-------
Photo credits for the cover
Baird, D. (2002, February 1). Indian 2 [American Indians dance during the Opening Ceremony of
the 2002 Olympic Winter Games on February 8, 2002, in Salt Lake City, Utah.]. Retrieved
from
http://commons.wikimedia.Org/wiki/File:SLC opening ceremony American Indian danc
er.jpg
Johnson, Adams, Hawk, & Miller (2011). Arrow heads [Cover picture from a USDA reoprt].
Retrieved from http://commons.wikimedia.Org/wiki/File:Arrow heads.jpg
Zienowicz, A. (2012). National Museum of the American Indian [National Museum of the
American Indian, Washington, D.C.]. Retrieved from
http://commons.wikimedia.Org/wiki/File:National Museum of the American Indian -
Washington - 2012 (13).JPG
-------
This document is intended to supplement U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's report EPA
600/R-12/023 entitled Indicators and Methods for Constructing a U.S. Human Well-being Index
(HWBI) for Ecosystem Services Research (USEPA 2012). The domains described in the March
2012 report are also applicable to developing a tribal HWBI; however, specific metrics and data
sources may differ from the original report and are identified in this document.
-------
Acknowledgements
This supplement to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's report EPA 600/R-12/023 was
prepared by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Office of Research and
Development (ORD) National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory (NHEERL)
Gulf Ecology Division (GED) by the following 1.2.2.2 Task contributors:
Lisa M. Smith*1
Christina M. Wade2
Jason L. Case2
Linda C. Harwell1
Kendra Straub2
James K. Summers1
*Principle Investigator
1 EPA/ORD/NHEERL/GED
2 Student Services Contractor for EPA/ORD/NHEERL/GED
-------
Abstract
A Human Well-being Index (HWBI) has been developed for the U.S. to help inform and
empower decision makers to weigh and integrate human health, socio-economic,
environmental and ecological factors equitably to foster sustainability. The integrity of the
index structure is designed to be transferable to different U.S. population groups across space,
time and demography. To demonstrate index transferability, American Indian Alaska Native
(AIAN) specific data were evaluated for the calculation of a HWBI for AIAN and larger tribal
populations. The applicability and integrity of the HWBI framework were maintained when
using metrics scaled to assess well-being for AIAN and large tribal populations. Greater than
80% of the data available for a national AIAN assessment were specific to the target population,
while the remaining data were derived from the general U.S. population. Full listings of
domains, indicators and metrics for HWBI can be found in the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency's report EPA 600/R-12/023.
-------
1.0 Overview
The Human Well-being Index (HWBI) is comprised of metrics that measure the well-
being of the U.S. Metrics in the HWBI were selected because they were applicable to the
majority of the U.S. population. Upon the completion of a population-based application for
American Indian Alaskan Native (AIAN) populations, it was demonstrated that the integrity of
the index can be maintained for different population groups residing in the U.S. (Smith et al.
2014). The majority of metrics applicable to the U.S. were also determined to be applicable to
tribal populations. Potential modifications necessary to produce reasonably defensible well-
being assessments were identified and HWBIs were calculated for the AIAN population and
large tribal groups for the 2000-2010 time period. Greater than 80% of the data available for a
national AIAN assessment were specific to the target population, while the remaining data
were derived from the general U.S. population. Despite the utilization of non-target data, the
AIAN well-being signature could still be differentiated from the U.S. HWBI, demonstrating the
transferability of the HWBI approach (Smith et al. 2014). The degree to which the structure can
be utilized for different population groups is dependent upon the quantity and quality of
available data.
The composite HWBI is comprised of eight domains of well-being, described by 25
indicators and measured by 80 metrics (Summers et al. 2012; USEPA 2012; Smith et al. 2013).
Indicator scores are calculated as the average of the corresponding standardized metric values.
The domain scores are calculated as the average of the indicator scores and the final U.S. HWBI
is an average of the domain values. The integrity of the index structure is designed to be
transferable to different U.S. population groups across space and time. However, it is important
to illustrate the strength of the index for estimating well-being for discreet populations because
of the scale-independent nature of the HWBI approach. While the approach is transferable,
there are potential modifications needed to assess well-being for the AIAN population of the
U.S.
