Indicators and Methods for Evaluating Economic,
Ecosystem, and Social Services Provisioning
A Human Well-being Index (HWBI) Research Product
Lisa M. Smith, Christina M. Wade, Kendra R. Straub, Linda C. Harwell, Jason L.
Case, Matthew Harwell, and J. Kevin Summers
2014
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This Indicators and Methods for Evaluating Ecosystem, Economic, and Social Services
Provisioning Report was prepared by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Office of
Research and Development (ORD), National Health and Environmental Effects Research
Laboratory (NHEERL), Gulf Ecology Division (GED). The following task members provided
written materials and technical information throughout the preparation of the document.
Lisa M. Smith, Office of Research and Development
Christina M. Wade, Student Services Contractor
Kendra R. Straub, Former Student Services Contractor
Linda C. Harwell, Office of Research and Development
Jason L. Case, Student Services Contractor
Matthew Harwell, Office of Research and Development
J Kevin Summers, Office of Research and Development
Photo credits
All cover photos are courtesy of USEPA (Eric Vance).
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Table of Contents
Photo credits i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i
ABSTRACT 1
INTRODUCTION 2
DATA SOURCES AND QUALITY ASSURANCE 4
HANDLING MISSING DATA 5
CONSTRUCTING SERVICE SCORES 6
SERVICES AND INDICATORS 7
Econom ic Services 12
Capital Investment 13
Consum ption 18
Employment 22
Finance 26
Innovation 31
Production 34
Re-distribution 38
Ecosystem Services 42
Air Quality 43
Food, Fiber and Fuel Provisioning 45
Greenspace 51
Water Quality 56
Water Quantity 58
Social Services 60
Activism 62
Com m unication 65
Com m unity and Faith-based Initiatives 71
Education 73
Emergency Preparedness 78
Family Services 81
Healthcare 85
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Justice 91
Labor 98
Public Works 101
REFERENCES 112
APPENDIX A - SUMMARY TABLE OF DATA AND AVAILABLE SPATIAL SCALES .118
Econom ic Services 119
Ecosystem Services 123
Social Services 126
APPENDIX B - DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS AND HISTOGRAMS 134
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ABSTRACT
The U.S. Human Well-being Index (HWBI) is a composite measure that incorporates economic,
environmental, and societal well-being elements through the eight domains of connection to
nature, cultural fulfillment, education, health, leisure time, living standards, safety and security,
and social cohesion (USEPA 2012a; Smith et al. 2013). Twenty-eight services, represented by a
collection of indicators and metrics, have been identified as influencing these domains of
human well-being. By taking an inventory of stocks or measuring the results of a service, a
relationship function can be derived to understand how changes in the provisioning of that
service can influence the HWBI. An extensive review of existing services was performed to
identify current services, indicators and metrics in use. This report describes the indicators and
methods we have selected to evaluate the provisioning of economic, ecosystem, and social
services related to human well-being.
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INTRODUCTION
In the complex arena of sustainability, decision-makers need to equitably weigh and integrate
human health, socio-economic, environmental, and ecological factors that foster sustainability
as part of their decision-making process. The U.S. Human Well-Being Index (HWBI) is intended
to communicate the effects that decisions may have on human well-being by linking decisions
to effects on economic, ecosystem, and social sectors. The HWBI is a composite measure that
incorporates economic, environmental, and societal well-being elements through the domains
of connection to nature, cultural fulfillment, education, health, leisure time, living standards,
safety and security, and social cohesion.
The wants and needs of people are met through goods (i.e., items) and services (i.e., the
delivery of assistance). Economic, ecosystem, and social services reflect the three pillars of
sustainability. Economic services provide a means to generate and distribute wealth within a
society. Ecosystem services ensure that the air we breathe, the water we drink, the food we
eat, and the places we live are capable of supporting and improving life. Social services are
provided by a society to benefit the people within that society. A combination of indicators of
economic, ecosystem, and social services can be used to model how changes in these
provisioning of services (e.g., through management decisions) influence human well-being.
The HWBI framework serves as a roadmap that shows how goods and services influence the
domains of well-being (Fig 1). Twenty-eight services, representing collections of indicators and
metrics, have been identified as influencing these domains of human well-being. By taking an
inventory of stocks or measuring the results of a service, a functional relationship can be
derived to quantify how changes in the provisioning of that service influence HWBI. For
example, the economic service employment refers to labor deployed in the production of goods
and services and can be measured by rates, types, and diversity of job sectors. Indicators for
this service can both positively and negatively influence well-being. Modeling these indicators
as service functions within the HWBI framework creates a linkage between those services and
the domains of well-being. Ultimately, this linkage will help communities understand how
management decisions may affect economic, ecosystem, and social sectors.
An extensive review was performed to identify current services, indicators, and metrics in use.
Data sources were chosen using criteria related to availability and access, reliability and data
credibility, spatial composition and coverage, and history of collection and the likelihood that
the data will continue to be collected. For each service identified, a relationship function will be
derived for each of the eight domains of the HWBI. This report outlines the indicators and
methods for evaluating the provisioning of economic, ecosystem, and social services related to
human well-being.
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Goods and Services
Ecosystem
-Air Quality
- Food, Fiber and Fue
Provisioning
- Greenspace
-Water Quality
-Water Quantity
Social
-Activism
- Communication
- Community and Faith
Based Initiatives
- Education
1 - Emergency
Preparedness
-Family Services
-Healthcare
Economic
-Capital Investment
- Consumption
- Innovation
- Production
-Re-distribut
-Public Works
'reedom of Choice andOpportunity
Domains of Well-being
Connection to Nature
Leisure Time
Cultural Fulfillment
Living Standards
Education
Safety and Security
Health
Social Cohesion
Well-being Elements
Environmental
Human Well-being Index
Economic
Fig. 1 Conceptual framework for evaluating the influence of service flows on well-being endpoints
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DATA SOURCES AND QUALITY ASSURANCE
An extensive review of existing services provisioning measures was performed to determine the
current services, indicators and metrics in use. Data collected by the following institutions and
organizations were used to evaluate services provisioning:
Administration for Children and
Families
Association of State and Territorial
Health Officials
Bureau of Economic Analysis
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention
Energy Information Administration
Executive Office of the President of
the United States, Budget of the U.S.
Government
Federal Aviation Administration,
National Flight Data Center
Federal Deposit Insurance
Corporation, Statistics on Depository
Institutions
Gallup-Healthways
General Social Survey
Household Quality Index
Mineral Commodity Summaries
National Association of Broadcasters
National Center for Charitable
Statistics
National Center for Education
Statistics
National Center for State Courts,
Court Statistics Project
National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration
National Park Service
National Science Foundation
• Natural Resources Defense Council -
Evaluating Sustainability of
Projected Water Demands in 2050
under Climate Change Scenarios
• Ookla Net Index
• Organic Trade Association
Energy Information Administration
• Pew Research Center
• U.S. Census Bureau
• U.S. Department of Agriculture
• U.S. Department of Health and
Human Services
• United States Department of
Agriculture
• United States Department of Health
and Human Services
• United States Department of
Housing and Urban Development
• United States Department of
Transportation
• United States Environmental
Protection Agency
• United States Geological Survey
• United States Patent and Trademark
Office
• Universal Licensing System public
access files
• University of Maryland, Baltimore
County, Laboratory for
Anthropogenic Landscape
• University of South Carolina Hazards
and Vulnerability Research Institute,
Spatial Hazard Events and Losses
Database for the United States
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These data sources were chosen based on the following criteria:
1. Availability and accessibility: The data are publicly available and easy to understand,
access, and extract.
2. Reliability and data credibility: The sources collected data in a manner that was
vetted by the professional community and had metadata available for review.
3. Spatial preference: County-level data are the lowest geospatial level preferred, and
could be rolled into larger scales as needed. In the absence of county-level data, or
when it was not feasible to pull county-level data (i.e., data only available from local
governmental sites; lack of compiled data from a single source), state, regional, and
national-level data were used.
4. Coverage: The data are available fora large portion of the United States.
5. Chronological history and the likelihood that the data will continue to be collected:
Data has a good history of collection or consistent collection. The goal initially is to
create a time series beginning with the year 2000 and continuing through 2010;
however, if the data were not available from a single data source for all years, other
sources containing similar measurements were used to complete the time series.
6. Subjective and objective data: Both subjective and objective data were included.
A summary of all the service indicators and metrics included in this report is presented in
Appendix A.
HANDLING MISSING DATA
A single imputation method using the carry-forward technique (Zhang et al. 2008) is used to fill
data gaps caused by temporal disparities found across data sources at all spatial scales.
Imputed values are calculated based on existing data for the nearest year within a single spatial
unit. A median value imputation method is then used as a substitute for missing county-level
metric data points. County groupings for ecosystem services data are created based on a
combination of the Rural-Urban Continuum Code (RUCC) classifications (USDA 2013) and the
Environmental Quality Index (EQI) averaged Water, Land, and Air domain score quintile
bandings (Lobdell et al. 2012). Groupings for Economic and Social service data are created
based on RUCC classifications and EQI averaged Social Determinants and Built domain score
quintile bandings. The nine RUCC classifications were collapsed into four groups prior to
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analysis. This RUCC-EQI combination helps to account for the relative spatial relationship of a
county to the nearest large urban center and the environmental factors relevant to the
different service categories. A median value was calculated by year within each RUCC-EQI band
in an effort to calculate imputed metric values using data from counties exhibiting similar
characteristics.
CONSTRUCTING SERVICE SCORES
Based on the distribution of data for each metric and the variety of metric units, a
standardization procedure employed by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
Development (OECD) Better Life Index (OECD 2011) was used. Standardization was done using
OECD's formula which converts the original values of the metrics into proportions that range
between 0 (minimal amount of service available) and 1 (maximal amount of service available).
The direction of the conceptual relationship between the metric and its service is determined
by group consensus among professionals in ecology, sociology, and economics.
The formula is:
(value to convert - minimum value) / (maximum value - minimum value)
When a metric measures a negative component of a service (i.e., when the metric value
increases, the overall service decreases) the formula used is:
1 - (value to convert - minimum value) / (maximum value - minimum value)
Prior to standardization, outlying values falling beyond the far fences of a box-and-whisker plot
(i.e., less/greater than 3 interquartile ranges from the 1st and 3rd quartiles, respectively) are
identified. The minimum and maximum values are set to the lowest and highest values within
the far fences, and the identified outliers to these extremes. Descriptive statistics for all raw
metrics values described in this report are included in Appendix B.
Indicator scores are calculated as the average of the standardized metric values. Indicator
scores are then averaged to obtain service scores.
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SERVICES AND INDICATORS
Services are collections of indicators and metrics, which potentially influence human well-being.
Although these services are often interrelated, they are each contributing to a variety of well-
being endpoints (domains). Service flows are related to the well-being and each service may
interact with other services. Services have been categorized as either economic, ecosystem, or
social. These services affect the three pillars of sustainability and help constitute a
multidimensional approach to modeling human well-being endpoints. There are seven
economic services, five ecosystem services, and ten social services (Table 1). The indicators and
number of metric used to calculate service scores are included in Tables 2-4.
Table 1 Number of services assigned to each pillar of sustainability
SERVICE TYPE
NUMBER OF SERVICES
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Economic Services
Table 2 Economic Services, their corresponding indicators and number of metrics
SERVICE
Capital Investment
Consumption
Employment
Finance
Innovation
Production
INDICATORS
Capital Formation
Commercial Durables
New Housing Starts
New Infrastructure Investments
Cost of Living
Discretionary Spending
Goods and Services
Sustainable Consumption
Employment
Employment Diversity
Underemployment
Unemployment
Governance
Loans
Savings
Investment
Patents and Products
Exports
Household Services
Market Goods and Services
Sustainable Production
NUMBER OF METRICS
1
1
1
4
1
1
3
1
3
1
1
1
2
4
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
8
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SERVICE
INDICATORS
NUMBER OF METRICS
Re-Distribution
Inequality
Public Support
1
5
Ecosystem Services
Table 3 Ecosystem Services, their corresponding indicators and number of metrics
SERVICE
Air Quality
INDICATORS
Usable Air
Food, Fuel and Fiber
Provisioning
Greenspace
Water Quality
Water Quantity
Energy
Food and Fiber
Raw Materials
Natural Areas
Recreation and Aesthetics
Usable Water
Available Water
NUMBER OF METRICS
4
3
5
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Social Services
Table 4 Social Services, their corresponding indicators and number of metrics
SERVICE
Activism
Communication
Community and Faith-based
Initiatives
Education
Emergency Preparedness
Family Services
Healthcare
INDICATORS
Participation
Accessibility
Industry Infrastructure
Providers
Public Service Communication
Quality
Investment
Providers
Accessibility
Confidence
Investment
Providers
Post-Disaster Response
Pre-Disaster Planning
Responders
Accessibility
Effectiveness
Investment
Providers
Accessibility
Investment
Providers
Quality
NUMBER OF METRICS
3
3
1
1
2
1
1
3
1
2
2
1
1
1
2
3
1
1
5
3
1
1
10
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SERVICE 1 INDICATORS
Justice Accessibility
xf*^
I
i' \ 1 A^
Ł*3rC3
1^-^^
Confidence
Environmental
Investment
Providers
Quality
Labor Confidence
t, ^
/-^Y^~\
.^l^HBH^.
Public Works
/^
^
Effectiveness
Employee Rights
Accessibility
Investment
Providers
Quality
Quantity
1 NUMBER OF METRICS
2
1
4
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
4
1
5
5
11
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Economic Services
c
• Expenditures and
activities to create
new capital or to
maintain the existing
capital stock.
•4 indicators, 7 metrics
Capital
Investment
&~\
—
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Economic Services
Capital
Investment
• Capital Formation
H Commercial Durables
New Housing Starts
New Infrastructure Investment
Capital investment creates new capital or maintains existing capital stock. It often pertains to the
acquisition of capital assets or fixed assets that are expected to be produced over many years. Capital
formation measures provide a picture of investment and growth of the material economy in which
goods and services are produced using tangible capital assets. Generally, increases in the production of
durable goods tend to indicate economic growth and the likelihood of job growth especially in the
manufacturing sector. New housing starts, a type of capital investment, are also a key part of the U.S.
economy, and have an effect on related industries, such as banking, the mortgage sector, raw materials,
employment, construction, manufacturing, and real estate. Well-designed infrastructure investments
have long-term economic benefits and create jobs in the short term. Capital investment as described by
these indicators reflects economic sustainability that may influence various aspects of well-being,
particularly living standards in terms of home affordability, wealth, and employment. Capital
Investment's indicators are Capital Formation, Commercial Durables, New Housing Starts, and New
Infrastructure Investment.
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Economic Services
Service: Capital Investment
Indicator: Capital Formation
Net additions to current domestic stock.
Domestic Investment
Metric Variable: DOMINVES
Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis
Source Question or Measurement: Table 5.2.6. Real Gross and Net Domestic Investment by
Major Type, Chained Dollars; Line 3 (net domestic investment)
Alternate Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000-2010
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: National
Calculation Methods: Percent change from previous year
Indicator: Commercial Durables
Business purchases that maintain their utility for a long time.
Metric: Private Inventories
Metric Variable: CHGINVEN
Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis
Source Question or Measurement: Table 5.2.6. Real Gross and Net Domestic Investment by
Major Type, Chained Dollars; Line 22 (change in private inventories)
Alternate Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000-2010
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: National
Calculation Methods: Percent change from previous year
14
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Economic Services
Service: Capital Investment
Indicator: New Housing Starts
Investment in new houses.
Metric: Private Residential Investment
Metric Variable: PRIRESID
Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis
Source Question or Measurement: Table 5.2.6. Real Gross and Net Domestic Investment by
Major Type, Chained Dollars; Line 21 (net residential)
Alternate Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000-2010
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: National
Calculation Methods: Percent change from previous year
Indicator: New Infrastructure Investments
Investment in private and public infrastructure.
Metric: Private Equipment Investment
Metric Variable: PRIEQUIP
Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis
Source Question or Measurement: Table 5.2.6. Real Gross and Net Domestic Investment by
Major Type, Chained Dollars; Line 18 (net equipment and software)
Alternate Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000-2010
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: National
Calculation Methods: Percent change from previous year
15
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Economic Services
Service: Capital Investment
Indicator: New Infrastructure Investments (continued)
Metric: Private Structure Investment
Metric Variable: PRISTRUC
Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis
Source Question or Measurement: Table 5.2.6. Real Gross and Net Domestic Investment by
Major Type, Chained Dollars; Line 15 (net structures)
Alternate Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000-2010
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: National
Calculation Methods: Percent change from previous year
Metric: Public Equipment Investment
Metric Variable: PUBEQUIP
Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis
Source Question or Measurement: Table 5.2.6. Real Gross and Net Domestic Investment by
Major Type, Chained Dollars; Line 39 (net equipment and software)
Alternate Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000-2010
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: National
Calculation Methods: Percent change from previous year
16
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Economic Services
_l Service: Capital Investment
Indicator: New Infrastructure Investments (continued)
Public Structure Investment
Metric Variable: PUBSTRUC
Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis
Source Question or Measurement: Table 5.2.6. Real Gross and Net Domestic Investment by
Major Type, Chained Dollars; Line 32 (net structures)
Alternate Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000-2010
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: National
Calculation Methods: Percent change from previous year
17
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Economic Services
Consumption
• Sustainable Consumption
• Goods and Services
U Discretionary Spending
- Cost of Living
Consumption, i.e., people purchasing and using goods and services, makes up a substantial part
of the economy. People meet their basic needs as well as fulfill non-essential desires through
personal consumption of goods and services. In the U.S., consumer spending accounts for
approximately 70 percent of gross domestic product or the total value of the final goods and
services in the country (Fornell et al. 2010). Businesses respond to trends in consumer spending
by lowering prices when spending goes down and making the opposite adjustments when
spending rebounds (Fornell et al. 2010). The relationship between human well-being and
consumption is heavily moderated by a number of factors such as cost, availability, durability,
and prices. The association between consumption and sustaining well-being may be best
captured through measures of sustainable consumption, spending on goods needed for
necessities and daily life and discretionary spending. Consumption indicators are Sustainable
Consumption, Goods and Services, Discretionary Spending, and Cost of Living.
