Management
Association 87th Annual Meeting and Exhibition
in Cincinnati, Ohio.   The final  report  was
published in the July 1995 issue of the Journal of
the Air and Waste Management Association.

A synthetic soil matrix was created for the batch
rotary kiln tests.  Feed preparation  was a key
element in nodule production. These tests yielded
nodules with appropriate crush  strength.  Test
results showed a decrease in TCLP metal leachate
levels with increasing crush strength.

An analytical method involving microwave-aided
digestion was used to evaluate samples produced
in a second batch kiln test program.  This method
provided excellent, consistent results, indicating
leachability below TCLP limits.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Marta K. Richards
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
  Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7692
Fax: 513-569-7676

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Jim Kidd
Svedala Industries, Inc.
20965 Crossroads Circle
Waukesha,WI 53186
414-798-6341
Fax:414-798-6211

Glenn Heian
Svedala Industries, Inc.
  Process Research and Test Center
9180 Fifth Avenue
Oak Creek, WI 53154
414-762-1190
Fax: 414-764-3443
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                Page 101

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 Technology Profile
                      DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                  TERRA-KLEEN RESPONSE GROUP, INC.
                            (Solvent Extraction Treatment System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

Terra-Kleen Response Group, Inc. (Terra-Kleen),
developed the solvent extraction treatment system
to remove semivolatile and nonvolatile organic
contaminants from soil.  This  batch process
system  uses a  proprietary  solvent  blend  to
separate  hazardous  constituents  from  soils,
sediments, sludge, and debris.

A flow diagram of the Terra-Kleen treatment
system is shown below. Treatment begins after
excavated soil is loaded into the solvent extraction
tanks. Clean solvent from the solvent storage tank
is pumped into the extraction tanks.  The soil and
solvent mixture is held in the extraction tanks
long enough to solubilize organic contaminants
into the solvent, separating them from the soil.
The contaminant-laden solvent is then removed
from the extraction tanks and  pumped into the
sedimentation tank. Suspended solids settle or are
flocculated in the sedimentation tank, and are then
removed.

Following  solvent  extraction  of  the organic
contaminants, any residual solvent in the soil is
removed  using  soil  vapor  extraction  and
biological  treatment.    Soil  vapor extraction
removes the  majority  of the residual solvent,
while  biological  treatment  reduces   residual
                solvent to trace levels. The treated soils are then
                removed from the extraction tanks.

                Contaminant-laden solvents are cleaned for reuse
                by  Terra-Kleen's solvent regeneration  process.
                The solvent  regeneration  process  begins by
                pumping contaminant-laden  solvent from  the
                sedimentation tank through a microfiltration unit
                and a proprietary solvent purification station. The
                microfiltration unit  first removes  any fines
                remaining in the solvent. The solvent purification
                station separates organic contaminants from the
                solvent and  concentrates them,  reducing  the
                amount of hazardous waste for off-site disposal.
                The solvent is pumped into the solvent storage
                tank for use in treating additional soil.

                WASTE  APPLICABILITY:

                The Terra-Kleen  solvent extraction treatment
                system is a  waste minimization process designed
                to remove  the following organic  contaminants
                from soils:   polychlorinated  biphenyls (PCB),
                chlorinated  pesticides,  polynuclear  aromatic
                hydrocarbons    (PAH),    pentachlorophenol,
                creosote,   polychlorinated   dibenzo-p-dioxins
                (PCDD),     chlorinated     pesticides,    and
                polychlorinated  dibenzofurans (PCDF).   The
                system is transportable and can be configured to
                treat small  quantities of soil  (1 to 1,000 cubic
                          1 Ton
                        Untreated Soil
  1 Ton
 Untreated Soil
 1 Ton
Untreated Soil
                                    ,
                      I  liquid  chiller vapor
                      ' filtration condenser pump _ '
             CONTAMINANT-LADEN,,
                   SOLVENT
              ATMOSPHERE
                          -»» Untreated Soil
                          —* Wash Solvent
                          • > iir.nrf^l™^
                                          SEDIMENTATION TANK
                    MICROFILTRATION  SOLVENT
                        UNIT   PURIFICATION
                               STATION
                                                                             CLEAN SOLVENT
                                                                             STORAGE TANK
                                 Solvent Extraction Treatment System
 Page  158
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                                February 1999
                                                                               Completed Project
yards)  as  well as large  volumes generated at
remedial sites.

STATUS:

The  solvent extraction treatment  system was
demonstrated during May and June 1994 at Naval
Air Station North Island (NASNI) Site 4 in San
Diego,  California.    Soils   at  Site  4  are
contaminated with heavy metals, volatile organic
compounds (VOC), PCBs (Aroclor 1260), and
furans.        The    Technology    Capsule
(EPA/540/R-94/52 la) and Demonstration Bulletin
(EPA/540/MR-94/521) are available from EPA.
The Innovative Technology Evaluation Report is
available from EPA.

Several full-scale solvent extraction units are in
operation at this time. Terra-Kleen has removed
PCBs from 10,000 tons of soil at three sites within
NASNI, and completed cleanup of a remote Air
Force Base PCB  site in Alaska. A full-scale
system has also removed DDT, ODD, and DDE
from  clay  soil at the  Naval Communication
Station in Stockton, California.

Terra-Kleen has been selected to participate in the
Rapid Commercialization Initiative  (RCI).  RCI
was created by the Department  of Commerce,
Department of Defense, Department of Energy
(DOE), and EPA to assist in the integration of
innovative  technologies  into the marketplace.
Under  RCI,   Terra-Kleen  is  expanding  its
capabilities to process PCBs and VOCs in low-
level radioactive wastes. The pilot project for this
effort will begin in early 1997 at DOE's Fernald
Plant near Cincinnati,  Ohio.

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

Findings  from the   SITE demonstration  are
summarized as follows:

  •  PCB Aroclor 1260 concentrations were
     reduced   from   an  average   of  144
     milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg) to less
     than 1.71  mg/kg,  an overall  removal
     efficiency of 98.8 percent.
   •  NASNI  untreated  soil  contained  a
     moisture  content  of 0.83  percent;  a
     particle size distribution of 80 percent
     sand,  15 percent gravel, and 5 percent
     clay;  and  an  overall oil  and grease
     concentration of 780 mg/kg.
   •  Hexachlorodibenzofuran     and
     pentachlorodibenzofuran concentrations
     were reduced by 92.7 percent and 84.0
     percent,  respectively.   Oil  and grease
     concentrations  were  reduced  by  65.9
     percent.

Additional  data were  collected  at the Naval
Communication Station in Stockton, California.
The  system treated soil  contaminated  with
chlorinated pesticides at concentrations up  to
600  mg/kg.   Samples taken  during  system
operation indicated that soil contaminated with
ODD, DDE, and DDT was  reduced below 1
mg/kg, an overall removal efficiency of 98.8 to
99.8 percent.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT  MANAGER:
Mark Meckes or Terrence Lyons
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
   Laboratory
26 West Martin  Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH  45268
513-569-7348 or 513-569-7589
Fax: 513-569-7328 or 513-569-7676

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Alan Cash
Terra-Kleen Response Group, Inc.
3970 B Sorrento Valley  Blvd.
San Diego, CA 92121
619-558-8762
Fax: 619-558-8759
                                  The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 159

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 Technology Profile
                      DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                                         TERRA VAC
                           (In Situ and Ex Situ Vacuum Extraction)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

In situ or ex situ vacuum extraction is a process
that removes volatile organic compounds (VOC)
and  many  semivolatile  organic  compounds
(SVOC) from the vadose,  or unsaturated, soil
zone.  These compounds can often be removed
from the vadose  zone before they contaminate
groundwater. Soil piles  also may be cleaned by
ex situ vacuum extraction.  The in situ vacuum
extraction process has been patented by others and
licensed to Terra Vac and others in the United
States.

The  extraction  process  uses readily  available
equipment, including extraction and monitoring
wells, manifold piping, air-liquid separators, and
vacuum pumps.  Vacuum extraction systems may
vent directly to  the atmosphere or through an
emission control device.  After the contaminated
area is generally characterized, extraction wells
are installed and  connected by piping to the
vacuum extraction and vapor treatment systems.

First, a vacuum pump creates a vacuum in the soil
causing in  situ  volatilization  and draws air
through the  subsurface.    Contaminants  are
removed from the extraction wells and pass to the
                air-liquid    separator.      The   vapor-phase
                contaminants may be treated with an activated
                carbon adsorption filter, a catalytic oxidizer, or
                another emission control system before the gases
                are discharged to the atmosphere.  Subsurface
                vacuum  and  soil  vapor  concentrations  are
                monitored with vadose zone monitoring wells.

                The  technology   can  be   used  in  most
                hydrogeological  settings and  may  reduce  soil
                contaminant levels from saturated conditions to
                nondetectable.    The process  also  works  in
                fractured bedrock and less permeable soils (clays)
                with sufficient permeability. The process may be
                used to enhance bioremediation (bioventing). It
                also may be  used  in  conjunction  with  dual
                vacuum  extraction,  soil  heating,  pneumatic
                fracturing, and chemical oxidation to recover a
                wide range of contaminants.  The figure below
                illustrates  one  possible  configuration  of  the
                process.

                Typical contaminant recovery rates range from 20
                to 2,500 pounds (10 to 1,000 kilograms) per day,
                depending on the degree of site contamination and
                the design of the vacuum extraction system.
                                                           VAPOR PHASE
                                                         CARBON CANISTERS
                                       TO
                                     ATMOSPHERE
                            DUAL VACUUM
                           EXTRACTION WELLS
                               In Situ Dual Vacuum Extraction Process
 Page  160
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                                February 1999
                                                                              Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The vacuum extraction technology may treat soils
containing virtually any VOC.  It has removed
over 40  types  of chemicals  from soils and
ground-water, including solvents and gasoline- and
diesel-range hydrocarbons.

STATUS:

The  process was accepted  into  the   SITE
Demonstration Program in 1987. The process was
demonstrated under the SITE Demonstration
Program at the Groveland Wells Superfund site in
Groveland, Massachusetts, from December 1987
through April 1988. The technology remediated
soils contaminated with trichloroethene (TCE).
The     Technology    Evaluation     Report
(EPA/540/5-89/003a) and Applications Analysis
Report (EPA/540/A5-89/003) are available from
EPA.

The  vacuum  extraction  process  was  first
demonstrated at a Superfund site in Puerto Rico in
1984.  Terra Vac has since applied the technology
at more than 20 additional Superfund sites and at
more than 700 other waste  sites throughout the
United States, Europe, and Japan.

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

During the Groveland Wells SITE demonstration,
four extraction wells pumped contaminants to the
process system.   During  a 56-day  period,
1,300   pounds  of VOCs,  mainly TCE,  were
extracted from both highly permeable strata and
less permeable  (10~7  centimeters per second)
clays.  The vacuum extraction process achieved
nondetectable VOC levels at some locations and
reduced the VOC concentration in soil gas
by 95 percent.  Average reductions of soil
concentrations during the demonstration program
were 92 percent for sandy soils and 90 percent for
clays.  Field evaluations yielded the following
conclusions:
  •  Permeability of soils is an important
     consideration   when   applying  this
     technology.
  •  Pilot demonstrations are necessary  at
     sites  with   complex   geology   or
     contaminant distributions.
  •  Treatment costs are typically $40 per ton
     of soil but can range from less than $ 10 to
     $80 per ton of soil, depending on the size
     of the site  and the  requirements for gas
     effluent or wastewater treatment.
  •  Contaminants  should have a  Henry's
     constant of 0.001 or higher.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Joseph A. Pezzullo
Vice President
Terra Vac
Windsor Industrial Park, Building 15
92 N. Main Street
P.O. Box 468
Windsor, NJ 08561-0468
609-371-0070
Fax: 609-371-9446
E-mail: jpezzullO@aol.com

Esteban Garcia
Corporation Marketing Manager
Terra Vac
17821 Mitchell Avenue
Irvine, CA 92614-6003
714-252-8900
Fax: 714-252-8901
E-mail: esteban@terravac.com
Home page: www.terravac.com
                                         Bologies.
                                Page 161

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 Technology Profile
                      DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                                       TEXACO INC.
                                 (Texaco Gasification Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The  Texaco Gasification Process (TOP)  is an
entrained-bed,  noncatalytic, partial  oxidation
process in which carbonaceous substances react at
elevated temperatures and pressures, producing a
gas  containing mainly  carbon  monoxide and
hydrogen (see figure below). This product, called
synthesis gas,  can be  used to produce  other
chemicals or can be burned as fuel.  Inorganic
materials in the feed melt are removed as a
glass-like slag.

This technology has operated commercially for
over 40 years with feedstocks such as natural gas,
heavy oil, coal, and petroleum coke.  The TOP
processes waste feedstocks at pressures above 20
atmospheres and temperatures between 2,200 and
2,800 °F.
                Slurried  wastes  are pumped to  a  specially
                designed injector mounted at the top of the refrac-
                tory-lined gasifier.  The waste feed, oxygen, and
                an auxiliary fuel such  as  coal react  and flow
                downward  through the gasifier  to a  quench
                chamber that  collects  the slag.   The  slag  is
                eventually removed through a lockhopper.   A
                scrubber further cools and cleans the synthesis
                gas.   Fine  particulate  matter removed by the
                scrubber may be recycled to the gasifier;  a sulfur
                recovery system may also be added.

                After the TOP converts organic materials  into
                synthesis gas, the cooled, water-scrubbed  product
                gas,  consisting mainly of hydrogen and carbon
                monoxide, essentially contains no hydrocarbons
                heavier than methane.   Metals and other ash
                constituents become part of the glassy slag.
                                                                          Solids-Free
                                                                               Purge Water
                                                                               to Treatment
                                                                                or Recycle
                                    Texaco Gasification Process
 Page  162
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                                February 1999
                                                                              Completed Project
The TOP can be configured as a transportable
system capable of processing about 100 tons of
hazardous waste per day.  This system would
produce about 6 million standard cubic feet of
usable synthesis gas per day with a heating value
of approximately 250 British thermal units per
standard cubic foot.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The TOP can treat the following wastes:

   •  Contaminated   soils,  sludges,    and
     sediments that contain both organic and
     inorganic constituents
   •  Chemical wastes
   •  Petroleum residues

Solids in the feed are ground and pumped in a
slurry containing 40  to 70 percent solids by
weight and 30 to 60 percent liquid, usually water.

Texaco has demonstrated gasification  of coal
liquefaction residues, petroleum production tank
bottoms, municipal sewage sludge, and surrogate
contaminated  soil.    Texaco  is operating  a
gasification facility at  its El  Dorado,  Kansas
refinery that will convert up to 170 tons per day of
petroleum coke  and Resource  Conservation and
Recovery Act-listed refinery wastes into usable
synthesis gas.

STATUS:

The   TOP  was  accepted  into the  SITE
Demonstration  Program  in  July 1991.   A
demonstration was conducted in January 1994 at
Texaco's  Montebello  Research  Laboratory in
California using a mixture of clean soil, coal, and
contaminated  soil from the Purity Oil Sales
Superfund site, located in Fresno, California. The
mixture  was  slurried  and spiked with lead,
barium, and chlorobenzene. Forty tons of slurry
was gasified  during three demonstration runs.
The   Demonstration Bulletin  (EPA/540/MR-
95/514),       Technology     Capsule
(EPA/540/R-94/514a),      and     Innovative
Technology  Evaluation Report  (EPA/540/R-
94/514) are available from EPA.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

Findings from  the SITE  demonstration are
summarized below:

  •  The average  composition  of the  dry
     synthesis gas product from  the  TOP
     consisted  of  37  percent  hydrogen,
     36  percent   carbon   monoxide,   and
     21 percent carbon  dioxide.   The only
     remaining  organic contaminant greater
     than  0.1 part per  million  (ppm) was
     methane at 55 ppm.
  •  The destruction and removal efficiency
     for    the   volatile   organic   spike
     (chlorobenzene) was  greater than the
     99.99 percent goal.
  •  Samples of  the  primary  TOP  solid
     product, coarse slag, averaged below the
     Toxicity    Characteristic    Leaching
     Procedure  (TCLP)  limits for lead (5
     milligrams per liter  [mg/L]) and barium
     (100   mg/L).   Volatile  heavy metals
     tended to partition to and concentrate in
     the secondary TOP  solid products, fine
     slag and clarifier solids. These secondary
     products were above the TCLP limit for
     lead.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Marta K. Richards
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
  Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati,  OH 45268
513-569-7692
Fax: 513-569-7676

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Tim Leininger
Montebello Technology Center
Texaco Global Gas & Power
329 N. Durfee Avenue
S. El Monte, CA 91733
562-699-0948
Fax: 562-699-7408
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                Page 163

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Technology Profile
           EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                              THERMATRIX, INC.
                                (formerly PURUS, INC.)
                             (Photolytic Oxidation Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The  photolytic  oxidation  process  indirectly
destroys volatile  organic compounds (VOC) in
soil and groundwater. The process uses a xenon
pulsed-plasma flash-lamp  that  emits   short
wavelength ultraviolet (UV) light at very high
intensities.  The process strips the contaminants
into  the vapor phase, and  the  UV treatment
converts   the  VOCs  into  less   hazardous
compounds.

Photolysis occurs when contaminants absorb
sufficient UV light energy, transforming electrons
to higher energy  states and breaking molecular
bonds (see figure below).   Hydroxyl radicals,
however, are not formed.  The process requires
the UV light source  to emit  wavelengths in the
regions absorbed  by  the contaminant.  An inno-
vative feature of this technology  is its ability to
shift the  UV spectral output  to optimize the
photolysis.

The  process  uses  vacuum  extraction or  air
stripping  to  volatilize  VOCs  from  soils  or
groundwater, respectively. VOCs then enter the
photolysis reactor,  where a xenon  flashlamp
generates UV light.  The plasma is produced by
pulse discharge of electrical energy across two
electrodes in  the lamp.   Ninety-nine percent
destruction occurs   within  seconds,  allowing
continuous  operation.   Because organics are
destroyed in the vapor phase, the process uses
                less energy than a system treating dissolved
                organics.

                WASTE APPLICABILITY:

                The photolytic oxidation process is designed to
                destroy VOCs, including dichloroethene (DCE),
                tetrachloroethene (PCE), trichloroethene (TCE),
                and vinyl chloride volatilized from  soil  or
                groundwater.  Destruction of other VOCs, such as
                benzene,     carbon     tetrachloride,     and
                1,1,1-trichloroethane, is under investigation.

                 STATUS:

                The photolytic oxidation process was accepted
                into the SITE Emerging Technology Program in
                March  1991.   Field  testing  of  a full-scale
                prototype began in October 1991. The test was
                conducted at the Lawrence Livermore National
                Laboratory Superfund site in California. The site
                contains  soil  zones highly contaminated with
                TCE.

                During the field test, a vacuum extraction system
                delivered contaminated air to the unit at air flows
                up to 500 cubic feet per minute (cfm). Initial TCE
                concentrations in the air were approximately 250
                parts per million by volume. The  contaminant
                removal goal for the treatment  was 99 percent.
                Vapor-phase   carbon   filters   were   placed
                downstream of the unit to satisfy California Air
                Quality      emission      control
                 Cl
  xc = cx
Cl/      \
    TCE
,ci

 H
                                            UV
                              CO2+ HCI
                                    UV Photolysis of TCE
Page  102
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

-------
                                                                              February 1999
                                                                             Completed Project
requirements during the field test. Test results are
discussed   below.     The   Final   Report
(EPA/540/R-93/516),  the   Summary  Report
(EPA/540/SR-93/516),  and  the   Technology
Bulletin   (EPA/540/F-93/501)    have    been
published.

The low-wavelength UV emissions allowed direct
photolysis  of   many   VOCs,   particularly
chlorinated compounds and freons, that would not
have been possible with commercial mercury
vapor lamps. TCE, PCE, and DCE were quickly
destroyed. To be rapidly photolyzed, some VOCs
require photosensitization or an  even  lower-
wavelength light source.

TCE results are shown in the table below.  TCE
removal  yielded  undesirable  intermediates.
Greater than 85 percent of the TCE chain photo-
oxidation  product  is dichloroacetyl chloride
(DCAC).  Further oxidation of DCAC is about
100 times slower than TCE photolysis and forms
dichlorocarbonyl (DCC) at about 20 percent yield.
At this treatment level, the  DCC concentration
may be excessive, requiring additional treatment.
       Further   studies  should  focus   on  (1)  the
       effectiveness of dry or wet scrubbers for removing
       acidic photo-oxidation products, (2) development
       of thermal or other methods for posttreatment of
       products  such as  DCAC, and (3) the use of
       shorter-wavelength UV lamps or catalysts to treat
       a broader range of VOCs.

       FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

       EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
       Norma Lewis
       U.S. EPA
       National Risk Management Research
         Laboratory
       26 West Martin Luther King Drive
       Cincinnati, OH 45268
       513-569-7665
       Fax: 513-569-7787

       TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
       Steve McAdams
       Thermatrix, Inc.
       101 Metro Drive, Suite 248
       San Jose,  CA 95110
       408-453-0490
       Fax: 408-453-0492
                       TCE PHOTOLYSIS  FIELD TEST RESULTS
Freq. No. of
fHz) Chambers
30
30
30
30
15
15
5
5
1
1
4
4
4
2
4
2
4
2
4
2
Flow
fcfm)
103
97
95
106
97
103
95
103
106
103
Res.
Time
fsec)
9.6
10.1
10.4
4.6
10.1
4.8
10.4
4.8
9.3
4.8
TCE
Input
fppmv)
78.4
108.5
98.3
91.7
106.8
101.3
104.9
101.4
101.7
98.5
TCE
Output
fppmv)
dl
dl
dl
0.07
dl
dl
dl
dl
0.85
13.23
TCE
Destruction
{%)
>99.99
>99.99
>99.99
99.92
>99.99
>99.99
>99.99
>99.9
99.16
86.57
DCC
Yield
fppmv)
nd
21.3
25.6
15.9
22.8
12.6
8.7
9.4
12.5
6.8
DCAC
Yield
fppmv)
20.2
26.5
34
49.2
nd
65.3
75.7
76.3
83.2
84.9
Chlorine
Balance
fMole%)
78.8
106.2
114.5
91.1
nd
86.2
90.0
88.8
90.3
93.3
Notes:   Hz   = Hertz
        cfm  = cubic feet per minute
        sec  = seconds
        ppmv = parts per million volume
dl  = detection limit
nd = not detected
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                  approve or endorse technologies.
                                      Page 103

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 Technology Profile
                      DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                     TORONTO HARBOUR COMMISSION
                                         (Soil Recycling)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The Toronto Harbour Commission's (THC) soil
recycling process removes inorganic and organic
contaminants from soil to produce a reusable fill
material (see photograph  below).  The process
consists of three technologies operating in series:
a soil  washing technology; a  technology  that
removes  inorganic contamination by chelation;
and  a  technology  that  uses  chemical  and
biological   treatment   to   reduce   organic
contaminants.

The process uses an attrition soil wash plant to
remove relatively uncontaminated coarse  soil
fractions using mineral processing equipment
while concentrating  the contaminants in a  fine
slurry which is routed to the appropriate process
for further treatment. The wash  process includes
a trommel washer to remove clean gravel,
                hydrocyclones to separate the contaminated fines,
                an attrition scrubber to free  fines from  sand
                particles, and a density separator to remove coal
                and peat from the sand fraction.

                If only inorganic contaminants are present, the
                slurry can be treated in the inorganic chelator unit.
                This  process  uses an  acid leach to free the
                inorganic contaminant from the fine  slurry and
                then  removes the metal using solid  chelating
                agent pellets  in  a patented  countercurrent
                contactor.   The  metals  are  recovered by
                electrowinning   from  the   chelation   agent
                regenerating liquid.

                Organic  removal  is  accomplished  by  first
                chemically pretreating the slurry from the wash
                plant or  the  metal removal  process.   Next,
                biological treatment is applied in upflow slurry
                reactors using the bacteria which have developed
                   Soil Washing Plant (Metal Extraction Screwtubes in Foreground
                               and Bioslurry Reactors in Background)
 Page 164
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                                 February 1999
                                                                                Completed Project
naturally  in  the  soils.   The treated  soil is
dewatered using hydrocyclones and returned to
the site from which it was excavated.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The technology is designed to reduce organic and
inorganic contaminants in soils. The process train
approach is  most useful when sites  have been
contaminated as a result of multiple uses over a
period of time.  Typical sites where the process
train  might  be  used  include  refinery  and
petroleum storage facilities,  sites with metal
processing and metal recycling histories,  and
manufactured gas and coal or coke processing and
storage sites. The process is less suited to soils
with  undesirable  high  inorganic constituents
which result  from the inherent mineralogy of the
soils.

STATUS:

The THC soil recycling process was accepted into
the SITE Demonstration Program in  1991. The
soil recycling process was demonstrated at a site
within the Toronto Port Industrial District that had
been  used for metals finishing and  refinery
products and petroleum storage.  Demonstration
sampling took place in April and May 1992.

Results have  been published in the Demonstration
Bulletin (EPA/520-MR-92/015), the Applications
Analysis   Report   (EPA/540-AR-93/517),  the
Technology      Evaluation      Report
(EPA/540/R-93/517),   and   the   Technology
Demonstration Summary (EPA/540/SR-93/517).
These reports are available from EPA.

This technology is no longer available through a
vendor.    For further information  on  the
technology, contact the EPA Project Manager.

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

The  demonstration results showed that  soil
washing produced clean coarse soil fractions and
concentrated the contaminants in the fine slurry.
The chemical treatment process and biological
slurry reactors, when operated on a batch basis
with a nominal 35-day retention time, achieved at
least   a  90  percent  reduction  in  simple
polyaromatic hydrocarbon compounds such as
naphthalene, but did not meet the approximately
75 percent reduction in benzo(a)pyrene required
to achieve the cleanup  criteria.

The biological process discharge did not meet the
cleanup criteria for oil and grease, and the process
exhibited virtually no removal of this parameter.
THC believes that the  high outlet oil and grease
values are the result of the analytical extraction of
the biomass developed during the process.

The hydrocyclone dewatering device did not
achieve significant dewatering.   Final process
slurries were returned to the excavation site in
liquid form.

The metals removal process achieved a removal
efficiency for toxic heavy metals such as copper,
lead,  mercury, and  nickel  of approximately
70 percent.

The  metals  removal  process equipment  and
chelating agent were fouled by free oil and grease
contamination,   forcing   sampling   to   end
prematurely.   Biological treatment or physical
separation of oil and grease will be required to
avoid such fouling.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Teri Richardson
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
  Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7949
Fax:513-569-7105
                                  The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page  165

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Technology Profile
           EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
      TRINITY ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
            (PCB- and Organochlorine-Contaminated Soil Detoxification)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

This technology uses an aprotic solvent,  other
reagents,   and    heat   to    dehalogenate
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) in solids to inert
biphenyl and  chloride salts (see  figure below).
First, solid material is sized to allow better contact
between the reagents and PCBs. In a continuous
flow reactor,  the soils are  heated to drive off
excess water.  Reagents are then added to destroy
the PCBs.

The  reagent,  consisting of a solvent  and  an
inorganic  alkali  material,  completely   strips
chlorine from the PCB molecule.  Excess alkali
can be easily  neutralized and is reusable in the
process.  Treated soil can be returned to the
excavation once analytical results show that PCBs
have been destroyed.

Gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy analyses
of processed PCB materials show that the process
produces no toxic or hazardous products.
                A chlorine  balance  confirms  that PCBs  are
                completely dehalogenated.  To further confirm
                chemical  dehalogenation, inorganic  and total
                organic chloride analyses are also used.  The
                average total chloride recovery for treated soils is
                greater than 90 percent.

                The  commercial process is expected to be less
                costly than incineration but more expensive than
                land disposal.  Since no stack emissions  are
                produced,  permitting   the   process  for  a
                remediation would be easier than incineration.

                WASTE APPLICABILITY:

                The  process can treat many different solid and
                sludge-type  materials contaminated with PCB
                Aroclor  mixtures,  specific  PCB  congeners,
                pentachlorophenol,  and  individual chlorinated
                dioxin isomers.   However,  other chlorinated
                hydrocarbons such as pesticides, herbicides, and
                polychlorinated dibenzofurans  could  also  be
                treated by this technology.
PCB
Contaminated
Soil


Soil Particle
Sizing
.
1
Particle
Screening
'



'


Alkali
Reagent
1
Soil Heated
to Remove
Moisture
1
PCBs
Removed
From Water
1
PCB Solids
into Process




Aprotic

1
Heat
Maintained
to Promote
Dehalogenation
Reaction




w


Solvent Purified
to Remove
Any Soil Fines
T
Solvent
Recovered from
Non-PCB Soil 	 )

Water

T
Acid

Excess Alkali
in Non-PCB Soil
is Neutralized

Acidified Water
* Added to Soil

                                 PCB Soil Detoxification Process
Page 104
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

-------
                                                                                February 1999
                                                                               Completed Project
STATUS:

This technology was  accepted  into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in July 1990. The
current system was developed by researchers in
early  1991, after the original  aqueous, caustic-
based system proved  ineffective at  destroying
PCBs.

The SITE project was completed in 1992.  Trinity
is  investigating  further improvements  to  the
technology.    Due to  cost limitations,  no
commercialization of the investigated process is
expected. A final report will not be published.

In bench-scale studies, synthetically contaminated
materials have been  processed to  eliminate
uncertainties in initial PCB concentration.  This
chemical process has reduced PCB concentrations
from 2,000 parts per million (ppm) to less than 2
ppm in about 30 minutes using moderate power
input.   Further  laboratory  experiments  are
underway to determine the reaction mechanism
and  to  enhance PCB destruction.   Through
additional experimentation, Trinity Environmental
Technologies, Inc., expects to reduce processing
time through better temperature  control, more
efficient mixing, and possibly more  aggressive
reagents.
A modular pilot-scale processor has been planned
that uses several heating zones to preheat and dry
the  contaminated  soil,   followed  by   PCB
destruction.  The pilot process would be capable
of processing 1 ton per hour initially. Additional
modules  could be  added  to  increase process
capacity, as  needed. Contaminated soils  from
actual sites will be  used to test the pilot-scale
processor    instead   of   the   synthetically
contaminated soils used in bench-scale testing.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
  Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
Fax: 513-569-7105
E-Mail: dePercin.Paul@epamail.epa.gov

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Duane Koszalka
Trinity Environmental Technologies, Inc.
62 East First Street
Mound Valley, KS 67354
316-328-3222
Fax: 316-328-2033
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                Page  105

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 Technology Profile
                      DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                  UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA - LINCOLN
                           (Center Pivot Spray Irrigation System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

Spray irrigation technology with "center pivots"
and "linear" systems can be used to remediate
groundwater contaminated with volatile organic
compounds (VOC). The technology is commonly
used to apply irrigation water to vegetable and
row crops. While the systems were introduced to
irrigate hilly terrain and excessively well-drained
soils, the technology has been adapted in both
groundwater quality and quantity management
areas as  a best management  practice.  This
technology severely reduces  water  application
rates  and  leaching relative to  flood irrigation
techniques.

The systems consist of an elevated pipeline with
nozzles placed at close intervals. Groundwater is
pumped  through the  pipeline  and  sprayed
uniformly over a field as the  pipeline pivots or
linearly passes over the cropped area.  The typical
pump rate is between 800 and 2,000 gallons per
minute (gpm). These self-propelled systems are
highly mechanized and have low
                labor and operating requirements. The systems do
                not require level ground, and start-up costs are
                low.

                The sprinkler method applies water over the
                irrigated  area with  a  fine  spray  (see  the
                photograph below).  Water coverage over the
                irrigated area is controlled by the speed with
                which the "pivot"  or "linear" system travels
                across the field.   The heart of the sprinkler
                irrigation system is the nozzle, which has a small
                opening through which a high-velocity stream of
                water  is emitted.  As the  high-velocity water
                stream leaves the nozzle, it strikes an impact pad
                and forms a thin film of water. The thin film of
                water produced by these pads breaks up into small
                droplets as it leaves the impact pad. Droplet size
                depends on the stream pressure and design of the
                impact pad.

                The system  used in the SITE  demonstration
                program was  a center pivot and was located on a
                seed-corn field in  Hastings, Nebraska.   The
                system was equipped with off-the-shelf, fog-
                             Center Pivot spray Irrigation System
 Page 170
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                                 February 1999
                                                                                Completed Project
producing impact pads for improved volatilization
efficiency.

A stratified water droplet collector (SWDC)
simultaneously collected spray at four fall heights
above  ground level,  and  was  specifically
contracted for this project by the Dutton-Lainson
Company in Hastings, Nebraska.   With  this
device, droplets were collected at heights of 1.5,
4.5, 7.5, and 10.5 feet above the ground surface.
Twelve  SWDCs were installed parallel to the
pivot arm to  determine average volatilization
efficiencies from the 340 nozzles on the pivot
arm.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The  sprinkler  irrigation system  is capable of
remediating  VOC-contaminated groundwater.
Removal rates  in excess of 95 percent have been
demonstrated for groundwater containing ethylene
dibromide (EDB), trichloroethene (TCE), 1,1,1-
trichloroethane (TCA), and carbon tetrachloride
(CT). The method will efficiently volatilize all
common volatiles in groundwater that  may
originate from landfills, degreasers, dry cleaners,
electrical industries, gas stations, or refineries.
The residuals are transferred to the atmosphere
where they are dispersed and most are rapidly
degraded in ultraviolet light.

The  technique may  be limited to individual
groundwater VOC concentrations that are  less
than 1 part per million if residual concentrations
of VOCs are mandated to be near or below the
maximum contaminant level prior to reaching the
ground surface. Otherwise, the technique can be
used in any agricultural setting  where sufficient
groundwater and irrigatable land are available.

STATUS:

The  Center  Pivot Spray Irrigation  system was
accepted into the SITE Demonstration Program in
late 1995. Under a University of Nebraska proj ect
funded by the Cooperative State Research Service
of the Department of Agriculture, field tests were
completed in the summers of 1994 and
1995 in a seed-corn field in Hastings, Nebraska.
The technology was demonstrated under the SITE
Program in July 1996 at the North Landfill/FAR-
MAR-CO Subsite in Hastings, Nebraska. The 50-
acre site is a furrow-irrigated corn field underlain
by commingled plumes of groundwater containing
EDB, TCE, TCA,  CT, 1,1-dichloroethene, and
chloroform.     The   primary  goal  of  the
demonstration was to determine the efficiency of
the system to remediate VOCs in groundwater to
concentrations below the maximum contaminant
levels.   The results of this  demonstration are
available in the Innovative Technology Evaluation
Report (EPA/540/R-09/502).

Clients involved in  large pump-and-treat projects
at several military bases are investigating the
suitability  of the  system  to  their specific site
situations.  Potential  clients include the U.S.
Navy, the Army Corps of Engineers, and several
state agencies. The technology is currently being
used  at  the  Lindsey Manufacturing  site  in
Nebraska and near some  grain elevators being
remediated by Argonne Laboratory.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Teri Richardson
U.S.  EPA
National Risk Management Research
   Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH  45268
513-569-7949
Fax:513-569-7105

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Roy  Spalding
University of Nebraska - Lincoln
Water Center/Environmental Programs
103 Natural Resources Hall
P.O.  Box 830844
Lincoln, NE 68583-0844
402-472-7558
Fax:  402-472-9599
                                  The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page  777

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Technology Profile
           EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
       UNIVERSITY OF DAYTON RESEARCH INSTITUTE
                           (Photothermal Detoxification Unit)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

Photolytic  reactions  (reactions  induced  by
exposure to ultraviolet [UV] light) can destroy
certain hazardous organic wastes at relatively low
temperatures.  However, most photochemical
processes offer relatively limited throughput rates
and cannot completely  mineralize the targeted
wastes.    For aqueous  waste streams,  these
problems have been partially addressed by using
indirect photochemical reactions involving a
highly reactive  photolytic   initiator  such   as
hydrogen peroxide or heterogeneous catalysts.
Recently, the University  of Dayton Research
Institute   (UDRI)   developed  a  photolytic
detoxification process to treat the gas  waste
streams.  This process is clean and efficient and
offers the speed  and general applicability of a
combustion process.

The photothermal detoxification unit (PDU) uses
photothermal reactions conducted at temperatures
higher  than  those  used  in  conventional
photochemical processes (200 to 500 °C versus
                 20 °C), but lower than combustion temperatures
                 (typically greater than  1,000  °C).   At these
                 elevated temperatures, photothermal reactions are
                 energetic enough to destroy many wastes quickly
                 and efficiently without producing complex and
                 potentially hazardous by-products.

                 The  PDU  is  a  relatively simple  device,
                 consisting  of  an  insulated  reactor vessel
                 illuminated with high-intensity UV lamps. As
                 shown  in the  figure  below, the lamps  are
                 mounted  externally for easy maintenance  and
                 inspection.  Site remediation technologies  that
                 generate high-temperature gas streams, such as
                 thermal desorption or in situ steam stripping,
                 can incorporate  the PDU  with only  slight
                 equipment modifications.   The PDU can be
                 equipped with a pre-heater for use with  soil
                 vapor extraction (SVE).  Furthermore, the PDU
                 can be equipped with conventional air pollution
                 control devices for removal of acids  and  sus-
                 pended particulates  from the treated process
                 stream. The PDU shown in the figure below is
                 also equipped with built-in sampling
                     Thermally Insulated
                     Reactor Vessel
         Mounting
         Flange
           Gas Inlet
                 Sampling Ports (4)
                 External UV Lamp
                 Assemblies (3)
                                                                             Exhaust
                                 Sampling Ports (4)
                                     Support/Transportation
                                     Pallet
                              Photothermal Detoxification Unit (PDU)
Page  106
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

-------
                                                                                February 1999
                                                                               Completed Project
ports for monitoring and quality assurance and
quality control.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

According  to UDRI,  the  PDU  has  proven
extremely effective at destroying the vapors of
polychlorinated   biphenyls,   polychlorinated
dibenzodioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans,
aromatic and aliphatic ketones, and aromatic and
aliphalic  chlorinated   solvents,  as  well  as
brominated and  nitrous wastes found in soil,
sludges, and aqueous streams.  The PDU can be
incorporated with most existing and  proposed
remediation processes for clean, efficient, on-site
destruction of the off-gases. More specifically,
high-temperature   processes    can   directly
incorporate the PDU; SVE can use the PDU fitted
with a preheater;  and groundwater remediation
processes can use the PDU in conjunction with air
stripping.

STATUS:

The technology was accepted into the Emerging
Technology Program  in  August  1992,  and
development work began in December 1992.  The
evaluation was completed in  1994. The Emerging
Technology   Report   (EPA/540/R-95/526),   the
Emerging     Technology     Bulletin
(EPA/540/F-95/505)  and  the  Emerging
Technology Summary (EPA/540/SR-95/526)
are available from EPA.  An  article  was also
published in the Journal  of Air  and  Waste
Management, Volume 15, No. 2, 1995.
Emerging Technology Program data indicate that
the  technology   performs   as  expected  for
chlorinated   aromatic   wastes,    such   as
dichlorobenzene  and tetrachlorodibenzodioxin,
and  better than  expected for relatively  light
chlorinated  solvents,  such  as trichloroethene
(TCE) and tetrachloroethene. Further tests with
selected mixtures, including benzene,  toluene,
ethyl-benzene, xylene, TCE, dichlorobenzene, and
water vapor, show that the process is effective at
treating   wastes   typically   found  at  many
remediation  sites.    Adequate  scaling and
performance data are now available to proceed
with the design and development  of prototype
full-scale units for field testing and evaluation.

Through prior programs with the U.S. Department
of Energy, technology effectiveness has  been
thoroughly investigated using relatively  long
wavelength UV light (concentrated sunlight with
wavelengths  greater  than   300  nanometers).
Limited data have also been generated at shorter
wavelengths  (higher  energy) using  available
industrial UV illumination systems.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
National Risk Management Research
   Laboratory
26 W. Martin Luther King Drive
513-569-7861
Fax:513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Barry Dellinger or John Graham
Environmental Sciences and
   Engineering Group
University of Dayton Research Institute
300 College Park
Dayton, OH 45469-0132
513-229-2846
Fax: 513-229-2503
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                Page  107

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Technology Profile
          EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA
                        (In Situ Mitigation of Acid Water)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The  in  situ  acid  water mitigation  process
addresses the acid drainage problem associated
with exposed  sulfide-bearing  minerals  from
sources including mine waste rock and abandoned
metallic  mines.  Acid drainage  forms under
natural conditions  when iron disulfides are
exposed  to   the   atmosphere  and  water,
spontaneously  oxidizing  them  to produce  a
complex of highly soluble iron sulfates and salts.
These salts hydrolyze to produce an acid-, iron-,
and sulfate-enriched drainage that adversely affects
the environment.

The  in situ mitigation strategy  modifies the
hydrology and geochemical conditions of the site
               through land surface reconstruction and selective
               placement of limestone.

               Limestone is used as the alkaline source material
               because it has long-term availability, is generally
               inexpensive,  and is  safe to  handle.  For the
               chemical balances to be effective, the site must
               receive  enough rainfall to produce  seeps  or
               drainages that continually contact the limestone.
               Rainfall, therefore, helps to remediate the site,
               rather than increasing the acid drainage.

               During  mine  construction,  lysimeters and
               limestone chimneys are installed to collect surface
               runoff and funnel it into the waste rock  dump.
               Acidic material is capped with impermeable
               material to divert water from the
             ' r*    -.
                               *^&&i*y&^
                                               _[™7J_^
                               Overview of Site Lysimeters
Page 108
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

-------
                                                                                 February 1999
                                                                               Completed Project
acid cores. This design causes the net acid load to
be  lower  than  the  alkaline  load, resulting in
benign, nonacid drainage.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The  technology  mitigates  acid  drainage  from
abandoned waste dumps and mines.  It can be
applied  to any  site in a humid area where
limestone is available.

STATUS:

This technology was accepted  into  the  SITE
Emerging  Technology Program in March  1990.
Studies under the Emerging Technology Program
are complete.  A peer-reviewed journal article has
been prepared and submitted.

For  the  SITE  evaluation,  six  large-scale
lysimeters (12 feet wide, 8 feet high, and 16 feet
deep) were constructed and  lined with 20-mil
polyvinyl  chloride plastic (see  photograph on
previous page).  The lysimeters drained through
an outlet pipe into 55-gallon collection  barrels.
Piezometers in the lysimeter floor monitored the
hydrology  and  chemistry  of the  completed
lysimeter.    During  June  1991,  50  tons  of
acid-producing mine waste rock was packed into
each lysimeter.

