EPA/600/R-10/159 | December 2010 | www.epa.gov/ord
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Decontamination of Residual
VX on Indoor Surfaces using
Liquid Commercial Cleaners
INVESTIGATION REPORT
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center
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Decontamination of Residual
VX on Indoor Surfaces using
Liquid Commercial Cleaners
INVESTIGATION REPORT
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center
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Foreword
Following the events of September 11, 2001, EPA's mission was expanded to address critical
needs related to homeland security. Presidential Directives identify EPA as the primary federal
agency responsible for the country's water supplies and for decontamination following a chemical,
biological, and/or radiological (CBR) attack.
As part of this expanded mission, the National Homeland Security Research Center (NHSRC) was
established to conduct research and deliver products that improve the capability of the Agency
to carry out its homeland security responsibilities. One specific focus area of our research is on
decontamination methods and technologies that can be used in the recovery efforts resulting from a
CBR contamination event. In recovering from an event and decontaminating the area, it is critical
to identify and implement appropriate decontamination technologies. The selection and optimal
operation of an appropriate technology depends on many factors including the type of contaminant
and associated building materials, temperature, relative humidity, fumigant concentration,
fumigation time, and others. This document provides information on how two commercially
available technologies performed in treatment of VX deposited on interior industrial building
materials at various operational conditions.
These results, coupled with additional information in separate NHSRC publications (available at
www.epa.gov/nhsrc), can be used to determine whether a particular decontamination technology
can be effective in a given scenario. With these factors in consideration, the best technology or
combination of technologies can be chosen that meets the clean up, cost and time goals for a
particular decontamination scenario.
NHSRC has made this publication available to assist the response community to prepare for and
recover from disasters involving chemical contamination. This research is intended to move EPA
one-step closer to achieving its homeland security goals and its overall mission of protecting human
health and the environment while providing sustainable solutions to our environmental problems.
Jonathan Herrmann, Director
National Homeland Security Research Center
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Disclaimer
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, through its Office of Research and Development,
funded and managed this investigation through a blanket purchase agreement under U.S. General
Services Administration contract number GS23F0011L-3 with Battelle. This document has been
subjected to the Agency's review and has been approved for publication. Note that approval does not
signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views of the Agency.
Mention of trade names or commercial products in this document or in the methods referenced in
this document does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
Questions concerning this document or its application should be addressed to:
Sang Don Lee
National Homeland Security Research Center
Office of Research and Development (NG16)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Mail Code E343-06
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
(919)541-4531
lee. sangdon@epa.gov
or
Lukas Oudejans
National Homeland Security Research Center
Office of Research and Development (NG16)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Mail Code E343-06
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
(919) 541-2973
oudejans.lukas@epa.gov
If you have difficulty accessing these PDF documents, please contact Nickel.Kathy@epa.gov or
McCall.Amelia@epa.gov for assistance.
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Acknowledgements
The US EPA's National Homeland Security Research Center (NHSRC) would like to acknowledge
the following organizations and individuals for their support in the development of this report,
whether in contributing to the research or providing a peer review.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Jeanelle Martinez
Lawrence Kaelin
Emily Gibb Snyder
Battelle Memorial Institute
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Contents
Disclaimer.
Acknowledgements vi
List of Tables ix
List of Figures xi
Acronyms and Abbreviations xiii
Executive Summary xv
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Objective 1
1.2 Approach 1
1.3 Experimental Design 1
1.3.1 Definition of Coupon Types 2
1.4 Final Test Matrix 2
2.0 Methods 5
2.1 VX Spiking 5
2.2 Decontamination 5
2.3 Coupon Extraction Method 5
2.3.1 Extraction Method Demonstration 5
2.3.2 Extraction Method Demonstration Results 7
2.4 Analytical Methods 8
2.5 VX and TBP Analysis 9
2.6 Calculation of VX Recovery and Percent Recovery 10
2.7 Calculation of Decontamination Efficacy 10
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3.0 Quality Assurance / Quality Control 11
3.1 Performance Evaluation Audit 11
3.2 Technical Systems Audit 11
3.3 Data Quality Audit 11
3.4 Process Evaluation/TBP Extraction Results 11
3.5 Test Coupons 12
3.6 Blank Samples 13
3.7 Deviations 13
4.0 Results 15
4.1 Application of VX to Test Coupons 15
4.2 Environmental Conditions during Tests 15
4.3 Test Observations 15
4.4 Recovery of VX from Aged Test Coupons with and without Decontamination 16
4.4.1 One Day Aging and Decontamination 18
4.4.2 Seven Day Aging and Decontamination 18
4.4.3 Fourteen Day Aging and Decontamination 18
4.4.4 Twenty-One Day Aging and Decontamination 19
4.5 Decontamination Efficacy 19
5.0 Summary 21
6.0 Reference 23
Appendix A 25
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List of Tables
Table E-1. Summary of decontamination efficacy for aged VX on building materials xv
Table 1-1. Building materials used in decontamination investigation 2
Table 1-2. Summary of the test parameters for decontamination of aged VX on
building materials 2
Table 1-3. Coupon treatments 2
Table 1-4. Test matrix for aged VX decontamination 3
Table 2-1. Liquid decontaminant volumes applied to test coupons 5
Table 2-2. Number of samples for sonication extraction method demonstration 6
Table 2-3. Day 7 serial extraction results 7
Table 2-4. Day 21 serial extraction results 8
Table 2-5. Analytical Measurement Parameters for Residual VX Decontamination 9
Table 2-6. GC/MS conditions for VX/TBP analysis 9
Table 3-1. PE Audit Results 11
Table 3-2. TBP recovery for aged VX decontamination trials 12
Table 3-3. Analysis results of procedural and laboratory blanks 14
Table 4-1. Results of VX spike control samples 15
Table 4-2. Average VXmass recovery (ug) from test coupons 17
Table 4-3. VX Recovery (%) from positive controls during aging period trials 17
Table 4-4. VX recovery on decontaminated test coupons after aging periods 17
Table 4-5. VX decontamination efficacy for bleach and ZEP® on aged test coupons 19
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Table 5-1. VX recovery efficiency for contaminated and decontaminated building materials
after aging 21
Table 5-2. Decontamination efficacy of aged VX on building materials 22
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List of Figures
Figure 2-1. Photographs of coupon spiking (left) and storage for aging studies (right) 6
Figure 2-2. Photographs of coupon transfer (left) and sonic bath extraction (right) after aging 7
Figure 3-1. Graph depicting the enhanced recovery of analytical check standards due
to carpet extracts 12
Figure 3-2. Graph depicting the calibration check recovery after conditioning the instrument
with carpet extracts 13
Figure 4-2. Representative photographs of VX droplets on metal coupons 16
Figure 4-3. Representative photographs of the KFS application to test coupons (left to right):
metal, laminate, and carpet 16
Figure 4-4. Representative photographs of ZEP® application to test coupons (left to right):
metal, laminate, and carpet 16
Figure 4-5. Average VX recovery (ug) from 1 day aging and decontamination of positive
controls (POS) and test coupons of metal, laminate, and carpet 18
Figure 4-6. Average VX recovery (ug) from 7 day aging and decontamination of positive
controls (POS) and test coupons of metal, laminate, and carpet 18
Figure 4-7. Average VX recovery (ug) from 14 day aging and decontamination of positive
controls (POS) and test coupons of metal, laminate, and carpet 18
Figure 4-8. Average VX recovery (ug) from 21 day aging and decontamination of positive
controls (POS) and test coupons of metal, laminate, and carpet 19
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Abbreviations/Acronyms
C Celsius
CCV continuing calibration verification
CWA chemical warfare agent
cm centimeter
DCMD Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
GC/MS gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
HMRC Hazardous Materials Research Center
IS internal standard
ISO International Organization for Standardization
KFS K-O-K® Bleach, Full Strength (5.25 % sodium hypochlorite in water)
L length
MDL method detection limit
mg milligram
mL milliliter
MS mass spectrometry
ND not determined
NHSRC National Homeland Security Research Center
NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology
PE performance evaluation
QA quality assurance
QC quality control
QMP quality management plan
RDECOM U.S. Army Research, Development & Engineering Command
SD standard deviation
TBP tributyl phosphate
TOPO Task Order Project Officer
TSA technical systems audit
ug microgram
uL microliter
W width
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Executive Summary
In order to evaluate the potential decontamination of
residual chemical agent-exposed building materials,
samples of material coupons (galvanized metal, laminate,
and industrial carpet) were treated with VX and allowed
to age for periods ranging from 1 day to 21 days. After
aging, coupon samples were treated for 30 minutes
with either of two liquid decontaminants: full strength
K-O-K® liquid bleach (5.25 % aqueous solution of
NaOCl) or a 25 % aqueous solution of ZEP® Industrial
Purple liquid cleaner (proprietary caustic cleaner
containing surfactants). After decontamination the
coupons were extracted using a serial sonication method,
and the extracts analyzed by GC/MS to determine
the residual VX remaining after decontamination.
Decontamination efficacy was determined by measuring
the amount of residual VX on test coupons and
comparing with positive controls (spiked with chemical
agent, not decontaminated and analyzed after aged
for the same period as the decontamination coupons).
Results of the testing are shown in Table E-l.
Table E-l. Summary of Decontamination Efficacy for Residual VX on Building Materials
Material
Metal
Laminate
Carpet
Aging Period
(Day)
1
7
14
21
1
7
14
21
1
7
14
21
VX Recovery,
Without Decontamination
66 ±16
0.7±0.1
0.8"
<0.5
74 ±20
3±3
2 ±0.5
0.9 ±0.1
99 ± 12
20 ±3
8± 1
2± 1
Decontamination Efficacy, % ± SD (n=5)
K-O-K8 Full Strength Liquid
Bleach
>99'
>29'
>38'
NDC
97"
>86'
>72'
>44'
84 ± 11
96"
>93'
>80'
ZEP8 Industrial Purple (25% in
water) % ± SD (n=5)
38 ± 15
0±24
29"
NDC
40 ± 17
1±35
4±21
9±8
16 ± 13
18 ± 17
10 ±7
14 ±26
" Lower limit value; recovered VX amount in treated sample is below method quantification limit due to the combined effect of aging and
decontamination procedure
b Only one sample out of five yielded a measurable result (n = 1)
0 Non-determinant because both the positive control and the treated sample amounts were below detection limit.
Using ZEP® Industrial Purple resulted in moderate
decontamination of VX ranging from 16 % for carpet to
approximately 40 % for metal and laminate coupons for
1 day aged samples. For subsequently aged materials,
there was no improvement in decontamination efficacy,
as shown in Table E-1. This lack of improvement was
particularly evident in the carpet samples, where no
difference in the decontamination efficacy was apparent
for four sample aging periods. Decontamination efficacy
for K-O-K® full strength liquid bleach is high on all
samples. For decontamination efficacy listed as greater
than (">") a value, no residual VX was detected on
the coupons. The inability to measure the remaining
VX amount after decontamination prevents the exact
determination of the efficacy values.
The test results suggest that K-O-K® full-strength liquid
bleach is a better decontaminant for VX than ZEP®
Industrial Purple, regardless of the aging period and
substrate type. The effect of aging on decontamination
efficacy is compounded by the significant loss of VX
over time. The test materials showed different VX losses
over time with a lower rate for carpet compared to metal
and laminate. VX losses are presumed to occur through
evaporation and/or degradation, such as hydrolysis
or photo-degradation. A comprehensive analysis of
degradation products was beyond the scope of this
effort. Based on the test conditions and the physical
properties of VX, photo-degradation was not expected
to be a significant mechanism of VX loss. Recoveries
from applied extraction procedures were found to be
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dependent on the building material type. Repetition of
the same extraction procedures were required to achieve
complete extraction of VX from the carpet surface.
Single extraction was required for metal and laminate
surfaces.