18
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Economic Services
e o
Service: Consumption
Indicator: Sustainable Consumption
Consumption that can be maintained indefinitely.
Metric: Organic Food
Metric Variable: ORGFOOD
Source: Organic Trade Association
Source Question or Measurement: Percent change in U.S. organic food sales from previous
year
Alternate Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000-2010
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: National
Calculation Methods: N/A
Indicator: Goods and Services
Purchases associated with everyday goods and services.
Metric: Durable Goods
Metric Variable: PCEDURA
Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis
Source Question or Measurement: Real personal consumption expenditures by major type of
product, chained dollars; Line 3 (durable goods)
Alternate Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000-2010
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: National
Calculation Methods: percent change from previous year
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Economic Services
Service: Consumption
Indicator: Goods and Services (continued)
Metric: Non-durable Goods
Metric Variable: PCENDUR
Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis
Source Question or Measurement: Real personal consumption expenditures by major type of
product, chained dollars; Line 8 (non-durable goods)
Alternate Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000-2010
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: National
Calculation Methods: percent change from previous year
Metric: Services Spending
Metric Variable: PCESERV
Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis
Source Question or Measurement: Real personal consumption expenditures by major type of
product, chained dollars; Line 13 (services)
Alternate Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000-2010
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: National
Calculation Methods: percent change from previous year
20
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Economic Services
'• ••• i
-
o o _
Service: Consumption
Indicator: Discretionary Spending
Investment in consumables not needed for everyday living.
Metric: Durable Goods
Metric Variable: PCEDISC
Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis
Source Question or Measurement: Real personal consumption expenditures by major type of
product, chained dollars
Alternate Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000-2010
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: National
Calculation Methods: Subtract lines 15 (housing and utilities), 16 (health care) & 17
(transportation services) from line 26 (PCE excluding food and energy); percent change
from previous year
Indicator: Cost of Living
The average cost associated with meeting basic needs.
Metric: Consumer Prices
Metric Variable: CPINDEX
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics
Source Question or Measurement: Percent change from previous year in annual average
Consumer Price Index for all urban consumers
Alternate Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000-2010
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: Census Region
Calculation Methods: N/A
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Economic Services
Employment
• Employment
M Employment Diversity
H Underemployment
• Unemployment
Employment refers to labor deployed in the production of goods and services. The employment service
can be measured by rates, types, and diversity of job sectors. Indicators for this service can both
positively and negatively reflect well-being. For instance, the stresses associated with unemployment
can negatively impact health (Charles and DeCicca 2008), while employment supports well-being by
allowing individuals to provide for the basic needs like housing, transportation, and food. Beyond simply
providing financial stability, employment can provide people with a sense of community and
connectedness with peers. Employment is described by the indicators Employment, Employment
Diversity, Underemployment, and Unemployment.
22
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Economic Services
Service: Employment
Indicator: Employment
Quality of employment.
Metric: Employment Rate
Metric Variable: EMPLOYED
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Local Area Unemployment Statistics
Source Question or Measurement: Employment status of the civilian non-institutional
population, annual averages; percent of population employed
Alternate Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000-2010
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: State
Calculation Methods: N/A
Metric: Manufacturing Employment
Metric Variable: EMPMANU
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages
Source Question or Measurement: Manufacturing industry annual average employment
Alternate Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000-2010
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: County
Calculation Methods: Percent change from previous year
23
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Economic Services
Service: Employment
Indicator: Employment (continued)
Metric: Self-Employment
Metric Variable: SELFEMP
Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis
Source Question or Measurement: Total full-time and part-time employment by industry; Farm
and nonfarm proprietors employment (number of jobs)
Alternate Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000-2009
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: County
Calculation Methods: Percent change in total farm and nonfarm jobs from previous year
Indicator: Employment Diversity
Diversity of types of work.
Metric: Economic Diversity
Metric Variable: OGIVE
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages
Source Question or Measurement: Private industry annual average employment, by industry
type
Alternate Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000-2010
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: County
Calculation Methods: The Ogive index is calculated as
10
Ogive Index
-I*
1/10
Where 5j is the proportion of employment for industry i to total private industry
employment. See "Measuring Economic Diversification in Hawaii (2008)" for more
information.
24
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Economic Services
Service: Employment
Indicator: Underemployment
Employment that does not meet the needs of a person.
Metric: Underemployment
Metric Variable: UNDREMP
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Local Area Unemployment Statistics
Source Question or Measurement: Alternative Measures of Labor Underutilization for States;
total unemployed, plus all marginally attached workers, plus total employed part time
for economic reasons, as a percent of the civilian labor force plus all marginally
attached workers (definition U-6)
Alternate Source: N/A
Years Available: 2003-2010
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: State
Calculation Methods: N/A
Indicator: Unemployment
Quantity of non-employment.
Metric: Labor Force Unemployment
Metric Variable: UNEMPLOY
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Local Area Unemployment Statistics
Source Question or Measurement: Labor Force Data by County, Annual Averages;
Unemployment Rate
Alternate Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000-2010
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: County
Calculation Methods: N/A
25
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Economic Services
_l Loans
Savings
Governance
Finance refers to the movement of financial assets and liabilities to facilitate exchange. Finance
is essential for economic growth and development (Sutton and Jenkins 2007). This service can
be described and measured in terms of loans, savings, government revenue and debts. Savings
allow individuals to safely store their money as well as gain interest on their assets. Individuals
and businesses can more easily make purchases and investments by borrowing funds from
financial institutions. Governance is largely dependent on the revenue paid by citizens in the
form of taxes. Major areas of federal spending include Social Security, Medicare and defense.
Finance is measured by the indicators Loans, Savings, and Governance.
26
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Economic Services
Service: Finance
Indicator: Loans
Metric: Commercial Loans
Metric Variable: LOANSCI
Source: Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, Statistics on Depository Institutions
Source Question or Measurement: Net loans and leases, Commercial and Industrial Loans
(Variable: Inci)
Alternate Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000-2010
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: County
Calculation Methods: Percent change from previous year
Metric: Farm Loans
Metric Variable: LOANSFA
Source: Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, Statistics on Depository Institutions
Source Question or Measurement: Net loans and leases, Farm Loans (Variable: Inag)
Alternate Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000-2010
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: County
Calculation Methods: Percent change from previous year
27
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Economic Services
Service: Finance
Indicator: Loans (continued)
Metric: Individual Loans
Metric Variable: LOANSIN
Source: Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, Statistics on Depository Institutions
Source Question or Measurement: Net loans and leases, Loans to individuals (Variable: Incon)
Alternate Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000-2010
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: County
Calculation Methods: Percent change from previous year
Metric: Real Estate Loans
Metric Variable: LOANSRE
Source: Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, Statistics on Depository Institutions
Source Question or Measurement: Net loans and leases, All real estate loans (Variable: Inre)
Alternate Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000-2010
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: County
Calculation Methods: Percent change from previous year
28
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Economic Services
Service: Finance
Indicator: Savings
Finances held in savings accounts.
Metric: Personal Savings
Metric Variable: PSAVINGS
Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis, National Income and Product Accounts tables.
Source Question or Measurement: Table 5.1. Saving and Investment by Sector, Line 9 (Personal
savings)
Alternate Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000-2010
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: National
Calculation Methods: Percent change from previous year
Indicator: Governance
Fiscal responsibility.
Metric: State and Local Government Revenues
Metric Variable: LOCGOVREV
Source: U.S. Census Bureau- Annual Surveys of State and Local Government Finances
Source Question or Measurement: State and local government revenues from taxes, utilities,
insurance trusts, and other charges and miscellaneous revenue
Alternate Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000, 2004-2008
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: State
Calculation Methods: Calculated as the state and local revenues per capita by dividing the
amount shown by the state's population
29
-------
Economic Services
Service: Finance
Indicator: Governance (continued)
Metric: Outstanding Public Debt
Metric Variable: PUBDEBT
Source: U.S. Census Bureau- Annual Surveys of State and Local Government Finances
Source Question or Measurement: Short- and long-term debt obligations of state and local
governments
Alternate Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000, 2004-2008
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: State
Calculation Methods: Calculated as the state and local debt per capita by dividing the amount
shown by the state's population
30
-------
Economic Services
Innovation
U Investment
U Patents and Products
Innovation is the improvement of the diversity, type, or quality of goods and services. It drives
economic growth through the development of new products, services, and markets. Innovation
is supported by research and development expenditures, which provide the financing for
scientific discoveries. It often leads to increased worker efficiency and production of goods and
services at lower prices, which helps businesses to produce more with less (Greenstone and
Looney 2011). In general, statistics that show productivity, wages, and benefits have increased
each year between 1950 and 2000 (Bureau of Labor Statistics 2011). Innovation can affect well-
being by providing communities with increased employment and higher wages. Innovation is
described by the indicators Investment and Patents and Products.
31
-------
Economic Services
Service: Innovation
Indicator: Investment
Expenditures that promote innovation.
Metric: Science Expenditure
Metric Variable: NATSCI
Source: General Social Survey
Source Question or Measurement: Are we spending too much, too little, or about the right
amount on [supporting scientific research]? (GSS variable NATSCI)
Alternate Source: N/A
Years Available: 2002-2008, Biennial
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: GSS region
Calculation Methods: Percent of participant who responded "About right"
Metric: R & D Expenditures
Metric Variable: RDFUNDS
Source: National Science Foundation/Division of Science Resources Statistics, Survey of
Industrial Research and Development
Source Question or Measurement: TABLE 59. Funds for industrial R&D performed in the
United States, by state: Selected years, 1997-2007
Alternate Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000-2007
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: State
Calculation Methods: Percent change from previous year
32
-------
Economic Services
Service: Innovation
Indicator: Patents and Products
Patents for innovative ideas and products.
Metric: Utility Patents
Metric Variable: PATENTS
Source: United States Patent and Trademark Office, Patent Technology Monitoring Team
Source Question or Measurement: U.S. State Patenting Breakout by Regional Component,
Count of 2006 - 2010 Utility Patent Grants As Distributed By Calendar Year of Grant
Alternate Source: United States Patent and Trademark Office, Office for Patent and Trademark
Information
Years Available: 2006-2010
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: County
Calculation Methods: Percent change from previous year. Percent changes for 2006 were
calculated from alternate source counts in 1999
America has long had a culture and
an economic system that has spurred
innovation and scientific advance that
in turn created vast new industries,
enormous numbers of jobs, and a
powerful competitive position in the
global economy.
Robert E. Rubin, Co Chair, Council
on Foreign Relations and Former
U.S. Treasury Secretary
33
-------
Economic Services
Production
• Exports
B Household Services
fci Market Goods and Services
- Sustainable Production
Production is the output of both market and non-market goods and services provided by
business, government, and households. If production is increasing, it is an indicator that the
economy is strong and growing and will be able to provide employment and potential economic
security for its citizens. Gross Domestic Product is the most common measure of production.
"Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is one of the most comprehensive and closely watched
economic statistics... to prepare forecasts of economic performance that provide that basis for
production, investment and employment planning" (Gutierrez et al. 2007). The United States is
one of the most productive countries in the world, with 19 percent of global GDP (McDearman
et al. 2013). This service is also described by exports, the value of volunteerism, durable goods,
and renewable energy production. Production is measure by Exports, Household Services,
Market Goods and Services, and Sustainable Production.
34
-------
Economic Services
Service: Production
Indicator: Exports
Produced goods exported.
Metric: Exports
Metric Variable: NETEXPT
Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis, National Income and Product Account Tables
Source Question or Measurement: Table 1.1.5. Gross Domestic Product; Line 14 (Net exports
of goods and services)
Alternate Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000-2010
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: National
Calculation Methods: Percent change from previous year
Indicator: Household Services
Voluntary activities done in and around the household that would otherwise cost money.
Metric: Volunteering Value
Metric Variable: VALUEVOL
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, American Time Use Survey; Independent Sector
Source Question or Measurement: Hours spent in ATUS activities ISxxxx, 02xxxx, OSxxxx, and
04xxxx; Value of a Volunteer Hour
Alternate Source: N/A
Years Available: 2004-2009
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: State
Calculation Methods: Product of average hours spent per person, total population, and dollar
value of volunteer hour; expressed as percent change from previous year
35
-------
Economic Services
Service: Production
Indicator: Market Goods and Services
Production of market goods and services.
Metric: Durable Goods
Metric Variable: GDPGDUR
Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis
Source Question or Measurement: Real GDP by state (chained dollars); Percent change from
preceding period, Durable goods
Alternate Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000-2010
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: State
Calculation Methods: N/A
Metric: Gross Domestic Product
Metric Variable: GDPGROW
Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis
Source Question or Measurement: Real GDP by state
(chained dollars); Percent change from preceding
period, All industries total
Alternate Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000-2010
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: State
Calculation Methods: N/A
nations where workers cat
produce large quantities of goods
and services per unit of time, most
people enjoy a high standard of
living; in nations where workers are
less productive, most people must
endure a more meager existence.
Similarity, the growth rate of a
nation's productivity determines the
growth rate of average income
Avero
36
-------
Economic Services
o e
Service: Production
Indicator: Sustainable Production
Production of goods and services that can be maintained indefinitely.
Metric: Renewable Energy Production
Metric Variable: RENEWEP
Source: Energy Information Administration, State Energy Data System
Source Question or Measurement: Renewable energy production, billion Btu (MSN code
REPRB)
Alternate Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000-2009
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: State
Calculation Methods: Percent change from previous year
37
-------
Economic Services
/'^K
Re Distribution
y Inequality ~> Public Support
Re-distribution more evenly distributes wealth in a society. This service can be described in
terms of income inequality and re-distribution of wealth through taxation and government
assistance. Financial inequality tends to have a negative impact on economic growth (Alesina
and Rodrik 1994) and may also influence community income levels indirectly, for instance,
through its impact on crime level (Alesina and Giuliano, 2008). Inequality is addressed through
expenditures on public support such as unemployment, social security, welfare, childcare, and
individual federal aid. Of those expenditures, social security is the largest re-distribution
program in the United States, larger than the combination of all other means-tested programs
(Medicaid and food stamps, etc.) (Liebman and Feldstein 2002). Re-distribution is measured by
the indicators Inequality and Public Support.
38
-------
Economic Services
Service: Re-Distribution
Indicator: Income Equality
Distribution of wealth among individuals and groups in society.
Metric: Income Equality
Metric Variable: GINICOEF
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey
Source Question or Measurement: GINI index of income equality
Alternate Source: N/A
Years Available: 2007-2010
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: County
Calculation Methods: Percent change from previous year. Aggregate 3 and 5 year estimates
were used when annual estimates were not available (year reported is midpoint of
aggregate range)
Indicator: Public Support
Re-distribution of wealth through taxation and government assistance.
Metric: Individual Federal Aid
Metric Variable: GOVSOBEN
Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis, Regional Economic Information System
Source Question or Measurement: Table CA35 Personal current transfer receipts, Percent
change from preceding period; Line code 20 (Current transfer receipts of individuals
from governments)
Alternate Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000-2009
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: County
Calculation Methods: N/A
39
-------
Economic Services
Service: Re-Distribution
Indicator: Public Support (continued)
Metric: Childcare Expenditure
Metric Variable: NATCHLD
Source: General Social Survey
Source Question or Measurement: Are we spending too much, too little, or about the right
amount on [supporting assistance for childcare]? (GSS variable NATCHLD)
Alternate Source: N/A
Years Available: 2002-2008, Biennial
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: GSS region
Calculation Methods: Percent of participants who responded "About right"
Metric: Welfare Expenditure
Metric Variable: NATFARE
Source: General Social Survey
Source Question or Measurement: Are we spending too much, too little, or about the right
amount on [welfare]? (GSS variable NATFARE)
Alternate Source: N/A
Years Available: 2002-2008, Biennial
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: GSS region
Calculation Methods: Percent of participants who responded "About right"
40
-------
Economic Services
Service: Re-Distribution
Indicator: Public Support (continued)
Metric: Social Security Expenditure
Metric Variable: NATSOC
Source: General Social Survey
Source Question or Measurement: Are we spending too much, too little, or about the right
amount on [social security]? (GSS variable NATSOC)
Alternate Source: N/A
Years Available: 2002-2008, Biennial
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: GSS region
Calculation Methods: Percent of participants who responded "About right"
Metric: Unemployment Expenditure
Metric Variable: SPUNEMP
Source: General Social Survey
Source Question or Measurement: Please indicate whether you would like to see more or less
government spending in [unemployment benefits]. Remember that if you say "much
more," it might require a tax increase to pay for it. (GSS variable SPUNEMP)
Alternate Source: N/A
Years Available: 2006
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: GSS Region
Calculation Methods: Percent of participants who responded "Spend the same as now"
41
-------
Ecosystem Services
•Services that remove
air pollutants and
control temperature.
•1 indicator, 1 metric
Air Quality
*Jj|^
•Services that provide
food, fiber and raw
materials for energy
or other uses.
•3 indicators, 12
metrics
Food, Fiber and
Fuel Provisioning
%»
^wKs?-
^^
•Natural areas that
allow for recreation
and aesthetics.
•2 indicators, 7 metrics
Greenspace
"— »
'
•Services that remove
pollutants that enter
waterways.
•1 indicator, 2 metric
Water Quality
•Services that
produce, preserve
and renew water
resources.
•1 indicator, 2 metrics
Water Quantity
A
)
Ecosystem Services
Ecosystem services ensure that the air we breathe, the water we drink, the food we eat, and
the places we live are cable of supporting and improving life. Ecosystem services benefit
human well-being in both subtle and profound ways, affecting income, local migration, and
even political conflict (WHO 2005; Summers et al. 2012). Ecosystem services regulate and
protect our environment so that, in turn, the environment can benefit its inhabitants. While
humans have the power to destroy ecosystems, they also control the provisioning of services
that build and improve life support systems provided by the environment (Daily 1997; Renting
1998). Communities actively manage many ecosystems in order to benefit from the food, fiber,
timber, flood control, and many other services (WHO 2005). The five ecosystem services
captured here are Air Quality Regulation, Food and Fiber Provisioning, Green Space, Water
Quality Regulation and Water Quantity Regulation.
