EPA/600/R-14/344 | September 2014 www.epa.gov/research
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Tribal Ecosystem Research
Program (TERP) Workshop
March 18-20, 2014 Las Vegas, Nevada
Proper Functioning Condition (PFC)
Assessment for Management and Monitoring
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
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Tribal Ecosystem Research
Program (TERP) Workshop
March 18 - 20, 2014 Las Vegas, Nevada
Proper Functioning Condition (RFC) Assessment
for Management and Monitoring
Report to USEPA ORD NERL Environmental Sciences Division (ESD)
Prepared by
Robert K. Hall1, Daniel Heggem2, Tad Harris3, Sherman Swanson4, John Lin5
1U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Region 9 WTR2
San Francisco, CA 94105
2U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Research and Development
National Exposure Research Laboratory
Environmental Sciences Division
Las Vegas, NV89119
3Creative Services Team Member
Environmental and Organizational Services (EOS)
SRA International, Inc.,
4University of Nevada, Reno
Natural Resources and Rangeland Sciences
5U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Research and Development
National Exposure Research Laboratory
Environmental Sciences Division
Las Vegas, NV89119
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Table of Contents
List of Figures v
List of Appendices vii
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations ix
Acknowledgements xi
Executive Summary 1
1.0 Workshop Objectives 3
1.1. Tribal Ecosystem Research Program (TERP) Description 4
1.2. What are the Specific Ecosystem Functions (i.e., Services) the Tribe Needs
Research On? 4
1.3. What are the Biophysical Aspects? 5
1.4. What are the Current Indicators Being Measured as Part of Tribes' Natural
Resource and/or Ambient Monitoring Programs? 5
1.5. Field Exercise 6
2.0 Workshop Preparation 9
2.1. Announcement 9
2.2. Classroom Learning Materials 9
2.3. Field Training Site Selection 13
2.4. Field Learning Materials 16
3.0 PFC Methods 19
4.0 Pabco Field Site 21
5.0 Cold Creek Field Training Site 25
6.0 Results of Functional Ratings 33
6.1. Potential and Capability 33
6.2. Lotic Reach - Cold Creek 33
6.3 Hydrology 33
6.4. Vegetation (Items 6 - 12) 36
6.5. Erosion Deposition 40
6.6. Functional Rating 42
6.7. Lentic Checklist - Cold Creek Fire Station Ponds 42
6.8. Hydrology 42
6.9. Vegetation (Items 8- 15) 45
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6.10. Erosion Deposition 50
6.11 Functional Rating 52
7.0 Discussion 53
8.0 Conclusions and Recommendations 55
9.0 References 57
Appendix 1 -Workshop Announcement 59
Appendix 2 -Workshop Attendees 65
Appendix 3A - Proper Functioning Condition (PFC) Lentic Checklists 67
Appendix 3B - Proper Functioning Condition (PFC) Lentic Checklists 67
Appendix 4A - Cold Creek Lotic Checklist 73
Appendix 4B - Cold Creek Fire Station Lentic Checklist 75
Appendix 5-Workshop Evaluation Forms 77
Appendix 6 - Tribal Ecosystem Research Program (TERP) Workshop Contact Sheets
March 18 - 20, 2014 Las Vegas, Nevada 85
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List of Figures
Figure 1. Robin Wignall, USFS and Dan Heggem, USEPA Showing Workshop Attendees
"Colonizing" and "Stabilizing" Vegetation
Figure 2. Robert Hall, USEPA Region 9, Discussing Workshop Concepts with Fred Johnson,
Navajo Nation
Figure 3. Dr. Sherman Swanson beginning the Classroom Presentation 10
Figure 4. Sample Slide from the Classroom Presentation - Number 1
Since riparian-wetland areas often pass through or are shared by numerous
landowners, a collaborative approach, applied at the ground level in a watershed
context is the only avenue to successful restoration and future management. 10
Figure 5. Sample Slide from the Classroom Presentation - Number 2
The initiative's mission is "healthy streams through bringing people together, " and it
is based on premise that "restoration will not happen by regulation, changes in the
law, more money or any of the normal bureaucratic approaches. It will only occur
through the integration of ecological, economic and social factors, and participation
of affected interests. " 11