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1.0
Introduction
The EPA's National Homeland Security Research
Center (NHSRC) is helping to protect human health
and the environment from adverse impacts resulting
from intentional acts of terror. With an emphasis on
decontamination and consequence management, water
infrastructure protection, and threat and consequence
assessment, NHSRC is working to develop tools
and information that will help detect the intentional
introduction of chemical, biological, or radiological
contaminants in buildings or water systems; contain
these contaminants; decontaminate buildings and/or
water systems; and facilitate the disposal of material
resulting from cleanups.
1.1 Objective
The imminent threat of a chemical agent release
in a building or transportation hub is driving the
EPA's NHSRC to develop a research program that
systematically evaluates potential decontaminants of
chemical agents. The EPA may be tasked to provide
technical support for the clean up chemical agents after
they are released and it is unclear how effective many
currently available commercial technologies are against
chemical agents. In addition, the optimal decontaminant
concentrations and contact times may not be known or
data may be inadequate, particularly for persistent agents
such as VX or in situations where persistent agents have
been present for extended periods of time.
Under a Battelle task order contract, the EPA
continued its systematic decontamination research
program by evaluating decontamination strategies for
environmentally persistent chemical agents. Previous
technology investigations have been conducted using
relatively short surface-aging times (minutes to hours)
for chemical agents. The efficacy of decontaminants is
unknown for the environmentally persistent and reactive
chemical agent, VX, when it is aged for several days or
weeks on surfaces.
This testing was conducted to evaluate the effect of
chemical agent (VX) surface aging on decontamination
efficiency using two commercially available liquid
decontamination technologies. Appropriate liquid
decontamination technologies for VX on building
materials were chosen based on short term exposure
studies performed in other EPA chemical warfare
agent research effort(1) and the two most efficacious
decontaminants from that study were selected for this
test. The efficacies of these decontaminants in the
present effort were determined as a function of VX
surface aging time. In addition, the effects of aging on
decontaminant efficacy were determined for various
interior building material surfaces (galvanized metal
ductwork, surface laminate, and industrial-grade carpet).
These three types of materials provided different surface
porosity that could impact retention of VX and affect
decontamination efficacy.
1.2 Approach
The general approach developed and used for
decontamination testing was to apply a known amount of
VX to each of several test coupons of the same building
material (replicate coupons, identical in size and shape)
and allow these spiked test coupons to age for specified
time periods under ambient laboratory conditions. After
the desired aging periods (1,7, 14, and 21 days) samples
were decontaminated with commercially available liquid
decontaminants: either full-strength K-O-K® bleach
(5.25% aqueous solution of NaOCl) (KFS) or 25 %
solution of ZEP® Industrial Purple (proprietary caustic
cleaner (pH~14) containing surfactants) (ZEP®) in water
for 30 minutes. After this decontamination period,
replicate test coupons were extracted using a sequential
sonication method and the extracts were analyzed to
determine the amount of VX remaining on the test
coupon after aging and decontamination. The specific
procedures for testing are described in Section 2.0.
1.3 Experimental Design
This investigation focused on the effect of aging on VX
decontamination of building materials.
Table 1-1 specifies the building materials used in
this investigation, which included galvanized metal
ductwork, decorative laminate, and industrial grade
carpet. Building materials were cut into test coupons
of small, defined size (3.5 x 1.5 cm), consistent with
other EPA testing efforts(3). Target challenge density was
specified by EPA for indoor scenarios to be 1 g/m2. With
a coupon area of approximately 5 cm2, VX was applied
to the surface as a 1 uL drop, resulting in an actual
challenge density of approximately 2 g/m2.
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Table 1-1. Building Materials Used in Decontamination Investigation
Material
Description
Manufacturer/
Supplier Name/Location
Coupon Surface Material
Size L x W (cm) Preparation
Galvanized metal
ductwork
Decorative
laminate
Industrial-grade
carpet
Industry HVAC std; 24 gauge galvanized
steel;
thickness 0.7 mm
Pionite* laminate/white matte finish;
grade 10; nominal thickness 1.2 mm
Shaw Industries, Inc. Style #M7832 color
#00400; thickness -0.7 cm
Adept Products, Inc./West „ _
T cc ™T 3'5 X I-5
Jefferson, OH
A'Jack Inc./Columbus, OH 3.5 x 1.5
Carpet Corporation of
America/Rome, GA
Clean with acetone
None
None
All decontamination testing was carried out at Battelle's
certified chemical surety facility (Hazardous Materials
Research Center [HMRC]) near West Jefferson, Ohio. In
this investigation, the liquid decontamination tests were
performed simultaneously for a given VX aging time.
Liquid decontaminants were pipetted onto the coupon
surfaces to simulate the volume applied from a spray
application®.
Table 1-2 presents a summary of the building
materials, VX aging times, and liquid decontamination
technologies used in this investigation. The liquid
decontamination technologies were selected based
upon screening test results in concurrent investigations
of commercially available liquid decontamination
products®.
Table 1-2. Summary of the Test Parameters for Decontamination of Residual VX on Building Materials
Material
VX Aging Times (days)
Liquid Decontamination Technologies
KFS
ZEP8
Galvanized Metal Ductwork
Decorative Laminate
Industrial Grade Carpet
1,7,14, and 21
Full strength
K-O-K® liquid bleach
25 % ZEP* industrial cleaner in water
1.3.1 Definition of Coupon Types
The types of test and control coupons used in this
investigation are described in Table 1-3. Test coupons
and positive control coupons were spiked with VX.
Laboratory and procedural blanks were not spiked
with VX. The test and procedural blank coupons were
subjected to the decontamination treatment. Positive
control coupons and laboratory blanks were not exposed
to the decontamination treatment. Three spike controls,
comprised of VX spiked on Teflon® coupons, were
evaluated in conjunction with each aging duration test.
Table 1-3. Coupon Treatments
Coupon
Test
Positive Control
Laboratory Blank
Procedural Blank
Spike Control
Spiked
yes
yes
no
no
yes
Treatment
Aged Decontaminated
yes
yes
yes
yes
no
yes
no
no
yes
no
1.4 Final Test Matrix
Based on the experimental design discussed in
Section 1.3 and the requirement to compare two liquid
decontaminants, the test matrix was designed as shown
in Table 1-4. Each exposure trial per coupon type
consisted of two laboratory blanks, two procedural
blanks, 10 test coupons, and 10 positive controls, for
a total trial burden comprised of 72 test coupons per
trial. Each aging period trial evaluated two liquid
decontamination technologies.
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Table 1-4. Test Matrix for Residual VX Decontamination
Material
Galvanized
Metal
Ductwork
Decorative
Laminate
Industrial
Grade
Carpet
Sample Type
Laboratory blanks
Procedural blanks
Test coupons
Positive controls
Laboratory blanks
Procedural blanks
Test coupons
Positive controls
Laboratory blanks
Procedural blanks
Test coupons
Positive controls
Subtotal
Total Number of Samples
Coupon Aging Period (Days)
1
7
14
21
VX Decontaminant with Number of Samples
N" KFS ZEP8
2
1 1
5 5
10
2
1 1
5 5
10
2
1 1
5 5
10
36 18 18
72
N KFS ZEP8
2
1 1
5 5
10
2
1 1
5 5
10
2
1 1
5 5
10
36 18 18
72
N KFS ZEP8
2
1 1
5 5
10
2
1 1
5 5
10
2
1 1
5 5
10
36 18 18
72
N KFS ZEP8
2
1 1
5 5
10
2
1 1
5 5
10 5 5
2
1 1
5 5
10
36 18 18
72
" Samples (N) that are not decontaminated.
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2.0
Methods
2.1 VX Spiking
Liquid VX (#900-80-1, 98.0% purity, (Edgewood
Chemical Biological Center) was applied to coupons
using a Hamilton repeating dispenser (50 uL total
volume) (PB-600, Hamilton Co. USA, Reno, NV)
equipped with a 21 gauge blunt-tipped needle. In this
configuration(4), the syringe is capable of delivering
a 1 uL drop. During each aging period spiking
operation, three spike controls were generated to ensure
reproducibility for the droplet delivery. Spike controls
were comprised of three (3) one microliter drops of VX
on each of three Teflon® coupons. The samples were
not aged, but were immediately placed in 20 mL of
chloroform containing IS and extracted via sonication
for gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS)
analysis.
2.2 Decontamination
Two liquid decontaminants were chosen for this
investigation to evaluate two commercially available
liquid decontaminants (see Section 1.3). After
screening samples contaminated with VX to determine
decontamination efficacy, application volumes were
chosen based on the approximate liquid mass shown to
cover the coupon surface using a pressure sprayer. The
liquid decontaminant volumes are shown in Table 2-1.
During testing, liquid decontaminants were applied to
the surface using a Gilson Microman M250 (Gilson Inc.,
Middleton, WI) positive displacement pipette.
Table 2-1. Liquid Decontaminant Volumes Applied to
Test Coupons
Liquid Decontaminant Amount QiL)
The liquid decontaminants were allowed to sit on the
surfaces of the coupons for 30 minutes prior to initiating
the extraction procedure.
2.3 Coupon Sample Extraction Method
After the aging and decontamination period, coupon
samples were extracted using an Ultrasonik 57X sonic
water bath (Ney Dental Inc., Yucaipa, CA). A serial
extraction method was used to determine the potential
for adsorbed VX to remain within porous materials
after aging. The serial extraction method involved
three repeated extraction cycles of the same coupon for
a period of 10 minutes each, moving the coupon to a
clean container with a fresh aliquot of solvent for each
10 minute cycle. A demonstration of this method is
discussed below.
2.3.7 Extraction Method Demonstration
An extraction method demonstration was conducted to
establish sufficient extraction efficiencies (recoveries)
for material and VX combinations at 7-day and 21-day
aging periods. Test material coupons (galvanized metal
ductwork, decorative laminate, and industrial-grade
carpet) of a defined size (3.5 cm x 1.5 cm) were prepared
for this demonstration.
Table 2-2 shows the samples and numbers of sequence
replicates for the extraction. The matrix is comprised
of nine test samples for each aging period. In addition,
three spike control samples were spiked with VX and
extracted immediately as described in Section 2.1.
Material
Metal
Laminate
Carpet
KFS/ZEP®
60
60
120
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Table 2-2. Number of Samples for Sonication Extraction Method Demonstration
Material
Sonication @ 50 kHz
Metal
Laminate
Carpet
1"
(10 min)"
3 -^b
3 -»
3 -»
7-Day Aging Period
(10 min)
3 -»
3 -»
3 -»
3rd
(10 min)
3
3
3
1"
(10 min)"
3 -*
3 -»
3 -»
21-Day Aging Period
(10 min)
3 -»
3 -»
3 -»
3rd
(10 min)
3
3
3
" Recommended duration of Sonication was determined in a concurrent evaluation of commercial liquid decontaminants
b The arrow signifies that the same three (3) samples were carried through the extraction procedure to the succeeding extraction.
The coupons were spiked with a 1 uL drop of neat VX
(# 900-78-1, purity = 94.8 %, (Edgewood Chemical
Biological Center), to provide a surface concentration
of approximately 2 g/m2. This surface concentration
was chosen based on the EPA definition of an indoor
contamination scenario and was consistent with other
investigations of this type(1'2).
The amount of spiked VX was confirmed where VX was
spiked onto Teflon® coupons and immediately extracted
with chloroform and analyzed. Battelle's HMRC
routinely performs spike controls in this manner during
agent operations to ensure that the spike application
process is consistent and the agent recovery is within
analytical targets (± 25%). For this particular spiking
operation, a resulting VX mass concentration of 842 ug
was measured, relative to a theoretical 948 ug applied (1
uL of 94.8% purity VX).
Typical sample spikes were made and samples placed
as shown in Figure 2-1 by spiking with a Hamilton
repeating dispenser (PB-600, Hamilton Co. USA, Reno,
NV) in the center of the coupon, then covering the
samples with a clear plastic cover. The cover did not
contact the sample, but enclosed the samples, protecting
them from cross-contamination and significant air
currents in the hood flow. The 7-day samples were
placed on the right of the tray and 21-day samples were
placed on the left of the tray.
Figure 2-1. Photographs of coupon spiking (left) and storage for aging studies (right).
At the conclusion of each aging period, the samples were
extracted with 10 mL hexane containing the internal
standard (IS, see section 2.4) as shown in Figure 2-2.