The effluent from each lysimeter was monitored
for 1 year to establish a quality baseline.  In the
second phase of the study,  selected lysimeters
were topically treated, maintaining two lysimeters
as controls to compare the efficacy of the acid
abatement strategy.  In addition, a rain gauge was
installed  at   the   site  for  mass  balance
measurements.  An ancillary study correlating
laboratory and field results is complete.
In the last phase of the 3-year study, little if any
leachate was collected due to drought conditions
in the southeast U.S. With the return of normal
rainfall,  sufficient  leachate was  collected to
compare  the  treated  lysimeters  against the
controls to evaluate the treatment's effectiveness.
The treated lysimeters, in general, showed a 20 to
25 percent reduction in acid formation.   The
acidities measured about 10,000 milligrams per
liter (mg/L) for the  untreated lysimeters, while
acidities from the treated  lysimeters measured
about 7,000 mg/L. This study was conducted on
a  very   high  acid-producing  waste   rock,
representing a near worst-case situation.   The
process should be more successful on milder acid
sources.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Roger Wilmoth
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
   Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7509
Fax:513-569-7787

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Frank Caruccio
Department of Geological Sciences
University of South Carolina
Columbia, SC 29208
803-777-4512
Fax: 803-777-6610
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                Page 109

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Technology Profile
           EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                     UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON
                                 (Adsorptive Filtration)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

Adsorptive   filtration   removes   inorganic
contaminants   (metals)  from  aqueous  waste
streams. An adsorbent ferrihydrite is applied to
the surface of an inert substrate  such  as sand,
which  is then placed in  one of  three vertical
columns (see figure below).  The contaminated
waste stream is adjusted to a pH of 9 to 10 and
passed through the column. The iron-coated sand
grains in the column act simultaneously as a filter
and adsorbent.   When the column's filtration
capacity is  reached  (indicated by particulate
breakthrough or column blockage), the column is
backwashed. When the adsorptive capacity of the
column is reached (indicated by break-through of
soluble metals), the metals are removed and con-
centrated for subsequent recovery with a pH-
induced desorption process.
Sand can be coated by ferrihydrite formed when
either iron nitrate or iron chloride salts react with
sodium hydroxide.  The  resulting ferrihydrite-
coated sand is insoluble at a pH greater than 1;
thus, acidic solutions can be used in the
                 regeneration  step  to ensure  complete metal
                 recovery.  The system does not appear to lose
                 treatment efficiency after numerous regeneration
                 cycles.    Anionic metals  such  as arsenate,
                 chromate, and selenite can be removed from the
                 solution by treating it at a pH near 4 and regen-
                 erating it at a high pH. The system has an empty
                 bed retention time of 2 to  5 minutes.

                 This technology offers several advantages over
                 conventional treatment  technologies.    These
                 advantages are its ability to (1)  remove both
                 dissolved and  suspended  metals from the waste
                 stream, (2) remove a variety of metal complexes,
                 (3) work in the presence of high concentrations of
                 background ions, and (4) remove anionic metals.

                 This  adsorptive   filtration  process removes
                 inorganic contaminants,  consisting mainly of
                 metals, from aqueous waste streams.  It can be
                 applied to aqueous waste streams with a wide
                 range  of contaminant  concentrations  and pH
                 values.



















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Regeneration
"Polish"






0 VALVE
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m To Metal Recovery
              Effluent to Discharge
                or Recycle
                               Adsorptive Filtration Treatment System
Page  110
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

-------
                                                                               February 1999
                                                                              Completed Project
STATUS:

This technology was accepted into  the  SITE
Emerging Technology Program in January 1988;
the evaluation  was completed in  1992.  The
Emerging      Technology      Report
(EPA/540/R-93/515),  Emerging   Technology
Summary (EPA/540/SR-93/515), and Emerging
Technology Bulletin (EPA/540/F-92/008)  are
available from EPA.

During the  SITE evaluation, synthetic solutions
containing   cadmium,  copper,   or   lead   at
concentrations of 0.5 part per million (ppm) were
treated  in  packed  columns  using  2-minute
retention times.  After approximately 5,000 bed
volumes were  treated,  effluent concentrations
were about 0.025 ppm for each metal,  or a 95
percent removal efficiency.   The tests were
stopped, although the metals  were  still being
removed. In other experiments, the media were
used to adsorb copper from wastewater containing
about 7,000 milligrams per liter (mg/L) copper.

The first batch of regenerant solutions contained
cadmium and lead  at concentrations of about
500 ppm. With initial concentrations of 0.5 ppm,
this represents a concentration factor of about
1,000 to 1. Data for the copper removal test have
not been analyzed.  At a flow rate yielding a 2-
minute retention time, the test would have taken
about 7 days of continuous flow operation to treat
5,000 bed volumes.  Regeneration took about 2
hours.
The system has also been tested for treatment of
rinse waters from a copper-etching process at a
printed circuit board shop. The coated sand was
effective in  removing  mixtures  of soluble,
complexed, and particulate copper, as well as zinc
and lead, from these waters. When two columns
were used in series, the treatment system was able
to  handle   fluctuations  in   influent  copper
concentration from less than 10  mg/L up to
several hundred mg/L.

Groundwater   from  Western  Processing,  a
Superfund  site near Seattle,  Washington, was
treated to remove both soluble and particulate
zinc.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Norma Lewis
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
  Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati,  OH 45268
513-569-7665
Fax: 513-569-7787

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Mark Benjamin
University of Washington
Department of Civil Engineering
P.O. Box 352700
Seattle, WA 98195-2700
206-543-7645
Fax: 206-685-9185
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                Page 777

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 Technology Profile
                     DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                    UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL
                              PROTECTION AGENCY
                 (Excavation Techniques and Foam Suppression Methods)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

Excavation  techniques and foam suppression
methods have been developed through a joint
EPA  effort  involving  the   National  Risk
Management Research Laboratory (Cincinnati,
Ohio), Air  and  Energy Engineering Research
Laboratory  (Research Triangle  Park,  North
Carolina), and EPA Region 9 to evaluate control
technologies during excavation operations.

In general,  excavating soil contaminated with
volatile organic  compounds (VOC)  results in
fugitive  air  emissions.    When using  this
technology, the area to be excavated is surrounded
by a temporary enclosure (see photograph below).
Air from the enclosure is  vented through an
emission control  system before being released to
the atmosphere.   For example, in the case of
hydrocarbon and sulfur dioxide
               emissions, a scrubber and a carbon adsorptionunit
               would  be used to treat  emissions.   As an
               additional emission control method,  a vapor
               suppressant foam can be applied to the soil before
               and after excavation.

               WASTE APPLICABILITY:

               This technology is suitable for controlling VOC
               and sulfur dioxide emissions during excavation of
               contaminated soil.

               STATUS:

               This technology was demonstrated at the McColl
               Superfund site in Fullerton, California, in June
               and July 1990.   An  enclosure 60 feet wide,
               160 feet long, and 26 feet high was erected over
               an area contaminated  with VOCs and sulfur
               dioxide. A backhoe removed the overburden and
                               Excavation Area Enclosure
 Page 166
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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                                                                                 February 1999
                                                                               Completed Project
excavated underlying waste. Three distinct types
of waste were encountered during excavation:
oily mud, tar, and hard coal-like char.

The following documents, which contain results
from the demonstration, are available from EPA:

   •  Applications Analysis Report
     (EPA/540/AR-92/015)
   •  Technology Evaluation Report
     (EPA/540/R-93/015)
   •  Demonstration Summary
     (EPA/540/SR-92/015)

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

During  excavation, the  5-minute  average air
concentrations within the enclosed area were up to
1,000 parts per million (ppm) for sulfur dioxide
and up to 492 ppm for total hydrocarbons (THC).
The air pollution control system removed up to 99
percent of the sulfur dioxide and up to 70 percent
of the THCs.

The concentrations of air contaminants inside the
enclosure were higher than expected.  These high
concentrations were due in part to the inability of
the  vapor  suppressant  foams  to  form  an
impermeable membrane over the exposed wastes.
The  foam reacted with the highly acidic waste,
causing the foam to degrade. Furthermore, purge
water  from  foaming  activities made  surfaces
slippery for workers and equipment.A total of 101
cubic yards of overburden and 137 cubic yards of
contaminated waste was excavated. The tar waste
was  solidified and stabilized by mixing with fly
ash,  cement, and water in a pug mill.  The char
wastes did not require further processing.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Jack Hubbard
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
   Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH  45268
513-569-7507
Fax:513-569-7620
                                  The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 167

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 Technology Profile
                          DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                            U.S. FILTER/WTS ULTROX
                            (Ultraviolet Radiation and Oxidation)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

This ultraviolet (UV) radiation and oxidation
technology uses  UV  radiation,  ozone, and
hydrogen  peroxide  to destroy toxic  organic
compounds,      particularly      chlorinated
hydrocarbons, in water. The technology oxidizes
compounds that are toxic or refractory (resistant
to biological oxidation) to parts per million (ppm)
or parts per billion (ppb) levels.

The UV radiation and oxidation system consists
of the UV-oxidation reactor,  an air compressor
and ozone generator module, and  a hydrogen
peroxide feed system (see figure  below).  The
system is skid-mounted and portable, and permits
                   on-site  treatment of a wide  variety of liquid
                   wastes.   Reactor  size  is  determined  by the
                   expected wastewater flow rate and the necessary
                   hydraulic retention time needed to treat the
                   contaminated  water.   The  approximate  UV
                   intensity, and ozone and hydrogen peroxide doses,
                   are determined from pilot-scale studies.

                   Reactor influent is simultaneously exposed to UV
                   radiation, ozone,  and hydrogen peroxide to
                   oxidize the organic compounds. Off-gas from the
                   reactor  passes  through  a  catalytic  ozone
                   destruction Decompozon™  unit, which reduces
                   ozone  levels   before   air  venting.     The
                   Decompozon™ unit also destroys volatile organic
                   compounds (VOC) stripped off in the reactor.
                                              Treated Off-Gas
                                     Decompozon™
                                         Unit
                           Ozone
                         Generator
            Compressed
               Air
                                                                                    Treated
                                                                                    Effluent
                                                                         ULTROX®
                                                                     UV/Oxidation Reactor
Dryer
                                            Groundwater
                                                                 Hydrogen Peroxide
                                                                  from Feed Tank
                     UV Radiation and Oxidation System (Isometric View)
 Page 168
    The SITE Program assesses but does not
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                                                                                February 1999
                                                                              Completed Project
Effluent from the reactor is tested and analyzed
before disposal.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The UV  radiation and oxidation  system treats
contaminated     groundwater,     industrial
wastewaters,    and   leachates    containing
halogenated solvents, phenol, pentachlorophenol,
pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, explosives,
benzene,  toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, methyl
tertiary butyl ether, and other organic compounds.
The system also treats low-level  total  organic
carbon and reduces chemical oxygen demand and
biological oxygen demand.

STATUS:

This technology was accepted into  the SITE
Demonstration Program in  1989.  A field-scale
demonstration of the system was  completed in
March 1989  at the  Lorentz Barrel and Drum
Company site  in San Jose, California. The testing
program  was  designed to  evaluate  system
performance  while  varying   five  operating
parameters: (1) influent pH, (2) retention time,
(3) ozone dose, (4) hydrogen peroxide dose, and
(5) UV radiation intensity.  The Demonstration
Bulletin  (EPA/540/M5-89/012),   Technology
Demonstration Summary (EPA/540/S5-89/012),
Applications      Analysis      Report
(EPA/540/A5-89/012),    and     Technology
Evaluation  Report   (EPA/540/5-89/012)  are
available  from EPA.

The technology is fully commercial, with over 30
systems installed.  Units with flow rates ranging
from 5 gallons per minute (gpm) to 1,050 gpm are
in use at various industries and site  remediations,
including aerospace, U.S. Department of Energy,
U.S.  Department   of   Defense,  petroleum,
pharmaceutical, automotive, woodtreating,  and
municipal   facilities.UV    radiation    and
oxidation technology has been
included in records  of decision  for several
Superfund sites where groundwater pump-and-
treat remediation methods will be used.

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

Contaminated groundwater treated by the system
during the  SITE demonstration met regulatory
standards at the appropriate parameter levels. Out
of 44 VOCs in the wastewater, trichloroethene,
1,1-dichloroethane,  and  1,1,1-trichloroethane
were chosen as indicator parameters.  All three are
relatively refractory to conventional oxidation.

The Decompozon™ unit reduced ozone to less
than 0.1 ppm, with efficiencies greater than 99.99
percent.  VOCs present in  the  air within the
treatment system were not detected after passing
through the  Decompozon™ unit.  The system
produced no harmful air emissions. Total organic
carbon  removal  was  low,  implying partial
oxidation   of  organics   without   complete
conversion to carbon dioxide and water.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Norma Lewis
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
   Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7665
Fax:513-569-7787

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Dr. Richard Woodling
U.S. Filter
2805 Mission College Blvd.
Santa Clara, CA 95054
408-588-2609
Fax: 408-567-0396
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 169

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Technology Profile
           EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                          UV TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
      (formerly ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING, INC.)
                                 (PhotoCAT™ Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The   PhotoCAT™  process  photochemically
oxidizes organic compounds in wastewater using
hydrogen peroxide, a chemical oxidant, ultraviolet
(UV) radiation, and a photocatalyst.  The photo-
chemical reaction has the potential to reduce high
concentrations (200,000 or more parts per million
[ppm]) of organics  in water to nondetectable
levels. The energy from UV radiation is predomi-
nantly absorbed by the organic compound and the
oxidant, making both species  reactive.   The
process can be used as a final treatment step to
reduce  organic  contamination  in  industrial
wastewater   and groundwater  to  acceptable
discharge limits.

The existing bench-scale  system treats solutions
containing up to several  thousand ppm of total
organic carbon at a rate of 3 gallons per minute.
The   bench-scale   system  consists   of  a
photochemical reactor, where oxidation occurs,
and associated tanks, pumps, and controls. The
UV lamps are high-intensity lamps that penetrate
the wastewater more effectively. The portable,
skid-mounted system's design depends  on the
chemical composition of the  wastewater  or
groundwater being treated.

Typically,  the   contaminated  wastewater  is
pumped through a filter unit to remove suspended
particles.   Next, the filtrate is mixed  with
stoichiometric quantities  of hydrogen peroxide.
Finally, this mixture is fed to the photochemical
reactor and irradiated. The overall reaction is as
follows:
           [2a + 0.5(b - 1)]H2O2 J»
            aCO2 + [2a + (b- 1)]H2O
    HX
where   CaHbX   represents   a   halogenated
contaminant in the  aqueous  phase.   Reaction
products  are  carbon dioxide, water, and  the
appropriate halogen  acid.   Reaction kinetics
depend  on  (1)  contaminant  concentration,
(2) peroxide concentration, (3) irradiation dose,
and (4) radiation spectral frequency.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The  PhotoCAT™  process  treats  industrial
wastewater and groundwater containing organics
at concentrations up  to several thousand ppm.
Destruction efficiencies greater than two orders of
magnitude have been obtained  for chlorobenzene,
chlorophenol, and phenol, with low to moderate
dose rates and initial concentrations of 200 ppm.
Destruction  efficiencies  of  three  orders  of
magnitude have been demonstrated on simulated
industrial waste streams representative of textile
dyeing operations, with higher dose rates and an
initial concentration of 200 ppm.

STATUS:

Studies of the PhotoCAT™  process under the
SITE  Emerging  Technology  Program   are
complete, and the technology has been invited to
participate in the SITE Demonstration Program.
The     Emerging    Technology     Report
(EPA/540/SR-92/080),  Emerging  Technology
Bulletin  (EPA/540/F-92/004),  and  Emerging
Technology Summary (EPA/540/SR-92/080) are
available from EPA.

Work involving the on-line production of oxidants
and  the  effectiveness of the  photocatalytic
substrate is underway under funding  from EPA
Small Business Industry Research Phase II and
Phase I awards.
Page  112
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                                    February 1999
                                                                                  Completed Project
Representative results from recent trials using the
PhotoCAT™ process are summarized in the table
below.  Results are shown as the electric energy
dose per gram-mole  of initial contaminant to
cause one decade of contaminant destruction.
                     A cost-competitive PhotoCAT™ system can be
                     designed and built to treat industrial wastewater
                     with contaminant levels of 10 to  10,000 ppm.

                     FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:
  Contaminant"
  Dose (kW-hr/
gmole/decade)"
 Chlorobenzene                             7
 Trichloroethene                             5
 Trichloroethane [500]                        1
 Tetrachlproethene                           6
 1.1,1-Trichloroethane                       33
 1,1,1 -Trichloroethene [1,000]                   7
 Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, & xylene         5
 Reactive Black Dye 5                       26
 Direct Yellow Dye 106                     103
 Direct Red Dye 83                          31
 Reactive Blue Dye 19                       50
 l-Chloronaphthalene[15]                    27
 Ethylene diamine, & triacetic acid              17
 Methanol                                  3
 Textile waste (sulfur & indigo dyes) £740]        11
 Textile waste (fiber reactive dyes) [270]           7
 Chemical waste (formaldehyde & thiourea) [8,200]   1
    All are 100 parts per million,
    except as noted
    kilowatt-hour per gram-mole per decade
EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ronald Lewis
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
   Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7856
Fax: 513-569-7105

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
James Porter or John Roll
UV Technologies, Inc.
P.O. Box410185or410186
East Cambridge, MA 02141-0002
617-666-5500
Fax: 617-666-5802
The technology has been improved since the EPA
reports  were published.   These improvements
include (1)  using the  UV lamp as the energy
source;  (2) improving the photochemical reactor
design; (3) improving the lamp design, including
lamp intensity and spectral characteristics; and (4)
fixing the catalyst.
                                  The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                     approve or endorse technologies.
                                                      Page 113

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 Technology Profile
                      DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                                     WASTECH, INC.
                               (Solidification and Stabilization)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

This technology solidifies and stabilizes organic
and inorganic contaminants in soils, sludge, and
liquid  wastes.   First, a  proprietary reagent
chemically bonds with contaminants in wastes.
The waste and reagent mixture is then mixed with
pozzolanic,   cementitious  materials,  which
combine to form a stabilized matrix. Reagents are
selected based on target  waste  characteristics.
Treated material is a nonleaching, high-strength,
stabilized end-product.

The WASTECH, Inc. (WASTECH), technology
uses  standard  engineering  and  construction
equipment. Because the type and dose of reagents
depend  on  waste   characteristics, treatability
studies and site investigations must be conducted
to determine the proper treatment formula.

Treatment usually begins with waste excavation.
Large pieces of debris in the waste must be
screened and removed. The waste is then placed
into a high shear mixer, along with premeasured
                quantities of water and SuperSet®, WASTECH's
                proprietary reagent (see figure below).

                Next,  pozzolanic,  cementitious materials  are
                added to the waste-reagent mixture, stabilizing the
                waste and completing the treatment process. The
                WASTECH technology does not generate by-
                products.  The process may also be applied in situ.

                WASTE APPLICABILITY:

                The WASTECH technology can treat a wide
                variety of waste streams  consisting  of soils,
                sludges, and  raw  organic  streams, including
                lubricating  oil,  evaporator  bottoms, chelating
                agents, and ion-exchange resins, with contaminant
                concentrations  ranging  from parts per million
                levels to 40 percent by volume.  The technology
                can also treat wastes generated by the petroleum,
                chemical,   pesticide,   and  wood-preserving
                industries, as well as wastes generated by many
                other  chemical manufacturing  and industrial
                processes.  The WASTECH technology can also
                be applied to mixed wastes  containing organic,
                inorganic, and radioactive contaminants.
                                SUPERSET*
                                           HIGH SHEAR
                                            MIXER
            WASTE MATERIAL SIZING   WASTE
                              STOCKPILE
                               CEMENT
                        PUMP PROCESSED
                         MATERIAL TO
                          EXCAVATION
 PROCESSED
 MATERIALS
 PLACED TO
SPECIFICATIONS
                                                       POZZOLANS
                    WASTECH Solidification and Stabilization Process
 Page 172
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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                                                                                February 1999
                                                                              Completed Project
STATUS:                                      FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

The  technology was accepted  into the SITE       EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Demonstration Program in spring 1989.  A field       Terrence Lyons
demonstration  at  Robins Air Force Base in       U.S. EPA
Warner Robins, Georgia was completed in August       National Risk Management Research
1991.  WASTECH subsequently conducted a         Laboratory
bench-scale  study in  1992 under  glovebox       26 West Martin Luther King Drive
conditions to develop a detailed mass balance of       Cincinnati, OH 45268
volatile  organic compounds.  The  Innovative       513-569-7589
Technology Evaluation Report is available from       Fax: 513-569-7676
EPA.  The technology is being commercially
applied to treat hazardous wastes contaminated
with various organics,  inorganics, and  mixed
wastes.

This technology is no longer available from the
vendor.    For  further  information  about the
process, contact the EPA Project Manager.
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
Page 173

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Technology Profile
           EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
         WESTERN PRODUCT RECOVERY GROUP, INC.
              (Coordinate, Chemical Bonding, and Adsorption Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The coordinate, chemical bonding, and adsorption
(CCBA) process converts heavy metals in soils,
sediments, and sludges to nonleaching silicates.
The process can also oxidize organics in the waste
stream and incorporate the ash into the ceramic
pellet matrix (see figure  below).  The solid
residual consistency varies from a soil and sand
density and size distribution to a controlled size
distribution ceramic aggregate form. The residue
                   OO  O
can be placed back in its original location or used
as a substitute for  conventional aggregate.  The
process uses clays with specific cation exchange
capacity  as sites  for  physical  and  chemical
bonding of heavy metals to the clay.

The process is designed for continuous flow.  The
input sludge and soil stream are carefully ratioed
with specific clays and then mixed in a
                 high-intensity mechanical mixer. The mixture is
                 then densified and formed into green or unfired
                 pellets of a desired  size.  The green pellets are
                 then direct-fired in a rotary kiln for approximately
                 30 minutes.  The pellet temperature slowly rises
                 to 2,000 °F,  converting the fired  pellet to  the
                 ceramic state. Organics on the pellet's surface are
                 oxidized, and organics inside the pellet are pyro-
                 lyzed as the temperature rises.  As the  pellets
                 reach 2,000°F, the available silica sites in the clay
                 chemically react with the heavy metals in the soil
                 and sludge to form the final metal silicate product.

                 The process residue  is an inert ceramic product,
                 free of organics, with metal silicates providing a
                 molecular bonding  structure   that precludes
                 leaching.  The kiln off-gas is  processed in an
                 afterburner and wet  scrub system  before it is
                 released into the atmosphere. Excess scrub solution
                 is recycled to the front-end mixing process.
                                                                 To Stack
                                           Recycled Scrub
                                              Solution
              Clay
                 Soils/
                 Sludges/
                 Sediments
                                                                    Residual
                                                                    Product
                     Coordinate, Chemical Bonding, and Adsorption (CCBA) Process
Page  114
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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                                                                             February 1999
                                                                           Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The  CCBA  process  has  been  demonstrated
commercially on metal hydroxide sludges  at a
throughput of 70 wet tons per month, based on an
8-hour day, for a  25  percent solid feed. This
process can treat wastewater sludges, sediments,
and soils contaminated with most mixed organic
and heavy metal wastes.

STATUS:

The CCBA process was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in January 1991.
Under this program, the  CCBA technology has
been modified to include soils contaminated with
both heavy metals and most organics. The SITE
studies were completed at a pilot facility with a
capacity of 10 pounds per hour. Proof tests using
contaminated soil  have been completed.  The
Emerging   Technology   Report,  Emerging
Technology Summary, and Emerging Technology
Bulletin will be available from EPA in early 1997.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Vince Gallardo
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
  Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7176
Fax: 513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Donald Kelly
Western Product Recovery Group, Inc.
P.O. Box 79728
Houston, TX 77279
713-533-9321
Fax: 713-533-9434

Bert Elkins
Western Product Recovery Group, Inc.
10626 Cerveza Drive
Escondido, CA 92026
619-749-8856
Fax: 619-749-8856
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                  approve or endorse technologies.
                               Page 115

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 Technology Profile
                      DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
               ROY F. WESTON, INC./IEG TECHNOLOGIES
                               (UVB - Vacuum Vaporizing Well)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The  Unterdruck-Verdampfer-Brunnen  (UVB)
system  is an  in  situ system  for remediating
contaminated  aquifers.   The basic  system  is
simple in design and operation, consisting of a
well, a groundwater extraction pump, a negative
pressure stripping reactor, and an electric blower.
While in operation, the water level rises inside the
UVB  well casing due to reduced atmospheric
pressure generated by the blower, increasing the
total hydraulic head in the well.  Atmospheric air
enters the well through a fresh air pipe connected
to the stripping reactor. The  incoming fresh air
forms bubbles as it jets through the pinhole plate
of the stripping  reactor  and  mixes  with the
influent groundwater in the well casing, creating
an "air lift" effect as the bubbles rise and expand
to the  stripping reactor.   After treatment,  the
movement of water out of
                the well develops a groundwater circulation cell
                around  a remediation well. The circulating
                groundwater transports contaminants  from the
                adjacent soils and groundwater to the well, where
                these   contaminants   are  removed  using  a
                combination of physical, chemical and biological
                treatment processes. The technology is capable of
                mobilizing  and  treating contaminants that are
                water soluble (dissolved phase) or are present as
                dense non aqueous phase liquids  (DNAPL) or
                light non aqueous phase liquids (LNAPL).  The
                technology also can extract and treat soil gas from
                the unsaturated zone.

                Due  to the presence  of a natural groundwater
                flow, the total amount of water circulating around
                the UVB well at any given time consists of (1) a
                portion of up gradient groundwatercaptured by the
                influent  screen  section,  and (2)  recirculated
                groundwater.  This
             Activated Carbon Filter
                                 [Jlower
                                              Ambient Air
                                                           Monitoring Wells
     Off Air
                                                              Working GW Level  yRestingGW

                                                          Stripping Zone
    Saturated
      Zone
                                 UVB Standard Circulation
 Page  176
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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                                                                                 February 1999
                                                                               Completed Project
ratio is typically 15 to 85 percent respectively.
Groundwater leaving the circulation cell exits
through the downstream release zone in a rate
equal to the up  gradient groundwater being
captured.    These  flow  dynamics  and  the
dimensions of the capture zone, circulation cell,
and release zone can be calculated using design
aids  based on  numerical simulations of  the
groundwater hydraulics and can be validated by
monitoring the actual performance results of the
system.

The  advantage  of the  UVB  technology  over
external pump-and-treat technologies is its ability
to treat contaminants while maintaining  a net
equilibrium  flow in the  aquifer,  eliminating
adverse   effects  associated  with   excessive
mounding or draw-down of groundwater due to
continuous extraction and replacement of equal
volumes of water.  Additionally, the circulation
well  serves  as  a mechanism  for flushing
contaminants from the soils and aquifer to the
well casing for treatment on a continuous basis.
As  a secondary benefit,  because the primary
treatment process is physical removal through air
stripping,  the dissolved oxygen levels  in the
groundwater  passing  through the  well  can
theoretically increase up to 10 milligrams per liter
within the aquifer, enhancing bioremediation by
indigenous microorganisms.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

This technology  can be used to assist in treating a
variety  of  soil  and groundwater  pollutants
ranging from chlorinated solvents to gasoline
constituents, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,
heavy metals, and nitrates.

STATUS:

This technology was  accepted into  the  SITE
Demonstration  Program  in   1993,  and  a
demonstration was completed at March Air Force
Base,   California,  in  May   1994.     The
Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-95/500),
Technology Capsule (EPA/540/R-95/500a), and
Innovative   Technology   Evaluation  Report
(EPA/540/R-95/005)  will  be  available  from
EPAin the fall of 1999.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

Demonstration results indicate that the UVB
system  reduced   trichloroethene  (TCE)   in
groundwater by an average of 94 percent.  The
average TCE concentration from the outlet of the
UVB system in the treated groundwater was
approximately 3 micrograms per liter ((Jg/L), with
only one event above 5 (Jg/L.  The inlet TCE
concentration averaged 40 (jg/L.  Results of a dye
tracer  study indicated  that the radius of  the
circulation cell was at least 40 feet. Modeling of
the study indicated a circulation cell radius of 60
feet.   In  general,  TCE  in the  shallow and
intermediate   screened   wells   showed    a
concentration  reduction both  vertically  and
horizontally during the  demonstration.  TCE
concentrations  in  these  wells  appeared   to
homogenize as indicated by their convergence and
stabilization. Variations in TCE concen-trations
were noted in the deep screened wells.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Michelle Simon
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
   Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King  Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7469
Fax:513-569-7676

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:

Mike Cosmos,  Roy F. Weston, Inc.
One Weston Way
West Chester, PA  19380
610-701-7423
Fax:610-701-5035
E-mail: cosmosm@mail.rfweston.com

Mike Corbin
One Weston Way
West Chester, PA  19380
610-701-3723
Fax: 610-701-7597
                                  The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 777

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 Technology Profile
                      DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                                ROY F. WESTON, INC.
                       (Low Temperature Thermal Treatment System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The   Roy  F.  Weston,  Inc.  (Western),  low
temperature  thermal  treatment (LT3®)  system
thermally  desorbs organic  compounds from
contaminated soil without heating  the  soil  to
combustion  temperatures.   The transportable
system (see photograph below) is assembled  on
three flat-bed trailers and requires an area of about
5,000 square feet, including ancillary  and support
equipment. The LT3® system consists of three
segments:  soil treatment, emissions control, and
water treatment.

The  LT3® thermal processor  consists of two
jacketed troughs, one above the other.   Each
trough houses four intermeshed, hollow screw
conveyors.  A front-end loader feeds  soil  or
sludge onto a conveyor that discharges into a
surge hopper above the thermal processor.  Hot oil
circulating through the troughs and screws heats
the  soil  to  400  to 500  °F,  removing
contaminants.  A second stage indirect heater is
                available  to   achieve   1,000   °F  discharge
                temperatures. Soil is discharged from the thermal
                processor into a conditioner, where a water spray
                cools the soil and minimizes dust emissions.

                A fan draws desorbed organics from the thermal
                processor through  a  fabric filter baghouse.
                Depending on contaminant characteristics, dust
                collected on the fabric filter may be  retreated,
                combined with treated material,  or  drummed
                separately for off-site disposal. Exhaust gas from
                the  fabric  filter is drawn into  an air-cooled
                condenser to remove most of the water vapor and
                organics.  The gas  is then passed through a
                second,  refrigerated  condenser and treated  by
                carbon adsorption.

                Condensate  streams  are  typically treated in a
                three-phase, oil-water separator to remove light
                and heavy organic phases from the water phase.
                The water phase is then treated in  a carbon
                adsorption  system to remove residual  organic
                contaminants. Treated condensate is often used
                     Low Temperature Thermal Treatment (LT3®) System
 Page  174
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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                                                                                February 1999
                                                                              Completed Project
for soil conditioning, and only the organic phases
are disposed of off site.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

This system treats soils and sludges contaminated
with volatile and semivolatile organic compounds
(VOC and SVOC).  Bench-, pilot-, and full-scale
LT3® systems have treated soil contaminated with
the following wastes: coal tar, drill cuttings (oil-
based mud), No. 2 diesel fuel, JP-4 jet fuel, leaded
and unleaded gasoline, petroleum hydrocarbons,
halogenated and nonhalogenated solvents, VOCs,
SVOCs,  polynuclear  aromatic  hydrocarbons,
polychlorinated biphenyls, pesticides, herbicides,
dioxins, and furans.

STATUS:

The LT3® system was accepted into the  SITE
Demonstration Program in September 1991.  In
November and December 1991, the LT3® system
was demonstrated under the SITE Program as part
of  a  proof-of-process  test  for  full-scale
remediation  of  the  Anderson  Development
Company (ADC)  Superfund  site in  Adrian,
Michigan.  The  system was tested on lagoon
sludge from the ADC site.  This sludge was
contaminated with VOCs and SVOCs, including
4,4-methylene bis(2-chloroaniline) (MBOCA).

The Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-92/019)
and      Applications      Analysis     Report
(EPA/540/AR-92/019) are available from EPA.

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

During the demonstration, the system throughput
was  approximately 2.1 tons  per hour.   Six
replicate  tests were  conducted,  each lasting
approximately 6 hours.  The SITE demonstration
yielded the following results:

   •  The LT3®  system removed  VOCs  to
     below method detection limits (less than
     0.060 milligram per kilogram [mg/kg] for
     most compounds).
   •  The LT3® system achieved MBOCA
     removal efficiencies greater than 88 percent;
     MBOCA concentrations  in  the  treated
     sludge ranged from 3.0 to 9.6 mg/kg.
   •  The  LT3®   system  decreased   the
     concentrations  of all  SVOCs  in  the
     sludge, with the exception  of phenol,
     which   increased  possibly  due   to
     chlorobenzene.
   •  Dioxins  and  furans were formed in the
     system,    but    the    2,3,7,8-tetra-
     chlorodibenzo-p-dioxin isomer was not
     detected in treated sludges.
   •  Stack emissions of nonmethane  total
     hydrocarbons increased  from  6.7  to
     11 parts per million by volume during the
     demonstration; the maximum emission
     rate was 0.2  pound per day (ppd).  The
     maximum particulates emission rate was
     0.02 ppd, and no chlorides were measured
     in stack gases.

The  economic analysis of the  LT3® system's
performance compared the costs associated with
treating soils  containing 20, 45, and 75  percent
moisture. The treatment costs per ton of material
were estimated to be $37,  $537, and $725,
respectively.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
   Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Avenue
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
Fax: 513-569-7105
E-Mail: dePercin.Paul@epamail.epa.gov

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Mike Cosmos
Roy F.  Weston, Inc.
1400 Weston Way
West Chester, PA  19380-1499
610-701-7423
Fax: 610-701-5035
E-mail: cosmosm@mail.rfweston.com
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                Page 175

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 Technology Profile
                     DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
            WHEELABRATOR CLEAN AIR SYSTEMS, INC.
                 (formerly CHEMICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT, INC.)
                               (PO*WW*ER™ Technology)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The PO*WW*ER™ technology is used to treat
and reduce complex industrial and hazardous
waste waters containing mixtures  of inorganic
salts, metals, volatile and nonvolatile organics,
volatile  inorganics, and  radionuclides.  The
proprietary technology combines evaporation with
catalytic oxidation to concentrate and  destroy
contaminants, producing a high-quality  product
condensate.

Wastewater is first pumped into an evaporator,
where most of the water and contaminants are
vaporized  and  removed,  concentrating  the
contaminants into  a  small volume for further
treatment or disposal.  The contaminant vapors
then pass over a bed of proprietary robust catalyst,
where the pollutants are oxidized and destroyed.
Depending   on   the   contaminant   vapor
composition, effluent vapors from the oxidizer
may be treated in a scrubber. The vapors are then
condensed to produce water (condensate) that can
be used as either boiler or cooling tower
               makeup  water,  if appropriate.    Hazardous
               wastewater can thus be separated into a small
               contaminant  stream (brine) and a large clean
               water stream without using expensive reagents or
               increasing the volume of the total  stream. The
               photograph below illustrates a PO*WW*ER™ -
               based wastewater treatment plant.

               WASTE APPLICABILITY:

               The  PO*WW*ER™  technology  can  treat
               wastewaters containing a mixture of the following
               contaminants:
Organic
• Halogenated volatiles
• Halogenated semivolatiles
• Nonhalogenated volatiles
• Nonhalogenated semi-
volatiles
• Organic pesticides/
herbicides
• Solvents
• Benzene, toluene, ethyl-
benzene, and xylene
• Organic cyanides
• Nonvolatile organics
Inorganic
Heavy metals
Nonmetallic
toxic elements
Cyanides
Ammonia
Nitrates
Salts





Radioactive
Plutonium
Americium
Uranium
Technetium
Thorium
Radium
Barium





                     PO*WW*ER™-Based Wastewater Treatment Plant
 Page 178
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                                February 1999
                                                                              Completed Project
Suitable  wastewaters  for treatment by  the
PO*WW*ER™  technology  include  landfill
leachates,  contaminated groundwaters, process
wastewaters, and  low-level radioactive  mixed
wastes.

STATUS:

The  technology was accepted  into  the SITE
Demonstration  Program   in  1991.     The
demonstration took place in September 1992 at
the Chemical Waste Management,  Inc., Lake
Charles, Louisiana, facility.  Landfill leachate, an
F039 hazardous waste, was treated in a pilot-scale
unit.    The  Applications  Analysis  Report
(EPA/540/AR-93/506)     and     Technology
Evaluation Report  (EPA/540/R93/506)  are
available from EPA.

A commercial  system  with  a capacity of
50 gallons per minute is in operation at Ysing Yi
Island, Hong Kong. A pilot-scale unit,  with a
capacity of 1 to  1.5 gallons  per  minute, is
available and can treat radioactive, hazardous, and
mixed waste streams.

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

The  ability of the  PO*WW*ER™ system to
concentrate aqueous wastes was  evaluated by
measuring   the   volume  reduction    and
concentration  ratio achieved.  The  volume of
brine produced during each 9-hour test period was
about 5  percent  of the  feed  waste volume
processed in the same period.  The concentration
ratio, defined as the ratio  of total solids (TS)
concentration in the brine to the TS concentration
in the feed waste, was about 32 to 1.
The  feed waste contained concentrations of
volatile organic compounds (VOC) ranging from
320  to  110,000  micrograms per liter (,ug/L);
semivolatile organic compounds (SVOC) ranging
from 5,300 to 24,000 Mg/L; ammonia ranging
from 140 to 160 milligrams per liter (mg/L); and
cyanide ranging from 24 to 36 mg/L. No VOCs,
SVOCs, ammonia, or cyanide were detected in the
product condensate.

The PO*WW*ER™ system removed sources of
feed waste toxicity. The feed waste was acutely
toxic with median lethal concentrations (LC50)
consistently  below 10 percent.   The  product
condensate  was  nontoxic with  LC50  values
consistently greater than 100 percent,  but only
after the product condensate was cooled and its
pH,  dissolved oxygen level, and  hardness or
salinity were increased.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Randy Parker
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
  Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7271
Fax: 513-569-7571

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Myron Reicher
Wheelabrator Clean Air Systems, Inc.
1501 East Woodfield Road,
Suite 200 West
Schaumberg, IL 60173
847-706-6900
Fax: 847-706-6996
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                Page 179

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 Technology Profile
                     DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                              XEROX CORPORATION
                           (2-PHASE™ EXTRACTION Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The 2-PHASE™ EXTRACTION Process was
developed as an alternative to conventional pump-
and-treat  technology,  particularly  in  low
conductivity formations such as silts and clays
that are impacted by volatile organic compounds
(VOC). 2-PHASE™ EXTRACTION uses a high-
vacuum source applied to an extraction tube
within  a water well  to  increase groundwater
removal rates (consequently the dissolved phase
of contamination) and to volatilize and extract that
portion of contaminant from the sorbed  or free
product phases. Vacuum lift of water is not a
limiting  factor  in  the  application  of  the
technology. Since a mixed vapor-liquid column
is  extracted from the  well, the 2-PHASE™
EXTRACTION technology allows a single piece
of equipment (a high vacuum source) to  remove
contaminants in both the liquid and vapor phases.
               of mercury) through a central extraction tube,
               which extends down the well. Soil vapor drawn
               into the well by the vacuum provides for a high
               velocity vapor stream at the bottom tip of the
               extraction tube, which entrains the contaminated
               groundwater and lifts it to ground surface. As
               groundwater  moves  through  the  extraction
               system, as much as 95 percent of the VOCs in the
               water phase are transferred to the vapor phase.
               The vapor and water phases are then separated at
               the surface  in a separator tank.  The water phase
               requires only carbon polishing prior to discharge,
               provided that the compounds are adsorbable.
               With some compounds the water carbon treatment
               can be eliminated. The vapor phase is subjected
               to  carbon   treatment,  bioremediation,  resin
               regeneration, catalytic oxidation, or other vapor
               phase   treatment  (based  on  contaminant
               characteristics, mass loadings, and economics)
               prior to release to atmosphere.
To extract both groundwater and soil vapor from
a  single  extraction  well,  the  2-PHASE™
EXTRACTION process uses a vacuum pump to
apply a high vacuum (generally 18 to 29 inches
               A kick-start system can induce flow and help
               dewater the well. The flow of atmospheric air can
               be regulated by adjustment of the gate valve to:
               (1) optimize the air-to-water flow ratio to
             Contaminated
              Groundwater
              & Soil Vapor
 Ground
 Surface.
             2-PHASE™
            EXTRACTION
                Well
                                                   Vapor
                                                   Pump
                                          Vapor Phase
                                           Treatment
                                                                        Groundwater Phase
                                                                            Treatment
                                  Separator
                                     Tank
                              Screened
                               Interval
               Groundwater
                   Pump
             Static Water
                 Level
LEGEND
 Groundwater
 Phase

 Groundwater &
 Soil Vapor
                                                                         Vapor Phase
                     Schematic of the 2-PHASE™ EXTRACTION Process
 Page 180
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                              February 1999
                                                                             Completed Project
minimize water "slug" production at startup (the
term slug refers to an irregular pulsation of water
through the extraction tube  which  indicates
irregular water  flow);  (2)  maximize  tube
penetration  into  the  saturated  zone; and  (3)
maximize  the  groundwater  flow  rate  by
optimizing  the applied vacuum  to the well's
annular space.

Recent technology improvements include a well
design that allows for contaminant removal from
desired vertical zones within the subsurface.  By
providing a means to manipulate  preferential
flow, this innovative well design provides  the
ability to focus contaminant extraction at shallow
zones and deep zones within the same well which
results  in a thorough  removal of contaminants
from the impacted area.  Xerox and Licensee
experience  with  2-PHASE™  EXTRACTION
typically has shown a reduction in remediation
time by 1   to 2 orders  of magnitude over
conventional pump and treat/soil vapor extraction.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

2-PHASE™   EXTRACTION    has   been
successfully demonstrated for the removal of total
petroleum   hydrocarbons   and   chlorinated
hydrocarbons from groundwater and soils.

STATUS:

The Xerox 2-PHASE™ EXTRACTION process
was  accepted  into the  SITE  Demonstration
Program in  summer 1994.  The demonstration
began  in August 1994  at  a  contaminated
groundwater site at McClellan Air Force Base in
Sacramento, California, and was completed in
February 1995. Reports of the demonstration are
available from EPA.

