EPA STREAMS 61/ETV WATER QUALITY PROTECTION CENTER VERIFICATION
STREAMS TO 61/ETV Program Water Quality Protection Center
TEST PLAN FOR VERIFICATION OF WARREN ENVIRONMENTAL INC.
MASTIC 301-04 FOR INFRASTRUCTURE REHABILITATION
Original signed by Jane Warren Original signed by C. Vipulanandan
MTJafie Warren Dr. C. VijMananctan//
Warren Environmental Inc. University of Houston - CIGMAT
Primary Contact Project Manager
Phone: 508-947-8539 Phone: 713-743-4278
Fax; 508-947-3220 Fax: 713-743-4260
Original signed by Thomas Stevens Original signed by Raymond Frederick
Thomas Stevens Raymond Frederick
NSF International U.S, EPA
Project Manager, WQPC Center Project Officer, WQPC Center
Phone: 734-769-5347 Phone: 732-321-6627
Fax: 734-769-5195 Fax: 732-321-6640
Original signed by Richard Marinshaw
fclchafa M&tinshaw
RTI Internationa]
Project Manager,
Phone: 919-316-3735
Fax: 919-316-3420
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TEST PLAN FOR VERIFICATION OF WARREN ENVIRONMENTAL INC.
MASTIC 301-04 FOR INFRASTRUCTURE REHABILITATION
Prepared for:
RTI International
P.O. Box 12194
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194
and
NSF International
P.O. box 130140
Ann Arbor, MI 48113-0140
With support from the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Prepared by:
C. Vipulanandan, Ph.D., P.E.
Center for Innovative Grouting Materials and Technology (CIGMAT)
University of Houston
Houston, TX 77204-4003
713-743-4278
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Foreword
Starting in Fiscal Year 2007, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Office of
Research and Development (ORD) has been supporting a new research program to generate the
science and engineering to improve and evaluate promising innovative technologies and
techniques to reduce the cost and improve the effectiveness of operation, maintenance, and
replacement of aging and failing drinking water and wastewater treatment and conveyance
systems. This research program directly supports the Agency's Sustainable Water Infrastructure
Initiative (www.epa.gov/waterinfrastructure).
The outputs from this program will assist EPA's program and regional offices, states and tribes
to meet their programmatic requirements and utilities to more effectively implement
comprehensive asset management, provide reliable service to their customers, and meet their
Clean Water Act and Safe Drinking Water Act requirements.
The plan proposes, in part, work relating to demonstration and verification of condition
assessment, system rehabilitation, advanced concepts and innovative treatment technologies.
Proposed activities to be conducted as part of this task order address the field verification of
condition assessment and rehabilitation technologies for drinking water distribution systems and
wastewater collection systems.
Condition assessment encompasses the collection of data and information through direct
inspection, observation and investigation and in-direct monitoring and reporting (soil conditions
and historical data), and the analysis of the data and information to make a determination of the
structural, operational and performance status of capital infrastructure assets. Research issues in
this area relate to the collection of reliable data and information and the ability of utilities to
make technically sound judgments as to the condition of their assets. Condition assessment also
includes the practice of failure analysis which seeks to determine the causes of infrastructure
failures in order to prevent future failures.
System rehabilitation is the application of infrastructure repair, renewal and replacement
technologies in an effort to return functionality to a drinking water or wastewater system or sub-
system. The decision-making process for determining the proper balance of repair, renewal and
replacement is a function of the condition assessment, the life-cycle cost of the various
rehabilitation options, and the related risk reductions.
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Acknowledgements
EPA and NSF International acknowledge those persons who participated in the preparation,
review and approval of the protocol that provided the basis for this Test Plan. Without their hard
work and dedication to the project, this document would not have been approved through the
process that has been set forth for this ETV project.
Author:
Dr. C. Vipulanandan, Director of CIGMAT - Center for I nnovative Grouting Materials and
Technology, University of Houston
Technical Panel Reviewers:
J. Jeffery Fordice, P.E.
Assistant City Engineer
City of Saline, Michigan
Ahmad Habibian, Ph.D., P.E.
Black & Veatch
Phil Hannan, P.E.
Black & Veatch
Steve Henning
Avanti International
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Table of Contents
Foreword 3
Table of Contents 5
Acronyms 8
Glossary of Terms 9
1.1 Background (University of Houston Study) 11
1.2 Technical Approach 11
1.3 Test Plan Schedule and Milestones 11
1.4 Roles and Responsibilities 12
1.4.1 Verification Organization (RTI International and NSF International) 12
1.4.2 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 12
1.4.3 Technology Panel 13
1.4.4 Testing Organization (CIGMAT Laboratories at UH) 13
1.4.5 Vendor (Warren Environmental Inc.) 14
2 Test Facility 15
3 Experimental Design 16
3.1 Grout Evaluation 16
3.1.1 Grout Specimen Preparation 19
3.1.1.1 Grout Specimens 19
3.1.2 Grout Curing Properties 20
3.1.2.1 Viscosity 20
3.1.2.2 Setting (Gel) Time 20
3.1.3 Physical and Mechanical Properties 20
3.1.3.1 Unit Weight (Density) 20
3.1.3.2 Water Absorption 20
3.1.3.3 Shrinkage 21
3.1.3.4 Perm eability 21
3.1.3.5 Unconfmed Compressive Strength and Stress/Strain Relationship 21
3.1.3.6 Tension Tests 22
3.1.4 Durability Properties 22
3.1.4.1 Wet/Dry Cycle 22
3.1.4.2 Che mical Resistance 22
3.1.5 Environmental Properties—Leaching Test 23
3.2 Grout-Substrate Bonding Strength 23
3.2.1 Cylinder Bonding (CIGMAT GR 5-00) 24
3.2.2 Concrete Prism Bonding (CIGMAT CT 3-00) 24
3.2.3 Wet/Dry Cycle 24
3.3 Model Tests 24
3.3.1 Model Test 4: Concrete Leak Repair 24
3.3.2 Model Test Procedures 26
4 Sampling and Analytical Procedures 27
5 Quality Assurance Plan 28
5.1 Quality Assurance Responsibilities 28
5.2 Data Quality Indicators 28
5.2.1 Representativeness 28
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5.2.2 Com pleteness 29
5.2.3 Precision 29
5.2.4 Accuracy 30
5.2.5 Measurem ents 31
5.2.6 Analytical Quality Control 31
6 Data Reporting, Data Reduction, and Data Validation 32
6.1 Data Documentation 32
6.2 Data Reduction 32
6.3 Data Validation 32
6.4 Verification Report 33
7 Assessments 34
7.1 Audit Reports 34
7.2 Corrective Action Plan 34
8 Safety Considerations 35
9 References 36
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Figures
Figure 3-1. Typical molds used for preparing grout specimens 19
Figure 3-2. Model configuration for testing concrete leak repair (Model Test 4) 25
Tables
Table 3-1. Grout Tests for Concrete Repair for Leak Control 17
Table 3-2. Grout-Substrate Interaction Tests 18
Table 3-3. Shrinkage Test Conditions 21
Table 4-1. Handling Methods and Analyses for Collected Samples 27
Table 4-2. Scheduled Instrument QC Checks and Corrective Actions for Analytical Methods .. 27
Table 5-1. Summary of Analytical Accuracy and Precision Limits 31
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Acronyms
ASTM ASTM International
CIGMAT Center for Innovative Grouting Materials and Technology
EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency
ETV Environmental Technology Verification
NSF NSF International
ORD Office of Research and Development
QA quality assurance
T/QAP Test/quality assurance plan
QC quality control
RTI RTI International
TO Testing organization
UH University of Houston
VO Verification organization
WQPC Water Quality Protection Center
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Glossary of Terms
Accuracy—A m easure of the closeness of an indi vidual m easurement or the av erage of a
number of measurements to the true value and includes random error and systematic error.