42
-------
Ecosystem Services
Air Quality
Usable Air (1)
Air quality regulating services help maintain usable air, a necessity for human health. Air
pollution is a major environmental concern affecting quality of life in terms of health and
overall life satisfaction (Schmitt 2013; Nowak et al. 2006). In addition to regulatory policies, the
environment can have an effect on air quality. For instance, vegetation, particularly trees, can
remove air pollution (Nowak et al. 2006). Clean air can lower risk of mortality and morbidity,
chronic disease, respiratory issues, and minor discomforts (Frey et al. 2009; Lovasi et al. 2008).
These findings underline the importance of air quality regulation to basic well-being. In
addition, researchers generally associate usable air with well-being (Schmitt 2013; Frey et al.
2009; Luechinger 2009, MacKerron and Mourato 2009; Welsch 2006). Air quality regulation is
demonstrated by the number of clean air days per year. Air-Quality is measured by Usable Air.
43
-------
Ecosystem Services
Service: Air Quality
Indicator: Usable Air
The degree to which climate change is moderated.
Metric: Clean Air Days
Metric Variable: CLEANAIR
Source: United States Environmental Protection Agency, Air Quality Index Report
Source Question or Measurement: Number of days with AQI data, Number of days AQI was
Good, Number of days AQI was moderate
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000-2008
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: County
Calculation Methods: Calculated as the percentage of days with good or moderate air quality
44
-------
Ecosystem Services
Food, Fiber and Fuel
Provisioning
• Raw Materials
yEnergy
Food and Fiber
This service refers to the available stocks of naturally occurring resources in relation to food,
fiber, and fuel. Conservative management and use of these resources is essential to sustaining
future generations. The provisioning service is described by: raw materials used in
manufacturing, sources of food safe for human consumption, sources of natural fiber and raw
materials to generate energy. This service is closely linked to economic production, as the
supply of goods and services is dependent upon access to resources including metallic minerals,
rocks, coal, oil, and gas (Rankin 2011). The components which make up this service are vital to
maintaining or improving well-being. Food and Fiber Provisioning is described by the indicators
Raw Materials, Food and Fiber, and Energy.
45
-------
Ecosystem Services
Service: Food, Fiber, and Fuel Provisioning
Indicator: Raw Materials
Raw materials used in manufacturing.
Metric: Copper Reserves
Metric Variable: COPPER
Source: United States Geological Survey
Source Question or Measurement: Mineral Commodity Summaries, Metric tons of copper
reserves
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000-2009
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: National
Calculation Methods: N/A
Metric: Gold Reserves
Metric Variable: GOLD
Source: United States Geological Survey
Source Question or Measurement: Mineral Commodity Summaries, Metric tons of gold
reserves
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000-2009
Smallest Geospatial Level Available:
National
Calculation Methods: N/A
"The United States relies heavily on domestic
resources to meet its food, fiber, and water
needs. We build homes with timber from U.S.
forests; dine on fruits and vegetables from local
farms as well as large scale farming operations
in distant states; eat meat from livestock grazed
for part of the year on our grasslands and
shrublands; and divert water from our rivers,
lakes, and aquifers to drink, irrigate our crops,
run our factories, and power our hydroelectric
plants. Changes in the quantities of these
extracted goods can affect both the economy
and human well being."
The H. John Heinz III Center for Science,
Economics and the Environment
46
-------
Ecosystem Services
Service: Food, Fiber, and Fuel Provisioning
Indicator: Raw Materials (continued)
Metric: Lead Reserves
Metric Variable: LEAD
Source: United States Geological Survey
Source Question or Measurement: Mineral Commodity Summaries, Metric tons of lead
reserves
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000-2009
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: National
Calculation Methods: N/A
Metric: Silver Reserves
Metric Variable: SILVER
Source: United States Geological Survey
Source Question or Measurement: Mineral Commodity Summaries, Metric tons of silver
reserves
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000-2009
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: National
Calculation Methods: N/A
Metric: Zinc Reserves
Metric Variable: ZINC
Source: United States Geological Survey
Source Question or Measurement: Mineral Commodity Summaries, Metric tons of zinc
reserves
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000-2009
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: National
Calculation Methods: N/A
47
-------
Ecosystem Services
Service: Food, Fiber, and Fuel Provisioning
Indicator: Food and Fiber
Sources of food safe for human consumption and natural fiber.
Metric: Commercial Fisheries
Metric Variable: FISHERY
Source: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration - National Marine Fisheries Service
Source Question or Measurement: Commercial fishery landings in metric tons
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000-2010
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: State
Calculation Methods: N/A
Metric: Timber Volume
Metric Variable: TIMBER
Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Forest Inventory and Analysis Database
Source Question or Measurement: Net volume, in cubic feet, of saw-log portion of sawtimber
trees on forest land
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000-2010
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: State
Calculation Methods: N/A
Metric: Total Factor Productivity
Metric Variable: FFPROD
Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service
Source Question or Measurement: Table 19. Indices of total factor productivity by State
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000-2004
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: State
Calculation Methods: N/A
48
-------
Ecosystem Services
Service: Food, Fiber, and Fuel Provisioning
Indicator: Energy
Metric: Coal Reserves
Metric Variable: COALRSV
Source: Energy Information Administration, Annual Coal Report
Source Question or Measurement: Table 14. Recoverable Coal Reserves and Average Recovery
Percentage at Producing Mines by State, Recoverable Coal Reserves (Million Short Tons)
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2003-2010
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: State
Calculation Methods: N/A
Metric: Oil Reserves
Metric Variable: CRUDERSV
Source: Energy Information Administration
Source Question or Measurement: Crude Oil Proved Reserves, Reserves Changes, and
Production (Million Barrels)
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000-2009
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: State
Calculation Methods: N/A
49
-------
Ecosystem Services
Service: Food, Fiber and Fuel Provisioning
Indicator: Energy (continued)
Metric: Natural Gas Reserves
Metric Variable: NGASRES
Source: Energy Information Administration
Source Question or Measurement: Natural Gas Proved Reserves, Wet After Lease Separation
(Billion Cubic Feet)
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000-2009
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: State
Calculation Methods: Federal offshore reserves were added to their respective leased state
totals. Combined Gulf of Mexico LA & AL reserves were distributed equally to each
state.
Metric: Uranium Reserves
Metric Variable: URANRSV
Source: Energy Information Administration, U.S. Uranium Reserves Estimates
Source Question or Measurement: Table 3. U.S. Uranium Reserves by Forward-Cost Category,
Year-End 1993-2008, Up to $100 per pound (Million Pounds U308)
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000-2003,2008
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: National
Calculation Methods: N/A
50
-------
Ecosystem Services
Greenspace
y Recreation and Aesthetics
y Natural Areas
Greenspaces are natural areas that allow for recreation and contemplation. Research has found
that community access to parks and playgrounds promotes physical activity (Li et al. 2005)
which is associated with positive health outcomes (Godbey 2009). Outdoor activity promotes
mental wellness by encouraging stress management and meditation (Godbey 2009).
Ecosystems also seem to possess intrinsic spiritual value whose tranquility and beauty support
human well-being in hard to articulate, sometimes intangible ways (Moore 2007). Natural areas
include national parks, rangelands, wildlands and seminatural places. Measures describing this
service include the extent and usage of greenspaces. Greenspace is described by the indicators
Recreation and Aesthetics and Natural Areas.
51
-------
Ecosystem Services
Service: Greenspace
Indicator: Recreation and Aesthetics
Natural spaces that provide areas for human recreation and contact with pleasant scenery.
Metric: Non-consumption Activity
Metric Variable: WLDHOME
Source: United States Census Bureau, National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife
Associated Recreation
Source Question or Measurement: Census variable USRESIDE, Respondent did some type of
non-consumptive activity. This variable is a receded variable to include "Yes" responses
from other Census variables that inquired about the following activities: wildlife
photography, observation, feeding, and/or maintaining natural areas for wildlife
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2001,2006
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: State
Calculation Methods: Calculated as the percentage of respondents who did at least one non-
consumptive activity within one mile of their home
Metric: Observing Wildlife
Metric Variable: WLDSTATE
Source: United States Census Bureau, National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife
Associated Recreation
Source Question or Measurement: 1) Census variable FHJDBSRV, Did you take any trips or
outings in the United States of at least one mile from home for the primary purpose of
observing, photographing, or feeding wildlife? Do not include trips to zoos, circuses,
aquariums, museums, or trips for hunting, fishing, or scouting for game. 2) Census
variables NCU_STD1 through NCU_STD10 (2006) and variables NCUSTD1 through
NCUSTD12 (2001), In which state(s) did you take trips or outings to observe,
photograph, or feed wildlife?
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2001,2006
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: State
Calculation Methods: Calculated as the percentage of respondents who took a trip or outing at
least one mile from their home, but still within their resident state (using Census variable
LRESIDENT)
52
-------
Ecosystem Services
Service: Greenspace
Indicator: Recreation and Aesthetics (continued)
Metric: Blue Space
Metric Variable: BLUESPC
Source: United States Census Bureau, USA Counties Data File Downloads
Source Question or Measurement: Variables LND210200D, LND210210D, Water area in square
miles
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000,2010
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: County
Calculation Methods: Calculated as square miles of water per 1000 population
Indicator: Natural Areas
Natural conditions and environment.
Metric: National Parks
Metric Variable: NATPARKS
Source: National Park Service, National Park Service Visitor Use Statistics
Source Question or Measurement: Park Acreage Reports, Gross area acres
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000-2010
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: State
Calculation Methods: N/A
53
-------
Ecosystem Services
Service: Greenspace
Indicator: Natural Areas (continued)
Metric: Rural Parks
Metric Variable: RURPARKS
Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service
Source Question or Measurement: Land in rural parks and wildlife areas, by Region and States,
United States, 1945-2007
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2002,2007
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: State
Calculation Methods: Calculated as the percentage of total land designated as a rural park or
wildlife area
Metric: Park Visitors
Metric Variable: NPSVISIT
Source: National Park Service, National Park Service Visitor Use Statistics
Source Question or Measurement: National Reports, Recreation Visitation By State and by
Park, Recreation Visitors
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000-2010
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: State
Calculation Methods: Total number of recreational visitors to a National Park located within a
State
54
-------
Ecosystem Services
Service: Greenspace
Indicator: Natural Areas (continued)
Metric: Unclassified Areas
Metric Variable: LUOTHER
Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service
Source Question or Measurement: Other land, by region and States, United States, 1945-2007
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000,2007
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: State
Calculation Methods: Calculated as acres per 1000 total land acres. Unclassified areas include
miscellaneous areas such as marshes, open swamps, bare rock areas, deserts, rural
residential areas, and other uses not inventoried.
55
-------
Ecosystem Services
Water Quality
_; Usable Water (2)
Water quality regulating services help ensure that water is safe for human use. Water quality
services remove pollutants that enter waterways. Pollutants can refer to a vast array of
substances including industrial and agricultural wastes. In 1972, Congress passed the Clean
Water Act, which regulates and limits the discharge of pollutants (USEPA 2012b). Clean water
bodies support drinking water supplies and recreation opportunities. Access to clean drinking
water protects people from water-borne illnesses and is subsequently one of the primary
health care priorities listed by the International Conference on Primary Health Care (WHO
1997). Water Quality Regulation is described by the indicator Usable Water.
56
-------
Ecosystem Services
Service: Water Quality
Indicator: Usable Water
Having clean, usable water.
Metric: Clean Water Bodies
Metric Variable: CLEANWAT
Source: United States Environmental Protection Agency, 305(b) reports
Source Question or Measurement: Assessed 305(b) Waters, Water Status
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: State
Calculation Methods: Calculated as the percentage of water bodies that received a "Good"
water status rating
Metric: Beach Days
Metric Variable: BEACHDAYS
Source: United States Environmental Protection Agency, BEACHES program
Source Question or Measurement: Beach Days report, Percent days under a beach action
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000-2010
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: County
Calculation Methods: N/A
57
-------
Ecosystem Services
Water Quantity
Available Water (2)
Water quantity regulation is a natural system's ability to retain and renew fresh water
resources. Water is regarded as the most important resource for sustaining ecosystems, which
in turn support human health and well-being (UNEP 2009). Fresh water is an essential
requirement for human survival and a common component in economic development. Drought
conditions have been linked to decreases in life satisfaction associated with expected loss of
income and resulting physiological stress (Carroll et al. 2009). Freshwater availability can be
evaluated with drought indices, which show long-term cumulative dry and wet conditions
reflective of groundwater and reservoir levels, and sustainable water indices that consider fresh
water supplies in conjunction with water use and climate change over time. Water Quantity
Regulation is described by the indicator Available Water.
58
-------
Ecosystem Services
Service: Water Quantity
Indicator: Available Water
Quantity of water available for human use.
Metric: Drought
Metric Variable: PHDI
Source: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, North American Drought Monitor
Indices and Data
Source Question or Measurement: Palmer Hydrological Drought Index, station-based. This
index shows hydrological (long-term cumulative) drought and wet conditions which
more accurately reflect groundwater conditions, reservoir levels, etc. The index has the
following classifications and index value ranges: Extreme Drought (-4.00 and below),
Severe Drought (-3.00 to -3.99), Moderate Drought (-2.00 to -2.99), Mid-Range (-1.99 to
1.99), Moderately Moist (2.00 to 2.99), Very Moist (3.00 to 3.99), Extremely Moist (4.00
and above)
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000-2010
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: State
Calculation Methods: Calculated as the average of the monthly index values to obtain an
annual estimation
Metric: Sustainable Water
Metric Variable: WSI
Source: NRDC - Evaluating Sustainability of Projected Water
Demands in 2050 under Climate Change Scenarios
Source Question or Measurement: Water Sustainability Index,
2050, With Climate Change, Total Index. Higher index
values indicate more risk to water Sustainability
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2005
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: County
Calculation Methods: N/A
No water, no life. No blue, no
green."
Sylvia Earle, American
Oceanographer, aquanaut, and
author.
59
-------
Social Services
f N
•Services provided by
individuals or groups
acting to bring about
social, political,
economic, or
environmental change.
• 1 indicator, 4 metrics
Activism
/-}
ty
• Protective services that
reduce the impact and
effects of a disaster on
the human population.
•3 indicators, 3 metrics
Emergency
Preparedness
m*
^^V
N
• Delivery of information
to people to promote
public awareness.
•5 indicators, 10 metrics
Communication 'j/nŁ5E
•Services and programs
to improve household
environments.
•4 indicators, 7 metrics
Family Services «»
• Law and regulations that
promote fair wage
practices and
employment
opportunities.
•3 indicators, 4 metrics
Labor ^ *_
I
i *»,
•
b
y
/• X
•Spiritual and civic
outreach and activities
that promote the
betterment of a
community.
•2 indicators, 2 metrics
Community and
Faith-based
Initiatives
iS^S-P
•Goods and services that
help restore or maintain
individual physical or
psychological health.
•4 indicators, 10 metrics
Healthcare
4
•Services that provide
basic utilities, mass
transportation, and
public recreational
facilities to a population.
•5 indicators, 17 metrics
Public Works
%~
•Services provided to
improve learning
experiences and to
allow for equitable
educational
opportunities.
•4 indicators, 8 metrics
—
Education
f^
•Services which provide
ways to maintain moral
Tightness and penalize
violators.
•6 indicators, 11 metrics
Justice
ffli
i
Social Services
Society is built around human and social capital. Social services are provided by a society to
benefit the people within that society. They can establish social norms that promote cohesion;
repair and strengthen family cohesion; and provide safe, equitable working environments
which foster healthy coworker relationship development. Social services such as Activism,
Community and Faith-Based Initiatives, Justice, and Public Works can affect policies that
support ecosystems or can possibly be used as indirect measures of our connection to nature.
60
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Social services are also strongly tied to human health. Many large organizations within the U.S.
government were formed to protect and enhance the health of the U.S. population, and several
well-known private organizations such as the American Red Cross, United Way of America, and
Ronald McDonald House Charities provide health-related services to populations in need. Social
services also supplement or improve education practices and procedures. The ten Social
Services are Activism, Communication, Community and Faith Based Initiatives, Education,
Emergency Preparedness, Family Services, Healthcare, Justice, Labor, and Public Works.
61
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Social Services
% ft
Participation (4)
Activism is individual or group action undertaken to bring about local and global social, political,
economic, or environmental change (Moola 2004). Activism empowers communities to improve
various aspects of quality of life (Glister 2012). One of the symptoms of a healthy community
capable of growth is activism; members are able to identify areas of improvement and take
necessary action (Ryan and Deci 2001; Ryan et al. 1996). The social service of Activism is
described by individuals' participation in a variety of activities, including boycotting, protesting,
signing petitions and donating to groups advocating social change. Activism is described by the
indicator Participation.
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Social Services
t 5
Service: Activism
Indicator: Participation
Participation in activities related to activism.
Metric: Boycotting
Metric Variable: BOYCOTT
Source: General Social Survey
Source Question or Measurement: GSS variable BOYCOTT, Over the past 5 years have you
[boycotted a product to express your opinion about an issue or your support for a
cause]?
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2002
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: GSS Region
Calculation Methods: Calculated as the percentage of respondents who answered "Yes"
Metric: Social Change Investment
Metric Variable: GIVCHNG
Source: General Social Survey
Source Question or Measurement: GSS variable GIVCHNG, Over the past 5 years have you
[given money to a group advocating social change to express your opinion about an
issue or your support for a cause]?