The coupons were placed in 2 oz. glass jars (VWR/
OI, Perrysburg, OH). The samples were subjected to
ultrasonic vibration (Ultrasonik 57X, Ney Dental Inc.,
Yucaipa, CA) at 50 kHz for 10 minutes.
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Figure 2-2. Photographs of coupon transfer (left) and sonic bath extraction (right) after aging.
After completion of the initial extraction, a 1 mL aliquot
of extract was transferred to a 1.5 mL GC vial (Agilent/
Restek, Bellfonte, PA) and sealed. The coupons were
individually rinsed with 5 mL of hexane and transferred
to a new jar (VWR/OI, Perrysburg, OH) containing
fresh hexane/IS and again subjected to ultrasonic
vibration at 50 kHz for 10 minutes. At the conclusion
of this period, a 1 mL aliquot was transferred to a GC
vial and the coupon sample rinsed and transferred a
third time, and the procedure repeated. The extracts
were analyzed by GC/MS. Three replicates of each test
material were prepared, aged, extracted, and analyzed.
Liquid decontaminants were not used in this method
demonstration.
The extraction efficiency was determined as a percent
of the agent recovered from the spiked coupon relative
to the amount spiked. For the serial extractions, the
total extracted VX equals Ml + M2 + M3, where Mn
is the amount of VX extracted at the given step (n)
in the sequence. Based on the results of the method
demonstration, the criteria for following sequential
extraction steps in the testing procedure were as follows:
Table 2-3. Day-7 Serial Extraction Results
• If the second extraction is >10% of first extraction,
then perform a third extraction.
• If during method demonstration, it is shown that the
third extraction is <10% of second extraction (< 1%
of first extraction), then only two extractions will be
performed in testing.
• Further, if the second sequence step extraction
results are < 10% of the first extraction, only one
extraction step will be performed during testing.
2.3.2 Extraction Method Demonstration
Results
The coupon extraction method demonstration results are
given in Table 2-3 (Day 7) and
Table 2-4 (Day 21). Since there are only three coupons
in each sample set, variability is observed in the samples.
As previously noted, the coupons were spiked with
a 1 uL drop of neat VX, for an approximate surface
concentration of 2 g/m2. The analysis of the spike
control samples gave a resulting mass recovery of 842
ug VX per uL droplet.
Material
1"
Recovered VX (jig/coupon)
after Extraction
2"11 3rd
Total
Total VX Recovery" (%) after
Extraction
Average Total VX Recovery
(% ± SD)
Metal
Laminate
Carpet
23.3
81.9
80.3
39.0
83.9
86.0
83.4
108.3
118.5
<5b
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
11.3
10.8
17.8
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
6.4
6.8
11.0
23.3
81.9
80.3
39.0
83.9
86.0
101.1
125.9
147.3
2.8
9.7
9.5
4.6
9.9
10.2
12.0
15.0
17.5
7.3 ± 4.0
8.3 ±3.2
14.8 ±2.7
" Calculated based on spike control mass recovery of 842 ug VX
b Method quantification limit: 5 ug/coupon
-------
For the 7-day aged samples, the serial extraction results
indicated that the carpet retained VX after first and
second extractions. The sum of these extractions yielded
less VX than was originally spiked on the coupons.
The lack of any appreciable second and third extraction
recoveries for the metal and laminate samples after the
low recoveries of the first extraction (approximately
an order of magnitude loss) from the theoretical mass
of agent (842 ug VX from spike control) suggested
evaporation and/or decomposition of the agent.
Table 2-4. Day-21 Serial Extraction Results
VX may evaporate, even though it is generally
considered to be "persistent." It has a measurable
vapor pressure (0.0006 mm Hg at 20 °C) and may also
degrade by various processes, including photo- and
thermal degradation and acid/base assisted hydrolysis
(4). All testing was performed under ambient laboratory
conditions (see Appendix A), with no significant sources
of extreme light or temperature. While samples were
covered to limit exposure to air flow, evaporation
was expected to contribute to losses over time. Some
hydrolysis may also occur, given the ambient humidity in
the air, but degradation by hydrolysis was not expected
to be significant compared to evaporation.
Material
Metal
Laminate
Carpet
1"
5.5
5.4
5.9
6.1
7.5
6.8
11.4
27.8
20.5
Recovered VX (fig)
after Extraction
2"11 3rd
<5b
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
5.6
6.4
5.9
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
Total VX Recovery" (%)
after Extraction
Total
5.5
5.4
5.9
6.1
7.5
6.8
17.0
34.2
26.4
0.65
0.64
0.70
0.72
0.89
0.81
2.02
4.06
3.13
Average Total VX Recovery,
(% ± SD)
0.66 ± 0.03
0.81 ±0.08
3.1 ± 1.0
" Calculated based on spike control mass recovery of 842 ug VX
'Method quantification limit: 5 ug/coupon
In coupons that were subjected to aging for 21 days, the
samples lost roughly another order of magnitude of VX
concentration over the 7-day aging samples. As with
the 7-day aged samples, the carpet retained VX after the
first extraction, but only in measurable amounts close
to the detection limit in the second extraction. The
metal and laminate samples showed a decrease in VX
concentration relative to the 7-day aging for the first
extraction with no measurable VX isolated in the second
or third extractions.
The results of this demonstration provided the following
guidance for extraction in the aging period investigation:
• Metal and laminate coupons were only extracted
serially for the 1 day aging samples; otherwise, the
multiple extractions were not necessary.
• Three serial extractions were performed for carpet in
all aging investigations.
2.4 Analytical Methods
Table 2-5 shows the surrogate recovery compound
(SRC) and the internal standard (IS) compound that were
used in the quantitative chemical analysis (described in
Section 2.0). The table also summarizes the preparation
and analysis method for extracts of building materials.
The number of sequential extractions for each sample
was determined based on the initial demonstration of the
sonication method extracting VX after it had aged for
7 days and 21 days on test coupons (see section 2.3.2).
For relatively non-absorbing substrates (metal and
laminate), a single extraction showed complete removal
of the remaining VX, while for the more absorbing
carpet substrate, three (3) extractions were still necessary
for quantitative extraction of remaining VX.
-------
Table 2-5. Analytical Measurement Parameters for Residual VX Decontamination
Parameter
Metal and Laminate
Carpet
SRC
IS
Extraction method
No. of Sequential
Extractions
Analysis method
TBP'
Naphthalene -ds
Sonication
Ifor7, 14, and 21 day
3 for 1 day
GC/MS
TBP
Naphthalene -ds
Sonication
3 for all aging periods
GC/MS
"tributyl phosphate
Extracts were analyzed on an Agilent Model 6890 GC
equipped with a 5973 mass spectrometry detector (MSD)
(Agilent, Santa Clara, CA) in full scan mode. Instrument
conditions are noted in Table 2-6. A calibration curve
ranging from 0.5 ug/mL to 50 ug/mL for VX and the
SRC, tributyl phosphate (TBP), was analyzed prior to
the analysis of the respective extractive samples. If the
50 ug/mL calibration sample did not show linearity (due
to analyte saturation) this point was not included in the
calibration curve. Continuing calibration verification
(CCV) samples at concentrations of 0.5 ug/mL and
10 ug/mL were analyzed after the calibration curve
and alternating concentrations after every fifth sample
throughout the sequence. All CCVs were to have
recoveries within 25% of the expected value for the
samples to be considered valid.
Table 2-6. GC/MS Conditions for VX/TBP Analysis
Parameter
Description
GC
Column:
Carrier Gas:
Injection
Temperature:
Injection Volume:
Injection mode:
Oven Profile:
Run Time
MS
Transfer Line
Temperature:
Source
Temperature:
Quadrupole
Temperature:
Solvent Delay:
Acquisition Mode:
Agilent Model 6890
RTX-200MS, 30 m X 0.25 mm X 0.5 urn
(Restek, Bellfonte, PA)
Helium constant flow of 1.0 mL/min
250 °C
Splitless (split 20 mL/min 1 min post injection)
50 °C hold for 2.0 minutes
20 °C /min to 250 °C hold for 0.0 minutes
35 °C /min to 300 °C hold for 0.5 minutes
13.93 minutes
Agilent MSD 5973
280 °C
230 °C
150 °C
3.0 min
Full scan (40 amu - 550 amu)
The method detection limit for VX extracted from metal,
laminate and carpet coupons was determined during
a concurrent evaluation(2) of liquid decontamination
technologies, and the results used to structure the
analytical methodology for this investigation. Eight
coupon samples of each type were spiked with a solution
containing 10 ug VX. Sonic extraction in hexane and
GC/MS analysis yielded the following results. For metal
samples, the average recovery was 81% (MDL = 0.99
ug), laminate samples gave an average recovery of 72%
(MDL = 1.28 ug), and carpet samples gave an average
recovery of 86% (MDL = 1.57 ug).
2.5 VX and TBP Analysis
To evaluate the extraction process of building material
coupons, 1 uL of the TBP was first applied as neat
material to the coupon just prior to extraction. The
coupon was then loaded into a 40 mL extraction vial
containing a 10 mL aliquot of hexane containing 5
ug/mL of the IS. The vial was shaken briefly and set
aside while other samples were treated in the same
fashion. Groups of up to 15 vials were transported to
the analytical laboratory, where they were extracted
using the Sonication method described in Section 2.3,
and prepared for GC/MS analysis. The number of
extractions for each coupon type was based on the
sonication method demonstration summarized in Table
2-5.
-------
2.6 Calculation of VX Recovery and
Percent Recovery
Chemical agent concentration in an extract sample was
determined by Equation 1:
A
W
(l)
JS
where:
Cs = Concentration of VX in the sample (ug/mL)
CIS = Concentration of the internal standard (ug/mL)
M = Slope of the GC calibration line
As = Area of the VX peak in the sample
AIS = Area of the internal standard peak
W = Y intercept of the GC calibration line.
GC/MS concentration results (|ag/mL) were converted to
total mass by multiplying by extract volume, shown in
Equation 2:
Mm=CsxEv (2)
where:
Mm = measured mass of VX (|ag)
Cs = GC concentration (|ag/mL), see Equation 1
Ey = volume of extract (mL).
The total recovery of VX from the coupons via extraction
was determined by summing the results from each of the
serial extractions, as discussed in Section 2.3.1.
The percent recovery of VX for a given test coupon was
determined from the ratio of the total mass of VX (ug)
recovered for a given coupon and aging period to the total
mass of VX (ug) recovered from the spike control for that
aging period, shown in Equation 3:
% Recovery VX = Mm/Mspike x 100 (3)
Where:
Mm = measured mass of VX from test coupon
extraction (ug)
M , = measured mass of VX from spike control
spike A
extraction (ug)
2.7 Calculation of Decontamination
Efficacy
Decontamination efficacy was determined by measuring
the amount of residual chemical agent on test coupons
and comparing with positive controls (spiked with
chemical agent, not decontaminated and analyzed
after the same "aging period" as the test coupons).
Aliquots of extracts from blanks, positive controls, and
decontaminated coupons were analyzed for chemical
agent according to the method described in Section 2.4.
Decontamination efficacy was then defined in Equation
4 as:
Mm of VXonTest Coupon
_
Mm of VX on Positive Control Coupon
where:
Mm = measured mass of VX (|ag)
E = decontamination efficacy or percent removal
achieved during decontamination.
Decontamination efficacy (mean ± standard deviation)
was calculated for each type of test material spiked with
VX.
-------
3.0
Quality Assurance / Quality Control
QA/quality control (QC) procedures were performed
in accordance with the test/QA plan and the applicable
quality management plan (QMP)(5). QA/QC procedures
are summarized below.
3.1 Performance Evaluation Audit
A performance evaluation (PE) audit was performed
on the GC/MS performance, specifically the TBP as
it is a commercially available compound. Results are
summarized in Table 3-1. To accomplish the PE audit a
working source of TBP was purchased and used to create
a set of calibration standards. The calibration range was
from 0.5 ug/mL to 50 ug/mL in hexane/IS. Using these
calibration standards a calibration curve for the TBP was
generated. Due to instrument saturation (noted in Table
3-1) the 50 ug/mL calibration standard was excluded
from the calibration curve leaving an acceptable
calibration curve range of 0.5 ug/mL to 25 ug/mL.