Batch—The number of sam pies analyzed during a period in which an instrum ent was operated
continuously.
Bias—The systematic or persistent distortion of a measurement process that causes errors in one
direction.
Comparability—A qualitative term that expres ses confidence that two data sets can contribute
to a common analysis and interpolation.
Completeness—A qualitative term that expresses confid ence that all necessa ry data have been
included.
Precision—A measure of the agreem ent between repl icate measurements of the sam e property
made under similar conditions.
Representativeness—A measure of the degree to which da ta accurately and precisely reflect a
characteristic of a popul ation parameter at a sa mpling point, or for a process or environm ental
condition.
Room Temperature—23°C ±2°C and relative hum idity of 50% ±5%. This definition of room
temperature shall be us ed for all testing even if a referen ced SOP or standard defines the term
differently.
Standard Operating Procedure —A writte n docum ent conta ining specif ic pr ocedures an d
protocols to ensure that quality assurance requirements are maintained.
STREAMS - The Scientific, Technical, Resear ch, Engineering and Modeling Support
(STREAMS) contract by the U.S. Environm ental Protection Agency's Office of Research and
Development (ORD).
Technology Panel—A group of individuals with expertise and knowledge in grouts.
Test Plan—A written d ocument that describes the procedu res for condu cting an evaluation for
the application of a grout m aterial; the quality assurance p reject plan is an important part of the
test plan.
Test/Quality Assurance Plan —A written d ocument that de scribes the im plementation o f
quality assurance and quality control activities during the life cycle of the project.
Verification—To establish the evidence on the perform ance of grouts under specific conditions,
following a predetermined test plan.
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Verification Report —A written d ocument contain ing all raw and analyzed data, all QA/QC
data sh eets, description s of all collected data , a detailed description of all procedures and
methods used in the verification testing, and all QA/QC results. The test plan shall be included as
part of this document.
Verification Statement —A document that su mmarizes the ve rification report reviewed and
approve by the Verification Organization and EPA.
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1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background (University of Houston Study)
University of Houston ( UH)/CIGMAT researchers have been investiga ting the p erformance of
various grouts for use in wastewater facilities for over two decades. Grouts can be used for
controlling leaks in th e wastewater facilities and repairing the cracked concrete. T he CIGMAT
studies have been focused on (1) testing and ch aracterizing the fl ow properties and setting tim e
of cement and polymer grouts, (2) behavior under various chem ical exposure, and (3) bonding
strength of concrete repairing grout materials.
1.2 Technical Approach
The overall objective of this test plan is to develop a testing program to systematically evaluate
grouts for controlling infiltration to wastewater systems and leaks in concrete structures. Specific
test plan objectives are to:
• Evaluate properties (working, physical, mechanical, durability, and leaching) of grouts;
• Characterize the bonding properties of the grout-substrate interaction; and
• Verify the perform ance of grouted joints a nd repaired concrete cracks under hydrostatic
pressure up to 5 psi (about 10 feet of wate r) and wet/dry cycles over a period of one
month.
Testing will use relevant ASTM and CIGMAT st andards. A total of 10 different tests will
characterize the g routs (Table 3 -1), and sev eral addition al tes ts will evalua te g rout-substrate
interaction (Table 3-2). Model test will be used to evaluate grout effectiveness for concrete repair
for leak control. All CIGMAT standard methods referenced herein are included in Appendix A.
1.3 Test Plan Schedule and Milestones
The tests described herein will be completed within six months from the start date. The data will
be com piled and summ arized in a report to RT I Inte rnational within two months of the
conclusion of testing.
CIGMAT will meet the following approximate schedule:
Activity
Months after Project Initiation
Submit draft test plans to RTI and NSF
Approve test plans
Initiate testing
Complete testing
Submit draft report, with data to RTI and
NSF
Address comments, complete final report
1
2
3
9
11
13
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1.4 Roles and Responsibilities
This section defines the partic ipants in this technology ve rification and their roles and
responsibilities.
1.4.1 Verification Organization (RTI International and NSF International)
• Coordinate with CIGMAT, the Testing Or ganization, and the Vendor to prepare and
approve a product-specific test plan using this generic test plan as a template and meeting
all testing requirements included herein;
• Coordinate with the ET V Grouting Technical Panel, as needed, to review the product-
specific test plan prior to the initiation of verification testing;
• Coordinate with the EPA Water Quality Protection Center Project Officer to app rove the
product-specific test plan prior to the initiation of verification testing;
• Review the quality sys terns of the tes ting organization and subs equently, qualify the
testing organization;
• Oversee the grouts evaluations and associated laboratory testing;
• Review data generated during verification testing;
• Oversee the development of a verification report and verification statement;
• Print and distribute the verification report and verification statement; and
• Provide quality assurance oversight at all stages of the verification process.
Primary contacts: Mr. Richard Marinshaw
RTI International
3040 Cornwallis Road
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
Phone: 919-316-3735
Email: rjmarinshaw@rti.org
Mr. Thomas Stevens
NSF International
789 North Dixboro Road
Ann Arbor, MI 48105
Phone: 734-769-5347
Email: stevenst@nsforg
1.4.2 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
This test plan has been devel oped with financial and quality a ssurance assistance from the US
EPA through a STREAMS contract, and through the ETV and WQPC Programs, all of which are
overseen by the EPA's Office of Research and Development (ORD), National Risk Management
Research Laboratory - Urban Watershed Management Branch (NRMRL-UWMB) in Edison, NJ.
The NRMRL-UW MB Quality Ass urance Man ager and th e EPASTREAMS/W QPC Project
Officer will provide adm inistrative, technical, and qua lity assurance guidance and oversight on
all STREAMS and ETV W QPC activ ities, an d w ill revie w and approve each p hase of th e
verification project. The primary responsibilities of EPA personnel are to:
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• Review and approve test plans, including the test/quality assurance plans (T/QAPs);
• Sign the test plan signoff sheet;
• Review and approve the verification report and verification statement; and
• Post the verification report and verification statement on the EPA ETV website.
Primary contact: Mr. Ray Frederick
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, NRMRL
Project Officer, Water Quality Protection Center
2890 Woodbridge Ave. (MS-104)
Edison, New Jersey 08837
Phone: 732-321-6627
Email: frederick.ray@epamail.epa.gov
1.4.3 Technology Panel
A Technology Panel was form ed to assist with the review of the grouting te st plan. Input from
the panel ensures that data generated during verifi cation testing are relevant and that the m ethod
of evaluating different technologies is fair and consistent. All product-specific grout test plans
are subject to review by represen tatives of the Technology Panel and will be approv ed by the
WQPC Program Manager, the WQPC Project Officer, and the vendor.
