UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCV
                                WASHINGTON, D,C, 20460
                                                                     £PA
                                                                     OSWER S3SQ.3-2G
                                                                          -963243
                                   MAY  29
                                                                        OFS'tCE OF
                                                            SOLID rtfJ»STE ASJC 5MCRGENCV HtSPCfv.SC
 MEMORANPUM

 SUBJECT:   Response Actions that Apeet Residential or Commercial Structures

 FROM:      Timothy Fields, Jr.
              Acting Assistant Administrator

 TO:          Superfutid Program Managers, Regions (-X
              Office of Regional Counsels, Regions I-X

       We currently are assembling a team that will focus its attention on the development of a
 policy on how best to conduct a response action dint affects a residential or commercial structure
 (i.e., the response action may result in significant damage  or the need for complete demolition of
 the structure),  As part of this effort, we plan to solicit assistance from a}| ten Regions in follow-
up to (he information that was obtained at the June 1997 Residential Cleanup Workshop,  Our
goal is to issue the policy by September 1999.

       We recognize the need for a consistent approach in addressing these types of responses.
Therefore-, until a final policy is in place, before making any final decisions regarding this aspect
of a removal or remedial site response, Regions should contact their OERR Regional Accelerated
Response Center, who will coordinate with the Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response
for formal cotifjltation and approval. We anticipate that the consultation and approval
requirement will affect a very limited number of sites bat the questions raised by several Regions
in carrying out these types of responses coupled with recent GIG reports at the methyl parathion
sites (E1SFB7-06-0020-7400069; "Results of Assessment of Controls over Emergency Removal
Actions at Methyl Pnrathion Sites") and the Austin AYenue Site (ElSFF7-0300017-8100090;
"Replacement Housing at the Austin Avenue Radiation Site," dated March 30, 1998),
emphasized the need for EPA to put this Headquarters consultation requirement in place.  We
also are advising tiwse considering these types of responses that it is our policy no( to rebuild
residential or commercial structures, except under (be rarest of circumstances. Additional details
will be fttily expanded upon in the final policy,

       Regions should use the established consultation and approval procedures described in
OSWIR Directive 9360.0-19, dated Marcil 3, 1989, "Guidance on Non*NPL Removal Actions
Involving Nationally Significant or Precedent Setting Issues and OSWER Directive 9360.0-12,

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dated August 12, 1993, "Response Action at Sites with Contamination Inside Buildings"
(attached).

       We appreciate your assistance on this matter.  If you have any questions, please contact
Terri Johnson or Jo Ann Griffith, of the Office of Emergency and Remedial Response at
(703) 603-8718 and (703) 603-8774, respectively.
Attachment

cc;
      Ear! Sale, OGC
      Peggy Schwebke, Reg 5
      Steve Herman, OECA

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                  UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
                               WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460
                                   MAR  -3 1989
 MEMORANDUM
                                                                       OFFICE OF
                                                             SOUO WASTE AND EMERGENCY
 SUBJECT:
 FROM;
 TO:
 Guidance on Non-NPL Removal Actions  Involving Nationally Significant
 or  Precedent-Setting  Issues (OSWER D^rec^ive 9360.0-19J

 Henry L. Longest II,  Director
 Office of Emergency and Remedial

Director, Waste Management Division
    Regions I, IV, V, VII. VIII
Director, Hazardous Waste Management Division
    Regions III, VI
Director, Emergency and Remedial Response Division
    Region II
Director, Toxics and Waste Management Division
    Region IX
Director, Hazardous Waste Division, Region X
Director, Environmental Services Division
    Regions I, VI,  VII
Purpose:
    This memorandum transmits guidance  for  identifying non-NPL removal actions
that may be nationally significant or precedent-setting and establishes
procedures for requesting Headquarters  (HQ) concurrence.  The guidance also
outlines procedural requirements  for five categories of removals which are of
special interest from a national  perspective, but which are .not subject to -uie
HQ concurrence requirement  for nationally significant or precedent-setting
removals.

Background:

    Delegation 14-1-A (February 1987} and OSWER Directive 9360.0-12
(April 1987) require the concurrence of the Assistant Administrator for Solid
Waste and Emergency Response  (AA, OSWER) prior to Initiation of removal actions
taken at non-NPL sites where  the  proposed action  is of national significance
or precedent-setting.  Redelegation R-14-1-A  transfers authority to concur to
the Director of the Office  of Emergency and Remedial Response  (ODt OERR);
authority to non-concur remains with the AA,  OSWER.  The purpose of the
concurrence requirement is  to promote national consistency  in  the  implementa-
tion of the Superfund removal program.