Figure 6. Example of PFC at work in Bear Creek. Notice the recovery of the stream channel
and flood plain vegetation. Workshop participants learn that with PFC information
in hand meaningful land management changes can be made to aid recoveries like
this one at Bear Creek. These lecture Materials were from the Nevada Creeks and
Community Team and can be found at,
http: //www .cabnr .unr. edu/swanson/Extension/PFCTeam .aspx 12
Figure 7. Red Springs Park Satellite Map View 14
Figure 8. Spring Mountain Ranch State Park 15
Figure 9. Las Vegas Wash at the Las Vegas Wetland Park 16
Figure 10. PFC Participants Ready for Field Observations 17
Figure 11. Satellite Image of the Pabco Field Site 21
Figure 12. Pabco Section of the Las Vegas Wash Looking Downstream 22
Figure 13. Pabco Section of the Las Vegas Wash Looking Upstream 23
Figure 14. Pabco Section of the Las Vegas Wash Showing a Gravel Point Bar and Vegetation 23
Figure 15. Photograph of the Cold Creek Watershed 25
Figure 16. Satellite Image of the Lentic (Wetland) Field Study Site, Cold Creek, Nevada 26
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Figure 17. First Pond 26
Figure 18. Diversion of Water from Cold Creek to the Ponds 27
Figure 19. Water Channel between Ponds 28
Figure 20. Second Pond 29
Figure 21. Satellite Image of the Lotic (Stream) Field Study Site, Cold Creek Nevada 30
Figure 22. Cold Creek Near Cold Creek Road Pre Visit 31
Figure 23. Cold Creek Up Stream Pre Visit 31
Figure 24. Cold Creek Channel and Riparian 33
Figure 25. Cold Creek Fire Station Constructed Pond and Wetland Area Resulting from the
Unlined Channel 42
Figure 26. Photographs of Wild Horses in the Cold Creek Watershed 56
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Appendices
Appendix 1. Tribal Ecosystem Research Program (TERP) Workshop Announcement 61
Appendix 2. Workshop Attendees 67
Appendix 3A Proper Functioning Condition (PFC) Lotic Checklist 69
Appendix 3B Proper Functioning Condition (PFC) Lentic Checklist 69
Appendix 4A. Cold Creek Lotic Checklist 75
Appendix 4B. Cold Creek Fire Station Lentic Checklist 77
Appendix 5. Workshop Evaluation Forms 79
Appendix 6 Tribal Ecosystem Research Program (TERP) Workshop Contact Sheets
March 18-20, 2014 *Las Vegas, Nevada 85
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Acronyms and Abbreviations
BMP - Best Management Practice
CWA - Clean Water Act
DPC-Desired Plant Community
BSD-Environmental Sciences Division
FACW-Facultative Wetland
FAR-Functional At Risk
IRMP-Integrated Resource/Riparian Management Plan
LWM-Large Woody Material
NERL-National Exposure Research Laboratory
NF-Nonfunctional
OBL-Obligate Wetland
ORD -Office of Research and Development
PAR-Products, Assimilation, Resiliency
PFC - Proper Functioning Condition
PNC-Potential Natural Community
PPC-Potential Plant Community
TEK - Traditional Environmental Knowledge
TERP-Tribal Ecosystem Research Program
TMDL - Total Daily Maximum Load
UNLV-University of Nevada Las Vegas
USEPA - US Environmental Protection Agency
WQS - Water Quality Standards
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Acknowledgements
A special thanks to PFC instructors Sherman Swanson, Douglas Merkler, James Hurja, Robin
Wignall, Robert Hall and Daniel Heggem.
Instructors for the workshop were from the University of Nevada, Cooperative Extension
Program, US Forest Service, USEPA Office of Research and Development along with USEPA Region 9
and the National Resource Conservation Service. The Workshop included field visits to the Pabco section
of the Las Vegas Wash and Cold Creek, Nevada which is northwest of Las Vegas near the Nevada
National Security Site. Fourteen people participated in the training, including members of the Navajo
Nation, Ak-Chin, Napa Nation, Bear River Band of the Rohnerville Rancheria, Coyote Valley Band of
the Porno Indians, La Posta Tribe, San Manuel Band of Mission Indians, Cahto Tribe, Laytonville
Rancheria, Bridgeport Colony and the Jamul Indian Village. Thanks go to the manuscript reviewers Don
Ebert and Jim Hurja. Many thanks also go to Tad Harris, Pamela Grossmann, Maria Gregorio, May
Fong, Kevin Broadnax and Jan Contreras who all aided in the preparation of this report.
