Industrial Waste
Management
-------
This Guide provides state-of-the-art tools and
practices to enable you to tailor hands-on
solutions to the industrial waste management
challenges you face.
WHAT'S AVAILABLE
Quick reference to multimedia methods for handling and disposing of wastes
from all types of industries
Answers to your technical questions about siting, design, monitoring, operation.
and closure of waste facilities
Interactive, educational tools, including air and ground water risk assessment
models, fact sheets, and a facility siting tool.
Best management practices, from risk assessment and public participation to
waste reduction, pollution prevention, and recycling
-------
^DGEMENTS
The fotawng members of the Industrial Waste Focus Group and the Industrial Waste Steering Committe aregrateMy
acknowledged far al of their time ana assistance in the development of this guidance document
'ICUS
.
r-oui own, nie isun viicamuti
Company
Walter Carey. Nestle USA Inc and
New Milford Farms
Rama Chaturvedi Bethlehem Steel
Corporation
H.C. Clark. Rice University
Barbara Dodds. League of Women
Voters
Chuck Feerick. Exxon Mobil
Corporation
Stacey Ford. Exxon Mobil
Corporation
Robert Giraud DuPont Company
John Harney, Citizens Round
Table/PURE
Kyle Isakower. American Petroleum
Institute
Richard Jarman, National Food
Processors Association
James Meiers, Cinergy Power
Generation Services
Scott Murto. General Motors and
American Foundry Society
James Roewer, Edison Electric
Institute
Edward Repa. Environmental
Industry Association
Tim Saybr, International Paper
Amy SchaRer, Weyerhaeuser
Ed Skemote. WMX Technologies. Inc
Michael Wach Western
Environmental Law Center
David Wels, University of South
"*« Medical Center
rat fewin. Cherokee Nation of
Oklahoma
rocu?.
wu wom.nu. ^».u uiuu
Brian Forrestal. Laidlaw Waste
Systems
Jonathan Greenberg. Browning-
Ferris Industries
Michael Gregory, Arizona Toxics
Information and Sierra Club
Andrew Mites, The Dexter
Corporation
Gary Robbins, Exxon Company
Kevin Sail. National Paint & Coatings
Association
Bruce Sterer. American Iron & Steel
Lisa Williams. Aluminum Association
arid Territorial Solid Waste" "
Management Officials
Marc Crooks. Washington State
Department of Ecology
Cyndi Darling. Maine Department of
Environmental Protection
Jon Dilliard Montana Department of
Environmental Qualty
Anne Dobbs. Texas Natural
Resources Conservation
Commission
Richard Hammond. New York State
Department of Environmental
Conservation
Elizabeth Haven California State
Waste Resources Control Board
Jim HuD. Missouri Department of
Natural Resources
Jim Knudson. Washington State
Department of Ecology
Chris McGuire. Florida Department
of Environmental Protection
Gene Mitchell Wisconsin
Department of Natural Resources
William Pounds. Pennsylvania
Department of Environmental
Protection
Bjjan Sharafkhani Louisiana
Department of Environmental
Qualty
James Warner, Minnesota Pollution
Control Agency
railKHa l*ujiit, mame LmpwUlRitlt Of
Environmental Protection
NormGumenik Arizona Department
of Environmental Qualty
Steve Jenkins, Alabama Department
of Environmental Management
Jim North Arizona Department of
Environmental Qualty
-------
Industrial waste is generated by the production
of commercial goods, products, or services.
Examples include wastes from the production
of chemicals, iron and steel, and food goods.
-------
United Satei
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Water
(4305)
EPA-823-B-95-008
September 1995
SWMM Windows
Interface User's Manual
'.;. H \\v\\\\
-------
SWMM Windows Interface User's Manual
United States Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Science and Technology401 M Street, S. W.
Standards and Applied Science DivisionWashington, 0. C. 20460
401 M Street, SW
Washington, OC 20460
-------
FOREWORD
Water quality standards are implemented through a process of developing Waste Load Allocations
(WLAs) for point sources. Load Allocations (LAsf for nonpoint sources and natural backgrounds, and
Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLsJ for the watershed. Ultimately permit limits are developed based
on these WLAs, LAs and TMOLs. Many of the required calculations are preformed with computer
simulation models. Either steady-state or dynamic modeling techniques may be used.
The Office of Science and Technology develops and maintains analytical tools, such as the Storm
Water Management Model (SWMM>, to assist in performing analysis of water quality problems and
developing TMDLs. The Windows interface developed for the SWMM model will help users prepare
input files more efficiently. Calibration routines and plotting capabilities facilitate interpreting the
model's results and calibrating the model. There are many useful features included in the SWMM
Windows interface. Different screens or parts of screens will be active or jnactive depending on the
input. This feature reduces the potential for making mistakes during data entry.
This document is an Agency software user's manual. It does not establish or affect legal right* or
obligations. It does not establish binding requirements. This document is expected to be revised
periodically to reflect changes in this rapidly evolving area. Comments from users will be welcomed.
Send comments to U.S. EPA, Office of Water, Office of Science and Technology, Standards and
Applied Science Division (4305!, 401 M Street SW, Washington, DC 20460.
Tudor T, Davies
Director
Office of Science and Technology
-------
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The SWMM Windows Interface software and this user's manual were written by Mohammed Lahlou,
Ph.D., and Sayedul H. Chcudrtury of Tetra Tech, Inc. and Yin Wu, Ph.D.. and Kirk Baldwin of General
Science Corporation, under the direction of D. King Boynton of EPA's Office of Science and
Technology. The authors would like to thank Gerald LaVeck, and Russell Kinerson of the Office of
Science and Technology for their contribution and assistance in the successful completion of this
project.
DISCLAIMER
The information contained in this user's manual is intended to assist in using the Windows" interface
for the SWMM model, developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Science and
Technology. This user's manual is not a substitute for Storm Water Management Model, Version 4;
User's Manual developed by Wayne C. Huber and Rober E. Dickinson
-------
Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION
2. TECHNICAL SUMMARY AND BACKGROUND 3
2.1 Overview of SWMM 4.3 3
2.2 Model Structure and Description of Blocks 3
2.3 Data Requirements 4
2.4 Output 5
3. TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE SWMM
IMPLEMENTATION IN WINDOWS 7
3.1 MET 7
3.2 RUNOFF 9
3.3 USEHP II
3.4 TRANSPORT 11
3.5 EXTRAN 13
3.6 Limitations of SWMM Windows Interface 14
4. MINIMUM SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS AND SOFTWARE INSTALLAION ... 17
4.1 Minimum System Requirements 17
4.2 Installing the Software 17
5. USING THE SWMM WINDOWS INTERFACE 19
5.1 Accessing an Existing File or Opening a New File 19
5.2 SWMM File Naming Conventions 19
5.3 Saving Input Files 21
5.4 Setting Up a Default Editor for Viewing Output Files 21
5.5 Submitting an Input File to the Model 21
5.6 SWMM Windows Interface Commands and Function Keys 21
5.7 Import File Option in SWMM 23
5.8 Export Function 24
5.9 Array Screen Capabilities in SWMM 24
5.10 Manual Run Option 25
6. EXAMPLE RUNS 27
6.1 Example 1 - A User-Defined Hyetograph (A Screening-Level Example) . . 27
6.2 Example 2 - Steven's Avenue Drainage District in Lancaster, PA (MET,
RUNOFF, and TRANSPORT) . . . ." 30
6.3 Example 3 - Simulation of a Simple One-Pipe System with Two
Manholes (USEHP & TRANSPORT) 33
6.4 Example 4 - Basic Pipe System (USEHP and EXTRAN) 34
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7 SWMM POST-PROCESSOR 37
7.1 The Tables Routine 37
7.2 The Graphics Routine 39
7.3 The Calibration Routine 40
APPENDIX A:
SWMM WINDOWS INTERFACE DESIGN 43
REFERENCES 73
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Tables and Figure
Table 2.1 Summary of Computational Blocks in SWMM 4
Table 3.1 Data Category and Screen Input in MET interface 9
Table 3.2 Screen Input Sequence in RUNOFF Interface 10
Table 3.3 Screen Input Sequence in L'SEHP interlace II
Table 3.4 Screen Input Sequence in TRANSPORT Interface 12
Table 3.5 Different Element Types in Transport Block 14
Table 3.6 Screen Input Sequence in EXTRAN Interface 25
Table 5.1 Naming Conventions of SWMM Interface 20
Table 6.1 Example Run Matrix for SWMM Windows Interlace 28
Table 6.2 Example Input files with SWMM Windows and SWMM 4.3 29
Table 6.3 A User-Defined Hyetograph in MET 29
Table 6.4 User-Defined Hydrograph and Pollutographs in USEHP 33
Table A.I Input Variables and Screen Sequence in MET 44
Table A.2 Input Variables and Screen Sequence in RUNOFF 45
Table A.3 Input Variables and Screen Sequence in USEHP 55
Table A.4 Input Variables and Screen Sequence in TRANSPORT 56
Table A.5 Input Variables and Screen Sequence in EXTRAN 63
Figures
Figure 3.1 SWMM Windows Interface Functions 8
Figure 6.1 Basic System with Free Outfall 35
Figure 7.1 SWMM Post-Processing Structure 38
Figure 7.2 RUNOFF Graphics 41
Figure 7.3 Total Solids Concentrations 42
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1. INTRODUCTION
The EPA's Storm Water Management Model
(SWMM) is a large, complex model capable of
simulating the movement of precipitation and
pollutants from the ground surface through pipe and
channel networks, storage/treatmeni unils, and finally
to receiving waters. Both single-event and
continuous simulation may he performed on
catchments having storm sewers, combined sewers,
and naiural drainage, for prediction of flows, stages,
and pollutant concentrations.
The model may he used for hoth planning and
design. The planning model is used for an overall
assessment of the urban runoff problem and proposed
abatement options. This model is typified by
continuous simulation for several years using
long-term precipitation data. Catchment
schcmatization is usually "coarse" in keeping with the
planning level of analysis. A design-level, event
simulation also may be run using a detailed
catchment schematization and shorter time steps for
precipitation input.
The SWMM Windows interface was developed to
assist the user in data input and model execution and
to make a complex model user-friendly. The
Windows interface was developed for the Office of
Science and Technology, Standards and Applied
Sciences Division of the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency to assist them with the Total
Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) program. This user's
guide provides guidance on the use of the SWMM
interface and illustrates its use with four example
runs. The Windows interface integrates the SWMM
model and data handling needs to make the model
implementation user friendly. A hnef description of
the SWMM model structure is presented in order to
facilitate subsequent discussions.
This guide is divided into seven sections. Section 2
gives you a technical summary irf the SWMM model.
as well as the model structure, the interaction
between the various blocks of SWMM. the input
requirements, and the output. Section 3 describes the
Windows Implementation of the blocks, including
descriptions of the screens sequences, the
corresponding blocks, changes made for ease of use.
and limitations of the implementation. Section 4
provides minimum hardware requjremenrs and
installation information for the Windows SWMM.
Section 5 provides the information necessary to use
the SWMM interface, including:
Accessing an Existing File or Opening a New
Ftle
File-Naming Conventions
Saving Input Files
Setting Up a Default Editor for Viewing
Output Files
SWMM Windows Interface Commands and
Function Keys
Submitting an Input File to the Model
Import File Option in SWMM
Export Function
Array Screen Capabilities
Using the Manual Run Option
Section 6 contains four example runs that highlight
user entry and model output. Section 7 describes the
SWMM post-processor capabilities, which allows the
user to display tabulated summary information and
graphical representations of the modeling results.
Appendices provide the screen structure and variable
descriptions for the Windows interface blocks.
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2 TECHNICAL SUMMARY AND BACKGROUND
2.1 Overview of SWMM 4.3
SWMM simulates most quantity and quality
processes in Che urban hydrologic cycle on the basis
of rainfall (hyclograph) .md other meteorological
inputs and system characten/atmn icatchment,
conveyance, storage/treatment i Storm sewers,
combined sewers, and natural drainage systems can
be simulated as well.
2.2 Model Structure and Description
of Blocks
SWMM is constructed in the form of "blocks" as
follows:
Computational Blocks:
Services Blocks:
Runoff, Transport, Extran.
S toragc/Treatmcn t
Executive, Rain, Temp,
Graph. Statistics, Combine
Each block has a specific function, and the results of
each block are entered on working storage devices to
be used as pan of the input to other blocks. A
typical run usually involves only one or two compu-
tational blocks together with the Executive Block. A
summary of the four computational blocks in SWMM
are shown in Table 2.1. This table explains the
model capability, (low routing characteristics, and
quality by block.
The Runoff Block is a critical block to the SWMM
simulation. This block receives meteorological data
from either Ram and/or Temp Blocks or user defined
hyctographs (rainfall intensity vs. time) and then
simulates the rainfall-runnl'f process using a nonlinear
reservoir approach, with an option lor snowmelt
simulation. Groundwaicr and unsaturated 7.one flow
and outflow are included using a simple lumped
storage scheme. At the end. the Runoff Block
produces hydrographs and poilutographs at inlet
locations. This block may he run for periods ranging
Irom minutes to years. Simulations less lhan a few
weeks will henceforth be called single event mode
and longer simulations will be called continuous
mode. With the slight exception of snowmelt. all
computations arc done identically for the two cases
(Huber and Dickinson, 1988) Quality processes in
the Runoff Block include generation of surface runoff
constituent loads through a variety of options: I)
build-up of constituents during dry weather and
wash-off during wet weather, 2) "rating curve"
approach in which load is proportional Co flow rate to
a power. 3) constant concentration (including
precipitation loads), and/or 4) Universal Soil Loss
Equation (Donigian and Hubcr, 1991). The overall
catchment may be divided into a maximum of 200
subcatchments and 200 channel/pipes plus inlets.
The Runoff Block transfers hydrographs and
poilutographs for as many as 200 inlets and 10
constituents through an assigned interlace file Co
other SWMM blocks.
The Transport block is one of the subsequent blocks
and performs the detailed flow and pollutant routing
through the sewer system. In the Transport Block,
flow routing is accomplished using the kinematic
wave method, while quality processes include first-
order decay and simulating scour and deposition
within the sewer system based on Shiled's criterion
for initiation of motion, and generation of dry-
weather flow and quality. The Transport Block uses
inlet hydrographs and poilutographs generated either
from the Runoff Block via the interface file or from
the user defined option as the input, then determines
the quantity and quality of dry weather flow, the
system infiltration, pollutant loadings for each
channel/pipe, and study area.
The Storage/Treatment (S/T) Block is a special type
of element of the Transport Block. The S/T Block
simulates the routing of flows and up to three
pollutants through a dry- or wet-weather S/T tank
containing up to five units or processes. It also
simulates removal in S/T devices by I) first-order
decay coupled with complete mixing or plug flow, 2)
removal functions (e.g., solids deposition as a
function of detention time), or 3) sedimentation
dynamics. Additionally, capital cost and operation
and maintenance cost can be estimated for each unit.
The Extended Transport (EXTRAN) Block provides
the SWMM with dynamic wave simulation capability
(Rocsner. L.A el al. 1988). The EXTRAN Block is
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SWMM Windows Interface User's Manual
Table 2.1 Summary of Computational Blocks in SWMM
Block
Runoff
Transport
exbvn
Store**
Capability
Description
simulate quantity and quality runoff
of a drainage basin, route flows
and pollutants to major sewer lines.
produce hydrographs and
pollutographs at inlet locations
routes flow and pollutant through
the sewer system, determine
quantity and quality of dry-weather
flow, calculate system infiltration.
land, capital, operation and
maintenance costs of two internal
storage tanks
routes flow through the sewer
system, simulate backwater profiles
(flows} m open channel and/or
dosed conduit systems, a drainage
system can be represented as links
and nodes, looped pipe networks,
weirs, orifices, pumps, and system
surcharges
characterize the effects of control
devices upon flow and quality,
simulate removal in S/T devices.
calculate costs
Quantity
-------
Technical Summary and Background
collection can he accomplished within a few days.
but reducing the data for input to the model may take
up to 3 person-weeks for a large area (e.g., greater
than 2000 acres). For an EXTRAN simulation of
sewer hydraulics, expensive and time-consuming field
verification of sewer invert elevations is often
required. On an optimistic note, however, most data
reduction, i.e.. tabulation of slopes, lengths, and
diameters, is straightforward (Ambrose and Barnwell,
1989).
Categories of Data:
!) Weather Data: hourly or daily precipitation; daily
or monthly evaporation rates. Snowmelt: daily
max - min temperatures, monthly wind speeds.
melt coefficients and base temperatures, snow
distribution fractions and arc a I depletion curves
(continuous only), and other melt parameters.
2) Surface quantity: area, imperviousness, slope,
width, depression storage and Manning's
roughness for pervious and impervious areas;
Horton or Green-Ampt infiltration parameters.
3) Subsurface quantity: Porosity, field capacity,
wilting point, hydraulic conductivity, initial water
table elevation, ET parameters; coefficients for
groundwater outflow as function of stage and tail
water elevations.
4) Channel/pipe quantity: linkages, shape, slope,
length, Manning's roughness. EXTRAN
transport also requires invert and ground
elevation, storage volumes at manholes and other
structures; geometric and hydraulic parameters
for weirs, pumps, orifices, storage, etc.;
infiltration rate into conduits.
5) Storage/sedimentation quantity:
stage-area-volume-ouiflow relationship, hydraulic
characteristics of outflows.
61 Surface quality: land use; total curb length;
catchbasin volume and initial pollutant
concentrations; street sweeping interval,
efficiency and availability factor; dry days prior
to initial precipitation; dusi/din and/or pollutant
fraction parameters for each land use, or
pollutant rating curve coefficients; concentrations
in precipitation; erosion parameters for Universal
Soil Loss Equation, if simulated.
7) Dry-weather flow constant or on basis of diurnal
and daily quantity/quality variations, population
density, other demographic parameters,
8} Particle size distribution, Shields parameter decay
coefficients for channel/pipe quality routing and
scour/deposition routine (optional).
9) Storage/treatment: parameters defining pollutant
removal equation; parameters for individual
treatment options such as particle size
distribution, maximum flow rates, size of unit,
outflow characteristics; optional dry-weather flow
data when using continuous simulation.
10) Storage/treatment cost: parameters for capital and
operation and maintenance costs s$ function of
flows, volumes and operating time.
In order to create SWMM input files, the users have
to follow certain sequences within one particular
block or between blocks. In the Runoff Block, for
example, the Group Identifiers, i.e.. SWMM ID, are
defined as the order of input data and are
characterized into five sections: general input and
control data, meteorological data, surface quantity,
surface quality, and print control. Each section may
be divided into subsections, e.g., meteorological data
include snow data, precipitation data, and evaporation
data. Many individual parameters are entered in
those data categories.
2.4 Output
SWMM produces a lime history of flow, stage and
constituent concentration at any point in the
watershed for Runoff, Transport, Storage/Treatment
Blocks. Seasonal and annual summaries are also
produced, along with continuity checks and other
summary output. Simulation output in the Extran
takes the form of water surface elevations and
discharges at selected system locations.
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3 TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE SWMM
IMPLEMENTATION IN WINDOWS
The SWMM Windows interface is designed to he as
user-fnendly as possible The SWMM Windows
interface consists of five interface Nocks:
METeorological data iMETt, RUNOFF. USEr
defined Hydrographs and Pollutngraphs (USEHP),
TRANSPORT, and EXTRAN Basically, the MET
function acts as the Ram and Temp blocks The
RUNOFF, TRANSPORT, and F.XTRAN interface
blocks perform the same functions as the Runoff,
Transport, and EXTRAN Blocks do m SWMM 4.3.
The USEHP function allows the user to define time
series of flows and concentrations at desired inlets.
A key feature of the design ot a 'Windows' user
interface for SWMM 4.3 is the separation of
meteorological data from the Runoff Block of user
input. Users will access the MET interface 10 create
and edit meteorological daia. Selection of
meteorological data for use in a RUNOFF run will
occur as pan of the RUNOFF function. The goal of
this function is to consolidate user interaction and
input of meteorological data m SWMM into one
separate module. From a user's perspective, all
meteorological data will be accessed unambiguously
by a single file name. This therefore, eliminates
meteorological data entry in the RUNOFF input file.
Similar consideration made in the TRANSPORT and
EXTRAN functions is the separation of user defined
hydrographs and pollutographs from the
TRANSPORT and EXTRAN user input. The
USEHP function was developed to handle all user-
supplied flows and concentrations.
The normal execution sequence for the SWMM
Windows interface is indicated by an arrow symbol
as shown m the screen in Figure 3.1. Usually, MET
should be executed first to create interface files that
are required input to the Runoff Block. Likewise,
RUNOFF creates an interface tile that is required
input to the Transport and EXTRAN Blocks.
USEHP MT'Ts the same function for input to the
Transport and EXTRAN Blocks as the runoff
interface tile does TRANSPORT or EXTRAN can
he executed independently when either a Runoff
interface file or a USEHP file exists
NOTE: In order to differentiate the Windows
Interface blocks from the actual SWMM
blocks (even if they arc practically the same
thing in some instances), the Windows
Interface Blocks will be in capital letters and
will he identified as an "interface block".
3.1 MET
As mentioned earlier. MET allows ihe user to create
and edit meteorological data. Input data in MET
consists of three data components: general
meteorological parameters, precipitation and
evaporation, and snow data. Those three elements
take a total of six screens (see Table 3.1). The first
screen describes the control variables in MET, such
as the types of meteorological data and units
associated with the MET data. The selections on the
first screen determines which subsequent screens are
accessible. The next two screens contain raingage
stations and precipitation data. The fifth screen
defines monthly average evaporation and/or wind
speed. Air temperatures are stored on the fourth
screen for continuous snowmelt simulation, and on
the last screen for single event snow melt simulation,
RAIN (precipitation) and evaporation data are always
required in MET. Wind speed and temperature data
are needed when the snowmelt is simulated
Precipitation data are the smgie most importan* group
of hydrologic data required by SWMM. SWMM
requires a hyetograph of rainfall intensities versus
time for the period of simulation. For single event
simulation, this is usually a single storm, and data for
up to ten rampages may be entered. For continuous
simulation, hourly, daily or other continuous data
from at least one gage are required. RAIN data can
be selected from a NOAA data file, an existing user-
created tile, or a new tile. NOAA data files are
obtained from the EPA Environmental Research Lab
in Athens. Georgia. They contain 35-year daily
weather data for all NOAA first order stations in the
United States Plea.se note that at present only one
raingage is available when the user selects the NOAA
-------
SWMM \\nndons Interface User's Manutil
MET
SWMM Rain Block
SWMM Temp Block
Meteorlogical Interface Block
i
RUNOFF
SWMM Runoff Block
Runoff Interface Block
USE HP
Hydrograph & Pollutograph
Interface Block
TRANSPORT
SWMM Transport Block
Transport Interface Block
1
EXTRAN
SWMM Extran Block
Extran Interface Block
SWMM Graph Block replaced by SWMM Post-processor
There is not Window interface yet for: Storage/Treatment Block, Graph Block,
Statistics Block, or Combine Block
Figure 3.1 SWMM Windows Interface Functions.
data option from our meteorological database. The
RAIN data should be entered in the Rain Data Table
on Screen No. 3. Input variables for this screen arc
listed in Table A.I. The format used in Rain Data
Table is the same one stored in the Rain Block
interface file of SWMM, which is an unformatted
binary file. Thus, the RAIN data can be handled
through the Rain Data Table instead of using the
Ram BU>ck and E1-E3 data groups in Runoff Block.
NWS precipitation data can be also read into the
MET function. The data include: I) hourly and 15-
inm precipitation data tor NWS Release B
Condensed
-------
Technical Description tif the SWMM Implementation in Windows
Table 3.1 Data Category and Screen Input in MET interface
Data
Element
1
2
3
Category
Screen Title
Genera! Meteorological Parameters
Precipitation
Evaporation
SNOW
Windspeed
Temp
Single Event
Continuous
Station Table
Rain Data Table
Avg. EVAP & WINDSPEED Table
Single Event Snow Melt Air Temp. Table
TEMP Data Table
Data Requirement
Units, control variables
Raingage station number
(max- 10)
Hourly, daily, and any time
step prectp. values
Default evap. rates
Monthly evap. rates
Monthly windspeed rates
Time interval, air temp
values
Daily Max & Min temp.
data
Screen
No.
1
2
3
1
5
5
6
4
a complete time history of daily maximum and
minimum temperatures on Screen No. 4. These
maximum/minimum temperatures are supplied in the
NOAA data file. A single event snowmelt simulation
receives air temperatures from Screen No. 6 for a
given time step entered on the first screen. The
temperatures are constant over the time interval.
After all the data are entered, MET will generate four
MET interface files: a RAIN data interface file, a
TEMP data interface file, an evaporation and wind
speed file (EVAWIND), and a single event snow
melt temperature file (SINAIR). The first two
interface files are the SWMM scratch files processed
during the execution of the Runoff block. The other
two files would he processed into the Runoff Block
input file. The evaporation and wind speed data
from the EVAWIND file will be placed on Fl and
C2 data group lines in the RUNOFF input file,
respectively. The air temperature from the SINAIR
file will be input to C5 data group line.
3.2 RUNOFF
The RUNOFF interface block assist in creating the
Runoff input tile and call the SWMM Runoff Block
for execution It is designed to closely follow the
mpul representation order in the Runoff Block. Input
data in RUNOFF are divided into five data elements:
general control parameter, meteorological data, water
quality, description of a drainage system, and print
control. The general control parameter includes
identifying a MET file, unit, simulation length,
starting date, time step, and type of simulations.
These selections determine whether subsequent
screens or controls are accessible. The
meteorological data include precipitation, evaporation,
temperature, and wind speed, which should be
generated through the MET function. Water quality
simulation requires the user to specify up to ten
pollutants >nd appropriate parameters to buildup and
washoff mechanisms, and up to five land uses to
characterize different subcatchments. Erosion and
groundwater simulations are optional. A drainage
system can be described as number of subcatchments
(subwatersheds voniicucd with channels/pipes.
Necessary inputs associated with subcatchment are
surface area, width, ground slope. Manning's
roughness coefficient, and infiltration rates. Channel
descriptions are the length. Manning's roughness
coefficient, invert slope, diameter for pipes, and
cross-sectional dimensions of the channel. Other
inputs arc discussed in Section 2.1.
There are a total of twenty-three screens in the
RUNOFF interface. The screen input sequence (see
Table 3.2> reflects the overall structure of the Runoff
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SWMM Windows Interface User's Manual
Table 3.2. Screen Input Sequence in RUNOFF Interface
Data
El.
1
2
3
4
5
Category
General Control Parameter
Meteorotogic Data (B1)
Water Quality
Description ol a Drainage System
Pnnt control
Content
Titles
Units
Simulation
Starting, ending time, time step
Simulation Type: Groundwater Row & Quality (J1)
Precipitation
(01)
Evaporation
Snow (B1)
hyetographs (1-10)
RAIN (database)
default rates
monthly rates
TEMP (database)
no
single event
continuous
Pollutants (1-10)
Lane! uses & fractions
Groundwater Concentration
Channel/Pipe
Watershed/
Subcatchment
t, inlet ». length. slope. Manning's n
t. inlet
Surface Water
infiltration
physical
GioumlwalBi
empirical
Snow
Erosion
Quality
SWMM output. Inlet hydrographs. pollutographs. inflows,
outflows, channel depths.
SWMM
ID
A1
B1
81. 83
E1-E3
F1
C1-C5
J3
J2&J4
J5
G1-G2
H1
H2-H4
11-12
K1
L1-L2
82. MI-
MS
Screen
No.
1
2
1
2
2
2.3.4.5
6&7
8&9
10
11
124 13
14
15 & 16
17
18
19-23
Block. Screen numbers are assigned corresponding
to the data elements and to cover all the input
requirements. Table 3.2 also shows the relationship
between the screen numbers in the RUNOFF
interlace and SWMM ID (Group Identifiers) in a
RUNOFF input file Furthermore, a spreadsheet (see
Table A.2) is generated to identity the controls
(variables) lor each screen. This table defines the
following for RUNOFF
I variable name in the Runotf Block,
2. the description of the variable,
3. SWMM ID m the Runoff Block (SID),
4. screen number (SCR),
5. control number (CSi,
6. control type iCTl. item, range, default, and
unit.
10
-------
Technical Description of the S\VMM Implementation in Windows
Each variable in ihc Runoff Block tor SWMM 43
has a unique control number nn a particular screen in
the RUNOFF interlace. For example, if you refer to
the first page of Table A.2. a variable WET in
SWMM 4.3 is interpreted as Wet time step (sec).
which is the eighth control on the first screen in the
RUNOFF Windows interface.
For WET, the SID (SWMM IDi should be under
Group B3, the type is floating, the range must be
equal or greater than one. the default should be
3600.0 seconds, and the unit is in seconds. The
relationship between variables of SWMM 4.3 and
controls of SWMM interface can be easily checked
in Table A.2.
3.3 USEHP
The USEHP function is designed to create and edit
user-defined inlet flows and concentrations. This
option is preferable to the RUNOFF interface file
option for those users who wish mainly to use the
Transport Block or (he EXTRAN Block. For
EX I KAN, the user should provide only inlet
hydrographs in USEHP since EXTRAN is not
capable of simulating water quality Any quality
information that is input to EXTRAN is ignored by
the program.
There are a total of five screens in the USEHP
interface block and input requirements arc listed in
Table 3.3. USEHP will generate four USEHP files
(sec Table 5.1) as input to the Transport and Ex Iran
Blocks. As shown in Table 3.3. the values stored in
USEHP correspond to the variables and data group
lines in either a Transport Block input or an
FiXTRAN Block input For a Transport input file,
two variables, (i.e.. NINPUT and NCNTRL) and two
data lines (i.e., II and Rl) are used for inlet
hydrographs; and a variable (NPOLL) and two data
lines (i.e., Fl and Rl) are used for inlet
poilulographs. Similarly, for an EXTRAN input a
variable, NLSW. and KI-K3 data lines are used for
the mlel hydrographs.
3.4 TRANSPORT
The Transport Block was implemented following the
same procedure as used for the Runoff Block. Table
3.4 indicates the screen input sequence in the
TRANSPORT interface as compared to in the
SWMM model. The TRANSPORT interface is
characterized into six data components, namely
TRANSPORT simulation control, sewer system
description, water quality, infiltration and dry-weather
flow, study area description, and print control.
TRANSPORT simulation control defines an inlel
hydrograph and pollutograph file, computational
parameters, units, and types of simulation. Sewer
system description provides the physical
characteristics of the conveyance system. Quality
data identify pollutants to be routed and their
characteristics. Infiltration and Dry-Weather Flow
(DWF) data describe the necessary drainage area
characteristics to permit (he computation of the
respective inflow quantities and qualities. Print
control reports a time history of inlet hydrographs
and pollutographs. and a time history of channel
depths.
Table 3.3 Screen Input Sequence in USEHP interface
DlU
Element
1
2
Category
General Control Parameters
List of inlet Numbers
Pollutant Name Table
Time of day
Hydrograph/Pollutograpn Table
Data Requirement
Units. # of inlets. * of pollutants. * of
data points
Inlet number
Pollutant name, input and output unit
Time in hours
Time series of flows and concentrations
Transport
Block
NINPUT
NPOLL
11
F1
R1
Extran
Block
NJSW
K2
No
K1.K3
3cr»««i
No.
1
2
3
4
5
II
-------
SWMM Windows Interface User's Manual
Table 3.4 Screen Input Sequence in TRANSPORT Interface
Data
Element
f
2
3
4
5
6
Category
TRANSPORT Simulation Control
Sawar System Description
Content
Title
Inlet Hydrographs and PoHutographs
Computational Control
Simulation Type
Simulation Type
Unit
* of Constituents
Sewer System Table
Special Types of
Sewer Elemeni
Storage Tank
New Sfiapes
Natural Channel
(HEC-2 format)
Water Quality
Infiltration and Dry-Weather Flow
Study Area Description
Prtrt Control
Study Area Parameters
Process Flow Characteristics
Categorized Study Area
Printed non-
conduit elements
lor hydrograph &
pollutograph
Transferred to
Graph Block
Input
Output
Printed conduit elements for depths
SWMM ID
A1
B3
B1.B3
B3
B1
81
£1
G1-GS
Cf, 01-09
E2-E4
F1
K1.K2.L1-L3, M1-M4
N1. 01.O2
P1
Q1
91.C1.H1
J1
J2
12
Screen
No.
1
2
3
4
5.6.7,8
9& 10
11
12
134 14
15
16
17
The physical representation of the sewer system is a
key input to (he TRANSPORT simulation. The
sewer system is classified as a certain type of
"element." All elements in combination form in a
manner similar to thai ot links and nodes (Huber and
Dickinson, 1988). Elements m a real system can be
described as a network of conduits tc g., chan-
nels/pipes) joined with non-conduits such as man-
holes Conduits themselves may he ot different
element types depending upon their geometrical
cross-section. Non-conduits must he located at points
corresponding in inlet points tor hvdrographs
generated by either the Runoff Block or USEHP.
According to SWMM documentation, there is a total
of twenty-fiN'e types of elements that are available for
use in Transport Block (See Table 3.5). Eighteen of
them are conduit elements and seven are non-conduit
elements. For the elements with regular shapes, data
requirements are usually the tabulation of shape.
dimension, slope, and roughness parameters. While
for the elements with irregular shapes, supplemental
data are required, such as flow-area and depth-area
relationships of the elements. The irregular shapes
are new shapes and natural channels with HEC-2
12
-------
Technical Description of the SWMM Implementation in Windows
formal for conduit elements and storage tanks for
non-conduit elements
Only up to four pollutants can be handled for water
quality simulation in ihe Transport Block. Pollutants
may he introduced to the sewer system by cither the
RUNOFF interface or USEHP using the data group
II and Rl in the Transport input file.
The TRANSPORT interface contains a total of
seventeen screens. The data components associated
with screen numbers in ihe interface and SWMM ID
in SWMM 4.3 are presented in Table 3.4. Table A.4
contains a description of ihc TRANSPORT data
requirements including variable definitions, SWMM
tD, screen number, control number, control type,
control item, type, range, default, and units. This
table was designed to assist in assembling data for
implementing WINDOWS processes of SWMM and
give a clear picture of identifying the variables used
in TRANSPORT interface as compared to SWMM
4.3.
The TRANSPORT interface reads the data for
conduit and non-conduit elements from the Sewer
System Table on Screen No. 3, Different element
types supplied with the TRANSPORT block and
corresponding element names used in the
TRANSPORT interface are lis(ed in Table 3.5.
Three irregular shapes of elements are a natural
channel, a user-supplied shape, and a storage unil.
They are treated as special elements and have 10 be
"parate functions tn the TRANSPORT interface.
Currently, the TRANSPORT allows the user to
specify three types of files, which correspond to three
types of sewer elements. They are defined as
follows:
Special
Elements
HEC-2 format
User supplied
Storage unit
SWMM 0«t»
Groups in
Transport Block
E2-E3
C1. 01-09
G1-Q5
File Name
Used in
TRANSPORT interlace
XHEC2-.PIP
XSHAP'.PIP
XTANK'.PIP
The files must contain the input parameters and data
group lines required by the TRANSPORT input. The
three types of tiles arc XHF.C2#*# PIP tor a natural
channel, XSHAP### PIP for a user supplied shape,
and XTANK*##.PIP for a storage unit. For example.
\ou detine u non-conduit element as a storage tank.
you need to prepare a data file containing G1-G5
data group lines using any text editor outside of the
Windows interface You should save this file as
XTANK* PIP, Next, go to the fourth column under
TYPE on Screen 3 in the TRANSPORT interface and
specify the file that you created. Table 5.1 presents
files created by TRANSPORT
3.5 EXTRAN
There are three data components included in the
Extran Block: EXTRAN simulation control, sewer
system description, and output print and plot. The
EXTRAN simulation control defines the simulation,
an inlet hydrograph file, computational control, and
simulation methods. Like the TRANSPORT
interface, EXTRAN gets inlet flows from either a
RUNOFF interface file or a USEHP file. Therefore,
the user must run either RUNOFF or USEHP before
proceeding with EXTRAN. The sewer system
description is divided into two sections: identification
of channels/conduits and junctions. The cross
sections of channels/conduits can be regular or
irregular. For regular channels, input data are
relatively simple. For irregular channels, however,
data are complex and a detailed description to define
cross sections for each channel is needed. Junction
data can be described as regular junctions and special
flow devices (hat divert sanitary sewage oul of a
combined sewer system or relieve the storm load on
sanitary interceptors. The five types of junctions are
storage, orifice, weir, pump, and outfall. Like
irregular channels, those special junctions may
require detailed input describing a time-history curve
for stage, volume, flow, etc. Output print and plot
determine number junctions and channels for printing
and plotting of heads and flows.
There are twenty-three screens for the EXTRAN
interface, as shown in Table 3.6. Sixteen of these
screens are for inputs for channels and junctions.
Two looping screens are developed to handle large
input depending upon the type of channel or junction.
Variable input sequences on each screen are given in
-------
SWMM Windows Interface User's Manual
Table A.5. which defines the \ariable name, the
description of vanable. SWMM ID. screen number.
control number, and the vanable's usage
Screens No. 4 and 5 are designed to store the data
for natural channels, which use the same format as
used in the HEC-2 mode!
3.6 Limitations of The SWMM
Windows Interface
The SWMM Windows Interface has several
limitations. These limitations are summan/ed below.
I In the RUNOFF Windows interface, (he maximum
number of watersheds and channels allowed is
100. For the SWMM Model 43, the maximum
number allowed is 200. In the TRANSPORT and
EXTRAN Interfaces, the maximum number of
inlets and channels allowed is 100, while the
maximum number of inlets and channels allowed
in the SWMM model is 200
2. Due to problems with the subcatchment number
vanable, which would not accept names, all IDs
in all the Windows interfaces have to be integers
instead of characters. You cannot enter a name
for pipes, subcatchments, tnlci numbers
3. Due to problems encountered with the snow melt
simulation and with the conversion of the pan
evaporation data, daily evaporation rate and wind
speed data from the MET interlace (or continuous
snowmelt simulation will be converted to monthly
data.
Table 3.5 Different Element Types in
Transport Block
NTYPE
Transport Block
TRANSPORT
interface
CONDUIT ELEMENTS
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17. 18
Circular
Rectangular
Phillips standard egg shape
Boston horseshoe
Gothic
Catenary
Louisville semiellipdc
Basket-handle
Semi-circular
Modified basket-handle
Rectangular, triangular
bottom
Rectangular, round bottom
Trapezoid
Parabolic
Power Function
HEC-2 Format - Natural
Channel
User supplied
Circular
Rectangular
Egg shape
Horseshoe
Gothic
Catenary
Sermellipoc
Baslet-Handle
Serm -circular
Modified B-H
R + tri bottom
R + round bottom
Trapezoid
Parabolic
Power F
XHEC2»#».PIP
XSHAP»»t PIP
NON-CONDUIT ELEMENTS
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Manhole
Lift station
Flow divider
Storage unit
Flow divider weir
Flow divider
Backwater element
Manhole
Lift station
Flow divider
XTANK»t*PlP
Flow divider-weir
Flow divider
Backwater
14
-------
Technical Description of the SWMM Implementation in Windows
Table 3.6 Screen Input Sequence in EXTRAN Interface
Data
Element
1
2
3
Category
EXTRAN Simulation Control
Sewer System Description
Output print and plot
Content
Tide
Inlet Hycfrographs
Computational Control and Unit
Simulation and print
control
Channels/Conduits
Junctions
Solution technique, flow
condition, and conduit
elevation
Print cycle
Channels/Conduits Table
Natural Channel (HEC-2
format)
Regular Junction
Storage Junction
Orifice
Weir
Pump
Outfall
Printed and plotted Junctions for elevations
Printed and plotted channels for flows and velocities
Plotted channels for US/OS elevations
SWMM ID
A1
B3.K1.K2.K3 (if
USEHP is selected)
B1.B3.B2
BO.BB
B1
C1
C2-C4
D1.I1.I2.J1
E1.E2
F1.F2
G1
H1
J2-J4
B4.B6
B5.B7
B8
Semen
No.
1
2
3
4-5
6
7-8
9-12
13-14
15-16
17-18
19,21
20,22
23
/5
-------
4 MINIMUM SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS AND
SOFTWARE INSTALLATION
4.1 Minimum System Requirements
The sysiem runs under Microsoft" Windows. The
minimum system requirements are provided below:
Windows Version 3.1
80386 Processor
4 Megabytes RAM
IO Megabytes hard disk space
NOTE: A math co-processor is recommended but not
required.
4.2 Installing the Software
STEP I Insert the SWMM Setup Disk (i.e., SWMM
- DISK I). into drive A: or B:
NOTE: You must have IO Megabytes of space on
the hard disk drive on which you are
installing SWMM for Windows. Also close
all open applications including FILE
MANAGER before you start the SETUP
program.
STEP 2. Start Windows and, at the Program
Manager, choose File Run.
STEP 3: Type A:SETUP.EXE ("B:" if the disk is on
the B: drive) and press ENTER.
STEP 4: You will be asked to enter the path of the
directory where you would like SWMM to
be installed. When you accept the default
path or enter a new directory path, the
installation will begin.
Please note that the SWMM Windows-
interface consists of three disks.
STEP 5. You are now ready to use SWMM.
The executable for which the SETUP program has
already created an icon is described below.
Executable Description
SWMM.EXE The mam SWMM executable.
This executable allows you
access to the two SWMM
options:
The Windows Interface Option:
This option calls up all the windows
implementations of the various blocks of
SWMM as explained in Section 3.
Manual Run Option:
For experienced users of SWMM and those
familiar with the structure of the input files.
this option allows you to edit input Tiles
directly using a data editor.
NOTE: The working directory option should be the
one containing the executables since SWMM
requires certain table Hies in order to create
the input files.
17
-------
5 USING THE SWMM WINDOWS INTERFACE
Once you have finished installing the software, you
will be ready to access the SWMM Windows
Interface and Manual Run option When you select
the Windows Interface option. \ou will see a flow-
chart that is shown in Figure .v 1 thai shows the
various interlace blocks that are available and the
sequence you should follow in accessing them. All
[he interface blocks share certain characteristics since
they are all in Windows. Tins section details how to
use the capabilities available in (he various interface
blocks m SWMM. In addition, it will detail the
Manual Run option as well. Tins section describes
the following:
Accessing An Existing File or Opening a New
File
SWMM File-Naming Conventions
Saving Input Files
Setting Up a Default Editor for Viewing Output
Files
Submitting an Input File to the Model
SWMM Windows Interface Commands and
Function Keys
Import File Option in SWMM
Export Function
Array Screen Capabilities
Using the Manual Run option
5.1 Accessing an Existing File or
Opening a New File
When you first enter ans of the Windows SWMM
Blocks, you will be automatical!) assigned a new
tile The new tile name and number will appear at
the top of the screen in parentheses
To access an existing file, click on the FILE option
on the very lop line, select the OPE^ option and
select the file that \ou want from ihc list that
appears.
NOTE: The input files must be in the same location
as (he * EXE files (the SWMM executable
files). If you elect to read in an existing
file from a different directory, the directory
lhat the file is in becomes the default
directory tor SWMM. All the data files for
SWMM must exist in the default directory.
So we strongly recommend that you do not
save input files in any location other than
the SWMM directory.
If you selected an existing file to edit, when you
choose to save the file, the existing file will be
rewritten with the new values unless you choose the
SAVE AS option and assign a new file name. Please
remember, if you are assigning a new name to a file,
to follow the naming conventions followed by
SWMM explained in the next subsection.
5.2 SWMM File Naming Conventions
The naming convention of files in SWMM is as
follows: the first four characters are the interface
block name, the next three digits are sequentially
assigned numbers that indicate the number of the
input file lhat you are currently creating, and the file
extension indicates the file type. Table 5.1
summarizes naming conventions of the SWMM
interface for each function. There are three file
extensions in the MET input files. The first
extension is .MET which indicates user defined
meteorological data, the second one is .DAT that
contains hourly precipitation data, and the last one is
.ATH that indicates long term meteorological data
obtained from the EPA Athens Lab. The file
extensions in the RUNOFF and TRANSPORT
interfaces are also standardized For instance. *.INP
is the input file and 'OUT is the output file.
Additional files tor RUNOFF and TRANSPORT are
post-processor files, which include the Tables.
Graphics, and Calibration files. They are defined
below:
/y
-------
SWMM Windows Interface User's Manual
Table 5.1 Naming Conventions of SWMM Interface
Interface
Blocks
METeoroiogical
data editor (MET)
RUNOFF
USEr defined
Hydrographs and
PoHutographs
(USEHP)
TRANSPORT
EXTRA,,
FitoNwn*
SMET««« MET
OAT
ATM
SMET»»»MT1
SMETiii MT2
SMETMH MT3
SMETiM MT4
RNOFFMi IMP
FtNOFFttf RUN
RNOFFIMOUT
RNOFF*f*INT
USEHPtll HP
USEHPMt HP1
USEHPtllHPZ
US£HP»M MP3
USEHPMf HP4
TRANStM INP
XTANKf H PIP
XSHAP»f« PIP
XMEC2M* PIP
TRANSIM RUN
TRANSM* OUT
TRANS* INT
EXTRNtM INP
EXTRNMt RUN
EXTRN««« OUT
EXTRNtH IMT
File Type (Frnt)'
Input (A)
Input (A)
Input (A)
Outputlnput |B)
Input (A)
Input (A\
Output (A)
Output (B)
Input (A)
Output/Input (A)
Input
-------
the SWMM Windows Interface
The RUNOFF Interlace
SWRPPM.NP
SWRGRMNP
SWRCAMNP
Tables file bused on
RNOFFMNT
Graphics Tile based on
RNOFFMNT
Calibration Isle based un
RNOFFMNT
The TRANSPORT Interface:
SWTPPMNP
SWTGRMNP
SWTCAMNP
Tables tile based on
TRANS*.INT
Graphics file based on
TRANS* INT
Calibration file based on
TRANS' INT
5.3 Saving input Files
SWMM will ask you whether you wish to save the
input Tile when you exit an interface block or when
you reach the last screen of an interface function.
However, if you have accessed an existing file and
made all the changes before reaching the last screen,
you may save the input Tile by proceeding to the
FILE option and selecting ihe SAVE option. Once
you have completed an input file, you may submit it
to the SWMM model for execution. When you
submit the input file to the model, the input file will
be validated by the Windows interface. If any errors
are uciectcd during the validation, you will be
informed of them and brought to the incorrect entry
so that you might effect the change immediately.
5.4 Setting Up a Default Editor for
Viewing Output Files
The default editor for viewing and editing SWMM
output tiles is the WRITE program in Windows.
However, users may choose any other data editor
le g.. EDIT EXF. I for viewing the output by selecting
the Utilities menu on the top line ol the screen and
using the Setup Output File Viewer option. The path
and executable name of the output lile editor should
be specified under this option.
This output viewer is automatically activated each
time a SWMM run is completed. To view the model
output (rather than submitting a SWMM model run).
the editor can be used outside the SWMM Windows
interface. Using the appropriate file manipulations of
the editor, the SWMM output file can he opened,
edited, and saved.
5.5 Submitting an Input File to the
Model
When you have completed the input file for the
interface thai you are in, select the RUN button to
run the model with the input file you created. When
you select the RUN option, all the entries in the file
will be validated. If any errors are delected during
the validation. SWMM will put up a message
informing you of ihe type of error detected and will
then take you to the prompt that is incorrect. Once
all the values are valid, the file is submitted to the
appropriate block for execution, An icon will appear
at the bottom of the screen for those blocks for
which the SWMM model is called. When the
processing of the input file is complete and the
output results, SWMM will ask whether you wish to
view them. If you indicated that you did wish to
view the output file, SWMM will show tJ,em using a
data editor allowing you to annotate the results if you
so choose. To exit from the Data File Editor, press
the ALT and F4 function keys simultaneously. You
will be returned to the interface block that you were
in previously.
5.6 SWMM Windows Interface
Commands and Function Keys
The Windows Interface options all have a series of
"buttons" designed to make using the system as easy
as possible. These buttons and the commands they
represent are accessible in three ways: ( I) click on
the button with the mouse key to access the function
that button represents. (2) press the ALT along with
the underlined letter in the button iille (e.g. ALT/H
for Help), or 1 3) select the TOOL option and select
ihe option under there from the list presented.
The buttons and the commands they represent are
explained below.
The NEXT Button This option allows you to move
to the next screen in the interface. If there are
-------
U'iiK/miv Interface I'ier's Mitnuat
incorrect value*, on the screen that you are in
currently and you attempt u> move so another
screen, SWMM will inform you of the error and
allow you the option ol going back (and correcting
the error at a later time) or correcting the error.
The cursor will Wink at the prompt with the
incorrect entry, it" you elect to correct (he error
before moving on.
The BACK button This button allows you u> move
hack one screen If there are incorrect values on
(he screen thai you are in currently and you
attempt to move to another screen, SWMM will
inform you of the error and allow you (he option
of going hack (and correcting the error at a later
lime) or correcting the error. The cursor will hhnk
at the prompt with the incorrect entry, if you elect
to correct the error before moving on
The INDEX Function Instead of moving
backwards and forwards through the screens, you
may use the INDEX feature to hop back and forth
between screens. To access this feature, move
your cursor over the INDEX button and click with
the mouse button, or enter ALT, 1 All the screens
ava lablc in this option will be displayed with the
screen titie and (he screen numbers. Certain
screens will be grayed out This indicates that
these screens are not accessible due to selections
made on other screens. The screen that you
were in when you selected the INDEX button
will be highlighted in blue text
If you wish to see tl.c prompts that appear on each
screen, press the EXPAND button at the bottom of
the INDEX screen The screen names and numbers
will then include all the prompts contained in the
screens. You may contract the screen again to the
normal display of just the screen names and
number h; clicking on the CONTRACT button
To move to the screen that you want, move your
cursor over the screen number of any non-gray
screen and click the left mouse button You are
taken immediately lo that screen To exit the
INDEX screen and return to the previous screen,
click on the CANCEL button.
The HELP Button This opium allows you access
help information on that interlace You have two
different types ol help: Prompt-Level Help which
contains information on the specific prompt that
\our cursor is on or on which you are entering data
and General Help which contains a general
description of the SWMM system.
To access General Help, move your cursor lo the
tool bar and the select the HELP option, or enter
ALT, H from the keyboard. A menu will appear.
Select the HELP IN'DEX option or enter I from the
key board.
To access Prompt-Level Help, move your cursor
over to the prompt on which you would like
information and press cither the Fl function key or
move your cursor over in (he HELP button and
click.
A window will appear in either case displaying
broad help or prompt-specific help. If you are
accessing prompt-specific help, you may browse
through the helps for all the additional prompts that
are related to the prompt you are on by accessing
the forward and backward BROWSE keys.
All words or sentences thai are in green and
underlined have further information on them.
Move your cursor over the phrase on which you
would like further information and click. You will
be taken to that option.
There is a search function within the HELP
functions thai allows you to type in a word and
find all the help available on the word that you
typed. To access this, select the SEARCH key in
the HELP window and follow instructions.
When you are through viewing help, exit the help
window by either entering ALT, F-* from the
keyboard or by moving the cursor over to the icon
on the top .ft i.,)ii,cr of the window and double
clicking the left mouse button. You will be
returned to the screen that you were in previously.
The CALC Button This option allows you to
access the Calculator Function within Windows.
should you require the use of a calculator at any
screen in SWMM.
The TOP Button This option allows you to move
to the first screen in SWMM (rum any screen
without havine to use the IN'DEX luncuon.
-------
Using the SWMM Windows Interface
The Rl'N Dulton 'Dus option allows sou to submit
an input file that you have created 10 ihe SWMM
model for execution. II >ou ha\e incorrect entries
in the tile when you click on this hutton. SWMM
will inform you that you have incorrect values and
take you to the appropriate prompt MI that you may
corrcci the value and resuhrmi the tile.
The RESTORE Button This opium allows >ou to
restore the default values thai were in the file
before you started making changes for (his screen.
This is an opuon (hat allows \ou to start again
withoul having to exit ihe system or go hack to
even1 variable that you changed.
The TABLES Button This option allows you to
tabulate the SWMM output results. The Tables
function presents the user with two types of tables:
Summary table and Evcnl Mean Concentrations
(EMCs) table.
The GRAPHICS Button This option allows you to
graph Ihe SWMM output results. There are six
different types of graphs available: hydrograph,
pollutograph. loadograph, flow volume, mass, and
land use.
The CALIBRATION Button This option allows
you to perform the calibration based on the
SWMM results. You can use this option to
compare simulated results with observed data.
Two types of graphs and one statistical table are
generated al the end of the calibration. Refer to
Accessing The Calibration Routine for details
("Section 7.3).
5.7 Import File Option in SWMM
The import file option allows ihe user to access
existing input files that are generated from other
model runs. 'Hie SWMM interlace can import three
types of files: NWS rainfall Jala can be imported
into the MHT interface for ihe Ram Block, an
existing runoff input file can be imported into the
Windows interface lor the RUNOFF block and
existing transpon input tiles c.in be imported into the
Windows interface for the TRANSPORT block.
Procedure for Using the Import Functions
The Import option is selected from the main menu
bar at the top of MET. RUNOFF, or TRANSPORT
interfaces When the import option is selected, the
R_unoff file will appear as an option. Select this
option
A window will appear with a list of Runoff Input tile
that arc in the SWMM directory. To see a list of
files with extensions other than .DAT extension.
select the List Files of Type option at the bottom of
the window. The second option will be to see a list
of all the files in the directory. To import a file from
the list, brine the cursor to the file thai you would
like to import and click twice in quick succession or
click on the OK button when the cursor is on the file.
A description line, which consists of the top line of
the file (i.e., the Al card in the Runoff input), is
provided to help you identify the file when the cursor
is on the file name.
The SWMM interface currently supports the SWMM
4.2 version, although the SWMM 4.3 execution file
(05/25/94) is used. Not all the SWMM input cards
in the SWMM blocks can be read into the interfaces.
For example, the L2 card in the Runoff Block cannot
be imported to the RUNOFF interface. To find a list
of the SWMM ID cards and variables that can be
read into the interface refer to Appendix B. A
message will be displayed on the screen when
reading the new SWMM cards.
The weaihcr data handled in SWMM interface is
different from the Runoff Block of the SWMM
model. The interface allows the user to enter all the
weather data in MET while the Runoff Block lets the
user enter the rainfall data cither in the Rain Block or
in the Runolf mpt itself. When importing an
existing Runoff input file, the RUNOFF interface
reads most of the data lines except E1-E3. Dl, and
Fl lines in the Runoff input file (see SWMM manual
by Huhcr. W.C. and Dickinson, R.E.. 1988. for
explanation of data lines). Those rainfall and
evaporation data should be entered in the MET
interface. In other word, the user should interpret
El-FJ, Dl, and FI lines and generate a new
SMETV.MET file. A complete runoff interface file
must include a MET tile.
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SWAfAf Windows Interface Cvrr's Manual
Existing input files can contain only one data block.
Multiple blocks are not allowed. The interlace
Import function can read existing input files
containing single block information, although the
SWMM model allows the user to put more than one
data block in one input file.
5.8 Export Function
The Export function is a function available under the
Tables option that allows you to export Summary
data or EMCs tables to another file for export into a
spreadsheet program or another analytical or
graphical program. The Export function is available
under the Edit option ai the top of the screen.
Using the Export Function
STEP 1. Highlight the block of data
-------
L'sint; the SWMM Windows Interface
5.10 Manual Run Option
This option is one of (wn mam options available to
you in the SWMM mam menu. Tins option allows
you to edit input files and submit the appropriate
ones to the model. Table 5.1 gives you a summary of
all the input and output files generated by SWMM
and their file formats Refer to it if you have any
questions about any of the files. You may only edit
ASCII files This option requires some expertise in
SWMM. so we recommend that you use the
Windows interface option to familiarize yourself with
the SWMM Model prior to using this option. To
change the default file editor, select the Utilities
option at the top of the screen. Click on Setup
Output File Viewer. You will then be required to
enter the location and executable name of the output
file editor when you select this option.
You have two options for the SWMM Input files:
EDIT You may edit two types of files using this
option: *.RUN, which are the files generated by
the RUNOFF. TRANSPORT, and EXTRAN
interfaces for input to SWMM or *.DAT files,
which are the traditional files created for the DOS
model version of SWMM that you may have
created previously or came with the SWMM mode)
(the example runs that are provided, see Section 5).
RUN Once you have edited either the *.RUN files
or the *.DAT files, you may submit them for
processing by the SWMM model by selecting this
button.
2.5
-------
6. EXAMPLE RUNS
Tills section contains tour example r:ns to illustrate
how to best use the SWMM Windows interface. The
example runs are selected in .in .nteinpi to exercise
ihe major portions of the SWMM interlace. A
matrix ol SWMM interlace wnh the \anous runs is
shown in Table 6 1 The SWMM interlace contains
five blocks: MET. RUNOFF. USF.HP. TRANSPORT.
and EXTRAN E-.ich block has Us own components.
and each component may be dmJed into sections if
applicable. Five SWMM interlace blocks and their
subdivisions are listed in the first column The four
example runs arc given on the top row of Table 6.1.
For a given example, two or more blocks may be
used depending on the level of complexity of the
simulation. Example 2 shown in Table 6.1. for
instance, illustrates the combination of three blocks:
MET. RUNOFF, and TRANSPORT. It includes the
applications on I) how to generate precipitation data
for a single evcni simulation using MET; 2) how to
describe a drainage system with channels and
subwatersheds and simulate runoff and water quality
using RUNOFF; and 3) how to apply TRANSPORT
to a sewer system for the simulations of infiltration,
dry weather, and water quality.
These examples were obtained from the EPA and
demonstrated the applications on the Ram, Temp ,
Runoff. Transport, and E-xtran Blocks in the SWMM
model. The interface runs c.m be checked using the
input files supplied by HPA along with ihe
distribution package for SWMM. The example mpuc
files prepared for testing the SWMM Windows
interface and corresponding ones used for SWMM
4.3 are listed in Table 6.2. Tins table indicates the
relationship between blocks used in the SWMM
interface and Blocks in SWMM 4.3 for each example
run. The first example is a screening level example:
the rainfall-runoff was simulated through a single
watershed. The first run shows the use of the MET
and RUNOFF blocks, while the second one presents
.1 user-supplied hyetograph uiili/mg MET. RUNOFF.
and TRANSPORT The sequence of running the
SWMM Windows interface is given in the
FUNCTION column of Table 6 2. In example I.
MET produces an input lilc c.Jled SMHTOOl MET.
and further generates a Rain interlace tile alter a
RUN hution is selected. 'Dm is equivalent to
running the Rain Block using two input tiles:
RAIN8.DAT and USRN4 DAT. A RUNOFF input
file. RNOFF001.INP. generated by the interface can
he checked wnh a Runoff Block input file.
RUNOFF36.DAT.
6.1 Example 1A User-Defined
Hyetograph (A Screening-Level
Example)
This is an example of a user-defined time series of
rainfall with a total precipitation of 28.0 mm. A user
defined hyetograph is shown in Table 6.3. The for-
mat (see Table 6.3) required by MET is the same one
used in Rain Block interface file. A single catchment
with a total drainage area of 300 hectares receives
rainfall through an inlet. The catchment charac-
teristics' are 20% of impervious area, 100 meters long
for catchment width, and 0.001 for ground slope.
The total simulation length lasts 3 days.
This example is there to show you how to use MET
and RUNOFF together to perform a Runoff Block
Run. Only hydrologic simulation is involved.
The steps that you must follow for this screening-
level example are explained in detail below:
STEP I Select the SWMM Windows Interface
option Irom the mam SWMM menu. Next.
select the MET Block, which is the first
option in the (low chart, by clicking on the
option.
STEP 2 Select the example MET data that has been
created lor you by clicking on the FILE
option, followed by the O_PEN option.
Select the first file listed: SMET001.MET.
The file will be loaded into the MET
interlace Move through the screens and
tamihari/e yourself with the MET option
Use the HELP button to answer any
questions you may have. Compare the
input to Table 6.3 to make sure that it is
the right file.
STEP 3 Next, click on the RUN button. MET will
then generate a Ram Block interface file.
-------
S\VMM Window!, Interlace (,'ser's Manual
BLOCKS
Table 6.1 Example Run Matrix for SNVMM Windows Interface
EXAMPLE RUN
1 2 3
MET
Precipitation
Rain gage -
Evaporation
Snow
Single
Multi
Default rates
Monthly rates
Wind Speed
Temp - Single Event
Continuous
RUNOFF
Drainage System
Channels/Pipes
Watersheds/
Subcatchments
Snow
Groundwater
Water Quality
Erosion
Single Event
Continuous
USEHP
Inlet -
Flow
Pollutant
Single
Mult
TRANSPORT
Sewer System
Infiltration Inflow
Dry Weather Inflow
Water Quality
Storage Tank
New Shape
Natural Channel
RUNOFF Interlace
USEHP
EXTRAN
Sewer System
inlet Hydrographs
Channels
Junctions (one free outfall)
Boundary Conditions
RUNOFF Interface
USEHP
-------
Example Runs
Table 6.2 Example Input files with SWMM Windows and S\VMM 4.3
Example
i
2
3
10
SWMM Windows Interface
Block
MET
RUNOFF
MET
RUNOFF
TRANSPORT
USEHP
TRANSPORT
USEHP
EXTRAN
Input File
SMET001 MET
RNOFF001 INP
SMET002MET
RNOFF002.INP
TRANS001.INP
USEHP002.HP
TRANS002.INP
USEHP001 HP
EXTRNOOVINP
SWMM 4.3
Block
Rain
Runoff
Runoff
Transport
Transport
Exlran
Input File
RAIN8.DAT USRN4.DAT
RUNOFF36.DAT
RUNOFF3 DAT
TRANS1 DAT
TRANS35.DAT
EXAM 1 DAT
Table 6.3 A User-Defined
Hyetograph in MET
Julian
Date
88001
88001
88001
88001
88001
88001
88001
88001
88002
88002
88002
Hour'
(second)
3600
7200
10800
25200
26100
27900
30600
34000
37800
41400
45000
Time Interval
THISTO
(second)
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
300
Rainfall
Intensity
(mtn/hr)
12
24
0
12
12
\2
24
42
54
66
78
'Daytime (starting storm) hour in seconds from midnight
You must have used (he RUN hulion before you
proceed to the next block in SWMM.
STEP 4 n.xit the MET option by pressing the ALT
key and F4 function key. You will he
returned to the S\VMM Windows Interface
menu. Seleci the RL'NOFF option.
STEP 5. Click on the FILE option, select the OPEN
File option. A list of Runoff Input Files
will appear. Select the RNOFFOOI.INP
file for this example run. Once you select
this option, the parameters for this example
run will he entered from the Hie. The first
screen for the RUNOFF block also allows
you to enter the Meteorological Input file.
If the file that you created for the MET
option does not show in the input option
for the file name, click on the arrow key to
the right of the option. A list of existing
meteorological file names will appear.
Select SMETOOI.MET. Please note that,
if you did not use the RUN button from
the MET interface, you will not be able
to use the MET data since the interface
file will not exist. You will be informed
by the interface that the input file could
not bo read if you did not create the
Rain Block Interface file in MET.
STEP 6. Familiarize yourself with the screens in the
RUNOFF option hy moving through the
screens using either the NEXT, BACK or
INDEX options Refer to Section 5 for
more information on these buttons. Cer-
tain important screens are detailed below.
Screens 1 and 2:
The hydroloeic simulation starts at January
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SWMM Wituttiws Interface User's Manual
I, I9HH and the simulation length is three
days Three time steps should he entered
Screen 2 in RUNOFF determines the
complexity of the simulation. In this case.
snawmcli is not included; default
evaporation rales are used, und metric units
are selected. Screens 3 through H are
grayed because no snowmelt is simulated.
Screen 10:
This screen gives you the physical
representation ot the watershed For this
example, you have a single watershed
without a connecting channel One inlet is
defined as a ramgage station in MET for
this watershed. Please note that the
ramgage station in MET must match the
hyetograph number in RUNOFF For this
example, ramgage station number is 1.
Screen 12;
You will notice that two infiltration
equations are available to you m this
screen: (I) the Horton and (2) the modi Red
Grcen-Ampl equation. The Horton model
is empirical and is perhaps the best known
ot the infiltration equations. Many
hydrologisls have a "feel" for ihe best
values for its three parameters despite the
fact that little published information is
available.
The Green-Ampt equation is a physically-
hased model that can give you a good
description of the infiltration process. The
Mein-Larson (1973) formulation of the
Green-Ampt equation is a two-stage
model. The first step predicts the volume
of water, which will infiltrate before the
surface becomes saturated. From this
point onwards, infiltration capacity is
predicted directly by the Green-Ampt
equation. This equation is applicable also
if the rainfall intensity is less than the
inhltrutmn capacity at the beginning ol the
storm. New data have been published to
help users evaluate the parameter values
ic g. Carlisle el al. ]*)K1> Both equations
require three different coefficients The
user will be required to enter these
coelfkicnis in Screen 13. The Windows
interface has an additional function lo help
users with these coefficients. Depending
on the equation selected by the user,
definitions of each of these coefficient will
appear w hen the user clicks on the
appropriate variable.
For this example, the Green-Ampt equation
has been selected. The three coefficients
are 4 U for the average capillary suction of
water, 1.0 for the saturated hydraulic
conductivity of soil, and 0.34 tor the initial
moisture deficit for soil.
STEP 7. Submit the RUNOFF input file to the
SWMM model for execution by clicking
on the RUN button. An icon will appear
on the bottom of the screen with the words
SWMM MODEL EXECUTION on the
icon. When the processing is complete,
the output will be shown in the default
output file viewer. View the output
carefully and see how the SWMM model
blocks in this screening level example.
Press the ALT/F4 sequence to exit when
you are through. You will be returned to
the RUNOFF block. Press the ALT/F4
sequence again until you are back at the
SWMM mam menu.
6.2 Example 2Steven's Avenue
Drainage District in Lancaster, PA
(MET, RUNOFF, and TRANSPORT)
The 67 hectare Stevens Avenue Drainage District in
Lancaster, Pennsylvania is a relatively steep (average
slope = 0.046) combined sewered catchment with its
overflow tributary to Conestoga Creek. It has been
the site ol intermittent monitoring activity sir.ce 1972
due to us selection as the location of a swirl
concentrator from an EPA demonstration grant.
Although several storms were monitored prior to
construction activities, the measurement technique
used the Manning's equation to develop a rating
curve in a supercritical flow pipe section ("manhole
51" of SWMM schemalt/ationi. As a result
measured flow's iat 1.5 minute intervals) are very
"tlashv' and erratic: (vtuin ax erases have been used
-------
Example Runs
in the SWMM calibration usim: the storm ot
November 28. 197?. taken from the EPA Urban
Rjinfall-Runol'f-Qualay IXua Base iHubcr ct al..
1981). Further information about ihe catchment and
sampling is given in the Data Base report and b>
Heanev et al i 1975) Quality concentration data
have also been used tor SS. HOD5. and COD
calibrations using the same storm Artificially high
COD values are input at selected manholes to
produce dry-weather flow COD \alues since the dry-
weather Mow generated by subroutine FILTH cannot
generate any COD (see SWMM manual by Hubcr.
W.C. and Dickinson. R.E.. 198K, lor explanation).
This watershed is a complex drainage system and is
divided into 29 subwatersheds and 35 channels.
There are 15 inlets in the drainage system. Seven
pollutants arc included lor water quality simulations:
(I) Total Solids (TS). (2) Total Suspended Solids
(TSS). (3) BOD-5, i4) COD, (5) Total Coliform. (6)
Ammonia nitrogen (NH,-N), and (7) Total
Phosphate
-------
SWMM U'triJ
-------
Example Runs
using the Output File Editor Examine ihc
output file carefully and press the ALT/F4
sequence to exit when you are through.
You will he returned to the TRANSPORT
block. Press the ALT/F4 sequence again
until you are back at the SWMM main
menu.
6.3 Example 3Simulation of a
Simple One-Pipe System with
Two Manholes (USEHP &
TRANSPORT)
We are simulating a simple one-pipe system with a
small slope and water quality for a Transport run.
The one-pipe system has two manholes. The first
manhole is specified through ihc USEHP interface.
The constituents TSS and BODS with decay are
simulated without scour/deposition. A user-supplied
hydrograph and two pollutographs for inlet number
1000 are shown in Table 6.4 below.
The steps thai you must follow for this screening-
level example are explained in detail below:
STEP 1. Select the SWMM Windows Interface
option from the main SWMM menu.
Next, select the USEHP option.
STEP 2 Select the example USEHP file that has
been created for you by clicking on the
FILE option, followed by the OPEN
option. Select the second file listed:
USEHP002.HP. The file will be loaded
into the USEHP Interface. Move through
the screens and familiarize yourself with
this option. Use the help information
available to you through the HELP button
lo answer any questions you may have
about any prompts. Compare the input to
Table 6.4 above to make sure that it is the
right tile.
STEP 3 Next, dick on the RUN button. USEHP
will then generate the L'SEHP interlace
files as input to the Transport Block. You
must have used the RUN button before
you may proceed to the next block in
SWMM
Table 6.4 User-Defined Hydrograph and
Pollutographs in USEHP
Time
(hr)
0
1.0
20
30
240
Flow
(cfs)
1 0
100.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
TSS
(mgA.)
10.0
100.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
BOD
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SIVMAf Windttws Interface User's Manual
6.4 Example 4Basic Pipe System
(USEHP and EXTRAN)
This example is obtained from [he EXTRAN user's
manual tRoesner et al. 1988) described as Example
I: Basic pipe system. Figure 6.1 below shows a
typical sewer system of conduits conveying
stormwater flow. The system consists of nine
channels and ten junctions with one free outfall. In
(his example, conduits are designated with tour-digit
numbers, while junctions have been gi%-en five-digit
numbers. There arc three junctions or inlets that
receive inflows, which w-ill be defined using the
USEHP interface. The total simulation length is
eight hours.
Two SWMM interfaces are used in running Example
4. Hirst, the user should select the USEHP block to
specify three inlet hydrographs. The user then should
access EXTRAN in order to select an inlet
hydrograph file thai has been just generated by
USEHP, and to enter a drainage system and
simulation information for a EXTRAN run. A
USEHPOOI.HP file and an EXTRN001.INP file are
the input files for this example
The steps in this example are explained below.
STEP I. Select (he SWMM Windows Interlace
option from the mam SWMM menu.
Next, select the USEHP option.
STEP 2 Select the example USEHP data lhat has
been created for you by clicking on the
FILE option, followed by the OPEN
option. Select the first file listed:
USEHPOOI.HP. The file will be loaded
into the USEHP interface Move through
the screens and famiharue yourself with
'his option Use the help information
available to you through the HELP button
to answer any questions you may have
about any prompts. Next, click on the
RUN button USEHP will then generate
tour USEHP interlace tiles You must
have used ihe RUN button belore vou may
proceed to the next block in SWMM.
S1T.P ' Hut the USEHP ,'ptmn h> pressing the
ALT ke\ and F4 1 unction kcs You will
be returned to the SWMM Windows
Interlace menu. Select the EXTRAN
option.
STEP 4 Click on the RLE option, select the OPEN
File option A list of EXTRAN Input
Files will appear. Select the
HXTRNOOI.INP file for this example run.
Once you select this file, the parameters
for ihis example run will be entered from
the file. The first screen for this interface
also allows you to enter the USEHP file.
Please note that, if you did not use the
RUN button in the USEHP interface,
you will not be able to use the data since
the interface files will not exist. You
will be informed by the interface lhat
the input File could not be read if you
did not create the USEHP Interface file.
STEP 5. Use the NEXT, BACK and INDEX
buttons along with the HELP button to
move through the screens and familiarize
yourself with both the EXTRAN block and
with this input file. When you have done
so, submit this input file to the RUN
button. The SWMM model icon will
appear in the bottom of she screen with the
itle SWMM MODEL EXECUTION.
When 'he processing is complete, you will
be asked whether you wish to see the
output file lhat has been created. If you
indicate YES, you will view- the output file
using the Output File Editor. Examine the
output file carefully and press the ALT/F4
sequence to exit when you are through.
You will be returned to the EXTRAN
block. Press Ihe ALT/F4 sequence again
until you are back al the SWMM main
menu.
Summary of output from EXTRAN:
The first section is an echo of the input data and a
listing ot conduits created internally by EXTRAN to
represent outfalls and diversions caused by weirs,
orifices, and pumps.
The next section oi ihe output is the intermediate
printout Iliis lists system inflows ,is they ate read
-------
Example Runs
\°
Free
Outfall
i
V <
V
V $>
1602
8060
8040
1600
1630 1570
8130
8100
figure 6.1 Basic System with Free Outfall. (After Camp. Dresser, and McKee. 1988.
35
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SWMM Windows Interface User's Manual
by EXTRAN and gives the depth at each junction
and flow in each conduit in the system at a user-
input lime interval. A junction m surcharge is
indicated by printing an asterisk beside its depth. An
asterisk beside a conduit How indicates that the How
is set at the normal flow value for the conduit. The
intermediate printout ends with the printing of a
continuity balance of the water passing through the
system during the simulation. Printed outflows from
junctions not designated as outfalls in the input data
set are junctions which have flooded.
The final section of the output gives the lime history
of depths and flows for those junctions and conduits
input by the user, as well as a summary requested
plots of junctions heads and conduit flows.
-------
7 SWMM POST-PROCESSOR
The SWMM Post-Processor consists of three parts:
* Summary Tables
Graphics
* Calibration
Figure 7.1 shows the SWMM post-processor
structure. The Summary Tables function presents
(low raie (or volume I and pollutant concentrations (or
loads) for desired inlets. The Tables function
presenis the user with two different types of tables:
the summary table and the Event Mean Concentration
(EMCs) lable. The Graphics routine displays six
different types of graphs: hydrograph, pollutograph,
loadograph, flow volume, mass, and land use. The
Calibration routine allows the user 10 compare
observed data and predicted values.
These three functions are available from the
RUNOFF interface and the TRANSPORT interface
blocks. The results (Tables or Graphs) presented in
the three functions are based on the values stored in
either a RUNOFF interface file (RNOFFMND or a
TRANSPORT interface file (TRANSMNT).
Therefore, the user must provide a SWMM interface
file.
The functions are accessible through three special
buttons on the third line of each screen in RUNOFF
and TRANSPORT.
7.1 The Tables Routine
The table function presents the user with two
different types of tables:
* The Summary Table
The summary table presents flow rate (or volume)
and pollutant concentrations (or loads I for desired
inlets. There are four time increments given for this
option. Event. Daily. Monthly, and Annual. Usually,
Event may be applied to single-event .simulations
where ihe instantaneous How rate and pollutant
concentrations will he displayed in [he summary
lable. while Dailv, Monthly, or Annual mav be used
for continuous simulations where the flow volume
and pollutant loads can be tabulated.
The Event Mean Concentrations (EMCs) Table.
The EMCs table reports flow volume, duration.
EMCs, and Loads for each storm event Two
parameters are required to be specified: minimum
interevent time and base flow. The minimum
interevent time indicates the minimum number of dry
hours (or fractional hours) mat will constitute an
interevem. The baseflow or cutoff flow is used to
separate the events. Flows greater than the baseflow
are pan of ihe event, conversely flows less than or
equal to the baseflow are part of the interevent
period. The default value of ihe baseflow may be set
to zero.
The event mean concentrations are defined as Ihe
total pollutant mass divided by the total runoff
volume for storm events. Separation of the data into
events depends on the unique series of zero and
non-zero instantaneous flow values found at each
inlet location within the system being simulated. The
results of the analyses would be expected to vary
from location to location. The Statistics Block can
analyze only one location at a time. However, the
Windows post-processor can analyze multiple
locations (the maximum inlets specified in the
interface file).
Procedure for Generating a Table
STEP I. The table option is accessible through a
TABLES button on the third line of the
screen, with the other button options
available in RUNOFF and TRANSPORT.
It is also accessible under the Utilities
option in the main menu bar (ALT U, G).
STEP 2. ITic table program screen will appear. You
must first select a Runoff or Transport
interface file (depending on the module
from where you selected graphics). To see
a list of the files that exist in your default
directory, click on the arrow to the right of
the input cell asking you for the file name.
-------
Windows Interface User's Manual
SWMM Interface file
Summary Tables
Graphical Display
Hydrograph,
Pollutograph,
Lodograph
(Line Chart)
Calibration
Flow Volume,
Mass
(Bar Chart)
Hydrograph,
Pollutograph,
Observed vs
Predicted
Figure 7.1 SWMM Post-Processing Structure.
-------
SWMM Post-Processor
Select the file that you would like 10
tabulate the model results for ihe tables,
STEP 3. Select the type of table that you like to
have. Specify inlets of interest or the
duration for the summary' lable.
STEP 4, Hit the NEXT button when you have
completed the selections thai you wish.
The tables will bop through the number of
inlets specified, One table represents ihe
model results for a specified location
(inlet).
STEP 5, Use the Export function to export summary
data and EMCs tables to another file in
either table delimited or comma delimited
format.
7.2 The Graphics Routine
The Graphics option in SWMM provides access lo
six different type of graphs: hydrograph,
poliutograph, ioadograph, flow volume, mass, and
land use. It is available from the RUNOFF module
and the TRANSPORT module. The graphics option
is provided to allow the user to represent the results
in easy-io-understand graphs.
Accessing the Graphics Program
STEP I. The graphics option is accessible through a
GRAPHICS button on the third line of the
screen, with the other button options
available in RUNOFF and TRANSPORT.
It is also accessible under the Utilities
option in the main menu bar (ALT U, G),
STEP 2. The graphics program screen will appear.
You must first select a Runoff or Transport
interface file (depending on the module
from where you selected graphics). To see
a list of the files that exist in your default
directory, click on the Arrow to the right of
ihe parameter asking you for the file name.
Select the file that you would like to use as
input for the graphics.
STEP 3. Select the type of graph from the list
provided. Please note that depending on
the input file that you selected, certain
graphs such as pollutographs may not be
available since the data in the file does no!
support that graph. The options that are
unavailable to you will be grayed out. A
list of inlet IDs will be presented when you
select an input file. You may select
between one and three inlets to represent on
the graph. For the Flow Volume and Mass
Graph, you will be required to select the
Time Increment that you would like: daily,
monthly, or annual. You will then be
required to enter the period for which you
would like to have for the graph. Please
note that the period shown when you select
the Runoff file automatically shows the
beginning and ending dates of the data
contained in the file. You may only select
a period with the dates shown if you wish
to change the defaults.
STEP 4. Hit the RUN button when you have
completed the selections that you wish.
You will see a box informing you that the
selections that you made will be saved
under the filename shown at the top of the
screen.
STEP 5. Next you will see a list of files in a box
with the title of GRAPHIC SELECTION.
The file that was just generated will be
selected. You may select up to four graphs
from the list presented. Hit the OK button
to draw the graphs.
STEP 6. The graphs that you selected will be drawn
on the screen. Once drawn, you have two
options:
To print the graph(s) that appear
on the screen, select the GRAPH
option at the top of the screen
and select PRINT, The file will
be printed 10 the default
Windows printer.
EDIT:
This option allows you to copy
the image and transport it to any
Windows program through the
Cut and Paste option available
-------
SWMM Windows Interface User's Manual
with that program. To do ibis.
select EDIT a( the lop of ihe
screen, and select COPY.
Figure 7.2 displays four graphs from the first two
example results.
Features and Limitations of the Graphics
Program
« The graphics routine can draw up to three inlets or
pollutants for one graph. It can display two inlets
or pollutants with two Y-axes for one graph.
* To draw land use distribution, you must have two
files: a Runoff interface file (RNOFFMNT) and a
RUNOFF windows interface file (RNOFFMNP).
The land use distribution is computed based on the
data stored in the RNOFF*.INP file. This means
that two interface files must be available when the
user selects the land use option.
* You can display up to four graphs at a time. To
create four different graphs at one session, you
must loop through the graphics option screen using
a different graphics input file name each time (this
is the file name shown at the top of the screen:
SWTGRMNP for TRANSPORT graphs, and
SWRGR»,INP for the RUNOFF graphs). If you
do not select a new file name, then when you hit
the RUN button, it will overwrite the graph that
you just created since the graphs are organized by
file names.
7.3 The Calibration Routine
The calibration routine can be accessed by clicking
on the Calibration button with the mouse. A window
similar to the Graphics Routine will appear. There
are only two types of graphics available: hydrograph
and pollutograph. The procedures to generate the
graphs in the calibration routine are similar to the
ones used in ihe graphics routine, except for observed
data. Like the graphics routine, you should select a
Runoff interface (i.e.. RNOFFMNT) file and specify
the type of graph, the inlet numbers), time
increment, beginning and ending time, and number of
observed points. You then should provide observed
data on Screen 3. You have options either to enter
the data on Screen 3 or to import the observed data
mat are stored in a separate file. Refer to the How to
Import Observed Data option in details. Click R_un
to view the calibration graphs.
The calibration routine produces two types of graphs
and one statistical table. The first graph draws two
sets of values over time: predicted values obtained
from a RNOFFMNT file for a continuous plot and
observed data from the user input on Screen 3 for a
scatter plot. The second graph shows observed data
vs. predicted values and a best fit line, which is
automatically generated by the calibration routine.
The table displays several important parameters for
predicted values and observed data. For a
hydrograph. flow volume, peak flow, time to peak,
and duration are reported. For a pollutograph,
pollutant mass, peak concentration. Event Mean
Concentration (EMC), time to peak, and duration are
presented. Figure 7.3 presents the total solids
calibration graphs from a RNOFF002.INT file.
* Importing Observed Data
If you have observed data stored in either a
spreadsheet or an ASCII file, you can import the data
directly to the observed data screen. The format in
the data file should be consistent with the format
defined on the observed data screen (Screen 3 in the
calibration routine). Check the file formal before
importing the data. Select Edit at the top line of the
observed data screen and select the Import option.
Then, give a file name that contains the observed
data. Click on OK. The data will be entered into
the screen.
-------
SWMM Post-Proctuor
Flow (RNOFFM2.MT) (Flow Rat* vs. Tfaw)
20
It
|u
]..
04
°*
£/ hM4
4 01
s
Mrtf
0^ 04 0.* 0«
to
(RNOFF002.IHT) (Ma« Rate vs. Time)
02 04 06 08 10
/ Wtt«BOOS
/ WM4COO
Us* (RMOFFM2.IMT1 (LM4 Us* Oisli*«tio*)
22.6X
6*
20 n
3«
| tcnooi
Q FAMH.Y
449%
Q
Q MFAMftT
Flow volMM (FtMOFFMLMT) (O*Ny Total Flow)
Tool «*i«<«U4 w«* « «S.43
I)
Wctl
Figure 7.2 RUNOFF Graphics
41
-------
SWMM Windows Interface User's Manual
RNOFF002.INT
Concentration vs. Tim*
ObMfv«d v». Predicted
CMC
IMQA.I 2000
1000
0
00
/ MM t TOT COL
02 04
Hnm
-------
APPENDIX A: SWMM WINDOWS INTERFACE DESIGN
This appendix contains the structures and variables
for the five window interface portions of SWMM.
There arc five tables in this appendix:
Table A. I Input Variables and Screen Sequence
in MET
Table A 2. Input Variables and Screen Sequence
in RUNOFF
Table A.3 Input Variables and Screen Sequence
in USEHP
Table A.4 Input Variables and Screen Seq
in TRANSPORT
Table A.5 Input Variables and Screen Sequen
in EXTRAN
The screen design for (he interfaces (hat are the same
as the SWMM Model 4.3 blocks (RUNOFF.
TRANSPORT and EXTRAN) provide the following
information.
I. The variable name for the model block
SWMM (if there is one).
2. the description of the variable
lucnce
ice
in
3. SWMM ID (SID)
4. screen number (SCR)
5. control number (CS)
6. control type (CT). item, range, default, and unit
You are therefore able to match the Windows
Interface variable name with the SWMM Model
Variable names, see where it occurs in the interface,
read a description, see what type of variable, the unit
type and the range, all by referring to the table for
the block in which you are interested.
For those tor which there arc no corresponding
blocks in SWMM (MET and USEHP), the following
is provided:
I. Screen Number
2. Variable Name
3. Definition of the variable
4. Unit Type
This will give you all the information about each
variable in the interface. Please refer to Sections 2
and 3 for more general information about SWMM
and the Windows implementation.
-------
SWMM Windows Interface User's Manual
Table A.I Input Variables and Screen Sequence in MET
Screen
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Variables
Description
UNITS
Numbers! rain gages
Number of rain data values
Time interval HI hours
Number ol air temperatures
Number of TEMP data
values
STATION
JUL.DATE
HOUR
THISTO
PRECIP(t)
JUL.OATE
MAX TEMP.
MIN TEMP.
EVAP
WINDSPEEO
TAIR
Definition
Description of this run
Input meteorological data units either m U.S. units or ( Metric units 1
Number of raingage stations
Number of data values for preciprtation on Screen No. 3
Time interval lor single event snowneK simulation
Number of values tor ait temperature on Screen No. 6
Number ot data values for TEMP Data Table on Screen No. 4
An integer (1-10) for raingage station number
An integer for the Julian date in The format YYDDD
A real number for the daytime hour from midnight
A real number for the time interval between precipitation data values {A
variable lime interval is alowed)
A real number for ratnM Intensity with the its raingage number
(i raingage. max- 10)
An integer for the Julian date in the format YYDOO
A real number for maximum temperature for the date
A real number for minimum temperature for the date
A real number for monthly average evaporation rate
A real number for monthly average wind speed rate
A real number for air temperature for single event snowmert simulation
Unit
second
second
tMv(mnvtv)
T|*CJ
in/day
[mm/day]
mile/nr
[km/hour]
TrC]
44
-------
Appendix A: SWMM Windows Interface Design
Table A.2 Input Variables and Screen Sequence in RUNOFF
Variable
tint
NHR
NMN
NDAY
MONTH
IYRSTR
LONG
IUNIT
W£T
WE TORY
DRY
K WAI TV
ISNOW
ISNOW
ISNOW
ISNOW
IVAP
MTRIC
Description .
RUNOFF Simulation Time Control
Description of this run
Meteorologic Data
Simulation Time Period
Starting time of the storm hr
mm
Day storm starts Imm/dd/yyl
Simulation Length
Units of simulation length
Seconds
Minutes
Hours
Days
Ending Date
Wet time step (sec)
Transition time step (sec)
Dry time step (sec)
Simulation Control Parameters
Simulation Type
Groundwater Flow
Quality Simlation
Snowmelt Simulation
Not simulated
Single event
Continuous
Evaporation
Evaporation data from met. data file
Default evaporation rate
UNIT
U. S. units
Metric units
SID
A1
B1
81
B1
81
81
83
83
83
83
B3_
81
81
81
81
81
81
81
SCR
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
CS
1
2
3
4
5
5
5
6
7
8
9
10
- -
1
2
3
4
S
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
CT
5
3
9
9
9
9
9
1
1
1
5
4
4
5
6
6
6
5
6
6
S
6
l»
Hem
1.
2
3
4
5
-- -
-
Type
C160
C40
F
C11
F
F
F
CIS
Range
024
0-60
0-31
012
0099
> -1
0.1
0.1
0-2
0
1
2
O.>0
0.1
0
1
Default
0
0
42
0
1
2
3
4
3600.0
7200.0
86400.0
1
0
>0
0
0
Units
second
second
second
-------
SWMM Windows Interface User's Manual
Table A.2-continued
Variable
tliv
FWfftACO)
fWf*ACl2>
FWF«»CU|
SNOTMP
SCf
TIPM
RNM
ANGIAT
DUONG
ADCllll
ADCPOI
was
JIAND
DflVOAY
C8VOI
DRYBSN
mos
IROSAO
RAINIT
Description
Snow Melt
Average watershed elevation
Ratio of free water holding capacity to snow
depth on snow covered impervious area
Ratio of free water holding capacity to «now
depth on snow covered pervious area
Ratio of free water holding capacity to snow
depth for snow on normally bare impervious area
Dividing temp, between snow and rain
Snow gage correction factor
Weight used to compute antecedent temo_i«dex
Ratio of negative melt coeff . to melt coefl.
Average latitude of watershed (deo/ee north)
Longitude correction
Area) Depletion Curve for Impervious Area (%)
ADCMMO) J
Aeral Depletion Curve for Pervious Area (%\
ADCP(1-10>
Water Quality
Number of constituents (1-9)
Number of land uses ( 1 51
Number of dry days prior to storm
Average catchbasin storage volume
Dry days required to recharge to catchbasin
Erosion Simulation
Erosion added to constituent number
Higest average 30 minute rainfall intensity
Groundwater Quality
Street Sweeping Parameters
SID
Ct
C1
C1
C1
C1
C1
C1
a
a
C1
C3
C4
j\
ji
ji
ji
ji
ji
ji
jt
SCR
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
j6
CS
i
2
3
4
S
6
7
8
9
io
j
-
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
CT
1
1
1
1
-
t
1
1
1
1
1
1
" 4
1
1
" 4
5
Item
Type
f
f
f
F
f
F
f
f
f
f
-
F
F
1
1
F
F
F
»
1
F
Range
0010
-
O.CM'.O
o.o ro
_
-- -
1^9
t-5
>p.g^
>oo7_
Default
00
00
00
00
00
1.0
00
06
00
00
0.0
00
0
00
0.0
1.0
0
0
00
Units
ft Iml
we in tnwn)
w e in Imm)
we in Imml
FICI
mm
days
ft3 Im31
days
in/hr
Imm/hrl
-------
Appendix A: SWMM Windows Interface Design
Table A.2continued
Variable
RlffDD
KINBGN
KINCNO
CNAMEiKI
PUNIT(K)
NOIM(K)
KAICIKI
KWASHIKI
KACGUTIKI
UNKUPfK)
OrACTn.KI'
QfACTl2,KI*
QFACTlJ.KI*
QMCTI4.KI"
QMCTIS.IO"
WASHPOIKI*
Description
Street sweeping efficiency for 'dust and dirt*
Day of year on which street sweeping begins
Day of year on which street sweeping ends
Constituent Table
CNAME
CUNIT
TYPE UNIT
mg/1
MPN/1
OTHER
BUILDUP
Fraction
Power-linear
Exponential
Mich-Men
No buildup
WHSHOFF
Power Exp
R Curve/N
R. Curve/B
FUNCTION
FJputter ten)
F(areal
Constant
LINK SNOW
No
Yes
LIMIT
POWER
COEFF
FOURTH
FIFTH
POWERW
SID
J1
J1
J1
J3
J3
J3
J3
J3
J3
J3
J3
J3
J3
J3
J3
J3
J3
SCR
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
CS
10
11
12
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
CT
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
Item
1
2
3
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
Type
F
1
1
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
F
F
F
f
f
f
Range
02
0
1
2
0-4
0
1
2
3
4
02
0
1
2
0-2
0
1
2
0.1
0
1
Default
00
0
367
0
0
0
0
0
00
00
00
0.0
0,0
0.0
Units
47
-------
SWMM Windows Interface User's Manual
Table A.2-continued
Variable
HCOfFIKl'
CBFACTIKf
CONCBNIK*'
RtfFlKI'
INAMCMI
MflMODMI
JACOUTIJI
DDCIMUI-
OOPOWIJ) '
OOFACTUC
CLHUOMI*
AVSWUI"
OSlClUr
KTO
KFMOM
fKKTO.KFROMI
Description
COIFFW
INICON
CONPRE
IFFI
Land Use Table
LNAME
METHOD
New values-
New Ratio
Power-linear
Exponential
MichaeNs- Menton
FUNCTION
F|0utter len)
FCareal
Constant
LIMIT
POWER
COEFF
DAYS1
FRACTION
DAYS2
Fractional Constituent Table
CNAME1
CNAME2
FRACTION
Groundwater Concentration
GCONC(1-10j
*** Array
SID
J3
J3
J3
J3
J2
J2
J2
J2
J2
J2
J2
J2
J2
J4
J4
J4
J4
J5
sen
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
9
S
9
9
10
.. .
CS
14
15
16
17
1
2
3
4
S
6
7
8
a
1
2
3
CT
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
1
1
1
1
Hem
1
2
3
4
5
f
2
3
- -
Type
F
F
F
F
C
C
C
1
F
F
F
F
F
1
1
F
F
Range
2.-1.02
2
1
0
1
2
0-2
0
1
2
.
. . ._ .
Default
00
00
00
00
0
0
10
00
0.0
6.0
00
0.0
0
0
0.0
o.q
Units
8(3)
813}
days
days
§
48
-------
SWMM Windows Interface User s Manual
Table A.2continued
Variable
PtTZIR
JK
NAMfW
NGTO
wwnr
WARE A*
WWI3C
WSIOWE'
WW(5I *
WWI6I'
WS TORSI '
wsroflEJ-
WLMAX-
WLMIN*
O£CAV
NMSU0
NGWGW
ISfPF
ISFOF
etitv
GRELEV
STG
BC
TW
*»
Description
Percent of impervious area with zero detention
Subcatchment Surface Water Table
HYETO *
NAMEW
CHA/INLET *
WIDTH
AREA
% IAREA
SLOPt
IMP V
PER 'n'
(STORE
PSTORi
COEFF1
COEFF2
COEFF3
Subcatchment Groundwtaer Table
NAMEW
CHA/INLET f
GPRINT
Yes
No
GGRAPH
Yes
No
BELEV
GELEV
IELEV
Ci/TS ELV
TW
GCOEFF
SID
B4
HI
HI
HI
H1
HI
HI
HI
H1
HI
HI
HI
HI
HI
HI
H2f
H2
H2
H2
H2
H2
H2
H2
H2
H2
H3
SCR
12
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
CS
4
1
2
3
4
§
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
-
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
CT
1
1
1
-
1
1
3
3
Htm
1
2
1
2
Type
f
1
C
c
F
F
f
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
C
C
F
F
F
F
F
F
Range
-
0,1
0
1
0,1
0
1
Default
25
1
00
00
00
00
00
0.0
00
00
00
- oo
00
00
00
0
0
00
00
00
00
00
00
Units
%
film)
area (hal
%
ft/ft
in (mm)
in (mm)
-
ft Iml
him)
ft Iml
h Iml
in/hr-ft
Imm/hr-ml
50
-------
Appendix A: SWMM Windows Interface Design
Table A.Zcontinutd
Variable
NAMfG
NGTO
NPG NP
GWIOTM-
GLEN*
GI-
GS!
GS2
G«'
OFUIL'
GDlff
WTVK
WflEV
WOIS
SPILL
iMFUM
RfCEN
Description
Channel /Pipe Table
NAME
CHA/INLET *
TYPE
Trapeioidal
Circular
Dummy
Parabokc
Trap w/ wtir
Cir w/weir
Par w/w«ir
WIDTH
LENGTH
INV SLOPE
L SLOPE
R SLOPE
Manning's n
DEPTH
INI DEPTH
WTYPE
B N weir
V N weir
Orifice
WELEV
COEEF
SPILL
Watershed Parameters (subcatchmentsl
Number of subcatchments (1-100)
Infiltration Equation
Morton
Green- Ampi
Regeneration coeff . using Morton Eq
SID
G1
G1
G1
G1
G1
G1
G1
G1
G1
G1
G1
G1
G2
G2
G2
G2
-
B1
84
sen
n
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
12
12
12
12
12
12
CS
1
2
3
4
§
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
1
2
3
CT
1
1
3
1
3
1
1
1
-
1
3
1
Item
1
2
3
4
S
6
7
1
2
3
1
2
Type
C
C
c
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
C
C
C
F
F
"f
1
C
F
Range
17
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0,1,2
0
1
2
- . ..
0
0
1
Default
00
00
0^,014
0
00
33
10
-
0
0.01
Units
ft (ml
ft (ml
H/fl
ft/ft
ft/ft
ft 1ml
ft (ml
ftlmi
ft1/2/s
lml/2/sl
49
-------
Appendix A: SWMM Windows Interface Design
Table A.2continued
Variable
Dcicription
BI- GEXPON
*3-
82'
*$
PRO-
WP-
re-
HKSAT-
TNI-
MCO-
PCO'
C£T'
w
DIT'
JKt
SNN1
SNCflNI
WSNOWIN 1 1
WSNOWCN.2I
fVVtN.X
f WIN. 21
DHMAXIN, II*
DHMAXIN.21*
t»*SUM,ir
TftAStlN.n*
JK.I
CHCOEFF
CEXPON
GCCO6FF
PROSIT Y
WP
FC
HKSAT
TM1
HCO
PCO
CET
OP
DET
Subcatchimnt Snow M*K Data
NAMEW
FRACIMP
FRACPER
DEPIIMP
DEPIPEH
FWIMP
FWPER
MEITIMP
MEITPCR
TBASEIMP
TBASEPER
Sutkatchmtnt Snow Input for Continuous Stimuli
SID
H3
H3
H3
M3
H3
M3
H3
H3
H3
H3
H4
H4
H4
H4
11
It
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
n
ition
NAMEW {12
SCR
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
~is
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
IS
16
16
16
CS
11
12
13
14
15
16
' 17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
-
1
2
3
4
S
6
7
8
9
10
11
1
CT
-
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
.
1
Iwm
-
.
T*p«
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
C
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
C
Rangi
^
,
Default
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
0.0
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
32.0
32.0
_ ,
Unit*
mftii-ft
Imm/hr ml
tn/hr-tt
Imm/hr-ml
in/hr Icm/Twl
/frac Im/fracl
in/hr Icm/hrl
ftlm!