    It is not anticipated that a  large  number of  removal actions will  pose
issues requiring HQ concurrence.  Assessment  of the  potential  long-term
implications of initiating  certain removal  actions  is  largely  interpretive,
however, and Regional personnel should  consult  this  guidance whenever
considering a removal action  at a non-NPL  site.

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                                          OSWER Directive  9360.0-19


                                      -2- .
 Objective:

     The objective of this guidance is to ensure Regional  compliance  with  HQ
 concurrence requirement for non-NPL removal  actions involving  nationally
 significant or precedent-setting issues.  This  document  identifies categories
 of potential removal situations  which have been determined  to  be  of  national
 significance or precedent-setting and specifies procedures  for requesting  HQ
 concurrence on these actions.  The guidance  also identifies  categories  of
 removals subject to special  procedural  requirements but not  to the HQ
 concurrence requirement.

     The types  of removals  subject  to  the concurrence requirement  are not
 limited to those categories  identified  in the guidance.  These categories  are
 to be used by  the Regions  as a guide  for screening  proposed  removals at" non-NPL
 sites that may require  HQ  concurrence.   Since evaluation of  these sites is
 largely interpretive, final determinations regarding removals of a nationally
 significant or precedent-setting nature  should  involve consultation with
 Emergency  Response  Division  (ERD)  Regional Coordinators.

     This  interim final  guidance  is  effective immediately.  Additional revisions
 to the  guidance  will be considered  as experience  is gained and/or further
 policies are established that may  affect the established categories and the HQ
 concurrence mechanisms.

 Implementation:

 J.  NATIONALLY SIGNIFICANT OR PRECEDENT-SETTING CATEGORIES

    Six categories  of removals have been designated as nationally significant
 or precedent-setting.  The list  is not exhaustive and early consultation with
 the Emergency  Response Di"is ion  (ERD) is recommended where there are questions.
 In making  the determination, the  key considerations are:

    (a)  whether  Fund-financed response to a particular incident will establish
        a precedent  for when or  how future response actions must be taken; or

    (b)  whether  a response will  commit EPA to a course of action that could
        have a significant impact on future resources, due to the widespread
        occurrence of a particular problem.

    The  categories  identified and  the rationale for identification are  as
follows:

1.  Removal actions  at sites within the  United  States or Its territories
    Involving contamination or response  actions that My affect other sovereign
    nations, Including  Indian tribes.

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                                          OSWER Directive  9360.0-19


                                      -3- -
     Rationale:   HQ concurrence will  facilitate the execution of proper
     diplomatic  protocol  by  the Department of State, and proper  coordination
     with Indian tribes,  the Bureau.of Indian Affairs, the Indian Health
     Service,  and other appropriate organizations, where applicable.

 2.   Removals  involving pesticide contamination arising from:

         - improper storage  of pesticide  products awaiting indemnification

         - lawful application  of pesticides,  including special local use
            pesticides

         - grain  fumigation  operations.

     Rationale:   HQ  concurrence  will ensure that  the Agency avoids commitment
     tocleanup of widespread  contamination beyond  the  intended  scope of
     CERCLA.

3.   Removal actions at sites  involving any form  of dioxin when  it is one of
     the  principal contaminants  of  concern.

     Rationale:   HQ  concurrence  will ensure national consistency  in dioxin
     cleanup.  The Dioxin Disposal  Advisory Group  (DOAG)  in HQ must review all
     dioxin removal  actions  to verify that the  proposed  action will provide an
     acceptable level of protection from dioxin exposure.

4.   Removal actions at sites  involving releases  from consumer products  in
     consumer use (e.g., lead-contaminated soil resulting from peeling  lead-
     based paint  on  houses).

     Rationale:   HQ  concurrence  will ensure that  the Agency avoids a commitment
     toThe cleanup  of widespread non-point source  contamination  that is beyond
     the  intended  scope of CERCLA.              -;>

5.  Removals involving asbestos when it is the principal contaminant of
     concern.

     Rationale:   HQ  concurrence  remains necessary because action  levels  for
     response have not yet been  set and these determinations are  being made.on
     a case-by-case  basis.