HWBI metrics for AIAN populations were reviewed and accepted based on three
primary criteria: 1) metric was relevant to the AIAN population and data were available; 2)
metric was relevant but no data were available; and 3) metric was not relevant to the AIAN
population. Metrics were categorized based on results stemming from a review of the related
data and where appropriate, suggested alternative metrics were identified.
Metric data were examined for ethnic specificity, completeness and analytical
appropriateness. Only data that could be readily identified as AlAN-related were considered.
Data records were encoded to differentiate between single ethnic and multi-ethnic identified
information, AIAN and AlAN-mixed, respectively. Where tribal specific (TS) data were available,
a Tribal Group identifier was included with the appropriate data. The TS metric values were
aggregated into one of 38 Tribal Groups (Table 1). These groups correspond to tribal
assignments for which the U.S. Census (2000) had available county population estimates.
-------
Table 1 The 38 U.S. Census Tribal Groups.
Alaskan Athabascan Crow
Aleut Delaware
Apache Eskimo
Blackfeet Iroquois
Cherokee Kiowa
Cheyenne Lumbee
Chickasaw Menominee
Chippewa Navajo
Choctaw Osage
Comanche Ottawa
Confederated Tribes of the Paiute
Colville Reservation
Cree Pima
Creek Potawatomi
Pueblo
Puget Sound Salish
Seminole
Shoshone
Sioux
Tlingit-Haida
Tohono O'Odham
United Houma Nation
Ute
Yakama
Yaqui
Yuman
2.0 AIAN Specific Data
Many factors were considered for metric categorization. For each metric, the collection
method was identified as either random (e.g., exit polls) or complete (e.g., vital statistics).
Metric categorization was based upon reported ethnicity, sample size and temporal scale data
availability. All 80 metrics were categorized into one of six categories (Table 2).
Table 2 Description of each of the six categories used to classify HWBI metrics based on available data for AIAN and AlAN-mixed
populations.
Metric
Category
Category Description
I AIAN population data suitable for annual analysis
TS Tribal-specific population data available (Category I)
II AIAN population data suitable for decadal analysis and AlAN-mixed population data
suitable for annual analysis
III AlAN-mixed population data suitable for annual analysis; AIAN population data
unavailable or not suitable for analysis
IV AlAN-mixed population data suitable for decadal analysis with more than 1 year of
data available, annual AlAN-mixed population data not suitable for analysis; AIAN
population data unavailable or not suitable for analysis
V AlAN-mixed population data suitable for decadal analysis with only 1 year of data
available. Additional years may be supplemented with alternative data sources or
measures
VI AIAN and AlAN-mixed population data unavailable or not suitable for analysis at
any temporal scale
-------
Approximately 65% of the HWBI metrics were classified as Category I, II and III with
AIAN or AlAN-mixed population data available to assess measures at the annual scale (Table 3).
Thirty-nine percent of the Category I metrics had tribal-specific identifiers. Decadal AlAN-mixed
population data were available for 19% of the metrics in the HWBI framework (Category IV).
The remaining thirteen metrics were classified as Category V with only one year of AlAN-mixed
population data available for analysis or having insufficient data available for analysis (Category
VI).
Table 3 Distribution of metric categories within the HWBI framework for AIAN assessments. Category I metrics shaded lighter
gray indicate tribal-specific data availability; * indicates an alternative metric is suggested.