Notice
The information in this document has been funded in part by the United States Environmental Protection
Agency under contract number GS-35F-4594G to SRA International. It has been subjected to the
Agency's peer and administrative review and has been approved for publication as an EPA document.
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Executive Summary
USEPA is developing alternative approaches to quantify improvements to impaired waterbodies
(USEPA 303(d)/TMDL Draft Guidance). Tribal environmental programs are leading the way in the
paradigm shift towards sustainability of natural resources. Resources such as wildlife, aquatic habitat are
dependent on the development of a riparian and upland management strategy, which considers and adapts
to certain ecological relationships. Tribal traditional environmental knowledge (TEK) is a central concept
in the cultural and resource stewardship practices of Native Americans. Native American populations
have been accumulating knowledge of these ecosystem relationships, and have relied on them for basic
survival for thousands of years. As such, TEK is the accumulated understanding of ecosystem function.
As North America's first environmental stewards, Native American populations have developed a
unique relationship with the land and its resources. Objective of this workshop was to fuse TEK with
environmental science to create an ecosystem, or the landscape, research program oriented toward land
management practices. This is essentially translating and combining TEK with an ecosystem function
approach to provide a comprehensive basis for identifying and evaluating current and historical land use
practices.
Tribal and USEPA cooperative stream and wetland research focuses on making the connections
between upland and riparian ecosystems. Analyzing spatial relationships and short- and long-term trends
can determine if goals and objectives are being met (USEPA 303(d)/TMDL Draft Guidance). Defining
ecosystem function potential will determine what changes are needed for moving the ecosystem toward
the desired condition and developing and comparing management alternatives (i.e., TEK). The Proper
Functioning Condition (PFC) protocol, developed by the Bureau of Land Management, refers to how well
the physical processes within a stream and wetland riparian area are working and able to sustain a state of
resiliency during high-flow events. This resiliency allows an area to provide valued ecosystem services
(e.g., fish habitat, livestock and/or wildlife forage, water purification, carbon storage and nutrient
cycling), and to sustain the area over time.
Ten Tribes attended the workshop. Primary interest is in the sustainability of natural resources
and their ecological services to meet the nutritional, cultural, societal and economic needs of Tribal
communities.
Funding for this workshop was provided by the USEPA Office of Research & Development
(ORD), National Exposure Research Laboratory (NERL), Environmental Sciences Division (ESD), Las
Vegas, Nevada.
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1.0 Workshop Objectives
The purpose of this workshop was to bring together Tribal environmental scientists with USEPA
ORD physical, biological and social scientists to develop and conduct collaborative sustainable ecosystem
research. The objective was to open a communication process as part of a technology transfer to merge
ecological science and Tribal traditional ecological knowledge (TEK). Collaborative research was set to
understand the linkages between traditional knowledge, locally evolved management systems and human
health and well-being to enhance the evolution of ecosystem services sciences.
Each session in the workshop agenda is designed to illicit discussion of Tribal research needs
(Appendix 1). Workshop sessions are:
1. Ecosystem Services
2. Ecological Function and Sustainability
3. Products, Assimilation, Resiliency (PAR)
4. Soils
5. Proper Functioning Condition (PFC)
6. Connecting Tribal Values to Management
7. Results of Current EPA Research
8. Tribal Research Needs/Proj ects
The second USEPA-Tribal Environmental Research Program (TERP) workshop was attended by
representatives from ten different tribes (Appendix 2 - Southern California (3), Northern California (4),
and Arizona (3)). USEPA was represented by scientists from USEPA Region 9, USEPA ORD
NERL/ESD, University of Nevada, Reno, US Forest Service, Bureau of Land Management (BLM), and
DoA Natural Resource Conservation Service (NRCS).
Figure 1 .Robin Wignall, USFS and Dan Heggem, USEPA
Showing Workshop Attendees "Colonizing" and "Stabilizing"
Vegetation
Figure 2. Robert Hall, USEPA Region 9, Discussing Workshop
Concepts with Fred Johnson, Navajo Nation.
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1.1 Tribal Ecosystem Research Program (TERP) Description
The goal of the Tribal cooperative research program is to investigate the feasibility of using an
ecosystem function approach to assess the ecological, economic and social ramifications of alternative
land management scenarios. These scenarios emphasize the historic ties Tribal populations have to the
land, their unique cultural and dietary practices and ecosystem services. The objectives of the TERP is to
provide information and tools allowing communities, planners, and policy makers to evaluate holistically
upland and riparian area management practices, and the impacts of water- and land-use decisions.