6.   Removal actions involving substances or releases which may  be subject to
     statutory exclusions or limitations  In CERCLA. These include:

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                                          OSWER Directive 9360.0-19


                                      '-4-
             substances excluded from Fund-financed response under the SARA
             section 101(14] definition of "hazardous substance" (e.g.,
             petroleum products including crude oil, and natural gas or
             synthetic gas usable for fuel);

             releases excluded from Fund-financed response under the SARA
             section 101(22) definition of "release" (e.g., emissions from the
             engine exhaust of motor vehicles; releases of radioactive material
             from a nuclear incident; and releases caused by normally applied
             fertilizer);

             releases excluded from Fund-financed response under SARA section
             104(a)(3)  including releases  of a naturally occurring  substances;
             releases from products  that are part of a  structure and  result  in
             exposures  within the structure;  and releases in public or private
             drinking water supplies due to  system deterioration from ordinary
             use.

     Specific examples  of  substances or  releases that have  raised statutory
     interpretation  or  related  policy issues  with respect to their  eligibility
     for  CERCLA  removal action  include radon  contamination  in building
     structures, pentachlorophenol  (PCP) contamination  in log cabins,  releases
     from coal gasification  facilities,  methane  gas  releases, and asbestos  in
     building materials in  homes,

     Rationale: HQ concurrence  will  ensure that  statutory exclusions  and
     limitat ions are  interpreted  in  a consistent manner.  HQ concurrence  will
     also ensure consistent  application  of EPA's  authority  under CERCLA section
     104(a)(4) to respond  to  any release or threat of release if it constitutes
     a public health  or environmental emergency  and  no  other person wl1!
     respond  in a timely manner.

Concurrence Procedures

    Early screening  for issues of a  nationally  significant or precedent-
setting  nature  is essential  to ensure timely  HQ concurrence when necessary.
OSCs should contact  the appropriate  ER0 Regional Coordinator when a  possible
nationally significant or  precedent-setting  removal action is first  identified,
to alert the Regional Coordinator that  a recjuest for HQ  concurrence  will be
forthcoming.  OSCs should  also call  the Regional Coordinator for advice  on
actions  that are not specifically listed  in  the guidance,  but *rfiich  may  be
nationally significant or  precedent-setting.  Some  nationally significant
removal  actions may  require  special  coordination and oversight  by the  National
Incident Coordination Team (NICT).   These types of  removal actions are
discussed in a November 10,  1986, memorandum from the  AA,  OSWER entitled
"Relationship between Preparedness  Staff and  Office of Emergency and Remedial

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                                          OSWER  Directive  9360.0-19


                                      -5- .
 Response during a Nationally Significant Incident,"  which states  that  OSCs
 should inform the Regional  Coordinator when  these types  of incidents occur.

     For those removal  actions  where HQ concurrence is  required, written
 concurrence must be received prior  to  the  Regional Administrator's  {RA)  formal
 approval  of the Action  Memorandum,  except  in  cases of  emergencies  (i.e.,
 situations  where a response  must  be initiated within hours  after completion  of
 a  site evaluation).  HQ concurrence procedures  for non-emergency removal
 actions at  dioxin sites have been modified to streamline  procedures.  These
 non-emergency,  emergency, and  special  dioxin  concurrence  procedures are
 discussed below.

 Non-Emergency Removal Concurrence Procedures

    All non-emergency concurrences  must  be requested through an Action
Memorandum with  a  Request for Concurrence form  attached.  The Action Memorandum
should  be in  final draft form, except  that it should not  be signed by the  RA.
The request  form must be addressed  from  the RA  to theOD, QERR and should
describe  the  nationally significant or precedent-setting  issue.  This form has
been developed  in  an effort  to minimize  the additional paperwork associated
with obtaining HQ  concurrence.  A copy of the form is  attached.

    The RA may approve  the Action Memorandum  for a nationally significant  or
precedent-setting  removal action once  the action has been concurred upon by HQ.
Additional HQ concurrence is required  only if the scope of work described
within  the Action  Memorandum changes significantly.  In this case, HQ
concurrence on the amended Action Memorandum  is required, as discussed above,
prior to  any  additional actions at  the site.   HQ concurrence is not required
on requests  for  ceiling increases or time exemptions,  unless the scope of work
changes significantly.  Most $2 million exemption requests'require approval by
the AA, OSWER, unless "the consistency  exemption authority for that site has
been delegated to  the RA.