.e. in |mra|
.t. in ImmJ
in Inrwnl
in |mm|
in w «./hf -F
m w.a./hf -C
in w.a./hr -F
m w.t./tw -C
1s 1CI
F 1C)
-
51
-------
SWMM Windows Interface User's Manual
Table A.2-continued
Variable
WSNOWIN.Jl
fWIN.JI
OHMAKIN ii*
TBASeiN 31'
OHMmiN.ll*
OHMININ.7I'
DHMIN
-------
Appendix A: SWMM Windows Interface Design
Table A.2continued
Variable
PSMIUH Ml
PSMEDUO.NI
IHRNill
Deicription
* * * number of constituents up to 10
INI LOAD HI
INI LOAD (10)
Print Control
RUNOFF Input
Print all input data
Control information
Possible combinations
Channel/Pipe
Snowmert
Subchachmant
Water OuaNty
RUNOFF Output
iP«N(3i ISWMM output control
Do not print totals
Monthly and annual totals only
[Daily, monthly and annual totals
IPRNI2I
INTtRV
STAPTPO NOfTt
STOPWM1 NDiT)
MOtT
Plot graphs
Detailed print option
statistical summary only
every time step
every K time steps
K "
* * * provide starting and ending date Max - 1 6
Detailed Printout Periods (mm/dd/yyl
STARTING DATE (mm/dd/yy)
ENDING DATE
-------
$WMM Windows Interface User $ Manual
Table A.2continued
Variable
IPRNTII NPRNTI
IPHNTlt NPHNTl
KOEfPII MOfEP)
WHNT
MOEEP
Description
Channel/Intel number
Channel/Inlet Number for Printing Outflow* end C
Channel/Inlet numlMr
Channel for Printing Depths
Channel number
Number of channels/inlets HOT which non-t tro H
to be printed
Number of depth location* for printout
SID
M3
;oncer
Mi
M4
Ml
M4
SCR
21
ItfMIO
22
23
23
CS
1
is
1
2
CT
7
7
7
Item
.
Type
I
1
1
1
1
- _.
Range
Default
0
0
0
_..
Unrtt
.. ..
-------
Appendix A: SWMM Windows Interface Design
Table A.3 Input Variables and Screen Sequence in USEHP
Screen
No.
1
2
3
4
5
Variables
Description
UNITS
Number ol inlets
Number of pollutants
Number ot data points
INLET #
POLLUTANT
UNIT
TYPE UNIT
TEO
INLET
[TIME]
FLOW
POLLUTANT(1J
POLLUTANT (2)
POLLUTANT [3)
POLLUTANT (4)
Definition
Description of this run
Units either in U.S. units or [ Metric units ]
Number of inlets (non-conduit elements)
Number of pollutants (max=4)
Number of data points to define hydrographs and/or
pollutographs
Inlet number
Pollutant name (character field)
Pollutant input unit (character filed)
Pollutant output unit. Three options: mg/l, MPN/1. or
others
Time of day in decimal hour (e.g.. 6:30 p.m =18 5)
Inlet number supplied on Screen 2
[time of day provided on Screen 4]
Input flow for the time step at the inlet
Concentration for pollutant f 1
Concentration for pollutant »2
Concentration for pollutant f 3
Concentration for pollutant *4
Unit
hour
[hour]
cte [mVs)
unit supplied on Screen 3
unit supplied on Screen 3
unit supplied on Screen 3
unit supplied on Screen 3
55
-------
SWMM Windows Interface User's Manual
Table A.4 Input Variables and Screen Sequence in TRANSPORT
Variable
TITLE
DWDAYS
GNU
TRIBA
iDATEZ
T2ERO
NOT
NITER
DT
EPSIL
NINFIL
NFILTH
NDESN
METRIC
NPOLL
NOE
NUEI1)
NUEI2I
NUE13I
NTYPE
Description
TRANSPORT Control Parameters
Description of this run
Intet hydrograph* and potlutogr aphi tilt
Number of "days prior to simulation
Kinematic viscosity of water
Total catchment area
Computational Control
f , _- . - - , ..~. .
Starting date of strom tmm/dd/yy)
Starting time of the storm ( hours)
Number of time steps
Number of iterations
Time step (seconds!
Allowable error for convergence
Simulation Control
Simulation type
Sewer Infiltration Inflows
Dry- weather sewage inflow
Hydraulic design
Unit
U S units
Metric units
Number of constituents to be simulated
Array (max = 1001
Sewer System Table
CNAME
IstU/P
2nd Uff»
3ndU/P
TYPE
Circular
SID
A1
82
B2
B2
81
B2
B1
E1
82
B2
B3
83
B3
81
Bl
El
El
El
El
El
E1
SCR
1
T
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
CS
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
1
2
3
4
S
6
7
1
2
3
4
S
CT
1
3
1
1
1
5
1
1
1
1
1
1
5
4
4
4
5
6
6
1
1
1
1
1
3
Hem
1
2
1
Type
C160
f
F
F
C
F
1
1
F
F
C25
C15
CIS
1
C
1
i
i
C17
Range
- -
0.1
0.1
0.1
0,1
0
1
__0-4
1-2S
1
Default
0
10'-S
10--2
0.0
000000
0
0
4
0
OJDOOI
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
0
0
i
Units
tt2/»
cm2/s
aclhal
-
-
56
-------
Appendix A: SWMM Windows interface Design
Table A,4continued
Variable
DIST*
GEOM1'
SLOPC*
ROUGH'
GEOM2*
BARREL
GEOM3*
PNAME
Description
Rectangular
Eg0 shape
Horiethore
Gothic
Catenary
Semielliptic
Baslet-Handle
Semi-circular
Modified B -H
R * tri bottom
R o- round bottom
Trapezoid
Parabolic
Pow*r F
Manhole
Lift station
Flow divider
Flow divider/weir
Flow divider
Backwater
XTANK001 DAT
XHEC2001 DAT
XSHAP001.DAT
LENGTH
GEOM1
SLOPE
MANNING'S n
GEOM2
BARREL
GEOM3
* Array
-------
SWMM Windows Interface User's Manual
Table A.4continued
Variable
PUNU
NOIM
DECAY
SPG
PSIZE<2)
PGR(2»
PSIZEI3)
PGR(3I
PSIZEJ4)
PGRI4I
PSI2EI5)
PGRI5)
PSDWF
DINFIFL
GINFIL
RINFIL
RSMAX
CPINF(I)
CPINFI2)
CPINFOI
CPINFI4)
NDD(1 121
Description
CUNIT
TYPE UNIT
mg/l
Other /I
Other unns
DECAY
GRAVITY
SIZE (2)
GR(2) %
SIZE 13)
GRI3I %
SIZE 14)
GR(4) %
SIZE 15)
GR 15) %
MAX SIZE
Infiltration Inflows
Base dry weather infiltration
Groundwater infiltration
Rainwater infiltration
Peak residual moisture
Concentration of constituent * 1
Concentration of constituent * 2
Concentration of constituent 1 3
Concentration of constituent * 4
** Array (max = 1 2) Jan. Feb Dec
Average Monthly Degree-Days
Month
Degree Days
Array (max -7) Sunday Saturday
SIO
F1
FJ
F1
F1
F1
F1
F1
F1
F1
F1
F1
F1
F1
K1
K1
K1
K1
K1
K1
K1
K1
K2
Daily Correction Factors for Flow and Concentrations
SCR
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
7
CS
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
CT
1
3
1
1
Item
1
2
Type
C8
C11
3
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
.
F
Range
0.1.2
0
1
2
--
__ .
-
Default
0
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
0.0
0.0
0.0
00
0.0
00
00
00
0.0
0.0
Units
I/day
mm
mm
mrn
mm
mm
cfs Im3/$|
cfs |m3/sl
cfs lm3Vsl
cfs |m3/sl
F
-------
Appendix A: SWMM Windows Interface Design
Table A..4continued
Variable
OVDWFI1 71
NVBODI1 71
DVSSd 7|
HVDWFI1 24)
HVBODI1)
HVSSI1I
HVCOLIU)
KTNUM
NPF
KDAV
CPI
CCO
POPUtA
KASE
ADWF
A BOO
ASUSO
ACOLI
TOTA
TINA
TCA
TRHA
IRA A
Description
Day
SEWAGE FLOW
BOD
SS
*** Array (man « 241 1 am, 2am 11 pri
SID
LI
L2
L3
n
Hourly Correction Factors (or Flow and Concentration
SEWAGE FLOW
BOD
SS
TOTAL COLIFORM
Study Araa Description
Total number of subareas within a given stud
Number ol process Hows
Day of the week begins simulation
Consumer price index
Composite construction cost index
Total population in all areas
Estimate sewage quality from treatment plant
Study Area Parameters
Total study area data
Sewage flow
BOD
SS
CoMorm
Categorized contributing Area
BOD and SS
Industrial
Commercial
Residential area
High income
Average income
Ml
M2
M3
M4
N1
N1
Ml
N1
N1
N1
N1
01
01
01
01
02
02
02
02
02
sen
7
7
7
7
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
CS
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
-
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
_
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
CT
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Item
Type
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
1
1
1
F
F
F
1
F
F
F
F
F
F'
F
F
F
Rang*
_.
"
--
Default Units
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
10
1
0
1
1250
1100
00
0
0.0
0.0
0.0
o.o
o.o
bo
o.o
0.0
0.0
thousands
cfs fm3J
mg/1
mg/1
mg/l
acre lhal
acre lhal
acre lhal
acre lhal
ere lhal
59
-------
SWMM Windows Interface User's Manual
Table A.4continued
Variable
TRLA
TRGGA
rPOA
INPUT
OPF
BOOPF
SUSPF
KNUM
INPUT
KLAND
METHOD
KUNIT
MSUBT
SAGPF
SABPF
SASPF
Description
Low income
Additional waste
Park and open area
* * * Array (max = NPF)
Process Flow Characteristics
MANHOLE *
FLOW
QBOD
OSS
' * Array (ma* - KTNUMJ
Categoriied Study Area
KNUM
MANHOLE *
LAND
Single F R
MuiliFR
Commercial
Industrial
U/P lands
METHOD ~ .. " _"
Metered
No metered
UNIT
Thousand gal/mo
Thousand cfs/mo
10"3m3/mo
PRINT
No
Yes
INOU Q
BODC
ssc " "
SID
02
02
02
PI
PI
PI
PI ~
01
01
01
01 ~ _
01
Ot
01
oi ""
01
SCH
10
10
10
1
1
1
1
1
12
12
12
12
12
'12
J2
12
12
12
CS
10
11
12
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
_4
5
"e
-_7
8
i
CT
1
1
1
1
1
'
1
1
3
3
3
3
1
1
1
Item
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
1
2
3,
1
2
Type
F
,' F
F
1
F
F
F
_
1
1
CIS
"CIO
jcis
~C3
p
F
F
Ranee
15
Default
00
00
00
0
00
00
00
0
0
5
1
2
3
4
5
0
1
2
0
1
0
0
1
00
00
0.0
Units,
acre |ha|
acre Dial
acre lhal
cfs (m3/sl
mg/1
mg/l
cfs Im3/t|
mj/i
mg/l
60
-------
Appendix A: SWMM Windows Interface Design
Table A.4continued
Variable I Description
WATER
PRICE
SFWAGE
ASUB
POPDEN
DWLNGS
FAMILY
VALUE
PCGG
XINCOM
NPRINT
KPRINT
INTPRT
JNH-NOUTS1
NOUTS
NYNO NNYN»
NNYN
WINTER USE
PRICE
SEWAGE
AREA
DENSITY
DWELNGS
FAMILY
VALUE
% GARBAGE
INCOME
Print Control
Error message suppressed
AH stops* suppressed
Print interval _
List of Element Numbers for Hydrographs
and PoNutographs to be Transferred
Non-conduit element number _
Number of non-conduit elements with transfe
routed hydrographs and poMtfograpjw pjaced
interface fNe
SID
01
O1
Ol
01
01
01
Q1
01
Ol
01
B1
C1
B1
HI
B1
List of Element Numbers for Input Hydrographs
and Poltutographs
Non-conduit element number
Number of non-conduit elements with input h
and pollutograpns printouts
J1_
B1
List of Element Numbers for Output Hydrographs
SCR
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
13
13
13
13
~14
14
-
15
15
16
CS
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
1
2
3
-
1
_1
CT
1
1
1
1
1
4
4
1
7
_7
Item
%
-
--
- --
--
Type
F
F
F
--
1
1
_ - '
1
\
1
1
Range
0.1
0,1
_ --
-
..
- -
Default
00
00
Units
/lOOOgal
cents/ 1000 m3
00
00
00
100/ac
0.0
200
00
value/25
0
6
0
0
0
0
cfs Im3|
acre lhal
pers/ac
pers (nal
MOOO
»10OO/vr
-
61
-------
SWUM Windows Interface User's Manual
Table A.4continued
Vefieble
Description
and Pollutographs
NPEU NNPEi Non-conduit element number
NNPt
JSURFd NAURU
NAURF
NCNTRL
NINPUT
Number of non- conduit element* with output
and poilutographs printouts
List the Conduit Elements lot Which Depth* t<
Conduit number
Number of conduit element*
**» SetNCNTRL-0
Control parameter specifying meant to be ul
transferring inlet hydrographs
** set NINPUT -0
Number of non-conduit elements with data in
hydrographs and poHutographs on data group
. .
SM>
J2
B1
jbePn
12
83
B1
R1
sen
16
17
17
-
CS
1
1
"
CT
7
7
.- -
Item
--
Type
1
1
1
1
1
_
.._. .
Ranfe
0,1
0.1
Default
0
0
0
0
0
Units
-
62
-------
Appendix A: SWMM Windows Interface Design
Table A.5 Input Variables and Screen Sequence in EXTRAN
Variable
mu
REDO
METRIC
TZERO
0IT
NICVC
UMAX
SURTOl
AMEN
NSTART
INTER
JNTER
NEQUAL
ISOl
KSUPCR
Description
EXTRAN Simulation
Description of this run
Inlet hydrographs file
Initial flows, heads, and velocities
No
Read a hot start file
Create a new hot-start file
Read old file and create a new hot -start file
Hot start file
Unit
U.S. units
Metric units
Computational Control
Starting time of simulation {hour)
Time step (seconds)
Number of time steps
Number of iterations
Allowable error for convergence
Simulation and Print Control
Number of channels/conduits in the system
Number of Junctions in the system
Surface area for all manholes
First time- step to begin print cycle
Print interval during simulation
Punt interval at end of simulation
Modify short pipe lengths
Solution technique
Explicit
Enhanced explicit
Iterative explicit
Flow condition
Normal and dynamic
SWIO
SWtVw
A1
B1f7
MM«2
B2»1
B1f3
B1
B1
B2
B2
B2
B1f4
B1
B1
B2
BO
BO
BO
BO
BO
BO
SCR
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
CS
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
CT
1
3
5
6
6
6
6
0
5
6
6
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
3
3
Item
1
2
1
2
3
1
Type
C160
1
1
F
F
1
1
F
F
1
Range
14
0
1
2
3
0.1
0
1
"
0.1,2
0
1
2
0.1
0
Default
0
0
0
1.0
1
12.566
0
0
Units
- -
_.
'2 lm'21
63
-------
SWMM Windows Interface User'$ Manual
Table A.5continued
Variable
Jfltv
JOOWN
NCONO
NJUNC1II
NJUNCUI
QO
NKIASS
AFUU
DCEP
wtoe
UN
ZPI1I
2f(ll
ROUGH
STMfTA
Description
Normal
Conduit elevation
Depth
Elevation
Water depth *t ouitaH conduits
Normal or critical
Critical
Normal
* * * 2(1 1 determines i of looping tenant (3-5t
Channel/Conduit Data
Channel/conduit number
Junction number at upstream end of channel
Junction number at downstream end of channel
Initial Now
Type of channel shape
Circular
Rectangular
Horseshoe
EM
Baskathandle
Trapezokt
Parabolic
MIC- 2 format
Cross section area
Vertical depth
Maximum width
Length
UP distance of channel invert above junction inv
ON distance of channel invert above junction inv
Martning'n coefficient
Trapetoid
Side Stop* 1
SWK)
SWffVar
BO
88
88
B8
BB
68
88
BB
C1
C1
C1
C1
Cl
Ct
ci
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
C1
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
ci
Cl
ci
SCR
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
CS
10
11
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Cf
3
3
1
1
1
1
5
1
Item
2
1
2
1
2
3
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Type
1
1
.
IS
1
1
F
1
F
fl
F
F
f
F
F
F
Rang*
1
0,1
0
1
OJ.2
0
1
2
18
1
2
3
4
S
6
7
8
Default
0
0
1
0
0
00
1
0.0
0.0
00
0.0
0.0
00
0.0014
' o.o
Units
»lm'3/il
-2tm-2l
2Im'2!
2im-2i
2lm'21
-2|nT21
'2lnT2J
64
-------
Appendix A: SWMM Windows Interface Design
Table A.5continued
Variable
SPMI
5>tMHA
SPMI
SUlt t A
SECNO
XNl
XNS
XNCH
NUMST
STCMl
STCHft
UN
PXSECR
PSXECI
EUll
STAI1I
JUN
Description
Side slop* 2
HtC 2 format
Cioss section ID
Average slope
Parabolic/power (unction
Exponent
*" KNKLASS-8-> 4*5
Natural Channel (NEC 2 format)
Cross section 10
Manning's n
Left bank __
Right bank
Channel
Number of etov/sution poin's
Station
Left bank of channel
Right bank of channel
Channel length
Factor horizontal dimensions
Elevation increment
* " * Array screen
* * *NUMST determines * of rows
Cross Section Profile
Elevation
Station
* * * looping screens per (unction
* * * Repeat Screens No. 6-1 8 for each junction
Junction Data
Junction number
iSWID
SWfVar
C1
C1
C1
-
Cl
C3
C2
C2
C2
C3
C3 '
C3
C3
C3
C3
C4
C4
--
01
SCR
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
S
6
«
CS
14
15
16
17
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
2
1
CT
1
1
1
1
?
1
-
1
Item
-
1
2
Type
1
f
F
f
1
"~J
f
f
f
f
.
Range
"
""
~
Default
t
00
0.0
|_" 0.6
0-99
00
00
00
00
6.6
0.0
0.0
Units
film!
(tint)
Hlml
ft Iml
ftlml
65
-------
SWMM Windows Interface User's Manual
Table A.5continued
Variable
GRElEV
Z
QINST
YO
JTYPt.
JFHEE
JGATE
NTIOC
JSTORE
ZTOP
ASTOftE
NUMST
OCURVEM.1)
QCURVEI2.il
Description
Ground elevation
Invert elevation
Net constant flow mto Junction
Initial depth above junction invert elevation
Type of junction
Storage
Orifice sump
Orifice side outlet
Weir - transverse
Weir side flow
Pump
Outfall without tide gate
OuttaN with tide gate
Type of boundary
Free outfall
Constant elev
Tide coeff
Compute coeff
Stage-history
Storage Junction Data
Junction Number
Type of storage junction
Constant-area
Variable-area
Power function
Crown Elevation
Surface Area
Number of stage/storage area points
Power function
Coefficient
Exponent
SWIO
SWffVa*
01
Ol
01
01
11
12
J1
'-
El
El
El
El
E2
E2
SCR
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
~ 6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
~7
7
7
7
7
CS
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
It
12
13
14
1
2
3
4
5
" 6
7
8
9
10
CT
1
1
1
1
5
3
7
5
6
6
6
Item
1
2
3
~ 4
5
Trpe
i
F
F
1
Range
1
2
3
4
5
Default
00
00
00
00
0
0.0
00
0 99
Units
film)
ff |m|
slm'3/sl
ftlml
ft (ml
s lm'3/sl
-------
Apptndix A: SWMM Windows Interface Deiign
Table A.5
-------
SWMM Windows Interface User s Manual
Table A.5continued
VaruMe Description
1
if
NtlMt
VORIFU.II
VORIFI1.2)
VORIFH.3I
NJUNCHI
NJUNCUI
KWEIR
YCREST
VTOP
WLEN
COEF
NJUNCHI
NJUNCI2I
KWEIR
VCRfST
VTOP
WLEN
COEF
Distance of orifice invert above junction
Number of discharge coeff/area points
* * NTIME determines * of rows (Array scree*
Time History Orifice Stde Outlet
TIME IJUN *)
FLOW COEFF
AREA
' * Weir (max - 601
Weir Data - Transverse
Junction 1 containing weir
Junction t to which weir discharges
Type of weir
Transverse
Trans w/ tide
Height of weir crest above invert
Heigth to top of weir opening above invert
Weir length
Discharge coefficient
Weir Data Side Flow
Junction f containing weir
Junction 1 to which weir discharges
Type of weir
Side flow
Side flow w/ tide
Height of weir crest above invert
Heigth to top of weir opening above invert
Weir length
Discharge coefficient
* * * Pump (max = 20)
SWN>
SWfVar
F1
F2
1
F2
F2
F2
G1
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
Gl
SCR
11
11
12
12
12
12
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
'
CS
6
7
1
2
3
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
-
1
2
_ 3
" 4
5
6
7
CT
1
1
1
1
1
?
2
3
1
1
1
1
t
2
3
1
I
1
1
Item
1
2
1
2
Type
F
1
F
F
F
1
1
1
F
F
F
F
- -
1
1
1
F
f
f
f
Range
1-4
1
2
14
3
4
- - . -
- --
Default
050
f
1
00
00
00
10
1
00
00
00
1.0
_
Units
ft I'nl
2|m 21
ft Iml
ft lm|
ft Iml
film)
ft Iml
ft Iml
_
-------
Appendix A: SWMM Windows Interface Design
Table A.5-continued
Variable
NJUNCH)
NJUNCI2)
IPTYP
PRATtlll
PflATSlZI
PRATtlJl
VRATEtll
VRATEUI
VRATE(J)
VWHl
VRATElll
VRATCI2I
VRATtlll
VRATU2I
VRATEUI
vwen
PON
a off
A1
w
Description
Pump Data
Junction * b«ing pumped
Junction t which pumped discharge goes to
Typa of pump
Off lint
In Mne
Dynamic head
Lower pumping rate
Mid-pumping rat*_
High pumping rat* _
Offline pump volume
Mid-ratt pumps
High-rat* pumps
Total wet wfH capacity _
Initial voHimc
In-line pump depth
Mid rate pumps
High-rate pumps
Dynamic (wad difference
Lowest pumping rate
Mid-poumping rat*
Hiflhe»t pumping rat*
initial depth
* * * Array screen (max « 20)
Depth in Pumping Inflow Junction
DEPTH ON IJUN t\
DEPTH OFF IJUN *)
Boundary Condition at OutfaHs
Junction Number
First lid* coeff
Tide period (hours)
SWK)
SWtVar
HI
HI
HI
HI
HI
HI
HI
HI
HI
HI
HI
HI
HI
HI
HI
HI
Hf
HI
HI
J2
J2
SCR
15
IS
IS
IS
15
15
15
IS
15
IS
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
16
15
15
16
16
17
17
17
17
CS
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
S
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
1
2
1
2
3
CT
?
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Item
1
2
3
TVP*
i
l
l
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
1
F
f
Range
1
2
3
Default
ira/
ft'3/
ft'3?
ft
ft
ft
ft
00
0.0
Units
slm'3/sl
slm*3/sl
stm-3/sl
3(m'31
"3l«T3!
"3|m-3|
"3tnT3l
ft (ml
film)
ftlml
ft lm|
ftlm)
ftlm)
ftlml
ftlml
ftlml
hours
69
-------
SWMM Windows Interface User's Manual
Table A.5continued
Variable
A2
A3
A4
AS
A6
A7
KO
Nl
DtlTA
NCHTIO
IT
VV
JPRTU 201
NMPUT
CPftTI! 20)
NOPflT
JPVTI1 201
Description
Second tide coeff
Third tide coeff
Fourth tide coeff
Fifth tide coeff
Sixth tide coeff
Seventh tide coeff
Type of tide input
Tide) height
High-low water values
1 of input points
Convergence criterion
Print tidal input
* * * Nl determines t of rows (Array screen)
Time-Stage Table
TIME
STAGE
* * * 2(2} determines t of junction numbers
List of Junction Numbers for Heads to be printed
Junction Number
Number of junctions for detailed printing of head
* * * 2(1 ) determines t of conduit numbers
List of Condmt Numbers for Flows to be printed
Conduit Number
Number of conduits for detailed printing of flow
* * * 2(2) determines * of junction numbers
List of Junction Numbers for Heads to be Plotted
Junction Number
swto
SW*Var
J2
J2
J2
J2
J2
J2
J3
J3
J3
J3
J3
J4
J4 _
-
B4
83*1
B5
83*2
B6
SCR
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
18
18
-
19
J9
20
20
21
21
CS
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
-
1
2
_±
\
1
CT
3
1
1
4
1
1
7
7
7
Item
1
2
Type
F
F
F
F
f
F
I
F
f
- -
--
....
.
Range
0
1
- -
Default
0.0005
-
Units
film)
ftlml
Him)
ftlm]
ftlml
ftlml
ftlm)
Hours
film)
70
-------
Appendix A: SWMM Windows Interface Design
Table A.Scontinued
Variable 'Description
NPlT
Numbei of (ufKiKKi heads to be plotted
I * * * 2(11 determines * of conduit numbers
[list of Concuil Numbers for Flows to be plotted
KPIIH 201 .CofwfuU Number
IPU
JSURMI 201
Nsuttf
Number of conduit flows to be plotted
* * * 2(11 determines * of conduit numbers
swro
SWffVer
B3*3
87
B3*4
List of Concuit Numbers for US/OS elevstions to be^plotte
Conduit Number
Number of conduit upstream/downstream eievat
to be ptotted
-
BS
B8I1
SCR
22
22
-
23
23
CS
1
t
-
CT
?
7
Item
--
T»i»e
.. .
Ranee
_. .. ..
...
. ~
~.
Default
Units
71
-------
REFERENCES
Ambrose. R. B Jr. and T. O Barnwcll. Jr. 1989.
Environmental Software al the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency's Center for Exposure Assessment
Modeling. CEAM. EPA. Alhens. GA. Environmental
Software 4(2);76-93.
Camp. Dresser and McKce, Inc.. "Storm Water
Management Model Version 4. Part B EXTRAN
Addendum". PB88-236658. Annandale. VA, June.
1988.
Donigian. A.S. and W.C. Hubcr, "Modeling of
Nonpomt Source Water Quality in Urban and Non-
urban Areas." U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
EPA-600-3-91-039. June. 1991.
Heaney. J.P.. Huber. W.C., Sheikh. H.. Medina.
M.A., Doyle. J.R.. Peltz. W.A., and Darling, J.E..
"Urban Stormwater Management Modeling and
Decision Making," EPA-670/2-75-022 (NTIS PB-
242290). Environmental Protection Agency,
Cincinnati. OH. May 1975.
Huber, W.C., Heaney, J.P.. Aggidis. D.A.. Dickinson,
R.E. and Wallace, R.W., "Urban Rainfall-Runoff-
Quality Data Base." EPA-600/2-81-238 (NTIS PB82-
221094). Environmental Protection Agency.
Cincinnati, OH. October 1981.
Huber, W.C. and Dickinson. R.E., "Storm Water
Management Model, Version 4: User's Manual,"
Dept. of Enviro. Enginr. Sci., University of Florida,
Gainesville. FL. August. 1988. Second printing. 1992.
EPA/600/3-88/001 a. NTIS PB88-23664/AS
Metcalf and Eddy, Inc., University of Florida, and
Water Resources Engineers. Inc., "Storm Water
Management Model. Volume I - Final Report," EPA
Report 11024 DOC 07/71 (NTIS PB-203289),
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
July. 1971a.
Roesner. L.A. el. al. Storm Water Management
Model User's Manual Version 4: EXTRAN
ADDENDUM. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Environmental Research Laboratory. Office
of Research and Development, Athens. Georgia.
August 1988. Second Printing February 1989.
EPA/600/3-88/001 b
73
-------
SERA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
(4305)
Washington, DC 20460
Official Business
Penalty for Private Use
$300
-------
V-/EPA
Agency
Solid Waste and Emergency Response (5305W)
Sensitive
Environments
and the Siting
of Hazardous Waste
Management
Facilities
1
_
-------
-------
Introduction
1 his publication discusses sensitive types of environments
that pose special challenges to the siting, expansion,
and operation of RCRA hazardous waste management
facilities. Locating hazardous waste management facilities
in certain areas - because of their soils, terrain, ground-
water, or weather conditions - may pose significant risks
of releases and possible exposures to humans and the
environment. The environmentally sensitive locations
addressed in this book are:
Floodplains
Wetlands
Groundwater
Earthquake Zones
Karst Soils
Unstable Terrain
Unfavorable Weather
Conditions
Incompatible Land
Use
In addition to these technical siting factors, there are social
concerns that affect the appropriateness of a hazardous
waste facility's location. These social concerns and related
evaluation factors will be addressed in a future EPA
guidance document.
.
-------
What Are Environmentally Sensitive
Locations and
Why Are They a Concern?
Sensitive environments are locations that, because of their
physical conditions, maybe disturbed or permanently
damaged by hazardous waste contamination. Wetlands, for
example, are especially sensitive to chemical contamination.
Sensitive environments are also locations that are physically
unstable and may change so greatly that they can cause the
release of a hazardous waste or complicate its cleanup.
Unfavorable
Weather
"N Conditions
Incompatible
Land Use ^
1
Unstable Terrain
Kars. '^
Locating hazardous waste facilities in the sensitive environments shown in this
figure increases the risk of contamination.
-------
For example, floodwaters spilling into floodplains may damage waste
management structures such as tanks or berms (walls of earth), causing
the release of hazardous waste to the environment. This brochure
provides additional information on wetlands and floodplains and
discusses other environments that are sensitive, particularly in relation
to hazardous waste management facilities.
Soil, groundwater, and weather conditions are important technical
factors in determining how environmentally sensitive a location is.
Knowing about environmentally sensitive areas helps ensure that a
hazardous waste management facility is sited at a location that is safe
for our health and our environment. For example, facilities constructed
on unstable ground or in floodplains are at greater risk for landslides or
floods, respectively, which could cause accidental hazardous waste
releases. Therefore, when selecting a
location for a hazardous waste facility,
such safety concerns must be considered.
Other nontechnical factors to consider in
locating a hazardous waste management
facility are the people living and working
around the facility, that is, the number of
people, their ages, and their health. Also,
hospitals and schools should be considered
because they may be difficult to evacuate
in the event of a hazardous waste spill.
This is why many states require
hazardous waste management facilities to
locate a safe distance from densely
populated areas, hospitals, schools, or
prisons. These issues will be discussed in
further detail in an upcoming
companion brochure on social factors.
-------
Companies that plan to construct and operate hazardous waste
management facilities should avoid siting their facilities in
environmentally sensitive areas. If a company does decide to locate a
facility in a sensitive area, its owner should design the facility to
minimize risks to people and the environment. By law, an owner's
approach to locating a safe hazardous waste management facility must
-------
include consideration of the physical site, the facility's design, and its
operating conditions. The facility's design includes such factors as
whether it is designed to protect surrounding soils and groundwaters.
Operating conditions may include how many hours each day an
incinerator may burn waste and how well a technology destroys or
treats waste.
The distribution of three of the types of sensitive
locations-wetlands, land use (population), and
major areas of karst-demonstrates the need to site
hazardous wastes carefully.
ft ^l
Population
50,000-100,000
Karst
Wetlands
100,001-500,000
500,001-1 Million
-------
Floodplains
Floodplains are lands that are subject to periodic flooding.
They are usually lowlands along rivers, streams, lakes, and
oceans. Often, they occur where annual water flow is low or
nonexistent, but they may also occur due to large amounts
of melting snow or rainfall that run off the land.
Facts About Floodplains
Floodplains act as natural storage areas, slowing down rushing
floodwaters and reducing downstream flooding. Floodplains also help
maintain the quality of rivers and streams by filtering eroded soils (also
known as sediments) and nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus.
To Lear/? Where
Floodplains are
Located...
Floodplain maps can be
obtained at no cost from the
Federal Emergency Man-
agement Agency's Flood
Map Distribution Center,
6930 (A-F) San Tomas
Road, Baltimore, MD 21227-
6227 or from the U.S. Army
Corps of Engineers, the Soil
Conservation Service, the
National Oceanic and Atmos-
pheric Administration, the
US Geological Survey, the
Bureau of Land Manage-
ment, the Bureau of Recla-
mation, the Tennessee Val-
ley Authority, and State and
local flood control agencies.
Your county or city planning
office should also have
floodplain maps. Know your
local zoning laws!
What is a 100-Year Floodplain?
A 100-year floodplain is any land area that
is subject to a 1 percent or greater chance
of flooding in any given year from any
source.
The Problem with Locating
a Facility in a Floodplain
Industry considers floodplains as valuable
locations for development because they
are often flat and near water and
transportation routes. However, EPA has
recently seen the damage that flooding can
cause at hazardous waste management
facilities (for example, the 100-year and
500-year floods that have occurred along
-------
the Mississippi River). In some cases, floodwaters have floated
hazardous waste storage tanks off their foundations and floodwaters
have flowed into waste ponds, carrying their hazardous contents
downstream.
The speed of flood waters is also a concern because high flow rates can
erode wastepiles, berms, landfills, or other types of waste management
structures.
fbodnlstn
Floodplains are typically lands along waterways that may flood.
Facility Siting Recommendations
Facilities should avoid building in floodplains. Existing regulations
require hazardous waste management structures built in a 100-year
floodplain to be built above the 100-year flood level or built to
withstand the flooding event. See Title 40 of the Code of Federal
Regulations, Section 264.18 (40 CFR 264.18).
Facilities can be declared exempt from this regulation if they prove
(1) that they can remove all waste before the flood or (2) no harm
will come to human health or the environment when the flood
occurs. Regulations also allow facilities to locate in 100-year
floodplains if owners can prove that the facility can withstand a
washout in the event of a flood (40 CFR 270.14(b)(11)(iv)). In
addition, all facilities should have detailed, up-to-date emergency
response plans that can be put into action before and during floods.
Check your state and local regulations; they may have more
stringent requirements that also have to be met.
-------
Wetlands
Wetlands are areas that are waterlogged for an extended
period of time and include a variety of fish and wildlife
habitats. Swamps, marshes, bayous, bogs, and Arctic tundra
are wetlands. Wetlands are highly sensitive areas that are
among the most productive ecosystems in the world.
Interesting Facts about Wetlands
One-third of all bird species appear in wetlands, which serve as
vital migratory resting, staging, and nesting areas for waterfowl
and other species.
96 percent of all fish species caught by commercial fishers depend
upon wetlands for part of their life-cycle.
Wetlands control shoreline erosion, which protects other
ecosystems from storms, improves water quality, supplies water,
and regulates climates.
The Problem with Locating
a Facility In or Near Wetlands
Construction or expansion of hazardous waste management facilities
directly in and near wetlands can destroy fish and/or wildlife habitats.
In addition, the high amounts of unstable soils and water in wetlands
make them poor areas for land-based hazardous waste structures such
as landfills.
Any hazardous wastes spilled on wetlands can spread faster through the
groundwater and surface water. Such contamination may harm
commercial and recreational fisheries and shellfish harvesting. Eating
finfish and shellfish that have accumulated toxic substances can be
-------
dangerous to human health. Hazardous waste releases into wetlands can
also reduce the variety and reproduction of species living in wetlands.
One of the most serious consequences of a hazardous waste spill or
leak in a wetland can occur in the process of restoring the wetland.
Removing the contaminated sediments can be very costly and may even
destroy the wetland. Because wetlands are typically found at the
headwaters of rivers, lakes, and streams, removal of contaminated
bottom sediments in wetlands could unintentionally release contami-
nants downstream to unsuspecting human, fish, and wildlife
populations.
Facility Siting Recommendations
Hazardous waste management facilities should not be located in
wetlands. This strategy of no construction in wetlands supports the
EPA's goal of no net loss of this important resource. Facilities planning
to locate near wetlands should also take special protective steps.
They should (1) investigate how the soil and groundwater would be
affected by spilled hazardous wastes, and
(2) design the facility to prevent spills.
Wetlands are often assigned to
three categories. Swamps are
dominated by trees, marshes by
grasses, and bogs by mosses.
Swamp
Marsh
Highlights
of Wetlands
Protection Laws
Section 404 of the Clean
Water Act (CWA) requires
permits from the Army Corps
of Engineers for activities
involving the discharge of
dredged or fill materials into
'Waters of the United States,"
which include wetlands.
Other laws that provide some
protection to wetlands are:
the Wild and Scenic Rivers
Act, the Fish and Wildlife
Coordination Act, the Endan-
gered Species Act, and the
Coastal Zone Management
Act. In addition, some States
are now enacting wetlands
protection laws.
-------
Groundwater
Groundwater is a collection of water beneath the earth's
surface that is fed either by rainfall percolating through soil
and rock or by surface water. High-value groundwater is
(1) the sole source of drinking water available, or (2) the
water feeding into a sensitive environment such as a wetland.
Hydrogeology is the study of the interaction between groundwater and
its source (soil, surface water) along with its movement. A site's
hydrogeology is considered complex when scientists cannot accurately
characterize, monitor, or predict groundwater movement.
Interesting Facts About Groundwater
Over half the U.S. population
uses groundwater as its main
drinking water source.
95 percent of rural households
rely on groundwater for their
drinking water.
Groundwater is the only
source of drinking water
for people in some areas.
34 of the 100 largest U.S.
cities rely on groundwater for
drinking and commercial
purposes.
-------
The Problem with Locating a Facility
Near High-Value Groundwater
In certain parts of the country, contaminants can move quickly into
the groundwater. It can be very difficult and expensive, if not
impossible, to clean up this contamination. The underground soil and
rock in certain areas make it difficult for scientists to find out the
direction of groundwater flow, which further complicates cleanup.
Most of the time, groundwater cannot be cleaned for a reasonable cost
and within a reasonable time frame. Removing contamination from
groundwater may take hundreds of years.
Facility Siting Recommendations
Experts believe that hazardous waste management facilities should
not be located over high-value groundwater or areas where the
underground conditions are complex and not understood. If a facility
plans to locate in one of these areas, EPA requires several studies as part
of the groundwater investigation, such as (1) determining the
complexity and importance of the groundwater for drinking supplies,
(2) determining the direction of groundwater flow, (3) assessing the
ability of the groundwater to be replenished, and (4) determining
how other waters (e.g., rivers and wetlands) are connected to the
groundwater.
Facility owners should also take extra steps to make sure that no leaks
or spills will occur from structures that hold hazardous wastes.
They should use conservative assumptions when engineering waste
management structures such as adding more spill containment systems
around structures. Also, the number of monitoring wells used to detect
spills in these environments may need to be increased and samples
taken more frequently.
-------
Earthquake Zones
Earthquake zones are areas affected by earthquakes.
Earthquakes are a significant threat to public safety and
welfare over many parts of the United States, particularly
the West Coast, Alaska, parts of the Rocky Mountains, the
Mississippi Valley, and selected areas along the Eastern
Seaboard.
The Problem with Locating a Facility
in an Earthquake Zone
EPA is concerned about earthquakes affecting hazardous waste
management facilities because they can damage structures that hold
wastes and result in accidental releases to groundwater, surface water,
soil, and air. Damage can result from movement of large pieces of
ground or, more commonly, ground shaking. Because structures that
hold hazardous waste (e.g., landfills, ponds, or lagoons) are often made
of soil and rock, they can be damaged by earthquake activity.
Structures above the ground, such as tanks and incinerators can also
be damaged, toppled, or destroyed.
When is an Earthquake Zone a Siting Concern?
The magnitude or amount of ground shaking at a site is a good
measure for determining if a site is appropriate for a hazardous waste
management facility. To help determine the level of risk from shaking,
scientists have mapped out seismic impact zones. These zones measure
the amount that the ground could potentially shake during an
earthquake. The risk is based on the area's geology and past earthquake
activity. Maps of seismic impact zones are available to the public
through the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and state and local
governments.
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Facility Siting Recommendations
EPA currently has regulations designed to prevent damage to hazardous
waste management facilities in areas with earthquake activity. In Title 40
of the Code of Federal Regulations, Section 264.18 (a) bans facilities from
siting new hazardous waste management units within 200 feet of a
Holocene fault (that is, faults that have been active within the last 10,000
years). These faults are located in certain areas of the western United States.
And 40 CFR 270.14(b)(l 1) (ii) also requires owners and operators of
hazardous waste management facilities to investigate Holocene faults that
are within 3,000 feet of a facility.
In addition to the regulatory requirements, earthquake experts
recommend a number of safety features for facilities in areas where
earthquake activity can cause ground shaking or ground rupture:
Design structures at hazardous waste management facilities to resist
ground motion or shaking and withstand the maximum horizontal
acceleration - the highest acceleration value expected at the earth's
surface in that particular area. It has been found that the horizontal
direction of shaking is much more damaging to structures than the
vertical direction.
Build structure containment systems to prevent spills in case of a failure.
Pay special attention to site factors such as soil moisture and slope
stability, which may enhance ground shaking and lead to structural failure.
\
The side-to-side motion of the ground during earthquakes causes the most
damage to structures.
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Karst Terra in
Karst terrain consists of rock - such as limestone, dolomite, or
gypsum - that slowly dissolves when water passes through it.
The dissolving rock leaves underground voids, tunnels, and
caves. Sometimes these underground spaces can grow so large
that their "ceilings " will collapse, forming large sinkholes.
A karst sinkhole in east-central Missouri.
The Problem with Locating a Facility in Karst Terrain
Facilities located in karst areas may have an increased chance of
hazardous waste spills because sinkholes can form suddenly. These
spills can contaminate the groundwater and make it difficult to clean
up since the hydro geology is complex in these areas. Engineers do not
have good methods to protect hazardous waste management facilities
against sinkhole collapse.
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Sinkhole
Losing Stream
Cave
Deeply V\feathered
Bedrock
Limestone and
Dolomite
Sandstone
Spring
Karst soils are poor foundations for any structure.
Facility Siting Recommendations
Hazardous waste management facilities should avoid locating in
"active" karst areas. Approximately 5 percent of the United States
has "active" karst, including Missouri, Kentucky, Florida, Indiana,
Arkansas, and Puerto Rico. Companies planning to locate facilities
in karst areas should demonstrate that they can (1) engineer a waste
management structure that protects against sinkhole formation
(e.g., additional foundation support) and, in turn, hazardous waste
spills, and (2) monitor and clean up groundwater contamination if it
occurs. It is important that companies conduct site characterization
studies in which they map sinkholes and underground caverns,
determine ground stability, and measure the speed and direction of
groundwater flow.
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Unstable Terrain
Unstable terrain is any area where movement of the land
surface can damage structures and buildings. Unstable
terrain is divided into two kinds of land movement:
(1) the movement of rock and soil on steep slopes by gravity
(e.g., landslides), and (2) rock and soil sinking, swelling,
or heaving.
The Problem with Locating a Facility
on Unstable Terrain
EPA is concerned that movement of unstable soils can damage
hazardous waste facilities and lead to spills and leaks. Mass movement
of rock and soil onto a hazardous waste facility can crush or destroy
buildings, puncture and bury drums of hazardous waste, and break
apart earthen structures containing liquid wastes. Poor foundation
conditions can:
Cause buildings to shift and crack
Disrupt landfill gas and leachate collection
Rip landfill liner systems.
Damages such as these may cause hazardous waste spills that can be
difficult to clean up.
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Facility Siting Recommendations
Unstable terrain is found throughout the United States. Therefore,
companies seeking locations should check for past mining activities,
flood control, or groundwater withdrawal, which could cause the
ground to sink. Natural conditions, such as high water content in soil
and freezing temperatures that cause soil to heave or swell, should also
be identified along with slumping soils caused by steep slopes that have
high soil moisture, poor drainage, or weak soils.
It is possible to build a safe facility on unstable terrain; however,
construction and operating costs would increase considerably.
Although most of the risks to facilities in unstable terrains can be
addressed by good design and engineering, EPA recommends that
facilities perform geotechnical analyses of soil and geologic properties
to determine the extent of unstable conditions. This information will
help a facility decide if its unit should be located in another area
or if additional design and engineering measures are needed.
Building on unstable soils can lead to serious environmental consequences.
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Unfavorable Weather Conditions
Certain areas of the United States have atmospheric
conditions that increase the chance of breathing air
contaminants. Some parts of the country may have long
periods with little or no air movement (such as Los Angeles'
smog inversions). In these areas, air contaminants are not
easily dispersed. In mountainous areas, air contaminants can
also become trapped for a long time. This situation occurs
because mountains can affect regional wind patterns by
acting as barriers that reduce air flow.
The Problem with Locating a Facility in an Area
with Unfavorable Weather Conditions
Hazardous waste management facilities increase the chance of exposing
people and the environment to air contaminants in areas where
stagnant weather conditions exist. Young and elderly people, along
with people suffering with respiratory ailments, are more susceptible to
extended exposures to air contaminants. In addition, eating food
produced in areas with air pollutants (e.g., meat, milk, and grains)
becomes a concern because these pollutants may be taken up by plant
or animal respiration or by contaminated rainfall. Hazardous waste
facilities that burn or incinerate waste (i.e., combustion facility,
incinerator) may cause unacceptable contamination and, in turn,
environmental exposures in these stagnant areas.
Facility Siting Recommendations
Facilities that burn hazardous wastes should avoid locating where
unfavorable weather conditions exist. Atmospheric conditions
in this type of area should be evaluated carefully by the facility.
Facilities should evaluate the distribution and age of the population
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and other vulnerability factors and the effects of land features on wind
patterns and pollutant mixing in the air. Seasonal effects on wind
patterns should also be evaluated. Special engineering and placement of
the facility at the site may be necessary to ensure acceptable dispersion
of air contaminants. The permit for the facility may also need to
restrict the operations of the facility to times when weather conditions
are favorable.
Regulations Controlling Air Emissions
from Hazardous Waste Management Facilities
Both the Clean Air Act and the Resource Conservation and Recovery
Act contain regulations on the control of air pollution from hazardous
waste facilities (40 CFR 264, Subparts I, J, K, and O and 40 CFR 266,
Subpart H). Combustion regulations address specific chemical
pollutants; tank, container, and waste pond regulations address volatile
organic pollutants as a class. However, both sets of regulations target
emission reduction. They do not address the siting of emission sources.
An inversion can be worsened by a mountain range forcing warm desert air to
move up and over cooler ocean air flowing in the opposite direction.
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Incompatible Land Use
Certain preexisting land uses may not be compatible with
the operation of a hazardous waste management facility.
For example, densely populated areas or facilities such as
hospitals, schools, and prisons are especially vulnerable to
hazardous waste exposures.
Human Exposure to Hazardous Wastes
People may become exposed to hazardous waste contaminants
by breathing, drinking water, eating food, eating dirt (children,
particularly), or by skin contact (with soil, air, or water).
The Problem with Locating a Facility
Near Sensitive Populations
Certain people may be more sensitive to exposure to hazardous waste
than the average person. Studies have shown that children and the
elderly may be more sensitive to certain toxic substance exposures.
Likewise, people who are sick can also be more vulnerable to toxic
exposures, and their illnesses may become worse.
Facility Siting Recommendations
Hazardous waste management facilities should avoid locating near
sensitive populations or in densely populated areas. Areas near schools,
nursing homes, day care centers, or hospitals should be avoided. Many
states have setback distances that prescribe the minimum distance a
hazardous waste facility can be from certain types of land use.
These minimum distances are meant to protect the public or
the environment from potential exposure to hazardous waste.
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EPA recommends NOT siting hazardous waste facilities in sensitive
locations for the following reasons:
Location
Environmental Consequences
Floodplains
Waste ponds may wash out.
Tanks may be moved from foundations.
Wetlands
Fish and wildlife are threatened.
Spills are spread to groundwater
and surface waters faster.
Cleanup is difficult, costly,
and sometimes more damaging.
Land Use
Sensitive populations such as the elderly,
children, and the sick are more affected
by toxic exposures.
High-Value
Groundwater
Contaminants are transported quickly.
Cleanup is costly and difficult.
Earthquake Zones
Ground fractures and shaking damage
structures, leading to spills.
Karst Terrain
Sinkholes may develop, leading to
structure failure and spills.
Unstable Terrain
Soil movement can shift and damage
structures causing waste releases.
Unfavorable
Weather Conditions
Stagnant air concentrates pollutants.
Mountains may block pollutant dispersion.
For Further Information...
For further information on sensitive environments, please contact
the RCRA hotline at 800-424-9349 orTDD-800-553-7672.
In the Washington, DC, area, call 703-412-9810.
This publication is also available on the Internet at
http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/hazwaste.
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United States
Environmental Protection Agency
401 M Street, SW. (5305W)
Washington, DC 20460
Official Business
Penalty for Private Use
$300
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United Stales Office Of EPA-505/8-91-002
Environmental Protection Water April 1991
Agency (EN-336)
v>EPA Guidance Manual
For The Preparation Of
NPDES Permit Applications
For Storm Water Discharges
Associated With
Industrial Activity
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GUIDANCE MANUAL
FOR THE PREPARATION OF
NPDES PERMIT APPLICATIONS
FOR STORM WATER DISCHARGES
ASSOCIATED WITH INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITY
April 1991
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Wastewater Enforcement and Compliance
401 M Street, S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20460
Printed on Recycled Paper
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES i
LIST OF FIGURES ii
PREFACE iii
SECTION 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 What Is The Purpose Of This Guidance Manual? 1
1.2 How Is This Manual Organized? 1
SECTION 2.0 WHAT IS THE NPDES PERMIT PROGRAM? 2
2.1 Authorized NPDES State Programs 2
2.2 What Is A Storm Water Discharge Associated With
Industrial Activity? 2
2.3 Discharges Through Large And Medium Municipal Separate
Storm Sewer Systems 7
2.4 Discharges To Combined Sewer Systems 9
2.5 Options For Applying For Permit Coverage 9
SECTION 3.0 INDIVIDUAL APPLICATION REQUIREMENTS ... 13
3.1 The Process Of Submitting Individual Applications 13
3.2 Forms 1 And 2F 15
3.3 Special Provisions For Selected Discharges 16
3.3.1 Special Provisions For Small Businesses 16
3.3.2 Special Provisions For Construction Activities 17
3.3.3 Mining And Oil And Gas Operations 17
3.4 Individual Applications Deadlines 18
3.5 When Are Additional Forms Required? 19
3.6 Where To Obtain And Submit Applications 19
3.7 Signatories 19
3.8 Penalties For Knowingly Submitting False Information 20
SECTION 4.0 THE PERMITTING PROCESS 21
4.1 How Are Individual Applications Processed? 21
4.2 Completeness Of The Application 21
4.3 Public Availability Of Submitted Information 24
4.4 How Long Is A Permit Valid? 24
4.5 How Are NPDES Permits Enforced? 24
SECTION 5.0 TECHNICAL SUPPORT FOR SPECIFIC
ELEMENTS OF THE NPDES PERMIT
APPLICATION FORMS 26
5.1 Overview 26
5.2 Site Drainage Map 26
5.3 Identification Of Outfalls To Be Monitored 27
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5.4 Evaluation Of The Presence Of Non-storm Water Discharges 27
5.4.1 Visual Inspection of Storm Drain at Manhole Inlet or
Outfall Description 29
5.4.2 Review and Validation of Piping Schematics
Description 29
5.4.3 Dye Tests Description 30
5.4.4 TV Line Surveys Description 30
5.5 Estimates Of Discharge Flow Rates And Volumes 31
5.5.1 Estimating Flows and Volumes 31
5.5.2 Flow Rate Measurements 32
5.5.3 Estimation of Flow Rates Based on Flow Velocity
Measurements 33
5.5.4 Estimation of Volumes Based on Row Rate Estimates . 33
5.6 Collecting Storm Water Discharge Samples 37
5.6.1 Grab Samples 38
5.6.2 Flow-Weighted Composite Samples 38
5.6.3 Pollutants to Be Analyzed 44
5.6.4 Reporting 46
SECTION 6.0 REFERENCES 48
t:: «::-,?><
APPENDIX A: SELECTED TEXT FROM 40 CFR SECTION 122.26 . 49
APPENDIX B: DEFINITIONS OF KEY TERMS 55
APPENDIX C: INFORMATION FOR EPA REGIONAL
OFFICES AND STATES WITH APPROVED
NPDES PROGRAMS 62
APPENDIX C.1: FEDERAL, STATE, AND REGIONAL
PERMITTING AGENCY CONTACTS 63
APPENDIX C.2: ADDRESSES AND TELEPHONE
NUMBERS OF EPA REGIONAL OFFICES
AND STATES WITHIN THE REGIONAL
OFFICE JURISDICTION 71
APPENDIX D: PROCEDURES FOR SUBMITTING A
GROUP APPLICATION 73
APPENDIX D.I: EPA REVIEW PROCEDURES FOR A
GROUP APPLICATION 75
APPENDIX E: NPDES PERMIT APPLICATION FORMS
AND INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE
PERMITTING PROCESS 76
APPENDIX E.1: FORM 1 77
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APPENDIX E.2: FORM 2F 78
APPENDIX E.3: FORM 2C 79
APPENDIX E.4: FORM 2D 80
APPENDIX E.5: FORM 2E 81
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LIST OF TABLES
Table Title Page
2-1 CONTENTS OF 40 CFR PARTS 400 TO 471 (SUBCHAPTER N) 4
2-2 STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION (SIC) CODE
GROUPS WHICH ARE REFERENCED IN THE NPDES STORM
WATER REGULATIONS 8
4-1 PERMIT APPLICATION CHECKLIST 22
5-1 EXAMPLE CALCULATION OF THE TOTAL RUNOFF FLOW
VOLUME FROM HELD DATA 35
5-2 EXAMPLE PREPARATION OF A MANUALLY COMPOSITED
FLOW-WEIGHTED SAMPLE 41
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Title Page
2-1 FLOWCHART FOR NPDES PERMITTING OF
INDUSTRIAL STORM WATER DISCHARGES 10
3-1 FLOW DIAGRAM TO IDENTIFY WHICH FORMS
MUST BE SUBMITTED WHEN APPLYING FOR AN
INDIVIDUAL NPDES STORM WATER DISCHARGE PERMIT 14
5-1 EXAMPLE INDUSTRIAL STORM RUNOFF OUTFALLS
WITH STORM WATER DISCHARGE ASSOCIATED WITH
INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITY 28
Appendix
D-l RAINFALL ZONES OF THE UNITED STATES 74
n
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PREFACE
Water quality problems have occupied an increasingly prominent role in
the public's awareness over the past several decades. In 1972, Congress passed
significant amendments to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act (commonly
referred to as the Clean Water Act or CWA) to prohibit the discharge of any
pollutant to waters of the United States from a point source unless the discharge
was authorized by a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)
permit. NPDES permits specify monitoring, reporting and control requirements,
including allowable levels of pollutants in discharges.
Efforts to improve water quality under the NPDES program have
traditionally focused on reducing pollutants in discharges of industrial process
wastewater and municipal sewage. Industrial process discharges and sewage
outfalls were easily identified as responsible for poor, often drastically degraded
water quality conditions. However, as pollution control measures were installed
for these discharges, it became evident that more diffuse sources (occurring over
a wide area) of water pollution were also major causes of water quality problems.
For many years, most of the environmental law makers and the public
alike assumed that runoff from urban and other areas subjected to man's
activities was essentially "clean" water. However, during the past twenty years or
so, this view has changed. It is now recognized that rainfall picks up a multitude
of pollutants from falling on and draining off streets and parking lots,
construction and industrial sites, and mining, logging and agricultural areas. The
pollutants are dissolved into and are carried off by the rainfall as it drains from
these surfaces and areas. Through natural or manmade conveyances, the runoff
is channeled into and transported by gravity flow through a wide variety of
drainage facilities. Once in these facilities, the runoff may scour accumulated
pollutants out of gutters, catchbasins, storm sewers, and drainage channels. The
runoff eventually ends up in surface water bodies such as creeks, rivers, estuaries,
bays, and oceans.
Many recent studies have shown that runoff from urban and industrial
areas typically contains significant quantities of the same general types of
pollutants that are found in wastewaters and industrial discharges and cause
similar water quality problems. These pollutants include heavy metals (e.g.,
chromium, cadmium, copper, lead, nickel, zinc), pesticides, herbicides, and
organic compounds such as fuels, waste oils, solvents, lubricants, and grease.
These pollutants may cause problems for both human health and aquatic
organisms.
In general, assessments of water quality are difficult to perform and verify.
However, several national assessments have been made. For the purposes of
these assessments, runoff from urban and industrial areas has been considered as
a diffuse source or "nonpoint"source of pollution. Legally, however, most urban
iii
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runoff is discharged through conveyances such as separate storm sewers or other
conveyances which are point sources under the CWA and are, therefore, subject
to the NPDES program.
To provide a better understanding of the nature of storm water runoff
from residential, commercial, and light industrial areas (collectively referred to as
urban), the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) provided funding and
guidance to the Nationwide Urban Runoff Program (NURP), which was
conducted from 1978 through 1983. The NURP study provided insight on what
can be considered background levels of pollutants for urban runoff. NURP also
concluded that the quality of urban runoff can be adversely impacted by several
sources of pollutants that were not directly evaluated in the study, including illicit
connections, construction and industrial site runoff, and illegal dumping.
Other studies have shown that storm sewers contain illicit discharges of
non-storm water, and that wastes, particularly used oils, are improperly disposed
of in storm sewers. Removal of non-storm water discharges to storm sewers
presents opportunities for dramatic improvements in the quality of storm water
discharges.
In 1987, the Clean Water Act was revised by adding Section 402(p) to
address storm water. In summary, Section 402(p) states that prior to October 1,
1992, the NPDES program cannot require permits for discharges composed
entirely of storm water unless one of the following conditions apply:
1) The discharge has been permitted prior to February 4, 1987 (in this
case, the operator is required to maintain the existing permit).
2) The discharge is associated with industrial activity.
3) The discharge is from a large (population greater than 250,000) or
medium (population greater than 100,000 but less than 250,000)
municipal separate storm sewer system.
4) The permitting authority determines that the discharge contributes
to a violation of a water quality standard or is a significant
contributor of pollutants to the waters of the United States.
Section 402(p) of the CWA requires EPA to establish NPDES permit
application requirements for storm water discharges associated with industrial
activity; discharges from large municipal separate storm water systems (systems
serving a population of 250,000 or more); and discharges from medium municipal
separate storm water systems (systems serving a population of 100,000 or more,
but less than 250,000). In response to this requirement, EPA published permit
application requirements on November 16, 1990 (55 FR 47990). This manual
provides guidance to facility operators discharging storm water associated with
industrial activity on how to comply with the permit application requirements.
iv
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SECTION 1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 What Is The Purpose Of This Guidance Manual?
The Federal Water Pollution Control Act (also known as the Clean Water
Act (CWA)), as amended in 1987, requires National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES) permits for storm water discharges associated with
industrial activity.
On November 16, 1990, (55 FR 47990), the Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) issued regulations establishing permit application requirements for
storm water discharges associated with industrial activity. These regulations are
primarily contained in Section 122.26 of Section 40 of the Code of Federal
Regulations (40 CFR Part 122.26).
The purpose of this manual is to assist operators of facilities which
discharge storm water associated with industrial activity in complying with the
requirements for applying for an NPDES permit. This manual provides operators
with an overview of the permitting process and information regarding the permit
application requirements including: which forms are to be completed; where these
are to be submitted; and when permit applications are due. In addition, this
manual provides technical information on sample collection procedures.
1.2 How Is This Manual Organized?
This guidance manual contains five sections and several appendices.
Section 2.0 explains the NPDES permit program, who must file an application
and the different options for applying. Section 3.0 discusses the individual
application requirements, including the necessary forms and information to be
provided. Section 4.0 explains the permitting process, how applications are
handled, whether an application is complete and public availability of the
information. Technical guidance for the preparation of selected parts of the
permit application forms is provided in Section 5.0. Pertinent regulatory guidance
materials and other references are provided in Section 6.0.
Additional information is provided in the appendices to this manual.
These appendices contain selected text from 40 CFR Part 122.26 (Appendix A),
definitions of key terms (Appendix B), addresses for EPA Regional Offices and
State agencies (Appendix C), procedures for filing a group application (Appendix
D), and copies of the various permit application forms (Appendix E).
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SECTION 2.0 WHAT IS THE NPDES PERMIT PROGRAM?
This section provides a description of the NPDES permitting program.
Section 2.2 describes the regulatoiy term "storm water associated with industrial
activity" which defines the scope of the NPDES program requirements with
respect to industrial storm water discharges. Section 2.3 describes notification
requirements for storm water discharges associated with industrial activity to large
or medium municipal separate storm sewer systems. (These storm water
discharges associated with industrial activity are also required to obtain NPDES
permit coverage). Section 2.4 explains that storm water discharges associated
with industrial activity to sanitary sewers, including combined sewers, are not
required to obtain NPDES permit coverage. Section 2.5 describes three options
that operators of storm water discharges associated with industrial activity may
follow for obtaining permit coverage for storm water discharges associated with
industrial activity: (1) individual permit applications; (2) group applications; and
(3) case-by-case requirements developed for general permit coverage.
2.1 Authorized NPDES State Programs
The CWA allows States to request EPA authorization to administer the
NPDES program instead of EPA Upon authorization of a State program, the
State is primarily responsible for issuing permits and administering the NPDES
program in the State. At all times following authorization, State NPDES
programs must be consistent with minimum Federal requirements, although they
may always be more stringent.
State authority is divided into four parts: municipal and industrial
permitting (including permitting for storm water discharges from non-Federal
facilities); Federal facilities (including permitting for storm water discharges from
Federal facilities); pretreatment; and general permitting. At this point in time, 39
States or Territories are authorized to, at a minimum, issue NPDES permits for
municipal and industrial sources. In the 12 States and 6 territories without
NPDES authorized programs, EPA issues all NPDES permits. In 6 of the 39
States that are authorized to issue NPDES permits for municipal and industrial
sources, EPA issues permits for discharges from Federal facilities.
22 What Is A Storm Water Discharge Associated With Industrial Activity?
The November 16, 1990 regulation established the following definition of
"storm water discharge associated with industrial activity" at 40 CFR
122.26(b)(14):
"Storm water discharge associated with industrial activity"means the discharge
from any conveyance which is used for collecting and conveying storm water
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and which is directly related to manufacturing, processing or raw materials
storage areas at an industrial plant. The term does not include discharges
from facilities or activities excluded from the NPDES program under 40 CFR
Part 122. For the categories of industries identified in subparagraphs (i)
through (x) of this subsection, the term includes, but is not limited to, storm
water discharges from industrial plant yards; immediate access roads and rail
lines used or traveled by carriers of raw materials, manufactured products,
waste material, or by-products used or created by the facility; material
handling sites; refuse sites; sites used for the application or disposal of process
waste waters (as defined at 40 CFR 401); sites used for the storage and
maintenance of material handling equipment; sites used for residual
treatment, storage, or disposal; shipping and receiving areas; manufacturing
buildings; storage areas (including tank farms) for raw materials, and
intermediate and finished products; and areas where industrial activity has
taken place in the past and significant materials remain and are exposed to
storm water. For the categories of industries identified in subparagraph (xi),
the term includes onfy storm water discharges from all the areas (except access
roads and rail lines) that are listed in the previous sentence where material
handling equipment or activities, raw materials, intermediate products, final
products, waste materials, by-products, or industrial machinery are exposed to
storm water. For the purposes of this paragraph, material handling activities
include the: storage, loading and unloading, transportation, or conveyance of
any raw material, intermediate product, finished product, by-product or waste
product. The term excludes areas located on plant lands separate from the
plant's industrial activities, such as office buildings and accompanying parking
lots as long as the drainage from the excluded areas is not mixed with storm
water drained from the above described areas. Industrial facilities (including
industrial facilities that are Federally, State, or municipally owned or operated
that meet the description of the facilities listed in this paragraph (i)-(xi))
include those facilities designated under the provisions of 122.26(a)(l)(v).
The following categories of facilities are considered to be engaging in
"industrial activity" for purposes of this subsection:
(i) Facilities subject to storm water effluent limitations guidelines, new source
performance standards, or toxic pollutant effluent standards under 40 CFR
Subchapter N (except facilities with toxic pollutant effluent standards which
are exempted under category (xi) of this paragraph); (See Table 2-1)
(u) Fadtities classified as Standard Industrial Classifications 24 (except 2434),
26 (except 265 and 267), 28 (except 283 and 285) 29, 311, 32 (except 323),
33, 3441, 373;
(ui) Facilities classified as Standard Industrial Classifications 10 through 14
(mineral industry) including active or inactive mining operations (except for
areas of coal mining operations no longer meeting the definition of a
reclamation area under 40 CFR 434.11(1) because the performance bond
issued to the facility by the appropriate SMCRA authority has been released,
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Table 2-1. CONTENTS OF 40 CFR PARTS 400 TO 471 (SUBCHAPTER N)
Part Subchapter N - Effluent Guidelines and Standards
400 [Reserved]
401 General Provisions
402 [Reserved]
403 General pretreatment regulations for existing and new sources of pollution
405 Dairy products processing point source category
406 Grain mills point source category
407 Canned and preserved fruits and vegetables processing point source category
408 Canned and preserved seafood processing point source category
409 Sugar processing point source category
410 Textile mills point source category
411 Cement manufacturing point source category
412 Feedlots point source category
413 Electroplating point source category
414 Organic chemicals, plastics, and synthetic fibers
415 Inorganic chemicals manufacturing point source category
416 [Reserved]
417 Soap and detergent manufacturing point source category
418 Fertilizer manufacturing point source category
419 Petroleum refining point source category
420 Iron and steel manufacturing point source category
421 Nonferrous metals manufacturing point source category
422 Phosphate manufacturing point source category
423 Steam electric power generating point source category
424 Ferroalloy manufacturing point source category
425 Leather tanning and finishing point source category
426 Glass manufacturing point source category
427 Asbestos manufacturing point source category
428 Rubber manufacturing point source category
429 Timber products processing point source category
430 Pulp, paper, and paperboard point source category
431 The builders' paper and board mills point source category
432 Meat products point source category
433 Metal finishing point source category
434 Coal mining point source category; BPT, BAT, BCT limitations and
new source performance standards
435 Oil and gas extraction point source category
436 Mineral mining and processing point source category
439 Pharmaceutical manufacturing point source category
440 Ore mining and dressing point source category
443 Effluent limitations guidelines for existing sources and standards
of performance and pretreatment standards for new sources for the paving
and roofing materials (tars and asphalt) point source category
446 Paint formulating point source category
447 Ink formulating point source category
454 Gum and wood chemicals manufacturing point source category
455 Pesticide chemicals
457 Explosives manufacturing point source category
458 Carbon black manufacturing point source category
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Table 2-1. CONTENTS OF 40 CFR PARTS 400 TO 471 (SUBCHAPTER N) (continued)
Part Subchapter N - EffluejitJ3uidelinesand Standards
459 Photographic point source category
460 Hospital point source category
461 Battery manufacturing point source category
463 Plastics molding and forming point source category
464 Metal molding and casting point source category
465 Coil coating point source category
466 Porcelain enameling point source category
467 Aluminum forming point source category
468 Copper forming point source category
469 Electrical and electronic components point source category
471 Nonferrous metals forming and metal powders point source category
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or except for areas of non-coal mining operations which have been released
from applicable State or Federal reclamation requirements after December 17,
1990 and oil and gas exploration, production* processing, or treatment
operations, or transmission faculties that discharge storm water contaminated
by contact with or that has come into contact with, any overburden, raw
material, intermediate products, finished products, byproducts or waste
products located on the site of such operations; (inactive mining operations
are mining sites that are not being actively mined, but which have an
identifiable owner/operator; inactive mining sites do not include sites where
mining claims are being maintained prior to disturbances associated with the
extraction, beneficiation, or processing of mined materials, nor sites where
minimal activities are undertaken for the sole purpose of maintaining a
mining claim);
(iv) Hazardous waste treatment, storage, or disposal faculties, including those
that are operating under interim status or a permit under Subtitle C of RCRA;
(v) Landfills, land application sites, and open dumps that receive or have
received any industrial wastes (waste that is received from any of the facilities
described under this subsection) including those that are subject to regulation
under Subtitle D of RCRA;
(vi) Facilities involved in the recycling of materials, including metal scrap
yards, battery reclaimers, salvage yards, and automobile junkyards, including
but limited to those classified as Standard Industrial Classification 5015 and
5093;
(vii) Steam electric power generating facilities, including coal handling sites;
(viii) Transportation facilities classified as Standard Industrial Classifications
40, 41, 42 (except 4221-25), 43, 44, 45, and 5171 which have vehicle
maintenance shops, equipment cleaning operations, or airport deicing
operations. Onfy those portions of the facility that are either involved in
vehicle maintenance (including vehicle rehabilitation, mechanical repairs,
painting, fueling, and lubrication), equipment cleaning operations, airport
deicing operations, or which are otherwise identified under paragraphs (i)-
(vu) or (ix)-(xi) of this subsection are associated with industrial activity;
(ix) Treatment works treating domestic sewage or any other sewage sludge or
wastewater treatment device or system, used in the storage treatment, recycling,
and reclamation of municipal or domestic sewage, including land dedicated to
the disposal of sewage sludge that are located within the confines of the
facility, with a design flow of 1.0 mgd or more, or required to have an
approved pretreatment program under 40 CFR 403. Not included are farm
lands, domestic gardens or lands used for sludge management where sludge is
beneficially reused and which are not physically located in the confines of the
facility, or areas that are in compliance with Section 405 of the CWA;
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(x) Construction activity including clearing, grading and excavation activities
except: operations that result in the disturbance of less than five acres of total
land area which are not pan of a larger common plan of development or
sale;
(xi) Facilities under Standard Industrial Classifications 20, 21, 22, 23, 2434,
25, 265, 267, 27, 283, 285, 30, 31 (except 311), 323, 34 (except 3441), 35, 36,
37 (except 373), 38, 39, 4221-25, (and which are not otherwise included
within categories (ii)-(x))."
Table 2-2 lists Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) Code groups which
are referenced in the regulatory definition of 'storm water associated with
industrial activity'.
Several aspects of the regulatory definition are highlighted below:
o The term 'storm water discharge associated with industrial activity'
excludes storm water drained from areas located on plant lands separate
from the plant's industrial activities, such as office buildings and
accompanying parking lots as long as the drainage from the excluded areas
is not mixed with storm water drained from the above described areas.
o Storm water discharges associated with industrial activity include
appropriate storm water discharges from Federally, State, or municipally
owned or operated facilities that conduct activities that are described in
subparagraphs
(i)-(xi) of the regulatory definition.
o For the categories of industries identified in subparagraph (xi), the term
'storm water discharges associated with industrial activity' includes only
storm water discharges from all the areas (except access roads and rail
lines) that are listed in the regulatory definition where material handling
equipment or activities, raw materials, intermediate products, final
products, waste materials, by-products, or industrial machinery are exposed
to storm water.
2.3 Discharges Through Large And Medium Municipal Separate Storm Sewer
Systems
Storm water discharges associated with industrial activity discharged
through municipal separate storm sewers to waters of the United States are
required to obtain NPDES permit coverage. In addition to meeting the
requirements discussed in Section 4.0 of this manual, operators of storm water
discharges associated with industrial activity which discharge through large or
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Table 2-2. STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION (SIC) CODE GROUPS WHICH ARE
REFERENCED IN THE NPDES STORM WATER REGULATIONS
SIC Code
Tide
10
12
13
14
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
5015
5093
5171
Metal Mining
Coal Mining
Oil and Gas Extraction
Nonmetallic Minerals, Except Fuels
Food and Kindred Products
Tobacco Products
Textile Mill Products
Apparel and Other Textile Products
Lumber and Wood Products
Furniture and Fixtures
Paper and Allied Products
Printing and Publishing
Chemicals and Allied Products
Petroleum and Coal Products
Rubber and Miscellaneous Plastic Products
Leather and Leather Products (except 311)
Stone, Clay, and Glass Products
Primary Metal Industries
Fabricated Metal Products
Industrial Machinery and Equipment
Electronic and Other Electric Equipment
Transportation Equipment
Instruments and Related Products
Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries
Railroad Transportation
Local and Interurban Passenger Transit
Trucking and Warehousing
United States Postal Service
Water Transportation
Transportation by Air
Motor Vehicle Parts, Used
Scrap and Waste Materials
Petroleum Bulk Stations and Terminals
Notes:
(1)
For the exact 4-digit SIC codes within each industry group number, refer to the Standard Industrial Classification
Manual. 1987 Edition, US. Executive Office of the President, Office of Management and Budget
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medium municipal separate storm sewer systems are required to submit the
following information to the operator of the municipal separate storm sewer
receiving the discharge no later than May 15, 1991 or 180 days prior to
commencing such discharge:
(i) the name of the facility;
(ii) a contact person and phone number;
(iii) the location of the discharge; and
(iv) a description, including Standard Industrial Classification, which
best reflects the principal products or services provided by each facility.
The terms "municipal separate storm sewer", "large municipal separate
storm sewer system" and "medium municipal separate storm sewer system" are
defined in Appendix B.
2.4 Discharges To Combined Sewer Systems
Discharges to municipal sanitary systems, including combined sewer
systems (systems designed to convey municipal sanitary sewage and storm water)
are not required to obtain NPDES permit coverage. However, these discharges
may be subject to pretreatment requirements, including requirements
implemented by permits issued by the operator of the municipal treatment plant.
2.5 Options For Applying For Permit Coverage
The NPDES regulatory scheme provides three potential tracts for
obtaining permit coverage for storm water discharges associated with industrial
activity: (1) individual permit applications; (2) group applications; and (3) case-
by-case requirements developed for general permit coverage.
A flowchart illustrating the three potential routes, or tracks for applying
for permit coverage, as well as a route or track for discharges to combined sewers
is provided in Figure 2-1. The four tracks are named: the general permit track,
the group application track, the individual application track, or the combined
sewer track. Dischargers following the first three are required to submit
information, whereas the fourth track, the combined sewer track, illustrates that
permits are not required for industrial discharges to combined sewer systems1.
- NPDES permit coverage is required for storm water discharges associated with industrial activity which
either discharge directly to waters of the United States, through a municipal separate storm sewer to waters of the
United States, or through a privately owned conveyance to waters of the United States. Permits are not required
for industrial discharges to municipal sanitary sewer systems, including combined sewer systems. However,
municipalities operating combined sewer overflows are required to obtain NPDES permits.
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Figure 2-1. Flowchart for NPDES
Permitting of Industrial
Storm Water Discharges
d)
Identify
Permitting
Authority
DOM
YourFacMy
Discharge Storm
Associated with
Industrial
ActMty
7
No
Permit
Required
DOM
Your Fadlty
Discharge to
Waters of ID* U.S. or
to a Municipal
System
7
Combined
Sewer System
Separate
Storm Sewer
No
Permit
Required
Combined Sewer Track
Urge or
Medium
Notes:
No
(Continued on next page)
Yes
Comply WKri Nolle* of Intent Provision*
ki the General Permit In Ueu of Submitting
an Application
General Permit Track
1) Permitting Authority: States which have NPDES permit authority, otherwise EPA regional offices
2) States with NPDES permit authority can disallow participation in a group application
3) Time line begins at the date of publication of the final rule
4) Other forms may be required in addition to Forms 1 and 2F
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(Continued from previous page)
Individual Application Track
Individual
Industry
Selects Group
or
IndMdual Application
Track
EPA
Headquarters
Approve*the
ApproprtatanM* of
theApplcarti
Group Application Track
(3)
Describe
Storm Drainage
System;
Drainage Area
lor Each Outfall;
Storage Faculties;
Existing BMPs
1
FORM2F
FORM2F
Collect and Submit
Quantitative Data
to Permuting Authority
Permitting Authority
Issues Final
INDIVIDUAL PERMIT
to Each Facility
PART 2
Collect and Submit
Quantitative Data tor
10%ofFadMe*
to EPA Headquarters
Does
Your SUM Have
General Pern*
Authority
SEPT. 30. 1991
S
I
YES
MAY 18. 1992
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The individual permit application track (i.e., the third tier on the
flowchart) is applicable to all storm water discharges associated with industrial
activity except: where the operator of the discharge is participating in a group
application; where a general permit has been issued to cover the discharge and
the general permit provides alternative means to obtain permit coverage; or
where the discharge is to a sanitary sewer, including a combined sewer. For most
storm water discharges associated with industrial activity, the requirements for an
individual permit application are incorporated into Form 1 and Form 2F. Special
individual application requirements for storm water discharges associated with
industrial activity from construction activities, mining operations, oil and gas
operations, and small businesses are discussed in Chapter 3.
The group application track (i.e., the second tier of the flowchart) allows a
group of similar industries to submit a group application. This will often be an
efficient alternative to preparing and submitting individual permit applications
because it may reduce the cost for applicants. The requirements for group
applications are discussed in Appendix D. Authorized NPDES States may
establish requirements which are more stringent than EPA requirements, and may
require facilities with storm water discharges associated with industrial activity to
submit individual applications rather than participate in a group application.
The general permit track (i.e., the top tier of the flowchart) may be
available where a general permit for the discharge has been issued. In this case,
the facility operator must comply with any applicable Notice of Intent (NOI)
provisions of the general permit instead of submitting an individual permit
application.
The combined sewer track (i.e., the bottom tier of the flowchart) is
followed if an industrial facility discharges storm water associated with industrial
activity to a municipal sanitary sewer, including sewers that are part of a
combined sewer systems. In this case, an NPDES permit for the storm water
discharge to the combined sewer is not required. However, the operator of the
sewage treatment works may develop pretreatment requirements (including
requirements implemented through permits issued by the sewage treatment
operator) applicable to industrial facilities discharging to combined sewers.
12
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SECTION 3.0 INDIVIDUAL APPLICATION REQUIREMENTS
Section 2.5 of this manual describes the three options that operators of
storm water discharges associated with industrial activity may follow for obtaining
permit coverage for storm water discharges associated with industrial activity: (1)
individual permit applications; (2) group applications; and (3) case-by-case
requirements developed for general permit coverage. In addition, section 2.4
explains that storm water discharges associated with industrial activity to
municipal sanitary systems, including combined sewer systems (systems designed
to convey municipal sanitary sewage and storm water) are not required to obtain
NPDES permit coverage.
This Chapter focusses on the procedures and requirements associated with
submitting individual permit applications. Appendix D.2 discusses the procedures
and requirements associated with submitting group applications.
Section 3.1 discusses the process of submitting individual permit
applications. Section 3.2 provides an overview of the requirements of Form 1 and
Form 2F, the individual permit application forms for most storm water discharges
associated with industrial activity. Section 3.3 discusses special provisions for
individual applications for storm water discharges associated with industrial
activity from: small businesses; construction activities; and mining and oil and gas
operations. Section 3.4 discusses deadlines for submitting individual permit
applications. Section 3.5 describes the additional application forms that are
necessary if storm water associated with industrial activity is mixed with non-
storm water. Section 3.6 explains where to obtain and submit permit applications.
Section 3.7 describes signatory requirements for individual permit applications,
and Section 3.8 describes penalties for knowingly submitting false information.
3.1 The Process Of Submitting Individual Applications
Figure 3-1 illustrates the process of selecting and submitting the
application forms to use for individual permit applications for storm water
discharges associated with industrial activity. The items on this list are discussed
below:
1) Determine whether the discharge is considered a storm water
discharge associated with industrial activity. Refer to the definition
of "storm water discharge associated with industrial activity"
provided in Section 2.2 of this guidance.
2) Determine whether the State in which the discharge(s) is located
has an authorized NPDES program. A list of these States is
provided in Appendix C. The permit application forms required by
13
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Operators of a facility which: ~ ~
1) discharge worm water associated with an industrial activity, or
2) discharge storm water that the permitting authority designates as a significant contributor of
pollutants to waters of the U.S., or
3) discharge storm water that contributes to a violation of a water quality standard
are required to submit an application for a NPDES storm water discharge permit, unless a general
permit has been issued. In this case, the facility operator must comply with the Notice of Intent
provisions in lieu of submitting an application. Facility operators submitting an individual permit
application must complete FORy 1 (EPA Form 3510-1) and FORM 2F (EPA Form 3510-2F).
Additional forms may be required as shown below.
ComptoM only m* pravnualy
(your
discharge
oompoMd
entirely of
storm water
t
Comptol* Faun 1 and Form Tf
I* your
discharge a new
source ora new
discharge
form 3D (EPA Form 3910-2O) in
addition to Form 1 and farmir
I* your
diMtwrg*
combined wrih
prooM*
or
other non-storm
Form 1C (EPA Form 3S10-2C) in
addition to Forml and FormSf
Note: This flow chart does not address group application track or NOI/General permit track
FIGURE 3-1: FLOW DIAGRAM TO IDENTIFY WHICH FORMS MUST BE SUBMITTED WHEN
APPLYING FOR AN INDIVIDUAL NPOES STORM WATER DISCHARGE PERMIT
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authorized NPDES States may be different from the EPA-required
forms that are discussed in this manual.
3) Determine the track (e.g. individual permit application track, group
application track, general permit track, etc.) that the discharger will
pursue to comply with application requirements. The options for
different tracks are discussed in section 2.5 of this guidance.
4) Obtain the appropriate application forms if submitting an individual
permit application. Sections 3.2, 3.3, and 3.5 of this guidance
manual provide information on permit application forms and
requirements. Section 3.6 describes where forms can be obtained.
5) Submit the completed application to the appropriate permitting
regulatory agency by the application deadline (Section 3.4). Section
3.6 describes where applications are to be submitted.
3.2 Forms 1 And 2F
The requirements for individual permit application for most types of
discharges composed of storm water associated with industrial activity are
incorporated into Form 1 and Form 2F. (Section 3.3.2 discusses alternative
individual permit application requirements for storm water discharges associated
with industrial activity from construction activities and Section 3.5 discusses the
additional forms necessary where storm water discharges associated with
industrial activity are mixed with any non-storm water discharge).
Form 1 (EPA Form 3510-1) requires general information about the facility,
including: the name and address of the facility; the facility type (i.e., SIC code); a
map showing specified features, etc. See Appendix D.I for a sample application
form with instructions.
Form 2F (EPA Form 3510-2F) contains information which can be used to
evaluate the pollution potential of storm water discharges associated with
industrial activity, including:
o a map showing site drainage;
o an estimate of the area of impervious surfaces and the total area drained
by each outfall;
o a narrative description of material management practices and control
measures;
o a certification that separate storm water outfalls have been tested or
evaluated for non-storm water discharges;
15
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o existing information regarding significant leaks or spills of toxic or
hazardous pollutants at the facility that have taken place within the three
years prior to the submittal of the application; and
o sampling data for specified parameters.
See Appendix E.2 for a sample application form with instructions.
Section 5.0 provides technical guidance for obtaining or estimating the following
information required by Form 2F: preparing a site drainage map, detecting the
presence of non-storm water discharges, measuring storm water runoff flow rates
and volumes, and sampling equipment and procedures for collecting storm water
discharge samples.
3 J Special Provisions For Selected Discharges
3.3.1 Special Provisions For Small Businesses
Small businesses with storm water discharges associated with industrial
activity do not have to analyze storm water discharges associated with industrial
activity for the organic toxic pollutants listed in Table 2F-3 of Form 2F. (Small
business with storm water discharges associated with industrial activity are subject
to the other appropriate requirements of Form 1 and Form 2F, including
requirements to sample for specified conventional pollutants and other specified
constituents (40 CFR 122.21(g)(8)).
There are two ways in which a facility can qualify as a "small business." If
the facility is a coal mine, and if the probable total annual production is less than
100,000 tons per year, past production data or estimated future production (such
as a schedule of estimated total production under 30 CFR 79514[c]) may be
submitted instead of conducting analyses for the organic toxic pollutants.
Facilities that are not a coal mine with gross total annual sales for the most
recent three years average less that $100,000 per year (in second quarter 1980
dollars), may submit sales data for those years instead of conducting analyses for
the organic toxic pollutants. The production or sales data must be for the facility
which is the source of the discharge. The data should not be limited to
production or sales for the process or processes which contribute to the discharge,
unless those are the only processes at the facility. For sales data, in situations
involving intra-corporate transfer of goods and services, the transfer price per unit
should approximate market prices for those goods and services as closely as
possible. Sales figures for years after 1980 should be indexed to the second
quarter of 1980 by using the gross national product price deflator (second quarter
of 1980 = 100). This index is available in National Income and Product
Accounts of the United States (Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic
Analysis).
16
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3J2 Special Provisions For Construction Activities
The application requirements for operators of storm water discharges
associated with industrial activity from construction activities include Form 1 and
a narrative description of:
(i) the location (including a map) and the nature of the construction activity;
(ii) the total area of the site and the area of the site that is expected to
undergo excavation during the life of the permit;
(iii) proposed measures, including best management practices, to control
pollutants in storm water discharges during construction, including a brief
description of applicable State and local erosion and sediment control
requirements;
(iv) proposed measures to control pollutants in storm water discharges that will
occur after construction operations have been completed, including a brief
description of applicable State and local storm water management controls;
(v) an estimate of the runoff coefficient of the site and the increase in
impervious area after the construction addressed in the permit application
is completed, the nature of fill material and existing data describing the
soil or the quality of the discharge; and
(vi)the name of the receiving water.
At this time, EPA has not developed a standardized form for the narrative
information accompanying Form 1 that is required in individual applications for
storm water discharges associated with industrial activity from construction sites.
3.3.3 Mining And Oil And Gas Operations
Several specific regulatory provisions are applicable to storm water
discharges associated with industrial activity from mining and oil and gas
operations:
(1) Mining operations and Oil and Gas- (40 CFR 122.26(a)(2)): The
permitting authority may not require a permit for discharges of
storm water runoff from mining operations or oil and gas
exploration, production, processing or treatment operations or
transmission facilities, composed entirely of flows which are from
conveyances or systems of conveyances (including but not limited to
pipes, conduits, ditches, and channels) used for collecting and
conveying precipitation runoff and which are not contaminated by
contact with or that has not come into contact with, any overburden,
17
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raw material, intermediate products, finished product, byproduct or
waste products located on the site of such operations.
(2) Oil and gas- (40 CFR 122.26(c)(l)(iii)): The operator of an
existing or new discharge composed entirely of storm water from an
oil or gas exploration, production, processing, or treatment
operation, or transmission facility is not required to. submit a permit
application, unless the facility:
(A) has had a discharge of storm water resulting in the discharge of
a reportable quantity for which notification is or was required
pursuant to 40 CFR 117.21 or 40 CFR 302.6 at anytime since
November 16, 1987; or
(B) has had a discharge of storm water resulting in the discharge of
a reportable quantity for which notification is or was required
pursuant to 40 CFR 110.6 at any time since November 16, 1987; or
(C) contributes to a violation of a water quality standard.
3.4 Individual Applications Deadlines
Individual permit applications for storm water discharges associated with
industrial activity which are currently not covered by an NPDES permit must be
submitted by November 18, 1991.
Operators of discharges which are authorized by an individual NPDES
permit must resubmit individual permit applications 180 days prior to the
termination of the existing NPDES permit.
Permit applications for a new discharge of storm water associated with
industrial activity must be submitted 180 days before that facility commences
industrial activity which may result in a discharge of storm water associated with
that industrial activity. Permit applications for a new discharge of storm water
associated with industrial activity from a construction activity (see subparagraph
(x) of the definition in section 23 of this document) must be submitted at least
90 days before the date on which construction is to commence. Persons
proposing a new discharge are encouraged to submit their application well in
advance of the 90 or 180 day requirements to avoid delay.
Where a general permit has been issued, deadlines for submitting a notice
of intent (NOI) to be authorized to discharge under the permit are established in
the permit
18
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3.5 When Are Additional Forms Required?
Where a storm water discharge associated with industrial activity is mixed
with a non-storm water component prior to discharge, an additional application
form must be submitted.
A complete permit application for a storm water discharge associated with
industrial activity mixed with process wastewater. (process wastewater is water
that comes into direct contact with or results from the production or use of any
raw material, intermediate product, finished product, byproduct, waste product or
wastewater) includes Form 1, Form 2F and Form 2C.
A complete permit application for a storm water discharge associated with
industrial activity mixed with new sources or new discharges of non-storm water
(non-NPDES permitted discharges commencing after August 13, 1979) includes
Form 1, Form 2F and Form 2D.
A complete permit application for a storm water discharge associated with
industrial activity mixed with nonprocess wastewater (nonprocess wastewater
includes noncontact cooling water and sanitary wastes which are not regulated by
effluent guidelines or a new source performance standard, except discharges by
educational, medical, or commercial chemical laboratories) includes Form 1,
Form 2F and Form 2E.
3.6 Where To Obtain And Submit Applications
In States without an authorized NPDES State program, EPA issues all
NPDES permits. Where EPA issues permits, permit application forms can be
obtained from and submitted to the appropriate EPA Regional office. (See
Appendix C.2 for a list of the addresses and telephone numbers of the EPA
Regional offices).
In States with authorized NPDES programs, application forms can be
obtained from and submitted to the appropriate State office. A list of these
States is provided in Appendix C. The permit application forms required by
authorized NPDES States may be different from the EPA-required forms that are
discussed in this manual.
3.7 Signatories
Section X of Form 2F requires that all permit applications must be signed
with the following certification:
"I certify under penalty of law that this document and all attachments were
prepared under my direction or supervision in accordance with a system
designed to assure that qualified personnel property gather and evaluate the
19
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information submitted. Based on my inquiry of the person or persons who
manage the system, or those persons directfy responsible for gathering the
information, the information submitted is, to the best of my knowledge and
belief, true, accurate, and complete. I am aware that there are significant
penalties for submitting false information, including the possibility of fine and
imprisonment for knowing violations."
This certification is to be signed as follows:
(A) For a corporation: by a responsible corporate official. For purposes of
this section, a responsible corporate official means (i) a president, secretary,
treasurer, or vice-president of the corporation in charge of a principal business
function, or any other person who performs similar policy or decision-making
functions for the corporation, or (ii) the manager of one or more manufacturing,
production, or operating facilities employing more than 250 persons or having
gross annual sales or expenditures exceeding $25,000,000 (in second-quarter 1980
dollars), if authority to sign documents has been assigned or delegated to the
manager in accordance with corporate procedures.
EPA does not require specific assignments or delegation of authority to
responsible corporate officers. The Agency will presume that these responsible
corporate officers have the requisite authority to sign permit applications unless
the corporation has notified the Director to the contrary. Corporate procedures
governing authority to sign permit applications may provide for assignment or
delegation to applicable corporate position rather than to specific individuals.
(B) For a partnership or sole proprietorship: by a general partner or the
proprietor, respectively; or
(C) For a municipality, State, Federal, or other public agency: by either a
principal executive officer or ranking elected official. For purposes of this
section, a principal executive officer of a Federal agency includes (i) the chief
executive officer of the agency, or (ii) a senior executive officer having
responsibility for the overall operations of a principal geographic unit of the
agency (e.g. Regional Administrators of EPA).
3.8 Penalties For Knowingly Submitting False Information
The Clean Water Act provides for severe penalties for knowingly
submitting false information on application forms. Section 309(c)(4) of the Clean
Water Act provides that "Any person who knowingly makes any fake material
statement, representation, or certification in any application, . . . shall upon
conviction, be punished by a fine of not more than $10,000 or by imprisonment for
not more than 2 years or by both. If a conviction of such person is for a violation
committed after a first conviction of such person under this paragraph, punishment
shall be by a fine of not more than $20,000 per day of violation, or by imprisonment
of not more than 4 years or by both."
20
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SECTION 4.0 THE PERMITTING PROCESS
The purpose of this section is to provide the applicant with a summary of
the process of issuing NPDES permits for storm water discharges associated with
industrial activity.
4.1 How Are Individual Applications Processed?
Following the submission of the NPDES permit application, the permitting
authority reviews the application for completeness. If additional information is
required to complete the application, the permitting authority will notify the
applicant. The permitting authority will specify a deadline for submitting the
additional information. The effective date of the application is the date when the
permitting authority determines that the application is complete.
The permitting authority may request additional information beyond what
is required in the application form. The permit writer will use available
information, primarily that in the permit application, to develop a draft permit or
a notice to deny a permit. All draft permits and notices of intent to deny a
permit will include a statement of basis or a draft fact sheet. The statement of
basis will briefly describe the rationale for either proceeding with issuing a permit
or denying a permit. The draft fact sheet will include the principal facts,
methodology, and any legal or policy questions considered in the decision to
proceed with issuing a permit.
All draft permits and notices of intent to deny a permit are subject to
public notice and will be made available for public comment. The permitting
agency will give public notice when: (1) a permit application has been tentatively
denied, (2) a draft permit is issued, (3) an evidentiary hearing is granted, or (4)
when a new source determination has been made.
After the close of the public comment period, the permitting agency will
issue a final decision. The permitting agency, upon issuance of the final decision,
will respond to comments, identify any changes in the tentative decision (to either
permit or deny a permit) and give any reason pertinent to the changes. If a final
NPDES permit is issued, the permit usually specifies the effective date, at which
time, the facility is legally authorized to discharge storm water associated with an
industrial activity subject to the permit conditions. A more complete description
of the processes involved in obtaining an NPDES Permit is provided in 40 CFR
Part 124, especially Subpart D.
42 Completeness Of The Application
Prospective applicants seeking an NPDES permit for storm water related
industrial activity can refer to the following list that summarizes the applicant's
primary responsibilities (Table 4-1). This application checklist is useful
21
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Table 4-1. PERMIT APPLICATION CHECKLIST
Date Completed/
Signature of Person
Action Checklist Filling out
1. Determine whether a permit is required for the
storm water discharge.
o Refer to Section 3.0 of this manual
o Contact the permitting authority, if necessary
o Record name of contact person
2. Determine whether the state in which the
discharge(s) is located has an EPA-approved
NPDES program.
o Refer to Appendix C of this manual
o Determine which forms need to be submitted for
individual applications.
o If EPA is the permitting authority, list
appropriate forms (Refer to Figure 4-1)
o For EPA-approved states, contact the permitting
authority for appropriate forms and instructions
3. Determine if a general permit will be, or has
been, issued for the discharge.
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Table 4-1. PERMIT APPLICATION CHECKLIST (continued)
Date Completed/
Signature of Person
Action Checklist Filling out
4. If no general permit, select between participating
in a group application or submitting an individual
application.
5. Determine what the deadlines are for the
permit application.
o Check Section 4.6 of this manual if EPA
is the permitting authority
o Contact the state permitting agency if this
information is not provided in the application
form or instructions provided by that agency
6. Complete the appropriate application forms. All
applicants are to submit Forms #1 and 2F. Refer
to Figure 4-1 to determine if Forms 2C, 2D, and/or
2E need to be submitted.
7. Retain a complete copy of the permit application
and all supporting documentation.
8. Submit the completed application forms to the
appropriate permitting agency by the application
deadline identified above.
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for the applicant for self-checking the completeness of the application prior to
submission. Applications will not be considered complete unless all applicable
information required is provided. If an item does not apply, "NA"(for "not
applicable") may be entered in the appropriate space. If additional information is
required, the applicant will be notified.
4.3 Public Availability Of Submitted Information
Section 402(j) of the Clean Water Act requires that all permit applications
will be available to the public. Information in permit applications will be made
available to the public upon request. Any information required in a permit
application may not be claimed as confidential. Any information submitted to
EPA which goes beyond that required by Form 1, Form 2F or other appropriate
forms may be claimed as confidential. However, claims for confidentiality of
effluent data will be denied.
If a claim of confidentiality is not asserted at the time of submitting the
information, EPA may make the information public without further notice to the
applicant. Claims of confidentiality will be handled in accordance with EPA's
business confidentiality regulations at 40 CFR Part 2.
4.4 How Long Is A Permit Valid?
A permit will be issued by the permitting agency for a period up to, but
not more than 5 years. Dischargers must reapply for a permit 180 days before
the expiration date of the permit
The permit is not transferable except after notice to and approval by the
permitting authority. The Director of the permitting authority may require
modification or revocation and reissuance of the permit to change the name of
the permittee and incorporate such other requirements that may be necessary
under the CWA.
45 How Are NPDES Permits Enforced?
The CWA provides that any person who violates a permit condition is
subject to a civil penalty not to exceed $25,000 per day of violation. Any person
who willfully or negligently violates a permit is subject to a fine of not less than
$2,500 or more than $25,000 per day of violation, or imprisonment for not more
that 1 year, or both (40 CFR 122.41(a)).
The operator of a facility must allow a representative of the permitting
authority upon the presentation of credentials and other documents as may be
required by law, to enter the regulated facility and inspect records pertaining to
the permit. This includes, but is not limited to, monitoring and control
equipment, practices, and operations regulated under this permit. The
24
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representative may also sample the storm water discharge for any substance to
assure compliance with the permit conditions. Inspection activities are to be
conducted at reasonable times (40 CFR 122.41(i)(l) to (4)).
The operator must retain all records of discharge monitoring for at least
three years from the date of the sample, measurement, report, or application.
This includes all calibration and maintenance records, all original strip charts
from continuous monitoring, copies of all records required by the permit, and all
records of data used to complete the NPDES permit application 40 CFR
The CWA provides that any person who knowingly falsifies any record or
document, tampers with or renders inaccurate any monitoring device, shall upon
conviction be punished by a fine of not more than $10,000 per violation, or by
imprisonment for not more than 2 years, or both (40 CFR 122.4 l(j)(5) and
00(2)).
Additional penalties for knowingly submitting false information in
applications are described in Section 2 of this manual.