On the organized field trip, discussions included current research efforts in the areas of resource
management, stream and wetland riparian functions, USEPA water quality and biological assessment
(CWA Section 106), and restoration programs (CWA Section 319). Tribes present at the workshop
represented southwestern ecoregions (Mojave Desert, Southern California Coastal, and Northern
California coastal woodlands).
The workshop emphasized ecosystem management. The sustainability of the aquatic habitat and
wildlife depends on the development of a riparian area management strategy that considers and adapts to
certain ecological, social, and economic relationships.
An effective adaptive ecosystem management plan, is based on ecological functions of stream
and wetland riparian areas and uplands. Tribes are first and foremost a land management agency. Any
adaptive management plan needs to incorporate Tribal values. USEPA regulatory activities (i.e., WQS,
TMDL process, Air regulations, etc.), monitoring and funding programs can and should be used to
support Tribal ecological life ways implementation.
The Tribal TERP Project Addresses the Following Priorities:
a. Protecting Tribal Water Resources,
b. Managing for Tribal Cultural Natural Resources (Aquatic, Wildlife)
c. Expanding the Use of TEK to Take Action on Climate Change,
1.2 What are the Specific Ecosystem Functions (i.e., Services) the Tribe Needs
Research On?
Tribal Research and Technology Transfer needs are:
1. Stream and Wetland Riparian System Function:
a. Connecting Water quality standards (i.e., biological, chemical), riparian and upland
biological indicators and criteria development to habitat restoration and integrating resource
adaptive management plans (i.e., grazing, agriculture, mining, logging, etc.)
2. Development of Adaptive Management Plan:
a. Water distribution (i.e., surface water, groundwater) and quantity (e.g., water rights related
issues, storage capacity, etc.),
3. Ecological Connection Between Upland and Riparian Ecosystems, and Land Use Practices:
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a. Ecosystem sequestration potential for nutrients (carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, trace metals,
etc.)
To give an example of a Tribal need driven ecosystem research, a previous private land owner,
who shares a common boundary to a tribal reservation, initiated an in-stream dredging project. The
project resulted in over steepening of the river channel causing a nick point (i.e., head cut) to migrate up
the system and excess sediment to be deposited further downstream. The upstream migrating channel
incision is disconnecting the river channel from accessing the riparian area, which are being used as
agricultural hay fields. Channel incision has lowered the water table, and resulted in the Tribal irrigation
canal system to become disconnected from the stream. The Ecosystem Research Team (i.e., Team)
worked with each land/assignment owner (private/Tribal/public) to asses Project research needs to:
a. Determine the potential functionality of the system,
b. Appropriate BMP and cost for repairing the channel to its potential functionality,
c. Cost of lost agricultural products,
d. Invasion of upland dry land plant migration into riparian habitats, and invasive and noxious
weeds resulting from dropping groundwater levels and disturbance,
e. Impacts to water quality and aquatic resources (i.e., fisheries) and wildlife habitat, along with the
selling of recreational permits by the tribe
1.3 What are the Biophysical Aspects?
Stream and wetland riparian ecosystems have the capacity to sequester pollutants and retain
nutrients. Fish and wildlife habitats depend on riparian areas to function properly. Loss of function and
physical form impacts the assimilation processes, releases sequestered nutrients, and destroys habitat. In
most streams, loss of function causes most, or a significant portion of nonpoint source pollution.
Current research in biophysical products:
a. Stream and Wetland Riparian Plant Community Structure, Soils, Geomorphology and Water
b. Upland Plant Community Structure
c. Aquatic Resources and Wildlife
d. Resource Management Practices (e.g., Grazing Management, etc.)
1.4 What are the Current Indicators being Measured as Part of Tribes' Natural
Resource and/or Ambient Monitoring Programs?
Indicators needed to manage water quality issues must focus on the drivers of physical
functioning condition. Riparian vegetation is often the best leading indicator for adaptive management
and sustainability of water quality and aquatic communities. The results of these projects will be used to
improve ecosystem management and develop monitoring programs as part of an adaptive management
plan based on Tribal values.