The Xerox 2-PHASE™ EXTRACTION received
eight patents from 1991-1998 and several patents
are pending. The technology is available under
license and  is used extensively in the United
States, Canada, South America, Great Britain, and
Europe.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

Results from the demonstration are detailed below:

  •  The total contaminant (trichloroethene,
     tetrachloroethene, Freon  133™)  mass
     removal    during    the    6-month
     demonstration was estimated  at 1,600
     pounds,  of which  99.7  percent was
     extracted from the vapor phase.
  •  The system extracted 1.4 million gallons
     of groundwater and 24.4  million cubic
     feet of soil vapor.
  •  The radius of capture in the groundwater
     extended from 100 to 300 feet from the
     extraction well. The radius of influence
     in the vadose zone extended  200 feet
     from the extraction well.
  •  The estimated cost of using the process
     was $28 per  pound  compared  to  an
     estimated  $1370  per pound for  a
     conventional pump and treat system.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin, U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
  Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797, Fax: 513-569-7105
E-Mail: dePercin.Paul@epamail.epa.gov

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Ron Hess, Xerox Corporation
800 Phillips Road
Building 304-13S
Webster, NY  14580
716-422-3694, Fax: 716-265-7088
E-mail: ronald hess@wb.xerox
Web Site: www.xerox.com/ehs/remed.html

TECHNOLOGY USER CONTACT:
Phil Mook, SM-ALC/EMR
5050 Dudley Boulevard, Suite 3
McClellan AFB, CA 95652-1389
916-643-5443, Fax: 916-643-0827
E-mail: mook.phil@smal .mcclellan.af.mil
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                Page 181

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 Technology Profile
                      DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                        ZENON ENVIRONMENTAL INC.
                             (Cross-Flow Pervaporation System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The  ZENON  Environmental  Inc.  (ZENON),
cross-flow  pervaporation  technology   is  a
membrane-based process that removes volatile
organic   compounds  (VOC)   from  aqueous
matrices. The technology uses an organophilic
membrane made of nonporous silicone rubber,
which is permeable to organic compounds, and highly
resistant to degradation.

In a typical field application, contaminated water
is pumped from an equalization tank through a
prefilter to remove debris and silt particles, and
then into a heat exchanger that raises the water
temperature to about 165 °F (75 °C).  The heated
water then flows into  a pervaporation module
containing the organophilic membranes.   The
composition of the membranes causes organics in
solution to adsorb to them. A vacuum applied to
the system causes the organics to diffuse through
the membranes and move out of the pervaporation
module.  This material is then passed through a
condenser generating a highly concentrated liquid
called  permeate.    Treated water exits  the
pervaporation module and is
                discharged from  the  system.   The  permeate
                separates  into  aqueous  and organic phases.
                Aqueous  phase permeate  is sent back to the
                pervaporation module for further treatment, while
                the organic phase permeate is  discharged to a
                receiving vessel.

                Because emissions are vented from the system
                downstream of the condenser, organics are kept in
                solution,  thus  minimizing air releases.  The
                condensed organic materials represent only a
                small fraction of the initial wastewater volume
                and may  be  subsequently  disposed of  at
                significant cost  savings.  This process  may also
                treat industrial waste streams and recover organics
                for later use.

                WASTE APPLICABILITY:

                Pervaporation can be applied to aqueous waste
                streams such  as groundwater, lagoons, leachate,
                and rinse waters that are contaminated with VOCs
                such as solvents, degreasers, and gasoline.  The
                technology is applicable to the types of aqueous
                wastes treated by carbon adsorption, air  stripping,
                and steam stripping.
                        ZENON Cross-Flow Pervaporation System
 Page 182
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                               February 1999
                                                                             Completed Project
STATUS:

This technology  was accepted  into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program (ETP) in January
1989.   The  Emerging  Technology  Report
(EPA/540/F-93/503), which details results from
the ETP evaluation, is available from EPA. Based
on results from the ETP, ZENON was invited to
demonstrate  the  technology   in  the  SITE
Demonstration    Program.      A   pilot-scale
pervaporation  system, built by ZENON  for
Environment Canada's Emergencies Engineering
Division, was tested over a 2-year period (see
photograph on previous page). During the second
year, testing was carried out over several months
at a petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated site in
Ontario, Canada.

A full-scale  SITE demonstration took place in
February 1995 at a former waste  disposal area at
Naval Air Station North Island in  San Diego,
California. The demonstration was conducted as
a cooperative effort among EPA, ZENON, the
Naval  Environmental  Leadership   Program,
Environment Canada, and the Ontario Ministry of
Environment and Energy.

Organics  were   the   primary   groundwater
contaminant at the site, and trichloroethene (TCE)
was selected as the contaminant of concern for the
demonstration.    The Demonstration  Bulletin
(EPA/540/MR-95/511) and Demonstration Capsule
(EPA/540/R-95/511a) are available  from EPA.
DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

Analysis of demonstration samples indicate that
the ZENON pervaporation system was about
98  percent effective  in  removing TCE from
groundwater. The system achieved this removal
efficiency with TCE influent concentrations of up
to 250 parts per million at  a flow  rate  of
10 gallons per minute (gpm) or less.  Treatment
efficiency remained fairly consistent throughout
the  demonstration;  however,  the   treatment
efficiency  decreased  at various times  due  to
mineral scaling problems.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ronald Turner
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
   Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7775
Fax:513-569-7676

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Chris Lipski
ZENON Environmental Inc.
845 Harrington Court
Burlington, Ontario, Canada
L7N 3P3
905-639-6320
Fax: 905-639-1812
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                Page 183

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 Technology Profile
                      DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                         ZENON ENVIRONMENTAL INC.
                                     (ZenoGem™ Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

ZENON   Environmental  Inc.'s,  ZenoGem™
Process integrates  biological  treatment  with
membrane-based ultrafiltration (see figure below).
This innovative system treats high strength wastes
at long sludge retention time but short hydraulic
residence time.  As a result, the bioreactor's size
is significantly  reduced.   Membrane filtration
reduces the turbidity of the treated waste water to
less than 1 nephelometric turbidity unit.

In  the   ZenoGem™  Process,   wastewater
contaminated with organic compounds first enters
the  bioreactor,   where   contaminants   are
biologically  degraded.  Next, the process pump
circulates the biomass through the ultrafiltration
membrane system, or ultrafilter. The ultrafilter
separates treated water from biological solids and
soluble materials with higher molecular weights,
in c 1 u d i ng emulsified oil. The solids and
                soluble  materials  are  then  recycled  to  the
                bioreactor.  The ZenoGem™ Process captures
                higher molecular weight materials that would
                otherwise pass through conventional clarifiers and
                filters.  The  ZenoGem™  Process  pilot-scale
                system is mounted on  a 48-foot trailer  and
                consists of the following six major components:

                  •  Polyethylene equalization/holding tank:
                     reduces the normal  flow concentration
                     fluctuations in the system
                  •  Polyethylene bioreactor tank:  contains
                     the bacterial culture that degrades organic
                     contaminants
                  •  Process and feed pumps:  ensures proper
                     flow and pressure for optimum system
                     performance
                  •  Ultrafiltration module: contains rugged,
                     clog-free, tubular membranes that remove
                     solids from treated water
                  •  Clean-in-place  tank:   includes all the
                     necessary  valves, instrumentation, and
                     controls to clean the membrane filters
                                   ZenoGem™ Process
 Page  184
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                                February 1999
                                                                              Completed Project
  •  Control panel and computer:  monitors
     system performance

The treatment capacity of the pilot-scale, trailer-
mounted system is about 500 to 1,000 gallons of
wastewater per day; however, a full-scale system
can treat much larger quantities of wastewater.
The trailer is also equipped with a laboratory that
enables  field personnel  to  conduct  tests to
evaluate system performance.  The system is
computer-controlled and equipped with alarms to
notify the operator of mechanical and operational
problems.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The ZenoGem™ Process is designed to remove
biodegradable materials, including most organic
contaminants, from wastewater to produce a high
quality effluent. The process consistently nitrifies
organics and can denitrify  organics with  the
addition of an anoxic bioreactor.  The process is
limited to aqueous media and may be used to treat
high    strength    leachates,   contaminated
groundwater, and soil washing effluent.

STATUS:

The ZenoGem™ Process was accepted  into the
SITE Demonstration Program in summer 1992.
The ZenoGem™ Process was demonstrated at the
Nascolite Superfund site in Millville, New Jersey,
from  September   through  November  1994.
Groundwater at this 17.5-acre site is contaminated
with methyl methacrylate (MMA) and  other
volatile organic compounds from manufacturing
polymethyl   methacrylate   plastic   sheets,
commonly   known   as   Plexiglas.      The
Demonstration Bulletin (EPA/540/MR-95/503)
and Technology Capsule (EPA/540/R-95/503a)
are   available  from  EPA.    The  Innovative
Technology Evaluation Report is available from
EPA.

Since the  development  of  the  ZenoGem™
technology in 1987, ZENON has performed pilot
tests for government and private clients on several
different types  of wastewater, including  oily
wastewater,  metal  finishing  wastes,  cleaning
solutions  containing detergents,  alcohol-
based  cleaning  solutions,  landfill  leachate,
aqueous paint-stripping wastes, and deicing fluids.
Information  about  the  two  demonstrations
conducted in Canada and the United States is
available from ZENON.

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

During the  3-month demonstration, sampling
results showed that the system achieved average
removal efficiencies of greater than 99.9 percent
for MMA and 97.9 percent for chemical oxygen
demand.  MMA concentrations measured in the
off-gas emission stream indicated  insignificant
volatilization.     The  ultrafiltration  system
effectively dewatered the process sludge, which
yielded  a smaller waste volume for off-site
disposal.    Sludge  dewatering  resulted in an
approximate volume reduction of 60 percent and
a solids increase from 1.6 to 3.6 percent.  The
process effluent  was clear and odorless, and
accepted  for discharge by  the  local publicly
owned   treatment   works.      During   the
demonstration, the system was left unattended at
night  and  on weekends,  demonstrating  that
computer  control is  practical  for extended
operating periods.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Daniel Sullivan
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
   Laboratory
2890 Woodbridge Avenue
Edison, NJ  08837-3679
908-321-6677
Fax: 908-321-6640

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Chris Lipski
ZENON Environmental Inc.
845 Harrington Court
Burlington, Ontario, Canada
L7N 3P3
905-639-6320
Fax:905-639-1812
                                  The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 185

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Technology Profile
           MONITORING AND MEASUREMENTS
                       TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
             C-THRU TECHNOLOGIES CORPORATION
                        (Formerly SCITEC CORPORATION)
                 (Metal Analysis Probe [MAP®] Spectrum Assayer)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The C-Thru Technologies Corporation (C-Thru)
Metal Analysis  Probe  Spectrum  Assayer (see
photograph below) is  a field portable X-ray
fluorescence (FPXRF)  analyzer.  This  FPXRF
analyzer can simultaneously analyze for select
metals. It is compact, lightweight, and does not
require liquid nitrogen.  A rechargeable battery
allows the FPXRF analyzer to be used at remote
sites where electricity is unavailable.

The instrument is composed of a control console
connected to an ambient scanner with a cable.
The basic MAP® system also includes a carry
pack, rechargeable batteries, operator's manual,
target metal standard, and a shipping case.  The
control console  contains  a 256-multichannel
analyzer with a storage capacity of 325 spectra
and analyses. The control console with batteries
weighs  11 pounds and the ambient scanner weighs
about 2.5 pounds.
                The MAP®  Spectrum  Assayer uses a silicon
                X-ray detector to provide elemental resolution.
                The unit demonstrated under the SITE Program
                used  a  Cadmium-109 radioisotope  as  the
                excitation source.  Cobalt-57 and Americium-241
                sources are also available.

                The MAP®  Spectrum Assayer  is  capable of
                analyzing 9 to 12 samples per hour based on a
                240-second analysis  time.   The instrument  is
                empirically calibrated by the developer.  C-Thru
                requires a 1-day operator training and radiation
                safety course prior to obtaining a specific license
                to operate the instrument. The standard MAP® 3
                Portable   Assayer   package   used  in  the
                demonstration sold for $32,000.

                The MAP®  Spectrum  Assayer provides high
                sample throughput and is  reportedly easy to
                operate.   Analytical results obtained by  this
                instrument may be  comparable to  the results
                obtained by EPA-approved methods.
                                    MAP® Assayer
Page 24
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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                                                                              February 1999
                                                                             Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The MAP® Spectrum Assayer can detect select
metals in soil and sediment samples and in filter
and wipe samples. It can also detect lead in paint.
The  MAP® Portable  Assayer  reportedly  can
quantitate metals at concentrations ranging from
parts per million to percentage levels.
STATUS:

The MAP® Spectrum Assayer has been used at a
number of Superfund sites across the country. It
was evaluated in April 1995 as part of a SITE
demonstration of FPXRF instruments. The results
are  summarized  in  Technical  Report   No.
EPA/600/R-97/147, dated  March 1998.    The
instrument was  used  to identify and quantify
concentrations of metals in soils.  Evaluation of
the results yielded field-based method detection
limits,  accuracy, and precision data  from the
analysis of  standard  reference  materials  and
performance  evaluation samples.

Comparability of the FPXRF results to an EPA-
approved reference analytical method was  also
assessed during  the demonstration.  The Draft
Fourth Update to SW-846 includes Method 6200,
dated January 1998, which is based on this work.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Stephen Billets
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
National Exposure Research Laboratory
Characterization Research Division
P.O. Box 93478
Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478
Telephone No.: 702-798-2232
Fax: 702-798-2261
E-mail:  billets. stephen@epamail .epa.gov

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Steve Price
C-Thru Technologies Corporation
415 North Quay
Kennewick,WA  99336
800-466-5323
509-783-9850
Fax: 509-735-9696
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 25

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Technology Profile
           MONITORING AND MEASUREMENTS
                        TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
                           DEXSIL CORPORATION
                               (Environmental Test Kits)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The DEXSIL Corporation (Dexsil) produces two
test kits that  detect polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCB)  in  soil:   the Dexsil Clor-N-Soil  PCB
Screening  Kit,  and the Dexsil L2000 PCB/
Chloride Analyzer. The Dexsil Clor-N-Soil PCB
Screening  Kit, (see photograph  below) extracts
PCBs from soil and dissociates the PCBs with a
sodium reagent, freeing chloride ions. These ions
then react  with mercuric ions to form mercuric
chloride.   The  extract is  then  treated  with
diphenylcarbazone,  which  reacts  with   free
mercuric ions to  form a purple color. The less
purple the  color, the greater the concentration of
PCBs in the sample.

The Dexsil L2000 PCB/Chloride Analyzer (see
photograph on next page) also extracts PCBs
                from soil and dissociates the PCBs with a sodium
                reagent, freeing chloride ions. The extract is then
                analyzed with a calibrated, chloride-specific elec-
                trode.  The L2000 instrument then translates the
                output from the electrode into parts per million
                (ppm) PCB.

                These kits produce analytical results at different
                data quality levels. The Dexsil Clor-N-Soil PCB
                Screening Kit identifies samples above or below
                a single concentration, which is generally tied to
                regulatory action levels. The Dexsil L2000 PCB/
                Chloride   Analyzer   quantifies   specific
                concentrations of PCBs, from 2 to 2,000 ppm, in
                a sample.  The applicability of these methods
                depends on the  data quality needs  of a specific
                project. Both technologies can be used on site for
                site characterization or a removal action.
                           Dexsil Clor-N-Soil PCB Screening Kit
Page 26
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                             February 1999
                                                                            Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The Dexsil Clor-N-Soil PCB Screening Kit and
the Dexsil L2000 PCB/Chloride Analyzer can
detect PCBs in soil, sediment, transformer oils,
and water.

STATUS:

These test kits were demonstrated at  a PCB-
contaminated facility in EPA Region 7.  About
200 soil samples were collected and analyzed on
site using the Dexsil test kits. Soil samples were
not dried prior to analysis.  Split samples were
submitted to   an  off-site  laboratory  for
confirmatory analysis by SW-846 Method 8080.
Demonstration data were used to evaluate the
accuracy  and precision of the test kits relative to
internal quality control samples and to formal
laboratory data.   These data were also used to
determine operating costs.

The  sampling  and  field  analyses  for  this
technology demonstration were completed in
August  1992.    The Innovative  Technology
Evaluation Report (EPA/540/R-95/5 18) is
available from EPA.  The Office of Solid Waste
has designated  the  L2000 Method for PCB
screening of soil as Method 9078, to be included
in the third update to the third edition of SW-846.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Stephen Billets
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
National Exposure Research Laboratory
Characterization Research Division
P.O. Box 93478
Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478
Telephone No.: 702-789-2232
Fax: 702-798-2261

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Jack Mahon
Dexsil Corporation
One Hamden Park Drive
Hamden, CT 06517
203-288-3509
Fax: 203-248-6235
E-mail: dexsil@aol.com
Web Page: http:\\www.dexsil.com
                          Dexsil L2000 PCB/Chloride Analyzer
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                  approve or endorse technologies.
                                Page 27

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Technology Profile
           MONITORING AND MEASUREMENTS
                       TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
       ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES GROUP, INC.
               (AirSentry Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

This air  monitoring  system  (see photograph
below) is a field-deployable, open-path Fourier
transform  infrared  (FTIR)  spectrometer  that
measures infrared absorption by infrared-active
molecules. The spectrometer system transmits an
infrared beam along  an open  air path to  a
retroflector  target  that  returns  it  to  the
spectrometer. The total air path can be up to
1 kilometer long.  Analysis is performed using a
quantitative  reference  spectrum  of  known
concentration, together with classical least squares
data fitting software routines.  The system does
not require acquisition  of an air sample; this
factor assures that sample integrity
                is not compromised by interaction between the
                sample and the collection and storage system.

                A  measurement over several hundred meters
                requires  only a  few minutes,  which allows
                determination of temporal profiles for pollutant
                gas concentrations.  The spectrometer requires
                performance verification procedures, but does not
                require calibration.

                WASTE APPLICABILITY:

                The AirSentry  FTIR spectrometer can collect
                information on spectral absorption from a number
                of airborne vapors at one time, including both
                organic and inorganic compounds.  This
                     AirSentry Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer
Page 28
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                                February 1999
                                                                               Completed Project
information is processed to obtain the average
concentration over the  entire  pathlength.  The
system  has  been used  to  monitor  fugitive
emissions from  industrial plants   and  from
hazardous waste  sites.   By  combining these
measurements with measurements of wind speed,
emission rates can be estimated. It can be used to
monitor emissions from hazardous  waste  sites
during remediation and removal.

STATUS:

The   AirSentry   FTIR    spectrometer  was
demonstrated  during a 1990 SITE study  at
Shaver's  Farm, a Superfund  site in northwest
Georgia.  The purpose of this demonstration was
to test performance during remedial activities and
to develop and  test  on-site quality assurance
procedures. Results of this study were published
in a paper titled "Use  of a Fourier  Transform
Spectrometer As a Remote Sensor at Superfund
Sites: Proceedings of the International  Society for
Optical Engineering" --SPIE Vol. 1433, p. 302,
Measurement  of  Atmospheric Gases,  Los
Angeles, CA,  21-23 January 1991, presented at a
1991 conference.

The  AirSentry FTIR  spectrometer has  been
evaluated in several other field studies and has
been proven capable of detecting various airborne
atmospheric vapors. The  AirSentry  FTIR gas
analysis software, which automatically identifies
and  quantifies compounds  in the  presence  of
background interferences, was evaluated in a 1991
field study sponsored by EPA Region 7.  Results
of this field evaluation are published in an  EPA
report entitled "A Field-Based Intercomparison of
the Qualitative and Quantitative Performance of
Multiple   Open-Path  FTIR  Systems   for
Measurement of Selected Toxic Air Pollutants."
Another field evaluation of the AirSentry FTIR
spectrometer was conducted at a Superfund site in
January 1992. During the field evaluation, the
FTIR  spectrometer was compared with  gas
chromatography/mass  spectrometry techniques
using air samples collected in canisters. Results
from this field evaluation are published in an EPA
report titled "Superfund Innovative Technology
Evaluation, The  Delaware SITE Study,  1992"
(EPA/600/A3-91/071).

A guidance document detailing the steps required
for successful field operation of the FTIR-based
open path monitoring systems is available from
EPA and is referred to as Method TO-16 in the
"EPA    Compendium    of   Methods   for
Determination of Toxic Organic Compounds in
the Ambient Air".   For a copy of  the  draft
document, contact the EPA Project Manager listed
below.

This technology  remains available from the
Environmental Technologies Group, Inc. as well
as other commercial companies.   For further
information about the technologoy, contact the
EPA, contact the EPA Project Manager.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
William McClenny
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
National Exposure Research Laboratory
MD-44
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
Telephone No.: 919-541-3158
Fax: 919-541-3527
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                  Page 29

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Technology Profile
           MONITORING AND MEASUREMENTS
                        TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
                       FUGRO GEOSCIENCES, INC.
                         (formerly LORAL CORPORATION)
                            (Rapid Optical Screening Tool)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The Fugro Rapid Optical Screening Tool (ROST ™),
shown in the figure below, is an insitu screening
sensor used in conjunction with Cone opentration
Testing  (CPT)  systems  that  provides  rapid
delineation of petroleum hydrocarbons (PHC).
ROST ™ characterizes  the  PHCs from  the
fluorescence response induced in the polycyclic
aromatic   hydrocarbon   (PAH)   compounds
contained within the contaminant material. ROST
™ continuously  detects separate phase PHCs in
the bulk soil matrix in the vadose, capillary fringe,
and saturated zones and provides a screening of
the relative concentration present. ROST ™ also
presents the  spectral signature of the detected
PHC, which often allows identification of the
contaminant type (such as
                gas, diesel, coal tar,creosote, etc.). CPT testing
                CPT testing  is conducted simultaneously with
                ROST ™ testing and provides real-time, in situ
                lithologic data. Fugro can also deploy ROST ™
                from percussion-type Direct Push Technology
                equipment.

                The measurements are  performed in situ and
                physical sampling during the delineation phase is
                not required.  However, since  ROST ™ is a
                screening tool, a limited amount of confirmation
                soil sampling  is recommended.  The  list  of
                petroleum products for which this method is
                appropriate  includes, but  is not  limited to:
                gasoline, diesel fuel, crude oil, jet fuel, heating
                oil, coal tar,  kerosene, lubricating  oils, and
                creosote.
                               Rapid Optical Screening Tool
Page 30
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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                                                                                February 1999
                                                                              Completed Project
The ROST ™ methodology utilizes laser-induced
fluorescence spectroscopy for PHC  screening.
Pulsed laser light is used to excite PAHs and is
delivered via a fiber optic cable to  a sub-unit
mounted directly behind the CPT penetrometer
probe (cone).  The light is  directed through  a
sapphire window on the side of the sub-unit and
onto the surface of the soil. PAHs present within
the soil absorb the excitation light and emit the
absorbed energy as fluorescence. A portion of
this fluorescence is returned by a collection fiber
to the surface and is analyzed by the ROST ™
unit.    ROST ™  measures  and  reports the
following three fluorescence parameters in real
time:

  • Intensity of the fluorescence emitted by the
    PHC.
  • Spectrum of wavelengths of light emitted by
    the PHC.
  • Lifetime of duration of  the fluorescence
    emitted by the PHC.

The   fluorescence   intensity  is   generally
proportional to concentration and identifies the
relative  PHC  concentration   present.    The
fluorescence intensity is plotted continuously with
depth on a computer monitor in the CPT rig as
testing   proceeds   and   allows    immediate
identification of affected soils.  The spectral and
temporal data are also presented on the computer
monitor in real-time and comprise the spectral
signature of the contaminant which often allows
identification of product type.  A log  of the
fluorescence intensity with depth and contaminant
signatures is plotted on a printer in the CPT rig
immediately following each test.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:
                  ™  system  is  designed  to
                     contaminant  materials
The  Fugro ROST
qualitatively   detect
containing PAH constituents, including, but not
limited to gasoline, diesel fuel, crude oil, jet fuel,
heating oil, coal  tar, kerosene,  lubricating oils,
and creosote.

STATUS:

ROST ™ has been commercially available since
September 1994 and was evaluated under the U.S.
EPA's Environmental  Technology Verification
(ETV) program.  The final report (EPA/600/R-
97/020), dated February 1997 is available from
EPA or may be downloaded from the EPA's web
site (http://clu-in. com/csct/verstate, htm).

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Eric Koglin
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
National Exposure Research Laboratory
Characterization Research Division
P.O. Box 93478
Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478
Telephone No.: 702-798-2432
Fax: 702-798-2261

TECHNOLOGY  DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Andrew Taer
Fugro Geosciences, Inc.
6105 Rookin
Houston, TX 77042
Telephone No.: 713-778-5580
Fax: 713-778-5501
E-mail: ataer@fugro.com
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 31

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Technology Profile
           MONITORING AND MEASUREMENTS
                        TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
                            GEOPROBE SYSTEMS
                              (Large Bore Soil Sampler)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The Large Bore Soil Sampler is a single tube-
type,  solid barrel, closed-piston sampler (see
figure below). It is designed to be driven by the
Geoprobe percussion probing machine to collect
discrete interval soil samples but can be used for
continuous coring if needed.  This direct push
type sampler is for use in unconsolidated soils. It
is capable of recovering a soil core 22 inches long
by 1-1/16 inches in diameter (320 millilter (mL)
volume).  A liner is inserted inside the sampler
body to retain the sample after collection and to
facilitate removal from the sampler body.  Liner
materials are available in brass, stainless steel,
teflon, and  clear  plastic  (cellulose  acetate
butyrate).
                WASTE APPLICABILITY:

                The Large Bore Soil Sampler can be used to
                collect  soil  samples  for  both  organic  and
                inorganic  analytes  when  appropriate  liner
                materials are used.  The sampler has been used to
                collect samples to be analyzed for herbicides,
                pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls  (PCBs),
                semivolatile organic compounds,  aromatic and
                halogenated volatile organic compounds (VOCs),
                petroleum  fuels, metals,  nitrates,  dioxins  and
                furans.

                STATUS:

                Geoprobe's Large  Bore  Soil Sampler  was
                demonstrated under the SITE program during the
                A.
                 D
                                           D.
               A.  Driving the sealed Sampler
               B.  Removing the stop pin
                 C. Collecting a sample
                 D. Recovering the sample liner
Page 32
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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                                                                               February 1999
                                                                              Completed Project
early summer of 1997. The demonstration results
indicate that the Large-Bore Soil Sampler can
provide  useful,  cost-effective   samples  for
environmental  problem solving.  However,  in
some cases, VOC data collected using the Large
Bore Soil Sampler may be statistically different
from VOC data collected using  the reference
sampling method.  Also, the integrity of a lined
sample chamber may not be preserved when the
sampler   is   advanced    through    highly
contaminatedzones in clay soils. Demonstration
results are documented in the "Environmental
Technology Verification" report for the sampler
dated August 1998 (EPA/600/R-98/092).

There   are   several   hundred   Geoprobe
owner/operators who use the Large  Bore  Soil
Sampler for geo-environmental investigations.
This soil sampler has been used in all 50 states
and  several  foreign  countries  to  complete
thousands of projects.  It is used  primarily for
geo-environmental investigations to define soil
types and delineate contaminant distribution.  The
Large Bore  Soil Sampler is  available in stock
from  Geoprobe  Systems.     Geoprobe  has
developed other soil and groundwater sampling
tools  that are  also  widely  used  in the geo-
environmental field.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Stephen Billets
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
National Exposure Research Laboratory
Characterization Research Division
P.O. Box 93478
Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478
Telephone No.: (702)798-2232
Fax No.: (702) 798-2261
E-mail:  billets. stephen@epamail .epa.gov

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Wesley McCall, Geologist
or Tom Omli, Technical Services
Geoprobe Systems
601 North Broadway
Salina, KS 67401
Telephone No.: (800) 436-7762
Fax No.: (785)825-2097
E-mail:  geoprobe@midusa.net
Internet: www.geoprobesystems.com
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 33

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Technology Profile
            MONITORING AND MEASUREMENTS
                         TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
                             GEOPROBE SYSTEMS
                          (Geoprobe Soil Conductivity Sensor)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The Geoprobe soil conductivity sensor, shown in
the figure below, identifies lithology and potential
contamination   by  measuring  the  electrical
conductivity of soil and hydrogeologic fluids.
Soils  vary  in  their  electrical  conductivity
depending on particle size; for example, clays and
silts generally have high conductivities, while
sand  and gravels  exhibit  low conductivities.
Overall, soil and  rock  are  resistant to  current.
Pore fluids and the amount of dissolved solids in
these fluids also influence soil conductivity.
                 The  principal  components  of  the  complete
                 Geoprobe system are as follows:

                   •  A  Geoprobe  hydraulic  soil  probing
                     machine
                   •  Standard sampling rods supplied with the
                     system
                   •  A cable, threaded through the sampling
                     rod that introduces the current
                   •  The conductivity sensor
                   •  A data receiver connected to a personal
                     computer   to   record   the   sensor's
                     measurements
The  Geoprobe  conductivity sensor  uses  an
isolated array  of sensing rings to measure this
conductivity. The sensor is principally designed
to help determine subsurface stratigraphy.  The
sensor may also help characterize  subsurface
contamination, especially where high conductivity
leachates or brines are involved.
                 The   hydraulic   probing   machine   uses  a
                 combination  of pushing  and  hammering to
                 advance 3-foot-long segments of 2.54-centimeter-
                 diameter hollow  steel  sampling rods.    The
                 conductivity sensor is attached to the lead section
                 of the sampling rod.
                       Stringpot
                       Measures
                        Depth
       Percussion
        Probing
        Machine
                                                                 Data Acquisition System
                                                                with Real-Time Display of
                                                                Conductivity Versus Depth
                                                        Rack System for
                                                        Probe Rod With
                                                        Continuous Cable
                                          Sensing Probe
                                            Measures
                                           Conductivity
                Schematic Diagram of the Geoprobe Soil Conductivity Sensor
Page 34
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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                                                                                February 1999
                                                                              Completed Project
The conductivity sensor consists of four stainless-
steel contact rings fitted around a  central steel
shaft. Plastic electronically isolates the contact
rings from the steel shaft.  A hollow steel rod
extends above the uppermost stainless steel ring,
housing a shielded signal cable that connects the
contact rings with an external  power source,
measurement system, and data logging system.
The soil conductivity sensor can be used in a
dipole array or a Schlumberger array. The dipole
array is used when greater resolution is required.
The Schlumberger array is generally used when
optimal   soil-to-probe   contact   cannot   be
maintained.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The Geoprobe conductivity sensor is designed to
determine subsurface stratigraphy.  Only highly
conductive contaminants such as oil field brine
can be directly measured by the sensor.

STATUS:

The   Geoprobe   conductivity  sensor  field
demonstration was conducted in September 1994.
The report is available.

Improvements to the unit include the availability
of stronger  1.25-inch diameter probe rods, more
durable probes, dipole-type probes used for dipole
measurements, and expendable probes for use
when grouting is required.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Steve Billets
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
National Exposure Research Laboratory
Characterization Research Division
P.O. Box 93478
Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478
Telephone No.: 702-798-2232
Fax: 702-798-2261

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Colin Christy
Troy Schmidt
Geoprobe Systems
601 North Broadway Boulevard
Salina, KS 67401
Telephone No.: 785-825-1842
Fax: 785-825-2097
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 35

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Technology Profile
           MONITORING AND MEASUREMENTS
                        TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
                GRASEBY IONICS, LTD., and PCP, INC.
                              (Ion Mobility Spectrometry)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) is a technique
used to detect and characterize organic vapors in
air. IMS involves the ionization of molecules and
their subsequent temporal drift through an electric
field. Analysis and characterization are based on
analyte separations resulting from ionic mobilities
rather  than  ionic  masses;  this  difference
distinguishes IMS from mass spectrometry.  IMS
operates at atmospheric pressure, a characteristic
that  has  practical  advantages  over  mass
spectrometry, allowing a smaller analytical unit,
lower power requirements,  lighter weight,  and
easier use.  These factors may facilitate use of
IMS for mobile, field applications.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The IMS units, which are intended to be used in a
preprogrammed    fashion,    can    monitor
chloroform, ethylbenzene, and other volatile
                organic compounds in a defined situation.  IMS
                units  can  analyze air, vapor, soil,  and water
                samples.   However,  for analysis of liquid and
                solid  materials,  the  contaminants  must  be
                introduced to the instrument  in the  gas phase,
                requiring some sample preparation.

                STATUS:

                Graseby Ionics, Ltd. (Graseby), and PCP, Inc.
                (PCP), participated in a laboratory demonstration
                in  1990.     Graseby  used  a  commercially
                available,self-contained instrument that weighs
                about 2 kilograms (kg)  (see figure below).  PCP
                used a larger (12 kg) transportable IMS.  This
                laboratory demonstration was the first opportunity
                to test the instruments on environmental samples.
                The demonstration results highlighted that the
                following needs must be satisfied before IMS is
                ready for field applications:
                                        ENVIRONMENTAL CAP-
                                                             NOZZLE PROTECTIVE CAP
                                                             (Position when A.V.M. is in use)
                               Airborne Vapor Monitor for IMS
Page 36
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                              February 1999
                                                                            Completed Project
    Additional development of sampling or
    sample preparation strategies for soil and
    water analysis.
    Improvements  in  the  design   and
    performance of IMS inlets, in conjunction
    with the development of sampling and
    presentation procedures.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Eric Koglin
U.S.  Environmental Protection Agency
National Exposure Research Laboratory
Characterization Research Division
P.O.  Box 93478
Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478
702-798-2432
Fax:  702-798-2261
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
John Brokenshire
Graseby Ionics, Ltd.
Analytical Division
Park Avenue, Bushey
Watford, Hertfordshire
WD2 2BW
England
Telephone No.: 011-44-1923-816166

Martin J. Cohen
PCP, Inc.
2155 Indian Road
West Palm Beach, FL  33409-3287
Telephone No.: 561-683-0507
Fax:561-683-0507  (call first)
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                  approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 37

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Technology Profile
           MONITORING AND MEASUREMENTS
                        TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
                         HANBY ENVIRONMENTAL
                  LABORATORY PROCEDURES, INC.
               (Test Kits for Organic Contaminants in Soil and Water)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

Hanby Environmental Laboratory Procedures, Inc.
(H.E.L.P), field test kits for soil and water (as
shown in the  figure  below)  provide  rapid,
sensitive  analyses for a broad range of organic
contaminants.  The kits have been used at spill
and leak sites for petroleum substances including
fuels, solvents,  oils, pesticides,  herbicides, and
indirectly  wood   preservatives   such   as
pentachlorophenols (PCP). The test kit methods
are based on simple extraction and colorimetric
procedures using Friedel-Crafts (F-C) chemical
reactions. During analyses for PCPs suspended in
diesel fuel carrier solvent, where  the  actual
analyte does not undergo F-C  reactions, it is
necessary to perform other analyses to determine
the ratio of the target compound to the detected
carrier solvent.  At locations where the type of
                contaminant is known, such as gasoline or diesel
                fuel sites, the appropriate calibration photograph
                for the substance is used which provides precise
                quantitative analytical information. Alternatively,
                H.E.L.P. provides a portable  spectrophotometer
                which reads the sample results, identifying a
                wider variety of chemicals.

                The test kits provide the equipment and reagents
                to perform 15 soil or water samples. Soil tests are
                performed using the following steps:

                  •   Using the  electronic balance, weigh  5
                     grams of soil into a beaker.
                  •   Empty one solvent ampule into the beaker.
                  •   Stir the sample for 2 minutes (extraction).
                .  •   Pour extract from the beaker into one of
                     the sample test tubes.
                                      Hanby Test Kit
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                                                                                February 1999
                                                                              Completed Project
  •   Empty one catalyst powder vial into the
     test tube, cap and shake for 3 minutes.
  •   Compare  the developed  color  of the
     sample  to  the  appropriate  calibration
     photograph, or insert the test tube into the
     spectrophotometer for readout.

Water testing is performed in a similar manner,
except that the extraction procedure is performed
on a 500-milliliter water sample in a separatory
funnel which comes with the water test kit.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

H.E.L.P.  field  test  kits  analyze  aromatic,
halogenated,  and  other  compounds  which
participate in F-C reactions. These compounds
include the complete range of fuel types such as
gasoline, diesel fuel, and jet fuel, as well as all
types of crude oils. The test kits are also used for
the   measurement  of many  other types  of
substances such as  new and  used motor oils,
transformer oils, hydraulic fluids, and other types
of organic liquids which contain only small
amounts of F-C reacting compounds. The intense
color of these reactions  allows sensitivities of
detection from 1 to 25 parts per million (ppm).

The availability of two solvent types for the kits
provides a range  from 1  ppm (with the lower
range solvent) to 100,00 ppm (with the high range
solvent).

STATUS:

The H.E.L.P. test kit was used to indirectly screen
and quantify PCP contamination  in soils for a
SITE  demonstration  in  Morrisville,   North
Carolina in August 1993, using samples collected
from a wood preserving site in Winona, Missouri.
These samples contained PCP in a diesel carrier
solvent. When the ratio of carrier
solvent  to   PCP   was  constant,  the  PCP
concentration data obtained using  the H.E.L.P.
test kit correlated well with sample splits analyzed
at an  off-site  laboratory.   Results  from the
demonstration  have  been  published  in  an
Innovative   Technology   Evaluation  Report
(EPA/540/R-95/514), which is  available  from
EPA.

The   field  test  kits  and  the   associated
spectrophotometer,  the H.E.L.P. MATE 2000,
were  selected  by  the U.S.  Department  of
Commerce  and EPA Rapid Commercialization
Initiative  (RCI) as  representative  of "best
available demonstrated technology" in March
1996.  The technologies selected for RCI was
demonstrated and assessed by  EPA, the U.S.
Departments of Energy, Commerce, and Defense,
the California  EPA, the Western Governor's
Association,  and the  Southern  States  Energy
Board throughout 1996 and 1997.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Eric Koglin
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
National Exposure Research Laboratory
Characterization Research Division
P.O.  Box 93478
Las Vegas, NV  89193-3478
Telephone No.:  702-798-2432
Fax:  702-798-2261

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
John Hanby
Hanby Environmental Laboratory
  Procedures, Inc.
501 Sandy Point Road
Wimberley, TX 78676
Telephone No.:  512-847-1212
Fax:512-847-1454
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                  Page 39

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Technology Profile
           MONITORING AND MEASUREMENTS
                       TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
                   HEWLETT-PACKARD COMPANY
                (via acquisition of MTI Analytical Instruments, Inc.)
                       (Portable Gas Analyzer/HP Micro GC)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The Hewlett-Packard (HP) portable gas analyzer,
shown below, is a multi-channel, high-  speed,
portable micro gas chromatograph (GC)  that
provides  isothermal  analysis  of gas-phase
samples.  The injector and thermal conductivity
detector  (TCD)  are  micro-electromechanical
systems (MEMS).  That is, they are fabricated
from silicon using micro-machining techniques
similar to that used to produce microprocessors,
microcircuits,   etc.     As  a   result   these
chromatographic components are extremely small
and  exhibit   extremely high  reliability  and
performance.    Depending  on  the  analysis
requirements,   these  two   components  are
combined  with  one  of  a series of
high
                performance/microbore   capillary    columns
                (ranging from 0.25 to 14 meters in length and
                0.150-0.32 mm inside diameter [ID]) into an
                individually programmable analysis channel. Up
                to   four   independent,   optimized   analyses
                (separations) of a single gas  sample can be
                performed simultaneously in a single instrument.

                A gas sample is drawn into a sample loop with an
                internal vacuum pump. An aliquot of the sample
                is then introduced into the capillary column using
                the  microvalves contained  within the micro-
                machine injector. The maximum analysis time for
                components up to CIO is 160 seconds or less,
                making the HP Micro kGC oneof the fastest
                commercially available gas chromatographs.
                                   P200 Gas Analyzer
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The SITE Program assesses but does not
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                                                                               February 1999
                                                                              Completed Project
The HP portable gas analyzer houses an internal
sealed lead acid battery and small refillable carrier
gas cylinder providing providing up to 8 hours of
continuous operation.  When combined with a
laptop  computer  and instrument control/data
analysis software, the HP portable gas analyzer is
fully capable of field operation.

 WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The HP portable gas analyzer can detect many
volatile  organic   compounds   (VOC)    at
concentrations as low as 1 ppm. A heated sample
inlet system enables the  gas analyzer to detect
higher boiling compounds like naphthalene and
hexachlorobutadiene. When combined with an air
sampler/pre-concentrator     (ex.     Entech,
Tekmar/Dohrmann) detection limits in the range
of 1 to 10 parts per billion for EPA Method TO-14
compounds can be obtained.

The HP portable gas analyzer can be employed for
the analysis of soil gases, VOC contaminants in
groundwater, and,  with  the   use  of an  air
sampler/pre-concentrator   device,   VOCs   in
ambient air.  The micro TCD is suitable  for
analyzing many types of organic and inorganic
vapor-phase  compounds.  The HP portable gas
analyzer can be  used as part  of a  system to
monitor VOC emissions  from  hazardous waste
sites as part of first site assessment activities and
as part of a remediation program. Because of its
portability, high analytical speed,  and relatively
low detection limit, the  gas analyzer provides
results of comparable  quality to laboratory based
analysis     instruments,    including    gas
chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS).
STATUS:

The P200 gas analyzer was evaluated during a
field study in August  1995.  During the study,
downwind  vapors from  an  artificial  source
generator were analyzed. Preliminary results of
the demonstration were presented in an article
titled   "Performance   Comparison   of  Field-
Deployable Gas Chromatographs with Canister
TO-14 Analyses" in the Proceeding  of the 1996
U.S. EPA/Air and Waste Management Association
International Symposium, VIP-64, 1996.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Richard Berkley
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
National Exposure Research Laboratory
MD-44
Research Triangle  Park, NC  27711
Telephone No.: 919-541-2439
Fax: 919-541-3527

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Hewlett-Packard
Telephone No.: 800-227-9770

OR

Bob Belair
Sr. Product Mgr.—Micro GC
2850 Cernterville Road
Wilmington, DE 19707
302-633-8487
Fax: 302-993-5935
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 41

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Technology Profile
           MONITORING AND MEASUREMENTS
                       TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
                             HNU SYSTEMS, INC.
                   (HNU GC 31 ID Portable Gas Chromatograph)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The field-deployable HNU GC 31 ID portable
gas chromatograph monitors a wide range of
compound emissions from hazardous waste sites
and other emissions sources before and during
remediation (see photograph below). It has an
internal carrier gas supply, operates on 110-volt
line power, is microprocessor-controlled, and is
temperature programmable. An internal printer
plots chromatograms and prints data. Data can
also be reported to an external computer, which
is connected through an RS-232 outlet.
                The instrument has simultaneous dual-detector
                capability and allows the user to choose from
                four interchangeable detectors: photoionization,
                flame ionization, electron-capture, and far
                ultraviolet absorbance. Capillary columns of all
                sizes can be installed. The instrument is capable
                of autosampling.