25
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SECTION 5.0 TECHNICAL SUPPORT FOR SPECIFIC ELEMENTS OF
THE NPDES PERMIT APPLICATION FORMS
5.1 Overview
The instructions provided with Form 2F are expected to be sufficient for
most applicants. This section provides additional technical guidance for obtaining
information required by Form 2F, including guidance for: developing site maps;
identification of outfalls that discharge storm water associated with industrial
activity; testing for the presence of non-storm water discharges; estimating storm
water runoff flow rates and volumes; and collecting samples.
5.2 Site Drainage Map
Section III of Form 2F requires that a site drainage map be attached to
the application. The site drainage map must show either topography or a
delineation of the drainage area served by each outfall which discharges storm
water associated with industrial activity if a topographic base map is not used.
The delineation of the drainage area for each outfall that discharges storm water
associated with industrial activity, can be based on site observations which identify
drainage patterns. Drainage patterns should be shown on the site drainage map
so that runoff from each drainage area drains to a separate outfall.
The site drainage map must show the location (and size - approximate for
earthen structures) of all drainage conveyances or natural channels that convey or
drain storm water off the applicant's property. The map must indicate whether
the drainage system receiving the discharge is a natural water body, part of a
municipal or non-municipal drainage system, or other system as applicable.
The following information must be provided and recorded on the map
where appropriate:
o Paved areas and buildings at the facility
o Past and present outdoor areas used for storage or disposal
of significant materials
o Hazardous waste treatment, storage or disposal facilities, or
accumulation areas (including those not requiring a RCRA
permit)
o Injection wells
26
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o Material loading and access areas (e.g., loading docks and
main truck routes on the facility property)
o Areas where pesticides, herbicides, soil conditioners, and
fertilizers are applied
o Structural control measures to reduce pollutants in storm
water runoff
o Surface water bodies which receive storm water discharges
from the facility
During the preparation of a site drainage map, or the review of an existing
one, emphasis should be placed on the identification of all inflow sources to
ensure that inappropriate sources of non-storm water entry are not present. The
map should identify points of entry to the facility site storm water drain system,
including catchbasins, floor drains, and roof leaders.
The site drainage map required in Form 2F should show the location and
an identifying number or name for each storm water outfall at the facility.
53 Identification Of Outfalls To Be Monitored
Form 2F requires that applicants provide quantitative data for samples of
storm water discharges associated with industrial activity. If a facility discharges
storm water associated with industrial activity to a municipal separate storm
sewer, then the facility should sample the storm water from the site prior to
discharging to the municipal separate storm sewer. Storm runoff from areas
located on plant lands separate from the plant's industrial activities, such as
administrative buildings roofs and accompanying parking lots are not defined as
storm water associated with industrial activity and hence do not need to be
monitored unless the runoff is combined with storm water associated with
industrial activity. Figure 5-1 shows several scenarios for storm water outfalls that
may or may not need to be monitored as part of a NPDES permit application.
40 CFR J22.21(g)(7) provides that when an applicant has two or more outfalls
with substantially identical effluents, the Director may allow the applicant to test
only one outfall and report that the quantitative data also apply to substantially
identical outfalls.
5.4 Evaluation Of The Presence Of Non-storm Water Discharges
Form 2F requires applicants to certify that all outfalls that discharge storm
water associated with industrial activity have been tested or evaluated for the
presence of non-storm water discharges. Applicants do not have to test for the
presence of non-storm water discharges already subject to an NPDES permit.
Acceptable procedures include: dry weather observations of outfalls or other
appropriate observation locations; the analysis and validation of accurate piping
27
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1
PLANT
PARKING
OFFICE
. f
Receiving Stream
in
m
O
Receiving Stream
Receiving Stream
Publicly
owned
conveyance
PLANT
I
PARKING
i
OFFICE
i
i
s
2
»
.
i
t
i
S5SS "Receiving Stream ~ SSS
i
OC
2
1
i
UJ
}^
O
1
i ^
PLANT
' 1
t <
r i
i j
' 1
1 i
t
Receiving Stream
Outfall disdiarges storm water associated with Industrial activity (sampling typically required in Form 2F).
O Outfall discharges storm water that is not assoicated wRh industrial activity (sample typically not required
In Form 2F),
<*» Storm runoff direction
Figure 5-1. EXAMPLE INDUSTRIAL STORM RUNOFF OUTFALL0 WITH
STORM WATER DISCHARGE ASSOCIATED WITH INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITY
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schematics; dye tests; or other procedures for ensuring that there are no
inappropriate connections or discharges to the storm drain system. The permit
application requires a description of the method used, the date of testing (if
applicable), and the onsite drainage locations observed during the test. Any non-
storm water discharge which is not already identified in a NPDES permit which is
detected must be identified in Form 2C (for process wastewater) or Form 2E (for
non-process wastewater) which must accompany the storm water discharge
application (Form 1 and Form 2F).
The following sections provide a description of several procedures that can
be used in developing a certification and an overview of the applicability of the
tests and the resources required for performing the tests. A first step should be
to identify potential sources of non-storm water at the facility and to focus on
those places.
5.4.1 Visual Inspection of Storm Drain at Manhole Inlet or Outfall Description
A visual inspection of the system conducted during dry weather, can be an
effective method of locating illicit connections to the storm drain system. The
observation should be made during normal business hours when sources of non*
storm water are typically operating. A record should be kept of all observed
flows and any stains, sludges, or other abnormal conditions observed. Where
flows are observed, additional analysis, such as dye testing (described below) may
be necessary to identify the source of the flows.
Applicability: This method is applicable to any industrial site with a storm
drain system where an outfall or other location (e.g. manhole) down gradient
from potential non-storm water discharges can be observed.
Resources: No special equipment is required.
5.4.2 Review and Validation of Piping Schematics Description
A careful review of piping schematic drawings for industrial sites can
identify the intended routing of flows from particular areas or drains. This review
should be accompanied by visual inspection to compare the "as built" condition to
the plans and to determine whether any unrecorded piping modifications have
been made.
Applicability: This method is most applicable for industrial sites which
have large or elaborate piping arrangements, usually recorded on schematic
piping drawings. It is most applicable in conjunction with use of the other
techniques described below.
Resources: No special equipment is required, though dye tests may be
useful in specific situations to clarify discrepancies which cannot be resolved
visually.
29
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5.4 J Dye Tests Description
Dye tests are used to determine whether a particular inlet or fixture
discharges non-storm water to the storm drain. A quantity of dye is released at
the selected location while an observer watches for the dye at a downstream
location. If the inlet is discharging to the storm drain, the dye will be detected at
the downstream location. Dye doses should be sufficiently large so that the dye
at the downstream location is visible to the naked eye.
Applicability: Dye tests are most effective for determining if an identified
drain or catchbasin is connected to the storm sewer where the outfall of the
storm sewer is submerged, but the receiving water can be observed. (Where the
outfall or other point can be observed and is not submerged, dry weather
observation can be made or water can be used instead of a dye). Dye tests can
also be used where dry weather flows have been observed, but the source of the
flow has not yet been observed. It is best used when there are only a limited
number of possible sources of non-storm water to the storm drain that need to be
investigated.
Resources: No special equipment is necessary to conduct a dye test. Dye
is the only material required. Effective dyes that are safe and harmless are
available in powder, tablet, or liquid form. A 20% solution of Rhodamine
(liquid) costs about $15/lb. Dye can be purchased in 2-1/2 gallon containers
which weigh 25 pounds and cost about $400. This can be diluted before each test
by an approximate ratio of 10 to 1. A minimum field crew of two is needed, one
to apply the dye, the other to observe the storm drain.
5,4.4 TV Line Surveys Description
TV surveys are conducted with a mobile closed-circuit television system
consisting of a monitor screen, camera, drag lines, and reels and cables that allow
the camera to be guided through a section of pipeline. The TV picture allows a
visual inspection of the interior of the drain pipe and can be used for pipelines
with diameters that range from 4 inches to approximately 48 inches. Television
inspection of a storm drain provides positive information (and a documented
record) of the interior of the pipelines. All inlets to the line can be identified
and located. Systems for conducting TV surveys can be purchased, leased, or
rented. Alternatively, a firm which specializes in this work can be hired.
Applicability: TV surveys may serve as useful tools where an initial survey
identifies a non-storm water discharge and the operator is having difficulty in
finding the source. A TV survey can locate entry points to the storm drain
system, determine whether or not there is flow in them, and permit estimates of
the flow to be made. However, in many cases, these observations will need to be
supplemented by other methods to identify the specific source (above ground) of
30
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the connection. This may be accomplished by inspection of drain maps, dye tests,
or possibly smoke tests.
Resources: Resources required for a TV survey of storm drains include
the following:
o TV camera
o TV monitor and VCR to record survey
o Rig consisting of video cables, tow lines, and related
equipment for properly guiding the camera in the line at a
controlled rate, recording distance moved, and withdrawing
the camera from the pipeline
The cost to conduct a TV survey can range from $1 to $3 per foot of
storm sewer. For small surveys costs could vary from $125 to $200 per hour,
including labor and rental of the necessary equipment. However, this cost can
increase significantly if the storm sewer must be cleaned of debris prior to
conducting the TV survey. On average, approximately 1000 feet of sewer can be
inspected in a day. In a clean sewer, up to 2000 feet can be inspected.
The applicant should refer to "Operation and Maintenance of Wastewater
Collection Systems" (CSU 1983) or similar appropriate reference documents for a
detailed description of these test methods.
5 J Estimates Of Discharge Flow Rates And Volumes
Form 2F requires applicants to provide quantitative data based on samples
collected during storm event(s). One set of parameters that must be provided for
such storm event(s) are flow estimates or flow measurements, and an estimate of
the total volume of the discharge. The method of flow estimation or
measurement must be described in the application.
EPA intends that applicants need only provide rough estimates of flows in
Form 2F. The following section discusses methods for obtaining the required
information. Section 5.5.1 presents a method for approximating flows and
volumes which does not require flow velocity measurements. The following
subsections discuss other methods that require measurements of flow velocities.
5.5.1 Estimating Flows and Volumes
Runoff flow rates and volumes can be estimated by using the total rainfall
amount for the storm event and estimated runoff coefficients for the facility.
Runoff coefficients represent the fraction of total rainfall that will be transmitted
as runoff from the facility. As such, the coefficients reflect the ground surface or
cover material. To estimate runoff volume and rates, it can be assumed that
31
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paved areas and other impervious structures such as roofs have a runoff
coefficient of 0.90 and, therefore, 90% of the rainfall is conveyed from the facility
as runoff. For unpaved surfaces, it can be assumed that the runoff coefficient is
about 0.50. The total volume of discharge for the event is then estimated by:
total runoff volume (cubic ft) = total rainfall (ft) x [facility paved area x
0.90 + facility unpaved area x 0.50]
The facility areas used in this calculation should be in units of square feet
and should include only those areas drained by the outfall sampled. To estimate
an average flow rate, divide the volume by the duration of the rainfall event. If
desired, a more accurate estimate can be made by using more specific runoff
coefficients for different parts of the facility based on the type of ground cover
(Chow 1964 contains various runoff coefficients and discusses their use).
5.5.2 Flow Rate Measurements
There are a variety of techniques for measuring or estimating flow rates.
Flow measuring devices based on pipe invert sections (e.g., flumes, weirs, and
others) are commercially available. For locations that may be used for routine
monitoring in the future, the applicant may consider installing these types of
devices for ease in future measurements. The installed cost of a weir, for
example, typically ranges from about $1,000 to $5,000. Once installed, the weir
must be calibrated so that future measurements of stage (i.e., depth of flow) can
be converted directly to flow volumes. The installation and calibration of such
devices should be performed by experienced personnel.
To estimate flow rates in units of volume per time such as cubic feet per
second, information on flow velocities and depth of flow are required. The
remainder of this section discusses methods for collecting these data.
Flow rate estimates may also be obtained by measuring depth of flow and
velocity in a pipe of known diameter or other conveyance structure at frequent
intervals during a storm runoff event. For a pipe or other structure of known
size, the cross-sectional area of flow can be calculated for any depth of flow using
geometric relationships. Flow velocities can be measured by using suitable units
(e.g., propeller operated devices) attached to a portable current meter. Flow
velocity measurements should be obtained from representative locations
throughout the flow cross-section. Such units are commercially available at costs
ranging from about $1,000 to $3,000. While these devices may be fairly
expensive, they are easy to use and they provide accurate data if used properly.
Flow velocities can be estimated using simpler methods, such as measuring
the time of passage of an object (e.g., an orange) between two points a known
distance apart (e.g., manholes).
32
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Facility operators who are more familiar with measuring flows in pipes or
open channels may use the Chezy-Manning equation, for example, to calculate
flow velocities:
2/3 k
v- 142 (rH) (S*)
n
where: v = velocity [ft/s]
n = Manning roughness constant
rH = hydraulic radius [ft]
S = slope of the energy line [ft/ft]
A complete discussion of the use of this equation, other appropriate
equations, and the identified parameters can be found in most fluid mechanics
references (e.g., Chow, 1964).
5.5.3 Estimation of Flow Rates Based on Flow Velocity Measurements
If the measurements of flow depth are recorded and converted to cross-
sectional areas (in square feet), and the corresponding velocities for each depth
are recorded (in feet per minute), then the flow rate (Q) in cubic feet per minute
(cfrn) is:
Q = (area)(velocity)
The maximum flow rate is the highest value recorded during the storm
event. The time-weighted average flow rate for the storm event can be estimated
by the average of the individual values recorded.
5.5.4 Estimation of Volumes Based on Flow Rate Estimates
The total volume of discharge can be estimated by first multiplying each of
the flow rates determined above by a time interval that represents the portion of
the total storm duration associated with the measurement, and then adding all
such partial volumes. If the time intervals used are seconds, then the total flow
of runoff will be in units of cubic feet.
A procedure for calculating the total runoff volume from a set of discrete
measurements of flow depth and velocity during a storm runoff event is discussed
below and presented in Table 5-1. The basic steps for calculating this
information are as follows:
Step 1: Measure and tabulate flow depths and velocities every 20
minutes during at least the first 3 hours of the runoff event.
33
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Step 2: Calculate and tabulate the cross-sectional area of flow for
each of the flow depths measured. Calculate the flow rate
(Q) for each discrete set of flow rate and flow velocity
measurements. Q = (area)(velocity).
Step 3: Plot flow rate, Q versus time as shown in Table 5-1.
Step 4: Assign each flow rate measurement a duration equal to the
sum of 1/2 the time interval between the preceding and
succeeding measurements. In the ideal case of uniform 20
minute intervals, the durations are {(20)^ + (20) | = 20
minutes].
Step 5: Compute the flow volume associated with each observation
(Vv V^ ,.., Va) by multiplying the measured flow rate by the
duration (in this case, 20 minutes). Be sure the units are
consistent. For example, if durations are in minutes and flow
velocities are in cubic feet per second (cfs), convert the
durations to seconds or the velocities to feet per minute.
Volume (V) = Flow Rate (eta) x Duration (minutes)
Step 6: The beginning volume can be approximated by assuming that
the flow rate is zero at time zero and increases linearly to
the first calculated flow rate (Q,) at 20 minutes (see Table 5-
1).
The final volume can be approximated similarly by assuming
that flow drops uniformly from the last calculated flow rate
(Q9) to zero at the time when QJQ would have been taken.
Step 7: Total the individual volumes calculated in Step 5 with the
initial and final volume approximations calculated in Step 6
to obtain the total runoff volume.
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Table 5-1. Example Calculation of the Total Runoff Flow Volume from Field Data
Station:
Date:
Step 1:
OUTFALL-1
7-20-90
Measure or estimate
TIME
(minutes)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
UO
160
180
the following data
FLOW VELOCITY
(feet per minute)
4
i
10
8
4
6
4
2
4
FLOW DEPTH
(feet)
0 2
0.4
0.5
04
0.2
0.3
02
O.I
0 2
Step 2: Convert flow depths to area of flow based on the geometry of
the conveyance structure and calculate flow rates, Q (cubic feet
per minute - cfm). Q = (area)(ve!ocity)
Step 3: Plot flow- rate Q versus time
30
Flow Rat*. Q
(elm)
25
20 -
5 -
0 20 40 80 80 100 T20 1*0 1 SO
Tim* (minut**)
30 200
Step 4: Assign a lime duration to each flow rate
PtowMatt, Q
20 «0 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Tim* (mlnutw)
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Table 5-1. Example Calculation of the Total Runoff Flow Volume from Field Data
(concluded)
Step 5: Calculate individual flow volumes
Fio^ Volume
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5.6 Collecting Storm Water Discharge Samples
This section provides guidance for collecting grab samples, flow-weighted
composite samples, and identifying the constituents or parameters that must be
monitored. Section VII of Form 2F requires that specific pollutants in storm
water discharges be measured and reported as concentrations and as total mass.
At least one representative storm event must be sampled to collect this
information. If samples from more than one storm are analyzed and the results
are representative of the discharge, the results must be reported in Section VII of
Form 2F.
A representative storm is a storm that is "typical"for the area in terms of
intensity, volume, and duration. The storm must have a volume greater than 0.1
inch, must be preceded by at least 72 hours of dry weather, and should not vary
by more than 50% from the average rainfall volume and duration.
A representative storm event must be sampled to provide water quality
data for the initial runoff period (i.e., a grab sample to measure first-flush
effects). A flow-weighted composite sample must also be collected and analyzed
separately from the grab sample to provide an estimate of the average runoff
water quality for the storm event. Data from samples analyzed in the past may
be used, provided that:
o All data requirements in Form 2F are met;
o Sampling was done no more than three years before submission of
the permit application; and
o All water quality data are representative of the present discharge.
Among the factors which would cause the data to be unrepresentative are
significant changes in production level, changes in raw materials, processes, or
final products, and significant changes in storm water management activities.
Grab samples and flow-weighted composite samples must be collected and
analyzed from each of the storm runoff outfalls identified on the site drainage
map in Section III of Form 2F. However, if an applicant has two or more
substantially identical outfalls, they may request permission from the permitting
authority to sample and analyze only one outfall and submit the results of the
analysis for the other substantially identical outfalls. Substantially identical
outfalls are those from drainage areas undergoing similar activities where the
discharges are expected to be of similar water quality. If the request is granted,
identify which outfall was tested and describe why the outfalls which were not
tested are substantially identical. Provide this information on a separate sheet
attached to the application form.
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5.6.1 Grab Samples
A grab sample must be collected during the first 30 minutes of the runoff
(or as soon thereafter as practicable). The sample collected should be large
enough for all of the laboratory analyses to be performed, but at least 100
milliliters (ml). Grab samples are typically collected by filling the sample
container just below the water surface in the flow channel. Extension rods or
cables can be used to reach inaccessible locations. The grab sample should be
collected from near the center of the flow channel, where turbulence is at a
maximum (and therefore the storm runoff is well mixed), or at a site specified in
an existing permit, or at any site adequate for the collection of a sample that
would be representative of the storm water quality.
All samples must be properly handled (i.e., holding time prior to analysis,
storage temperature, preservation methods) and analyzed by the methods
contained in 40 CFR Part 136. Most commercial laboratories will be familiar
with these requirements and can provide information on appropriate handling
procedures. Quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) methods must be
implemented both in the field by the applicant and in the lab to ensure the
accuracy and validity of the analytical results. Most labs can assist applicants in
designing a field QA/QC program and will also provide sample containers that
are suitable (e.g., container material, type, and size) to the analysis to be
performed. The labs will also typically report to the applicant the results of their
internal QA/QC upon request.
If an analytical method is not listed in 40 CFR 136 for a particular
pollutant, then the applicant may use any suitable method for measuring the level
of the pollutant in the discharge provided that the applicant submits a description
of the method or a reference to a published method. The description should
include the sample holding time, preservation methods, and the quality control
measures used.
The parameters pH and temperature are time-dependent and must be
measured in the field at the time of sample collection rather than in the
laboratory.
5.6.2 Flow-Weighted Composite Samples
A flow-weighted composite sample is a single sample intended to provide
the average water quality for the entire runoff event Because this type of sample
accounts for variations in flow that occur during an event, water quality data from
a flow-weighted composite sample is considered to be more representative of the
average runoff quality for other methods such as a time-weighted composite.
A flow-weighted composite sample can be collected during either the
entire runoff event (which may be less than 3 hours) or during at least the first 3
hours of the runoff. The sample can be collected using either automatic sampling
38
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equipment or by manually collecting and combining a series of discrete grab
samples (aliquots) in an appropriate manner. In either case, appropriate
procedures must be followed to obtain a sample for analysis that is flow-weighted,
and hence will provide an indication of the average (or event mean)
concentration for the storm runoff event.
Manually Collected Samples: A manually collected composite flow-
weighted sample can be prepared by the following procedures. Collect samples
of the same size (at least 100 ml and preferably 1000 ml) at regular intervals
during the duration of the entire runoff event or for at least the first 3 hours of
the event. Samples should be collected every 20 minutes to meet the
requirement of at least 15 minutes between sample collection times. Storm
runoff flow rates and flow cross-sectional areas in the conveyance should be
estimated (see Section 5.5) each time an individual sample is taken. Relative
flow rates rather than actual flow rates can be used. Where flow rates are
estimated based on runoff coefficients, then the amount of rainfall during a given
time period should be measured or estimated, and discharge flow rates assumed
to be proportional to the amount of rainfall occurring during a given interval.
Remove a portion (or aliquot) from each of the individual samples that is
proportional to the flow rate for that time interval (there should be at least nine
individual samples-i.e., three samples collected each hour during the first 3 hours
of runoff) and combine them in the container that will be sent to the laboratory
for analysis. Only the composite sample needs to be sent to the laboratory for
analysis. The actual amount taken from each of the individual samples should be
in proportion to the flow rate or volume of flow associated with that sample.
The procedure for combining aliquots of individual samples to form a
flow-weighted composite sample is described below by example and shown in
Table 5-2. The example is the same as that discussed in Section 5.5 and shown in
Table 5-1. In the example shown in Table 5-2, the minimum number of nine
samples were collected for use in preparing the composite sample. Because a
grab sample must also be collected within the first 20 minutes of the runoff, two
separate samples should be collected. One of the grab samples will be analyzed
separately, while the second grab sample will be available for use in preparing
the flow-weighted composite sample. Note that 40 CFR 122.21(g)(7) provides
that quantitative data from grab samples, rather than flow-weighted samples, be
provided for pH, temperature, cyanide, total phenols, residual chlorine, oil and
grease, fecal coliform, and fecal streptococcus.
Other methods can be used for collecting flow-weighted composite
samples, including the following four methods taken from EPA's NPDES
Compliance Sampling Inspection Manual. MCD-51.
a) Constant time interval between samples, sample volume
proportional to flow rate at time of sampling;
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b) Constant time interval between samples, sample volume
proportional to total flow (volume) since last sample. For the first
sample, the flow rate at the time the sample was collected may be
used;
c) Constant sample volume, time interval between samples
proportional to flow (i.e., sample taken every "X"gallons of flow);
and
d) Continuous collection of sample, with sample collection rate
proportional to flow rate.
A different amount of each of the nine individual aliquots is used so that
they are combined in proportion to the volume of runoff they represent. In the
case of uniform time intervals between samples, the sample portions can be based
on the measured flow rate associated with each sample rather than on the flow
volumes calculated from each flow rate. For uniform time intervals, both flow
rates (Q) and flow volumes (V) will result in the same aliquot proportions used
to prepare the composite. The procedures are as follows:
1. For the sample that was collected at the highest flow rate (or
volume), add the full sample volume (e.g., 1000 ml) to the
composite sample container. The other eight samples will provide
smaller amounts.
2. For each of the other samples, take an amount that is proportional
to the largest flow rate. In other words, the amount of the
individual samples used will be a simple ratio of the measured flow
rates:
Sample X (ml) = Qx (cfs)
40
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Table 5-2. EXAMPLE PREPARATION OF A MANUALLY COMPOSITED FLOW-
WEIGHTED SAMPLE
Station: OUTFALL-1
Date: 7-20-90
Step 1: Tabulate flow rates (if a constant time duration was used) or flow volumes (if a non-constant time duration
was used)
Sample Flow Rate fcfm)
1 10
2 20
3 25
4 20
5 10
6 15
7 10
8 5
9 10
Step 2: Calculate proportions of individual samples to be used in preparing the composite sample
Sample X (ml) = [Sample MAX (ml)] Qx(cfs)
Note: Sample 3 is Q^ (25 cfm)
Sample 1 = Sample 3 x 10/25 = 0.40
Sample 2 * Sample 3 x 20/25 = 0.80
Sample 3 = =1.0
Sample 4 = Sample 3 x 20/25 = 0.80
Sample 5 - Sample 3 x 10/25 = 0.40
Sample 6 * Sample 3 x 15/25 = 030
Sample 7 * Sample 3 x 10/25 = 0.40
Sample 8 - Sample 3 x 5/25 - 0.20
Sample 9 - Sample 3 x 10/25 = 0.40
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Table 5-2. EXAMPLE PREPARATION OF A MANUALLY COMPOSITED FLOW-WEIGHTED SAMPLE (continued)
Step 3: Use a convenientvolume from the sample corresponding to the largest flow rate (Sample 3) and corresponding
amounts from the other samples
Note: The final volume of the composite sample must be large enough so that all of the appropriate analyses
can be performed. The analytical laboratory should be consulted prior to sample collection. The amount of
Sample 3 used in this sample is 1000 ml.
Remaining amounts used:
Sample 1: 400 ml
Sample 2: 800 ml
Sample 4: 800ml
Sample 5: 400 ml
Sample 6: 300 ml
Sample 7: 400 ml
Sample 8: 200 ml
Sample 9: 400ml
Therefore, the total sample volume is 4,700 ml (i.e,t 4,7 liters or about 1.2 gallons)
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In the example shown in Table 5-2, Sample 3 had the highest flow rate (Q3 = 25
cfm). Assume that 1000 ml of this sample was added to the composite container.
Then the amount of Sample 1 to add to the composite, assuming that flow rate
Q, = 10 cfm, is:
Sample 1 (ml) = [Sample 3 (in ml) ] x Q, (cfs)
Q3 (cfs)
(1000 ml) x 10 (cfs)
25 (cfs)
3. Repeat this process for each discrete sample to produce a flow-
weighted composite sample for laboratory analysis. As shown in
Table 5-2, the total composite sample volume is 4,700 ml.
The personnel collecting the individual samples and preparing the
composite sample should contact the analytical laboratory personnel to ensure
that a large enough sample is submitted. Based on the analyses to be performed
on the composite sample, the laboratory personnel can require a minimum
sample size.
As illustrated in the example, the computation is simplified when the time
interval between the samples is uniform. When there are different time intervals
between samples, the procedure is only slightly more complicated. In this case,
the individual sample volumes used should be based on the runoff volume
(calculated from the individual flow rates and durations) associated with the
sample, as opposed to simply the storm flow rate associated with each sample.
Automatic Samplers: Automatic samplers are labor-saving devices but are
fairly expensive to purchase. The samplers consist of an intake device set in the
channel which is attached by tubing to a pump that can draw a sample from the
storm drain into a sample bottle. However, in order for the sample obtained to
be flow-weighted composite, the automatic sampler must be triggered by the flow
sensing device. Samples of fixed volume are collected each time the flow sensing
device indicates that a specified quantity of flow has passed the sample point.
An appropriate flow sensing device, coupled to the automatic sampler is
necessary for the automatic system to produce a flow-weighted composite. If the
monitoring equipment does not employ such a coupled system, then the
automatic sampler merely serves as a mechanical means for withdrawing the
sample (usually at fixed time intervals). The guidance given above for properly
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combining manually collected samples to obtain a flow-weighted composite will
apply in this case.
Automatic samplers generally range in price from about $8,000 to $16,000
for equipment costs alone. Units with telemetry are in the upper end of this
range. The equipment included with a standard unit includes a fabricated weir,
an automatic sampler with silica sample containers, software to control the
remote computer data logger, housing for unit, thermistor, and pressure sensor.
The installation and flow rating of a unit will cost approximately $6,000 to $8,000
depending on whether the unit is installed in a manhole, open culvert or channel,
or stream. Digital doppler velocity sensors can also be purchased and installed.
Such units would replace the weir, data logger, and pressure sensor identified
above.
5.6.3 Pollutants to Be Analyzed
Section VII of Form 2F requires that several common pollutants must be
analyzed for in both the grab sample and the flow-weighted composite sample
while additional analyses are dependent upon existing NPDES permit conditions
or whether the discharger has reason to believe other pollutants may be present
in the storm runoff discharge. A separate table should be completed for each
outfall. Note that 40 CFR 122.21(g)(7) provides that rather than using a flow-
weighted sample for quantitative data for pH, temperature, cyanide, total phenols,
residual chlorine, oil and grease, fecal coliform, and fecal streptococcus, a grab
sample must be used.
Part A of Section VII requires that both grab samples and flow-weighted
composite samples be analyzed for:
Biological oxygen demand (BOD5)
Chemical oxygen demand (COD)
Total suspended solids (TSS)
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN)
Nitrate plus nitrite nitrogen
Total phosphorus
In addition, grab samples must be analyzed for pH.
Part B of Section VII requires that each pollutant limited in an effluent
guideline which the facility is subject to or any pollutant listed in the facility's
NPDES permit for its process wastewater (if the facility is operating under an
existing permit) be analyzed for and reported separately for each outfall in Part
B.
Part C of Section VII requires the listing of any pollutant shown in Tables
2F-2, 2F-3, and 2F-4 that the discharger knows or has reason to believe is present
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in the discharge and was not already identified above (see Form 2F in Appendix
D for these three tables).
Table 2F-2 includes conventional and non-conventional pollutants. For
any pollutant from this table listed in Part C, the applicant is required to either
report quantitative data or briefly describe the reason the pollutant is expected to
be discharged.
Table 2F-3 lists toxic pollutants. For every pollutant listed in Table 2F-3
that is expected to be discharged in concentrations of 10 parts per billion (ppb)
or greater, the applicant is required to submit quantitative data. For acrolein;
acrylonitrile; 2,4 dinitrophenol; and 2-methyI-4, 6 dinitrophenol the applicant must
submit quantitative data if these four pollutants (collectively) are expected to be
discharged in concentrations of 100 ppb or greater. For every other pollutant
listed in Table 2F-3 that is expected to be discharged in concentrations less than
10 ppb (or 100 ppb total for the four pollutants listed above), then the applicant
must either submit quantitative data or briefly describe the reasons the pollutant
is expected to be discharged.
Table 2F-4 lists hazardous substances. For each outfall, the applicant must
list any pollutant from Table 2F-4 that is known or believed to be present in the
discharge and explain why they believe it to be present. No analysis is required,
but if the applicant has analytical data, it must be reported.
Under 40 CFR 117.12(a)(2), certain discharges of hazardous substances
(listed in 40 CFR 177.21 or 40 CFR 302.4) may be exempted from the
requirements of Section 311 of the CWA, which establishes reporting
requirements, civil penalties, and liability for cleanup costs for spills of oil and
hazardous substances. A discharge of a particular substance may be exempted if
the origin, source, and amounts of the discharged substances are identified in the
NPDES permit application or in the permit, if the permit contains a requirement
for treatment of the discharge, and if the treatment is in place. To apply for an
exclusion of the discharge of any hazardous substance from the requirements of
Section 311, attach additional sheets of paper to the form and provide for the
following information:
1. The substance and the amount of each substance which may be
discharged.
2. The origin and source of the discharge of the substance.
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3. The treatment which is to be provided for the discharge by:
a. An onsite treatment system separate from any treatment
system treating the normal discharge;
b. A treatment system designed to treat the normal discharge
and which is additionally capable of treating the amount of
the substance identified under paragraph 1 above, or
c. Any combination of the above.
See 40 CFR 117.12(a)(2) and (c), published on August 29, 1979, in 44
Federal Register (FR) 50766 for further information on exclusions from Section
311 oftheCWA.
5.6.4 Reporting
All sampling data obtained for the purpose of completing Section VII of
Form 2F must be reported as concentration and as total mass. The applicant
may report some or all of the required data by attaching separate sheets of paper
instead of filling out pages VII-1 and VII-2 if the separate sheets contain all the
required information in a format which is consistent with pages VII-1 and VII-2
in spacing and in identification of pollutants and columns. Use the following
abbreviations in the columns headed "Units."
ppm = parts per million
mg/1 = milligrams per liter
ppb = parts per billion
ug/1 = micrograms per liter
Ibs = pounds
ton = tons (English tons)
mg = milligrams
g = grams
T = tonnes (metric tons)
kg = kilograms
All reporting of values for metals must be in terms of "total recoverable
metal" unless;
(i) An applicable promulgated effluent limitation or standard specifies
the limitation for the metal in dissolved, valent, or total form
(ii) All approved analytical methods for the metal measure only its
dissolved form (e.g., hexavalent chromium)
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(iii) The permitting authority has determined that in establishing case-
by-case limitations it is necessary to express the limitations on the
metal in dissolved, valent, or total form to carry out the provisions
of the CWA.
If only one grab sample and one flow-weighted composite sample is
collected and analyzed for a given outfall, complete only the "Maximum Values"
columns and insert 'T'into the "Number of Storm Events Sampled" column.
To calculate total mass from the water quality analyses, multiply the
concentration reported by the lab by the flow volume associated with the sample.
For the grab samples collected within 30 minutes of the storm runoff, the
concentrations of the individual pollutants should all be multiplied by the flow
volume calculated in Step 5 shown in Table 5-1. Care must be exercised to
ensure that consistent units are used. For the flow-weighted composite sample,
the concentrations of the individual pollutants should all by multiplied by the
total runoff volume calculated in Step 7 of Table 5-1.
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SECTION 6.0 REFERENCES
California State University, Sacramento, Department of Civil Engineering. 1983.
Operation and Maintenance of Wastewater Collection Systems. A field
training program for EPA, Office of Water Programs Operations.
Chow, V.T. 1964. Handbook of Applied Hydrology. McGraw-Hill, Inc. New
York. 1418 p.
Shelly, P.E. 1979. Monitoring Requirements, Methods, and Costs for the
Nationwide Urban Runoff Program (NURP). EPA-600/9-76-014.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Nonpoint Source
Division. Methodology for Analysis of Detention Basins for control of
urban Runoff Quality. Prepared by Woodward-Clyde Consultants.
September 1986.
U.S. Executive Office of the President, Office of Management and Budget. 1987.
Standard Industrial Classification Manual.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water. NPDES Compliance
Inspection Manual, May 1988. MCD-51.
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APPENDIX A: SELECTED TEXT FROM 40 CFR SECTION 122.26
Section 122.26(a) Storm water discharges (applicable to State NPDES programs, see 123.251
(a) Permit requirement. (1) Prior to October I, 1992, discharges composed entirely of storm
water shall not be required to obtain a NPDES permit except:
(i) a discharge with respect to which a permit has been issued prior to February 4, 1987;
(ii) A discharge associated with industrial activity (see 122.26(a)(4));
(Hi) A discharge from a large municipal separate storm sewer system;
(iv) A discharge from a medium municipal separate storm sewer system;
(v) A discharge which the Director, or in States with approved NPDES programs, either the
Director or the EPA Regional Administrator, determines to contribute to a violation of a water quality
standard or is a significant contributor of pollutants to waters of the United States. This designation
may include a discharge from arty conveyance or system of conveyances used for collecting and
conveying storm water runoff or a system of discharges from municipal separate storm sewers, except for
those discharges from conveyances which do not require a permit under paragraph (2) of this subsection
or agricultural storm water runoff which is exempted from the definition of point source at 122.2.
The Director may designate discharges from municipal separate storm sewers on a system-wide
or jurisdiction-wide basis. In making this determination the Director may consider the following factors:
(A) The location of the discharge with respect to waters of the United States as defined at 40
CFR 122.2.
(B) The size of the discharge;
(C) The quantity and nature of the pollutants discharged to waters of the United States; and
(D) Other relevant factors.
(2) The Director may not require a permit for discharges of storm water runoff from mining
operations or oil and gas exploration, production, processing or treatment operations or transmission
facilities, composed entirely of flows which are from conveyances or systems of conveyances (including
but not limited to pipes, conduits, ditches, and channels) used for collecting and conveying precipitation
runoff and which are not contaminated by contact with or that has not come into contact with, any
overburden, raw material, intermediate products, finished product, byproduct or waste products located
on the site of such operations.
(3) Large and Medium Municipal Separate Storm Sewer Systems. (i) Permits must be
obtained for all discharges from large and medium municipal separate storm sewer systems.
(ii) The Director may either issue one system-wide permit covering all discharges from
municipal separate storm sewers within a large or medium municipal storm sewer system or issue
distinct permits for appropriate categories of discharges within a large or medium municipal separate
storm sewer system including, but not limited to: all discharges owned or operated by the same
municipality; located within the same jurisdiction; all discharges within a system that discharge to the
same watershed; discharges within a system that are similar in nature; or for individual discharges from
municipal separate storm sewers within the system.
(Hi) The operator of a discharge from a municipal separate storm sewer which is part of a large
or medium municipal separate storm sewer system must either:
(A) participate in a permit application (to be a permittee or a co-permittee) with one or more
other operators of discharges from the large or medium municipal storm sewer system which covers all,
or a portion of all, discharges from the municipal separate storm sewer system;
(B) submit a distinct permit application which only covers discharges from the municipal
separate storm sewers for which the operator is responsible; or
(C) a regional authority may be responsible for submitting a permit application under the
following guidelines:
(D the regional authority together with co-applicants shall have authority over a storm water
management program that is in existence, or shall be in existence at the time Part I of the application is
due;
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(2) the permit applicant or co-applicants shall establish their ability to make a timely
submission of Part I and Part 2 of the municipal application;
(3) each of the operators of municipal separate storm sewer within the systems described in
paragraphs 122.26(b)(4)(i), (ii), and (iii) or (b)(7)(i), (ii), and (in), that are under the purview of the
designated regional authority, shall comply with the application requirements of paragraph 122.26(d).
(iv) One permit application may be submitted for all or a portion of all municipal separate
storm sewers within adjacent or interconnected large or medium municipal separate storm sewer systems.
The Director may issue one system-wide permit covering all, or a portion of all municipal separate storm
sewers in adjacent or interconnected large or medium municipal separate storm sewer systems.
(v) Permits for all or a portion of all discharges from large or medium municipal separate
storm sewer systems that are issued on a system-wide, jurisdiction-wide, watershed or other basis may
specify different conditions relating to different discharges covered by the permit, including different
management programs for different drainage areas which contribute storm water to the system.
(vi) Co-permittees need only comply with permit conditions relating to discharges from the
municipal separate storm sewers for which they are operators.
(4) Discharges through lame and medium municipal separate storm sewer systems.
In addition to meeting the requirements of 122.26(c), an operator of a storm water discharge
associated with industrial activity which discharges through a large or medium municipal separate storm
sewer system shall submit, to the operator of the municipal separate storm sewer system receiving the
discharge no later than finsert date ISOdavs after publication] or 180 days prior to commencing such
discharge: the name of the facility; a contact person and phone number; the location of the discharge; a
description, including Standard Industrial Classification, which best reflects the principal products or
services provided by each facility; and any existing NPDES permit number.
(5) Other Municipal Separate Storm Sewers. The Director may issue permits for municipal
separate storm sewers that are designated under subparagraph (l)(v) of this paragraph on a system-wide
basis, jurisdiction-wide basis, watershed basis or other appropriate basis, or may issue permits for
individual discharges.
(6) Non-Municipal Separate Storm Sewers. For storm water discharges associated with
industrial activity from point sources which discharge through a non-municipal or non-publicfy owned
separate storm sewer system, the Director, in his discretion, may issue: a single NPDES permit, with
each discharger a co-permittee to a permit issued to the operator of the portion of the system that
discharges into waters of the United States; or, individual permits to each discharger of storm water
associated with industrial activity through the non-municipal conveyance system.
(i) All storm water discharges associated with industrial activity that discharge through a storm
water discharge system that is not a municipal separate storm sewer must be covered by an individual
permit, or a permit issued to the operator of the portion of the system that discharges to waters of the
United States, with each discharger to the non-municipal conveyance a co-permittee to that permit.
(ii) Where there is more than one operator of a single system of such conveyances, all operators
of storm water discharges associated with industrial activity must submit applications.
(iii) Any permit covering more than one operator shall identify the effluent limitations, or other
permit conditions, if any, that apply to each operator.
(7) Combined Sewer Systems. Conveyances that discharge storm water runoff combined with
municipal sewage are point sources that must obtain NPDES permits in accordance with the procedures
of 122,21 and are not subject to the provisions of this section.
(8) Whether a discharge from a municipal separate storm sewer is or is not subject to regulation
under this section shall have no bearing on whether the owner or operator of the discharge is eligible for
funding under Title II, Title III or Title VI of the Clean Water Act. See 40 CFR Part 35, Subpart I,
Appendix A(b)H.2.j.
Section 122.26(c) Application requirements for storm water discharges associated with
industrial activity.
(1) Individual application. Dischargers of storm water associated with industrial activity are
required to apptyfor an individual permit, apply for a permit through a group application, or seek
coverage under a promulgated storm water general permit. Facilities that are required to obtain an
individual permit, or any discharge of storm water which the Director is evaluating for designation (see
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40 CFR 124.52(c)) under paragraph (a)(l)(v) and is not a municipal separate storm sewer, and which is
not part of a group application described under paragraph (2), shall submit an NPDES application in
accordance with the requirements of 5 .72227 as modified and supplemented by the provisions of the
remainder of this paragraph. Applicants for discharges composed entirely of storm water shall submit
Form 1 and Form 2F. Applicants for discharges composed of storm water and non-storm water shall
submit Form 1, Form 2C, and Form 2F. Applicants for new sources or new discharges (as defined in
§ 122.2 of this part) composed of storm water and non-storm water shall submit Form 1, Form 2D, and
Form 2F.
(i) Except as provided in paragraphs 122.26(c)(l)(ii)-(iv),the operator of a storm water
discharge associated with industrial activity subject to this section shall provide:
(A) a site map showing topography (or indicating the outline of drainage areas served by the
outfall(s) covered in the application if a topographic map is unavailable) of the facility including: each
of its drainage and discharge structures; the drainage area of each storm water outfall; paved areas and
buildings within the drainage area of each storm water outfall, each past or present area used for
outdoor storage or disposal of significant materials, each existing structural control measure to reduce
pollutants in storm water runoff, materials loading and access areas, areas where pesticides, herbicides,
soil conditioners and fertilizers are applied, each of its hazardous waste treatment, storage or disposal
facilities (including each area not required to have a RCRA permit which is used for accumulating
hazardous waste under 40 CFR 262.34); each well where fluids from the facility are injected
underground; springs, and other surface water bodies which receive storm water discharges from the
facility;
(B) an estimate of the area of impervious surfaces (including paved areas and building roofs)
and the total area drained by each outfall (within a mile radius of the facility) and a narrative
description of the following: significant materials that in the three years prior to the submittal of this
application have been treated, stored or disposed in a manner to allow exposure to storm water; method
of treatment, storage or disposal of such materials; materials management practices employed, in the
three years prior to the submittal of this application, to minimize contact by these materials with storm
water runoff; materials loading and access areas; the location, manner and frequency in which
pesticides, herbicides, soil conditioners and fertilizers are applied; the location and a description of
existing structural and non-structural control measures to reduce pollutants in storm water runoff; and a
description of the treatment the storm water receives, including the ultimate disposal of any solid or fluid
wastes other than by discharge;
(C) a certification that all outfalls that should contain storm water discharges associated with
industrial activity have been tested or evaluated for the presence of non-storm water discharges which are
not covered by a NPDES permit; tests for such non-storm water discharges may include smoke tests,
fluorometric dye tests, analysis of accurate schematics, as well as other appropriate tests. The
certification shall include a description of the method used, the date of any testing, and the on-site
drainage points that were directly observed during a test;
(D) existing information regarding significant leaks or spills of toxic or hazardous pollutants at
the facility that have taken place within the three years prior to the submittal of this application;
(E) quantitative data based on samples collected during storm events and collected in
accordance with section 122.21 of this Part from all outfalls containing a storm water discharge
associated with industrial activity for the following parameters:
(2) Any pollutant limited in an effluent guideline to which the facility is subject;
(2) Any pollutant listed in the facility's NPDES permit for its process wastewater (if the facility
is operating under an existing NPDES permit);
(1) Oil and grease, pH, BODS, COD, TSS, total phosphorus, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, and
nitrate plus nitrite nitrogen;
(4) Any information on the discharge required under paragraph 122.2 l(g)(7)(iii) and (iv) of this
Part;
(5) Flow measurements or estimates of the flow rate, and the total amount of discharge for the
storm event(s) sampled, and the method of flow measurement or estimation; and
(6J The date and duration (in hours) of the storm event(s) sampled, rainfall measurements or
estimates of the storm event (in inches) which generated the sampled runoff and the duration between
the storm event sampled and the end of the previous measurable (greater than 0.1 inch rainfall) storm
event (in hours);
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(F) Operators of a discharge which is composed entirely of storm water are exempt from the
requirements of paragraphs 12Z21(g)(2), (g)(3), (g)(4), (g)(5), (g)(7)(i), (g)(7)(ii), and (g)(7)(v); and
(G) Operators of new sources or new discharges (as defined in § 122.2 of this Part) which are
composed in part or entirely of storm water must include estimates for the pollutants or parameters listed
in subparagraph (E) of this paragraph instead of actual sampling data, along with the source of each
estimate. Operators of new sources or new discharges composed in part or entirely of storm water must
provide quantitative data for the parameters listed in subparagraph (E) of this paragraph within two
years after commencement of discharge, unless such data has already been reported under the
monitoring requirements of the NPDES permit for the discharge. Operators of a new source or new
discharge which is composed entirely of storm water are exempt from the requirements of paragraphs
12Z21(k)(3)(ii), (k)(3)(iii), and (k)(5).
(ii) The operator of an existing or new storm water discharge that is associated with industrial
activity solefy under paragraph (b)(14)(x) of this section, is exempt from the requirements of paragraphs
122.2 l(g) and 122.26(c)(l)(i)qfthis Part. Such operator shall provide a narrative description of:
(A) the location (including a map) and the nature of the construction activity;
(B) the total area of the site and the area of the site that is expected to undergo excavation
during the life of the permit;
(C) proposed measures, including best management practices, to control pollutants in storm
water discharges during construction, including a brief description of applicable State and local erosion
and sediment control requirements;
(D) proposed measures to control pollutants in storm water discharges that will occur after
construction operations have been completed, including a brief description of applicable State or local
erosion and sediment control requirements;
(E) an estimate of the runoff coefficient of the site and the increase in impervious area after the
construction addressed in the permit application is completed, the nature of fill material and existing
data describing the soil or the quality of the discharge; and
(F) the name of the receiving water.
(Hi) The operator of an existing or new discharge composed entirely of storm water from an oil
or gas exploration, production, processing, or treatment operation, or transmission facility is not required
to submit a permit application in accordance with paragraph (i) of this section, unless the facility:
(A) has had a discharge of storm water resulting in the discharge of a reportable quantity for
which notification is or was required pursuant to 40 CFR 117.21 or 40 CFR 302.6 at anytime since
November 16, 1987; or
(B) has had a discharge of storm water resulting in the discharge of a reportable quantity for
which notification is or was required pursuant to 40 CFR 110.6 at any time since November 16, 1987; or
(C) contributes to a violation of a water quality standard.
(iv) The operator of an existing or new discharge composed entirely of storm water from a
mining operation is not required to submit a permit application unless the discharge has come into
contact with, any overburden, raw material, intermediate products, finished product, byproduct or waste
products located on the site of such operations.
(v) Applicants shall provide such other information the Director may reasonably require under
paragraph 122.2 l(g)( 13) of this Part to determine whether to issue a permit and may require any facility
subject to paragraph (c)(l)(ii) to comply with paragraph (c)(l)(i) of this section.
Section 122.26
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(it) Based on information in the Part 1 application, the Director will approve or deny the
members in the group application within 60 days after receiving Part 1 of the group application.
(Hi) Part 2 of the application shall be submitted to the Director, Office of Water Enforcement
and Permits no later than 12 months, or by May 18,1992 whichever comes first after the date of
approval of the Part 1 application.
(iv) Facilities that are rejected as members of a group by the permitting authority shall have 12
months to file an individual permit application from the date they receive notification of their rejection.
(v) A facility listed under paragraph (b)(14)(i)-(xi) may add on to a group application
submitted in accordance with paragraph (e)(2)(i) at the discretion of the Office of Water Enforcement
and Permits, and onfy upon a showing of good cause by the facility and the group applicant; the request
for the addition of the facility shall be made no later than February 18, 1992; the addition of the facility
shall not cause the percentage of the facilities that are required to submit quantitative data to be less
than 10%, unless there are over 100 facilities in the group that are submitting quantitative data; approval
to become part of group application must be obtained from the group or the trade association
representing the individual facilities.
(3) For any discharge from a large municipal separate storm sewer system;
(i) Part 1 of the application shall be submitted to the Director by November 18, 1991;
(ii) Based on information received in the Part 1 application the Director will approve or deny a
sampling plan under 122.26(d)(l)(iv)(E) within 90 days after receiving the Part 1 application;
(Hi) Part 2 of the application shall be submitted to the Director by November 16, 1992.
(4) For any discharge from a medium municipal separate storm sewer system;
(i) Part 1 of the application shall be submitted to the Director by May 18, 1992.
(ii) Based on information received in the Part 1 application the Director will approve or deny a
sampling plan under 122.26(d)(l)(iv)(E) within 90 days after receiving the Part 1 application.
(Hi) Part 2 of the application shall be submitted to the Director by May 17, 1993.
(5) A permit application shall be submitted to the Director within 60 days of notice, unless
permission for a later date is granted by the Director (see 40 CFR 124.52(c)),for:
(i) a storm water discharge which the Director, or in States with approved NPDES programs,
either the Director or the EPA Regional Administrator, determines that the discharge contributes to a
violation of a water quality standard or is a significant contributor of pollutants to waters of the United
States (see paragraph (a)(l)(v) of this section);
(ii) A storm water discharge subject to paragraph (c)(l)(v) of this section.
(6) Facilities with existing NPDES permits for storm water discharges associated with industrial
activity shall maintain existing permits. New applications shall be submitted in accordance with the
requirements of 40 CFR 122.21 and 40 CFR 122.26(c) 180 days before the expiration of such permits.
Facilities with expired permits or permits due to expire before May 18, 1992 shall submit applications in
accordance with the deadline set forth under 122.26(e)(l).
Section 122.26(f) Petitions.
(1) Any operator of a municipal separate storm sewer system may petition the Director to
require a separate NPDES permit (or a permit issued under an approved NPDES State program) for
any discharge into the municipal separate storm sewer system.
(2) Any person may petition the Director to require a NPDES permit far a discharge which is
composed entirely of storm water which contributes to a violation of a water quality standard or is a
significant contributor of pollutants to waters of the United States.
(3) The owner or operator of a municipal separate storm sewer system may petition the Director
to reduce the Census estimates of the population served by such separate system to account for storm
water discharged to combined sewers as defined by 40 CFR 35.2005(b)(ll)that is treated in a publicly
owned treatment works. In municipalities in which combined sewers are operated, the Census estimates
of population may be reduced proportional to the fraction, based on estimated lengths, of the length of
combined sewers over the sum of the length of combined sewers and municipal separate storm sewers
where an applicant has submitted the NPDES permit number associated with each discharge point and
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a map indicating areas served by combined sewers and the location of any combined sewer overflow
discharge point.
(4) Any person may petition the Director for the designation of a large or medium municipal
separate storm sewer system as defined by subsections (b)(4)(iv) or (b)(7)(iv) of this rule.
(5) The Director shall make a final determination on any petition received under this section
within 90 days after receiving the petition.
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APPENDIX B: DEFINITIONS OF KEY TERMS
The following are definitions of terms found in the NPDES general definitions (40 CFR 122.2), the
storm water regulations (55 FR 47990), and terms commonly used in relation to storm water
discharges.
(1) "Best management practices ("BMPs")"means schedules of activities, prohibitions of
practices, maintenance procedures, and other management practices to prevent or reduce the
pollution of "waters of the United States." BMPs also include treatment requirements, operating
procedures, and practices to control plant site runoff, spillage or leaks, sludge or waste disposal, or
drainage from raw material storage.
(2) "Contiguous zone" means the entire zone established by the United States under Article
24 of the Convention on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone.
(3) "Co-permittee"means a permittee to a NPDES permit that is only responsible for permit
conditions relating to the discharge for which it is operator.
(4) "Discharge"when used without qualification means the "discharge of a pollutant."
(5) "Discharge of a pollutant" means:
(i) Any addition of any "pollutanf'or combination of pollutants to "waters of the United
States" from any "point source," or
(ii) Any addition of any pollutant or combination of pollutants to the waters of the
"contiguous zone" or the ocean from any point source other than a vessel or other floating
craft which is being used as a means of transportation.
This definition includes additions of pollutants into waters of the United States from:
surface runoff which is collected or channelled by man; discharges through pipes, sewers, or other
conveyances owned by a State, municipality, or other person which do not lead to a treatment works;
and discharges through pipes, sewers, or other conveyances, leading into privately owned treatment
works. This term does not include an addition of pollutants by any "indirect discharger."
(6) "Effluent limitation" means any restriction imposed by the Director on quantities,
discharge rates, and concentrations of "pollutants"which are "discharged"from "point sources" into
"waters of the United States," the waters of the "contiguous zone," or the ocean.
(7) "Effluent limitations guidelines" means a regulation published by the Administrator
under section 304(b) of CWA to adopt or revise "effluent limitations."
(8) "Illicit discharge" means any discharge to a municipal separate storm sewer that is not
composed entirely of storm water except discharges pursuant to NPDES permit (other than the
NPDES permit for discharges from the municipal separate storm sewer) and discharges from fire
fighting activities.
(9) "Incorporated place" means the District of Columbia, or a city, town or village that is
incorporated under the laws of the State in which it is located.
(10) "Large municipal separate storm sewer system" means all municipal separate storm
sewers that are either:
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(i) located in an incorporated place with a population of 250,000 or more as determined by
the latest Decennial Census by the Bureau of Census (Appendix F); or
(ii) located in the counties listed in Appendix H, except municipal separate storm sewers
that are located in the incorporated places, townships or towns within such counties; or
(iii) owned or operated by a municipality other than those described in paragraph (i) or (ii)
and that are designated by the Director as part of the large or medium municipal separate
storm sewer system due to the interrelationship between the discharges of the designated
storm sewer and the discharges from municipal separate storm sewers described under
paragraphs (i) or (ii). In making this determination the Director may consider the following
factors:
(A) physical interconnections between the municipal separate storm sewers;
(B) the location of discharges from the designated municipal separate storm sewer relative
to discharges from municipal separate storm sewers described in subparagraph (i);
(C) the quantity and nature of pollutants discharged to waters of the United States;
(D) the nature of the receiving waters; and
(E) other relevant factors; or
(iv) the Director may, upon petition, designate as a large municipal separate storm sewer
system, municipal separate storm sewers located within the boundaries of a region defined
by a storm water management regional authority based on a jurisdictional, watershed, or
other appropriate basis that includes one or more of the systems described in paragraphs (i),
(ii),
(11) "Major municipal separate storm sewer outfall" (or "major outfall") means a municipal
separate storm sewer outfall that discharges from a single pipe with an inside diameter of 36 inches
or more or its equivalent (discharge from a single conveyance other than circular pipe which is
associated with a drainage area of more than 50 acres); or for municipal separate storm sewers that
receive storm water from lands zoned for industrial activity (based on comprehensive zoning plans or
the equivalent), an outfall that discharges from a single pipe with an inside diameter of 12 inches or
more or from its equivalent (discharge from other than a circular pipe associated with a drainage
area of 2 acres or more).
(12) "Major outfall" means a major municipal separate storm sewer outfall.
(13) "Medium municipal separate storm sewer system" means all municipal separate storm
sewers that are either:
(i) located in an incorporated place with a population of 100,000 or more but less than
250,000, as determined by the latest Decennial Census by the Bureau of Census (Appendix
G); or
(ii) located in the counties listed in Appendix I, except municipal separate storm sewers that
are located in the incorporated places, townships or towns within such counties; or
(iii) owned or operated by a municipality other than those described in paragraph (i) or (ii)
and that are designated by the Director as part of the large or medium municipal separate
storm sewer system due to the interrelationship between the discharges of the designated
storm sewer and the discharges from municipal separate storm sewers described under
paragraphs (i) or (ii). In making this determination the Director may consider the following
factors:
(A) physical interconnections between the municipal separate storm sewers;
(B) the location of discharges from the designated municipal separate storm sewer relative
to discharges from municipal separate storm sewers described in subparagraph (i);
(C) the quantity and nature of pollutants discharged to waters of the United States;
(D) the nature of the receiving waters; or
(E) other relevant factors; or
(iv) the Director may, upon petition, designate as a medium municipal separate storm sewer
system, municipal separate storm sewers located within the boundaries of a region defined
by a storm water management regional authority based on a jurisdictional, watershed, or
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other appropriate basis that includes one or more of the systems described in paragraphs (i),
(ii).(iii).
(14) "Municipal separate storm sewer" means a conveyance or system of conveyances
(including roads with drainage systems, municipal streets, catch basins, curbs, gutters, ditches, man-
made channels, or storm drains):
(i) owned or operated by a State, city, town, borough, county, parish, district, association, or
other public body (created by or pursuant to State law) having jurisdiction over disposal of
sewage, industrial wastes, storm water, or other wastes, including special districts under
State law such as a sewer district, flood control district or drainage district, or similar entity,
or an Indian tribe or an authorized Indian tribal organization, or a designated and approved
management agency under section 208 of the CWA that discharges to waters of the United
States;
(ii) designed or used for collecting or conveying storm water;
(iii) which is not a combined sewer; and
(iv) which is not part of a Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW) as defined at 40 CFR
122.2.
(IS) "NationalPollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)" means the national
program for issuing, modifying, revoking and reissuing, terminating, monitoring and enforcing
permits, and imposing and enforcing pretreatment requirements, under sections 307,402,318, and
405 of CWA. The term includes an "approved program."
(16) "Newdischarger" means any building, structure, facility, or installation:
(i) From which there is or may be a "discharge of pollutants;"
(ii) That did not commence the "discharge of pollutants"at a particular "site"prior to August
13,1979;
(iii) Which is not a "new source," and
(iv) Which has never received a finally effective NPDES permit for discharges at
that "site."
This definition includes an "indirect discharger" which commences discharging into "waters
of the United States" after August 13,1979. It also includes any existing mobile point source (other
than an offshore or coastal oil and gas exploratory drilling rig or a coastal oil and gas developmental
drilling rig) such as a seafood processing rig, seafood processing vessel, or aggregate plant, that
begins discharging at a "site"for which it does not have a permit; and any offshore or coastal mobile
oil and gas exploratory drilling rig or coastal mobile oil and gas developmental drilling rig that
commences the discharge of pollutants after August 13,1979, at a "site"under EPA's permitting
jurisdiction for which it is not covered by an individual or general permit and which is located in an
area determined by the Regional Administrator in the issuance of a final permit to be an area of
biological concern. In determining whether an area is an area of biological concern, the Regional
Administrator shall consider the factors specified in 40 CFR 125.122(a) (1) through (10).
An offshore or coastal mobile exploratory drilling rig or coastal mobile developmental
drilling rig will be considered a "new discharger" only for the duration of its discharge in an area of
biological concern.
(17) "New source" means any building, structure, facility, or installation from which there is
or may be a "discharge of pollutants," the construction of which commenced:
(i) After promulgation of standards of performance under section 306 of CWA
which are applicable to such source, or
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(ii) After proposal of standards of performance in accordance with section 306 of
CWA which are applicable to such source, but only if the standards are
promulgated in accordance with section 306 within 120 days of their proposal.
(18) "Outfairmeans a "point source" as defined by 40 CFR 122.2 at the point where a
municipal separate storm sewer discharges to waters of the United States and does not include open
conveyances connecting two municipal separate storm sewers, or pipes, tunnels or other conveyances
which connects segments of the same stream or other waters of the United States and are used to
convey waters of the United States.
(19) "Overburden"means any material of any nature, consolidated or unconsolidated.that
overlies a mineral deposit, excluding topsoil or similar naturally-occurring surface materials that are
not disturbed by mining operations.
(20) "Owner or operator" means the owner or operator of any "facility or activity" subject to
regulation under the NPDES program.
(21) "Permit"means an authorization, license, or equivalent control document issued by
EPA or an "approved State" to implement the requirements of this part and Parts 123 and 124.
"Permit"includes an NPDES "general permit" (Section 122.28). Permit does not include any permit
which has not yet been the subject of final agency action, such as a "draft permit" or a "proposed
permit"
(22) "Person"means an individual, association, partnership, corporation, municipality, State
or Federal agency, or an agent or employee thereof.
(23) "Point source" means any discernible, confined, and discrete conveyance, including but
not limited to, any pipe, ditch, channel, tunnel, conduit, well, discrete fissure, container, rolling stock,
concentrated animal feeding operation, vessel, or other floating craft from which pollutants are or
may be discharged. This term does not include return flows from irrigated agriculture.
(24) "Pollutanf'means dredged spoil, solid waste, incinerator residue, filter backwash,
sewage, garbage, sewage sludge, munitions, chemical wastes, biological materials, radioactive
materials (except those regulated under the Atomic Energy Act of 19S4, as amended (42 (U.S.C
2011 et sea.)), heat, wrecked or discharged equipment, rock, sand, cellar dirt and industrial,
municipal, and agricultural waste discharged into water. It does not mean:
(i) Sewage from vessels; or
(ii) Water, gas, or other material which is injected into a well to facilitate
production of oil or gas, or water derived in association with oil and gas production
and disposed of in a well, if the well used either to facilitate production or for
disposal purposes is approved by authority of the State in which the well is located,
and if the State determines that the injection or disposal will not result in the
degradation of ground or surface water resources.
Radioactive materials covered by the Atomic Energy Act are those encompassed in its
definition of source, byproduct, or special nuclear materials. Examples of materials not covered
include radium and accelerator-produced isotopes. See Train v. Colorado Public Interest Research
Group. Inc. 426 US. 1 (1976).
(25) "Privately owned treatment works" means any device or system which is (a) used to
treat wastes from any facility whose operator is not the operator of the treatment works and (b) not
a "POTW."
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(26) "Process wastewater" means any water which, during manufacturing or processing,
comes into direct contact with or results from the production or use of any raw material,
intermediate product, finished product, byproduct, or waste product.
(27) "Proposed permit" means a State NPDES "permifprepared after the close of the
public comment period (and, when applicable, any public hearing and administrative appeals) which
is sent to EPA for review before final issuance by the State. A "proposed permit" is not a "draft
permit."
(28) "Publicly owned treatment works ("POTW")'Yneans any device or system used in the
treatment (including recycling and reclamation) of municipal sewage or industrial wastes of a liquid
nature which is owned by a "State"or "municipality." This definition includes sewers, pipes, or other
conveyances only if they convey wastewater to a POTW providing treatment.
(29) "Runoffcoefficient" means the fraction of total rainfall that will appear at the
conveyance as runoff.
(30) "Significant materials" includes, but is not limited to: raw materials; fuels; materials such
as solvents, detergents, and plastic pellets; finished materials such as metallic products; raw materials
used in food processing or production; hazardous substances designated under section 101(14) of
CERCLA; any chemical the facility is required to report pursuant to Section 313 of Title III of
SARA; fertilizers; pesticides; and waste products such as ashes, slag and sludge that have the
potential to be released with storm water discharges.
(31) "Site"means the land or water area where any "facility or activity" is physically located.
or conducted, including adjacent land used in connection with the facility or activity.
(32) "Storm water" means storm water runoff, snow melt runoff, and surface runoff and
drainage.
(33) "Storm water discharge associated with industrial activity" means the discharge from arty
conveyance which is used for collecting and conveying storm water and which is directly related to
manufacturing, processing or raw materials storage areas at an industrial plant. The term does not
include discharges from facilities or activities excluded from the NPDES program under 40 CFR
Part 122. For the categories of industries identified in subparagraphs (i) through (x) of this
subsection, the term includes, but is not limited to, storm water discharges from industrial plant
yards; immediate access roads and rail lines used or traveled by carriers of raw materials,
manufactured products, waste material, or by-products used or created by the facility; material
handling sites; refuse sites; sites used for the application or disposal of process waste waters (as
defined at 40 CFR 401); sites used for the storage and maintenance of material handling equipment;
sites used for residual treatment, storage, or disposal; shipping and receiving areas; manufacturing
buildings; storage areas (including tank farms) for raw materials, and intermediate and finished
products; and areas where industrial activity has taken place in the past and significant materials
remain and are exposed to storm water. For the categories of industries identified in subparagraph
(xi), the term includes only storm water discharges from all the areas (except access roads and rail
lines) that are listed in the previous sentence where material handling equipment or activities, raw
materials, intermediate products, final products, waste materials, by-products, or industrial machinery
are exposed to storm water. For the purposes of this paragraph, material handling activities include
the: storage, loading and unloading, transportation, or conveyance of any raw material, intermediate
product, finished product, by-product or waste product The term excludes areas located on plant
lands separate from the plant's industrial activities, such as office buildings and accompanying
parking lots as long as the drainage from the excluded areas is not mixed with storm water drained
from the above described areas. Industrial facilities (including industrial facilities that are Federally,
State, or municipally owned or operated that meet the description of the facilities listed in this
paragraph (i)-(xi)) include those facilities designated under the provisions of 122.26(a)(l)(v). The
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following categories of facilities are considered to be engaging in "industrial activity" for purposes of
this subsection:
(i) Facilities subject to storm water effluent limitations guidelines, new source performance
standards, or toxic pollutant effluent standards under 40 CFR Subchapter N (except facilities with
toxic pollutant effluent standards which are exempted under category (ri) of this paragraph);
(ii) Facilities classified as Standard Industrial Classifications 24 (except 2434), 26 (except 265
and 267), 28 (except 283) 29,311,32 (except 323), 33,3441.373;
(iii) Facilities classified as Standard Industrial Classifications 10 through 14 (mineral
industry) including active or inactive mining operations (except for areas of coal mining operations
no longer meeting the definition of a reclamation area under 40 CFR 434.11(1) because the
performance bond issued to the facility by the appropriate SMCRA authority has been released, or
except for areas of non-coal mining operations which have been released from applicable State or
Federal reclamation requirements after December 17,1990 and oil and gas exploration, production,
processing, or treatment operations, or transmission facilities that discharge storm water
contaminated by contact with or that has come into contact with, any overburden, raw material,
intermediate products, finished products, byproducts or waste products located on the site of such
operations; (inactive mining operations are mining sites that are not being actively mined, but which
have an
identifiable owner/operator; inactive mining sites do not include sites where mining claims are being
maintained prior to disturbances associated with the extraction, beneficiation, or processing of mined
materials, nor sites where minimal activities are undertaken for the sole purpose of maintaining a
mining claim);
(iv) Hazardous waste treatment, storage, or disposal facilities, including those that are
operating under interim status or a permit under Subtitle C of RCRA;
(v) Landfills, land application sites, and open dumps that receive or have received any
industrial wastes (waste that is received from any of the facilities described under this subsection)
including those that are subject to regulation under Subtitle D of RCRA;
(vi) Facilities involved in the recycling of materials, including metal scrapyards, battery
reclaimers, salvage yards, and automobile junkyards, including but limited to those classified as
Standard Industrial Classification 5015 and 5093;
(vii) Steam electric power generating facilities, including coal handling sites;
(viii) Transportation facilities classified as Standard Industrial Classifications 40, 41,42
(except 4221-25), 43,44,45, and 5171 which have vehicle maintenance shops, equipment cleaning
operations, or airport deicing operations. Only those portions of the facility that are either involved
in vehicle maintenance (including vehicle rehabilitation, mechanical repairs, painting, fueling, and
lubrication), equipment cleaning operations, airport deicing operations, or which are otherwise
identified under paragraphs (i)-(vii) or (ix)-(xi) of this subsection are associated with industrial
activity;
(be) Treatment works treating domestic sewage or any other sewage sludge or wastewater
treatment device or system, used in the storage treatment, recycling, and reclamation of municipal or
domestic sewage, including land dedicated to the disposal of sewage sludge that are located within
the confines of the facility, with a design flow of 1.0 mgd or more, or required to have an approved
pretreatment program under 40 CFR 403. Not included are farm lands, domestic gardens or lands
used for sludge management where sludge is beneficially reused and which are not physically located
in the confines of the facility, or areas that are in compliance with Section 405 of the CWA;
(x) Construction activity including clearing, grading and excavation activities except:
operations that result in the disturbance of less than five acres of total land area which are not part
of a larger common plan of development or sale;
(xi) Facilities under Standard Industrial Classifications 20, 21, 22, 23, 2434,25, 265.267,27,
283,285,30,31 (except 311), 323,34 (except 3441), 35,36,37 (except 373), 38,39,4221-25. (and
which are not otherwise included within categories (ii)-(x));
(34) 'Total dissolved solids" means the total dissolved (filterable) solids as determined by use of
the method specified in 40 CFR Part 136.
(35) Toxic pollutant" means any pollutant listed as toxic under section 307(a)(l) of CWA.
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(36) "Variance"means any mechanism or provision under section 301 or 316 of CWA or under
40 CFR Part 125, or in the applicable "effluentlimitations guidelines" which allows modification to or
waiver of the generally applicable effluent limitation requirements or time deadlines of CWA. This
includes provisions which allow the establishment of alternative limitations based on fundamentally
different factors or on sections 301(c), 301(g), 301(h), 301(i), or 316(a) of CWA.
(37) "Waters of the United States" or "waters of the U.S." means:
(i) All waters which are currently used, were used in the past, or may be susceptible to use in
interstate or foreign commerce, including all waters which are subject to the ebb and flow of
the tide;
(ii) All interstate water, including interstate "wetlands",
(iii) All other water such as intrastate lakes, rivers, streams (including intermittent steams).
mudflats, sand flats, "wetlands" ploughs, prairie potholes, wet meadows, playa lakes, or natural
ponds the use, degradation, or destruction of which would affect or could affect interstate or
foreign commerce including any such waters:
(A) Which are or could be used by interstate or foreign travelers for recreational or
other purposes;
(B) From which fish or shellfish are or could be taken and sold in interstate or foreign
commence; or
(C) Which are used or could be used for industrial purposes by industries in interstate
commerce:
(iv) All impoundments of waters otherwise defined as waters of the United States under this
definition;
(v) Tributaries of waters identified in paragraphs (i) through (vi) of this definition;
(vi) The territorial sea; and
(vii) "Wetlands"adjacent to waters (other than waters that are themselves wetlands) identified
in paragraphs (i) through (vi) of this definition.
Waste treatment systems, including treatment ponds or lagoons designed to meet the
requirements of CWA (other than cooling ponds as defined in 40 CFR 423.11(m) which also meet
the criteria of this definition) are not waters of the United States. This exclusion applies only to
manmade bodies of water which neither were originally created in waters of the United States (such
as disposal area in wetlands) nor resulted from the impoundment of waters of the United States.
[See Note 1 of this section.]
(38) "Wetlands"means those areas that are inundated or saturated by surface or groundwater at
a frequency and duration sufficient to support, and that under normal circumstances, do support a
prevalence of vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions. Wetlands generally
include swamps, marshes, bogs, and similar areas.
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APPENDIX G INFORMATION FOR EPA REGIONAL OFFICES AND STATES WITH
APPROVED NPDES PROGRAMS
Cl Federal, State, and Regional Permitting Agency Contacts
C2 Addresses and Telephone Numbers of EPA Regional Offices
and States within the Regional Office Jurisdictions
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APPENDIX C.1:
FEDERAL, STATE, AND REGIONAL PERMITTING AGENCY
CONTACTS
Alabama Department of Environmental Management
Water Division
1751 Cong. W.L. Dickinson Drive
Montgomery, AL 36130
(205) 271-7825
Alaska Department of Environmental
Conservation
Division of Environmental
Quality Management
Pouch O
Juneau, AK 99811
(907) 465-2640
Arizona Department of Health Services
Office of Waste and Water
Quality Management
2005 N. Central Avenue
Phoenix, AZ 85007
(602) 257-2305
Arkansas Department of Pollution
Control and Ecology
NPDES Branch
8001 National Drive
Little Rock, AR 72209
(501) 562-7444
California State Water Resources Control Board
P.O. Box 100
901P Street
Sacramento, CA 95801
(916) 322-3132
Colorado Department of Health
Water Quality Control Division
Permits and Enforcement Section
4210 E. llth Avenue, Room 200
Denver, CO 80220
(303) 331-3015
Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection
Water Compliance and Hazardous Substances
122 Washington Street
Hartford, CT 06106
(203) 566-3245
and
U.S. EPA
Region X
and
U.S. EPA
Region IX
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Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control
Division of Water Resources
89 Kings Highway
P.O. Box 1401
Dover, DE 19903
(302) 736-4761
District Department of Consumer and and U.S. EPA
of Columbia Region III
Environmental Control Division
5010 Overlook Avenue, S.W.
Washington, D.C 20032
(202) 767-7370
Florida Department of Environmental and U.S. EPA
Regulation Region IV
Div. of Environmental Programs
Water Quality Planning Section
2600 Blairstone Road, Ste 531
Twin Towers Office Building
Tallahassee, FL 32301
(904) 488-0780
Georgia Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division,
Water Protection Branch
Floyd Towers East - Room 1058
205 Butler Street, S.W.
Atlanta, GA 30334
(404) 656-4887
Hawaii Department of Health
Pollution Investigation and
Enforcement Division
P.O. Box 3378
Honolulu, HI 96801
(808) 548-6505
Idaho Department of Health and and U.S. EPA
Welfare Region X
Bureau of Water Quality
State House
Boise, ID 83720
(208) 334-4250
Illinois Illinois Environmental Protection Agency
Division of Water Pollution Control
2200 Churchill Road
Springfield, IL 62706
(217) 782-1654
Indiana Indiana Department of Environmental Management
105 S. Meridian Street
P.O. Box 6015
Indianapolis, IN 46225
(317) 232-8488
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Iowa Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protection Division
Surface and Ground Water
Protection Bureau
Henry A. Wallace Building
900 E. Grand Avenue
Des Moines, IA 50319
(515) 281-8690
Kansas State Department of Health and Environment
Division of Environment
Bureau of Water Quality
Forbes AFB Building No. 740
Topeka,KS 66612
(913) 862-9360x25?
Kentucky Department of Environmental
Protection
Department of Environmental Protection
Division of Water Quality
18 Reilly Road, Fort Boone Plaza
Frankfort, KY 40601
(502) 564-3410
Louisiana Department of Environmental and
Quality
Office of Water Resources
Permits Programs
P.O. Box 44091
Baton Rouge, LA 70804-4091
(504) 922-0530
U.S. EPA
Region VI
Maine Department of Environmental
Protection
Bureau of Water Quality Control
State House, Station 17
Augusta, ME 04333
(207) 289-3355
Boston, MA 02203
(617) 565-3519
Maryland Department of Natural Resources
Water Resources Administration
(water resources programs)
Tawes State Office Building
Annapolis, MD 21401
(301) 269-3846
Department of Health and Mental Hygiene
Environmental Health Administration
(water quality standards, NPDES
permits, and sewage treatment)
201W. Preston Street
Baltimore, MD 21203
(301) 225-6300
and
U.S. EPA
Region I
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Massachusetts Department of Environmental and
Quality Engineering
Division of Water Pollution
Control & Division of Water
Supply
1 Winter Street
Boston, MA 02108
(617) 292-5673
Michigan Department of Natural Resources
Water Resources Commission
Water Quality Division
P.O. Box 30028
Lansing. MI 48909
(517)373-1949
Minnesota Minnesota Pollution Control Agency
Division of Water Pollution Control
520 Lafayette Road
St. Paul, MN 55155
(612) 296-7202
Mississippi Dept. of Natural Resources and
and Water Division
P.O. Box 10385, Southport Mall
Jackson, MS 39209
(601)961-5171
Missouri Department of Natural Resources
Water Quality Program
Division of Environmental Quality
Jefferson State Office Building
205 Jefferson Street
Jefferson City, MO 65102
(314) 751-1300
Montana Department of Health and Environmental
Sciences
Division of Environmental Sciences
Water Quality Bureau
Cogswell Building, Room A206
Helena, MT 59620
(406) 444-2406
Nebraska Department of Environmental Control
Water Pollution Control Division
State House Station
P.O. Box 94877-301 Centennial Mall
Lincoln, NE 68509
(402) 471-2186
US. EPA
Region I
Department of Environmental
Quality
Surface Water Division
Bureau of Pollution Control
P.O. Box 10385
Jackson, MS 39289
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Nevada Department of Conservation and
Natural Resources
Water Resources Division
201S. Fall Street, Room 221
Carson City, NV 89710
(702) 885-4380
New Water Supply and Pollution and U.S. EPA
Hampshire Control Commission Region I
Hazen Drive
P.O. Box 95
Concord, NH 03301
(603) 271-2458
New Jersey Department of Environmental
Protection
Division of Water Resources
1474 Prospect Street
P.O. Box CN029
Trenton, NJ 08625
(609) 292-1638
New Mexico Health and Environment and U.S. EPA
Department Region VI
Environmental Improvement
Division
Surface Water Quality Bureau
1190 St. Francis Drive
Santa Fe, NM 87504-0968
(505) 827-2918
New York Department of Environmental
Conservation
Permit Administrator
50 Wolf Road
Albany, NY 12233
North Department of Natural Resources
Carolina and Community Development
bivision of Environmental
Management
Water Quality Section
P.O. Box 27687
Raleigh, NC 27611
(919) 733-5083
North Dakota Department of Health
Division of Water Supply
and Pollution Control
1200 Missouri Avenue
Bismark, ND 58501
(701) 224-2345
67
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Ohio Environmental Protection Agency
Waste Water Pollution Control
1800 Watermark Drive
P.O. Box 1049
Columbus, OH 43266-0149
(614) 466-7427
Oklahoma Water Resources Board and U.S. EPA
P.O. Box 53585 Region VI
Oklahoma City, OK 73152
State Department of Health
Permits and Compliance Division
P.O. Box 53551
Oklahoma City, OK 73152
Oregon Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ)
Water Quality Division
522 S.W. Fifth Avenue
P.O. Box 1760
Portland, OR 97207
(503) 229-5324
Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources
Bureau of Water Quality Management
P.O. Box 2063. llth Floor/Fulton Bldg.
200 N. 3rd Street
Harrisburg, PA 17120
(717) 787-2666
Puerto Rico Environmental Quality Board and US. EPA
Division of Water/Water Region n
Resources
P.O. Box 11488
Santurce.PR 00910
(809) 725-5140
Rhode Island Department of Environmental
Management
Division of Water Resources
75 Davis St, 209 Cannon Bldg.
Providence, RI 02908
(401) 277-2234
68
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South Department of Health and
Carolina Environmental Control
Environmental Quality Control
2600 Bull Street
Columbia, SC 29201
(803) 734-4880
South Dakota Department of Water and and U.S. EPA
Natural Resources Region VIII
Division of Environmental
Regulation
Point Source Control Program
Joe Foss Building
120 E. Capitol
Pierre,SD 57501
(605) 773-3351
Tennessee Department of Public Health
Division of Water Quality Control
TERRA Building, 2nd floor
150 9th Ave., N.
Nashville, TN 37219-5405
(615) 741-3111
Texas Texas Water Commission and U.S. EPA
P.O. Box 13087 Region VI
Capitol Station
Austin, TX 78711-3087
(512) 463-8028
Texas Railroad Commission
P.O. Drawer 12967
Austin, TX 78711
(512) 463-8028
Utah Department of Health
Bureau of Water Pollution Control
288 N. 1460 W.
P.O. Box 16690
Salt Lake City, UT 84116-0690
(801) 538-6146
Vermont State Water Resources Board
(water pollution control)
58 E. State Street
Montpelier, VT 05602
(802) 828-2871
Water Quality Division
(water quality)
Department of Water Resources
and Environmental Engineering
103 S. Main Street
Waterbuty.VT 05676
(802) 244-5638
69
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Virginia State Water Control Board
211N. Hamilton Street
P.O. Box 11143
Richmond, VA 23230
(804) 257-0056
Washington Washington Dept of Ecology
Office of Water Programs
Mail Stop PV/11
Olympia, WA 98504
(206) 459-6000
West Department of Natural Resources
Virginia Division of Water Resources
1800 Washington Street, East
Charleston, WV 25305
(304) 348-2107
Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources
Division of Environmental Standards
Bureau of Water Resources and
Management
P.O. Box 7921
Madison, WI 53707
(608) 266-2121
Wyoming Department of Environmental Quality
Water Quality Division
Hcrschler Building
122 West 25th Street
Cheyenne, WY 82002
(307) 777-7781
and Environmental Permit
Information Center
Department of Ecology
Headquarters Office, PV-11
St. Martin's College
Campus-Lacey
Olympia, WA 98504
Virgin
Islands
US EPA, Region tt
Guam US EPA, Region DC
American US EPA, Region DC
Samoa
District of US EPA, Region ID
Columbia
Northern US EPA, Region DC
Marianas
70
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APPENDIX C.2: ADDRESSES AND TELEPHONE NUMBERS OF EPA REGIONAL
OFFICES AND STATES WITHIN THE REGIONAL OFFICE
JURISDICTION
REGION I
NPDES Permits, Water Management Division, EPA 9141,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, John F, Kennedy Building,
Boston, Massachusetts 02203, (617) 565-3420, FTS 835-3420.
Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island,
and Vermont,
REGION II
NPDES Permits, Water Management Division, EPA 9270,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Jacob K. Javitz Federal Building,
26 Federal Plaza, New York, New York 10278, (212) 264-2657, FTS 264-2657.
New Jersey, New York, Virgin Islands, and Puerto Rico.
REGION III
NPDES Permits, Water Management Division, EPA 9360,
U,S. Environmental Protection Agency, 841 Chestnut Building,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, (215) 597-9800, FTS 597-9800.
Delaware, District of Columbia, Maryland, Pennsylvania,
Virginia, and West Virginia
REGION IV
NPDES Permits, Water Management Division, EPA 9441,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 345 Courtland Street, N.E.,
Atlanta, Georgia 30365, (404) 347-4727, FTS 257-4727.
Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina,
South Carolina, and Tennessee.
REGION V
NPDES Permits, Water Management Division, EPA 9560,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 230 South Dearborn Street,
Chicago, Illinois 60604, (312) 353-2105, FTS 353-2105.
Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin.
REGION VI
NPDES Permits, Water Management Division, EPA 9670,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, First Interstate Bank Tower at Fountain Place,
1445 Ross Avenue, 12th Floor, Suite 1200,
Dallas, Texas 75202, (214) 655-6444, FTS 255-6444.
Arkansas, Louisiana, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas.
71
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REGION VD
NPDES Permits, Water Management Division, EPA 9790,
US. Environmental Protection Agency, 726 Minnesota Avenue,
Kansas City, Missouri 66101, (913) 551-7000, FTS 276-7000.
Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, and Nebraska.
REGION VIII
NPDES Permits, Water Management Division, EPA 9871,
999 18th Street, Suite 500, US. Environmental Protection Agency,
Denver, Colorado 80202, (303) 293-1603, FTS 330-1603.
Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming.
REGION IX
NPDES Permits, Water Management Division, EPA 9920,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 75 Hawthorne Street,
San Francisco, California 94105, (415) 744-2125, FTS 484-2125.
Arizona, California, Hawaii, Nevada, Guam, American Samoa, and
Trust Territories.
REGION X
NPDES Permits, Water Management Division, EPA 9031,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 6th Avenue,
Seattle, Washington 98101, (206) 442-1200, FTS 399-1200.
Alaska, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington.
72
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APPENDIX D: PROCEDURES FOR SUBMITTING A GROUP APPLICATION
As an alternative to submitting an individual application, a facility (except facilities that have
existing individual NPDES permits for storm water or process discharge) may participate in a group
application for sufficiently similar facilities. The intent of the group application process is to reduce
the collection and reporting burdens of participating industries. Group applications involve a two
part application process. Group applications do not have specific forms; rather, the applicants are
required to submit the information described below.
Acceptable participants for a group application include those facilities that are part of the
same industrial subcategory (see Table 2-1 for a list of the SIC codes that are considered industrial
plants in the regulations - Part 405 to Part 471) or have sufficiently similar services or activities.
Part 1 of the group application must contain the following information: (There is no
standard form for Part 1 of a group application. For Part 2 the relevant portion of form 2F should
be used.) When determining the number or dischargers identified for Part 2 sampling under
paragraph (D), unless the group is less than 11 members in size, a minimum of 10 facilities must
conduct and submit quantitative sampling data.
122.26(c)(2) Group application for discharges associated with industrial activity. In lieu of
individual applications or notice of intent to be covered by a general permit for storm water discharges
associated with industrial activity, a group application may be filed by an entity representing a group of
applicants (except facilities that have existing individual NPDES permits for storm water) that are part of
the same subcategory (see 40 CFR Subchapter N, Part 405 to 471) or, where such grouping is
inapplicable, are sufficiently similar as to be appropriate for general permit coverage under § 122.28 of
this Part. The Part 1 application shall be submitted to the Office of Water Enforcement and Permits,
U.S. EPA, 401M Street, S. W. Washington, D.C. 20460 (EN-336)for approval. Once a Part 1
application is approved, group applicants are to submit Part 2 of the group application to the Office of
Water Enforcement and Permits. A group application shall consist of:
(i) Part 1. Part I of a group application shall:
(A) identify the participants in the group application by name and location. Facilities
participating in the group application shall be listed in nine subdivisions, based on the facility location
relative to the nine precipitation zones indicated in Appendix Figure D-l to this Part.
(B) include a narrative description summarizing the industrial activities of participants of the
group application and explaining why the participants, as a whole, are sufficiently similar to be a covered
by a general permit;
(C) include a list of significant materials stored exposed to precipitation by participants in the
group application and materials management practices employed to diminish contact by these materials
with precipitation and storm water runoff;
(D) identify ten percent of the dischargers participating in the group application (with a
minimum of 10 dischargers, and either a minimum of two dischargers from each precipitation zone
indicated in Appendix Figure D-l of this Part in which ten or more members of the group are located, or
one discharger from each precipitation zone indicated in Appendix Figure D-l of this Part in which nine
or fewer members of the group are located) from which quantitative data will be submitted in Part 2. If
more than 1,000 facilities are identified in a group application, no more than 100 dischargers must
submit quantitative data in Part 2. Groups of between four and ten dischargers may be formed.
However, in groups of between four and ten, at least half the facilities must submit quantitative data,
and at least one facility in each precipitation zone in which members of the group are located must
submit data. A description of why the facilities selected to perform sampling and analysis are
representative of the group as a whole, in terms of the information provided in subparagraphs (i)(B) and
(i) (C) of this paragraph, shall accompany this section. Different factors impacting the nature of the
storm water discharges, such as processes used and material management, shall be represented, to the
extent feasible, in a manner roughfy equivalent to their proportion in the group.
(ii) Part 2. Part 2 of a group application shall contain quantitative data (NPDES Form 2F),
as modified by paragraph (c)(l) of this section, so that when Part 1 and Part 2 of the group application
are taken together, a complete NPDES application (Form 1, Form 2C, and Form 2F) can be evaluated
for each discharger identified in paragraph (c)(2)(i)(D) of this section.
73
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25aN
25'N
Source: Methodology for Analysis of Detention Basins for Control of Urban Runoff Quality, prepared for
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Nonpoint Source EH vision, Washington, DC, 1986.
Note: Alaska and Hawaii are included in Zone 7. The Virgin Island and Puerto Rico are included in Zone 3.
Appendix Figure D-l. Rainfall Zones of the United States
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APPENDIX D.I: EPA REVIEW PROCEDURES FOR A GROUP APPLICATION
As shown in Figure 2-1, EPA Headquarters has 60 days to approve or deny the Part 1
application. When the Part 1 application is approved, group applicants are to submit Part 2 to the
same address.
Part 2 of the group application must contain quantitative data (i.e., the data required in
Form 2F) so that when Parts 1 and 2 of the group application are taken together, a complete
NPDES permit application [Form 1, Form 2C (if necessary based on the criteria for use of this
form), and Form 2F] can be evaluated for each of the dischargers designated in Item 4 of Part 1.
Although there in no such thing as a group permit, the data submitted by the group will be
used to develop general permits or individual permits for all of the facilities participating in the
group application (see Figure 2-1). EPA and NPDES States with general permit authority may
develop a general permit that can then be modified as necessary for each industrial subcategory (e.g.,
based on SIC codes). NPDES States without general permitting authority can develop individual
permits for the facilities participating in the group based on the information reported in the
application. The group application process and related timeframes are summarized below:
a) Part 1 of the application must be submitted to the Director, EPA Office of Water
Enforcement and Permits, by September 30,1991.
b) Based on information submitted in Part 1 of the group application, EPA
Headquarters will approve or deny the group coapplicants within 60 days after
receipt.
c) Part 2 of the application must be submitted to EPA, Office of Water Enforcement
and Permits no later than May 18,1992.
d) A facility identified in the definition of "storm water associated with industrial
activity" (summarized in Table 2-2) may add on to a group application submitted in
accordance with item (2a) above at the discretion of the Office of Water
Enforcement and Permits, and only upon a showing of good cause by the facility
and the group applicant.
e) Facilities identified in Table 2-2 may apply for a storm water discharge permit as
part of a group application previously submitted in accordance with item (2a) above,
if the application for the additional facility is made within IS months from the date
of publication of the final general permit rule; the addition of the facility shall not
reduce the percentage of the facilities that are required to submit quantitative data
below 10%, unless there are over 100 facilities in the group that are submitting
quantitative data. Approval to become part of group application must be obtained
from the group or the trade association representing the individual facilities and
from the Office of Water Enforcement and Permits.
75
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APPENDIX E: NPDES PERMIT APPUCATION FORMS AND INSTRUCTIONS FOR
THE PERMITTING PROCESS
Appendix
E.1 Form 1
E2 Form 2F
E3 Form 2C
E4 Form 2D
E5 Form2E
76
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APPENDIXES: FORM I
77
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United Steut
Environmental Protection
Off to of
Enforcement
Washington. DC 20480
EPA Form 3910-1
Revleed August
Permits Divieion
6EPA
Application Form 1 - General
Information
Consolidated Permits Program
This form must bt completed by all ptrsons applying for
parmit under EPA's Consolidated Permits Program. See
the general instructions to Form 1 to determine which
other application forms you will i
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DESCRIPTION OF CONSOLIDATED
PERMIT APPLICATION FORMS
FORM 1 PACKAGE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
The Consolidated Permit Application Formi art:
Form 1 - General Information (included in thiiptrti,
Form 2 - Discharges to Surface Water INPDES Pmrmia):
2A, Publicly Owned Treatment Workt /fl«wrv*rf not Included in
2B. Concentrated Animal Feeding Oparationi and Aquatic Animal
Production Facilities (not included in thit pfcktgtl,
2C. Exilting Manufacturing. Commarcial, Mining, and Silviculture!
Oparationt (not included in tftit fucktgf), and
2D. Ntw Manufacturing, Commarcial, Mining, and Silvicultural
Oparationi IRnumd not inctudtd in tfiii ptcktgi);
form 3 Hazardous Wasta Application Form IRCRA P*mltt
not included In thit ptcktya);
Form 4 Underground Injection of Fluids !UIC Pttmltt Hf-
mn*d not included in tfilt p*ck»gi) , and
Form 5 - Air Emissioni in Attainment Areas (PSD Pumitt ft*
not included in
Section A. General Instructions
Section B. Instructions for Form 1
Section C. Activities Which Do Not Require Permits
Section 0. Glossary
Form 1 ftwocopinl
SECTION A - GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS
Who Mutt Apply
With the exceptions described in Section C of these instructions. Fed-
eral laws prohibit you from conducting any of the following activities
without a permit.
NPDES INttiontl Polluttnt Ditchtrge Eliminttion Syinm Und»r th»
CTea/i W»t*r Act, 33 U.5.C !2St>. Discharge of pollutants into the
waters of the United States.
RCRA (Rttovrc* Con$»rv»tion tnd flecovery Met, 42 U.S.C 6901).
Treatment, storage, or disposal of hazardous westes.
U1C lUndtrground Infection Control Under the Sift Drinking Wittr
Act, 42 (J.S.C 30Ofl. Injection of fluids underground by gravity flow
or pumping.
PSD (Prevention of Significtnt Dvtiriorttion Under the dean Air
Act, 72 U.&G 7401). Emission of an air pollutant by a new or modi-
fied facility in or near an area which has attained the National Ambient
Air Quality Standards for that pollutant.
Each of the above permit programs is operated in any particular State
by either the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
or by an approved State agency. You must use this application form to
apply for a permit for those programs administered by EPA. For those
programs administered by approved States, contact the State environ-
mental agency for the proper forms.
If you nave any questions about whether you need a permit under any
of the above progrems, or if you need information as to whether a
particular program is administered by EPA or a State agency, or If you
need to obtain application forms, contact your EPA Regional office
(lifted in Tattle 1i,
Upon your request, and based upon information supplied by you,
EPA will determine whether you are required to obtain a permit for
a particular facility. Be sure to contact EPA if you have a question,
because Federal laws provide that you may be heevBy penalized tf
you do not apply for a permit when a permit ie required.
Form 1 of the EPA consolidated application forms collects general
information applying to all programs. You must fill out Form 1 regard-
less of which permit you are applying for. In addition, you mutt fill
out one of the supplementary forms IFormt 2 8) for each permit
needed under each of the ibove programs. Item II of Form 1 will
guide you to the appropriate supplementary forms,
You should note that there are certain exclusions to the permit require-
ments listed above. The exclusions are described in detail in Section C
of these instructions. If your activities are excluded from permit re-
quirements then you do not need to complete and return any forms.
NOTE; Certain activities not listed above also are subject to EPA
administered environmental permit requirements. These include per-
mits for ocean dumping, dredged or fill material discharging, and
certain types of air emissions. Contact your EPA Regional office for
further information.
TeWe 1. Addreaaai of EPA Regional Contact! and States Within the
Regional Office Juriedtetlona
REGION I
Permit Contact, Environmental and Economic Impact Office, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, John F. Kennedy Building, Bos-
ton, Massachusetts 02203, (61?) 223-4635, FTS 223-4635.
Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hempshire, Rhode hland.
and Vermont.
REGION II
Permit Contact, Permits Administration Branch, Room 432, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, 26 Federal Place, New York.
New York 10007, (212} 264-9880, FTS 264-9880.
New Jersey. New York, Virgin Islands, and Puerto Rico.
REGION III
Permit Contact 'f3 iN 23). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
6th A Walnut Streets, Philedelphie, Pennsylvania 19106, (215)
597-8816, FTS §97-8816.
Delaware, District of Columbia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia,
and West Virginia.
REGION IV
Permit Contact, Permits Section, U.S. Environmentel Protection
Agency, 346 Courtland Street, N.E., Atlanta, Georgia 30365, (404)
881-2017, FTS 257-2017.
Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina,
South Carolina, and Tennessee.
REGION V
Permit Contact I5EP). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 230
South Dearborn Street, Chtcage, Illinois 60604, (312) 353-2105.
FTS 353-2106.
Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota. Ohio, and Witconiin.
1-1
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SECTION A - GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS (continued)
T«Wt 1 fconttweoV
REGION VI
Permit Contact ISAEf). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
First International Building. 1301 Elm Street, Dallas. Tflx« 75270.
1214) 767-2765, FTS 729-2765.
ArkwiMt, Louisiana, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texat.
REGION VII
Permit Contact, Permits Branch, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, 324 Een 11th Street, Kaniat City, Missouri 64106, (816)
768-5955. FTS 758-5955.
Iowa, Kantet, Missouri, and Nebraska.
REGION VIII
Permit Contact (8E-WE). Suite 103, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, 1880 Lincoln Street, Denver, Colorado 80295, (303) 837-
4901, FTS 327-4901.
Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Utah, and
Wyoming.
REGION IX
Permit Contact, Permits Branch IE41, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, 215 Fremont Street, San Francisco, California 94105.
14151 556-3450, FTS 556-3450.
Arizona, California, Hawaii, Nevada, Guam, American Samoa, and
Trust Territories.
REGION X
Permit Contact (U/S 521 i, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
1200 6th Avenue, Seattle, Washington 98101, (206) 442-7178,
FTS 399-7176.
Alaska, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington.
Where to File
The application forms should be mailed to the EPA Regional office
whose Region includes the Stete in which the facility is located tee
FaMeW.
If the State in which the facility is located administers a Federal permit
program under which you need e permit, you should contact the appro-
priate State agency for the correct forms. Your EPA Regional office
iTeo/e II can tell you to whom to apply and can provide the appro-
priate address and phone number.
When to FMa
Because of statutory requirements, the deadlines for filing applications
very according to the type of facility you operate and the type of per-
mit you need. These deadlines are as follows:1
Table 2. Filing Oetei for Permit*
WHEN TO FILE
IMNPOfSI 180 days before your present NPDES per-
mit expires.
IB(NPDfS) 180 days before your present NPDES per-
mit expires*, or 180 days prior to start-
up if you are a new facility.
ICtNPDCS) ISO days before your present NPOES per-
mit expires*.
180 days prior to startup.
. .Existing facility: Six months following
publication of regulations listing hazard-
ous wastes.
New facility: 180 days before commencing
physical construction.
TaMe 2 tcontinutd)
*(UIC) A reasonable time .prior to construction
for new wells; as directed by the Director
for existing wells.