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Plant community structure, soil type and geomorphology, channel dimensions (e.g., width, depth,
w/d ratio, excess sediment, greenline dimensions, bed substrate, etc.), and flow are leading indicators of
performance. These indicators, when collected, analyzed, and understood, are able to predict future
events, and assist the land manager in avoiding calamities and manage limited resources.
Water quality and quantity, aquatic and wildlife resources, upland (e.g., percent natural land
cover, grazing management practice, etc.), aquatic species type and abundance are lagging indicators, but
important measures depending on the question of interest. Water quality parameters can predict risk for
certain endpoints (e.g., human health, fish health, etc.). A lagging indicator may eventually respond, but
not soon enough to guide decisions needed to ensure progress.
It should be noted, not all water pollution is from an external input. Pollution often comes from
the materials long stored in and along riparian areas and wetlands due to their attributes and processes or
functions. Riparian vegetation begins to decline first and it consistently leads in indicating sequential
recovery.
The scientific principles of ecological function can and will be used by tribes throughout the US
in developing sustainable ecosystems.
7.5 Field Exercise
Riparian vegetation is one of the primary ecological attributes affected by human use patterns
(i.e., grazing, urbanization, etc.). An inventory or assessment of current vegetation condition in relation to
the potential condition is necessary to identify limitation or opportunities. Proper Functioning Condition
(PFC) refers to how well the physical processes of energy dissipation, filtering sediment, stabilizing
streambanks, groundwater recharge, floodplain development, and maintaining channel characteristics
(with vegetation, coarse woody debris, soils, geomorphology, and hydrology appropriate for the potential
or capability of the setting) reflect a state of resiliency.
The ultimate goal of the Tribal Water Pollution Control Program (WPCP) is the development and
implementation of water quality standards for future protection and sustained use of valuable Reservation
water resources, protection of public health and welfare, and the enhancement of water quality. The intent
is to protect and improve water resources through habitat evaluation, planning, implementation,
education, community outreach and communication, and water quality monitoring.
A component of the WPCP is the development of Non-Point Source Program which is intended
to identify non-point sources of pollution and mitigate and/or eliminate them. The U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (USEPA 2006) reports that non-point source pollution is the leading remaining cause
of water quality problems. It is also known that non-point source pollution has a direct impact on drinking
water and surface water quality and quantity, recreation, fisheries, and wildlife.
The primary objectives of this exercise is to perform an ecological assessment of the Cold Creek
area and make recommendations to improve conditions as part of an integrated resource/riparian
management plan (IRMP).
The possible outcome of this exercise is the development an adaptive management plan, which
will restore stream plant and animal community complexes in the watershed, reduce stream-bank erosion
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and improve stream water quality, reconnect the stream channel to its floodplain, raise the water table,
improve flood attenuation, increasing soil moisture retention, and improving riparian and aquatic habitat
for aquatic communities.
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2.0 Workshop Preparation
In order to aid the successful completion of future workshops and to encourage people to hold
tribal specific PFC workshops the following workshop preparation items are discussed.
2.1 Announcement
The workshop announcement or invitation is a very important part of the workshop preparation
activities. The announcement should be attractive, simple, timely and informative. The announcement
for this work shop can be found in Appendix 1. This was a two page announcement. The workshop
purpose, benefits, location and dates were listed on the front page. The workshop agenda is on the back.
Pictures of past workshops were located on the side of the page to show the future participants what the
workshop experience would be like if they attend. Sign up instructions and contacts for questions were
located at the bottom of the first page. The announcement was distributed by way of hard copy, email
and webpage. People were able to show this announcement to their supervisors and coworkers to
indicate what benefits attending the workshop would bring to their organization.
2.2 Classroom Learning Materials
The classroom portion of this workshop was held in the US EPA, Environmental Sciences
Division's Executive Center Auditorium. The Auditorium has comfortable seating with fold out writing
tables in each chair, full audio/visual/internet resources and a lecture podium. Each participant was given
a writing tablet, pen and pencil and the two PFC manuals (Pritchard et al., 1993; Pritchard et al., 1996).
Copying service and IT end user support were required on demand during the classroom portion of the
workshop. A photographer and videographer were present to document portions of the workshop for later
use. Light snacks, water, juice and coffee were available on the first morning session. The highlight of
the PFC Workshop classroom session was the presentation materials provided by the Nevada Creeks and
Communities Team. There are over 470 slides in the PFC Workshop presentation. Classroom time was
approximately a day and a half. The following Figures 3-6 are selected slides from the workshop
classroom session. The classroom lecture gives the participants the basic concepts of PFC, helps them to
learn the PFC vocabulary , shows good examples of what attributes are measured, gives a quiz and
proposes management practices for function recovery.