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2002
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: GSS Region
Calculation Methods: Calculated as the percentage of respondents who answered "Yes"
63
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Social Services
*i« «
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Social Services
Communication
• Accessibility
• Industry and Infrastructure
y Providers
y Public Services Communication
_i Quality
Communication is the dissemination of information that promotes public awareness. Effective
communication occurs in a loop; the sender sends a message to a receiver and the receiver
provides feedback to the sender (Van Tiem et al. 2001). The public depends on information
being communicated in a timely and appropriate manner. Communication occurs in a variety of
mediums that can require complex infrastructures (Jones et al. 2010, p. 340). This service is
described by how information is accessed, transmitted, provided and shared as well as the
quality of the information itself. Communication is measured by the indicators Accessibility,
Industry and Infrastructure, Providers, Public Services Communication, and Quality.
65
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Social Services
Service: Communication
Indicator: Accessibility
Access to various forms of public communication.
Metric: Cellphones
Metric Variable: CELLPHONE
Source: Gallup-Healthways
Source Question or Measurement: Gallup variable D15B, Do you have a working cell phone?
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2009
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: County
Calculation Methods: Calculated as the percentage of respondents who answered "Yes"
Metric: Household Internet Access
Metric Variable: HWEBACC
Source: United States Census Bureau, Current Population Survey
Source Question or Measurement: CPS variables HENET2A and HENET5A (2010) and HENET1
(2009, 2007), Do you/any member of this household access the internet at home or any
other location? (2007, 2009, 2010; State)
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2007,2009,2010
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: State
Calculation Methods: Calculated as the percentage of households who answered "Yes"
66
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Social Services
>•*
\L*vU
Service: Communication
Indicator: Accessibility (continued)
Metric: Telephone Coverage
Metric Variable: PHONE
Source: General Social Survey
Source Question or Measurement: GSS variable PHONE, Do you have a telephone? (Includes
home phone, cell phone, and phones at other locations)
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000-2008; biennial
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: GSS Region
Calculation Methods: Calculated as the percentage of respondents who answered "Yes"
Indicator: Industry Infrastructure
Quantity and quality of the physical systems that move information.
Metric: Internet Speed
Metric Variable: NETDOWNL
Source: Ookla Net Index
Source Question or Measurement: Household download index, regional daily speeds, average
daily download speed, in Kbps
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2008-2010
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: State
Calculation Methods: Annual average of daily values, where distance between client and sever
is less than 300 miles
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Social Services
#*• mi
Service: Communication
Indicator: Industry Infrastructure (continued)
Metric: Internet Quality
Metric Variable: NETQUAL
Source: Household Quality Index
Source Question or Measurement: Household quality index, regional daily quality, daily R-
factor (a measure of VoIP quality that takes into account user perceptions and
equipment impairments)
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2010
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: State
Calculation Methods: Annual average of daily values, where distance between client and sever
is less than 300 miles
Metric: Cellular Towers
Metric Variable: TOWERS
Source: Federal Communications Commission, Wireless Telecommunication Bureau
Source Question or Measurement: Universal Licensing System public access files, Tables
PUBACCJ.O (location data) and PUBACCJHD (main form 601 data that carries over to
license)
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000-2010
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: County
Calculation Methods: Calculated as the hard count of licensed structures per county (variables
location_state, location_county). Structures were counted only if they were licensed for
the entire year (variables grant_date, expired_date, cancellation_date)
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Social Services
Service: Communication
Indicator: Providers
People that provide information to the public.
Metric: Information Employment
Metric Variable: INFOEMPL
Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis
Source Question or Measurement: Variables EMN2802xxD, Number of people employed in
information (NAICS 51) *where "xx" indicates the last two digits of the corresponding
year
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2001-2008
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: County
Calculation Methods: Number of people employed per 100,000 population
Indicator: Public Services Communication
Communication of information that serve the public interest.
Metric: Community Service Broadcasts
Metric Variable: PUBSERV
Source: National Association of Broadcasters
Source Question or Measurement: Broadcasters' Public Service, Total dollars generated by TV
and radio station public service activities
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2005
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: State
Calculation Methods: Calculated as dollars generated per capita
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Social Services
Service: Communication
Indicator: Quality
Quality of information communicated to public.
Metric: Confidence in Press
Metric Variable: COMPRESS
Source: General Social Survey
Source Question or Measurement: GSS variable COMPRESS, What level of confidence do you
have in the people running the institution of the press?
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000-2008; biennial
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: GSS Region
Calculation Methods: Calculated as the percentage of respondents who answered "A great
deal"
Metric: Confidence in Television
Metric Variable: CONTV
Source: General Social Survey
Source Question or Measurement: GSS variable CONTV, What level of confidence do you have
in the people running the institution of television?
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000-2008; biennial
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: GSS Region
Calculation Methods: Calculated as the percentage of respondents who answered "A great
deal"
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Social Services
ft
Community and
Faith based
Initiatives
y Investment
Providers
Community-based and faith-based initiatives are demonstrated through outreach organizations
that promote the betterment of a community. Such organizations are united by their
ideological goals rather than the issues they address which can range from drug addiction to
education to disease prevention. Non-profit organizations and governing bodies often work in
tandem to promote quality of life. In 2008, President Bush created the Office of Faith-Based
Initiatives that supported faith-based and other community organizations in their goals to meet
the social needs in America's communities (McClain 2008). This service is measured by the
number of non-profit organizations as well as the investment in them. Community-Based and
Faith-based Initiatives are described by the indicators Investment and Providers.
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Social Services
-
Service: Community and Faith-based Initiatives
Indicator: Investment
Investment in community and faith-based initiatives.
Metric: Art Expenditure
Metric Variable: SPARTS
Source: General Social Survey
Source Question or Measurement: GSS variable SPARTS, Please indicate whether you would
like to see more or less government spending on culture and the arts
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2006
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: GSS Region
Calculation Methods: Calculated as the percentage of respondents who answered "Spend the
same as now"
Indicator: Providers
Organizations and institutions that provide a conduit for civic and spiritual outreach and
activities.
Metric: Non-Profit Organizations
Metric Variable: NPOS
Source: National Center for Charitable Statistics
Source Question or Measurement: Registered Nonprofit Organizations by County, Number of
Registered Organizations
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000-2010
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: County
Calculation Methods: Calculated as the number of organizations per 100,000 people
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Social Services
ft
Education
H Accessibility
• Confidence
U Investment
U Providers
The Education service addresses academic services, as well as social, emotional, and ethical
areas (Cohen 2006). Quality education is a system maintained by investments; it is built upon
the availability of teachers, infrastructure, and access. Communities benefit from effectively
educated persons. Quality education has far-reaching impacts such as creating happier
individuals, responsible and caring participants of society and national prosperity (Cohen 2006;
Dunne and Hogan 2004; Marples 1999; Nodding 2003). Educational services are described by
accessibility, confidence in the educational services, investment in the services, infrastructure,
and those that instruct. Education is measured by the indicators Accessibility, Confidence,
Investment, and Providers.
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Social Services
t 5
Service: Education
Indicator: Accessibility
Access to various forms of education.
Metric: Alternate Education
Metric Variable: ALTEDU
Source: National Center for Education Statistics
Source Question or Measurement: NCES variable STATUSxx, status of primary or secondary
school (open, closed, etc.); NCES variable TYPExx, regular or other type of school; NCES
variable MAGNETxx, if school is a magnet school; NCES variable CHARTRxx, if school is a
charter school (*where "xx" indicates the last two digits of the year when the school
year begins)
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000-2007
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: County
Calculation Methods: Calculated as the percentage of active/open primary and secondary
schools (STATUSxx= 1, 3, 4, or 5) that were other/alternate, special education,
vocational, magnet, or charter schools (TYPExx= 2, 3, or 4; MAGNETxx= 1, CHARTR= 1)
for the lowest common spatial scale *county and state level data
Metric: Educational Financial Aid
Metric Variable: EDUAID
Source: United States Census Bureau, Current Population
Survey
Source Question or Measurement: CPS variable
A_HSCOL, High school or college enrollment and
CPS variable ED_YN, receive educational assistance
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2001-2010
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: State
Calculation Methods: Calculated as the percentage of
people enrolled in college (A_HSCOL= 2) that
received educational assistance (ED_YN= 1)
"Education Is a social
process; education Is
growth; education Is not
preparation for life but Is life
itself."
John Dewey, well known
educational theorist and
philosopher
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Social Services
t 5
Service: Education
Indicator: Accessibility (continued)
Metric: Number of Schools
Metric Variable: SCHOOL
Source: National Center for Education Statistics
Source Question or Measurement: NCES variable STATUSxx, status of primary or secondary
school (open, closed, etc.); NCES variable TYPExx, regular or other type of school; NCES
variable MAGNETxx, if school is a magnet school; NCES variable CHARTRxx, if school is a
charter school (*where "xx" indicates the last two digits of the year when the school
year begins)
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000-2007
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: County
Calculation Methods: Calculated as the number of active/open primary and secondary schools
(STATUSxx= 1, 3, 4, or 5; sum of TYPExx= 1, 2, 3, or 4; MAGNETxx= 1; and CHARTR= 1)
per 100,000 people
Indicator: Confidence
Confidence in the educational systems.
Metric: Confidence in Education
Metric Variable: CONEDUC
Source: General Social Survey
Source Question or Measurement: GSS variable CONEDUC, As far as the people running [the
institution of education] are concerned, would you say you have a great deal of
confidence, only some confidence, or hardly any confidence at all in them?
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000-2008; biennial
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: GSS Region
Calculation Methods: Calculated as the percentage of respondents who answered "A great
deal"
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Social Services
ft
Service: Education
Indicator: Investment
People that pay or support education.
Education spending per student
Metric: Education Expenditure
Metric Variable: NATEDUC
Source: General Social Survey
Source Question or Measurement: GSS variable NATEDUC, Do you think that we are spending
too much, too little, or about the right amount on [improving the nation's education
system]?
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000-2008; biennial
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: GSS Region
Calculation Methods: Calculated as the percentage of respondents who answered "About
right"
Metric: Per Pupil Spending
Metric Variable: PUPSPEND
Source: National Center for Education Statistics
Source Question or Measurement: Education spending per student
Years Available: 2001-2010
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: State
Calculation Methods: N/A
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Social Services
ft
'
Service: Education
Indicator: Providers
People responsible for educating others.
Metric: Educational Employment
Metric Variable: EDUEMPL
Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis
Source Question or Measurement: Variables EMN3402xxD, Number of people employed in
educational services (NAICS 61) *where "xx" indicates the last two digits of the
corresponding year
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2001-2007
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: County
Calculation Methods: Number of people employed per 100,000 population
Metric: Student/Teacher Ratio
Metric Variable: PUPTCH
Source: National Center for Education Statistics
Source Question or Measurement: NCES variable PUPTCHxx, Pupil/teacher ratio (*where "xx"
indicates the last two digits of the year when the school year begins)
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000-2007
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: County
Calculation Methods: Calculated as the average pupil/teacher ratio for the lowest common
spatial scale
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Social Services
ft
Emergency
Preparedness
U Post-Disaster Response
U Pre-Disaster Planning
Responders
Emergency Preparedness services protect from and reduce the impact of disasters on
populations (Perry and Lindell 2003). "Disasters are tragedies that overwhelm our communities,
destroy our property, and harm our populations" (Waeckerle 2006). One of the most effective
tools in emergency preparedness is well-trained individuals who are capable of enacting
effective emergency plans (Gebbie and Qureshi, 2002). The responsibility for emergency
preparedness lies in the hands of many parties, "not only with governmental agencies but also
with active, engaged, and mobilized community residents, businesses, and nongovernmental
organizations" (Nelson et al. 2007). Services can be provided by volunteers and paid
professionals (Nelson et al. 2007). The Emergency Preparedness service is described by Post-
disaster responses, Pre-Disaster Planning, and Responders.
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Social Services
.-:.
Service: Emergency Preparedness
Indicator: Post-Disaster Response
Actions taken following a disaster that aid recovery.
Metric: Natural Disaster Expenditure
Metric Variable: SPNATDIS
Source: General Social Survey
Source Question or Measurement: GSS variable NATDISCM, Please indicate whether you
would like to see more or less government spending on natural disasters
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2006
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: GSS Region
Calculation Methods: Calculated as the percentage of people who answered "Spend the same
as now"
Indicator: Pre-Planning Disaster
Plans undertaken a priori to minimize the impact of disaster.
Metric: Prepared Individuals
Metric Variable: PREPARED
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System
Source Question or Measurement: CDC variables GPWELPRD (2006), GPWELPR2 (2007),
GPWELPR3 (2008-2010), How well prepared do you feel your household is to handle a
large-scale disaster or emergency?
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2006-2010
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: County
Calculation Methods: Calculated as the percentage of respondents who answered "Very
prepared" and "Somewhat prepared"
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Social Services
ft
Service: Emergency Preparedness
Indicator: Responders
People that aid in the recovery from a disaster.
Metric: Emergency Employment
Metric Variable: EMEREMPL
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) Survey
Source Question or Measurement: State OES Estimates, Occupation codes 53-3011
(ambulance drivers), 43-5031 (police, fire, ambulance dispatchers), 33-2011 (fire
fighters), 29-2041 (EMTsand paramedics), and 13-1061 (emergency management
specialists)
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000-2008
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: State
Calculation Methods: Number of people employed per 100,000 population
80
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Social Services
ft
-
••-:
Family
Services
y Accessibility
y Effectiveness
LJ Investment
Providers
Family Services aid and enhance the family unit. Adults and children alike are assisted in
maintaining or improve their quality of life. These services are a "legitimate function of society"
(Sargent et al. 1982). They exist to combat social ills like poverty, violence, racism, and
substance abuse (McCroskey and Meezan 1998). "A system of well-coordinated, accessible,
family-centered services must rest on a foundation of a healthy community that affords
adequate basic services and opportunities for education, housing and employment"
(McCroskey and Meezan 1998). Family services are described by Accessibility, Effectiveness,
Investment, and Providers.
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Social Services
Service: Family Services
Indicator: Accessibility
Access to various forms of family services.
Metric: Child Services Expedience
Metric Variable: CHLDSRVS
Source: Administration for Children and Families, Child Maltreatment annual reports
Source Question or Measurement: Table 6-4, Average number of days to the onset of services
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000, 2008
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: State
Calculation Methods: N/A
Metric: Sheltered Homeless
Metric Variable: HOMELESS
Source: United States Department of Housing and Urban Development, Annual Homeless
Assessment Report to Congress
Source Question or Measurement: Appendix C. Point-in-Time Estimates of Homeless
Population by State, Total Unsheltered Population, Total Homeless Population
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2006-2009
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: State
Calculation Methods: Calculated as the percentage of the homeless population that was
unsheltered
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Social Services
_
Service: Family Services
Indicator: Effectiveness
Effectiveness in family services.
Metric: Adoption Expedience
Metric Variable: ADOPT
Source: Administration for Children and Families, Adoption and Foster Care Analysis and
Reporting System
Source Question or Measurement: Time between Termination of Parental Rights (TPR) and
Adoption Finalization
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000-2010
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: State
Calculation Methods: Sum of percentages for time categories less than twelve months
Metric: Child Services Rate
Metric Variable: CHLDPRE
Source: Administration for Children and Families, Child Maltreatment annual reports
Source Question or Measurement: Table 6-1, Children who received preventive services, Rate
per 1,000 children
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000-2008
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: State
Calculation Methods: N/A
Metric: Recurrent Child Maltreatment
Metric Variable: MALTREAT
Source: Administration for Children and Families, Child Maltreatment annual reports
Source Question or Measurement: Table 3-16, Absence of maltreatment recurrence,
Percentage of children
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2004-2009
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: State
Calculation Methods: N/A
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Social Services
t 5
Service: Family Services
Indicator: Investment
Monetary investment in family services.
Metric: Family Services Investment
Metric Variable: FSRVINV
Source: Executive Office of the President of the United State, Budget of the U.S. Government
Source Question or Measurement: Table 12.3, Total Outlays for Grants to State and Local
Governments by Function, Agency, and Program: 1940-2010; Promoting Safe and Stable
Families, Children and Families Services Programs, in millions of dollars
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000-2010
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: National
Calculation Methods: Sum of federal outlays
Indicator: Providers
People that help improve household environments.
Metric: Family Services Employment
Metric Variable: FSRVEMPL
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) Survey
Source Question or Measurement: State OES Estimates, Occupation codes 21-1012
(educational, vocational, and school counselors), 21-1013 (marriage and family
therapists), and 21-1021 (child, family and school social workers)
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000-2008
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: State
Calculation Methods: Number of people employed per 100,000 population
84
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Social Services
ft
Healthcare
y Accessibility
H Investment
U Providers
y Quality
Healthcare services address both physical and psychological care. Healthcare is multifaceted.
While it functions to serve clients in need, many variables impact treatment (Batalden and
Davidoff 2007). For instance, quality healthcare is dependent upon government funding,
available infrastructure, and client perceptions of access, affordability, and quality. One of the
largest obstacles between individuals and healthcare services is a lack of availability of care
(Litaker et al. 2005). Healthcare services are described by accessibility, investment, providers,
and quality.
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Social Services
#*• mi
Service: Healthcare
Indicator: Accessibility
Access to health services.
Metric: Health Costs
Metric Variable: HLTHCOST
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Health Interview Survey
Source Question or Measurement: Health, United States 2010 report, Table 76 "Reduced
access to medical care, dental care, and prescription drugs during the past 12 months
due to cost, by selected characteristics: United States, selected years 1997-2009"
Alternative Source: Gallup Healthways, variable Ml, Have there been times in the past twelve
months when you did not have enough money to pay for healthcare and/or medicines
that you or your family needed?
Years Available: 2000-2009
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: County
Calculation Methods: Calculated as the percentage of respondents who answered "No"
(Gallup) and the average percentage of respondents who couldn't afford needed
prescription drugs, dental care, or medical care (CDC, NHIS)
Metric: Access to Medicine
Metric Variable: MEDS
Source: Gallup-Healthways
Source Question or Measurement: Gallup variable M28, In the city or area where you live is it
easy or not easy to get medicine?