S(PSO) Prior to commencement of construction.
' Please note that some of these forms are not yet available for use
and ere listed as "Reserved" at the beginning of these instructions.
Contact your EPA Regional office for information on current appli-
cation requirement! and forms.
* If your present permit expires on or before November 30, 1980, the
filing date is the date on which your permit expires. If your permit
expires during the period December 1, 1980 May 31, 1981, the fil-
ing date is 90 dayi before your permit expires.
Federal regulations provide that you may not begin to construct a
new source in the NPDES program, a new hazardous waste management
facility, a new infection well, or a facility covered by the PSD program
before the issuance of a permit under the applicable program. Please
note that if you are required to obtain a permit before beginning con-
struction, es described above, you may need to submit your permit
application well in advance of en appliceble deadline listed in Table 2.
The U.S. EPA does not require e fee for apply irvg for eny permit under
the consolidated permit programs. Mowteivr, fame Scant which ad-
miniittr one or mom of tftase progrtmt nquirt tut for Me perm/at
nnfiich th«y ittutj
Availability of Information to Public
Information contained in these application forms will, upon request,
be made available to the public for inspection and copying. However,
you may request confidential treatment for certain information which
you submit on certain supplementary forms. The specific instructions
for each supplementary form state what information on the form, if
any, may be claimed as confidential and what procedures govern the
claim. No information on Forms 1 and 2A through 2D may be claimed
as confidential.
Completion of Forme
Unless otherwise specified in instructions to the forms, each item In
each form must be answered. To indicate that each item has been con-
sidered, enter "NA," for not applicable, if a particular item does not
fit the circumstances or characteristics of your facility or activity,
If you have previously submitted information to EPA or to en approved
State agency which answers a question, you may either repeat the in-
formation in the space provided or attach a copy of the previous sub-
mission. Some items in the form require narrative explanation. If more
space is necassery to answer a question, attach a separate sheet entitled
"Additional Information."
Financial Assistance for Pollution Control
There ere a number of direct loans, loan guarantees, and grants available
to firms and communities for pollution control expenditures. These are
provided by the Small Business Administration, the Economic Devel-
opment Administration, the Farmers Home Administration, and the
Department of Housing and Urban Development. Each EPA Regional
office rTa0/« 1) has an economic assistance coordinator who can pro-
vide you with additional information.
EPA's construction grants program under Title II of the Clean Water
Act is an additional source of assistance to publicly owned treatment
works. Contact your EPA Regional office for details.
1-2
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SECTION B - FORM 1 LINE-BY-LINE INSTRUCTIONS
This form ">utt be completed by ell applicants.
Completing Thte fun*
Please type or print in the unshaded arm only. Some items heve imail
graduation marks in the fill-in spaces. These marks indicate the num-
ber of characters that may b* entered into our data lystam. The marks
art spaced at 1/6" interval* which accommodata elite type 112 chine-
ttn per inch!. If you usa another typa you may ignore tha marks. I*
you print, place each character between the mark*. Abbreviate if neces-
sary to stay within the number of character* allowed for each item.
Use one space for breaks between words, but not for punctuation
marks unless they are needed to clarify your response.
I
Space is provided at the upper right hand corner of Form 1 for inser-
tion of your EPA Identification Number. If you haw an existing facil-
ity, antar your Identification Number. If you don't know your EPA
identification Number, please contact your EPA Regional office (Tgbti
ft, which will provide you with your number. If your facility ii new
(notyttconttmcttdl, leave this item blank.
II
Answer each question to determine which supplementary forms you
need to fill out. Be sura to check the glossary in Section 0 of these
instructions for the legal definitions of the bold faced wonts. Check
Section C of these instructions to determine whether your activity
is excluded from permit requirements.
If you answer "no" to every question, then you do not need a permit,
and you do not need to complete and return any of these forms.
If you answer "yes" to any question, then you must complete and file
the supplementary form by the deadline listed in Table 2 along with
this form. ITh* tpptictbl* form number follow? aacA Question unit it
tnctoftd in p*y»/>«/>**«J You need not submit a supplementary form if
you already have a permit under the appropriate Federal program,
unless your permit is due to expire and you wish to renew your permit.
Questions (I) and (J) of Item II refer to major new or modified sources
subject to Prevention of Significant Deterioration IPSD) requirements
under tha Clean Air Act. For the purpose of the PSD program, major
sources are defined as: {A) Sources listed in Table 3 which have the po-
tential to emit 100 toni or more per year emissions; and (B) All other
sources with the potential to emit 250 tons or more par year. See
Section C of these instructions for discussion of exclusions of certain
modified sources.
TaWa 3. 2S Industrial Categories Lieted In Section 189(1) of the Oeen
Air Act of 1977
Fossil fuelfired steam generators of more than 250 million BTU per
hour heat input;
Coal deeming plants Mth thtrmtl drytnl;
Kraft pulp mills;
Portland cement plants;
Primary zinc smelters;
Iron and steel mill plants;
Primary aluminum ore reduction plants;
Primary copper smelteri;
Municipal incinerators capable of charging more than 250 tons of re-
fuse per day;
Hydrofluoric acid plants;
Nitric acid plants;
Sulf uric acid plants;
Petroleum refineries;
Lime plants;
Phosphate rock processing plants;
Coke oven batteries;
Sulfur recovery plants;
Carbon black plants (furract procttt);
Primary lead smelters;
Fuel conversion plants;
Sintering plants;
Secondary metal production plants;
Chemical process plants;
Fossil fuel boilers for combinttion thereof) totaling more than 250
million BTU per hour heat input;
Table 3 Icontinutdi
Petroleum storage and transfer units with a total storage capacity
exceeding 300,000 barrels;
Taconite ore processing plants;
Glass fiber processing plants; and
Charcoal production plants.
Item III
Enter the facility's official or legal name. Do not use a colloquial
name.
Item IV
Give the name, title, and work telephone number of a person who is
thoroughly familiar with the operation of the facility and with the facts
reported in this application and who can be contacted by reviewing
offices if necessary.
Item V
Give the complete mailing address of the office where correspondence
should be sent. This often is not the address used to designate the lo-
cation of the facility or activity.
Item VI
Give the address or location of tha facility identified in Item HI of this
form. If the facility lacks a street name or route number, give the most
accurate alternative geographic information ft.g.. mcfion mimbtr or
Qutrttr tfction mtmbtr from county ncordt or *t inttrtuction of fit*.
43S»nd23).
Item VII
List, in descending order of significance, tha four 4digit standard
industrial classification (SIC) codes which best describe your facility
in terms of the principal products or services you produce or provide.
Also, specify each classification in words. These classifications may dif-
fer from the SIC codes describing the operetion generating the dis-
charge, air emissions, or hazardous wastes.
SIC code numbers are descriptions which may be found in the "Stan-
dard Industrial Classification Manual" prepared by the Executive Of-
fice of the President, Office of Management and Budget, which is
available from the Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
Use the current edition of the manual. If you have any questions con-
cerning the appropriate SIC code for your facility, contact your iPA
Regional office A** r*M» V.
Item Vlll-A
Give the name, at it is legally referred to, of tha person, firm, public
organization, or any other entity which operates tha facility described
in this application. This may or may not be the same name as the fa-
cility. The operator of tha facility is the legal entity which controls
the facility's operation rather than tha plant or site manager. Do not
use a colloquial name.
Item VIII-B
Indicate whether the entity which operates the facility also owns it
by marking the appropriate box.
Item VIII-C
Enter the appropriate letter to indicate the legal status of the operator
of the facility. Indicate "public" for a facility solely owned by local
government^*) such as a city, town, county, parish, etc.
Item* VIII-D - H
Enter the telephone number and address of the operator identified in
Item Vlll-A.
1-3
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SECTION B - FORM 1 LINE-BY-LINE INSTRUCTIONS (continued)
Item IX
Indicate whether the facility is located on Indian Lands.
Item X
Give the number of each presently effective permit issued to the fa-
cility for each program or, if you have previously filed an application
but have not yet received a permit, give the number of the application,
if any. Fill in the unshaded area only. If you have more than on* cur-
rently effective permit for your facility under a particular permit pro-
gram, you may list additional permit numbers on a separate sheet of
paper. List any relevant environmental Federal (e.g., permitt under the
Ocean Dumping Act, Section 404 of the Cletn Water Act or the Surface
Mining Control and Reclamation Act), State (e.g.. State ptrmitt for
new air emission sources in nonattainmem treat under Pan D of the
Clean Air Act or State permits under Section 404 of the Clean Water
Act), or local permits or applications under "other."
Item XI
Provide a topographic map or maps of the area extending at least to
one mile beyond the property boundaries of the facility which clearly
show the following:
The legal boundaries of the facility;
The location and serial number of each of your existing and proposed
intake and discharge structures;
All hazardous waste management facilities;
Each well where you inject fluids underground; and
All springs and surface water bodies in the area, plus all drinking
water wells within 1/4 mile of the facility which are identified in the
public record or otherwise known to you.
If an intake or discharge structure, hazardous waste disposal site, or
injection well associated with the facility is located more than one mile
from the plant, include it on the map, if possible. If not, attach addi-
tional sheets describing the location of the structure, disposal site, or
well, and identify the U.S. Geological Survey (or other) map corres-
ponding to the location.
On each map, include the map scale, a meridian arrow showing north,
and latitude and longitude at the nearest whole second. On all maps of
rivers, show the direction of the current, and in tidal waters, show the
directions of the ebb and flow tides. Use a 7-1/2 minute series map
published by the U.S. Geological Survey, which may be obtained
through the U.S. Geological Survey Offices listed below. If a 7-1/2
minute series map has not been published for your facility sit*, than
you may use a 15 minute series map from the U.S. Geological Survey.
If neither a 7-1/2 nor 15 minute series map has been published for your
facility site, use a plat map or other appropriate map, including all the
requested information; in this case, briefly describe land uses in the
map area (e.g.. residential, commercial).
You may trace your map from a geological survey chart, or other map
meeting the above specifications. If you do, your map should bear a
note showing the number or title of the map or chart it was traced
from. Include the names of nearby towns, water bodies, and other
prominent points. An example of an acceptable location map is shown
in Figure 11 of these instructions. (NOTE: Figure 11 it provided for
purposet of illustration only, and don not repretent any actual fa-
cility.)
U.S.G.S. OFFICES
AREA SERVED
Eastern Mapping Center
National Cartographic Information
Center
U.S.G.S.
536 National Center
Reston, Va. 22092
Phone No. (703) 860-6336
Ala., Conn., Del., D.C., Fla.,
Ga., Ind.. Ky., Maine, Md..
Mass., N.H., N.J.. N.Y., N.C.,
S.C., Ohio, Pa., Puerto Rico,
R.I., Tenn., Vt., Va., W. Va.,
and Virgin Islands.
Itam XI (continued.)
Mid Continent Mapping Center
National Cartographic Information
Center
U.S.G.S.
1400 Independence Road
Rolla. Mo. 65401
Phone No. (314)341-0861
Rocky Mountain Mapping Canter
National Cartographic Infomation
Center
U.S.G.S.
Stop 504, Box 25046 Federal Center
Denver, Co. 80225
Phone No. (303) 234-2326
Western Mapping Center
National Cartographic Information
Center
U.S.G.S.
345 Middlef ield Road
Menlo Park, Ca. 94025
Phone No. (415) 323-8111
A.rk-: '" '*"». Kans.. La.,
Mich., Minn. Miss Mo
N.Dak., Nebr.. Okie., S. Dak!'
and Wis.
Alaska, Colo., Mom., N. Max.,
Tex., Utah, and Wyo.
Ariz., Calif., Hawaii, Idaho
Nev.. Or«g., Wash., American
Samoa, Guam, and Trust
Territories
ItwnXII
Briefly describe the nature of your business (e.g., product* producao
or tervicet provided).
Item XIII
Federal statues provide for severe penalties for submitting falsa inform-
ation on this application form.
18 U.S.C. Section 1001 provides that "Whoever, in any matter within
the jurisdiction of any department or agency of the United States
knowingly and willfully falsifies, conceals or covers up by any trick,
scheme, or device a material fact, or makes or uses any false writing
or document knowing same to contain any false, fictitious or fraudu-
lent statement or entry, shall be fined not more than $10,000 or im-
prisoned not more then five years, or both."
Section 309(c)(2) of the Clean Water Act and Section 113(c)(2) of the
Clean Air Act each provide that "Any person who knowingly mekes
any false statement, representation, or certification in any applica-
tion, . . . shell upon conviction, be punished by e fine of no more then
$10,000 or by imprisonment for not more then six months, or both."
In addition, Section 3008(d)(3) of the Resource Conservation end Re-
covery Act provides for a fine up to $25,000 per dey or imprisonment
up to one veer, or both, for e first conviction for making a false state-
ment In any application under the Act, and for double these penalties
upon subsequent convictions.
FEDERAL REGULATIONS REQUIRE THIS APPLICATION TO BE
SIGNED AS FOLLOWS:
A. For a corporation, by a principal executive officer of at least the
level of vice president. However, if the only activity in Item II which
is marked "yes" is Question G, the officer may authorize e person
having responsibility for the overall operations of the well or well
field to sign the certification. In that case, the authorization must be
written end submitted to the permitting authority.
B. For partnership or sole proprietorship, by a general partner or the
proprietor, respectively; or
C. For a municipality. State, Federal, or other public facility, by
either a principal executive officer or ranking elected official.
1-4
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SECTION C - ACTIVITIES WHICH DO NOT REQUIRE PERMITS
I. National Pollutant Otacharge Elimination System Permit! Under
the Claan Wattr Act. You are not required to obtain an NPDES permit
if your discharge n in ont of the following categories, »» provided by
the Clean Water Act (CWAI and by the NPDES regulation! (40 CFR
torn 122128}. However, under Section 510 of CWA a discharge ex-
empted from the federal NPDES requirements may still be regulated
by a State authority; contact your State environmental agency to de-
termine whether you need a State permit.
A. DISCHARGES FROM VESSELS. Discharges of sewage from vet-
Ml*, effluent from properly functioning marine engines, laundry,
shower, and galley sink wastes, and any other discharge incidental to
the normal operation of a vessel do not require NPDES permits.
However, discharges of rubbish, trash, garbage, or othtf such mater-
ials discharged overboard require permits, and so do other discharges
when the vessel is operating in a capacity other than as a means of
transportation, such as when the vessel is being used as in energy or
mining facility, a storage facility, or a seafood processing fecility, or
is secured to the bed of the ocean, contiguous zone, or waters of the
United States for the purpose of mineral or oil exploration or de-
velopment.
B. DREDGED OR FILL MATERIAL. Discharges of dredged or fill
material into waters of the United States do not need NPDES permits
if the dredging or filling is authorized by a permit issued by the U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers or an EPA approved State under Section
404 of CWA.
C. DISCHARGES INTO PUBLICLY OWNED TREATMENT WORKS
(POTWI. The introduction of sewage, industrial wastes, or other pol-
lutants into a POTW does not need an NPDES permit. You mutt
comply with ell applicable pretreatment standards promulgated
under Section 307(b) of CWA, which may be included in the permit
issued to the POTW. If you have a plan or an agreement to twitch
to a POTW in the future, this does not relieve you of the obligation
to apply for and receive an NPDES permit until you have stopped
discharging pollutants into waters of the United States.
(NOTE: Ditchargert into privately owned treatment work* do not
Aave to epply for or obtain NPDES permit* except at otherwiie re-
quired by the EPA Regional Adminittretor. Tht owner or operator
of the treatment work* ittelf, however, mutt apply for a permit end
identify ell umn in it* application, Utert to identified will receive
public notice ofectt'ont taken on the permit for the treatment workt.1
D. DISCHARGES FROM AGRICULTURAL AND SILVICULTUR-
AL ACTIVITIES. Most discharges from agricultural and silviculture!
activities to waters of the United States do not require NPD1S per-
mits. These include runoff from orchards, cultivated crops, pastures,
range lands, and forest lands. However, the discharges lifted below
do require NPDES permits. Definitions of the terms lilted below are
contained in the Glossary section of these instructions.
1. Discharges from Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations.
(Set Glossary for definition! of "animal fading operetfont" end
"concentrated animal fading operationi." Only the letter require
permit*.)
2. Discharges from Concentrated Aquatic Animal Production
Facilities. (See Slonery for tize cutofft.l
3, Discharge! associated with approved Aquaculture Projects.
4. Discharges from Silviculture! Point Sources. /Sew G/ouary for
th* definition of "tilvicultural point tource.") Nonpoint source
tilvicultural activities are excluded from NPDES permit require-
ments. However, some of these activities, such es stream crossings
for roadi, may involve point source discharges of dredged or fill
material which may require a Section 404 permit. See 33 CFR
209.120.
E. DISCHARGES IN COMPLIANCE WITH AN ON-SCENE CO-
ORDINATOR'S INSTRUCTIONS.
it. Hazardous Wade Permits Under th« Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act Yoy may be excluded from the requirement to obtain
a permit under this program if you fall into one of the following
categories:
Generators who accumulate their own hazardous want onsite for
leu than 90 days as provided in 40 CFR 262.34;
Farmers who dispose of hazardous waste pesticide from their own use
as provided in 40 CFR 262.51;
Certain persons treating, storing, or disposing of small quantities of
hazardous waste as provided in 40 CFR 261.4 or 261.5; and
Owners and operators of totally enclosed treatment facilities as de-
fined in 40 CFR 260.10.
Check with your Regional office for details. Please note that even if
you are excluded from permit raquirements, you may be required by
Federal regulations to handle your watte in a particular manner.
III. Underground Injection Control Permits Under the Safe Drinking
Water Act. You are not required to obtain a permit under this program
if you:
Inject into existing wells used to enhance recovery of oil and gas or
to store hydrocarbons (note, however, that thete underground injec-
tion* an regulated by Federel ruin); or
Inject into or above a stratum which contains, within 1/4 mile of the
wall bora, an underground source of drinking water (unleu your in-
Action it tru type identified in I tarn II-H, for which you do need a
permit). However, you must notify EPA of your injection and submit
certain required information on forms supplied by the Agency, and
your operation may be phased out if you are a generator of hazardous
wastes or a hazardous waste management facility which uses wells
or septic tanks to dispose of hazardous waste.
IV. Prevention of Significant Deterioration Permits Under the Claan
Air Act. The PSD program applies to newly constructed or modified
facilities (both of which ere referred to at "new tourcet"! which in-
crease air emissions. The Claan Air Act Amendments of 1977 exclude
small new sources of air emissions from the PSD review program. Any
new source in an industrial category lilted in Table 3 of these instruc-
tion! whose potential to emit is lest than 100 tons per year is not re-
quired to get a PSD permit. In addition, any new source in an industrial
category not listed in Table 3 whose potential to emit it lest than 250
tons per year it exempted from the PSD requirements.
Modified sources which increase their net emissions (the difference
between the total emittion increase* end tola/ emimion decreases n
the tource) lets than the significant amount tat forth in EPA regulations
are also exempt from PSD requirements. Contact your EPA Regional
office (Table 11 for further information.
1-5
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SECTION D - GLOSSARY
NOTE: This Glossary includes terms used in the instruction! and in Forms 1, 28, 2C, and 3. Additional termi will bt included in the
future when other forms are developed to reflect the requirements of other parts of the Consolidated Permits Program. If you have
any questions concerning the meaning of any of these terms, please contact your EPA Regional office (Tibfa 1).
ALIQUOT meant sample of specified volume used to make up * total
composite semple.
ANIMAL FEEDING OPERATION means lot or facility (otrmr (nan
an tquttic tnirrml production futility! whir* the following conditions
re m*t:
A. Animals tottigr tncn tquttic tnimils! have been, »r», or will be
stabled or confined and ftd or maintained for a total of 45 dayl or
more in any 12 month period; and
8. Crops, vegetation, forage growth, or pottharvest residua*ara not
sustained in the normal growing season over any portion of the lot
or facility.
Two or more animal feeding operations under common ownership
ar* a singla animal feeding operation if they adjoin each other or if
they use a common area or lystam for the disposal of wastes.
ANIMAL UNIT maeni a unit of measurement for any animal feeding
operation calculated by adding the following numbers: The number of
slaughter and feeder cattle multiplied by 1,0; Plus the number of ma-
ture dairy cattle multiplied by 1.4; Plus the number of swine weighing
over 25 kilograms (tpproxirrntv/y 55 pound*) multiplied by 0.4; Plus
the number of sheep multiplied by 0.1; Plus the number of horses
multiplied by 2.0.
APPLICATION meant the EPA standard national forms for applying
for a permit, including any additions, revisions, or modifications to the
forms; or forms approved by EPA for use in approved States, including
any approved modifications or revisions. For RCRA, "application"
also means "Application, Part B."
APPLICATION, PART A means that part of the Consolidated Permit
Application forms which a RCRA permit applicant must complete to
Qualify for interim status under Section 3006(e) of RCRA and for con-
sideration for a permit. Part A consists of Form 1 fGtemml Inform*-
Han) and Form 3 (Hutrdoui rVwfa Appltcttioa form).
APPLICATION, PART B means that part of the application which a
RCRA permit applicant mutt complete to be issued a permit. MOTS:
EPA it not dtveVopmp a apaci/ac form for fls/i 8 of tt>* permit appli-
cation, but an inttruction oookltt txpMning t*ri*t information mutt lit
upplitdit avaWaMe from tfi» EPA rTeeftna/ office./
APPROVED PROGRAM or APPROVED STATE means a State pro-
gram which has been approved or authorized by EPA under 40 CFR
Part 123.
AQUACULTURE PROJECT means a defined managed water area
which uses discharge* of pollutants into that designated area for the
maintenance or production of harvertable freshwater, astuarina, or
marine plants or animals. "Designated area" means the portions of the
waters of the United States within which the applicant plans to con-
fine the cultivated species, using a method of plan or operation Hnctud-
ing. out not /wn/rwrf to, ftVtvafca/ eonfintmtnt) which, on the basis of
reliable scientific evidence, is expected to ensure the specific individual
organisms comprising an aqoaculture crop will enjoy increased growth
attributable to the discharge of pollutants and be hervested within e
defined geographic area.
AQUIFER means a geological formation, group of formations, or part
of a formation that is capable of yielding e significant amount of water
to e well or spring.
AREA OF REVIEW meant the area surrounding an injection well
which is described according to the criteria set forth in 40 CFR Section
146.06.
AREA PERMIT means a UIC permit applicable to ell or certain walls
within a geographic eree, rather than to a specified well, under 40 CFR
Section 122.37.
ATTAINMENT AREA meens, for any air pollutant, an aree which has
been designated under Section 107 of the Clean Air Act as having
ambient air quality levels better than any national primary or secondary
ambient air quality standard for that pollutant. Standards have been set
for sulfur oxides, paniculate matter, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monox-
ide, ozone, lead, and hydrocarbons. For purposes of the Glossary,
"attainment area" also refers to "unclassifiable area," which means,
for any pollutants, an area designated under Section 107 a* unclassi-
fiable with respect to that pollutant due to insufficient information.
BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES <8Mf>) means schedules of activi-
ties, prohibitions of practices, maintenance procedures, and other man-
agement practices to prevent or reduce the pollution of waters of the
United States. BMP's include treatment requirements, operation proce-
dures, and practices to control plant site runoff, spillage or leaks,
sludge or waste disposal, or drainage from raw material storage.
BIOLOGICAL MONITORING TEST means any test which includes
the use of aquatic algal, invertebrate, or vertebrate species to measure
acute or chronic toxicity, and any biological or chemical measure of
bioeccumulation.
BYPASS means the intentional diversion of wastes from any any por-
tion of a treatment facility.
CONCENTRATED ANIMAL FEEDING OPERATION meens en animal
feeding operation which meets the criteria set forth in either (A) or (B)
below or which the Director designates as such on e case by case
basis:
A. More than the numbers of animals specified in any of the follow-
ing categories are confined:
1 . 1 ,000 slaughter or feeder cattle,
2. 700 mature dairy cattle (wfittfur milktd or dry cowtl,
3. 2,500 swina each weighing over 26 kilograms tfpproximttoly
5S pound*),
4. 500 horses,
6. 10,000 sheep or lambs,
6. 55,000 turkeys.
7, 100,000 laying hens or broilers (if tn* facility fit* t eontinuout
overflow tm
B. 30,000 laying hens or broilers Iff tt\t facility h»t * liquid minurt
handling tyittml.
9. 6,000 ducks, or
10. 1 ,000 animal units; or
B. More than the following numbers and types of animals ara con-
fined;
1 . 300 slaughter or feeder cattle,
2, 200 mature dairy cattle (wftithfr milked or dry cowtl,
3, 750 twine each weighing over 25 kilograms foproximtttly 55
poundtl,
4. 150 hones,
1-6
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SECTION D - GLOSSARY (continued)
CONCENTRATED ANIMAL FEEDING OPERATION (continual)
5. 3,000 sheep or Iambi.
6. 16,500 turkeys,
7. 30,000 laying hens or broilers (if the facility hit continuout
overflow watering).
8. 9,000 laying bans or broilers (if the facility his » liquid manure
handling system!,
9. 1,600 ducks, or
10. 300 animal units; AND
Either one of the following conditions are met: Pollutants are dis-
charged into waters of the United States through a manmade ditch,
flushing system or other similar manmade device ("manmade"
means contracted by men ind tiled for the purpose of transporting
wastes!; or Pollutants are discharged directly into waters of the
Unites States which originate outside of and pass over, across, or
through the facility or otherwise come into direct contact with the
animals confined in the operation.
Provided, however, that no animal feeding operation is a concen-
trated animal feeding operation as defined above if such animal
feeding operation discharges only in the event of a 25 year, 24 hour
storm event.
CONCENTRATED AQUATIC ANIMAL PRODUCTION FACILITY
means a hatchery, fish farm, or other facility which contains, grows or
holds aquatic animals in either of the following categories, or which the
Director designates as such on a casebycase basis:
A. Cold water fish species or other cold water aquatic animals includ-
ing, but not limited to, the Salmonidae family of fish (e.g., trout end
salmon) in ponds, raceways or other similar structures which dis-
charge at least 30 days per year but does not include:
1. Facilities which produce less than 9,090 harvest weight kilograms
(approximately 20,000 poundtl of aquatic animals per year; and
2. Facilities which feed less than 2,272 kilograms (approximately
5,000 pounds! of food during the calendar month of maximum
feeding.
B. Warm water fish species or other warm water aquatic animals
including, but not limited to, the Ameiuridae, Cetrarchidae, and
Cyprinidae families of fish (e.g., respectively, catfish, sunfish. and
minnows) in ponds, raceways, or other similar structures which dis-
charge at least 30 days per year, but does not include:
1. Closed ponds which discharge only during periods of excess run-
off; or
2. Facilities which produce less than 45,454 harvest weight kilo-
grams (approximately tOO.OOO pounds) of aquatic animals per year.
CONTACT COOLING WATER means water used to reduce tempera-
ture which comes into contact with a raw material, intermediate pro-
duct, waste product other than heat, or finished product.
CONTAINER means any portable device in which a material is stored,
transported, treated, disposed of, or otherwise handled.
CONTIGUOUS ZONE means the entire zone established by the United
States under article 24 of the convention of the Territorial Sea and the
Contiguous Zone.
CWA means the Clean Water Act (formerly referred to the Federal
Water Pollution Control Act} Pub. L. 92-500. as amended by Pub.
L. 95-217 and Pub. L. 95-576, 33 U.S.C. 1251 etseq.
DIKE means any embankment or ridge of either natural or manmade
materials used to prevent the 'movement of liquids, sludges, solids, or
other materials.
DIRECT DISCHARGE means the discharge of a pollutant as defined
below.
DIRECTOR means the EPA Regional Administrator or the State Di-
rector as the context requires.
DISCHARGE (OF A POLLUTANT) means:
A. Any addition of any pollutant or combination of pollutants to
waters of the United States from any point source; or
B. Any addition of any pollutant or combination of pollutants to the
waters of the contiguous zone or the ocean from any point source
other than a vestal or other floating craft which is being used as a
means of transportation.
This definition includes discharges into waters of the United States
from: Surface runoff which is collected or channelled by man; Dis-
charges through pipes, sewers, or other conveyances owned by a State,
municipality, or other person which do not lead to POTW's; and Dis-
charges through pipes, seweri, or other conveyances, leading into
privately owned treatment works. This term does not include an ad-
dition of pollutants by any indirect discharger.
DISPOSAL (in the ftCRA program! means the discharge, deposit, in-
jection, dumping, spilling, leaking, or placing of any hazardous waste
into or on any land or water so that the hazardous waste or any constit-
uent of it may enter the environment or be emitted into the air or
discharged into any waters, including ground water.
DISPOSAL FACILITY means a facility or part of a facility at which
hazardous waste is intentionally placed into or on land or water, and
at which hazardous waste will remain after closure.
EFFLUENT LIMITATION means any restriction imposed by the
Director on quantities, discharge rates, and concentrations of pollu-
tants which are discharged from point sources into waters of the
United States, the waters of the continguous zone, or the ocean.
EFFLUENT LIMITATION GUIDELINE means a regulation published
by the Administrator under Section 304(b) of the Clean Water Act to
adopt or revise effluent limitations.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (EPA) means the
United States Environmental Protection Agency.
EPA IDENTIFICATION NUMBER means the number assigned by EPA
to each generator, transporter, and facility.
EXEMPTED AQUIFER means an aquifer or its portion that meets the
criteria in the definition of USDW, but which has been exempted ac-
cording to the procedures in 40 CFR Section 122.35(b).
EXISTING HWM FACILITY means a Hazardous Waste Management
facility which was in operation, or for which construction had com-
menced, on or before October 21, 1976. Construction had commenced
if (A) the owner or operator had obtained all necessary Federal. State,
and local preconstruction approvals or permits, and either (B1) a con-
tinuous on-site, physical construction program had begun, or (B2)
the owner or operator had entered into contractual obligations, which
could not be cancelled or modified without substantial loss, for con-
struction of the facility to be completed within a reasonable time.
(NOTE: This definition reflects the literal language of the statute.
However, EPA believes that amendments to RCRA now in conference
will shortly be enacted and will change the date for determining when
a facility is an "existing facility" to one no earlier than May of 1980;
indications are the conferees are considering October 30 1980.
Accordingly, EPA encourages every owner or operator of a facility
which was built or under construction as of the promulgation date of
the RCRA program regulations to file Part A of its permit application
so that it can be quickly processed for interim status when the change
in the law takes effect. When those amendments are enacted, EPA will
amend this definition.)
EXISTING SOURCE or EXISTING DISCHARGER (in the NPDES
program) means any source which is not a new source or a new dis-
charger.
1-7
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SECTION D - GLOSSARY (continued)
EXISTING INJECTION WELL means in injection
new injection well.
til other thin
FACILITY means my HWM facility, UIC underground injection well,
NPDES point source, PSD stationary tourct, or my other facility or
activity /including /and or jppuriWMncm thfrttol that it subject to
regulation under the RCRA, UIC, NPDES, or PSD program.
FLUID meant material or substance which flown or moves whether In
semisoltd, liquid, sludge, gas, or any other form or rtate.
GENERATOR means any person by site, whost act or process products
hazardous watte identified or listed in 40 CFR Part 261.
GROUNDWATER meant water below the land surface in a zone of
saturation.
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE means any of the substances designated
under 40 CFR Part 116 pursuant to Section 311 of CWA. (NOTE:
Theu tututtnctt art lilted in T*t>/» 3c4 of ttit innruction* to Form
SCI
HAZARDOUS WASTE means a hazardous waste as daf inad in 40 CFR
Section 261.3 published May 19, 1980,
HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT. FACILITY {HWM ftcilityl
means all contiguous land, structures, appurtenances, and improve-
ments on the land, used for treating, storing, or disposing of hazardous
wastes. A facility may consist of several treatment, storage, or disposal
Operational units (fear txtmpt*, on* or mart Itndfillt. turf*c» impound-
mtntt. Of combintt'oni of thtml.
IN OPERATION means a facility which is treating, storing, or disposing
of hazardous waste.
INCINERATOR (in (fit ft C ft A program 1 meant an enclosed device
using controlled flame combustion, the primary purpose of which is to
thermally break down hazardous waste. Examples of incinerators art
rotary kiln, fluidiztd bed, and liquid injection incinerators.
INDIRECT DISCHARGER means a nondomastic discharger introduc-
ing pollutants to a publicly owned treatment works.
INJECTION WELL means a well into which fluid* are being injected.
INTERIM AUTHORIZATION means approval by EPA of a State
hazardous waste program which has mat the requirements of Section
3006(cl of RCRA and applicable requirements of 40 CFR Part 123,
Subparts A, B. and F.
LANDFILL means a disposal facility or part of a facility where hazard*
ous waste is placed in or on land and which is not a land treatment
facility, a surface impoundment, or an injection well.
LAND TREATMENT FACILITY (in trie RCflA prognml means a
facility or part of a facility at which hazardous waste Is applied onto or
incorporated into the soil surface, such facilities are disposal facilities
if the waste will remain after closure.
LISTED STATE means a State listed by the Administrator under
Section 1422 of SDWA as needing a State UIC program,
MGD means millions of gallons per day.
MUNICIPALITY means a city, village, town, borough, county, parish,
district, association, or other public body created by or under State
law and having jurisdiction over disposal of sewage, industrial wastes,
or other wastes, or an Indian trite or an authorized Indian tribal organ-
ization, or a designated and approved management agency under
Section 208 of CWA.
NATIONAL POLLUTANT DISCHARGE ELIMINATION SYSTEM
(NPOES) means the national program for issuing modifying, revoking
and reissuing, terminating, monitoring, and enforcing permits and
imposing and enforcing pretreatment requirements, under Sections
307, 318, 402, and 405 of CWA. The term includes an approved
program.
NEW DISCHARGER means any building, structure, facility, or instal-
lation: (A) From which there is or may be a new or additional discharge
of pollutants at a site at which on October 18, 1972, it had never dis-
charged pollutants; (Bl Which hat never received a finally effective
NPDES permit for discharges at that site; and (C) Which is not a "new
source." This definition includes an indirect discharger which com-
mences discharging into waters of the United States, It also includes
any existing mobile point source, such as an offshore oil drilling rig,
seafood processing vessel, or aggregate plant that begins discharging
at a location for which it does not have an existing permit.
NEW HWM FACILITY means a Hazardous Watte Management facility
which began operation or for which construction commenced after
October 21,1976.
NEW INJECTION WELL meens a well which begins injection after a
UIC program for the State in which the well is located it approved.
NEW SOURCE (in trie NPDES prognml means any building, structure,
facility, or installation from which there is or may be a discharge of
pollutants, the construction of which commenced:
A. After promulgation of standards of performance under Section
306 of CWA which era applicable to such source; or
B. After proposal of standards of performance in accordance with
Section 306 of CWA which are applicable to such source, but only if
the standards are promulgated in accordance with Section 306 within
120 days of their proposal.
NON-CONTACT COOLING WATER means water used to reduce
temperature which does not coma into direct contact with any raw
material, intermediate product, waste product (other rtafi fit»t), or
finished product.
OFFSITE means any site which it not "onsite."
ON-SITE means on the same or geographically contiguous property
which may be divided by public or private rightfWofway, provided
the entrance and exit between the properties is at a crossroads Inter-
section, and access is by crossing as opposed to going along, the
rightW-ofway. Non-contiguous properties owned by the same per-
son, but connected by a rightofway which the person controls and
to which the public doe* not have access, is also considered on-tite
property.
OPEN BURNING means the combustion of any material without the
following characteristics:
A. Control of combustion air to maintain adequate temperature for
efficient combustion;
B. Containment of the combustionreaction in an enclosed device
to provide sufficient residence time and mixing for complete com-
bustion; and
C. Control of emission of the gaseous combustion products.
(Sf« a/KJ "incintntof" tnd "tnermaV rr*e«m«nr'V.
OPERATOR means the person responsible for the overall operation
of a facility.
OUTFALL means a point source.
OWNER means the person who owns a facility or part of a facility.
1-8
-------
SECTION D - GLOSSARY (continued}
PERMIT means tn authorization, license, or equivalent control docu-
ment issued by EPA or *n approved State to Implement the require-
ments of 40 CFR Pert* 122, 123, and 124.
PHYSICAL CONSTRUCTION lin the RCRA program) means
tion, movement of Mrth, erection of formi or ttructum, or similar
activity (o prepare a HWM facility to accept hazardous waste.
PILE meant any noncontarnerized accumulation of solid, nonflowing
hazardous watte thai is mad for treatment or ttoraga.
POINT SOURCE meant any discernible, confined, and discrete convey-
ance, including but not limited to any pipe, ditch, channel, tunnel,
conduit, (Mtll. discrete fissure, container, rolling stock, concentrated
animal feeding operation, venal or other floating craft from which pol-
lutants art or may be discharged. This term does not include return
flow* from irrigated agriculture.
POLLUTANT meant dredged spoil, solid wast*, incinerator residue,
filter backwash, sewage, garbage, sewage sludge, munitions, chemical
waste, biological materials, radioactive materials (except ttiota regulated
under the Atomic Entrgy Act of 1954. at amended [42 U.S.C. Section
2011 tt IK)J/, heat, wracked or discarded equipment, rocks, sand,
cellar dirt and Industrial, municipal, and agriculture waste discharged
into water. It does not mean:
A. Sewage from vessels; or
B. Water, gas, or other material which is injected into a well to facili-
tate production of oil or gas, or water derived in association with oil
and gas production and disposed of in a well, if the well used either
to facilitate production or for disposal purpose! is approved by
authority of the State In which the well is located, and if the State
determines that the injection or disposal will not result in the degrada-
tion of ground or surface water resources.
(NOTE: Radioactive materials covered by th« Atomic Energy Act in
those encompassed in in definition of source, byproduct, or special
nuclear materials. Example? of materials not covered include radium
and accelerator produced isotopes. Set Train K. Colorado Public
Inuntt Rttoarch Group. Inc.. 426 U.S. 1 HS761.)
PREVENTION OF SIGNIFICANT DETERIORATION IPSDl means
the national permitting program under 40 CFR S2.21 to prevent emit-
sions of certain pollutants regulated under the Clean Air Act from signi-
ficantly deteriorating air quality in attainment areas.
PRIMARY INDUSTRY CATEGORY means any industry category list-
ad in the NRDC Settlement Agreement INt rural Ret on rets Defente
Council r. Tnin, 8 £RC 2120 (D.D.C. 197S], modified 12 ERC 1833
[D.D.C. 19791).
PRIVATELY OWNED TREATMENT WORKS means any device or
system which is: (A) Used to treat wastes from any facility whose
operator is not the operator of the treatment works; and (B) Not a
POTW.
PROCESS WASTEWATER means any water which, during manufactur-
ing or processing, comes into direct contact with or results from the
production or use of any raw material, intermediate product, finished
product, byproduct, or waste product.
PUBLICLY OWNED TREATMENT WORKS or POTW means any de-
vice or system used in the treatment {including recycling met reclama-
tion) of municipal sewage or industrial wastes of a liquid nature which
to owned by a State or municipality. This definition includes any sew-
ers, pipes, or other conveyances only if they convey wastewatar to a
POTW providing treatment,
RENT means use of another's property in return for regular payment.
RCRA means the Solid Waste Disposal Act as amended by the Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 (Pub, L. 94-S80, as amended
oyfub. L 95-609. 42 U.S. C Section 6901 etteqJ.
ROCK CRUSHING AND GRAVEL WASHING FACILITIES are facil-
ities which process crushed and broken stone, gravel, and riprap (see
40 CFR tort 436. Subpart B. and the effluent limitations guidelines
for tfiese facilities!.
SDWA means the Safe Drinking Weter Act (Pub. L. 9S-S23. as amend-
ad by Pub. L. 95-1900, 42 U.S.C. Section 300ff] etsegj.
SECONDARY INDUSTRY CATEGORY means any industry category
which is not a primary industry category.
SEWAGE FROM VESSELS means human body wastes and the wastes
from tiolets and other receptacles intended to receive or retain body
wastes that are discharged from vessels and regulated under Section 312
of CWA, except that with respect to commercial vessels on the Great
Lake* this term includes graywater. For the purposes of this definition,
"grsywater" means galley, bath, end shower water.
SEWAGE SLUDGE means the solids, residues, and precipitate separat-
ed from or created in sewage by the unit processes of POTW. "Sew-
age" as used in this definition means any wastes, including wastes from
humans, households, commercial establishments, industries, and storm
water runoff, that are discharged to or otherwise enter a publicly
owned treatment works.
SILVICULTURAL POINT SOURCE means any discernable, confined,
and discrete conveyance related to rock crushing, gravel washing, log
sorting, or log storage facilities which are operated in connection with
silvicultural activities and from which pollutants are discharged into
waters of the United States, This term does not include nonpoint
source silviculture! activities such as nursery operations, site prepara-
tion, reforestation and subsequent cultural treatment, thinning, pre-
scribed burning, peit and fire control, harvesting operations, surface
drainage, or road construction and maintenance from which there is
natural runoff. However, some of these activities (sucti as stream cross-
ing for rote/si may involve point source discharges of dredged or fill
material which may require a CWA Section 404 permit. "Log sorting
and log storage facilities" are facilities whose discharges result from the
holding of unprocessed wood, e.g., logs or roundwood with bark or
after removal of bark in self-contained bodies of water {mill ponds or
log ponds) or stored on lend where water is applied intentionally on
the logs (wet decking!. (See 40 CFR Part 429. Subpart J, and trie efflu-
ent limitations guidelines for these facilities.)
STATE means any of the 50 States, the District of Columbia, Guam,
the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, American
Samoa, the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (except in thecate of
RCRA!. end the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands
(except in the cast of CWA).
STATIONARY SOURCE (in tte PSD program) means any building,
structure, facility, or installation which emits or may emit any air pol-
lutant regulated under the Clean Air Act. "Suilding, structure, facility,
or installation" means any grouping o< pollutantemitting activities
which are located on one or more contiguous or adjacent properties
and which are owned or operated by the same person (or by persons
under common control).
STORAGE (in rt» RCRA program) means the holding of hazardous
waste for e temporary period at the end of which the hazardous waste
ii treated, disposed, or stored elsewhere.
STORM WATER RUNOFF means water discharged as a result of rain,
snow, or other precipitation.
SURFACE IMPOUNDMENT or IMPOUNDMENT means a facility or
part of a facility which is a natural topographic depression, manmade
excavation, or diked area formed primarily of earthen materials (al-
though it may be lined with manmade materials), which is designed to
hold an accumulation of liquid wastes or wastes containing free liquids,
and which is not an injection well. Examples of surface impoundments
are holding, storage, settling, and aeration pits, ponds, and lagoons.
TANK (in the RCRA program) means a stationary device, designed to
contain an accumulation of hazardous wattt which is constructed pre-
marily of nonearthen materials (e.g.. wood, concrete, steel, plastic!
which provide structural support.
1-9
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SECTION D - GLOSSARY (continued)
THERMAL TREATMENT tin rti RCRA prognml means the treat-
mtnt of hazardous watte in device which u*n elevated temperature at
the primary maani to change the chemical, physical, or biological char-
acter or composition of the hazardous watte. Examples of thermal
treatment processes are incineration, molten salt, pyrolysis, calcination,
wet air oxidation, and microwave discharge, /Sew ilto "incinerator" ind
"open burning").
TOTALLY ENCLOSED TREATMENT FACILITY (in the RCRA pro-
gnml means a facility for the treatment of hazardous waste which is di-
rectly connected to an industrial production process and which is con-
structed and operated in a manner which prevents the release of any
hazardous waste or any constituent thereof into the environment dur-
ing treatment. An example is a pipe in which waste acid is neutralized.
TOXIC POLLUTANT means any pollutant lined as toxic under Section
307(e)(1] of CWA.
TRANSPORTER tin the fICftA prognml means * person engaged in
the offsite transportation of hazardous waste by air, rail, highway, or
water.
TREATMENT tin the RCRA prognml means any method, technique.
or process, including neutralization, designed to change the physical,
chemical, or biological character or composition of any hazardous
waste so as to neutralize such waste, or so as to recover energy or ma-
terial resources from the waste, or so as to render such waste nonhaz-
ardous, or less hazardous; safer to transport, store, or dispose of; or
amenable for recovery, amenable for storage, or reduced in volume.
UNDERGROUND INJECTION means well injection.
UNDERGROUND SOURCE OF DRINKING WATER or USDW means
an aquifer or iti portion which is not an exempted aquifer and:
A. Which supplies drinking water for human consumption; or
B. In which the ground water contains fewer than 10,000 mg/l total
dissolved solids.
UPSET means an exceptional incident in which there is unintentional
and temporary noncompliance with technologybased permit effluent
limitations because of fictori beyond the reasonable control of the
permittee. An upset does not include noncompliance to the extent
caused by operational error, improperly designed treatment facilities,
inadequate treatment facilities, lack of preventive maintenance, or care-
lets or improper operation.
WATERS OF THE UNITED STATES meam:
A. All waters which ere currently used, were used in the past, or may
be susceptible to use in interstate or foreign commerce, including
all waters which are subject to the ebb and flow of the tide;
B. All interstate waters, including interstate wetlands,
C. All other waters tuch at intrasiate lakes, rivers, stream* {including
intermittent ttretmt). mudflats, sandflats, wetlands, sloughs, prairie
potholes, wet meadows, playa lakes, and natural ponds, the use,
degradation, or destruction of which would or could affect interstate
or foreign commerce including any such waters:
1. Which are or could be used by interstate or foreign travelers for
recreational or other purposes,
2. From which fish or shellfish are or could be taken and sold in
interstate or foreign commerce,
3. Which are used or could be used for industrial purposes by in-
dustries in interstate commerce;
D. All impoundments of waters otherwise defined as waters of the
United States under this definition;
E. Tributaries of waters identified in paragraphs (A) - (D) above;
F, The territorial sea; and
G. Wetlands adjacent to waters (otittr ttttn waters that an themselves
wttltndt) identified in paragraphs (A! (F) of this definition.
Waste treatment systems, including treatment ponds or lagoons design-
ed to meet requirement of CWA lather thin cooling ponds at defined
in 40 CFR Section 423,11 (ml which tl$o meet the criterit of this
definition) are not waters of the United States. This exclusion applies
only to manmade bodies of water which neither were originally created
in waters of the United States (tuch ts t ditpout tret in wetlands] nor
resulted from the impoundments of waters of the United States.
WELL INJECTION or UNDERGROUND INJECTION means the sub-
surface emplacement of fluids through a bored, drilled, or driven well;
or through a dug well, where the depth of the dug well is greater than
the largest surface dimension.
WETLANDS means those areas that are inundated or saturated by
surface or groundwater at a frequency and duration sufficient to sup-
port, and that under normal circumstances do support, a prevalence of
vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions. Wet-
lands generally include swamps, marshes, bogs, and similar areas.
1-10
-------
n
O
C
m
40° 47' 30"
-.
CENTRAL PROCESSING CO
UIM GRID AND 19'0 MAGNCTIC NORTH
DECLINATION AT CENTER OF SHEET
USGS Map Cmtral City. Ohio
Location M*p
Central ProeMring Co.
TSo 37- X"
I tlBtfllttOH 94 flMMB
-------
Please print or TvPe in the unshaded areas only
(lill-in area are spaced tor elite type, i.e.. I2chtrtcten/inchl.
Form Approved. OMB No. 2040-0086. Approval expires 5-31-92.
FORM
GENERAL
0.«. ENVIRONMENTAL. PROTECTION AOENCV
GENERAL INFORMATION
ContoHdtWd Arm/or Prafrtm
(Rtttd the "General Inttruclionl" btfort iftutlnf.)
\. EPA I.D. NUMBER
\\ \ \ \ \
I. EPA I.D. NUMBER
V \ \ \ \ \
,111. FACILITY
vM
It this a facility whicn currently rasuft* in
to waters of the U.S. other than those described in
A or B above? (FORM 2C)
Does or will this facility treat, store, or dispose of
hazardous watt*' (FORM 3)
F. Do y«u or win you inject at this facility industrial or
municipal effluent below the lowermost stratum con-
taining, within one quarter mile of the wall bore.
unalarground sources of drinking water? (FORM 4)
G. Do you or mill you inject at this facility any proauead
water or other fluids which ere brought to the surface
in connection with conventional oil or natural ges pro-
duction, inject fluids used for enhanced recovery of
oil or natural gas. or inject fluids for storage of liquid
hydrocarbons? (FORM 4)
H. Do vMWWiB yew infect M this facility fluids for spa-
del procaaaas such as mining Of sulfur by the Frasch
proeees, eatatJOn mining of minerals, in situ combus-
tion of feeeH fuel, or retomry of geotharmal energy?
tFOf%M4l
I. It thit facility a proposed stttJeiMry awirsje which Ts
one of the 28 industrial categories lifted in the in-
structions and which will potentially emit 100 torn
per year of any air pollutant regulated under the
Clean Air Act and may affect or be located in en
attainment area? (FORM 51
M this facility a proposed etationary source which is
NOT one of the 2» industrial categories listed in the
metruaiom and which will potentially emit 260 tons
per year of any air pollutant regulated under the Clean
Aar Act end may affect or be located in an attainment
A. NAMC ft TITLE (Imt. tint, t title)
V. FACILITY MAILING ADDRESS
VI. FACILITY LOCATION
A. CTRCCT, ROOTS: NO. on OTHIR SPECIFIC IDENTIFIER
"T"
S3. COUNTY NAME
C. CITV OR TOWN
-iiir
E. ZIP CODE
EPA Form 3510-1 (8-90)
CONTINUE ON REVERSE
-------
CONTINUED PROM THE FRONT
VII. SIC COOES '4-etigit, in order of priority!
A FIRST
VIII. OPERATOR INFORMATION
i. It tM RWTM (MM In
Item vill-A ctao MM
a YES o NO
C. STATUS OF OPERATOR {Enter the appropriate letter into tfte answer box, if "Other", specify. I
O. PHONE farofl foiie & no.)
FtDSHAL.
SSTATE
f PRIVATE
M « PUBLIC (other men feaeral or state)
O » OTHER
1. STREET OH P.O. »OX
I I I I I I 1 I I I 1 i I I I I I I
IX. INDIAN LAND
F. CITY OB TOWN
It th» facility locjttd on Indun «ndi'
YES CH NO
X. EXISTING ENVIRONMENTAL PERMITS
I Discharges to Surface Water)
O. ftD I Air Emittioru from Proposed Sources)
*. uie (Vnatrfrouad Injection of Fluid* >
«. OTMKM ftoecifyl
e. it en A (Hazardous Wastes)
*.. OTHtm (iptctfyi
Attach to thii applioition topographic map of the ana extending to at toast one mil* beyond property boundari**. The map must show
the outline of the facility, the location of each of its existing and proposed intake and discharge structure*, each of its hazardous waste
treatment, storage, or disposal facilities, and each well when it injects fluids underground. Intfude all sprtnp, river* and other surface
water bodies in the map area. See instructions for precise requirements.
XII. NATURE OF BUSINESS Iprovidt m britf oncrtptionj
XIII. CERTIFICATION tut Imtructfem)
ttttctmwtt* ma ttut, btmd on my inquiry of Moat ptrtom Immfdfg^fy ntpontSUt for oMaMs/M» Mbrriwthn eonMntd in the
application, I bflitvs tfot tttf information it en**, aceurvfit md compbt*. I *n *mr* Out thm ** tignificmt pmrti* for submitting
falte information, including the posttbilfty of firm md impritonmtm.
A. NAME & OFFICIAL TITLE ftypf Or print)
COMMENTS FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
EPA Form 3510-1 (8-90)
-------
Please pnm or tvpe in the unshaded areas only
Ifillin areas are spaced lor elite type, i.e.. 12 chtrtcters/inchl.
Form Approved. OMB No 2040-0086. Approval expires 5-31-92.
FORM
GENERAL
U.». ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGCNCV
GENERAL INFORMATION
Contotidetfd rVmvw Program
IRtad thr Gtntral Initnictioiu" btfort itartins I
s1
^ ^ ^ kj ^ X
\ ' \A \ \ \. \
\ \ \ \ \N
FACILITY
MAILING ADOI
\ \ \ \ \
II. POLLUTANT CHARACTERISTICS
If preprinted label het been provided, affix
it in the designated space. Review the inform-
ation carefully; if any of it if incorrect, cross
through it and enter the correct data in the
appropriate fillin area below. Alao, if any of
the preprinted data is abwnt (the are* to th»
/eft of tht Itbet apace- littt the informetjon
frier ihouU tppeerl, please provide it in the
proper fillin areafrj below. If the label it
complete and correct, you need not complete
Item* I, III. V, and VI (except VI-8 which
matt be completed regerd/eal. Complete all
items if no label has been provided. Refer to
the instructions for detailed item descrip-
tion* anal tor the legal authorization! under
which tab data is collected.
INSTRUCTIONS: Complete. A throuah J to dttarmint whathar you naad to submit any parmit application forms to the EPA. If you answer "yes" to my
.qutrttoru, you mutt submit this form and the suppssajajual fana No* in tha paranthatst fe«owm| tht qwstion. Mork "X" in the box in tht third column
. if Uw supplemental form Is aMacfcsd. H yen anew "BO" to oath ojKWtioii. you naad not submit any of thest forms. You miy answer "no" if your activity
it excluded from permit raqtitoniants; asa Saetion C of tha tastnirtom. Saa also, Sarton D of tht inatructiortt for dtf initioni of boM-facad tarms.
SPECIFIC QUESTIONS
Tr*cM«a
metric QUESTION*
MARK X
~~ r OHM
A. Is this facility a
which results in a
(FORM 2AI
i erf the US.?
B. Oo« or w«l thia fecttrty Ujmer mining or propped!
ICTCHIOB ( WMoMNHVMo MMMMl vMINflf OpWttOO Or
ajnatk antaHl ajiejsfcmhm faefltty which results in a
etoharge to watet* of the UA? (FORM 28)
C. Is this a facility which currently results m oeitnereja*
to waters of the US. other than those detcribed in
A Of 6 above? (FORM 2C)
D. Is this a proposed facility fotncr tfttn tftote described
in A or 8 ebove) which will remit in e diacharga to
watiiittf the UJL7 (FORM 2DI
E. Does or will thit facility treat, store, or dicpoaa of
hazardous wastes' (FORM 3)
F. Do you or will you inject at this facility industrial or
municipal effluent below tha lowermost stratum con-
taining, within one quarter mile of the well bore,
underground sources of drinking water? (FORM 4)
Do you or will you inject at this facility any prooucea
water or other fluids which are brought to tha surface
in connection with conventional oil or natural get pro-
duction, inject fluids used for enhanced recovery of
oil or natural gas, or inject fluids tor storage of liquid
hydrocarbons? (FORM 4)
H. Do you or will you inject at this facility fluids for spe-
cial processes such as mining of sulfur by the Frasch
process, solution mining of minerals, in situ combus-
tion of fossil fuel, or recovery of geothermal energy?
(FOHM 4)
I. Is this facility i proposed aistionajY same* wnicn is
one of the 28 industrial categories listed in trte in-
structions and which will potentially emit 100 ton*
per yeer of any air pollutant regulated under the
Cleen Air Act and may affect or be located in an
attainment area? (FORM
III. NAME OF FACILITY
Is this facility a proposed stationery source which is
NOT one of the 28 industrial categories listed in the
instructions and which will potentially emit 250 tons
par year of any air pollutant regulated under the Clean
Air Act and may affect or be located in en attainment
7 (FORM 5)
V. FACILITY MAILING ADDRESS
A. STRCCT. ROUTC NO. OH OTHCH SPECIFIC IDENTIFIER
-"I"
e. COUNTY NAME
~iiiiiir
iiiiiiiiiir
C CITY OR TOWN
O STATE
6i
E ZIP CODE
F. COUNTY CODE
EPA Form 3510-1 (8-90)
CONTINUE ON REVERSE
-------
CONTINUED FROM THE FRONT
VII. SIC CODES 14-digit. in order at priorityi^
SECOND
Ispecijy/
(specify!
O. FOURTH
(specify^
VIII. OPERATOR INFORMATION
9. Is the name lifted in
Itwn VIH-Aalto ttw
ownar?
I] YES Cj NO
FEDERAL
S- STATE
P * PRIVATE
M - PUBLIC (other than federal ornate)
O OTHER (iptcify)
E. STREET OK P.O. BOX
F. CITV OR TOWN
It tht facility located on Indian lands'
CH YES Cj NO
X. EXISTING ENVIRONMENTAL PERMITS
C. STATUS OF OPCR ATOM (Enter the appropriate letter into the answer box if "Other", specify.)
O. PHONE fat-ca code & no.t
A. NPOES (Discharge! to Surface Wat*r)
-U-
D. PSD fAir Emlisiora from Proposed Sources/
I. uic (Underground Infection of Fluids)
*.. OTHER (specify)
(specify/
c. RCRA (Hazardous Wattesj
c. OTHBW (iptdfyi
Attach to this application a topographic map of ttw area extending to at tost one mile beyond property bounderies. The map must show
the outline of the facility, the location of each of its exfeting and proposed intake and discharge structures, each of it* hazardous waste
treatment, storage, or disposal facilities, and each well where ft injects fluids underground. Include all springs, rivers and other surface
water bodies in the map area. See instruction* for precis* requirements.
XII. NATURE OF BUSINESS Iprovidt» briaidmcriftionT
XIII. CERTIFICATION fcM iratrvctiontl
I certify under penalty of law that I have partonaity txtmitml and am famiOar with th* Information tutmfttad in th/t application and all
attachments and that, bated on my inquiry of thoaa peraomr immatOatary responsible for obtaining the Information contained in the
application, I believe that the information it true, accurate and complete, I am aware that then art tignlffcant penalties for submitting
false information, including the possibility of fine and imprisonment
A. NAME a OFFICIAL TITLE (type or print!
COMMENTS FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
EPA Form 3510-1 (8-90)
-------
-------
APPENDIX EJ: FORM 2F
78
-------
-------
EPA ,0 Number ;copy torn mm i Of Form !)
=cat c-
topographic map is unavailable) depicting the facility including: each of its intake and discharge structures: the drainage area ot eac- v:
water outfall: paved areas and buildings within the drainage area of each storm water outfall, each known past or present areas .->t-
outdoor storage or disposal of significant materials, each existing structural control measure to reduce pollutants in storm *ate» . -;
materials loading and access areas, areas where pesticides, herbicides, soil conditioners and fertilizers are applied; each o> >;s "a:i::
waste treatment, storage or disposal units (including each area not required to have a RCRA permit which is used for accumulating -1:1 ::
waste under 40 CFR 262.34); each well where fluids from the facility are iniected underground; springs, and other surface water oca «i --
receive storm water discharges from the facility.
EPA Form 3S10-2P (11-90)
Page t ot 3
Continue on >>t9* t
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Continued from the Front
IV. Niirativa Description of Pollutant SQufCM
A.
For each outfall. provide an estimate at the area (include units) of impervious surfaces (including paved artas and Dmldmg roofs]
to the ourfall. and an estimate of the total surface aria drained by the outfaJI.
Outfall
Area of Impervious Surface
Total ATM Drained
(o/ovid* units!
Outfall
Area of Impervious Surface
fpmv/dt units)
Total Arta Drained
(orovida
Provide a narrative description of significant materials that are currently or n the past tnree years nave Deen treated, stored or Disposed .n
a manner to allow exposure to storm water; method of treatment, storage, or disposal: past znd present materials management practices
employed.
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Continued from Pag« 2
EPA ID NumOtf (copy from lt»m i of Form 1)
A.B.C, & 0: See instruction* before proceeding. Complete on* set of tables (or each outfall. Annotate the outfall number in the space providto:
Tablet Vlt-A, VII-B. and V1I-C art included on separate sheets numbered VII-1 and VII-2.
E: Potential discharge* not covered by analysis - is any pollutant listed in Table 2F-2 a substance or a component of a substance whicn you
currently use or manufacture as an intermediate or final product or byproduct? '
I | Y«s (litt«// sucft polluting oetowj [~~| No (go to Section IX)
ticrtv Teatlno
Do you have any knowledge or reason to believe that any biological test for acute or chronic toxicity has been made on any of your discharges or
on a receiving water in relation to your discharge within the last 3 years?
Yes (litt all such pollutants b»low)
I | No (go to Section OQ
IX. Contract Analyaia Informatit
Were any of the analyses reported in Item V performed by a contract laboratory or consulting firm?
Yes (litt roe name, address, and fefepnone number of, and pollutants
MC/I «ue/> labomorv or firm ex/owl
| | No (go to Stction X)
A. Name
B Address
C. Area Code & Phone No.
D. Pollutants Analyzed
/ certify under penalty of law that this document and all attachments were prepared under my direction or
supervision in accordance with a system designed to assure that qualified personnel properly gather and evaluate
the information submitted. Based on my inquiry of the person or persons who manage the system or those persons
directly responsible for gathering the information, the information submitted is, to the best of my knowledge and
belief, true, accurate, and complete. I am aware that there are significant penalties for submitting false information,
including the possibility of fine and imprisonment for knowing violations.
A, Name & Official Title (type or print)
B. Area Code and Phon* No
C. Signature
D. Date Signed
EPA Form 3S10-2F (11>90)
Page 3 of 3
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5?A C Nyrrcf' .^OCy-nsm tw" if :0
CMB NO 2CJO-DC86
VII. Discnarat Information (Continued from oaae 3 of Form 2f )
Part A- You must provide the results of at least one analysis for every pollutant in this taee. Complete ont taoie 'or eac- ;yr?an ;««
instructions tor addMonai d*tailt.
Pollutant
and
CAS Ngmo»r
i:f avaiiact*)
Oil and GrtaM
5»oiogic»l 0»yg«n
Otmand (300S)
Ch«mic»J Oxyg*n
Otmand (COO)
Total Susp«ndtd
Solids (TSS)
Total Kjtidatii
Nitrogtn
Nitr»« plus
Nitni* Nitrogtn
Total
Phosphorus
Maximum Value*
f/nc/ude un/ti)
Grab Sample
Taken Owing
Rr«30
Minutes
ftow-wwgnted
Composite
Average values
(incluO* units)
Grab Sample
''FIT.!*)"8 "OW.*.igh«.d
Minutes i Composite
Numoer
of
Storm i
Events ,
Sampled! Sources of 3ciiutants
'
s
sH Mifumurfi Mammum Minimum Mammum
Part 8 Us! tach pollutant that is imitta m an «rflutm guidtimt *hicn tnt facility i$ suBjtet to or any pollutant :.st«o m tht facmty j SPCE5
permit (or its procns watttwanr (if the facility n operating unotr an tmsting NPOES pirmit) Cornptttt o-« !act« 'or tacn 3yt*aii
SM * instfuciions for additional dauuls and r»auirtm«nti.
Pollutant
and
CAS Number
(if avatiaDi*}
Maximum Values
(include units)
Grao Sample
Taken During
First 30
Minutes
i
Row-weighted
Composite
Average Values
(include units)
Grab Sample
Taken During
First 30
Minutes
1
Flow-weighted
Composite
Numoer |
ol
Storm
Events
Sampled! Sources c< =: ^la^-s
]
t
!
!
!
i
' i
;
'< i
i
EPA Form 3510-2f (11-M)
Page Vil-i
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Continued from » front
Part C -
L« *acn pollutant »now^ ,n Tieiea 2F-2. 2F-3, and 2F-* that you Know or nav« reason to oeneve .* present. See sue rrruaion* '
aaaitionu 3«uii* and r««uirtm«nn. Compi«t« on* taeic for eft outfall.
Pollutant
and
CAS Numb*
Maximum Values
(incluOt unit*)
Or aft Sample
Taken During
First 30
MinutM
How weighted
Composite
Average Values
(include unit*)
Grab Sample
Taken Owing
first M
Minutes
Flow-weighted
Composite
Numoer
of
Storm
Events
Sampled
Sources of Pollutants
Part 0 Provide data for the storm «v«nt(s) which rtaultad m the maximum valu** tor tn« flow w*ignt*d composit* sampir
1
Oat* of
S,orm
Event
2.
Duration
of Storm
(in minunt)
3.
Total rainfall
during ,to,m.v.n,
(in mcr»t)
Number of hours Mtwaon
^r^^^,^
mMSuraOl* rain evtnt
Maximum floe ratt
$^%,ZFor
specify unit*
Total flow from
£*£&
ip*c/fy unit*)
7.
S*a*on
taken
8.
Form of
snowmtit)
9. Provide a description of the method of flow measurement or estimate.
EPA Form 3510-2F (11-90)
Page vn-2
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Instructions - Form 2F
Application for Permit to Discharge Storm Water
Associated with Industrial Activity
Who Must File Form 2F
Form 2F must be completed by operators of facilities which discharge storm water associated with industrial
activity or by operators of storm water discharges that EPA is evaluating for designation as a significant
contributor of pollutants to waters of the United States, or as contributing to a violation of a water quality
standard.
Operators of discharges which are composed entirely of storm water must complete Form 2F (EPA Form
3510-2F) in conjunction with Form 1 (EPA Form 3510-1).
Operators of discharges of storm water which are combined with process wastewater (process wastewater
is water that comes into direct contact with or results from the production or use of any raw material, interme-
diate product, finished product, byproduct, waste product, or wastewater) must complete and submit Form
2F. Form 1. and Form 20 (EPA Form 3510-20).
Operators of discharges of storm water which are combined with nonprocess wastewater (nonprocess
wastewater includes noncontact cooling water and sanitary wastes which are not regulated by effluent guide-
lines or a new source performance standard, except discharges by educational, medical, or commercial
chemical laboratories) must complete Form 1, Form 2F, and Form 2E (EPA Form 3510-2E).
Operators of new sources or new discharges of storm water associated with industrial activity which will be
combined with other nonstormwater new sources or new discharges must submit Form i. Form 2F, and
Form 20 (EPA Form 3510-20).
Where to Flit Applications
The application forms should be sent to the EPA Regional Office which covers the State in which the facility
is located. Form 2F must be used only when applying for permits in States where the NPOES permits
program is administered by EPA. For facilities located in States which are approved to administer the NPOES
permits program, the State environmental agency should be contacted for proper permit application forms
and instructions.
Information on whether a particular program is administered by EPA or by a State agency can be obtained
from your EPA Regional Office. Form 1, Table 1 of the "General Instructions" lists the addresses of EPA
Regional Offices and'the States within the jurisdiction of each Office.
Completeness
Your application will not be considered complete unless you answer every question on this form and on Form
1. If an item does not apply to you, enter "NA* (for not applicable) to show that you considered the question
Public Availability of Submitted Information
You may not claim as confidential any information required by this form or Form 1. whether the information
is reported on the forms or in an attachment. Section 402(j) of the Clean Water Act requires that all permit
applications will be available to the public. This information will be made available to the public upon request
Any information you submit to EPA which goes beyond that required by this form, Form i, or Form 2C you
may claim as confidential, but claims for information which are effluent data will be denied.
If you do not assert a daim of confidentiality at the time of submitting the information. EPA may make the
information public without further notice to you. Claims of confidentiality will be handled in accordance with
EPA's business confidentiality regulations at 40 CFR Part 2.
Definitions
All significant terms used in these instructions and in the form are defined in the glossary found in the General
Instructions which accompany Form 1.
EPA 10 Number
Fill in your EPA Identification Number at the top of each odd-numbered page of Form 2F. You may copy r s
number directly from item I of Form 1.
EPA Form 3810-2F (11-M> I - 1
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Ittml
You may use the map you provided for item XI of Form 1 to determine the latitude and longitude of each of
your outfalls and the name of the receiving water.
Item II-A
If you check "yes" to this question, complete all parts of the chart, or attach a copy of any previous submission
you have made to EPA containing the same information.
Item il-B
You are not required to submit a description of future pollution control projects if you do not wish to or if none
is planned.
Item III
Attach a site map showing topography (or indicating the outline of drainage areas served by the outfall(s)
covered in the application if a topographic map is unavailable) depicting the facility including:
each of its drainage and discharge structures;
the drainage area of each storm water outfall;
paved areas and building within the drainage area of each storm water outfall, each known past or
present areas used for outdoor storage or disposal of significant materials, each existing structural con-
trol measure to reduce pollutants in storm water runoff, materials loading and access areas, areas where
pesticides, herbicides, soil conditioners and fertilizers are applied;
each of its hazardous waste treatment, storage or disposal facilities (including each area not required to
have a RCRA permit which is used for accumulating hazardous waste for less than 90 days under 40 CFR
262.34);
each well where fluids from the facility are injected underground; and
springs, and other surface water bodies which receive storm water discharges from the facility;
Item IV-A
For each outfall, provide an estimate of the area drained by the outfall which is covered by impervious
surfaces. For the purpose of this application, impervious surfaces are surfaces where storm water runs off at
rates that are significantly higher than background rates (e.g., predevelopment levels) and include paved
areas, building roofs, parking lots, and roadways. Include an estimate of the total area (including all impervi-
ous and pervious areas) drained by each outfall. The site map required under item ill can be used to estimate
the total area drained by each outfall.
Item IV-8
Provide a narrative description of significant materials that are currently or in the past three years have been
treated, stored, or disposed in a manner to allow exposure to storm water; method of treatment, storage or
disposal of these materials; past and present materials management practices employed, in the last three
years, to minimize contact by thasa materials with storm water runoff; materials loading and access areas
and the location, manner, and frequency in which pesticides, herbicides, soil conditioners, and fertilizers are
applied. Significant materials should be identified by chemical name, form (e.g.. powder, liquid, etc ). and
type of container or treatment unit Indicate any materials treated, stored, or disposed of together. Signifi-
cant materials" Indudas, but is not limited to: raw materials; fuels; materials such as solvents, detergents, and
plastic pellets: finished materials such as metallic products: raw materials used in food processing or produc-
tion, hazardous substances designated under Section 101 (14) of CERCLA any chemical the facility is re-
quired to report pursuant to Section 313 of Title III of SARA; fertilizers: pesticides: and waste products sucn
as ashes, slag and sludge that have the potential to be released with storm water discharges.
Item IV-C
For each outfall, structural controls Include structures which enclose material handling or storage areas
covering materials, berms, dikes, or diversion ditches around manufacturing, production, storage or treat
ment units, retention ponds, etc. Nonstructural controls include practices such as spill prevention plans
employee training, visual inspections, preventive maintenance, and housekeeping measures that are used :;
prevent or minimize the potential for releases of pollutants.
EPA Form 3S10-2F (11-90) I -2
-------
ItemV
Provide a certification that all outfalls that should contain storm water discharges associated with industrial
activity have been tested or evaluated for the presence of non-storm water discharges which are not covered
by an NPDES permit Tests for such non-storm water discharges may include smoke tests, fluorometric dye
tests, analysis of accurate schematics, as well as other appropriate tests. Part B must include a description
of the method used, the date of any testing, and the onsrte drainage points that were directly observed during
a test. All non-storm water discharges must be identified in a Form 2C or Form 2E which must accompany
this application (see beginning of instructions under section titled "Who Must File Form 2F for a description
of when Form 2C and Form 2E must be submitted).
Item VI
Provide a description of existing information regarding the history of significant leaks or spills of toxic or
hazardous pollutants at the facility in the last three years.
Item VII-A, B, and C
These items require ybu to collect and report data on the pollutants discharged for each of your outfalls. Each
part of this item addresses a different set of pollutants and must be completed in accordance with the specific
instructions for that part. The following general instructions apply to the entire item.
General Instructions
Part A requires you to report at least one analysis for each pollutant listed. Parts B and C require you to report
analytical data in two ways. For some pollutants addressed in Parts B and C. if you know or have reason to
know that the pollutant is present in your discharge, you may be required to list the pollutant and test (sample
and analyze) and report the levels of the pollutants in your discharge. For all other pollutants addressed in
Parts B and C, you must list the pollutant if you know or have reason to know that the pollutant is present in
the discharge, and either report quantitative data for the pollutant or briefly describe the reasons the pollutant
is expected to be discharged. (See specific instructions on the form and below for Parts A through C.) Base
your determination that a pollutant is present in or absent from your discharge on your knowledge of your
raw materials, material management practices, maintenance chemicals, history of spills and releases, inter-
mediate and final products and byproducts, and any previous analyses known to you of your effluent or
similar effluent.
A. Sampling: The collection of the samples for the reported analyses should be supervised by a person
experienced in performing sampling of industrial wastewater or storm water discharges. You may con-
tact EPA or your State permitting authority for detailed guidance on sampling techniques and for answers
to specific questions. Any specific requirements contained in the applicable analytical methods should
be followed for sample containers, sample preservation, holding times, the collection of duplicate sam-
ples, etc. The time when you sample should be representative, to the extent feasible, of your treatment
system operating properly with no system upsets. Samples should be collected from the center of the
flow channel, where turbulence is at a maximum, at a site specified in your present permit, or at any sue
adequate for the collection of a representative sample.
For pH, temperature, cyanide, total phenols, residual chlorine, oil and grease, and fecal conform, grab
samples taken during the first 30 minutes (or as soon thereafter as practicable) of the discharge must be
used (you an not required to analyze a flow-weighted composite for these parameters). For all other
pollutants both grab sample collected during the first 30 minutes (or as soon thereafter as practicable)
of the discharge and a flow-weighted composite sample must be analyzed. However, a minimum of one
grab sample may ba taken for effluents from holding ponds or other impoundments with a retention
period of greater than 24 hours.
All samples shall be collected from the discharge resulting from a storm event that is greater than 0 1
inches and at least 72 hours from the previously measurable (greater than 0.1 inch rainfall) storm event
Where feasible, the variance in the duration of the event and the total rainfall of the event should not
exceed SO percent from the average or median rainfall event in that area.
A grab sample shall be taken during the first thirty minutes of the discharge (or as soon thereafter as
practicable), and a flow-weighted composite shall be taken for the entire event or for the first three hours
of the event.
Grab and composite samples are defined as follows:
EPA Form 3S10-2F (11-90) I - 3
-------
Grab sample: An individual sample erf it leas! 100 milliliters collected during the first thirty minutes
(or as soon thereafter as practicable) of the discharge. This sample is to be analyzed separately from
the composite sample.
Flow-Welgrrttd Composite sample: A flow-weighted composite sample may be taken with a con-
tinuous sampler that proportions the amount of sample collected with the flow rate or as a combina-
tion of a minimum of three sample aliquots taken in each hour of discharge for the entire event or for
the first three hours of the event, with each aliquot being at least 100 milliliters and collected with a
minimum period of fifteen minutes between aliquot collections. The composite must be flow propor-
tional; either the time interval between each aliquot or the volume of each aliquot must be propor-
tional to either the stream flow at the time of sampling or the total stream flow since the collection of
the previous aliquot. Aliquots may be collected manually or automatically. Where GC/MS Volatile
Organic Analysis (VOA) is required, aliquots must be combined in the laboratory immediately before
analysis. Only one analysis for the composite sample is required.
Data from samples taken in the past may be used, provided that:
Alt data requirements are met;
Sampling was done no more than three years before submission; and
All data are representative of the present discharge.
Among the factors which would cause the data to be unrepresentative are significant changes in produc-
tion level, changes in raw materials, processes, or final products, and changes in storm water treatment.
When the Agency promulgates new analytical methods in 40 CFR Part 136, EPA will provide information
as to when you should use the new methods to generate data on your discharges. Of course, the
Director may request additional information, including current quantitative data, if they determine it to be
necessary to assess your discharges. The Director may allow or establish appropriate site-specific sam-
pling procedures or requirements, including sampling locations, the season in which the sampling takes
place, the minimum duration between the previous measurable storm event and the storm event sam-
pled, the minimum or maximum level of precipitation required for an appropriate storm event, the form
of precipitation sampled (snow melt or rainfall), protocols for collecting samples under 40 CFR Part 136
and additional*time* for submitting data on a case-by-case basis.
B. Reporting: All levels must be reported as concentration and as total mass. YOU may report some or an
of the required data by attaching separate sheets of paper instead of filling out pages vil-1 and vit-2 if the
separate sheets contain all the required information in a format which is consistent with pages vn-i and
VII-2 in spacing and in identification of pollutants and columns. Use the following abbreviations in the
columns headed 'Units.'
Concentration Mass
ppm parts per million Ibs pounds
mg/1 milligrams per liter ton tons (English tons)
ppb parts per billion mg milligrams
ug/1 micrograms per liter g grams
kg klograms T tonnes (metric tons)
All reporting of values for metals must be in terms of "total recoverable metal," unless:
(1) An appHcaU*, promulgated effluent limitation or standard specifies the limitation for the metal m
disserved, valent, or total form; or
(2) AH approved analytical methods for the metal inherently measure only its dissolved form (e g
hexavalent chromium); or
(3) The permitting authority has determined that in establishing case-by-case limitations it is
sary to express the limitations on the metal in dissolved, valent, or total form to carry out the
sions of the CWA. If you measure only one grab sample and one flow-weighted composite
for a given outfall, complete only the 'Maximum Values* columns and insert T into the '
Storm Events Sampled" column. The permitting authority may require you to conduct add'!
analyses to further characterize your discharges.
EM Fotm 3510-2F (11-M) I - 4
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If you measure more than one value for a grab sample or a flow-weighted composite sample tot a given
outfall and those values are representative of your discharge, you must report them. YOU must describe
your method of testing and data analysis. You also must determine the average of all values within the
last year and report the concentration mass under the 'Average Values* columns, and the total number
of storm evert* sampled under the 'Number of Storm Events Sampled* columns.
C. Analysis: You must use test methods promulgated in 40 CFR Part 136; however, if none has been
promulgated for a particular pollutant, you may use any suitable method for measuring the level of the
pollutant in your discharge provided that you submit a description of the method or a reference to a
published method. Your description should include the sample holding time, preservation techniques,
and the quality control measures which you used. If you have two or more substantially identical outfalls,
you may request permission from your permitting authority to sample and analyze only one outfall and
submit the results of the analysis for other substantially identical outfalls. If your request is granted by the
permitting authority, on a separate sheet attached to the application form, identify which outfall you did
test, and describe why the outfalls which you did not test are substantially identical to the outfall which
you did test.
Part VILA
Part VII-A must be completed by all applicants for all outfalls who must complete Form 2F.
Analyze a grab sample collected during the first thirty minutes (or as soon thereafter as practicable) of the
discharge and flow-weighted composite samples for all pollutants in this Part, and report the results except
use only grab samples for pH and oil and grease. See discussion in General Instructions to Item vii for
definitions of grab sample collected during the first thirty minutes of discharge and flow-weighted composite
sample. The "Average Values* column is not compulsory but should be filled out if data are available.
Part VII-B
List all pollutants that are limited in an effluent guideline which the facility is subject to (see 40 CFR Subchap-
ter N to determine which pollutants are limited in effluent guidelines) or any pollutant listed in the facility's
NPOES permit for its process wastewater (if the facility is operating under an existing NPOES permit). Com-
plete one table for each outfall. See discussion in General instructions to item VII for definitions of grab
sample collected during the first thirty minutes (or as soon thereafter as practicable) of discharge and flow-
weighted composite sample. The "Average Values" column is not compulsory but should be filled out if data
are available.
Analyze a grab sample collected during the first thirty minutes of the discharge and flow-weighted composite
samples for ail pollutants in this Part, and report the results, except as provided in the General Instructions.
Pirt VII-C
Part Vll-C must be completed by all applicants for all outfalls which discharge storm water associated with
industrial activity, or that EPA is evaluating for designation as a significant contributor of pollutants to waters
of the United States, or as contributing to a violation of a water quality standard. Use both a grab sample and
a composite sample for ail pollutants you analyze for in this part except use grab samples for residual chlorine
and fecal coliform. The 'Average Values" column is not compulsory but should be filled out if data are
available. Part C requires you to address the pollutants in Table 2F-2, 2F-3, and 2F-4 for each outfall. Pollu-
tants in each of these Tables are addressed differently.
Table 2F-2: For each outfall, list all pollutants in Table 2F-2 that you know or have reason to believe are
discharged (except pollutants previously listed in Part Vli-B). if a pollutant is limited in an effluent guideline
limitation which the facility is subject to (e.g., use of TSS as an indicator to control the discharge of iron and
aluminum), the pollutant should be listed in Part VII-B. If a pollutant in table 2F-2 is indirectly limited by an
effluent guideline limitation through an indicator, you must analyze for it and report data in Part Vll-C For
other pollutants listed in Table 2F-2 (those not limited directly or indirectly by an effluent limitation guideline).
that you know or have reason to believe are discharges, you must either report quantitative data or briefly
describe the reasons the pollutant Is expected to be discharged.
Table 2F-3: For each outfall, list all pollutants in Table 2F-3 that you know or have reason to believe are
discharged. For every pollutant in Table 2F-3 expected to be discharged in concentrations of 10 ppb or
greater, you must submit quantitative data. For acrolein, acrylonitrile, 2,4 dlnitrophenol, and 2-methyl-4.6
dinitrophenoi, you must submit quantitative data if any of these four pollutants is expected to be discharged
EPA Form 3310-2F (11-M) |-5
-------
in concentrations of 100 ppb or greater. For every pollutant expected to be discharged in concentrations less
than 10 ppb (or 100 ppb for the four pollutants listed above), then you must either submit quantitative data
or briefly dtseriba the reasons the pollutant is expected to be discharged.
Small Suslnttt fittnpttofi If you are a 'small business,* you are exempt from the reporting requirements
for the organic tccdc pollutants listed in Table 2F-3. There are two ways in which you can qualify as a 'small
business*, if your faciHy Is a coal mine, and if your probable total annual production is less than 100,000 tons
per year, you may submit past production data or estimated future production {such as a schedule of esti-
mated total production under 30 CFR 795.14(C)) instead of conducting analyses for the organic toxic pollu-
tants. If your facility is not a coal mine, and if your gross total annual sales for the most recent three years
average less than $100.000 per year (in second quarter 1980 dollars), you may submit sales data for those
years instead of conducting analyses for the organic toxic pollutants. The production or sales data must be
for the facility which is the source of the discharge. The data should not be limited to production or sales for
the process or processes which contribute to the discharge, unless those are the only processes at your
facility. For sales data, in situations involving intracorporate transfer of goods and services, the transfer price
per unit should approximate market prices for those goods and services as closely as possible. Sales figures
for years after 1980 should be indexed to the second quarter of 1980 by using the gross national product
price deflator (second quarter of 1980*100). This index is available in National Income and Product Ac-
counts of the United States (Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis).
Table 2F-4: For each outfall, list any pollutant in Table 2F-4 that you know or believe to be present in the
discharge and explain why you believe it to be present. No analysis is required, but if you have analytical
data, you must report them. Note: Under 40 CFR 117.i2(a)(2), certain discharges of hazardous substances
(listed at 40 CFR 177.21 or 40 CFR 302.4) may be exempted from the requirements of section 311 of CWA.
which establishes reporting requirements, civil penalties, and liaWity for cleanup costs for spills of oil and
hazardous substances. A discharge of a particular substance may be exempted if the origin, source, and
amount of the discharged substances are identified in the NPOES permit application or in the permit, if the
permit contains a requirement for treatment of the discharge, and if the treatment is in place. To apply for an
exclusion of the discharge of any hazardous substance from the requirements of section 311, attach addi-
tional sheets of paper to your form, setting forth the following information:
1. The substance and the amount of each substance which may be discharged.
2. The origin and source of the discharge of the substance.
3. The treatment which is to be provided for the discharge by:
a. An onsite treatment system separate from any treatment system treating your normal dis-
charge;
b. A treatment system designed to treat your normal discharge and which is additionally capable
of treating the amount of the substance identified under paragraph 1 above; or
c. Any combination of the above.
See 40 CFR 117.12(a)(2) and (c), published on August 29, 1979, in 44 FR 50766, or contact your Regional
Office (Table 1 on Form 1, Instructions), for further information on exclusions from section 311
Part VIMi
If sampling I* conducted during more than one storm event, you only need to report the information re-
quested in Part VH-O for 9m storm event (s) which resulted in any maximum pollutant concentration reported
inPartVIIAVll-B.orvll-C.
Provide flow measurements or estimates of the flow rate, and the total amount of discharge for the storm
event(s) sampled, the method of flow measurement, or estimation. Provide the data and duration of the storm
event(s) sampled, rainfall measurements, or estimates of the storm event which generated the sampled runoff
and the duration between the storm event sampled and the end of the previous measurable (greater than o 1
inch rainfall) storm event
PartVtH
List any toxic pollutant listed in Tables 2F-2, 2F-3, or 2F-4 which you currently use or manufacture as an
intermediate or final product or byproduct In addition, if you know or have reason to believe that 2,3,7 8-te-
trachlorodibenzo-p-dtcodn (TCOD) is discharged or if you use or manufacture 2,4.5-trichiorophenoxy acetic
EPA Fora M10-2P (11-tO) I - 6
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aad (2.4.5.-T); 2"{2.4.5-trichlorophenoxy) prooanoic acid (SSvex. 2.4.5.-TP); 2-{2.4.5-mchioroohenoxyi
2.2-dichloropropionate (Erbon); 0,0-dimethyt 0-(2,4,5-trichlorphenyl) phosphorothioate (Ronnel); 2,4.5-
trichlorophenol (TCP); or hexachlorophene (HCP); than list TCOO. Ths Director may waive or modify tha
requirement if you demonstrate that it would be unduly burdensome to identify each toxic pollutant and the
Director has adequate information to issue your permit. You may not claim this information as confidential;
however, you do not have to distinguish between use or production of the pollutants or list the amounts.
Item Vill
Self explanatory. The permitting authority may ask you to provide additional details after your application is
received.
ItemX
The Clean Water Act provides for severe penalties for submitting falsa information on this application form.
Section 30i(c)(4) of the Clean Water Act provides that 'Any parson who knowingly makes any false material
statement, representation, or certification in any application shall upon conviction, be punished by a fine
of not more than $10.000 or by imprisonment for not more than 2 years, or by both. If a conviction of such
person is for a violation committed after a first conviction of such person under this paragraph, punishment
shall be by a fine of not more than 520,000 per day of violation, or by imprisonment of not more than 4 years.
or by both." 40 CFR Part 122.22 requires the certification to be signed as follows:
(A) For a corporation: by a responsible corporate official. For purposes of this section, a responsible
corporate official means (i) a president, secretary, treasurer, or vice-president of the corporation m
charge of a principal business function, or any other person who performs similar policy- or decision-
making functions for the corporation, or (ii") the manager of one or more manufacturing, production, or
operating facilities employing more than 250 persons or having gross annual sales or expenditures
exceeding S25.000.000 (in second-quarter 1980 dollars), if authority to sign documents has been as-
signed or delegated to the manager in accordance with corporate procedures.
Note: EPA does not require specific assignments or delegation of authority to responsible corporate
officers identified in I22.22(a)(i)(i), The Agency will presume thai these responsible corporate officers
have the requisite authority to sign permit applications unless the corporation has notified the Director to
the contrary. Corporate procedures governing authority to sign permit applications may provide for
assignment or delegation to applicable corporate position under I22.22(a)(i)(ii) rather than to specific
individuals.
(8) For a partnership or sola proprietorship: by a general partner or the proprietor, respectively; or
(C) For a municipality, State, Federal, or other public agency: by either a principal executive officer
or ranking elected official. For purposes of this section, a principal executive officer of a Federal agency
includes (i) the chief executive officer of the agency, or (ii) a senior executive officer having responsibility
for the overall operations of a principal geographic unit of the agency (e.g., Regional Administrators of
EPA).
EPA Form 3510-2*" (11-M) I - 7
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1-A
1-8
i-C
i-O
i-E
1-H
1-4
1-J
1-K
1-L
2-A
2-8
2-C
2-0
26
2-F
3-A
3-8
3-C
3-D
4-A
4-8
5A
5-8
5-C
5-0
5-E
5-F
5-G
5-H
5-1
9-J
5-K
5-L
Ammonia Stripping
Otasomaceous Earth Fltration
Distillation
SectroOtaJyus
Evaporation
Floccuiacon
Flotation
Foam Fractionation
Freezing
Gas-Ptiase Sepa/ation
Grinding (Commmutors)
Carbon Adsorption
Chemical Oxidation
Chemical Precipitation
Coagulation
Dechionnation
Disinfection (Chlorine)
Activated Sludge
Aerated Lagoons
Anaerobic Treatment
Nitritication-Oenitritication
Discharge to Surface Water
Ocean Discharge Through Outfall
Table 2F-1
Codm for Trtatmcnt Units
Physical Treatment Process**
l-M Grit Removal
1 -N Microstraining
1-O Mixing
1-P Moving 8ed Filters .
i -O Multimedia Filtration
1-R Rapid Sand Filtration
1-S Reverse Osmosis (Hypediltration)
1-T Screening
1-U Sedimentation | Setting)
l-V Slow Sand Filtration
1-W Solvent Extraction
1-X Sorption
CtMmteal Treatment Process**
2-G Disinfection (Ozone)
2-H Disinfection lOther)
2-1 8ectrochemical Tr*atm*nt
2-J ion Exchange
2-K Neutralization
2-L Reduction
Biological Treatment Processes
3-E Pre-Aeration
3-F Spray irrigation/Land Application
3-<3 Stabilization Ponds
3-H Trickling Filtration
Reuse/Recycle of Treated Effluent
Underground injection
Other Process**
4-0
A«rob«c Digestion
Anaerobic Digestion
Sen Filtration
Centnfugation
Chemical Conditioning
Chtoone Treatment
Composting
Drying Beds
Sutnatwo
Flotation Thicfceniog
Slutt-9* Treatment and Disposal Process**
5-M Heat Drying
5-N Heat Treatment
SO incineration
S-P Land Application
5-Q Landfill
5-R Pressure Filtration
5-S Pyrolysis
5-T Sludge Lagoons
5-U Vacuum Filtration
5-V vibration
5-W Wet Oxidation
QraMrty Thickening
6PA Form 3S10-2P (11-M)
8
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Table 2F-2
Conventional and Noneonvantional Pollutants Raquirad To B« Taatad by Existing Oitenargar if
Expactad To Ba Praaant
Bromide
Chlorine, Total Residual
Color
Fecal Colitorm
Fluorid*
Nitratt-Nitritt
Nitrog«n, Total Kjtdahl
0
-------
Antimony. Tom
Arsenic. Total
Beryllium. Total
Cadmium, Tottl
Chromium. Total
Acrolein
Acryiomtrile
Benzene
Bromoform
Carbon Tetrachloride
Chlorobenzene
Chlorodibromomethane
Chloroethane
2-Chloroethytvinyl Eth«r
Chloroform
2-Chlorophenol
2.4-Oichlorophenol
2,4-Oimetnylphenol
4.6~-Dinitro-O-Cre«ol
Acenaphthene
Acenaphthylene
Anthracene
Benzidine
Benzo (a)anthracene
Benzo (a)pyrene
3.4-Benzofluoranthene
Benzo (ghi)perylene
Benzo (k (fluoranthene
Bis(2-chloroethoxy)metHane
Bi$(2
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Table 2F-4
Hazardous substances required to be
identified by applicant if expected to be present
Toxic Pollutant
Asbestos
Aeetaldenyde
Allyl alcohol
Ally! chloride
Aniyl acetate
Aniline
Benzonitrile
Benzyl chloride
Butyl acetate
flutytamme
Carbaryl
Carbofuran
Carbon disuifide
ChlOfpynfos
Coumaphos
Crasol
Crotonaldehyde
Cyclohexane
2,4-D (2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic
acid)
Diaiinon
Dicamba
Dichlobenil
Dichlone
2,2-Oiehloropropionic acid
Dichlorvos
Diethyl amin*
Dim»my( amini
Hazardous Substances
Dinitrob«nz«na
Oiquat
Oisulfoion
Diuron
Epichlorohydrin
Ethion
Ethyltnt diamin*
Ethylant dibromid*
Formald«hyd«
Furfural
Gutfiion
Isoprtns
Isopropanolamin*
Kslthanc
Ktpont
Malathion
M*reaptodim*thur
Mtthoxychlor
Mothyl m«rcaptan
Methyl metfiacrylat*
Mtthyt parathion
Msvinphoi
Mexaearbat*
Monoethyt amint
Monomatnyl amin*
Naiad
Napthtmc acid
Nitrotoluene
Parathlon
Ph«noisuifonat»
Phosgene
Propargite
Propylene oxide
Pyrethrini
Ouinoline
Reiorcinol
Strontfiium
Strychnine
Styrene
2.4,5-T (2,4,5-Trichiorophenoxyacetic
acid)
TOE (Tctrachlorodiphenyl ethane)
2,4,5-TP [2-(2,4,5-TricWorophenoxy)
propanoic acid]
Trichlorofan
Triethylamine
Tfimethylamine
Uranium
Vanadium
Vinyl acetate
Xylene
Xylenol
Zirconium
EPA Form 3510-2F (11-M)
1-11
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-------
APPENDIX EJ: FORM 2C
79
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cxEPA
are oosoiete
Permits Division
Application Form 2C -
Wastewater Discharge
Information
Consolidated Permits Program
This form must be completed by all persons applying for
an EPA permit to discharge waste water (existing manu-
facturing, commercial, mining, and sitvicu/tural opera-
tions}.
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Application for Permit to Discharge Wastewater
EXISTING MANUFACTURING, COMMERCIAL, MINING, AND SILVICULTURAL OPERATIONS
This form mutt be completed by all applicants who check "ye*"
to item II-C in Form 1.
Public Availability of Submitted Information.
Your application will not be considered complete unless you answer
every question on this form and on Form 1. If an item does not apply
to you, enter "NA" (for not applicable) to show that you considered
the question.
You may not claim as confidential any information required by this
form or Form 1, whether the information is reported on the forms or
in an attachment. This information will be made available to the
public upon request.
Any information you submit to EPA which goes beyond that required
by this form or Form 1 you may claim as confidential, but claims for
information which is effluent data will be denied. If you do not assert
a claim of confidentiality at the time of submitting the information,
EPA may make the information public without further notice to you.
Claims of confidentiality will be handled in accordance with EPA's
business confidentiality regulations at 40 CFR Part 2.
Definitions
All significant terms used in these instructions and in the form are
defined in the glossary found in the General Instructions which
accompany Form 1.
EPA ID Number
Fill in your EPA Identification Number at the top of each page of Form
2c. You may copy this number directly from item I of Form 1.
Item!
You may use the map you provided for item XI of Form 1 to determine
the latitude and longitude of each of your outfalls and the name of the
receiving water.
Item II-A
The line drawing should show generally the route taken by water in
your facility from intake to discharge. Show all operations contribut-
ing wastewater, including process and production areas, sanitary
flows, cooling water, and stormwater runoff. You may group similar
operations into a single unit, labeled to correspond to the more
detailed listing in item II-B. The water balance should show average
flows. Show all significant losses of water to products, atmosphere,
and discharge. You should use actual measurements whenever
available; otherwise use your best estimate. An example of an accep-
table line drawing appears in Figure 2c-1 to these instructions.
Item II-B
List all sources of wastewater to each outfall. Operations may be
described in general terms (for example, "dye-making reactor" or
"distillation tower"). You may estimate the flow contributed by each
source if no data are available. For storm water discharges you may
estimate the average flow, but you must indicate the rainfall event
upon which the estimate is based and the method of estimation. For
each treatment unit, indicate its size, flow rate, and retention time,
and describe the ultimate disposal of any solid or liquid wastes not
discharged. Treatment units should be listed in order and you should
select the proper code from Table 2c-1 to fill in column 3-b for each
treatment unit. Insert "XX" into column 3-b if no code corresponds to
a treatment unit you list. If you are applying for a permit for a privately
owned treatment works, you must also identify all of your contribu-
tors in an attached listing.
Item II-C
A discharge is intermittent unless it occurs without interruption
during the operating hours of the facility, except for infrequent shut-
downs for maintenance, process changes, or other similar activities.
A discharge is seasonal if it occurs only during certain parts of the
year. Fill in every applicable column in this item for each source of
intermittent or seasonal discharges. Base your answers on actual
data whenever available; otherwise, provide your best estimate.
Report the highest daily value for flow rate and total volume in the
"Maximum Daily" columns (columns 4-a-2 and 4-b-2) Report the
average of all daily values measured during days when discharge
occurred within the last year in the "Long Term Average" columns
(columns 4-a-l and 4-b-1).
Item III-A
All effluent guidelines promulgated by EPA appear in the Federal
Register and are published annually in 40 CFR Subchapter N. A
guideline applies to you if you have any operations contributing
process wastewater m any subcategory covered by a BPT, BCT, or
BAT guideline. If you are unsure whether you are covered by a
promulgated effluent guideline, check with your EPA Regional office
(Table 1 in the Form 1 instructions). You must check "yes" if an
applicable effluent guideline has been promulgated, even if the
guideline limitations are being contested in court If you believe that
a promulgated effluent guideline has been remanded for reconsider-
ation by a court and does not apply to your operations, you may check
"no."
Item III-B
An effluent guideline is expressed in terms of production for other
measure of operation) if the limitation is expressed as mass of pollu-
tant per operational parameter; for example, "pounds of BOD per
cubic foot of logs from which bark is removed," or "pounds of TSS per
megawatt hour of electrical energy consumed by smelting furnace".
An example of a guideline not expressed in terms of a measure of
operation is one which limits the concentration of pollutants.
Item I II-C
This item must be completed only if you checked "yes" to item III-B.
The production information requested here is necessary to apply
effluent guidelines to your facility and you cannot claim it as confi-
dential. However, you do not have to indicate how the reported
information was calculated. Report quantities in the units of mea-
surement used in the applicable effluent guideline. The production
figures provided must be based on actual dairy production and not on
design capacity or on predictions of future operations. To obtain
alternate limits under 40 CFR 122.46
-------
, ~ M JC - ,NS AUCTIONS ;.