Domain
Connection to Nature
Cultural Fulfillment
Education
Health
Leisure Time
Living Standards
Safety and Security
Social Cohesion
Indicator
Biophilia
Activity Participation
Basic Educational Knowledge and Skills of Youth
Participation and Attainment
Social, Emotional and Developmental Aspects
Healthcare
Life Exp ectancy and M ortality
Lifestyle and Behavior
Personal Well-being
Physical and Mental Health Conditions
Activity Participation
Time Spent
Working Age Adults
Basic Necessities
Wealth
Work
Actual Safety
Percieved Safety
Risk
Attitude Toward Others and the Community
Democratic Engagement
Family Bonding
Social Engagement
Social Support
VI
IV
I
I
I
I
III
I
I
I
I
II
I
I
T
1
IV
I
V
VI
II
I
I
I
I
VI
v*
I
I
I
VI
III
I
I
I
IV
II
I
T
1
IV
I
IV
II
IV
I
V
Metrics
I
I V
I IV
III III III III III
I III
IV
I I I I I I I
IV
IV
III VI
IV VI VI*
IV IV IV VI
IV
VI
2.1 Category I Metrics
Category I metrics have a sufficient sample size (n > 100) of AIAN data to examine the
measure on an annual scale. Six domains and seventeen indicators in the HWBI framework
have metrics classified as Category I for a total of 39 metrics (Table 4)(BLS 2012; Hazards and
Vulnerability Research Institute 2012; NCES 2012; CDC 2013a; U.S. Census Bureau 2013).
The Center for Disease Control (CDC) was the data source for almost half of the metrics
in this category, followed by the U.S. Census Bureau from which data were identified for 11 of
the metrics. All of the tribal specific metrics identified were categorized as Category I measures.
-------
The U.S. Census Bureau's American Community Survey allows public dissemination of records
with tribal affiliation identifiers. National Center for Education Statistic's National Assessment
of Education Process and the CDC's Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System allow
dissemination through restricted records available by special request. These sources provide
data for fifteen of 38 Category I metrics, although the workable number of metrics may be less
depending on available sample sizes.
Table 4 Metrics classified as Category I based on the suitability of available annual AIAN population data.
Domain Indicator Metric
Education Basic Educational Mathematic Skills
Knowledge and Skills Reading Skills
Science Skills
Participation and High School Completion
Attainment Participation
Post-Secondary
Attainment
Bullying
Physical Health
Social Relationships and
Emotional Well-being
Health Healthcare Population with a
Regular Family Doctor
Personal Well-being Perceived Health
Life Satisfaction
Physical and Mental Adult Asthma
Health Condition Prevalence
Cancer Prevalence
Childhood Asthma
Prevalence
Coronary Heart Disease
Prevalence
Depression Prevalence
Diabetes Prevalence
Heart Attack Prevalence
Obesity Prevalence
Stroke Prevalence
Lifestyle and Behavior Alcohol Consumption
Healthy Behaviors Index
Teen Smoking Rate
Tribal Specific
Metric Available
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
-------
Leisure Time Activity Participation
Working Age Adults
Basic Necessities
Income
Wealth
Safety and Security Actual Safety
Social Cohesion Democratic
Engagement
Family Bonding
Social Engagement
Physical Activity
Adults Working Long
Hours
Food Security
Housing Affordability
Incidence of Low
Income
Median Household
Income
Median Home Value
Mortgage Debt
Property Crime
Violent Crime
Voter Turnout
Exceeded Screen Time
Guidelines
Volunteering
Participation in
Organized,
Extracurricular Activities
Emotional Support
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
2.2 Category II Metrics
Category II metrics can be used to assess aspects of well-being for AlAN-mixed
populations at the annual scale or for AIAN only populations at the decadal level (BLS 2012; CDC
2013a; U.S. Census Bureau 2013). Two domains, four indicators and four metrics were
identified for Category II (Table 5). Category II metric data were found from three data source;
the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the U.S. Census Bureau and the CDC. All measures were
collected using random surveys.
Table 5 Metrics classified as Category II based on the suitability of available annual AlAN-mixed and decadal AIAN population
data.
Domain
Leisure Time
Indicator
Time Spent
Metric
Leisure Activities
Working Age Adults
Adults Who Provide Care to
Seniors
Social Cohesion
Attitude Toward Others and
the Community
Discrimination
Democratic Engagement
Registered Voters
-------
2.3 Category III Metrics
Metrics in Category III represent annual measures of AlAN-mixed populations only (CDC
2013b, 2013c) as the AlAN-only data were not available for assessments. Health and Safety and
Security were the only two domains with Category III metrics (Table 6). All seven Life
Expectancy and Mortality indicator metrics fell into this category as did one of the four metrics
of the Lifestyle and Behavior indicator of Health. One of the four metrics of the Actual Safety
indicator was classified as a Category III measure. The data source for Category III metrics was
the CDC. All metric data in this category were collected using complete collection types.