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Figure 3. Dr. Sherman Swanson beginning the Classroom Presentation.
Figure 4. Sample Slide from the Classroom Presentation - Number 1.
Since riparian-wetland areas often pass through or are shared by numerous landowners, a collaborative approach,
applied at the ground level in a -watershed context, is the only avenue to successful restoration and future
management.
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'Healthy Streams Through
Bringing People Together1
"Restorationwill not happen by
regulation, changes in the law, more
money or any of the normal bureaucratic
approaches. Itwlil only occurthrough the
integration of ecological, economic and
social factors, and participation of
affected interests,"
Figure 5. Sample Slide from the Classroom Presentation - Number 2.
The initiative's mission is "healthy streams through bringing people together, " and it is based on premise
that "restoration will not happen by regulation, changes in the law, more money or any of the normal bureaucratic
approaches. It will only occur through the integration of ecological, economic and social factors, and participation
of affected interests. "
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Bear Creek 1977
Figure 6. Sample Slide from the Classroom Presentation - Number 3.
Example ofPFC at work in Bear Creek. Notice the recovery of the stream channel and flood plain vegetation. Workshop
participants learn that with PFC information in hand meaningful land management changes can be made to aid recoveries like
this one at Bear Creek. These lecture materials were from the Nevada Creeks and Community Team and can be found at,
http://www.cabnr.unr.edu/swanson/Extension/PFCTeam.aspx.
21 Years Later
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2.3 Field Training Site Selection
As important as the classroom session is the field sessions are where the majority of the PFC
learning takes place. The Las Vegas valley is located in the Mojave Desert; and therefore, is usually very
dry. Ephemeral or intermittent streams or washes make up the vast majority of the water bodies in the
valley. The desert landscape presented challenges in the quest for field training sites.
Training sites should reflect the different conditions in the PFC rating such as proper functioning,
functioning at risk, and nonfunctional. If differing conditions can't be found, there is still much to learn
from any one of the three categories. Having water present during training is preferable. Communicating
with local water authorities can be very helpful as streams and wetlands can be managed for water levels
according to the time of year. Access is also very important in various ways. Landowner or land
manager permission should be granted before field site visits. A park or recreation facility can be an ideal
place for field training. This facilitates ease of parking, access to restroom facilities, picnic areas for
lunch, and usually included pathways to the stream banks or wetland area. Park Rangers, land managers
and land owners can be a tremendous resource for participants when seeking information about the land
use history of a park or recreation area. The field sites should also be located close to the classroom area
so that transport to the field sites is not more than two hours driving time.
Preparation for this workshop included visits to various locations throughout the Las Vegas
Valley. The first step was to try to locate areas using internet mapping applications. Figures 7 through 8
show some of the preliminary candidate locations on maps. Figure 7 is a satellite view of Red Springs
park located in the northwest part of the Las Vegas valley near the Spring Mountains. This site had
parking, rest facilities and a picnic area but did not have enough open water to accommodate a full PFC
assessment. Spring Mountain Ranch State Park (Figure 8) was also considered as a possible field
learning site but was rejected due to the difficult access to the stream side for assessment purposes.
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H *-V*>.5 . VtK- lEjK;'{-
5**r'rf;^-fviv:Vv'*-
Figure 7. Red Springs Park Satellite Map View.
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Figure 8. Spring Mountain Ranch State Park.
After looking at maps for suitable locations candidate sites were visited. What may look good on
a map may not be acceptable as observed on the ground. Las Vegas Wetland Park looked acceptable
from maps and satellite views but as observed for the ground lacked access to the stream and stream
banks for close observation. Figure 16 shows Las Vegas Wash at the Wetland Park and difficulty of
access which includes a six meter drop from the upland land area.
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Figure 9. Las Vegas Wash at the Las Vegas Wetland Park.
The field training sites that were selected were the PABCO section of the Las Vegas Wash and
Cold Creek, Nevada. Both sites met the pre selection criteria and are discussed in later sections of this
report.
2.4 Field Learning Materials
Application of what was taught in the classroom comes in the field learning sessions. It is very
important to fully prepare for field related contingencies. Site access permission was obtained and land
managers and land owners joined the field session. Participants should be advised to wear comfortable,
field oriented clothing as seen in Figure 10.