ITEM V A, B. C, and D (continued)
mediate and final products and byproducts, and any previous ana*
lyses known to you of your effluent or similar affluent (for example,
if you manufacture pesticides, you should expect those pesticides to
be present in contaminated stormwater runoff.) If you would expect a
pollutant to b« present solely as a result of its presence in your intake
water, you must mark "Believe Present" but you are not required to
analyze for that pollutant. Instead, mark an 'X' in the "Intake"
column.
A. Reporting. All levels must be repotted as concentration and as
total mass You may report some or all of the required data by
attaching separate sheets of paper instead of filling out pages V-l
to V-9 if the separate sheets contain all the required information
in a format which is consistent with pages V-l to V-9 in spacing
and in identification of pollutants and columns, (for example, the
data system used in your GC/MS analysis may be able to print
tins in the proper format,! Use the following abbreviations in the
columns headed "Units"/eo/«//wi3. fart A, andcolumn4, PartsB
ane/CJ.
Concentration Mas*
ppm pans per million
rng/! .,., milligrams per liter
ppb parts par billion
ug/l.... micrograms per liter
Ibs pounds
ton tons (English tons)
mg milligrams
g grams
kg kilograms
T tonnes (metric tons)
All reporting of values for metals must be in terms of "total
recoverable metal," unless:
(1) An applicable, promulgated effluent limitation or standard
specifies the limitation for the metal in dissolved, valent, or total
form; or
(2) All approved analytical methods for the metal inherently mea-
sure only its dissolved form (e.g., hexavalent chromium); or
13) The permitting authority has determined that in establishing
case-by-case limitations it is necessary to express the limitations
on the metal in dissolved, valent, or total form to carry out the
provisions of the CWA.
If you measure only one daily value, complete only the "Maxi-
mum Daily Values"columns and insert "1' into the "Number of
Analyses' column/'co^mns2-»anrf2-rf. Pan A, and column 3-a,
3-d, Pans B and C). The permitting authority may require you to
conduct additional analyses to further characterize your dis-
charges. For composite samples, the daily value is the total mass
or average concentration found in a composite sample taken over
the operating hours of the facility during a 24-hour period; for
grab samples, the daily value is the arithmetic or flow-weighted
total mass or average concentration found in a series of at least
four grab samples taken over the operating hours of the facility
during a 24-hour period.
If you measure more than one daily value for a pollutant and those
values are representative of your wastestream, you must report
them. You must describe your method of testing and data analy-
sis. You also must determine the average of all values within the
last year and report the concentration and mass under the "Long
Term Average Values" columns (column 2-c. Part A, and column
3-c, Pans B and C). and the total number of daily values under the
"Number* of Analyses" columns (column 2-d. Part A, and
columns 3-d, Part's B and C). Also, determine the average of all
deily values taken during each calendar month, and report the
highest average under the "Maximum 30-day Values" columns
(column 2-c, Part A, and column 3-b, Parts B and C).
B. Sampling: The collection of the samples for the reported
analyses should be supervised by a person experienced in per-
forming sampling of industrial wastewater. You may contact your
EPA or State permitting authority for detailed guidance on sam-
pling techniques and for answers to specific questions. Any spe-
cific requirements contained in the applicable analytical methods
should be followed for sample containers, sample preservation.
2C-2
holding times, the collection of duplicate samples, etc. The time
when you sample should be representative of your normal opera-
tion, to the extant feasible, with all processes which contribute
wmtewatar in normal operation, and with your treatment system
operating properly with no system upsets. Samples should be
collected from the center of the flow channel, where turbulence
is at a maximum, at a site specified in your present permit, or at
any site adequate for the collection of a representative sample.
For pH, temperature, cyanide, total phenols, residual chlorine, oil
and grease, and fecal coliform, grab samples must be us*d. For ell
other pollutants 24-hour composite samples must be used. How-
ever, a minimum of one grab sample may be taken for effluents
from holding ponds or other impoundments with a retention
period of greater than 24 hours. For stormwater discharges a
minimum of on« to four grab samples may be taken, depending on
the duration of the discharge. One grab must be taken in the first
hour (or less) of discharge, with one additional grab tup to a
minimum of four) taken in each succeeding hour of discharge for
discharges lasting four or more hours. The Director may waive
composite sampling for any outfall for which you demonstrate
that use of an automatic sampler is infeasible and that a min-
imum of four grab samples will be representative of your
discharge.
Grab and composite samples are defined as follows:
Grab sample: An individual sample of at least 100 milliliters
collected at a randomly-selected time over a period not
exceeding 19 minutes.
Composite sample: A combination of at least 8 sample ali-
quot s of at least 100 milliliters, collected at periodic intervals
during the operating hours of a facility over a 24 hour period.
The composite must be flow proportional; either the time
interval between each aliquot or the volume of each aliquot
must be proportional to either the stream flow at the time of
sampling or the total stream flow since the collection of the
previous aliquot. Aliquots may be collected manually or auto-
matically. For GC/MS Volatile Organic Analysis (VGA), ali-
quot* must be combined in the laboratory immediately before
analysis. Four (4) (rather then eight) aliquots or grab samples
should be collected for VOA. These four samples should be
collected during actual hours of discharge over a 24 hour
period and need not be flow proportioned. Only one analysis is
required.
The Agency is currently reviewing sampling requirements in light
of recent research on testing methods, Upon completion of its
review, the Agency plans to propose changes to the sampling
requirements.
Data from samples taken in the past may be used, provided that:
All data requirements are met;
Sampling was done no more then three years before submis-
sion; and
All data are representative of the present discharge
Among the factors which would cause the data to be unrepre-
sentative are significant changes in production level, changes
in raw materials, processes, or final products, and changes in
wastewater treatment. When the Agency promulgates new
analytical methods in 4O CFP Part 136, EPA will provide
information as to when you should use the new methods to
generate data on your discharges. Of course, the Director may
request additional information, includingcurrent quantitative
data, if she or he determines it to be necessary to assess your
discharges,
C, Analysis; You must use test methods promulgated in 40 CFB
Part 136; however, if none has been promulgated for a particular
pollutant, you may use any suitable method for measuring the
level of the pollutant in your discharge provided that you submit a
description of the method or a reference to a published method.
Your description should include the sample holding time, preser-
vation techniques, and the quality control measures which you
used.lf you have two or more substantially identical outfalls, you
may request permission from your permitting authority to sample
and analyse only one outfall and submit the results of the analysis
-------
FORM 2C - INSTRUCTIONS cj/)f,/;^
ITEM V A, B, C. and D (continued)
for other substantially identical outfalls. If your request is granted
by the permitting authority, on a separate sheet attached to the
application form, identify which outfall you did test, and describe
why the outfalls which you did not test are substantially identical
to the outfall which you did test.
D. Reporting of Intake Data: You are not required to report data
under the "Intake" columns unless you wish to demonstate your
eligibility for a "net" effluent limitation for one or more pollu-
tants, that is. an effluent limitation adjusted by subtracting the
average level of the pollutant(s) present in your intake water.
NPOES regulations allow net limitations only in certain circum-
stances. To demonstrate your eligibility, under the "Intake"
columns report the average of the results of analyses on your
intake water (if your water is treated before use. test the water
after it is treated), and discuss the requirements for a net limita-
tion with your permitting authority.
Part V-A
Part V-A must be completed by all applicants for all outfalls,
including outfalls containing only noncontact cooling water or
storm runoff. However, at your request, the Director may waive
the requirement to test for one or more of these pollutants, upon a
determination that available information is adequate to support
issuance of the permit with less stringent reporting requirements
for these pollutants. You also may request a waiver for one or
more of these pollutants for your category or subcategory from
the Director. Office of Water Enforcement and Permits. See dis-
cussion in General Instructions to item V for definitions of the
columns in Part A. The "Long Term Average Values" column
(column 2-c) and "Maximum 30-day Values" column (column
2-b) are not compulsory but should be filled out if data are
available.
Use composite samples for all pollutants in this Part, except use
grab samples for pH and temperature. See discussion in General
Instructions to Item V for definitions of the columns in Part A. The
"Long Term Average Values" column (column 2-c) and "Maxi-
mum 30-Day Values" column (column 2-b) are not compulsory
but should be filled out if data are available.
PartV-B
Part V-B must be completed by all applicants for all outfalls,
including outfalls containing only noncontact cooling water or
storm runoff. You must report quantitative data if the pollutants)
in question is limited in an effluent limitations guideline either
directly, or indirectly but expressly through limitation on an indi-
cator (e.g.. use of TSS as an indicator to control the discharge of
iron and aluminum). For other discharged pollutants you must
provide quantitative data or explain their presence in your dis-
charge. EPA will consider requests to the Director of the Office of
Water Enforcement and Permits to eliminate the requirement to
test for pollutants for an industrial category or subcategory. Your
request must be supported by data representative of the indus-
trial category or subcategory in question. The data must demon-
strate that individual testing for each applicant is unnecessary,
because the facilities in the category or subcategory discharge
substantially identical levels of the pollutant or discharge the
pollutant uniformly at sufficiently low levels. Use composite
samples for all pollutants you analyze for in this part, except use
grab samples for residual chlorine, oil and grease, and fecal
coliform. The "Long Term Average Values" column (column 3-c)
and "Maximum 30-day Values" column (column 3-b) are not
compulsory but should be filled out if data are available.
Part V-C
Table 2c-2 lists the 34 "primary" industry categories in the left-
hand column. For each outfall, if any of your processes which
contribute wastewater falls into one of those categories, you
must mark 'X' in 'Testing Required" column (column 2-a) and
test for (I) all of the toxic metals, cyanide, and total phenols, and
(2) the organic toxic pollutants contained in Table 2c-2 as appli-
cable to your category, unless you qualify as a small business (see
below) The organic toxic pollutants are listed by GC/MS frac-
tions on pages V-4 to V-9 in Pan V-C. For example, the Organic
Chemicals Industry has an asterisk in all four fractions, therefore.
applicants in this category must test for all organic toxic pollu-
tants in Part V-C. The inclusion of total phenols in Part V-C is not
intended to classify total phenols as a toxic pollutant If you are
applying for a permit for a privately owned treatment works,
determine your testing requirements on the basis of the industry
categories of your contributors. When you determine which
industry category you are in to find your testing requirements,
you are not determining your category for any other purpose and
you are not giving up your right to challenge your inclusion in that
category (for example, for deciding whether an effluent guideline
is applicable) before your permit is issued. For all other cases
(secondary industries, nonprocess wastewater outfalls, and non-
required GC/MS fractions), you must mark "X" in either the
"Believed Present" column (column 2-b) or the "Believed
Absent" column (column 2-c) for each pollutant. For every pollu-
tant you know or have reason to believe is present in your dis-
charge in concentrations of 10 ppb or greater, you must report
quantitative data. For acrolein, acrylonitrile, 2, 4 dinitrophenol,
and 2-methyl-4, 6 dinitrophenol, where you expect these four
pollutants to be discharged in concentrations of 100 ppb or
greater, you must report quantitative data. For every pollutant
expected to be discharged in concentrations less than the thresh-
olds specified above, you must either submit quantitative data or
briefly describe the reasons the pollutant is expected to be dis-
charged. At your request the Director, Office of Water Enforce-
ment and Permits, may waive the requirement to test for pollu-
tants for an industrial category or subcategory. Your request must
be supported by data representatives of the industrial category or
subcategory in question. The data must demonstrate that indi-
vidual testing for each applicant is unnecessary, because the
facilities in question discharge substantially identical levels of
the pollutant, or discharge the pollutant uniformly at sufficiently
low levels. If you qualify as a small business (see below) you are
exempt from testing for the organic toxic pollutants, listed on
pages V-4 to V-9 in Part C. For pollutants in intake water, see
discussion in General Instructions to this item. The "Long Term
Average Values" column (column 3-c) and "Maximum 30-day
Values" column (column 3-b) are not compulsory but should be
filled out if data are available.You are required to mark 'Testing
Required" for dioxin if you use or manufacture one of the follow-
ing compounds:
(a) 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy acetic acid, (2,4,5-T);
(b) 2-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy) propanoic acid, (Silvex, 2,4,5-
TP).
(c) 2-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy) ethyl 2,2-dichloropropionate,
(Erbon);
(d) 0,0-dimethyl 0-(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl) phosphorothioate,
(Ronnel);
(e) 2,4,5,-trichlorophenol, (TCP); or
(f) hexachlorophene. (HCP).
If you mark "Testing Required" or "Believed Present," you must
perform a screening analysis for dioxins, using gas chromoto-
graphy with an electron capture detector. A TCDD standard for
quantitation is not required. Describe the results of this analysis
in the space provided; for example, "no measurable beseline
deflection at the retention time of TCDD" or "a measurable peak
within the tolerances of the retention time of TCDD." The permit-
ting authority may require you to perform a quantitative analysis
if you report a positive result. The Effluent Guidelines Division of
EPA has collected and analyzed samples from some plants for the
pollutants listed in Part C in the course of its BAT guidelines
development program. If your effluents are sampled and analyzed
as part of this program in the last three years, you may use these
data to answer Part C provided that the permitting authority
approves, and provided that no process change or change in raw
materials or operating practices has occurred since the samples
were taken that would make the analyses unrepresentative of
your current discharge.
2C-3
-------
-
ITEM V - A, B, C, »nd D (continual)
Small Business Exemption: M you qualify M « "small business,"
you are exempt from tha reporting requirements for tha organic
toxic pollutants, listed on pages V-4 to V-9 in Part C. Than ara two
ways in which you can qualify as a "small businass." If your
facility is a coal mina. and if your probabls total annual production
is lass than 100,000 tons par year, you may submit past produc-
tion data or estimated futura production (such e* * schedule of
estimated total production under 3O CFR % 79S. 14{c)) instead of
conducting analyse* for the organic toxic pollutants. If your facil-
ity is not a coal mina, and if your gross total annual sales for the
most recant three years average less than S100,000 per year (in
second quarter 1980 dollars), you may submit sales data for those
years instead of conducting analyses for the organic toxic pollu-
tants. The production or sales data must be for tha facility which
is the source of the discharge. The data should not be limited to
production or sales for tha process or process* which contribute
to the discharge, unless those are the only processes at your
facility. For sales data, in situations involving intracorporata
transfer of goods and services, the transfer price par unit should
approximate market prices for those goods and services as
closely as possible. Sales figures for years after 1980 should be
indexed to the second quarter of 1980 by using the gross national
product price deflator (second quarter of 199O = 100). This index
is available in National income and Product Accounts of the
United States (Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic
Anmtyfit).
PsrtV-D
List any pollutants in Table 2c-3 that you believe to be present and
explain why you believe them to be present. No analysis is
required, but if you have analytical data, you must report it
Note: Under 40 CFR 117.12(aK2), certain discharges of hazard-
ous substances (listed in Table 2c-4 of these instructions/may be
exempted from the requirements of section 311 of CWA, which
establishes reporting requirements, civil penalties and liability
for cleanup costs for spills of oil and hazardous substances. A
discharge of a particular substance may be exempted if the origin,
source, and amount of tha discharged substances are identified
in the NDPES permit application or in the permit, if the permit
contains a requirement for treatment of the discharge, and if the
treatment is in place. To apply for an exclusion of the discharge of
any hazardous substance from the requirements of section 311,
attach additional sheets of paper to your form, setting forth the
following information:
1. The substance and the amount of each substance which
may be discharged.
2. The origin and source of the discharge of the substance.
3. The treatment which is to be provided for the discharge by:
s. An onsite treatment system separate from any treat-
ment system treating your normal discharge;
b. A treatment system designed to treat your normal dis-
charge and which is additionally capable of treating the
amount of the substance identified under paragraph 1
above; or
c. Any combination of the above.
Se« 40 CFR §117.12(aX2)snd(c), published on August 29,1979,
in 44 FR 50766, or contact your Regional Office (Teble 1 on Form
1, Instructions), for further information on exclusions from sec-
tion 311.
Item VI
This requirement applies to current use or manufacture of a toxic
pollutant as an intermediate or final product or byproduct. The Direc-
tor may waive or modify the requirement if you demonstrate that it
would be unduly burdensome to identify each toxic pollutant and the
Director has adequate information to issue your permit. You may not
claim this information as confidential; however, you do not have to
distinguish between use or production of the pollutants or list the
mounts.
Ham VII
Self explanatory, Tha permitting authority may ask you to provide
additional details after your application is received.
Ham IX
Tha Clean Water Act provides for severe penalties for submitting
falsa information on this application form.
Section 3O9
-------
cooes
PHYSICAL TREATMENT PROCESSES
-A Ammonia Stripping
-8 Dialysis
-C Oiatomaceous Earth Filtration
-D Distillation
-E Electrodialysis
-F Evaporation
-G Flocculation
-H Flotation
-I Foam Fractionation
J Freezing
-K Gas-Phase Separation
L Grinding IComminuton)
1M Grit Removal
1N Microstraining
10 Mixing
1P Moving Bed Filters
1Q Multimedia Filtration
1R Rapid Sand Filtration
1S Reverse Osmosis (Hyperfiltrttion)
1T Screening
1-U Sedimentation (Settling)
1-V Slow Sand Filtration
1W Solvent Extraction
1 X Sorption
A Carbon Adsorption
~B Chemical Oxidation
C Chemical Precipitation
~D Coagulation
2E Dechlorination
2F Disinfection (Chlorint)
CHEMICAL TREATMENT PROCESSES
2G Disinfection lOzanel
2-H Disinfection lOthar)
2I Electrochemical Treatment
2J Ion Exchange
2 K Neutralization
2L Reduction
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT PROCESSES
3A Activated Sludge
38 Aerated Lagoons
3C Anaerobic Treatment
3-D NitrificationDenitrification
3E PreAeration
3F Spray Irrigation/Land Application
3G Stabilization Ponds
3H Trickling Filtration
OTHER PROCESSES
4A Discharge to Surface Water
Ocean Discharge Through Outfall
4C Reuse/Recycle of Treated Effluent
4D Underground Injection
SLUDGE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL PROCESSES
5A Aerobic Digestion
5 B Anaerobic Digestion
5C Belt Filtration
50 Centrifugation
5 E Chemical Conditioning
5F Chlorine Treatment
5G Composting
5-H Drying Beds
51 Elutriation
5J. i Flotation Thickening
6K Freezing
6 L Gravity Thickening
5 M Heat Drying
5N Heat Treatment
5 O Incineration
5 P Land Application
5-Q Landfill
5R Pressure Filtration
5S Pyrolysis
5 T Sludge Lagoons
5U Vacuum Filtration
5-V Vibration
5-W Wat Oxidation
TABLE 2C-1
-------
as-
INDUSTRY CATEGORY
Volatile
GC/MS FRACTION1
Acid
Bast/Neutral PMicidt
Adhesive! and sealants *
Aluminum forming X
Auto and other laundries ' . . . X
Battery manufacturing X
Coal mining X
Coil coating X
Copper forming X
Electric and electronic compounds X
Electroplating X
Explosives manufacturing
Foundries X
Gum and wood chemical* X
Inorganic chemicals manufacturing X
Iron and steel manufacturing X
Leather tanning and finishing X
Mechanical products manufacturing X
Nonferrous metals manufacturing X
Ore mining X
Organic chemicals manufacturing X
Paint and ink formulation X
Pesticides X
Petroleum refining X
Pharmaceutical preparations X
Photographic equipment and supplies , X
Plastic and synthetic materials manufacturing X
Plastic processing X
Porcelain enameling X
Printing and publishing X
Pulp and peperboard mills X
Rubber processing X
Soap and detergent manufacturing X
Steam electric power plants X
Textile mills X
Timber products processing X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
See note at conclusion of 40 CFR Part 122, Appendix 0 (1983) for explanation of effect of suspensions on testing requirements for primary
industry categories.
'The pollutants in each fraction are listed in Kern VC.
X = Testing required.
= Testing not required.
TABLE 2C-2
-------
TOXIC'CLLUTANTS AND HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES
TOXIC POLLUTANT
Aibestot
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES
Acetaldehyd*
Ailyl alcohol
Ally! chloride
Amy I aerate
Aniline
Benzonttnle
Benzyl chlorid*
Butyl acetate
Butylamine
Captan
Carbaryl
Carbofuran
Carbon diiulf Ida
Chlorpyrifoi
Coumapho*
Cretol
Crotonaldenyde
Cyclohexane
2,4-D (2,4-Dicnloroprwnoxyecetic acid}
Diazinon
Dicamba
Oichlobenil
Dichlone
2,2-Dichloropropionic acid
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES
Dichlorvoi
Diethyl amina
Dimethyl amine
Dintrobenzene
Diquat
Disulfoton
Diuron
Epichlorohydrin
Ethion
Ethylene diamine
ithylene dibromide
Formaldehyde
Furfural
Guthion
IVJprene
liopr opanolam ine
Kalthane
Kapona
Malathion
Marcaptodimathur
Methoxychlor
Mtthyl m«rcaptan
Methyl mathacrylate
Methyl parathion
Movinphoi
Mexacarbate
Monoetnyl amine
Monomethyl amina
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES
Naiad
Napthenic acid
NitrotolJene
Parathion
Phenolsulfonate
Phosgene
Propargita
Propylene oxide
Pyrethrinj
Quinoline
Resorcinol
Strontium
Strychnine
Styrene
2,4,5-T (2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetie acid)
TDE (Tatrachlorodiphenyl ethane)
2.4,5-TP [2-<2.4,5-Trichlorophenoxy)
propanoic acid}
Tnchlorofon
Triethanolamine
Triethylamine
Trimethylamine
Uranium
Vanadium
Vinyl acetate
Xylena
Xylenpl
Zirconium
TABLE 2C-3
-------
1. Acetaldehyde
2. Acetic acid
3. Acetic anhydride
4. Acetone cyanohydrin
5. Acetyl bromide
6. Acetyl chloride
7. Acrolein
8. Acrylonitrile
9. Adipic acid
10. Aldrm
11. Allyl alcohol
12. Allyl chloride
13. Aluminum sulfate
14. Ammonia
15. Ammonium acetate
16. Ammonium benzoate
17. Ammonium bicarbonate
18. Ammonium bichromate
19. Ammonium bifluoride
20. Ammonium bisulfite
21. Ammonium carbamate
22. Ammonium carbonate
23. Ammonium chloride
24. Ammonium chromate
2S. Ammonium citrate
26. Ammonium fluoroborate
27. Ammonium fluoride
28. Ammonium hydroxide
29. Ammonium oxalate
30. Ammonium silicofluoride
31. Ammonium sulfamate
32. Ammonium sulfide
33. Ammonium sulfite
34. Ammonium tartrate
35. Ammonium thiocyanate
36. Ammonium thiosulfate
37. Amy I acetate
38. Aniline
39. Antimony pentachlorida
40. Antimony potassium tartrate
41. Antimony tribromide
42. Antimony trichloride
43. Antimony trifluoride
44. Antimony trioxide
46. Arsenic disulfide
46. Arsenic pentoxide
47. Arienic trichloride
48. Arsenic trioxide
49. Arsenic triiulf ide
50. Barium cyanide
51. Benzene
52. Benzoic acid
53. Benzonitrile
54. Banzoyl chloride
55. Benzyl chloride
56. Beryllium chloride
57. Beryllium fluoride
58. Beryllium nitrate
59. Butylacetate
60. n-Butylphthalate
61. Butylamine
62. Butyric acid
63. Cadmium acetate
64. Cadmium bromide
66. Cadmium chloride
66. Calcium arsenate
67. Calcium arsenite
68. Calcium carbide
69. Calcium chromate
70. Calcium cyanide
71. Calcium dodecylbenzenesulfonate
72. Calcium hypochlorite
73. Captan
74. Carbaryl
75. Carbofuran
76. Carbon disulfide
77. Carbon tetrachloride
78. Chlordane
79. Chlorine
80. Chlorobenzene
81. Chloroform
82. Chloropyrifos
83. Chlorosulfonic acid
84. Chromic acetate
85. Chromic acid
86. Chromic sulfate
87. Chromous chloride
88. Cobaltous bromide
89. Cobaltous formate
90. Cobaltous sulfamate
91. Coumaphos
92. Cresol
93. Crotonaldehyde
94. Cupric acetate
95. Cupric acetoarsenite
96. Cupric chloride
97. Cupric nitrate
98. Cupric oxalate
99. Cupric sulfate
100. Cupric sulfate ammoniated
101. Cupric tartrate
102. Cyanogen chloride
103. Cyclohexene
104. 2,4-0 acid 12,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic
acid)
105. 2,4-0 esters (2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic
acid esters)
106. DDT
107. Diazinon
108. Dicamba
109. Dichlobenil
110. Dichlone
111. Dichlorobenzene
112. Dichloropropan*
113. Dichloropropene
114. Dichloropropene-dichloproropane mix
115. 2,2-Dichloropropionic acid
116. Dichlorvos
117. Dieldrin
118. Diethylamine
119. Dimethylemine
120. Dinitrobenzene
121. Dinitrophenol
122. Dinitrotoluene
123. Diquat
124. Oisulfoton
125. Diuron
126. Dodecylbenzesulfonic acid
127. Endosulfan
128. Endrin
129. Epichlorohydrin
130. Ethion
131. Ethylbenzene
132. Ethylenediamine
133. Ethylene dibromide
134. Ethylene dichloride
135. Ethylene diaminetetrecetic acid
(EDTA)
1 36. Ferric ammonium citrate
137. Ferric ammonium oxalate
138. Ferric chloride
139. Ferric fluoride
140. Ferric nitrate
141. Ferric sulfate
142. Ferrous ammonium sulfate
143. Ferrous chloride
144. Ferrous sulfate
145. Formaldehyde
146. Formic acid
147. Fumaric acid
148. Furfural
149. Guthion
150. Heptachlor
151. Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
152. Hydrochloric acid
153. Hydrofluoric acid
1 54. Hydrogen cyanide
1 55. Hydrogen suffid*
156. Isoprene
157. Isopropanolamine
dodecylbenzenesulfonate
158. Kelthane
159. Kepone
160. Lead acetate
161. Lead arsenate
162. Lead chloride
163. Lead fluoborate
164. Lead flourite
165. Lead iodide
166. Lead nitrate
167. Leadstearate
168. Lead sulfate
169. Lead sulfida
1 70. Lead thiocyanate
171. Linoane
1 72. Lithium chromate
173. Malathion
174. Maleic acid
175. Maleic anhydride
176. Mercaptodimethur
1 77. Mercuric cyanide
1 78. Mercuric nitrate
1 79. Mercuric lulfata
180. Mercuric thiocyanate
181. Mercurous nitrate
182. Methoxychlor
183. Methyl mercaptan
184. Methyl methacrylate
185. Methyl parathion
186. Mevinphos
187. Mexecarbate
188. Monoethylamine
189. Monomethylamine
190. Naiad
1 92. Naphtrwnic acid
193. Nickel ammonium sulfate
194. Nickel chloride
196. Nickel hydroxide
196. Nickel nitrate
197. Nickel sulfate
196. Nitric acid
199. Nitrobenzene
200. Nitrogen dioxide
201 . Nitrophenol
202. Nitrotoluene
203. Pareformakfchyde
TABLE 2C-4
-------
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES -ccnr
204. Parathion
205. Penlachlorophenol
206. Phenol
207. Phosgene
208. Phosphoric acid
209. Phosphorus
210. Phosphorus oxychloride
211. Phosphorus pentasulfide
212. Phosphorus trichloride
213. Polychlorinatad biphenyls (PCS)
214. Potassium arsenate
215. Potassium artenite
216, Potassium bichromate
21V. Potassium chromate
218. Potassium cyanide
219. Potasiium hydroxide
220, Potassium permanganate
221. Propargits
222. Propiomc acid
223. Propionic anhydride
224. Propylene oxide
225. Pyrethrms
226. Quincline
227. Resorcinol
228. Selenium oxide
229. Silver nitrate
230. Sodium
231. Sodium arsenate
232. Sodium irsenite
233. Sodium bichromate
234. Sodium bifluoride
235. Sodium bisulfite
236. Sodium chrornate
237. Sodium cyanide
238. Sodium dodeeylbenzenesulfonate
239. Sodium fluoride
240. Sodium hydrosulfide
241. Sodium hydroxide
242. Sodium hypochtorite
243. Sodium methylate
244. Sodium nitrite
245. Sodum phosphate (dibasic)
246. Sodium phosphate Itnbasic)
247. Sodium selenite
248. Strontium chrornate
249. Strychnine
250. Styrene
251. Sulfuric acid
252, Sulfur monochloride
253. 2,4,5-T acid (2.4,5-
Trichlorophenoxyacotic acid)
254. 2,4,5-T amines (2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxy
acetic acid amines)
255. 2,4,5-T esters (2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxy
acetic acid esters)
256. 2,4,5-T salts (2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxy
acetic acid salts)
257. 2,4,5-TP acid (2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxy
propanoic acid)
258, 2,4,5-TP acid esters (2.4,5-
Trichlorophenoxy propanoic acid esters)
259. TDI (Tetractilorodiphenyl ethane)
260. Tatraethyl lead
261. Tetraethyl pyrophosphate
262. Thallium sulfatt
263. Toluene
264. Toxaphene
266. Trichlorofon
266. Tnchloroetrtylene
267, Trichlorophenol
268. Triethanolamme
dodecylbenzenesulfonate
269. Triethylamme
270. Trimethytamme
271. ijranyl acetate
272. Uranyl nitrate
273. Vanadium pentoxide
274, Vanadyl tulfate
275. Vinyl acetate
276. Vmyhdene chloride
277. Xylene
278. Xylenol
279. Zinc acetate
280. Zinc ammonium chloride
281. Zinc borate
282. Zinc bromide
283. Zinc carbonate
284. Zinc chloride
285. Zinc cyanide
286. Zinc fluoride
287. Zinc formate
288. Zinc hydrosulfite
289, Zinc nitrate
290. Zinc phenolsulfonate
291. Zinc phosphide
292. Zinc silicofluoride
293, Zinc sulfate
294. Zirconium nitrite
295, Zirconium potassium flouride
296. Zirconium sulfate
297, Zirconium titrachloride
TABLE 2C<4 (continued)
-------
LINE DP VWING
BLUE RIVER
4 90,000 GPD
MUNICIPAL
WATER SUPPLY
RAW
MATERIALS
10,000 GPD
SOLID WASTE
, 45,000 GPD
1 30,000 GPD
10,000
BLUE RIVER
10,000 GPD
COOLING WATER
TO PRODUCT
S.OOO GPD
TO ATMOSPHERE
5,000 GPD
4,000 GPD
MAX: 20,000 GPD
SCHEMATIC OF WATER
MOWN MILLS. INC,
CITY, COUNTY. STATE
JGURE 2C-!
-------
LPA I.D. NUMBER fcopy fror
FORM
2C
NPOES
i Item I of Form IS
Form Approved
OMB No 2040-0086
Approval expires 5-31-92
n* |if^A APPLICATION FOR PERMIT TO DISCHARGE WASTEWATER
»ntar"HPi\ EXISTING MANUFACTURING, COMMERCIAL, MINING AND SILVICULTURAL OPERATIONS
~ "". Contolidated Permits Program
1. OUTFALL LOCATION ^H|H|
^^^^^^m
^m
s^s^.^
^^^^^^^^^^^m
For aeeh outfall, list the latitude and longitude of its location to the nearest 1 5 seconds end the name of the receiving weter.
"'.BHIZftfr'- l-ATITUDS
C. UONGITUO
E
D. RECEIVING WATER (name 1
II. ,-LOWS, SOUACES OF POLLUTION, AND TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^H
A. Attach e line drawing showing the
and treatment units labilad to aorta
£sJ*etoriel otartp*Jon<*e»f|jjfj4|4ft
mater flow through the facility. Indicate si
MlMBi«e**^*OUroesof*ei*and^«
Mircas of intake water, operations contributing westewater to the effluent.
Item B. Construct a water balance on the line drawing by ihowing average
stance cannot be determined fag., for certa/n mining acfrV/tM, provide e
Mactlon or tfaJtiiilBle. ngasuras.
V for each outfatl, praMWIgpfcaJah' l;
1. TREATMENT
e. DECCHIPTION
D. LlftT CODES FMOM
TABL.K tC-1
^ - O N ^
-------
CONTINUED PROM PAGE 2
PA 1.0. MUM»«Hf«iJ»y from Htm J of Form I!
V. INTAKE AND EFFLUINT CHARACTERISTICS
A, B, A C: Saa imtnic
ib.for.pi
H| Complau on* MI of tabl« for aach outfall Annotate the outfall number in tha
NOTE: TaWei V-A, V-6, Hid V-O *r* tndudtd on *tp*f*M thaatt numb*r«d V-1 through V-9.
D. Uw tht ip*c* below to lift my of KM polhttwiti llM*d In Tiblt 2c-3 of the initructiom, which you know or h«v« reaton to btli*v* it dltdwnjKi or m*y b*
di«chwg*d from any outMI. Fw M*ry pollutant you lilt, briefly dMCrib* the rMforu you believe it to be pmcnt and report any analytical data in your
poaumon.
f. POLLUTANT
Z. *OUMCB
I. POLLUTANT
2, COUMCK
VI. POTENTIAL DISCHAROEf MOT COVERED BY ANALYljg
*»m of * wbmme* wtwch you currently UM or nwn
byproduct?
1urea»«ni
D VM flW « Htth pollutant, Inflow;
ffo to Item Vt-SI
-------
ONTINUEP FROM THE FRONT
/ll. BIOLOGICAL TOXICITY TESTING DATA^
Do you have any knowledge or rat*on to believe that any biological tett for acute or chronic toxiclty ha* been made on any of your diecharges or on a
receiving water in relation to your discharge within the lait 3 yeert?
Q V«S (Identify the tttt(i) and dwerfbe thfirpurpota below)
Q NO -(to to aeetfon vm>
ANALYSIS INFORMATION;
any of the analyeei reported in Item V performed by contract laboretory or conaulttng fkm?
ri Y«» (Hit On name, oaWma, and telephone number of. and poUutantt
an*ly*«d by, «een wen laboratory or ftrm bdouij
D. WU-UTAHTi AMALmU
(Ml
. ADDRESS
C. TlLl"
(tnacodt
EHTIFICATION,
fund^p»n»^ofl»wth«tthi*oocum»nt»nd»llM»chm»nttw»npr»p»r^un<^mytlir»ction
T»ubmitt»d.B»t»donmyinquiiyofth»p»nonurftrmn*whom»n»gtthftYtt»fnor
t information tubmftud it. fu rfii fi»irnfrnj Itnnnitiftpi amf»e»M Him arnrift tndcomphtt
) *M«re (/MT t6ev* ww tignHicwX pevMft/** Ax tubmittint MM information, including th» pottibiltty off intend imprifonmutt for knowing viotttiont.
A. NAME & OFFICIAL TITLE (type or print!
B. PHONE NO. (artacodt 4 noj
C SIGNATURE
D. DATE SIGNED
- t ;- E - r r
-------
PLEASE PRINT OR TYPE IN THE UNSHADED AREAS ONLY. You may report tome or all of
this information on separate sheets lust tht urn* format) instead of completing these pages.
SEE INSTRUCTIONS.
V. INTAKE AND EFFLUENT CHARACTERISTICS {continued from p»ge 3 of Form 2-CI
EPA I.D. NUMBER (copy from Ittm 1 of Farm II
PART A You must provide the results of at leatt one analysis for every pollutant in this table. Complete one table for each outfall. See instructions for additional detail*.
I. POLLUTANT
a. Biochemical
Oxygen Demand
(BOD)
2. EFFLUENT
d. NO. OF
ANALYSE*
3. UNITS
(tittcifv if blank)
CONCEN-
TRATION
4. INTAKE
A N A i > *j I
b. Chemical
Oxygen Demand
(COD)
e. Total Organic
Carbon (TOO
d. Total Suapended
DIM* IH,,iuli
« LONd
AVERAGE VALUE
III "...
a. Bromide
(24969-67-9)
b. Chlorine.
Total Rattduel
c. Color
d. Fecil
Conform
«. F luorid*
(16984-48-8)
f. Nitrate-
Nitrite ft* N)
EPA Form 3510-2C (8-90)
PAGE V-l
CONTINUE ON HEX.
-------
ITEM V-B CONTINUED FROM FRONT
I. POLLUT-
ANT AND
CAS NO.
(If available)
2. MARK 'X
3. EFFLUENT
4. UNITS
5. INTAKE t«r>ti«nali
a. mm-l b
MAY.*""-"!
a. MAXIMUM DAILY VALUE
d. NO.OF
ANAL
VSE*
. CONCEN-
TRATION
(>| MASS
g.Nttrof*n.
Toul Organic
h. Oil wid
On
(at ri. Toul
(7723-14-0)
I. RKliOMtivity
(l)AMi*.
(. IMM, TM*
tl
Total
(743996-4)
j. Molybdenum,
Total
(743998 7)
v. Manganan
Tom
(7439966)
w. Tin, Total
I/44O-31 6)
x. Titanium.
Total
(7440-32-6)
EPA Form 3510-2C (8-90)
PAGE V-2
CONTINUE ON \>.
-------
CONIINIIFD FROM PAGE 3 OF FORM 2-C
PART ' (I you araa primary Industry and this outfallconta
2 -a for all such GC/MS fractions that apply to yo
wa*t*M«r*r oalftOf. und nanrfquirmd GC/MS fri
beliav* Is abaant.Myou mark column 2«t«x any po
of at k»aat ona analysis for that pollutant rt you k
dinitrophaool, or 2-iMtttyM, 6 dmitroph«nol, yo
coocantrattons oil 00ppt> or graatar . Otharwiaa. 1
ba diachargad. Nota that thara ara 7 paga* to th*
1. POLI UTANT
AND CAS
NUMHER
1. MAUK 'X*
mm
b. -
i.lJ|VBfl
& «-
kllKVKI
Air
a. MAXIMUM DAILY
COMC KMTWATIOM
METALS. CYANIDE, AND TOTAL PHENOLS
IM Antimony,
K>l*l (/440 38-01
?M Ancnlc, TMBl
I744O 3H ?|
3M. 8»»₯l'«im,
rot«l. 7440 41 .7)
4M Cwfmium,
TOI»I (7440 43*)
*»M Clw oroium,
Tol*! (744O 47-S)
6M daa*.TiMi
(743a-« II
BM Mvrcinv. T0W
IT4M97 r,)
«M. Ntok*l, TOtM
IOM. S*l«Hiium,
Fot»l (77R? 49 J)
1 IM. SHv»r, TOWl
II44O-7? 4)
17M ThiiMium,
fot.M 7440 28-0)
I.1M Zlnr, fOt»I
I74406S Rl
I4M, Cv»»>irt«,
rw««l (s; 12 5(
IBM «»»»!«.
fowl
F-A l.o. NUMBER (copy from IMin / of Form It
ins proem
iir industr
tctiont).TT
Mutant, yo
now or ha
u muat pr
orpolluta
ipartptoi
iswaatawatw, ri
y and for ALL tw
lark "X" in colurr
timuatprovfcJatf
va ntaaon »> b*<
Unoa tfia Maiwti
itt for wtilOR you
lfWUjgU|%*2lnth«
Ic Rtaxala\ aytnioaar at
n 2-b for aach pollutan
laraaultsofatlaaatona
«wajt««Hlbao>acharo«
of at laaai pna Analyst
mart column 2b, you m
earafulty CorflpMjta «m
I, EFFLUENT >
VALAIB
|t| MAS*
b. MAJtMIUMJ|JBAT VALUC
n^«f*P«altl
C..C«L'^,«TI««[ l'» "«»*
OUTFALL MUMBCN
instructions to datarmina which of th
id total phanois If you ara not n»qu»r4
tyouknoworhavaraaaofitob«lava
ar>aty»isfortrtatpollutafrt.Myoumarl
id in oftocafitraUooa of iO||aS at gra
I for aadi^f tfiata poHlMlIpp wtiiot!
niatartharBubrnrtatlaa»toM«naly«i
ittMa/M^^iM foria^l^S:
"f^fV
<*K«llU..T.«J ««»»»« J
^W'
aGC/MS fractions you must tasi for. Mark "X" in column
id to mark column 2-a (sacondurt industries, nonproctss
ia praaant. Mark "X" in column 2-c for aach pollutant you
1 column 2b lor any pollutant, you muat provide the results
E. N you inark column 2b tor acroialn, aerylonitrila, 2,4
know or hava raaaon B baltave that you discharge in
^rtxlsfrydaacribatharaaaonstha pollutant is expected 10
pa Inatructtooa for adtfltiooal datails and raquiramann.
4, UNIT*
* CONCBlM-
TNATMMt
fa. MASS
S. INTAKE (option*!/
(i - ~-
'I *w"*»W'
l>) ..
YSIS
OIOXIN
'. 1 1 H l"lr»
i|... .in I 1 '(-.401 8|
DESCRIBE RESULTS
EPA Fo-m 3S10-2C (a-90)
PAGE V-3
CONTINUE ON REVERSE
-------
' '<" 1 ANT
Hi- 'PR
'.!,»
!GC:/MS ACTION
i. /., ,
, ( 10 " !
_7v AI -'(trite
n" i i (
au n,,,, .,«
'( M <>-
4v ni» ' '.Mro-
,m, ilivl! > -tior
154? B" '
sv H"«.' -'arm
( T\ W '.'
nv c»r>- ii
I t«l.»r>ii' «!«
|(!»fi ^3 ''
1 ?v Chi.' i>iwmn*
, j IfW Of* ' *
BV Cli' II-
' !>tf»i»f*n" ''mn»
(1^« 411 '
^v r;i.i. -otlMtw
( 7f> 1M> '
liiv / i i»ro-
*tiiylvi»- ' th»r '
, (t!0-Vf. '>
I IV c''i -oform
(67 «fi '»
IIV l>> »ro-
(75 21 *
13V li!< More-
>HllllOt»' "dlWM
!7r, 71 n
1*V 1, i '»«-Hk»ro-
Mh>rw 1 ' .1A-3)
inv 1.7 "-hterO"
tiinu* ' ' O0-2)
ir.'., ! ' i-hloro-
. !i,,i«,.. ', 3B-4)
i M. i " blaro-
,..,..., -t BT-Sl
im' i t '-no-
nl,,,.vi., . JS-8)
r< i '<>ir*rt«
' B39)
>< '
....... ' <17 3J
Z. MARK
JkTIVT'
IN«
*l«*
QUIIK-
ID
-vo
b>«-
kl«vKa
rHB-
NT
LATILI
X'
& «
A--T
ECOM
s. errtueirr-
*, MAXIMUM C
POUNDS
>AILY VAL.UC
b. MAXI^y^l
1
^YVALU*
iet8lirfi|a;
t{(M. VALUl
It MO. OF
ANAL-
YSIS
' «; UNITS -
*. CONCKM-
TBATION
tX MASS
S. INTAKE 1 optional 1
*. LONG
AVKRAB
(i) eoNccw-
TCRM
: VALUI
b. NO. OF
AMAL
3510-2C
PAGE V-4
CONTINUE ON PAGE V-S
-------
CONTINUED FROM PAGE V-4
1. POLLUTANT
AND CAS
NUMBER
(tf ouMfa&fr^
OC/MS FRACTION
22V. MMtiylww
Chtarld, (78-O9-2)
23V. 1.1.2.2-T«tr»-
chloro*th*n«
(7934-6)
14V. T«tr«ch(oro-
Miytoiw <127.»e-4)
26V. TohMM
(10B -88-31
2«V. 1.2-Trm-
DksiilarMtiivMn*
(1M-OO-S)
arv. i,i,i-Tri-
ctite^wttiwm
(71*69)
3*V. 1,1^-Trt-
ahk>ro«th«M
(79-004)
2«V. Trlchkxo
MhyMM (7»4>14I)
90V. Trtehkxo-
fluorom«th*n«
(7B-8»4)
31V. Vinyl
Cniorkf* /75-O1-4)
X. MARK 'X1
&TKBT
IMft
W-
f
-vo
IX »«
LI*VKO
P*C'
tATIl
c
LI*W««
All-
ECO*
>. MAXIMUM
*Mnol(10e-«7-a)
4A. 4,«-Dln(tro-O-
Cra*al (83442-11
6A. 2,4-Olnltro.
»lMnol (81-26-8)
8A. 2 Nttroph»nol
(8766)
7A. 4-NitfOph*iM>l
(100-02.7)
8A. P Chloro M-
Cr«ol (B9-SO-7)
9A P«nt«chloro
phana! (87-86-5)
10A. Phenol
I10B-9S-2)
11A 2,4,6-Tfi-
chlorophvnol
(88-06-2)
OAILV
tlMdJ
Ei>A l.o. NUMBEB rtopy from ftem 1 of Farm It
3. EFFLUENT
VAL.UB
b. MAXIMUM 1
IJfcj, VALO.
OO rFALL NUMBEM j
c.LONa T(?/r,Ma
ft,W VAUU"
a NO, OF
ANAL.-
4. UNITS
TliATlON
S, INTAKE (I'pli""
» (_OM<,
lllCM.C.!.
Tnftrtaiv
TERM !
1
|
1
1
PAGE V-5
-------
CONTINUED FROM THE FRONT
1. POLLUTANT
AND CAS
NUMBED
(If aiMUoWei
1, MARK 'X'
KT«>T
|M*
N«-
afl*-
tl <-
blBW«B
(»«-
«««r
C. mm-
/..,
3. EFFLUENT
«. MAXIMUM DAILY VALUE
e«,HC.W.«,«»l I"1"***
OC/MS FRACTION - BASE/NEUTRAL COMPOUND*
IB. AewwphtlMit*
(83-32-9)
3m, Acorwolitvton*
|20B-»*«>
30. Antt>r*cww
(120-12-7)
40. BwtxMilM
(03-07-W
»«. BaiMOW
fk/MihtWOttW
{pM«>
«B.S*n*ef«|
urwia fBftJEt4H
T0.3.4-BWO-
WllOfWIwIWiB
BOWMJ
00, Mmfl MMj
Pvytww
(1*124-2)
.witafW
Fluor snttMtw
(207-00-9)
10«. Bh (J-CMoro-
*(ko*y| M«tfwo«
(111-S1-M
ItB. BHa-CWoro-
Ifcyij f tlw
(HI^4-4)
l&ta/Z-Oikmiw-
«nn«fMf|im40-1|
130. Btofa-'ttyt-
fttcyijl phtluloM
(117-01-7)
14B. 4-Bronto-
phcnyl PfMnyl
Eth*r (101-SB-3)
IBB. Butyl Bcniyl
PhllMMM (86-00-7
1«0. 2-CDIora-
lupMlwlwiM
(1-90-7)
170. 4-Chh>ro-
DIMnyl Ph»ny I
6th*f (7008-72-3)
18B. ChrywM
(21801 »)
198 Dlb.mo (a.h>
Anthr*c*n*
(53 70-3)
20B. 1,2 D.chloro-
b*n»n* (96-501)
21B. 1,3 Oichlofo
b*nt*najS4 1-73-1)
*-M*XlftfM
111
,
Ufev v*cu'
ll) -...
C.LOHaW,MaftiW,«*L0«
I«I
ill >**«
a NO. OF
ANAU
V5B»
4. UNITS
*. CDNCEN-
THATiOW
b MASS
5, INTAKE f,tpt«»
». LONC
AV^R AQ
01 co»*c«»*-
>n*TiON
. TERM
E VALUE.
Ill ««»
EPA Form 351ft-2C ft-M»
PAGE V-«
CONTINUE ON i
-------
1. POLLUTANT
AND CAS
NUMBER
III ovtilablr)
2. MARK 'X'
Ht-
UIH-
LI&VKV
C «-
AB-
*T
«. MAXIMUM DAILY
(I
EPA I.D. NUMBER (copy from Jttm 1 of Form 1)
3. EFFLUENT
VALUE
|» "...
OC/MB FRACTION - BASE/NEUTRAL COMPOUNDS teonUmud'
22B. 1.4-Okhloro
IwnzMM (106-46-7
23B. 3.3--Dichloro-
(91-94-1)
24B. Dtothyl
Phthalat*
(84-66-2)
26B. Dimethyl
(131-11-3)
PtlthBtBM
(84-74-2)
278. 2.4-Dlnltro-
tokMM (121-14-2)
3BB. 2.6-Dtnltro-
tokMM (808-20-2)
2BB. DI-N-Octyl
lit 17-844))
MB.1.2-OlplMnvl-
KUMM 1 Zt-66%
BMB. FluonnthMw
»8-73-7)
am" "' "
gj^i'n
^gsasr
Sti'A^r
'8S9?^
(7»8»1)
(61-2041
4OB. NNrotMiuwM
(98-06-3)
41B. N-Nltro-
«Mjlm«tl
-------
CONTINUED FROM THE FRONT
1. POLLUTANT
AND CAS
NUMBER
1. MARK 'X*
*lt-
BUIW-
ti «-
ttftvae
PXK-
**MT
e. mm~
**
MT
. MAXIMUM DAILY VALUE
111
III M*»»
GC/MS FRACTION - BASE/NEUTRAL COMPOUNDS fi*fiyl*mln«
(8ft-3O-6)
448. Ph*n«ittir«iw
(8B-01-B)
4SB. Pynn*
(12B-OO-0)
4BB. 1,2,4 -Trt-
cMorobwuwM
(120*2 1)
OCVMS FRACTION
IP. AMrtn
(3W-W-2J
3P. O-BHC
018-8441)
3P.jS-BHC
(68-899)
6P 5-BHC
(31946-8)
BP. CMonten*
W7.74-B1
7P. 4.4' -DDT
(60-28-31
BP. 4,4'-DOE
(72-86-9)
8P. 4,4'-DDO
(72 64-8)
1OP Otaldrln
(«O67 1)
1 1P. a-EndOiulf*n
(118-28-7)
12P. 0 Endo«ulf«n
(11S-2B-7!
13P EndcuuK.n
Sulfatt
(1031-O7«)
14P. Endnn
<72 2O-8)
ISP. Endrin
Alilotiydo
(7421-934)
16P. H*pt«chtor
(76-448)
-PEI
rriaw
ES
'
3. EFFLUENT
b. MAXI^yMJ^HAjT WALUB
co»c«W«»,,o^
l,|»...
C.LONG TERM AVRCi. VALUE
CO.C.NVI..IION
111 «...
a NO OF
ANAL
IfSES
4, UNITS
*. CONCEN
TRATION
L. MASS
S. INTAKE (.'/'/.
a LQNC
AVEHACi
'"l^noi"
» TCftM
L VALUt
I.I-...
EPA FMM 3510-2C (S-M)
PAGE V-8
CONTINUE ON i
-------
CONTINUED FROM PACi V 8
1. POLLUTANT
AND CAS
NUMBER
(i/ avwfaiMr;
2, MANK 'X'
KT**?
*M«
MH *
OUIW-
b, ,«
Liftwsn
»»K-
«WT
C *«-
liiMr
. MAXIMUM DAILY
10
OC/MS FRACTION - KSTICIDES (continued)
17P. H«pt*chlor
ipoxtd*
(1024-67-31
«P. PCB-1242
(83409-21-0)
IBP. PC B 1264
(11O97-6S 1)
20P, PCB 1J21
(11104-28-2)
IIP. PCB- 1232
(11141.19-6)
22P. PCB-1248
<12672-2»-8)
23P. PCB-128O
(110M42.S)
24P. PCB 1016
(12674-11-2)
2SP. Toxaphwi*
(001-36-2)
Cf*A l.D. NUMBER (copy /rom /fern 1 o/1 Form 1)
3 EFFLUENT
VALUE
(j| MA..
b. ilAX^MJ^^JV VALUE
!)
(l) *!*«*
OUTFALL NUMBER I
c-«-0"CT(f^f.<*M
*H*TIU»«
ti| MAB»
PAGE V-9
PA Form 3S10-2C (8-M)
-------
Approved
OMB No. 2040-0086
Approval expires 5-31-92
int or type in th« umtwoM tnut only.
APPLICATION KM KMHT TO
AMD WLVICOLTUfUL OPERATIONS
mM* to tht «ffiuMrt(
r JMMMM/, provM*
asrssi'
>. (O^T COOK* PROM
TAM.C 1C-I
ust ONLY ieffluent guidilinei tub-cattionttl
-------
IFD FROM THE FRONT
fC. Except for storm runoff, leaks, or (pills, ** any of th* dheMq
Q vcs reomptoto the AoOowtaf lafclaj
Id In Items II-A or B trrttrmrnwit or seasonal?
Quo (go to Sfction III)
.OUTFALL
NUMBER
(list)
«.
CONTHIMJTINO FLOW
I. FMQUCNCY
b. MONTH*
*N VBAft
4. FLOW
. PLOW MAT*
? t. MUIIMUM
h. TOTAL VOUUMC
<*>»clfy with unit*I
I. t.OM« T«HM a. MAXIMUM
C DUR-
ATION
A. DOM in ffdunt
Q vu (eamjrict* JMww
C. rfyou«ncw«r*d"yM"tolMmm-e.«K«
"~
I m««iur»m>nt of your tovrt of production, expressed in the terms and units
. «UANTITV PCN OAV
b. uwnv or
1. AFFECTED
OUTFALLS
(litt outfall number*;
IV. IMPROVEMENTS,
A. Are you now required by any Federal, Stite or loo) authority to meet any implementation schedule for the construction, upgrading or operation of waste-
water treatment equipment or practice! or any other environmental programs which may affect the discharges described in this application? This includes,
but is not limited to, permit conditions, administrative or enforcement orders, enforcement compliance schedule letters, stipulations, court orders, and grant
or loan condition.. D»«« feoi^tefti MM toUowH* toMej DNO («o to /tern IV-B>
1. IDENTIFICATION OF CONDITION,
AQREStMENT. ETC.
1. AFFECTED OUTFALL*
b. BOWIICK or OI*CHAI»«
1. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
4. FINAL COM
PLIANCE DATE
> G*i PI &f i ncjiCbifc wn^Thp' tacr p' ^£"3"" "i,i ' ._
IF DESCRIPTION OF ADDITIONAL CONTROL PROGRAMS IS ATTACHED
PAGE I OF 4
-------
INUED FROM PAGE 2
. HfTAKi MmwnjumttmtmM
NOTE: T*toVJV,V-Biwt«JV pimnt »nd rapon «ny amlytkal d»ta in your
. POLLUTANT
S. *OURCt
MMI inarm«XM* or INMI product or
For
-------
CONTINUED FROM THE FRONT
VII. BIOLOGICAL TOXICITY TESTING DATA .
Do you haw any knowtodga or raaaon to-baUava that any biologic*) tact for acuta or chronic toxicity ha» baan mada on any of your diicharges or on a
receiving wetar in relation to your diacharga wHWn tha laat 3 yaan?
Q VIS (Identify On tettd) end dttcribt their purpom below)
NO (go to Section V1I1)
wuufcw of. and polhitanto
or flrm telowj
f A. NAHB
. ADORKSa
(area code A no.)
(lilt)
undtvutueMthfinfonnutiontubmitttd B»»»donmyinguirYofth»ptreonorp»r*ont whomtmgethttyrtfmor
including tttt pottibilny of tint end lawrieonmunt for knowing violations.
*- NAMC a, OFFICIAL TITLE ffVP* Or print)-
EPA Form 3510-2C (6-
-------
PLEASE PRINT OR TYPE IN THE UNSHADED AREAS ONLY. You may report some or all of
this information on separate sheets lute the same formatl instead of completing these pages.
SEE INSTRUCTIONS. ___
EPA l.O. NUMBER (copy from Item 1 of Form I!
V.,NTAKE AND FLUENT
PART A You must provide the results of at least one analysis for every pollutant in this table. Complete one table for each outfall. See instructions for additional details.
I. POLLUTANT
2. EFFLUENT
a. MAXIMUM DAILY VAUUB
Tff*!f *T"
ill M**l
d. NO. or
ANALYSES
3. UNITS
(specify if blank)
a.CONCKN-
TRATIOH
4, INTAKE (aptiiHial)
a, LONG TEHM
b, NK
ANA ,
a, Bioch«rnlc»l
Ox V9«n Damand
(BOO)
b. Chemical
OxVflan Demand
(com
e. Total Organic
Carbon (TOO
d. Total Suipandad
Solid. (TSSt
a. Ammonia ttu N)
1. Flow
g. Tamporatura
(winter)
h. Tamparatura
(lummtrl
MINIMUM
i. PH
MAXIMUM
MINIMUM
MAXIMUM
STANDARD UNITS
PART B - Mark "X" in column 2-a for MCh pollutant you know or hcv* rvawon to telMV* i* prawwtt. Mark "X" in column 2 -b for each pollutant you believe to be absent If you mark column 2a for any p< >i i
which is HmMariaWiaralractly, or inolractly felt tJ9«*eatyJnwa^
column 2i. you mint provid* quantitative data or M explanation of trwir prwance in your oKacharg*. Complete one tabla for each outfall. Sea (ha instructions for additional details and require n
t. POLLUT-
ANT AND
CAS NO.
(if available!
2. MARK 'X
S. EFFLUENT
4. UNITS
5 INTAKE (uptional)
b.
a. MAXIMUM DAILY VALUE
III
34!
WALUB
ttNO OF
ANAL-
YSE*
a. CONCEN
TRATION
». LONG TERM
AVERAGE VALUE
|l| MAH
a. Bromida
(24959 679)
b. Chlorina,
Total natidual
c. Color
d. Facal
Conform
*. f luoride
(1698448 B)
f. Nitrata-
Nitrlta (at Nt
EPA Form 3510-2C (8-90)
PAGE V-l
CONTINUE ON REVt.,
-------
I. POLLUT-
ANT AND
CAS NO.
(tfauatloMtl
Tot*l Organic
tmNl
h. OH *nd
1. PhMphorut
f« ri, ToMl
17723 14-01
2 MARK 'X
. R«dlo«ctlvrtv
3. EFFLUENT
. MAXIMUM DAILY VALUE
I'i '
VAI-U"
C.L&Nfi T*I*M
d NO OF
ANAL
vses
4. UNITS
a. CONCEN-
TRATION
S. INTAKE f.i/i«ii>«ii//
TOOri
«)
OUtaHum.
3M* TMtl .
**»
"Mil
TOUI
(I430-M-S)
w. Tin, TaM
(/44O.31-6)
«. Titanium,
PAOE V-Z
CONTINUE ON PAC,i , 3
-------
CONTINUED FROM PAGE 3 OF FORM 2 C
EPA i.D. NUMBER Icopy from Item 1 of Form 1>
OUTFALL NUMBER
PART C - If you are a primary industry and this outfall contain* process wastewater, refer to Table 2c-2 in the instruction* to determine which of the GC/MS fractions you must test for. Mark "X" in colui i u
2-s for all such GC/MS fraction* that apply to your industry and for ALL toxic metal*, cyanides, and total phenols. If you are not required to mark column 2 a (secondary industries, nonpioc.
tvaata-wMwr outfalls, tndnonrtquirod GC/MS /rtctioml, mark "X" in column 2-bfor each pollutant you know or have reason to believe is present. Mark "X" in column 2 -c for aach pollutant y. «
believe is absent. M you mark column 2a for any pollutant, you must provide the result* of at least one analysis for that pollutant. If you mark column 2b (or any pollutant, you must provide the r es» 1 1
of at least one analysis for that pollutant if you know or have reason to believe It will be discharged in concentrations of 1 0 ppb or greater. If you mark column 2b for acrolein, acrylonitrile, 2 . -1
dinitrophenol, or 2-m*thyl-4, 6 dinitrophenol, you must provide the results of at least one analysis for each of these pollutants which you know or have reason to believe that you discharge u
concentration* of 1 00 ppb or greater. Otherwise, for pollutant* for which you mark column 2b. you must either submit at least one analysis or briefly describe the reasons the pollutant is expected i.
be discharged. Note that there are 7 page* to this part; please review each carefully. Complete one table (ult "f pages) for each outfall. See instructions for additional details and requirement
1. POLLUTANT
AND CAS
NUMBER
(IfeuaUabU)
2, MARK 'X'
fcT««T
tHa
aum-
tx «-
klKVBC
NT
C «-
Ll«v«e
AB-
SENT
METALS, CYANIDE, AND TOTAL PH|
tM. Antimony,
Total (744O-36-O)
2M. Arienle, Total
(744O-»2)
3M. Beryllium,
Total, 7440-41-7)
Total (744fr-43-a>
M. Owomlum.
U»t»l (7440-47-3)
par
^Mj«y.T«-
|k^ luf^j^^Bt IBB^^^J
a^pM« m^ppjifB^ mi>B*
(744002-0)
10M. Mantum.
Tot* <77*2-4ft 2)
11M. Sliver, Total
(7440-29-4)
12M. TheHlum,
TOtel (7440-28-0)
13M. Zinc, Total
(7440-80-6}
14M. CywtlcM,
TotM (87-12-6)
16M. PMnolt,
Total
!NPU
--
3. EFFLUENT
VALUE
DIOXIN
2,3,7.8 T»tr»
chlarodib*nio-P-
Oioxln (1764-01-6)
DESCRIBE RESULTS
b. MAXIMUM *
UoSi VALUl
C.LONG TEJIM *VRV>. VALUE
d. NO. or
ANAL-
YSES
4. UNITS
>. CONCEN-
TRATION
b. MASS
S. INTAKE (uplioii.it
*. LOMC
AWERAO
(t) C0MGBM'
TERM
E VALU^
(2) MASS
'
1, 1 1, > ttt
* ^ ft i
V ij t ii
EPA Form 3S10-2C (t-M)
PAGE V-3
CONTINUE ON REVERM
-------
CONTINUED FROM THE FRONT
t. POLLUTANT
AND CAS
NUMBER
/I/ available)
2 MARK 'X'
A Tk»T
QUIPI-
b. ..
,i». wac
«NT
C mt-
*-
NT
3 EFFLUENT
e. MAXIMUM DAILY VALUE
f>>
GC/MS FRACTION - VOLATILE COMPOUNDS
IV. Acroleln
(107-02-8)
2V. Acrylonltrlle
(107-13-1)
3V. Benzene
(71 43-21
4V. BMCMoro-
mtthyll Ether
(642-88 1)
8V. Bromoform
(76-26-2)
6V. Carbon
Tetrechtoride
(66-23-6)
7V. Chtorobeniene
(1089O-7)
8V. Chtorodl-
bromometrtene
(124-481)
9V. Chtoroethene
(76-00-3)
10V. 2-Chtoro-
ethylvlnyl Ether
(110-764)
11V. Chloroform
(67-66-3)
12V. OWilera-
(76-37-4)
lav. DWiloro-
dttluoromethene
(76-71-8)
t4V. 1,1-OWiloro-
ethene (76-34-3)
16V. 1,2-Dtehloro-
16V. 1,1-OfaMoro»
ethylene (76-36-4)
17V. 1,2-DWiloro-
proikene (79-97-9}
Itv 1.3-Otehtoro-
19V. Ethylbenzene
(100-41 4)
20V. Methyl
Bromide (74-83-9)
21V. Methyl
Chloride (74-87-3)
Fond 3610-1C (t-M)
b. MAXIMUM 3D DAY VALUE
i.i ».»
C.UONC ^ffjgjffjfff VALUE
tl NO OF
ANAL
vsts
4 UNITS
CONCEN
TRATION
PAGE V-4
S INTAK t /../Hi
n I ON(.
A V Lti A^/
1 t HM
V ALUL
t I \ M Ak
-
1
CONTINUE ON P/^.t V 5
-------
CONTINUED FROM PAGE V4
I. POLLUTANT
AND CAS
NUMBER
OC/MS FRACTION
22V. M*thyl*M
ChtorM* (76-08-2)
23V. 1,i,2,2-T«tr»-
chlofiMKtMiM
(78-34-5)
24V. TMnehioro-
thylww (127-18-41
26V. Toluww
(108-88-3)
28V. 1,2-TfMM-
Dfchtoro*thyt*n«
(166-6O-6)
27V. 1.1,1-Trt-
chtoromlMiM
(71-BB-6)
28V. 1,1,2-Trl-
chk>ro«tti*rM
(79-OO-B)
|29V. Trlchloro-
IMiytan* (78-01 6)
BpV. Trlctilero-
|31V, Vinyl
IChtarM* (75-O1-4)
2. MARK *X*
M*-
I FT I
-vo
u ..-
LIBVKH
LATIL
c «-
ECOM
. MAXIMUM I
POUNDS (contt*
OC/MS FRACTION - ACID COMPOUNDS
1A. 2 Chtorophenol
(89-67-8)
2A. 2,4 Olchloto-
ph«nol (120-83-2)
3A. 2.4 D!m«ttiyl-
ph«nol(106 67-g)
4A. 4,6-Dlnrtro-O-
Crwol (B34-62-1)
6A. 2,4-Dlnltro-
ph.nol (61-28-6)
6A. 2 Nltroph«nol
(88-76-6!
7 A. 4-Nltroph«nol
(100-02-7)
8 A. P-ChlOfO-M-
Crnot 159 60 7)
9A. P«nt»chloro-
ph*nol (87 86 5)
10A Prtanol
(108-95-2)
11 A. 2.4.6-Tri-
chEorophvnol
(8806 2)
JAIl-Y
u*d)
EPA ID. NUMBER (ropy from Item 1 of Form 1)
3. EFFLUENT
VALUE
lob/5,1 V* *
Ob fFALL NUMBER
LVRG, VALUE
a. NO. or
ANAL-
YSES
4, UNITS
«, CONCEN-
TRATION
b. MASS
S. INTAKE (Optional
m. LOMQ
AVERAG
|l) COMC0M"
TERM
VALUE
(l| «***
^
, |t . Of
f i * >
- , ,e,,, ,« , , fAGF v-» 'ONTIMIII: nm NI '< »«.-<
-------
1.FOM.UTANT
AND CAS
NUMBER
fil wMteMrJ
t. MABH '»
fcf «»T
IM«
««
win-
tx*«-
Lt*v«a
P««C
MT
t »**
«.*
«Mt
. MAXIMUM OAll-V VAUUE
M w 1 It) M.*«
OC/MS FHAcnwi - M-HUNtuniAi. camwmm
IB, AMMpMhWM
(8332-9)
2B. Ac*iuphtyl*iM
(208-M-a)
36 AnthncwM
(120-12 7)
4B. BwitMin*
(2*7.6)
B. BMUO 4I
W«.C«wVHm
(ttt-ii*)
<»B. Oto*nio f«.»i>
Anthrwwn*
(8370-3)
2OB. 1,2-Dkhtofo-
b«iz«r» (B8-6O-1)
218. 1>Dte*iloro-
twniwM(K41-79-1
*. MAXI^M Jj^g^V VAI.UB
co~c»W«»».o.j l'l-««*
ct-°»aWJSJn£fv*'-u'
i>i
1^1 *****
U NO OF
AHAC-
vses
«, COMCCN-
THAT1ON
a LONG
AVCRA^I
|l| <.u~C«>.
TMA1IOH
TCMM
V ALUl
|,) ...t
1
|
;
EPA F*m U10-2C (»-M)
PAGE V-«
CONTINUE ON t'< t V /
-------
CONTINUED FROM PAGE V-6
1. POLLUTANT
AND CAS
NUMBER
1 MARK 'X'
Mfc-
ttMtH-
ki&wca
NT
C ..-
**
EPA (D. NUMBER (copy from Item 1 of Form I)
3. EFFLUENT
«. MAXIMUM DAILY VALUK
l'I T0-
(. »«.»
QC/MK FRACTION - BASE/NEUTRAL COMPOUNDS (continued*
22 B 1,4-Olchloro
b*nz«M (106 46 7
23B. 3,3--D!chloro
MntkSliM
(9194-1)
24B. Dtothyl
PhttuM*
(84-66-2)
2BB. Dlmnhyl
PhthatM*
(131-11-3)
2*B. bl-N -Butyl
phtlMM*
(4-74-2)
278. 2,4-Olnitro-
tobww (131-14-2)
28B. 2,6-Olnltro
tohiwx (606-20-2)
X»B. D(-N-Octvl
MNh*tM*
0 17-644))
BM«M> (122-66-7;
BNB. FNiarwitlwW
ntoB. Fhionn*
nit-H-i)
34i,H«M-
(7-6B-4)
gsgssr.
«tti«M (67-72-1)
ggiu.
»B. iwpheren*
(78-68-1)
(91-20-3)
408 NltrobMilMW
(90-963)
41B. N Nitro-
(62 7B 9)
42B. N-Nltrotodl-
N-^ropylwnln*
{621-647)
b. MAXIMUM »0 DAY VALUE
dl
(»>»»
OUTFALL NUMBER
C.I.ONO T^»*|^P|f VALUB
10
NO or
ANAL
VSfcS
4. UNITS
. CONCEN-
TRATION
l> MASS
5. INTAKE f«/"<"'
» LONG TERM
*Vt««i.E VALUE
l,| «...
EPA Form 3S10-2C (i-M)
PAGE V-7
CONTINUfc ON
-------
1 . POLLUTANT
AND CAS
NUMBER
OCAMFftACTKW
43B. N-Nttro-
edipiianylatnln*
(M-M41
(5-01-B)
48B.pyi*n*
(12*404)
4to.'U.4-m
[lafrW-D _,
1. MARK 'X'
KT«*r
»
M«-
-A
ocMi PHAenoM - ra
IP. AUrtn
OOV4MM}
3F. 0-1MC
(I1»*fr*l
«.«-»«:
M1MK-71
*P. 7-BMC
ni4»«i
P.6-CNC
(S1MW4)
r. ChlontoiM
(«?.74«>
*, 4.4--DDT
bi-aJM)
M. 4,*-ODi
(TJ-W<)
M>. 4.4--DDD
(72-«*«)
10T. DMdrln
(M7-1)
IIP.dMVlBWHMi
(11K-29-7)
tar. ^-»Bdo».««B
(11B-24-7)
1W. IndBWHtn
SuHM*
(10*1-07*)
14P. Endrln
(72-204I
ISP, Endrin
AMahyite
(742 1-03-4)
10f*. M*pt*chlar
(7«-44-8)
d «
UIBWKfl
J«;
KMH
TICKI
c «-
......
/THAI
S. EFFLUENT
K. MAXIMUM 1
LCOMTOUNM
-.4*;^
1AILV VA1.UC
(eonOnufd)
Bt:<:
b.MAK^y-1
jta:/ VALU«
O.LONO 'JU^M
ft*C? v*tu«
d. NO OF
ANAL-
YSES
1, COHCCN-
TMATION
b M*»»
* L.ONC
(l } COMCBM-
i TtRM
EPA Fem lilO-JC (t-M)
PAGE v-«
CONTINUE ON HM! V9
-------
CONTINUED FROM PAGE V-8
1. POLLUTANT
AND CAS
NUMBER
(if mumilmbt*)
QC/MS FRACTION
17P, H*puehlor
EpexM*
<1024-§7-3)
18P. PCB-1242
(834W21-9)
ISP. PCB-12B4
(11M7-W-1)
20P. PCB-1221
(11104-282)
21P. PCB-1232
(11141 1«)
22P. PCB-124B
(12«72-»-«)
23P. PCB-1260
24P. PCB-101*
(12*74-112)
a«P. TBlMplMM
001-3S-2)
Z. MAUN 'A1
**&
-PB
>.«!'
mao
c mm-
JtKr
C9fMK
. MAXIMUM I
ill
nOiuMd)
1AIL.Y
PA I.D. NUMBER (copy from turn 1 of Form li
3, EFFLUENT
VALUK
MA**
OUTFALL NUMBKR
_Lk
a NO or
ANAL-
vscs
4. UNITS
CONCCN
TRATION
b. MASS
5 INTAKE (,>pn,.i
* L.ONC
(l ) CONC**'
TM MTIOVi
TCRM
|l) -A..
PAGE V-»
EPA F«nn SS10-2C (t-M)
-------
ITEM V-B CONTINUED FROM FRONT
1. POLLUT-
ANT AND
CAS NO.
(If available >
0. NltroffWn,
Total Organic
(
-------
CONTINUED FROM PAGE 3 OF FORM 2-C
EPA l.D. NUMBER (copy from Ittm 1 of Form 1)
OUTFALL NUMBER
FormApprond.
OMB Ho. 2040-0086
Approval expirts 7-31-88
PART C - If you are a primary industry and this outfall contains process wastewater, refer to Table 2c-2 in the instructions to determine which of the GC/MS fractions you must test for. Mark "X" in column
2-8 for all such GC/MS fractions that apply to your industry and for ALL toxic metals, cyanides, and total phenols. If you are not required to mark column 2 -a (secondary industries, nonprocess
wastewater outfalls, and nonrepaired GC/MS tractions), mark "X" in column 2-b for each pollutant you know or have reason to believe is present. Mark "X" in column 2-c for each pollutant you
believe is absent. If you mark column 2a for any pollutant, you must provide the results of at least one analysis for that pollutant. If you mark column 2b for any pollutant, you must provide the results
of at least one analysis for that pollutant if you know or have reason to believe it will be discharged in concentrations of 10 ppb or greater. If you mark column 2b for acrolein. scrylonrtrile, 2,4
dinitrophenol, or 2-methyl-4, 6 dinitrophenol, you must provide the results of at least one analysis for each of these pollutants which you know or have reason to believe that you discharge in
concentrations of 1 00 ppb or greater. Otherwise, for pollutants for which you mark column 2b, you must either submit at least one analysis or briefly describe the reasons the pollutant is expected to
be discharged. Note that there are 7 pages to this part: please review each carefully. Complete one table (all 7 pages) for each outfall. See instructions for additional details and requirements.
1. POLLUTANT
AND CAS
NUMBER
(if available)
2. MARK 'X'
LTCVT
IMG
MC-
QUII*-
b. .«-
LICVKO
PMB-
NT
C «
a. MAXIMUM DAILY
METALS, CYANIDE, AND TOTAL PHENOLS
1M. Antimony,
Total (7440-36-0)
2M. Arwnlc, Total
(744O-38-2)
3M. Beryllium.
Total, 744O-41-7)
4M. Cadmium.
Total (7440-43-9)
6M. Chromium,
Total (7440-47-3)
8M. Copper, Total
(7440-50-8)
7M. Lead. Total
(7439-92-1)
8M. Mercury, Total
(7439-97-6)
9M. Nickel. Total
(7440-02-0)
10M. Selenium,
Total (7782-49-2)
11M. Silver. Total
(7440-22-4)
12M. Thallium.
Total (7440-28-0)
13M. Zinc. Total
(7440-66-6)
14M. Cyanide,
Total (57-12-5)
15M. Pnanolt,
Total
3. EFFLUENT
VALUE
b. MAXIM.l/Mv>#a0£;r VALUE
C. LONG TERM AVItG. VALUE
d. NO. OF
ANAL-
YSES
4. UNITS
a. CONCEN-
TRATION
tx MASS
5. INTAKE (optional}
a. LONG TERM
AVERAGE VALUE
(l ) CONCKN-
<) MUM
b. NO. OF
ANAL-
YSES
DIOXIN
2.3,7,8 Tetra
chlorodibenzo-P-
Oioxin (1764 01 6)
DESCRIBE RESULTS
EPA Form 3510-2C (Rev. 2-8S)
PAGE V-3
CONTINUE ON REVERSE
-------
CONTINUED FROM THE FRONT
, 1. POLLUTANT
AND CAS
NUMBER
fif available)
2, MARK 'X*
LTK *T
«*i*
OUIM-
b «
Lli.V«O
I»ML-
tKNT
c. «-
MV
NT
3. EFFLUENT
, MAXIMUM DAILY VALUE
10
JC/MS FRACTION - VOLATILE COMPOUNDS
' V , A cro l«ln
1107-02-81
W. Acrylonltrll»
i 107-13-1)
4V. Bcnzftn*
I 71 -43-2)
4V. BiifCAtoro-
mrtHyl) EtrMf
(542-SB-1 )
BV. Bromoform
(75-25-2)
BV. Carbon
T*tr*chtorM*
(56-23-5)
7V. ChMrotMnam*
(108-90-7)
8V. Chlorodl-
bromom«th«n*
(124-48-1)
9V. ChtorottriwM
(75-00-3)
10V. 2-Chtoro-
MiyMnyl Eth«r
(110-76-8)
11V. Chloroform
(87-68-3)
12V. Otehtoro-
bromomtttNatit
(7i-27-4|
13V. DtehlofO-
dHluoroiTMthnM
(76-71-8)
14V. 1,1-Dlehloro-
triara (76-34-3)
1SV. 1^-OtehkKO-
trwn* (107-00-2)
18V. 1,1-Oichloro-
thyKrx (76-39-4)
17V. 1,2-Oichloro-
prop«n. (78-87-5!
1BV 1.3-OtcNor»-
pnwdin»»«-7M(
19V. Ethylb«nz«tM
(100-41-4)
20V. M«thyl
Bromid* (74-83-9)
21V. M*trwt
Chtorid* (74-87-3)
(t) "...
ft.MA*HWM>U!AJVVAU»
1')
|t) MMft*
C-LOHOT^^U^gy. VALUE
dl
(i| >««
d MO, or
ANAL-
YSES
4. UNITS
*. CONCEN-
TRATION
tx MASS
5. INTAKE (opttonall
». LONG
(l) COMCHM-
TKlkTtOM
TERM
ill »««»
b NO. or
ANAL-
YSES
EPA Form 3510-2C (R«v. 2-85)
PAGE V-4
CONTINUE OH PAGE V-6
-------
CONTINUED FROM PAGE V-4
I. POLLUTANT
AND CAS
NUMBER
(ifavMabtrt
GC/MS FRACTION
22V. MetNylnt*
Chlorida (78-09-2)
23V. 1,1,2,2-T«tr»-
chloromhin*
(78-34-6)
24V. T*tr*chloro-
thy ton* (127-18-4)
25V. Tolwirw
(108-88-3)
26V. 1,2-Tr«m-
Dlch!ofo*thyl*n*
(15660-5)
27V. 1.1,1-TH-
cHlorovthan*
(71-SS-SI
28V. 1,1,3.Trl-
chloro»th»n«
(79-OO-S)
29V. Trkhloro-
thyl.n. (794141
30V. Trlchloro-
fluorom»th»n»
(75-68-4)
31V. Vlnyr
ChloritM (75-01-4)
2. MARK 'X1
&tE*₯
1Mb
lt£
ID
_vo
h. .«
I.IKVBD
n»K-
KMT
c «-
nm-
LATILE COM
1. MAXIMUM I
('1
3AILV
POUNDS (eontinutdl
GC/MS FRACTION - ACID COMPOUNDS
1 A 2 -Chloroph.no
(9S-57O
2A. 2.4.Dkhloro
ph«r>ol (120-83-2)
3A. 2,4-Olm*thyl-
ph«nol (105-67-9)
4A. 4,6-Olnitro-O-
Crttol (534-52-1)
5A. 2,4-Olnitro-
plunol (51-28-5)
6A. 2 Nitroph«r>ol
(88 755)
7A. 4 Nlrrophenol
(IOO-O2-7I
SA. P-Chloro M
Crctoi 159-50-7)
9A, Pfint«chloro-
phtnol (87-86-5!
10 A. Ph«nol
(10B-9S-2)
11 A. 2,4,6-Trl-
chlorophttno)
IS8-06-2)
EPA I.D. NUMBER fcopy from /tern / of Form I!
3. EFFLUENT
VALUE
b. MAXIMUM S
(i? a«o
(.1
«ft|Y V*UUf:
OU fFAI.1. NUM0KR
OMB Wo. 2O4O-OO86
Appro**! etptras 7-31-09
C.UONG TERM
flf O*?fl
war-"*""
a. No.or
ANAL-
YSES
4. UNITS
«. COMCBH-
TRATION
b, MASS
S. INTAKE /optional)
. LONC
AVERAtZ
tl) CONC*»-
. TERM
C VALUE
b. NO-OP
ANAL-
YSES
-------
cor* I iNUbU I-HUM THE FRONT
t. POLLUTANT
AND CAS
NUMBER
2. MARK *
IMO
MB*
UIM-
b -
Llkvvg
rmu-
MT
c -
. MAXIMUM DAILY VALUE
OC/MS FRACTION - BASE/NEUTRAL COMPOUNDS
(83-32-9)
28. AcwuplttyMfW
(208-9*8)
38. Anthracene
(12O-12-7)
48. BwnMlfM
(92-87-6)
SB. Bwtzo (u)
AnthracwM
(S6-6S-3)
88. Bwuo TERM
E VALUK
111 »
b. NO. OF
ANAL-
YSES
EPA Form 3B10-2C (R«v. 2-86)
PAGE V-«
CONTINUE ON PAGE V-7
-------
CONTINUED FROM PAGE V-*
1. POLLUTANT
AND CAS
NUMBER
Ht oualtablr)
X, MAItK -X'
autit-
I.IKVKB
^Kk-
c. »«-
AB-
. MAXIMUM DAILY
dl
PA I.e. NUMBKit (copy from iMm 1 of Form 1)
J. EFFLUENT
VALUE
OC/MS FRACTION - BASE/NEUTRAL COMPOUNDS (continued'
228. 1.4-Diehloro-
MnMm (106-46-7;
238. 3,3--Olehtort>
tMmMin*
(»1-f4-1)
248. DMhyl
Plttlwln*
(8446-2)
2SB. Dinwtftyl
Phth*tat*
(131-11-3)
26B. DI-N-Butyl
Mittwl***
(84-74-2)
278. 2,4-Olnltro-
tolu*n* (121-14-2)
288. 2,6-Dln)tro-
toliMM (S06-20-2)
298. Di-N-Octyl
Phth*lM*
(117-84-0)
30B. 1r2-Dlph«oyP
hydrexliw fof Aio-
Jxrarr/w; (122-08-7
31 B, Fkiorwrtton*
(3084441)
328. Fluorvn*
(86-73-7)
338. HmcntontantiM
(11R.74-1I
34B. H«x«-
chterobuttdton*
(87683)
368. H«x»chloro-
cyclop«ntKll*n*
(77-47-4)
36B. Hcxaehloro-
than* (87-72-1)
378. Indww
H.2,3-cd> Pynn*
(193-39-51
388. liophoron*
(7849-1)
3BB. Naphtlwhn*
(91-20-3)
4O8. Nltrobcnzww
(9896-3)
41 B. N-Nltro-
(62-75-9)
42B. N-Nltrotodl
N Propylimlmi
6. «i*xl*$M0jy»£j»' VAI-UB
OUTFALL. HUMBKn
OMB Wo. 204O-OO9G
Approval riptrts 7-31 -88
C.1.0NO T|/2y^J»f VAUM«
Ct NO.OF
ANAL
VSES
4. UNITS
«. CONCKN-
TMATION
b. MAM
8. INTAKE (trptionel)
m. LOMO TERM
AVCRAOE VALUE
(l) COMCKM-
TIVATIOM
|l) »<>
b. NO.OF
AMAL
vm«»
-------
CONTINUED PROM THE FRONT
1. POLLUTANT
AND CAS
NUMBER
(If timtlmblfl
I. MARK 'X'
HTCBT
iMa
*
UIA-
bi ««-
Lfftvwa
m«-
c «
*-
3. EFFLUENT
. MAXIMUM DAIt-Y VALUC
OC/MS FRACTION - BASE/NEUTRAL COMPOUNDS (eonttmud)
438. N-NHro-
odtphcnytamliM
I88-3O4)
_ __ _
(BB-O14)
(129-000)
468. 1.2.4 -Trl-
cMorobMimw
(12042-1)
OC/MS FRACTION - PESTICIDES
IP. AMrln
(309-00-2)
2P. 0-BHC
019444)
3T.fl.BHC
(319457)
4P. 7-BHC
(59494)
BP. 5-BHC
(31B4B4)
P. CMordWM
(B7-74-9)
7P. 4,*-DDT
(BO-29-3)
BP. 4.4--ODE
(72-B6-9)
9P. 4.4-.DDD
(72444)
1OP. DtoMrln
(60-571)
IIP. O-Endowlfan
(115-29-7)
12P. 3-EndotuHm
(115-29-7)
13P. Endo«ilf«n
SuH«M
(1031-074)
14P. Endrln
(72-204)
IBP. Endrin
Aldvhyd*
(7421-93-4)
16P. Hcptaehlor
(76-44-8)
b-MAX"?»!t2Ai?(J/VAl-ue
e-LONaWJIiA,«?-VALUk
d. NO. OF
ANAL-
VSK*
4. UNITS
». CONCEN-
TRATION
tx MASS
B. INTAKE foptfoiMO
>. LONC
AWCMAC^
|l) CONCVN'
TMATION
. TKHM
E VAI.LIK
|l| MAM
b NO. OP
ANAL-
y*t«
EPA Form 3B10-2C (Rev. 2-85)
PAGE V-8
CONTINUE ON PAOE V4
-------
CONTINUED FROM PAGE V-8
1. POLLUTANT
AND CAS
NUMBER
<,f auailoblrt
2. MARK 'X'
lr**T
IMC
MK-
«»*N-
Cx««-
L*»vca
*N&-
NT
c *-
A»-
NT
*. MAXIMUM DAILY
10
QC/MS FRACTION - PESTICIDES (continued)
17 P. Mopt»chlor
Ep
24P. PCB-4016
(12674-11-21
28P. TOKtphww
(80O1-3B2)
PA I.D. NUM«R (copy from Item I of Form It
3, EFFLUENT
VALUE
b.MAX.^MJ^-TVAI.Ue
OUTFALL. NUMBKR
OMB Ha 2040-COSf
Apprmil rxfini 7-31 -M
C.I.OHS TOJMJggf. VA1.U.
ilNo.or
ANAL
vsu
«. UNITS
*. CONCCM-
TNATION
b. MAS*
5. INTAKE /optional >
*. LONG TERM
A VCRACC UALUI
(l| COHCV**-
TKAVIOH
III WAV*
b. Mo. OP
ANAL
v*«*
PAGE V-»
Ff>* fann 3510-2C (Urn. 2-85)
-------
PIMM print or typ* in the unshaded arm only.
I
PA l.D. NUMBERfcopy from Jttm 1 of Form I)
OMB Ho. 2040-0086
Apprortl npirt* 7-31-98
FORM
2C
APPLICATION FOR PERMIT TO DISCHARGE WASTEWATER
EXISTING MANUFACTURING. COMMERCIAL, MINING AND SILVICULTURAL OPERATIONS
Consolidated Permit! Program
1. OUTFALL LOCATION
For each out fill, lit: tht latitude and longitude of itt location to the neareit 15 secondt and the name of the receiving water.
NUMBEfl
(Hrtl
m. LATITUDE
C. LONGITUDE
D. RECEIVING WATER (name)
II. FLOWS, SOURCES OF POLLUTION. AND TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES^,
A. Attach a Una drawing showing the water flow through the facility. Indicate sources of intake water, operations contributing wastewater to the effluent,
and uaaunaiit units labeled to correspond to the more detailed descriptions in Item B. Construct a water balance on the line drawing by showing average
flow* between Intakes, operations, treatment units, and outfalls. If a water balance cannot be determined (t.g., for ctrttin mining tctivltitti, provide a
pictorial description of the nature and amount of any sources of water and any collection or treatment measures.
B. For each outfall, provide a description of: (1) All operations contributing wastewater to the effluent, including process wastawater, sanitary wastewater,
cooling water, and storm water runoff; (2) The average flow contributed by each operation; and (3) The treatment received by the wastewater. Continue
on additional sheets if necessary.
I.OUT-
'ALUNC
ffi*»
t. OPERATION(S) CONTRIBUTING FLOW
1. TREATMENT
. OPERATION (lilt)
b. AVERAGE FLOW
(include uniti)
*. DESCRIPTION
9. LIST CODES FROM
TABLE 2C-I
' (tfflutnt fuldtlmtl tub-catttoHtil
EPA Form 3610-2C (Rev. 2-86)
PAGE 1 OF 4
CONTINUE ON REVERSE,
-------
3NTINUED FROM THE FRONT
. Except for norm runoff. Met, or ipUte, art «ny of the discharge* described in Item* II-A or B intMmittwit or laatOMl?
fcom»i«t> tt« feffovinr mMe; QMO fto to feciton raj
: OUTFALL
NUMBER
k1
». OPERATION^
CONTRIBUTING FLOW
3. FREQUENCY
C.OAVS
rCH WEEK
fvtragt)
b. MONTHS
rtn VKAH
ItPfdfy
avtroftl
a. PLOW HATE
4. FLOW
b. TOTAL VOLUME
ttpfclfy with uniU)
C. DUR-
ATION
(in dayt)
HI. PRODUCTION
A. Doe* *n effluent guideline limitation promulgated by EPA under Section 304 of the Clean W*t«r Act apply to your facility?
O VE« fcomptete Item 7I/-B> ONO n° '° Stclion IV)
B. Art tht limltatiom in th« applicable effluent guideline expretwd in Mrmt of production (or other nrnuun of operationn
QTtai ffomplrtt Item lll-Ct Quo do to S*ction IV)
C. If you answered "yes" to Item III-B, list the quantity which represent* an actual measurement of your level of production, expressed in the terms and units
used in the applicable effluent guideline, and indicate the affected outfalls.
1. AVERAG E DAILY PRODUCTION
(tptclfy)
t. APrECTID
OUTFALL.*
flitt outfall numb»n)
, Are you now required by any Federal, State or local authority to meet any implementation schedule for the construction, upgrading or operation of wette-
watar treatment equipment or practice* or any other environmental program* which may affect the discharges described in this application? This includes,
but I* not limited to, permit condition*, administrative or enforcement orders, enforcement compliance schedule letters, stipulations, court orders, and grant
or loan condition*. f~)v«» fcomplttt Htt followlnt taW*)
1. IDENTIFICATION OF CONDITION,
AOREEMENT. ETC.
S. 1
..««.
EFFECTED OUTFALL*
h. .OUflC. 0* M.CH....
4. F1NA
PLIANCI
JtilU'D
£X?C
h. rno-
JACTIIO
B, OPTIONAL: You may attach additional sheets describing any additional water pollution control programs tor other environmental projects which mty affect
your ditchiryfs) you now have underway or which you plan. Indicate whether each program is now underway or planned, and indicate your actual or
planned schedules for construction. QMAHH «x«> IF BMCIIIPTION or ADDITIONAL CONTROL MIOCHAMS la ATTACHED
EPA Form 3610-2C (Rev. 2 86)
PAGE Z OF 4
CONTINUE ON PAGE 3
-------
CONTINUED FROM PAGE 2
PA I.D. NUMBBRfcopy from Ittm 1 of Form 1)
Form Apprortd.
OMB No. 204O-0006
Apftrmtl ttpirit 7-31-98
V. INTAKE AND EFFLUENT CHARACTERISTICS
A. B, & C:
SM inttruction* before proceeding Complete on* wt of tablet for Mch outfall AnnottM the outfall number in th* space provided.
NOTE: Table* V-A, V-B. and V-C are Included on Mparate aheets numbered V-1 through V-9.
D. UM the space below to lift any of the pollutant* lifted in Table 2c-3 of the inttruction*, which you know or have reatbn to believe i* ditcharged or may be
ditcharged from any outfall. For every pollutant you lift, briefly describe the reason* you believe It to be present and report any analytical data in your
poamiion.
I. POLLUTANT
i. aouncc
I. POLLUTANT
I. SOURCE
VI. POTENTIAL DISCHARGES NOT COVERED BY ANALYSIS"
Is any pollutant listed in Item V-C a substance or a component of a substance which you currently use or manufacture as an intermediate or final product or
byproduct?
QYB*> (lift all
-------
CONTINUED FROM THE FRONT
VII. BIOLOGICAL TOXICITY TESTING DATA]
Do you h««.Miy knowledge or reeton to believe thet any biological tMt for mitt or chronic toxicity hei been made on my of your discharges or on a
motiving wetar in relation to your discharge within the (act 3 year*?
DY«« (Idmtify tht tftt(i) and dnerlbt tfwtV purpom bcloivj
ffo to Section VI/JJ
VMICONTRACT ANALYSIS INFORMATION]
Were any of the analyn* reported in Item V performed by a contract laboratory or consulting firm?
Q YES (ll*t tht name, addnu, and ttltphon* number of, and poUutantt
analyied by, facH tuen laboratory or firm btlowj
] NO f»o to Section IX)
m. AODRC*»
(arra code A no.)
flitti
ssure that qualifiedpersonnel'property gather indevtluite tht information tubmittod. Bused on my inquiry of the person or persons who manage the system or
those persons tHreetrfresponsOtle for guthering the infomtmtion, the informetion submitted is. to the best of my knowledge and belief, true, accurate, and complete.
I am aware that there are significant penalties for submitting false information, including the possibility of fine and imprisonment for knowing violations.
A. NAME at OFFICIAL TITLE (type or print)
B. PHONE NO. (area code & no.)
C. SIGNATURE
D. DATE SIGNED
EPA Form 3610-2C (Rev. 2-86)
PAGE 4 OF 4
-------
EPA I.D, NUMBER (copy from Hem 1 of form 1)
PLEASE PRINT OR TYPE IN THE UNSHADED AREAS ONLY. You may report jomE or all of
this information on separate sheets (use the tame formatl instead of completing these pages.
SEE INSTRUCTIONS.
Form Approved.
OMB Ho 200OOOS9
Appioval expires 12 31-US
V. INTAKE AND EFFLUENT CHARACTERISTICS {continued from payv 3 or Form 2-CS ^SI^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^H
HHHU|oUTFXLL NO
PART A You must provide the results of at least one analysis for every pollutant M> this table. Complete one table for each outfall. See instructions for additional details.
1. POLLUTANT
3 Biochemical
U>
b Chemical
Oxygen Demand
f(:tiD)
c. Total Organic
Caibon ITOCj
rl Total Su$M«*ld«d
Sol«i» ( 'I 'Mi)
e Ammonia {as AV
1 Flow
y. Temperature
«. IH'lTj
It. Temperature
!. pH
2
a. MAXIMUM DAILY VALUE
i'l («l "»»»
V ALUt
VALUE
VALUE
MINIMUM JMAXIMUM
b, MAXIMUM 3
1 if ava
li
VALUE
EFFLUENT
Q PAV VALUE
(a)"
VALUE
VALUE
MINIMUM
MAXIMUM
e.LDNt, TE«M AVRG, VALUE
tOHt.J;,WJiril>N j.i^*,,
V ALU*
V A L U I,
V A L U L
^. ^^^^
tl HO OF
ANALYSES
3. UNITS
Ixprrifv if blank!
a. CONCEN-
TRATION
b. MASS
°C
°C
STANDARD UNITS
4. INTAKE S»I'lK»lMlS
a LONG TEHM
CONCti'T».T,o~
() »»,*
VALUE
VALUE
VALUE
h. NO. OF
ANALYSES
^I^^^1^^^
PART B - Mark "X" in column 2-8 for each pollutant you know or have reason to believe is present. Mark "X" in column 2 b for each pollutant you believe to be absent. If you mark column 2a for any pollutant
which is limited either directly, or indirectly but expressly, in an effluent limitations guideline, you must provide the results of at least one analysis for that pollutant. For other pollutants for which you mark
column 2a, you must provide quantitative data or an explanation of their presence in your discharge. Complete one table for each outfall. See the instructions for additional details and requirement*
1. POLLUT-
ANT AND
CAS NO.
a. Bromide
(24959 67 9)
b. Chlorine,
Total Residual
c. Color
cl Fecal
Conform
e. Fluoride
(1698 4- 48 -8)
f. Nitr«t«-
Nitrlt* (a* N)
2 MARK 'X'
a. er-
PWE-
b. Hi,-
AB-
3. EFFLUENT
a, MAXIMUM DAILY VALUE
b. MA
p^ VALUE , , ^"^w
liNO. OP
ANAL-
4. UNITS
a LONCEN*
- NATION
h. MASS
5. INTAKE (optional)
a LON(
AVERAG
E VALUE
(<) «*<«
% NO. OP
ANAL
VSC*
EPA Form 3610-2C (Rev. 2-85)
PAGE V-1
CONTINUE ON REVERSE
-------
ITEM V-B CONTINUED FROM FRONT
1. POLLUT-
ANT AND
CAS NO.
(If available)
o. Nitrogen,
Total O'flante
fotJVJ
h. OH and
1. Phoaphorui
(m P), Total
(7723-14-0)
I. MARK 'X'
a, «-
.I«VKC
ftn-
tl.mt-
LlKVKO
AH-
j. Radioactivity
(1) Alpha,
Total
(2) Beta,
Total
(3) Radium.
Total
(4| Radium
226, Total
k. Sulfat*
tat S04)
(14800-79-81
1. SulfWa
«*m
m. Sulf tta
<<» so3;
(14366-46-3)
n. SufiActMitt
o. Aluminum,
Total
17429 9O-5)
p. BaHutrt,
Total
(7440-3S-3)
q. Boron,
Total
(7440-42-8)
'.Cobalt,
Total
(7440-48-4)
& Iron, Total
(7439419-6)
t. Mapiaalum,
Total
(7439-95 4)
u. MolylxMnum,
Total
(7438-9B-7J
v. Minganata,
Total
(74399651
w. Tin, Total
(7440-31 B)
x. Titanium,
Total
(7440-32-6)
3, EFFLUENT
a. MAXIMUM I
JAIL.Y VALUE
b. -AXIOMS
i&rv*""
C.UNCJT^IJM,
SBf-v*Lur
d, NO. or
ANAL-
YSES
4. UNITS
a. CONCIH-
TRATION
b MAM
5. INTAKE /optional)
itttfrt
(>>
fcVAltit
xNO.or
AKAL
vscs
EPA Form 3510-2C (Rov. 2 85)
PAGE"V"2
CONTINUE ON PAGE V 3
-------
EPA I.O. NUMBER (copy from /(cm 1 of Form 1) OUTFALL NUMBER)
CONTINUED FROM PAGE 3 OF FORM 2-C
Form ApproYtd.