Table 6 Metrics classified as Category III based on the suitability of available annual AlAN-mixed population data.
Domain
Health
Indicator
Metric
Life Expectancy and Mortality Life Expectancy
Asthma Mortality
Cancer Mortality
Diabetes Mortality
Heart Disease Mortality
Infant Mortality
Suicide Mortality
Life and Behavior
Teen Pregnancy
Safety and Security
Actual Safety
Accidental Morbidity and
Mortality
2.4 Category IV Metrics
Category IV metrics allow for HWBI assessment of AIN-mixed populations on a decadal
scale as they do not have sufficient sample size for resolution at annual or AlAN-only scales.
Fifteen metrics were identified as Category IV metrics for a total of 15 metrics for 10 indicators
across six domains (Table 7).
Table 7 Metrics classified as Category IV based on the suitability of available decadal AlAN-mixed population data.
Domain
Cultural Fulfillment
Education
Health
Leisure Time
Indicator
Activity participation
Social, Emotional and
Developmental Aspects
Personal Well-being
Activity Participation
Working Age Adults
Metric
Rate of Congregational
Adherence
Contextual Factors
Happiness
Average Nights on Vacation
Adults Working Standard
Hours
-------
Domain
Living Standards
Indicator
Income
Metric
Persistence of Low Income
Work
Job Quality
Job Satisfaction
Social Cohesion
Attitude Towards Others and
the Community
Helping Others
Trust
Democratic Engagement
Interest in Politics
Trust in Government
Voice in Government
Decisions
Family Bonding
Frequency of Meals at Home
Parent-child Reading Activities
2.5 Category V Metrics
Category V metrics have data available for only one year for AlAN-mixed groupings. The
four metrics classified as Category V are from the Cultural Fulfillment, Education, Safety and
Security and Social Cohesion domains (Table 8). Alternative measures (Section 3.2) may be
available to fill data gaps for Category V metrics.
Table 8 Metrics classified as Category V based on the suitability of one year of AlAN-mixed population data.
Domain
Cultural Fulfillment
Education
Safety and Security
Social Cohesion
Indicator
Activity Participation
Participation and Attainment
Perceived Safety
Social Support
Metric
Performing Arts Attendance
Adult Literacy
Community Safety
Close Friends and Family
2.6 Category VI Metrics
Category VI metrics (Table 9) have no data available for assessment. When Category VI
metrics are identified within an indicator that includes metrics from other categories (I-IV), the
problematic Category VI metrics have little influence on index integrity. Instead of excluding
the problematic indicators, data for the general U.S. population serve as placeholder until data
specific to Native American populations become available.
-------
Table 9 Category VI for which no data were available for assessment.
Domain
Connection to Nature
Health
Safety and Security
Social Cohesion
Indicator
Biophilia
Healthcare
Actual Safety
Risk
Attitude Toward Others and
the Community
Attitude Toward Others and
the Community
Democratic Engagement
Social E engagement
Metric
Connection to Life
Spiritual Fulfillment
Satisfaction with Healthcare
Loss from Natural Hazards
Social Vulnerability Index
Belonging to Community
City satisfaction
Satisfaction with Democracy
Participation in Group
Activities
3.0 Data Selection and Index Calculation
Raw data from various publically available surveys were organized hierarchically by
population group and temporal resolution (e.g., AIAN and Tribal grouping by year and decade);
information on each metric can be found in the Appendix entitled "Summary of Metric Data
Used in index Calculation." National AIAN and Tribal Group datasets were created by populating
metric values from the most robust data (Category I) available according to the metric
categorization process (Figure 1) and from existing U.S. HWBI metric data.
A single imputation method using the carry-forward technique (Zhang et al. 2008) was
used to fill data gaps caused by temporal disparities found across data sources. Values were
calculated based on existing data for the nearest year within a single population group. The
AIAN data were scored using the U.S. HWBI procedure (USEPA 2012), with minimum and
maximum values being carried over from the HWBI dataset to allow for comparisons between
HWBI and AIAN scores.