Emergency Removal  Concurrence Procedures

    In  cases  where emergency removal actions, as defined  above, involve
nationally significant  or precedent-setting issues, Regions may initiate a
removal action without  HQ concurrence.   In these cases, however, OSCs must take
only those actions necessary to mitigate the  emergency or stabilize the site,
and then  inform  the appropriate ERD Regional  Coordinator  on the next working
day after the removal action was  initiated.

    If  the response is  determined to be  nationally significant or precedent-
setting but  no further  actions are  required beyond the emergency mitigation,
the Regions must  send to the Director, OERR a copy of  the Action Memorandum

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                                          OSWER Directive 9360.0-19


                                       '-6-
  submitted  to  the RA for that removal.  The Action Memorandum should clearly
  describe the  nationally significant or precedent-setting issues involved,  A
  request for HQ concurrence is not necessary when the incident does not require
  actions beyond the initial emergency measures.

     For those nationally significant or precedent-setting sites where further
  response is required beyond the emergency measures, HQ  concurrence must be
  obtained before taking any further action.  These concurrence requests are
  subject to the non-emergency  procedural requirements described above.   HQ will
  expedite the review of these  requests to avoid delaying on-going removal
 actions.

 Special Dioxin Concurrence Procedures

     To reduce  the  administrative  burden that  the  HQ  concurrence  procedures
 place  on Regions with  large numbers  of dioxin  sites, the non-emergency
 concurrence procedures  have been  modified.  This  modification  permits  the
 concurrence on a single dioxin  site  Action Memorandum to be  used  for multiple
 dioxin sites  in the  same Region.   To qualify  for  this special  concurrence
 procedure,  the additional  dioxin  sites  must have  identical forms  of dioxin
 present, and  identical  cleanup  measures must be employed to  achieve identical
 cleanup  goals.  Regions  with multiple dioxin sites meeting these  criteria may
 obtain  concurrence for  them all on a single Action Memorandum  if  supplementary
 information is supplied  as  described below.

    The  additional sites should be listed on the  concurrence form  if they are
 known  at the time the original Action Memorandum  is  submitted.   It should be
 specifically stated that the sites are  identical  in  nature and  that identical
 cleanup measures will be employed.   If  additional dioxin sites meeting the
 above  criteria are discovered after  receipt of the original  HQ concurrence  the
 Regions are required te  inform the appropriate ER0 Regional  Coordinator o,"  the
 location of the additional  removal actions.  The  Regions must  also note within
 the Action  Memorandum that  previous  concurrence on the  cleanup approach has
 been provided.
II. REMOVAL ACTIONS SUBJECT TO SPECIAL PROCEDURAL REQUIROCNTS

    The requirements established below apply to five removal categories that
do not present nationally significant or precedent-setting  Issues requiring HQ
concurrence, but instead involve issues that require special Regional
procedures.

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                                          OSWER Directive  9360.0-19


                                       -7- -
     The  five categories  of  removal  actions and the policy for handling each
 are as  follows:

 1.   Removals involving mining sites.

     Procedures:   OSCs  must  consult  with  their  ERO Regional  Coordinator and
     demonstrate  within the  Action Memorandum that they have  investigated other
     potential  cleanup  authorities (e.g.,  the Surface Mining  Act) but  found
     that  a  response  could not  be  initiated under  such authorities within the
     time  frame required  to  protect  human  health,  welfare, or  the environment,
     or that  these authorities  do not apply to  the particular  response
     situation.

2.   Removals  involving Federal facilities.

     Procedures:  Guidance on conducting removals  at Federal facilities  is
     under development.  Until  this  guidance  is effective, OSCs must confer
     with  the ERQ Regional Coordinators to ensure  that the roles and responsi-
     bilities of  the various agencies are  assigned appropriately.

3.  Removals involving site-specific contracts.

     Procedures:  OSCs must coordinate with  the HO Procurement and Contracts
    Management Division (PCMD) to confirm that the contract Statement  of Work
     (SOW) is consistent with the Action Memorandum and the SOW conforms with
    CERCU and the NCP.