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Figure 10. PFC Participants Ready for Field Observations.
Vans were acquired to transport people and had extra water, light snacks, maps to locations and
first aid supplies. As the training progressed, participants were split into groups of four to six people.
There were at least two instructors per group. Copies of PFC Manuals (Pritchard et al., 1993; Pritchard et
al., 1996) and copies of the PFC Checklists (Appendix 3A and 3B) were available. Instructors should
include scientists with expertise in biology (especially plant identification), geology, soil science,
ecology, land management, and water quality management. Preplanning is critical as success depends on
materials better not left behind requiring a long retrieval process. A photographer and videographer were
present to document portions of the workshop field session for later use.
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3.0 PFC Methods
Riparian areas are designated as vegetated (i.e., green) zones along lakes, wetlands, rivers,
streams, and creeks. Flowing water features such as rivers, streams, and creeks are referred to as lotic
riparian area. Wetland areas are associated with standing water features such as bogs, marshes, wet
meadows, and estuaries and are referred to as lentic riparian areas. Proper Function Condition (PFC) is a
methodology for assessing the physical functioning of riparian and wetland areas. The term PFC is used
to describe both the assessment process, and a defined, on-the-ground condition of a riparian-wetland
area. Stream function is determined by assessing the hydrology, vegetation, soil, and landform attributes.
By focusing on physical functioning, the PFC protocol is designed to yield information about the biology
of the plants and animals dependent on the riparian-wetland area. PFC provides information indicating
how well a riparian-wetland area is physically functioning in a manner allowing for the maintenance or
recovery of desired attributes like, fish habitat, biodiversity, and forage.
Proper functioning condition (PFC) is a qualitative method for assessing stream and wetland
riparian area physical processes. PFC is a state of resiliency allowing a riparian-wetland area to hold
together during high-flow events with a high degree of reliability. Each riparian-wetland area is judged
against its capability and potential (Prichard et al, 1993; Prichard et al., 1996). The capability and
potential of natural riparian-wetland areas are characterized by the interaction of the systems hydrology,
vegetation and erosion or deposition. Riparian areas are deemed functioning properly when there is
adequate vegetative structure present to provide the listed benefits applicable to a particular area. For
example, if the system does not have the potential to support fish habitat, that criteria would not be used
in the assessment (Prichard et al., 1993; Prichard et al., 1996).
Prichard et al., 1998, notes "Riparian-wetland areas are functioning properly when adequate
vegetation, landform, or large woody debris is present to 1) dissipate stream energy associated with high
waterflows, thereby reducing erosion and improving water quality; 2) filter sediment, capture bedload,
and aid floodplain development; 3) improve flood-water retention and ground-water recharge; 4) develop
root masses that stabilize streambanks against cutting action; 5) develop diverse ponding and channel
characteristics to provide the habitat and the water depth, duration, and temperature necessary for fish
production, waterfowl breeding, and other uses; 6) and support greater biodiversity."
Assessing stream and wetland functionality involves determining a riparian area's capability and
potential using an approach such as the following:
Look for relic areas such as exclosures or preserves;
Seek out historic photos, survey notes, and documents that indicate historic condition;
Search out species lists (animals & plants - historic & present),
Determine species habitat needs (animals & plants) related to species that are or were present;
Examine the soils and determine if they were saturated at one time and are now well drained;
Examine the hydrology, establish cross sections if necessary to determine frequency and
duration of flooding;
Identify vegetation that currently exists. Are they the same species that occurred historically;
Determine the entire watershed's general condition and identify its major landform(s);
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Look for limiting factors, both human-caused and natural, and determine if they can be
corrected.
Stream-wetland systems may be prevented from achieving their potential because of limiting
factors such as anthropogenic (human) activities. However, most of these limiting factors can be rectified
through proper management. Some types of permanent construction (e.g., dams, transmountain
diversions, permanent channel modifications), are not as easy to correct. The placement of permanent
structures (i.e., dams and diversions) can result in a stream-wetland area's flow regime being altered, thus
changing the area's capability. For example, cottonwood trees are maintained by periodic flooding, which
creates point bars for seedling establishment. A dam or diversion that reduces or eliminates the potential
for flooding may remove the potential for cottonwoods to remain in that area. PFC must be assessed in
relationship to the area's capability.