-------
Wliat is the desired
population group'.'
Use annual AlAN-sfxxitk
pupululHMI llh.1I IL1
Figure 1 Process for selecting the most robust AIAN and Tribal Group data available for HWBI assessments.
3.1 Sources and Metrics
AlAN/Tribal metrics with data sources different from general U.S. population HWBI metrics
Domain: Cultural Fulfillment
Indicator: Activity Participation
Metric: Congregation Adherence
Category for Native Americans: Category IV
Metric Variable: TOTRATE
Source: American National Election Studies (ANES)
Source Question or Measurement: Frequency of Church attendance
Alternate Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000, 2002, 2004, 2008
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: National
Calculation Methods: N/A
-------
Domain: Education
Indicator: Participation and Attainment
Metric: Participation
Category for Native Americas: Category I with Tribal Specific Metrics Available
Metric Variable: PARTNEDU
Source: Census-American Community Survey (ACS)
Source Question or Measurement: Attendance in a higher learning institution
Alternate Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000-2010
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: Country
Calculation Methods: Calculated as the percentage of people aged 18-24 enrolled in post-
secondary education
Domain: Health
Indicator: Physical and Mental Health Conditions
Metric: Obesity Prevalence
Category for Native Americas: Category I
Metric Variable: OBESITY
Source: Center for Disease Control (CDC)-Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS)
Source Question or Measurement: NDSS variable ADJPERCENT, age-adjusted percentage of
population aged 18 and older classified as obese (BMI>30)
Alternate Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000-2010
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: County
Calculation Methods: N/A
Domain: Leisure Time
Indicator: Working Age Adults
Metric: Adults Working Long Hours
Category for Native Americas: Category I with Tribal Specific Metrics
Metric Variable: LONGWRKHRS
Source: Census-American Community Survey (ACS)
Source Question or Measurement: Number hours usually worked at all jobs
Alternate Course: N/A
Years Available: 2002-2009
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: County
Calculation Methods: Calculated as the percentage of employed respondents reporting that
they work 50 hours or more per week
Domain: Living Standards
Indicator: Income
Metric: Median Household Income
10
-------
Category for Native Americas: Category 1 with Tribal Specific Metrics
Metric Variable: HOMEVAL
Source: Census-American Community Survey (ACS)
Source Question or Measurement: ACS variable B25077, Median value of owner-occupied
housing units
Alternate Source: N/A
Years Available: 2004-2009
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: County
Calculation Methods: N/A
Domain: Living Standards
Indicator: Income
Metric: Incidence of Low Income
Category for Native Americas: Category 1 with Tribal Specific Metrics
Metric Variable: POVERTY
Source: Census-American Community Survey (ACS)
Source Question or Measurement: All ages in poverty; Percent
Alternate Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000-2009
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: County
Calculation Methods: N/A
Domain: Safety and Security
Indicator: Actual Safety
Metric: Property Crime
Category for Native Americas: Category I
Metric Variable: PROPCRIME
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) - National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)
Source Question or Measurement: NACJD variables BURGLRY, LARCENY, MVTHEFT, ARSON,
Number of burglary, larceny, motor vehicle theft, and arson offenses
Alternate Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000-2005, 2008
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: County
Calculation Methods: Calculated as the total (sum) number of property crimes per 100,000
people. Population estimates were provided by the NACJD (variable CPOPCRIM) and reflect the
total population served by reporting agencies.
Domain: Safety and Security
Indicator: Actual Safety
Metric: Violent Crime
Category for Native Americas: Category I
Metric Variable: VIOLCRIME
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS)- National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)
Source Question or Measurement: NACJD variables MURDER, RAPE, ROBBERY, AGASSLT,
11
-------
Number of murder, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault offenses
Alternate Source: N/A
Years Available: 2000-2005, 2008
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: County
Calculation Methods: Calculated as the total (sum) number of violent crimes per 100,000
people. Population estimates were provided by the NACJD (variable CPOPCRIM) and reflect the
total population served by reporting agencies.