                WASTE APPLICABILITY:

                The HNU GC 31 ID is applicable to a wide
                variety of vapor-phase pollutants. The
                photoionization detector is sensitive to
                       HNU GC 31 ID Portable Gas Chromatograph
Page 44
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                               February 1999
                                                                             Completed Project
compounds that ionize below 11.7 electron
volts, such as aromatic compounds and
unsaturated halocarbons.  The flame ionization
detector is sensitive to hydrocarbons. The
electron-capture detector is sensitive to
halocarbons and poly chlorinated biphenyls.  The
far ultraviolet absorbance is a universal detector
with characteristics similar to that of a thermal
conductivity detector (TCD).

STATUS:

The instrument was evaluated in January 1992
at a Superfund site under remediation. Results
from the demonstration are presented in a peer-
reviewed article entitled "Evaluation of Portable
Gas Chromatographs" in the Proceedings of the
1993 U.S. EPA/Air and Waste Management
Association International Symposium, VIP-33,
Volume 2, 1993.  A final report will not be
prepared.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Richard Berkley
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
National Exposure Research Laboratory
MD-44
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
Telephone No.: 919-541-2439
Fax: 919-541-3527

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Jack Driscoll
FINU Systems, Inc.
160 Charlemont Street
Newton, MA  02161-9987
Telephone No.: 800-724-6690
Telephone No.: 617-964-6690
Fax: 617-558-0056
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 45

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Technology Profile
           MONITORING AND MEASUREMENTS
                       TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
                            HNU SYSTEMS, INC.
                         (HNU Source Excited Fluorescence
            Analyzer-Portable [SEFA-P] X-Ray Fluorescence Analyzer)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

HNU Systems, Inc. developed the Source Excited
Fluorescence Analyzer - Portable  (SEFA-P), a
portable  X-ray technology,  to  selectively
determine metals concentrations in soils and other
media at hazardous waste sites or industrial
locations.  Three excitation sources are offered
with the  SEFA-P  X-ray fluorescence  (XRF)
Analyzer:   Iron-55,    Cadmium-109,   and
Americium-241. The SEFA-P is shown in the
photograph below.
                The SEFA-P in its most basic form consists of the
                following  components: one main cabinet  that
                encloses the  sample  chamber;  the excitation
                sources; a liquid nitrogen-cooled Si(Li) detector;
                a preamplifier; spectrometer electronics; a multi-
                channel analyzer (MCA); and a battery charger.
                The internal battery can power the MCA for 8
                hours. The MCA has an RS-232 interface  that
                allows the SEFA-P to be externally controlled
                through a PC or laptop computer. The SEFA-P
                weighs approximately 50 pounds.
                    'y
                     jj
           Source Excited Fluorescence Analyzer-Portable (SEFA-P) XRF Analyzer
Page 42
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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                                                                               February 1999
                                                                              Completed Project
The  SEFA-P can be calibrated  empirically or
using the Compton ratio. Quantitative results for
samples are displayed on the PC screen in units of
parts per million.  The SEFA-P only analyzes soil
samples in the intrusive mode; soil samples  are
placed in sample cups prior to analysis.  After
calibrating the unit, analyzing  quality control
samples, and preparing samples, it is possible to
analyze 30 to 50 samples in an 8- to 10-hour day.

The SEFA-P is sold with a general license, so the
operator does not have to be specifically licensed
in each state  in which it is used.  As of 1995, the
SEFA-P  retailed  for  approximately  $45,000,
depending on the options included.  This price
includes one in-house operational training course.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:
evaluation samples.  Comparability of the XRF
results to an EPA-approved reference laboratory
method  was also assessed.  The  draft fourth
update to SW-846 includes Method 6200, dated
January  1998, which incorporates the results of
the SITE demonstration.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Stephen Billets
U.S.  Environmental Protection Agency
National Exposure Research Laboratory
Characterization Research Division
P.O.  Box 93478
Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478
Telephone No.: 702-798-2232
Fax:  702-798-2261
The SEFA-P can detect elements from aluminum
through uranium in soil or other media, such as
those elements at mining and smelting sites, drum
recycling facilities,  or  plating  facilities.   The
instrument  can  provide   real-time,  on-site
analytical  results  during  field screening and
remedial operations. XRF analysis is faster and
more  cost-effective compared  to conventional
laboratory analysis.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The  SEPA-A has been used at  a number of
Superfund sites across  the  country.  A  SITE
demonstration of the SEFA-P was conducted in
February 1995  and summarized  in  Technical
Report No.  EPA/600/R-97/144,  dated March
1998. The instrument was used to identify and
quantify concentrations  of metals  in soils.  The
report gives field-based method  detection limits,
accuracy, and precision data from the analysis of
standard reference materials and performance
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Jack Driscoll
HNU Systems, Inc.
160 Charlemont Street
Newton, MA  02161-9987
Telephone No.: 800-724-6690
Telephone No.: 617-964-6690
Fax: 617-558-0056
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 43

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Technology Profile
           MONITORING AND MEASUREMENTS
                       TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
                                  IDETEK, INC.
             (formerly BINAX CORPORATION, ANTOX DIVISION)
                               (Equate® Immunoassay)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The  Equate®  immunoassay (see photograph
below) uses an anti-benzene, toluene, and xylene
(BTX) polyclonal antibody to facilitate analysis of
BTX  in water.   A  hapten-enzyme  conjugate
mimics free BTX hydrocarbons and competes for
binding to  the polyclonal antibody immobilized
on a test tube.  After the test tube is washed to
remove  unbound   conjugate,   a  substrate
chromogen mixture  is added  and a colored
enzymatic reaction product forms. The enzymatic
reaction  is stopped by adding a few drops of
sulfuric acid, which colors the enzymatic product
yellow.

As   with  other   competitive  enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assays, the color intensity of the
                enzymatic product is inversely proportional to the
                sample analyte concentration. Each sample is run
                with a reference sample of deionized water. The
                optical density of the colored enzymatic product
                is read on a portable digital colorimeter equipped
                with a filter that passes light at a peak wavelength
                of 450 nanometers.  The ratio of the sample to the
                reference optical density  values is used  to
                estimate the aromatic hydrocarbon level in the
                low parts per million (ppm) range. The test is
                sensitive to  about 1 ppm and  requires 5 to  10
                minutes per analysis.

                WASTE APPLICABILITY:
                The  Equate®  immunoassay
                measure BTX in water.
is  designed  to
                                Equate® Immunoassay Kit
Page 46
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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                                                                              February 1999
                                                                             Completed Project
STATUS:

The National Exposure Research Laboratory-Las
Vegas evaluated several versions of the Equate®
immunoassay. The evaluation focused on cross-
reactivity and interference testing and on analysis
of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene and
gasoline standard curves.

As a preliminary field evaluation, the Equate®
immunoassay was used to analyze in duplicate
five well samples and a creek sample, both in the
field and the laboratory.  Confirmatory analysis
was   conducted   using   purge-and-trap   gas
chromatography with an electron-capture detector,
in parallel with a photoionization detector.

A  SITE  demonstration  of  the  Equate®
immunoassay was conducted in 1992.  Results
from this demonstration were published in June
1994  in an  EPA  report entitled "Superfund
Innovative   Technology   Evaluation   (SITE)
Program Evaluation Report for Antox BTX Water
Screen      (BTX      Immunoassay)"
(EPA/540/R-93/518).
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Jeanette Van Emon
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
National Exposure Research Laboratory
Characterization Research Division
P.O. Box 93478
Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478
Telephone No.: 702-798-2154
Fax: 702-798-2261

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Richard Lankow
Idetek, Inc.
1245 Ream wood Avenue
Sunnyvale, CA 94089
Telephone No.: 408-752-1353
Fax: 408-745-0243
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 47

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Technology Profile
            MONITORING AND MEASUREMENTS
                         TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
                                  METOREX,  INC.
                    (Field Portable X-Ray Fluorescence Analyzers)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

Metorex, Inc. (Metorex),  manufactures,  sells,
leases, and provides analytical and repair services
for its  X-MET  line  of field portable  X-ray
fluorescence (FPXRF) analyzers. The latest X-
MET models in this series of instruments are the
X-MET 920 and X-MET 2000 systems.  The X-
MET 920 series includes the X-MET 920-P and
920-MP. The X-MET analyzers are specifically
calibrated for on-site or in situ hazardous waste
analysis.   These  analyzers  provide  rapid,
nondestructive  measurements  of    inorganic
contaminants  in soil, thin  film such as lead in
paint, or water matrices.

Each X-MET 920 series analyzer is built from
modules into systems  based  on  customers'
analytical and logistical needs.  The X-MET PC
System  (XPCS) can  either be built  into the
expansion slot of the computer or is provided as a
standalone, battery-operated XPCS module for
direct interface to a computer's RS-232 port.

The X-MET 920-P is equipped with either a solid
state  Si(Li)  gas-filled  proportional  counter
detector or the other new  SIPS detector contained
in a hand-held probe. The X-MET 920 MP is
equipped with a gas-filled proportional counter
detector contained in a hand-held probe.

The 920 X-MET, equipped with a Si(Li) detector,
dual radioisotope sources, and a portable sealed
computer, sells for $47,950. The X-MET 920 MP
sells for $36,325 and the X-MET 2000 sells for
$62,430. These prices include factory training for
two people at the Metorex facility.  The X-MET
can also be leased from Metorex.
                 The basic analyzer configuration includes the PC,
                 XRF software, XPCS, and the analysis probe with
                 excitation source.    The  XPCS  contains  a
                 2,048-channel multichannel analyzer that collects,
                 analyzes, and displays  the X-ray pulse-height
                 spectrum. The high-resolution Si(Li) detector is
                 liquid-nitrogen cooled by a 0.5-liter dewar built
                 into  the  probe.   The  gas-filled  proportional
                 detector  and  SIPS intrinsic  silicon pin  diode
                 detector  operates  at   ambient  temperatures.
                 Metorex  offers  iron-55,  cadmium-109, and
                 americium-241 radioisotope excitation sources.
                 Dual source configurations are available.

                 The X-MET 940 was tested as a prototype,  which
                 evolved into the X-MET 2000.  It is essentially
                 the same instrument as the X-MET 920-P but has
                 a smaller, lighter physical configuration.

                 The  X-MET 2000 is  a custom, miniaturized,
                 field-hardened,  battery-operated,   DOS-based
                 computer that  is   dedicated  to  field  XRF
                 application. The system uses a flash or electronic
                 hard disk to provide extreme durability  under
                 field operating  conditions.   It  is  among the
                 smallest, lightest commercially available FPXRF
                 with the full range of analytical capabilities.

                 All  software is menu driven.  These instruments
                 are factory-calibrated and can be field-calibrated
                 using either empirical calibration (all probes) or
                 standardless-fundamental parameters (FP). For
                 the  Si(Li) probe, empirical calibration requires a
                 set  of  site-typical  or analyzed  site-specific
                 samples for the initial calibration.  FP calibration
                 requires one certified standard.  Metorex claims
                 that 50 or more soil samples can be analyzed in
Page 48
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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                                                                                February 1999
                                                                              Completed Project
an 8- to 10-hour day  with intrusive  sampling,
rigorous   sample   preparation,  and   long
measurement times (200 to 300  seconds  per
sample) and up to 200 samples per day with in
situ screening and short (10 to 100 seconds per
sample) measurement times.  The 920 X-MET,
equipped with a Si(Li) detector, dual radioisotope
sources, and a portable sealed computer, sells for
$47,950.  The X-MET 920 MP sells for $36,325
and the X-MET 2000 sells for $62,430. These
prices include factory training for two people at
the Metorex facility.  The X-MET can also be
leased from Metorex.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The  X-MET 2000 technology is  designed  to
identify more than  60 elements in  soil  or other
matrices, such as those  at mining and smelting
sites,   drum  recycling   facilities,  or  plating
facilities. The instrument can provide real-time,
on-site analytical results during field screening
and remediation operations.  FPXRF analysis is
faster  and  more  cost-effective compared  to
conventional laboratory analysis.

STATUS:

The  X-MET 920-P,  920-MP, and  940 were
evaluated under the SITE Program in April 1995.
The evaluation is summarized in technical reports
EPA/600/R-97/146  for the 920-P and 940 and
EPA/600/R-97/151  for the 920-MP, both dated
March 1998.  The instruments were  used  to
identify and quantify concentrations of metals in
soils. Evaluation of the results yielded field-based
method detection limits, accuracy, and precision
data from the  analysis  of  standard reference
materials and performance evaluation samples.
Comparability of the FPXRF results to an EPA-
approved reference laboratory method was also
assessed.  The  draft fourth  update to  SW-846
includes Method 6200, dated January 1998, which
incorporates the results of the SITE  study.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

Stephen Billets
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
National Exposure Research Laboratory
Characterization Research Division
P.O. Box 93478
Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478
Telephone No.: 702-798-2232
Fax: 702-798-2261
E-mail:  billets.stephen@epamail.epa.gov
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
James Pasmore
Metorex, Inc.
1900 N.E. Division Street, Suite 204
Bend, OR 97701
Telephone No.: 800-229-9209
Telephone No.: 541-385-6748
Fax:541-385-6750
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 49

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Technology Profile
           MONITORING AND MEASUREMENTS
                       TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
           MICROSENSOR SYSTEMS, INCORPORATED
                             (MSI-301A Vapor Monitor)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The MSI-301A vapor monitor is  a  portable,
temperature-controlled gas chromatograph with a
highly selective surface acoustic wave detector
and an  on-board  computer  (see  photograph
below). The MSI-301A vapor monitor performs
the following functions:

  •  Preconcentrates   samples   and   uses
    scrubbed ambient air as a carrier gas
  •  Analyzes a limited group of preselected
    compounds, such as benzene, toluene, and
    xylenes, at part per billion levels
  •  Operates by  battery and  includes an
    RS-232 interface
                 •  Operates automatically as a stationary
                    sampler or manually as a mobile unit

               WASTE APPLICABILITY:

               The MSI-301A vapor monitor can monitor many
               volatile organic  compound emissions  from
               hazardous  waste sites and other sources before
               and  during  remediation.    Some  specific
               applications  of the microsensor  technology
               include   OSHA   compliance   monitoring,
               environmental ambient air analysis, carbon bed
               breakthrough    analysis,    and    industrial
               manufacturing area emission monitoring.
                               MSI-301A Vapor Monitor
Page 50
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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                                                                             February 1999
                                                                            Completed Project
STATUS:

In January 1992, the MSI-301A vapor monitor
was evaluated in the field at a Superfund site.
Results from the demonstration are presented in a
peer-reviewed article entitled  "Evaluation  of
Portable Gas Chromatographs" in the Proceedings
of the 1993 U.S. EPA/Air and Waste Management
Association International Symposium, VIP-33,
Volume 2, 1993.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Richard Berkley
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
National Exposure Research Laboratory
MD-44
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
Telephone No.: 919-541-2439
Fax: 919-541-3527

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Norman Davis
Microsensor Systems, Incorporated
62 Corporate Court
Bowling Green, KY 42103
Telephone No.: 502-745-0099
Fax: 502-745-0095
E-mail: ndavis(3>msi.sawtek.com
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                  approve or endorse technologies.
                                Page 51

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Technology Profile
           MONITORING AND MEASUREMENTS
                        TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
                            NITON CORPORATION
                                (XL Spectrum Analyzer)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

NITON Corporation (Niton) manufactures and
services the XL Spectrum Analyzer, the XL-309
Lead  Detector,  the  700Series  multi-element
analyzers, and the SOOSeries alloy analyzers. All
are hand-held, field portable X-ray fluorescence
(FPXRF) instruments.

The XL Spectrum Analyzer allows in situ and
prepared-sample, on-site measurement of lead in
paint, soils, dust wipes, coatings and air. Lead
paint analysis is accepted by EPA, and NIOSH
Method 7702 is in place  for  airborne  lead
analysis.   The 700Series is the multi-element
analyzer.    This  instrument  analyzes  many
elements, including all eight RCRA metals,  in
soils,  filter media, and coatings (see photograph
below).

The NITON  XL-309 lead detector includes a
cadmium-109 radioactive source (10 millicurie)
                that provides the excitation energy that produces
                characteristic fluorescent X-rays from a sample
                The 700Series can be equipped with a cadmium-
                109 source,  americium-241 source,  or both.
                Future releases will also provide an iron-55 source
                or curium-244 source. All XL-309 instruments
                can be upgraded to any 700Series instrument at
                any time.  The  SOOSeries alloy analyzers are
                designed for rapid sorting and identification of
                metal alloys and scrap metals.

                The instrument includes  a silicon  Pin-diode
                detector (or a silicon diode plus  cadmium-zinc -
                telluride detector for lead paint analysis), cooled
                by  the thermoelectric  Peltier  effect.   The
                instrument also includes  (1)  a multichannel
                analyzer of 1,024 channels, (2) an RS-232 serial
                port for data transfer and printing, (3) an internal
                memory for storing up to 3000 readings with
                spectra, and (4) a back-lit graphic liquid crystal
                display.
                                    XL Spectrum Analyzer
Page 52
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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                                                                                February 1999
                                                                              Completed Project
The instrument self-calibrates its energy scale and
uses a Compton backscatter calibration technique
for soil testing. Alloy analysis is performed using
fundamental  parameters.    The  backscatter
calibration compensates for X-ray absorption in
the soil matrix. The instrument is equipped with
a removable battery pack that provides up to  8
hours of continuous use.  It can analyze 20 to 25
samples per hour, based on a 60-second analysis
time and minimal sample preparation.

The   complete  instrument,  shown   in  the
photograph above, weighs less than 3 pounds.
NITON requires a 1-day operator training and
radiation safety at no charge. The course awards
a  certification maintenance  point to  Certified
Industrial  Hygienists  who  attend.   NITON
manufactures the   Spectrum Analyzers  under
both general and specific licenses with the  State
of Rhode Island.

Instrument  costs  range  between  $14,000 and
$37,000, depending on number of applications
and radioactive sources.  Prices  include two
battery  packs  and charger,  automotive power
adapter, cable  for serial data  downloading,
waterproof carrying case, operating and safety
manual,  barcode  wand, personal  computer
software, all necessary hardware accessories and
calibration  check  standards, and  a 15-month
warranty.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The NITON Spectrum Analyzer can detect more
than 20 elements in soil  samples,  such as those
obtained from lead-contaminated  residences,
mining  and  smelting  sites,  drum recycling
facilities, and plating facilities.

The instrument can provide real-time, on-site
analytical  results  during field screening and
remediation operations. FPXRF analysis is faster
and more cost effective compared to laboratory
analysis.
STATUS:

The    NITON    Spectrum   Analyzer   was
demonstrated under the SITE Program in April
1995.  The results are summarized in Technical
Report No. EPA/600/R-97/150,  dated March
1998. The instrument was used to identify and
quantify  concentrations of metals in  soils.  A
preliminary evaluation of the results yielded field-
based method detection limits,  accuracy, and
precision  data from  the  analysis of standard
reference materials and performance evaluation
samples.  Comparability of the FPXRF results to
an EPA-approved reference laboratory method
was also  assessed.  The Draft Fourth Update to
SW-846  includes Method 6200, dated January
1998, which is based on this work.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Stephen Billets
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
National Exposure Research Laboratory
Characterization Research Division
P.O. Box 93478
Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478
Telephone No.:  702-798-2232
Fax: 702-798-2261

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Don Sackett, Ph.D.
Vice President, Sales and Marketing
NITON Corporation
74 Loomis Street
P.O. Box 368
Bedford, MA 01730-0368
Telephone No.:  781-275-9275
Fax: 781-275-1917
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                  Page 53

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 Technology Profile
                                  DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                           ARCTIC FOUNDATIONS, INC.
                                       (Cryogenic Barrier)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

Long-term containment and immobilization of
hazardous   wastes  using  ground   freezing
technology is a relatively new field, even though
ground freezing  has been used as a temporary
construction  aid for several  years.   Ground
freezing is ideally suited to control waterborne
pollutants, since  changing water from a liquid to
a solid has an obvious immobilizing effect.  The
challenge   for  conventional ground  freezing
technologies is to be technically and economically
viable in the long-term.  Arctic Foundations, Inc.
(API),  has  developed  a ground   freezing
technology that can be used as
                           a temporary or permanent, long-term solution for
                           containing and immobilizing hazardous wastes.
                           Buried hazardous waste may be totally confined
                           by surrounding it with a frozen barrier.  A frozen
                           barrier  is  created  by  reducing the  ground
                           temperature around the waste to the appropriate
                           freezing temperature and subsequently freezing
                           the intervening  waste.  Artificial injection of
                           water is usually unnecessary  since moisture is
                           present in sufficient quantities in most soils. The
                           ground freezing process is naturally suited to
                           controlling hazardous  waste because  in-ground
                           moisture  is  transformed  from  serving  as a
                           potential waste mobilizing  agent to serving as a
                           protective agent.
                                                       Refrigeration Supply and
                                                          Return Manifolds
        Membrane Boot
New Spray-Applied Membrane
                            Existing Crushed
                            Limestone Base
                            Existing Clay Soils
                            and Shale Bedrock
                               Cryogenic Barrier Insulation Plan
 Page  190
           The SITE Program assesses but does not
             approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                                         1999
A typical containment system consists of multiple
thermoprobes, an active (powered) condenser, an
interconnecting piping system, a two-phase working
fluid, and  a control system. The thermoprobes
(API's heat removal devices)  and piping are
inserted into the soil at strategic locations around
and  sometimes underneath the  waste  source
depending  on  the presence  or  absence  of  a
confining  layer.   Two-phase  working  fluid
circulates  through the piping and reduces the
temperature of the surrounding soil,  creating  a
frozen barrier  around  the  waste source.  The
thermoprobes may be installed in any position and
spacing to create a frozen barrier wall of almost
any required shape and size.  The selection of
working fluids depends  on the specific waste
application, site  conditions,  and desired soil
temperatures, and  may consist of freon, butane,
propane, carbon dioxide, or ammonia.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The  cryogenic barrier can provide  subsurface
containment for a variety of sites and wastes,
including  the  following:  underground storage
tanks; nuclear waste sites; plume control; burial
trenches, pits, and ponds;  in situ waste treatment
areas; chemically  contaminated sites; and spent
fuel storage ponds.  The barrier is adaptable to
any geometry; drilling technology presents the
only constraint.

STATUS:

The API cryogenic barrier system was accepted
into the SITE Demonstration Program in 1996.
The demonstration was conducted over a 5-month
period at the U.S. Department of Energy's Oak
Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) in Oak Ridge,
Tennessee  in  1998.   The demonstration was
conducted to  evaluate the barrier's  ability to
contain radionuclides  from the ORNL Waste
Area Grouping  9 Homogeneous Reactor
Experiment pond. The system's effectiveness was
evaluated  through   the  performance   of  a
groundwater dye  tracing investigation.   The
demonstration  was conducted  in  two phases.
Phase one  included a background study that was
conducted to determine the presence of natural
fluorescence and existing dyes in groundwater at
the site in order to select a nondetectable dye for
use during the dye tracing investigation.

During phase two, the selected dye, Acid Red No.
92, was injected into a standpipe located within
the confines of the frozen barrier. Water samples
and  charcoal packets were  then  collected at
predetermined sampling points outside the barrier
wall to determine the presence or absence of dye
in groundwater, springs, or seeps. The evaluation
of the technology under the  SITE Program was
completed in July 1998.  Preliminary results from
the evaluation will be available in early 1999.

FOR FURTHER  INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Steven Rock
U.S.  EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH  45268
513-569-7149
Fax:513-569-7105

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Ed Yarmak
Arctic Foundations, Inc.
5621 Arctic Blvd.
Anchorage, AK 99518
907-562-2741
Fax:  907-562-0153
                                  The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 191

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 Technology Profile
                     DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                DUKE ENGINEERING AND SERVICES, INC.
     (Surfactant Enhanced Aquifer Remediation of Nonaqueous Phase Liquids)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

Surfactant enhanced aquifer remediation (SEAR)
technology  greatly enhances the removal of
residual nonaqueous phase liquids (NAPL) from
the subsurface by increasing the solubility of the
NAPL  and  lowering  the  interfacial  tension
between  the  NAPL  and  aqueous  surfactant
solution.  Increasing the solubility of the NAPL
with surfactants  substantially  enhances the
removal of the NAPL mass through pumping.
Lowering the interfacial tension between the
NAPL and the aqueous surfactant solution reduces
the capillary forces that trap the NAPL in the pore
spaces of the aquifer.  Under certain conditions,
the interfacial tension can be  lowered sufficiently
to drain NAPL  from the pore spaces thereby
forming an oil bank in the subsurface, which is
then recovered at extraction wells.
               Before SEAR technology can be implemented,
               site specific characteristics must be determined.
               Normal aquifer properties  such as stratigraphy,
               grain size distribution, mineralogy, hydraulic
               conductivity, vertical and  horizontal gradients,
               depth to ground water, etc., are determined.  In
               addition, a fundamental understanding of the
               NAPL composition, distribution, and quantity in
               the subsurface is required.  Knowledge of the
               quantity of NAPL present  prior to using SEAR
               prevents  either  under- or over-designing  the
               surfactant flood.  Laboratory experiments using
               soil core, contaminant, groundwater, and source
               water from the site are conducted to determine the
               optimum surfactant solution mix. A geosystem
               model  is then developed which incorporates all
               the data gathered.   Simulations are run  to
               determine optimum injection and extraction well
               placement, percent recoveries of
Oil and
Water
Separator



Water/
Surfactant
NAPL
                                        SEAR Technology
 Page 192
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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                                                                                        1999
the compounds injected, contaminant concentration
levels  in  the  effluent,  percent  removal of  the
contaminant mass, and all other pertinent results of
the surfactant flood.

Once the surfactant flood has been fully designed, the
surfactant solution is injected into the contaminated
zone in the subsurface through one or more wells.
The surfactant is drawn through the subsurface by
pumping at  surrounding extraction wells.  As  the
surfactant moves through the subsurface it solubilizes
or, if the design calls for it, mobilizes the NAPL for
recovery at  the extraction wells.  The recovered
groundwater and NAPL are then typically sent to a
phase separator.   The recovered NAPL is either
disposed of  or recycled, and the groundwater and
surfactant  is treated.   For large  scale projects,
recovery and reuse of the surfactant from the effluent
stream is economical.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

SEAR technology is applicable for the rapid removal
of residual phase NAPL in the subsurface. Although
it does not directly remediate the  dissolved phase
plume, removal of the source zone contamination can
greatly reduce  long term liability and risk.  SEAR
technology  can be  effective for the  removal of a
broad  range  of  organic  contaminants.   This
technology may not be suitable for sites with low
hydraulic permeabilities (10~5 cm/sec or less).
STATUS:

SEAR technology was accepted into the Superfund
Innovative    Technology    Evaluation   (SITE)
Demonstration program in 1997.  The technology is
scheduled for demonstration at the end of November
1998 at the Pearl Harbor demonstration site in Oahu,
Hawaii.

SEAR technology has been successfully demonstrated
with three separate surfactant floods at a U.S.  Air
Force   base   containing    chlorinated   solvent
contamination in an alluvial aquifer.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Tom Holdsworth
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7675
Fax:513-569-7676

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Dick Jackson or John Londergan
Duke Engineering and Services, Inc.
9111 Research Blvd.
Austin, TX 78758
512-425-2000
Fax: 512-425-2199
                                  The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                              Page 193

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Technology Profile
           EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                          ELECTROKINETICS, INC.
                  (In Situ Bioremediation by Electrokinetic Injection)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

In  situ  bioremediation  is  the  process  of
introducing  nutrients  into  biologically  active
zones  (BAZ).    The  nutrients  are usually
introduced by pumping recirculated groundwater
through the BAZ, relying on hydraulic gradients
or the permeability  of the  BAZ.  However,
heterogeneous   aquifers   often   hinder  the
introduction of the nutrients. For example, areas
with higher permeability  result in preferential
flow  paths, leading  to incomplete  biological
treatment  in other areas.    The  inability to
uniformly introduce nutrients and other additives,
such  as  surfactants   and   cometabolites, is
recognized  as   a  hindrance  to  successful
implementation of in situ bioremediation.

Electrokinetics,   Inc.   (Electrokinetics),   has
developed   an   electrokinetic   remediation
technology that stimulates and sustains in  situ
bioremediation for the treatment of organics.
                 The technology  involves applying to soil  or
                 groundwater a low-level direct current (DC)
                 electrical potential difference or an electrical
                 current using electrodes placed  in an open  or
                 closed flow  arrangement.  Groundwater or  an
                 externally supplied processing fluid is used as the
                 conductive medium.  The low-level DC causes
                 physical, chemical and hydrological changes in
                 both the waste  and  the conductive  medium,
                 thereby  enabling uniform transport of process
                 additives and nutrients into the BAZ. The process
                 is illustrated in the diagram below.

                 Electrokinetic soil processing technologies were
                 designed to overcome problems associated with
                 heterogeneous aquifers, especially those problems
                 that result in incomplete biological treatment. For
                 example, the  rate of nutrient and additive
                 transport under electrical gradients is at least one
                 order of magnitude greater  than that achieved
                 under hydraulic gradients.
                                       Process Control System
                                         Biotreated aquifer
                                          | AQUITARD
               Schematic Diagram of In Situ Bioremediation by Electrokinetic Injection
Page  120
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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                                                                                 February 1999
WASTE APPLICABILITY:

In situ electrokinetic injection can be used for any
waste  that  can  be  treated by  conventional
bioremediation techniques. The Electrokinetics,
Inc.  system  facilitates  in  situ  treatment of
contaminated subsurface deposits, sediments, and
sludges.  The technology can also be engineered
to  remove  inorganic   compounds   through
electromigration  and  electroosmosis,  while
process additives  and nutrients are added to the
processing fluids  to enhance bioremediation of
organic compounds.

STATUS:

This technology  was accepted into the  SITE
Emerging Technology Program in 1995. Pilot-
scale studies under the  Emerging  Technology
Program will  be  used  to  develop operating
parameters and to demonstrate the efficiency and
cost-effectiveness of the technology during a full-
scale application.  The SITE evaluation may take
place in  1999  at a military  base or a  U.S.
Department of Energy (DOE) site.

In  a  Phase-I   study  conducted   for  DOE,
Electrokinetics, Inc., demonstrated that nutrient
and process additives could be transported in and
across heterogeneous areas in aquifers at rates that
could sustain in-situ bioremdiation.  During the
study,  ion migration rates, which were on the
order of 8 to 20 centimeters per day, exceeded the
electroosmotic rate, even in a kaolinite clay. The
ion migration also produced a reasonably uniform
distribution  of  inorganic nitrogen,  sulfur, and
phosphorous  additives across the  soil  mass
boundaries.  These results are significant and
demonstrate   that  electrokinetic    injection
techniques may  potentially be  used  for the
injection of diverse nutrients in low permeability
soils   as  well   as   heterogeneous  media.
Electrokinetics, Inc., recently completed bench-
and  pilot-scale  tests,  which  determined the
feasibility of enhancing the bioremediation of
trichloroethylene and toluene by electrokinetic
injection.  The process of in situ bioremediation
by  electrokinetic  injection  was  inspired  by
extensive    research   work   conducted   by
Electrokinetics, Inc., using the electrochemical
process to remediate soils contaminated with
heavy metals  and  radionuclides.   In  1994,
Electrokinetics, Inc., was commissioned by the
U.S.   Department   of  Defense   (DoD)   to
demonstrate its technology in a lead-contaminated
creek bed at an inactive firing range in Fort Polk,
Louisiana.  The study was supported under the
U.S. EPA SITE Demonstration Program. This
pilot-scale field demonstration represents the first
comprehensive  scientific study worldwide for the
application    of    electrokinetic    separation
technology applied to the remediation of heavy
metals in soils.  Electrokinetics, Inc., successfully
removed up to 98 percent of the lead from the
firing range soil and received the 1996 Small
Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Phase II
Quality  Award  from  DoD  for  technical
achievement.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Randy Parker
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
  Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7271
Fax: 513-569-7571

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Elif Acar
President
Electrokinetics, Inc.
11552 Cedar Park Avenue
Baton Rouge, LA 70809
504-753-8004
Fax: 504-753-0028
E-mail: ekinc@pipeline.com
                                  The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 121

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Technology Profile
           EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                                  ENERGIA, INC.
            (Reductive Thermal and Photo-Thermal Oxidation Processes
                     for Enhanced Conversion of Chlorocarbons)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

Two innovative processes, Reductive Thermal
Oxidation (RTO) and Reductive Photo-Thermal
Oxidation (RPTO), are designed to safely and
cost-effectively convert chlorinated hydrocarbons
(C1HC) into environmentally benign and useful
materials  in  the  presence  of  a  reducing
atmosphere. Both processes have evolved from
Energia, Inc.'s, Reductive Photo-Dechlorination
(RPD) technology, which does not permit the
presence of air (oxygen).

The RTO/RPTO processes treat air streams laden
with ClHCs.  RTO converts  ClHCs at moderate
temperatures by cleaving carbon-chlorine bonds
in the absence of ultraviolet light. RPTO operates
under similar conditions but in the presence  of
ultraviolet light.  Subsequent reactions between
ensuing radicals and the reducing gas result  in
chain-propagation reactions.  The presence of air
(oxygen)   during  the   conversion   process
accelerates the overall  reaction  rate  without
significant oxidation.   The  final products are
useful hydrocarbons (HC) and environmentally
safe  materials, including  hydrogen  chloride,
carbon dioxide, and water.
                 The RTO/RPTO processes are shown in the figure
                 below.  The process consists of six main units:
                 (1) input/mixer (2) photo-thermal chamber (3)
                 scrubber (4) separator (5) product storage/sale and
                 (6) conventional catalytic  oxidation unit. Air
                 laden with ClHCs is mixed with reducing gas and
                 passed into a photo-thermal  chamber, which is
                 unique to the RTO/RPTO  technology.  In this
                 chamber,  the  mixture  is  heated  to moderate
                temperatures to sustain the radical chain reactions.
                 Depending  on  the  physical  and  chemical
                 characteristics of the  particular ClHCs  being
                 treated, conversion can take place  in two ways:
                 the RTO process is purely thermal, and the RPTO
                 process is photo-thermal. After suitable residence
                 time, HC1  is removed by passing the  stream
                 through an aqueous scrubber.  The stream can
                 then be treated in an optional second stage, or it
                 can be separated and sent to storage.

                 Excess  reducing gas is recycled,  and residual
                 ClHCs, HCs, and CO2 are either exhausted, or if
                 needed, treated by catalytic oxidation. Volatile
                 hydrocarbons can also be recycled as an energy
                 source for process heating, if partial oxidation at
                 the photo-thermal  chamber  does  not generate
                 enough heat.
                                          Reducing Gas
                         Reducing Gas
                          Make-up
                            Reductive Thermal Oxidation (RTO)
                        and Photo-Thermal Oxidation (RPTO) Process
Page  122
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                                                                               February 1999
WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The  RTO/RPTO  processes  are  specifically
applicable to treatment of air streams laden with
volatile ClHCs, such as dichloromethane (DCM),
methyl   chloride,   dichloroethane    (DCA),
trichloroethane (TCA), trichloroethylene (TCE),
dichloroethylene (DCE), and chloroform.

These processes  provide cost-effective, on-site
conversion/dechlorination  of  ClHCs   into
environmentally acceptable products. They may
be operated as a stand-alone or as an add-on to a
remediation  train.     Potential   commercial
applications include the following:

• Direct treatment of air streams contaminated
  with hazardous waste ClHCs discharged from
  soil vapor extraction (SVE) operations
• Direct  treatment of air streams containing
  volatile organic compounds (VOC) vented from
  industrial hoods and stacks
• On-site treatment of ClHCs and VOCs released
  by thermal desorption from contaminated soils
• On-site treatment of groundwater and surface
  water contaminated with VOCs and ClHCs in
  conjunction  with   air-stripping/air-sparging
  operations
• Regeneration of activated  carbon  canisters
  loaded with ClHCs

ENERGIA's   innovative  gas-phase  photo-
processes are applicable to: air, water, and soil.
They can be used alone or in conjunction with
other prospective technologies such as,  SVE,
thermal desorption, air sparging, and air stripping.
In essence, they provide the final  stage  for
environmentally safe destruction of ClHCs  or
VOCs  present in  various discharge  streams.
These  compounds  are often released to the
atmosphere without any treatment.

Laboratory-scale  tests  were  completed  on
representative    ClHCs:    two     saturated
contaminants  (DCA  and   TCA) and   two
unsaturated  compounds  (DCA   and  TCE).
Further tests of TCE, DCE, and  TCA were
conducted  on a  prototype system.   Percent
conversion,   percent   dechlorination,   and
concentration of parent contaminants and products
were determined as a function of reaction time for
various  compositions at several temperatures.
Both processes  have  exhibited greater than 99
percent   conversion/dechlorination  with  high
selectivity towards salable hydrocarbon products
(methane and ethane).  The RPTO process has
always outperformed the RTP one; however, its
advantage seemed to diminish with increasing
temperature.

A cost analysis based on experimental data was
also performed. TCE was used as a representative
contaminant. An extremely competitive cost was
obtained. For example, the cost of treatment of
1,000 cubic feet of air contaminated with 10 and
1,000 parts per million of TCE is $0.13 and $0.33,
respectively.

A pilot-scale field demonstration is expected to
take place in 1999. After completion of the field
demonstration, these processes will be available
for commercialization.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Michelle Simon
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
  Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7469
Fax:513-569-7676

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Moshe Lavid
ENERGIA, Inc.
P.O. Box 470
Princeton, NJ 08542-470
609-799-7970
Fax:609-799-0312
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                Page 123

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 Technology Profile
                      DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                   ENVIROMETAL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
                                      (Reactive Barrier)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The Reactive Barrier technology is an innovative
treatment system that uses the oxidation capacity
of zero-valent iron to induce reduction of oxidized
metals, reductive dechlorination of chlorinated
volatile   organic   compounds   (VOCs),  and
immobilization of some metals such as uranium
by a combination of reduction and sorbtion.

Granular zero-valent iron oxidizes within  the
reactor vessel or reactive wall. As groundwater
containing VOCs flows through the reactor and
around these granules,  electrons  released  by
oxidation of the  iron create a highly reducing
environment in solution.
                primarily on the surface area of the iron or its
                abundance in the permeable reactive media.  The
                dechlorination reaction is typically accompanied
                by an increase in groundwater pH and a decrease
                in  oxidation/reduction  potential.    Inorganic
                constituents such as calcium, magnesium, and
                iron combine with carbonate or hydroxide ions in
                the treated water to form compounds such as
                metal  carbonates  and metal  hydroxides  that
                precipitate from solution as groundwater moves
                through the iron. Due to the precipitation of these
                metallic compounds from solution, the reaction is
                also typically accompanied by a decrease in total
                dissolved solids in the groundwater.

                WASTE APPLICABILITY:
The   hydrocarbon-chloride   bonds  in   the
chlorinated contaminants become unstable and
break down sequentially, forming less chlorinated
compounds and releasing nontoxic chloride ions
to the groundwater. The completely hydrolyzed
hydrocarbon compounds are nontoxic and degrade
naturally.  The rate of reaction depends
                The Reactive Barrier technology is applicable to
                subsurface or above-ground treatment of VOCs
                and metals in groundwater or wastewater. The
                technology is adaptable to a variety of sites when
                used in combination with funnel and gate systems.
                Depth of the contaminated groundwater is the
                only constraint on  the applicability  of the
                technology.
         GROUND
         SURFACE -
  WATER FLOWl	[>	
                       REACTOR
                         #1
    REACTOR
      #2
                               FRENCH
                                DRAIN
                                                -OVERFLOW
                                                   LINE


                                                   RETURN
                                                  TO STREAM
                        Schematic of the Reactive Barrier Technology
 Page 194
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                                      1999
STATUS:

The  technology was  accepted into  the  SITE
Demonstration  Program   in   1996.     The
demonstration of the technology is currently in
progress  at  the  Rocky  Flats  Environmental
Technology  Site in Golden, Colorado.   The
technology's  effectiveness  will  be  evaluated
through sampling and analysis of untreated and
treated groundwater that is collected by a french
drain system and transferred to two subsurface
reactor tanks through gravity flow. Preliminary
results  from the evaluation will be available in
mid to late 1999.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Thomas Holdsworth
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7675

TECHNOLOGY CONTACT
John Vogan
Envirometal Technologies Incorporated
42 Arrow Road
Guelph, Ontario, Canada
N1K1S6
519-824-0432
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                Page 195

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 Technology Profile
                     DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                    GEOKINETICS INTERNATIONAL, INC.
             (Electroheat-Enhanced Nonaqueous-Phase Liquids Removal)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

Geokinetics   has   developed    and   fully
commercialized  a novel in-situ process for the
extraction and/or destruction of organic materials
(nonaqueous phase liquids [NAPL]) from ground
and groundwater. The process combines a novel
direct electrical heating process with established
soil  vapor, dual phase  and  other extraction
approaches.  Heat is produced directly  in the
treatment zone by the passage of an AC current
through the soil matrix.  In effect, the ground and
groundwater become the electrical  resistor in a
conventional resistive heating circuit.

Multi-phase electrical current is supplied to the
soil matrix using proprietary high  surface area
electrodes  inserted  directly into the ground.
Electrical  current,   heat-up  rate,  and   other
operating  parameters   are  regulated  by  a
proprietary    computer-based    (impedance
matching)   control  system.    This  system
incorporates  automated  data  logging,  fault
tolerance, and remote operation to minimize field
labor requirements.

The process works by gradually  and uniformly
heating the treatment zone to 60 to  80 °C. This
produces the following effects:

       NAPL viscosity is significantly reduced
    •   A  density  inversion  of many  dense
       nonaqueous-phase    liquid   (DNAPL)
       components will occur causing it to float
       to the top of the saturated zone
    •   The smear zone will greatly reduce or
       even collapse
                      Nascent biological activity will typically
                      increase dramatically (provided the heat-
                      up rate is managed carefully).   This
                      greatly increases natural biodegradation.
                      When the treatment zone has reached its
                      operating temperature, a combination of
                      established  extraction  techniques  are
                      applied as appropriate to remove most or
                      all of the NAPL.   Treatment times
                      typically include:

                   •  1 month for heat-up
                   •  4 to 8 months for primary extraction

               WASTE APPLICABILITY:

               The  technology  is   broadly  applicable   for
               enhancing the removal of NAPLs and DNAPLs
               from a broad range of ground types. Recovered
               and destroyed contaminants include fuel  oil,
               diesel, kerosene, PAHs, coal tar, hydraulic fluid,
               TCE, and other chlorinated  solvents,  ground
               types treated include clays, silty clays, shale beds,
               gravel deposits, etc.  The technology has been
               deployed  alongside,  inside,  and  underneath
               existing buildings and structures.