4.  Removals involving radiation sites.

    Procedures:  OSCs must contact  the HQ  Office  of Radiation Programs  for
    guidance"on healt.', and safety in conducting radiation cleanup activities.

5,  Removals involving business relocations,

    Procedures:  Action Memoranda for removals involving business relocations
    may beapproved by the Regional  Administrators, and other response
    activities comprising the  removal may  be initiated; however, until
    specific guidance  is developed,  OSCs  must confer with ERO Regional
    Coordinators on business relocations  prior to initiating  the specific
    business relocation activities.   This  is to ensure national consistency in
     the criteria used  to determine  the need  for business  relocations,  and the
     specific expenses  incurred.

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                                         OSWER Directive 9360.0-19


                                       -8-
    Comments and questions on this guidance  should be directed  to Betty  Zeller
in the Emergency Response Division, FTS  382-7735.

Attachment


cc:  Superfund Branch Chiefs, Regions I-X
     OHM Coordinators, Regions I-X
     Betti Van Epps 4-*-
     Tim Fields
     Betty Zelle.

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 Subjecr:  Request for Concurrence on Proposed Nationally Significant or
               Precedent-Setting Removal

 From:    Regional Administrator

 To:      Director
          Office of Emergency and Remedial Response


        The purpose of this memorandum is to request your concurrence on the proposed removal
 action at  the	site in	•  Redelegation of
 Authority R-J4-1-A gives you the authority to concur on nationally significant or precedent-
 setting  removals.

        The OSC has discussed this proposed removal with staff of the HQ Emergency Response
 Division.  ERD has advised the OSC that this removal is considered  nationally significant or
 precedent-setting because		                	


 The action memorandum is attached for  your review.  My approval  awaits your concurrence,


 Concur
Director, Office of Emergency and Remedial Response                   Date
According to the redelegatioo, authority to non-concur remains with the Assistant Administrator.
If you choose not to concur on this action, please forward this memo to the Assistant
Administrator.


Non-Concun
Assistant Administrator for Solid Waste                                 Date
 and Emergency Response
Concur:
Assistant Administrator for Solid Waste                                 Date
  and Emergency Response

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.*« *'-,,
             UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
                        WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460
                            AUG  1 2 ]993
                                                          o*
                                         OSWER Directive 9360.3-12

 MEMORANDUM

 SUBJECT:   Response Actions at Sites with Corjtamjjnation Inside
           Buildings

 FROM:      Henry L.  Longest II,  Director
           Office of Emergency and Remed

 TO:        Director,  Waste Management Division
             Regions I,  IV,  V,  VII,  VIII
           Director,  Emergency and Remedial  Response  Division
             Region II
           Director,  Hazardous Waste Management Division
             Regions III,  VI,  IX
           Director,  Hazardous Waste Division
             Region X
           Director,  Environmental Services  Division
             Regions I,  VI,  VII


PURPOSE

     This  directive transmits guidance on the use  of authority
under §104 (a) of  t_ie Comprehensive Environmental Response,
Compensation, and Liability  Act (CERCLA), as amended, to conduct
response actions  to address  releases of hazardous  substances,
pollutasiiis, or  contaminants  that are found  within  buildings.  Use
of this guidance  may assist  Regional Decision Teams  (RDTs)  in
implementing early  actions under the Superfund Accelerated
Cleanup Model (SACM).

BACKGROUND

     CERCLA $104 (a)  provides EPA with the authority  to conduct
response actions  whenever there is a release or threat of release
of a hazardous  substance,  pollutant, or contaminant  into the
environment.  Section 101(22) of CERCLA defines "release" to
include "any spilling,  leaking, pumping, pouring,  emitting...or
disposing  into  the environment..."  CERCLA §101(8) defines
 "environment" to include "navigable waters,...any surface water,
ground water, drinking water supply, land surface or subsurface

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 strata, or ambient air,"  A discharge of a hazardous  substance,
 pollutant, or contaminant that remains entirely  contained within
 a building is not a "release" under CERCLA unless it  subsequently
 enters the environment.  It may be a threatened  release and,
 thus, subject to CERCLA response authority (50 FR 13462,  April 4,
 1985).