1.4.4 Testing Organization (CIGMAT Laboratories at TJH)
The Testing Organization for verifications conducted under th is test plan is CIGMAT
Laboratories at the University of Houston. The prim ary re sponsibilities of the Testing
Organization are:
• Coordinate with the Verification Organiza tion and Vendor relative to preparing and
finalizing the product-specific Test Plan;
• Sign the test plan signoff sheet;
• Conduct the technology verificatio n in accordance with the Te st Plan, with oversight by
the Verification Organization;
• Analyze all sam pies collected during the tec hnology verification process, in accordance
with the procedures outlined in the Test Plan and referenced SOPs;
• Coordinate with and report to the Veri fication Organization during the technology
verification process;
• Provide analytical results of the technology ve rification to the Veri fication Organization;
and
• If necessary, docum ent changes in plans for testing and analysis, and notify the
Verification Organization of any and all such changes before changes are executed.
CIGMAT supports faculty, research fellows, research assistants and technicians. The CIGMAT
personnel will work in groups to complete the tests described in this test plan. All the personnel
report to the Group Leader and the CIGMAT Director. The CIGMAT Director is responsible for
appointing Group Leaders, who, with his approval, are responsible for drawing up the schedule
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for testing. Additionally, a Quality Assurance (QA) Engineer, who is independent of the testing
program, will be responsible for internal audits.
Primary contact: Dr. C. Vipulanandan
University of Houston, CIGMAT
4800 Calhoun
Houston, Texas 77204-4003
Phone: 713-743-4278
Email: cvipulanandan@uh.edu
1.4.5 Vendor (Warren Environmental Inc.)
• Provide the Testing Organization (TO) with pre-grout samples for verification;
• Complete a product data sheet prior to testing. (Refer to Appendix B);
• Provide start-up services and technical support as required dur ing the period prior to the
evaluation; and
• Provide technical assistance to the TO during verification testing period as requested.
Primary contact: Ms. Jane Warren
Warren Environmental Inc.
P.O. Box 1206
Carver, MA 02330
Phone: 508-947-8539
Email: iane@warrenenviro.com
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2 TEST FACILITY
The tes ting will b e perform ed in the CIGMAT Laboratories at the University of Houston,
Houston, Texas. The CIGMAT Laboratories are located in the Central Campus of UH at 4800
Calhoun Road (off interstate highway 1-45 South toward Galveston).
The CIGMAT laboratories and affiliated facilities are equipped with devices that can perform all
of the grouting tests in this test plan . Molds are availab le to prepare the specimens for testing,
and all the grout and grout-substra te inte raction test p rocedures a re d ocumented in stand ard
operating procedures.
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3 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
The ETV testing program for grouting mated als will evaluate the perform ance and
characteristics of grouts in three different testing phases:
• The physical properties of the gr out will be tested by utilizin g test sp ecimens created by
the TO;
• The intera ction of the grout and su bstrate will be tested by applying th e grout to test
substrate material (such as concrete) and completing a series of performance tests; and
• Model tests, where grout is applied to la boratory-simulated concrete crack will be
conducted to test for leak control.
Testing details are provided in the following sections.
3.1 Grout Evaluation
Properties of the neat resin (uns olidified grout) and grout specimen samples to be tested can b e
grouped as:
• Working properties (resin/grout mix);
• Physical and mechanical properties (grout specimens);
• Durability properties (grout specimens); and,
• Leachability (grout specimens).
The properties to be tested are summarized in Tables 3-1 and 3-2. The physical property
evaluation tests consist of m aking grout specimens, subjecting the sp ecimens to a particular test,
and m easuring the results. For tests where tes ting procedures have been developed by the
American Society of Testing and Mater ials (ASTM), the ASTM test procedure will be use d.
Where no ASTM test procedures exist, CIGMAT has developed their own testing protocols, and
these protocols will be used. W here applicable, the ASTM and CIGMAT testing procedures are
referenced in the following sections and the CIGMAT procedures are included in Appendix A of
this protocol.
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Table 3-1. Grout Tests for Concrete Repair for Leak Control
Properties Tests
Working
Properties
Physical and
Mechanical
Properties
Durability
Properties
Environmental
Properties
Viscosity
Setting (Gel) Time
Unit Weight
Water Absorption
Shrinkage
Permeability
Compressive Strength
Wet-Dry Cycle
Chemical
Resistance
Leaching
Conditions
Room temperature
Room temperature
Room temperature
Room temperature
23°C±2°C, 90%t5% RH
Water
3, 7, 28 days
Number of cycles
pH = 2, 7, 10
Water
Leak Control
Test Method to be Application
Used _ . _ .
Concrete Repair
CIGMAT GR 6-02 X
ASTM C 191-04 (cement-
based) or method defined X 6
in 3. 1.2.1.2 (chem.)
CIGMAT GR 1-00 X
CIGMAT GR 3-00 X
Method defined in 3 . 1 . 3 . 3 X
CIGMAT GR 7-02 X
CIGMAT GR 2-02 X
CIGMAT GR 3-00 X
CIGMAT CH 2-01 X
Method defined in 3 . 1 .5^ X
Number of
Specimens or Tests
o
J
o
J
o
J
o
J
o
J
9
3
9
o
3
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Table 3-2. Grout-Substrate Interaction Tests
Materials
Tests
Conditions
Test Method to be Used
Leak Control Applications
Concrete Repair
Number of
Tests
GROUT-SUBSTRATE INTERACTION
Bonding
Strength
Wet condition
Wet-dry cycle
Concrete clay bnck, CIGMAT GR 5_00 Qr CIGMAT CT 3.99
cured under water
Number of cycles CIGMAT GR 3 -00
X
X
12
3
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3.1.1 Grout Specimen Preparation
3.1.1.1 Grout Specimens
Figure 3-1 shows the molds that will be utilized to m ake the grout test specim ens based on the
type of gro ut. After so lidification, specim ens shall be removed from the m old and stored in
labeled, sealed plastic bags for identification, protection, and to prevent moisture loss. Specimens
to be cured under water shall be completely subm erged in a wate r bath of tap water at room
temperature. If the specimen floats, a small amount offeree will be applied to keep it submerged.
The specimens shall be stored in a temperature- and humidity-controlled room at 23 ± 2°C (room
temperature) and 50% ± 5% humidity.
PVC
Model
Rubber
Stopper
Grout
1.5 in.
4.5 in.
(a) Chemical/Cement Grouts
•Upper Plate
Load Cell
Upper Cap
Teflon Mold
Steel Sleeve
Cylinder
Thermocouple
Lower Cap
Lower Plate
(b) Polyurethane Grouts
Figure 3-1. Typical molds used for preparing grout specimens.
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3.1.2 Grout Curing Properties
3.1.2.1 Viscosity
Grout viscosity will be evaluated using the proce dures described in this section. Grout viscosity
will be evaluated using a procedure outlined in CIGMAT GR 6-02. Using a cylindrical spind le-
type viscom eter (Brookfield Viscom eter with 8 speeds, LVT m odel with four spindles or
equivalent), the initial viscosit y and changes in viscosity duri ng the gelling pr ocess shall b e
measured at room temperature at selected strain rates (up to 180 sec "1). The specific strain rates
at which viscosity will be measured shall be determined in advance of testing by the TO, with the
consent of the vendor. Once the material perform s consistently at differe nt viscometer speeds,
the test shall be complete. A minimum of three replicate tests shall be conducted.