               STATUS:

               Geokinetics first developed and commercialized
               the technology in Europe and has more than 40
               projects completed or in progress. In the United
               States, Geokinetics' technology was accepted in
               the Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation
               (SITE) program in 1997.   The technology is
               scheduled for U.S. demonstration under the SITE
               program during September and October 1998 at
               the  Pearl  Harbor  demonstration site in Oahu,
               Hawaii.
 Page 196
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                                   1999
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Tom Holdsworth
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Research and Development
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7675  Fax:513-569-7676

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Dr. Stephen R. Clarke
Geokinetics International, Inc.
829 Heinz Street
Berkeley, CA  94563
510-704-2941  Fax:510-848-1581
Website: www.geokinetics.com
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                  approve or endorse technologies.
Page 197

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Technology Profile
           EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
               GEO-MICROBIAL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
                       (Metals Release and Removal from Wastes)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

Geo-Microbial Technologies, Inc., has developed
an anaerobic biotreatment technology to release
metals from liquefaction catalyst wastes. Such
wastes are derived from spent coal and are also
contaminated with complex organic compounds.
The anaerobic metals release (AMR) technology
may be adapted to treat other wastes contaminated
with metals.

Current biohydrometallurgy systems use aerobic
acidophilic  bacteria,  which  oxidize  mineral
sulfides while making metals soluble and forming
large amounts of acid. This aerobic process can
result in acidic drainage from natural sources of
metal sulfides. For example, acidophilic bacteria
convert the pyrite and iron-containing minerals in
coal into oxidized iron and sulfuric acid. The acid
then makes the pyrite and other sulfide minerals
more   soluble resulting in stream  and  lake
contamination due to acidification and an increase
in soluble heavy  metals.

The AMR technology operates anaerobically and
at a  near-neutral  pH,  employing  anaerobic
Thiobacillus   cultures  in   conjunction  with
heterotrophic denitrifying bacterial cultures. The
diverse culture of denitrifying bacteria consumes
and treats  multiple carbon sources, including
some organic pollutants.

The anaerobic environment can be adjusted by
introducing low levels of nitrate salts that function
as an electron acceptor in the absence of oxygen.
The  nitrate  salts provide an  alternate  electron
acceptor    and    selectively   enhance   the
remineralization   process  of   the   inherent
denitrifying microflora.
                 This process increases  the population  of the
                 denitrifying bacterial population that releases the
                 metals.  Soils containing the released metals are
                 then flooded with the dilute nitrate solutions. The
                 improved anaerobic leaching solutions permeate
                 the soils, allowing the microbial activity to make
                 the metals soluble in the leachate.  The nitrate
                 concentration is adjusted so that the effluent is
                 free of  nitrate and  the nitrate concentration is
                 monitored so that the  process  operation  can be
                 closely controlled. Soluble metals in the leachate
                 are easily recaptured, and the metal-free effluent
                 is recycled within the process. The nitrate-based
                 ecology of the process  also has the  added
                 advantage of decreasing levels of sulfate-reducing
                 bacteria and sulfide generation.

                 The versatility and low operating constraints of
                 the
                 options.  The technology can be adapted for in
                 situ flooding or modified to flood a waste pile in
                 aheap-leaching operation. The elimination of any
                 aeration requirement also allows the process to be
                 designed   and   considered   for  bioslurry
                 applications. As a result, the technology offers a
                 greater  range  of treatment  applications  for
                 environmental waste  situations that are often
                 considered difficult to treat.

                 WASTE APPLICABILITY:

                 The  AMR  technology  targets  toxic  metal-
                 contaminated soils, sludges, and sediments, which
                 can also be  contaminated with  other wastes,
                 including hydrocarbons  and organic pollutants.
                 While metals are the primary pollutant treated, the
                 biological system is also designed to degrade and
                 remove associated organic contaminants.
Page  124
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

-------
                                                                            February 1999
STATUS:

The technology was accepted  into the  SITE
Emerging Technology Program in July  1994.
Studies under the Emerging Technology Program
will  evaluate   how  effectively  the   AMR
technology removes metals from soil.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Jack Hubbard
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
  Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7507
Fax: 513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Donald Hitzman
Geo-Microbial Technologies, Inc.
East Main Street
P.O. Box 132
Ochelata, OK  74051
918-535-2281
Fax: 918-535-2564
                               The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                 approve or endorse technologies.
                              Page 125

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Technology Profile
              EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                               IT CORPORATION
                 (Formerly OHM Remediation Services Corporation)
                    (Oxygen Microbubble In Situ Bioremediation)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The application of in situ microbial degradation of
petroleum hydrocarbons  (PHC) has become a
common and widespread practice.  The most
common factor  limiting the  rate  of in situ
biodegradation of PHCs is the amount of oxygen
available in the saturated and unsaturated zones.
Therefore,    OHM    Remediation   Services
Corporation (OHM)  has  focused on developing
techniques for delivering oxygen to the subsurface
to enhance in situ microbial degradation of PHCs.
OHM has  extensive experience  with oxygen
delivery  techniques such  as  bioventing and
biosparging to enhance  microbial degradation.
Injection of  oxygen  microbubbles  is  being
investigated  by  OHM as an  oxygen delivery
system for the in situ biodegradation of PHCs in
the  unsaturated and  saturated zones. OHM has
conducted
demonstrations of the  oxygen
                   microbubble technology in conjunction with the
                   U.S. EPA and the U.S. Armstrong Laboratories.
                   Oygen microbubble technology (see figure elow)
                   uses a continuously generated stream of oxygen
                   and water solution containing low concentrations
                   of a surfactant. A water stream containing about
                   200 milligrams per liter of surfactant is mixed
                   with  oxygen under pressure.   The resulting
                   oxygen and water mixture is pumped through a
                   microbubble generator that produces a  zone of
                   high-energy  mixing.  The result is a 60 to 80
                   percent by volume dispersion of bubbles, with a
                   typical bubble diameter ranging from 50 to 100
                   microns.   The microbubble dispersion is then
                   pumped  through an injection  well into  the
                   treatment zone. The microbubbles deliver oxygen
                   to  contaminated  groundwater,  providing  an
                   oxygen source for aerobic biodegradation of the
                   contaminant by the indigenous microflora.
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                            Oxygen Microbubble In Situ Bioremediation
Page  126
   The SITE Program assesses but does not
     approve or endorse technologies.

-------
                                                                                 February 1999
WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The process has successfully treated groundwater
contaminated  with  a  number  of  organic
compounds including volatile organic compounds,
semivolatile organic compounds, and petroleum
hydrocarbons.

STATUS:

The Oxygen Microbubble In Situ Bioremediation
process  was  accepted  into  the  Emerging
Technology  Program in summer  1992.   This
process is being evaluated at a jet fuel spill site at
Tyndall Air Force Base in Panama City, Florida.

The overall objective of this project is to evaluate
the in situ application of the oxygen microbubble
technology for bioremedation.  The goals are to
determine subsurface  oxygen  transfer to the
groundwater, retention of the microbubble in the
soil matrix, and biodegradation  of the petroleum
hydrocarbons present in the  soil and groundwater.

A pilot test  was  performed at the site  in 1995.
The objective of the test was to determine the rate
at which generated microbubbles  could  be
injected into the  surficial aquifer at the site. In
addition, changes in the microbubbles and the
aquifer during injection were monitored.  Specific
parameters monitored included the following:

  • Microbubble  quality, quantity, and stability
  • Microbubble injection rate and pressure
  • Lateral migration rates  of microbubbles
  • Lateral extent of migration of surfactant in
   the aquifer
  • Lateral  changes in   dissolved  oxygen
   concentration in the aquifer
  • Rate of migration of tracer gas (helium) in
   the vadose zone
  • Oxygen  in the vadose zone
The pilot test verified that microbubbles can be
injected into a shallow  aquifer consisting of
unconsolidated, fine-grained  sediments.   The
study also  verified that aquifer characteristics
allowed the injection of the microbubble foam at
rates of at least 1 gallon per minute.  Continued
injection of foam after about 45 minutes resulted
in coalescence of the foam based on  pressure
measurements.  The microbubble foam was
observed to persist in the aquifer for long periods
of time. This testing supported the use of oxygen
microbubbles as an oxygen delivery system for in
situ bioremediation.

The next testing phase at the  site began in fall
1996.  During this test, multiple injection points
will be used to determine the  maximum rate of
foam injection while maintaining foam  stability.
Oxygen will be used as the gas for microbubble
production.     The  rentention  of  oxygen
microbubbles will be compared to sparged air to
determine oxygen delivery efficiency.

FOR  FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ronald Lewis
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
  Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7856
Fax:513-569-7105

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Douglas Jerger
IT Corporation
Technology Applications
304 Directors Drive
Knoxville, TN 37923
423-690-32llext. 2803
Fax: 423-694-9573
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                Page 127

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 Technology Profile
                      DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                                   ITT NIGHT VISION
                   (In situ Enhanced Bioremediation of Groundwater)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

ITT Night Vision is conducting in situ enhanced
aerobic    bioremediation   of   contaminated
groundwater  in  fractured  bedrock  utilizing
technologies developed at the U.S. Department of
Energy  Savannah River  Site.   This project
currently involves remediation of groundwater in
the vicinity of one contaminant source  area as a
pilot-scale  operation, with the possibility of
applying the technology elsewhere  on  site.
Contaminants of concern in on-site groundwater
include  chlorinated solvents and their  daughter
products,  plus  acetone and isopropanol.   To
accelerate the intrinsic (natural) biodegradation
observed at the site, the selected remedy involves
the subsurface  injection  of air, gaseous-phase
nutrients (triethyl phosphate and nitrous oxide),
and methane. The amendments are being added to
stimulate   existing   microbial   populations
(particularly methanotrophs) so that they can
more aggressively break down the contaminants
                of concern.   Amendment  delivery to the  is
                accomplished through an injection well, and the
                injection zone of influence is confirmed using
                surrounding groundwater monitoring wells and
                soil vapor monitoring points.

                The patented PHOSter™ process for injection of
                triethyl phosphate in a gaseous phase was licensed
                for use at this site as an integral element of the
                enhanced   bioremediation   operation.     This
                technology maximizes  the  subsurface  zone of
                influence of nutrient injection as compared to
                technologies injecting nutrients in liquid or slurry
                form. Monitoring of contaminant (and breakdown
                product) concentrations in groundwater and soil
                vapor,    measurement    of   microbiological
                population density and diversity, and monitoring
                of  nutrient concentrations  and  groundwater
                geochemical parameters provides feedback on
                system  effectiveness.   This  in turn allows
                adjustments to be made in the sequencing and rate
                of delivery  of air,  nutrients, and methane in
                response to changing subsurface conditions.
                                                                            i\  /|       Inject Gas to
                                                                          	N/   I  > Subsurfacevli
                                                                                      Injection Wells
                ^   Air Flow Check Valve

                     Air Flow Meter and Valve

                     Pressure Gauge/Switch

               \LEL/  Explosimeter
                                   Enhanced Bioremediation Technology
 Page  198
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                                        1999
WASTE APPLICABILITY:

This enhanced bioremediation technology breaks
down volatile organic compounds in groundwater.
Compounds  which  are  amenable to intrinsic
(natural) biodegradation  can be degraded more
rapidly when the subsurface microbial populations
are stimulated through  the  injection of air,
gaseous-phase  nutrients, and methane.   By
providing an aerobic environment for contaminant
degradation,  harmless breakdown products are
produced  and  toxic  daughter  products  of
anaerobic  degradation of chlorinated solvents
(such  as vinyl chloride) can be  broken  down
completely. This in-situ technology is especially
applicable   in  situation  where  subsurface
infrastructure (for example, networks of utilities)
limit  or   preclude  excavation  or  extraction
technologies.

STATUS:

The enhanced bioremediation system, currently
being used in the ongoing RCRA corrective action
interim measure at the ITT Night Vision facility,
was accepted into the SITE program in  1997, with
system start up occurring  in March of 1998. The
technology had previously been approved by EPA
Region 3  as  an  Interim Measure part  of the
facility's  ongoing RCRA  Corrective Action
program.

SITE program participants collected groundwater
quality and microbiological data prior to system
start up (baseline monitoring) and between the air
and  nutrient  injection   campaigns  (interim
monitoring). Baseline monitoring established a
statistical reference  point for contaminants of
concern in groundwater.  Interim monitoring
suggests that the initial injection campaigns have
successfully stimulated the growth  of native
microbial populations based upon the results of
phospholipid fatty acid assays and methanotroph
most    probable    number    plate    counts.
Corresponding decreases  in concentrations  of
contaminants   of  concern  have  also  been
discernible.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Vince Gallardo
US EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 W. Martin  Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7176

ITT NIGHT VISION PROJECT MANAGER:
Rosann Kryczkowski
Manager, Environmental, Health & Safety
ITT Night Vision
7635 Plantation Road
Roanoke,VA  24019-3257
540-362-7356
Fax: 540-362-7370

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Brian  B. Looney, Ph.D.
Westinghouse Savannah River Company
Savannah River Technology Center
Aiken, SC 29808
803-725-3692
Fax: 803-725-7673
                                  The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 199

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 Technology Profile
                      DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                                           KSE, INC.
                           (Adsorption-Integrated-Reaction Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The Adsorption-Integrated-Reaction (AIR 2000)
process combines two unit operations, adsorption
and  chemical  reaction,  to  treat  air  streams
containing dilute concentrations of volatile organic
compounds (VOC) (see photograph below).

The  contaminated  air stream  containing dilute
concentrations   of  VOCs   flows  into  a
photocatalytic reactor, where  chlorinated and
nonchlorinated VOCs are destroyed. The VOCs
are trapped  on the surface  of a  proprietary
catalytic adsorbent.  This catalytic adsorbent is
continuously illuminated with  ultraviolet light,
destroying  the  trapped,  concentrated  VOCs
through enhanced photocatalytic oxidation.  This
system design simultaneously destroys VOCs and
continuously regenerates the catalytic adsorbent.
Only oxygen in the air is needed as a reactant.
The treated effluent air contains carbon dioxide
and water, which are carried out in the air stream
exiting the reactor.  For chlorinated VOCs, the
chlorine atoms are converted to hydrogen chloride
with some chlorine gas.  If needed, these gases
can  be removed  from  the  air stream  with
conventional scrubbers and adsorbents.
                The  AIR 2000 process  offers advantages  over
                other photocatalytic technologies because of the
                high activity,  stability,  and  selectivity  of the
                photocatalyst.   The photocatalyst, which is not
                primarily titanium dioxide, contains a number of
                different semiconductors, which allows for rapid
                and  economical  treatment  of VOCs  in  air.
                Previous results indicate  that the photocatalyst is
                highly  resistant  to deactivation,  even  after
                thousands of hours of operation in the field.

                The  particulate-based photocatalyst allows for
                more freedom in  reactor  design  and more
                economical scale-up than reactors with a catalyst
                film  coated on a support medium. Packed beds,
                radial flow reactors, and monolithic reactors are
                all feasible reactor designs.  Because the catalytic
                adsorbent is continuously regenerated, it does not
                require disposal or removal for regeneration, as
                traditional carbon adsorption typically does. The
                AIR 2000 process produces no residual wastes or
                by-products needing further treatment or disposal
                as hazardous waste.  The  treatment system is self-
                contained and mobile, requires a small amount of
                space, and requires less energy than thermal
                incineration or catalytic oxidation. In addition, it
                has lower total system costs than
                                              AIR2000
 Page 200
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                                        1999
these  traditional  technologies,  and  can  be
constructed of fiberglass reinforced plastic (FRP)
due to the low operating temperatures.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The AIR 2000 process is designed to treat a wide
range of VOCs in air, ranging in concentration
from less than 1 to as many as thousands of parts
per million.   The  process can destroy the
following  VOCs:   chlorinated  hydrocarbons,
aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons, alcohols,
ethers, ketones, and aldehydes.

The AIR 2000 process can be integrated with
existing technologies, such as thermal desorption,
air  stripping, or  soil  vapor  extraction,  to treat
additional  media, including  soils, sludges, and
groundwater.

STATUS:

The AIR 2000 process was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program in 1995.  Studies
under the  Emerging  Technology Program are
focusing on  (1) developing photocatalysts for a
broad range  of chlorinated and nonchlorinated
VOCs, and  (2)  designing advanced  and cost-
effective photocatalytic reactors for remediation
and industrial service.

The  AIR  2000  Process  was  initially
evaluated    at  full-scale  operation  for
treatment of soil vapor extraction off-gas at
Loring Air  Force Base  (AFB). Destruction
efficiency of tetrachloroethene exceeded 99.8
percent.  The performance results were presented
at the 1996 World Environmental Congress.

The  AIR-I process,  an earlier version of the
technology,  was  demonstrated  as  part  of a
groundwater  remediation demonstration project at
Dover AFB in Dover, Delaware, treating  effluent
air from a groundwater  stripper.   Test results
showed  more  than  99  percent removal  of
dichloroethane    (DCA)   from  air  initially
containing about 1 ppm DCA and saturated with
water vapor.
A 700 SCFM commercial unit is now operating at
a Superfund Site in  Rhode Island, destroying
TCE, DCE and vinyl chloride in the combined
off-gas from a SVE system and a groundwater
stripper. Preliminary results show that the system
is operating at 99.99% destruction efficiency. The
AIR 2000 unit is operating unattended, with the
number of UV lamps being illuminated changing
automatically  in  response  to  changing  flow
conditions  for  maximum  performance   at
minimum cost.

The AIR 2000 Process was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration  program  in 1998,  with the
objective of demonstrating the performance of the
system at the Superfund site in Rhode Island.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Vince Gallardo
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
    Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7176
Fax:513-569-7620
E-mail: gallardo.vincente@epamail.epa.gov

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER  CONTACT:
J.R. Kittrell
KSE, Inc.
P.O. Box 368
Amherst, MA  01004
413-549-5506
Fax: 413-549-5788
e-mail: kseinc@aol.com

TECHNOLOGY LICENSEE CONTACT:
Dr. Bill de Waal
Trojan Technologies, Inc.
3020 Gore Road
London, Ontario N5V-4T7
CANADA
519-457-3400
Fax: 519-457-3030
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 201

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 Technology Profile
                                DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
              LASAGNA™ PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP
                              (Lasagna™ In Situ Soil Remediation)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The Lasagna™ process, so named because of its
treatment  layers,  combines electrokinetics with
treatment layers which are installed directly into
the contaminated soil to form an integrated, in situ
remedial process.  The layers may be configured
vertically  (Figure 1) or horizontally (Figure 2).
The  process  is  designed to  treat  soil  and
groundwater  contaminants completely in situ,
without the use of injection or extraction wells.

The outer layers  consist  of either positively or
negatively charged  electrodes.  The electrodes
create an electric field which moves contaminants
in soil pore fluids into or through the treatment
layers. In the vertical configuration, rods that are
steel or granular graphite and iron filings may be
used   as   electrodes.      In   the   horizontal
configuration, the  electrodes and treatment zones
are installed  by hydraulic fracturing.  Granular
graphite is used for the  electrodes  and  the
treatment zones are granular iron (for zero-valent,
metal-enhanced,  reductive dechlorination)  or
granular activated carbon (for biodegradation by
methanotrophic microorganisms).  The Lasagna™
process can remove contaminants from soil using
the following combination:

   •    Creating  treatment zones  in  close
        proximity to one another throughout
                                    o
                   Ground Surface
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               Degradation
                Zone
                 U
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              APPLIED ELECTRICAL POTENTIAL
     Note: Electroosmotic flow is reversed upon switching electrical polarity.
            Vertical Configuration
           of the Lasagna™ Process
                                 the  contaminated   soil  region,   and
                                 converting them into sorption/degradation
                                 zones by  introducing sorbents,  catalytic
                                 agents, microbes, oxidants, or buffers
                                 Using  electrokinetics  to  transport
                                 contaminants from the soil into the
                                 treatment      zones      for
                                 sorption/degradation
                              •   Reversing the direction of transport, if
                                 necessary,  by  switching  electrical
                                 polarity

                          The orientation of the electrodes and treatment zones
                          depends on the characteristics of the site and the
                          contaminants. In general, the vertical configuration is
                          probably   more  applicable   to  more  shallow
                          contamination, within 50 feet of the ground surface.
                          The  horizontal  configuration,   using  hydraulic
                          fracturing or related methods, is uniquely capable of
                          treating much deeper contamination.

                          WASTE APPLICABILITY:

                          Conceptually, the Lasagna™ process is designed
                          to treat organic and  inorganic contaminants and
                          mixed wastes in groundwater and soil. To date,
                          the p
                          contaminants in low permeability soils.
Granular
Electrode
                                      Horizontal Configuration
                                      of the Lasagna™ Process
 Page 202
          The SITE Program assesses but does not
            approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                                         1999
STATUS:

The Lasagna™ process (vertical configuration)
was  accepted into  the SITE Demonstration
Program in 1995. Under the SITE Program, with
significant funding from the U.S. Department of
Energy (DOE), the Lasagna™ process was tested
for 120 days in May 1995 on soil contaminated
with trichloroethene (TCE) at DOE's Paducah
Gaseous Diffusion Plant (PGDP) in Kentucky.
One  of the key  objectives of this test was to
successfully  demonstrate   the   coupling   of
electroosmotic flushing of TCE from the clay soil
while removing the TCE from the pore water by
in situ adsorption. Steel panels were used as
electrodes and granular activated carbon (GAC)
served   as treatment  layers  in  a vertical
configuration.

Sampling and analysis of the GAC at the end of
the demonstration revealed a  substantial  GAC
amount of TCE. Soil samples collected before and
after the  demonstration indicated a 98 percent
removal of TCE from tight clay soil, with some
samples showing greater than 99 percent removal.
TCE soil levels were reduced from the  100 parts
per  million   (ppm)  range   to   an  average
concentration of 1 ppm.

A second test of the  Lasagna™ process  in a
vertical configuration was started in August 1996
at DOE's PGDP to treat in situ TCE-contaminated
soil  to  45 feet  below ground  surface.    A
sheetpiling method  was utilized with hollow
mandrels  for  installing  electrodes (granular
mixture of coke and iron filings)  and treatment
zones (iron filings/clay slurry) in thin layers  (less
than 2 inches thick) through stiff clay soil without
generating   solid   waste.      Complications
encountered  during  the operation  included
contamination  levels  significantly  higherthan
anticipated and complex hydrogeology  in the
subsurface. The overall TCE removal efficiency
obtained was in the range of 95 percent for 1  pore
volume of water flow to  over 99 percent for 2.6
pore volumes between the treatment zones. There
are strong indications that some of the TCE was
transported and  degraded  in the dense non-
aqueous phase liquid
form. Based on the success of this test, DOE has
recommended that the Lasagna™ process be used
to clean up the rest of this contaminated location
at PGDP.

EPA  and the University  of  Cincinnati have
installed   horizontal   configuration   cells   at
Rickenbacker Air National Guard Base (ANGB)
near Columbus, Ohio.  Support facilities are being
installed  at Offutt Air Force Base (AFB) near
Omaha, Nebraska. Horizontal configuration cells
will be installed  at Offutt AFB in spring 1997
with funding support from the  U.S. Air Force.
TCE  is   the target  contaminant   at  both
Rickenbacker ANGB and Offutt AFB.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Michelle  Simon
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
 Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7775 or  513-569-7469
Fax:513-569-7676

TECHNOLOGY  DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Michael Roulier
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
 Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7796
Fax:513-569-7620

SaHo
Monsanto Company
800 N. Lindbergh Boulevard
St. Louis, MO 63167
314-694-5179
Fax:314-694-1531
                                  The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 203

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 Technology Profile
                    DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
          MACTEC-SBP TECHNOLOGIES COMPANY, L.L.C.
                         (formerly EG&G Environmental, Inc.)
                       (NoVOCs™ In-Well Stripping Technology)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

MACTEC-SBP provides the patented NoVOCs™
in-well stripping technology  for the in situ
removal of volatile organic compounds (VOC)
from ground-water (see figure below). NoVOCs™
combines  air-lift pumping with in-well  vapor
stripping to remove VOCs from groundwater
without the need to remove, treat, and discharge a
wastewater stream.  The process also can be
adapted to remove both VOCs and soluble metals
from groundwater.  NoVOCs™
              consists of a well screened both beneath the water
              table and in the vadose zone. An air line within
              the well runs from an aboveground blower and
              extends below the water table.  Pressurized air
              injected below the water table aerates the water
              within  the well, creating  a density gradient
              between the aerated water and the more dense
              water in the surrounding aquifer.  As a result,
              groundwater flows through the lower well screen
              and forces the aerated water upward within the
              well, and is in turn accelerated.  The result is a
                             Injection
                             Blower
                                              Vapor Treatment
                Vacuum
                Blower
                       Upper Recharge
                               Screen
                VOC Vapors
                                               Stripped
                                               Water
                                               Groundwater
                                               Circulation
                                               Zone
                          Lower Intake
                               Screen
                                               VOC-Contaminated
                                               Water
                      Schematic Diagram of the NoVOCs™ Technology
 Page 204
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                                         1999
rising column of aerated water within the well,
essentially acting as an air-lift pump

As the aerated groundwater column rises within
the  well, VOC  mass transfer occurs  from the
dissolved phase to the vapor phase. Above the
water table, a packer is installed  at the upper
screen to prevent the passage of rising water or
bubbles. The rising water column hits the packer,
the bubbles burst, and the entrained VOC vapor is
stripped off laterally through the  screen by an
upper vacuum casing.  The  VOC-rich vapor is
brought to the surface for treatment while the
laterally deflected water circulates back into the
aquifer.  Reinfiltrating water creates  a toroidal
circulation pattern around the well, enabling the
groundwater to undergo multiple treatment cycles
before flowing  downgradient.  The  VOC-rich
vapor is  treated using commercially  available
techniques chosen according to the vapor stream
characteristics.

NoVOCs™ also can be used to remove readily
reduced metals  from groundwater and stabilize
them in the vadose zone.  Solubilized metals in
their oxidized states enter the  lower screen by the
same route as dissolved VOCs in the groundwater.
The nonvolatile  metals remain in solution as the
VOCs are stripped at the upper screen and the
water circulates out of the well. The groundwater
and  soluble metals  then  pass  through  an
infiltration and treatment gallery surrounding the
upper well screen.   This treatment  gallery is
impregnated with a reducing  agent that reduces
the soluble metals to an insoluble  valence state.
The insoluble metals accumulate in the infiltration
gallery high above the water table and can be
either capped or excavated at the  conclusion of
remedial action.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The process treats groundwater contaminated with
volatile  petroleum  hydrocarbons  including
benzene, ethylbenzene, and toluene, as well as
chlorinated solvents such as tetrachloroethene and
trichloroethene.  Highly  soluble organics  like
alcohols and ketones are not easily air-stripped
from water but are readily biodegraded in the
oxygen-rich   environment    produced    by
NoVOCs™.

STATUS:

The NoVOCs™ technology was accepted into the
SITE Demonstration Program in 1995.   The
demonstration is underway at Naval Air  Station
North Island in San Diego, California.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Michelle Simon
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
 Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7469
Fax:513-569-7676

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Mark McGlathery
MACTEC-SBP Technologies Company, L.L.C.
1819 Denver West Drive, Suite 400
Golden, CO 80401
303-278-3100
Fax:303-273-5000
                                  The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 205

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 Technology Profile
                      DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                      MATRIX PHOTOCATALYTIC INC.
                                (Photocatalytic Air Treatment)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

Matrix Photocatalytic Inc. is developing a titanium
dioxide  (TiO2)  photocatalytic  air  treatment
technology  that  destroys   volatile   organic
compounds  (VOC)  and  semivolatile  organic
compounds in air streams.  During treatment,
contaminated air at ambient temperatures flows
through a  fixed TiO2 catalyst bed activated by
ultraviolet  (UV)  light.    Typically,  organic
contaminants are destroyed in fractions  of a
second.

Technology advantages include the following:

       Robust equipment
       No residual toxins
    •   No ignition source
       Unattended operation
       Low direct treatment cost
                The technology has been tested  on benzene,
                toluene,     ethylbenzene,     and    xylene;
                trichloroethene;  tetrachloroethane;  isopropyl
                alcohol;  acetone;  chloroform; methanol; and
                methyl ethyl ketone.  A field-scale system is
                shown in the photograph on the next page.

                WASTE APPLICABILITY:

                The TiO2 photocatalytic air treatment technology
                can effectively treat  dry or  moist air.   The
                technology has  been demonstrated to purify
                contaminant steam directly, thus eliminating the
                need to condense. Systems of 100 cubic feet per
                minute have been  successfully tested on vapor
                extraction  operations,  air stripper  emissions,
                steam  from  desorption processes,  and  VOC
                emissions from manufacturing facilities. Other
                potential applications include odor removal, stack
                          Full-Scale Photocatalytic Air Treatment System
 Page 206
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                                       1999
gas treatment, soil venting, and manufacturing
ultra-pure   air  for   residential,  automotive,
instrument, and medical needs. Systems of up to
about 1,000 cubic feet per minute can be cost-
competitive with thermal destruction systems.

STATUS:

The TiO2 photocatalytic air treatment technology
was accepted into SITE Emerging Technology
Program (ETP) in October 1992; the evaluation
was completed in 1993. Based on results from the
ETP, this technology was invited to participate in
the SITE Demonstration Program.  For further
information about the evaluation under the ETP,
refer to the journal article (EPA/600/A-93/282),
which  is available  from EPA.    A suitable
demonstration site is being sought.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Richard Eilers
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
    Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7809
Fax:513-569-7111

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Bob Henderson
Matrix Photocatalytic Inc.
22 Pegler Street
London, Ontario, Canada N5Z 2B5
519-660-8669
Fax:519-660-8525
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                Page 207

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 Technology Profile
                      DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                       NATIONAL RISK MANAGEMENT
                            RESEARCH LABORATORY
                                           (Bioventing)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

Lack of oxygen in contaminated soil often limits
aerobic  microbial growth.   The bioventing
biological system treats contaminated soil in situ
by injecting atmospheric air. This air provides a
continuous oxygen source, which enhances the
growth of microorganisms naturally present in the
soil. Additives such as ozone or nutrients may be
introduced to stimulate microbial growth.
                Bioventing technology uses an air pump attached
                to  one of a series  of air injection probes (see
                figure  below).   The  air  pump operates  at
                extremely low pressures, providing inflow  of
                oxygen  without  significantly  volatilizing soil
                contaminants. The treatment capacity depends on
                the number of injection probes, the size of the  air
                pump, and site characteristics such as soil poro-
                sity.
                        Pressure Gauge


                       Air Pump
                                      Flow
                                      Control
                                      Rotameter
                 Pressure Gauge
                      3-Way Ball
                      Valve
                                                            Bentonite Seal
                                                            Stainless Steel Air Injection Probe
                                                            1cm ID
                                                            2cmOD
                                                          . Screened
                                                           Section
                                        Bioventing System
 Page 208
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                                     1999
WASTE APPLICABILITY:

Bioventing  is  typically  used  to  treat  soil
contaminated by industrial processes and can treat
any contamination subject to aerobic microbial
degradation. Bioventing treats contaminants and
combinations  of contaminants  with varying
degrees of success.

STATUS:

This technology was  accepted into  the  SITE
Demonstration  Program in  July 1991.   The
demonstration began in November 1992 at the
Reilly Tar site in St. Louis Park, Minnesota. Soil
at this site is contaminated with polynuclear
aromatic hydrocarbons.   The project will  be
completed in early 1999.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Jack Hubbard
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7507
Fax:513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Paul McCauley
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7444
Fax:513-569-7105
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                Page 209

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 Technology Profile
                      DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                                PHYTOKINETICS, INC.
                                  (Phytoremediation Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

Phytoremediation   is    the    treatment   of
contaminated soils, sediments, and groundwater
with  higher   plants.     Several  biological
mechanisms are involved in phytoremediation.
The plant's ability to enhance bacterial and fungal
degradative  processes  is  important  in the
treatment of soils.  Plant-root  exudates, which
contain  nutrients,  metabolites, and  enzymes,
contribute to the stimulation of microbial activity.
In the zone  of soil closely associated with the
plant root (rhizosphere), expanded populations of
metabolically  active  microbes  can biodegrade
organic soil contaminants.

The  application of phytoremediation  involves
characterizing the site and determining the proper
planting strategy to maximize the interception and
degradation  of  organic  contaminants.    Site
monitoring ensures that the planting strategy is

                                       .-
  ** •^'"•- ...fc' ,     •*
     ,,;
                proceeding as  planned.   The  following  text
                discusses (1) using grasses to remediate surface
                soils contaminated with organic chemical wastes
                (Figure 1), and (2) planting dense rows of poplar
                trees to treat organic contaminants in the saturated
                groundwater zone (Figure 2).

                Soil  Remediation  -  Phytoremediation  is  best
                suited  for surface  soils  contaminated  with
                intermediate  levels of organic  contaminants.
                Preliminary soil phytotoxicity tests are conducted
                at a range of contaminant concentrations to select
                plants  which are tolerant.   The  contaminants
                should be relatively nonleachable, and must be
                within the reach of plant roots. Greenhouse-scale
                treatability studies are often  used  to select
                appropriate plant species.

                Grasses are frequently used because of their dense
                fibrous root systems.  The selected species are
                planted,  soil nutrients are added, and the


      Phytoremediation of Surface Soil
                  Phytoremediation of the Saturated Zone
 Page 210
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                                          1999
plots are intensively cultivated. Plant shoots are
cut during the  growing  season  to  maintain
vegetative, as opposed to reproductive, growth.
Based  on  the  types  and  concentrations  of
contaminants, several growing seasons may be
required to meet the site's remedial goals.

Groundwater  Remediation -  The use  of poplar
trees for the treatment of groundwater relies in
part on the tree's high rate of water use to create
a hydraulic barrier. This technology requires the
establishment of deep roots that use water from
the saturated zone. Phytokinetics uses deep-rooted,
water-loving trees such as poplars to intercept
groundwater  plumes and reduce  contaminant
levels.  Poplars are often  used because they are
phreatophytic; that is, they have the ability to use
water directly from the saturated zone.

A dense double or triple row  of rapidly growing
poplars is planted downgradient from the plume,
perpendicular to the direction of groundwater
flow.   Special cultivation practices are use to
induce deep root systems.  The trees can create a
zone of depression in the groundwater during the
summer months  because  of  their high rate of
water use. Groundwater contaminants may tend
to be stopped by the zone of depression, becoming
adsorbed  to  soil  particles  in  the   aerobic
rhizosphere of the trees.  Reduced contaminant
levels in the  downgradient groundwater plume
would  result  from  the  degradative  processes
described above.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

Phytoremediation is used for soils, sediments, and
groundwater containing intermediate  levels of
organic contaminants.

STATUS:

This technology  was  accepted  into the  SITE
Demonstration   Program  in   1995.     The
demonstration will occur at the former Chevron
Terminal #129-0350 site in Ogden, Utah.  This
demonstration will assess the ability of higher
plants to reduce the concentration of petroleum
hydrocarbons in near-surface soils, and to modify
the groundwater gradient and reduce petroleum
hydrocarbons in the saturated zone. Alfalfa and
fescue  plantings  will  be  evaluated  for  soil
remediation, while poplar and juniper trees will be
investigated for their ability to treat the saturated
groundwater zone.

The primary objectives of the demonstration are
to  determine  whether  (1)   total  petroleum
hydrocarbon concentrations in the soil in plots
planted with alfalfa and fescue will be reduced by
30 percent annually, and (2) an average annual 3-
inch change in the groundwater elevation can be
attributed to  the  trees.    The   demonstration
continued through the 1998 growing season, with
reports available in 1999.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Steven Rock
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
 Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7149
Fax: 513-569-7105

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Ari Ferro
Phytokinetics,  Inc.
1770 North Research Parkway
Suite 110
North Logan, UT 84341-1941
801-750-0985
801-755-0891
Fax: 801-750-6296
                                  The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                     approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 211

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 Technology Profile
                      DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                                       PHYTOTECH
                                (Phytoremediation Technology)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

Phytotech is an environmental biotechnology
company  that  uses  specially  selected  and
engineered  plants  to  treat  soil  and  water
contaminated with toxic metals such as lead and
cadmium, as well as radionuclides. The treatment
of soils or  sediments with this technology is
referred to as phytoextraction (see figure below).

Phytoextraction offers an efficient, cost-effective,
and environmentally friendly way to clean up
heavy metal contamination.  Plants are grown in
situ on contaminated soil and harvested after toxic
metals accumulate in the plant tissues. The
                degree of  accumulation varies  with  several
                factors, but can be as high  as 2 percent of the
                plants' aboveground dry weight, leaving clean soil
                in place with metal concentrations that equal or
                are  less than regulatory cleanup  levels.  After
                accumulation in the plant tissues, the contaminant
                metal must be disposed of, but the  amount of
                disposable biomass  is a small fraction of the
                amount of soil treated. For example, excavating
                and landfilling a 10-acre site contaminated with
                400 parts per million (ppm)  lead to a depth of 1
                foot requires handling roughly 20,000  tons of
                lead-contaminated soil.  Phytoextraction of a 10-
                acre site to remove 400 ppm  of lead from the top
                1 foot would require disposal of around 500 tons
                of biomass - about 1/40 of the soil cleaned. In
                                       Phytoextraction
 Page 212
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                                        1999
the example  cited,  six to eight  crops  would
typically be needed, with three or four crops per
growing season.

Compared to  traditional remedial  technologies,
phytoextraction offers the following benefits:

    •   Lower cost
    •   Applicability to a broad range of
       metals
    •   Potential  for  recycling  the
       metal-rich biomass
    •   Minimal      environmental
       disturbance
    •   Minimization of secondary air-
       and water-borne wastes

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

Phytotech's phytoextraction technology can be
used to clean soil or sediments contaminated with
lead, cadmium, chromium, cesium/strontium and
uranium. Phytoremediation of other metals such
as arsenic, zinc, copper, and  thorium  is in the
research stage.

STATUS:

Phytotech  was  accepted   into  the   SITE
Demonstration Program in 1997. Under the SITE
Program,  Phytotech   is   demonstrating  its
phytoremediation technology at a former battery
manufacturing facility in Trenton, New Jersey.
where soil is contaminated with lead. The site has
been prepared and characterized, and two crops
were planted and harvested in late summer 1998.
Phytotech has also conducted  several successful
field trials of its phytoextraction technology at
other contaminated sites in the U.S. and abroad.
Phytotech   has   conducted   several   field
demonstrations of its rhizofiltration technology
for the  removal  of (1)  cesium/strontium at
Chernobyl, and (2) uranium from contaminated
groundwater at a DOE site in Ashtabula, Ohio. At
Chernobyl, sunflowers were shown to extract 95
percent of the radionuclides from a small pond
within  10 days. At the Ashtabula site, Phytotech
ran a 9-month pilot demonstration during which
incoming water containing as much as 450 parts
per billion (ppb) uranium was treated to 5 ppb or
less of uranium.

FOR  FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Steven Rock
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7149
Fax: 513-569-7105

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Michael Blaylock (ext. 13) or
Eric Muhr (ext. 32)
Phytotech
One Deer Park Drive, Suite I
Monmouth Junction, NJ 08852
732-438-0900
Fax: 732-438-1209
E-Mail: soilrx@aol.com or
ericmuhr@mars. superlink.net
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                Page 213

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 Technology Profile
                      DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                               PINTAIL SYSTEMS, INC.
                              (Spent Ore Bioremediation Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

This technology uses microbial detoxification of
cyanide in heap leach processes to reduce cyanide
levels in spent ore and process  solutions.  The
biotreatment populations of natural soil bacteria
are grown to elevated concentrations, which are
applied to spent ore by drip or spray irrigation.
Process  solutions  are  treated with  bacteria
concentrates in continuous or batch applications.
This   method   may   also   enhance   metal
remineralization, reducing acid rock drainage and
enhancing  precious metal recovery to  offset
treatment costs.
                For this reason,  native  bacteria isolates are
                extracted from the ore and tested for cyanide
                detoxification potential  as  individual species.
                Any    natural    detoxification     potentials
                demonstrated in flask cyanide decomposition tests
                are preserved and submitted for bioaugmentation.
                Bioaugmentation of the cyanide detoxification
                population  eliminates nonworking species of
                bacteria and enhances the natural detoxification
                potential by  growth  in  waste infusions  and
                chemically defined media.  Pintail Systems, Inc.
                (PSI) maintains a bacterial library of some 2,500
                strains of microorganisms and a database of their
                characteristics.
Biotreatment of cyanide  in spent ore and ore
processing   solutions  begins  by  identifying
bacteria that will grow in the waste source and
that  use  the  cyanide  for normal cell building
reactions. Native isolates are ideally adapted to
the spent ore environment, the available nutrient
pool, and potential toxic components of the heap
environment. The cyanide-detoxifying bacteria
are typically a  small fraction  of the overall
population of cyanide-tolerant species.
                The working population of treatment bacteria is
                grown in spent ore infusion broths and process
                solutions to adapt to field operating conditions.
                The cyanide in the spent ore serves as the primary
                carbon or nitrogen source for bacteria nutrition.
                Other required trace nutrients are provided in the
                chemically  defined  broths.    The  bacterial
                consortium is then tested on spent ore in a 6-inch-
                by-10-foot  column  in  the field  or  in  the
                laboratory. The column simulates leach pile
                                  TTUHI
                                                                   TCN, WAD CN,
                                                                   metals
                          Cyanide-leached spent ore
                                                         Pregnant pond
                                                        Carbon circuit
                                                       (metal stripping)
                                   Staged bacteria
                                       culture
                                                                         Au,Ag
                                  Spent Ore Bioremediation Process
 Page 214
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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                                                                                         1999
conditions, so that detoxification rates, process
completion, and effluent quality can be verified.
Following column tests,  a field test may be
conducted to verify column results.