A second source of TBP (Aldrich Lot #06514EH,
Milwaukee, WI) was purchased and using the
second source TBP, a solution was created at a target
concentration of 10 ug/mL in hexane/IS. The second
source solution was analyzed with the working TBP
calibration curve and a concentration generated from
the calibration curve. The TBP second source PE audit
acceptance criterion must agree within ±10% of expected
concentration. The calculated concentration of the TBP
second source solution was 9.83 ug/mL, or 98% of
expected concentration.
Table 3-1. Performance Evaluation Audit Results
Sample Name
hexane/IS
0.5 ug/mL std 11037
1.0 ug/mL std 11038
5.0 ug/mL std 11039
10 ug/mL std 11040
25 ug/mL std 11041
50 ug/mL std 11042
hexane/IS
0.5 ug/mL std 1 1043 CCV
10 ug/mL std 11044 CCV
TBP 2nd source 52614-26-1
0.5 ug/mL std 11043 CCV
TBP Final
Result
(Hg/mL)
<0.5
0.50
0.98
5.19
10.23
23.80
39.08
<0.5
0.40
10.10
9.83
0.38
Standard
Recovery, %
ND
100
98
104
102
95
78'
ND
80
101
98
76
" Excluded from calibration curve due to instrument saturation
3.2 Technical Systems Audit
Battelle QA staff conducted a technical systems
audit (TSA) during March 9, 2010 to ensure that the
investigation was being conducted in accordance
with the test/QA planand associated amendments and
the quality management plan. As part of the TSA, a
beginning-to-end inspection of the task order for the
7-day aging trial (EPAAGE D7), was performed to
satisfy the TSA and PE audit requirements of the test/QA
Plan and data acquisition and handling procedures were
reviewed. This inspection included sample preparation,
testing, data generation, instrumentation, training,
documentation and ensuring the accuracy of reportable
results. Staff involved in operations met facility and
project-specific training requirements. Instruments
used during operations were calibrated and calibration
documentation was both evident and traceable to the
instruments.
Documentation was maintained and traceable for
the source and purity of chemicals and standards,
for materials used during testing and for laboratory
activities to reflect compliance with the test/QA
Plan, and applicable facility and project-specific
SOPs. Observations and findings from the TSA were
documented and submitted to the Battelle Task Order
Leader for response. Minor QC issues were noted, but
did not have any impact on the quality of results. TSA
records were permanently stored with the Battelle QA
Manager.
3.3 Data Quality Audit
At least 10% of the data acquired during the
investigation were audited. A Battelle QA auditor traced
100% of the data packet for the 7-day trial (EPAAGE
D7) and performed a 10% check of all data results
reported. Data results were also verified 100% to final
reporting to ensure the integrity of the reported results.
All calculations performed on the data undergoing the
audit were checked.
3.4 Process Evaluation/Extraction
Results
A summary of the average TBP recoveries for each of
the aging and decontamination samples is shown in
Table 3-2. Analytical data for each sample are contained
in Appendix A. Because this was an aging study, the
TBP was not a surrogate recovery compound in the
traditional sense. The TBP was applied to coupons after
-------
the decontamination period (30 minutes), immediately
prior to extraction to evaluate the efficiency of the
extraction process.
Table 3-2. TBP Recovery for Residual VX Decontamination Trials
TBP Recovery, \ig ± SD (n=5)
Material Aging Period (Day)
1
7
Metal
14
21
1
7
Laminate
14
21
1
7
Carpet
14
21
Positive Control
829 ± 29
928 ± 40
846 ± 138
885 ±119
865 ±119
914 ±77
907 ± 29
818 ±56
925 ± 47
948 ± 65
964 ± 86
918 ±62
KFS
882 ± 39
870 ±128
887 ± 14
821 ±40
903 ± 30
925 ± 45
898 ± 40
827 ± 25
930 ± 50
979 ± 54
981 ±67
847 ±135
ZEP8
831 ± 114
861 ± 124
881 ± 42
823 ± 24
903 ± 34
938 ±31
892 ± 50
833 ± 19
928 ± 85
934 ± 60
903 ± 48
872 ± 64
Based on the actual spiking of 1 uL of neat TBP (density
= 0.9727 g/mL) and the extraction in 10 mL of hexane.
the target mass recovery should be 972.7 ug. The %
recovery based on this target mass ranged from 84%
to 101% over all the samples. A listing of the % TBP
recovery analytical data is provided in Appendix A.
3.5 Test Coupons
During carpet sample analysis, abnormally high VX
signals were observed from analytical check standards
as added in the sequence of analysis of test coupons and
positive controls. Based on the instrument response, the
carpet extracts appeared to contain a matrix interference
for VX, causing an increase in signal sensitivity after
continued injection into the instrument. An example of
this behavior is shown in Figure 2-3, where the red line
denotes the upper limit of % recovery (125%) of the
analytical standard VX. An initial set of carpet extracts
was injected onto the GC/MS between the 1:43 and 3:39
sampling time.
£
a
-t 150%
^ 100%
u
2 50%
.a
C3
U
0%
.
m m c
00 Gl r
-s u
D u
H a
H r
T r
T L
1 r
H r
1 1
"I *t •=
H rr) r
sl rsl
I
n c
t r
H r
I
T L
0 r
n u
1
T C
0 r
T r
5 L
0 r
C
I
D T-
\l r
"1 V
1
H P
Sl T-
H r
^ r
H r
0 LJ
-J 0
H C
T r
D r
3 C
C
0 C
D u
1 C
T rn
3 ^H
-J rsl
Sampling Time
Figure 3-1. Graph depicting the enhanced recovery of analytical check standards due to carpet extracts. The
line depicts the upper acceptable limit for analyte recovery
-------
This behavior was not observed in the metal or
laminate extracts, nor was it observed during the
method demonstration carpet analyses, presumably
because of the small number of samples analyzed.
This carpet extract signal enhancement caused
enhanced recoveries for many of the CCVs for VX.
account for this signal enhancement, carpet extracts
were injected onto the instrument prior to running
the calibration standards. After the conditioning and
calibration samples, additional standards were run
after every five analytical samples. Preconditioning
To
the instrument with carpet extracts allowed for the
calibration to be generated accounting for the signal
enhancement. Once conditioned, only carpet extracts
were analyzed on the instrument, providing calibration
check results such as shown in Figure 2-4, where the
blank space at the beginning of the graph corresponds
to the preconditioning samples, and subsequent points
are calibration checks performed in between sets of
five carpet extracts. Metal and laminate extracts were
segregated and analyzed in a different sequence.
200%
>.
1_
O)
O
01
4-f
"re
c
2 100% -
u
f-
c
~ 50% -
re
-Q
re
rw -
Sampling Time
Figure 3-2. Graph depicting the calibration check recovery after conditioning the instrument with carpet
extracts. The line depicts the upper acceptable limit for analyte recovery
3.6 Blank Samples
Control samples were analyzed with each aging trial, and
consisted of a single procedural blank for each liquid
decontaminant/coupon combination and two laboratory
blanks of each coupon. Procedural blank coupons
were not spiked with VX, but were decontaminated and
extracted. Laboratory blanks were not spiked with VX
or treated with decontaminant, but were allowed to sit in
the hood for the appropriate time period, then extracted.
All coupons were spiked with TBP prior to extraction.
A summary of the analysis results for blank samples is
given in Table 3 -3. All of the procedural and laboratory
blank results were as expected, except for one procedural
blank carpet sample (7-day aging, ZEP® decontaminant.
shown in the shaded cell in Table 3-3) that showed a
small amount of VX in the extraction.
3.7 Deviations
Deviations from the test/QAplan(2) were documented.
Staffs were notified of the deviations and corrective
reports were filed:
Section B3 of the test/QAplan states, "Hexane samples
that are not analyzed immediately will be stored in a
freezer at 4 ± 3 °C and analyzed the following day."
Samples were stored for several days before running on
the GC/MS because of high sample volume. Storage
temperature for samples was at -20 °C. The deviation
is minimal because of the insignificant evaporation of
hexane at these temperatures.
Throughout the test/QA plan, it states that sonication of
samples will occur at 40 kHz for 10 minutes. However.
the sonicator had a manufacturer's label affixed to it
that included a range of 50-60 kHz. The impact of the
deviation was minimal because all the samples including
test, positive controls, procedural and laboratory blanks
were extracted in identical manner.
-------
Table 3-3. Analysis Results of Procedural and Laboratory Blanks
Material
Metal
Laminate
Carpet
Aging
Period
(Day)
1
7
14
21
1
7
14
21
1
7
14
21
VX Mass, (ng)
Procedural (n = 2)
KFS
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
ZEP8
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
11
<5
<5
Laboratory
(n = 2)
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
<5
TBP Mass, (fig)
Procedural (n = 2)
KFS
913
907
894
804
913
892
874
804
946
1058
961
928
ZEP8
891
865
872
784
913
954
938
853
1054
965
896
853
Laboratory
(n = 2)
818
837
892
805
894
933
856
728
1002
959
948
925
This small recovery of VX on an unexposed procedural
blank coupon suggested that this sample may have been
compromised during the transfer or extraction process.
No other instances of cross-contamination were observed
during testing.
The TBP recovery masses on the procedural and
laboratory blank coupons were comparable to those
obtained with the test coupons. The percent recovery
ranged from 81% to 108% over all the procedural and
blank samples. The analytical data summary for the TBP
recovery of the procedural and laboratory blank samples
is presented in Appendix A.
-------
4.0
Results
Test results for spike controls, test coupons, procedural
blanks and laboratory blanks are summarized in the
following sections.
4.1 Application of VX to Test Coupons
For each aging period, a set of three Teflon® coupons
was each spiked with three 1 uL droplets of VX and
extracted in 20 mL of chloroform containing IS to define
the VX mass delivered to the coupons for each spiking
activity. Based on the analysis of these samples, the mass
of VX applied per drop was determined for each trial.
The data are summarized in Table 4-1.
Table 4-1. Results of VX Spike Control Samples
Aging Period
Recovered VX, Mass Average Recovered VX
(fig) Mass (fig ± SD)
Average Mass per Average VX
Drop (fig ± SD) Recovery" (%)
1 Day
7 Day
14 Day
21 Day
3119
3191
3027
3364
3111
3018
2562
2856
2782
3066
3207
3325
3112 ±82 1037 ±27 109
3164 ±179 1055 ±60 111
2732 ±153 911 ±51 96
3199 ±129 1066 ±43 112
1 % recovery calculated based on a theoretical mass delivery per drop of 948 ug
The amount of VX recovered from the spike controls
was shown to be relatively consistent throughout the
four different aging period trials. A somewhat lower
VX recovery is noted for the 14-day trial spike control,
but the amount is still within 25 % of the target mass
delivery (948 ug), the acceptable criteria for analytical
recovery.
4.2 Environmental Conditions during
Tests
The temperature and relative humidity were measured
during spiking and decontamination activities for the
trials and were approximately 22 °C and 40% RH. The
investigation was not performed in a temperature- and
humidity-controlled environment and there was no
attempt made to control these parameters. Temperature
and humidity measurements are given in Appendix A.
During the aging portion of the test, test coupons were
stored in a standard fume hood in groups of seven
covered with a plastic jewelry case top to reduce rapid
evaporative losses due to hood flow. Since the intent of
this investigation was to determine the decontamination
efficacy of VX after aging, as considered in a realistic
building contamination scenario, the cover was not
intended to be air tight and totally prevent losses. Rather
it was to reduce any major losses that might occur
due to the higher airflows necessitated by the hood
environment.
4.3 Test Observations
During testing, the surface behavior of the chemical
agent and liquid decontaminants were observed and
documented. The VX droplet soaked readily into the
carpet, while it spread and pan-caked on the metal and
laminate coupons. An example photograph of droplet
behavior on metal coupons is shown in Figure 4-2. The
VX looked oily on the metal surface.