3.1.2.2 Setting (Gel) Time
Grout setting or gel time will be ev aluated using the procedures described in this s ection. The
gel time for the grouts s hall be determined by the elapsed time from grout preparation until the
grout no longer flows from a plastic cup or beaker inclined slowly (so that if the cup/beaker were
filled with liquid, the surface of the liquid would remain level) to 45 degrees. Approximately 50
mL of freshly prepared grout shall be poured into a container. The analyst shall tilt the cup to 45°
to horizontal and record the tim e for the grout to gel, as indicated by it no longer exhibiting
liquid flow properties and no longer flows from the container. A total of six replicates of each
grout shall be analyzed.
3.1.3 Physical and Mechanical Properties
To obtain initial ch aracterization infor mation on the grout speci mens, all specimens shall be
weighed to 0.1 g using a calibrate d digital balance and m easured (diameter and height) using a
vernier caliper with a least count of 0.1 mm. Measurements shall be taken at the top, middle, and
bottom oft he specimen, with two m easurements taken at 90 degrees from each other at each
location to obtain consistent data.
3.1.3.1 Unit Weight (Density)
Solidified grout specimens shall be used to determine the unit weight (density) of the grout. The
determination shall be com pleted per CIGM AT GR 1-00 for both grout and grouted sand
specimens. Unit weight shall be calculated us ing the weight and volum e of the specim ens. A
minimum of three rep licates will b e evaluate d for unit weight. Based on the unit weight, the
grout shall be reported as lighter or heavier than water.
3.1.3.2 Water Absorption
Water absorption characteristics shall be evalua ted on grout specim ens as outlin ed in standa rd
procedure CIGMAT 3-00. A m inimum of three solidified grout specimens shall be immersed i n
tap water (initial pH in the range of 7 to 8) and changes in weight and volum e (determined by
measuring specimen diameter and height) of the specimens shall be recorded a minimum of once
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every working day (Monday through Friday, excluding holidays) until the changes in weight and
volume become negligible (less than 0.5 percent of the previous weight and volum e), or for one
week, whichever occurs first. The report for this testing shall include the tim e of immersion, the
initial cha racteristics of the spec imens, the weight and volum e change with tim e, water
absorption as a percentage of the initial weight, and volume of grout.
3.1.3.3 Shrinkage
The Vendor selected 23°C for this test to be com pleted, representing a clim ate between the
extremes indicated in the Protocol (10°C and 27°C) . At the onset of the test, specimens shall b e
prepared in a mold with inner dimensions of 1.5 in. (38 mm) in diameter and 3.5 in. (90 mm ) in
length. Three specimens shall be tested under the selected test conditions. The specimens shall be
placed in zip lock bags and kept at conditions indicated in Table 3-3. Humidity will be measured
using a dig ital humidity meter. The weight and dimensions of the specim ens shall be reported
before and after 28 days of conditioning.
Table 3-3. Shrinkage Test Conditions
Parts Temperature, Duration, and storage condition
PartC 23°C ± 2°C for 28 days in zip lock bags (RH = 90%+ 5%)
3.1.3.4 Permeability
Solidified g rout spe cimens shall be used to determine their perm eability. Specim ens shall b e
prepared in 1.5-in. diam eter Plexiglas/gla ss cylinders and perm eated with water under a
hydraulic gradient of 100, per C IGMAT GR 7- 02. Testing shall be com pleted at room
temperature and hum idity. A m inimum of three replicate tests shall be run on the grout
specimens. The report for this testing shall include the temperature and humidity at which testing
was completed, any changes in the specim ens during the testing, and th e permeability obtained
during the testing.
3.1.3.5 Unconfined Compressive Strength and Stress/Strain Relationship
CIGMAT GR 2-02 has been developed for test ing grouts in com pression under m onotonically
increasing load (load increasing linearly). Compression tests shall be performed using screw-type
machines with capacities up to 5,000 Ibs. Specim ens shall be loaded at sp ecified rates based on
the type of grout and the loading rate may be determined based on trial tests conducted outside of
this tes ting. Specim ens shall be te sted in dup licates at intervals of 3 and 28 days following
specimen preparation, as described in CIGMAT GR 2-02. The reported data shall include
compressive strength, modulus and failure strain, where the m odulus is determ ined from the
initial slope of the stress/strain relationship and the failure strain is the m aximum loading point
before the specimen fails.
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3.1.3.6 Tension Tests
The tension test indicated in the Protocol will not be completed during this verification, as the
bonding test (described in Section 3.2) will prov ide the information regarding the grout's ability
to withstand tensile loading. The key perfor mance indicator for the grout m aterial under tension
is to show it does not fail before the bond with the substrate, which will be determined during the
bonding test.
Since this test can be done on som e grouts and no t the others, we should delete it from the test
protocol to be fair to all the materials being tested.
3.1.4 Durability Properties
3.1.4.1 Wet/Dry Cycle
During its service life, the grout could be subjecte d to a nu mber of wet/dry eye les. This tes t is
designed to determine the impact of repeated wetting and drying on the performance of grouts. A
minimum of three replicate specim ens shall be used for this tes t. The specim ens shall b e
subjected to 10 wet/dry cycles for a total test ti me of 140 days, or until failure (uncon solidation).
One wet/dry cycle shall be 14 days in duration, consisting of 7 days of water exposure followed
by 7 days of dry conditions at ro om temperature and humidity (23 + 2°C and 50% + 5% RH).
The water exposures shall be com pleted as described in Section 11 of CIGMAT GR 3-00, using
tap water having a pH between 7 and 8. Change s in length, diameter, weight, and volume of the
specimens shall be measured daily per Sections 9 and 11 of CIGMAT GR 3-00. At the end of the
10-wet/dry cycles, specimens shall be tested to determine the compressive strengths of the grout,
as described in sections 3.1.3.5. T he reported data sh all include weight and dim ension data
collected for the specimens, as well as the data to be reported described in sections 3.1.3.5.
3.1.4.2 Chemical Resistance
This test will evaluate the resistance of grouts when exposed to chemical conditions representing
various sand and groundwater environm ents. The te st results will help when selecting suitab le
grouts for use in various chem ical environments. Cylindrical grout specimens shall be prep ared
as described in Section 3.1.1.1, and the initial wei ght, dimensions, color, and surface appearance
of the specim ens shall be recorded . Three specim ens at each pH shall be fully immersed in
solutions with pH 2, 7, and 10 maintained at room temperature (23 + 2°C) for the entire exposure
period. The solutions shall consist of tap wate r with hydrochlo ric acid or sodium hydroxide
added to achieve the pH required for the test s. The weight, volum e, color, and surface
appearance of the specim ens shall be determ ined and reco rded for three specim ens at each p H
after 30, 90, and 180 days, as described in Se ction 7.3 in CIGMAT CH 2-01. The pH, clarity,
and color of the exposure solution shall also b e recorded at each evaluation tim e. During the
evaluation, if the pH ch anges by more than ± 2 units, addition al hydrochloric acid or sodium
hydroxide shall be added to the solution to return it to its original pH. Th e analyst shall note in
the project logbook the quantity of chem ical and revised pH during each adjustm ent. After each
evaluation, compression testing shall be completed for the specimens in accordance with Section
7.4 of CIGMAT CH 2-01. All data and observa tions shall be reported, along with the
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calculations described in sec tions 8.1, 8.3, and 8.4 of CIGMAT CH 2-01. The appearance of
specimens and immersion solutions shall be re ported as described in sections 9.2 and 9.3 of
CIGMAT CH 2-01.