The spent ore is remediated by first setting up a
stage  culturing system to establish working
populations of cyanide-degrading bacteria at the
mine site.  Bacterial solutions are  then applied
directly to the heap  using  the same system
originally designed to deliver cyanide solutions to
the heap leach pads (see figure on previous page).
Cyanide concentrations and leachable metals are
then measured in heap leach solutions.   This
method of cyanide  degradation in spent ore leach
pads degrades cyanide more quickly than methods
which treat only rinse solutions from the pad.  In
addition  to cyanide  degradation,  biological
treatment  of heap leach pads has also  shown
significant biomineralization  and  reduction  of
leachable metals in heap leachate solutions.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The  spent ore bioremediation  process can be
applied to treat cyanide contamination, spent ore
heaps,  waste rock dumps, mine  tailings, and
process  water from  gold and silver  mining
operations.
STATUS:

This technology was  accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program  in May 1994.  A  site
located  in Battle  Mountain,  Nevada has been
selected  for the  demonstration.   Preliminary
treatability  tests  have been  completed.    In
addition, PSI  has  completed two full-scale
cyanide  detoxification projects.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Jack Hubbard
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
    Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7507
Fax:513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Leslie Thompson
Pintail Systems, Inc.
11801 East 33rd Avenue, Suite C
Aurora,  CO 80010
303-367-8443
Fax: 303-364-2120
                                  The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 215

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Technology Profile
            EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                            PINTAIL SYSTEMS, INC.
                               (Biomineralization of Metals)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

Pintail Systems, Inc. (PSI), has evaluated the use
of  bioremediation  processes   for   in  situ
biomineralization of heavy metals in mine wastes.
Biomineralization processes are part of a natural
cycle in which minerals are continuously formed,
transformed,    and   degraded.      In   situ
biomineralization capitalizes on the  role that
microorganisms play in natural ore formation and
involves accelerating the biological reactions to
remediate waste.

During biomineralization, microorganisms initiate
a complex series of reactions.  Effective metal
removal mechanisms  are influenced by
                 biologically catalyzed remineralization reactions.
                 PSI's research indicates that  biomineralization
                 begins when microorganisms attach to the ore's
                 surface,  forming a  "bioslime" layer.   Soluble
                 metals then bind to cell walls and extracellular
                 products.  Next, metal hydroxides, oxides, and
                 carbonates precipitate into the bioslime layer as
                 amorphous mineral precursors, which provide a
                 template  for further  mineralization  as they
                 stabilize.

                 A microbial population for biomineralization may
                 be used in either batch  or continuous treatment
                 mode for in situ bioremediation. In batch mode,
                 bacteria and  nutrient solutions may be applied
                 directly to contaminated soil, sediments, or
                                2.5 million ton Spent Ore Cyanide Field Detox
                             Metals analysis before and after application of bacteria treatment solutions
                               to the heap to degrade cyanide. Analysis of heap leachate solutions.
                         Results in mg/L
                                                             0.978
                                    | Before treatment
                                 ^^H After treatment
                               Cadmium    Chromium    Selenium
                                                               Iron
Results
10
8
6
4
2
0
n mg/L






Cof




0.334
^^H
>per





2.07


0.005
[ I Befor
^H After


0.488
I 	 1 0.054
3 treatment
reatment

4.16




0.007
Mercury Silver Zinc
                                     Biomineralization of Metals
Page  130
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                                 February 1999
aqueous solutions to catalyze bioaccumulation
and biomineralization. For continuous treatment,
microorganisms may be immobilized in a porous
matrix or  fixed film reactor to  remove metals
from aqueous solutions.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The PSI biomineralization process is designed to
treat solids (soils, sludges, and  sediments) that
contain heavy metals or organics. It can also be
applied to acid rock drainage that  occurs naturally
or that results from mining  or energy production
operations. The process can be applied at battery
waste sites, urban lead sites, mines, and metal
production and fabrication sites.

The  PSI  technology was accepted  into the
Emerging  Technology Program in  1995. Under
the Emerging Technology Program, PSI intends to
complete development of  its biomineralization
process,  resulting  in  a  field-ready in  situ
biomineralization technology.  PSI will conduct
batch  and continuous treatment tests  at its
laboratory and pilot plant in Aurora,  Colorado,
using soils, ore, sludges, and tailings from several
Superfund sites.

PSI  has  developed  and  applied  full-scale
detoxification processes for spent ore  at several
mines in the western United States.  In addition to
cyanide detoxification, metals have been removed
or remineralized during treatment  at the mines.
PSI has also demonstrated biomineralization of
metals in  laboratory- and  pilot-scale tests for
mining industry clients at Idaho, Nevada, Arizona,
California, Colorado,  Mexico,  and  Canada,
including the Summitville Mine Superfund site in
Colorado.  The results of using biomineralization
is shown in the figure on the previous page.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ronald Lewis
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
  Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH  45268
513-569-7856
Fax:513-569-7105

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Leslie Thompson
Pintail Systems, Inc.
11801 E. 33rd Avenue, Suite C
Aurora,  CO  80010
303-367-8443
Fax: 303-364-2120
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                Page 131

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 Technology Profile
                                  DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
          PRAXIS ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
                  (In Situ Thermally Enhanced Extraction (TEE) Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The  PRAXIS  TEE  in  situ thermal  extraction
process heats soil with steam injection, enhancing
pump-and-treat and soil vapor extraction processes
used to treat volatile organic compounds (VOC)
and  semivolatile organic compounds (SVOC).
This process  is  an effective  and   relatively
inexpensive  technique  to raise  a target  soil
volume to a nearly uniform temperature.

As  illustrated  in  the figure  below,  steam is
introduced to the soil  through injection wells
screened in contaminated intervals. The vacuum
applied to the extraction wells, during and after
steam/hot air injection, forms a pneumatic barrier
at the treatment boundaries. This barrier limits
lateral migration of steam and contaminants while
air sweeping the steam  zone boundaries carries
contaminants to extraction wells.
                            Groundwater and liquid contaminants are pumped
                            from the extraction wells; steam, air, and vaporized
                            contaminants are extracted under vacuum.  After
                            the soil  is  heated  by  steam  injection, the
                            injection wells can introduce additional agents to
                            facilitate the cleanup.

                            Recovered vapors pass through a condenser. The
                            resulting condensate is  combined with pumped
                            liquids for processing in separation equipment.
                            Separated nonaqueous phase liquids (NAPL) can
                            be recycled or disposed  of, and the water is
                            treated prior to discharge.  The noncondensible
                            gases  are directed to  a  vapor treatment system
                            consisting of (1) catalytic oxidation equipment,
                            (2) activated carbon filters, or (3) other applicable
                            vapor technologies.  The  in situ thermal extraction
                            process uses  conventional injection, extraction
                            and monitoring  wells, off-the-shelf piping,
                            steam generators,
                                              VACUUM PUMP
STEAM TO
INJECTION
WELLS
                                        CLAY
                                 STEAM  SAND
                                       A^YXI
                                        CLAY
                                                    ^
                                                  TT-
                                                   CLAY
                          Z|v SAND    ST6AM


                             CLAY
                                                                    *• WATER
                                                                        NAPL
                                                                  STEAM TO
                                                                  INJECTION
                                                                  WELLS
                                In Situ Thermal Extraction Process
 Page 216
            The SITE Program assesses but does not
               approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                                        1999
condensers,   heat   exchangers,   separation
equipment, vacuum pumps, and vapor emission
control equipment.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The in situ thermal extraction process removes
VOCs and SVOCs from contaminated soils and
groundwater.    The  process primarily treats
chlorinated solvents  such  as  trichloroethene
(TCE), tetrachloroethene (PCE), and dichloro-
benzene; hydrocarbons such as gasoline, diesel,
and jet fuel; and mixtures of these compounds.

The process can be applied to rapid cleanup of
source areas such as dense NAPL pools below the
water table surface, light NAPL pools floating on
the water table surface, and NAPL contamination
remaining  after using  conventional pumping
techniques. Subsurface conditions are amenable
to biodegradation of residual contaminants,  if
necessary,  after application of the  thermal
process. A cap is required for implementation of
the process near the soil surface. For dense NAPL
compounds in high concentrations, a barrier must
be present or  created  to prevent  downward
percolation of  the NAPLs.   The  process  is
applicable in less permeable soils with the use of
novel delivery systems such as horizontal wells or
fracturing.

STATUS:

This technology was accepted into  the  SITE
Demonstration Program in August 1993.  The
demonstration   occurred  at  a   former waste
management area located at Operable Unit 2  at
Hill Air Force Base in Ogden, Utah, during June
and July 1997.  The demonstration site  was the
location of two former  unlined trenches that
received  unknown  quantities  of   various
chlorinated solvent wastes from 1967 to  1975.

The demonstration focused primarily on assessing
and recovering dense NAPL from the trough area
and reducing TCE and PCE levels in the lower
saturated zone so as to meet or exceed the Record
of Decision  (ROD)  cleanup goals  and the
Preliminary Remedial Goals (PRG) established
for the site's soils.
Soil PRGs for TCE and PCE were 58 milligrams
per kilogram (nig/Kg) and 12 mg/Kg respectively.
A total of 41  post-characterization soil samples
were collected to determine if these goals were
met by  the technology.  Thirty-five of the 41
samples had PCE concentrations below the PRG.
Thirty-five of the 41  samples also had TCE
concentrations below the PRG.  There were 33
samples   that  had  both  TCE   and  PCE
concentrations  below  the  specified   PRGs.
Detailed reports on the demonstration  are in
preparation and will be available from  EPA in
1999.  The developer is presently seeking patents
on various aspects of the system, while continuing
to seek opportunities at other U.S. Department of
Defense facilities.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul dePercin
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
Fax: 513-569-7105
E-Mail:  dePercin.Paul@epamail.epa.gov

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Lloyd Stewart
Praxis Environmental Technologies, Inc.
1440 Rollins Road
Burlingame, CA 94010
650-548-9288
Fax: 650-548-9287
E-mail: LDS@praxis-enviro.com

Major Paul B. Devane
U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory, Environics
Directorate
139 Barnes Drive,  Suite 2
Tyndall AFB, FL 32403-5319
850-283-6288
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 217

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 Technology Profile
                      DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
              PROCESS TECHNOLOGIES INCORPORATED
                      (Photolytic Destruction of Vapor-Phase Halogens)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The    proprietary,   nonthermal   technology
developed by Process Technologies Incorporated
(PTI), is a method of photochemically oxidizing
gaseous  organic compounds within a reaction
chamber.  PTI's Photolytic Destruction Technology
(PDT) uses low-pressure ultraviolet (UV) lamps,
with UV emissions primarily at wavelengths in
the 185 to 254 nanometer range, located within
the reaction chamber. Photons emitted from these
lamps break apart the chemical bonds making up
the volatile organic compound (VOC) molecule.
The process is capable of destroying mixtures of
chlorinated and nonchlorinated VOCs.

The PDT system is designed and fabricated in 3-
to 12-cubic-feet-per-minute (cfm) modules. The
size of the module applied is dependent on the gas
flow rate and VOC concentrations  in the gas
stream. PTI  implements a fluid bed concentrator
to allow for the  treatment of high flow  gas
streams,  or those with rates greater than 1,000
                cfm. Significant cost savings can be realized ifthe
                gas flow  can  be  reduced,  and  concentration
                increased prior to destruction.

                PTI uses a proprietary reagent that forms a liner
                within the process chamber.  The reagent reacts
                chemically with the gaseous degradation products
                formed  during the  photolytic  destruction  of
                halocarbon molecules  to  form  solid,  stable
                reaction products.

                Reagent lifetime  depends on flow rate, influent
                concentrations,  and specific chemical composition
                of destruction targets.  PTI has performed tests on
                spent reagent to determine whether the material
                would be classified as a hazardous waste under
                federal regulations.  Those tests indicated that the
                spent  reagent  is  likely nontoxic.  The  spent
                reagent  is also  not reactive,  corrosive,  or
                flammable, and thus PTI is confident that it is not
                a hazardous waste under federal  law.   PTI
                accordingly believes that the  spent reagent
                material can be  disposed of as  ordinary solid
                waste or used as a feedstock for
                           Cleaned Air
                           @ 1,000 cfm
                           Adsorber
                            Column
           Concentrated VOC Vapor
               Stream @ 6 cfm
                Desorber
                 Column
  VOC Off-Gas
   @ 1,000 cfm
               Air-Water
               Separator
                                           Desorption air
                                             @ 6 cfm
                                                                                     Cleaned
                                                                 UV Reactor
                                                               bnoiionoior°
olgblglbL
                                                               Treated Air &
                                                               HCI @ 6 cfm
                                            6 cfm Acid
                                           Gas Scrubber
                               Simplified Process Flow Diagram
                                   of Photolytic Destruction
 Page 218
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                                      1999
cement manufacturing. The PTI process is simple
in design and easy to operate. The  sy stem is
designed to run continuously, 24-hours per day.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The  technology was developed  to  destroy  a
number  of groups  of  compounds, including
chlorinated solvents, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs),
hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), and halons.
Example sources of process off-gas that contains
chlorinated and nonchlorinated VOCs, CFCs, and
HCFCs  include steam  vapor extraction,  tank
vents, air strippers, steam strippers, and building
vent systems.

The process is capable of destroying as high as
50,000 parts per million by volume VOC streams.
The system is capable of achieving greater than
90  percent on-line  availability, inclusive  of
scheduled maintenance activities.

STATUS:

The PTI technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program  in summer  1994.  The
demonstration  began in  September 1994  at
McClellan Air Force Base (AFB) in Sacramento,
California.    The  SITE  demonstration  was
postponed shortly thereafter. Activities under the
SITE Program were  rescheduled  in  1997.
Additional tests incorporating an improved design
for treating soil vapor extraction off-gas were
successfully completed at the AFB in January
1996.

PTI completed a four month demonstration of
the combined fluid bed concentrator and PDT
system at the U.S. Navy's North Island Site 9
in February, 1998.  This demonstration was
performed to evaluate the effectiveness and cost
to remove  and destroy  VOC vapor from an
existing  SVE  system.   The results of  the
demonstration at the Navy's North Island  Site 9
showed the PTI System was capable of achieving
greater than 95 percent destruction and removal
efficiency of VOCs in the soil vapor at  a 250
standard cfm flow rate.  Furthermore, the Navy
determined that the PTI System provided a 45
percent cost savings over activated carbon or
flameless thermal oxidation.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Paul de Percin
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
    Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7797
Fax:513-569-7105
E-Mail: dePercin.Paul @ epamail.epa.gov

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Mike Swan
Process Technologies Incorportated
P.O. Box 476
Boise, ID 83701-0476
208-385-0900 ext. 223
Fax: 208-385-0994

TECHNOLOGY USER CONTACT:
Kevin Wong
SM-ALC/EMR
5050 Dudley Boulevard
Suite 3
McClellan AFB, CA 95652-1389
916-643-0830 ext. 327
Fax:916-643-0827
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                Page 219

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Technology Profile
           EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                            PULSE SCIENCES, INC.
                (X-Ray Treatment of Organically Contaminated Soils)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

X-ray treatment of organically contaminated soils
is  based  on in-depth  deposition  of ionizing
radiation. Energetic photons (X-rays) collide with
matter to  generate  a shower of lower- energy,
secondary  electrons  within  the contaminated
waste material. These secondary electrons ionize
and excite the atomic  electrons, break up the
complex contaminant molecules, and form highly
reactive radicals.   These radicals  react with
contaminants to form nonhazardous products such
as water, carbon dioxide, and oxygen.

Other  sources of  ionizing radiation, such as
ultraviolet  radiation  or direct electron  beam
processing, do not penetrate the treatable material
deeply enough.  Ultraviolet radiation heats only
the surface layer, while a 1.5-million electron volt
(MeV) charge penetrates about 4 millimeters into
the  soil.  X-rays, however, penetrate up  to 20
centimeters,  allowing   treatment  of  thicker
samples.   In situ  treatment, which  reduces
material handling  requirements, may also be
possible with X-ray treatment.
                 An  efficient, high-power, high-energy,  linear
                 induction accelerator (LIA) plus X-ray converter
                 generates the X-rays used in the treatment process
                 (see  figure below).   The  LIA energy usually
                 ranges from 8 to 10 MeV.  A repetitive pulse of
                 electrons 50 to 100 nanoseconds long is directed
                 onto a cooled converter of high atomic number to
                 efficiently generate X-rays.  The X-rays penetrate
                 and treat the organically contaminated soils.

                 The  physical  mechanism by which volatile
                 organic  compounds  (VOC)  and  semivolatile
                 organic   compounds   (SVOC)  are  removed
                 primarily depends on the specific contaminant
                 present.  Because of the moisture in contaminated
                 soil,  sludge, and  sediments,  the  shower  of
                 secondary  electrons  resulting  from   X-ray
                 deposition  produces  both  highly  oxidizing
                 hydroxyl radicals  and highly reducing aqueous
                 electrons.   While hazardous by-products may
                 form during X-ray treatment, contaminants and
                 by-products,  if  found,  may  be  completely
                 converted at sufficiently high dose levels without
                 undesirable waste residuals or air pollution.
                                                          Waste
                                                         Treatment
                                                          Area
                                     Conveyor
                                                   Waste
                                                   Storage
LIA
1-10 MeV


Electron
Beam


X-Ray
Converter
(Ta)


X-rays
                                                                                Disposal
                                    X-Ray Treatment Process
Page  132
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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                                                                                February 1999
X-rays can treat contaminated soil on a conveyor
or contained in disposal barrels. Because X-rays
penetrate about 20 centimeters into soil, large soil
volumes can  be  treated  without   losing  a
significant fraction of the ionizing radiation in
standard container walls.  Pulse Sciences, Inc.,
estimates that the cost of high throughput X-ray
processing  is  competitive   with  alternative
processes that decompose the contaminants.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

X-ray treatment of organically contaminated soils
has the potential to  treat  large  numbers  of
contaminants with minimum waste handling or
preparation. Also, X-ray treatment can be applied
in situ.  In situ treatment may be of significant
importance in  cases where  it is impossible or
impractical to reconfigure the waste volume for
the ionizing  radiation range of electrons  or
ultraviolet  radiation.     Treatable   organic
contaminants include benzene, toluene, xylene,
trichloroethene,   tetrachloroethene,    carbon
tetrachloride,  chloroform, and polychlorinated
biphenyls.

STATUS:

This technology was  accepted  into  the SITE
Emerging  Technology Program in  1993.  A
1.2-MeV, 800-ampere  (amp), 50-watt LIA and a
10.8-MeV, 0.2-amp, 10,000-watt radio frequency
(RF) linac  will be used in  the program.  The
primary objectives are to (1) demonstrate that X-
ray treatment can  reduce VOC and  SVOC
levels in soils to acceptable levels, and (2)
determine any hazardous by-product that may be
produced.
Samples  with  identical  initial  contaminant
concentration  levels  will  be  irradiated  at
increasing dose levels to determine (1) the rate
(concentration  versus  dose)  at  which  the
contaminants are being  destroyed, and  (2)
the  X-ray  dose  required to  reduce organic
contamination to acceptable  levels.  The 10.8-
MeV RF linac, which produces more penetrating
X-rays, should  provide   information on  the
optimum X-ray energy for the treatment process.
Increasing the accelerator energy allows a more
efficient conversion from electrons to X-rays in
the converter, but an upper limit (about 10 MeV)
restricts the energy treatment, because higher
energy  activates the soil.   The experimental
database will be used to develop a conceptual
design and cost estimate for a high throughput
X-ray treatment system.

FOR  FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
George Moore
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
  Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7991
Fax: 513-569-7276

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Vernon Bailey
Pulse Sciences, Inc.
600 McCormick Street
San Leandro, CA 94577
510-632-5100
Fax: 510-632-5300
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                Page  133

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 Technology Profile
                     DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
            RECYCLING SCIENCES INTERNATIONAL, INC.
                         (Desorption and Vapor Extraction System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The  mobile desorption  and vapor extraction
system (DAVES) uses a low-temperature fluidized
bed to remove  organic and volatile  inorganic
compounds from soils, sediments, and sludges.
This system can treat materials with 85 percent
solids at a rate of 10.5 tons per hour.

Contaminated materials are fed into a co-current,
fluidized bed dryer, where they are mixed with
hot air (about 1,000 to 1,400 °F) from a gas-fired
heater. Direct contact between the waste material
and the hot air  forces  water and contaminants
from the waste into the gas stream at a relatively
low fluidized-bed temperature (about 320  °F).
The heated air, vaporized water and organics, and
entrained particles flow out of the dryer to a gas
treatment system.
                The gas treatment system removes solid particles,
                vaporized water, and organic vapors from the air
                stream.  A cyclone  separator  and baghouse
                remove most of the particulates. Vapors from the
                cyclone separator are cooled in a venturi scrubber,
                countercurrent washer, and chiller section before
                they  are treated  in  a  vapor-phase carbon
                adsorption system. The liquid residues from the
                system  are  centrifuged,  filtered,  and passed
                through two activated carbon beds arranged  in
                series (see photograph below).

                By-products from the DAVES include (1) treated,
                dry solids representing about 96 to 98 percent of
                the solid waste feed, (2)  a  small quantity  of
                centrifuge sludge containing organics, (3) a small
                quantity of spent adsorbent carbon, (4) wastewater
                that may need further treatment, and (5)  small
                quantities of baghouse and cyclone dust that are
                recycled through the process.
                   Desorption and Vapor Extraction System (DAVES)
 Page 220
The SITE Program assesses but does not
  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                                         1999
The  centrifuge sludge can be  bioremediated,
chemically degraded,  or  treated  in  another
manner.  Recycling Sciences International, Inc.,
has patented an electrochemical oxidation process
(ECO) and is developing this  process  as  an
adjunct to the DAVES.  The ECO is designed to
detoxify  contaminants within the DAVES in a
closed-loop system.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

This  technology   removes   the   following
contaminants  from soil, sludge, and sediment:
volatile   and  semivolatile  organics, including
polychlorinated biphenyls  (PCB),  polynuclear
aromatic    hydrocarbons,   pentachlorophenol,
volatile inorganics such as tetraethyl lead, and
some pesticides.   In general, the process treats
waste containing less than 10 percent total organic
contaminants  and 30 to 95 percent solids. The
presence  of nonvolatile inorganic contaminants
(such as metals) in the waste feed does not inhibit
the process; however, these contaminants are not
treated.

This  technology was  accepted  into the SITE
Program  in April  1995.   EPA is  selecting a
demonstration site for this process. Preferred
demonstration wastes  include  harbor  or river
sediments containing at least 50 percent solids
contaminated with PCBs and other volatile or
semivolatile  organics.     Soils  with  these
characteristics may also be acceptable. About 300
tons  of waste is needed for a 2-week test.  Major
test  objectives are to evaluate  feed handling,
decontamination of solids, and treatment of gases
generated by the process.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Richard Eilers
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7809
Fax:513-569-7111

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
William Meenan
Recycling Sciences International, Inc.
175 West Jackson Boulevard
Suite A193 4
Chicago, IL  60604-2601
312-663-4242
Fax:312-663-4269
                                  The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 221

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 Technology Profile
                      DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
       ROCKY MOUNTAIN REMEDIATION SERVICES, L.L.C.
                               (ENVIROBOND™ SOLUTION)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

ENVIROBOND™ is a proprietary solution that
binds with metals in contaminated soils and other
wastes to form a virtually impenetrable chemical
bond.  Rocky Mountain Remediation Services,
L.L.C.,  claims  that  the  treatment   process
effectively prevents metals leaching and can be
used with mechanical compaction to reduce the
overall volume of contaminated media by 30 to 50
percent.  The process generates no secondary
wastes  and   requires  minimal   handling,
transportation, and disposal costs.  In addition,
unlike  some pozzolanic-based  reagents, the
ENVIROBOND™ liquid is safe to  handle and
does not generate any emissions.

ENVIROBOND™  consists  of  a mixture of
additives containing oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, and
phosphorous; each additive has an affinity for a
specific class of metals.   ENVIROBOND™
converts metal contaminants from their leachable
form  to an  insoluble, stable,  nonhazardous
metallic  complex.     ENVIROBOND™   is
essentially a ligand that acts as a chelating agent.
In the  chelation reaction,  coordinate bonds
attachthe metal ion to least two ligand nonmetal
ions  to form a heterocyclic ring.  The resulting
ring  structure is inherently  more stable than
simpler structures  formed in  other  binding
processes. By effectively binding the metals, the
process reduces the waste stream's RCRA toxicity
characteristic leaching  procedure (TCLP) test
results to less than  the RCRA-regulated levels,
subsequently reducing the risks posed to human
health and the environment.

The stabilized waste can then be placed in a pit or
compacted into  the earth using traditional field
compaction equipment, or it can be mechanically
                compacted to produce a solid, compressed form
                called ENVIROBRIC™.  The machine used to
                form the ENVIROBRIC™ is designed for mass
                production of sand-clay "rammed earth" bricks.
                Unlike conventional construction bricks, rammed
                earth bricks are produced under extremely high
                compaction forces and are not heated or fired. As
                a result, the bricks possess very high compressive
                strength and a correspondingly  low porosity,
                making them ideal  for on-site  treatment by
                solidification/stabilization at industrial sites.
                The  size  of the individual  bricks can be
                adjusteddepending on specific site requirements,
                and the bricks have successfully passed various
                tests designed  to  measure their  long-term
                durability.

                WASTE APPLICABILITY:

                The ENVIROBOND™ process does not reduce
                the overall concentration of metal contaminants;
                instead  it  converts  them  to  metal-ligand
                compounds, rendering them insoluble and stable
                in the media.  The  developer claims that the
                process can be applied to contaminated soils and
                other media in both industrial and residential use
                scenarios. At residential sites, contaminated soil
                can  be  mixed  with  ENVIROBOND™  and
                stabilized before being disposed of off site. At
                industrial sites, ENVIROBOND™ can be mixed
                with contaminated waste streams or soils and then
                compacted in the  ENVIROBRIC™ process and
                backfilled on site to reduce the overall volume of
                contaminated media.

                Bench-scale  and field   tests   indicate  that
                ENVIROBOND™ can be added to waste streams
                containing more than four metal contaminants at
                concentrations ranging from 200 to more than
                5,000 parts per million (ppm). TCLP tests have
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                                                                                       1999
shown that metals concentrations in leachate from
treated media do not exceed RCRA regulatory
levels.   Metals  that can  be stabilized  with
ENVIROBOND™  include  arsenic,  barium,
cadmium,  chromium,  lead,  mercury,  nickel,
selenium, silver, and zinc. However, the process
is less effective in media containing more than  3
percent by weight of metals such as aluminum,
magnesium,  calcium, and manganese.  These
metals may reduce the number of chelating sites
available by  preferentially  binding  with the
ENVIROBOND™ agent.

The  ENVIROBOND  process  is capable  of
achieving high processing rates of 20 to 40 tons
per hour and can be used with contaminated
media containing as much as 10  percent debris
and other matter.  For acidic wastes with a pH of
3 or less, buffering compounds can be added to
the contaminated media before it is mixed with
ENVIROBOND™.  Volatile organic compounds
such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene,  and
xylenes do not affect the process.

STATUS:

Under a cooperative agreement with the  Ohio
EPA,   the   ENVIROBOND™  process   was
demonstrated in September 1998 at two separate
areas of the Crooksville/Roseville Pottery site
in  Ohio. Soil at the site, some of it adjacent to
residential areas, is contaminated with lead from
waste disposal practices associated with pottery
production operations. Soil at the demonstration
areas contains lead in concentrations ranging from
100 ppm to  80,000 ppm.  The objective of the
demonstration   was  to  determine   if  the
ENVIROBOND™  process  can  reduce  the
bioavailability of lead in the  soil by 25 percent.
Results of the demonstration will be available in
early 1999.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ed Earth
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7669
Fax: 513-569-7585

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
James M. Barthel
Director of Business Development
Rocky Mountain Remediation Services, L.L.C.
1819 Denver West Drive, Building 26, Suite
200
Golden, CO 80401
303-215-6620
Fax: 303-215-6720
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                Page 223

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 Technology Profile
                      DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                    SANDIA NATIONAL LABORATORIES
                          (In Situ Electrokinetic Extraction System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

Electrokinetic remediation has been used
successfully to treat saturated soils contaminated
with heavy metals.  At some sites, however, it
may not be desirable to add the quantities of water
needed to saturate a contamination plume in the
vadose zone. SandiaNational Laboratories (SNL)
has  developed  an  electrokinetic remediation
technology that can be used in unsaturated soils
without adding significant amounts of water.

The SNL electrokinetic extraction system, shown
in the figure below, consists of three main units:
the electrode assembly  (electrode casing and
internal assemblies), the vacuum system, and the
                power supply. The electrode casing consists of a
                porous ceramic end that is 5 to 7 feet long and has
                an outer diameter of 3.5 inches.  During field
                installation, the casing is attached to the required
                length of 3-inch polyvinyl  chloride  pipe.  The
                electrode internal assembly consists of the drive
                electrode, a water level  control system, and a
                pump system. The vacuum system consists of a
                venturi vacuum pump and vacuum regulator that
                together supply  a constant  vacuum  for the
                electrode. Up to four 10,000-watt power supplies
                can operate in either constant voltage or constant
                current mode.

                When  the  drive  electrode  is  energized,
                contaminants and other ions  are attracted into the
                electrode casing. The water level control system
                                              Pressure
                                                          Pressure
                                                           Relief
                                                           Valve
                                                                    Drive
                                                                ^Electrode
                  Schematic Diagram of the In Situ Electrokinetic Extraction System
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                                                                                         1999
adds water to, and  extracts  water  from,  the
electrodes.  Water is supplied to the electrode
from a supply solution tank at the ground surface.
This solution is either drawn into the electrode by
the vacuum maintained in the electrode or by a
supply  pump.   At the  same  time, water is
continuously pumped out from the electrode
casing at a constant rate. Part of the contaminated
water is sent to an effluent waste tank at  the
ground surface; the remainder is returned to the
electrode to maintain circulation of the fluid
surrounding  the electrode.  A metering pump
controlled by  in-line pH meters  regulates  the
introduction of neutralization chemicals to each
electrode.    Process  control  and  monitoring
equipment is contained in a 10-foot- by-40-foot
instrument trailer.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

SNL has developed its electrokinetic extraction
system to treat anionic  heavy metals  such as
chromate in unsaturated soil.  There is no lower
limit to the contaminant concentration that can be
treated; however, there may be a lower  limit on
the ratio of contaminant ions to other ions in the
soil.

The technology can be expanded to treat saturated
soils. Soil that is highly conductive because of a
high salinity content  is not suitable  for this
technology.  In addition,  sites with buried metal
debris, such as  pipelines,  are not appropriate.

STATUS:

This technology was  accepted into the  SITE
Demonstration Program in summer  1994.  The
SITE demonstration  began May 1996, at  an
unlined chromic acid pit within  a SNL RCRA
regulated landfill.  The operation was completed
in November 1996 and site closure was completed
in April 1997, with a closure report submitted to
New Mexico state regulators in September 1997.

The  demonstration verified the technology's
capability of removing anionic contaminants from
vadose zone soil through passive operation. Over
600 grams of hexavalent chromium were removed
by  the technology during  the  demonstration,
equaling out to about 8 milligrams of chromium
removed per kilowatt hour.  Reports on  the
demonstration are in final preparation and should
be available from EPA in early 1999.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Randy Parker
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
    Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH  45268
513-569-7271
Fax:513-569-7571

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Eric Lindgren
Sandia National Laboratories
Mail Stop 0719
P.O. Box 5800
Albuquerque, NM  87185-0719
505-844-3820
Fax: 505-844-0543
E-mail: erlindg@sandia.gov

Earl D. Mattson
Sat-UnSat Inc.
12004 Del ReyNE
Albuquerque, NM 87122
505-856-3311
                                  The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 225

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 Technology Profile
                      DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
       SELENTEC ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
                             (Selentec MAG*SEPSM Technology)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The MAG*SEPSM process uses the principles of
chemical adsorption and magnetism to selectively
bind and remove heavy metals or radionuclides
from  aqueous solutions such as groundwater,
wastewater, and drinking water.   Contaminants
are adsorbed  on specially formulated particles
which have a core made from magnetic material;
these particles are then separated  (along with the
adsorbed contaminants) from the solution using a
magnetic  filter or  magnetic  collector.   The
magnetic  core  has  no  interaction with  the
contaminant.

The proprietary adsorbing particles are made of a
composite of organic polymers  and magnetite.
The particles can be manufactured in two forms:
one with  an ion exchanger and/or chelating
functional group attached to the particle surface
(amidoxime functionalized resin), or one with
inorganic adsorbers bound to the surface  of the
particles (clinoptilolite).   These  particles have
high surface areas  and rapid adsorption kinetics.
                Atypical MAG*SEPSMtreatment system consists
                of:

                       a particle contact zone
                       a  particle  handling   system,
                       including    particle   injection
                       components,    a    magnetic
                       separator, and particle  reclaim
                       components
                   •   a particle regeneration system
                       (where applicable)

                The process stream enters a contact zone (usually
                a tank  -  other  configurations  are used  for
                particular  applications)  where   MAG*SEPSM
                particles are injected and mixed.   The contact
                zone  provides  the  necessary solution flow
                characteristics and contact time with the particles
                to ensure that the contamination will be adsorbed
                onto the active surface sites of the particles. The
                mixture then flows through a magnetic collector,
                where the contaminated particles  are retained
                while the treated  process stream passes through
                (see figure below).
Particle
Injection
Tank
( (
	 1
)
r
i
Particle
Regeneration


Process
QtrAom

Mixing
Zone

1 ,



Particle
Reclaim
Tank
i
,
Magnetic
Collector


Treated
Water
                   Schematic Diagram of the Mag*SEPSM Treatment System
 Page 226
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                                                                                        1999
Depending on the application, type  of particle,
and contaminant concentration, the particles may
be re-injected into the flow stream, collected and
disposed  of, or regenerated and  reused.   The
regeneration solution is processed  to  recover
(concentrate and remove) the contaminants and
may be recycled.

The MAG*SEPSM process is able to selectively
remove (either ex situ or in situ) the following
contaminants from aqueous solutions: titanium,
copper, cadmium, arsenic, cobalt, molybdenum,
platinum, selenium, chromium, zinc, gold, iodine,
manganese, technetium, mercury, strontium, iron,
ruthenium, thallium, cesium, cobalt, palladium,
lead, radium, nickel, silver, bismuth, thallium,
antimony, zirconium, radium, cerium,  and all
actinides. The process operates at flow rates up to
2,000 gallons per minute (gpm).

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The  MAG*SEPSM technology reduces heavy
metal and radionuclide  contamination in  water
and wastewater.   The technology has  specific
applications  in environmental remediation and
restoration, treatment of acid  mine drainage,
resource recovery, and treatment of commercial
industrial wastewater. MAG* SEPSM particles can
be  produced to incorporate  any known ion
exchanger  or sorbing  material.   Therefore,
MAG*SEPSM can be applied  in  any  situation
where conventional ion exchange is used.

STATUS:

The MAG*SEPSM technology was accepted into
the SITE Program in 1996 and is also one of 10
technologies participating in the White House's
Rapid Commercialization Initiative. In addition,
in 1997 the MAG*SEPSM technology received a
Research and Development (R&D)  100 Award
from the R&D trade publication as one of the 100
Most Technologically Significant New Products
of 1997.
Selentec has completed a demonstration of the
MAG*SEPSM technology at the U.S. Department
of Energy's Savannah River Site. Heavy metal
concentrations in  coal pile  runoff water were
significantly reduced to  below drinking water
standards.     Another demonstration  of the
technology is planned  for Savannah River
whereby radioactive  cesium will be  removed
streams.  The technology is also being used  to
remove  mercury from heavy water drums  at
Savannah River.

The first commercial unit of the MAG* SEPSM
technology was put into service on November 18,
1998, at a dairy in Ovruch, Ukraine.  For this
application, the unit is  removing  radioactive
cesium from contaminated milk produced near the
Chernobyl Nuclear Reactor Plant.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Randy Parker
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
   Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7271
Fax: 513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Steve Weldon
Selentec Environmental Technologies, Inc.
8601 Dunwoody Place, Suite 302
Atlanta, GA 30350-2509
770-640-7059
Fax: 770-640-9305
E-Mail: info@selentec.com
Home Page: www.selentec.com
                                  The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 227

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 Technology Profile
                      DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
            SEVENSON ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES, INC.
                        (MAECTITE® Chemical Treatment Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The patented MAECTITE® chemical treatment
process  for lead and other heavy metals uses
reagents and processing equipment to render soils,
waste, and other materials nonhazardous when
tested  by  the  Resource Conservation  and
Recovery  Act toxicity  characteristic leaching
procedure  (TCLP). The MAECTITE® process
reduces leachable lead, hexavalent chromium, and
other heavy metals to below treatment standards
required by land-ban regulations. Lead in treated
material,  as  determined   by approved  EPA
methods (such as the TCLP, extraction procedure
toxicity  test,   and the   multiple  extraction
procedure), complies with limits established by
EPA.  The photograph below shows a 5 00-ton -
per-day ex situ unit.
      500-Ton-Per-Day MAECTITE®
            Processing System
                Chemical treatment by the MAECTITE® process
                converts leachable lead into insoluble minerals
                and mixed mineral forms within the material or
                waste matrix.  MAECTITE® reagents stimulate
                the nucleation of crystals by chemical bonding to
                yield mineral  compounds in molecular forms.
                These forms are resistant to leaching and physical
                degradation from  environmental forces.   The
                durability of traditional monolithic solidification-
                stabilization  process  end-products  is  often
                measured by geotechnical tests such as wet-dry,
                freeze-thaw,   permeability,   and  unconfined
                compressive strength. The MAECTITE® process
                does not use physical binders, is not pozzolanic or
                siliceous, and does not rely on the formation of
                metallic hydroxides using hydration mechanisms.
                Therefore,  these  tests   are  not relevant to
                MAECTITE®   product   chemical  stability,
                although  engineered properties  are  readily
                obtained, if required.  MAECTITE® is not pH
                dependent   and  does  not  use  adsorption,
                absorption,  entrapment,   lattice containment,
                encapsulation,  or   other   physical   binding
                principles.  The technology is a true chemical
                reaction process that alters the structure  and
                properties   of the   waste,  yielding   stable
                compounds.

                The MAECTITE® process uses water to assist in
                dispersing  reagents.  However, the dehydration
                characteristic  of  the process  liberates  water
                present in waste prior to treatment (absorbed and
                hydrated forms) to a free state where it can be
                removed from the waste matrix by evaporation
                and capillary drying principles.  The  ability of
                treated material  to readily  lose  water,  the
                formation  of dense  mineral crystals,  and the
                restructuring of the  material  as a  result of
                MAECTITE® treatment (where interstitial space
                is minimized),  all  contribute to reduced waste
                volume and weight.

                Ex situ MAECTITE®  processing equipment
                generally consists of material screening and sizing
                components, liquid and  solid reagent storage
                delivery subsystems, and a mixing unit such as a
                pug mill.  Equipment is mobile but can
 Page 228
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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                                                                                         1999
be modified for fixed system operations. In situ
MAECTITE® processing  equipment  is  also
available; system selection is largely dictated by
contaminant   plume   configuration,   soil
characteristics, and site space limitations.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

Materials that have been rendered nonhazardous
include soils; sludges; sediments; battery contents,
including casings; foundry sands; and firing range
soil. Oversized material can be treated with the
process as debris, but size reduction often makes
processing more efficient. Even sludges with free
liquids (as determined by the paint filter test) have
been treated to TCLP compliance when excess
fluids are present.

The range of lead levels effectively treated has not
been fully determined; however,  soils with total
lead as high as 30 percent by weight and TCLP
values over 15,000 milligrams per liter (mg/L)
were  not problematic.   Common  lead levels
encountered have averaged from 200 milligrams
per kilogram to 6,500  with TCLP concentrations
averaging 20 to 400 mg/L. Material geochemistry
most often dictates final MAECTITE® treatment
designs. Furthermore, correlations between total
lead and regulated  leachable lead levels are
inconsistent, with treatment efforts more  strongly
related to the geochemical characteristics of the
waste material.

STATUS:

The chemical treatment  technology was initially
accepted into the SITE Demonstration Program in
March 1992.    EPA  is  seeking  a  suitable
demonstration site.
Sevenson    Environmental   Services,   Inc.
(Sevenson),    acquired   the   MAECTITE®
technology in 1993 and was issued second, third
and  fourth patents  in  1995,  1996,  and 1997
respectively.   Combining  ex situ and  in situ
quantities, over 650,000 tons of material has been
successfully processed. Treatability studies have
been conducted on over 100 different materials in
over 40 states, Canada, Italy, and Mexico. The
technology  has  been  applied  at  full-scale
demonstration and  remedial projects  in over
25 states and in all 10 EPA regions.

The  MAECTITE®  process has been formally
accepted into the EPA PQOPS  program for the
fixation-stabilization  of  inorganic   species.
Proprietary technology modifications have shown
promise in rendering radionuclides nonleachable
using gamma spectral counting methods on TCLP
extract.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Jack Hubbard
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
    Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH  45268
513-569-7507
Fax:513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Charles McPheeters
Sevenson Environmental Services, Inc.
9425 Calumet Avenue, Suite 101
Munster, IN  46321
219-836-0116
Fax: 219-836-2838
                                  The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 229

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 Technology Profile
                      DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                                     SIVE SERVICES
                          (Steam Injection and Vacuum Extraction)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

Steam Injection and Vacuum Extraction (SIVE)
uses steam injection wells in conjunction with
dual-phase extraction wells for in situ treatment of
contaminated soil and groundwater. The injected
steam strips volatile and semivolatile organic
compounds  as  it permeates the contaminated
zones.   The steam increases the  subsurface
temperature, which increases mass transfer and
phase exchange rates, reduces liquid viscosities,
and accelerates desorption of contaminants from
the matrix. The moisture and warmth provided by
the steam  also  accelerates  biodegradation of
residual contaminants. As a result, contaminants
are extracted or degraded at increased rates as
compared to conventional isothermal vapor and
liquid extraction systems.

SIVE-LF (Linear Flow) is  an enhanced SIVE
method  designed for relatively shallow depths.
With the SIVE-LF process,  as illustrated in the
figure below, steam is forced to flow horizontally
                and uniformly from one trench,  through the
                contaminant zone, and into another trench, from
                which the contaminants are extracted. The large
                open area of the trench  faces allow for high
                injection and extraction rates, which promote low
                treatment duration. The trenches also allow for
                installation of an  impermeable barrier, such as a
                polyethylene liner, against one face of the open
                trench  before  the trench is backfilled, thus
                reducing the flow of injected or extracted fluid
                outside the area of the targeted zones. A surface
                covering for the  treatment area prevents  short-
                circuiting of the  flow of injected steam  to the
                atmosphere, and  prevents atmospheric air from
                entering the extraction trench.