-------
Figure 4-2. Representative photograph of VX
droplets on metal coupons.
After the appropriate aging period, the coupons were
treated with KFS and ZEP® as noted in Section 2.2. The
liquid decontaminants behaved in a somewhat consistent
manner on the surfaces of coupons. For 7, 14 and 21day
aging samples, the KFS drop beaded on the surface of
the carpet and spread on the metal and laminate samples
as shown in representative photographs in Figure 4-3.
During the 1-day decontamination procedure, the KFS
soaked into the carpet.
Figure 4-3. Representative photographs of KFS application to test coupons (left to right): metal, laminate, and
carpet. Photographs from 14-day aging period.
The ZEP® liquid drop consistently spread on the surface
of metal and laminate coupons to a greater extent
than the KFS and soaked into the carpet during all
aging period tests. Representative photographs of this
behavior are shown in Figure 4-4.
Figure 4-4. Representative photographs of ZEP® application to test coupons (left to right): metal, laminate, and
carpet. Photographs from 21-day aging period.
4.4 Recovery of VX from Aged
Test Coupons With and Without
Decontamination
Summarized test results for the recovered mass of VX
(ug) from positive controls, KFS-treated and ZEP®-
treated samples are shown in Table 4-2. Analytical
data for each aging trial are contained within Appendix
A. The impact of aging was seen in the difference of
VX recovery on the positive controls at the different
age periods relative to the spike controls summarized
in Table 4-1. The loss of VX may have been due most
likely to evaporation and/or hydrolysis breakdown
products. The analysis of breakdown products was not
within the scope of this effort.
-------
Table 4-2. Average VX Mass Recovery (jig) from Test Coupons
Material Aging Period (Days)
Metal
Laminate
Carpet
1
7
14
21
1
7
14
21
1
7
14
21
Positive Control
(n=5)
679 ± 162
7± 1
8±3
<5
770 ± 205
37 ±33
18 ±4
9± 1
1031 ± 121
215 ±29
71 ± 13
25 ±7
Recovered VX (fig)
KFS
(n=5)
<5
<5
<5
<5
211
<5
<5
<5
163 ± 109
8 a
<5
<5
ZEP8
(n=5)
424 ± 100
9 ±2
5'
<5
462 ± 132
36 ±13
17±4
8± 1
872 ± 137
177 ± 36
64 ±5
22 ±7
1 Only one sample out of five gave a measurable results (n-1)
The percent VX recovery efficiency of the
positive controls, samples exposed to VX but not
decontaminated, is shown in Table 4-3. Evaluation of
the results suggested that VX was more effectively held
in the carpet, relative to the metal and laminate coupons.
Loss of VX, presumably due to evaporation, was most
pronounced from the metal substrate, showing a decrease
in concentration of nearly two orders of magnitude
with 7 days of aging. This could be due to the lack of
absorption of VX by the metal coupon, making VX
more susceptible to evaporation. Although known as
a "persistent" chemical agent, VX will evaporate over
time. Complete loss of VX (below the detection limit)
was indicated from evaluation of the metal positive
control coupons after 21 days.
Table 4-3. VX Recovery (%) from Positive Controls after Aging Period Trials
Material
Metal
Laminate
Carpet
Average VX Recovery from Positive Control
Coupons at Day, % ± SD (n=5)
1
66 ± 16
74 ±20
99 ± 12
7
1±0.1
3±3
20 ±3
14
1±0.4
2 ±0.5
8±2
21
<0.5
1±0.1
2± 1
Test results for the VX recovery on test coupons treated
with the two liquid decontaminants are shown in Table
4-4. Decontamination of test coupons with KFS showed
a substantial decrease in recovered VX after 1 day of
aging, compared to the use of ZEP® as a decontaminant.
Efficient decontamination was indicated after both 1-day
and 7-day aging. Further, loss of VX presumably due
to evaporation at longer aging times (14 and 21 days)
resulted in decontamination of VX with KFS to below
detectable limits.
Table 4-4. VX Recovery (%) from Decontaminated Test Coupons after Aging Periods
Average VX Recovery from Test Coupon at Day, % ± SD (n=5)
Material
Metal
Laminate
Carpet
KFS
<0.5
2.0'
16 ± 11
1
ZEP8
41 ± 10
45 ± 13
84 ± 13
KFS
<0.5
<0.5
0.771
7
ZEP8
1±0.2
4± 1
17±3
KFS
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
14
ZEP8
0.61
2 ±0.4
7± 1
KFS
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
21
ZEP8
<0.5
0.8 ±0.1
2±1
"Only one sample out of five gave a measurable result (n = 1)
-------
The ZEP®-treated samples showed only a slight decrease
in the amount of VX recovered after aging for 1 day.
and the decontaminant showed little impact on samples
aged for longer durations.
4.4.1 One Day Aging and Decontamination
A graph depicting the average VX recovery results of
the 1-day aging period positive control and test coupon
samples is shown in Figure 4-5. Loss of VX was noted
in all positive controls, presumably due to evaporation.
In addition, the graph clearly showed the impact of
using KFS over the ZEP® in decontaminating VX.
Average VX Recovery -1 Day
Average VX Recovery - 7 Day
Metal
Laminate
Carpet
Figure 4-5. Average VX recovery (fig) from 1-day
aging and decontamination of positive controls (POS)
and test coupons of metal, laminate, and carpet.
4.4.2 Seven Day Aging and Decontamination
The average VX recovery results of the 7-day aging and
subsequent decontamination are shown in Figure 4-6.
Note the near complete loss of VX on metal coupons
(positive controls) simply due to aging, by comparing
the amount recovered to the amount recovered in the
1 day aging period trial (shown in Figure 4-4 above).
The laminate coupons showed similar losses, but with a
wider range of recovered VX than the metal coupons. In
contrast, the carpet retained VX, losing it more slowly
over time (comparing to the VX loss of positive controls
in the 1-day aging). Decontamination of samples using
KFS was significantly better than decontamination using
ZEP® Industrial Purple.
300
250
— 200 -
X~
£100-
o:
50 -
• POS
QKFS
• ZEP®
Metal Laminate Carpet
Figure 4-6. Average VX recovery (jig) from 7-day
aging and decontamination of positive controls (POS)
and test coupons of metal, laminate, and carpet.
4.4.3 Fourteen Day Aging and Decontamination
The average VX recovery results from the 14 day aging
and decontamination are shown in Figure 4-7.
After 14 days of aging the amount of VX remaining
on the metal and laminate coupons was near/below the
detection limit. VX losses were apparent in the carpet
as well. The ZEP® clearly did not provide effective
decontamination, with resulting VX recovery on the test
coupons nearly identical to the positive controls.
Average VX Recovery -14 Day
Metal
Laminate
Carpet
Figure 4-7. Average VX recovery (jig) from 14-day
aging and Decontamination of positive controls (POS)
and test coupons of metal, laminate, and carpet.
-------
4.4.4 Twenty-One Day Aging and
Decontamination
The average VX recovery results from the 21 day
aging and decontamination are shown in Figure 4-8.
These results continued the trend observed in the 14
day aging and decontamination trials. There was no
measurable VX remaining on the positive control metal
coupons after 21 days. The amount of VX remaining on
laminate coupons was small (near the detection limit);
the amount of VX remaining in the carpet was also less
than observed with the 14 day samples. KFS provided
complete (below the detection limit) decontamination
for all samples, whereas the ZEP® appeared to have little
effect on the VX recovery.
Average VX Recovery - 21 Day
oo
30 -
§25 -
>20-
"O
0)
§15-
o
o
a; -m
cr iu
5 -
n
• POS
QKFS
• ZEP®
n
n
ph
n
n
Table 4-5. VX Decontamination Efficacy for Bleach
and ZEP® on Aged Test Coupons
Decontamination Efficacy, % ± SD, (n=5)
Material Aging Period
(Day)
KFS
ZEP8
Metal
Laminate
Carpet
1
7
14
21
1
7
14
21
1
7
14
21
>99'
>29'
>38'
NDC
97"
>86'
>72'
>44'
84±11
96"
>93'
>80'
38 ± 15
0±24
292b
ND
40 ± 17
1±35
4±21
9±8
16 ± 13
18 ± 17
10 ±7
14 ±26
Metal
Laminate
Carpet
" Lower limit value; recovered VX amount in treated sample is below
method quantification limit due to the combined effect of aging and
decontamination procedure
b Only one sample out of five yielded a measurable result (n = 1)
c Non-determinant because both the positive control and the treated
samples were below detection limit.
Figure 4-8. Average VX recovery (jig) from 21-day
aging and Decontamination of controls (POS) and
test coupons of metal, laminate, and carpet.
4.5 Decontamination Efficacy
The decontamination efficacy of the KFS and ZEP®
Industrial Purple on the three substrates is summarized
in Table 4-5. Note that KFS decontamination slightly
improved upon VX aging, and achieved greater than
99% efficacy after 1 day aging for metal, at 7 days
for laminate, and at 14 days for carpet. However, the
analysis is complicated by the effects of aging, since
there are significant losses of VX after extended periods
of time beyond one day (see positive control results in
Table 4-3).
The ZEP®-treated coupons showed the most
decontamination efficacy after 1-day aging for
metal and laminate. In addition, a decrease in ZEP®
decontamination efficacy was observed after aging VX
for greater than 7 days for metal and laminate coupons.
and there was no apparent difference between the
decontamination efficacies based on VX aging duration
for the carpet samples.
-------
-------
5.0
Summary
Key findings:
• KFS can be effective for both porous and non-
porous materials and decontamination efficacy may
be more dependent on initial level of contamination
than on surface characteristics
• ZEP® is much less effective than KFS for all aging
periods and material types
• The surface decontamination efficacy using
commercially available cleaning products is
marginally dependent on the aging periods
Samples of building materials were exposed to a known
amount of VX and allowed to age for periods of 1, 7,
14, and 21 days, after which they were decontaminated
for 30 minutes with either full-strength K-O-K bleach
(KFS) or a 25 % solution of ZEP® Industrial Purple in
water. After decontamination, the test coupons were
extracted in hexane using a sequential method for up
to three cycles with sonic assistance. Each extract was
isolated and analyzed separately by GC/MS to determine
the remaining VX recovered from the surface of each
respective coupon. After analysis, the results were
summarized to provide the total amount of VX recovered
from the test coupons. The VX recovery efficiency is
summarized in Table 5-1.
Table 5-1. VX Recovery Efficiency for Contaminated and Decontaminated Building Materials after Aging
VX Recovery Efficiency, (% ±SD) (n=5)
1
7
Metal
14
21
1
7
Laminate
14
21
1
7
Carpet
14
21
VJ
without decontamination
66 ± 16
0.7±0.1
0.8
<0.5
74 ±20
3±3
2 ±0.5
0.9 ±0.1
99 ± 12
20 ±3
8±1
2 ±0.7
KFS
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
2
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
16 ± 11
0.8
<0.5
<0.5
ZEP8
41 ± 10
0.8 ±0.2
0.6
<0.5
45 ±13
3± 1
2 ±0.4
0.8 ±0.1
84 ± 13
17±3
7 ±0.6
2 ±0.6
Aging of VX on these materials suggests that VX loss
is occurring, and gives the appearance of assisting in
decontamination efforts. The rate of loss appears to
follow the order metal ~ laminate > carpet. The extent
to which the loss in VX upon aging is due to evaporation
or other mechanisms, (perhaps, hydrolysis) is unknown.
Analysis of degradation products was beyond the scope
of this effort. However, based on the ambient conditions
of the test and the physical properties of VX, evaporation
is likely to be a major factor in the VX loss over such
extended time periods.
The test results clearly show that full-strength K-O-K®
Liquid Bleach is a better decontaminant for VX than
diluted ZEP® Industrial Purple, regardless of the
aging period and regardless of the substrate being
decontaminated. In the case of ZEP® decontamination,
more hydrolysis is presumed to occur, since ZEP®
Industrial Purple is a caustic cleaning solution (pH ~ 14).