3.1.5 Environmental Properties—Leaching Test
Potential co ntaminant leaching fro m solidified grout shall be determ ined by analyzing water
exposed to the grout. T he protocol calls for an alysis of the exposure water for total organic
carbon (TOC) and lead. Lead is an issue only with inorganic materials, which is not the case with
the epoxy grout in this test. Subsequently, the exposure water will be evaluated only for TOC. A
minimum of three test replicates, using cylindrical grout spec imens, will b e prepar ed a s
described in Section 3.1.1.1. The specimens will be immersed in three individual exposure jars,
each containing tap water (pH = 8 ± 0.5; TOC < 1 mg/L). One blank container con taining only
the exposure water shall be prepared and he Id under the sam e condi tions as the specim en
exposure jars. The exposure jars and blank jar will be held at room temperature for seven days.
The test shall be conducted with grout specim ens and water volume so that there is an adequate
volume of e xposure water to conduct the required analyses. A liquid-to-s olid ratio of 1:1 (by
volume) will be usedj. If a d ifferent liquid -to-solid ratio is used, it shall be reported in th e
verification report.
At the beginning and end of the exposure period, samples of the exposure water will be analyzed
to determine the presence of organic com pounds that have leached from the grout. The samples
will be analyzed for TOC.
The water in the blank container shall be sa mpled at the beginning a nd end of the exposure
period, and analyzed for the sam e constituents as the grout specimen exposure water. This will
provide a baseline concentration of constituents in the tap water.
Details of the analytical m ethods, required sample volumes, and sample holding are provided in
Section 4.
3.2 Grout-Substrate Bonding Strength
Interaction between the grout and a concrete su bstrate shall be evaluated by testing the bonding
strength and type of failure (bond ing failure, substrate failure, or a combination) under different
service conditions, as specified in sections 3.2.1 through 3.2.3. Testing of wet grout/concrete
substrate specimens shall be conducted over a period of six months in accordance with CIGMAT
GR 5-00 (where two cylinders are bonded with grout) or CIGMAT CT 3-00 (where the area
between concrete prisms is grouted), as select ed by the vendor prior to the ETV verification. In
addition, bonded configurations prepared according to either CIGMAT GR 5-00 or CIGMAT CT
3-00 shall be subjected to wet/dry cycle testing, as described in Section 3.1.4.1.
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3.2.1 Cylinder Bonding (CIGMAT GR 5-00)
This test configuration may be used to determine the bonding strength of various grout materials
(15,23). The test consists of sandwiching a layer of grout between flat surfaces of concrete (the
ends of concrete cylinders) a nd then loading the test specim en in tension. Details of specim en
preparation are in CIGMAT GR 5-00. The Grout-Rock Test outlined in Section 7.2 of CIGMAT
GR 5-00 will not be conducted as part of this testing. The reported data shall include all collected
data, the bonding strength, and the type of bonding failure.
3.2.2 Concrete Prism Bonding (CIGMAT CT 3-00)
Although CIGMAT CT 3-00 was developed for coatin g materials, it may be adopted for grouts.
As described in CIGMAT CT 3-00 , the grout shall be sandwiched between a pair of rectangular
concrete prism specimens and then tested for bo nding strength and type of failure. Even though
CIGMAT CT 3-00 specifies the use of dry prism s, for the purposes of ETV t esting, wet
specimens shall be used to sim ulate extr erne grouting conditions. The bonded wet specim ens
shall be imm ersed in water until testing begins. The reported da ta shall include the num ber of
specimens tested, age of specim en at time of test, average bond strength, st andard deviation and
type of failure.
3.2.3 Wet/Dry Cycle
During its service life, a grouted concrete joint could be subjected to a number of wet/dry cycles.
Hence, each bonded configuration will be tested for performance by subjecting it to 10 wet and
dry cycles, where one wet/dry cycle takes 14 days , for a total test tim e of 140 days, or until
failure. Following the wet/dry cycles, a m inimum of three test specim ens shall be re tested to
determine the bonding strength, per Section 3.2.2.
3.3 Model Tests
The model test is to simulate field conditions. Vendor has selected Model Test 4 for Concrete
Repair for this verification.
3.3.1 Model Test 4: Concrete Leak Repair
In order to simulate a leak in a concrete structure, this model test (Figure 3-2) shall use 10 in (25
cm) diameter circular concrete disks with 6 in (15 cm) openings at the center (so that each disk is
donut shaped). As a default, the two disks shall be placed 1 inch apart and grouted by the vendor.
The vendor m ay, however, select the opening size. The grouted joint shall be subjected to
hydrostatic pressure testing to determine the leak rate, as detailed in 3.3.5.
Procedure for preparing the concrete leak repair joint for Model Test 4:
• The gap between the concrete rings on the testing rig shall be one inch.
• The vendor shall apply the grout in the gap in accordance with the vendor's standard
procedures.
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After the grout has cured, testing will commence using the procedures outlined in Section
Supporter
Concrete Ring steel Pipe
a) Elevation View
Grout
10'
b) Plan View
Figure 3-2. Model configuration for testing concrete leak repair (Model Test 4).
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3.3.2 Model Test Procedures
The testing procedure will b e conducted in duplicate. The grout shall b e applied by the vendor.
CIGMAT personnel shall supervise the grouting procedures and pict ures shall be taken of the
joint/concrete disks prior to and after grouti ng. The tim e elapsed and volum e of grout used
during the grouting process shall be recorded. During the grouting of the simulated crack, at least
ten grout samples shall be collected to test the setting time (Section 3.1.2.2), unit weight (Section
3.1.3.1), and com pressive properties (Section 3.1.3.5) of the grouts. These analyses are in
addition to those specified in Section 3.1.
Once the grouted crack is cured per the manufacturer's instructions, they shall be subjected to the
following regimen:
1. Apply hydrostatic pressure of 3 psi and hold for 5 m inutes; then m easure the leak rate
using a graduated cylinder and a stopwatch.
2. Repeat Step 1 at a hydrostatic pressure of 4 psi.
3. Repeat Step 1 at a hydrostatic pressure of 5 psi.
4. Maintain saturated conditions for a period of one week. In model test 4, soak the joint
with water for a week.
5. Drain all water from the test chambers and allow them to stand for one week.
6. Repeat Step 4.
7. Repeat Step 5.
8. Determine leak rates as described in steps 1 through 3 after a month of test.
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4 SAMPLING AND ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES
Verification of grouts under ETV prim arily consis ts of physical tests perform ed on prepared
specimens as described in Chapter 3, "Experim ental Design." The outline d procedures identify
the sampling locations and frequency required for each test.