Domain: Safety and Security
Indicator: Actual Safety
Metric: Community Safety
Category for Native Americas: Category V
Metric Variable: PRCVDSAFE
Source: Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP)
Source Question or Measurement: Gallup variable WP113, "Do you feel safe walking alone at
night in the city or area where you live?"
Alternate Source: N/A
Years Available: 2009
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: County
Calculation Methods: Calculated as the percentage of people who responded "Yes"
3.2 Alternative Metrics
In order to maintain index integrity and capture the most holistic and comprehensive
picture of a population, it is sometimes necessary to identify alternative metrics. The metrics
utilized in the U.S. HWBI range in nature from individuals' perceptions (survey questions) to
rates of occurrences of certain behaviors and outcomes in a population. When choosing
alternative metrics it is imperative that both the qualitative nature of the information as well as
the type of information is as closely matched as possible. We identified two domains for which
alternative metrics are suggested: Social Cohesion and Cultural Fulfillment.
For the Social Cohesion domain, alternative data for the City Satisfaction metric in the
Attitude Toward Others and Community indicator can be found from responses to the Survey of
Income and Program Participation (SIPP) survey question "Overall, how satisfied are you with
conditions in your neighborhood?" (U.S. Census Bureau 2001). The metric Satisfaction with
Democracy of the Democratic Engagement indicator could be supplemented with measures
found in American National Election Study (ANES 2013).
Domain: Social Cohesion
Indicator: Attitude Toward Others and Community
Metric: Neighborhood Conditions
Replaced: City Satisfaction
Metric Variable: EABSAT
12
-------
Source: Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP)
Source Question or Measurement: "Overall, how satisfied are you with conditions in your
neighborhood?"
Alternate Source: N/A
Years Available: 2001
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: National
Calculation Methods: Percentage of AIAN participants reporting very or somewhat satisfied
with their neighborhood.
The Performing Arts Attendance measure of the Activity Participation indicator that
describes Cultural Fulfillment is a Category V metric with a very limited amount of data
available to address AIAN populations; therefore, necessitating an alternative. Ceremonial
Attendance (NCES 2009) is the proposed alternative metric because it provides similar
information and captures participation in a cultural activity specific to Native Americans.
Domain: Cultural Fulfillment
Indicator: Activity Participation
Metric: Ceremonial Attendance
Replaced: Performing Arts Attendance
Metric Variable: PERARTS (ALTERNATE)
Source: National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), National Indian Educational Study
(MIES 2011)
Source Question or Measurement: "Overall, how satisfied are you with conditions in your
neighborhood?"
Alternate Source: N/A
Years Available: 2007, 2009
Smallest Geospatial Level Available: National
Calculation Methods: Percentage of 4th and 8th grade AIAN students reporting attending a
ceremony at least once per year
The Performing Arts Attendance metric was replaced with the suggested measure,
Ceremonial Attendance and a new Cultural Fulfillment domain score for the AIAN population
was calculated. This resulted in a dramatic increase in the Cultural Fulfillment domain and
Activity Participation indicator scores (Figure 2).
13
-------
• Original Metric
H Alternate Metric
Domain: Cultural Fulfillment Indicator: Activity Participation
Figure 2 Comparison of the results of using an alternative metric for the Activity Participation indicator in the Cultural
Fulfillment domain.
4.0 Concluding Remarks
The HWBI approach can be used to estimate well-being for Native Americans
collectively with a reasonable level of confidence; however, the index may be less sensitive at
tribal-specific scales as a result of non-specific data substitutions based on the general lack of
publically available data for some key areas, limited spatial and temporal resolution of available
data and inconsistent ethnic-specific identifiers in the data. To overcome limitations, data
substitution using the described approach is the most robust method for scaling the index for
AIAN populations. The degree to which the HWBI structure can be utilized is dependent upon
the quantity of quality available data. However, as demonstrated, the framework can be used
for assessing the well-being of discrete populations with minimal modifications at the metric
level.
5.0 References
The American National Election Studies (2013). Data Center. Retrieved August 27, 2013, from
http://electionstudies.org/studypages/download/datacenter all NoData.php
Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). (2012). American Time Use Survey. Retrieved from U.S
Department of Labor website: http://www.bls.gov/tus/.