ZEP® Industrial Purple showed only a slight decrease in
VX for 1-day aged samples, but for subsequently aged
materials, there was no improvement in decontamination
efficacy, as shown in Table 5-2. In the carpet samples
decontaminated with ZEP®, where there is little apparent
difference in the efficacy based on analysis of 1-, 7-,
14- or 21-day samples; this lack of improvement is
most notable. Note that the decontamination efficacy
for full-strength bleach continues to be high on aged
samples. A combination of the low VX recovery on
-------
the aged coupons and the relatively high method
quantification limit prevents the calculation of an exact
value for the decontamination efficacy. Consequently,
most decontamination efficacies are calculated as
"better than" a specific percentage which does not
exclude the possibility that such efficacy is as high as
the decontamination efficacy for, e.g., a one day aged
sample.
Table 5-2. Decontamination Efficacy of Residual VX on Building Materials
Material
Metal
Laminate
Carpet
Aging Period (Day)
1
7
14
21
1
7
14
21
1
7
14
21
VX Recovery,
% ± SD (n=5)
66 ±16
0.7±0.1
0.8"
<0.5
74 ±20
3±3
2 ±0.5
0.9 ±0.1
99 ±12
20 ±3
8±1
2 ±0.7
Decontamination Efficacy,
% ± SD (n=5)
K-O-K® Full Strength ZEP8 Industrial Purple
Liquid Bleach1 (25 % in water)
>99'
>29'
>38'
NDC
97"
>86'
>72'
>44'
84 ± 11
96"
>93'
>80'
38 ± 15
0±24
29"
NDC
40 ± 17
1±35
4±21
9±8
16 ± 13
18 ± 17
10 ±7
14 ±26
"Lower limit values; recovered VX amount in treated sample is below method quantification limit due to the combined effect of aging and
decontamination procedure
b Only one sample out of five yielded a measurable result (n = 1)
0 Non-determinant because both the positive control and the treated samples were below detection limit
This study demonstrated the significant loss of VX
by natural attenuation over 3 week period. It will be
beneficial to investigate the fate and transport of VX by
evaporation and degradation to develop an optimized
decontamination strategy.
-------
1. Evaluation of Household or Industrial Cleaning
Products for Remediation of Chemical Agents, EPA
report in clearance as of November 18th, 2010.
2. Battelle. (2010). Evaluation Report: Evaluation of
Commercially Available Liquid Decontamination
Technologies for Chemical Agents, Prepared by
Battelle for the U.S. EPA National Homeland
Security Research Center. EPA 600/R-06/146. Draft
currently under review with publication expected in
2010.
3. Battelle. (2009). Technology Investigation Report:
Decontamination of Toxic Industrial Chemicals and
Chemical Warfare Agents On Building Materials
Using Chlorine Dioxide Fumigant and Liquid
Oxidant Technologies, Battelle, Columbus, OH,
February 2009.
4. Bizzigotti, G. O., Castelly, H., Hafez, A. M, Smith,
W. H. B, and Whitmire, M. T., Parameters for
Evaluation of the Fate, Transport and Environmental
Impacts of Chemical Agents in Marine
Environments, Chem. Rev. 2009,109, 236-256.
5. Quality Management Plan (QMP) for the
Technology Testing and Evaluation Program
(TTEP); Version 3. Battelle, Columbus, OH, January
2008.
6.0
References
-------
-------
This appendix contains all GC/MS concentration data by
trial name, with associated dates of activity.
Table A-l. Table Key for Appendix GC/MS Raw
Data
Trial Name
EPAAge-Dl
EPAAge-D7
EPAAge-Dl 4
EPAAge-D21
Date
3/11/2010
3/12/2010
3/2/2010
3/9/2010
3/16/2010
3/30/2010
3/11/2010
4/1/2010
Trial
1 Day
IDay
7 Day
7 Day
14 Day
14 Day
21 Day
21 Day
Activity
Spike
Decon/extract
Spike
Decon/extract
Spike
Decon/extract
Spike
Decon/extract
Appendix A
Table A-2. Environmental Conditions for Activities
During VX Aging Studies
Date
3/2/2010
3/9/2010
3/11/2010
3/11/2010
3/12/2010
3/16/2010
3/30/2010
4/1/2010
Trial
7 Day
7 Day
1 Day
21 Day
IDay
14 Day
14 Day
21 Day
Activity
Spike
Decon/extract
Spike
Spike
Decon/extract
Spike
Decon/extract
Decon/extract
Temp
i°rY
21.9
NMb
21.7
21.7
21.7
21.7
21.6
21.5
%RH
23
NM
41
41
41
29
27
32
" Temperatures were recorded in degrees Fahrenheit (°F)
'Temperature and relative humidity were not measured during this
activity
-------
Trial EPAAge-Dl. Spike 3/11/10, Decontaminate and Extract 3/12/10
Sample Type
Pos Control
Test
Proc Control
Test
Proc Control
Material
Metal
Laminate
Carpet
Metal
Laminate
Sample ID
EA10001
EA10011
EA10021
EA10031
EA10041
EA10051
EA10061
EA10071
EA10081
EA10091
EA10101
EA10111
EA10121
EA10131
EA10141
EA10151
EA10161
EA10171
EA10181
EA10191
EA10201
EA10211
EA10221
EA10231
EA10241
EA10251
EA10261
EA10271
EA10281
EA10291
EA10301
EA10311
EA10321
EA10331
EA10341
EA10351
EA10361
EA10371
EA10381
EA10391
EA10401
EA10411
VX(ng/mL)
1st ext
65.70
68.60
73.50
39.60
77.30
69.60
84.70
91.60
64.70
43.80
80.50
65.90
72.10
54.30
94.60
64.30
110.90
53.90
63.60
105.60
108.90
82.40
99.00
79.70
94.00
91.00
72.60
98.40
93.30
85.80
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
2nd ext
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
0.72
0.56
0.66
<0.5
0.50
<0.5
0.75
<0.5
0.58
7.59
5.93
8.96
15.17
5.99
13.80
8.94
18.43
8.51
6.28
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
0.73
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
3rd ext
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
1.43
1.05
1.80
6.92
1.19
3.41
2.20
5.30
2.07
1.28
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
1.34
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
Total VX (\igl
mL)
65.70
68.60
73.50
39.60
77.30
69.60
84.70
91.60
64.70
43.80
80.50
66.62
72.66
54.96
94.60
64.80
110.90
54.65
63.60
106.18
117.92
89.38
109.76
101.79
101.18
108.21
83.74
122.13
103.88
93.36
BDL1
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
2.07
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
Comments
-------
Sample Type
Test
Proc Control
Test
Proc Control
Test
Proc Control
Test
Proc Control
Lab Blank
Material
Carpet
Metal
Laminate
Carpet
Metal
Laminate
Carpet
Sample ID
EA10421
EA10431
EA10441
EA10451
EA10461
EA10471
EA10481
EA10491
EA10501
EA10511
EA10521
EA10531
EA10541
EA10551
EA10561
EA10571
EA10581
EA10591
EA10601
EA10611
EA10621
EA10631
EA10641
EA10651
EA10661
EA10671
EA10681
EA10691
EA10701
EA10711
VX(ng/mL)
1st ext
8.10
4.23
19.14
30.80
0.52
<0.5
42.30
55.20
38.90
47.20
28.20
<0.5
60.50
33.30
24.80
52.00
48.50
<0.5
90.70
80.50
71.90
73.40
54.30
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
2nd ext
0.70
0.94
1.54
1.51
7.45
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
0.54
4.13
1.97
<0.5
1.06
<0.5
11.08
6.38
12.04
11.02
8.94
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
3rd ext
<0.5
2.45
0.91
0.79
2.39
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
0.56
1.39
0.79
<0.5
1.4
<0.5
3.29
1.70
3.47
3.81
3.36
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
Total VX (\igl
mL)
BDL
7.62
21.59
33.1
10.36
BDL
42.30
55.20
38.90
47.20
28.20
BDL
61.60
38.82
27.56
52.00
50.96
BDL
105.07
88.58
87.41
88.23
66.60
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
Comments
soaked in to coupon
soaked in to coupon
soaked in to coupon
soaked in to coupon
soaked in to coupon
did not soak
soaked in to coupon
soaked in to coupon
soaked in to coupon
soaked in to coupon
soaked in to coupon
soaked in to coupon
Samples decontaminated with full strength KOK Bleach
Samples decontaminated with diluted ZEP* Industrial Purple
BDL: below detection limit
-------
Trial EPAAge-D7: Spike 3/2/10, Decontaminate and Extract 3/9/10
Sample Type
Pos Control
Test
Proc Control
Test
Proc Control
Material
Metal
Laminate
Carpet
Metal
Laminate
Sample ID
EA10721
EA10731
EA10741
EA10751
EA10761
EA10771
EA10781
EA10791
EA10801
EA10811
EA10821
EA10831
EA10841
EA10851
EA10861
EA10871
EA10881
EA10891
EA10901
EA10911
EA10921
EA10931
EA10941
EA10951
EA10961
EA10971
EA10981
EA10991
EA11001
EA11011
EA11021
EA11031
EA11041
EA11051
EA11061
EA11071
EA11081
EA11091
EA11101
EA11111
EA11121
EA11131
VX(ng/mL)
1st ext
0.83
0.93
0.70AS
0.72
0.70
0.77
0.92
0.59
0.61
0.64
0.99
1.23
1.59
1.47
1.62
2.74
9.47
3.57
4.60
9.57
13.63
14.63
21.42
16.53
16.91
19.71
12.43
18.07
17.87
11.33
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
2nd ext
3.45
3.12
3.63
4.70
3.45
3.54
3.43
2.89
2.96
4.45
3rd ext
1.31
2.23
1.66
1.56
1.59
1.59
1.92
1.38
1.17
2.46
Total VX (\igl
mL)
0.83
0.93
0.70
0.72
0.70
0.77
0.92
0.59
0.61
0.64
0.99
1.23
1.59
1.47
1.62
2.74
9.47
3.57
4.60
9.57
18.39
19.98
26.71
22.79
21.95
24.84
17.78
22.34
22.00
18.24
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
Comments
-------
Sample Type
Test
Proc Control
Test
Proc Control
Test
Proc Control
Test
Proc Control
Lab Blank
Material
Carpet
Metal
Laminate
Carpet
Metal
Laminate
Carpet
Sample ID
EA11141
EA11151
EA11161
EA11171
EA11181
EA11191
EA11201
EA11211
EA11221
EA11231
EA11241
EA11251
EA11261
EA11271
EA11281
EA11291
EA11301
EA11311
EA11321
EA11331
EA11341
EA11351
EA11361
EA11371
EA11381
EA11391
EA11401
EA11411
EA11421
EA11431
VX(ng/mL)
1st ext
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
0.72
0.96
1.15
0.86
0.73
<0.5
4.11
3.99
5.28
1.92
2.92
<0.5
10.72
13.04
17.95
11.42
12.66
1.08
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
2nd ext
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
2.36
3.27
3.96
4.53
2.52
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
3rd ext
<0.5
1.04
<0.5
0.59
<0.5
<0.5
1.08
0.90
1.73
1.37
0.96
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
Total VX (\igl
mL)
BDL
1.04
BDL
0.59
BDL