Further sample preparation and analysis is required only for the leach ing test, which is outlined
in Section 3.1.5. Exposure water samples will be collected and analyzed for TOC. Other analyses
may be conducted based on the chem ical composition of the tested grout. The exposure water
samples shall be representative grab samples collected from the exposure jar.
The sample handling, analysis and reporting shall be as outlined in Table 4-1.
Table 4-1. Handling Methods and Analyses for Collected Samples
Analysis Method l Bottle Type and Size
Preservation,
Holding Time
Reporting
Detection Limit
TOC
SM5310
(B or C)
Glass, two 40-mL
bottles
Cool to 4°C, pH<2
s, six months
1 mg/L
1 Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 20th Edition.
Samples shall be delivered to the analytical la boratory following appropriate chain of custody
procedures, including use of chain of custody forms. Samples shall be logged in and refrigerated
by the laboratory, as described in Table 4-1.
Table 4-2 describes the specific QC checks required for the analytical m ethods for TOC used in
this project. These checks shall determine when corrective action is needed.
Table 4-2. Scheduled Instrument QC Checks and Corrective Actions for Analytical
Methods
QC Procedure
Frequency
Acceptance Criteria
Corrective Action
Calibration curve Every batch
Analyze standard Every batch
Matrix spike
Analyze blank
(deionized water)
Every batch
Every batch
±10% of known sample
±10% of known sample
80-120% recovery of spike
Not to exceed detection
level.
Find cause, repair, rerun before
sample analysis
Find cause, repair, rerun before
sample analysis
Find cause, repair, rerun previous
samples
Find cause, repair, rerun before
sample analysis
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5 QUALITY ASSURANCE PLAN
This section specifies procedures that shall be used to ensur e data quality and in tegrity arising
from the testing. Careful adherence to these proce dures will ensure that th e data generated from
the testing will p rovide sound analytical results th at will indicate th e true p erformance of the
grout, and form the basis for the report on the testing.
5.1 Quality Assurance Responsibilities
The TO, in preparing the test pi an, shall be responsible for ensu ring that the test plan and the
QAPP properly implement the requirements of this test plan. The VO is responsible for review of
the test plan to assure that all elements required by this test plan are properly addressed.
During testing, the TO shall be responsible for a ssuring that the elem ents contained in the test
plan are complied with. Written or electronic records shall be maintained for calibrations, sample
collection, and data m anipulation. In grout testing, sources of e rror may include instrum entation
drift or m iscalibration; variatio ns in the grout, sand, and/or s ubstrate; system atic bias of
measurements; and /or intr insically inac curate ins truments. The quality of ref erence
measurements is ensured by frequent ins trumentation calib ration in accordan ce with th e
manufacturer's instructions. The TO shall maintain documentation of instrument calibration.
5.2 Data Quality Indicators
The data obtained during verification testing must be sound for accurate conclusions to be
drawn. For all m easurement and monitoring activ ities conducted for grout verification, the VO
and EPA require that the data quality parameters be established based on the proposed end-users
of the da ta. Data qua lity parameters include four indicators of data qua lity: representativeness,
completeness, precision, and accuracy.
5.2.1 Representativeness
Representativeness refers to th e degree to which data accurate ly and prec isely r eflect th e
conditions or characteristics of the parameters and will be ensured by consistent data acquisition
and sam pie collection (including sam pie numb ering, tim ing of sa mple collection, sa mpling
procedures, sample preservation, sample packaging, and sample shipping). Using each method at
its optimal capability to provide the most accurate and precise m easurements possible will als o
ensure representativeness. Representativeness also implies collecting sufficient data during each
operation to be able to detect changes in ope ration. The following actions will be taken to
achieve this:
Test Materials:
• Test Concrete: The test concrete batch shall be rejected if the unit we ight and/or water
absorption properties exceed ±20% of the mean values.
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Laboratory Conditions:
• Temperature and Humidity : For those tes ts where te mperature and hum idity
requirements are specified, tern perature and humidity readin gs shall be recorded daily to
ensure that laboratory conditions have not changed.
Equipment:
• Proper operation: This shall be verified every morning of active testing.
5.2.2 Completeness
Completeness refers to the am ount of data coll ected from a m easurement process com pared to
the expected amount to be obtained. For this te st plan, completeness refers to the proportion of
valid, accep table data generated using each method. The com pleteness objective for data
generated following this test plan is 85%, as calculated by Equation 5-1.
(n \
Completeness = vaM and acceptMe x 100 (5-1)
I "total )
5.2.3 Precision
Precision refers to the degree of mutual agreement among individual measurements and provides
an estim ate of random error. An alytical precision is a m easurement of how far an individual
measurement may deviate from a mean of repli cate measurements. Precision is ev aluated from
analysis of field and laboratory duplicates and spiked duplicates. Duplicates will be collected at a
frequency of one duplicate for every ten sam pies collected for the laboratory analys es discussed
in Chapter 4. The labo ratory will r un duplicate samples as part of its QA program. The data
quality objective for precision is based on the type of analysis performed.
The stand ard devia tion (SD), r elative stand ard deviation (RSD), and/ or relative percent
difference (RPD) recorded from sample analyses are ways to quantify precision. SD is calculated
by:
Standard Deviation = ,
Where:
x = sample mean
x; = /'th data point
n = number of data points
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Relative percent difference (RPD) is calculated by:
C -C
*~i *-:
RPD =
=-^- x 100% (5-3)
C
\ /
Where:
Cv = Concentration of the compound or element in the sample
C2 = Concentration of the compound or element in the duplicate
C = Arithmetic mean of the sample and the duplicate
As specified in Standard Methods (Method 1030-C), precision is specified by the standard
deviation of the results of replicate analyses. For the various tests to be conducted by CIGMAT
at its testing facility, precision will be measured by performing duplicate tests and evaluating the
resultant data by calculating the SD, RSD, and RPD. Ta bles 3-1, 3-2 and 4-1 provide the
required number of duplicate tests for the various testing methods.
In situation s where th e tes ting procedures sp ecify precision objective s (such as ASTM or
Standard Methods), the specific precision objectives must be achieved in order for the test to be
considered valid. For o ther situations where sp ecific precision objectives are not required, the
precision values shall be reported in the verification report.
5.2.4 Accuracy
For measurements that will be reco rded as part of this study, accuracy refers to the difference
between the m easured reading and an establish ed reference. In order to report accuracy, the
instruments used during testing shall be calibrate d as required by the analytical m ethod, and the
calibration records, which are m aintained as a ha rd copy m aintained in the laboratory, shall be
made available.
Spiking a sam pie m atrix with a known am ount of a con stituent and m easuring the recov ery
obtained in the analysis is a m ethod of dete rmining accuracy. Using laboratory perform ance
samples with a known concentratio n in a specific m atrix can also m onitor the accuracy of an
analytical method for m easuring a constituent in a given matrix. Accuracy is usually expressed
as the percent recovery of a com pound from a sample. The following equation will be used to
calculate percent recovery:
Percent Recovery = [(AT - A;) / As ] x 100 (5-4)
Where:
AT = Total amount measured in the spiked sample
A; = Amount measured in the un-spiked sample
As = Spiked amount added to the sample
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During verification testing, the labo ratory will run matrix spike samples at a f requency of one
spiked sample for every 10 samples analyzed. The laboratory will also analyze liquid and solid
samples of known concentration as lab control samples.