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2009
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: County
Calculation Methods: Calculated as the percentage of respondents who answered "Yes"
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Social Services
#*• mi
Service: Healthcare
Indicator: Accessibility (continued)
Metric: Medicare
Metric Variable: SUPINS
Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid
Services
Source Question or Measurement: Census variable HEA0102xxD, Persons enrolled in hospital
insurance and/or supplemental medical insurance (*where "xx" indicates the last two
digits of the corresponding year)
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000-2010
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: County
Calculation Methods: Calculated as the percentage of persons enrolled of the population
Metric: Healthcare Worker Shortages
Metric Variable: HPSA
Source: United States Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and
Services Administration
Source Question or Measurement: Health Professional Shortage Area (HPSA) score, HPSA
Component Status Description, Discipline Class Description. The HPSA score was
developed for use by the National Health Service Corps to determine priorities for the
assignment of clinicians. The score ranges from 1 to 26 where the higher the score, the
greater the priority. The score encompasses other scores that are assigned for; 1)
population-to-full-time-equivalent primary care physician ratio; 2) percent of population
with income below poverty level; 3) Infant Health Index; and the 4) travel distance/time
to the nearest source of accessible care outside of the HPSA.
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2010
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: County
Calculation Methods: Calculated as the average of HPSA scores for all areas with a HPSA
Component Status Description of "Designated" and includes primary care, dental care
and mental health Discipline Class Descriptions
87
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Social Services
^* Ł#Ł? 6Jg> -tfŁ*
Service: Healthcare
Indicator: Accessibility (continued)
Metric: Health Agencies
Metric Variable: HLTHAGCY
Source: Association of State and Territorial Health Officials
Source Question or Measurement: Number of local, state and/or regional public health
agencies, offices and/or departments per state
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2007, 2010
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: State
Calculation Methods: Calculated as the number of agencies, offices and/or departments per
100,000 people
Indicator: Investment
Monetary investment in the healthcare system.
Metric: Federal Health Expenditures
Metric Variable: HLTHINV
Source: United States Census Bureau, Governments Division
Source Question or Measurement: Census variable LOG360202D, direct general expenditures
for health by local government
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2002
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: County
Calculation Methods: Calculated as dollars per capita
88
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Social Services
#*• mi
Service: Healthcare
Indicator: Investment (continued)
Metric: Federal Hospital Expenditures
Metric Variable: HOSPINV
Source: United States Census Bureau, Governments Division
Source Question or Measurement: Census variable LOG350202D, direct general expenditures
for hospitals by local government
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2002
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: County
Calculation Methods: Calculated as dollars per capita
Metric: National Health Expenditure
Metric Variable: NATHEAL
Source: General Social Survey
Source Question or Measurement: GSS variable NATHEAL, Do you think that we are spending
too much, too little, or about the right amount on [improving and protecting the
nation's health]?
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000-2008; biennial
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: GSS Region
Calculation Methods: Calculated as the percentage of respondents who answered "About
right"
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Social Services
#*• mi
Service: Healthcare
Indicator: Providers
People that provide healthcare services
Metric: Health Employment
Metric Variable: HLTHEMPL
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) Survey
Source Question or Measurement: State OES Estimates, All occupation codes in 29-000 and
31-000 "major" groups except 29-1062, 29-1127, 29-1131, 29-2041, 29-2056, 29-9091,
31-9096
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000-2008
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: State
Calculation Methods: Number of people employed per 100,000 population
Indicator: Quality
Quality of healthcare services.
Metric: Confidence in Medicine
Metric Variable: CONMEDIC
Source: General Social Survey
Source Question or Measurement: GSS variable CONMEDIC, As far as the people running [the
institution of medicine] are concerned, would you say you have a great deal of
confidence, only some confidence, or hardly any confidence at all in them?
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000-2008; biennial
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: GSS Region
Calculation Methods: Calculated as the percentage of respondents who answered "A great
deal"
90
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Social Services
ft
I Accessibility H Confidence
I Environmental • Investment
I Providers W Quality
Justice ensures fair and equal treatment. Non-discriminatory treatment and fair distribution of
environmental benefits reduces inequality and ensures domestic tranquility (Sherman 2002).
These services are not determined by race, gender, age (Sherman 2002) or geographic location.
They strive to be fair and effective in their protection of individuals and their environment at
every level across the United States; "large and small, local, regional and national in scope"
(Kurtz 2005). This service is described by Accessibility, Confidence, Environmental impacts,
Investments, Providers, and Quality.
91
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Social Services
#*• mi
Service: Justice
Indicator: Accessibility
Access to fair justice.
Metric: Appellate Caseload Rate
Metric Variable: ACRTCASE
Source: National Center for State Courts, Court Statistics Project
Source Question or Measurement: Reported grand total state appellate court caseloads,
Outgoing as a percent of incoming (i.e. clearance rate), State totals
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2007, 2009
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: State
Calculation Methods: N/A
Metric: Trial Caseload Rate
Metric Variable: TCRTCASE
Source: National Center for State Courts, Court Statistics Project
Source Question or Measurement: Reported grand total state trial court caseloads, Outgoing
as a percent of incoming (i.e. clearance rate), State totals
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000-2007, 2009
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: State
Calculation Methods: N/A
92
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Social Services
t 5
•
Service: Justice
Indicator: Confidence
Confidence in the justice system.
Metric: Confidence in Courts
Metric Variable: CONCOURT
Source: General Social Survey
Source Question or Measurement: GSS variable CONCOURT, How much confidence do you
have in [courts and the legal system]?
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2008
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: GSS Region
Calculation Methods: Calculated as the percentage of respondents who answered "Complete
confidence" and "A great deal of confidence"
Indicator: Environmental
Justice associated with the use of the natural environment and exposure to the human
population.
Metric: EPA Enforcement
Metric Variable: EJCASES
Source: United States Environmental Protection Agency
Source Question or Measurement: Number of concluded EPA enforcement cases
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2009,2010
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: County
Calculation Methods: Compiled by ESRI Community Analyst
93
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Social Services
#*• mi
Service: Justice
Indicator: Environmental (continued)
Metric: African-American TRI Exposure
Metric Variable: TRI BLACK
Source: United States Environmental Protection Agency, Toxics Release Inventory Program,
and the United States Census Bureau demographics and population data
Source Question or Measurement: Toxics Release Inventory Basic Plus Data Files, Facility
Information Directory (Reporting year, Facility Name, Facility State, Facility County);
Census population estimates by race, and Census land area estimates
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000,2006-2009
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: County
Calculation Methods: Calculated as the number of people of black or African American race per
square mile per registered TRI facility.
Metric: Other TRI Exposure
Metric Variable: TRIOTHER
Source: United States Environmental Protection Agency, Toxics Release Inventory Program,
and the United States Census Bureau demographics and population data
Source Question or Measurement: Toxics Release Inventory Basic Plus Data Files, Facility
Information Directory (Reporting year, Facility Name, Facility State, Facility County);
Census population estimates by race, and Census land area estimates
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000, 2006-2009
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: County
Calculation Methods: Calculated as the number of people of "other" race per square mile per
registered TRI facility. "Other" race includes the following U.S. Census race categories:
American Indian or Alaskan native alone, Asian alone, native Hawaiian or other Pacific
Islander, two or more races, and any other race.
94
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Social Services
#*• mi
Service: Justice
Indicator: Environmental (continued)
Metric: Caucasian TRI Exposure
Metric Variable: TRIWHITE
Source: United States Environmental Protection Agency, Toxics Release Inventory Program,
and the United States Census Bureau demographics and population data
Source Question or Measurement: Toxics Release Inventory Basic Plus Data Files, Facility
Information Directory (Reporting year, Facility Name, Facility State, Facility County);
Census population estimates by race, and Census land area estimates
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000,2006-2009
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: County
Calculation Methods: Calculated as the number of people of white race per square mile per
registered TRI facility.
Indicator: Investment
Financial investment in the justice system.
Metric: Crime Expenditure
Metric Variable: NATCRIME
Source: General Social Survey
Source Question or Measurement: GSS variables NATCRIME and NATCRIMY, Do you think that
we are spending too much, too little, or about the right amount on [Halting the rising
crime rate]?
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000-2008; biennial
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: GSS Region
Calculation Methods: Calculated as the percentage of respondents who answered "About
right"
95
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Social Services
•^ ^# w>'* Sid -•*_
Service: Justice
Indicator: Investment (continued)
Metric: Environmental Expenditure
Metric Variable: NATENVIR
Source: General Social Survey
Source Question or Measurement: GSS variables NATENVIR and NATENVIY, Do you think that
we are spending too much, too little, or about the right amount on [Improving and
protecting the environment]?
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000-2008; biennial
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: GSS Region
Calculation Methods: Calculated as the percentage of respondents who answered "About
right"
Indicator: Providers
People that provide justice services.
Metric: Number of People Employed
Metric Variable: JUSTEMPL
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) Survey
Source Question or Measurement: State OES Estimates, Occupation codes 21-1092, 33-3051,
and all in 23-000 "major" group except 23-2093
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000-2008
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: State
Calculation Methods: Number of people employed per 100,000 population
96
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Social Services
ft
Service: Justice
Indicator: Quality
Quality of the justice system.
Metric: Controlling Crime
Metric Variable: HELPCRIM
Source: General Social Survey
Source Question or Measurement: GSS variable HELPCRIM, How successful do you think the
government in America is nowadays in [controlling crime]?
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2006
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: GSS Region
Calculation Methods: Calculated as the percentage of respondents who answered "Very
successful" and "Quite successful"
97
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Social Services
ft
$--»•
y Confidence
_ Effectiveness
y Employee Rights
Labor is quality of employment, productivity, and cost of work (Giampietro et al. 1993). Labor
services ensure that laborers and the organizations that employ them exist in harmony and
equity. This service is described by quality of employers, workplace conditions, and employee
rights. Labor unions "equalize the bargaining power between employers and employees"
(Cornell University Law School) and exist to protect worker interests and living standards
(Botero et al. 2004). Quality and confidence in employment is supported by the United States
Department of Labor, which protects the labor rights of American citizens including
discrimination-free and healthful work places (United States Department of Labor 2013). Labor
is described by Confidence, Effectiveness, and Employee Rights.
98
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Social Services
t 5
Service: Labor
Indicator: Confidence
Confidence in labor services
Metric: Confidence in Labor
Metric Variable: CONLABOR
Source: General Social Survey
Source Question or Measurement: GSS variable CONLABOR, As far as the people running [the
institution of organized labor] are concerned, would you say you have a great deal of
confidence, only some confidence, or hardly any confidence at all in them?
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000-2008; biennial
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: GSS Region
Calculation Methods: Calculated as the percentage of respondents who answered "A great
deal"
Indicator: Effectiveness
Effectiveness of labor laws and regulations.
Metric: Worker Injuries
Metric Variable: WRKINJUR
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics
Source Question or Measurement: Occupational Injuries and Illnesses Industry Data, Rate of
injury and illness cases per 100 full-time workers
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2003-2010
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: State
Calculation Methods: N/A
99
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Social Services
Service: Labor
Indicator: Employee Rights
Rights that protect the freedom of employees.
Metric: Labor Union Memberships
Metric Variable: LABRUN
Source: United States Census Bureau, Current Population Survey
Source Question or Measurement: Census Variable A_UNMEM, On this job, is ... a member of
a labor union or of an employee association similar to a union?"
Alternative Source: Gallup variable D17A, Are you a member of a labor union?
Years Available: 2000-2010
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: County
Calculation Methods: Percent of respondents who answered "yes"
Metric: EEC Charges
Metric Variable: EEOCHRG2
Source: United States Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
Source Question or Measurement: EEOC Charge Receipts by State, Total Charges
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2009,2010
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: State
Calculation Methods: Calculated as the number of EEO charges per 1000 employed in civilian
labor force
100
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Social Services
ft
$--.•
Public Works
Accessibility
Providers
Quantity
U Investment
^Quality
Public works is "the combination of physical assets, management practices, policies and
personnel necessary for government to provide and sustain structures and services essential to
the welfare and acceptable quality of life for its citizens" (American Public Works Association
2013). Public works includes public utilities like water, telephone services, mass transportation,
parks services and communication facilities (American Public Works Association 2013). They are
critical for a nation because they are the foundations for its infrastructure and allow areas to
grow and prosper (Lee 1996). The Public Works service is described by the accessibility to
public transport and safe water; public investment in transportation, parks and highways; as
well as the providers, quality, and quantity of the provisions.
101
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Social Services
#*• mi
Service: Public Works
Indicator: Accessibility
Access to various forms of public communication.
Metric: Public Transportation
Metric Variable: PUBTRANS
Source: United States Census Bureau, American Community Survey
Source Question or Measurement: Variable C08301_8_EST; Universe: WORKERS 16 YEARS
AND OVER: Public transportation (excluding taxicab) (Estimate)
Alternative Source: United States Census Bureau, USA Counties Data File Downloads; variable
LFE235200D, Means of transportation to work - public, total 2000
Years Available: 2000, 2005-2009
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: County
Calculation Methods: Percent of total labor force (variable C08301_1_EST). Year 2000 values
were derived from alternative source and include taxicab transportation
Metric: Safe Water
Metric Variable: SAFEWAT
Source: Gallup-Healthways
Source Question or Measurement: Gallup variable M26; In the city or area where you live, is it
easy or not to get clean and safe water?
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2009
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: County
Calculation Methods: Percent of people who responded "yes"
102
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Social Services
#*• mi
Service: Public Works
Indicator: Investment
Financial investment in public works.
Metric: Mass Transportation Expenditure
Metric Variable: NATMASS
Source: General Social Survey
Source Question or Measurement: GSS variable NATMASS, are we spending too much, too
little, or about the right amount on mass transportation?
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000-2008, biennial
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: GSS Region
Calculation Methods: Percent of people who responded "about right"
Metric: Park Expenditure
Metric Variable: NATPARK
Source: General Social Survey
Source Question or Measurement: GSS variable NATPARK, are we spending too much, too
little, or about the right amount on parks and recreation?
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000-2008, biennial
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: GSS Region
Calculation Methods: Percent of people who responded "about right"
103
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Social Services
#*• mi
Service: Public Works
Indicator: Investment (continued)
Metric: Highway Expenditure
Metric Variable: NATROAD
Source: General Social Survey
Source Question or Measurement: GSS variable NATROAD, are we spending too much, too
little, or about the right amount on highways and bridges?
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000-2008, biennial
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: GSS Region
Calculation Methods: Percent of people who responded "about right"
Metric: Public Works Investment
Metric Variable: PUBWKINV
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Annual Survey of State and Local Government Finances
Source Question or Measurement: Table 1. State and Local Government Finances by Level of
Government and by State. State & local government direct expenditure amount on
highways, air transportation (airports), parking facilities, sea and inland port facilities,
parks and recreation, sewerage, solid waste management, and utility expenditure
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000-2010, biennial
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: State
Calculation Methods: per capita combined (summed) expenditure
104
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Social Services
. L,
.
.
Service: Public Works
Indicator: Providers
People that provide information to the public.
Metric: Utility Employment
Metric Variable: UTILEMPL
Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis
Source Question or Measurement: variables EMN2252xxD, employment in utilities (NAICS 22)
*where "xx" indicates the last two digits of the corresponding year
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2001-2007
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: County
Calculation Methods: Number of people employed per 100,000 population
Indicator: Quality
Quality of the public works infrastructure and services.
Metric: Structural Bridges
Metric Variable: BRIDGSTR
Source: United States Department of Transportation, Highway Statistics Series
Source Question or Measurement: Highway Bridges by Owner, Structurally Deficient Highway
Bridges by Owner
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000-2010
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: State
Calculation Methods: percent of all highway bridges that are not structurally deficient
105
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Social Services
#*• mi
Service: Public Works
Indicator: Quality (continued)
Metric: Recovered Waste
Metric Variable: MSWRECOV
Source: United States Environmental Protection Agency
Source Question or Measurement: Generation, Materials Recovery, Composting, Combustion
with Energy Recovery, and Discards of MSW (in pounds per person per day)
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000-2009
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: National
Calculation Methods: total materials recovery as a percentage of generation
Metric: Power Outages
Metric Variable: POWEROUT
Source: Energy Information Administration
Source Question or Measurement: Table B.2. Major Disturbances and Unusual Occurrences,
Number of Customers Affected; Number of Retail Customers by State by Sector, Total
Number of Customers
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2002-2008
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: National
Calculation Methods: Percent of customers affected by a major disturbance or unusual
occurrence
106
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Social Services
t 5
Service: Public Works
Indicator: Quality (continued)
Metric: Rough Roads
Metric Variable: ROADIRI
Source: United States Department of Transportation, Highway Statistics Series
Source Question or Measurement: Table HM-47. National Highway System Length, Miles by
Measured Pavement Roughness
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000-2008
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: State
Calculation Methods: Total urban and rural NHS miles with an international roughness index
(IRI) less than or equal to 170, as a percentage of total reported miles
Metric: Runway Condition
Metric Variable: RUNWAY
Source: United States Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Tran
Stats Annual Report
Source Question or Measurement: Table 1-25: U.S. Airport Runway Pavement Conditions
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000-2010
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: National
Calculation Methods: Percentage of National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems (NPIAS)
airports with runways rated in good or fair condition
107
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Social Services
#*• mi
Service: Public Works
Indicator: Quantity
Quality of public works services and infrastructure.
Metric: Number of Airports
Metric Variable: AIRPORTS1
Source: Federal Aviation Administration, National Flight Data Center
Source Question or Measurement: Airport facilities listing from the NFDC airport database
(variables Type, County, CountyState, Ownership, Use, ActivationDate, and
AirportStatusCode)
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000-2010
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: County
Calculation Methods: Calculated as the number of operational public-use airports, both
publicly and privately owned, in the continental US, Alaska, and Hawaii
Metric: Functional Bridges
Metric Variable: BRIDGFNC
Source: United States Department of Transportation, Highway Statistics Series
Source Question or Measurement: Highway Bridges by Owner, Functionally Obsolete Highway
Bridges by Owner
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000-2010
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: State
Calculation Methods: percent of all highway bridges that are not functionally obsolete
108
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Social Services
\JU?