BDL
0.72
0.96
1.15
0.86
0.73
BDL
4.11
3.99
5.28
1.92
2.92
BDL
14.16
17.21
23.64
17.32
16.14
1.08
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
Comments
Decon did not soak in to coupon
Decon did not soak in to coupon
Decon did not soak in to coupon
Decon did not soak in to coupon
Decon did not soak in to coupon
Decon did not soak in to coupon
Decon soaked in to coupon
Decon soaked in to coupon
Decon did not soak in to coupon
Decon soaked in to coupon
Decon soaked in to coupon
Decon soaked in to coupon
Samples decontaminated with full strength KOK Bleach
Samples decontaminated with diluted ZEP* Industrial Purple
BDL: below detection limit
-------
Trial EPAAge-D14: Spike 3/16/10, Decontaminate and Extract 3/30/10
Sample Type
Pos Control
Test
Proc Control
Material
Metal
Laminate
Carpet
Metal
Sample ID
EA11441
EA11451
EA11461
EA11471
EA11481
EA11491
EA11501
EA11511
EA11521
EA11531
EA11541
EA11551
EA11561
EA11571
EA11581
EA11591
EA11601
EA11611
EA11621
EA11631
EA11641
EA11651
EA11661
EA11671
EA11681
EA11691
EA11701
EA11711
EA11721
EA11731
EA11741
EA11751
EA11761
EA11771
EA11781
EA11791
VX(ng/mL)
1st ext
<0.5
0.50
<0.5
0.52
0.99
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
1.46
1.47
1.69
1.53
1.48
1.55
1.70
2.61
2.35
2.10
5.16
4.46
3.55
5.43
6.81
4.70
6.98
5.06
5.30
7.33
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
2nd ext
0.98
1.12
1.85
0.98
1.36
0.72
1.11
1.34
0.83
1.42
3rd ext
<0.5
1.07
0.64
0.5
0.96
<0.5
0.73
0.65
<0.5
<0.5
Total VX (\igl
mL)
BDL
0.50
BDL
0.52
0.99
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
1.46
1.47
1.69
1.53
1.48
1.55
1.70
2.61
2.35
2.10
6.14
6.65
6.04
6.41
9.13
5.42
8.82
7.05
6.13
8.75
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
Comments
-------
Sample Type
Test
Proc Control
Test
Proc Control
Test
Proc Control
Test
Proc Control
Test
Proc Control
Lab Blank
Material
Laminate
Carpet
Metal
Laminate
Carpet
Metal
Laminate
Carpet
Sample ID
EA11801
EA11811
EA11821
EA11831
EA11841
EA11851
EA11861
EA11871
EA11881
EA11891
EA11901
EA11911
EA11921
EA11931
EA11941
EA11951
EA11961
EA11971
EA11981
EA11991
EA12001
EA12011
EA12021
EA12031
EA12041
EA12051
EA12061
EA12071
EA12081
EA12091
EA12101
EA12111
EA12121
EA12131
EA12141
EA12151
VX(ng/mL)
1st ext
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
0.50
<0.5
0.50
0.54
<0.5
<0.5
2.35
1.73
1.64
1.31
1.60
<0.5
5.03
4.75
4.45
4.29
4.61
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
2nd ext
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
1.58
0.87
0.93
1.75
0.9
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
3rd ext
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
0.57
0.56
0.56
0.52
0.52
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
Total VX (\igl
mL)
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
0.50
BDL
0.50
0.54
BDL
BDL
2.35
1.73
1.64
1.31
1.60
BDL
7.18
6.18
5.94
6.56
6.03
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
Comments
Decon did not soak in to coupon
Decon did not soak in to coupon
Decon did not soak in to coupon
Decon did not soak in to coupon
Decon did not soak in to coupon
Decon did not soak in to coupon
Decon soaked in to coupon
Decon soaked in to coupon
Decon soaked in to coupon
Decon soaked in to coupon
Decon soaked in to coupon
Decon soaked in to coupon
Samples decontaminated with full strength KOK Bleach
J Samples decontaminated with diluted ZEP* Industrial Purple
BDL: below detection limit
-------
Trial EPAAge-D21: Spike 3/11/10, Decontaminate and Extract 4/1/10
Sample Type
Pos Control
Test
Proc Control
Material
Metal
Laminate
Carpet
Metal
Sample ID
EA12161
EA12171
EA12181
EA12191
EA12201
EA12211
EA12221
EA12231
EA12241
EA12251
EA12261
EA12271
EA12281
EA12291
EA12301
EA12311
EA12321
EA12331
EA12341
EA12351
EA12361
EA12371
EA12381
EA12391
EA12401
EA12411
EA12421
EA12431
EA12441
EA12451
EA12461
EA12471
EA12481
EA12491
EA12501
EA12511
VX(ng/mL)
1st ext
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
0.78
0.76
0.99
0.87
0.85
0.91
0.96
0.93
1.11
1.07
1.79
2.47
2.52
2.09
3.35
2.02
1.67
2.00
1.95
2.01
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
2nd ext
<0.5
1.05
0.53
0.51
0.55
<0.5
0.67
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
3rd ext
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
Total VX (\igl
mL)
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
0.78
0.76
0.99
0.87
0.85
0.91
0.96
0.93
1.11
1.07
1.79
3.52
3.05
2.60
3.90
2.02
2.34
2.00
1.95
2.01
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
Comments
-------
Sample Type
Test
Proc Control
Test
Proc Control
Test
Proc Control
Test
Proc Control
Test
Proc Control
Lab Blank
Material
Laminate
Carpet
Metal
Laminate
Carpet
Metal
Laminate
Carpet
Sample ID
EA12521
EA12531
EA12541
EA12551
EA12561
EA12571
EA12581
EA12591
EA12601
EA12611
EA12621
EA12631
EA12641
EA12651
EA12661
EA12671
EA12681
EA12691
EA12701
EA12711
EA12721
EA12731
EA12741
EA12751
EA12761
EA12771
EA12781
EA12791
EA12801
EA12811
EA12821
EA12831
EA12841
EA12851
EA12861
EA12871
VX(ng/mL)
1st ext
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
0.79
0.93
0.87
0.86
0.73
<0.5
2.96
1.58
2.03
1.29
1.81
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
2nd ext
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
0.53
0.63
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
3rd ext
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
Total VX (\igl
mL)
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
0.79
0.93
0.87
0.86
0.73
BDL
2.96
2.11
2.66
1.29
1.81
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
Comments
Decon did not soak in to coupon
Decon did not soak in to coupon
Decon did not soak in to coupon
Decon did not soak in to coupon
Decon did not soak in to coupon
Decon did not soak in to coupon
Decon soaked in to coupon
Decon soaked in to coupon
Decon soaked in to coupon
Decon soaked in to coupon
Decon soaked in to coupon
Decon soaked in to coupon
Samples decontaminated with full strength KOK Bleach
J Samples decontaminated with diluted ZEP* Industrial Purple
BDL: below detection limit
-------
Total Residual Agent (Sum of Three Extractions)
Sample Type
Pos Control
Test
Proc Control
Material
Metal
Laminate
Carpet
Metal
Position
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
Total Residual VX (ng/mL)
Dayl
65.70
68.60
73.50
39.60
77.30
69.60
84.70
91.60
64.70
43.80
80.50
66.62
72.66
54.96
94.60
64.80
110.9
54.65
63.60
106.18
117.92
89.38
109.76
101.79
101.18
108.21
83.74
122.13
103.88
93.36
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
Day?
0.83
0.93
0.70
0.72
0.70
0.77
0.92
0.59
0.61
0.64
0.99
1.23
1.59
1.47
1.62
2.74
9.47
3.57
4.60
9.57
18.39
19.98
26.71
22.79
21.95
24.84
17.78
22.34
22.00
18.24
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
Day 14
BDL
0.50
BDL
0.52
0.99
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
1.46
1.47
1.69
1.53
1.48
1.55
1.70
2.61
2.35
2.10
6.14
6.65
6.04
6.41
9.13
5.42
8.82
7.05
6.13
8.75
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
Day 21
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
0.78
0.76
0.99
0.87
0.85
0.91
0.96
0.93
1.11
1.07
1.79
3.52
3.05
2.60
3.90
2.02
2.34
2.00
1.95
2.01
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
-------
Sample Type
Test
Proc Control
Test
Proc Control
Test
Proc Control
Test
Proc Control
Test
Proc Control
Lab Blank
Material
Laminate
Carpet
Metal
Laminate
Carpet
Metal
Laminate
Carpet
Position
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
Total Residual VX (ng/mL)
Day 1
2.07
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
7.62
21.59
33.10
10.36
BDL
42.30
55.20
38.90
47.20
28.20
BDL
61.60
38.82
27.56
52.00
50.96
BDL
105.07
88.58
87.41
88.23
66.60
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
Day?
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
1.04
BDL
0.59
BDL
BDL
0.72
0.96
1.15
0.86
0.73
BDL
4.11
3.99
5.28
1.92
2.92
BDL
14.16
17.21
23.64
17.32
16.14
1.08
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
Day 14
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
0.50
BDL
0.50
0.54
BDL
BDL
2.35
1.73
1.64
1.31
1.60
BDL
7.18
6.18
5.94
6.56
6.03
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
Day 21
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
0.79
0.93
0.87
0.86
0.73
BDL
2.96
2.11
2.66
1.29
1.81
1.08
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
BDL
Samples decontaminated with full strength KOK Bleach
Samples decontaminated with diluted ZEP* Industrial Purple
BDL: below detection limit
-------
Trial EPAAge-Dl: TBP Spiked Immediately Prior to Extraction
Sample Type
Pos Control
Test
Proc Control
Material
Metal
Laminate
Carpet
Metal
Sample ID
EA10001
EA10011
EA10021
EA10031
EA10041
EA10051
EA10061
EA10071
EA10081
EA10091
EA10101
EA10111
EA10121
EA10131
EA10141
EA10151
EA10161
EA10171
EA10181
EA10191
EA10201
EA10211
EA10221
EA10231
EA10241
EA10251
EA10261
EA10271
EA10281
EA10291
EA10301
EA10311
EA10321
EA10331
EA10341
EA10351
VX(ng/mL)
1st ext
83.30
83.90
83.40
81.70
81.60
77.10
84.60
83.80
81.20
88.50
85.50
77.50
85.20
78.00
82.40
77.60
100.20
78.80
85.30
114.30
98.20
80.90
82.60
85.00
82.60
81.70
85.80
85.70
87.30
81.70
84.70
84.50
88.20
86.00
94.20
91.30
2nd ext
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
5.51
5.82
5.61
7.16
7.31
6.55
4.80
6.17
5.81
6.58
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
3rd ext
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