5.2.5 Measurements
Leaks in the model tests will be measured accurate to ± 2 mL. The weight and dim ension during
the grout te sts will be m easured to an accurac y of 0.1 g and 0.1 mm, respectively. The unit
weight and strength will be measured to an accuracy of 0.5 Ib/ft3 and 2 psi, respectively.
5.2.6 Analytical Quality Control
The quality control procedures for blanks, spikes, duplicates, calibration of equipment, standards,
reference ch eck sam pies and other quality cont rol m easurements will f ollow the guidance of
EPA methods and CIGMAT SOPs. Table 5-1 s hows the quality control lim its that will be used
by the laboratory for th ese analyses to ensu re compliance with the data quality in dicators for
accuracy and precision. Field and laboratory duplicate analyses will be performed at a frequency
of one duplicate per ten samples collected. Samples will be spiked for accuracy determination at
a frequency of one per 10 sam pies analyzed by the laboratory. Accuracy and precision will be
calculated for all data using the equations presented in sections 5.2.2 and 5.2.3.
Table 5-1. Summary of Analytical Accuracy and Precision Limits
Analysis Accuracy (% recovery) Precision (RPD)
TOC 80-120 0-20
Note: If a dditional analytical parameters are adde d to the testing procedures, accuracy
and precision limits shall be specified in the test plan.
RPD: Relative percent difference.
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6 DATA REPORTING, DATA REDUCTION, AND DATA VALIDATION
The TO (CIGMAT) is responsible for m anaging all the data and inform ation generated during
the testing program. To maintain quality data, sp ecific procedures shall be followed during data
reporting, reduction, and validation. These procedures are discussed below.
6.1 Data Documentation
All field and laboratory activit ies shall be thoroughly docum ented by the use of field logbooks,
project approval/chain of custody sheets, laboratory notebooks and bench sheets, and instrument
records.
A field logbook shall be maintained at the test facility. Daily activity entries shall be made in the
logbook docum enting operating conditions, o bservations, and m aintenance activities, if any.
Each sample collected shall be noted in the logbook and any other pertinent information shall be
recorded. Completed pages in the logbook shall be signed and dated.
Original project approval and ch ain of custody form s shall accom pany all sam pies sent to the
analytical laboratory and will be maintained by the TO. The laboratory shall produce a final data
report that includes all chem ical test resu Its, physical m easurements, QA/QC data for blanks,
accuracy (recovery), precision (percent differen ce), and lab control or matrix check sam pies.
Any deviation from standard protocol shall be discussed in a narrative and any data that does not
meet the Q A/QC requirem ents shall be flagged. A narrative shall be pr epared dis cussing the
findings of any corrective action.
The laboratory shall m aintain all logbooks, benc h sheets, instrum ent pr intouts, and sim ilar
materials. The TO shall m ake these record s available for inspection by the VO or EPA upon
request.
6.2 Data Reduction
Data reduction refers to the proces s of converting raw test results into useful data for selecting
grout m aterial for wastewater sy stem maintenance and concrete repair. Data sh all be obtained
from logbooks, data sheets, and computer outputs. While reduced data will be officially reported
to the VO u pon completion of each ev aluation, all raw data shall al so be made available to the
VO for the QA review of the project and for record keeping.
6.3 Data Validation
The person performing each test shall verify the completeness of the appropriate data forms. The
TO Director shall review laboratory logbooks a nd data sheets on a regular basis to verify
completeness. The TO technica 1 staff shall reg ularly inspect testing equipment and keep it in
working order.
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6.4 Verification Report
All the data collected during the te sting shall be reported as indicated in Chapter 3, processed
and analyzed as outlined in Chapter 5, and sum marized in a verification report and verification
statement following ETV Water Quality Protection Center guidelines.
The verification report shall thoroughly present and discuss the findings of the verification test. It
shall contain all raw and analyzed data, all QA/QC data sheets, a description of all types of data
collected, a detailed description of the testing procedure and methods, results and QA/QC results.
The verification s tatement sha 11 p resent a cond ensed sum mary of the testing procedure and
findings. It is expected that the verification report will contain the following main sections.
• Verification Statement
• Notice
• Forward
• Contents
• Abbreviations and Acronyms
• Introduction and Background
• Testing Procedures and Methods
• Testing Results
• Quality Assurance/Quality Control Summary
• Glossary
• References
• Appendices
o Raw Data and Testing Logs
o Laboratory Standard Operating Procedures
o Test Plan
o Vendor Data Sheet
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7 ASSESSMENTS
7.1 Audit Reports
TheTODi rector or designee shall perform at least one Q A inspect!on of the test facility
laboratories during the evaluation of the grout and shall docum ent any and all findings in an
audit report, which will be subm itted to th e VO represen tatives for review. The VO Program
Managers may provide the report to the EPA Proj ect Officer. At leas t one audit of CIGMAT
will be performed by the VO (RTI or NSF Manager, RTI or N SF QA/QC staff or a designee )
during the test to observe, where possible, sample preparation and storage, and to confirm proper
analytical methods, QA/QC procedures and calibrations are being used. A written report will be
prepared by the auditor and subm itted to the R TI and NSF QA/QC Off icers, who m ay provide
the report to the EPA Project Officer.
7.2 Corrective Action Plan
Corrective actions will be taken whenever:
• There is a non-conformance with sample preparation procedures;
• An analyst observes abnormal conditions in sample preparation, measurements or storage
conditions;
• The QA/QC data indicates any analysis is out of the established control limits;
• Audit findings indicate a problem has occurred; or
• Data reporting or calculations are determined to be incorrect.
All corrective actions will be reported to the VO representatives. The VO will review the caus e
of the problem and the corrective action taken by the TO. The review will include consideration
of the impact of the problem on the integrity of th e test, and a determination will be made if the
test can co ntinue or if additiona 1 action is needed. Additional action could include adding
additional days to the test period, re-starting th e test at day one, or ot her appropriate action as
determined by the VO. The VO w ill respond to any notification of corre ctive action within
twenty-four hours of being notified of the problem. This response can be to continue the testing,
cease testing until further notice, or other appropriate communication regarding the problem. The
response by the VO will be in writing by email, fax, or letter.
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8 SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS
Grouting the joints for the m odel tests shall be done at the covered te st facility at the University
of Houston, which has adequate ventilation. Grout specimens for testing shall also be prepared in
CIGMAT laboratories. The research personnel and technicians on-site will take all necessary
precautions to ensure safety and compliance with local and federal regulations.
CIGMAT m aintains a health and saf ety pla n, which shall be m ade available to personnel
involved in this project. Adherence to the health and safety plan shall be ensured throughout the
duration of the project.
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REFERENCES
(1) American Water W orks Association (1998), St andard Methods for the Exam ination of
Water and Wastewater, 20th Edition, American Public Health Association, Washington,
D.C.
(2) Annual Book of ASTM Standards (1999), S ection 4 (C onstruction) and Section 8
(Plastics), ASTM, Philadelphia, PA.