14
-------
Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2013a). Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance
System. Retrieved from U.S. Department of Health and Human Services website:
http://www.cdc.gov/brfss/data documentation/index.htm
Center of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2013b). Compressed Mortality File on CDC
WONDER. Retrieved from U.S. Department of Health and Human Services website:
http://wonder.cdc.gov/mortsql.html
Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2013c). National Vital Statistics System.
Retrieved from U.S. Department of Health and Human Services website:
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss.htm
Hazards and Vulnerability Research Institute (2012). Social Vulnerability Index for the United
States -2006-10. Retrieved from University of South Carolina website:
webra.cas.sc.edu/hvri/products/sovi.aspx
National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). (2009). National. Assessment of Educational
Progress (NAEP), 2009 National Indian Education Study (NIES). Retrieved from U.S.
Department of Education website: http://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/about/
National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). (2011). National Assessment of Adult Literacy
(NAAL). Retrieved from U.S. Department of Education: Institute of Education Statistics
website: http://nces.ed.gov/naal/
National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). (2012). National Assessment of Educational
Progress. Retrieved from U.S. Department of Education website:
http://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/about/
15
-------
Smith, L. M., Case, J. L, Smith, H. M., Harwell, L. C, & Summers, J. K. (2013). Relating ecosystem
services to domains of human well-being: Foundation for a US index. Ecological
Indicators, 28, 79-90.
Smith, L. M., Wade, C. M., Case, J. L., Harwell, L. C, Straub, K. R., & J. K. Summers. (2014).
Evaluating the transferability of a U.S. human well-being Index (HWBI) framework to
Native Americans populations. Submitted to Social Indicators Research.
Summers, J. K., Smith, L. M., Case, J. L., & Linthurst, R. A. (2012). A review of the elements of
human well-being with an emphasis on the contribution of ecosystem
services. Ambio, 41(4), 327-340.
U.S. Census (2000). Census 2000 Data for 249 Population Groups, including 39 Tribal Groups.
Retrieved from:
http://www.census.gov/aian/census 2000/census 2000 data for 249 population gro
ups including 39 tribal groups.html
U.S. Census Bureau (2001). Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) 2001 Topical
Module. Accessed August 2013.
U.S. Census Bureau. (2012). Current Population Survey (CPS): A Joint Effort Between the Bureau
of Labor Statistics and the Census Bureau. Retrieved from U.S. Department of Commerce
website: Jrtt£://www,census,goy/c£s/
U.S. Census Bureau. (2013). American Community Survey. Retrieved from U.S. Department of
Commerce website: http://www.census.gov/acs/www/
16
-------
U.S. Environmental Agency (USEPA). (2012). Indicators and methods for constructing a U.S.
human well-being index (HWBI) for Ecosystem Services Research. Report # EPA/600/R-
12/023
Zhang, S, J. Liao and Z. Zhu. (2008). A SAS® Macro for Single Imputation. Presented at Annual
Pharmaceutical Industry SAS Users Group. Atlanta, GA, June 1-4, 2008
17
-------
APPENDIX
Summary of Metric Data Used in Index Calculation
18
-------
DOMAIN
Social
Cohesion
Education
INDICATOR
Social Support
Social
Engagement
Attitude
towards Others
and the
Community
Family Bonding
Democratic
Engagement
Childhood
Education and
Care
Social,