0.92
1.00
1.05
1.75
1.63
1.58
0.80
1.06
1.07
1.47
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
Total VX (\igl
mL)
83.30
83.90
83.40
81.70
81.60
77.10
84.60
83.80
81.20
88.50
85.50
77.50
85.20
78.00
82.40
77.60
100.20
78.80
85.30
114.30
104.63
87.72
89.26
93.91
91.54
89.83
91.40
92.93
94.18
89.75
84.70
84.50
88.20
86.00
94.20
91.30
Comments
-------
Sample Type
Test
Proc Control
Test
Proc Control
Test
Proc Control
Test
Proc Control
Test
Proc Control
Lab Blank
Material
Laminate
Carpet
Metal
Laminate
Carpet
Metal
Laminate
Carpet
Sample ID
EA10361
EA10371
EA10381
EA10391
EA10401
EA10411
EA10421
EA10431
EA10441
EA10451
EA10461
EA10471
EA10481
EA10491
EA10501
EA10511
EA10521
EA10531
EA10541
EA10551
EA10561
EA10571
EA10581
EA10591
EA10601
EA10611
EA10621
EA10631
EA10641
EA10651
EA10661
EA10671
EA10681
EA10691
EA10701
EA10711
VX(ng/mL)
1st ext
91.80
88.90
93.80
85.10
90.80
91.30
92.10
79.30
87.00
86.00
89.00
88.50
60.20
85.20
88.40
90.80
84.60
89.10
95.60
90.60
85.20
88.50
90.70
91.30
92.20
85.90
79.60
81.70
75.90
96.10
86.90
76.60
92.10
86.70
95.00
92.20
2nd ext
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
5.50
4.07
4.39
5.96
5.96
5.39
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
5.48
4.49
4.93
9.58
5.19
7.61
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
5.52
5.58
3rd ext
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
1.05
0.66
0.53
0.97
1.12
0.70
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
0.76
0.63
1.01
2.77
1.07
1.65
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
0.85
1.15
Total VX (\igl
mL)
91.80
88.90
93.80
85.10
90.80
91.30
98.65
84.03
91.92
92.93
96.08
94.59
60.20
85.20
88.40
90.80
84.60
89.10
95.60
90.60
85.20
88.50
90.70
91.30
98.44
91.02
85.54
94.05
82.16
105.36
86.90
76.60
92.10
86.70
101.37
98.93
Comments
-------
Trial EPAAge-D7: TBP Spiked Immediately Prior to Extraction
Sample Type
Pos Control
Test
Proc Control
Material
Metal
Laminate
Carpet
Metal
Sample ID
EA10721
EA10731
EA10741
EA10751
EA10761
EA10771
EA10781
EA10791
EA10801
EA10811
EA10821
EA10831
EA10841
EA10851
EA10861
EA10871
EA10881
EA10891
EA10901
EA10911
EA10921
EA10931
EA10941
EA10951
EA10961
EA10971
EA10981
EA10991
EA11001
EA11011
EA11021
EA11031
EA11041
EA11051
EA11061
EA11071
VX(ng/mL)
1st ext
96.40
95.80
93.30
89.20
99.20
86.40
90.30
92.90
88.90
95.30
83.80
92.30
90.70
90.20
102.30
77.00
93.20
92.10
89.40
103.40
85.80
94.50
75.00
86.40
89.20
95.70
88.70
92.60
81.10
93.10
61.00
91.70
93.40
94.20
90.90
90.70
2nd ext
4.90
5.27
5.01
5.39
7.21
5.18
5.10
5.41
6.16
5.46
3rd ext
0.82
1.09
0.84
0.95
1.76
0.84
0.89
0.88
1.69
1.02
Total VX (\igl
mL)
96.40
95.80
93.30
89.20
99.20
86.40
90.30
92.90
88.90
95.30
83.80
92.30
90.70
90.20
102.30
77.00
93.20
92.10
89.40
103.40
91.52
100.86
80.85
92.74
98.17
101.72
94.69
98.89
88.95
99.58
61.00
91.70
93.40
94.20
90.90
90.70
Comments
-------
Sample Type
Test
Proc Control
Test
Proc Control
Test
Proc Control
Test
Proc Control
Test
Proc Control
Lab Blank
Material
Laminate
Carpet
Metal
Laminate
Carpet
Metal
Laminate
Carpet
Sample ID
EA11081
EA11091
EA11101
EA11111
EA11121
EA11131
EA11141
EA11151
EA11161
EA11171
EA11181
EA11191
EA11201
EA11211
EA11221
EA11231
EA11241
EA11251
EA11261
EA11271
EA11281
EA11291
EA11301
EA11311
EA11321
EA11331
EA11341
EA11351
EA11361
EA11371
EA11381
EA11391
EA11401
EA11411
EA11421
EA11431
VX(ng/mL)
1st ext
98.50
85.90
93.10
92.10
95.90
89.20
95.80
91.10
89.10
85.90
88.00
98.90
91.10
61.40
91.70
94.70
90.90
86.50
89.70
96.60
90.10
96.20
94.90
95.40
92.50
83.10
91.70
76.80
86.50
89.60
75.60
91.80
94.90
91.70
97.60
82.90
2nd ext
5.84
5.35
4.81
4.76
5.73
5.98
5.33
6.65
5.92
5.22
4.47
5.98
5.92
3.71
3rd ext
0.99
1.02
0.9
0.9
1.08
0.96
0.99
2.47
0.85
0.96
0.69
0.90
1.09
0.52
Total VX (\igl
mL)
98.50
85.90
93.10
92.10
95.90
89.20
102.63
97.47
94.81
91.56
94.81
105.84
91.10
61.40
91.70
94.70
90.90
86.50
89.70
96.60
90.10
96.20
94.90
95.40
98.82
92.22
98.47
82.98
91.66
96.48
75.60
91.80
94.90
91.70
104.61
87.13
Comments
-------
Trial EPAAge-D14: TBP Spiked Immediately Prior to Extraction
Sample Type
Pos Control
Test
Proc Control
Material
Metal
Laminate
Carpet
Metal
Sample ID
EA11441
EA11451
EA11461
EA11471
EA11481
EA11491
EA11501
EA11511
EA11521
EA11531
EA11541
EA11551
EA11561
EA11571
EA11581
EA11591
EA11601
EA11611
EA11621
EA11631
EA11641
EA11651
EA11661
EA11671
EA11681
EA11691
EA11701
EA11711
EA11721
EA11731
EA11741
EA11751
EA11761
EA11771
EA11781
EA11791
VX(ng/mL)
1st ext
85.10
87.90
90.00
87.70
90.50
87.60
89.80
90.40
91.70
45.70
90.80
89.20
88.80
92.60
95.50
86.40
88.20
92.20
94.50
88.60
74.90
106.10
78.00
87.30
91.20
88.80
93.30
93.90
88.40
99.80
86.90
87.30
89.10
89.10
90.50
89.40
2nd ext
5.77
4.92
6.53
6.23
5.08
4.66
4.23
5.65
4.15
4.50
3rd ext
1.61
0.81
1.19
1.83
1.25
0.86
0.75
1.20
0.68
0.72
Total VX (fig/
mL)
85.10
87.90
90.00
87.70
90.50
87.60
89.80
90.40
91.70
45.70
90.80
89.20
88.80
92.60
95.50
86.40
88.20
92.20
94.50
88.60
82.28
111.83
85.72
95.36
97.53
94.32
98.28
100.75
93.23
105.02
86.90
87.30
89.10
89.10
90.50
89.40
Comments
-------
Sample Type
Test
Proc Control
Test
Proc Control
Test
Proc Control
Test
Proc Control
Test
Proc Control
Lab Blank
Material
Laminate
Carpet
Metal
Laminate
Carpet
Metal
Laminate
Carpet
Sample ID
EA11801
EA11811
EA11821
EA11831
EA11841
EA11851
EA11861
EA11871
EA11881
EA11891
EA11901
EA11911
EA11921
EA11931
EA11941
EA11951
EA11961
EA11971
EA11981
EA11991
EA12001
EA12011
EA12021
EA12031
EA12041
EA12051
EA12061
EA12071
EA12081
EA12091
EA12101
EA12111
EA12121
EA12131
EA12141
EA12151
VX(ng/mL)
1st ext
85.60
97.30
89.20
89.80
89.30
87.40
92.50
101.90
91.90
85.20
94.40
90.40
82.30
88.50
86.20
95.20
89.30
87.20
89.20
79.80
91.70
88.60
92.30
93.80
90.30
91.30
83.80
83.30
77.90
79.10
86.40
92.00
84.30
86.90
86.30
92.90
2nd ext
3.24
6.47
3.81
4.16
4.49
4.75
4.32
4.36
3.74
4.10
4.82
7.88
3.38
5.50
3rd ext
0.56
1.71
0.76
0.64
0.83
0.97
0.65
0.90
0.59
0.54
1.29
2.64
0.57
0.98
Total VX (\igl
mL)
85.60
97.30
89.20
89.80
89.30
87.40
96.3
110.08
96.47
90
99.72
96.12
82.30
88.50
86.20
95.20
89.30
87.20
89.20
79.80
91.70
88.60
92.30
93.80
95.27
96.56
88.13
87.94
84.01
89.62
86.40
92.00
84.30
86.90
90.25
99.38
Comments
-------
Trial EPAAge-D21: TBP Spiked Immediately Prior to Extraction
Sample Type
Pos Control
Test
Proc Control
Material
Metal
Laminate
Carpet
Metal
Sample ID
EA12161
EA12171
EA12181
EA12191
EA12201
EA12211
EA12221
EA12231
EA12241
EA12251
EA12261
EA12271
EA12281
EA12291
EA12301
EA12311
EA12321
EA12331
EA12341
EA12351
EA12361
EA12371
EA12381
EA12391
EA12401
EA12411
EA12421
EA12431
EA12441
EA12451
EA12461
EA12471
EA12481
EA12491
EA12501
EA12511
VX(ng/mL)
1st ext
87.10
122.00
86.30
85.70
83.60
81.00
84.60
87.10
83.80
83.90
84.80
83.80
86.40
83.90
84.90
83.40
75.30
82.40
68.40
84.20
91.30
91.10
83.30
87.40
88.60
81.50
95.70
80.90
80.70
75.90
86.10
76.10
84.30
80.00
85.90
80.40
2nd ext
4.88
4.55
4.78
6.09
4.96
5.69
5.60
5.44
4.49
5.24
3rd ext
0.91
0.75
0.88
1.26
0.94
0.98
1.05
1.16
0.79
0.90
Total VX (\igl
mL)
87.10
122.00
86.30
85.70
83.60
81.00
84.60
87.10
83.80
83.90
84.80
83.80
86.40
83.90
84.90
83.40
75.30
82.40
68.40
84.20
97.09
96.40
88.96
94.75
94.50
88.17
102.35
87.50
85.98
82.04
86.10
76.10
84.30
80.00
85.90
80.40
Comments
-------
Sample Type
Test
Proc Control
Test
Proc Control
Test
Proc Control
Test
Proc Control
Test
Proc Control
Lab Blank
Material
Laminate
Carpet
Metal
Laminate
Carpet
Metal
Laminate
Carpet
Sample ID
EA12521
EA12531
EA12541
EA12551
EA12561
EA12571
EA12581
EA12591
EA12601
EA12611
EA12621
EA12631
EA12641
EA12651
EA12661
EA12671
EA12681
EA12691
EA12701
EA12711
EA12721
EA12731
EA12741
EA12751
EA12761
EA12771
EA12781
EA12791
EA12801
EA12811
EA12821
EA12831
EA12841
EA12851
EA12861
EA12871
VX(ng/mL)
1st ext
82.60
86.30
79.60
82.70
84.30
80.40
92.30
56.40
79.60
75.30
83.40
85.70
84.60
84.50
80.90
82.30
82.80
78.40
83.20
82.40
85.50
80.50
83.00
85.30
92.80
75.50
80.70
78.50
79.80
80.40
82.80
78.10
80.20
65.40
87.60
87.70
2nd ext
5.57
2.94
5.07
5.14
5.05
5.97
5.84
4.62
4.94
5.22
4.99
4.1
4.19
4.19
3rd ext
1.16
0.65
0.85
0.93
0.91
1.15
0.96
1.14
0.75
1.11
0.91
0.76
0.77
0.6
Total VX (\igl
mL)
82.60
86.30
79.60
82.70
84.30
80.40
99.03
59.99
85.52
81.37
89.36
92.82
84.60
84.50
80.90
82.30
82.80
78.40
83.20
82.40
85.50
80.50
83.00
85.30
99.60
81.26
86.39
84.83
85.70
85.26
82.80
78.10
80.20
65.40
92.56
92.49
Comments
-------
Table A-3. TBP Recovery (%) for Residual VX Decontamination Trials
Material Aging '.
Period (Day)
TBP Recovery, % ± SD,
Positive Control KFS Test
Metal
Laminate
Carpet
1 85 ±3
7 95 ±4
14 87 ±14
21 91 ±12
1 89 ±12
7 94 ±8
14 93 ±3
21 84 ±6
1 95 ±5
7 98 ±7
14 99 ±9
21 94 ±6
Table A-4. TBP Recovery (%) for Procedural and Laboratory
Material Aging Trial
1
7
Metal
14
21
1
7
Laminate
14
21
1
7
Carpet
14
21
/T)av"l
KFS Test
94
93
92
83
94
92
90
83
97
109
99
95
91±4
89 ±13
91 ± 1
84 ±4
93 ±3
95 ±5
92 ±4
85 ±3
96 ±5
101 ±6
101 ±7
87 ± 14
Blanks
TBP Recovery, % (n=2)
ZEP8 Test
92
89
90
81
94
98
96
88
108
99
92
88
(n=5)
ZEP8 Test
85 ± 12
89 ±13
91±4
85 ±2
93 ±4
96 ±3
92 ±5
86 ±2
95 ±9
96 ±6
93 ±5
90 ±7
Laboratory Blank
84
86
92
83
92
96
88
75
103
99
97
95
-------
-------
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
PRESORTED STANDARD
POSTAGE & FEES PAID
EPA
PERMIT NO. G-35
Office of Research and Development (8101R)
Washington, DC 20460
Official Business
Penalty for Private Use
$300
------- |