OMB Ho. 2040-OOte
Appro**! tipirtt 7-31-81
PART C - If you are a primary Industry and this outfall contains process wastewater, refer to Table 2c-2 in the instructions to determine which of the GC/MS fractions you mud test for. Mark "X" in column
2-a for all such GC/MS fractions that apply to your industry and for ALL toxic metals, cyanides, and total phenols. If you are not required to mark column 2-a (secondary induttries. nonprocesi
wtstewfltr outffll*. and nonrequired GC/MS fractions), mark "X" in column 2-b for each pollutant you know or have reason to believe is present. Mark "X" in column 2-c for each pollutant you
believe is absent. If you mark column 2a for any pollutant, you must provide the results of at least one analysis for that pollutant. If you mark column 2b for any pollutant, you must provide the results
of at least one analysis for that pollutant if you know or have reason to believe it will be discharged in concentrations of 10 ppb or greater. If you mark column 2b for acrolein, acrylonitrile. 2.4
dinitrophenol. or 2-methyl-4. 6 dlnitrophenol. you must provide the results of et least one analysis for each of these pollutants which you know or have reason to believe that you discharge in
concentrations of 1 00 ppb or greater. Otherwise, for pollutants for which you mark column 2b, you must either submit at least one analysis or briefly describe the reasons the pollutant is expected to
be discharged. Note that there are 7 pages to this part please review each carefully. Complete one table {all 7 pages) for each outfall See instructions for additional details and requirements.
1. POLLUTANT
AND CAS
NUMBER
HI ouatlablt)
t. MARK 'X'
.TEST
INO
KC-
QUIM-
b..«-
LICVKB
»-
C «-
AB-
3. EFFLUENT
a. MAXIMUM DAILY VALUE
METALS, CYANIDE. AND TOTAL PHENOLS
1M. Antimony.
Total (7440-36-O)
2M. Araente, Total
(744O-3B-2)
3M. Beryllium,
Total. 7440-41-7)
4M. Cadmium.
Total (7440-43-9)
SM. Chromium,
Total (7440-47-3)
6M.Cnaer.ToM
(7440-K.il
7M. last Total
(74M.M-1)
8M. Mercury, Total
(7439-97-6)
9M. Nickel. Total
(744O-D2-0)
10M. Selenium.
Total (7782-49-2)
11M. Silver, Total
(744O-22-4)
12M. Thallium.
Total (744O-28-0)
13M. Zinc, Total
(744066-6)
14M. Cyanide,
Total (57-12-6)
16M. Phenol*
Total
b. "AX'M.U.M^BAY VALUE
C.LONG T^Mgyte). VALUE
d NO. OF
ANAL-
YSES
4. UNITS
. CONCEN-
TRATION
b. MASS
5. INTAKE (optional/
. LONG
AVERAO
(t) COMCIM*
ITATTi.
(l| MAM
b. NO.OF
ANAL-
YSES
DIOXIN
2,3.7,8-Tetr».
chlorodibenzo-P-
Oioxln (176401 6)
DESCRIBE RESULTS
EPA Form 3510-2C (Rev. 2-86)
PAGE v-3
CONTINUE ON REVERSE
-------
CONTINUED FROM THE FRONT
1. POLLUTANT
AND CAS
NUMBER
(if availablfl
t. MAWK -X-
ftTKVT
INCi
!*-
auiiv-
b.x-
LIKVBB
PHK-
NT
C «
.V.T
S. EFFLUENT
. MAXIMUM DAILY VALUE
(I
QC/MS FRACTION - VOLATILE COMPOUNDS
IV. ActoMn
(107-03-8)
2V. AcrylonNrM
(107-13-1)
3V. Bwuww
(71-43-2)
4V. Bll ICMoro-
mttliylt Ether
(943-88-1)
5V. Bromoform
(75-28-2)
6V. Carbon
Tetrechlorlde
(B6-23-S)
TV. Chtorobenxene
(108-90-7)
8V. Chlorodl-
(124-48-1)
9V. Chtoroethene
(7B-OO-3)
10V. 2-Chtoro-
thylvlnyl Ether
(110-75-8)
11V. Chloroform
(87-86-3)
12V. Olchtoro-
(78-27-4)
13V. Dtehtoro-
O IT luOTOfTMulATM
(75-71-8)
14V. 1.1-DtehtofO-
etheoe (78-34-3)
18V. 1.2-Dlchloro-
thww (107-O8-2)
18V. 1.1-Dlchloro-
Mhyton* (75-35-4)
17V. 1.2-Dlchloro-
propin* (78-87-5)
18V. IJ-DicrUoro-
»repy(w»(842-7»O
18V. Ethylb*nnrM
(100-41-4)
20V. M«thyl
Bromid* (74-83-9)
21V. Methyl
Chloride (74-87 3)
b. "AXHWM^kfcf / VALUB
C.UONCT(WMaAoVJjy.VALU«
d. NO. OP
ANAL-
VSM
4. UNITS
*. CONCEN-
TRATION
b. MAM
S. INTAKE (opriontll
A««yiNcc
(l) COMCIM-
THATION
> TERM
E VALUE
(a) MA*t
b. NO. OF
ANAL-
YSES
EPA Form 3510-2C (R«v. 2-86)
PAGE V-4
CONTINUE ON PAGE V-5
-------
CONTINUED FROM PAGF V-4
1. POLLUTANT
AND CAS
NUMBER
(if available}
2. MARK 'X'
NC -
OUIH-
tx ...
L.tCW«c
NT
C -
AP-
NT
. MAXIMUM DAILY
EPA I.O. NUMBER (copy from Item 1 of form 1)
3. EFFLUENT
VALUE
CD l'> 1 (,|-...
OC/MS FRACTION - VOLATILE COMPOUNDS tconttnuedj
22V. MMhylww
Chlorkia (75-09-2)
23V. 1,1,2,2-T«tr«-
ehloromnan*
(79 345)
24V. T«tr«chloro-
thyton* (127-18-4)
2SV, Toltran*
< 106*8 3!
28V. 1,2-Trant-
Dichloro«tfiyl*n*
(156605)
27V. 1,1,1-Trl-
ehloroothatw
(71-S6-BI
2BV. 1.1.2-Trl-
chtoroMhm*
(79-OO-6)
28V. Trtehlotw-
thyterw (79-01-«)
30V. Trlchlwo-
fluorom«th»n«
(75-894)
31V. Vinyl
ChlOflb. (75 01-4)
OC/MS FRACTION - ACID COMPOUNDS
1 A. 2-Chloroph«no
2A. 2,4-Dlchlofo
phenol (12O-B3 2)
phenol (109-07-9)
4A. 4,6-Dlnltro 0
Crnol (534-62 1)
BA. 2,4-Dlnltro-
phcnal (51 28-5)
6A. 2-NltroptMnol
188755)
7 A. 4-Nltroplwnol
(100-02-7)
8A. P Chloro M
Cretol (59 5O-7)
phenol (87*65)
IDA. Phwtol
(109952)
11 A. 2.4.6-Tri-
chlorophanol
(8808-2)
b. MAXIMUM 30 OAV VALUE
(if auailaalei
OU rFALL NUMBKII
OMB Wo. 204O OOS6
Appravml mxpirti 7 3I-9S
C.LONC TERM flVPP VALUE
d NO. or
ANAL-
y«c*
4. UNITS
«. CONCEN-
TRATION
B. INTAKE (optional)
a LONC TERM
AVERAGIt VAUUC
(t) COMC*W«
III MA««
b. HO. or
ANAL-
PAGE V-S
CONTINUE ON REV
-------
CONTINUED PROM THE FRONT
.POLLUTANT
AND CAS
NUMBER
(tfavfiltbtrt
t. MARK 'X'
aTK»T
t*io
)i«-
*UM«-
ll.«-
Lictf«e
PMH*
*«WT
c»~
««-
MT
3. EFFUUENT
. MAXIMUM DAILY VALUK
I«)
OC/MS FRACTION - BASE/NEUTRAL COMPOUNDS
IB. AcwMpMtwn*
(83-32-B)
28. AewaphtyMn*
(208-9*8)
38, AnthraeMW
(120-12-7)
48. BwixMIn*
(92-87-6)
BS. Bwno M
Anthr»e*ft*
(56-663)
SB, B*MO (<)
Pyran* (BO-32-8)
7B. 3,4-BaMO-
(206-09-3)
SB. B*nco fflfeV
MrylMM
(191 24-2)
BB. BwtxofM
Fluonnttxn*
(207-OB-B)
108. Bit (i-CMaro-
tOloxy) MMhMW
(111-91-1)
11 B. Bte »-CMor»
tthyll Ettwr
(111-44-4)
1M.K«g-O»fcrX»»
»«lMEtt»(1htl»l*n*
(81.58-7)
17B. 4-Chloro-
ph*nyl Phitiyl
Ittwr (7008-72-3)
188. Cl>ry**n*
(218-014)
19B. Ditwnzo
-------
CONTINUED FROM PAGE V-6
1. POLLUTANT
AND CAS
NUMBER
(if available)
2. MARK 'X-
KTC «T
INC
**.-
UIH-
tk««-
Lift V BO
fm*.-
NT
C »C-
*-
. MAXIMUM DAILY
erA I.D. NUMBCH (copy ^rom Item 1 of Form I)
3. EFFLUENT
VAL.UC
OC/MS FRACTION - BASE/NEUTRAL COMPOUNDS (continued'
22B. 1,4-Dichloro-
bw»*rM (106-46-7
23B. 3,3--Dlchloro-
tMnzldin*
(91-94-1)
248. Dlethyl
Phthllm
(84-66-2)
258. Dimethyl
Phthcltt*
(131-11-3)
268. OI-N-Butyl
Phthiltt*
(84-74-2)
278. 2,4-Dlnltro-
toluwra (121-14-2)
28B. 2,6-Dlnltro-
toluwra (606-20-2)
298. DI-N-Octyl
Phthdlt*
(117-84-0)
3OB. 1 ,2-Olphwiyl-
hydruliM (at A*o-
b*m*n*)( 122-66-7
318. FluonnttwiM
(206-44-0)
32B. Fluorm*
(86-73-7)
i(11ft.7*-l>
348. H«x».
ehlorobutodtorM
(87-68-3)
3SB. Hmachloro-
cyelopvntadiww
(77-47-4)
36B. Hmachloro-
Mh»M (67-72-1)
378. Indcno
. LONG TCBM
AVERAGE VALUE
(l| COMCBM-
|l| MAO
b. NO. OF
ANAL
V»ES
CONTINUE ON REVERr
-------
.ONTINUED FROM THE FRONT
1. POLLUTANT
AND CAS
NUMBER
(it auailahlrl
2. MARK 'X'
B.TF «T
»C-
aum-
b ...
Litveo
r**.-
CNT
C «-
» I
NT
3. EFFLUENT
1. MAXIMUM DAILY VALUE
I'l
|,)-«.t
GC/MS FRACTION - BASE/NEUTRAL COMPOUNDS (continued)
43B. N-Nltro-
odiphAny lamina
(86.30-6)
44B. Phananthran*
(85-01-8)
46 B. Pyrana
(129-00-0)
46B. 1,2.4 -Trl-
chtorobantana
(120-82-1)
GC/MS FRACTION - PESTICIDES
IP. Aldrin
(3O9-OO-2I
2P. a-BHC
(319-84-6)
3P. fl-BHC
(319-86-7)
4P. 7-BMC
(58-89-9)
SP. 6-BHC
(319-86-8)
6P. Chlordana
(67-74-9)
7P. 4,4'-DDT
(5O-29-3)
8P. 4,4' -006
(72-65-9)
9P. 4,4'-ODO
(72-54-8)
10P. Dlaldrln
(BO-57-1)
IIP. d-Endoiultan
(115-29-7)
12P. 0-Endomilfan
(115-29-7)
13P. Endotulfan
Sulfata
(1031-O7-8)
14P. Endrln
(72-208)
15P. Endrin
Aldahyda
(7421-93-4)
16P. Hcptachlor
(76-44-8)
t. MAX.M^M^^Y VAI.UE
C.LONG T^IJJJJJJgy. VALUE
(
-------
CONTINUED FROM PAGE V-8
1. POLLUTANT
AND CAS
NUMBER
(If MHtilfblfl
I. MARK 'X'
fcVKCT
MM***
b. ...
LIKVKB
C. «-
«. MAXIMUM DAILY
1-1
QC/M8 FRACTION - PESTICIDES (continued)
17P. HwKMhlor
Epoxld*
(1O24-B7-3)
1BF. PCB-1242
(S3489-21-9)
19f». PCB-12B4
(11097-S9.1)
20P. PCB-1221
<1 1104-28-21
71P. PCB-1232
(11141.16*1
22P. PCB-124B
J3P. PCB-126O
(110MM9-6)
I4P. PCS 1010
112*14-11-2)
2SP. ToxiphwM
(8001-38-2)
EPA l.o. NUM»n (copy from ;t«m J of form 1)
3. EFFLUENT
VALUE
«) «...
B MAXIMUM 3D DAY VALUE
WavatlaUt)
III
COMC«MTH*TION
(I --..
OUTFALL NUMBER
OM8 Wo. 2Q4O-OO96
Apfirov*/ *xptrtt 7 31 Si
C.LONC TEMM AVRG. VALUE
(1
1,1 ....
tl NO. OF
ANAU-
VSES
4, UNITS
a. CONCCN-
THATION
(X MAI*
5. INTAKE fiiptlonul)
*. LONG TtBM
(l| COMCBM-
TKATIOM
(tl »»
b. NO. OF
ANAL-
V««*
PAGE V-t
"A Form 3S10-2C (Rm, 2-86)
-------
APPENDIX E.4: FORM 2D
80
-------
United Slates Office of Water EPA Form 3510-20
Environmental Protection Enforcement and Permits August 1990
Agency Washington, DC 20460
Permiu Division
&EPA Application Form 2D
New Sources and
New Dischargers:
Application for Permit to
Discharge Process
Wastewater
-------
Form 2D
Form 2D must be completed in conjunction with EPA
Form 3510-1 (Form 1).
This form must be completed by all applicants who
checked "yes" to Item II-D in Application Form 1. How-
ever, facilities which discharge only nonprocess was-
tewater that is not regulated by an effluent limitations
guideline or new source performance standard may use
EPA Form 3510-2E (Form 2E). Educational, medical, and
commercial chemical laboratories should use this form
or EPA Form 3510-2C (Form 2C). To further determine if
you are a new source or a new discharger, see §122.2
and §122.29. This form should not be used for dis-
charges of stormwater runoff.
Public Availability of Submitted Information
You may not claim as confidential any information
required by this form or Form 1, whether the information
is reported on the forms or in an attachment. Section
402(j) of the CWA requires that all permit applications
shall be available to the public. This information will
therefore be made available to the public upon request.
You may claim as confidential any information you sub-
mit to EPA which goes beyond that required by this form
and Form 1. Confidentiality claims for effluent data must
be denied. If you do not assert a claim of confidentiality
at the time of submitting the information, EPA may make
the information public without further notice. Claims of
confidentiality will be handled in accordance with EPA's
business confidentiality regulations in 40 CFR Part 2.
Completeness
Your application will not be considered complete unless
you answer every question on this form and on Form 1
(except as instructed below). If an item does not apply to
you, enter "NA" (for "not applicable") to show that you
considered the question.
Followup Requirements
Although you are now required to submit estimated
data on this form (Form 2D), please note that no later
than two years after you begin discharging from the
proposed facility, you must complete and submit Items
V and VI of NPDES application Form 2C (EPA Form
3510-2C) How-ever, you need not complete those
portions of Item V requiring tests which you have
already performed under the discharge monitoring
requirements of your NPDES permit In addition, the
permitting authority may waive requirements of Items
V-A and VI if the permittee makes the demonstrations
required under 40 CFR §122.22(g)(7)(i)(B) and
122.21(gX9).
Definitions
All significant terms used in these instructions and in
the form are defined in the glossary found in the General
Instructions which accompany Form 1.
EPA Form 3510-2D (Rev 8-90)
Instructions
Item I
You may use the map you provided for Item XI of Form 1
to determine the latitude and longitude (to the nearest
15 seconds) of each of your outfalls and the name of the
receiving water. You should name all waters to which
discharge is made and which flow into significant
receiving waters. For example, if the discharge is made
to a ditch which flows into an unnamed tributary which
in turn flows into a named river, you should provide the
name or description (if no name is available) of the ditch,
the tributary, and the river.
Item II
This item requires your best estimate of the date on
which your facility or new outfall will begin to discharge
Item III-A
List all outfalls, their source (operations contributing to
the flow), and estimate an average flow from each
source. Briefly describe the planned treatment for these
wastewaters prior to discharge. Also describe the ulti-
mate disposal of any solid or liquid wastes not dis-
charged. You should describe the treatment in either a
narrative form or list the proper code for the treatment
unit from a list provided in Table 2D-1
Item III-B
An example of an acceptable line drawing appears in
Figure 2D-1 to these instructions The line drawing
should show the route taken by water in your proposed
facility from intake to discharge. Show all sources of
wastewater, including process and production areas,
sanitary flows, cooling water, and storm water runoff.
You may group similar operations into a single unit,
labeled to correspond to the more detailed listing in Item
III-A. The water balance should show estimates of antic-
ipated average flows. Show all significant losses of
water to production, atmosphere, and discharge. You
should use your best estimates
Item III-C
Fill in every applicable column in this item for each
source of intermittent or seasonal discharge Base your
answers on your best estimate A discharge is intermit-
tent if it occurs with interruptions during the operating
hours of the facility. Discharges caused by routine main-
tenance shutdowns, process changes, or other similar
activities are not considered to be intermittent. A dis-
charge is seasonal if it occurs only during certain parts
of the year. The reported flow rate is the highest daily
value and should be measured in gallons per day Maxi-
mum total volume means the total volume of any one
discharge within 24 hours and is measured in units
such as gallons.
1-1
-------
Item IV
"Production" in this question refers to those goods
which the proposed facility will produce, not to "waste-
water" production This information is only necessary
where production-based new source performance
standards (NSPS) or effluent guidelines apply to your
facility. Your estimated production figures should be
based on a realistic projection of actual daily production
level (not design capacity) for each of the first three
operating years of the facility. This estimate must be a
long-term-average estimate (e.g., average production
on an annual basis) If production will vary depending on
long-term shifts in operating schedule or capacity, the
applicant may report alternate production estimates and
the basis foi the alternate estimates.
If known, report quantities in the units of measurement
used m the applicable NSPS or effluent guideline. For
example, if the applicable NSPS is expressed as "grams
of pollutant discharged per kilogram of unit production,"
then report maximum "Quantity Per Day" in kilograms
If you do not know whether any NSPS or effluent guide-
line applies to your facility, report quantities in any unit
of measurement known to you. If an effluent guideline
or NSPS specifies a method for estimating production,
that method must be followed.
There is no need to conduct new studies to obtain these
figures, only data already on hand are required. You are
not required to indicate how the reported information
was calculated
Items V-A. B. and C
These items require you to estimate and report data on
the pollutants expected to be discharged from each of
your outfalls Where there is more than one outfall, you
should submit a separate Item V for each outfall For Part
C only a list is required. Sampling and analysis are not
required at this time. If, however, data from such ana-
lyses are available, then those data should be reported.
Each part of this item addresses a different set of pollu-
tant^ or parameters and must be completed in accor-
dance with the specific instructions for that part The
following are the general and specific instructions for
Items V-A through V-C.
Item V General Instructions
Each part of this item requires you to provide an esti-
mated maximum daily and average daily value for each
pollutant or parameter listed (see Table 2D-2), according
to the specific instructions below. The source of the data
is also required.
For Parts A through C, base your determination of
whether a pollutant will be present in your discharge on
your knowledge of the proposed facility's raw materials.
EPA Form 3510-2D (Rev 8-90)
maintenance chemicals, intermediate and final prod-
ucts, byproducts, and any analyses of your effluent or of
any similar effluent. You may also provide the determi-
nation and the estimates based on available in-house or
contractor's engineering reports or any other studies
performed on the proposed facility (see Item VI of the
form). If you expect a pollutant to be present solely as a
result of its presence in your intake water, please state
this information on the form
Please note that no later than 2 years after you begin
discharging from the proposed facility, you must com-
plete and submit Items V and VI of NPDES application
Form 2C (followup data).
Reporting Intake Data. You are not required to report
pollutants or parameters present in intake water unless
you wish to demonstrate your eligibilty fora "net" efflu-
ent limitation for these pollutants or parameters, that is,
an effluent limitation adjusted to provide allowance for
the pollutants or parameters present in your intake
water. If you wish to obtain credits for pollutants or
parameters present in your intake water, please insert a
separate sheet, with a short statement of why you
believe you are eligible (see §122 45 (g)), under Item VII
(Other Information). You will then be contacted by the
permitting authority for further instructions
All estimated pollutant or parameter levels must be
reported as concentration and as total mass, except for
discharge flow, temperature, and pH Total mass is the
total weight of pollutants or parameters discharged over
a day.
Use the following abbreviations for units
Concentration Mass
ppm ... .parts per million Ibs pounds
mg/1 .. .milligrams per liter ton tons (English tons)
ppb parts per billion mg milligrams
Ug/1 .. .micrograms per liter g grams
kg kilograms T Tonnes (metric tons)
Source
In providing the estimates, use the codes in the following table
to indicate the source of such information in column 4 of Parts
V A and B
Code
Engineering study 1
Actual data from pilot plants 1
Estimates from other engineering studies 2
Data from other similar plants 3
Best professional estimates 4
Others specify on the form
Item V-A
Estimates of data on pollutants or parameters inGroupAmust
be reported by all applicants for all outfalls, including outfalls
1-2
-------
containing only noncontact cooling water or nonprocess
wastewater
To request a waiver from reporting any of these pollu-
tants or parameters, the applicant must submit to the
permitting authority a written request specifying which
pollutants or parameters should be waived and the rea-
sons for requesting such a waiver. This request should
be submitted to the permitting authority before or with
the permit application. The permitting authority may
waive the requirements for information about these pol-
lutants or parameters if he or she determines that less
stringent reporting requirements are adequate to sup-
port issuance of the permit. No extensive documenta-
tion will normally be needed, but the applicant should
contact the permitting authority if she or he wishes to
receive instructions on what his or her particular
request should contain.
Item V-B
Estimates of data on pollutants in Group B must be
reported by all applicants for all outfalls, including out-
falls containing only noncontact cooling water or non-
process wastewater.You are merely required to report
estimates for those pollutants which you know or have
reason to believe will be discharged or which are limited
directly by an effluent limitations guideline (or NSPS) or
indirectly through promulgated limitations on an indica-
tor pollutant. The priority pollutants in Group B are
divided into the following three sections:
1) Metal toxic pollutants, total cyanide, and total
phenols
2) 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-P-Dioxin (TCDD) (CAS
# 1764-016)
3) Organic Toxic Pollutants (Gas Chromatography/-
Mass Spectrometry Fractions)
a) Volatile compounds
b) Acid compounds
c) Base/neutral compounds
d) Pesticides
For pollutants listed in Sections 1 and 3, you must report
estimates as instructed above.
For Section 2, you are required to report that TCDD may
be discharged if you will use or manufacture one of the
following compounds, or if you know or have reason to
believe that TCDD is or may be present in an effluent:
A 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4,5-T) (CAS #
93-765);
B. 2-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy) propanoic acid (Silvex,
2,4, 5TP) (CAS # 93-72-I);
C 2-(2,4,5-tnchlorophenoxy) ethyl 2,2-
dichloropropionate (Erbon)(CAS # 136-25-4);
D 0,0-dimethyl 0-(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl) phosphoro-
thioate (Ronnel) (CAS # 299-84-3);
EPA Form 3510-2D (Rev. 8-90)
E 2,4,5-tnchlorophenol (TCPMCAS # 95-95-4); or
F. Hexachlorophene (HCP) (CAS # 70-30-4)
Small Business Exemption
If you are a "small business," you are exempt from the
reporting requirement for Item V-B (section 3) You may
qualify as a "small business" if you fit one of the fol-
low-ing definitions:
1) Your expected gross sales will total less than
$100,000 per year for the next three years, or
2) in the case of coal mines, your average production
will be less than 100,000 tons of coal per year
If you are a "small business,"you may submit projected
sales or production figures to qualify for this exemption.
The sales or production figures you submit must be for
the facility which is the source of the discharge. The data
should not be limited only to production or sales for the
process or processes which contribute to the discharge,
unless those are the only processes at your facility For
sales data, where intracorporate transfers of goods and
services are involved, the transfer price per unit should
approximate market prices for those goods and services
as closely as possible. If necessary, you may index your
sales figures to the second quarter of 1980 to demon-
strate your eligibility for a small business exemption.
This may be done by using the gross national product
price deflator (second quarter of 1980 - 100), an index
available in "National Income and Product Accounts of
the United States" (Department of Commerce, Bureau
of Economic Analysis).
The small business exemption applies to the GC/MS
fractions (Section 3) of Item V-B only. Even if you are
eligible for a small business exemption,' you are still
required to provide information on metals, cyanide, total
phenols, and dioxin in Item V-B, as well as all of Items
V-A and C.
Item V-C
List any pollutants in Table 2D-3 that you believe will be
present in any outfalls and briefly explain why you
believe they will be present. No estimate of the pollu-
tant's quantity is required, unless you already have
quantitative data.
Note: The discharge of pollutants listed in Table 2D-4
may subject you to the additional requirements of sec-
tion 311 of the CWA (Oil and Hazardous Substance
Liability). These requirements are not administered
through the NPDES program. However, if you wish an
exemption under 40 CFR 117.12(aX2) from these require-
ments, attach additional sheets of paper to this form
providing the following information:
A. The substance and the amount of each substance
which may be discharged;
1-3
-------
B The origin and source of the discharge of the
substance,
C The treatment which is to be provided for the dis-
charge by
1 An onsite treatment system separate from any
treatment system which will treat your normal
discharge,
2 A treatment system designed to treat your nor-
mal discharge and which is additionally capable
of treating the amount of the substance identi-
fied under paragraph 1 above, or
3 Any combination of the above.
An exemption from the section 311 reporting require-
ments pursuant to 40 CFR Part 117 for pollutants on
Table 20 does not exempt you from the section 402
reporting requirements pursuant to 40 CFR Part 122
(Item V-C) for pollutants listed on Table 20-3.
For further information on exclusions from Section 311,
see 40 CFR Section 117.12(aX2)and(c), or contact your
EPA Regional off ice (Table 1 in the Form 1 instructions).
Item VI-A
If an engineering study was conducted, check the box
labeled "report available " If no study was done, check
the box labeled "no report."
Item VI-B
Report the name and location of any existing plant(s)
which (to the best of your knowledge) resembles your
planned operation with respect to items produced, pro-
duction process, wastewater constituents, or waste-
water treatment. No studies need be conducted to
respond to this item. Only data which are already availa-
ble need be submitted.
This information will be used to inform the permit writer
of appropriate treatment methods and their associated
permit conditions and limits.
Item VII
A space is provided for additional information which you
believe would be useful in setting permit limits, such as
additional sampling. Any response is optional.
Item VIII
The Clean Water Act provides for severe penalties for
submitting false information on this application form.
Section 309(cX2) of the Clean Water Act provides that
"Any person who knowingly makes any false statement,
representation, or certification in any application, . . .
shall upon conviction, be punished by a fine of no more
than $ 10,000 or by imprisonment for not more than six
months, or both."
40 CFR Part 12222 Requires the Certification To Be
Signed as Follows:
A For a corporation: by a responsible corporate officer
A responsible corporate officer means (i) a presi-
dent, secretary, treasurer, or vice-president of the
corporation in charge of a principal business func-
tion, or any other person who performs similar pol-
icy or decision-making functions for the corporation,
or (ii) the manager of one or more manufacturing,
production or operating facilities employing more
than 250 persons or having gross annual sales or
expenditures exceeding $25,000,000 (in second-
quarter 1980 dollars), if authority to sign documents
has been assigned or delegated to the manager in
accordance with corporate procedures
B. For a partnership or sole proprietorship: by a general
partner or the proprietor, respectively; or
C. For a municipality, State. Federal, or other public
agency: by either a principal executive officer or
ranking elected official. For purposes of this section,
a principal executive officer of a Federal agency
includes (i) the chief executive officer of the agency,
or (ii) a senior executive officer having responsibility
for the overall operations of a principal geographic
unit of the agency (e.g., Regional Administrators of
EPA).
EPA Form 3510-2D (Rev. MO)
1-4
-------
PHYSICAL TREATMENT PROCESSES
1
A ....... Ammonia Stripping
B ....... Dialysis
1_C ....... Diatomaceous Earth Filtration
1 _ D ....... Distillation
1 _ £ ....... Electrodialysis
1 _ F ....... Evaporation
1 G ....... Flocculation
1_H ....... Flotation
1 I ........ Foam Fractionation
1 J ....... Freezing
1 K ....... Gas-Phase Separation
1 L ....... Grinding (Comminutorsl
M Grit Removal
N Microstraining
0 Mixing
P Moving Bed Filters
Q Multimedia Filtration
R ...
1S ...
1 T ...
1 U ...
1V ...
1W Solvent Extraction
1X Sorption
.Rapid Sand Filtration
. Reverse Osmosis (Hyperfiltration)
.Screening
. Sedimentation (Settling)
.Slow Sand Filtration
CHEMICAL TREATMENT PROCESSES
2A Carbon Adsorption
2B Chemical Oxidation
2C Chemical Precipitation
2D Coagulation
2E Dechlorination
2F Disinfection (Chlorine)
2G Disinfection (Ozone)
2H Disinfection (Other)
2I Electrochemical Treatment
2J Ion Exchange
2K Neutralization
2L Reduction
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT PROCESSES
3A Activated Sludge
3B Aerated Lagoons
3C Anaerobic Treatment
3D Nitrification-Denitrification
3E Preaeration
3F Spray Irrigation/Land Application
3G Stabilization Ponds
3H Trickling Filtration
OTHER PROCESSES
4A Discharge to Surface Water
4B Ocean Discharge Through Outfall
4C Reuse/Recycle of Treated Effluent
4D Underground Injection
SLUDGE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL PROCESSES
5A Aerobic Digestion
5B Anaerobic Digestion
5C Belt Filtration
5D Centrifugation
5-E
5F
5G
5-H
5I.
5-J
5K Freezing
5L Gravity Thickening
.Chemical Conditioning
.Chlorine Treatment
.Composting
.Drying Beds
.Elutriation
.Flotation Thickening
5M Heat Drying
5N Heat Treatment
50 Incineration
5P Land Application
5Q Landfill
5R Pressure Filtration
5S Pyrolysis
5T Sludge Lagoons
5U Vacuum Filtration
5V Vibration
5W Wet Oxidation
Table 2D-1
EPA Form 3510-20 (Rev. 8-90)
-------
GROUP A
Ammonia (as N)
Temperature (winter)
Temperature (summer)
pH
GROUPB
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
Total Organic Carbon (TOC)
Total Suspended Solids (TSS)
Flow
Bromide
Total Residual Chlorine
Color
Fecal Cohform
Fluoride
Nitrate-Nitrite (as N)
Oil and Grease
Phosphorus (as P) Total
Radioactivity
(1) Alpha, Total
(2) Beta, Total
(3) Radium, Total
(4) Radium 226, Total
Section 1
Antimony, Total
Beryllium, Total
Chromium, Total
Lead, Total
Nickel, Total
Silver, Total
Zinc, Total
Phenols, Total
Section 2
2,3,7,8,Tetrachlorodibenzo-P-Dioxin
Section 3
GC/MS FRACTION* VOLATILE COMPOUNDS
Sulfate(as SO4)
Sulfide(asS)
Sulfitefas S03)
Surfactants
Aluminum, Total
Barium, Total
Boron, Total
Cobalt, Total
Iron, Total
Magnesium, Total
Molybdenum, Total
Manganese, Total
Tin, Total
Titanium, Total
Arsenic, Total
Cadmium, Total
Copper, Total
Mercury, Total
Selenium, Total
Thallium, Total
Cyanide, Total
Acrolein
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Chlorodibramomethane
2-Chloroethylvinyl Ether
Dichlorobomomethane
1,2-Dichloroethane
1,2-Dichloropropane
Ethylbenzene
Methyl Chloride
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
Toluene
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Vinyl Chloride
Acrylonitirle
Bromoform
Chlorobenzene
Chloroethane
Chloroform
1,1 -Dichloroethane
1,1 -Dichloroethane
1,3-Dichloropropylene
Methyl Bromide
Methylene chloroethane
Tetrachloroethylene
1,2-Trans-Dichloroethylene
1,1,2-Trichloroethane
Table 2D-2
EPA Form 3510-2D (Rev 8-90)
-------
GS/MS FRACTION - ACID COMPOUNDS
2-Chlorophenol 2,4-Dichlorophenol
2,4-Dimethylphenol 4,6-Dmitro-O-Cresol
2,4-Dinitro-phenol 2-Nitrophenol
4-Nitrophenol P-Chloro-M-Cresol
Pentachloropnenol Phenol
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol
GC/MS FRACTION BASE/NEUTRAL COMPOUNDS
Acenaphthene Acenaphtylene
Anthracene Benzidine
Benzo (a) Anthracene Benzo (a) Pyrene
3,5-Benzofluoranthene Benzo (ghi) Perylene
Benzo (k) Fluoranthene Bis (2 Chloroethoxy) Methane
Bis (2-Chloroethyl) Ether Bis (2-Chloroisopropyl) Ether
Bis (2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate 4-Bromophenyl Phenyl Ether
Butyl Benzyl Phthalate 2-Chloronaphthalene
4-Chlorophenyl Phenyl Ether Chrysene
Dibenzo(a, h) Anthracene 1,2-Dichlorobenzene
1,3-Dichlorobenzene 1,4-Dichlorobenzene
3,3-Dichlorobenzidine Diethyl Phthalate
Dimethyl Phthalate Di-N-Butyl Phthalate
2,4-Dinitrotoluene 2,6-Dinitrotoluene
Di-N-Octyl Phthalate 1,2, Diphenylhydrazine (as Azobenzen)
Fluoranthene Fluorene
Hexachlorobenzene Hexachlorobutadiene
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene Hexachloroethane
Indeno (1,2,3-cd) Pyrem Isophorone
Naphthalene Nitrobenzene
N-Nitro-sodimethylamine N-Nitrosodi-N-Propylamine
N-Nitro-sodiphenylamine Phenanthrene
Pyrene 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
GC/MS FRACTION - PESTICIDES
Aldrin Gamma-BHC
Alpha-BHC Delta-BHC
Beta-BHC Chlordane
4,4' DDT 4,4' DDE
4,4'-DDD Dieldrin
Alpha-Endosulfan Beta-Endosulfan
Endosulfan Sulfate Endrin
Endrin Aldehyde Heptachlor
Heptachlor Epoxide PCS-1242
PCB-1254 PCB-1221
PCB-1232 PCB-1248
PCB-1260 PCB-1016
Toxaphene
"fractions defined in 40 CFR Part 136
Table 2D-2
EPA Form 3510-20 (8-90)
-------
TOXIC POLLUTANTS AND HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES
REQUIRED TO BE IDENTIFIED BY APPLICANTS IF EXPECTED
TO BE PRESENT
TOXIC POLLUTANT
Asbestos
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES
Aeeltaldehyde
Allyl alcohol
Ally) chloride
Amy) acetate
Aniline
Benzonitnle
Benzyl chloride
Butyl acetate
Butylamme
Captan
Carbaryl
Carbofuran
Carbon disulfide
Chlorpynfos
Coumpahos
Cresol
Crotonaldehyde
Cyclohexane
2,4-D (2,4-Dichlorophinoxyacetic acid)
Diazmon
Dicamba
Dichlobenil
Dichlone
2,2 Diehloropropionic acid
Dichlorvos
Diethyl amine
Dimethyl amine
Dintrobenzene
Diquat
Disulfoton
Diuron
Epichlorohydrin
Ethion
Ethylene diamine
Formaldehyde
Furfural
Guthion
Isoprene
Isopropanolamme dodecylbenzenesulfonate
Kelthane
Kepone
Malathion
Mercaptodimethur
Methoxychlor
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES
Methyl mercaptan
Methyl methacrylate
Methyl parathion
Mevinphos
Mexacarbate
Monoethyl amine
Monomethyl amine
Naled
Naphthenic acid
Nitrotoluene
Parathion
Phenolsulfonate
Phosgene
Propargite
Propylene oxide
Pyrethrins
Quinoline
Resorcinol
Strontium
Strychnine
2,4,5-T (2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid)
TOE (Tetrochlorodiphenyl ethane)
2,4,5-TPl2-(2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxy) propanic acid]
Trichlorofon
Triethanolamine dodecylbenzenesulfonate
Triethylamine
Uranium
Vanadium
Vinyl acetate
Xylene
Xylenol
Zirconium
EPA Form 3510-20 (Rev 8-90)
TABLE 2D-3
-------
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES
Acetaldehyde
Acetic acid
Acetic anhydride
Acetone cyanohydrm
Acetyl bromide
Acetyl chloride
Acrolein
Acrylonitrile
Adipic acid
Aldrin
Allyl alcohol
Alyll chloride
Aluminum sulfate
Ammmonia
Ammonium acetate
Ammonium benzoate
Ammonium bicarbonate
Ammonium bichromate
Ammonium bifluoride
Ammonium bisulfite
Ammonium carbamate
Ammonium carbonate
Ammonium chloride
Ammonium chromate
Ammonium citrate
Ammonium flouroborate
Ammonium fluoride
Ammonium hydroxide
Ammonium oxalate
Ammonium silicofluoride
Ammonium sulfamate
Ammonium sulfide
Ammonium sulfite
Ammonium tartrate
Ammonium thiocyanate
Ammonium thiosulfate
Amyl acetate
Aniline
Antimony pentachloride
Antimony potassium tartrate
Antimony tribromide
Antimony trichloride
Antimony trifluoride
Antimony trioxide
Arsenic disulfide
Arsenic trichloride
Arsenic trioxide
Arsenic trisulfide
Barium cyanide
Benzene
Benzoic acid
Benzonitnte
Benzoyl chloride
Benzyl chloride
Beryllium chloride
Beryllium fluoride
Beryllium nitrate
Butylacetate
n-Butylphthalate
Butylamine
Butyric acid
Cadmium acetate
Cadmium bromide
Cadmium chloride
Calcium arsenate
Calcium arsenite
Calcium carbide
Calcium chromate
Calcium cyanide
Calcium dodecylbenzenesulfonate
Calcium hypochlorite
Captan
Carbaryl
Carbofuran
Carbon disulfide
Carbon tetrachloride
Chlordane
Chlorine
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
Chloropyrifos
Chlorosulfonic acid
Chromic acetate
Chromic acid
Chromic sulfate
Chromous chloride
Cobaltous bromide
Cobaltous formate
Cobaltous sulfamate
Coumaphos
Cresol
Crotonaldehyde
Cupric acetate
Cupric acetoarsenite
Cupric chloride
Cupric nitrate
Cupric oxalate
Cupric sulfate
Cupric sulfate ammoniated
Cupric tartrate
Cyanogen chloride
Cyclohexane
2,4-D acid
(2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid)
2,4-D esters
(2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
esters)
DDT
Diazinon
Dicamba
Dichlobenil
Dichlone
Dichlorobenzene
Dichloropropane
Dichloropropene
Dichloropropene-Dichloropropane
mix
2.2-Dichloropropionic acid
Dichlorvos
Dieldrm
Diethylamine
Dimethylamine
Dinitrobenzene
Dinitrophenol
Dinitrotoluene
Diquat
Disulfoton
Diuron
Dodecylbenzesulfonic acid
Endosulfan
Endrin
Epichlorohydrin
Ethion
Ethylbenzene
Ethylenediamme
Ethylene dibromide
Ethylene dichloride
Ethylene diaminetetracetic
acid (EDTA)
Ferric ammonium citrate
Ferric ammonium exalate
Ferric chloride
Ferric fluoride
Ferric nitrate
Ferric sulfate
Ferrous chloride
Ferrous sulfate
Formaldehyde
Formic acid
Fumaric acid
Furfural
Guthion
Heptachlor
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrofluoric acid
Hydrogen cyanide
Hydrogen sulfide
Isoprene
Isopropanolamine
dodecylbenzenesulfonate
Kelthane
Kepone
Lead acetate
Lead arsenate
Lead chloride
Lead fluoborate
Lead fluorite
Lead iodide
Lead nitrate
Lead stearate
Lead sulfate
Lead sulfide
Lead thiocyanate
Lindane
Lithium chromate
Malathion
EPA Form 3510-20 (8-90)
TABLE 2D-4
-------
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES (Continued)
Maleic acid
Maleic anhydride
Mercaptodimethur
Mercuric cyanide
Mercuric nitrate
Mercuric sulfate
Mercuric thiocyanate
Mercurous nitrate
Methoxychlor
Methyl mercaptan
Methyl methacrylate
Methyl parathion
Mevmphos
Mexacarbate
Monoethylamme
Monomethylamme
Naled
Naphthalene
Naphthenic acid
Nickel ammonium sulfate
Nickel chloride
Nickel hydroxide
Nickel nitrate
Nickel sulfate
Nitric acid
Nitrobenezene
Nitrogen dioxide
Nitrophenil
Nitrotoluene
Paraformaldehyde
Parathion
Pentachlorophenol
Phenol
Phosoene
Phosphoric acid
Phosphorus
Phosphorus oxychlonde
Phosphorus pentasulfide
Phosphorus trichloride
Polychlormated biphenyls (PCB)
Potassium arsenate
Potassium arsenite
Potassium bichromate
Potassium cyanide
Potassium hydroxide
Potassium permanganate
Propargite
Propionic acid
Propionic anhydride
Propylene oxide
Pyrethnns
Qumolme
Resorcinol
Selenium oxide
Silver nitrate
Sodium
Sodium arsenate
Sodium arsenite
Sodium bichromate
EPA Form 3510-2D (Rev 8-90)
Sodium bifluonde
Sodium bisulfite
Sodium chromate
Sodium cyanide
Sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate
Sodium fluoride
Sodium hydrosulfide
Sodium hydroxide
Sodium hypochlorite
Sodium methylate
Sodium nitrate
Sodium phospate (dibasic)
Sodium phosphate (tribasic)
Sodium selenite
Strontium chromate
Strychnine
Styrene
Sulfuric acid
Sulfur monochlonde
2,4,5-T acid
{2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxy
acetic acid)
2,4,5-Tamines
(2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxy
acetic acid amines)
2,4,5-T esters
(2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxy
acetic acid esters)
2,4,5-T salts
(2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxy acetic
acid salts)
2,4,5-TP acid
(2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxy
propanoic acid)
2,4,5-TP acid esters
(2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxy
propanoic acid esters)
TDE (Tetrachlorodiphenyl ethane)
Tetraethyl lead
Tetraethyl pyrophosphate
Thallium sulfate
Toluene
Toxaphene
Trichlorofon
Trichloroethylene
Trichlorophenol
Triethanolamine
dodecylbenzenesulfonate
Triethylamine
Trimethylamine
Uranyl acetate
Uranyl nitrate
Vanadium pentoxide
Vanadyl sulfate
Vinyl acetate
Vinylidene chloride
Xylene
Xylenol
Zinc acetate
Table 2D-4
Zinc ammonium chloride
Zinc borate
Zinc bromide
Zinc carbonate
Zinc chloride
Zinc cyanide
Zinc fluoride
Zinc formate
Zinc hydrosulfite
Zinc nitrate
Zinc phenolsulfonate
Zinc phosphide
Zinc silicofluonde
Zinc sulfate
Zirconium nitrate
Zirconium potassium fluoride
Zirconium sulfate
Zirconium tetrachloride
-------
LINE DRAWING
BLUE RIVER
1 90.000 GPD
MUNICIPAL
WATER SUPPLY
RAW
MATERIALS
10,000 GPD
SOLID WASTE
BLUE RIVER
10,000 GPD
COOLING WATER
4,000 GPO
MAX: 20,000 GPD
OUTFALL 002
50.000 GPO
70,000 GPD + STORMWATER
OUTFALL 001
SCHEMATIC OF WATf R PLOW
ROWN MILLS. INC
CITY. COUNTY. STATi
TO PRODUCT
5.000 GPD
TO ATMOSPHISf
5,000 GPD
EPA Form 3510-20 (Rev. 8-90)
Figure 2D-1
-------
Form Approved OMB No 20400086 Approval Expires 5,31/92
EPA ID NumbiM ,-, :,;/>y fnnn Item ! ,;/ Futiii 1 1
Please lype or pnni IP Hie unshaded areas only
2D ** c DA New Sources and New Dischargers
NPOES Ot PA Application for Permit to Discharge Process Wastewater
. Outfall Location
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^M
For each outfall, list the latitude and longitude and the name of. the receiving water
Outfall Number
Ilistl
Latitude Longitude Receiv ng Water tnamt'i
Deg Mm Sec Oeg Mm Sec '
^
i . . , _ ; -
1 Discharge Date IWhen do you expect 10 begin discharging?!
II. Flows. Sources of Pollution, and Treatment Technologies |
- --
- -- - -
-
^^^H
A For each outfall, provide a description of (1 ) All operations contributing wastewater to the effluent, including
process wastewater, sanitary wastewater, cooling water, and stormwater runoff; (2) The average flow contrib-
uted by each operation, and (3) The treatment received by the wastewater. Continue on additional sheets
if necessary
Outfall
Number
1 Operations Contributing Flow 2 Average Flow
(list) j (include units)
3 Treatment
^Description or List Codes from Table 2D 1 1
EPA Form 3510-20 (Rev. 8-90)
Page 1 ol 5
-------
B Atlach a line drawing showing the water flow through the facility Indicate sources of intake water,
operations contributing v.jbtewater to the effluent, and treatment units labeled to correspond to the more
detailed descriptions in Item III-A. Construct a water balance on the line drawing by showing average flows
between intakes, operations, treatment units, and outfalls. If a water balance cannot bedetermined{e.g.,for
certain mining activities), provide a pictorial description of the nature and amount of any sources of water and
any collection or treatment measures.
C Except for storm runoff, leaks, or spills, will any of the discharges
seasonal?
1 1 Yes (complete the /allowing table! 1 1 No (go to item IV)
Outfall
Number
IV. Production
~mmm
1 Frequency
a Days
Per Week
(specify
average!
mmmm
b Months
Per Year
(specify
average!
M^
described in item III-A be intermittent or
a Maximum
Daily Flow
Rate
(in mgdl
M^M
2 Flow
b Maximum
Total Volume
(specify
with units!
__
c Duration
(in dayst
_
If there ts an applicable production-based effluent guideline or NSPS, for each outfall list the estimated level of production (projection of
actual production level, not design), expressed in the terms and units used m the applicable effluent guideline or NSPS, for each of the
first 3 years of operation If production is likely to vary, you may also submit alternative estimates (attach a separate sheet}
Year
a Quantity
Per Day
b Unnsol
Measure
c Operation. Product Material, etc (specify!
EPA
3510 20 (Rev 8-90'
Page 2 o« 5
CONTINUE ON NEXT PAGE
-------
CONTINUED FROM THE FRONT
V. Effluent Characteristics ^^^^^^J
EPA ID Number (copy from Hem 1 of Form 1 / Oulfail Number
^1 HH^^^^H
A, and B: These items require you to report estimated amounts (both concentration and mass) of the pollutants to
be discharged from each of your outfalls. Each part of this item addresses a different set of pollutants and should
be completed in accordance with the specific instructions for that part. Data for each outfall should be on a
separate page. Attach additional sheets of paper if necessary
General Instructions (See table 2D-2 for Pollutants)
Each part of this item requests you to provide an estimated daily maximum and average for certain pollutants and
the source of information. Data for all pollutants in Group A, for a II outfalls, must be submitted unless waived by
the permitting authority. For all outfalls, data for pollutants in Group B should be reported only for pollutants
which you believe will be present or are limited directly by an effluent limitations guideline or NSPS or indirectly
through limitations on an indicator pollutant.
1 Pollutant
2 Maximum
Daily
Value
(include units/
3 Average
Daily
Value
/include unitsl
4 Source (see instructionsl
EPA Form 3510-2D (Rev. 8-90)
Page 3 of 5
CONTINUE ON REVERSE
-------
CONTINUED FROM THE
ID Vn>'b.>r r(,i>/iv /Finn it,'
Use the space below to list any of the pollutants listed in Table 2D-3 of the instructions which you know or have
reason to believe will be discharged from any outfall For every pollutant you list, briefly describe the reasons you
believe it will be present.
1 Poiiutam
2 Reason for Discharge
\fl. Engineering Report on W»«tew«ter Traatmant
A. If there is any technical evaluation concerning your wastewaier treatment, including engineering reports or pilot plant studies, check the
appropriate box below
I I Report Available I I No Report
Provide the name and location of any existing plant(s) which, to the best of your knowledge, resembles this
production facility with respect to production processes, wastewater constituents, or wastewater treatments
Name
Location
EPA Form 3S10-2D (Rev. 8-90}
Page 4 of 5
CONTINUE ON NEXT PAGE
-------
i/ll. Other Information (Optional)
Use the space below to expand upon any of the above questions or to bring to the attention of the reviewer any
other information you feel should be considered in establishing permit limitations for the proposed facility.
Attach additional sheets if necessary.
/ certify under penalty of law that this document and all attachments were prepared under my direction or
supervision in accordance with a system designed to assure that qualified personnel properly gather and
evaluate the information submitted. Based on my inquiry of the person or persons who manage the system, or
those persons directly responsible for gathering the information, the information submitted is. to the best of my
knowledge and belief. true, accurate, and complete. I am aware that there are significant penalties for submitting
false information, including the possibility of fine and imprisonment for knowing violations.
Name and Official Title (type or print)
B Phone No
C Signature
0 Date Signed
EPA Form 3510-20 (Rev. 8-90)
Page 5 of 5
-------
Form Approved OMB No 20400086 Approval Expires 5/31/92
EPA ID Number (copy front Item / of form It
leas^ ivpe Of print r. ihe unshaded areas oni\
2D A C DA New Sources and New Dischargers
NPDES Ot KA Application for Permit to Discharge Process Wastewater
. Outfall Location
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^i^**^^^
For each outfall, list the latitude and longitude, and the name of the receiving water
Outfall Number
Hist)
Latitude Longitude j Receiving Water /name)
Deg Mmj Sec Deg ' Mm Sec
! i
. ! 1
i
i i i
\. Discharge Date (When do you expect to begin discharging'/
III. Flows. Sources of Pollution, and Treatment Technologies |
A. For each outfall, provide a description of (1 ) All operations contributing wastewater to the effluent, including
process wastewater, sanitary wastewater, cooling water, and stormwater runoff; (2) The average flow contrib-
uted by each operation; and (3) The treatment received by the wastewater. Continue on additional sheets
if necessary
Outfall
Number
1 Operations Contributing Flow
(list)
2. Average Flow
(include units)
3 Treatment
(Description or List Codes from Table 2D-1)
EPA Form 3510-20 (Rev. 8-90)
Page 1 of 5
-------
B Attach a line drawing showing the water flow through the facility Indicate sources of intake water,
operations contributing wastewater to the effluent, and treatment units labeled to correspond to the more
detailed descriptions in Item III-A Construct a water balance on the line drawing by showing average flows
between intakes, operations, treatment units, and outfalls If a water balance cannot bedetermmed(e g , for
certain mining activities), provide a pictorial description of the nature and amount of any sources of water and
any collection or treatment measures
C. Except for storm runoff, leaks, or spills, will any of the discharges described in item III-A be intermittent or
seasonal?
1 1 Yes (complete the following tablet I I No (go to item IV)
Outfall
Number
IV. Production ^^^^|
^MH
1 Frequency
a Days
Per Week
(specify
average!
^M
b Months
Per Year
(specify
average)
2 Flow
a Maximum
Daily Flow
Rate
(in mgd)
^H
b Maximum
Total Volume
(specify
with units)
MM
c Duration
(in days/
\
If there is an applicable production-based effluent guideline or NSPS, for each outfall list the estimated level of production (projection of
actual production level, not design), expressed in the terms and units used in the applicable effluent guideline or NSPS. for each of the
first 3 years of operation. If production is likely to vary, you may also submit alternative estimates (attach a separate sheet)
a Quantity
Year Per Day
b Units of
Measure
c Operation. Product Material, etc /specify/
EPA Form 3510-20 (Rev 8-90)
Page 2 of 5
CONTINUE ON NEXT PAGE
-------
CONTINUED FROM THE FRONT
V. Effluent ChiractBristict ^^^^HH^I
I EPA ID Number icopy from Hem 1 of form !/ 1 Outfall Number 1
^MHjj^BMM^M^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^I
A, and B: These items require you to report estimated amounts (both concentration and mass) of the pollutants to
be discharged from each of your outfalls. Each part of this item addresses a different set of pollutants and should
be completed in accordance with the specific instructions for that part. Data for each outfall should be on a
separate page. Attach additional sheets of paper if necessary.
General Instructions (See table 2D-2 for Pollutants)
Each part of this item requests you to provide an estimated daily maximum and average for certain pollutants and
the source of information. Data for all pollutants in Group A, for all outfalls, must be submitted unless waived by
the permitting authority. For all outfalls, data for pollutants in Group B should be reported only for pollutants
which you believe will be present or are limited directly by an effluent limitations guideline or NSPS or indirectly
through limitations on an indicator pollutant.
1 . Pollutant
2 Maximum
Daily
Value
(include units/
3 Average
Daily
Value
(include units!
4. Source {see instructionsl
EPA Pom 3510-2D (Rev. 8-90)
Page 3 of &
CONTINUE ON REVERSE
-------
ONTINUED FROM THE FRONT
EPA ID Number /copy from Item 1 ol Form 11
Use the space below to list any of the pollutants listed in Table 2D-3 of the instructions which you know or have
reason to believe will be discharged from any outfall For every pollutant you list, briefly describe the reasons you
believe it will be present.
Pollutant
2 Reason for Discharge
VI. Engineering Report on Waitewatar Treatment
If there is any technical evaluation concerning your wastewater treatment, including engineering reports or pilot plant studies, check the
appropriate box below
II Report Available II No Report
Provide the name and location of any existing plant(s) which, to the best of your knowledge, resembles this
production facility with respect to production processes, wastewater constituents, or wastewater treatments
Name
Location
EPA Form 3510-2D (Rev 8-90)
Page 4 of 5
CONTINUE ON NEXT PAGE
-------
rll. Other Information {Optional)
Use the space below to expand upon any of the above questions or to bring to the attention of the reviewer any
other information you feel should be considered in establishing permit limitations for the proposed facility
Attach additional sheets if necessary
/ certify under penalty of law that this document and all attachments were prepared under my direction or
supervision in accordance with a system designed to assure that qualified personnel properly gather and
evaluate the information submitted. Based on my inquiry of the person or persons who manage the system, or
those persons directly responsible for gathering the information, the information submitted is. to the best of my
knowledge and belief, true, accurate, and complete. I am aware that there are significant penalties for submitting
false information, including the possibility of fine and imprisonment for knowing violations.
A. Name and Official Title {type or print)
B Phone No
C. Signature
D Date Signed
EPA Form 3510-20 (Rev. 8-90)
Government Printing utti
281-724/28466
Page 5 of b
-------
APPENDIXES FORM2E
81
-------
United States Office of Water EPA Form 3510-2E
Environmental Protection Enforcement and Permits Revised August 1990
Agency Washington, DC 20460
Permit* Division ^________
<&EPA Application Form 2E
Facilities Which Do Not
Discharge Process
Wastewater
-------
Who Mu«t File Form 2E
EPA Form 3510-2E must be completed in conjunction
with EPA Form 3510-1 (Form 1). This short form may be
used only by operators of facilities which discharge only
nonprocess wastewater (process wastewater is water
that comes into direct contact with or results from the
production or use of any raw material, intermediate
product, finished product, byproduct, waste product, or
wastewater) which is not regulated by effluent limita-
tions guidelines or new source performance standards.
The form is intended primarily for use by dischargers
(new or existing) of sanitary wastes and noncontact
cooling water. It may not be used for discharges of
stormwater runoff or by educational, medical, or com-
mercial chemical laboratories or by publicly owned
treatment works (POTW's).
Where to File Applications
The application forms should be sent to the EPA
Regional Office which covers the State in which the
facility is located. Form 2E (the short form) must be used
only when applying for permits in States where the
NPDES permits program is administered by EPA. For
facilities located in States which are approved to admin-
ister the NPDES permits program, the State environ-
mental agency should be contacted for proper permit
application forms and instructions. Information on whe-
ther a particular program is administered by EPA or by a
State agency can be obtained from your EPA Regional
Office. Form 1, Table 1 of the "General Instructions"
lists the addresses of EPA Regional Offices and the
States within the jurisdiction of each Office.
Public Availability of Submitted Information
You may not claim as confidential any information
required by this form or Form 1, whetherthe information
is reported on the forms or in an attachment. Section
402(j) of the CWA requires that all permit applications
shall be available to the public. This information will
therefore be made available to the public upon request.
You may claim as confidential any information you sub-
mit to EPA which goes beyond that required by this form
or Form 1, However, confidentiality claims for effluent
data must be denied. If you do not assert a claim of
confidentiality at the time of submitting the information,
EPA may make the information public without further
notice. Claims of confidentiality will be handled in
accordance with EPA's business confidentiality regula-
tions in 40 CFR Part 2.
Completeness
Your application will not be considered complete unless
you answer every question on this form and Form 1
EPA Form 3510-2E (8-90)
Form 2E Instructions
(except as instructed below). If an item does not apply to
you, enter "NA" (for "not applicable") to show that you
considered the question.
Followup Requirements for New Dischargers and
New Sources
Please note that no later than 2 years after commence-
ment of discharge from the proposed facility, you must
complete and submit Item IV of this form (NPDES Form
2E). At that time you must test and report actual rather
than estimated data for the pollutants or parameters in
item IV, unless waived by the permitting authority.
Definitions
Significant terms used in these instructions and in the
form are defined in the Glossary found in the General
Instructions accompanying Form 1.
Item I
Under Part A, list an outfall number. Under Part B, list
the latitude and longitude to the nearest 15 seconds for
this outfall. Under Part C, list the name of the outfall's
receiving water. When there is more than one outfall,
you must submit a separate Form 2E (Items I, III, and IV
only) for each outfall.
Item II (New Dischargers Only)
This item requires your best estimate of the date on
which your facility will begin to discharge.
Item III
In Part A, indicate the general type(s) of wastes to be
discharged by placing an "x" in the appropriate box(es).
If "other nonprocess wastewater" is marked, it should
be identified. If cooling water additives are to be used,
they must be listed by name under Part B.
In addition, the composition of the cooling water addi-
tives should be listed if this information is available. The
composition of cooling water additives may be found on
product labels or from manufacturer's data sheets.
Item IV Reporting
All pollutant levels must be reported as concentration
and as total mass (except for discharge flow, pH, and
temperature). Total mass is the total weight of pollutants
discharged over a day. Use the following abbreviations
for units;
Concentration
parts per million
milligrams per liter
parts per billion
Mm
Ibs
ton
mg
pom
mg/1
ppb
Ug/1 micrograms per liter g
kg kilograms T
A. Existing Sources
You are required to provide at least one analysis for each
pollutant or parameter listed by filling in the requested infor-
pounds
tons (English tons)
milligrams
grams
Tonnes (metric tons)
1-1
-------
mation under the applicable column. Data reported
must be representative of the facility's current operation
(average daily value over the previous 365 days should
be reported). Most facilities routinely monitor these pol-
lutants or parameters as part of existing permit require-
ments.
The pollutants or parameters listed are: average flow,
biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total suspended sol-
ids (TSS), fecal coliform (if believed present or if sanitary
waste is discharged), pH, total residual chlorine (if chlo-
rine is used), temperature (winter and summer), oil and
grease, chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic
carbon (TOC) (COD and TOC are only required if noncon-
tact cooling water is discharged), and ammonia (as N).
The analysis of these pollutants or parameters must be
done in accordance with procedures promulgated in 40
CFR Part 136. Grab samples must be used for pH,
temperature, residual chlorine, oil and grease, and fecal
coliform. For all other pollutants, 24-hour composite
samples must be used. Any further questions on sam-
pling or analysis should be directed to your EPA or State
permitting authority. The authority may request that you
do additional testing, if appropriate, on a case-by-case
basis under Section 308 of the Clean Water Act (CWA).
If you expect a pollutant to be present solely as a result of
its presence in your intake water, state this information
on Item VII of the form.
B. New Dischargers
You are required to provide an estimated maximum daily
and average daily value for each pollutant or parameter
(exceptions noted on the form). Please note that fol-
lowup testing and reporting are required no later than 2
years after the facility starts to discharge. Sampling and
analysis are not required at this time. If, how-
ever, data from such analyses are available, then such
data should be reported. The source of the estimates is
also required. Base your determination of whether a
pollutant will be present in your discharge on your
knowledge of the proposed facility's use of maintenance
chemicals, and any analyses of your effluent or of any
similar effluent. You may also provide the estimates
based on available inhouse or contractor's engineering
reports or any other studies performed on the proposed
facility. If you expect a pollutant or parameter to be
present solely as a result of its presence in your intake
water, state this information on Item VII of the form.
In providing the estimates, use the codes in the follow-
ing table to indicate the source of such information.
Engineering study Code
Actual data from pilot plants 1
Estimates from other engineering studies 2
Data from other similar plants 3
Best professional estimates 4
Others specify on the form
C. Testing Waivers
To request a waiver from reporting any of these pollu-
tants or parameters, the applicant (whether a new or
existing discharger) must submit to the permitting
authority a written request specifying which pollutants
or parameters should be waived and the reasons for
requesting a waiver. This request should be submitted
to the permitting authority before or with the permit
application. The permitting authority may waive the
requirements for information about any pollutant or
parameter if he determines that less stringent reporting
requirements are adequate to support issuance of the
permit. No extensive documentation of the request will
normally be needed, but the applicant should contact
the permitting authority if he or she wishes to receive
instructions on what his or her particular request should
contain.
ItemV
Describe the average frequency of flow and duration of
any intermittent or seasonal discharge (except for storm-
water runoff, leaks, or spills). The frequency of flow
means the number of days or months per year there is
intermittent discharge. Duration means the number of
days or hours per discharge. For new dischargers, base
your answers on your best estimate.
Item VI
Describe briefly any treatment system(s) used (or to be
used for new dischargers), indicating whether the
treatment system is physical, chemical, biological, sludge
and disposal, or other. Also give the particular type(s) of
processes) used (or to be used). For example, if a physi-
cal treatment system is used (or will be used), specify the
processes applied, such as grit removal, ammonia strip-
ping, dialysis, etc.
hem VII
This item is intended for you to provide any additional
information (such as sampling results) that you feel
should be considered by the reviewer in establishing
permit limitations. Any response here is optional. If you
wish to demonstrate your eligibility for a "net" effluent
limitation, i.e., an effluent limitation adjusted to provide
credit for the pollutants) present in your intake water,
please add a short statement of why you believe you are
eligible (see §122.45(g)). You will then be contacted by
the permitting authority for further instructions.
Item VIII
The Clean Water Act provides severe penalties for sub-
mitting false information on this application form. Sec-
tion 309(cH2) of the Clean Water Act provides that "Any
person who knowingly makes any false statement.
EPA Form 3S10-2E (8-90)
I-2
-------
representation, or certification in any application, .. .
nail upon conviction, be punished by a fine of no more
than * 10,000 or by imprisonment for not more than six
months or both."
40 CFR Part 122.22 requires the certification to be
signed as follows:
a. For a corporation: by a responsible corporate officer.
A responsible corporate officer means (i) a presi-
dent, secretary, treasurer, or vice-president of the
corporation in charge of of a principal business func-
tion, or any other person who performs similar pol-
icy or decisionmaking functions for the corporation,
or (ii) the manager of one or more manufacturing,
production, or operating facilities employing more
than 250 persons or having gross annual sales or
expenditures exceeding $25,000,000 (in second
quarter 1980 dollars), if authority to sign documents
has been assigned or delegated to the manager in
accordance with corporate procedures.
b. For a partnership or sole proprietorship: by a general
partner or the proprietor, respectively; or
c. For a municipality, State, Federal, or other public
agency: by either a principal executive officer or
ranking elected official. For purposes of this section,
a principal executive officer of a Federal agency
includes (i) the chief executive officer of the agency,
or (ii} a senior executive officer having responsibility
for the overall operations of a principal geographic
unit of the agency (e.g., Regional Administrators of
EPA).
i-3
EPA Form 3S10-2E (»-»0)
-------
Please type or prim in the unshaded areas only
EPA ID Number (copy from Item 1 of form
Form Approved. OMB No. 2040-0086
Approval expire* 5-31-92.
Form
2E
NPOES
oEPA Facilities Which Do Not Discharge Process Wastewater
I. Receiving Waters
For this outfall, list the latitude and longitude, and name of the receiving waters).
Outfall
Number (list!
Latitude
Dog Mm Sec
Longitude
Pep Min Sec
Receiving Water {name)
II, Discharge Date (II a new discharger, the date you expect to begin discharging!
III. Type of Waste
A. Check the t>ox(es) Indicating the general typ«
(*>
Number of
Measurements
Takan
fltftyeer}
Source of
Estimate
fifrmw
ditchargfr)
Biocrwmicsl Oxygen
Demand (BOD)
Total Suspended Solids (TSS)
Fecal Coliform til b«liev«d
prestnt or if stnttfry wttte is
discharged)
Total Retiduel Chlorine (if
chlorine is usadl
Oil and Gre«*e
*Chamieal oxygen demand
H Ignt r»nge)
Value
fampef alure (Winter)
emperature (Summer)
'If nonconiaci cooling water is discharged
EPA Form 3S10-2E (8-90)
Page 1 o* 2
-------
I/. Except for leaks or spills, will the discharge described in this form be intermittent or seasonal?
If yes, briefly describe the frequency of flow and duration.
D
No
System (Dewto briefty My troitrnefM SY*t*fn(*) ill*! or to be used}
. Other Information I
Use the space be tow to expend upon any of th* bow questions or to bring to the attention of the reviewer any otf»er Inter
should be considered in establishing permit limitations. Attach additional sheets, if i
tattoo you fee!
I certify urxtopen^ of tow trMthit document »nd »if Mttchi
m^^ Beted on my inquiry of the
pa^MM vpevions M^ inatfia^ trte sysf am, or irVaM^avvovw dHncc^
/* to the awat of my Itnowftdg* indbtlicf. true, accurate undcompto*. I am aw*nt thtt r/wr« ar* tignifiemtttp»n»ltifg for submitting /*/«
information, including th» pottibiHtY of fin« and imprisonment for knowing viotttion*. _
A. Name A Official Title
B. Phone No. (area code
& no.)
C. Signature
0. Date Signed
EPA Form 3510-2E (1*90)
Page 2 of 2
-------
Form Approved OMB No. 2040-0086
EPA ID Number (copy from Item 1 of Form 1 >
Approval expires 5-31-92
AEPA Facilities Which Do Not Discharge Process Wastewater
For thto outfall liat the latitude and longitude, and name of the receiving water(s)
Discharge Date (W new discharger, the date you expect to begin discharging)
DOttier Nonprocess
Wastewater (Mfntifyl
If any cooling water additives are used, list them here. Briefly describe their composition if this information is available
1..-. Jal... _. - ^
wWffity^MW aflMrlACeMfffMyt
MV DHMMM^pW ~ l^POWIto 9KIIMNMI V0T «l)tt pMTWIMMNV «Kt90 If) tH0 Mft~fH
Jwrity. Instead of «M number of mecewwnema taken, provide the source of «t
MMamor
SSnetalaW"'*"
Ten Suspends* SoUda (T8«
«mMM rttunHurr wen* *
«%cn»«MO
To»IBislnip
Source of
Estimate
(if new
discharger)
*M noncontacl cooling water is discharged
EPA Form 3510-2E (8-90)
Page 1 of 2
-------
. Except for leaks or spills, will the discharge described in this form be interrnittent or seasonal?
If yes, briefly describe the frequency of flow and duration.
Ye*
D
No
VI. Treatment System (Describe briefly any treatment systemfs) toed of to to i
VII. Other Information (Optional)
Use the space below to expand upon any of the above questions or to bring to the attention of the reviewer any other information you feel
should be considered in establishing permit limitations. Attach additional sheets, tf neceesary.
VIII. Certification
I certify under penatty of law that thiso\>cwnenterrteJlanechmerHswerepreperedurKfo*my direction or s
a system designed to assure that qualified personnel property gather andeveluate the information submitted. Bated on my inquiry of the
person or persons who manege the system, or those persons directly responsible for gathering the information, the information submitted
is to the best of my knowledge and belief, true, accurate, and complete. Iam aware that there are significantpenalties for submittingfalsa
information, including the possibility of fine and imprisonment for knowing violations.
A. Name & Official Title
B. Phone No. (area code
& no.)
C Signature
D. Date Signed
EPA Form 3510-2E (8-90)
WS. GOVERNMENT PRNTINQOFFCe: 1801517-003/47028
Page 2 of 2
-------
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
EPA/451-K-97-001
May 1997
f\
EPA Regional Approaches to
Improving Air Quality
-------
AlR POLLUTION CAN
BE TRANSPORTED
HUNDREDS OF MILES
DOWNWIND FROM
ITS ORIGIN.
SINCE AIR POLLUTANTS
DO NOT RECOGNIZE
POLITICAL BOUNDARIES,
STATES AND COMMUNITIES
CANNOT INDEPENDENTLY
SOLVE ALL OF THEIR AIR
POLLUTION PROBLEMS.
20
12
This model of a July 1991 ozone episode shows how far
downwind emissions originating from industrial and mobile
sources in the boxed area can be transported.
N T R O D U C T
O N
Each indivfjual breathes nearly 13,000 liters
(approximately 3,400 gallons) of air every day.
Yet the air is being polluted by human
activities like driving cars, burning fossil fuels,
and manufacturing chemicals, and natural
events such as forest fires. These add gases and
particles to the air we breathe and, in high
enough concentrations, can have harmful
effects on people and the environment. Many
air pollutants such as those that form urban
smog, acid rain, and some toxic compounds
remain in the environment for long periods of
time and can be transported great distances
from their origin.
The struggle for clean air is almost as old as
industrialized society. In 1661, John Evelyn
and John Graunt of England each published
studies associating negative health effects
with industrial air emissions. Both researchers
described the transport of pollutants between
England and France and suggested protecting
human health by locating industrial facilities
outside of towns and using taller smokestacks
to spread "smoke" into "distant parts."
Research continues to show that air pollution
can be carried hundreds of miles from its
source and can cause health and
environmental problems on a regional or
even global scale. In people, air pollution can
cause burning eyes, irritated throats, difficulty
with breathing, long-term damage to the
respiratory and reproductive systems, cancer,
and, in extreme cases, death. Trees, lakes,
crops, buildings, and statues can be damaged
by air pollution. Air pollutants also cause
haze, impairing visibility in cities, national
parks, and other scenic areas.
Under the Clean Air Act, passed by Congress
in 1970 and recently amended in 1990, the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) sets and enforces air pollutant limits
on sources such as power plants and industrial
facilities to help protect against harmful
health and environmental effects. Although
the Clean Air Act is a Federal law, state
and local agencies are responsible for
implementing many of its requirements.
Specific air pollutants such as sulfur dioxide
(SO,), particulate matter, ground-level ozone,
and the emissions that form these pollutants
can travel great distances from their sources.
Since air pollutants do not recognize political
boundaries, states and communities cannot
independently solve all of their air pollution
problems. Resolving air pollution control
issues often requires state and local
governments to work together to reduce air
emissions. The Clean Air Act established
groups such as the Ozone Transport
Commission in the northeastern U.S. and
the Grand Canyon Visibility Transport
Commission in the western U.S. to develop
regional strategies to address and control air
pollution. Many other such groups have also
been formed to address the regional transport
of air pollutants.
This brochure describes selected air pollutants
of regional concern in the U.S. and
summarizes ongoing efforts to control them.
1
-------
ROUND-LEVEL OZONE
Ozone that occurs naturally in the upper
atmosphere surrounding the Earth provides a
filter for the damaging ultraviolet light emitted
by the Sun. At ground level, ozone is harmful
to living things. Ground-level ozone is an air
pollutant that damages human health,
vegetation, and many common materials. It is
a key ingredient of urban smog.
SOURCES
Ground-level ozone is not emitted directly into
the air, but rather is formed by gases called
oxides of nitrogen (NOX) and volatile organic
compounds (VOC), which in the presence of
heat and sunlight, react to form ozone. Ground-
level ozone forms readily in the atmosphere,
usually during hot weather. As a result, it is
known as a "summer-time" air pollutant.
Emissions of NOxare produced primarily when
fossil fuels are burned in motor vehicle engines,
power plants, and industrial boilers. There are
hundreds of thousands of sources of VOC
emissions including automobile emissions,
gasoline vapors, chemical solvents, and
consumer products like paints.
HEALTH &
ENVIRONMENTAL
EFFECTS
Repeated exposure to ozone pollution for
several months may cause permanent
structural damage to the lungs. Because ozone
pollution usually forms in hot weather,
anyone who spends time outdoors in the
summer is at risk, particularly children,
moderate exercisers, and outdoor workers.
E%'en when inhaled at very low levels,
ground-level ozone triggers a variety of health
problems including aggravated asthma,
reduced lung capacity, and increased
susceptibility to respiratory illnesses like
pneumonia and bronchitis.
Ground-level ozone is also responsible for
1 to 2 billion dollars in reduced crop
production in the U.S. each year. Because
ground-level ozone interferes with the ability
of plants to produce and store food, they are
more susceptible to disease, insects, other
pollutants, and harsh weather. Ozone also
damages the foliage of trees and other plants,
ruining the appearance of cities, national
parks, and recreation areas.
REGIONAL
TRANSPORT
Under the Clean Air Act, EPA has set
acceptable levels, called National Ambient
Air Quality Standards, for ozone in the air we
breathe. Some parts of the U.S. are currently-
unable to meet these standards. These areas
are described as "nonattainrnent" areas. Tens
of millions of Americans live in ozone
"nonattainrnent" areas, primarily in parts of
the Northeast, Lake Michigan area, Atlanta,
southeastern Texas, and parts of California.
Many of these nonattainrnent areas have
focused a great deal of effort on reducing VOC
and, in some cases, NOX emissions from
stationary (factories) and mobile (vehicles)
sources within their jurisdictions. In several
cases, emission controls are not producing the
reductions in ground-level concentrations
of ozone needed to meet the national
health standard.
+ NO, + Heat: 4= =
A. 4w'
According to this simplified equation, volatile organic compounds and oxides
of nitrogen react, in the presence of heat and sunlight, to form oione.
-------
Ozone "precursors," such as NOX emissions, as
well as ozone itself, can he carried hundreds of
miles from their origins, causing air pollution
over wide regions. Although many urban areas
have made efforts to control ozone by reducing
local NOX and VOC emissions, incoming
ozone transported from upwind areas also
needs to be addressed in order to meet the
National Ambient Air Quality Standards.
High levels of ozone entering some
nonattainment areas can make achieving the
national ozone standard difficult and costly,
unless upwind sources are identified and
controlled. If these sources fall within a certain
state's boundaries, it can take measures to
control them. If, as is often the case, these
sources fall beyond the political boundaries of
that state, it must work with EPA and other
states to reduce air pollution on a regional
scale. Often, it is more cost-effective to reduce
emissions from upwind sources than to control
emissions from smaller and smaller businesses
in the nonattainment areas being affected
downwind.
Some regional strategies for reducing ground-
level ozone include:
@ reducing NOX emissions from power
plants and industrial combustion
introducing low-emission cars
and trucks
burning gasoline reformulated to
reduce VOC, NOX, and other
.2 0.15
« 0.10
8. 0.05
o>
P n
50
100 150
Distance (miles)
200
250
Industrial/Urban Area
Rural
Urban
Downwind/Rural
Ozone, VOC, and A/0, air emissions from upwind industrial/urban areas contribute to ozone concentrations hundreds of
miles downwind in rural and other urban areas. When combined with local air emissions, regionally transported ozone
causes some areas to exceed the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) lor ozone.
GROUND-LEVEL OZONE is
ALSO RESPONSIBLE FOR
1 TO 2 BILLION DOLLARS
IN REDUCED CROP
PRODUCTION IN THE U.S.
EACH YEAR. BECAUSE
GROUND-LEVEL OZONE
INTERFERES WITH THE
ABILITY OF PLANTS TO
PRODUCE AND STORE
FOOD, THEY ARE MORE
SUSCEPTIBLE TO DISEASE,
INSECTS, OTHER
POLLUTANTS, AND
HARSH WEATHER.
-------
ARTICULATE MATTER
EVIDENCE FROM COMMUNITY
STUDIES LINKS PART1CULATE
EXPOSURE TO PREMATURE
DEATH, INCREASED
HOSPITALIZAT1ON, SCHOOL
ABSENCE, AND LOST WORK
DAYS DUE TO RESPIRATORY
AND CARDIOVASCULAR
DISEASES LIKE ASTHMA.
Paniculate matter, which includes solid
particles as well as liquid droplets found in
the air, can be described as "haze." Breathing
paniculate matter can cause serious health
problems, Particulates also reduce visibility
in many parts of the U.S. They can also
accelerate corrosion of metals and damage
paints and building materials such as concrete
and limestone.
SOURCES
Paniculate matter comes from a variety of
sources. Some particles are emitted directly
from their sources such as smokestacks arid cars.
In other cases, gases such as sulfur oxide, SO,,
NOx, and VOC interact with other
compounds in the air to form particulate
matter. As a result, the chemical and physical
composition of particles varies widely. "Coarse"
particles are larger than 2.5 micrometers and
generally come from sources such as vehicles
traveling on unpaved roads, materials handling,
crushing and grinding operations such as
cement manufacturing, and combustion
sources. Particles less than 2,5 micrometers
(0,0004 inch) in diameter are known as "fine"
particles. Fine particles result from fuel
combustion in motor vehicles, power plants and
industrial facilities, residential fireplaces,
woodstove.s wildfires, and prescribed forest
burning. Fine particles can also be formed in
the atmosphere from gases such as SO,, NOX,
and VOC.
HEALTH &
ENVIRONMENTAL
EFFECTS
Particulate matter less than 10 micrometers
in size, including fine particles less than 2,5
micrometers, can penetrate deep into the
lungs. On a stnoggy day, one can inhale
millions of particles in a single breath. Tens
of millions of Americans live in areas that
exceed the national health standards for
particulates. In recent studies, exposure to
particulate pollution either alone or with
other air pollutants has been linked with
premature death, difficult breathing,
aggravated asthma, increased hospital
admissions and emergency room visits, and
increased respiratory symptoms in children.
People most at risk from exposure to fine
particulate matter are children, the elderly, and
people with chronic respiratory problems.
Fine particles scatter and absorb light,
creating a haze that limits our ability to see
distant objects. Some particles, such as
sultates and nitrates, grow in size as humidity
fine particle^ j
power plant sulfates f
1 1
! diesel gxhaust t
1 I
tobacco smoke
[ 1
( photochemical smog
t
2.5
coarse particles
1
fly ash
l pollens
I
cement dust
t coal dust
1
l human 1
1 l
1
1
1
I
1
1
\
|
1
lair
l
1
0.01
0.1
1.0
10.0
100.0
This schematic shows the general size range of selected airborne particles in micrometers.
The size range of a human hair is also indicated. (Not dram to standard scale.)
-------
in the air increases, which increases the
amount of haze and reduces visibility. Particle
plumes of smoke, dust, and/or colored gases
that are released to the air can generally be
traced to local sources such as industrial
facilities or agricultural burning. Regional haze
is produced by many widely dispersed sources,
reducing visibility over large areas that may
include several states.
REGIONAL HAZE
Chemical reactions of air pollutants and
weather conditions can create fine particles,
which can remain in the air for several days
and be transported great distances. As a
result, fine particles transported from urban
and industrial areas may contribute
significantly to impaired visibility in places,
such as national parks, valued for their scenic
views and recreational opportunities.
Sources of regional haze vary from region to
region. In the eastern U.S., for example,
sulfates from power plants and other large
industrial sources play a major role. In the
western U.S., nitrates, sulfates, organic matter,
soot, and dust emitted by power plants, motor
vehicles, petroleum and chemical industrial
facilities, wildfires, and forest-management
burning, all contribute to reduced visibility.
Visibility conditions vary across the country.
With a few exceptions, much of the eastern
U.S. has poorer visibility than the western
U.S. because of higher levels of particles from
manmade and natural sources, as well as the
effect of higher humidity levels on those
particles. Visibility in the eastern U.S. should
naturally be about 90 miles, but air pollutants
have reduced this range from 14 to 24 miles.
In the western U.S., visual range should be
approximately 140 miles, while current
conditions limit it to 33 to 90 miles. Visibility
also varies seasonally and is generally worse
during the summer months, when humidity is
higher and the air is stagnant.
The Clean Air Act established special goals
for visibility in some national parks and
wilderness areas. In 1994, EPA began
developing a regional haze program that is
intended to ensure that continued progress is
made toward the national visibility goal of "no
manmade impairment." Such control efforts
would likely result in improved public health
protection and visibility in areas outside
national parks as well.
Examples of regional strategies for reducing
fine particulate levels include:
© reducing paniculate emissions by
conserving energy and promoting
renewable energy sources like solar-
ami wind'powered energy
© controlling SO2 emissions from power
plants and industrial sources
© reducing particulate emissions from
diesel truck and bus exhaust
O reducing controlled burning to manage
undergrowth in forested areas.
EPA's "REGIONAL HAZE"
PROGRAM IS INTENDED
TO ENSURE CONTINUED
PROGRESS IS MADE
TOWARD THE NATIONAL
VISIBILITY GOAL OF
"NO MANMADE
IMPAIRMENT."
Visibility impairment in Acadia National Park, Maine.
-------
C I D
RAIN
Chesapeake Bay
Chesapeake Bay is the largest estuarine
system in the continental U.S. and is home
to more than 2,000 species offish, shellfish,
and wildlife. Increasing levels of nitrogen
compounds in the Bay are harming this
aquatic ecosystem. The influx of higher
than normal amounts of nutrients (e.g.,
nitrogen, phosphorous) allows excessive
growth and reproduction of algae,
eventually changing aquatic systems by
depleting dissolved oxygen and decreasing
light penetration to submerged plants.
Recent research concludes that air pollution
.from power plants is a significant source of
nitrogen in the Chesapeake Bay. Studies
show that 27 percent of the total nitrogen
deposited in the Chesapeake Bay and tidal
tributaries is from transport and deposition of
air pollutants. Similarly, hundreds of other
estuaries such as Pwget Sound, Washington
and Pamlico Sound, North Carolina, are
suffering from effects of excess nitrogen.
The Chesapeake Bay Agreement, a
cooperative action among the U.S. EPA,
Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and the
District of Columbia, was enacted to reduce
and control pollution sources affecting water
quality in the Bay. Goals of the agreement
are to achieve a 40 percent reduction in
nutrients, such as nitrogen, being input to
the Bay by the year 2000 and to cap those
inputs at 60 percent of 1985 levels. States
participating in the agreement are evaluating
how reductions in NO^ air emissions will
help achieve these goals.
Acid rain is formed when sulfur dioxide
(SO,) and oxides of nitrogen (NOJ are
released into the air. While airborne, SO,
and NO^ gases and particles contribute to
visibility impairment and impact human
health. These gaseous compounds react with
other substances in the atmosphere to form
weak acids and fall to earth as rain, fog, snow,
or dry particles. They cause lakes and streams
to become acidic and unsuitable for many
fish, damage forests, and cause deterioration
of cars, buildings, and historical monuments.
SOURCES
By far, power plants burning coal, oil, and
natural gas are the primary source of SO,
emissions. In the U.S., 70 percent of SO,
emissions come from such plants. Nitrogen
oxides are emitted into the air from cars and
trucks, coal-burning power plants, and
industrial combustion operations such as
boilers and heaters.
REGIONAL
TRANSPORT &
ENVIRONMENTAL
EFFECTS
In the past, industrial facilities and power
plants had shorter smokestacks. When air
pollution from these stacks settled in
populated areas near the plants and caused
sickness, stacks were built much higher. At
that time, many believed that if the air
pollutants were sent high into the
atmosphere, they would no longer be a
problem. We now know that emissions
released high in the atmosphere can be
transported great distances. The Ohio River
Valley, where power plants burn high-sulfur
coal, leads the U.S. in emissions of SO, and
NO^. Consequently, areas receiving the most
acid rain are downwind (generally northeast)
of the Ohio River Valley. The ecological
effects of acid rain depend on both the total
amount of acid rain deposited in an area and
its soil characteristics. Some soils, such as
those generally found in most of the Midwest,
contain acid-neutralizing compounds. These
areas can be exposed to years of acid
deposition without experiencing significant
environmental problems. But the thin soils of
the northeastern mountains have very little
acid-buffering ability, making this area, along
with eastern Canada, vulnerable to acid rain
damage. Other areas along the Appalachians,
as well as certain high elevation western
areas, are also sensitive to acid deposition.
Lower pH levels have been found in aquatic
systems of the northeastern U.S., indicating
higher acidity. These conditions can interrupt
reproductive cycles of aquatic plants and
animals. Acid deposition can also filter
through soils, pick up toxic metals as it passes
through, and carry them to lakes and streams,
where they accumulate and affect the aquatic
food chain.
Statue ruined by acid deposition. Photograph courtesy ot
the National Park Service.
-------
I
REDUCING ACID
RAIN
How Acid is Acid Rain?
Vinegar Distilled Water
Lemon Juice "Pure" Rain Baking Soda
Acid Rain ~~ ' ~|
Hie Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990
require major reductions in SO, and NOX
emissions and establish a market-based
approach to managing emissions of SOr
Coal-fired electric power plants are the
primary target for reducing these pollutants
in the U.S. Beginning in 1995 (Phase I), EPA
allocated a limited number of "allowances" to
445 electric power plants. These plants can
emit up to one ton of SO, emissions during a
1 -year period for each allowance. Allowances
can be bought, sold, or traded among utilities,
brokers, or others. Utilities must ensure that
their emissions do not exceed the allowances
they hold. Pollution control equipment, the
10 11
12 13
14
use of low-sulfur coal, and implementation
of energy-efficient measures such as home
insulation programs and energy-efficient
lighting are ways power plants can reduce
their SO, emissions. In the year 2000,
Phase II tightens the annual SO, emissions
on the large high-emitting Phase I plants and
sets restrictions on smaller, cleaner plants.
By 2010, EPA's Acid Rain Program and the
utility industry expect to achieve a 10 million
ton teduction from 1980 SO, emission levels.
The Clean Air Act also calls for a 2 million
ton reduction in NOX emissions by the year
2000, a significant portion to be achieved
by installation of controls on coal-fired
utility plants.
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Utility SO2 Emissions
No A|ad Rain Program
Acid Rain Program
ol
1980
1990
2000
2010
Year
By the year 2010, EPA's Acid Rain Program
is expected to reduce S02emissions
10 million tons from 1980 levels.
-------
OXIC AIR POLLUTANTS
WITHIN THE NEXT 10 YEARS,
THE NATIONAL TOXIC AIR
POLLUTANT PROGRAM IS
EXPECTED TO LOWER
EMISSIONS OF TOXIC
POLLUTANTS 75 PERCENT
AND THUS REDUCE ADVERSE
HUMAN HEALTH AND
ECOSYSTEM EFFECTS.
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Simplified aquatic foot wet. Persistenl pollutants do
not down easily in the environment They accumulate
in body tissues and concentrate at each step ol the
food chain.
Toxic air pollutants are known to cause or are
suspected of causing cancer, adverse
reproductive, developmental, and central
nervous system effects, and other serious
health problems. The Clean Air Act lists 188
toxic air pollutants as hazardous. Examples of
toxic air pollutants include heavy metals like
mercury and lead, manmade chemicals like
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), polycyclic
organic matter (POM), dioxin and benzene,
and pesticides like dichlorodiphenyl-
trichloroethane (DDT). Some toxic air
pollutants remain in the environment for
only short periods of time. These pollutants,
including compounds such as formaldehyde,
toluene, and benzene, generally impact
human health and the environment near
emission sources. Other toxic air pollutants,
such as lead, mercury, PCB, and DDT, break
down slowly, if at all, in the environment and
can be redeposited many times. Additionally,
they build up in the body and concentrate as
they rise through the food chain. Many of
these "persistent" pollutants, emitted from
various sources including motor vehicles and
industrial facilities, are appearing in
unexpected locations far away from their
sources, including the Great Lakes, Lake
Champlain, and the Chesapeake Bay.
REDUCING Toxic
AIR POLLUTANTS
EPA has identified 174 categories of sources
that emit one or more of the 188 toxic air
pollutants. These sources vvill he required to
reduce emissions over the next 10 years.
Since 1990, EPA's toxic air pollutant program
has issued a number of rules to control toxic
air releases from approximately 50 categories
of sources. These include large industrial
complexes such as chemical plants, oil
refineries, and steel mills and smaller sources
such as dry cleaners and commercial
sterilizers. One of these rules applies to the
organic chemical manufacturing industry,
which produces chemicals used in many
industrial processes. This rule alone will
reduce emissions of toxic air pollutants by
over half-a-million tons annually (a 90
percent reduction) and will lower smog-
causing VOC by about 1 million tons
annually (an 80 percent reduction). Within
the next 10 years, EPA's national program is
expected to lower emissions of toxic air
pollutants 75 percent.
SOURCES
Metals and other toxic air pollutants that
persist in the environment and are
transported over broad regions come from a
variety of sources. Mercury, for example, is a
toxic metal that comes from both natural and
manmade sources. Coal-fired power plants,
municipal waste incinerators, medical waste
incinerators, and cement kilns that burn
hazardous waste or coal are among the major
manmade sources of mercury. Natural sources
of atmospheric mercury include gases released
from the Earth's crust by geysers, volcanic
eruptions, and forest fires. PCB are industrial
chemicals used widely in the U.S. from 1929
until 1978 as coolants and lubricants and in
electrical equipment. The manufacture of
PCB in the U.S. stopped in 1977, and use
was restricted in 1979. POM includes a
number of cancer-causing products of
incomplete combustion and can come from
diesel engines and other motor vehicles,
wood burning, and industrial burning of fossil
fuels. DDT is an insecticide that was widely
used in this country from 1946 until 1972.
DDT is still used in other countries and, by
special permit, in the U.S. Many VOC and
fine particulates are also toxic air pollutants.
Controlling air concentrations of ozone and
paniculate matter has the added benefit of
reducing toxic air pollutants.
-------
HEALTH &
ElsrvmONMENTAL
EFFECTS
At certain levels, toxic air pollutants can
cause human health effects ranging from
nausea and difficulty in breathing to cancer.
Health effects can also include birth defects,
serious developmental delays in children, and
reduced immunity to disease in adults and
children. Toxic air pollutants can also be
deposited onto soil or into lakes and streams
where they affect ecological systems and can
eventually affect human health when
consumed in contaminated food,
particularly fish.
For example, people who regularly consume
fish from the Great Lakes have been found to
have higher concentrations of PCB, DDT,
and other toxic chemicals in their bodies
than people who do not. Fish-eating birds,
mammals, and reptiles have experienced a
variety of adverse effects associated with
chemical pollution.
LONG-RANGE
TRANSPORT
Scientific studies conducted over the past
30 years consistently indicate that toxic air
pollutants can be deposited at locations far
from their sources. For example, a number of
toxic air pollutants persist in the
environment and concentrate through the
food web, including toxaphene, a pesticide
used primarily in the cotton belt, and have
been found in fatty tissues of polar bears and
other Arctic animals thousands of miles from
any possible source. Lead and other trace
metals have been measured in the air and
rainfall at remote locations over the Atlantic
and Pacific Oceans, great distances from
likely sources. Core samples from peat bogs in
the Great Lakes region show deposition of
new releases of DDT. Since DDT is used only
under special conditions in the U.S., this
toxic compound may be originating from
sources as far away as Mexico or Central
America. Fortunately, Mexico has recently
banned the use and production of DDT.
TOXIC AIR POLLUTANTS
CAN BE DEPOSITED
ONTO SOIL OR INTO
LAKES AND STREAMS,
WHERE THEY AFFECT
ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
AND CAN EVENTUALLY
AFFECT HUMAN HEALTH
WHEN CONSUMED IN
CONTAMINATED FOOD,
PARTICULARLY FISH.
-------
EGIONAL EFFORTS TO
Several regional organizations have been
formed to address problems associated with
long-range transport of air pollution.
These organizations are described in the
summaries below.
OZONE TRANSPORT
COMMISSION (OTC)
The 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments
established the OTC and the Northeast
Ozone Transport Region it\ recognition of
long-standing regional ozone problems in
the northeastern U.S. The Commission
comprises the governors or their designees
and an ait pollution control official from
each of 12 states (Connecticut,
Delaware, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts,
New Hampshire, New jersey, New York,
Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont,
Virginia) and the District of Columbia.
Administrators for three northeastern EPA
Regions also participate.
The OTC states have agreed on a number of
steps to reduce regional air pollution. For
example, they have agreed to introduce a
low-emission vehicle (LEV) program similar
to that in California, which includes five
categories of vehicles that meet increasingly
stringent emissions standards. The OTC,
automobile manufacturers, and EPA are also
working on an agreement for a national LEV
program, which would bring ''cleaner cars" to
all states, not just those in the northeastern
U.S. The OTC has also agreed to signifi-
cantly reduce NOK emissions throughout the
Regional ozone transport
region from large stationary sources such as
power plants and other large fuel combustion
sources, using a market-based approach. By
1999, NOS emissions in the OTC states are
expected to be reduced by approximately 52
percent from the 1990 baseline,
OZONE TRANSPORT
ASSESSMENT GROUP
(OTAG)
OTAG includes 37 states east of the
Rocky Mountains. It is convened by the
Environmental Council of States (an
organization comprised of state environmental
commissioners) for analyzing long-range
transport of ozone and the compounds that
form ozone. The goal of OTAG is to identify
and recommend to EPA cost-effective control
strategies for VOC and NO, to facilitate
compliance with the National Ambient Air
Quality Standards for ozone. OTAG includes
representatives from states with and without
areas that fail to meet the national ozone
standards. EPA, industry representatives,
public health advocates, and environmental-
ists are also included in OTAG discussions.
OTAG's regional-scale ozone modeling shows
that transport plays an important role in local
levels of ozone. OTAG is expected to
complete its analyses and make its
recommendations to EPA in 1997.
GRAND CANYON
VISIBILITY TRANSPORT
COMMISSION
(GCVTC)
GCVTC was established by EPA in 1991 to
advise on strategies for protecting visual air
quality at national parks and wilderness areas
on the Colorado Plateau. The Commission
includes governors of Arizona, California,
Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon,
Utah, and Wyoming, and representatives of
the Hopi Tribe, Navajo Nation, Acoma
Pueblo, Hualapai Tribe, and the Columbia
River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission. Federal
agencies, including the Department of
Agriculture, the Department of the Interior,
and EPA are also represented.
In 1996, the Commission released recommen-
dations for improving visibility on the
Colorado Plateau, including;
0 establishing an emissions cap/target
far the region and an emissions trading
program to keep the region within
the cap
O decreasing mobile source emissions
& minimizing visibility impairment from
controlled burning
& identifying areas called "clean air
corridors" as important sources of clean
air for national paries and other scenic
vistas (sources of paniculate emissions
will be closely monitored in these areas).
EPA expects to pursue methods for imple-
menting these recommendations including
continued regional coordination and
development of regional haze rules.
SOUTHERN
APPALACHIAN
MOUNTAINS
INITIATIVE (SAMI)
SAMI is a nonprofit, voluntary organization
formed in 1992 to address regional air quality
problems in southern Appalachia, particularly in
high elevations, national parks, and recreation
areas. Groups involved in this effort include
Federal, state, and local agencies; environmental
and industrial representatives; academic
institutions; and private citizens. SAMI is
identifying options for managing air emissions in
the southern Appalachians, with special
attention focused on how these options could
affect the regional environment and economy.
SAMI is expected to complete its analysis and
make recommendations to states by 1999 on
control strategies for pollutants that cause acid
rain, visibility impairment, and ground-level
ozone in the southern Appalachians.
10
-------
ADDRESS AIR POLLUTION
LAKE MICHIGAN
OZONE STUDY
(LMOS) AND OZONE
CONTROL PROGRAM
(LMOP)
In 1989, EPA and the states of Illinois,
Indiana, Michigan, and Wisconsin signed an
agreement to study the ozone air quality
problem in the Lake Michigan region. In
1991, this group signed a second agreement
to establish control measures to improve
regional air quality. These efforts have
contributed to a regional understanding of
ozone transport, as well as determining the
steps necessary to control air pollutants that
form ground-level ozone. Recent accomplish-
ments of this group include developing and
applying a state-of-the-art model for examin-
ing the transport of ozone in the Lake
Michigan region, supporting initial state
implementation plan efforts to control
ozone-forming air pollutants for the four
Lake Michigan states, and working coopera-
tively with other states as part of the
OTAG discussions.
NORTH AMERICAN
RESEARCH STRATEGY
FOR TROPOSPHERIC
OZONE (NARSTQ)
NARSTO is a 10-year research program,
chartered in 1995 as a public/private
partnership. It includes researchers and policy
makers of over 70 organizations from
government, utilities, industry, and academia
throughout Mexico, the U.S., and Canada.