Emotional and
Developmental
Aspects
Basic
Knowledge and
Skills of the
Youth
Participation
and Attainment
METRIC
Close Friends and Family
Participation in Group Activities
Volunteering
Children Participating in Organized,
Extracurricular Activities
Trust
Discrimination
Helping Others
Neighborhood Conditions
Belonging to Community
Parent-Child Reading Activities
Exceeded Screen Time Guidelines
Frequency of Meals at Home
Voter Turnout
Interest in Politics
Volunteering in Politics
Voice in Government Decisions
Satisfaction with Democracy
Trust in Government
Registered Voters
Preprimary Education and Care
Contextual Factors
Child Physical Health
Social Relationships and Emotional Well-
being
Bullying
Mathematics Skills
Science Skills
Reading Skills
Participation
High School Completion
Post-Secondary Attainment
Adult Literacy
METRIC
VARIABLE
CLSFRNDFAM
GRPACTV
VOLNTR
CHLDACTV
CANTRUST
DISCRM
HELPFUL
EABSAT
CLSETOWN
CHLDREAD
WATCHTV
MEALS
VOTRTOUT
POLINTRST
POLVOLNTR
VOICENGOV
SATDEM
TRUSTGOV
REGVOTRS
CHLDCARE
CON FACT
CHLDHLTH
CHLDSOCIAL
BULLY
MATHTEST
SCITEST
READTEST
PARTNEDU
HSGRAD
UNIVGRAD
ADULTLIT
LOWEST
AVAILABLE
SCALE
COUNTY
X
X
X
X
LLJ
g
in
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
REGION
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
19
-------
DOMAIN
Connection to
Nature
Health
Living
Standards
INDICATOR
Biophilia
Personal Well-
being
Life Expectancy
and Mortality
Physical and
Mental Health
Conditions
Lifestyle and
Behavior
Healthcare
Wealth
Income
METRIC
Spiritual Fulfillment
Connection to Life
Perceived Health
Life Satisfaction
Happiness
Life Expectancy
Cancer Mortality
Infant Mortality
Suicide Mortality
Diabetes Mortality
Heart Disease Mortality
Asthma Mortality
Diabetes Prevalence
Cancer Prevalence
Depression Prevalence
Coronary Heart Disease Prevalence
Stroke Prevalence
Heart Attack Prevalence
Adult Asthma Prevalence
Childhood Asthma Prevalence
Obesity Prevalence
Teen Smoking Rate
Healthy Behaviors Index
Teen Pregnancy
Alcohol Consumption
Population with a Regular Family Doctor
Satisfaction with Healthcare
Median Home Value
Mortgage Debt
State and Local Government Revenues
Outstanding Public Debt
Median Household Income
Incidence of Low Income
Persistence of Low Income
METRIC
VARIABLE
BEAUSPRT
ALLOFLFE
PRCVDHLTH
LIFESATIS
HAPPY
LIFEXPCT
CANCMORT
INFMORT
SUICDMORT
DIABMORT
HRTDISMORT
ASTHMORT
DIABETES
CANCER
DEPRESSION
HRTDISEASE
STROKE
HRTATTACK
ADLTASTHMA
CHLDASTHMA
OBESITY
TEENSMK
HBI
TEENPREG
ALCOHOL
FAMDOC
SATISHLTHC
HOMEVAL
MTGDEBT
LOCGOVREV
PUBDEBT
MEDINCOME
POVERTY
POVPERSIST
LOWEST
AVAILABLE
SCALE
COUNTY
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
LLJ
g
in
X
X
X
REGION
X
X
X
20
-------
DOMAIN
Leisure Time
Safety and
Security
Cultural
Fulfillment
INDICATOR
Work
Basic
Necessities
Time Spent
Activity
Participation
Working Age
Adults
Retired Seniors
Actual Safety
Perceived
Safety
Activity
Participation
METRIC
Job Quality
Job Satisfaction
Housing Affordability
Food Security
Leisure Activities
Physical Activity
Average Nights on Vacation
Adults Working Standard Hours
Adults Working Long Hours
Adults who Provide Care to Seniors
Active Leisure
Formal Volunteering
Property Crime
Violent Crime
Loss from Natural Hazards
Community Safety
Congregational Adherence
Performing Arts Attendance
METRIC
VARIABLE
JOBLOSE
JOBSATIS
HOMEAFFORD
FOODSECURE
LEISURE
PHYSACTIV
VACATION
NORMWRKHRS
LONGWRKHRS
SENIORCARE
ACTIVESENIOR
VOLSENIOR
PROPCRIME
VIOLCRIME
NATHAZLOSS
PRCVDSAFE
TOTRATE
PERARTS
(ALTERNATE)
LOWEST
AVAILABLE
SCALE
COUNTY
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
LLJ
g
in
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
REGION
X
21
------- |