Service: Public Works
Indicator: Quantity (continued)
Metric: Congested Roads
Metric Variable: ROADVOL
Source: United States Department of Transportation, Highway Statistics Series
Source Question or Measurement: National Highway System Length, Miles by Volume -
Service Flow Ratio
Alternative Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000-2008
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: State
Calculation Methods: Total urban and rural NHS miles with a volume/service flow ratio less
than or equal to 0.79, as a percentage of total reported miles
Metric: Summer Energy Reserve Margins
Metric Variable: SUMRCAP
Source: North American Electric Reliability Corporation, Summer Reliability Assessments
Source Question or Measurement: Existing Certain & Net Firm Transactions (%}, NERC
Reference Reserve Margin Level (%), Net Internal Demand (MW), Existing Certain & Net
Firm Transactions (MW), Net Capacity Resources (MW)
Alternate Source: N/A
Years Available: 2003-2010; annual
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: National
Calculation Methods: Calculated as the percent of NERC sub region reserve margins meeting
NERC reference reserve margin levels. Margin levels were either taken directly from
reports when available or derived from capacity and demand information as
100*(capacity-demand)/demand. The lowest reserve margin during the season for each
sub region was used for comparison. Existing certain and net firm transaction capacity
was preferred over net capacity resources, when available. NERC reference levels were
taken from reports where available (years 2009 & 2010), and imputed from the nearest
available year when sub region boundaries had not changed substantially, otherwise
they were set to 15%.
109
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Social Services
t 5
Service: Public Works
Indicator: Quantity (continued)
Metric: Winter Energy Reserve Margins
Metric Variable: WNTRCAP
Source: North American Electric Reliability Corporation, Winter Reliability Assessments
Source Question or Measurement: Existing Certain & Net Firm Transactions (%}, NERC
Reference Reserve Margin Level (%), Net Internal Demand (MW), Existing Certain & Net
Firm Transactions (MW), Net Capacity Resources (MW)
Alternate Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Aggregated Demand and Supply
Components Used for Reliability Determinations, Actual and Projected Ten-Years, Net
Internal Demand and Net Capacity Resources projected estimates
Years Available: 2003-2010; annual
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: National
Calculation Methods: Calculated as the percent of NERC sub region reserve margins meeting
NERC reference reserve margin levels. Margin levels were either taken directly from
reports when available or derived from capacity and demand information as
100*(capacity-demand)/demand. The lowest reserve margin during the season for each
sub region was used for comparison. Existing certain and net firm transaction capacity
was preferred over net capacity resources, when available. NERC reference levels were
taken from reports where available (years 2009 & 2010), and imputed from the nearest
available year when sub region boundaries had not changed substantially, otherwise
they were set to 15%.
110
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CURRENT STATUS AND NEXT STEPS
Previous research focused exclusively on developing an approach for characterizing human
well-being index (HWBI) relative to the economic, ecological, and social climate (Summers et al.
2012; USEPA 2012a; Smith et al. 2013). It is suggested that the HWBI may be one approach for
addressing total resources impacts and outcomes (TRIO), a concept that embraces the use of
holistic approaches for addressing community sustainability (Summers et al. 2014). However, it
is also important to connect those drivers that influence well-being to the HWBI in order to
bring the utility of the index to fruition-linking service flows to domains of well-being.
This report describes the initial results of the second installment of HWBI research. To date,
metric data have been collected and synthesized into the indicators described previously. The
metrics and indicators quantify the general provisioning "status" of services supplied by social,
natural, and built capitals. Standardized scores have been calculated using these service
indicators. The scorings offer a synoptic view of service provisioning and will tentatively be used
to explore potential relationships between service flows and well-being. Ongoing research
seeks to expand upon these observations toward developing true service-to-domain
relationship functions for predicting service-based alternate HWBI outcomes. Future research
will seek to evaluate the utility of these relationship functions in decision support tools.
111
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117
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APPENDIX A - SUMMARY TABLE OF DATA AND
AVAILABLE SPATIAL SCALES
118
-------
Economic Services
SERVICE
Capital
Investment
Capital
Investment
Capital
Investment
Capital
Investment
Capital
Investment
Capital
Investment
Capital
Investment
Consumption
Consumption
Consumption
Consumption
Consumption
Consumption
Employment
INDICATOR
Capital
Formation
Commercial
Durables
New Housing
Starts
New
Infrastructure
Investments
New
Infrastructure
Investments
New
Infrastructure
Investments
New
Infrastructure
Investments
Cost of Living
Discretionary
Spending
Goods and
Services
Goods and
Services
Goods and
Services
Sustainable
Consumption
Employment
METRIC
Domestic
Investment
Private
Inventories
Private
Residential
Investment
Private
Equipment
Investment
Private
Equipment
Investment
Public
Equipment
Investment
Public
Equipment
Investment
Consumer
Prices
Durable Goods
Durable Goods
Non-durable
Goods
Services
Spending
Organic Food
Employment
Rate
METRIC
MEASUREMENT
Net domestic investment,
percent change from
previous year
Change in private
inventories, percent
change from previous year
Private net investment
residential, percent
change from previous year
Private net investment
equipment and software,
percent change from
previous year
Private net investment
structures, percent change
from previous year
Public net investment
equipment and software,
percent change from
previous year
Public net investment
structures, percent change
from previous year
Consumer price index
Personal consumption
expenditures -
discretionary
Personal consumption
expenditures - durable
goods
Personal consumption
expenditures -non-
durable goods
Personal consumption
expenditures - services
Organic food sales
Employed - % of civilian/
non-institutional
population
METRIC
VARIABLE
DOMINVES
CHGINVEN
PRIRESID
PRIEQUIP
PRISTRUC
PUBEQUIP
PUBSTRUC
CPINDEX
PCEDISC
PCEDURA
PCENDUR
PCESERV
ORGFOOD
EMPLOYED
LOWEST
AVAILABLE
SCALE
COUNTY
LLJ
5
k
X
REGION
X
NATIONAL
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
119
-------
SERVICE
Employment
Employment
Employment
Employment
Employment
Finance
Finance
Finance
Finance
Finance
Finance
Finance
Innovation
INDICATOR
Employment
Employment
Employment
Diversity
Under-
employment
Unemployment
Governance
Governance
Loans
Loans
Loans
Loans
Savings
Investment
METRIC
Manufacturing
Self
Employment
Economic
Diversity
Under-
employment
Labor Force
Unemployment
State and Local
Government
Revenues
Outstanding
Public Debt
Commercial
Loans
Farm Loans
Individual
Loans
Real Estate
Loans
Personal
Savings
Science
Expenditure
METRIC
MEASUREMENT
Manufacturing
employment
Total full-time and part-
time proprietor
employment (farm &
nonfarm)
Ogive Index
Under-employed
Unemployed - % of labor
force
State and local
government revenue
(from own sources) per
capita
State and local
government outstanding
debt per capita
Commercial and industrial
loans from FDIC insured
institutions, change from
previous year
Farm loans from FDIC
insured institutions,
change from previous year
Loans to individuals from
FDIC insured institutions,
change from previous year
Real estate loans from
FDIC insured institutions,
change from previous year
Personal Savings, percent
change from previous year
Percentage of people who
think that we (as a
country) are spending the
right amount of money on
supporting scientific
research
METRIC
VARIABLE
EMPMANU
SELFEMP
OGIVE
UNDREMP
UNEMPLOY
LOCGOVREV
PUBDEBT
LOANSCI
LOANS FA
LOANS IN
LOANSRE
PSAVINGS
NATSCI
LOWEST
AVAILABLE
SCALE
COUNTY
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
LLJ
5
k
X
X
X
REGION
X
NATIONAL
X
120
-------
SERVICE
Innovation
Innovation
Production
Production
Production
Production
Production
Re-Distribution
Re-Distribution
Re-Distribution
Re-Distribution
Re-Distribution
INDICATOR
Investment
Patents and
Products
Exports
Household
Services
Market goods
and services
Market goods
and services
Sustainable
Production
Inequality
Public Support
Public Support
Public Support
Public Support
METRIC
R&D
Expenditures
Utility Patents
Exports
Volunteering
Value
Durable Goods
Gross Domestic
Product
Renewable
Energy
Production
Income
Equality
Individual
Federal Aid
Childcare
Expenditure
Welfare
Expenditure
Social Security
Expenditure
METRIC
MEASUREMENT
Research and
development expenditures
as a percentage of GDP,
percent change from
previous year
Utility patent grants,
Percent change from
previous year
Net Exports
Value of household
services and volunteering
GDP growth (real), durable
goods
GDP growth (real)
Renewable energy
production
GINI index of income
inequality, percent change
from previous year
Current transfer receipts
of individuals from
government, percent
change from previous year
Percentage of people who
think that we (as a
country) are spending the
right amount of money on
assistance for childcare
Percentage of people who
think that we (as a
country) are spending the
right amount of money on
welfare
Percentage of people who
think that we (as a
country) are spending the
right amount of money on
social security
METRIC
VARIABLE
RDFUNDS
PATENTS
NETEXPT
VALUEVOL
GDPGDUR
GDPGROW
RENEWEP
GINICOEF
GOVSOBEN
NATCHLD
NATFARE
NATSOC
LOWEST
AVAILABLE
SCALE
COUNTY
X
X
X
LLJ
5
k
X
X
X
X
X
REGION
X
X
X
NATIONAL
X
121
-------
SERVICE
Re-Distribution
INDICATOR
Public Support
METRIC
Unemployment
Expenditure
METRIC
MEASUREMENT
Percentage of people who
think that the government
should continue spending
the same amount of
money on unemployment
benefits
METRIC
VARIABLE
SPUNEMP
LOWEST
AVAILABLE
SCALE
>
D
O
(J
LLJ
| —
^T
z
o
(5
LLJ
ce.
X
_i
O
^T
z
122
-------
Ecosystem Services
SERVICE
Air Quality
Food, Fiber
and Fuel
Provisioning
Food, Fiber
and Fuel
Provisioning
Food, Fiber
and Fuel
Provisioning
Food, Fiber
and Fuel
Provisioning
Food, Fiber
and Fuel
Provisioning
Food, Fiber
and Fuel
Provisioning
Food, Fiber
and Fuel
Provisioning
Food, Fiber
and Fuel
Provisioning
Food, Fiber
and Fuel
Provisioning
Food, Fiber
and Fuel
Provisioning
Food, Fiber
and Fuel
Provisioning
INDICATOR
Usable Air
Energy
Energy
Energy
Energy
Food and Fiber
Food and Fiber
Food and Fiber
Raw Materials
Raw Materials
Raw Materials
Raw Materials
METRIC
Clean Air Days
Coal Reserves
Oil Reserves
Natural Gas
Reserves
Uranium
Reserves
Timber Volume
Commercial
Fisheries
Total Factor
Productivity
Copper
Reserves
Gold Reserves
Lead Reserves
Silver Reserves
METRIC
MEASUREMENT
Percentage of days with
good or moderate air
quality
Recoverable coal reserves
at producing mines
Crude oil proved reserves
Natural gas proved
reserves after lease
separation
Uranium (U3O8) Reserves
Net volume of saw-log
portion of sawtimber trees
on forest land
Commercial fishery
landings in metric tons
Total factor productivity
Metric tons of copper
reserves
Metric tons of gold
reserves
Metric tons of lead
reserves
Metric tons of silver
reserves
METRIC
VARIABLE
CLEANAIR
COALRSV
CRUDERSV
NGASRES
URANRSV
TIMBER
FISHERY
FFPROD
COPPER
GOLD
LEAD
SILVER
LOWEST
AVAILABLE
SCALE
COUNTY
X
LLJ
5
k
X
X
X
X
X
X
REGION
NATIONAL
X
X
X
X
X
123
-------
SERVICE
Food, Fiber
and Fuel
Provisioning
Greenspace
Greenspace
Greenspace
Greenspace
Greenspace
Greenspace
Greenspace
Water Quality
Water Quality
Water
Quantity
INDICATOR
Raw Materials
Natural Areas
Natural Areas
Natural Areas
Natural Areas
Recreation and
Aesthetics
Recreation and
Aesthetics
Recreation and
Aesthetics
Usable Water
Usable Water
Available Water
METRIC
Zinc Reserves
National Parks
Rural Parks
Park Visitors
Unclassified
Areas
Non-
consumption
Activity
Observing
Wildlife
Blue Space
Clear Water
Bodies
Beach Days
Sustainable
Water
METRIC
MEASUREMENT
Metric tons of zinc
reserves
National parks gross
acreage
Percentage of land
designated as a rural park
or wildlife area
Number of recreational
visitors to a National Park
located within a state
Unclassified land use acres
such as marshes, swamps,
bare rock, deserts, tundra
plus other uses not
estimated, classified, or
inventoried
Percentage of people who
did at least one
nonconsumptive activity
within a mile of their home
Percentage of people who
took a trip or outing at
least one mile from their
home, but still within their
resident state, for the
primary purpose of
observing, photographing
or feeding wildlife
Square miles of water per
1000 population
Percentage of assessed
water bodies in a state
that received a "Good"
rating (versus impaired or
threatened)
Percent of monitored days
under a beach action
Water Sustainability Index
METRIC
VARIABLE
ZINC
NATPARKS
RURPARKS
NPSVISIT
LU OTHER
WLDHOME
WLDSTATE
BLUESPC
CLEANWAT
BEACH DAYS
WSI
LOWEST
AVAILABLE
SCALE
2
D
O
(J
X
X
X
LLJ
l/l
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
2
O
H
LLJ
cc
2
O
1-
•z.
X
124
-------
SERVICE
Water
Quantity
INDICATOR
Available Water
METRIC
Drought
METRIC
MEASUREMENT
Average of monthly
Palmer Hydrological
Drought Index values
METRIC
VARIABLE
PHDI
LOWEST
AVAILABLE
SCALE
2
D
O
(J
LLJ
l/l
X
^
O
H
LLJ
CC
2
O
1-
z
125
-------
Social Services
SERVICE
Activism
Activism
Activism
Activism
Communication
Communication
Communication
Communication
Communication
Communication
INDICATOR
Participation
Participation
Participation
Participation
Accessibility
Accessibility
Accessibility
Industry
Infrastructure
Industry
Infrastructure
Industry
Infrastructure
METRIC
Boycotting
Social Change
Investment
Protests
Petitions
Cellphones
Telephone
Coverage
Household
Internet
Access
Internet Speed
Internet
Quality
Cellular
Towers
METRIC
MEASUREMENT
Percentage of people who
boycotted a product over
the past 5 years
Percentage of people who
gave money to a group
advocating social change
over the past 5 years
Percentage of people who
attended an organized
protest of any kind over
the past 12 months
Percentage of people who
signed a paper or online
petition over the past 12
months
Percentage of people who
have a working cell phone
Percentage of people who
have a telephone (either in
their home, elsewhere, or
a cellular phone)
Member of this household
access the internet at
home
Average throughput in
Mbps where the mean
distance between the
client and the server is less
than 300 miles, from the
Household Download
Index
Average of R-Factor where
the mean distance
between the client and the
server is less than 300
miles, from the Household
Quality Index
Number of licensed
cellular broadcast
structures
METRIC
VARIABLE
BOYCOTT
GIVCHNG
PROTEST
SIGNPET
CELLPHONE
PHONE
HWEBACC
NETDOWNL
NETQUAL
TOWERS
LOWEST
AVAILABLE
SCALE
•z.
D
8
X
X
LLJ
S
k
X
X
X
O
O
LLJ
ce.
X
X
X
X
X
_i
•^
O
1-
=
126
-------
SERVICE
Communication
Communication
Communication
Communication
Community and
Faith-based
Initiatives
Community and
Faith-based
Initiatives
Education
Education
Education
Education
INDICATOR
Providers
Public Service
Communication
Quality
Quality
Investment
Providers
Accessibility
Accessibility
Accessibility
Confidence
METRIC
Information
Employment
Community
Service
Broadcasts
Confidence in
Press
Confidence in
Television
Art
Expenditure
Non-Profit
Organizations
Adult
Education
Educational
Financial Aid
Number of
Schools
Confidence in
Education
METRIC
MEASUREMENT
Number of people
employed in information
(NAICS 51) per 100,000
population
Extent (in dollars
generated) of TV and radio
station participation in
community service
activities, calculated per
capita
Percentage of people who
have a great deal of
confidence in the people
running the press
Percentage of people who
have a great deal of
confidence in television
Percentage of people who
think that the government
is spending the right
amount on culture and the
arts
Number of Registered
Non-Profit Organizations
per 100,000 population
Percentage of primary and
secondary schools that are
charter, magnet,
vocational, or other
alternative educational
institutions
Percentage of persons
attending a college or
university that receive
educational assistance
money
Total number of schools
Percentage of people who
have a great deal of
confidence in the people
running the institution of
education
METRIC
VARIABLE
INFOEMPL
PUBSERV
CONPRESS
CONTV
S PARTS
NPOS
ALTEDU
EDUAID
SCHOOL
CONEDUC
LOWEST
AVAILABLE
SCALE
•z.
8
X
X
X
X
LLJ
X
X
O
(D
LLJ
ce.
X
X
X
X
_i
2
O
1-
•z.