The goal of NARSTO is to develop a
scientific and technological basis for managing
ground-level ozone. NARSTO plans to
publish its first Ozone State-of-Science
Assessment Document in 1998, in which it
will address assessment issues including:
& significant research developments
relating to ground-level ozone in the
last 10 years
O urban and regional sources ofVOC
and NOX emissions and transport
of ozone
© the effectiveness of existing emission
control measures.
As a science-focused research program based
on international cooperation, NARSTO will
continue to be important in the resolution of
long-range ozone transport problems across
North America.
SOUTHERN OXIDANTS
STUDY (SOS)
The SOS, established through cooperative
agreements in 1991, is long-term, academic
research designed to provide a better
understanding of how ozone forms in the
southeastern U.S. In addition to major
academic institutions like the Georgia
Institute of Technology and North Carolina
State University, the private sector and
Government have also played a significant
role in the overall partnership. The Electric
Power Research Institute, the National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,
the Tennessee Valley Authority, EPA, and
many state and local Southeastern environ-
mental agencies and companies participated
in major research programs in the metropoli-
tan areas of Atlanta (1992) and Nashville
(1994-95). As part of these efforts, data
gathered at monitoring sites has provided
insight into ground-level ozone formation in
the Southeast and around the country.
INTEGRATED
ATMOSPHERIC
DEPOSITION
NETWORK (IADN)
The IADN is a U.S./Canadian cooperative
effort that involves toxic air pollutant
monitoring. This network consists of five
monitoring stations, one placed on each of
the Great Lakes, that gather data on
atmospheric concentrations of toxic air
pollutants such as the pesticides lindane and
dieldrin, heavy rnetals including lead and
arsenic, and chemicals such as PCB and
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. These
monitors help determine the atmospheric
contribution of these compounds to the
concentrations found in the Great Lakes
ecosystem. IADN helps to identify trends in
concentrations of toxic air pollutants, assists
in determining how to reduce toxic air
emissions, and supports research toward
understanding the effects of toxic air
pollutants on the Great Lakes.
INTERNATIONAL
EFFORTS
There are several other important coopera-
tive efforts underway to address air pollution
that crosses our national boundaries with
Canada and Mexico. Under the La Paz
Agreement, the U.S. and Mexico work to
analyze and reduce air pollution in commu-
nities along our common border, Similarly,
the U.S. and Canada have signed an air
quality agreement to address air pollution
issues of mutual concern, such as acid rain
and ozone transport, and they also have
embarked on a strategy to reduce and
eliminate certain persistent toxic pollutants
such as mercury and PCB. The North
American Free Trade Agreement
established the Commission for Environmen-
tal Cooperation to foster joint air pollution
control efforts among all three countries and
to ensure that pollution created in one
country does not affect the health of the
citizens and the environment in another.
"These efforts to date include establishing
and upgrading monitoring networks along
the U.S./Mexico border, developing a system
tor the U.S. and Canada to notify each other
of major new sources of air pollution, and
establishing an international air quality
management commission to address
pollution in the El Paso, Texas and Juarez,
Mexico area.
11
-------
N C L U S I O N
To effectively control air pollution, the U.S.
Congress, EPA, and states have recognized
the need for regional, as well as national and
local, cooperation. Since air pollution does
not respect political boundaries, regional
approaches are often among the most
effective ways to control its transport. The
overall quality of the nation's air continues
to improve, despite increases in population,
gross national product, and vehicle miles
traveled. Efforts to maintain and build on this
progress into the 21st century will require
continued cooperation among international,
national, state, tribal, and local governments,
as well as industry, environmental groups,
and private citizens.
-"" **f «^'j>*"-3.v,*^,-
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^5
ACRONYMS
* DDT - Dichlorodiphenyl-trichloroethane
EPA - U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency
GCVTC - Grand Canyon Visibility
Transport Commission
1ADN - Integrated Atmospheric
Deposition Network
LEV - Low Emission Vehicle
LMOP - Lake Michigan Ozone
Control Program
LMOS - Lake Michigan Ozone Study
NARSTO - North American Research
Strategy for Tropospheric Ozone
NO^ - Oxides of Nitrogen
OTAG - Ozone Transport
Assessment Group
OTC - Ozone Transport Commission
PCB - Polychlorinated Biphenyls
POM - Fob/cyclic Organic Matter
ppm - parts per million
SAMI - Southern Appalachian
Mountains Initiative
SO, - Sulfur Dioxide
SOS - Southern Oxidants Study
VOC - Volatile Organic Compounds
-------
FOR MOM
INFORMATION ON
REGIONAL AIR
POLLUTION
TRANSPORT CONTACT:
EPA Headquarters
U.S. EPA
401 M Street, SW
Washington, DC 20460
202-260-2080
Homepage: http://www.epa,
gov/docs/oar/oarhome.html
EPA Regional Offices
U.S. EPA Region I (Connecticut,
Massachusetts, Maine, New Hampshire,
Rhode Island, Vermont)
John E Kennedy Federal Building
Room 2203
Boston, MA 02203
617-565-3482
U.S. EPA Region II (New Jersey,
New York, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands)
290 Broadway
New York, NY 10007-1866
212-6374081
U.S. EPA Region III (Delaware,
Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West
Virginia, District of Columbia)
841 Chestnut Building
Philadelphia, PA 1910?
215-597-2100
U.S. EPA Region IV (Alabama, Florida,
Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi,
North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee)
Atlanta Federal Center
61 Forsyth Street
Atlanta, GA 30303
404-562-9077
U.S. EPA Region V (Illinois, Indiana,
Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, Wisconsin)
77 West Jackson Boulevard
Chicago, IL 60604
312-353-2212
U.S. EPA Region VI (Arkansas, Louisiana,
New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas)
1445 Ross Avenue, 12th Floor, Suite 1200
Dallas, TX 75202-2733
214-665-7220
U.S. EPA Region VII (Iowa, Kansas,
Missouri, Nebraska)
726 Minnesota Avenue
Kansas City, KS 66101
913-551-7020
U.S. EPA Region VIII (Colorado,
Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota,
Utah, Wyoming)
999 18th Street, Suite 500
Denver, CO 80202-2405
303-312-6312
U.S. EPA Region IX (Arizona, California,
Hawaii, Nevada, Guam, American
Samoa)
75 Hawthorne Street
San Francisco, CA 94105
415-744-1264
U.S. EPA Region X (Idaho,
Washington, Oregon, Alaska)
1200 Sixth Avenue
Seattle, WA 98101
206-553-0218
Other Organizations Discussed
Grand Canyon Visibility
Transport Commission
600 17th Street,
Suite 1705 South Tower
Denver, CO 80202-5452
303-623-9378
Integrated Atmospheric
Deposition Network
77 W. Jackson Boulevard, MC-G-9J
Chicago, IL 60604
312-353-2000
Lake Michigan Ozone Study and
Control Program
2350 East Devon Avenue, Suite 242
Des Plaines, IL 60018
847-296-2181
North American Research Strategy
for Tropospheric Ozone
4811 West 18th Avenue
Kennewick, Washington 99337
509-735-1318
Homepage: http://narsto.owt.com/Narsto
Ozone Transport Assessment Group
Environmental Council of States
444 N. Capitol Street, NW Suite 517
Washington, DC 20001
202-624-3660
Homepage: http://www.epa.
gov/oar/otag/otag.html
Ozone Transport Commission
444 N. Capitol Street, NW Suite 638
Washington, DC 20001
202-508-3840
Southern Appalachian
Mountains Initiative
59 Woodfin Place
Asheville, NC 28801
704-251-6889
Homepage: http://www.tva.gov/orgs/
sami/samihomepage.htm
Southern Oxidants Study
North Carolina State University
Box 8002
Raleigh, NC 27695-8002
919-515-4649
Homepage: http://www2.ncsu.edu/
ncsu/CIL/souther_oxidants/
-------
United States
Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards (MD-10)
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 2771 1
OFFICIAL BUSINESS
PENALTY FOR PRIVATE USE, $300
Recycled/Recyclable
Printed with Soy/Canola Ink on paper that
contains at least 20% recycled paper
-------
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
EPA/451/K-98-001
February 1998
http://www.epa.gov
£EPA
Taking Toxics Out of the Air
Progress in Setting "Maximum Achievable
Control Technology" Standards Under
the Clean Air Act
JX Printed on paper that contains at
r' least 20 percent postconsumer fiber.
-------
Photos (pages 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, and 18) by S.C. Delaney/EPA
Photos (pages 17 and 21) Copyright © 1997 PhotoDisc, Inc.
-------
Table of Contents
What Are Toxic Air Pollutants? 2
Where Do Air Toxics Come From? 3
Where Do Air Toxics Go? 4
How Are People Exposed to Air Toxics? 5
Health Effects 5
How Do Air Toxics Affect the Environment? 5
What Has EPA Done to Reduce Air Toxics? 6
The Pre-1990 "Risk-Only" Approach
The 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments: A "Technology First, Then Risk" Approach
What Progress Has Been Made in Reducing Toxic Air Pollution? 7
Looking Ahead 8
The Next Steps
For Further Information .. ..9
Summaries of EPA's Final Air Toxics MACT Rules 10
Summaries of Related Solid Waste Incineration Rules.. . 22
-------
The air we breathe can be contami-
lated with pollutants from factories,
vehicles, power plants, and many
)ther sources. These pollutants
have long been a major concern because
of the harmful effects they have on peoples'
health and the environment. Their impact
depends on many factors, including the
quantity of air pollution to which people are
exposed, the duration of the exposures, and
the potency of the pollutants. The effects of
air pollutants can be minor and reversible
(such as eye irritation) or debilitating (such
as aggravation of asthma) and even fatal
(such as cancer).
Since 1970, the Clean Air Act has provided
the primary framework for protecting people
and the environment from the harmful effects
of air pollution. A key component of the Clean
Air Act is a requirement that the U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency (EPA) significantly
reduce daily, so-called "routine" emissions of
the most potent air pollutants: those that are
known or suspected to cause serious health
problems such as cancer or birth defects. The
Clean Air Act refers to these pollutants as
"hazardous air pollutants," but they are also
commonly known as toxic air pollutants or,
simply, air toxics.
Prior to 1990, the Clean Air Act required EPA
to set standards for each toxic air pollutant
individually,
based on its
particular The technology- and performance-
health risks.
This approach
proved difficult
and minimally
effective at
reducing emis-
sions. As a
result, when
amending the
Clean Air Act
in 1990, Con-
gress directed
based standards issued by EPA
over the past 6 years have proven
extremely successful. Once fully
implemented, these standards
will cut emissions of toxic air
pollutants by nearly 1 million tons
per yearalmost 10 times greater
reductions than EPA was able
to achieve in 20 years under the
pre-1990 approach.
EPA to use a
"technology-based" and performance-based
approach to significantly reduce emissions of
air toxics from major sources of air pollution,
followed by a risk-based approach to address
any remaining, or residual, risks.
Sources of Air Toxics
Routine Emissions From
Stationary Sources
Mobile Sources
Each year, millions of
tons of toxic pollutants
are released into the
air from both natural
and manmade sources.
Volcanoes
Accidental Releases
Forest Fires
-------
Mobile Sources and Accidental Releases
While this document focuses on EPA's efforts to reduce routine emissions from stationary
sources, EPA also is working to reduce toxic emissions from:
Mobile sources, such as cars and trucks. For example, EPA and state governments
(e.g., California) have reduced emissions of benzene, toluene, and other toxic pollut-
ants from mobile sources by requiring the use of reformulated gasoline and placing
limits on tailpipe emissions. For more information, contact EPA's Office of Mobile
Sources at www.epa.gov/OMSWWW/toxics.htm or call (202) 260-7400.
Accidental releases, including leaks and spills. For example, EPA has established
regulations under the Clean Air Act requiring certain facilities to implement risk
management programs that will help prevent accidental releases of toxic chemicals.
For more information, contact EPA's Office of Chemical Emergency Preparedness
and Prevention at www.epa.gov/swercepp or call (800) 424-9346.
Under the "technology-based" approach, EPA
develops standards for controlling the "rou-
tine" emissions of air toxics from each major
type of facility within an industry group (or
"source category"). These standardsknown
as "maximum achievable control technology
(MACT) standards"are based on emissions
levels that are already being achieved by the
better-controlled and lower-emitting sources
in an industry. This approach assures citizens
nationwide that each major source of toxic air
pollution will be required to employ effective
measures to limit its emissions. Also, this ap-
proach provides a level economic playing field
by ensuring that facilities that employ cleaner
processes and good emission controls are not
disadvantaged relative to competitors with
poorer controls.
In setting MACT standards, EPA does not
generally prescribe a specific control technol-
ogy. Instead, whenever feasible, the Agency
sets a performance level based on technology
or other practices already used by the indus-
try. Facilities are free to achieve these perfor-
mance levels in whatever way is most
cost-effective for them. The MACT standards
issued by EPA over the past 6 years have
proven extremely successful. Once fully imple-
mented, these standards will cut emissions of
toxic air pollutants by nearly 1 million tons
per year.
Eight years after each MACT standard is is-
sued, EPA must assess the remaining health
risks from source categories. If necessary,
EPA may implement additional standards
that address any significant remaining risk.
This document describes what air toxics are,
where they come from, and how they can
impact people and the environment. It also
describes the individual standards EPA has
issued to reduce emissions of air toxics from
industries such as chemical manufacturing,
petroleum refining, and steel manufacturing.
Additional information on air toxics and
EPA's air toxics programs can be found on the
Internet at www.epa.gov/ttn/uatw.
What Are Toxic Air
Pollutants?
Toxic (also called hazardous) air pollutants are
those pollutants that are known or suspected
to cause cancer or other serious health effects,
such as reproductive effects or birth defects, or
to cause adverse environmental effects. The
degree to which a toxic air pollutant affects
a person's health depends on many factors,
including the quantity of pollutant the person
is exposed to, the duration and frequency of
-------
exposures, the toxicity of the chemical, and the
person's state of health and susceptibility.
The 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments list 188
toxic air pollutants that EPA is required to
control.1 Examples of toxic air pollutants in-
clude benzene, which is found in gasoline;
perchloroethylene, which is emitted from
some dry cleaning facilities; and methylene
chloride, which is used as a solvent and paint
stripper by a number of industries. Examples
of other listed air toxics include dioxin, asbes-
tos, toluene, and metals such as cadmium,
mercury, chromium, and lead compounds.
Where Do Air Toxics
Come From?
Scientists estimate that millions of tons of
toxic pollutants are released into the air
each year. Some air toxics are released from
natural sources such as volcanic eruptions
and forest fires. Most, however, originate
from manmade sources, including both
mobile sources (e.g., cars, buses, trucks) and
stationary sources (e.g., factories, refineries,
power plants). This document focuses on
EPA's efforts, as of January 1998, to reduce
routine (as opposed to accidental) emissions of
toxic air pollutants from stationary sources.
Routine emissions from stationary sources
constitute almost two-thirds of all manmade
air toxics emissions.
There are two types of stationary sources that
generate routine emissions of air toxics:
"Major" sources are defined as sources
that emit 10 tons per year of any of the
listed toxic air
pollutants, or
25 tons per year
of a mixture of air
toxics. Examples
include chemical
plants, steel mills,
Major
Source
24%
Based on 1993 emission inventory data, major sources
account for about 24 percent of air toxics emissions, area
sources for 35 percent, and mobile sources for 41 percent.
Accidental releases and natural sources, which also
contribute air toxics to the atmosphere, are not included
in these estimates.
oil refineries, and hazardous waste incin-
erators. These sources may release air
toxics from equipment leaks, when materi-
als are transferred from one location to
another, or during discharge through
emissions stacks or vents. One key public
health concern regarding major sources is
the health effects on populations located
downwind from them.
"Area" sources consist of smaller sources,
each releasing smaller amounts of toxic
pollutants into the air. Area sources are
defined as sources that emit less than
10 tons per year of a single air toxic,
or less than 25 tons
per year of a com-
bination of air
toxics. Examples
include neighbor-
hood dry cleaners
and gas stations.
Though emissions
from individual
area sources are
often relatively small, collectively their
emissions can be of concernparticularly
where large numbers of sources are located
in heavily populated areas.
1 The list originally included 189 chemicals. Based on new scientific information, EPA removed caprolactam from the list in 1996;
thus, the current list includes 188 pollutants.
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EPA's published list now contains 175 catego-
ries of industrial and commercial sources that
emit one or more toxic air pollutants. For
each of these "source categories," EPA indi-
cated whether the sources are considered to
be "major" sources or "area" sources. The
1990 Clean Air Act Amendments direct EPA
to set standards requiring all major sources of
air toxics (and some area sources that are of
particular concern) to significantly reduce
their air toxics emissions.
Where Do Air Toxics Go?
Once released, toxic pollutants can be carried
by the wind, away from their sources, to other
locations. Factors such as weather, the terrain
(i.e., mountains, plains, valleys), and the
chemical and physical properties of a pollut-
ant determine how far it is transported, its
concentration at various distances from the
source, what kind of physical and chemical
changes it undergoes, and whether it will
degrade, remain airborne, or deposit to land
or water.
Some pollutants remain airborne and contrib-
ute to air pollution problems far from the pol-
lution source. Other pollutants released into
the air can be deposited to land and water
bodies through precipitation, or by settling
directly out of the air onto land or water.
Eventually, a large portion of those pollutants
deposited near water bodies or small tributar-
ies will reach the water bodies via stormwater
runoff or inflow from the tributary streams.
Some toxic air pollutants are of particular con-
cern because they degrade very slowly or not
at all, as in the case of metals such as mercury
or lead. These persistent air toxics (as they are
called) can remain in the environment for
a long time (or forever, in the case of metals)
and can be transported great distances.
Toxic
Pollutants
/ Wet
Deposition
Evaporation
of Deposited
Pollutants
Toxic air pollutants can be deposited to land and water bodies through precipitation (wet deposition) or by settling directly
out of the air (dry deposition). Repeated cycles of transport, deposition, and evaporation can move toxic air pollutants very
long distances.
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Often, persistent air toxics reach the ground,
evaporate back into the atmosphere, and
are then transported further until they are
deposited on the ground again. Repeated
cycles of transport, deposition, and evapora-
tion can move toxic air pollutants very long
distances. For example, toxic pollutants such
as toxaphene, a pesticide used primarily in the
cotton belt, have been found in the Antarctic,
thousands of miles from their likely emissions
sources.
How Are People
Exposed to Air Toxics?
People are exposed to toxic air pollutants in
many ways that can pose health risks, such
as by:
Breathing contaminated air.
Ingesting contaminated food products
such as fish from contaminated waters;
meat, milk, or eggs from animals that fed
on contaminated plants; and fruits and
vegetables grown in contaminated soil on
which air toxics have been deposited.
Ingesting contaminated water. Some people
may be exposed to toxic air pollutants by
drinking contaminated water.
Ingesting contaminated soil. Young children
also may be exposed by ingesting contami-
nated soil from their hands, food, or objects
they place in their mouths.
Touching (skin contact) contaminated soil,
dust, or water (for example, during recre-
ational use of contaminated water bodies).
Once ingested, some of the more persistent
toxic air pollutants accumulate in body
tissues. Also, through a phenomenon called
biomagnification, predators typically accumu-
late even greater pollutant concentrations than
their contaminated prey. As a result, people
and other animals at the "top" of the food
chain who eat contaminated fish or meat are
exposed to concentrations that are much higher
than the concentrations in the water, air, or soil.
Fish consumption advisories have been issued
for thousands of water bodies nationwide,
including the Great Lakes, Lake Champlain,
the Potomac River, and Chesapeake Bay.
Thirty-nine states currently have consumption
advisories for specific water bodies, warning
consumers about mercury-contaminated fish
and shellfish. Ten of those states have adviso-
ries on every inland water body. Many of
these advisories have been issued for water
bodies that were once thought to be relatively
pristine, where deposition from the atmo-
sphere is thought to be a major source of
the pollution.
Health Effects
People who are exposed to toxic air pollut-
ants at sufficient concentrations and for suffi-
cient durations may increase their chances of
getting cancer or experiencing other serious
health effects. Depending on which air toxics
an individual is exposed to, these health ef-
fects can include damage to the immune sys-
tem, as well as neurological, reproductive
(e.g., reduced fertility), developmental, and
respiratory problems. A growing body of evi-
dence indicates that some air toxics (e.g., DDT,
dioxins, and mercury) may disturb hormonal
(or endocrine) systems. In some cases this hap-
pens by pollutants either mimicking or block-
ing hormones. Health effects associated with
endocrine disruption include reduced fertility,
birth defects, and breast cancer.
How Do Air Toxics Affect
the Environment?
Toxic pollutants in the air, or deposited on
soils or surface waters, can have a number of
environmental impacts. Like humans, ani-
mals can experience health problems if they
are exposed to sufficient concentrations of air
toxics over time. Numerous studies conclude
that deposited air toxics are contributing to
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birth defects, reproductive failure, and dis-
ease in animals. Persistent toxic air pollutants
are of particular concern in aquatic ecosys-
tems because the pollutants accumulate in
sediments and may biomagnify in tissues of
animals at the top of the food chain to con-
centrations many times higher than in the
water or air.
Toxic pollutants that mimic hormones also
pose a threat to the environment. In some
wildlife (e.g., birds, shellfish, fish, and mam-
mals), exposures to pollutants such as DDT,
dioxins, and mercury have been associated
with decreased fertility, decreased hatching
success, damaged reproductive organs, and
altered immune systems.
What Has EPA Done to
Reduce Air Toxics?
The Pre-1990 "Risk-Only" Approach
Prior to 1990, the Clean Air Act directed EPA
to regulate toxic air pollutants based on the
risks each pollutant posed to human health.
Specifically, the Act directed EPA to:
Identify all pollutants that caused "serious
and irreversible illness or death."
Develop standards to reduce emissions of
these pollutants to levels that provided an
"ample margin of safety" for the public.
While attempting to control air toxics during
the 1970s and 1980s, EPA became involved in
many legal, scientific, and policy debates over
which pollutants to regulate and how strin-
gently to regulate them. Debates focused on
risk assessment methods and assumptions,
the amount of health risk data needed to jus-
tify regulation, analyses of the costs to indus-
try and benefits to human health and the
environment, and decisions about "how safe
is safe."
During this time, EPA lacked adequate meth-
ods to assess risk and lacked adequate health
and environmental criteria to establish a solid
foundation for risk-based decision-making on
the multitude of air toxics emitted throughout
the United States. Many regulators, as well as
many members of the communities to be
regulated, were reluctant to accept risk as-
sessment as a legitimate policy tool. During
this period, EPA and the scientific community
gained valuable knowledge about risk assess-
ment methods. However, the chemical-by-
chemical regulatory approachan approach
based solely on riskproved difficult, and in
20 years EPA regulated only seven pollutants
(asbestos, benzene, beryllium, inorganic
arsenic, mercury, radionuclides, and vinyl
chloride). Collectively, these standards only
cut annual air toxics emissions by an esti-
mated 125,000 tons.
The 1990 Clean Air Act
Amendments: A "Technology
First, Then Risk" Approach
Realizing the limitations of a chemical-by-
chemical decision framework based solely on
risk, and acknowledging the gaps in scientific
and analytical information, Congress adopted
a new strategy in 1990, when the Clean Air
Act was amended. Specifically, Congress re-
vised Section 112 of the Clean Air Act to
mandate a more practical approach to reduc-
ing emissions of toxic air pollutants.
This approach has two components. In the
first phase, EPA develops regulations
MACT standardsrequiring sources to meet
specific emissions limits that are based on
emissions levels already being achieved by
many similar sources in the country. Even
in its earliest stages, this new "technology-
based" approach has clearly produced real,
measurable reductions. In the second phase,
EPA applies a risk-based approach to assess
how these technology-based emissions limits
are reducing health and environmental risks.
Based on this assessment, EPA may imple-
ment additional standards to address any
significant remaining, or residual, health or
environmental risks. EPA is currently devel-
oping a strategy for addressing residual risks
from air toxics.
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Maximum Achievable
Control TechnologyMACT
EPA's MACT standards are based on the emissions levels already achieved by the best-
performing similar facilities. This straight-forward, performance-based approach yields
standards that are both reasonable and effective in reducing toxic emissions. This approach
also provides a level economic playing field by ensuring that facilities with good controls
are not disadvantaged relative to competitors with poorer controls.
When developing a MACT standard for a particular source category, EPA looks at the level
of emissions currently being achieved by the best-performing similar sources through clean
processes, control devices, work practices, or other methods. These emissions levels set a
baseline (often referred to as the "MACT floor") for the new standard. At a minimum, a
MACT standard must achieve, throughout the industry, a level of emissions control that is
at least equivalent to the MACT floor. EPA can establish a more stringent standard when
this makes economic, environmental, and public health sense.
The MACT floor is established differently for existing sources and new sources:
For existing sources, the MACT floor must equal the average emissions limitations cur-
rently achieved by the best-performing 12 percent of sources in that source category, if
there are 30 or more existing sources. If there are fewer than 30 existing sources, then the
MACT floor must equal the average emissions limitation achieved by the best-perform-
ing five sources in the category.
For new sources, the MACT floor must equal the level of emissions control currently
achieved by the best-controlled similar source.
Wherever feasible, EPA writes the final MACT standard as an emissions limit (i.e., as a
percent reduction in emissions or a concentration limit that regulated sources must
achieve). Emissions limits provide flexibility for industry to determine the most effective
way to comply with the standard.
What Progress Has Been
Made in Reducing Toxic
Air Pollution?
As of January 1998, EPA has issued 23 air
toxics MACT standards under Section 112 of
the Clean Air Act Amendments. These stan-
dards affect 48 categories of major industrial
sources, such as chemical plants, oil refiner-
ies, aerospace manufacturers, and steel mills,
as well as eight categories of smaller sources,
such as dry cleaners, commercial sterilizers,
secondary lead smelters, and chromium elec-
troplating facilities. EPA has also issued two
standards under Section 129 of the Clean Air
Act to control emissions, including certain
toxic pollutants, from solid waste combustion
facilities (one standard for municipal waste
combustors and the other for medical waste
incinerators). Together, these standards
reduce emissions of over 100 different air
toxics. When fully implemented, these stan-
dards will reduce air toxics emissions by
about 1 million tons per yearalmost 10 times
greater reductions than were achieved under
all the pre-1990 standards. Each of the
final rules developed since 1990 is summa-
rized as an appendix to this document
(pages 10 to 22). These summaries describe
the sources for which final rules have been
issued, the types of pollutants the sources
emit, and how EPA's rules are reducing
their emissions.
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Some of these air toxics rules have the added
benefit of reducing ground-level ozone (urban
smog) and particulate matter. This occurs be-
cause some air toxics are also smog-causing
volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (e.g., tolu-
ene) or particulate matter (e.g., chromium).
In addition, some of the technologies and prac-
tices designed to control air toxics also reduce
VOCs or types of particulate matter that are
not currently among the 188 listed air toxics.
Reductions of smog-causing pollutants and
particulate matter are important because of
the health and environmental problems they
can cause. Most notably, urban smog can
cause respiratory problems and can damage
vegetation, and particulate matter can cause
many detrimental impacts on human health,
such as bronchitis, lung damage, increased
infection, aggravation of asthma, and prema-
ture death. In addition many of these pollut-
ants can contribute significantly to impaired
visibility in places, such as national parks,
that are valued for their scenic views and
recreational opportunities.
EPA has consistently worked to develop air
toxics standards that achieve the required re-
ductions in air pollution while providing regu-
lated communities with as much flexibility as
possible in deciding how to comply with the
standards. For example, under a flexible regu-
lation, industries may reduce their emissions
by redesigning their processes, capturing and
recycling emissions, changing work practices,
or installing any of a variety of control tech-
nologies. Flexibility helps industries minimize
the cost of compliance and encourages pollu-
tion prevention. To provide flexibility, EPA
makes every effort to develop standards that
are based on performance measures rather
than specific control devices, and that allow
for equivalent alternative control measures.
Looking Ahead
EPA has focused most of its initial air toxics
control efforts under the 1990 Clean Air Act
Amendments on reducing emissions by
setting technology-based standards. In addi-
tion to the 23 final air toxics MACT stan-
dards, EPA has also proposed a number
of other rules covering 22 source categories,
such as polyurethane foam production,
wool fiberglass operations, and phosphoric
acid/phosphate fertilizer production.
Over the next several years, EPA will con-
tinue to work with industry and others to
develop standards for all remaining source
categories to reduce air toxics emissions even
further. The Agency expects to complete a
number of standardssuch as agricultural
chemical production and pharmaceuticals
manufacturingby the end of 1998, and
dozens of other standards by the year 2000.
Under the Clean Air Act Amendments, exist-
ing regulated facilities generally have up to
3 years from the date a MACT standard is
finalized to come into compliance with that
standard's requirements. New sources must
be in compliance upon start-up. Within the
next 10 years, as these additional standards
are implemented, emissions of toxic air pollut-
ants are expected to be reduced by about
75 percent from 1990 levels.
The Next Steps
EPA anticipates that its technology-based
approach will continue to prove extremely
successful at reducing air toxics. Other
air toxics reductions are also expected to
continue as a result of mobile and other sta-
tionary source control programs (e.g., imple-
mentation of new particulate and ozone
national ambient air quality standards) that
indirectly reduce toxics. At the same time,
however, the Agency recognizes the need for
continued research into the dangers posed by
air toxics.
The 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments call for
EPA to supplement its technology-based ap-
proach by assessing the effectiveness of the
MACT standards at reducing the health and
environmental risks posed by air toxics. Based
on this assessment, the Agency may imple-
ment additional standards that address any
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significant remaining, or residual, risk. After
setting a MACT standard, EPA has 8 years
(9 years for the earliest standards) to examine
the risk posed by continued emissions from
regulated facilities and to issue requirements
for additional controls if they are necessary
to reduce an unacceptable residual risk. Cur-
rently, EPA is working with industry repre-
sentatives, states, and others to develop a
residual risk program, and is collecting the
necessary data to conduct the first risk assess-
ments, beginning in 1998.
In addition to the residual risk assessments of
MACT standards, the Clean Air Act Amend-
ments also require EPA to conduct special
studies to assess whether certain air toxics
problems may not be fully addressed by the
MACT and residual risk programs. Since
1990, EPA has published two reports on
deposition of air toxics and their detrimental
effects on the Great Lakes, Chesapeake Bay,
Lake Champlain, and coastal waters. In these
reports, EPA listed 15 pollutants of greatest
concern that have a tendency to persist in the
environment and accumulate. The pollutants
of concern are: metals (mercury, cadmium,
lead), dioxins, furans, polycyclic organic
matter, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs),
pesticides (such as chlordane and DDT/
DDE), and nitrogen compounds. EPA is
continuing to develop and implement strate-
gies under the Clean Air Act Amendments
to reduce releases of these pollutants. The
Agency is expected to issue subsequent
reports every 2 years, outlining any control
measures needed to achieve further reduc-
tions in toxic pollutants that are being
deposited in water bodies.
EPA is also studying air toxics emitted from
coal-, oil-, and gas-fired electric utility power
generation plants and the health hazards
associated with these emissions. Preliminary
information indicates that emissions of toxic
pollutants from coal-fired power plants are
expected to increase by 30 percent over the
next 2 decades, while emissions from oil-
fired power plants are expected to decline by
50 percent. Utility plants (primarily coal-fired
plants) emit approximately 51 tons per year
of mercury nationwide, which is roughly
32 percent of the manmade mercury emis-
sions in the United States. This study is in-
tended to determine if emissions of toxic air
pollutants from power plants should be con-
trolled under Section 112 of the Clean Air Act
because of health risk concerns. EPA plans to
publish a final report in 1998.
The Clean Air Act Amendments also require
EPA to develop an urban strategy that will
reduce air toxic emissions from area sources
to address the associated health risk problems
posed by the most highly toxic pollutants (at
least 30 of them). In addition, the Amend-
ments require that EPA study the need for
and feasibility of controlling emissions of toxic
pollutants from motor vehicles and fuels. EPA
is looking at an integrated approach that ad-
dresses the urban air toxic emissions from
both stationary sources and mobile sources.
EPA is currently analyzing data to determine
which air toxics sources will be included in
the urban air toxics program, which is ex-
pected to be completed by the end of 1998.
For Further Information
For further information on EPA's air
toxics program and other activities
under the Clean Air Act Amendments,
contact the following Web sites and
EPA offices:
Unified Air Toxics Website
Internet: www.epa.gov/ttn/uatw
EPA Office of Air and Radiation
Internet: www.epa.gov/oar/
(202) 260-7400
EPA Office of Mobile Sources
Internet: www.epa.gov/OMSWWW/
omshome.htm
EPA Office of Chemical Emergency
Preparedness and Prevention
Internet: www.epa.gov/swercepp
(800) 424-9346
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Summaries of EPA's Final Air Toxics MACT Rules
The following summaries describe 23 air toxics rules EPA has issued since 1990 under Section 112
of the Clean Air Act.
DRY CLEANERS
Final rule published September 22, 1993
Dry cleaning facilities are the largest source
of perchloroethylene (also called perc) emis-
sions in the United States. Because dry
cleaners are located in many communities
across the country, perc emissions from dry
cleaners are often released in close proxim-
ity to large numbers of people.
Perc can cause dizziness, nausea, and
headaches and is suspected to cause cancer
in humans.
EPA's rule requires all dry cleaners that
use perc to implement pollution prevention
measures. It also contains specific control
requirements that vary depending on the
type of machinery and the amount of perc
a facility uses.
The rule affects approximately 30,000 dry
cleaners and will reduce perc emissions at
these facilities by about 7,300 tons per year.
COKE OVEN BATTERIES AT STEEL PLANTS
Final rule published October 27, 1993
Coke oven batteries (a group of ovens con-
nected by common walls) are used to con-
vert coal into coke, which is then used in
blast furnaces to convert iron ore to iron.
Coke oven emissions contain benzene (a
known carcinogen) and other chemicals that
can cause cancer of the respiratory tract, kid-
ney, and prostate. Long-term exposure to
coke oven emissions can also cause conjunc-
tivitis, severe dermatitis, and lesions of the
respiratory and digestive systems.
EPA's rule provides guidelines for day-to-
day operations and sets emissions limits for
existing sources and even tighter limits for
new sources. The rule was developed
through a formal regulatory negotiation
process that involved extensive industry
participation. It provides industry with
a menu of compliance optionsthis
flexibility should significantly reduce
compliance costs.
The coke oven rule affects 29 existing
facilities and will reduce air toxics by
approximately 1,500 tons per year.
Air Toxics Emissions
Pre-rule
Post-rule
10
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ORGANIC CHEMICAL PRODUCTION PLANTS
Final rule published April 22, 1994
EPA's rule reduces emissions of 131 or-
ganic air toxics from chemical manufactur-
ing processes in the Synthetic Organic
Chemical Manufacturing Industry and
from several other chemical production
processes. The rule applies to production
of about 385 chemicals.
The rule requires reductions in toxic organic
air pollutants emitted from process vents,
storage vessels, transfer racks, equipment
leaks, and wastewater treatment systems.
Emissions averaging is allowed in the rule
as a compliance option to give industry
flexibility in meeting the emissions
reduction limits.
The rule affects an estimated 310 facilities
and will reduce air toxics emissions by
510,000 tons per yeara 90 percent reduc-
tion from the preregulated levels emitted
by these facilities. The rule will also reduce
VOCs by about 1 million tons per year
an 80 percent reduction from the preregu-
lated levels emitted by these facilities,
and equivalent to taking approximately
38 million cars off the road.
INDUSTRIAL PROCESS COOLING TOWERS
Final rule published September 8, 1994
Industrial process cooling towers are used
to remove heat from industrial processes. In
the past, chromium was added to cooling
tower waters to prevent equipment corro-
sion and control algae growth.
Chromium (Chromium VI, the most toxic
form, is known to cause lung cancer) is ulti-
mately released from the cooling towers
into the air. Most individual industrial pro-
cess cooling towers do not qualify as major
sources of air toxics; however, almost all
cooling towers are part of large production
facilities (e.g., petroleum refineries,
chemical manufacturing plants, and
primary metal producers) that do qualify.
EPA's rule prohibits the use of chromium-
based water treatment chemicals and
suggests that facilities substitute phosphate-
based chemicals.
The rule affects an estimated 800 cooling
towers at about 400 major sources nation-
wide and will reduce chromium emissions
by 25 tons per yeara 100 percent reduction
from the preregulated levels emitted by
these facilities.
11
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HALOGENATED SOLVENT
CLEANING MACHINES
Final rule published December 2, 1994
Halogenated solvent cleaning machines
(also known as degreasers) are used to clean
oil and residues in the manufacturing and
assembly of metal parts. Halogenated sol-
vent cleaning is not a distinct industry, but
it is an integral part of many industries,
such as the aerospace and motor vehicle
manufacturing industries. There are three
basic types of solvent cleaning equipment:
Batch vapor cleaners, which heat the sol-
vent to create a solvent vapor zone within
which the parts are cleaned.
In-line cleaners, which are enclosed de-
vices distinguished by a conveyor system
used to supply a continuous stream of
parts for cleaning.
Batch cold cleaners, which use liquid sol-
vent to remove soils from part surfaces.
Numerous air toxics contained in these sol-
vent mixtures are released during the clean-
ing process.
The rule applies to cleaning machines that
use methylene chloride, perchloroethylene,
trichloroethylene, 1,1,1 -trichloroethane,
carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, or any
combination of these solvents in a total
concentration that is greater than 5 percent
by weight.
EPA's rule combines equipment and work
practice standards that emphasize pollution
prevention. As an alternative to complying
with the equipment standards option, facili-
ties using batch vapor or in-line cleaning
machines may demonstrate that each sol-
vent cleaning machine emits less than an
overall solvent emissions limit.
The rule affects an estimated 9,000 facilities
that use solvent cleaning machines and will
reduce air toxics emissions at these facilities
by 85,300 tons per year and VOC emissions
by 81,700 tons per year.
COMMERCIAL STERILIZATION
AND FUMIGATION OPERATIONS
Final rule published December 6, 1994
A number of industries (including medical
equipment suppliers; pharmaceutical com-
panies; cosmetics manufacturers; spice
manufacturers; libraries, museums, and
archives; and contact sterilizers) use ethyl-
ene oxide as a sterilant for heat- or
moisture-sensitive materials or as a fumi-
gant to control microorganisms or insects.
Ethylene oxide (a probable human carcino-
gen that also can cause adverse reproduc-
tive and developmental effects) is released
during these operations.
EPA's rule sets ethylene oxide emissions
limits for sterilization chamber vents, cham-
ber exhaust vents, and aeration rooms.
The rule affects an estimated 114 sources
and will reduce ethylene oxide emissions
by about 1,000 tons per yeara 94 percent
reduction from the preregulated levels
emitted by these sources.
12
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GASOLINE DISTRIBUTION FACILITIES
Final rule published December 14, 1994
The gasoline distribution standard regu-
lates bulk terminals and pipeline breakout
stations, which transfer and store gasoline
as it goes from petroleum refineries to ser-
vice stations and gasoline bulk plants.
Approximately 10 toxic air pollutants, in-
cluding benzene and toluene, are present in
gasoline vapor. These pollutants are re-
leased from gasoline distribution facilities
during tank truck and rail car loading op-
erations, gasoline storage, and equipment
leaks.
EPA's rule requires the use of pollution pre-
vention methods (such as improving seals
on storage tanks and inspecting equipment
for leaks) and the use of controls (such as
vapor processors to collect and treat gas
vapors displaced during cargo tank loading
operations).
The rule affects an estimated 240 gasoline
bulk terminals and 20 pipeline breakout
stations. It will reduce air toxics emissions
from these facilities by 2,300 tons per year
and VOC emissions by over 38,000 tons per
year. In addition, the collection and/or
prevention of gasoline evaporation under
the final rule is expected to result in energy
savings of an estimated 10 million gallons
of gasoline per year.
MAGNETIC TAPE MANUFACTURING
Final rule published December 15, 1994
Magnetic tape manufacturers make prod-
ucts such as audio and video cassettes and
computer diskettes.
Toxic air pollutants are released when sol-
vent mixtures are used during coating and
equipment cleaning operations. In addition,
particulate air toxics may be released when
magnetic particles are transferred to the
coating mixture.
EPA's rule requires 95 percent control for
most types of emission points, including the
coating operations. For many of these emis-
sion points, EPA has developed alternative
emissions standards, such as one that allows
facilities the flexibility to commit to more
stringent control of their coating operations
in lieu of controlling certain storage tanks.
The rule affects an estimated 14 of the
25 facilities that manufacture magnetic tape.
It will reduce emissions of air toxics, most of
which are VOCs, by 2,300 tons per year.
13
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CHROMIUM ELECTROPLATING
AND ANODIZING OPERATIONS
Final rule published January 25, 1995
Chromium electroplating and anodizing
operations coat metal parts and tools with a
thin layer of chromium to protect them from
corrosion and wear. Examples of electro-
plated parts include appliances, automotive
parts, and large cylinders used in construc-
tion equipment and printing presses.
Anodized parts include miscellaneous
aircraft components such as wings and
landing gears.
Chromium VI (known to cause lung cancer)
is released during the electroplating and
anodizing processes.
EPA's rule sets specific emissions limits for
new and existing chromium electroplating
and anodizing operations that fall into spe-
cific size categories. The rule requires facili-
ties to meet emissions limits through the use
of pollution prevention practices and controls.
The rule affects an estimated 1,500 hard
chromium electroplating facilities, 2,800
decorative chromium electroplating facili-
ties, and 700 chromium anodizing facilities.
It will reduce chromium emissions by
173 tons per yeara 99 percent reduction
from the preregulated levels emitted by
these facilities.
BASIC LIQUID EPOXY RESINS AND
NON-NYLON POLYAMIDE RESINS
MANUFACTURE
Final rule published March 8, 1995
Basic liquid epoxy resins are used in the
production of glues, adhesives, plastic parts,
and surface coatings. Non-nylon polyamide
or wet strength resins are used to improve
the strength of paper.
Epichlorohydrin (strongly suspected of
causing cancer and known to cause respira-
tory problems) is released during the resin
manufacturing process.
EPA's rule is based on an epichlorohydrin
emissions limit, which provides facilities
with the flexibility to meet the regulation's
requirements with a variety of compliance
options. The rule also requires facilities
to implement leak detection and repair
programs.
The rule affects all three basic liquid epoxy
resins manufacturing facilities and all nine
non-nylon polyamide manufacturing facili-
ties. It will reduce epichlorohydrin emis-
sions by 110 tons per year.
14
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SECONDARY LEAD SMELTER INDUSTRY
Final rule published June 23, 1995
Secondary lead smelters produce lead from
scrap and provide the primary means for
recycling lead-acid automotive batteries.
The basic operations performed at these
facilities include battery breaking, smelting,
refining and alloying.
Secondary lead smelter facilities emit a
number of toxic air pollutants, including
1,3-butadiene (a known human carcinogen)
and lead compounds.
EPA's rule requires facilities to reduce emis-
sions from a number of sources, including
smelting furnaces, kettles, dryers, and fugi-
tive sources such as material handling.
The rule affects all 23 secondary lead smelt-
ers in the United States. It will reduce emis-
sions of air toxics from these facilities by
1,400 tons per yeara 72 percent reduc-
tion from the preregulated levels emitted by
these facilities. In addition, the rule is ex-
pected to reduce emissions of particulate
matter (which can cause serious respiratory
problems) from these facilities by 150 tons
per year, and carbon monoxide (which can
cause adverse health effects, including fa-
tigue, nausea, and respiratory problems) by
88,000 tons per year.
Air Toxics Emissions
Pre-rule
Post-rule
PETROLEUM REFINING INDUSTRY
Final rule published August 18, 1995
Petroleum refineries process crude oil
to produce automotive gasoline, diesel
fuel, lubricants, and other petroleum-
based products.
Toxic air pollutants, including benzene
(a known human carcinogen) and toluene
(known to affect the central nervous system
and cause developmental problems), are
released from storage tanks, equipment
leaks, process vents, and wastewater
collection and treatment systems at
these facilities.
EPA's rule requires facilities to control emis-
sions from these sources. The rule allows
emissions averaging within the petroleum
refining facility, and provides additional
flexibility by permitting the use of emissions
averaging among emission points at petro-
leum refineries, marine terminal loading
operations, and gasoline distribution facili-
ties located at the same site.
The rule affects all 192 petroleum refin-
eries in the United States and will reduce
emissions of 11 air toxics by 53,000 tons per
yeara 59 percent reduction from the pre-
regulated levels
emitted by these
facilities. In addi-
tion, the rule is
expected to reduce
VOC emissions by
over 277,000 tons
per yeara 60 per-
cent reduction from
preregulated levels
emitted by these
facilities.
15
-------
AEROSPACE MANUFACTURING
AND REWORK INDUSTRY
Final rule published September 1, 1995
Aerospace manufacturing and rework fa-
cilities produce and/or repair aerospace
vehicles and vehicle parts, such as air-
planes, helicopters, space vehicles, and
missiles.
Toxic air pollutants such as methylene
chloride (strongly suspected of causing
cancer) and chromium (Chromium VI, the
most toxic form, is known to cause lung
cancer) are released from these facilities
during paint stripping, cleaning, priming,
top
coat application, and chemical milling
maskant operations.
EPA's rule requires facilities to eliminate
most emissions of toxic air pollutants (par-
ticularly methylene chloride) from paint
stripping operations and to implement con-
trols that will reduce emissions of air toxics
resulting from other operations. The final
rule provides a variety of options for meet-
ing these requirements.
The rule is likely to yield substantial cost
savings for industry sources by providing
industry the flexibility to meet the reduc-
tions in the most cost-effective way. For
example, the rule contains a market-based
emissions averaging provision, which al-
lows facilities to overcontrol some emission
points while undercontrolling others.
The rule affects an estimated 2,800 aero-
space manufacturing facilities and will
reduce emissions of air toxics and VOCs
by 123,000 tons per yeara 60 percent
reduction from the preregulated levels
emitted by these facilities.
Air Toxics and VOC Emissions
Pre-rule
Post-rule
82,000 tons
MARINE TANK VESSEL
LOADING OPERATIONS
Final rule published September 19, 1995
Marine tank vessels are used to transport
crude oil, gasoline, and toxic chemicals
among refineries, bulk terminals, chemical
plants, and pipeline terminals.
These vessels release toxic air pollutants
(including benzene, toluene, hexane, xylene,
and ethyl benzene) into the air during load-
ing and unloading operations.
EPA's rule sets limits for both air toxic pol-
lutants and VOCs. It requires large marine
loading terminals (i.e., terminals that load
either 200 million barrels per year of crude
oil, or 10 million barrels per year of gaso-
line) to reduce emissions of VOCs by
95 percent. It also requires all other major
sources to reduce air toxic emissions by
97 percent.
The rule affects an estimated 30 marine
tank vessel loading facilities. It will reduce
emissions of air toxics from these facilities
by approximately 4,500 tons per year
and VOC emissions by approximately
43,000 tons per year.
16
-------
WOOD FURNITURE MANUFACTURING
Final rule published December 7, 1995
The wood furniture manufacturing indus-
try includes cabinet shops and facilities
that make residential and industrial furni-
ture.
Toxic air pollutants, including toluene,
xylene, methanol, and formaldehyde, are
released from these facilities during finish-
ing, gluing, and cleaning operations. These
air toxics can cause eye, nose, throat, and
skin irritation; damage to the heart, liver,
and kidneys; and reproductive effects.
EPA's rule limits the amount of hazardous
air pollutants that can be contained in the
coatings used for finishing, gluing, and
cleaning operations (substitutes are avail-
able that contain lower quantities of hazard-
ous air pollutants). In addition, the rule
contains work practice standards such as
keeping containers closed, training workers,
and periodically inspecting equipment to
locate and repair leaks.
The rule affects an estimated 750 wood
furniture manufacturing facilities and will
reduce air toxics emissions by 33,000 tons
per yeara 60 percent reduction from
preregulated levelsand VOC emissions
by an additional 8,400 tons per year.
Air Toxics Emissions
Pre-rule
Post-rule
22,000 tons
SHIPBUILDING AND SHIP REPAIR INDUSTRY
Final rule published December 15, 1995
The shipbuilding and repair industry in-
cludes shipyards that construct and/or re-
pair commercial or military vessels, such as
barges and tankers.
Toxic air pollutants such as xylene and tolu-
ene are released during painting and associ-
ated cleaning operations.
EPA's rule, which is based on pollution pre-
vention measures, requires that containers
of paint and cleansers be kept closed, and
that facilities use low-VOC coatings for
painting and coating operations and handle
solvent and paint wastes in a manner that
minimizes spills and evaporation. The rule
does not apply to major source shipyards
that use less than 1,000 liters (approximately
264 gallons) of coatings per year, or to
boatyards that only build or repair recre-
ational vessels (marine or freshwater) less
than 20 meters (about 66 feet) long.
The rule affects an estimated 35 shipbuild-
ing and repair facilities and will reduce
emissions of air toxics from these facilities
by 350 tons per yeara 24 percent reduction
from the preregulated levels emitted by
these facilities.
17
-------
PRINTING AND PUBLISHING
Final rule published May 30, 1996
EPA's rule covers two distinct segments of
the printing and publishing industry:
Publication rotogravure printers, which
produce paper products such as cata-
logues, magazines, newspaper inserts,
and telephone directories.
Package-product rotogravure and wide-
web flexographic facilities that print on
paper, plastic film, metal foil, and vinyl
for use in products such as flexible pack-
aging, labels, and gift wrap.
Toxic air pollutants (including toluene,
xylene, methanol, and hexane) are released
from the ink systems used by both types
of printers.
For publication rotogravure facilities, EPA's
rule limits air toxics emissions to 8 percent
of the total amount used (for example, facili-
ties that use only hazardous-air-pollutant-
based solvents would be required to recover
92 percent of the air toxics). For package-
product rotogravure and wide-web
flexographic facilities, the rule requires
95 percent overall control of all organic
hazardous air pollutant emissions from
their presses.
EPA's rule incorporates flexible compliance
options into its emissions control require-
ments. Facilities may use pollution preven-
tion methods (which allow printers to
eliminate the use of toxic chemicals or to
substitute nontoxic chemicals for toxic
ones), traditional emissions capture and
control equipment, or a combination of
the two.
The rule affects an estimated 27 publication
rotogravure facilities and 100 package-prod-
uct rotogravure and wide-web flexographic
facilities. It will reduce air toxics emissions
from publication rotogravure printers by
about 5,500 tons per year, and those from
package-product rotogravure and wide-web
flexographic printers by about 2,100 tons
per year.
OFF-SITE WASTE OPERATIONS
Final rule published July 1, 1996
Off-site waste facilities include hazardous
waste treatment, storage, and disposal fa-
cilities; industrial wastewater treatment
facilities; solvent recycling facilities; and
used-oil recovery facilities that manage
hazardous air pollutant-containing materi-
als generated at other facilities.
A number of toxic air pollutants (including
chloroform, toluene, formaldehyde, and
xylene) are released from tanks, process
vents, equipment leaks, containers, surface
impoundments, and transfer systems
at these facilities.
EPA's rule combines equipment, opera-
tions, and work practice standards. For ex-
ample, the rule requires that containers be
covered and that process vents meet 95 per-
cent organic emission controls.
The rule affects an estimated 250 off-site
waste operation facilities. It will reduce air
toxics emissions by 43,000 tons per year and
VOC emissions by 52,000 tons per year.
-------
ELASTOMER PRODUCTION
Final rule published September 5, 1996
Elastomers are used in the production of
many synthetic rubber products, including
tires, hoses, footwear, adhesives, wire insu-
lation, floor tiles, and latexes.
A number of toxic air pollutants (such as
styrene, hexane, and toluene) are released
during the initial stages of the elastomer
manufacturing process.
EPA's rule requires that facilities use a pol-
lution prevention technique to reduce the
amount of air toxics released during elas-
tomer production. The rule sets emissions
limits for several specific emission points-
storage tanks, process vents, equipment
leaks, and wastewater systems. It also
contains a market-based emissions aver-
aging provision that allows facilities to
overcontrol some emissions points while
undercontrolling others, thus achieving
the required reductions in the most cost-
effective manner possible.
The rule affects 36 facilities nationwide and
will reduce air toxics emissions by approxi-
mately 6,400 tons annuallya 50 percent
reduction from current levels.
Air Toxics Emissions
Pre-rule
Post-rule
6,400 tons
POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE POLYMER
AND STYRENE-BASED THERMOPLASTIC
POLYMERS PRODUCTION
Final rule published September 12, 1996
Polyethylene terephthalate polymers and
styrene-based thermoplastics are used in the
manufacture of such products as polyester
fibers, soft drink bottles, plastic automotive
parts, packing materials, and plastic toys.
A number of toxic pollutants (including sty-
rene, butadiene, and methane!) are released
into the air during polymer production.
To reduce the amount of air toxics released
from polymer production facilities, EPA's
rule sets emissions limits for several emis-
sions points: storage vessels, process vents,
equipment leaks, and wastewater opera-
tions. The rule also limits releases from pro-
cess contact cooling towers at some existing
and new facilities.
EPA developed the rule in partnership with
industry representatives and other major
stakeholders. The Agency estimates that
new facilities will experience annual cost
savings of about $5 million under the rule,
due to pollution prevention measures.
The rule affects 66 facilities nationwide
and will reduce emissions by approxi-
mately 3,880 tons annuallya 20 percent
reduction from current levels.
Air Toxics Emissions
Pre-rule
Post-rule
I
I
9,400 ton
5,520 to
19
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PRIMARY ALUMINUM REDUCTION INDUSTRY
Final rule published October 7, 1997
Primary aluminum reduction plants pro-
duce molten aluminum metal (virgin alumi-
num) from alumina ore. Typically, primary
aluminum plants are components of larger
facilities that prepare a variety of finished
products. These larger facilities also typi-
cally include secondary aluminum plant
operations, which use aluminum metal
to make products such as cans, aircraft
and automotive products, and construction
materials. Standards for secondary alumi-
num production are under development
by EPA and are not addressed in this
final rule.
Air toxics released during the production
of molten aluminum metal include hydro-
gen fluoride (which can cause serious res-
piratory damage) and polycyclic organic
matter (which is strongly suspected of
causing cancer and other serious health
effects).
Developed in partnership with state regu-
lators, industry stakeholders, and tribal
governments, EPA's final rule contains an
emissions averaging provision that allows
facilities to overcontrol some emissions
points while undercontrolling others, thus
achieving the required reductions in the
most cost-effective manner possible. As a
further cost-saving incentive, facilities that
consistently perform below the levels set in
the standard will be allowed to reduce the
frequency of sampling or emissions testing.
To achieve the required reductions, the final
rule relies on a combination of pollution
prevention measures, including work prac-
tices, equipment modifications, operating
practices, housekeeping measures, and in-
process recycling.
The rule affects 24 facilities nationwide.
It will reduce fluoride emissions by about
3,700 tons per year, polycyclic organic mat-
ter emissions by about 2,000 tons per year,
and particulate matter emissions by 16,000
tons per year. These emission levels repre-
sent a reduction of approximately 50 per-
cent from preregulated levels.
Pre-rule
Post-rule
Pre-rule
Post-rule
Pre-rule
Post-rule
Fluoride Emissions
Paniculate Matter Emissions
Polycyclic Organic Matter Emissions
4,000 to
2,000 ton
20
-------
PULP AND PAPER MILLS
Two final rules signed November 74, 1997
Wood and non-wood fiber sources such as
cotton, linen, and straw are turned into pulp
either though cooking via chemicals (known
as digestion), mechanical grinding, or a
combination of both. Following digestion
or grinding, the resulting fibrous mass is
washed, screened, and (depending on the
final product) sometimes bleached.
A number of toxic air pollutants (including
chloroform, chlorine, formaldehyde, metha-
nol, acetaldehyde, methyl ethyl ketone, and
metals) are released during cooking, wash-
ing, bleaching, and chemical recovery
processes at these facilities.
EPA's air toxics rules are part of an inte-
grated, multimedia regulation designed to
control pollutant releases to the water and
air. The integrated rules allow the pulp and
paper industry to consider all regulatory
requirements at one time in order to select
the most effective pollution prevention and
control technologies.
EPA has issued two final air toxics stan-
dards for the pulp and paper industry that
cover emissions from pulping and bleach-
ing processes at mills that chemically pulp
wood; papermaking processes at all mills;
and pulping and bleaching at non-wood,
mechanical, and secondary fiber mills. EPA
has also proposed requirements for emis-
sions from the chemical recovery area of
chemical wood pulping mills.
The two final rules will affect approxi-
mately 155 mills. These final rules will re-
duce air toxics emissions by 153,000 tons
per year (a 67 percent reduction from
preregulated levels at these facilities);
VOC emissions by 450,000 tons per year;
and total reduced sulfur emissions by
86,000 tons per year. The proposed rule
would reduce air toxics emissions by an
additional 2,900 tons per year; VOC
emissions by 36,000 tons per year; and
particulate matter emissions by 26,000 tons
per year.
Air Toxics Emissions (Final Rules)
Pre-rule
Post-rule
230,000 tons
77,000 tons
21
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Summaries of Related Solid Waste Incineration Rules
EPA has also issued final rules to control emissions of certain air toxics from solid waste combustion
facilities. These rules set emissions limits for new solid waste combustion facilities and provide emis-
sions guidelines for existing solid waste combustion facilities under Section 129 of the Clean Air Act.
MUNICIPAL WASTE COM BUSTO RS
Final rule published December 19, 1995; amended August 25, 1997
Municipal waste combustors include incin-
erators that burn waste and waste-to-energy
plants that generate energy from garbage.
EPA's final rule applies to all municipal
waste combustion units with the capacity to
burn more than 250 tons of garbage per day
(known as large municipal waste combus-
tion units; EPA has initiated development
of rules for small municipal waste combus-
tion units).
Municipal waste combustors release a num-
ber of pollutants, including cadmium, lead,
mercury, dioxin, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen
chloride, nitrogen dioxide, and particulate
matter. Dioxin and mercury are of particular
concern because they are toxic, persist in the
environment, and bioaccumulate.
EPA's rule contains strict standards for new
incinerators and sets MACT-based emis-
sions limits for existing incinerators.
The rule affects an estimated 164 municipal
waste combustion units and will signifi-
cantly reduce air toxics emissions (dioxins,
lead, cadmium, and mercury). The rule will
reduce dioxin emissions by 99 percent and
mercury emissions by 90 percent, compared
with 1990 emissions levels from these
sources. Overall emissions of other air pol-
lutants (including sulfur dioxide, particulate
matter, nitrogen oxides, and hydrogen chlo-
ride) will be reduced by more than 90,000
tons per year.
HOSPITAL/MEDICAL/INFECTIOUS
WASTE INCINERATORS
Final rule published September 15, 1997
Hospital, medical, and infectious waste is
solid waste produced in the diagnosis, treat-
ment, or immunization of humans or ani-
mals; it includes needles, gauzes, boxes, and
packaging materials. Fewer than half of all
hospitals and a small number of nursing
homes, pharmaceutical research laborato-
ries, and veterinary clinics use incinerators
to dispose of their waste.
A number of toxic air pollutants, including
dioxins, mercury, lead, and cadmium, are
released into the air during the incineration
process.
EPA's rule contains emissions limits
for new incinerators and emissions guide-
lines for existing incinerators. The rule
establishes emissions limits for nine pollut-
ants (including dioxin, lead, cadmium, and
mercury). It requires training of incinerator
operators and establishes requirements for
appropriate siting of new incinerators.
The rule affects an estimated 2,400 existing
incinerators and will reduce air toxics emis-
sions (dioxins, lead, cadmium, and mer-
cury) by more than 25 tons per year.
Dioxins will be reduced by over 90 percent
from the current levels emitted by these
incinerators. The rule will also reduce other
air pollutant emissions (particulate matter,
carbon monoxide, and hydrogen chloride)
by over 7,000 tons per year.
22
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Overview of Current Total Maximum Daily Load
- TMDL - Program and Regiilations
Background
Tftf Need- The Quality a/ Our Nuttou's Waters
Over 40% of our assessed waters still do not meet toe *atst quality ^tanckud;
states, temtoriest and authorized tribes have set for them. This amounts to over
20,000 individual rivec segments, lakes, .aad estuaries. These impaired water:.
include approximately 300,000 miles of rivfi's and shoreline:, and approximately
5 million acres, of lakes polluted moatlv by sediments, excess nutrients,, and
harmful microorganisms. An over^'heimktg majority of the population - 21 8
million -Jive within 10 miles of the impaired waters.
Section i03(tl) of the Clean Water Act
Under section 3Q3idi of the 1972 Clean Water Act, states, territories, and
authorized tribes are required to develop lists of impaired waters. These
impaired waters do not meet water quality standards that states, tenitories, and
authorized tribes have set for them, e\en after point sources of pollution have
installed the rrnnirniira requited levels of pollution control technology. The law
requires that these jurisdictions establish priority rankingE far «* users on the- lists
and develop TMDLsfor these Water:.
What is ti TMDL?
A TMDL specifies 'the maximum amount of a pollutant that a ^vatei'bodv can
receive 'and still meet *ater quality standards, and allocates pollutant' loading
among, point .and nonpoinf pollutant sources By law.1, EP A must approve or
disapprove lists and TMDLs established by states, territories^ and authorized
tribes. If a state, territory, or authorized tribe submission is. inadequate, EPA
I oil Q'lS.iOlP;1?!! Ml
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Overview of Current Total Maximum Daily Load - TMDL - Program and Regulations wysiwyg://47/file:/G|/CD-ROM7overviewfs.html
must establish the list or the TMDL. EPA issued regulations in 1985 and 1992
that implement section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act - the TMDL provisions.
Litigation
While TMDLs have been required by the Clean Water Act since 1972, until
recently states, territories, authorized tribes, and EPA have not developed many.
Several years ago citizen organizations began bringing legal actions against EPA
seeking the listing of waters and development of TMDLs. To date, there have
been about 40 legal actions in 38 states. EPA is under court order or consent
decrees in many states to ensure that TMDLs are established, either by the state
or by EPA.
EPA Actions to Implement the TMDL Program
Federal Advisory Committee
In an effort to speed the Nation's progress toward achieving water quality
standards and improving the TMDL program, EPA began, in 1996, a
comprehensive evaluation of EPA's and the states' implementation of their Clean
Water Act section 303(d) responsibilities. EPA convened a committee under the
Federal Advisory Committee Act, composed of 20 individuals with diverse
backgrounds, including agriculture, forestry, environmental advocacy, industry,
and state, local, and tribal governments. The committee issued its
recommendations in 1998.
The New TMDL Rule
These recommendations were used to guide the development of proposed
changes to the TMDL regulations, which EPA issued in draft in August, 1999.
After a long comment period, hundreds of meetings and conference calls, much
debate, and the Agency's review and serious consideration of over 34,000
comments, the final rule was published on July 13, 2000. However, Congress
added a "rider" to one of their appropriations bills that prohibits EPA from
spending FY2000 and FY2001 money to implement this new rule.
Current TMDL Program
The current rule remains in effect until 30 days after Congress permits EPA to
implement the new rule. TMDLs continue to be developed and completed under
the current rule, as required by the 1972 law and many court orders. The
regulations that currently apply are those that were issued in 1985 and amended
in 1992 (40 CFR Part 130, section 130.7). These regulations mandate that
states, territories, and authorized tribes list impaired and threatened waters and
develop TMDLs.
Overview of the 1992 TMDL Regulations-Under Which the
Current Program Operates
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Scope of Lists of Impaired Waters
° States, territories, and authorized tribes must list waters that are
both impaired and threatened by pollutants.
° The list is composed of waters that need a TMDL.
0 At the state's, territory's, or authorized tribe's discretion, the
waterbody may remain on the list after EPA approves the TMDL,
or until water quality standards are attained.
2-Year Listing Cycle
0 States, territories, and authorized tribes are to submit their list of
waters on April 1 in every even-numbered year, except in 2000. In
March 2000, EPA issued a rule removing the requirement for the
2000 list - though some states are choosing to submit such lists on
their own initiative.
Methodology Used to Develop Lists
° States, territories, and authorized tribes must consider "all existing
and readily available water quality-related information" when
developing their lists.
° Monitored and evaluated data may be used.
° The methodology must be submitted to EPA at the same time as
the list is submitted.
0 At EPA's request, the states, territories, or authorized tribes must
provide "good cause" for not including and removing a water from
the list.
Components of a TMDL
o A TMDL is the sum of allocated loads of pollutants set at a level
necessary to implement the applicable water quality standards,
including -
Wasteload allocations from point sources, and
Load allocations from nonpoint sources and natural
background conditions.
o A TMDL must contain a margin of safety and a consideration of
seasonal variations.
Priorities/Schedules for TMDL Development
0 States, territories, and authorized tribes must establish a priority
ranking of the listed waterbodies taking into account the severity of
pollution and uses to be made of the water, for example, fishing,
swimming, and drinking water.
0 The list must identify for each waterbody the pollutant that is
causing the impairment.
0 States, territories, and authorized tribes must identify waters
targeted for TMDL development within the next 2 years.
Public Review/Participation
0 Calculations to establish TMDLs are subject to public review as
defined in the state's continuing planning process.
EPA Actions on Lists and TMDLs
° EPA has 30 days in which to approve or disapprove a state's,
territory's, or authorized tribe's list and the TMDLs.
o If EPA disapproves either the state's, territory's, or authorized
tribe's list or an individual TMDL, EPA has 30 days to establish the
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list or the TMDL. EPA must seek public comment on the list or
TMDL it establishes.
1997 Interpretative Guidance for the TMDL Program
o EPA issued guidance in August, 1997, to respond to some of the
issues raised as the program developed. The guidance includes a
number of recommendations intended to achieve a more nationally
consistent approach for developing and implementing TMDLs to
attain water quality standards. These recommendations include:
0 States, territories, and authorized tribes should develop schedules
for establishing TMDLs expeditiously, generally within 8-13 years
of being listed. EPA Regions should have a specific written
agreement with each state, territory or authorized tribe in the
Region about these schedules. Factors to be considered in
developing the schedule could include:
Number of impaired segments;
Length of river miles, lakes, or other waterbodies for which
TMDLs are needed;
Proximity of listed waters to each other within a watershed;
Number and relative complexity of the TMDLs;
Number and similarities or differences among the source
categories;
Availability of monitoring data or models; and
Relative significance of the environmental harm or threat.
0 States, territories, and authorized tribes should describe a plan for
implementing load allocations for waters impaired solely or
primarily by nonpoint sources, including -
Reasonable assurances that load allocations will be achieved,
using incentive-based, non-regulatory or regulatory
approaches. TMDL implementation may involve individual
landowners and public or private enterprises engaged in
agriculture, forestry, or urban development. The primary
implementation mechanism may include the state, territory,
or authorized tribe section 319 nonpoint source management
program coupled with state, local, and federal land
management programs and authorities,
Public participation process, and
Recognition of other watershed management processes and
programs, such as local source water protection and urban
storm water management programs, as well as the state's
section 303(e) continuing planning process.
For more information, see EPA's TMDL web site at:
http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/
0 Status report on litigation
0 TMDL Federal Advisory Committee Report
0 Maps and information on impaired waters
o Links to other TMDL web sites, including states
0 Regulations and guidance
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c/EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Wastewater
Management (4203)
EPA-833-B-98-002
February 1999
Introduction to the National
Pretreatment Program
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-------
Disclaimer
Mention of trade names or commercial products in this
document or associated references does not constitute
an endorsement or recommendation for use.
-------
Introduction to the National Pretreatment Program Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface iii
List of Acronyms v
Glossary of Terms vii
1. POTWs and the Need for the Pretreatment Program 1
Sewage Treatment 1
Need for the Pretreatment Program 2
2. Overview of the National Pretreatment Program 5
The Clean Water Act 5
The General Pretreatment Regulations 6
POTW Pretreatment Programs 7
3. Pretreatment Standards 11
Prohibited Discharge Standards 11
Categorical Standards 12
Local Limits 20
Summary of Standards 22
4. POTW Pretreatment Program Responsibilities 23
Legal Authority 23
Industrial Waste Surveys 24
Permitting 25
Inspections 26
Sampling 27
Enforcement 28
Data Management and Record Keeping 31
Public Participation and POTW Reporting 32
5. Industrial User Pretreatment Program Responsibilities 35
Reporting Requirements 35
Self-Monitoring Requirements 39
Record Keeping Requirements 40
6. Hauled Wastes 43
Nature of Hauled Wastes 43
Control Programs 43
Concerns 45
7. Pollution Prevention 47
Pollution Prevention and the Pretreatment Program 48
Benefits of Pollution Prevention 49
Pollution Prevention Assistance 50
8. Bibliography 51
APPENDICES
A Annotated Summaries of Existing Pretreatment Guidance Material A-1
B Document Ordering Information B-1
C EPA/State Primary Pretreatment Contacts/Addresses C-1
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Introduction to the National Pretreatment Program Preface
PREFACE
The industrial boom in the United States during the 1950s and 60s brought with it a level of pollution
never before seen in this country. Scenes of dying fish, burning rivers, and thick black smog engulfing major
metropolitan areas were images and stories repeated regularly on the evening news. In December of 1970,
the President of the United States created the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) through an
executive order in response to these critical environmental problems.
In 1972, Congress passed the Clean Water Act (CWA) to restore and maintain the integrity of the
nation's waters. Although prior legislation had been enacted to address water pollution, those previous
efforts were developed with other goals in mind. For example, the 1899 Rivers and Harbors Act protected
navigational interests while the 1948 Water Pollution Control Act and the 1956 Federal Water Pollution
Control Act merely provided limited funding for State and local governments to address water pollution
concerns on their own.
The CWA required the elimination of the discharge of pollutants into the nation's waters and the
achievement of fishable and swimmable waterquality levels. EPA's National Pollutant Discharge Elimination
System (NPDES) Permitting Program represents one of the key components established to accomplish this
feat. The NPDES program requires that all point source discharges to waters of the U.S. (i.e., "direct
discharges") must be permitted.
To address "indirect discharges" from industries to Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTWs), EPA,
through CWA authorities, established the National Pretreatment Program as a component of the NPDES
Permitting Program. The National Pretreatment Program requires industrial and commercial dischargers
to treat or control pollutants in their wastewater prior to discharge to POTWs.
In 1986, more than one-third of all toxic pollutants entered the nation's waters from publicly owned
treatment works (POTWs) through industrial discharges to public sewers.1 Certain industrial discharges,
such as slug loads, can interfere with the operation of POTWs, leading to the discharge of untreated or
inadequately treated wastewater into rivers, lakes, etc. Some pollutants are not compatible with biological
wastewater treatment at POTWs and may pass through the treatment plant untreated. This "pass through"
of pollutants impacts the surrounding environment, occasionally causing fish kills or other detrimental
alterations of the receiving waters. Even when POTWs have the capability to remove toxic pollutants from
wastewater, these toxics can end up in the POTWs sewage sludge, which in many places is land applied
to food crops, parks, or golf courses as fertilizer or soil conditioner.
The National Pretreatment Program is unique in that the General Pretreatment Regulations require all
large POTWs (i.e., those designed to treat flows of more than 5 million gallons per day) and smaller POTWs
with significant industrial discharges to establish local pretreatment programs. These local programs must
enforce all national pretreatment standards and requirements in addition to any more stringent local
requirements necessary to protect site-specific conditions at the POTW. More than 1,500 POTWs have
developed and are implementing local pretreatment programs designed to control discharges from
approximately 30,000 significant industrial users.
Since 1983, the Pretreatment Program has made great strides in reducing the discharge of toxic
pollutants to sewer systems and to waters of the U.S. In the eyes of many, the Pretreatment Program,
implemented as a partnership between EPA, States, and POTWs, is a notable success story in reducing
impacts to human health and the environment. These strides can be attributed to the efforts of many
Federal, State, local, and industrial representatives who have been involved with developing and
implementing the various aspects of the Pretreatment Program.
EPA, Environmental Regulations and Technology: The National Pretreatment Program, July 1986,
p.4.
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Preface Introduction to the National Pretreatment Program
EPA has supported the Pretreatment Program through development of numerous guidance manuals.
EPA has released more than 30 manuals that provide guidance to EPA, States, POTWs, and industry on
various pretreatment program requirements and policy determinations. Through this guidance, the
Pretreatment Program has maintained national consistency in interpretation of the regulations.
Nevertheless, turnover in pretreatment program staff has diluted historical knowledge leaving new staff
and other interested parties unaware of existing materials. With this in mind, the intent of this guidance
manual, Introduction to the National Pretreatment Program, is to:
(1) provide a reference for anyone interested in understanding the basics of pretreatment program
requirements, and
(2) provide a roadmap to additional and more detailed guidance materials for those trying to
implement specific elements of the Pretreatment Program.
While the Pretreatment Program has demonstrated significant reductions in pollutants discharged to
POTWs, Congress' goals of zero discharge of toxic pollutants and fishable/swimmable water quality have
not been realized. EPA is currently working to establish more cost-effective and common sense approaches
to environmental protection (e.g., using watershed, streamlining, and reinvention concepts), creating new
responsibilities for all those involved in the National Pretreatment Program. Many current challenges
remain, while many new ones likely lie ahead. This guidance manual is intended to provide an
understanding of the basic concepts that drive the Program, the current status of the Program and program
guidance, and an insight into what the future holds for all those involved with implementing the Pretreatment
Program.
As noted above, this guidance manual is organized to provide an overview of program requirements and
to referthe readerto more detailed EPA guidance that exists on specific program elements. To accomplish
this, the guidance manual incorporates two key features: 1) the first page of each chapter contains a list of
EPA references applicable to the topics discussed in that chapter, and 2) abstracts of each reference are
provided in Appendix A with document ordering information provided in Appendix B. Addresses of EPA and
State pretreatment staff are provided in AppendixC. Additionally, Chapters contains a bibliography of these
guidance materials, and other materials that may be useful to the reader and describes how to obtain them.
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Introduction to the National Pretreatment Program
List of Acronyms
LIST OF ACRONYMS
Acronym Full Phrase
AA Approval Authority
AO Administrative Order
BAT Best Available Technology Economically Achievable
BCT Best Conventional Pollutant Control Technology
BMP Best Management Practices
BMR Baseline Monitoring Report
BOD5 5-day Biochemical Oxygen Demand
BPJ Best Professional Judgment
BPT Best Practicable Control Technology Currently Available
CA Control Authority
CFR Code of Federal Regulations
CIU Categorical Industrial User
CSO Combined Sewer Overflow
CWA Clean Water Act (formerly referred to as the Federal Water Pollution Control Act or Federal
Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972) Pub. L. 92-500, as amended by Pub. L. 95-
217, Pub. L. 95-576, Pub. L. 96-483, Pub. L. 97-117, and Pub. L. 100-4, 33 U.S.C. 1251 etseq.
CWF Combined Wastestream Formula
CWT Centralized Waste Treater
DMR Discharge Monitoring Report
DSE Domestic Sewage Exclusion
DSS Domestic Sewage Study
ELG Effluent Limitations Guideline
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
EPCRA Emergency Preparedness and Community Right to Know Act
ERP Enforcement Response Plan
FDF Fundamentally Different Factors
FR Federal Register
FWA Flow Weighted Average
gpd Gallons per Day
ID Industrial User
LEL Lower Explosive Limit
MAHL Maximum Allowable Headworks Loading
MAIL Maximum Allowable Industrial Loading
MGD Million Gallons per Day
MSDS Material Safety Data Sheet
NAICS North American Industry Classification System (replaces SIC coding system in 1998)
NOV Notice of Violation
NPDES National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
NRDC Natural Resources Defense Council
NSPS New Source Performance Standard
O&G Oil and Grease
Acronym Full Phrase
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List of Acronyms
Introduction to the National Pretreatment Program
O&M Operations and Maintenance
OCPSF Organic Chemicals, Plastics, and Synthetic Fibers
P2 Pollution Prevention
PCI Pretreatment Compliance Inspection
PCS Permit Compliance System
PIRT Pretreatment Implementation Review Task Force
POTW Publicly Owned Treatment Works
PSES Pretreatment Standards for Existing Sources
PSNS Pretreatment Standards for New Sources
QA/QC Quality Assurance/Quality Control
RCRA Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
SIC Standard Industrial Classification
SIU Significant Industrial User
SPCC Spill Prevention Control and Countermeasures
SNC Significant Noncompliance
SSO Sanitary Sewer Overflow
SUO Sewer Use Ordinance
TCLP Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure
TIE Toxicity Identification Evaluation
TOMP Toxic Organic Management Program
TRE Toxicity Reduction Evaluation
TRI Toxic Release Inventory
TSS Total Suspended Solids
TTO Total Toxic Organics
USC United States Code
UST Underground Storage Tank
WET Whole Effluent Toxicity
WWTP Wastewater Treatment Plant
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Introduction to the National Pretreatment Program Glossary of Terms
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
This glossary includes a collection of terms used in this manual and an explanation of each term. To
the extent that definitions and explanations provided in this glossary differ from those in EPA regulations or
other official documents, the definitions used herein are intended for use in understanding this manual only.
Act or "the Act" [40 CFR §403.3(b)]
The Federal Water Pollution Control Act, also known as the Clean Water Act, as amended, 33 USC 1251
et.seq.
Approval Authority [40 CFR §403.3(c)]
The Director in an NPDES State with an approved State Pretreatment Program and the appropriate EPA
Regional Administrator in a non-NPDES State or State without an approved pretreatment program.
Approved POTW Pretreatment Program or Program [40 CFR §403.3(d)]
A program administered by a POTW that meets the criteria established in 40 CFR Part 403 and which
has been approved by a Regional Administrator or State Director.
Approved State Pretreatment Program
A program administered by a State that meets the criteria established in 40 CFR §403.10 and which has
been approved by a Regional Administrator
Approved/Authorized State
A State with an NPDES permit program approved pursuant to section 402(b) of the Act and an approved
State Pretreatment Program.
Baseline Monitoring Report (BMR) [paraphrased from 40 CFR §403.12(b)]
A report submitted by categorical industrial users (CILJs) within 180 days after the effective date of an
applicable categorical standard, or at least 90 days prior to commencement of discharge for new sources,
which contains specific facility information, including flow and pollutant concentration data. For existing
sources, the report must also certify as to the compliance status of the facility with respect to the categorical
standards.
Best Available Technology Economically Achievable (BAT)
A level of technology based on the best existing control and treatment measures that are economically
achievable within the given industrial category or subcategory.
Best Management Practices (BMPs)
Schedules of activities, prohibitions of practices, maintenance procedures, and other management
practices to prevent or reduce the pollution of waters of the U.S. BMPs also include treatment requirements,
operating procedures and practices to control plant site runoff, spillage or leaks, sludge or waste disposal,
or drainage from raw material storage.
Best Practicable Control Technology Currently Available (BPT)
A level of technology represented by the average of the best existing wastewatertreatment performance
levels within an industrial category or subcategory.
Best Professional Judgment (BPJ)
The method used by a permit writer to develop technology-based limitations on a case-by-case basis
using all reasonably available and relevant data.
Slowdown
-------
Glossary of Terms Introduction to the National Pretreatment Program
The discharge of water with high concentrations of accumulated solids from boilers to prevent plugging
of the boilertubes and/or steam lines. In cooling towers, blowdown is discharged to reduce the concentration
of dissolved salts in the recirculating cooling water.
Bypass [40 CFR §403.17(a)]
The intentional diversion of wastestreams from any portion of an Industrial User's treatment facility.
Categorical Industrial User (CIU)
An industrial user subject to National categorical pretreatment standards.
Categorical Pretreatment Standards
Limitations on pollutant discharges to POTWs promulgated by EPA in accordance with Section 307 of
the Clean Water Act, that apply to specific process wastewater discharges of particular industrial categories
[40 CFR § 403.6 and 40 CFR Parts 405-471].
Chain of Custody (COC)
A record of each person involved in the possession of a sample from the person who collects the sample
to the person who analyzes the sample in the laboratory.
Chronic
A stimulus that lingers or continues for a relatively long period of time, often one-tenth of the life span
or more. Chronic should be considered a relative term depending on the life span of an organism. The
measurement of chronic effect can be reduced growth, reduced reproduction, etc., in addition to lethality.
Clean Water Act (CWA)
The common name for the Federal Water Pollution Control Act. Public law 92-500; 33 U.S.C. 1251 et
seq.: legislation which provides statutory authority for both NPDES and Pretreatment Programs.
Code of Federal Regulations (CFR)
A codification of Federal rules published annually by the Office of the Federal Register National Archives
and Records Administration. Title 40 of the CFR contains the regulations for Protection of the Environment.
Combined Sewer Overflow (CSO)
A discharge of untreated wastewater from a combined sewer system at a point prior to the headworks
of a publicly owned treatment works. CSOs generally occur during wet weather (rainfall or snowfall). During
periods of wet weather, these systems become overloaded, bypass treatment works, and discharge directly
to receiving waters.
Combined Wastestream Formula (CWF) [paraphrased from 40 CFR §403.6(e)]
Procedure for calculating alternative discharge limits at industrial facilities where a regulated
wastestream from a categorical industrial user is combined with other wastestreams prior to treatment.
Compliance Schedule
A schedule of remedial measures included in a permit or an enforcement order, including a sequence
of interim requirements (for example, actions, operations, or milestone events) that lead to compliance with
the CWA and regulations.
Composite Sample
Sample composed of two or more discrete samples. The aggregate sample will reflect the average
water quality covering the compositing or sample period.
Concentration-based Limit
A limit based upon the relative strength of a pollutant in a wastestream, usually expressed in mg/l.
Continuous Discharge
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Introduction to the National Pretreatment Program _ Glossary of Terms
A discharge that occurs without interruption during the operating hours of a facility, except for infrequent
shutdowns for maintenance, process changes or similar activities.
Control Authority [paraphrased from 40 CFR § 403. 12(a)]
A POTWwith an approved pretreatment program or the approval authority in the absence of a POTW
pretreatment program.
Conventional Pollutants
BOD, TSS, fecal coliform, oil and grease, and pH
Daily Maximum Limitations
The maximum allowable discharge of pollutants during a 24 hour period. Where daily maximum
limitations are expressed in units of mass, the daily discharge is the total mass discharged over the course
of the day. Where daily maximum limitations are expressed in terms of a concentration, the daily discharge
is the arithmetic average measurement of the pollutant concentration derived from all measurements taken
that day.
Detection Limit
The minimum concentration of an analyte(substance) that can be measured and reported with a 99%
confidence that the analyte concentration is greater than zero as determined by the procedure set forth in
40 CFR Part 1 36, Appendix B.
Development Document
Detailed report of studies conducted by the U.S. EPAforthe purpose of establishing effluent guidelines
and categorical pretreatment standards.
D i I ute Wastestream [paraphrased from 40 CFR §403. 6(e) (1) (i)]
For purposes of the combined wastestream formula, the average daily flow (at least a 30-day average)
from : (a) boiler blowdown streams, non-contact cooling streams, storm water streams, and demineralized
backwash streams; provided, however, that where such streams contain a significant amount of a pollutant,
and the combination of such streams, prior to treatment, with an industrial user's regulated process
wastestream(s) will result in a substantial reduction of that pollutant, the Control Authority, upon application
of the industrial user, may exercise its discretion to determine whether such stream(s) should be classified
as diluted or unregulated. In its application to the Control Authority, the industrial user must provide
engineering, production, sampling and analysis, and such other information so the control authority can make
its determination; or (b) sanitary wastestreams where such streams are not regulated by a categorical
pretreatment standard; or (c) from any process wastestreams which were, or could have been, entirely
exempted from categorical pretreatment standards pursuant to paragraph 8 of the NRDC v. Costle Consent
Decree (12 ERG 1833) for one more of the following reasons (see Appendix D of 40 CFR Part 403):
a. the pollutants of concern are not detectable in the effluent from the industrial user (paragraph
b. the pollutants of concern are present only in trace amounts and are neither causing nor likely to
cause toxic effects (paragraph (8)(a)(iii));
c. the pollutants of concern are present in amounts too small to be effectively deduced by technologies
known to the Administrator (paragraph (8)(a)(iii)); or
d. the wastestream contains only pollutants which are compatible with the POTW (paragraph (8)(b)(l)).
Effluent Limitations Guideline
Any effluent limitations guidelines issued by EPA pursuant to Section 304(b) of the CWA. These
regulations are published to adopt or revise a national standard prescribing restrictions on quantities, rates,
and concentrations of chemical, physical, biological, and other constituents which are discharged from point
sources, in specific industrial categories (e.g., metal finishing, metal molding and casting, etc).
Enforcement Response Plan [paraphrased from 40 CFR §403.8(f)(5)]
Step-by-step enforcement procedures followed by Control Authority staff to identify, document, and
respond to violations.
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Glossary of Terms Introduction to the National Pretreatment Program
Existing Source
Any source of discharge, the construction or operation of which commenced prior to the publication by
the EPA of proposed categorical pretreatment standards, which will be applicable to such source if the
standard is thereafter promulgated in accordance with Section 307 of the Act.
Federal Water Pollution Control Act (FWPCA)
The title of Public law 92-500; 33 U.S.C. 1251 et seq., also known as the Clean Water Act (CWA),
enacted October 18, 1972.
Flow Weighted Average Formula (FWA) [paraphrased from 40 CFR §403.6(e)]
A procedure used to calculate alternative limits where wastestreams regulated by a categorical
pretreatment standard and nonregulated wastestreams combine after treatment but prior to the monitoring
point.
Flow Proportional Composite Sample
Combination of individual samples proportional to the flow of the wastestream at the time of sampling.
Fundamentally Different Factors [paraphrased from 40 CFR §403.13]
Case-by-case variance from categorical pretreatment standards based on the factors considered by EPA
in developing the applicable category/subcategory being fundamentally different than factors relating to a
specific industrial user.
General Prohibitions [40 CFR §403.5(a)(1)]
No user shall introduce into a POTWany pollutant(s) which cause pass through or interference.
Grab Sample
A sample which is taken from a wastestream on a one-time basis with no regard to the flow of the
wastestream and without consideration of time. A single grab sample should be taken over a period of time
not to exceed 15 minutes.
Indirect Discharge or Discharge [40 CFR §403.3(g)]
The introduction of pollutants into a POTW from any non-domestic source regulated under section
307(b), (c), or (d) of the Act.
Industrial User (IU) or User [40 CFR §403.3(h)]
A source of indirect discharge.
Industrial Waste Survey
The process of identifying and locating industrial users and characterizing their industrial discharge.
Inhibition Concentration
Estimate of the toxicant concentration that would cause a given percent reduction (e.g., IC25) in a
nonlethal biological measurement of the test organisms, such as reproduction or growth.
Interference [paraphrased from 40 CFR §403.3(i)]
A discharge which, alone or in conjunction with a discharge or discharges from other sources, both: (1)
inhibits or disrupts the POTW, its treatment processes or operations, or its sludge processes, use or disposal;
and (2) therefore is a cause of a violation of any requirement of the POTWs NPDES permit (including an
increase in the magnitude or duration of a violation) or of the prevention of sewage sludge use or disposal
in compliance with ... [applicable] statutory provisions and regulations or permits issued thereunder (or more
stringent State or local regulations) ...
Local Limits [paraphrased 40 CFR § 403.5(c)]
Specific discharge limits developed and enforced by POTWs upon industrial or commercial facilities to
implement the general and specific discharge prohibitions listed in 40 CFR §§403.5(a)(1) and (b).
-------
Introduction to the National Pretreatment Program Glossary of Terms
Monthly Average
The arithmetic average value of all samples taken in a calendar month for an individual pollutant
parameter. The monthly average may be the average of all grab samples taken in a given calendar month,
or the average of all composite samples taken in a given calendar month.
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)
The national program for issuing, modifying, revoking and reissuing, terminating, monitoring and
enforcing discharge permits from point sources to waters of the United States, and imposing and enforcing
pretreatment requirements, under sections 307, 402, 318, and 405 of the CWA.
National Pretreatment Standard or Pretreatment Standard or Standard [40 CFR §403.3(j)]
Any regulation containing pollutant discharge limits promulgated by the EPA in accordance with section
307(b) and (c) of the Act, which applies to Industrial Users. This term includes prohibitive discharge limits
established pursuant to §403.5.
New Source [40 CFR §403.3(k)]
Any building, structure, facility or installation from which there is or may be a discharge of pollutants, the
construction of which commenced after the publication of proposed Pretreatment Standards under section
307(c) of the Act which will be applicable to such source if such standards are thereafter promulgated in
accordance with that section provided that
(a) The building, structure, facility or installation is constructed at a site at which no other discharge
source is located; or
(b) The building, structure, facility or installation totally replaces the process or production equipment
that causes the discharge of pollutants at an existing source; or
(c) The production or wastewater generating processes of the building, structure, facility, or installation
are substantially independent of an existing source at the same site. In determining whether these
are substantially independent, factors such as the extent to which the new facility is integrated with
the existing plant, and the extent to which the new facility is engaged in the same general type of
activity as the existing source, should be considered.
Construction on a site at which an existing source is located results in a modification rather than a new
source if the construction does not create a new building, structure, facility, or installation meeting the criteria
of paragraphs (k)(1)(ii), or (k)(1)(iii) of this section but otherwise alters, replaces, or adds to existing process
or production equipment.
Construction of a new source, as defined under this paragraph has commenced if the owner or operator has:
(i) Begun, or caused to begin as part of a continuous onsite construction program:
(A) Any placement, assembly, or installation of facilities or equipment; or
(B) Significant site preparation work including clearing, excavation, or removal of existing buildings,
structures, or facilities which is necessary for the placement, assembly, or installation of new
source facilities or equipment, or
(C) Entered into a binding contractual obligation for the purchase of facilities or equipment which
are intended to be used in its operation within a reasonable time. Options to purchase or
contracts which can be terminated or modified without substantial loss, and contracts for
feasibility, engineering, and design studies do not constitute a contractual obligation under this
paragraph.
90-Day Final Compliance Report [40 CFR §403.12(d)]
A report submitted by categorical industrial users within 90 days following the date for final compliance
with the standards. This report must contain flow measurement (of regulated process streams and other
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Glossary of Terms Introduction to the National Pretreatment Program
streams), measurement of pollutants, and a certification as to whether the categorical standards are being
met.
Nonconventional Pollutants
Any pollutant that is neither a toxic pollutant nor a conventional pollutant (e.g., manganese, ammonia,
etc.)
Non-Contact Cooling Water
Water used for cooling which does not come into direct contact with any raw material, intermediate
product, waste product, or finished product. The only pollutant contributed from the discharge is heat.
Non-Regulated Wastestream
Unregulated and dilute wastestreams (not regulated by categorical standards).
Pass Through [40 CFR §403.3(n)]
A discharge which exits the POTW into waters of the United States in quantities or concentrations which,
alone or in conjunction with a discharge or discharges from other sources, is a cause of a violation of any
requirement of the POTWs NPDES permit (including an increase in the magnitude or duration of a
violation).
Periodic Compliance Report [paraphrased from 40 CFR §403.12(e) & (h)]
A report on compliance status submitted by categorical industrial users and significant noncategorical
industrial users to the control authority at least semiannually (once every six months).
Point Source [40 CFR 122.2]
Any discernible, confined, and discrete conveyance, including but not limited to any pipe, ditch, channel,
tunnel, conduit, well, discrete fixture, container, rolling stock concentrated animal feeding operation vessel,
or other floating craft from which pollutants are or may be discharged.
Pollutant [40 CFR 122.2]
Dredged spoil, solid waste, incinerator residue, filter backwash, sewage, garbage, sewage sludge,
munitions, chemical wastes, biological materials, radioactive materials (except those regulated under the
Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended (42 U.S.C. 2011 et seq.)), heat, wrecked or discarded equipment,
rock, sand, cellar dirt, and industrial, municipal and agricultural waste discharged into water.
Pretreatment [paraphrased from 40 CFR §403.3(q)]
The reduction of the amount of pollutants, the elimination of pollutants, or the alteration of the nature
of pollutant properties in wastewater prior to or in lieu of discharging or otherwise introducing such pollutants
into a POTW.
Pretreatment Requirements [40 CFR §403.3(r)]
Any substantive or procedural requirement related to Pretreatment, otherthan a National Pretreatment
Standard, imposed on an Industrial User.
Pretreatment Standards for Existing Sources (PSES)
Categorical Standards and requirements applicable to industrial sources that began construction prior
to the publication of the proposed pretreatment standards for that industrial category.(see individual
standards at 40 CFR Parts 405-471.)
Pretreatment Standards for New Sources (PSNS)
Categorical Standards and requirements applicable to industrial sources that began construction after
the publication of the proposed pretreatment standards forthat industrial category, (see individual standards
at 40 CFR Parts 405-471.)
Priority Pollutant
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Introduction to the National Pretreatment Program Glossary of Terms
Pollutant listed by the Administrator of EPA under Clean Water Act section 307(a). The list of the current
126 Priority Pollutants can be found in 40 CFR Part 423 Appendix A.
Process Wastewater
Any water which, during manufacturing or processing, comes into contact with or results from the
production or use of any raw material, intermediate product, finished product, byproduct, or waste product.
Production-Based Standards
A discharge standard expressed in terms of pollutant mass allowed in a discharge per unit of product
manufactured.
Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW) [40 CFR §403.3(o)]
A treatment works as defined by section 212 of the Act, which is owned by a State or municipality (as
defined by section 502(4) of the Act). This definition includes any devices or systems used in the storage,
treatment, recycling, and reclamation of municipal sewage or industrial wastes of a liquid nature. It also
includes sewers, pipes or other conveyances only if they convey wastewaterto a POTW Treatment Plant.
The term also means the municipality as defined in section 502(4) of the Act, which has jurisdiction over the
Indirect Discharges to and the discharges from such a treatment works.
Regulated Wastestream
For purposes of applying the combined wastestream formula, a wastestream from an industrial process
that is regulated by a categorical standard.
Removal Credit [paraphrased from 40 CFR §403.7]
Variance from a pollutant limit specified in a categorical pretreatment standard to reflect removal by the
POTW of said pollutant.
Representative Sample
A sample from a wastestream that is as nearly identical as possible in composition to that in the larger
volume of wastewater being discharged and typical of the discharge from the facility on a normal operating
day.
Sanitary Sewer Overflow (SSO)
Untreated or partially treated sewage overflows from a sanitary sewer collection system.
Self-Monitoring
Sampling and analyses performed by a facility to ensure compliance with a permit or other regulatory
requirements.
Sewer Use Ordinance (SUO)
A legal mechanism implemented by a local government entity which sets out, among others,
requirements for the discharge of pollutants into a publicly owned treatment works.
Significant Industrial User (SIU) [paraphrased from 40 CFR §403.3(t)]
(1) All users subject to Categorical Pretreatment Standards under 40 CFR 403.6 and 40 CFR chapter
I, subchapter N; and (2) Any other industrial user that: discharges an average of 25,000 gallons per day or
more of process wastewater to the POTW (excluding sanitary, noncontact cooling and boiler blowdown
wastewater); contributes a process wastestream which makes up 5 percent or more of the average dry
weather hydraulic or organic capacity of the POTW treatment plant; or is designated as such by the Control
Authority as defined in 40 CFR403.12(a) on the basis that the industrial user has a reasonable potential for
adversely affecting the POTWs operation or for violating any pretreatment standard or requirement (in
accordance with 40 CFR 403.8(f)(6)].
Significant Noncompliance (SNC) [40 CFR §403.8(f)(2)(vii)]
Industrial user violations meeting one or more of the following criteria:
1) Chronic violations of wastewater discharge limits, defined here as those in which sixty-six
percent or more of all of the measurements taken during a six month period exceed (by any
magnitude) the daily maximum limit or the average limit for the same pollutant parameter;
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Glossary of Terms Introduction to the National Pretreatment Program
2) Technical Review Criteria (TRC) violations, defined here as those in which thirty-three percent
or more of all of the measurements for each pollutants parameter taken during a six-month period
equal or exceed the product of the daily maximum limit or the average limit multiplied by the
applicable TRC (TRC=1.4 for BOD, TSS, fats, oil, and grease, and 1.2 for all other pollutants except
PH);
3) Any other violation of a pretreatment effluent limit (daily maximum or longer-term average) that
the Control Authority determines has caused, alone or in combination with other dischargers,
interference or pass through (including endangering the health of POTW personnel or the general
public);
4) Any discharge of a pollutant that has caused imminent endangerment to human health, welfare
or to the environment or has resulted in the POTW's exercise of its emergency authority under
paragraph (f)(1)(vi)(B) of this section to halt or prevent such a discharge;
5) Failure to meet, within 90 days after the schedule date, a compliance schedule milestone
contained in a local control mechanism or enforcement order for starting construction, completing
construction, or attaining final compliance;
6) Failure to provide, within 30 days after the due date, required reports such as baseline
monitoring reports, 90-day compliance reports, periodic self-monitoring reports, and reports on
compliance with compliance schedules;
7) Failure to accurately report noncompliance;
8) Any other violation or group of violations which the Control Authority determines will adversely
affect the operation or implementation of the local pretreatment program.
Slug Discharge [40 CFR §403.8(f)(2)(v)]
Any discharge of a non-routine, episodic nature, including but not limited to, an accidental spill or a
noncustomary batch discharge.