      There are currently a number of sites throughout the nation
 where buildings are contaminated with hazardous  substances,
 pollutants, or contaminants,  and where the release or threat  of
 release of these substances may pose a substantial threat to
 human health.   However,  CERCLA expressly limits,  under
 §104(a)(3), any response actions taken in response to a release
 or threat  of. release:

      •     of a naturally occurring substance in  its unaltered
           fora,  or  altered solely through naturally occurring
           processes or  phenomena,  from a location  where it is
           naturally found;

      *     from products  which are part of the structure of, and
           result in exposure  within,  residential buildings or
           business  or community  structures; or

      *     into public or private drinking water supplies  due  to
           deterioration  of  the system through ordinary use.

      CERCLA §104(a)(3) therefore limits responses  in  certain
situations, such  as  releases  of  radon or asbestos  from building
products or from  in  situ natural  sources,  but §104(a)(4),
entitled Exception to Limitations,  identifies specific circum-
stances that,  if  present, would  allow CERCLA response in  such
situations.

     Removal actions involving substances or releases that are
subject to statutory exclusions  or limitations in  CERCLA  are
explicitly listed in OSWER  Directive  9360.0-19, "Guidance on
Non-NPL Removal Actions  Involving Nationally significant  or
Precedent-Setting Issues"  (Marco 3, 1989).  A copy of the
Guidance i* attached to  this  directive.   As noted  in  the
Guidance,  written concurrence must be received from Headquarters
prj.or to formal approval of the  Action Memorandum  by  the Regional
Administrator  (RA),  except  in situations where a response oust be
initiated  within hours  (i.e.,  except  in true emergency
situations).
     Vote that the statute def inas the term "release" to mean
release of a substance "into the environment."  However,  for
purposes of clarity, this memorandum distinguishes between a
"release," which may be indoors or. into  the environment,  and a
"Release into the environment
                               "

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      Responses to indoor releases,  such as at a contaminated
 chemical processing facility,  are not expressly limited in
 CERCLA,  and response actions may be appropriate in such
 situations where .there is a release or threat of release into  the
 environment.    Such  responses, however,  have  the potential of
 being nationally significant or  precedent-setting because
 response to indoor contamination is not the primary focus of
 CERCLA,  and because it may be difficult to show that a release or
 threat of release from indoor contamination poses a threat to
 public health or welfare or the  environment.

 OBJECTIVE

      This directive  clarifies  that  CERCLA §104  authority should
 be  used  only  when there is a release or threat  of  release of a
 hazardous substance  (and,  if there  is also a  finding of imminent
 and substantial endangement,  of a  pollutant  or contaminant) into
 the environment,  and only when such a release or threat of
 release  poses a hazard to public health or welfare or the
 envirpnment„   If it  can be shown that there is  a release or
 threat of release into the environment,  a SACM  early action
 responding to indoor contamination  related to that: release or
 threat of release may be taken under certain  circumstances as
 defined  below.   Of course,  any early actions  undertaken pursuant
 to  this  directive must be conducted in accordance  with the NCP.

 IJJPLJMENTATION

      If  the indoor contamination involves one of the three
 scenarios  specified  in CERCLA  §104(a)(3),  as  identified above,  a
 response action may  be taken pursuant to the  exceptions of
 S104(a)(4) only if all of the  following three criteria are met:

      *     there must be a release or threat: of  release' of a
           hazardous  substance, pollutant,  or  contaminar*: into  the
           environment;
      It should be clarified that in CERCLA. §101(22) the phrase
"release into the environment* refers to the  location of the
release itself; the phrase does riot address the location of the
hazard that the release poses.  Thus, response  actions under the
national Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan
(NCP) to remedy, for example, radium wastes that have been
disposed of in subsoil, which may in turn  cause indoor hazards
from migration and accumulation of radon gas  in nearby homes, are
not excluded under CERCLA. S104(a)(3), whereas radium wastes
incorporated into building materials and used in a structure may
be excluded.

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      •    the release must constitute a public health or
           environmental emergency, and no other person with the
           authority and capability to respond to the emergency
           will do so in a timely manner; and

      *    Headquarters must assess the national significance and
           precedent-setting nature of the response and concur in
           the response action.

      Regardless of whether or not a potential response action
 involving indoor contamination is addressed explicitly in CERCLA
 §104(a)(3),  several steps should be followed by Regional response
 personnel prior to initiating a response action.   These steps are
 summarized below and illustrated in Figure 1.