127
-------
SERVICE
Education
Education
Education
Education
Emergency
Preparedness
Emergency
Preparedness
Emergency
Preparedness
Family Services
Family Services
Family Services
Family Services
INDICATOR
Investment
Investment
Providers
Providers
Post-Disaster
Response
Pre-Disaster
Planning
Responders
Accessibility
Accessibility
Effectiveness
Effectiveness
METRIC
Per Pupil
Spending
Education
Expenditure
Educational
Employment
Student/
Teacher Ratio
Natural
Disaster
Expenditure
Prepared
Individuals
Emergency
Employment
Child Services
Expedience
Sheltered
Homeless
Adoption
Expedience
Child Services
Rate
METRIC
MEASUREMENT
Education spending per
student
Percentage of people who
think that our country is
spending about the right
amount on improving the
nation's education system
Number of people
employed in educational
services (NAICS 61) per
100,000 population
Pupil/teacher ratio
Percentage of people who
think that the government
is spending enough on
natural disasters
Percentage of people who
think that they are "very"
or "somewhat" prepared
for a large-scale disaster or
emergency
Number of people
employed in emergency
preparedness occupations
per 100,000 population
Average number of days
before a child received
services
Percentage of the
homeless population that
is unsheltered
Percentage of children
who were adopted in less
than 12 months (after
termination of parental
rights)
Children who received
preventive services, rate
per 1,000 children
METRIC
VARIABLE
PUPSPEND
NATEDUC
EDUEMPL
PUPTCH
SPNATDIS
PREPARED
EMEREMPL
CHLDSRVS
HOMELESS
ADOPT
CHLDPRE
LOWEST
AVAILABLE
SCALE
COUNTY
X
X
X
LLJ
5
k
X
X
X
X
X
X
REGION
X
X
NATIONAL
128
-------
SERVICE
Family Services
Family Services
Family Services
Healthcare
Healthcare
Healthcare
Healthcare
Healthcare
INDICATOR
Effectiveness
Investment
Providers
Accessibility
Accessibility
Accessibility
Accessibility
Accessibility
METRIC
Recurrent
Child
Maltreatment
Family
Services
Investment
Family
Services
Employment
Health Costs
Healthcare
Worker
Shortages
Access to
Medicine
Medicare
Health
gencies
METRIC
MEASUREMENT
Percentage of children
who did not experience
recurrent maltreatment
within a six month period
Total federal outlays for
grants to state and local
governments for children
and families services and
promoting safe and stable
families programs, in
millions of dollars
Number of people
employed in family
services occupations per
100,000 population
Average percentage of
people who could afford
needed prescription drugs,
dental care, and medical
care
Percentage of people who
had enough money to pay
for healthcare and
medicines for themselves
and their family
Percentage of people who
can easily get medicine in
the town or city where
they live
Percentage of persons
enrolled in hospital
insurance and/or
supplemental medical
insurance (Medicare) per
county population
Number of local, state,
and/or regional public
health agencies, offices,
and/or departments per
100,000 population
METRIC
VARIABLE
MALTREAT
FSRVINV
FSRVEMPL
HLTHCOST
HPSA
MEDS
SUPINS
HLTHAGCY
LOWEST
AVAILABLE
SCALE
z
D
8
X
X
X
X
LLJ
5
k
X
X
X
O
(D
LLJ
ce.
_i
z
O
1-
z
X
129
-------
SERVICE
Healthcare
Healthcare
Healthcare
Healthcare
Healthcare
Justice
Justice
Justice
Justice
INDICATOR
Investment
Investment
Investment
Providers
Quality
Accessibility
Accessibility
Confidence
Environmental
METRIC
Federal Health
Expenditures
Federal
Hospital
Expenditure
National
Health
Expenditure
Health
Employment
Confidence in
Medicine
Appellate Fair
Justice
Trial Caseload
Rate
Confidence in
Courts
EPA
Enforcement
METRIC
MEASUREMENT
Direct general
expenditures for health by
the local government per
1,000 people
General expenditures for
hospitals by local
government
Percentage of people who
feel that we are spending
the right amount on
improving and protecting
the nation's health
Number of people
employed in healthcare
occupations per 100,000
population (includes
practitioners, technical
and support, but excludes
Family and General
Practitioners)
Percentage of people who
have a great deal of
confidence in the people
running the institution of
medicine
Average appellate court
caseload clearance rate
(number of outgoing cases
as a percentage of the
number of incoming cases)
Average trial court
caseload clearance rate
(number of outgoing cases
as a percentage of the
number of incoming cases)
Percentage of people who
have complete or a great
deal of confidence in the
courts and legal system
Number of concluded EPA
enforcement cases
METRIC
VARIABLE
HLTHINV
HOSPINV
NATHEAL
HLTHEMPL
CONMEDIC
ACRTCASE
TCRTCASE
CONCOURT
EJCASES
LOWEST
AVAILABLE
SCALE
COUNTY
X
X
X
LLJ
X
X
X
REGION
X
X
X
NATIONAL
130
-------
SERVICE
Justice
Justice
Justice
Justice
Justice
Justice
Justice
Labor
INDICATOR
Environmental
Environmental
Environmental
Investment
Investment
Providers
Quality
Confidence
METRIC
African-
American TRI
Exposure
Other TRI
Exposure
Caucasian TRI
Exposure
Crime
Expenditure
Environmental
Expenditure
Environmental
Expenditure
Controlling
Crime
Confidence in
Labor
METRIC
MEASUREMENT
Number of persons of
black or African American
race per square mile per
registered TRI facility
Number of persons of
American Indian or
Alaskan native alone, Asian
alone, native Hawaiian or
other Pacific Islander, two
or more races, and any
other race per square mile
per registered TRI facility
Number of persons of
white race per square mile
per registered TRI facility
Percentage of people who
feel that we are spending
the right amount of money
on halting the rising crime
rate
Percentage of people who
feel that we are spending
the right amount of money
on improving and
protecting the
environment
Number of people
employed in legal, police
and sheriff's patrol
officers, and probation
officers and corrective
treatment occupations per
100,000 population
Percentage of people who
feel that the government is
(very and quite) successful
at controlling crime
Percentage of people who
have a great deal of
confidence in the people
running the institution of
organized labor
METRIC
VARIABLE
TRI BLACK
TRIOTHER
TRIWHITE
NATCRIME
NATENVIR
JUSTEMPL
HELPCRIM
CON LABOR
LOWEST
AVAILABLE
SCALE
•z.
D
8
X
X
X
LLJ
S
k
X
O
O
LLJ
ce.
X
X
X
X
_i
2
O
1-
•z.
131
-------
SERVICE
Labor
Labor
Labor
Public Works
Public Works
Public Works
Public Works
Public Works
Public Works
Public Works
Public Works
INDICATOR
Effectiveness
Employee
Rights
Employee
Rights
Accessibility
Accessibility
Investment
Investment
Investment
Investment
Providers
Quality
METRIC
Worker
Injuries
Labor Union
Memberships
EEO Charges
Public
Transport
Safe Water
Mass Transit
Expenditure
Park
Expenditure
Highway
Expenditure
Public Works
Investment
Utility
Employment
Structural
Bridges
METRIC
MEASUREMENT
Number of recordable
work-related injuries and
illnesses per 100 full-time
employees
Percentage of people who
are a member of a labor
union
Number of EEO charges
per 1000 employed
Percentage of the labor
force who use public
transportation to get to
work
Percentage of people who
say that it is easy to get
clean and safe water in the
city or area where they live
Percentage of people who
think that we are spending
the right amount of money
on mass transportation
Percentage of people who
think that we are spending
the right amount of money
on parks and recreation
Percentage of people who
think that we are spending
the right amount of money
on highways and bridges
Per capita state and local
government expenditure
on utilities, transportation,
parks and recreation,
sewerage and solid waste
treatment
Number of people
employed in utilities
(NAICS 22) per 100,000
population
Percentage of bridges that
are not structurally
deficient
METRIC
VARIABLE
WRKINJUR
LABRUN
EEOCHRG2
PUBTRANS
SAFEWAT
NATMASS
NATPARK
NATROAD
PUBWKINV
UTILEMPL
BRIDGSTR
LOWEST
AVAILABLE
SCALE
COUNTY
X
X
X
X
LLJ
X
X
X
X
REGION
X
X
X
NATIONAL
132
-------
SERVICE
Public Works
Public Works
Public Works
Public Works
Public Works
Public Works
Public Works
Public Works
Public Works
INDICATOR
Quality
Quality
Quality
Quality
Quantity
Quantity
Quantity
Quantity
Quantity
METRIC
Recovered
Waste
Power
Outages
Rough Roads
Runway
Condition
Number of
Airports
Functional
Bridges
Congested
Roads
Summer
Energy
Reserve
Margins
Winter Energy
Reserve
Margins
METRIC
MEASUREMENT
Materials recovery from
municipal solid waste by
recycling and composting
Percentage of electric
power customers who
were affected by large
disturbances or unusual
electric events/outages
Percentage of road miles
with a roughness index
category of acceptable or
better (represented by an
International Roughness
Index value less than or
equal to 170 inches/mile)
Percentage of National
Plan of Integrated Airport
Systems (NPIAS) airports
with runways rated in
good or fair condition
Count of public-use airport
facilities (publicly or
privately owned)
Percentage of bridges that
are not functionally
deficient
Percentage of road miles
that are not congested
(represented by a
volume/service flow ratio
less than 0.71)
Summer peak energy
capacity margin (the
amount of unused
available capacity of an
electric power system at
peak load)
Winter peak energy
capacity margin (the
amount of unused
available capacity of an
electric power system at
peak load)
METRIC
VARIABLE
MSWRECOV
POWEROUT
ROADIRI
RUNWAY
AIRPORTS1
BRIDGFNC
ROADVOL
SUMRCAP
WNTRCAP
LOWEST
AVAILABLE
SCALE
COUNTY
X
LLJ
X
X
X
REGION
NATIONAL
X
X
X
X
X
133
-------
APPENDIX B - DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS AND HISTOGRAMS
134
-------
METRIC: DOMMVES
Ntt domtsdc mvMtmorv. ptrcint chanfc from previous i
METRIC: CHGWVEN
Charvfli Hi prtv aft tnvimonv*. ptrctnt chartflt From prtvious v*ar
•
SEFMCE C*riHrwv5trmrtltJDŁATC'tr -,»|i** f o«-*v«»
v it •:w
-------
METRIC: PRISTRUC
Prlvitt nit tnvtstnttnr structures ptrctnt ching* from previous ftar
METRIC: PUEEQU1P
Public r#t investment equipment and software, percent chang* fr. IU I
SERvlCE
METRIC: PUBSTRUC
Public ivtt inv»inn«nt swutTUTts. p»rc«nt chanfi from privious ft»c
METRIC: CPINDEX
Consumer prtci md«x
:*f il IIMAInMn IU1CATOR N»
IBIVICE C«nun(liL
-------
METRIC: PC ED ISC
P«r*onal consumption •iptndttur*s - dtscrttlonarv
METRIC: PCEDURA
Ptrsonjl consumption ixpcndlturf s - durjblt goods
METRIC: PCENDUR
Ptrtoiul f vniuMptlon ixp»r\drturis - non-4urafeti foods
METRIC: PCESERV
Personal consun^tion •xpon^lturn • sirvlcis
137
-------
METRIC :ORGFOOO
Organic food saltl
METRIC: EMPLOYED
Cmploytd • It of cwtllarW nofl4ntttulianal pepuliticn
5) a i; in ti e> u »T id TI n
METRIC :EMPMANU
METRIC: SELFEMP
T«tal fu*J -tnn« and part>txBB pfopnitor
>/:Tt 849
138
-------
METRIC: OGIVE
O0lvt Ir d* i
METRIC :UNDREMP
IB
i
ll
Mtfnr VMM
NOTE.
•h
u ' • • i » :
METRIC: UNEMPLOY
3 . % of bb :.r ferci
METRIC: LOCCOVREV
Slit* and locll govirnmervt rf vtfiu* Jtram own vourcil) p*r c»plti
•«••« ItBCAI-.P L>l«I»lrr««l
>*:TE r*s >
«« t>nutu:l>jn
139
-------
METRIC: PUBOEBT
Start* an«l local govarrMtont o\iti?3irdlng dobt p«r capita
METRIC: LOANSCI
Co«aB*rclal an4 Industrial loins froa f 0*C Insurtd inttftuaons.
from prtnom v*; TE ET72 t
METRIC: LOANSFA
Fam koini from FOIC msuritf institutions, chino* fr*m pr«wious y«a
METRIC: LOANSIN
Leans to Individuals from f tHC Insund Institutions, changt froir
prtnotn it i •
161
i K
llr
I
i: :• n •« t » i« :>
Mtfnt van*
'0 ::j
T5 0
NOTE '8B2 idewi o*fc.l^U».-M Mife tfxthjdd* piw u IMI*a)rMl c
MfaMrv tfjInlKk liuiiito ill alt«n«uni
MOTE 1)29 UIBAI iAb«r»41Mnt **i*
140
-------
METRIC: LOANSRE
Real vrtjtt l«ani from FOtC miurttfi urttunoni. chang* fr»i* previous
METRIC: PS A VINOS
Pvrconal Savings, p trc«nt change fron previous i«ar
NOTE t3B ujBu o**«fMIW(H «NIA «xcljtetf uifcw u iMinn
JlltU.* itefcldl HI
METRIC: NATSCI
Pirc«ntag« of peoplt who think thatwi {as a country an spindtng the
right anwunt *f m«i*v »«i «l»p»rt»iB »>*ntlfl< r»narch
METRIC: ROFUNOS
Rtsearch and 4«vtlopm*nt txperdftjfes as a per:«ntag« of GOP. ptrctm
Chang* from prtviouf y«ar
.
SERVICE innw*ir«i rtLii *'• .o
5ERVKE inuMDui riCictT -p
141
-------
METRIC: PATENTS
Utility pjtint grants- Ptrc«nt tnangt from envious f*«r
HIM
I MM
0
WOt. i:OS
1M W W W 20 0 20 M M ID M • ' '
METRIC: NETEXPT
Nttdports
SEFVKE PI04U.-IUH iUlCATOR Etpull
METRIC: VALUE VOL
v jtue of houschotd s *rv : *s and volunteering
(METRIC: CDPCDUR
GOP growth (rial), durablt good]
I-
'•» 51 I > I » 1!
Mtfnr Vilut
SSMCt P«*Kftw< «Dc>r « Miii>l|Di4
:' » Ji M
142
-------
METRIC :GDPGROW
GOP growl*1 (rill)
METRIC: RENCWEP
Rtniwabl* tntrgy protfuctten
-M « -At -I -it I 14 1 M I M I IKS
METRIC: GMtCOEF
GIM «l4ox of Incoma cntquxMv p«'c»r« chang* from prowous year
METRIC: GOVSOBEN
Cwrtmtrmiftr r«i«ip(5 of Indlmtutfi froa govirnmint cxunt cKjnm
Inm pnvloui ytar
SBMCC
III
Sirtimji
Hum
WOr-
111 M
77SJ
>i ii
ti.
143
-------
PI
METRIC: NATCHLD
* t antagt of p«of)l« who think that wo (as a country} art spending tno
right MHunt of Monoy on aiwKanco for chwlc art
METRIC: NAT FARE
Ptf ccntag* of pioplf wtvo ttilnk th* w« (at a tountr^l aro spending tfit
right avount of Mn*v on wi*irt
JIM ?JH MJS ,'»M Jl .'5
!a.i.,. -.'itj.
BEP^CE P»D.lli«. Jlui riaCATCfi PuU«.
>m »«
METRIC: HATSOC
Porconngo of piaplt who Ihln* that wo (as a country) aft spending ttio
right amount of monty on so4«al socunty
METRIC: 6PUNEMP
Ptrcontag* of ptovli who thin* that tht govommtnt should contlnaio
« samt aoount of M>n*y on
-------
METRIC: CLEANAIR
Ptr:*ntag« or day* *lth »ood or moderate air quality
METRIC: COALRSV
Recoverable coal reserves X produc Ing mints
~
m CHI i» M
1an». < ID Tin
-I" IT' <57?
Mtfnr vtm
METRIC: CRUDERSV
Crutft c" provtd rtstrws
METRIC: NCASRES
Natural gas provtdr«s«rvci afttr lias* siparancn
. •:•
N ::n
MK KM
•Mian Mil
an o« in?:
P4H|» 1U971H
<:ow «wo MWO
145
-------
METRIC: URANRSV
UrinlLfl* ;U1O6) Rasirvts
METRIC: FFPROD
Tool factor productivity
tt ttt at i« 15 IK -5 us '«
Uti.ii VJu.
SERVICE rial Fk« UM FMP'nnunnj MBCAKB r>atllMlF4p
-------
METRIC: COPPER
Mttnc ions o* cocp«r rcitrvti
METRIC: COLD
MltTK to«l* 9t Hold rtttrvtf
M
J.
M
W
10
SERVICE F.oJ F»« «rf Full PiHHunr^ lOCiTGR Rjw
SERVICE F«X fUm ini Full Pmaunn) »IDIC*7-p. Km
METRIC: LEAD
tric tons o* ttad rti«rves
METRIC: SILVER
Mttrlc tonl of f*vtr r«sirv«i
SERVICE F«M F»«inJFu.lP.»»oi.r^«C«CiTC«
147
-------
METRIC: ZINC
tric tons of one reserves
METRIC: LUOTHER
tunbrg flat «hir uses not ostwateg. classified or mvimonta
H
It!
tU?
tin
«*»• ttt>111E9
:otn . '(il.ia<• ...(uliu hj
i tfjtnllck itvtudi ill at««n*ktm
METRIC: NATPARKS
NjDonai parks gross acreage
1*1 "El i"- . ! -FI
..,.,.-'.
alto «fcMrt»ttl* <*** «iUt*l«4 flu 14 MlafMn
HIM »| ItflMIO IfekiAt If! jU.i.Uum
METRIC: NFSVISIT
Number of recreational visitors to a Naboiujpark l«cated wlthm a
tot*
MWir V*w
iVAnn
148
-------
METRIC: RURPARKS
Ptrctntjf • ot land tit«. for tht prmjr, pu
SEfMCE GnwwKc IND»0»TOR P»n*ltima>4 *>wt--<
. JW a-l»>41Mt W4i «*cbiht)pl»jl K hiKt^tHn COHAwbtfl
149
-------
METRIC: BEACHOAYS
Percent of monitored days •Jndf i btMh »cU«n
METRIC: CLEANWAT
Ptr<*nc?B* of asstsi*d wstef bo-dlu -i a itjti ttiit ric*rv«d > 'Good
rating (vtrsut lmp»rta or t
SERVICE W».i Gu4tl< IUHCATOR Uu«4 WU«
METRIC: PHDI
Av«rag« of months Palm«f Hydro(op>cif Drought Indt« valuts
METRIC: WSI
Mr Sumlniklllty IIMJI
.11 .«> -»• 4. 3 111 .OS 0« II 4:
.