                Surface   equipment   for    SIVE  includes
                conventional  steam  generation and delivery
                systems, and the vacuum extraction system. The
                vacuum extraction system includes a  vacuum
                blower,  steam   condenser,   other  cooling
                components, and air emission control devices.
                The condensate generated by the process requires
                            Injection
                                                                      Optional Side Wall
Cement
                                   The SIVE-LF Process
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                                                                                       1999
further treatment  or off-site  disposal.   The
reliability  of the  equipment and  automatic
controls allows SIVE to operate without constant
direct supervision.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

SIVE may be applied to soil or groundwater
contaminated with fuels, industrial solvents, oils,
and other liquid toxics, and may be applied at any
depth.  The SIVE-LF process is designed to treat
to depths  of 30 feet.  Because highly volatile
contaminants are readily air-stripped without the
added effects of steam, the steam-stripping effect
will  be greatest on the  heavier,  less volatile
contaminants.  SIVE also effectively removes
floating  non  aqueous-phase  liquids  from
groundwater.

STATUS:
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Michelle Simon
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7469
Fax:513-569-7676

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Douglas Dieter
SIVE Services
555 Rossi Drive
Dixon, CA 95620
707-678-8358
Fax: 707-678-2202
This technology  was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program  in  summer 1994.  A
suitable site for the demonstration is being sought,
although at this time the project is  considered
inactive.
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                Page 231

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 Technology Profile
                      DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                               STAR ORGANICS, L.L.C.
                                (Soil Rescue Remediation Fluid)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

Star Organics, L.L.C., has developed a liquid
remediation solution  that binds  heavy metal
contaminants in  soils,  sludges,  and aqueous
solutions.  The liquid, called Soil Rescue, consists
of organic acids  that occur naturally in trace
concentrations in soil.   The liquid is typically
sprayed onto and then tilled into the contaminated
media; the application process can be repeated
until the metals concentration  in the  media are
reduced  to  below  the  applicable cleanup
standards.  Laboratory and pilot-scale tests have
shown that metals concentrations can be reduced
to below Research Conservation and Recovery
Act (RCRA) regulatory levels.

The  Soil Rescue  solution does not destroy or
remove toxic concentrations of metals. Instead,
organic acids in the solution bond with the metals
to form more complex metallic compounds in a
process known as chelation.   Soil  Rescue is
essentially a ligand that acts as a chelating agent.
In the chelation reaction,  coordinate bonds attach
the  metal ion to  least  two  ligand  organic
compounds to form a heterocyclic  ring.  The
resulting ring structure is inherently more stable
than simpler structures formed in other binding
processes.

By effectively binding the metals, the process
reduces the waste stream's toxicity characteristic
leaching procedure (TCLP) test results to less than
the   RCRA-regulated   levels,   subsequently
reducing the risks  posed to human health and the
environment.  Once the toxic metals are bound to
the ligand, the bond appears to be irreversible.
The permanence of the bond has been tested using
all  recognized  EPA test  procedures for  such
determinations, including  exposure  to boiling
acids.

The  Soil  Rescue  process  offers the following
advantages over some treatment options: (1) it
minimizes  the  handling  and transport costs
associated  with treatment and disposal, (2) it
requires no air monitoring because it release no
                emissions,  (3) its liquid  application  procedure
                minimizes fugitive dust emissions, (4) it generates
                no  effluent, (5) it  requires no  stockpiling  of
                contaminated soil, and (6) it minimizes exposure
                risks for workers because it is sprayed directly
                onto the contaminated media.

                WASTE APPLICABILITY:

                The Soil Rescue solution has been shown to  be
                effective in reducing concentrations of barium,
                cadmium,  chromium,  copper,  lead, mercury,
                selenium, and zinc.  In situ remediation of heavy
                metal  contaminated soil  may  be possible  in
                moderately permeable soils.  In dense or heavily
                compacted soils, the remediation procedure may
                require soil excavation and application of the Soil
                Rescue solution to moisten the media, followed
                by mixing in a rotating cylinder. This procedure
                can be repeated until the metals concentrations in
                the soil are sufficiently  reduced to allow the soil
                to be replaced as backfill in its original location.
                At  a soil pH  of 5.0, a single  application can
                reduce lead concentrations of 1,000 parts per
                million (ppm)  to  below  the  EPA maximum
                permissible level; with a second application of the
                remediation fluid, lead concentrations can  be
                reduced to below the RCRA regulatory limit of 5
                ppm.

                STATUS:

                Under  a cooperative agreement with the Ohio
                EPA,   the  Soil   Rescue  technology   was
                demonstrated in September 1998 at two  separate
                areas of the Crooksville/Roseville Pottery site in
                Ohio.  Soil at the site, some of it adjacent  to
                residential areas, is contaminated with lead from
                waste disposal practices associated with pottery
                production operations. Soil at the demonstration
                areas contain lead in concentrations ranging from
                100 ppm to 80,000  ppm.  The objective of the
                demonstration was to determine if the Soil Rescue
                process can reduce the bioavailability of lead in
                the soil  by  25  percent.    Results  of the
                demonstration will be available in early  1999.
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The SITE Program assesses but does not
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                                                                                   1999
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Ed Earth
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7669
Fax:513-569-7585

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Phil G. Clarke, President
Star Organics, L.L.C.
3141 Hood Street, Suite 350
Dallas, TX 75219
214-522-0742
Fax: 214-522-0616
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                  approve or endorse technologies.
Page 233

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Technology Profile
           EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                           THERMO NUTECH, INC.
                   (formerly TMA THERMO ANALYTICAL, INC.)
                                (Segmented Gate System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

Thermo NUtech, Inc. (Thermo), has conducted
many radiological surveys of soil contaminated
with low and intermediate levels of radioactivity.
Cleanup of these sites is a highly labor-intensive
process requiring numerous personnel to conduct
radiological  surveys with portable hand-held
instruments.  When small areas of contamination
are encountered,  they  are  typically removed
manually.  When surveys disclose larger areas of
contamination,  heavy equipment  is used  to
remove  the  contaminated material.  Because
pinpoint excision with earthmoving equipment is
difficult, large amounts of uncontaminated soil
are removed with the contaminant.  Few sites
have been characterized to be uniformly and/or
homogeneously  contaminated  above  release
criteria over the entire site area.
                 As a result, Thermo developed the Segmented
                 Gate System (SGS) to physically separate and
                 segregate radioactive material from otherwise
                 "clean" soil (see figure below). The SGS removes
                 only a minimal amount of clean soil  when
                 radioactive particles are  removed,  significantly
                 reducing the overall amount of material requiring
                 disposal.    The  SGS  works  by conveying
                 radiologically contaminated feed  material on
                 moving conveyor belts  under  an  array  of
                 sensitive, rapidly  reacting radiation detectors.
                 The moving material is assayed, and radioactivity
                 content is  logged.   Copyrighted  computer
                 software tracks the radioactive material as it is
                 transported by the  conveyor. The software then
                 triggers a diversion by one or more of the SGS
                 chutes when the material reaches the end  of the
                 conveyor.  Clean soil goes in one direction, and
                 contaminated material in another.
                                               Contaminated Material
                                      Gate Opens
                                       to Catch
                                     Contaminated
                                       Material
                                                              .Contaminated
                                                              Soil Storage
                                                             Contaminated
                                                               Soil for
                                                               Disposal
                            Reclaimed Clean Soil

                               TMA's Segmented Gate System
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                                                                               February 1999
The key advantage to this system is automation,
which affords a much higher degree of accuracy
compared to manual methods.  Contaminants can
be isolated  and removed by  locating small
particles  of   radioactive   material  dispersed
throughout the soil.  All of the soil is analyzed
continuously during processing to document the
level  of radioactivity  in  the  waste  and to
demonstrate  that  cleaned  soil  meets  release
criteria.  This automation and analysis results in a
significant cost reduction  for special handling,
packaging, and disposal of the site's radioactive
waste.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The SGS locates, analyzes, and removes gamma
ray-emitting  radionuclides from soil, sand, dry
sludge, or any host matrix that can be transported
by conveyor belts.   The SGS can identify hot
particles,  which  are   assayed  in  units  of
picoCuries,   and   can  quantify   distributed
radioactivity,  which  is  assayed in units  of
picoCuries per gram (pCi/g) of host material.  The
lower limit of detection (LLD) for the system
depends on the ambient radiation background,
conveyor belt speed, thickness of host material on
conveyor, and contaminant gamma ray energy and
abundance.  However, LLDs for americium-241
of 2 pCi/g and for radium-226 of 5 pCi/g have
been successfully demonstrated.

STATUS:

This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology Program  in  July 1994.
Pilot- and field-scale tests using Thermo-owned
mobile equipment began at a U.S. Department of
Energy facility in March 1995.
A field test at a DOE site in Ashtabula, Ohio was
scheduled for October  1998.   Soil containing
throrium-232, radium-226, and uranium-238 will
be processed.

A similar system has been used on Johnston Atoll
in the mid-Pacific since January 1992; Thermo is
currently under contract to the U.S  Defense
Nuclear  Agency   to   process   coral   soil
contaminated with   plutonium  and americium
using the SGS.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Vince Gallardo
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
  Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7176
Fax: 513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Jeffrey Brown
Thermo NUtech, Inc.
601 Scarboro Road
Oak Ridge, TN 37830
423-481-0683
Fax: 423-483-4621
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                Page 135

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Technology Profile
           EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
                         UNIVERSITY OF  HOUSTON
              (Concentrated Chloride Extraction and Recovery of Lead)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

This technology recovers lead from soils using an
aqueous solvent  extraction process  that takes
advantage   of   the  high    solubility   of
chlorocomplexes of lead.   The extract solution
contains greater than 4 molar sodium chloride and
operates at a pH of 4.  The figure below depicts a
bench-scale model of the three-stage continuous
countercurrent pilot  plant  used  to  study  the
process.

To operate the pilot plant, soil is sieved to remove
particles  greater  than 1.12   millimeters  in
diameter.  The soil is then placed in the first
chloride extraction tank (Ml) for extraction with
                 concentrated chloride solution. The resulting soil
                 and solvent slurry passes into a thickener (SI).
                 The  soil and  solvent slurry  has  an  average
                 residence time of 1 hour in each extraction tank in
                 the system.

                 The bottoms of the thickener flow by gravity to
                 the second chloride extraction tank (M2).  The
                 solution exiting the  second  chloride  extraction
                 tank  flows to the second thickener (S2).  The
                 bottoms of the second thickener feed the third
                 stage.

                 The third stage is the last soil stage and the first
                 solvent stage; fresh solvent enters the system at
                 stage three. The bottoms of the third thickener
                   HCI

                                          	1   Vacuum =ffl VF2
                                             |—Dl Rinse Water
                                              ' Treated soil
                                      Vacuum 4irl VF1
                           Concentrated Chloride Extraction and Recovery
                                  of Lead (Bench-Scale Process)
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                                                                                February 1999
(S3) flow by gravity into the soil rinse system
(VF1) to remove excess salt. Soil rinsed in VF1
is clean product soil.  The overflows from S3 pass
to M2, the overflows from S2 pass to the Ml, and
the   overflows from  SI  pass  to  the  lead
precipitation system (M4/S4).  In M4/S4, lead
hydroxide [(Pb(OH)2] is recovered by simply
raising the pH of the spent extraction solution to
10.   After Pb(OH)2 removal, the spent chloride
solution flows to the solvent makeup  unit (Tl)
where it is acidified to pH 4 in preparation for
reuse.

This technology produces (1) treated soil, suitable
for replacement on site, and (2) Pb(OH)2 that may
be suitable for reprocessing to recover pure lead.
The ease of solvent regeneration minimizes waste
disposal.   Solvent recycling is very successful,
and pilot-plant tests have required little or no salt
or water makeup.

The  pilot  plant has  treated soil from  two lead
battery waste  sites (LEWS).  One LEWS  soil
contained a high percentage  of fines (about 50
percent clay and silt), and the other contained a
low percentage of fines (less than 20 percent clay
and silt).  The pilot plant's method of transferring
soil by gravity eases much of the soil handling
problems  typical  of high clay  soils.   After
treatment, both soils  easily passed the Toxicity
Characteristic Leaching Procedure test.  The total
lead concentration in the high fines and low fines
soil  was reduced from  7 percent to about 0.15
percent and from 1.5 percent to 0.07 percent,
respectively.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

This technology removes high concentrations of
lead from soil, particularly  at LEWS, while
producing a  treated  soil that  can be used as
backfill and a recyclable, concentrated  lead salt.

STATUS:

This technology was accepted into the SITE
Emerging Technology  Program  in September
1994. Batch extraction testing was completed in
1995. Treatability tests using the pilot plant to
process high and low fines soils were completed
in August 1996. The high fines soil came from a
LEWS located in Houston,  Texas, and the low
fines soil came from the Sapp Battery National
Priority List site in Florida. Future plans include
expanding the  applications of the technology by
studying its effect on other wastes in soils.  The
technology evaluation is expected to be completed
by August 1998.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Terry Lyons
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
  Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati,  OH 45268
513-569-7589

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Dennis Clifford
Department of Civil and
  Environmental Engineering
University of Houston
4800 Calhoun Street
Houston, TX 77204-4791
713-743-4266
Fax: 713-743-4260
E-mail: DAClifford@uh.edu
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                Page  137

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Technology Profile
           EMERGING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM
               UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN-MADISON
                   (Photoelectrocatalytic Degradation and Removal)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The University of Wisconsin-Madison (UW-
Madison) is developing a photocatalytic
technology that uses titanium dioxide (TiO2)
suspensions to coat various supporting materials
used in treatment applications. For this application,
the suspensions are used to coat a conductive
metallic or carbon mesh.  Coating the mesh with a
suitable thickness of TiO2 catalyst provides the
basis for a photoreactor that uses most of the
available ultraviolet (UV) radiation. An electrical
field can also be applied across the catalyst to
improve its performance.

The figure below shows a possible photoreactor
design that uses a ceramic film. In this design, the
TiO2 coating  on the porous metal acts as
a
                 photoanode.  An electric potential can then be
                 placed across the coating to direct the flow of
                 electrons to a porous carbon counter-electrode that
                 has a high surface area and is capable of collecting
                 collect any heavy metal ions present in the liquid.
                 In addition, an applied electric potential can
                 improve the destruction efficiency of organic
                 contaminants by reducing electron-hole
                 recombination on the catalyst surface. This
                 recombination is seen as a primary reason for the
                 observed inefficiency of other UV/TiO2 systems
                 used to treat organics in groundwater.  Lastly, the
                 electric potential has been shown to reduce the
                 interference of electrolytes on the oxidation process.
                 Electrolytes such as the bicarbonate ion are known
                 hydroxyl radical scavengers and can be problematic
                 in the UV/TiO2 treatment of contaminated
                 groundwater.
   Water Outlet
                  Reference Electrode
                                                                         TiO2 Coated
                                                                   Metal Mesh Photoanode
                                                                          Water Inlet
                                                                                   U.V. Lamp
                        Porous Carbon Cathode
                               Photoreactor Design using Ceramic Film
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                                                                                     February 1999
This technology represents and improvement on
liquid-phase photocatalytic technologies by
distributing radiation uniformly throughout the
reactor.  Also, the technology does not require
additional oxidants, such as peroxide or ozone, to
cause complete mineralization or to improve
reaction rates. It also eliminates the need for an
additional unit to separate and recover the catalyst
from the purified water after the reaction is
complete.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

This particular technology is designed to treat
ground-water and dilute aqueous waste streams
contaminated with organics and heavy metals.
Organics are completely oxidized to carbon
dioxide, water, and halide ions. Heavy metals are
subsequently stripped from the cathode and
recovered.

STATUS:

The UW-Madison photocatalytic technology was
accepted into the SITE Emerging  Technology
Program in 1995.  The overall objective of the
Emerging Technology Program study is to refine
the reactor design, enabling it to treat heavy metals
as well as organic contaminants.   Testing of a
bench-scale unit is currently underway.

UW-Madison has tested its photocatalytic reactor at
the laboratory scale on aqueous solutions of several
organic contaminants, including polychlorinated
biphenyls, chlorosalicylic acid, salicylic acid, and
ethylenediamine tetraacetate. UW-Madison has
also used similar reactors to remove volatile organic
compounds, such as trichloroethene,
tetrachloroethene, benzene, and ethylene  from air
streams.  Photooxidation of trichloroethene and
tetrachloroethene has been successfully field-tested
at low flow rates (less than 0.1 standard cubic feet
per minute).
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Vince Gallardo
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
  Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7176
Fax: 513-569-7620

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
Marc Anderson
Water Chemistry Program
University of Wisconsin-Madison
660 North Park Street
Madison, WI 53706
608-262-2674
Fax: 608-262-0454

Charles Hill, Jr.
Department of Chemical Engineering
University of Wisconsin-Madison
Engineering Hall
1415 Engineering Drive, Room 1004
Madison, WI 53706
608-263-4593
Fax: 608-262-5434
                                   The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                     approve or endorse technologies.
                                  Page  139

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 Technology Profile
                     DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                                    U.S. AIR FORCE
             (Phytoremediation of TCE-Contaminated Shallow Groundwater)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The U. S. Air Force (USAF) has initiated a field
demonstration   designed   to   evaluate   the
effectiveness of eastern cottonwood trees  in
remediating shallow groundwater contaminated
with trichloroethene (TCE).  Using vegetation to
remediate contaminated soil and groundwater is
known as phytoremediation.

Phytoremediation   of  groundwater  involves
planting deep-rooted, water-loving vegetation to
reduce contaminant levels in the saturated zone.
The USAF's demonstration entails planting and
cultivating  eastern cottonwood  trees over a
dissolved TCE plume in a shallow (6 to 11 feet
below grade) alluvial aquifer.

The   cottonwood  trees   are   expected   to
bioremediate the contaminated groundwater and
               any contaminated soil through one or more of the
               following mechanisms:

                      Release  of  root  exudates  and
                      enzymes   stimulating   microbial
                      activity  in  the  rhizosphere  and
                      enhancing       biochemical
                      transformations of contaminants
                   •   Metabolism  or  mineralization  of
                      contaminants within the  vegetative
                      tissues; the contaminated water enters
                      the vegetative tissues by root uptake
                      from the aquifer
                   •   Transpiration of water by  the leaves

               In essence, the trees are expected to serve as a
               natural pump-and-treat system.

               TCE concentrations in the groundwater, soil from
               the rhizosphere, and tree tissues will be
                                                                      Scale in Feet
          Schematic Diagram of the Site Layout at Navel Air Station Ft. Worth
 Page 234
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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                                                                                         1999
monitored during the demonstration. In general,
data will be gathered and interpreted to identify
the overall effect of the planted trees on the
dissolved TCE plume in the aquifer. Groundwater
levels and TCE concentrations in the aquifer will
be  measured  initially  to  establish   baseline
conditions and subsequently to map changes in
the aquifer throughout the demonstration period.
Changes in the flow field and the position of the
TCE plume will also be modeled.

TCE concentrations will also be monitored in the
soil from the rhizosphere and in the tree tissues.
Ratios of daughter and parent compounds will be
calculated for  groundwater,  soil,  and  tissue
samples collected throughout the demonstration
period. Microbial activity in the rhizosphere will
be monitored  and transpiration rates  will  be
measured. These data will be used to determine
the fate of the TCE at the  site, including those
processes that affect its fate.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The USAF's phytoremediation technology may be
used to remediate shallow groundwater and soil
contaminated  with  TCE,  as  well as  other
contaminants common to  USAF installations.
Such contaminants include petroleum, munitions,
and halogenated hydrocarbons.  Costs of the
technology are limited to initial site preparation,
planting, and occasional maintenance (irrigation).

STATUS:

The  technology was accepted into the SITE
Demonstration Program in  1996.  The USAF is
currently  demonstrating its  phytoremediation
technology on a TCE plume near Air Force Plant
4 at the Naval Air Station Ft. Worth, formerly
Carswell Air Force Base in Fort Worth, Texas.
Initial site characterization and final site selection
were  completed   in  January   1996.    Site
development, which included planting trees and
installing the irrigation system, was completed in
April 1996.   The figure on the previous page
details the layout of the site. Baseline sampling
began in June 1996, and demonstration sampling
is scheduled to continue until 2000. Preliminary
data may be obtained from either of the  below
listed contacts.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Steven Rock
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
 Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7149
Fax:513-569-7105

AIR FORCE PROJECT MANAGER:
Gregory Harvey
U.S. Air Force
Mail Stop ASC-EMR
1801 10th Street, Building 8, Suite 200
AreaB
Wright Patterson Air Force Base, OH 45433
513-255-7716, ext. 302
Fax: 513-255-4155
                                  The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 235

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 Technology Profile
                      DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM
                              VORTEC CORPORATION
                                      (Vitrification Process)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

Vortec Corporation (Vortec) has developed  an
oxidation and vitrification process for remediating
soils,   sediments,  sludges,  and  mill  tailings
contaminated  with organics,  inorganics, and
heavy metals.  The process can vitrify materials
introduced as dry granulated materials or slurries.

The   figure   below  illustrates  the  Vortec
vitrification process.  Its basic elements include
(1) a  cyclone  melting  system  (CMS™); (2) a
material   handling,   storage,   and   feeding
subsystem; (3) a vitrified product separation and
reservoir  assembly;   (4)  an  air  preheater
(recuperator);  (5)  an  air  pollution  control
subsystem; and (6) a vitrified product handling
subsystem.

The Vortec  CMS™ is  the primary system and
consists   of   two   major   assemblies:    a
counterrotating vortex  (CRV)  reactor  and  a
cyclone  melter.   First,   slurried   or   dry-
contaminated  soil is introduced into the CRV.
                The  CRV (1)  provides  a high  temperature
                environment; (2) preheats the  suspended waste
                materials along with any glass-forming additives
                mixed with soil; and (3) destroys any organic
                constituents in the soil.  The average temperature
                of materials leaving the CRV reactor chamber is
                between 2,200 and 2,800 °F, depending on the
                melting characteristics of the processed soils.

                The preheated solid materials exit the  CRV and
                enter the cyclone melter, where they are dispersed
                to the chamber walls to form a molten glass
                product. The vitrified, molten glass product and
                the exhaust gases exit the cyclone melter through
                a tangential exit channel and enter a glass- and
                gas-separation chamber.

                The exhaust gases then enter an air preheater to
                heat the  incoming  air and  are subsequently
                delivered to the air pollution control subsystem
                for particulate and acid gas removal. The molten
                glass product exits the glass- and gas-separation
                chamber through the tap and  is delivered to a
                water quench assembly for subsequent  disposal.
                                  MATERIAL HANDLING
                                  STORAGE & FEEDING
                                  SUBSYSTEM
                           FLUE GAS
                           CLEANUP
                           SUBSYSTEM
                                           VITRIFIED PRODUCT
                                          HANDLING SUBSYSTEM
                                    Vortec Vitrification Process
 Page 236
The SITE Program assesses but does not
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                                                                                         1999
Unique features of the Vortec vitrification process
include the following:

   •   Processes solid waste contaminated with
      both  organic  and   heavy   metal
      contaminants
   •   Handles waste quantities ranging from
      5 to more than 400 tons per day
   •   Recycles particulate residue collected in
      the air pollution control subsystem into
      the  CMS™.  These recycled materials
      are incorporated into the glass product.
   •   Produces a vitrified  product that is
      nontoxic according to EPA toxicity
      characteristic   leaching    procedure
      (TCLP)  standards.  The  product has
      long- term stability.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The  Vortec vitrification  process  treats  soils,
sediments, sludges, and mill tailings containing
organic,    inorganic,    and   heavy   metal
contamination. Organic materials included with
the waste are successfully destroyed by the high
temperatures  in  the  CRV.   The  inorganic
constituents in the waste material determine the
amount and type  of glass-forming  additives
required to produce a vitrified product.  This
process can be modified to produce a glass cullet
that consistently meets TCLP requirements.

STATUS:

The Vortec vitrification process was accepted into
the SITE Emerging Technology Program in May
1991. Research under the Emerging Technology
Program  was completed  in winter 1994,  and
Vortec was invited  to participate in the SITE
Demonstration Program.
Construction of a 1.5-ton-per-hour, transportable
system  for  treating contaminated  soil at  a
Department of Energy site in Paducah, Kentucky,
was  initiated in  October  1996.    A  SITE
demonstration is expected to occur in early 1999.

A 50-ton-per-day system has been purchased by
Ormet Aluminum Corporation of Wheeling, West
Virginia for recycling aluminum spent pot liners,
which  are  considered  cyanide-  and fluoride-
containing wastes (K088). The recycling system
became operational in 1996.  Vortec is offering
commercial systems and licenses for the CMS™
system.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Teri Richardson
U.S. EPA
National Risk Management Research
Laboratory
26 West Martin Luther King Drive
Cincinnati, OH 45268
513-569-7949
Fax:513-569-7105

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
James Hnat
Vortec Corporation
3770 Ridge Pike
Collegeville, PA  19426-315 8
610-489-2255
Fax:610-489-3185
                                  The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                    approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 237

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Technology Profile
                                           MONITORING AND MEASUREMENTS
                                                       TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
            PHOTOVAC MONITORING INSTRUMENTS
                 (formerly PHOTOVAC INTERNATIONAL, INC.)
                (PE Photovac Voyager Portable Gas Chromatograph)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The  PE  Photovac  Voyager  Portable   Gas
Chromatograph (GC) is a lightweight, battery
powered, isothermal GC (see figure below).  The
Voyager GC is designed to replace the Photovac
10S  Plus GC and incorporates the  following
advanced features:

  •  A miniature analytical engine containing a
    precolumn with backflush capability; three
    analytical  columns dedicated for "light",
    "middle",  and  "heavy"  compounds;  an
    isothermal  oven   with   an   operating
    temperature range of 30-80 °C; a miniature
    all-stainless  steel  valve  array;  and  a
    syringe/valve  injection port.  The whole
    engine is maintained at the set isothermal
    temperature.
  •  The Voyager photoionization detector (PID)
    provides superior sensitivity to volatile
                                                    organic  compounds  (VOC)  such   as
                                                    benzene, toluene, xylenes, and chlorinated
                                                    ethylenes.
                                                    High sensitivity to chlorinated compounds is
                                                    achieved using a Voyager equipped with an
                                                    electron capture detector (BCD).
                                                    A VOC function acts as a fast screening tool
                                                    for pre-GC analysis; the VOC mode supports
                                                    either  syringe  or  automatic   "sample
                                                    injections."
                                                    A factory-programmed assay for analysis of
                                                    up to 40  VOCs listed in EPA  Method 601,
                                                    602, 624, and 8260.
                                                    A "simplified" operating mode designed to
                                                    detect a subset of VOCs selected from the
                                                    preprogrammed assay.
                                                    A  user   mode,  simple  point-and-press
                                                    operation, to analyze preselected compounds
                                                    from the  factory programmed assay.
                                                    Total weight with PID is 15 pounds.
                         PE-Photovac Portable Gas Chromatograph
Page 54
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                              February 1999
                                                                            Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The Voyager GC can monitor VOC emissions
from hazardous waste sites and other emission
sources before, during, and after remediation. PC
Sitechart LX software provides the user with data
downloading, integration and GC customization
capabilities.  This enables a user to generate data
onsite, with confidence.

STATUS:

The Photovac 10S PLUS GC was evaluated in
January  1992   at  a  Superfund  site  under
remediation. Results from this demonstration are
presented  in a peer-reviewed  article entitled
"Evaluation of Portable Gas Chromatographs" in
the Proceedings of the 1993 U.S. EPA/Air and
Waste Management  Association International
Symposium, VIP-33, Volume 2, 1993.

The Voyager GC was evaluated during a field
study in  August  1995.    During  the  study,
downwind  vapors  from an artificial  source
generator were  analyzed.  Preliminary results of
the demonstration were presented in an article
titled   "Performance  Comparison   of  Field-
Deployable Gas Chromatographs with Canister
TO-14 Analyses" in the Proceeding of the 1996
U.S. EPA/Air and Waste Management Association
International Symposium, VIP-64, 1996.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Richard Berkley
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
National Exposure Research Laboratory
MD-44
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
Telephone No.: 919-541-2439
Fax: 919-541-3527

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Kevin Scully
Photovac Monitoring Instruments
50 Danbury Road
Wilton, CT 06897
Telephone No.: 203-761-2867
Fax: 203-761-2892
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                  approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 55

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Technology Profile
                                            MONITORING AND MEASUREMENTS
                                                        TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
                         QUADREL SERVICES, INC.
                          (Emflux® Soil-Gas Survey System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

Quadrel's   EMFLUX®  System  is  a fully
operational, passive, near-surface investigative
technology  capable of identifying buried VOCs
and SVOCs at concentrations in the low parts-per-
billion range.

EMFLUX® exploits the crustal effects of gravity
(generally referred to as "earth tides") through a
predictive computer model.  These geophysical
forces  dominate  vertical  soil-gas  velocities,
increasing  them by three to five  orders  of
magnitude.  The ability to predict such velocity
changes (which dwarf influences of barometric
pressure, temperature,  moisture,   and  other
phenomena) allows EMFLUX® to take advantage
of maximum gas  emissions at ground surface
through simultaneous,  cumulative   sampling,
thereby enhancing  detection  accuracy
and
                                                survey reliability. As a result, EMFLUX® survey
                                                results are reproducible in excess of 90 percent of
                                                the time in terms of both correct identification of
                                                individual VOCs and SVOCs  and proportional
                                                duplication at ground  surface of changes in
                                                subsurface concentrations of targeted compounds.

                                                Deployment, by individuals or two-person teams,
                                                takes less than two minutes per point (exclusive of
                                                initial  sample  location surveying);  retrieval
                                                requires half that time; and collectors remain in
                                                the field for 72 hours.  Field components of the
                                                system (9-inch stainless steel shells used above
                                                ground,  or  3.5-inch glass  vials for  shallow
                                                subsurface placement) are completely  portable.
                                                Available analytical methods range from EPA
                                                Methods   8020   and   8021,  using    gas
                                                chromatography and a variety  of detectors, to
                                                Methods   8260  and   8270,  using   mass
                                                spectrometry.
                                  EMFLUX* COLLECTOR

          DEPLOYMENT THROUGH SOILS               DEPLOYMENT THROUGH AN ASPHALT/CONCRETE CAP
Page 56
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                                                                               February 1999
                                                                             Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The EMFLUX® System has been employed with
great effectiveness in detecting a broad range of
VOCs and SVOCs (from vinyl chloride through
hexachlorobutadiene) in soil, groundwater and air.
The technology  has also  been successful in
identifying and mapping methane, non-methane
landfill gases, mercury, certain types of high
explosives, and chemical surety materials.

STATUS:

Quadrel  participated  in  the  SITE  Program
(Environmental    Technology    Verification
Program)  in  May   and   June  1997,  when
EMFLUX® was deployed at two sites (one in
Colorado, the other  in Iowa) to detect, among
other VOCs, vinyl chloride, 1,2-DCE, 1,1-DCA,
1,1,1-TCA, TCE and PCE.  The demonstration
results indicate that the EMFLUX® system can
provide   useful,    cost-effective   data   for
environmental problem-solving. The EMFLUX®
system successfully collected soil gas samples in
clay and sandy soils.   The  sampler  provided
positive identification of target VOCs and may be
able to detect lower  concentrations of VOCs in
the soil gas  than the  reference method.   The
results  of the demonstration  did not indicate
consistent proportional comparability between the
EMFLUX®   data and the reference method's
data. Currently, the final report and verification
statement is being completed by the National Risk
Management Research Laboratory in Las Vegas,
Nevada.   The  EMFLUX®  system  has  been
commercially    operational    since    1990.
EMFLUX® has been used on 350 major projects
in 46 U.S. states, in Guam, Canada, Great Britain,
South America, Poland, and the Czech Republic.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

Stephen Billets
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
National Exposure Research Laboratory
Characterization Research Division
P.O. Box 93478
Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478
Telephone No.: (702)798-2232
Fax No.: (702) 798-2261
E-mail:  billets. stephen@epamail .epa.gov

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Bruce Tucker or Paul Henning
Quadrel Services, Inc.
1896 Urbana Pike, Suite 20
Clarksburg, MD 20871
Telephone No.: (3 01) 8 74-5 510
Fax No.: (301)874-5567
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 57

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Technology Profile
                                           MONITORING AND MEASUREMENTS
                                                        TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
                 RADIOMETER ANALYTICAL GROUP
                 (Anodic Stripping Voltammetry for Mercury in Soil)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The Radiometer Analytical Group (Radiometer)
anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) method is a
field-portable technique that uses a programmed
electrochemical apparatus  to  measure  total
mercury in soil and sediment.  The  Radiometer
method  is more complex  than  immunoassay
methods, but it can generate quantitative results,
while immunoassay  methods  generate  only
semiquantitative or screening level results. Each
Radiometer ASV apparatus can analyze up to
about 40 samples per day for mercury.

Mercury  in  soil or sediment  samples  is first
extracted using a  heated  1:6:17  mixture  of
hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, and deionized
water. The extract is then cooled, buffered, and
centrifuged.   The extracted samples are then
analyzed by  ASV using a Radiometer PSU 20
unit.

The ASV method has two steps. In the first step,
mercury ions are plated out of solution onto a
glassy carbon electrode that is coated with a gold
film and placed under a negative potential. In the
second step, the negative potential is removed and
the mercury  is stripped  off the electrode. The
change in electrode potential is measured with a
high impedance voltmeter and is proportional to
the mercury concentration.
                                                WASTE APPLICABILITY:

                                                The Radiometer method has been used to analyze
                                                soil and sediment samples containing mercury.
                                                The effect of soil  texture  on this method's
                                                performance is unknown.  Soil moisture content
                                                of up to 31 percent had minimal to no effect on
                                                performance.   The ASV  method  can  measure
                                                mercury  in soil  or  sediment at the parts per
                                                million (ppm) level.

                                                STATUS:

                                                The  Radiometer ASV  method  was   field
                                                demonstrated in August 1995 at two southwestern
                                                state sites: the Carson River Mercury site in Reno,
                                                Nevada; and the Sulphur Bank Mercury Mine site
                                                in  Clear  Lake, California.    During  the
                                                demonstration, the method was used to analyze
                                                145 samples (55  samples from each  site and 35
                                                archived samples), 20 field duplicate samples, 17
                                                weak digestion samples,  and 13  performance
                                                evaluation samples. Duplicate samples underwent
                                                confirmatory analysis using inductively coupled
                                                plasma with mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) at an
                                                off-site laboratory.  The ASV method provided
                                                reproducible quantitative results comparable to
                                                those generated  by  ICP-MS down  to 2  ppm.
                                                Additional results from the field demonstration
                                                will be available in the  Innovative Technology
                                                Evaluation Report. According to Radiometer, the
                                                PSU  20  unit  has been  improved  to achieve
                                                detection limits  at the  parts per  billion  level
                                                (Radiometer PSU 22  unit).
Page 58
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
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                                                                            February 1999
                                                                          Completed Project
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Stephen Billets
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
National Exposure Research Laboratory
Characterization Research Division
P.O. Box 93478
Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478
Telephone No.: 702-798-2232
Fax: 702-798-2261

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Mark Nighman
Radiometer Analytical Group
810 Sharon Drive
Westlake, OH44145
Telephone No.: 800-998-8110, Ext. 213
Fax:440-899-1139
                               The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                 approve or endorse technologies.
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Technology Profile
                                          MONITORING AND MEASUREMENTS
                                                       TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
                          SENTEX SYSTEMS, INC.
                (Scentograph Plus II Portable Gas Chromatograph)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The   Scentograph   Plus  II  Portable  Gas
Chromatograph is designed to monitor volatile
organic  compound  (VOC)  emissions  from
hazardous waste sites and other emission sources.
It operates by drawing air through a sorbent bed,
followed by rapid thermal desorption into the
carrier stream. The instrument operates in either
Micro  Argon lonization or  Micro Electron
Capture modes.

The   Scentograph   Plus  II  Portable  Gas
Chromatograph can operate for several hours on
internal batteries and has internal carrier gas and
calibration tanks. It can be fitted with capillary
columns (30 meters, 0.32 or 0.53 millimeter) or
                                               packed columns. The instrument can be operated
                                               isothermally  at  temperatures  ranging  from
                                               ambient to 179  °C. Oven temperatures can be
                                               programmed at a desired rate. The 11.7-electron-
                                               volt ionization energy allows a detection limit of
                                               about 1 part  per billion.   The instrument is
                                               controlled by a detachable IBM compatible laptop
                                               computer (see photograph  below).  Purge  and
                                               Trap  Accessories  enable  on-site,  on-line
                                               determinations of various VOCs in water.

                                               WASTE APPLICABILITY:

                                               The   Scentograph  Plus   II  portable   gas
                                               Chromatograph can monitor VOC emissions from
                                               hazardous waste sites and other emission sources.
                      Scentograph Plus n Portable Gas Chromatograph
Page 60
                               The SITE Program assesses but does not
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                                                                               February 1999
                                                                             Completed Project
STATUS:

The   Scentograph  Plus   II   portable  gas
chromatograph was evaluated in January 1992 at
a Superrund site under remediation. Results from
this  demonstration  are  presented  in  a peer-
reviewed article titled "Evaluation of Portable Gas
Chromatographs" in the Proceedings of the 1993
U.S. EPA/Air and Waste Management Association
International Symposium, VIP-33,  Volume  2,
1993.

The technology was also evaluated in June 1994
at a landfill adjacent to a residental area.  Results
from this demonstration are presented in a peer-
reviewed article  titled "On-Site  Monitoring  of
Vinyl Chloride at Parts Per Trillion Levels in Air"
in the Proceedings of the 1995 U.S. EPA/Air and
Waste Management Association International
Symposium, VIP-47, Volume 1, 1995.

The   Scentograph  Plus   II   portable  gas
chromatograph was also evaluated during a field
study in  August 1995.   During  the  study,
downwind  vapors from  an  artificial   source
generator were analyzed.  Preliminary results  of
the demonstration were presented in an article
titled "Performance  Comparison  of  Field-
Deployable Gas Chromatographs with Canister
TO-14 Analyses" in the Proceeding of the 1996
U.S. EPA/Air and Waste Management Association
International Symposium, VIP-64, 1996.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Richard Berkley
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
National Exposure Research Laboratory
MD-44
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
Telephone No.: 919-541-2439
Fax: 919-541-3527

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Amos Linenberg
Sentex Systems, Inc.
553 Broad Avenue
Ridgefield, NJ 07657
Telephone No.: 201-945-3694
Fax: 201-941-6064
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 61

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Technology Profile
                                             MONITORING AND MEASUREMENTS
                                                          TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
                SIMULPROBE® TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
                               (Core Barrel Soil Sampler)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The    SimulProbe®    Technologies,    Inc.
(SimulProbe®), core barrel sampler consists of a
split core barrel similar to a split-spoon sampler,
a drive shoe, and a core barrel head.

The sampler is constructed of steel, has a uniform
2-inch outer diameter, and is 27 inches long. It is
capable of recovering a discrete sample 1.25
inches in diameter and 27 inches long. Multiple
5.25-inch-long stainless-steel liners or a single
full-length  plastic liner can be used inside the
sampler to contain the soil core.  The drive shoe
of the sampler is equipped with a slide mechanism
and has  an optional drive tip for direct-push,
discrete sampling applications.

The drive tip, known as the SimulProbe® Latch
Activated Tip (SPLAT™),  seals the  sample
chamber until the target  depth is reached. The
SPLAT™ is then released at the target depth to
collect the sample.
                                                  The core barrel sampler decreases the likelihood
                                                  of  cross-contamination,   preserves   sample
                                                  intergrity when used with a liner,  can collect
                                                  either discrete or continuous soil  samples  of
                                                  unconsolidated  materials,   does   not   need
                                                  specialized training to use, and does not generate
                                                  drill cuttings.

                                                  WASTE APPLICABILITY:

                                                  The SimulProbe® core barrel sampler can be used
                                                  to collect unconsolidated, subsurface soil samples
                                                  at depths that depend on  the capability of the
                                                  advancement  platform.  The sampler can  be
                                                  advanced into the subsurface using a direct-push
                                                  platform,  drill rig, or manual  methods.   The
                                                  sampler has been used to collect samples of sandy
                                                  and  clayey  soil   contaminated   with  high
                                                  concentrations of volatile  organic  compounds
                                                  (VOC). It can also be used to collect  samples for
                                                  semivolatile organic compounds, metals, general
                                                  minerals, and pesticides analyses.
                                  STANDARD AW PIN OR AW TO GEOPROBE
                                  CUSTOM THREAD DESIGN AVAILABLE
                                CORE BARREL HEAD
                                                REED VALVE
                                           (OPTIONAL FOR SATURATED ZONE)
                                          - (NON-ESSENTIAL FOR VADOSE ZONE)
                      CORE BARREL
                       COVER
                            COVER SLEEVE
                              SPLAT* TIP ASSEMBLY
                                Simulprobe Core Barrel Sampler
Page 62
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                               February 1999
                                                                             Completed Project
STATUS:

The  SimulProbe® core  barrel sampler  was
demonstrated under the  Superfund Innovative
Technology Evaluation (SITE) program in May
and June 1997 at two sites: the Small Business
Administration (SBA) site in Albert City, Iowa,
and the Chemical Sales Company (CSC) site in
Denver, Colorado. Samples collected during the
demonstrations  were analyzed  for  VOCs to
evaluate the performance of the samplers.

Demonstration results indicate that the core barrel
sampler had higher sample recoveries and yielded
samples with higher VOC concentrations in the
clayey soil present at the SBA site than the
standard methods. Conversely, the  sampler had
lower recoveries and yielded samples with lower
VOC concentrations than the standard methods in
the sandy soil present at the CSC site.  Sample
integrity using the core barrel sampler was not
preserved in highly contaminated soil, and the use
of sample liners was found to be required to
preserve  sample integrity.   The  core  barrel
sampler's reliability and throughput were not as
good as those of the standard methods; however,
the developer claims that the sampler used during
the demonstrations was incorrectly manufactured.
Costs for the core barrel sampler were lower than
costs related to the standard sampling method.
Demonstration results are  documented in the
"Environmental Technology Verification" report
for the sampler dated August 1998 (EPA/600/R-
98/094).
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Stephen Billets
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
National Exposure Research Laboratory
Characterization Research Division
P.O. Box 93478
Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478
Telephone No.: (702)798-2232
Fax No.: (702)798-2261
E-mail:  billets. stephen@epamail .epa.gov

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Dr. Richard Laton
SimulProbe® Technologies, Inc.
354 Bel Marin Keys Boulevard, Suite F
Novato, CA 94949
Telephone No.: (415)883-8787
Fax No.: (415) 883-8788
E-mail:  sprobe@simulprobe.com
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 63

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Technology Profile
                                            MONITORING AND MEASUREMENTS
                                                        TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
       SPACE AND NAVAL WARFARE SYSTEMS CENTER
        (formerly Naval Command, Control and Ocean Surveillance Center)
                              (SCAPS Cone Penetrometer)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The   Site   Characterization   and  Analysis
Penetrometer System (SCAPS) was developed by
the space and naval warfare systems  center.
SCAPS is mounted on a cone penetrometer testing
(CPT) platform for field use; it can be fitted with
a  laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) sensor to
provide  in  situ field screening of petroleum
hydrocarbons  in   subsurface  soils.     CPT
technology   has  been  widely  used   in  the
geotechnical  industry  for  determining  soil
strength and soil type from measurements of tip
resistance and sleeve friction on an instrumented
probe. The  SCAPS CPT platform equipped with
LIF sensors  can provide real-time field screening
of the physical characteristics of soil and chemical
characteristics   of  petroleum   hydrocarbon
contamination at hazardous waste sites.