 £>e termination of a Release or Threat of Release into the
 -SnyjLmnennt

     To appropriately use CERCLA authority,  there  must be
 adequate documentation to show that the indoor contamination
 results in a  release,  or  a threat of release,  of a hazardous
 substance, pollutant,  or  contaminant into the  environment.   (In
 addition,  for releases involving pollutants  or contaminants,
 there Bust also  be a determination of an Imminent  and substantial
 endangement.}   The issue of  whether a release or  threat of
 release into  the environment  exists,  however,  can  be ambiguous
 when addressing  sites with indoor contamination or where
 contamination stems  from  the  structure itself.   Regardless  of the
 nature  of  the indoor contamination,  however, a release or threat
 of release must  be substantiated prior to taking response action.

     In general,  authority to respond to a release or threat of
 release from  a building exists if at least one person or the
 environment outside  of the building may be exposed to the
 release.   For example, if the hazardous substance,  pollutant,  or
 contaminant can migrate through a window or  through the
 foundation or building structure into the soil, creating
 exposures to  persons or hazards to the environment,  a sufficient
basis may exist to show that  there is a threat of  release into
 the environment requiring the cleanup of the interior of the
building.  It also may be possible to show that there is a  threat
that contaminated articles, clothing,  or even  part* of the
 structure  itself  may be inadvertently removed  from the building
and, thus, a  release or threat of release of a hazardous
 subetance, pollutant,  or  contaminant may exist.

     Another  situation involving Indoor contamination may be
 contamination that is the direct result of a release into the
environment from a non-natural source that migrates into a
 building or structure.  For example,  contamination in a yard may

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                               - 5 -

  be  tracked into a building on the feet of the residents or
  workers, or may migrate into the building through an open window
  or  basement walls.  In this situation, a release into the
  environment is occurring and has caused a building to become
  contaminated with the hazardous substance,  pollutant, or contami-
  nant.

  Determination of Need to Respond

      Once it has been determined that there is a release or
  threat of release into the environment,  the nature of the'public
  health or environmental threat resulting from the release should
 be established.   Depending upon whether  the release situation is
 expressly limited in CERCLA §104(a)(3),  the standard is slightly
 different.

      »     For  responses to releases  expressly limited in CERCLA
           §104(a)(3)  (e.g.,  indoor releases of radon,  asbestos,
           or a deteriorating drinking water system),  there  must
          be a finding that the release  is  causing a public
          health  or  environmental emergency and no other person
          with the authority and capability to respond to the
          emergency  will do so in a  timely  manner.

      *    For  response actions that:  are  not specifically limited
          in CERCLA  §104(a)(3),  the  release should pose a threat
          to public health  or  welfare or the environment; an
          emergency situation  does not need to exist.

Consultatloa

      Once it has been  determined that a  CERCLA response action
•ay  be necessary, in most cases, Regional offices  should consult
with Regional Coordinators  at  Headquarters  (pursuant to OSWER
Directive 9360.0-19, March  3,  1989)  to determine whether CERCLA
authority can and should be used to  respond to the problem.
Headquarters will assist the ROT in  considering the national
significance and precedent-setting nature of the problem.
Generally, written concurrence from  the  Office Director,  OERR,
must be received prior to formal approval of the Action
Memorandum by til* RA.

     The one exception to this rule  is a situation where response
action must be initiated immediately,  and there Is no time  to
discuss the situation  with  Headquarters.  In such compelling
cases. Regions may Initiate a  response action without Head-
quarters concurrence;  however,  only  those actions that are
necessary to mitigate  the emergency  or stabilise the site should
be taken.  The appropriate  Regional  Coordinator should then be
informed of the response on the next working day following
initiation of the emergency action.

Attachment

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                                                  Figure 1
                             INDOOR CONTAMINATION:  STEPS FOR ACTION
                             YES
NO
* Ii there a public health or
  envnonmeiilal emergency

AND

* CTpi no other person
  respond in a timely way?
                YES
                         Initiate
                                    Is there a release or threatened release
                                     into the environment of a hazardous
                                    substance, pollutant, or contaminant*?
                                                                 NO
                                              YES
 Is the response expressly limited In
      CERCLA§104(a)(3)?

 (A) Naturally occurring substances in
    their unaltered form;

 (B) Products that ire part of the
    smicrje of a building; or


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