(3) Ata, A. and Vipulanandan, C. (1999), "F actors Affecting Mechanical And Creep
Properties of Silica te-Grouted," Journa 1 of Geotechnical and Geoenvironm ental
Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 125, No. 10, pp. 868-876.
(4) Ata, A. and Vipulanandan, C. (1998), "Cohe sive and Adhesive Properties of Silicate
Grout on the Grouted Sand Behavior," Jour nal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironm ental
Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 124, No. 1, pp. 38-44.
(5) Bodocsi, A. and Bowers, M. T. (1991), "Permeability and Acrylate, Urethane and Silicate
Grouted Sands with Chem icals, Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, Vol. 117, No. 8,
pp. 1227-1244.
(6) CIGMAT News and Literature Review, Vol. 1, No. 3 ( 1995), Center for Innovative
Grouting Materials and Technology (CIGMAT), University of Houston, November 1995.
(http://geml .uh.cive.edu)
(7) Concrete Construction (Oct. 1998), "Repair, Protection and Rehabilitation, pp. 898-890.
(8) EPA (1986), Test Methods for Eva luating Solid W aste (SW 846): Physical/Chemical
Methods, Washington, D.C.
(9) Henn, R. W. (1996) Practical Guide to Grouting of Underground Structures, ASCE Press,
New York, NY, 191 p.
(10) Karol, R. H. (1990), Chemical Grouting, Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, NY, 465 p.
(11) Krizek, R. J. and Vipulanandan, C. (1985), "Evaluation of Adhesion in
Chemically Grouted Geomaterials," Geotechnical Testing Journal, Am erican
Society for Testing Materials, Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 184-190.
(12) Lowther, J. and Gabr, M. A. (1997), "Per meability and Strength Ch aractedstic of
Urethane-Grouted Sand," Proceedings, Grouting, Geotechnical Special Publication No.
66, ASCE, pp. 197-211.
(13) Tonyan, T. D., and Gibson, L.J. (1992), "Structure and Mechanics of Cem ent Foams, "
Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 27, pp. 6272- 6378.
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(14) Vipulanandan, C. and Krizek, R. J. (1986), "Mechanical Behavior of
Chemically Grouted Sand," Journal of Geotec hnical Engineering, American Society of
Civil Engineers, Vol. 112, No. 9, pp. 869-887.
(15) Vipulanandan, C. and Shenoy, S. (1992)" Pr operties of Cem ent Grouts and Grouted
Sands with Additives, " Proceedings, Grouting, Soil Im provement and Geosynthetics,
ASCE, pp. 500-511.
(16) Vipulanandan, C., Jasti, V., Magill, D. a nd Mack, D. (1996a), "Shrinkage Control in
Acrylamide Grouts and Grouted Sands," Proceedings , Materials for the New
Millennium, ASCE, Washington D.C., pp.840-850.
(17) Vipulanandan, C. and Jasti, V. (1996b) "Development and Characterization of Cellular
Grouts for Sliplining," Proceedings, Mate rials for New Millenn ium, ASCE, pp. 829-
839.
(18) Vipulanandan, C. and Jasti, V. (1996c ), Behavior of Acrylam ideandN-
methylolaery 1 amide (NMA) Grouts and Grouted Sands, Research Report N o.
CIGMAT/UH 96-2, University of Houston, Houston, Texas.
(19) Vipulanandan, C. and J asti, V. (1996d), Characterization of Polym er and Cellular
Cement Grouts for Sewer Rehabilitation, Research Report No. CIGMAT/UH 9 6-3,
University of Houston, Houston, Texas.
(20) Vipulanandan, C. and Jasti, V. (1997) "Behavior of Lightweight Cementitious Cellular
Grouts," Proceedings, Grouting, Geotechnical Special Publication No. 66, ASCE, pp.
197-211.
(21) Vipulanandan, C. and Neelam Kum ar, M. (2000), "Properties of Fly Ash-Ce ment
Cellular Grouts for Sliplining and Backfilling Ap plications," Proceedings, Advances in
Grouting and Ground Modification, ASCE, GSP 104, Denver, CO, pp. 200-214.
(22) Vipulanandan, C., O'Neill, M. W . and W eng, Y (2000) "Mechanical Properties and
Chemical Resistan ce of Auger Grouts," Proceedings, Advances in Foundation
Technologies, ASCE, GSP 100, Denver, CO, pp. 433-446.
(23) Vipulanandan, C. Mattey, Y., Magill, D. and Mack, D. (2000) "Characterizing the
Behavior of Hydrophilic Polyureth ane Gr out," Proceed ings, Advances in Grou ting
Technologies ASCE, GSP 104, Denver, CO, pp. 234-245.
(24) Weaver, K. (1991), Dam Foundation Grouting, ASCE Press, New York, NY, 178 p.
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APPENDIX A
CIGMAT Test Methods
CIGMATCH2-01
CIGMAT CT 3-00
CIGMAT GR 1-00
CIGMAT GR 2-02
CIGMAT GR 3-00
CIGMAT GR 4-00
CIGMAT GR 5-00
CIGMAT GR 6-02
CIGMAT GR 7-02
CIGMAT GS 1-02
CIGMAT PC 2-99
(Questions about CIGMAT procedures may be directed to CIGMAT at the University of
Houston)
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APPENDIX B
Warren Environmental Inc.
Vendor Data Sheet
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GROUT VENDOR DATA SHEET
Grout Product Name: Warren Environmental Mastic 301-04
Grout Product Manufacturer Name and Address: Warren Environmental Inc.
Box 1206P03rver. MA 02330
Grout Type: Epoxy Grout
Chemical Formula: 100% Solids Epoxy
TESTING METHOD
Type of Resin, Initiator and/or Promotor
Grout Mix (by weigh or volume)
Resin Viscositv (ASTM )
Flash Point (ASTM D 937 )
Tensile Adhesion to Concrete and Clay Brick
(ASTM )
Chemical Resistance (ASTM )
(NaOH, 3% H2SO4 or others)
Volatile Organic Compounds - VOCs
(ASTM )
MANUFACTURER'S RESULTS
100%
2:1 by volume
150,000- 250,000 cps
> 235 degrees F
400 psi or greater
See manufacturer's data sheet.
None
WORKER SAFETY
Flammability Rating
Known Carcinogenic Content
Other Hazards (Corrosive)
MSDS Sheet Availability
RESULT/REQUIREMENT
Base resin
has passed airline industry standards
None
None
Yes
ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS
Heavy Metal Content (w/w)
Leaching from Cured Grouts
Disposal of Cured Grouts
RESULT/REQUIREMENT
None
Certified to NSF/ANSI Standard 61
Cured material is not hazardous.
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DATA SHEET ON PROPERTIES OF GROUT (Continued)
APPLICATION CHARACTERISTICS
Minimum Application Temperature
Maximum Application Temperature
Minimum Cure Time before Immersion into Service
Type of Preparation Before Grouting
Grouting Pressure
RESULT/REQUIREMENTS
30° F
200° F
See mixing instructions
Not applicable
VENDOR EXPERIENCE
Length of Time the Grout in Use
Applicator Training and Qualification Program
QA/QC Program for Grouts in the Field
COMMENTS
12 years
Yes
Yes
ADDITIONAL COMMENTS (Including Case Studies on Performance)
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