I
totmun 3UIUXI
ii xn
Htm .14:
0 »5 1 IS
150
-------
METRIC: BOYCOTT
Pirconrag* of ptoplo who boyt otttd a product over tfit past 9 y»a
METRIC: GIVCHNO
P«rc«ntag* ofpooplt who gavt Monty to a group advocating social cHangc
ovtr ttit past 9 y« ars
IB .'4
kv.li.: '.'il,.
EEPvlCE «Ur4mi I4DIC •'< • • .
EEP/ICE AiUnnn NdCAT'IP F in. , v .
METRIC: PROTEST
Porconrag* of ptopl* who jowod a protest ra% or varcti ovor tho past S
nan
METRIC: SIGNPET
Ptrc«it>ge or p»opto wio s*gr»id a petition or an o-«arf lottvr ovtr tht
past S v»ars
151
-------
METRIC: CELLPHONE
Ptrctnnpo of poapli wKo liitv* a wortwigi evil phont
METRIC: HWEBACC
Pt'ttntaot of hounholtfi that accotiod tho Inctrrict at any locatxm (
i or ottiof location)
•Mjiimir.'':.!)!'.'.:;
N 2674
Man ':;;.
Hidan 7r.
euDn :i if
Rangt 0'*100
•5ER'-1CE C.jninui.. Jiui
METRIC: PHONE
= trc t ita g« ofproptawtiohavtl ttliphtmt (>lm>r In Hl«r ho«M,
tluwlitft, o
METRIC: NETDOWNL
Avtragt throughout In Mb|>5 wh«f« ttt* It ii than 300 mlloi fro* tho Kouiohold Download tntfoi
H
kWI... Vltj.
SERVICE Comnait»Mi flOCAKS
JWC 4M5 WW MM MM IMM UBIti 1 iWO HWD
MM
irniuifcOioi NEICATCf! «i4jurr lit«lni>liii>
152
-------
METRIC: NCTQUAL
°' R-factor wtiirt t»i« »«an distance bocwvtn tht Itom and th«
s«rv»r li l*it thin MO mllti fro» tt>« Houuhold Quality lnd«
METRIC :TOWIRS
r of hctnstd ctllular broadcast UnMtuni
Mdan
SM o«
\l1Vl
3
I If 61
Illlll.....
4 '. •' 78 » ID 11 1! 13 14 15 It
I.HI. -.'Hj.
SERVICE dnmuik.i:TE 334 ullu •
MM« ncluJ. J filer (o tiuo^um c
ii, «1atjU1C4 11. ki-J. J ObMIMttaM
METRIC: INFOEMPL
twmb
-------
(METRIC: COMPRESS
entage at peocle who havt a final 4eal o? conlSrfcnct m tfi« people
runmg thi pees*
METRIC: CONTV
Percentage of people wtio ftave a great deal of confluence In televiwon
Pe«
•
METRIC: SPARTS
aot of p*opit who Win* that ttit govtfnmant u iptndvig th* right
t on culture and th» am
METRIC: NPOS
r of R«f)xt»ro4 N»n-Proftt Organizabom pir 100.000 population
M«nr V«w
SEPMCC CI-TOW, IM FMt>8»r< «.«*«» WOCATCfl
C-ifiniuilt vidFjlh-E»>illiilin>vi riDICiKR
-
li i IT> Ijik. J i..,,j. in
154
-------
METRIC: ALTEDU
Percentage of primary and secondary schools that are charter, magnet
v*cati*nal. »r other atomative educaeenal institutions
METRIC: EDUAID
Percentage of persons attending j college orumvertitt that rece
educatranal assistance money
j| IITifmY,
1RD
-
IHOvr MH
Rant* 0*100
1 ' ' • . .*< ID M 3* «: tfi
Memt VUue
innlMUCATuft AccmiMi
u: IE
M.IH. Vibt
ttjinti; t iKkidi HI otuneuon
SERVICE
•
METRIC: SCHOOL
Total number of schools p«f 100,000 pccp!<
METRIC: CONEDUC
Percentage of peofvle who have a great deal of confidence hi the people
t*MNM»1
o it a •»
<« >M >s iro ito
nlH_i>..'
MUh
suialo Inckidi
155
-------
METRIC: NATEDUC
Ptrc«ncag« of ptopli who think that our country Is spanning about 1h«
nght jmount on Mvrovlng »t nabon'i >ducaticn iyitMi
METRIC: PUPSPEND
Education spending p«r stxjd*nt
UWI 11 Mr Wllll IH»
j L. M
'> •. n
mow .'
Rvt> UfSttlM
Jlb^
4HU SMO MM '«W »MO ID.'Wll
SERVICE
METRIC: EDUEMPL
t*jmb«r or n«otH tmpl9r*d In lOucitionii i«rv««s INA1CS 41] nr 100.000
METRIC: PUPTCH
W ratio
iw KM «s MO :M MO IKO i:or- mo DM >no tin
Milnr Vriut
156
-------
METRIC: SPNATDIS
Pore orttagt o* people who think ttitt tfte government /j iptndwig enough on
natural dliaiten
SfS*JI<Ł Emmmty PwpjmJmn nOC*T.« Poll Onnlo
MI'TE ->i* utilNi UIWMJIIOA WM •itludtd ptw to ttU'ifint <
METRIC: PREPARED
Ptrc tnxagt at p»of\t who ttilnA :h» tftf y art 'viry' of 'lom
pr«pjrtd for I l]rg«-ii IX TE rfii
i Hannf*j
'•iiiu;lui
METRIC: EMEREMPL
r«umbor of ptopk cmp*oy*<] m •••rgincv prep vtdntss occuviooni p«' 100.
•
METRIC: CHLDSRVS
1, trjgt n jmh*r of days before a ctilld roctrvfld servlcos
• ,:. ••.• .
1 rr,,
•
«0 100 ISO HC
SEP-vKE Fan.l, &1MUI IIOCATDP «tc«ut
-------
METRIC: HOMELESS
Percentage of the noseless popirfaflon that if wnsheHe'ed
METRIC: ADOPT
Percentage of chtfdren who were adopted in (ess ttun 12 etonths {after
termlnnlon o< Bar«n«al rights)
•
Mti
S>dDl> 21 M
R«ro> I 0)'•>*'!.•
1
in; u « « si 5' nun*) «7 »i
SEFVKE Finilf S^Mto
SERVICE
«<\KM IIC«C*Ti:«
METRIC: CHLDPRE METRIC: MALTREAT
Children who received preverrtrve services, rate cur 1,000 oMdrtfi Percentage of children who did not eipenertce recurrent •
wrthln i HI ewnth per»d
158
-------
METRIC: FSRVINV
Total ftotral outlays for granti to ftatt and lot al governments for
chMrtn and fw*«i nrvlcti and provotmg »af» anil itabta fa«*oi...
IMC
METRIC: FSRVEMPL
S jmb tr of p«ael« ompiovod *1 faMMly strvicoi ocoupabonl por 100 000
population
so «o u
SERVICE Finll< S^Mut IWCAroF Imtlimtt
SERVICE Fltnlf E^MKI l»O>;*TuR- Plutfllt
METRIC: HLTHACCY
Nuwbor of local, stxo anoYor regional publKt htaRh igtnctos. offlctl
r tftpartmofltl pa* 100 000 population
METRIC: HLTHCOST
Pf ^t tptagr of pooplt who had tflougn monoy to pay for Koalthcaro and
s for th*m»t*vfs and thtlr fa«*y
: i ,i ii ii,
«,*!.:«.;
lKiit MI>
JltflMII 4l*«ll t IHll*l.
». c,»,(,l.r
159
-------
METRIC: HPSA
Hoatm Provisional Stioftag* Vta (HPSA) soort
Simitar, Emixo
II 2C70
.•• 14 13 »t i: 144 114 111. H.l 24
METRIC: MEDS
PonontaD* of pto?l4 who can easily got mi dlclrw In th« towm or 4Ky
wtwra thn kv*
iMmutMMM
li 1111
Molxi 931
III On i; i?
ID Ringt
i'
f
«0!f H75MJ5
:; ..... ' H.fl •' ' <
!.* •>
SERVICE Hil«h;iHriaCAT':«:*c«MlillY
METRIC: SUP INS
°trctntaflf of ptrsoni onrolltd In hospital vnurmct inoVor supp4*m«ntai
modlcal Insurant • (Mtdloart) p*r national populabon
II
METRIC: HLTHINV
Olroit 0«rMral tiptftdMurosfor healtti bytfta local c/ov*rnOMnt p«r
npta
U>M(Ml .
tunnuh tUitfut mluj. 4l dit
:..f,..iJ, iunlll
H '<
HMn 7HM
NMun ):an WOOKfl hnilmmt
nwu tlitiwiik i»li>l. 4! LijhirMlMirt
<
160
-------
METRIC: HOSPIHV
Olrtct gtnoral a iptficfcturt? for hosp«ali by ttit focal govorn»ont por
MIB
•I
in
•Man 0
SM [»' 4591
Ranpl 0 h> 44'*
(.Kill- Vjk,.
METRIC: NATHEAL
Ptrctnng* of ptoi>lt who ft«f thit w« art ipinAng tht rlgtrt amount on
•proving and protecting tho nation'i hulPi
tt*«u» mlwjt Jl ciit
ti
SBTldCE hhiftkau IIOCiTCf! tinUin.Mt
METRIC: ML THEM PL
btr of p«opft ewploy«d In htaAKcir* occupoMlons per
po»irfaMwi (noludvs practtiontrr tMhiwH and Mp«on. but
METRIC: CONMEDIC
Ptrcantago of paopla who Kava a gnat dial of conftdofica m tht poopit
naniwig tho Inttrtubon of Mod
"
-
•
•
•
I HO
i!'. llj-
tiBClTCf!: Quill)
161
-------
METRIC: ACRTCASE
Avtrao* apptaau I ourt casvtoad maranc* rat* (niMtotr of outgoing
:>!«-. as a p«rcent»oe of th« number of ir: omlr n caiK)
H 10:
Mitir "»f
NOTE
ft AtcvwtMl)
lc- Imlc-ju
METRIC: TCRTCA3E
Av«ra0« tnal coivt casttoad cIvaratKi rat* inunbtf of outgoing cast j as
i ptrc*ntao« of Bit nuM»r of mcowng imsl
15
«<:
KM
so on M t:
IMrMlUM AMI* M
METRIC: CONCOURT
Percentage of pooplc who have compete or a gnat deal of oonftdificc m
th« courts and '•»» lystim
METRIC: EJCASES
r of conchjdod CPA inforc<»inr castl
H R1I
Hen t ID;
•edit 0
I
,
i IT.'- Ijri : •.-• .
kWir '-'111.
SC^'KE Ju«ic» HDICAV.n
162
-------
METRIC: TRIBLACK
N«*>»r of prrioni of black or Afrit an A»«rlcan rat* ptr iquart •*• pir
NOTE 1015 urilw •tt'tkArfiiii
>t4MWflallr *W4 «Uli*Jrl 4«lil t'.'
nmjii tuittut iitik*]* jl t4iiMr
11114
m >55i
Ian Ot»5
VttDfi M1]
Ranpt
' in OK 0>5 I OP 13 M! 1M H5 ^05 in 24', IM 2»
Mttir • !>/•
METRIC: TRKJTHER
NuaAtr of ptrsoni of AfflBncan Indian or Alaskan nastv* alone. Asian
alon* nattvt Ha«r»an of othtr Cacrflc Islandtr two IK »ort ram.
oiu on t M ou D) in itt in iiUudb<] t
tunrruh tltfifiut luluJ* 4l dilNfMlMfit
i!'. 'll
IIOCiT. F Itotlmrl
163
-------
METRIC: NATENVIR
Percentage at people who feel trt a? we art spenttng the rlgM amount of
money on Improving and protecting Pie environment
METRIC: JUSTEMPL
NtMber of people ••ployed In legal pobtt and snirtfTs patrol offloirs
ma profcjbon olfictr! md corrttTI.t tr«jb»tn< oimpxioni p«r WO.O...
SERVICE Jini>-. IIOCML P InnlrrNrl
SCIIVICE JUIIIK WBCAl <-
10 outlbt L4>MrMlunt AMI* *»chiikd pitti lohttlc^i
ivrrtliLf:lu(i
METRIC :HELPCRIM
Ptrctntftgt of pi«p«i wtio '• tl that the 0DV trruKvnt If (very artd «ult«}
succcsi^u M oontrollii>n crime
METRIC: CONLABOR
Prrc »Maa« o* people who have i great deal of confVdence m ttie peopie
runnenf th« InnMuMn of organized labor
•
SERVICE JuOn. riQCAKR Quit,
il- • llj.
Lltoi HdCATCfi
164
-------
METRIC :WRKIHJUR
r of recordable work-related »ijunes and Illnesses por 100 ful-
METRIC: EEOCHRG2
r of ECO charges per 1000 ompeoyftf
01] 0.45 a« 105 tH l«l I .:
5B3MCE Ut-jl rlBCATCfi ErhUIMMM
i
METRIC: LABRUN
P«rctnt»g« of ptopit wno ire a m««fe*r of a Ijtoor uiwon
METRIC: PUBTRANS
P trcintigt of iHi labor force wKo us* pub»: transportation to get to
work
eunnuri sum., i
II 7I1f
1M
Lil»i«Uli»l'.fl EmtiofM RitfrU
JI.:(r. *^u --.-L.1.-I1I"" 1. 'Hkt.-J'-!' LUfrtllu.U l
it itiluJ. a tkttttAlnf*
(\iUr.
.« *.-t...«»,if,
165
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METRIC: SAFE WAT
Ptf contaffo of ptoplt who say that It 11 easy to g«: cltan and saft w ;-* -
In iho city or aroa whoro. tfioy llvt
•
Sunrrun suiulci
ll till
HIV wit
Mam »S3
••
7 we
•
-• ••
• I '» 17 T«
ktltir Vjlu*
METRIC: NATMASS
Portonrago of ptoplf who tnin* that w* art spending tho Hgnt avount of
•onoy on Ban tranipofaCon
K
HTf. 1(75 I>79
H.I1
HttfK »M
SO Or. § 40 45 M M
kv,n»_ vib.
5E«MCE Full.. A'oitl HaCATCfi tiMUmuil
METRIC NATPARK
Porctntan* of pooplo who mink that wo aro flooding tho riant aatount of
monov on parti and rtonaHon
METRIC: PUBWKINV
Pf capita ftato and local govommont oxpondlturo on uCMtos.
tranpoftabon parks and roiftabon scworaffo and COM WMI* trtatmtnt
13 :« JM «M wo -M MO 9«> igw i:MD
Mill. '.'Hi.
3ERWE PuMu AVlIll flOCAKS
•iE«'-v.Ł iuii> ,v,in»iL»cAT':e
iLitlflun t]J>'.' . l< U>1. *l •
166
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METRIC: NATROAD
Pir<«ntag* at ptopli who thin* that w« are sptfukng Tht Hgtrt Mount of
•or>»v in nlgnwayi and bndg«l
METRIC: UTLEMPL
tarnbir of pioplt •mptovtd « unlltx: (NMCS 22) p«r 100 000 popKXlo
175 S7? l«:5 1' i . -in IK!
ruiu AV.ittnncATcn
nnun tltfitftLi luli
METRIC: BRIDGSTR
Porctntagc of briagti thx art not structurally dtflclffftt
METRIC. MSWRECOV
Materials rccovtrvtroa minKVal sotod waste by rooycHng and
•
%Linmirf3ulu>:>
M 171
•tan !?«'
MKw KIT
BH On &)»
SEP'.ICE FuM.- A'oiU NDICATCR Qu«ll>
167
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METRIC: POWEROUT
Ptrctfltagt of tit ttrlc powtr cuitoi»trs wrio wort jfTt tttd by largt
os of unusual tltctric tvtnts/outagos
METRIC: ROAOIRI
PtrctfitaQt of road «*ts with a roughness ndtx cattgorv or icitptabtt
or btttt'|rtortitr«td by an nttrimtonal Roughntu kitfvx v»ut test...
SERVICE FuU>. A'.jitl r4QCAKR Quill)
METRIC: RUNWAY
Ptrctnt»gt of Nabonaf P:m of Inttgritto Airport Systtms PJP1AS)
avpom w«h njmvavs rictd In good or far tondrbon
.<
METRIC: AIRPORTS 1
Count of pubki uio airport faclllMs muellcly or pnvatoly ownt d|
, . -.'
UIM
MM
1945
ou 4:
•DM a> an ire
• •
hHtiK VJltUC
tlr A'.trtiHl.*! -I '••
SERVICE Fullt iXViit > WOCtTCfi Cliullt
168
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METRIC: BROCPNC
P«-: »r?jgt of bndpts that art not functxmaVy tfttVc
I-'
METRIC: ROADVOL
-E erract o* ro id mlltl that art not coilftlttd |rtprf s*r;t d by a volu
itrvlct 1o» eafco l« 11 than 071)
METRIC: SUMRCAP
Ptnmt of N6PC iubrni mittng Su«»tr (Mali tnt'gy rtitrvi aargln
targin
METRIC :WNTRCAP
Perctnc of MCAC lubrtgions setting Mftnttr ptak t^itf gv rtstrvt Margin
targtn
,
M.I',
NMian
•
nn
tog
:«
to re
MMIU vju.
SfPvlCE FuU..
169
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BACK COVER
170
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