Specific Prohibitions [40 CFR §403.5(b)]
The following pollutants shall not be introduced into a POTW:
1) Pollutants which create a fire or explosion hazard in the POTW, including but not limited to,
wastestreams with a closed cup flashpoint of less than 140 degrees Fahrenheit or 60 degrees
Centigrade using the test methods specified in 40 CFR Part 261.21;
2) Pollutants which will cause corrosive structural damage to the POTW, but in no case discharges
with pH lowerthan 5.0, unless the works is specifically designed to accommodate such discharges;
3) Solid or viscous pollutants in amounts which will cause obstruction to the flow in the POTW
resulting in interference;
4) Any pollutant, including oxygen demanding pollutants(BOD, etc.) Released in a discharge at a
flow rate and/or concentration which will cause interference with the POTW;
5) Heat in amounts which will inhibit biological activity in the POTW resulting in interference, but
in no case heat in such quantities that the temperature at the POTW treatment plant exceeds
40°C(104°F) unless the Approval Authority, upon request of the POTW, approves alternative
temperature limits;
6) Petroleum oil, nonbiodegradable cutting oil, or products of mineral oil origin in amounts that will
cause interference or pass through;
7) Pollutants which result in the presence of toxic gases, vapors, or fumes within the POTW in a
quantity that may cause acute worker health and safety problems;
8) Any trucked or hauled pollutants, except at discharge points designated by the POTW.
Standard Industrial Classification (SIC)
A system developed by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget that is used to classify various types
of business entities. Effective in 1998, the SIC scheme is replace by the North American Industry
Classification System (NAICS), although EPA has not yet implemented this change.
Storm Water
Rain water, snow melt, and surface runoff and drainage.
Time Proportional Composite Sample
A sample consisting of a series of aliquots collected from a representative point in the discharge stream
at equal time intervals over the entire discharge period on the sampling day.
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Introduction to the National Pretreatment Program Glossary of Terms
Toxic Pollutant
Any pollutant listed as toxic under section 307(a)(1) oftheCWA, or in the case of sludge useordisposal
practices, any pollutant identified in regulations implementing section 405(d) of the CWA.
Toxicity Reduction Evaluation
A site-specific study conducted in a stepwise process designed to identify the causative agent(s) of
effluent toxicity, isolate the sources of toxicity, evaluate the effectiveness of toxicity control options, and then
confirm the reduction in effluent toxicity.
Toxicity Test
A procedure to determine the toxicity of a chemical or an effluent using living organisms. A toxicity test
measures the degree of effect on exposed test organisms of a specific chemical or effluent.
Toxicity Identification Evaluation
Set of procedures to identify the specific chemicals responsible for effluent toxicity.
Unregulated Wastestream
For purposes of applying the combined wastestream formula, a wastestream not regulated by a
categorical standard nor considered a dilute wastestream.
Upset [paraphrased from 40 CFR §403.16(a)]
An exceptional incident in which there is unintentional and temporary noncompliance with categorical
Pretreatment Standards because of factors beyond the reasonable control of the Industrial User. An Upset
does not include noncompliance to the extent caused by operational error, improperly designed treatment
facilities, inadequate treatment facilities, lack of preventative maintenance, or careless or improper
operation.
Water Quality Criteria
Comprised of both numeric and narrative criteria. Numeric criteria are scientifically derived ambient
concentrations developed by EPA or States for various pollutants of concern to protect human health and
aquatic life. Narrative criteria are statements that describe the desired water quality goal.
Water Quality Standard
A statute or regulation that consists of the beneficial designated use or uses of a waterbody, the numeric
and narrative water quality criteria that are necessary to protect the use or uses of that particular waterbody,
and an antidegradation statement.
Whole Effluent Toxicity
The total toxic effect of an effluent measured directly with a toxicity test.
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Introduction to the National Pretreatment Program POTWs and the Need for the Pretreatment Program
1. POTWs AND THE NEED FOR THE
PRETREATMENT PROGRAM
The average American uses
roughly 100 to 200 gallons of
water a day, with less than one
percent of that water actually
Chapter 1. Applicable EPA References
Environmental Regulations and Technology: The National Pretreatment Program
National Pretreatment Program: Report to Congress
Report to Congress on the Discharge of Hazardous Wastes to POTWs
being consumed. The rest is
used for activities such as
washing, preparing food, watering
lawns, heating and cooling,
transporting wastes, and fire protection. The public is very conscious about the quality of water that comes out
of their tap each day, quickly notifying authorities of changes in appearance, odor, and taste. These same
Americans, on average, discharge about the same amount of wastewater to local sewage treatment plants
daily.3 This wastewater (commonly referred to as "domestic sewage") receives much less attention than drinking
water, likely the result of an "out of sight, out of mind" attitude.
Most people take it for granted that once down the drain, wastes will be handled appropriately. In fact, this
attitude has carried over to industry as well, as can be seen by reading the labels of many household products.
These labels often recommend that waste or excess product be disposed of down the drain. Other toxic or
hazardous products are actually designed to be disposed of down the drain (e.g., drain clog remover). Recall
the phosphate detergent problems of the late 1960s and early 70s; large doses of phosphate, found in most
detergents at the time, were passing through municipal treatment plants and overloading lakes, causing large
algal blooms to form and subsequently reducing available light, food and oxygen for fish and other aquatic
organisms. While great strides have been taken to address the phosphate problem, it is possible that other
problematic pollutants are being dumped down the drain at the expense of human health and the environment.
SEWAGE TREATMENT
Publicly owned treatment works (POTWs) collect wastewater from homes, commercial buildings, and
industrial facilities and transport it via a series of pipes, known as a collection system, to the treatment plant.
Collection systems may flow entirely by gravity, or may include lift stations that pump the wastewater via a force
main to a higher elevation where the wastewater can then continue on via gravity. Ultimately, the collection
system delivers this sewage to the treatment plant facility. Here, the POTW removes harmful organisms and
other contaminants from the sewage so it can be discharged safely into the receiving stream. Without
treatment, sewage creates bad odors, contaminates water supplies, and spreads disease. Today, more than
16,000 sewage treatment plants exist in the U.S. treating more than 32 billion gallons per day of wastewater.4
Generally, POTWs are designed to treat domestic sewage only. Simply defined, the typical POTW
treatment process consists of primary and secondary treatment, along with some form of solids handling.
Primary treatment is designed to remove large solids (e.g., rags and debris) and smaller inorganic grit. Typical
primary treatment operations include screening and settling. Secondary treatment removes organic
contaminants using microorganisms to consume biodegradable organics. Activated sludge, trickling filters, and
rotating biological contactors are examples of common secondary treatment operations. Depending on effluent
discharge requirements, POTWs may perform other "advanced treatment" operations such as nitrification (to
convert ammonia and nitrite to the less toxic nitrate), denitrification (to convert nitrate to molecular nitrogen),
2 The Nalco Water Handbook, ed. Frank N. Kemmer (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company,
1988), pp. 35.1.
3 Ibid, p. 36.1.
4 1996 Clean Water Needs Survey Report to Congress: Assessment of Needs for Publicly
Owned Wastewater Treatment Facilities, Correction of Combined Sewer Overflows, and
Management of Stormwater and Nonpoint Source Pollution in the United States.
Chapter 1 -1-
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POTWs and the Need for the Pretreatment Program
Introduction to the National Pretreatment Program
physical-chemical treatment (to remove dissolved metals and organics), and disinfection (to kill any remaining
pathogens). After treatment is complete, effluent is discharged to the receiving stream, typically a creek, river,
lake, estuary or ocean. Some POTWs may apply treated effluent directly to golf courses, parkland, or
croplands.
Both primary and secondary treatment processes generate waste solids, known as sewage sludge or
biosolids. Sludges from the treatment process may be either used productively (i.e., as fertilizer or soil
conditioner) ordisposed of in a landfill or incinerated in a dedicated sewage sludge incinerator with the ash also
disposed of in a landfill.
As described above, POTWs are designed to treat typical
household wastes and biodegradable commercial and biodegradable
industrial wastes. The Clean Water Act (CWA) and EPA define the
contaminants from these sources as conventional pollutants.
Conventional pollutants are identified in Figure 1 and include those
specific pollutants that are expected to be present in domestic
discharges to POTWs. Commercial and industrial facilities may,
however, discharge toxic pollutants that the treatment plant is neither
designed for nor able to remove.
NEED FOR THE PRETREATMENT PROGRAM
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
Total Suspended Solids
Fecal Coliform
PH
Oil and Grease (O&G)
Figure 1. Conventional Pollutants
As noted above, POTWs are not designed to treat toxics in industrial waste. As such, these discharges,
from both industrial and commercial sources, can cause serious problems. The undesirable outcome of these
discharges can be prevented using treatment techniques or management practices to reduce or eliminate the
discharge of these contaminants. The act of treating wastewater prior to discharge to a POTW is commonly
referred to as "pretreatment." The National Pretreatment Program, published in Title 40 Code of Federal
Regulations (CFR) Part 403, provides the regulatory basis to require non-domestic dischargers to comply with
pretreatment standards (effluent limitations) to ensure that the goals of the CWA are attained. As noted in 40
CFR §403.2, the objectives of the National Pretreatment Program are to:
a. Prevent the introduction of pollutants into POTWs which will interfere with the operation of a
POTW, including interference with its use or disposal of municipal sludge;
b. Prevent the introduction of pollutants into POTWs which will pass thro ugh the treatment works or
otherwise be incompatible with such works; and
c. Improve opportunities to recycle and
reclaim municipal and industrial
wastewaters and sludges.
The two key terms used in EPA's objectives for the
National Pretreatment Program, "interference" and
"pass through," are defined in Figure 2.
As outlined in EPA's objectives, toxic pollutants
may pass through the treatment plant into the
receiving stream, posing serious threats to aquatic
life, to human recreation, and to consumption of
fish and shellfish from these waters. Pass through
can make waters unswimmable or unfishable in
direct contrast to the goals of the CWA. Or, these
discharges can interfere with the biological activity
of the treatment plant causing sewage to pass
through the treatment plant untreated or
inadequately treated.
Interference - a discharge which, alone or in conjunction with
a discharge or discharges from other sources, both:
Inhibits or disrupts the POTW, its treatment
processes or operations, or its sludge processes, use
or disposal, and
therefore is a cause of a violation of any NPDES
permit requirement or of the prevention of sewage
sludge use or disposal in compliance with any
applicable requirements.
Pass Through - a discharge which exits the POTW into
waters of the U.S. in quantities or concentrations which,
alone or in conjunction with a discharge or discharges from
other sources, is a cause of a violation of any NPDES permit
requirement.
Figure 2. Interference and Pass Through
-2-
Chapter 1
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Introduction to the National Pretreatment Program
POTWs and the Need for the Pretreatment Program
Even where the POTW has the capability to remove these toxics, the pollutants may end up in the sewage
sludge, thereby limiting sludge disposal options or escalating the cost of disposal. Incinerated contaminated
sludge may release toxic emissions into the atmosphere. Toxic metals removed in primary treatment, while
itself not an inhibitory process, can impact sludge digestion, a process that does utilize bacteria to stabilize
sludge solids. For example, chromium can inhibit reproduction of aerobic digestion microorganisms, thereby
disrupting sludge treatment and producing sludges that must be disposed of with special treatment.
Uncontaminated sludge, on the other hand, can be used as fertilizer or soil conditioner, thereby improving the
productivity of our land. Many municipalities apply sewage sludge to pastureland or parkland, that they could
not do if the sludge were contaminated.
Volatile organics discharged to sewers can accumulate in the head space of sewers, increasing the
likelihood of explosions that can cause significant damage. Probably the most well known impact from industrial
discharges to POTWs in the U.S. is the explosion in Louisville, KY that occurred in 1981 as the result of
excessive discharges of hexane into the collection system, eventually igniting and destroying more than 3 miles
of sewers and causing $20 million in damage. Discharge limitations and management practices to control slug
discharges have significantly reduced the likelihood of future catastrophes such as the explosion in Louisville.
Discharges of toxic organics can also result in the release of poisonous gas. This occurs most often when
acidic wastes react with other wastes in the discharge. For example, cyanide and acid, both present in many
electroplating operations, react to form highly toxic hydrogen cyanide gas. Similarly, sulfides from leather
tanning can combine with acid to form hydrogen sulfide, another toxic gas. These can be highly dangerous to
POTW collection system operators exposed to such conditions in the performance of their duties. Other
problems associated with toxic discharges are summarized in Figure 3 and further document the urgency of
keeping toxics out of collection systems and POTWs.
The National Pretreatment Program is charged with
controlling the 126 Priority Pollutants from industries
that discharge into sewer systems as described in the
CWA (see Figure 4). These pollutants fall into two
categories; metals and organics:
- Metals, including lead, mercury, chromium, and
cadmium cannot be destroyed or broken down
through treatment or environmental
degradation. Toxic metals can cause different
human health problems such as lead poisoning
and cancer. Additionally, consumption of
contaminated seafood and agricultural food
crops has resulted in exposures exceeding
recommended safe levels.
- air pollution can occur from volatilization of toxic
chemicals in the POTW collection system or
treatment plant, or through incineration of sewage
sludge
- corrosion of collection system and treatment plant
from acidic discharges or discharges containing
elevated levels of sulfate (forming toxic and corrosive
hydrogen sulfide)
- groundwater pollution can occur from leaks in the
collection system or pollutants from contaminated
sewage sludge.
Figure 3. Problems Associated With Toxic Discharges
- Toxic organics, including solvents, pesticides,
dioxins, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) can be cancer-causing and lead to other serious
ailments, such as kidney and liverdamage, anemia, and heart failure. In 1996, EPA's Office of Science
and Technology (OST) identified 2,193 waterbodies with fish and wildlife advisories, up more than 25
percent from 1995.5
Reductions in pollutants can ensure that industrial development vital to the economic well-being of a
community is compatible with a healthy environment. As will be noted in Chapter 2, many POTWs are
responsible for ensuring that industrial and commercial facilities do not cause problems resulting from their
discharges. In 1991, EPA estimated that 190 to 204 million pounds of metals and 30 to 108 million pounds of
organics were removed each year as a result of pretreatment program requirements.6 This is substantiated by
EPA Office of Science and Technology, Listing of Fish and Wildlife Advisories (LFWA)
database, 1998.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Pretreatment Program: Report to
Congress, 1991.
Chapter 1
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POTWs and the Need for the Pretreatment Program
Introduction to the National Pretreatment Program
many POTWs that report significant reductions in the loadings of toxics to their treatment plants that is directly
attributable to implementation of the National Pretreatment Program.
Figure 4. Priority Pollutants
001 Acenaphthene
002 Acrolein
003 Acrylonitrile
004 Benzene
005 Benzidine
006 Carbon tetrachloride
007 Chlorobenzene
008 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene
009 Hexachlorobenzene
010 1,2-dichloroethane
Oil 1,1,1 -trichloreothane
012 Hexachloroethane
013 1,1-dichloroethane
014 1,1,2-trichloroethane
015 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane
016 Chloroethane
018 Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether
019 2-chloroethyl vinyl ethers
020 2-chloronaphthalene
021 2,4,6-trichlorophenol
022 Parachlorometa cresol
023 Chloroform
024 2-chlorophenol
025 1,2-dichlorobenzene
026 1,3-dichlorobenzene
027 1,4-dichlorobenzene
028 3,3-dichlorobenzidine
029 1,1-dichloroethylene
030 1,2-trans-dichloroethylene
031 2,4-dichlorophenol
032 1,2-dichloropropane
033 1,2-dichloropropylene
034 2,4-dimethylphenol
035 2,4-dinitrotoluene
036 2,6-dinitrotoluene
037 1,2-diphenylhydrazine
038 Ethylbenzene
039 Fluoranthene
040 4-chlorophenyl phenyl ether
041 4-bromophenyl phenyl ether
042 Bis(2-chloroisopropyl) ether
043 Bis(2-chloroethoxy) methane
044 Methylene chloride
045 Methyl chloride
046 Methyl bromide
047 Bromoform
048 Dichlorobromomethane
051 Chlorodibromomethane
052 Hexachlorobutadiene
053 Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
054 Isophorone
055 Naphthalene
056 Nitrobenzene
057 2-nitrophenol
058 4-nitrophenol
059 2,4-dinitrophenol
060 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol
061 N-nitrosodimethylamine
062 N-nitrosodiphenylamine
063 N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine
064 Pentachlorophenol
065 Phenol
066 Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
067 Butyl benzyl phthalate
068 Di-N-Butyl Phthalate
069 Di-n-octyl phthalate
070 Diethyl Phthalate
071 Dimethyl phthalate
072 benzo(a) anthracene
073 Benzo(a)pyrene
074 Benzo(b) fluoranthene
075 Benzo(b) fluoranthene
076 Chrysene
077 Acenaphthylene
078 Anthracene
079 Benzo(ghi) perylene
080 Fluorene
081 Phenanthrene
082 Dibenzo(,h) anthracene
083 Indeno (1,2,3-cd) pyrene
084 Pyrene
085 Tetrachloroethylene
086 Toluene
087 Trichloroethylene
088 Vinyl chloride
089 Aldrin
090 Dieldrin
091 Chlordane
092 4,4-DDT
093 4,4-DDE
094 4,4-DDD
095 Alpha-endosulfan
096 Beta-endosulfan
097 Endosulfan sulfate
098 Endrin
099 Endrin aldehyde
100 Heptachlor
101 Heptachlor epoxide
102Alpha-BHC
103 Beta-BHC
104 Gamma-BHC
105 Delta-BHC
106PCB-1242
107PCB-1254
108PCB-1221
109PCB-1232
110PCB-1248
111PCB-1260
112PCB-1016
113 Toxaphene
114 Antimony
115 Arsenic
116 Asbestos
117 Beryllium
118 Cadmium
119 Chromium
120 Copper
121 Cyanide, Total
122 Lead
123 Mercury
124 Nickel
125 Selenium
126 Silver
127 Thallium
128 Zinc
129 2,3,7,8-TCDD
Chapter 1
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Introduction to the National Pretreatment Program
Overview of the National Pretreatment Program
2. OVERVIEW OF THE NATIONAL
PRETREATMENT PROGRAM
THE CLEAN WATER ACT
On October 18, 1972, the 92nd
Congress of the United States
passed the Federal Water Pollution
Control Act Amendments of 1972,
declaring the restoration and
maintenance of the chemical,
physical, and biological integrity of
the Nation's water as a National
objective (see Figure 5). While
procedures for implementing this act (more commonly referred to as the Clean Water Act (CWA)) have
been re-evaluated and modified overtime, the 1972 objective has remained unchanged in its 25 year history.
Chapter 2. Applicable EPA Guidance
Control Authority Pretreatment Audit Checklist and Instructions
Guidance for Conducting a Pretreatment Compliance Inspection
Guidance for Reporting and Evaluating POTW Noncompliance with
Pretreatment Implementation Requirements
Guidance Manual for POTW Pretreatment Program Development
Pretreatment Compliance Inspection and Audit Manual For Approval Authorities
Procedures Manual for Reviewing a POTW Pretreatment Program Submission
The 1972 Amendments to the CWA established a water quality regulatory approach along with EPA-
promulgated industry-specific technology-based effluent limitations. The National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES) permit program was established under the CWA to control the discharge of
pollutants from point sources and served as a vehicle to implement the industrial technology-based
standards. To implement pretreatment requirements, EPA promulgated 40 CFR Part 128 in late 1973,
establishing general prohibitions against treatment plant interference and pass through and pretreatment
standards for the discharge of
incompatible
pollutants from
specific industrial categories.
In 1975, several environmental
groups filed suit against EPA
challenging EPA's criteria for
identifying toxic pollutants, EPA's
failure to promulgate effluent
standards, and EPA's failure to
promulgate pretreatment standards
for numerous industrial categories.
As a result of this litigation, EPA
promulgated the General
Pretreatment Regulations at 40
CFR Part 403 on June 26, 1978,
replacing the 40 CFR Part 128
requirements. Additionally, as a
result of the suit, EPA agreed to
regulate the discharge of 65
categories of pollutants (making up
the 126 priority pollutants presented
in Figure 4) from 21 industrial
categories. The list of priority
pollutants is still in effect today (the
original list actually had 129
pollutants, three of which have
since been removed from that list)
while the list of regulated industrial
categories has grown to more than 51
provided in Chapter 3.
To restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the
Nation's waters:
(1) it is the national goal that the discharge of pollutants into the
navigable waters be eliminated by 1985;
(2) it is the national goal that wherever attainable, an interim goal of
water quality which provides for the protection and propagation of
fish, shellfish, and wildlife and provides for recreation in and on the
water be achieved by July 1, 1983;
(3) it is the national policy that the discharge of toxic pollutants in
toxic amounts be prohibited;
(4) it is the national policy that Federal financial assistance be provided
to construct publicly owned waste treatment works;
(5) it is the national policy that Area wide waste treatment management
planning processes be developed and implemented to assure
adequate control of sources of pollutants in each State;
(6) it is the national policy that a major research and demonstration
effort be made to develop technology necessary to eliminate the
discharge of pollutants into the navigable waters, waters of the
contiguous zone, and the oceans; and
(7) it is the national policy that programs for the control of nonpoint
sources of pollution be developed and implemented in an
expeditious manner so as to enable the goals of this Chapter to be
met through the control of both point and nonpoint sources of
pollution.
Figure 5. Section 101 of the Clean Water Act (CWA)
distinct industries. A discussion of industry specific requirements are
Chapter 2
-5-
-------
Overview of the National Pretreatment Program
Introduction to the National Pretreatment Program
THE GENERAL PRETREATMENT REGULATIONS
The General Pretreatment Regulations establish responsibilities of Federal, State, and local government,
industry and the public to implement Pretreatment Standards to control pollutants which pass through or
interfere with POTWtreatment processes or which may contaminate sewage sludge. The regulations, which
have been revised numerous times since originally published in 1978, consist of 18 sections and several
appendices. A copy of the overall framework for the General Pretreatment Regulations is provided in Figure
6.
The General Pretreatment Regulations apply to all nondomestic sources which introduce pollutants into
a POTW. These sources of "indirect discharge" are more commonly referred to as industrial users (IDs).
Since IDs can be as simple as an unmanned coin operated car wash to as complex as an automobile
manufacturing plant or a synthetic
organic chemical producer, EPA
developed four criteria that define a
Significant Industrial User (SIU). Many
of the General Pretreatment
Regulations apply to SlUs as opposed
to lUs, based on the fact that control of
SlUs should provide adequate
protection of the POTW.
These four criteria are as follows:
- an IU that discharges an
average of 25,000 gallons
per day or more of process
wastewaterto the POTW;
- an IU that contributes a
process wastestream
making up 5 percent or
more of the average dry
weather hydraulic or
organic capacity of the
POTWtreatment plant;
- an IU designated by the
Control Authority as such
because of its reasonable
potential to adversely
affect the POTW's
operation or violate any
pretreatment standard or
requirement; or
- an IU subject to Federal
categorical pretreatment
standards.
i 403.1
i 403.2
1403.3
i 403.4
1403.5
1403.6
1403.7
1403.8
1403.9
1403.10
1403.11
1403.12
1403.13
1403.14
1403.15
1403.16
1403.17
1403.18
Purpose and applicability
Objectives of general pretreatment regulations
Definitions
State or local law
National pretreatment standards: Prohibited discharges
National pretreatment standards: Categorical pretreatment
standards
Removal credits
Pretreatment program requirements: Development and
implementation by POTW
POTW pretreatment programs and/or authorization to revise
pretreatment standards: Submission for approval
Development and submission of NPDES State pretreatment
programs
Approval procedures for POTW pretreatment programs and
POTW granting of removal credits
Reporting requirements for POTW's and industrial users
Variances from categorical pretreatment standards for
fundamentally different factors
Confidentiality
Net/Gross calculation
Upset provision
Bypass
Modification of POTW pretreatment programs
Appendix A: Program Guidance Memorandum
Appendix B: [Reserved]
Appendix C: [Reserved]
Appendix D: Selected Industrial Subcategories Considered Dilute for
Purposes of the Combined Wastestream Formula
Appendix E: Sampling Procedures
Appendix F: [Reserved]
Appendix G: Pollutants Eligible for a Removal Credit
Figure 6. The General Pretreatment Regulations
Unlike other environmental programs that rely on Federal or State governments to implement and
enforce specific requirements, the Pretreatment Program places the majority of the responsibility on local
municipalities. Specifically, section 403.8(a) of the General Pretreatment Regulations states that any POTW
(or combination of treatment plants operated by the same authority) with a total design flow greater than 5
million gallons per day (MGD) and smaller POTWs with SlUs must establish a local pretreatment program.
As of early 1998, 1,578 POTWs are required to have local programs. While this represents only about 15
percent of the total treatment plants nationwide, these POTWs account for more than 80 percent (i.e.,
approximately 30 billion gallons a day) of the national wastewater flow.
-6-
Chapter 2
-------
Introduction to the National Pretreatment Program Overview of the National Pretreatment Program
The General Pretreatment Regulations define the term "Control Authority" as a POTWthat administers
an approved pretreatment program since it is the entity authorized to control discharges to its system.
Section 403.10(e) provides States authority to implement POTW pretreatment programs in lieu of POTWs.
Five States have elected to assume this responsibility (Vermont, Connecticut, Alabama, Mississippi, and
Nebraska). In these instances, the State is defined as the Control Authority.
As described above, all Control Authorities must establish a local pretreatment program to control
discharges from non-domestic sources. These programs must be approved by the "Approval Authority" who
is also responsible for overseeing implementation and enforcement of these programs. As noted in Figure
7 , a total of 44 States/Territories are authorized to implement State NPDES Permit Programs, but only 27
are authorized to be the Pretreatment Program Approval Authority (i.e, those with approved State
pretreatment programs excluding the five §403.10(e) States). In all other States and Territories (including
the 403.10(e) States), EPA is considered to be the Approval Authority.
POTW PRETREATMENT PROGRAMS
The actual requirement for a POTW to develop and implement a local pretreatment program is a
condition of its NPDES permit. Once the Approval Authority determines that a POTW needs a pretreatment
program, the POTWs NPDES permit is modified to require development of a local program and submission
of the program to the Approval Authority for review and approval. Consistent with §403.8(f), POTW
pretreatment programs must contain the six minimum elements presented in Figure 8.
In addition to the six specific elements, pretreatment program submissions must include:
a statement from the City Solicitor (or the like) declaring the POTW has adequate authority to
carry out program requirements;
copies of statutes, ordinances, regulations, agreements, or other authorities the POTW relies
upon to administerthe pretreatment program including a statement reflecting the endorsement
or approval of the bodies responsible for supervising and/or funding the program;
a brief description and organizational chart of the organization administering the program; and
a description of funding levels and manpower available to implement the program.
Pretreatment program submissions found to be complete proceed to the public notice process, as
described in Chapter 4, Public Participation and POTW Reporting. Upon program approval, the Approval
Authority is responsible for modifying the POTWs NPDES permit to require implementation of the approved
pretreatment program. Once approved, the Approval Authority oversees POTW pretreatment program
implementation via receiving annual reports and conducting periodic audits and inspections. As of early
1998, of the 1,578 POTWs required to develop pretreatment programs, 97 percent (1,535) have been
approved.
The National Pretreatment Program regulates IDs through three types of regulatory entities: EPA,
Approval Authorities, and Control Authorities. As noted above, Approval Authorities oversee Control
Authorities while Control Authorities regulate IDs. General responsibilities of each of these three regulatory
entities are presented in Figure 9.
Chapter 2 -7-
-------
Overview of the National Pretreatment Program
Introduction to the National Pretreatment Program
State
Alabama
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maryland
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Jersey
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virgin Islands
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wvomina
* - Denotes 403
Approved State
NPDES Permit Program
10/19/79
11/01/86
05/14/73
03/27/75
09/26/73
04/01/74
05/01/95
06/28/74
11/28/74
10/23/77
01/01/75
08/10/78
06/28/74
09/30/83
08/27/96
09/05/74
10/17/73
06/30/74
05/01/74
10/30/74
06/10/74
06/12/74
09/19/75
04/13/82
10/28/75
10/19/75
06/13/75
03/11/74
11/19/96
09/26/73
06/30/78
09/17/84
06/10/75
12/30/93
12/28/77
09/14/98
07/07/87
03/11/74
06/30/76
03/31/75
11/14/73
05/10/82
02/04/74
01/30/75
10(e) State Approval
Approved State Pretreatment
Program
10/19/79*
11/01/86
09/22/89
-
06/03/81*
-
05/01/95
03/12/81
08/12/83
-
-
06/03/81
-
09/30/83
08/27/96
09/30/85
04/16/85
07/16/79
05/13/82*
06/03/81
-
09/07/84*
-
04/13/82
-
06/14/82
-
07/27/83
11/19/96
03/12/81
-
09/17/84
04/09/82
12/30/93
08/10/83
09/14/98
07/07/87
03/16/82*
-
04/14/89
09/30/86
05/10/82
12/24/80
Figure 7. State Program Approval Status
Chapter 2
-------
Introduction to the National Pretreatment Program Overview of the National Pretreatment Program
1. Legal Authority
The POTW must operate pursuant to legal authority enforceable in Federal, State or local courts,
which authorizes or enables the POTW to apply and enforce any pretreatment regulations developed
pursuant to the CWA. At a minimum, the legal authority must enable the POTW to:
I. deny or condition discharges to the POTW;
ii. require compliance with pretreatment standards and requirements;
iii. control IU discharges through permits, orders, or similar means;
iv. require IU compliance schedules when necessary to meet applicable
pretreatment standards and/or requirements and the submission of
reports to demonstrate compliance;
v. inspect and monitor lUs;
vi. Obtain remedies for IU noncompliance; and
vii. comply with confidentiality requirements.
2. Procedures
The POTW must develop and implement procedures to ensure compliance with pretreatment
requirements, including:
I. identify and locate all lUs subject to the pretreatment program;
ii. identify the character and volume of pollutants contributed by such
users;
iii. notify users of applicable pretreatment standards and requirements;
iv. receive and analyze reports from lUs;
v. sample and analyze IU discharges and evaluate the need for IU slug
control plans;
vi. investigate instances of noncompliance; and
vii. comply with public participation requirements.
3. Funding
The POTW must have sufficient resources and qualified personnel to carry out the authorities and
procedures specified in its approved pretreatment program.
4. Local limits
The POTW must develop local limits or demonstrate why these limits are not necessary.
5. Enforcement Response Plan (ERP)
The POTW must develop and implement an ERP that contains detailed procedures indicating how the
POTW will investigate and respond to instances of IU noncompliance.
6. List of SIUs
The POTW must prepare, update, and submit to the Approval Authority a list of all Significant
Industrial Users (SIUs).
Figure 8. Six Minimum Pretreatment Program Elements
Chapter 2 -9-
-------
Overview of the National Pretreatment Program
Introduction to the National Pretreatment Program
EPA
Headquarters
> Oversees program implementation at all levels
> Develops and modifies regulations for the program
> Develops policies to clarify and further define the program
> Develops technical guidance for program implementation
> Initiates enforcement actions as appropriate
Regions
> Fulfill Approval Authority responsibilities for States without
a State pretreatment program
> Oversee State program implementation
> Initiate enforcement actions as appropriate.
Approval Authorities (EPA Regions and delegated States)
> Notify POTWs of their responsibilities
> Review and approve requests for POTW pretreatment
program approval or modification
> Review requests for site-specific modifications to categorical
pretreatment standards
> Oversee POTW program implementation
> Provide technical guidance to POTWs
> Initiate enforcement actions, against noncompliant POTWs or
industries.
Control Authorities (POTWs, States, or EPA Regions)
> Develop, implement, and maintain approved pretreatment
program
> Evaluate compliance of regulated lUs
> Initiate enforcement action against industries as appropriate
> Submit reports to Approval Authorities
> Develop local limits (or demonstrate why they are not
needed)
> Develop and implement enforcement response plan.
Industrial Users
Comply with applicable pretreatment standards and reporting
requirements.
Figure 9. Roles and Responsibilities
-10-
Chapter 2
-------
Introduction to the National Pretreatment Program
Pretreatment Standards
3. PRETREATMENT STANDARDS
As described in Chapters 3 and
4, the National Pretreatment Program
identifies specific requirements that
apply to all IDs, additional
requirements that apply to all SILJs,
and certain requirements that only
apply to CILJs. The objectives of the
National Pretreatment Program are
achieved by applying and enforcing
three types of discharge standards:
- prohibited discharge standards
- categorical standards
- local limits.
PROHIBITED DISCHARGE
STANDARDS
All IDs, whether or not subject to
any other National, State, or local
pretreatment requirements, are
subject to the general and specific
prohibitions identified in 40 CFR
§§403.5(a) and (b), respectively.
General prohibitions forbid the
discharge of any pollutant(s) to a
POTW that cause pass through or
interference (Figure 10). Specific
prohibitions forbid eight categories of
pollutant discharges as follows:
(1) discharges containing pollutants which create a fire or explosion hazard in the POTW, including
but not limited to, wastestreams with a closed cup flashpoint of less than 140°F (60°C) using the
test methods specified in 40 CFR §261.21;
(2) discharges containing pollutants causing corrosive structural damage to the POTW, but in no
case discharges with a pH lower than 5.0, unless the POTW is specifically designed to
accommodate such discharges;
(3) discharges containing pollutants in amounts causing obstruction to the flow in the POTW
resulting in interference;
(4) discharges of any pollutants released at a flow rate and/or concentration which will cause
interference with the POTW;
(5) discharges of heat in amounts which will inhibit biological activity in the POTW resulting in
interference, but in no case heat in such quantities that the temperature at the POTWtreatment
plant exceeds 40°C(104°F) unless the Approval Authority, upon request of the POTW, approves
alternative temperature limits;
(6) discharges of petroleum oil, nonbiodegradable cutting oil, or products of mineral oil origin in
amounts that will cause interference or pass through;
Chapter 3. Applicable EPA Guidance
Guidance Manual For Implementing Total Toxic Organics (TTO) Pretreatment
Standards
Guidance Manual for Preparation and Review of Removal Credit Applications
Guidance Manual for Preventing Interference at POTWs
Guidance Manual for the Identification of Hazardous Wastes Delivered to
Publicly Owned Treatment Works by Truck, Rail, or Dedicated Pipe
Guidance Manual for the Use of Production-Based Pretreatment Standards
and the Combined Wastestream Formula
Guidance Manual on the Development and Implementation of Local Discharge
Limitations Under the Pretreatment Program
Guidance to Protect POTW Workers From Toxic And Reactive Gases And
Vapors
Prelim User's Guide, Documentation for the EPA Computer Program/Model
for Developing Local Limits for Industrial Pretreatment Programs at
Publicly Owned Treatment Works
Supplemental Manual On the Development And Implementation of Local
Discharge Limitations Under The Pretreatment Program: Residential and
Commercial Toxic Pollutant Loadings And POTW Removal Efficiency
Estimation
Industry-Specific Guides
Aluminum, Copper, And Nonferrous Metals Forming And Metal Powders
Pretreatment Standards: A Guidance Manual
Guidance Manual For Battery Manufacturing Pretreatment Standards
Guidance Manual for Electroplating and Metal Finishing Pretreatment
Standard
Guidance Manual For Iron And Steel Manufacturing Pretreatment Standards
Guidance Manual for Leather Tanning and Finishing Pretreatment Standards
Guidance Manual for Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard and Builders' Paper and
Board Mills Pretreatment Standards
Chapter 3
-11-
-------
Pretreatment Standards Introduction to the National Pretreatment Program
(7) discharges which result in the
Pass through - A discharge which exits the POTW into waters of
the US in quantities or concentrations which, alone or in
conjunction with a discharge or discharges from other sources, is a
cause of a violation of any requirement of the POTW's NPDES
permit (including an increase in the magnitude or duration of a
violation.
Interference - A discharge which, alone or in conjunction with a
discharge or discharges from other sources, both (1) inhibits or
presence of toxic gases, vapors,
or fumes within the POTW in a
quantity that may cause acute
worker health and safety
problems; and
(8) discharges of trucked or hauled
pollutants, except at discharge points
designated by the POTW.
uiscnaige o
Compliance with the general and specific dlsmpts the POTW'lts treatment processes or °Peratlons'or lts
...... . . . , .[" . sludge processes, use or disposal; and (2) therefore is a cause of a
prohibitions is mandatory for all ILJs, although ..,.,, . r ,a T,,-.^ ^m^ + *
r , .... . * .. ' , . violation of any requirement of the POTW s NPDES permit or of
a facihty may have an affirmative defense in ,, , f , , , ,
'.'. . . .... the prevention of sewage sludge use or disposal.
any action brought against it a egmg a
violation of the general prohibitions or of Figure 10. Interference and Pass Through
certain specific prohibitions [(3), (4), (5), (6)
and (7) above] where the ID can demonstrate
it did not have reason to know that its discharge, alone or in conjunction with a discharge or discharges from
other sources, would cause pass through or interference, and the ID was in compliance with a technically-
based local limit developed to prevent pass through or interference.
These prohibited discharge standards are intended to provide general protection for POTWs. However,
their lack of specific pollutant limitations creates the need for additional controls, namely categorical
pretreatment standards and local limits.
CATEGORICAL STANDARDS
Categorical pretreatment standards (i.e., categorical standards) are national, uniform, technology-based
standards that apply to discharges to POTWs from specific industrial categories (i.e., indirect dischargers)
and limit the discharge of specific pollutants. Categorical jDretreatment standards for both existing and new
sources (PSES and PSNS, respectively) are promulgated by EPA pursuant to Section 307(b) and (c) of the
CWA. Limitations developed for indirect discharges are designed to prevent the discharge of pollutants that
could pass through, interfere with, or otherwise be incompatible with POTW operations. Effluent limitations
guidelines (ELGs), developed in conjunction with categorical standards, limit the discharge from facilities
directly to waters of the U.S. (i.e., direct dischargers) and do not apply to indirect dischargers. ELGs
include Best Practicable Control Technology Currently Available (BPT), Best Conventional Pollutant Control
Technology (BCT), and Best Available Technology Economically Achievable (BAT) limitations and New
Source Performance Standards (NSPS). ELGs (i.e., BPT, BCT, BAT, and NSPS) do not apply to indirect
dischargers. The significant difference between categorical standards and effluent limitations guidelines
is that categorical standards account for any pollutant removal that may be afforded through treatment at
the POTW while effluent limitations guidelines do not.
Industries identified as major sources of toxic pollutants are typically targeted for effluent guideline and
categorical standard development. If limits are deemed necessary, EPA investigates affected IDs and
gathers information regarding process operations and treatment and management practices, accounting for
differences in facility size and age, equipment age, and wastewater characteristics. Subcategorization within
an industrial category is evaluated based on variability in processes employed, raw materials used, types
of items produced, and characteristics of wastes generated. Availability and cost of control technologies,
non-water quality environmental impacts, available pollution prevention measures7, and economic impacts
are then identified prior to EPA's presentation of findings in proposed development documents and
publishing a notice of the proposed regulations in the Federal Register. Based on public comments on the
proposed rule, EPA promulgates (i.e., publishes) the standards (Figure 11).
7 EPA's Considerations of Pollution Prevention in EPA's Effluent Guideline Development
Process may be consulted for more information on this topic.
-12- Chapter 3
-------
Introduction to the National Pretreatment Program
Pretreatment Standards
Data
Collection
Regu
Tas
i
atory
ks
r
Proposed
Development
Document
Proposed
Regulations
'
Public
Comment
L_^^
^-V. Revisions
^\^
Promulgation of
Final
Regulations
Final
Development
Document
i
>-
As noted above, categorical pretreatment
standards are developed both for existing
(PSES) and new sources (PSNS). Facilities are
classified as either PSES or PSNS based on the
definition of "new source" set out in 40 CFR
§403.3(k) of the General Pretreatment
Regulations (see Figure 12). Dischargers
subject to PSES are required to comply with
those standards by a specified date, typically no
more than three years afterthe effective date of
the categorical standard. Users subject to
PSNS, however, are required to achieve
compliance within the shortest feasible time, not Figure 11. Development Process of Effluent Guidelines
to exceed 90 days from commencement of
discharge. PSNS are often more stringent than
PSES based on the opportunity for new sources to install the best available demonstrated technology and
operate the most efficient production processes.
Congress established an initial list of
21 categorical industries under Section
306 of the CWA of 1972. As a result of
various court decrees and settlement
agreements resulting from litigation, and
from EPA's internal work plan devel-
opment process, EPA has developed
effluent guidelines (for direct dischargers)
and/or categorical pretreatment standards
(for indirect dischargers) for 51 industrial
categories. Of these industrial categories,
EPA implements pretreatment standards
for 32 categories, and either requires
compliance solely with 40 CFR Part 403
General Pretreatment Regulations ordoes
not address pretreatment standards forthe
remaining categories. Plans for EPA's
expansion and modification of the list is
detailed in the Effluent Guidelines Plan,
published in the Federal Register
biennially as required in section 304(m) of
the CWA. A list of the industrial
categories that have categorical standards
is provided as Figure 13.
Categorical pretreatment standards
developed can be concentration-based or
mass-based. Concentration-based
standards are expressed as milligrams of
pollutant allowed per liter (mg/l) of wastewater discharged and are issued where production rates for the
particular industrial category do not necessarily correlate with pollutant discharges. Mass-based standards
are generally expressed on a mass per unit of production (e.g., milligrams of pollutant per kilogram of
product produced, pounds of pollutant per million cubic feet of air scrubbed, etc.) and are issued where water
conservation is an important component in the limitation development process. For a few categories where
reducing a facility's flow volume does not provide a significant difference in the pollutant load discharged,
EPA has established both mass- and concentration-based standards. Generally, both a daily maximum
limitation and a long-term average limitation (e.g., average daily values in a calendar month) are established
for every regulated pollutant.
New Source is defined at 40 CFR §403.3 (k)(l) to mean any building, structure, facility
or installation from which there is or may be a discharge of pollutants, the construction of
which commenced after publication of proposed Pretreatment Standards under Section
307(c) of the Act which will be applicable to such source if Standards are thereafter
promulgated in accordance with that section, provided that:
(i) the building, structure, facility, or installation is constructed at a site at which no
other source is located; or
(ii) the building, structure, facility, or installation totally replaces the process or
production equipment that causes the discharge of pollutants at an existing source; or
(iii) the production or wastewater generating processes of the building, structure, facility
or installation are substantially independent of an existing source at the same site. In
determining whether these are substantially independent, factors such as the extent to
which the new facility is integrated with the existing plant, and the extent to which
the new facility is engaged in the same general type of activity as the existing source
should be considered.
(2) Construction on a site at which an existing source is located results in a modification
rather than a new source if the construction does not create a new building, structure,
facility, or installation meeting the criteria of paragraphs (k)(l)(ii), or (k)(l)(iii) of this
section but otherwise alters, replaces, or adds to existing process or production
equipment.
(3) Construction of a new source as defined under this paragraph has commenced if the
owner or operator has:
(i) begun, or caused to begin as part of a continuous onsite construction program:
(ii) any placement, assembly or installation of facilities or equipment, or
(B) significant site preparation work, including clearing, excavation, or removal of
existing buildings, structures, or facilities which is necessary for the placement,
assembly, or installation of new source facilities or equipment; or
(ii) entered into a binding contractual obligation for the purchase of facilities or
equipment which are intended to be used in its operation within a reasonable time.
Options to purchase or contracts which can be terminated or modified without
substantial loss, and contracts for feasibility, engineering, and design studies do not
constitute a contractual obligation under this paragraph.
Figure 12. Definition of New Source (40 CFR 403.3(k))
Chapter 3
-13-
-------
Pretreatment Standards
Introduction to the National Pretreatment Program
Figure 13. Summary of Categorical Pretreatment Standards
Category
Aluminum Forming
Battery Manufacturing
Builders' Paper and
Board Mills
Carbon Black
Manufacturing
Coil Coating
Copper Forming
Electrical and Electronic
Components
Electroplating
Feedlots
Fertilizer Manufacturing
Glass Manufacturing
Grain Mills
Ink Formulating
Inorganic Chemicals
Manufacturing
Iron and Steel
Manufacturing
Leather Tanning and
Finishing
Metal Finishing
40CFR
Part
467
461
431
458
465
468
469
413
412
418
426
406
447
415
420
425
433
Subparts
A-F
A-G
A
A-D
A-D
A
A-D
A-B, D-H
B
A-G
H, K-M
A
A
A-BO
A-F, H-J, L
A-l
A
Type of
Standard
PSES
PSNS
PSES
PSNS
PSES
PSNS
PSNS
PSES
PSNS
PSES
PSNS
PSES
PSNS
PSES
PSNS
PSNS
PSNS
PSNS
PSNS
PSES
PSNS
PSES
PSNS
PSES
PSNS
PSES
PSNS
Overview of Pretreatment Standards
Limits are production-based, daily maximums and monthly averages.
Subpart C prohibits discharges from certain operations.
Limits are production-based, daily maximums and monthly
averages. No discharge is allowed from any process not specifically
dentified in the regulations.
Limits are production-based daily maximums. These facilities may
certify they do not use certain compounds in lieu of performing
nonitoring to demonstrate compliance.
Limits are for Oil & Grease only (no limit duration specified).
Limits are production-based, daily maximums and monthly averages.
Limits are production-based, daily maximums and monthly averages.
Limits are concentration-based, daily maximums and 30 day
averages or monthly averages (varies per subpart and pollutant
Darameter). Certification is allowed in lieu of monitoring for certain
Dollutants when a management plan is approved and implemented.
Limits are concentration-based (or alternative mass-based
equivalents), daily maximums and four consecutive monitoring days
averages. Two sets of limits exist, depending on if facility
discharges more or less than 1 0,000 gallons per day of process
wastewater. Certification is allowed in lieu of monitoring for certain
Dollutants when a management plan is approved and implemented.
Discharge of process wastewater is prohibited, except when there is
an overflow resulting from a chronic or catastrophic rainfall event.
Limits may specify zero discharge of wastewater pollutants (Subpart
A), production-based daily maximums and 30-day averages
(Subparts B-E) or concentration-based (Subparts F-G) with no limit
duration specified.
Limits are either concentration- or production-based, daily
naximums and monthly averages.
Discharge of process wastewater is prohibited at a flow rate or mass
oading rate which is excessive over any time period during the peak
oad at a POTW.
Regulations specify no discharge of process wastewater pollutants
to the POTW.
Limits vary for each subpart with a majority of the limits
concentration-based, daily maximums and 30-day averages, or may
specify no discharge of wastewater pollutants. Numerous subparts
nave no pretreatment standards.
Limits are production-based, daily maximums and 30 day averages.
Limits are concentration-based, daily maximums and monthly
averages. In certain instances, production volume dictates
applicable pretreatment standards.
Limits are concentration-based, daily maximums and monthly
averages. Certification is allowed for certain pollutants where a
nanagement plan is approved and implemented.
-14-
Chapter 3
-------
Introduction to the National Pretreatment Program
Pretreatment Standards
Figure 13. Summary of Categorical Pretreatment Standards
Category
Metal Molding and
Casting
Nonferrous Metals
Forming and Metal
Powders
Nonferrous Metals
Manufacturing
Organic Chemicals,
Plastics, and Synthetic
Fibers
Paint Formulating
Paving and Roofing
Materials (Tars and
Asphalt)
Pesticide Chemicals
Petroleum Refining
Pharmaceutical
Manufacturing
Porcelain Enameling
Pulp, Paper, and
Paperboard
Rubber Manufacturing
Soap and Detergent
Manufacturing
Steam Electric Power
Generating
Timber Products
Processing
40CFR
Part
464
471
421
414
446
443
455
419
439
466
430
428
417
423
429
Subparts
A-D
A-J
B-AE
B-H, K
A
A-D
A, C, E
A-E
A-D
A-D
A-G, I-L
E-K
O-R
N/A
F-H
Type of
Standard
PSES
PSNS
PSES
PSNS
PSES
PSNS
PSES
PSNS
PSNS
PSNS
PSES
PSNS
PSES
PSNS
PSES
PSNS
PSES
PSNS
PSES
PSNS
PSNS
PSNS
PSES
PSNS
PSES
PSNS
Overview of Pretreatment Standards
Limits are primarily production-based, daily maximums and monthly
averages. Discharges from certain processes are prohibited
(Subparts A-C).
Jmits are production-based, daily maximums and monthly averages.
In some instances, the regulations prohibit the discharge of
wastewater pollutants.
Jmits are production-based, daily maximums and monthly averages.
The majority of the Subparts have both existing and new source
imits, with others having solely new source requirements.
Limits are mass-based (concentration-based standards multiplied by
Drocess flow), daily maximums and monthly averages. Standards
br metals and cyanide apply only to metal- or cyanide-bearing
wastestreams.
Regulations specify no discharge of process wastewater pollutants
to the POTW.
Limits are for Oil & Grease only (no limit duration specified).
Limits are mass-based (concentration-based standards multiplied by
Drocess flow), daily maximums and monthly averages. Subpart C
specifies no discharge of process wastewater pollutants but provides
for pollution prevention alternatives. Subpart E specifies no
discharge of process wastewater pollutants.
Limits are concentration-based (or mass based equivalent), daily
naximums.
Limits are concentration-based, daily maximums and monthly
averages. These facilities may certify they do not use or generate
cyanide in lieu of performing monitoring to demonstrate compliance.
Limits are concentration-based (or alternative production-based),
daily maximums and monthly averages. Subpart B prohibits
discharges certain operations.
Jmits are production-based daily maximums and monthly averages.
These facilities may certify they do not use certain compounds in
ieu of performing monitoring to demonstrate compliance. Facilities
subject to Subparts B and E must also implement Best Management
Practices as identified.
Limits are concentration- or production-based, daily maximums and
nonthly averages.
Regulations specify no discharge of process wastewater pollutants
to the POTW.
Jmits are either concentration-based, daily maximums, or
'maximums for any time", or compliance can be demonstrated
through engineering calculations.
All PSNS (and PSES for Subpart F) prohibit the discharge of
wastewater pollutants. PSES for Subparts G and H are
concentration-based, daily maximums (with production-based
alternatives).
Chapter 3
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Pretreatment Standards
Introduction to the National Pretreatment Program
Categorical standards apply to regulated wastewaters, i.e. wastewater from an industrial process that
is regulated for a particular pollutant by a categorical pretreatment standard. Therefore, demonstrating
compliance with categorical pretreatment standards is intended to be based on measurements of
wastestreams containing only the regulated process wastewater. However, recognizing isolation of regulated
wastestreams from nonregulated wastestreams was not always practicable nor desirable, EPA developed
the combined wastestream formula (CWF) and flow
weighted average (FWA) approach for determining
compliance with combined wastestreams.
Pursuant to 40 CFR §403.6(e), the CWF is
applicable where a regulated wastestream combines with
one or more unregulated or dilute wastestreams (Figure
14) prior to treatment. Where nonregulated
wastestreams combine with process streams after
pretreatment, the more stringent approach (whether
CWF or FWA) is used to adjust the limits8 (Figure 15).
The CWF and FWA approaches differ primarily in their
allowances for nonregulated wastestreams. While the
CWF provides a "full credit" (i.e., same pollutant levels
as regulated wastestreams) for unregulated
wastestreams yet no credit for dilute wastestreams, the
FWA requires sampling and analysis of the untreated,
nonregulated wastestreams to determine the credit to be
granted (not to exceed that allowed for the regulated
wastestreams).
Regulated
Unregulated
Dilute
Monitoring^ _
location J
CWF
Figure 14. Combined Wastestream Formula
Regulated Unregulated
Unregulated
Dilute
Application of the CWF and FWA requires proper identification, classification, and quantification of the
three wastestream types (Figure 16.) Note: in circumstances where boiler blowdown, noncontact cooling
water, stormwater, or demineralized wastestreams
contain a significant amount of a regulated pollutant, and
the treatment of the wastewater with the regulated
wastestream results in substantial reduction of the
regulated pollutant, the Control Authority can classify the
wastestream as unregulated rather than as a dilute
wastestream. Clarification on category-specific
wastestream classifications may be provided by
consulting the applicable regulation(s) and associated
development documents, since wastestream types are
addressed in the effluent guideline and categorical
standard development process. When in doubt, the
Control Authority can always require the CIU to monitor
the wastestream(s) in question to quantify the presence
(or lack thereof) of categorically regulated pollutants.
Reasonably accurate flow data must also be obtained for
each wastestream type flowing through the monitoring
point to ensure categorical pretreatment standards are
adjusted accordingly. Proper application of the CWF or
FWA will result in:
Figure 15. CWF vs. FWA
alternative limits being established for each regulated pollutant in each regulated processes;
both daily maximum and long-term average (i.e., 4-day, 30-day, or monthly) alternative limits
being calculated for each regulated pollutant;
Where commingled wastestreams combine with nonregulated wastestreams after
treatment, the CWF adjusted limitations are further adjusted by use of the CWF or FWA to
address the untreated, nonregulated wastestreams (Figure 17.) For more detailed
discussion of FWA, see Federal Register preamble language, 51 FR 21454 (June 12,1986).
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Introduction to the National Pretreatment Program
Pretreatment Standards
- 4-day average limits being adjusted to equivalent monthly average limits when two or more
categorical pretreatment standards apply to the facility and one of the applicable standards is
40 CFR Part 413; and
- calculated alternative limits remaining above the analytical detection limit for that pollutant.
NOTE: If adjusted limit(s) are below the detection limit, the Control Authority shall instruct the
ID to either:
separate the dilute wastestreams from the regulated wastestreams prior to the combined
treatment facility, or
segregate all wastestreams entirely.
EPA's Guidance Manual for the Use of Production Based Pretreatment Standards and the Combined
Wastestream Formula should be consulted for more information on the proper application and adjustment
of categorical pretreatment standards.
Regulated
Wastewaterfroman
industrial process that is
regulated for a particular
pollutant by a categorical
pretreatment standard
Nonregulated
Unregulated
Wastestreams from an industrial process that are not regulated for a
particular pollutant by a categorical pretreatment standard and are not
defined as a dilute wastestream, e.g.:
a process wastestream for which categorical standards
have been promulgated but for which the deadline for
compliance has not yet been reached
a process wastestream that currently is not subject to
categorical pretreatment standards
a process wastestream that is not regulated for the pollutant
in question but is regulated for other pollutants.
Dilute
Wastestreams which have no more than trace or
non-detectable amounts of the regulated pollutant.
Defined in 40 CFR § 403.6(e)(1) of the General
Pretreatment Regulations to include sanitary wastestreams,
demineralized backwash streams, boiler blowdown,
noncontact cooling water, storm water, and process
wastestreams from certain standards based on the findings
that these wastewaters contained none of the regulated
pollutant or only trace amounts of it.
Figure 16. Wastestream Types
Although categorical standards are established based on a particular industrial category, EPA provides
several options for unique circumstances that justify adjustment of categorical standards for an individual
facility:
Removal Credits 40 CFR §403.7 details the
conditions by which a Control Authority may
demonstrate consistent removal of pollutants
regulated by categorical standards at their
POTW, and in so doing, may extend removal
credits to industries on a pollutant-specific basis
to prevent redundant treatment. Removal
credits are available for a pollutant if the
pollutant is regulated by the sewage sludge use
or disposal option employed by the POTW
making the application request, or if the pollutant
is listed in 40 CFR Part 403, Appendix G. Also,
the availability of removal credits is not limited to
Appendix G pollutants for POTWs that dispose
of sewage sludge in municipal solid waste
landfills. Steps for developing such a request
are detailed in EPA's Guidance Manual for the
Preparation and Review of Removal Credit
Applications.
Regulated
Unregulated
Unregulated
Dilute
Figure 17. Multiple use of the CWF/FWA
Chapter 3
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Pretreatment Standards
Introduction to the National Pretreatment Program
Fundamentally Different Factors Variance Section 301 (n) of the CWA authorizes adjustments of
categorical pretreatment standards for existing sources who demonstrate they have factors which
are fundamentally different from the factors EPA considered during standards development (40 CFR
§403.13). Variance requests must be based solely on information and data submitted during the
development of the categorical standards (Figure 18) and the adjusted effluent limitations must
neither be more nor less stringent than justified by the fundamental difference nor result in a
nonwater quality environmental impact markedly more adverse than the impact considered by EPA
when developing the categorical standard.
Successful requests must detail factors well outside the range considered by EPA in establishing the
standard and not merely factors deviating from the average. Further, differences must not be similar
to a significant number of other facilities in the category. A facility must request a variance in writing
no later than 180 days after publication of a categorical Pretreatment Standard in the Federal
Register.
Figure 18. Factors to Consider for an FDF Variance Request
Net/Gross Adjustment Categorical pretreatment standards can be adjusted to reflect the presence of
pollutants in a ClU's intake waters (40 CFR §403.15). To obtain a net/gross credit, the CIU must submit
a formal written request to the Control Authority that demonstrates:
- its intake water is drawn from the same body of water that the POTW discharges into (this
can be waived if the Control Authority finds no environmental degradation will result);
- the pollutants present in the intake water will not be entirely removed by the treatment
system operated by the CIU; and
- the pollutants in the intake water do not vary chemically or biologically from the pollutants
limited by the applicable standard.
Inherent in this provision is the requirement that the CIU employ a treatment technology capable of
meeting the categorical pretreatment standard(s). Net/gross adjustments should not be granted to
ClUs that have no treatment. Further, credits are only granted to the extent necessary to meet the
applicable standard(s), up to a maximum value equal to the influent value.
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Introduction to the National Pretreatment Program Pretreatment Standards
Innovative Technology In accordance with 307(e) of the CWA, existing CILJs choosing to install an
innovative treatment system may receive approval from the Control Authority for up to a two year
extension to their applicable categorical pretreatment standards compliance deadline, provided:
- the innovative treatment has a reasonable potential to result in significantly greater pollutant
removal or equivalent removal at a substantially lower cost than the technologies
considered by EPA when developing the categorical standard;
- the innovative technique has the potential for industry-wide application; and
- the proposed compliance extension will not cause or contribute to the violation of the
POTWs NPDES permit.
While policy has been established for universal categorical variance requests, occasionally, a Control
Authority may merely need assistance to classify a CIU and/or to determine applicable categorical
limitations. Provisions in the General Pretreatment Regulations allow POTWs and IDs to request an EPA
category determination for a specific ID within 60 days after the effective date of the standard in question
[40 CFR §403.6(a)]. Even afterthe formal timeframe for requesting a categorical determination, EPA (and
states) will assist POTWs and IDs with categorization issues. Such requests, however, do not affect
applicable reporting requirements, including timely requests submitted under 40 CFR §403.6(a).
Additionally, EPA has addressed universal CIU questions posed by Control Authorities in various
memoranda and guidance:
Research and Development (R&D) Facilities Unless specifically addressed in the categorical
regulation or associated development document, R&D facilities where there is no commercial sale
of products from the facility, are not subject to categorical standards.9 Should an R&D facility need
pollution controls to comply with prohibited discharge standards and/or local limits, the development
documents may serve as guidance on the performance of pollution control technologies.
Certification Statements In lieu of requiring self-monitoring, some standards allow ClUs to certify
that they do not use, generate or discharge a regulated pollutant [e.g. Pulp, Paper and Paperboard
facilities can certify that chlorophenolic compounds are not used (40 CFR Part 430) and
Pharmaceutical Manufacturing facilities can certify that cyanide is not used or generated (40 CFR
Part 439)]. Facilities providing such certifications are still considered ClUs, and therefore are subject
to other pretreatment standards and requirements.
Lack of specific categorical effluent limitations lUs subject to PSES or PSNS that merely require
compliance with 40 CFR Part 403 are not considered ClUs. However, these users may still be
classified as SlUs and are still subject to the general and specific prohibitions and any local limits.
Total Toxic Organics (TTO) Seven categorical regulations currently limit the discharge of TTO:
- 40 CFR Part 413 - Electroplating
- 40 CFR Part 433 - Metal Finishing
- 40 CFR Part 464 - Metal Molding and Casting
- 40 CFR Part 465 - Coil Coating
- 40 CFR Part 467 - Aluminum Forming
- 40 CFR Part 468 - Copper Forming
- 40 CFR Part 469 - Electrical and Electronic Components (Phase I and II)
For each of these standards, TTO refers to the sum of the masses or concentrations of certain toxic
organic pollutants found in the regulated discharge at a concentration greater than 0.01 milligrams
per liter (mg/l). However, the toxic organic pollutants regulated by the TTO limit are specific to each
industrial category. Further, industrial categories may provide some flexibility with regard to
monitoring and/or reporting requirements as follows:
9 June 26, 1987 letter from Ms. Rebecca W. Hanmer, Deputy Assistant Administrator for
Water.
Chapters ~-
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Pretreatment Standards
Introduction to the National Pretreatment Program
- 40 CFR Parts 413 and 433 allow development and implementation of a Toxic Organic
Management Plan (TOMP) in lieu of routine monitoring while 40 CFR Part 469 allows
development and implementation of a Solvent Management Plan. Upon approval of
these plans by the Control Authority, the CIU can demonstrate compliance with TTO
requirements by certifying that the facility is adhering to this Plan to prevent organics
from being discharged to the POTW. A specific certification statement must be signed
and provided to the Control Authority on a regular basis.
- 40 CFR Parts 464, 465, 467, and 468 allow an option to demonstrate compliance with
an Oil and Grease limit in lieu of demonstrating compliance with a TTO limit. The
option chosen by the CIU must be utilized for all reports required (i.e., BMR, 90-day
compliance report, and periodic compliance reports).
EPA's Guidance Manual for Implementing Total Toxic Organics (TTO) Pretreatment Standards
should be consulted for more information on TTO.
LOCAL LIMITS
Prohibited discharge standards are designed to protect against pass-through and interference generally.
Categorical pretreatment standards, on the other hand, are designed to ensure that lUs implement
technology-based controls to limit the discharge of pollutants. Local limits, however, address the specific
needs and concerns of a POTW and its receiving waters. Federal regulations at 40 CFR §§403.8(f)(4) and
122.21 (j)(4) require Control Authorities to evaluate the need for local limits and, if necessary, implement and
enforce specific limits as part of pretreatment program activities.
Local limits are developed for pollutants (e.g. metals, cyanide, BOD5, TSS, oil and grease, organics) that
may cause interference, pass through, sludge contamination, and/or worker health and safety problems if
discharged in excess of the receiving POTW treatment plant's capabilities and/or receiving water quality
standards. Typically, local limits are developed to regulate the discharge from all lUs, not just to ClUs, and
are usually imposed at the "end-of-pipe" discharge from an IU (i.e., at the point of connection to the POTWs
collection system). In evaluating the need for local limit development, it is recommended that Control
Authorities:
conduct an industrial waste survey to identify
all lUs that might be subject to the
pretreatment program;
determine the character and volume of
pollutants contributed to the POTW by these
industries;
determine which pollutants have a reasonable
potential for pass through, interference, or
sludge contamination;
conduct a technical evaluation to determine
the maximum allowable POTW treatment
plant headworks (influent) loading for at least
arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, cyanide,
lead, mercury, nickel, silver, and zinc (Figure
19);
identify additional pollutants of concern;
determine contributions from unpermitted sources to determine the maximum allowable treatment plant
headworks loading from "controllable" industrial sources (Figure 20);
implement a system to ensure these loadings will not be exceeded.
Maximum Allowable Headworks Loading Method
(MAHL) Pollutant by pollutant, treatment plant data are
used to calculate removal efficiencies, before applying the
most stringent criteria (i.e., water quality, sludge quality,
NPDES permit, or pollutant inhibition levels) to back
calculate the MAHLs. Subtracting out contributions from
domestic sources, the available industrial loading is then
either evenly distributed among the lUs, or allocated on an
as needed basis to those lUs discharging the pollutant
above background levels.
Figure 19. MAHL
Other local limit approaches available to Control
Authorities include:
Collection System Approach Pollutants found
to be present which may cause fire and
Maximum Allowable Industrial Load (MAIL) The
MAIL is the total daily mass that a POTW can accept from
all permitted lUs and ensure the POTW is protecting
against pass through and interference.
Figure 20. MAIL
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Chapter 3
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Introduction to the National Pretreatment Program Pretreatment Standards
explosion hazards or other worker health and safety concerns, are evaluated for their propensity to
volatilize and are modeled to evaluate their expected concentration in air. Comparisons are made with
worker health exposure criteria and lower explosive limits. Where values are of concern, the Control
Authority may set limits or require development of management practices to control undesirable
discharges. The collection system approach may also considerthe prohibition of pollutants with specific
flashpoints to prevent discharges of ignitable wastes. EPA's Guidance to Protect POTW Workers from
Toxic and Reactive Gases and Vapors details strategies for developing such local limits.
Industrial User Management Practice Plans These plans typically consist of narrative local limits
requiring IDs to develop management practices (e.g., chemical management practices, best
management practices, and spill prevention plans) for the handling of chemicals and wastes. The
need for and suggested contents of such plans may be found in EPA's Control of Slug Loadings to
POTWs: Guidance Manual, and Spill Prevention, Control, and Countermeasure (SPCC) Information
Guide.
Case-by-Case Discharge Limits These numeric local limits are based on best professional
judgement (BPJ) and available pollution prevention and treatment technologies which are known
to be economically feasible. This approach is most often used when insufficient data are available
to employ the methods outlined above.
Local Specific Prohibitions POTW specific prohibitions may be imposed in addition to the
prohibitions detailed in 40 CFR § 403.5 (a) & (b) to address hydraulic, pollutant specific, and/or
aesthetic concerns; e.g.:
- noxious or malodorous liquids, gases, or solids creating a public nuisance
- wastestreams which impart color and pass through the POTW treatment plant
- storm water, roof runoff, swimming pool drainage
- wastewaters containing radioactive wastes or isotopes
- removed substances from pretreatment of wastewater.
Regardless of the approaches taken by a Control Authority, local limits should correct existing problems,
prevent potential problems, protect the receiving waters, improve sludge use options, and protect POTW
personnel. Additional existing EPA guidance on the subject includes:
- Guidance for Preventing Interference at POTWs
- Guidance Manual on the Development and Implementation of Local Discharge Limitations Under
the Pretreatment Program
- Supplemental Manual on the Development and Implementation of Local Discharge Limitations
Under the Pretreatment Program: Residential and Commercial Toxic Pollutant Loadings and
POTW Removal Efficiency Estimation
- Toxicity Identification Evaluation: Characterization of Chronically Toxic Effluents.
Additionally, many EPA Regions and States have developed local limits guidance to address regional and
state issues.
Chapters -21-
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Pretreatment Standards
Introduction to the National Pretreatment Program
SUMMARY OF STANDARDS
A summary of all of the pretreatment standards, including general and specific prohibitions, categorical
pretreatment standards, and local limits, is provided as Figure 21.
General and Specific Prohibitions
Categorical Pretreatment Standards
Local Limits
Oevelopment
established at the Federal level
Established at the Federal level
Developed by Control Authorities
Reference
K) CFR 403.5(a) & (b)
40 CFR Parts 405-471
Requirements for development found in
40 CFR §§403.5(c) & 403.8(f)(4)
Applicability
1 lUs
CIUs
Commonly all lUs or all SIUs, but
depends on allocation method used
when developing limits.
Purpose
-"rovide for general protection of the
'OTW. May be superseded by
nore stringent categorical
)retreatment standards or local
imits.
Minimum standards based on available
treatment technology and pollution prevention
measures for controlling nonconventional and
toxic pollutants that may cause pass through,
interference, etc. at the POTW. May be
superseded by more stringent local limits.
Provide site specific protection for a
POTW and its receiving waters. May
be superseded by more stringent
categorical standards.
411 standards are considered pretreatment standards for the purpose of section 307(d) of the Clean Water Act. A POTW is responsible for
identifying standard(s) applicable to each industrial user and applying the most stringent requirements where multiple provisions exist. Compliance
with imposed standards can be achieved through implementation of best management practices, development of a pollution prevention program,
and/or installation of pretreatment.
Figure 21. Summary of Standards
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Chapter 3
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Introduction to the National Pretreatment Program
POTW Pretreatment Program Responsibilities
4. POTW PRETREATMENT PROGRAM
RESPONSIBILITIES
Chapter 4. Applicable EPA Guidance
CERCLA Site Discharges to POTWs Guidance Manual
Control of Slug Loadings To POTWs: Guidance Manual
Guidance For Developing Control Authority Enforcement Response
Plans
Guidance Manual for POTWs to Calculate the Economic Benefit of
Noncompliance
Industrial User Inspection and Sampling Manual For POTWs
Industrial User Permitting Guidance Manual
Model Pretreatment Ordinance
Multijurisdictional Pretreatment Programs: Guidance Manual
NPDES Compliance Inspection Manual
POTW Sludge Sampling and Analysis Guidance Document
Pretreatment Compliance Monitoring and Enforcement Guidance
RCRA Information on Hazardous Wastes for Publicly Owned
Treatment Works
U.S. EPA Pretreatment Compliance Monitoring and Enforcement
System: Version 3.0, User's Guide
Chapter 2 describes the basis
for POTWs to develop pretreatment
programs that implement Federal
pretreatment standards and
requirements, in addition to
protecting any local concerns. This
Chapter provides an overview of
these POTW programs, highlighting
each of the specific program areas
that are to be addressed.
LEGAL AUTHORITY
As discussed in Chapter 2,
POTWs seeking pretreatment
program approval must develop
policy and procedures for program
implementation and establish the
legal authority to implement and
enforce program requirements. The
General Pretreatment Regulations do not provide Control Authorities with the legal authority to carry out their
pretreatment programs; rather the regulations do set forth the minimum requirements for POTWs with
pretreatment programs.
A Control Authority's legal authority actually derives from State law. Therefore, State law must confer the
minimum Federal legal authority requirements on a Control Authority. Where deficient, State law must be
modified to grant the minimum requirements.
In order to apply regulatory authority provided by State law, it is generally necessary for the Control
Authority to establish local regulations to legally implement and enforce pretreatment requirements. Where the
Control Authority is a municipality, legal authority is detailed in a Sewer Use Ordinance (SUO), which is usually
part of city or county code. Regional Control Authorities frequently adopt similar provisions in the form of "rules
and regulations." Likewise, State agencies implementing a State-wide program under 40 CFR §403.10(e) set
out pretreatment requirements as State regulations, rather than as an SUO. [Local regulations cannot give the
Control Authority greater authority than that
provided by State law.] EPA's 1992 guidance,
EPA Model Pretreatment Ordinance provides
a model for POTWs that are required to
develop pretreatment programs.
As POTW service areas expand, new
contributions may arise from
"extrajurisdictional" lUs located outside of the
Control Authority's legal jurisdiction (see
Figure 22). Multijurisdictional arrangements
require special legal/contractual mechanisms
to ensure adequate authority to implement
and enforce program requirements in these
other jurisdictions. Some state statutes may
provide for general extraterritorial powers
(i.e., a Control Authority is automatically
allowed to regulate extrajurisdictional lUs
City A
CityB
POTW
Figure 22. Multijurisdictional Programs
Chapter 4
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POTW Pretreatment Program Responsibilities Introduction to the National Pretreatment Program
contributing to their system). However, the extent to which authorities (i.e., to permit, inspect, enforce, monitor,
etc.) are granted may be somewhat limited, thereby, restricting a Control Authority's ability to implement and
enforce a program. Where obtaining authority from the State to regulate extrajurisdictional IDs is not feasible,
other options may be pursued:
Districts The creation of an independent organization (by affected municipalities orthe State) which
is authorized to administer and enforce an approved pretreatment program for the entire area in
which it provides services is common in areas where multiple POTWs each serve various
jurisdictions.
Agreements Affected Control Authorities may opt to enter into agreements requiring each
municipality to implement and enforce the approved pretreatment program covering all IDs within
their jurisdiction. The Control Authority must retain the means to regulate extrajurisdictional IDs
where the contributing jurisdiction's efforts are inadequate. It is essential that agreements clearly
define the roles of each party.
Annexation Where extrajurisdictional IDs lie in unincorporated areas, a Control Authority may
annex or utility annex the service area.
Contracts A Control Authority may enter into a contract with an extrajurisdictional ID, although
contracts generally limit the enforcement capabilities of the Control Authority. As such, contracts
should only be pursued when all other means fail.
Since procedures for obtaining jurisdiction, creating sanitary districts, annexing service areas, etc. vary
among states, Control Authority personnel should consult with their legal staff to thoroughly examine options
allowed. This may include requesting State legislative changes if necessary. EPA's 1994 Multijurisdictional
Pretreatment Programs - Guidance Manual provides more information on these jurisdictional issues, including
sample language for agreements and contracts.
INDUSTRIAL WASTE SURVEYS
As part of program development and maintenance, the Federal regulations [40 CFR §403.8(f)(2)(l)] require
Control Authorities to identify and locate all lUs that might be subject to the pretreatment program. While the
General Pretreatment Regulations do not specify how a Control Authority is to accomplish this, it is beneficial
to conduct an initial in-depth survey, then institute measures to update the list continuously. Control Authorities
must ensure that the entire service area is reviewed. This may include lUs located outside the jurisdictional
boundaries of the POTW. In these instances, it may be appropriate to solicit assistance from other jurisdictions
in developing the list of potential dischargers. The types of resources that may be consulted in compiling and
updating the master list include:
Water and sewer billing records
Applications for sewer service
Local telephone directories
Chamber of Commerce and local business directories
Business license records
POTW and wastewater collection personnel and field observations
Business associations
Internet
Once lUs are identified, the Control Authority must classify these users to determine if pretreatment
standards and requirements should apply to these facilities. Typically, the Control Authority develops and
distributes an Industrial Waste Survey (IWS) questionnaire to the identified lUs. The IWS questionnaire
requests information regarding IU activities and the nature of wastes discharged. The Control Authority may
opt to send a detailed IWS questionnaire initially or conduct the survey in two phases (i.e., send a screener
requesting basic information to eliminate obvious facilities and then send a detailed IWS to those facilities with
greater potential to be SlUs). Key to the IWS is to identify facilities that are subject to categorical standards
(i.e., ClUs) or otherwise have the potential to impact the POTW (i.e., SlUs).
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Introduction to the National Pretreatment Program POTW Pretreatment Program Responsibilities
A POTW's ID inventory should include the name, location, classification, applicable standards, basis for
limits imposed, volume of discharge, control mechanism status, compliance dates and other special
requirements for each ID. The IWS should provide most of the information required to develop the inventory,
although some supplementary information might be required from othersources, such as the permit application
or monitoring data.
The ID inventory must be updated as needed [40 CFR §403.8(f)(2)(l)] and provided to the Approval
Authority as part of the annual report requirement (see POTW Reports section in this Chapter). The on-going
task of maintaining a complete list of IDs requires the Control Authority to implement a system to track existing
ID information and/or classification changes and new user information. Some Control Authorities may
proactively opt to institute a "utility connect questionnaire" program. These types of forms are completed when
a customer applies for new utility service (e.g., water, sewerage, or electricity).
PERMITTING
The General Pretreatment Regulations require all IDs be controlled through permit, order, orsimilar means
to ensure compliance with applicable pretreatment standards and requirements. Section 403.8(f)(1)(iii)(A-E)
clarifies this requirement to specify that all SILJs be issued a permit or equivalent individual control mechanism
which contains, at a minimum:
- statement of duration (not to exceed five years);
- statement of nontransferabililty (unless outlined provisions are met);
- effluent limitations based on applicable standards;
- self-monitoring, sampling, reporting, notification, and record keeping requirements;
- statement of applicable civil and criminal penalties; and
- a schedule of compliance (where appropriate).
EPA's 1989 Industrial User Permitting Guidance Manua/details procedures fordrafting ID discharge permits.
SIU permits issued are site specific and tailored to the unique circumstances of the ID. Permit conditions must
establish clear and explicit requirements for the permittee, to include using such terms such as "shall" and
"must" in lieu of vague terms such as "recommend" or "may". The Control Authority must document its decision-
making process when developing permits to ensure defensibility and enforceability. Adherence to sound,
documented procedures will prevent any arbitrary and capricious claims by the permittee. Whether developing
or reissuing a permit, the permitting process consists of three phases:
- Phase I - Collection and verification of information
- Phase II - Data interpretation and fact sheet development
- Phase III - Permit development and issuance.
As part of Phase I, Control Authorities may review and verify information contained in the permit application,
perform an inspection of the ID for confirmation of facts, tally data, and potentially sample and analyze the ILJ's
wastestream. Knowledgeable Control Authority personnel, effective communication, and SIU cooperation are
essential to collection of complete and accurate information.
Phase II requires that the Control Authority interpret data and other information and document the permit
decision-making rationale, preferably in a permit fact sheet. Although the contents of a fact sheet will vary by
permittee, fact sheets should provide a justification of all permitting decisions. Typical components of a fact
sheet are provided in Figure 23. Completed fact sheets should be included as part of the permit and provided
to the Permittee to document the soundness of permitting decisions.
Chapter 4 -25-
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POTW Pretreatment Program Responsibilities
Introduction to the National Pretreatment Program
After all permitting decisions are made, the Control
Authority must incorporate those decisions into a
permit. The permit, signed by the specified Control
Authority official is provided to the Permittee for
comment and after comments are addressed, a final
permit is issued to the ID. While many comments may
be easily addressed/resolved by the Control Authority,
occasionally resolution must be obtained through a
formal adjudicatory hearing process where both the
Permittee and Control Authority present their case to a
third party.
Many POTWs also control contributions from non-
SILJs using various means, such as through general
permits issued to an entire industrial sector. These
types of control mechanisms may not necessarily
require compliance with specific pollutant limitations.
For example:
- grease trap maintenance and record keeping
requirements for food establishments;
For CIUs:
the basis for the categorical determination(s)
the identity and flow volume of all wastestreams
generated and discharged to the POTW, and classified
accordingly (i.e., regulated, unregulated, or dilution)
data used and/or justification for estimates used to
determine categorical limitations
basis for limits imposed for categorical parameters.
For SIUs/CIUs:
basis for limits imposed for non-categorical parameters
rationale for compliance schedules, special plans
required, special conditions, etc.
basis for monitoring and reporting frequencies.
Figure 23. Components of Permit Fact Sheet
- maintenance and record keeping requirements for photo processors' silver reclamation units;
- best management practices for mercury recovery by hospitals and dentists.
Industrial sector general permitting programs are common where a real or potential POTW problem is linked
to a particular pollutant discharged (e.g., collection system blockages caused by the discharge of excess oils
and grease from food establishments). POTWs do have authority to enforce their SUO or rules or regulations
against non-SIUs without the need for any type of individual control mechanism. Control Authorities do have
the authority to require non-SIUs to comply with pretreatment standards and requirements contained in their
local regulations and then take appropriate actions against IDs as noncompliance is identified.
INSPECTIONS
Control Authorities are required to inspect and
sample all SILJs a minimum of once per year pursuant
to 40 CFR §403.8(f)(2(v). The frequency with which a
Control Authority actually inspects an SIU may vary
depending on issues such as the variability of an SlU's
effluent, the impact of their discharge on the POTW,
and their compliance history. Inspection
considerations (see Figure 24) will hinge upon the type
of inspection performed (i.e., scheduled, unscheduled
or demand). EPA's 1994 Industrial User Inspection
and Sampling Manual for POTWs provides a detailed
reference for inspection procedures and protocols.
Scheduled inspections are useful when the Control
Authority wants to gather specific information from the
facility that necessitates meeting with specific SIU
contacts. However, since scheduled inspections may
interrupt normal operations (e.g., altered production
schedule as a result of preparative work undertaken by
the IU), unscheduled inspections may more accurately
reflect IU compliance status when the inspection is
performed for that reason.
Provide current data on lUs
Confirm or determine IUs' compliance status
Determine completeness and accuracy of the lU's
performance/compliance records
Assess the adequacy of the lU's self-monitoring and
reporting requirements
Assess the adequacy of monitoring locations and lU's
sampling techniques
Assess the adequacy of imposed limitations and
pollutants of concern
Develop rapport with IUs
Evaluate operation and maintenance and overall
performance of an lU's pretreatment system
Assess the potential for spills and slug loadings
Evaluate the effectiveness of slug control plan
Reveal issues requiring action
Identify noncompliance needing resolution
Suggest pollution prevention opportunities
Collect samples
Obtain data to support enforcement actions
Figure 24. Inspection Considerations
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Chapter 4
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Introduction to the National Pretreatment Program POTW Pretreatment Program Responsibilities
POTWs must evaluate, at least once every two years, whether each SIU needs a plan to control slug
discharges (i.e., a discharge of a non-routine, episodic nature, including but not limited to an accidental spill or
non-customary batch discharge). To accurately evaluate the slug potential, Control Authorities likely will have
to examine the SIU during normal operating conditions. If undetected, slug discharges can have serious
impacts on the POTW. EPA's 1991 Control of Slug Loadings to POTWs Guidance Manual provides a
description of procedures for development, implementation, and review of slug control plans.
Demand inspections are non-routine in nature and occur in response to a concern (e.g., POTW collection
problems downstream from an ID, elevated enforcement actions against an ID, suspicious ID behavior, or an
informer complaint).
Routine Control Authority inspections of SILJs typically consist of three activities; preparation, on-site
assessment, and follow-up.
Preparation - Control Authority personnel should review POTW records for SILJs to be inspected to
familiarize themselves with the facility. Information reviewed may include compliance status, compliance
schedule activities, reports and plans, upcoming report and plan due dates, enforcement activities, permit
applications, waste surveys, previous inspection summaries, categorical regulations, water use/billing
records, and POTW collection system maps. Control Authority personnel should also be familiar with any
specific issues and concerns regarding the POTW treatment plant or collection system problems receiving
the SlU's discharge.
On-site Assessment - Control Authority personnel typically discuss ID operations with ID contacts and
perform a walkthrough of the facility to: update ID information regarding contacts, processes, production
rates, pretreatment, and other waste management activities; review records required to be kept by the ID;
visually verify the need for a slug control plan; and review pretreatment system maintenance, categorical
standards applicable to processes employed, metering and sampling equipment, sampling procedures,
chemicals used, processes employed, management practices, containment structures, locations of floor
drains, etc. Many POTWs have developed a standard inspection questionnaire to facilitate the interview
process and promote consistency during the inspection.
Follow-up - An inspection report should be prepared as soon as possible after the inspector returns to the
office. Unanswered questions, required permit modifications, and/or necessary enforcement actions should
be processed in a timely manner.
Non-routine inspections (e.g., demand) may not encompass all the activities and steps specified above, but,
like routine inspections, these activities may provide the Control Authority an opportunity to collect samples of
the ILJ's discharge.
SAMPLING
The General Pretreatment Regulations require Control Authorities to monitor each SIU at least annually and
each SIU to self-monitor semi-annually. As with inspections, the Control Authority should assess site-specific
issues, such as SIU effluent variability, impact of this effluent on the POTW, and the SlU's compliance history
to determine appropriate sampling frequencies (i.e., if more frequent monitoring is necessary). A more detailed
discussion of IU monitoring requirements is provided in Chapter 5. For more detailed information on sampling
frequencies, consult EPA's 1994 Industrial User Inspection and Sampling Manual for POTWs.
Sampling is the most appropriate method for verifying compliance with pretreatment standards. Monitoring
location(s) are designated by the Control Authority and must be such that compliance with permitted discharge
limits can be determined. Where possible, the Control Authority should not designate monitoring locations that
are confined spaces or that are difficult to access or difficult to place the automated sampling equipment.
Monitoring locations should:
- be appropriate for waste stream conditions;
- be representative of the discharge;
- have no bypass capabilities; and
- allow for unrestricted access at all times.
Chapter 4 -27-
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POTW Pretreatment Program Responsibilities
Introduction to the National Pretreatment Program
Control Authorities should measure flow to allow for collection of flow-proportioned composite samples,
which are required, unless flow-proportional sampling is not feasible. Flow-proportional composite samples are
preferred overtime composite samples particularly where the monitored discharge is intermittent or variable.
Desired analyses dictate the preparation protocols, equipment, and collection bottles to use to avoid
contamination of samples or loss of pollutants through improper collection. Sampling for such pollutants as pH,
cyanide, oil and grease, flashpoint, and volatile organic compounds require manual collection of grab samples.
Similarto composite samples, grab samples must be representative of the monitored discharge and are to be
collected from actively flowing wastestreams. Fluctuations in flow or the nature of the discharge may require
collection of and hand-compositing of more than one grab sample to accurately access compliance. To ensure
defensibility of data, Control Authorities should develop and implement standard operating procedures and
policies detailing sample collection and handling protocols in accordance with 40 CFR Part 136.
Adherence to proper sample collection and handling protocols, 40 CFR Part 136 approved analytical
methodologies, and record keeping requirements [40 CFR §403.12(o)(1)] (see Figure 25) can be verified
through review of field measurement records, chain of custodies, and lab reports. Field measurement records
may require information regarding sample location, condition of and programmed settings for sampling
equipment, wastewater meter readings, and information for such parameters as pH and temperature which
require analysis in the field. Chain of custody forms serve as a link between field personnel and the laboratory
and contain information regarding sample matrix, type, and handling. Lab reports should contain the minimum
information specified in 40 CFR §403.12(o)(1)(ii-iv) as well as any additional information necessary to
demonstrate compliance with 40 CFR Part 136 requirements (e.g., analytical methodology, sample preparation
date and time, time of analysis). Use of standardized forms which prompt recording of information necessary
for demonstrating compliance with applicable requirements, will aid in ensuring it can be used as admissible
evidence in enforcement proceedings or in judicial actions.
Figure 25. Sample Collection Techniques
Parameter
PH
BOD
TSS
NH3asN
Oil and Grease
Cyanide, total
Metals (total) excl. Cr+6,
B, andHg
624 (volatiles organics)
625 (semi-volatile
organics)
Sample type
Grab
Composite
Composite
Composite
Grab
Grab
Composite
Grab
Composite
Container
Polyethylene or Glass
Polyethylene or Glass
Polyethylene or Glass
Polyethylene or Glass
Glass
Polyethylene or Glass
Polyethylene or Glass
Amber glass, w/ teflon septum
lid and zero headspace
Amber glass w/ teflon lined lid
Preservative
N/A
chilled to 4°C
chilled to 4°C
chilled to 4°C, H2SO4 to pH<2
chilled to 4°C, HC1 or H2SO4 to pH<2
chilled to 4°C, NaOH to a pH >12, and 0.6g
of ascorbic acid if residual chlorine is present
HN03 to pH<2
chilled to 4°C (additional laboratory
preservation required)
chilled to 4°C (additional laboratory
preservation required)
Holding time
analyze immediately
48 hours
7 days
28 days
28 days
14 days
6 months
7 or 14 days, depending on
specific organic
7 days for sample prep; 40
days for extract
ENFORCEMENT
In addition to requirements for permitting, sampling, and inspecting IDs, the General Pretreatment
Regulations also require Control Authorities to review ID reports and plans, and respond to instances of ID
noncompliance in a timely, fair, and consistent manner. Enforcement of pretreatment requirements is a critical
element of the Pretreatment Program, but in the past extenuating circumstances may have prevented POTWs
from taking adequate enforcement. For example, political and economic pressures from local officials could
keep POTW personnel from taking appropriate actions. After this was identified as a major concern, EPA
promulgated regulations in 1990 (55 FR 30082) that require all POTWs with approved pretreatment programs
to adopt and implement an Enforcement Response Plan (ERP). These ERP regulations, at 40 CFR
§403.8(f)(5), establish a framework for POTWs to formalize procedures for investigating and responding to
instances of ID noncompliance. With an approved ERP in place, POTWs can enforce against IDs on a more
objective basis and minimize outside pressures.
-28-
Chapter 4
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Introduction to the National Pretreatment Program POTW Pretreatment Program Responsibilities
To evaluate ID compliance, Control Authorities must first identify applicable requirements for each ID. In
general, ID reports (discussed in Chapter 5) and POTW monitoring activities are the basis for POTWevaluation
of ID compliance. Discharge permit limit exceedances, discrepancies, deficiencies, and lateness are all
violations that must be resolved.
To ensure enforcement response is appropriate and that the Control Authority actions are not arbitrary or
capricious, EPA strongly recommends that an Enforcement Response Guide (ERG) be included as part of the
approved ERP. The ERG identifies responsible Control Authority officials, general time frame for actions,
expected ID responses, and potential escalated actions based on:
- the nature of the violation
pretreatment standards
reporting (late or deficient)
compliance schedules
- magnitude of the violation
- duration of the violation
- frequency of the violation (isolated or recurring)
- (potential) impact of the violation (e.g., interference, pass through, or POTW worker safety)
- economic benefit gained by the violator
- attitude of the violator
The types of questions that dictate whether an
ERP is adequate are presented in Figure 26.
Factors that should be considered in
determining appropriate enforcement responses
to noncompliance events are discussed in detail
in EPA's 1989 Guidance for Developing Control
Authority Enforcement Response Plans.
The General Pretreatment Regulations set
as an enforcement priority, facilities that meet
the criteria for "Significant Noncompliance
Is a Control Authority response required for all violations
identified?
Is the IU notified by the Control Authority when a violation is
found?
Is the IU required to respond to each violation with an explanation
and, as appropriate, a plan to correct the violation within a
specified time period?
Where noncompliance continues and/or the IU response is
inadequate, does the Control Authority's response become more
formal and commitments (or schedules, as appropriate) for
compliance established in an enforceable document?
Is the enforcement response selected related to the seriousness of
(SNC)" as defined in 40 CFR §403.8(f)(2)(vii) - ^?,viol!'ion? , ,. ... , OM_ .. . . ,.
^ ' ° w\/\/q. Where the violation constitutes SNC, and is ongoing, is the
minimum response an administrative order?
and depicted in Figure 27. A decision to seek
formal enforcement is generally triggered by an
unresolved instance of SNC, failure to achieve Figure 26. How Complete is Your ERG?
compliance in a specified time period through
less formal means, or the advice of legal
counsel. SNC evaluations are to be conducted in six-month increments; names of IDs found to be in SNC must
be published in the local newspaper (see Public Participation in this Chapter).
Formal enforcement must be supported by well-documented records of the violations and of any prior efforts
by the Control Authority to obtain compliance. Where effluent limitations have been exceeded, records must
be reviewed to verify compliance with 40 CFR Part 136 test methods. If the IU has received conflicting
information from the Control Authority regarding its compliance status, its status must be clarified in writing.
Although not required, the Control Authority may consider a "show cause" meeting with the IU before
commencing formal enforcement action. Similarly, the regulations do allow, in certain instances, an affirmative
defense for violations.
The range of enforcement mechanisms available to a Control Authority depends on the specific legal
authorities it has been given by city, county, and State legislatures. These mechanisms may range from a
simple telephone call to suits seeking significant criminal penalties. Common enforcement mechanisms include:
Chapter 4 -29-
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POTW Pretreatment Program Responsibilities
Introduction to the National Pretreatment Program
Informal notice to ID - This may consist of
a telephone call or "reminder" letter to an
appropriate ID official to notify them of a
minor violation and to seek an explanation.
Such informal notice may be used to
correct minor instances of noncompliance.
Informal meetings - Used to obtain an
ILJ's commitment to comply with their
pretreatment obligations or to inform the ID
of stronger enforcement mechanisms
available for unresolved and/or continued
noncompliance.
Warning letter or Notice of Violation
(NOV) - Written notice to the IU in
response to a violation of pretreatment
standards or requirements. These notices
should request an explanation of the
noncompliance and measures that will be
taken to eliminate future violations.
Administrative orders and compliance
schedules - These require an ID to "show
cause" to the Control Authority as to why
formal enforcement action should not be
taken and/or sewer service discontinued, or
actions that will be taken to comply with
pretreatment standards or requirements.
Orders as such may be negotiated (i.e.,
Consent Order) or issued at the reasonable
discretion of the Control Authority (i.e.,
Compliance Order). For more egregious or
serious violations, the Control Authority
may issue a Cease and Desist Order.
Administrative fines - Assessed by
Control Authorities against IDs for violations
and intended to recapture partial or full
economic benefit for the noncompliance
and to deter future violations.
Civil suits - Formal process of filing
lawsuits against IDs to correct violations
and to obtain penalties for violations. Civil
penalty amounts are generally limited
through State or municipal laws. However, 40 CFR §403.8(f)(1)(vi) requires that Control Authorities have
the legal authority to seek or assess civil or criminal penalties of at least $1,000 per day for each violation.
A civil suit for injunctive relief may be used when the ID is unlikely to successfully execute the steps that
the Control Authority believes are necessary to achieve or maintain compliance, when the violation is
serious enough to warrant court action to deter future similar violations, or when the danger presented by
an ILJ's lengthy negotiation of a settlement is intolerable.
NOTE: Surcharges are not penalties or fines. Surcharges are intended to recoup the cost of treatment
of wastes by the POTW and must not be used to allow discharges of toxic pollutants that cause
interference or pass through.
An IU is in SNC if its violation meets one or more of
the following criteria (40 CFR 403.8(f)(2)(vii):
(A) Chronic violations of wastewater discharge limits, defined
here as those in which sixty-six percent or more of all of the
measurements taken during a six-month period exceed (by any
magnitude) the daily maximum limit or the average limit for the
same pollutant parameter;
(B) Technical Review Criteria (TRC) violations, defined here as
those in which thirty-three percent or more of all of the
measurements for each pollutant parameter taken during a six-
month period equal or exceed the product of the daily maximum or
the average limit multiplied by the applicable TRC (TRC = 1.4 for
BOD5, TSS, fats, oil, and grease, and 1.2 for all other pollutants
except pH);
(C) Any other violation of a pretreatment effluent limit (daily
maximum or longer-term average) that the Control Authority
determines has caused, alone or in combination with other
discharges, interference or pass through (including endangering the
health of POTW personnel or the general public);
(D) Any discharge of a pollutant that has caused imminent
endangerment to human health, welfare or to the environment or
has resulted in the POTW's exercise of its emergency authority
under 40 CFR § 403.8(i)(l)(vi)(B) of this section to halt or prevent
such a discharge;
(E) Failure to meet, within 90 days after the schedule date, a
compliance schedule milestone contained in a local control
mechanism or enforcement order for starting construction,
completing construction, or attaining final compliance;
(F) Failure to provide, within 30 days after the due date, required
reports such as baseline monitoring reports, 90-day compliance
reports, periodic self-monitoring reports, and reports on
compliance with compliance schedules;
(G) Failure to accurately report noncompliance;
(H) Any other violation or group of violations which the Control
Authority determines will adversely affect the operation or
implementation of the local pretreatment program.
Figure 27. Definition of Significant Noncompliance (SNC)
Chapter 4
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Introduction to the National Pretreatment Program
POTW Pretreatment Program Responsibilities
- Criminal prosecution - This type of enforcement is a formal judicial process where sufficient admissible
evidence exists to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that a person has willfully or negligently violated
pretreatment standards or that a person has knowingly made a false statement regarding any report,
application, record, or otherdocument required by the General Pretreatment Regulations. As noted above,
Control Authorities must have the legal authority to seek or assess civil or criminal penalties of at least
$1,000 per day for each violation. Examples of criminal violations include falsification of data and
tampering with sampling results or equipment.
- Termination of service (revocation of permit) - These actions may be pursued by Control Authorities to
immediately halt an actual or threatened discharge to the POTW that may represent an endangermentto
the public health, the environment, or the POTW. Use of these remedies may also be used in bringing
recalcitrant users into compliance.
Regardless of the response taken, the Control Authority should document and track all contact, notices, and
meetings with IDs and ID responses. Control Authority responses and ID responses (or lack thereof) should be
documented and include a record of any direct contact with the ID to attempt to resolve the noncompliance.
Control Authorities must take timely and effective enforcement against violators. Unresolved ID noncompliance
may result in the Approval Authority enforcing directly against the ID and/or the Control Authority. EPA may
also take enforcement action where it deems action by the State or the Control Authority is inappropriate. An
Approval Authority will routinely review the overall performance of a Control Authority in monitoring IDs,
identifying violations, and in enforcing regulations. Performance will be evaluated based on POTW self-
monitoring data, written enforcement response plans, audits, inspections, and pretreatment program reports.
Therefore, it is essential for Control Authorities to effectively manage program information to demonstrate
proper implementation.
Section 505 of the CWA allows citizens to file suit against a Control Authority that has failed to implement
its approved pretreatment program as required by its NPDES permit. The Control Authority may be fined as
well as required to enforce against violations of pretreatment standards and requirements in a court order.
DATA MANAGEMENT AND RECORD KEEPING
Any ID subject to pretreatment program reporting requirements is required to maintain records resulting from
monitoring in a readily accessible manner for a minimum of 3 years (longer if during periods of any ongoing
litigation). While the means for maintaining files is usually at the discretion of the POTW, all pretreatment
activities should be documented and the documents maintained. Types of ID records that the Control Authority
should maintain are summarized in Figure 28.
Tracking due dates, submissions, deficiencies,
notifications, etc. and calculating effluent limitation
noncompliance may be facilitated by a computerized data
management system. Similarly, many Control Authorities
use standardized forms (e.g., inspection questionnaires,
chains-of-custody, field measurement records) and
procedures (e.g..sampling, periodic compliance report
reviews) to promote consistency and organization of
program data.
In addition to specific ID records, Control
Authorities should also maintain general program files
that document specific program development and
implementation activities that are not ID-specific (see
Figure 29). All information should be filed in an orderly
manner and be readily accessible for inspection and
copying by EPA and State representatives or the
public. The pretreatment regulations specify that all
information submitted to the Control Authority or State
must be available to the public without restriction,
except for confidential business information.
Industrial waste questionnaire
Permit applications, permits and fact sheets
Inspection reports
IU reports
Monitoring data (including laboratory
reports)
Required plans (e.g., slug control, sludge
management, pollution prevention)
.eg
Drograrttlpcwe&pSfldence to and from the IU
Sopy of POTW NPDES pormit(o)
EtgWBraae dypKUpflfeJU Records Retained
ERP
Correspondence to and from EPA/State
Annual reports to the Approval Authority
Public notices
Funding and resource changes
Applicable Federal and State regulations
IU co |