SCAPS is primarily designed to quickly and cost-
effectively distinguish hydrocarbon-contaminated
areas from uncontaminated areas.  SCAPS also
provides geologic information and  reduces the
amount  of  investigation-derived waste.   This
capability  allows  further  investigation  and
remediation decisions to be made more efficiently
and reduces the number of samples that must be
submitted for laboratory analysis.

The LIF system uses a pulsed laser coupled with
an  optical  detector to measure  fluorescence
through optical fibers. Fluorescence is measured
through a sapphire  window  on a probe that is
pushed into the ground with a truck-mounted
CPT. LIF provides data on the in situ distribution
of petroleum hydrocarbons, measured
                                                 by the  fluorescence response  induced  in  the
                                                 polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons  (PAH) that
                                                 comprise the petroleum hydrocarbon.  LIF detects
                                                 PAHs in the bulk  soil matrix throughout  the
                                                 vadose, capillary fringe, and saturated zones. LIF
                                                 also provides a detect-nondetect field screening
                                                 capability relative to a specified detection limit
                                                 derived for a specific fuel product on  a site-
                                                 specific soil matrix.  In addition, LIF provides
                                                 qualitative data derived from spectrographic data
                                                 at depths up to 150 feet.

                                                 WASTE APPLICABILITY:

                                                 SCAPS  CPT  technology  equipped  with  LIF
                                                 sensors can provide real-time qualitative analysis
                                                 of subsurface  soils.  This technology may be
                                                 useful in screening  soils at oil refineries, tank
                                                 farms, and shipyards. The combined technologies
                                                 provide  substantial  cost  savings and quicker
                                                 analyses compared to conventional laboratories.

                                                 STATUS:

                                                 The SCAPS  CPT and LIF technologies were
                                                 demonstrated at two hydrogeologically distinct
                                                 field sites under the SITE Characterization and
                                                 Monitoring Program. The demonstrations were
                                                 conducted at the Hydrocarbon National Test Site
                                                 at the Naval Construction Battalion Center in Port
                                                 Hueneme, California in May 1995,  and the Steam
                                                 Plant Tank Farm, Sandia National Laboratories in
                                                 Albuquerque, New Mexico in November 1995.
                                                 An  Innovative  Technology Evaluation  Report
                                                 (ITER)  (EPA/540/R-95/520) was published by
                                                 EPA.
Page 64
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
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                                                                               February 1999
                                                                              Completed Project
The SCAPS project is meeting the Navy's goals
of (1) expedited  development  and regulatory
acceptance, (2) performance of urgently needed
petroleum,  oil,  and  lubricant  (POL)  field
screening at Navy facilities, and (3) technology
transfer to  industry  for widespread use.   The
SCAPS LIF technology is certified and verified.
The technology has matured to become a platform
with state-of-the-art sensor technology and a suite
of the latest CPT tools for sampling and direct
push well installations. On August 5, 1996, the
California EPA Department of Toxic Substance
Control certified  the  SCAPS  LIF as  a site
characterization technology for real-time, in situ
subsurface field screening for POL contaminants,
pursuant to California  Health and Safety Code,
Section 25200.1.5.

Three SCAPS units  are performing POL field
screenings at Navy facilities on a prioritized basis.
These  screenings  include plume chasing and
plume edge delineation on a finer scale than has
been feasible in the past.

DEMONSTRATION RESULTS:

The results of the SCAPS demonstrations at Port
Hueneme and  Sandia National Laboratories were
presented in the ITER and are summarized below:

   •   SCAPS met the demonstration obj ective
      of providing real-time screening of the
      physical characteristics of  soil  and
      chemical characteristics of petroleum
      hydrocarbon contamination.
   •   SCAPS achieved better than 90 percent
      agreement   with  the  discrete  soil
      samples and analytical results.
   •   SCAPS  is  capable of mapping  the
      relative magnitude and the vertical and
      horizontal   extent   of   subsurface
      fluorescent  petroleum   hydrocarbon
      contaminant  plumes  in  soil  and
      groundwater.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Bob Lien
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
National Exposure Research Laboratory
Characterization Research Division
P.O. Box 93478
Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478
Telephone No.: 702-798-2232
Fax: 702-798-2261

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Stephen Lieberman, Ph.D.
Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center,
San Diego
53560 Hull St., D361
San Diego, CA 92152-5001
Telephone No.: 619-553-2778
Fax: 619-553-6553
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 65

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Technology Profile
                                           MONITORING AND MEASUREMENTS
                                                        TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
                              SRI INSTRUMENTS
                            (Compact Gas Chromatograph)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The SRI Instruments (SRI) line of compact single-
and dual-oven portable gas chromatographs (GC)
are designed for on-site and laboratory analysis of
organic compounds in soil, water, air, and other
matrices.  SRI GCs are equipped with ambient-to-
400  °C  programmable  column   ovens  and
electronic pressure/pneumatic control (EPC) of all
system gases. These GCs include built-in, serially
interfaced (RS-232) data acquisition  unit that
permits use of desktop, notebook,  and  palmtop
PCs   and software  versions  for Windows
3.11/Windows NT 4.00, and Windows '95/'98
(Y2K compliant).  SRI GCs are equipped with a
standard on-column injection port that accepts
packed and capillary columns, and systems may
be equipped with multiple injectors and detectors
for series or independent operation, as required by
the   application.   Automated  gas  sampling,
split/splitless injection,  Method  5035/5030
                                                compliant  purge-and-trap concentration,  and
                                                liquid autosampling carousels are available as
                                                options.  SRI also manufactures external detector
                                                units that may be connected to other host GCs by
                                                means of a heated transfer line (provided), or used
                                                in stand-alone monitoring applications such as
                                                continuouis monitoring of stack THC emissions
                                                and chlorinated compounds.

                                                WASTE APPLICABILITY:

                                                The  SRI GCs can monitor airborne emissions
                                                from hazardous waste sites and  other emission
                                                sources  before, during, and  after remediation.
                                                They can  also analyze  soil, water, and gas
                                                samples for  organic  contaminants  such  as
                                                benzene,   toluene,   ethylbenzene,   xylene,
                                                polychlorinated biphenyls, and pesticides.  Their
                                                performance characteristics in the  field have been
                                                proven  by  a large private, commercial, and
                                                government user base.
                               Compact Gas Chromatograph
Page 66
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
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                                                                             February 1999
                                                                            Completed Project
STATUS:

The SRI model 8610 GC was evaluated in January
1992  at a Superfund site  under  remediation.
Results from this demonstration are presented in
a peer-reviewed article entitled  "Evaluation  of
Portable Gas Chromatographs" in the Proceedings
of the 1993 U.S. EPA/Air and Waste Management
Association International Symposium, VIP-33,
Volume 2, 1993.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Richard Berkley
U.S. Environmental Agency
National Exposure Research Laboratory
MD-44
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
Telephone No.: 919-541-2439
Fax: 919-541-3527

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Douglas Gavilanes
SRI Instruments
20720 Earl Street
Torrance, CA 90503
Telephone No.: 310-214-5092
Fax: 310-214-5097
E-Mail: site@srigc.com
Internet: http://www.srigc.com
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                  approve or endorse technologies.
                                Page 67

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Technology Profile
                                           MONITORING AND MEASUREMENTS
                                                       TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
                    STRATEGIC DIAGNOSTICS, INC.
             (formerly ENSYS ENVIRONMENTAL PRODUCTS, INC.)
                              (EnSys Penta Test System)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The Ensys  Penta Test System is designed to
quickly  provide  semiquantitative  results for
pentachlorophenol (PCP)  in soil  and water
samples. The system is shown in the photograph
below.   The technology uses  immunoassay
chemistry to produce compound-specific reactions
that  detect and  quantify  PCP.   Polyclonal
antibodies are fixed to the inside wall of a test
tube, where they offer binding sites for PCP. An
enzyme conjugate containing a PCP derivative is
added to the test tube to compete with sample
PCP for antibody binding sites.  Excess sample
and enzyme conjugate are washed from the test
tube.  Reagents are then added to the test tube to
react with the enzyme conjugate, forming a color.
After a designated time period, a solution is added
to the test tube to stop color formation.  The
sample color is compared to the color formed by
a PCP standard. A differential
                                                photometer compares  the colors.  The results
                                                obtained from soil samples are compared against
                                                a standard to determine the detection levels.

                                                The system can  be affected  by extremes of
                                                naturally occurring matrix effects such as humic
                                                acids, pH, or salinity. Site-specific matrix effects
                                                that can affect the system include PCP carriers
                                                such as petroleum hydrocarbons or solvents; and
                                                other chemicals used in conjunction with  PCP,
                                                including creosote, copper-chromium-arsenate, or
                                                herbicides. Specific chemicals similar in structure
                                                to  PCP can provide positive  results, or  cross
                                                reactivity.

                                                WASTE APPLICABILITY:

                                                The PCP immunoassay measures PCP concen-
                                                trations in soil and water. For semiquantitative
                                                soil analysis, the concentration ranges are as
                                                follows: greater than 50 parts per million (ppm),
                                  EnSys Penta Test System
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                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
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                                                                               February 1999
                                                                             Completed Project
between 50 and 5 ppm, between 5 and 0.5 ppm,
and less than 0.5 ppm.  For water analysis, the
concentration ranges are as follows: greater than
5,000 parts per billion (ppb), between 5,000 and
500 ppb, between 500 and 5 ppb, and less than 5
ppb. These ranges can be customized to a user's
needs.

STATUS:

The  SITE demonstration  occurred in summer
1993 at Morrisville, North Carolina.  Samples
collected from Winona, Missouri were transported
to the demonstration location for testing. Samples
from both sites were analyzed to evaluate the
effects of different  sample matrices  and  of
different PCP carriers such  as diesel fuel and
isopropyl    ether-butane.       During   the
demonstration, the PENTA  RISc Test  System
analyzed 112 soil samples and 16 water samples.
The  Innovative Technology Evaluation Report
(EPA/540/R-95/514), which  details results from
the demonstration, is available from EPA.

The PENTA RISc Test System has been accepted
under Solid Waste Method 4010 (SW-846, third
edition, second update). In the 4 years that it has
been available, more than 12,000 immunoassay-
based tests have been used on wood preserving
sites.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Jeanette Van Emon
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
National Exposure Research Laboratory
Characterization Research Division
P.O. Box 93478
Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478
Telephone No.: 702-798-2154
Fax: 702-798-2261

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Tim Lawruk
Strategic Diagnostics, Inc.
Ill Pencader Drive
Newark, DE 19702
Telephone No.: 800-544-8881
Telephone No.: 302-456-6789
Fax: 302-456-6782
Web: www.sdix.com
Email: techservice(S>sdix.com
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 69

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Technology Profile
                                          MONITORING AND MEASUREMENTS
                                                      TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
                    STRATEGIC DIAGNOSTICS  INC.
                   (Formerly EnviroGard Corporation)
                     (EnviroGard™ PCB Immunoassay Test Kit)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The  EnviroGard™  polychlorinated  biphenyl
(PCB) immunoassay test kit rapidly analyzes for
PCB  concentrations in  samples of  soil or
sediment.  The operating  procedure for this
competitive enzyme-linked  immunoassay kit is
shown in the figure below.

Soil  sample  extracts are prepared  using the
EnviroGard™ Soil Extraction Kit and methanol.
These extracts and assay calibration solutions are
added to plastic test tubes coated with antibodies.
PCB-enzyme conjugate is added to each test tube.
                                              The test tubes then stand for 15 minutes.  The
                                              antibodies in each test tube bind with either PCB
                                              molecules or enzyme conjugate.  Next, the tubes
                                              are washed to remove any material not bound to
                                              the antibodies.  A  clear substrate/chromogen
                                              solution is then added to each tube, and the tubes
                                              are allowed to stand for 5 minutes.  Any enzyme
                                              conjugate bound to the  tubes colors the clear
                                              substrate blue.  A deeper shade of blue in the test
                                              tube  indicates a lower PCB concentration.The
                                              color intensity in the test tubes is measured at 450
                                              nanometers  using a small portable photometer.
                                              The color intensity is compared to one or more of
                                              the four calibrator solutions included in the kit
Principles of the Test

Incubation 1:
Sample and conjugate are added
to the tube and compete for a
limited number of specific
binding sites on the
immobilized antibodies.
Wash:
Unbound Compounds are washed
away, leaving only analyte and
conjugate bound to antibodies.
Incubation 2:
Colorless substrate and chromogen
are converted to color in proportion
to amount of bound enzyme.

E+ <
>/'
E •W
Hi^f-
^ H
\o/
HI Hh-
HH »-
\I_t/
S^Paor
HI H>-
HH 1-
\ii/
^ = Analyte
V = Anti-Analyte
1 Antibody
E+ = Enzyme
Conjugate

S = Substrate
C = Chromogen

                                   Test Kit Procedure
Page 70
                               The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                 approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                                February 1999
                                                                               Completed Project
to yield data allowing classification  above or
below 1,5, 10, or 50 parts per million (ppm). Up
to 18 sample extracts can be analyzed in less than
30 minutes.   Millipore Corporation (Millipore)
can provide  optional protocols for quantitative
analysis  of  specific  Aroclors  or  for  testing
sediment, water, or soil samples.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The EnviroGard™ PCB test kit measures PCB
concentrations in soil or sediment.  The test is
calibrated  to screen  for Aroclors 1016, 1232,
1242, 1248,  1254,  and 1260  at greater than
95 percent confidence interval.

STATUS:

In 1991, the EnviroGard™ PCB test kit was used
to screen and quantify PCB contamination in soils
at a SITE demonstration of a solvent extraction
system in Washburn, Maine. Soil containing over
50 ppm PCB was required for the demonstration
at the Washburn,  Maine site. Calibrators  at the 5
and 50 ppm level were used to evaluate the kit's
potential for segregating soils.  Additional tests
were performed on dilutions of the soil extracts to
evaluate  quantitative performance.    Highly
contaminated soils were easily identified,  and
quantitative   tests  provided  correlation  to
contaminant levels obtained by off-site laboratory
analysis using EPA Method 8080.

The  Innovative Technology Evaluation  Report
(EPA/540/R-95/517) is available from EPA. The
kit was also demonstrated at a U.S. Department of
Energy (DOE) site in Kansas City, Missouri.
Soils contaminated with Aroclor 1242 in ranges
from nondetectable to greater than 1,000 ppm
were analyzed  with  the  test kit at the DOE
facility.  Over  200  assays  of  environmental
samples  and calibrators were  performed  to
evaluate correlation with both on-site and off-site
laboratory  gas   chromatograph  data.   Final
evaluation  of the data  is  presented  in  the
Technology Evaluation Report.

The EnviroGard™ PCB test kit has been accepted
by the EPA Office of Solid Waste for inclusion in
SW-846 as Method 4020.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGERS:
Stephen Billets or Jeanette Van Emon
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
National Exposure Research Laboratory
Characterization Research Division
P.O. Box 93478
Las Vegas, NV  89193-3478
702-798-2232 or 702-798-2154
Fax: 702-798-2261

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Barbara Young
Analytical Division
Millipore Corporation
80 Ashby Road
Bedford, MA 01730
617-533-5207
Fax: 617-533-3135
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                  Page 71

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Technology Profile
                                           MONITORING AND MEASUREMENTS
                                                        TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
                    STRATEGIC DIAGNOSTICS,INC.
                      (formerly OHMICRON CORPORATION)
                                    (RaPID Assay®)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The RaPID Assay® kit is designed to quickly
provide quantitative results for pentachlorophenol
(PCP) concentrations in soil and water samples.
The kit uses immunoassay chemistry to produce
detectable and quantifiable compound-specific
reactions for PCP, as shown in the figure below.
Polyclonal antibodies  bound  to paramagnetic
particles  are introduced into a test tube where
they  offer binding sites for PCP.   An enzyme
conjugate containing a PCP derivative is added to
the test tube, where it competes  with PCP from
samples for antibody binding sites.  A magnetic
field is  applied to each test tube  to hold the
paramagnetic  particles containing  PCP  and
enzyme  conjugate, while  excess  sample and
enzyme conjugate are washed from the test tube.
                                                Reagents are then added to the test tube, where
                                                they react with the enzyme conjugate and form a
                                                color.   The  color formed  in  the  sample  is
                                                compared to the color formed by PCP calibration
                                                standards.  The comparison is  made with a
                                                spectrophotometer.      Samples  with   PCP
                                                concentrations above the calibration range can be
                                                diluted and reanalyzed.

                                                The RaPID Assay® kit has several advantages
                                                and limitations when used under field conditions.
                                                The method is field portable, easy and fast to
                                                operate, and inexpensive. The RaPID Assay® kit
                                                is  limited in that (1) electricity  is required to
                                                operate   the  spectrophotometer,   (2)   the
                                                immunoassay method  may  be  affected by
                                                temperature fluctuations, and (3) cross-reactivity
                                                may occur for compounds similar to PCP.
              Magnetic Particle with
              Antibody Attached
              Pentachlorophenol
              Enzyme Conjugate
              Pentachlorophenol
              Chromogen/Substrate
              Colored Product
         2. Separation
                                                  1. Immunological Reaction
                                                                     n
                                                      3. Color Development
                                      RaPID Assay®
Page 72
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                             February 1999
                                                                            Completed Project
WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The RaPID Assay® kit can be used to identify and
quantify PCP in soil and water samples.  The
developer reports the detection limit for soils at
0.1 part per million and water samples at 0.06 part
per billion.

STATUS:

The RaPID Assay® kit was evaluated during a
SITE field demonstration in Morrisville, North
Carolina in August 1993.  A photograph of the kit
is shown below. In addition, samples collected
from a location in Winona,  Missouri  were
analyzed to  evaluate the effects  of different
matrices  and PCP  carriers.  The  Innovative
Technology Evaluation Report (EPA/540/R-95/514),
which details results from the demonstration, is
available from EPA.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Jeanette Van Emon
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
National Exposure Research Laboratory
Characterization Research Division
P.O. Box 93478
Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478
Telephone No.: 702-798-2154
Fax: 702-798-2261

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Craig Kostyshyn
Strategic Diagnostics,Inc.
375 Pheasant Run
Newtown, PA 18940
Telephone No.: 215-860-5115, ext. 634
Fax: 215-860-5213
                      RaPID Assay Used During the SITE Demonstration
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                  approve or endorse technologies.
                                Page 73

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Technology Profile
                                            MONITORING AND MEASUREMENTS
                                                        TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
                                 TN SPECTRACE
                (TN 9000 and TN Pb X-Ray Fluorescence Analyzers)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The TN 9000 X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) Analyzer
(see photograph below) is a field portable unit
that simultaneously analyzes  elements ranging
from sulfur to uranium.  The TN Pb Analyzer was
designed to analyze for lead  in soil, paint and
paint  chips,  and other matrices.   It can also
measure   arsenic,  chromium,  iron,  copper,
manganese, and zinc in soils.  Both instruments
are compact,  lightweight, and do not require
liquid nitrogen. A rechargeable battery allows the
XRF analyzers to be used at remote sites where
electricity is unavailable.

The TN 9000 Analyzer and the TN Pb Analyzer
both  use  a high-resolution  mercuric  iodide
detector to provide elemental resolution and low
detection limits. The TN 9000 Analyzer is
                                                equipped with the radioisotope sources iron-55,
                                                cadmium-109, and americium-241, which allow
                                                for  identification  and  quantification   of  26
                                                elements. The TN Pb Analyzer is equipped only
                                                with the cadmium-109 source, which allows for
                                                the quantification and identification of the seven
                                                elements listed above.

                                                The TN 9000 Analyzer and TN Pb Analyzer
                                                consist of two main components: a probe and an
                                                electronics unit.  The probe is connected to the
                                                electronics unit by a flexible cable  that allows
                                                analysis of soil samples in the in situ  or intrusive
                                                modes.  The probe contains the detector and
                                                excitation  sources and weighs  approximately
                                                4 pounds.  The electronics unit contains a 2,048-
                                                multichannel analyzer for spectral analysis. A
                                                maximum of 300 sets of results  and  120 spectra
                                                can be stored in the TN 9000 before downloading
                          TN 9000 X-Ray Fluorescence Analyzer
Page 74
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                                February 1999
                                                                               Completed Project
to a personal computer (PC).  A maximum of 600
sets of results and 100 spectra can be stored in the
TN Pb Analyzer before downloading to a PC.

All elemental  concentrations  are displayed  in
parts  per million  on the liquid  crystal display
(LCD) of the electronic console.  The electronics
unit weighs approximately 15 pounds and can be
carried in the field in a water- repellant carrying
case.  The electronic unit is battery-powered and
can run up to 8 hours on a full charge.

Both instruments incorporate user-friendly, menu-
driven software to operate the instrument. The
TN 9000  Analyzer and TN Pb Analyzer are
calibrated using fundamental parameters, which is
a standardless calibration technique.  At the time
of the SITE demonstration, the TN 9000 and TN
Pb  Analyzers  cost  $58,000  and  $39,500,
respectively. These costs included all equipment
necessary to operate the instrument. Leasing and
rental options are also available. The  TN 9000
Analyzer, using all three excitation sources, is
capable of analyzing  100 samples per  day. The
TN Pb Analyzer is capable of analyzing 20 to  25
samples per hour using a 60-second count time for
the cadmium-109 source.

WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The TN 9000 and TN Pb Analyzers can  detect
select elements in  soil, sediment,  filter, and wipe
samples.  The  TN Pb Analyzer  can also  detect
lead in paint.   Both units  can  identify  select
elements at concentrations ranging from parts per
million to  percentage  levels  in soil samples
obtained from  mining and smelting sites, drum
recycling facilities, and plating facilities.  These
instruments  can  provide  real-time, on-site
analytical  results  during field  screening and
remediation operations. XRF analysis is  faster and
more  cost-effective  compared to conventional
laboratory analysis.
 STATUS:

The  TN 9000 and  TN Pb  Analyzers were
demonstrated under the SITE Program in April
1995. The results were summarized in Technical
Report No.  EPA/600/R-97/145,  dated March
1998. The instruments were used to identify and
quantify  concentrations  of metals  in  soils.
Evaluation  of the results yielded  field-based
method detection limits, accuracy, and precision
data from the  analysis  of standard  reference
materials and performance evaluation samples.

Comparability of the XRF results to  an EPA-
approved reference laboratory method was also
assessed.   The draft fourth update to SW-846
includes Method 6200, dated January 1998, which
is based on this demonstration.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Stephen Billets
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
National Exposure Research Laboratory
Characterization Research Division
P.O. Box 93478
Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478
Telephone No.: 702-798-2232
Fax: 702-798-2261
E-mail:  billets. stephen@epamail .epa.gov

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Peter Berry
TN Spectrace
2555 North IH 35
P.O. Box 800
Round Rock, TX 78680-0800
Telephone No.: 512-388-9100
Fax: 512-388-9200
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                  Page 75

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Technology Profile
                                            MONITORING AND MEASUREMENTS
                                                        TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
                                  TRI-SERVICES
        (Site Characterization and Analysis Penetrometer System [SCAPS])
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The  Tri-Services  Site  Characterization  and
Analysis  Penetrometer  System (SCAPS)  was
developed by the U.S. Army (U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers, Waterways Experiment Station [WES]
and the Army Environmental Center [AEC]),
Navy (Naval Command, Control  and Ocean
Surveillance  Center),  and  the  Air  Force
(Armstrong Laboratory). The U.S. Army holds a
patent  for  the  application  of  laser sensors
combined with cone penetrometry.  The laser-
induced fluorescence (LIF) system used  in the
SCAPS was modified from a design developed by
the Navy to detect petroleum, oil, and lubricant
fluorescence in seawater.

A complete cone  penetrometer (CPT)  truck
system consists  of a  truck, hydraulic rams
andassociated controllers, and the CPT itself (see
photograph below).  The weight of the truck
provides a static reaction force, typically 20 tons,
to advance the  CPT.   The hydraulic system,
working against the static reaction force, advances
1-meter-long, 3.57-centimeter-diameter threaded
push rod segments into the ground.  The CPT,
which is mounted on the end of the series of push
rods, contains LIF sensors that continuously log
tip stress and sleeve friction.
                                                The data from  these sensors are used to map
                                                subsurface  stratigraphy.  Conductivity or pore
                                                pressure sensors can be driven into the ground
                                                simultaneously.  The 20-ton truck is  designed
                                                with protected work spaces.

                                                The SCAPS has  been modified  to  provide
                                                automatic  grouting of the  penetrometer hole
                                                during  retraction  of  the  CPT. It can also
                                                decontaminate the push rods as they are retracted
                                                from the soil. The 20-ton CPT system is capable
                                                of  pushing  standard push  rods  to depths of
                                                approximately 50 meters.

                                                The main LIF sensor components are as follows:

                                                    •    Nitrogen (N2) laser
                                                        Fiber optic cable
                                                    •    Monochromator  to   resolve  the
                                                        fluorescence emission as a function
                                                        of wavelength
                                                        Photodiode array (PDA) to  detect
                                                        the fluorescence emission spectrum
                                                        and transduce the optical signal into
                                                        an electrical signal
                                                        optical   multichannel   analyzer
                                                        (OMA) to interface  between the
                                                        optic  system and  the computer
                                                        system
                                                        Computer system
               Site Characterization and Analysis Penetrometer System (SCAPS)
Page 76
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                               February 1999
                                                                             Completed Project
To operate the SCAPS LIF sensor, the CPT is
positioned over a designated penetration point.
The  LIF sensor response  is checked using a
standard  rhodamine solution held against the
sapphire  window; sensor response is checked
before and after each penetration. The CPT is
then advanced into the soil.

The SCAPS LIF system is operated with a N2
laser. The PDA accumulates the fluorescence
emission response over 10 laser shots, and the
PDA retrieves an emission spectrum of the soil
fluorescence and returns this information to the
OMA and computer system. The LIF sensor and
stratigraphy data collection are interpreted by the
on-board computer system.

The spectral resolution of the LIF system under
these operating conditions is 2 centimeters.  The
fluorescence   intensity   at  peak    emission
wavelength for each stored spectrum is displayed
along with the soil classification data.
WASTE APPLICABILITY:

The  Tri-Services  SCAPS  was  designed  to
qualitatively and quantitatively identify classes of
petroleum,  polynuclear aromatic  hydrocarbon,
and volatile organic compound contamination in
subsurface soil samples.

STATUS:

The technology field demonstration was held in
EPA Region  7  during  September 1994.  The
Innovative   Technology  Evaluation  Report
(EPA/540/R-95/520)  is  available  from EPA.
Since the SITE demonstration in 1994, the U.S.
Army has developed the SCAPS Petroleum
Sensor (for detection of fluorescing petroleum,oil
and lubricant contaminants in groundwater and
soil), SCAPS Explosives Sensor (for detection of
nitrogen-based explosive compounds),  SCAPS
Hybrid VOC Sensor/Sampler (for detection of
VOCs in soil), SCAPS Metals Sensor (for in situ
detection of meal  contaminants in  subsurface
media), and a SCAPS Radionuclide Sensor (for
detection of gamma emitting radionuclides in
groundwater, mixed tank wastes, and soil). These
technologies have not been demonstrated in the
SITE Program.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Stephen Billets
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
National Exposure Research Laboratory
Characterization Research Division
P.O. Box 93478
Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478
Telephone No.: 702-798-2232
Fax: 702-798-2261

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACTS:
George Robitaille
Army Environmental Center
Building 4430
Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010
Telephone No.: 410-612-6865
Fax: 410-612-6836

John Ballard
Waterways Experiment Station
3909 Halls Ferry Road
Vicksburg, MS 39810
Telephone No.: 601-634-2446
Fax: 601-634-2732
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 77

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Technology Profile
                                           MONITORING AND MEASUREMENTS
                                                        TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
                 UNITED  STATES ENVIRONMENTAL
                           PROTECTION AGENCY
                 (Field Analytical Screening Program - PCB method)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The field analytical screening program (FASP)
polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) method uses a
temperature-programmable gas  chromatograph
(GC) equipped with an electron-capture detector
(BCD) to identify and quantify PCBs in soil and
water. Gas chromatography is an EPA-approved
method for determining PCB concentrations. The
FASP PCB method is a modified version of EPA
SW-846 Method 8080.

In the FASP PCB method for soil samples, PCBs
are extracted from the samples, injected  into a
GC, and identified and quantified with an ECD.
Soil samples must be extracted before analysis
begins. Hexane and sulfuric acid are used during
the extraction process, which removes potential
interferences   from   the    soil    sample.
Chromatograms for each sample are compared to
the  chromatograms for PCB  standards.   Peak
patterns  and   retention  times   from  the
chromatograms are used to identify and quantify
PCBs in the soil sample extract. In addition to the
GC, the operator may use an autosampler that
automatically injects equal amounts of the sample
extract into the GC column.  The autosampler
ensures that the correct amount of extract is used
for each analysis and allows continual analysis
without  an operator.  The FASP PCB method
quickly provides results with statistical accuracy
and detection limits comparable to those achieved
by formal laboratories.   The method can also
identify individual Aroclors.
                                                Instrumentation and equipment required for the
                                                FASP PCB method are not highly portable. When
                                                mounted in a mobile laboratory trailer, however,
                                                the  method can operate on or near  most  sites
                                                relatively easily.  Use  of this method  requires
                                                electricity,  and  Aroclor  standards  require
                                                refrigeration. An exhaust hood and carrier gases
                                                also are needed.

                                                WASTE APPLICABILITY:

                                                The FASP PCB method can identify and quantify
                                                PCBs in soil and water samples.

                                                STATUS:

                                                The FASP PCB method was demonstrated under
                                                the SITE  Program at a well-characterized, PCB-
                                                contaminated site. During the demonstration, the
                                                method was used to analyze 112 soil samples, 32
                                                field duplicates, and two performance evaluation
                                                samples.  Split samples were submitted to an off-
                                                site laboratory for confirmatory analysis by  SW-
                                                846 Method 8080.  Data generated by the FASP
                                                PCB method were directly compared with the data
                                                from the  off-site  laboratory  to evaluate  the
                                                method's accuracy and precision.  In addition, the
                                                operational   characteristics and  performance
                                                factors of the FASP PCB method were evaluated.

                                                The stated detection  limit for the FASB PCB
                                                method is 0.4 parts per million (ppm).  During the
                                                demonstration, the method achieved a detection
                                                limit as low as 0.1 ppm.  In addition, up to 21
                                                samples were analyzed by the method in
                                                period.  The Innovative Technology  Evaluation
                                                Report  (EPA/540/R-95/516) contains additional
                                                details  on  the  method's demonstration  and
                                                evaluation and is available from EPA.
Page 78
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                            February 1999
                                                                          Completed Project
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Eric Koglin
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
National Exposure Research Laboratory
Characterization Research Division
P.O. Box 93478
Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478
Telephone No.: 702-798-2432
Fax: 702-798-2692

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Howard Fribush
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Mail Code 5204G
401M Street, S.W.
Washington, DC 20460
Telephone No.: 703-603-8831
Fax: 703-603-9112
Fax: 512-388-9200
                               The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                 approve or endorse technologies.
Page 79

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Technology Profile
                                           MONITORING AND MEASUREMENTS
                                                        TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
                 UNITED  STATES ENVIRONMENTAL
                           PROTECTION AGENCY
                 (Field Analytical Screening Program - PCP method)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The field analytical screening program (FASP)
pentachlorophenol (PCP)  method uses a  gas
chromatograph (GC) equipped with a megabore
capillary  column and  either a flame ionization
detector (FID) or an  electron-capture  detector
(BCD) to identify and quantify  PCPs.   Gas
chromatography is an EPA-approved method for
determining PCP concentrations in soil, water,
and waste samples. The FASP PCP method is an
abbreviated, modified version of these methods.

Soil and water samples require extraction before
GC analysis.  To remove interferences caused by
petroleum hydrocarbons, including PCP carriers
such as mineral spirits, kerosene, diesel fuel, and
fuel oil, an acid-base  partition clean-up step is
used.  In this step, the method includes petroleum
hydrocarbons that are removed from the reagent
water, while  potassium phenates  remain in the
reagent water.  Sample extracts are injected onto
a GC, separated with a DB-5 megabore capillary
column, and the PCP is identified and quantified
using  a FID.   The sample  extracts are then
compared to standards to determine whether PCP
is present in  the sample  and, if so,  at what
concentration.  The FASP PCP method will only
provide high parts per billion detection levels of
PCP in water when an FID is used.  To achieve  a
lower detection limit, the sample extracts  are
reanalyzed using an BCD.
                                                The FASP PCP method is field-portable only in
                                                a mobile laboratory. It should be used indoors in
                                                a temperature-controlled environment.  Reagents
                                                required  for soil  and water sample  analyses
                                                require refrigeration and the GC extraction fume
                                                hood requires electricity.

                                                WASTE APPLICABILITY:
                                                The FASP PCP method is designed to provide
                                                quantitative screening results for PCP in water
                                                and soil samples.  The FASP PCP method is best
                                                used at sites where PCP is a known contaminant,
                                                where  petroleum products are  not the carrier
                                                solvents, and where large concentrations of other
                                                organic chemicals are not present in the sample.

                                                STATUS:

                                                The FASP PCP method was demonstrated under
                                                the SITE Program at a well-characterized PCP-
                                                contaminated site. During the demonstration, the
                                                method was used to analyze 98 soil  samples, 14
                                                soil field duplicates, 10 water samples, and six
                                                water sample field duplicates.  Split samples were
                                                submitted  to  an  on-site   laboratory   for
                                                confirmatory  analysis  by the  standard  EPA-
                                                approved analytical methods. Data generated by
                                                the FASP PCP method were directly compared
                                                with the data from the  off-site laboratory to
                                                evaluate the method's accuracy and precision. In
                                                addition,  the specificity of the technology was
                                                evaluated.
Page 80
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                                February 1999
                                                                              Completed Project
The demonstration results indicate that the FASP
PCP method requires experienced GC operators to
produce reliable results. The average number of
demonstration samples extracted,  concentrated,
and analyzed in one  10-hour day during  the
demonstration  was  14.   The  detection limit
reported by this method for soil samples is  0.8
parts per million and 1.0 ppb for water samples.
Generally, if 10 to 20 percent of the soil samples
(not contaminated with petroleum) are sent to a
confirmatory laboratory, the results  from the other
80 to 90 percent can be corrected.  This approach
could yield significant savings in analytical costs.
The water analysis portion of this demonstration
produced similar results.

The FASP PCP method was found to be most
affected by the diesel fuel used as  a PCP carrier
solvent. A specificity study performed during the
demonstration showed that diesel fuel  would
provide a positive  response when present at a
concentration of  10 ppm.   The Innovative
Technology  Evaluation   report  (EPA/540/R-
95/528)  contains  additional  details on  the
method's demonstration  and evaluation  and is
available from EPA.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Jeanette Van Emon
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Characterization Research Division
P.O. Box 93478
Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Larry Jack
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Characterization Research Division
P.O. Box 93478
Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478
Telephone No.: (702) 798-2373
Fax: 512-388-9200
                                 The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 81

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Technology Profile
                                           MONITORING AND MEASUREMENTS
                                                       TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
                  W.L. GORE AND ASSOCIATES, INC.
                        (GORE-SORBER® Screening Survey)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The   GORE-SORBER®  Screening  Survey
employs the use of patented passive  soil vapor
sampling devices (GORE-SORBER  Modules),
which  are  made  of an  inert,  hydrophobic,
microporous  expanded polytetrafluoroethylene
(ePTFE,  similar to  Teflon®  brand PTFE)
membrane.  The membrane transfer of soil and
liquid, but allows the soil gases to move across
the  membrane for collection  onto engineered
sorbents.   These sorbents  are designed to
minimize the affects of water vapor and to detect
a broad range of VOCs and SVOCs.

GORE-SORBER® Screening Surveys have been
used  successfully at thousands of sites  for
determining subsurface areas impacted by VOCs
and SVOCs.  Organic compounds commonly
                                                detected include halogenated solvents, straight-
                                                and branched-chain aliphatics,  aromatics,  and
                                                poly cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH).  Many
                                                of these compounds are associated with a wide
                                                range of petroleum products, including gasoline,
                                                mineral spirits, heating oils, creosotes, and coal
                                                tars. GORE-SORBER® Screening Surveys have
                                                also   been   used  successfully  to  screen
                                                fornitroaromatic explosives, chemical warfare
                                                agents, precursors,  breakdown  products,  and
                                                pesticides.

                                                The GORE-SORBER® Screening Survey  is a
                                                service that includes the manufacturing of the
                                                samplers, the analysis of the samplers  (through
                                                thermal desorption, gas chromatography,  and
                                                mass selective detection), and a final report  that
                                                includes color contour plots of the compounds
                                                detected.
                            Expanded
                             PTFE
                            Insertion
                              and
                            Retrieval
                             Cord
                                     Soil Surface
                             Expanded
                           PTFE Sorbent
                             Container
                               Granular
                                Sorbent
                                     Sealed Pinch
                                      Pocket for
                                    Insertion Tool
                                                Insertion
                                                  Tool
                                   Sealed Bottom End
                                    GORE-SORBER*
Page 82
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                  approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                               February 1999
                                                                             Completed Project
STATUS:

Common applications of the GORE-SORBER®
Screening  Surveys   include   detection   of
compounds to (1) trace soil  and groundwater
plumes in porous and fractured media, (2) monitor
progress of subsurface in situ remedial actions, (3)
provide baseline data for  real estate transfer
assessments,  and  (4)  reduce  groundwater
monitoring costs.  Prudent use of this technology
can optimize  and reduce soil and groundwater
sampling  efforts, resulting in significant cost
savings over  the life  of site  assessment  and
remedial action programs.

The GORE-SORBER® Screening  Survey was
accepted into the SITE Demonstration Program in
November 1996.  The SITE field demonstration
was  completed  in  May  1997.   Since  this
technology has  been accepted into the SITE
program, water quality monitoring and the design
of the  GORE-SORBER  Module  have  been
improved.

The SITE demonstration showed that the GORE-
SORBER® Screening Survey is more  sensitive
than active soil gas sampling, and therefore more
accurate in terms of detecting and reporting low
concentrations  of  some  compounds.  The
technology demonstration also revealed that this
survey is more accurate when the soil conditions
would otherwise restrict the use  of active soil gas
methods, for  example,  where  the  soil is very
dense or nearly  saturated.  Additionally,  this
sorbent based method provides a more robust
system  for sample  collection  and  analysis for
those  projects that have  more  stringent data
quality objectives.
Demonstration results are  documented in the
"Environmental Technology Verification" report
for the sampler dated August 1998 (EPA/600/R-
98/095).
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Stephen Billets
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
National Exposure Research Laboratory
Characterization Research Division
P.O. Box 93478
Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478
Telephone No.: 702-798-2261
Fax: 702-798-2261
E-mail:  billets. stephen@epamail .epa.gov

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Ray Fenstermacher
W.L. Gore & Associates, Inc.
100 Chesapeake Boulevard
Elkton, MD21921
Telephone No.: 410-392-7600
Fax: 410-506-4780
E-mail:  rfenster@wlgore.com
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.
                                 Page 83

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Technology Profile
                                            MONITORING AND MEASUREMENTS
                                                        TECHNOLOGIES PROGRAM
                        XONTECH INCORPORATED
                               (XonTech Sector Sampler)
TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION:

The  XonTech Incorporated (XonTech)  sector
sampler  collects  time-integrated  whole  air
samples in  Summa™-polished canisters (see
diagram below). The wind sensor directs whole
air, sampled at a constant rate, into either an "in"
sector canister or an "out" sector canister.  When
wind  velocity exceeds  0.37 meter per second
(m/s)  from  the direction  of the  suspected
emissions area (the target), the first canister is
filled. When the wind velocity exceeds 0.37 m/s
from  any other direction, the  other canister is
filled. When the wind velocity falls below 0.37
m/s, either canister or neither canister may receive
the sample.  Over an extended  period of time, a
target sample  and  a background  sample  are
collected.  This method is analogous to upwind-
downwind sampling but does  not  require two
distinct sites or manual sampler control.
                                                 The sampler is portable and can be battery- or
                                                 AC-powered.  The air samples are analyzed by
                                                 gas chromatograph (EPA  Method TO-14) for
                                                 volatile organic compounds (VOC). The use of
                                                 sector samplers enables identification of VOCs
                                                 originating from the source and differentiation
                                                 between other sources in the vicinity.
                                                 WASTE APPLICABILTY:

                                                 The XonTech sector sampler can monitor VOC
                                                 emissions from hazardous waste sites and other
                                                 emission sources before and during remediation.
                                                 Short-term sampling can determine which high
                                                 concentration compounds are emitted from a site.
                                                 Long-term monitoring can  assess  an  emission
                                                 source's potential effects on the local population,
                                                 providing data to support risk analyses.
                                                           OUT SECTOR CANISTER PRESSURE GAUGE.
                                                           30" HG VACUUM- 30 PSIG
                                                           IN SECTOR CANISTER PRESSURE GUAGE
                                                           30" HG VACUUM -30 PSIG
                              [WIND DIRECTION
                   Schematic Diagram of the XonTech Sector Sampler
Page 84
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                   approve or endorse technologies.

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                                                                             February 1999
                                                                           Completed Project
STATUS:

The XonTech sector sampler's usabililty has been
demonstrated in two short-term field studies. This
technology  has  been  applied  to  industrial
emissions as well as emissions from landfill sites.
Mathematical methods for processing data have
been developed and shown to be appropriate. The
sampler is now commercially available.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:

EPA PROJECT MANAGER:
Joachim Pleil
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
National Exposure Research Laboratory
MD-44
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
Telephone No.: 919-541-4680
Fax: 919-541-3527

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER CONTACT:
Matt Yoong
XonTech Incorporated
6862 Hayvenhurst Avenue
VanNuys, CA  91406
Telephone No.: 818-787-7380
Fax: 818-787-8132
                                The SITE Program assesses but does not
                                  approve or endorse technologies.
                                Page 85

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