The trend is an assessment of apparent direction of change (e.g., upward or downward) in
conditions either towards or away from the site potential or site functionality. The attributes may exhibit
some sort of degradation or may exhibit some past degradation with no apparent upward trend. Trend is
determined by comparing the present condition of the stream reach (understood in comparison with other
reaches within the same systems (i.e., reference condition)), with previous photos, trend studies,
inventories, other documentation, or personal knowledge. The lack of historical information on the
condition of a site may lead to a "trend not apparent" assessment unless other clues are present such as the
population growth of young woody species (e.g., willows).
Nonfunctional areas do not contain sufficient vegetation, landform, or large woody debris to
dissipate stream energy associated with high flows.
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4.0 Pabco Field Site
Sometimes things work out and sometimes they don't. The Pabco portion of the Las Vegas Wash
was chosen as a field learning site due to a convenient location to our research facility in Las Vegas,
vehicle parking, restroom and lecture facilities and ease of access to the stream and stream bank. Figure
11 shows the satellite map of the Pabco location.
Figure 11. Satellite Image of the Pabco Field Site.
The issue with using any portion of the Las Vegas Wash for PFC assessment is that the natural
grade was ruined in big storm events in the late 1990s. After these big events, the engineering was
planned to slow the water down during normal flow and to try to survive big events in the future.
Riparian restoration was not considered as a primary outcome of restoration measures. During control
structure construction, more big storms hit the Las Vegas Valley, burst through the construction, further
ruined the grade and caused big sediment flows into Lake Mead. The control structures were built from
2000 to the present. The total control structure construction is nearly complete. The water quality
parameter of concern, total suspended solids, is presently under control. There is no telling what will
happen in the next big storm event. The Las Vegas Wash returns well over 95% of water used in the Las
Vegas Valley for indoor use. The water in the Las Vegas Wash is treated effluent from Clark County and
the cities of Las Vegas and Henderson. Because the water is treated effluent, the present water volume is
not a naturally occurring phenomenon.
PFC participants were confused by the "artificial" nature of what they are observing at the Las
Vegas Wash. Abandoned channels, weirs, riprap, and new and old vegetation are all present and
confound the PFC analyses. When the participants arrived at the Pabco site instructors were able to point
out stream bank features, identify vegetation, demonstrate soil characteristics and look at erosion
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deposition but because of the artificial and therefore confusing nature of the Pabco section of the wash,
the lotic checklist of the PFC assessment was not able to be filled out.
Land managers for the Las Vegas Wash should be accounting for function. If they know their
functional status then they can make decisions that at least can be measured (function) and begin a
management plan that can be put in place and then by understanding function they can start a feedback
loop to make even better decisions to get things working the way it needs to work for sustainability and
resiliency.
Figures 12 through 14 are photographs of the Las Vegas Wash at the Pabco trail head location.
Stream access was acceptable and there was much to be learned from the soil and vegetation types located
at this site but PFC analyses was not completed by participants.
Figure 12. Pabco Section of the Las Vegas Wash Looking Downstream.
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Figure 13. Pabco Section of the Las Vegas Wash Looking Upstream.
Figure 14. Pabco Section of the Las Vegas Wash Showing a Gravel Point Bar and Vegetation.
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5.0 Cold Creek Field Training Site
Figure 15. Photograph of the Cold Creek Watershed. Photograph taken March 19,2014, by Tad Harris.
Cold Creek, Nevada was suggested by the U.S Forest Service as a potential field training site for
the Las Vegas PFC Workshop. The area was appraised by satellite map and a pre visit. The site is a one
hour drive from the ORD Las Vegas facility on the UNLV campus. It has a picnic area with a large
parking lot and comfort facilities were provided by the Clark County Fire Department, Fire Station 82.
This site included both a lentic and lotic areas for evaluation.
The lentic site included two ponds and a water channel connecting the two water bodies. Figure
16 shows a satellite image of the two ponds. A water diversion comes from the main channel of Cold
Creek and can be seen in Figure 18. This diversion feeds the first pond (Figure 17) then in turn a channel
(Figure 19) feeds the second pond (Figure 20). This water was once used for a ranch which is now
abandoned and is now used for fire fighting purposes. This lentic site was assessed for PFC by the
workshop participants.
At Cold Creek, we were joined by a landowner at the stream area and a Deputy Fire Chief at the
wetland area. The land owner was invited to join our group during the PFC assessment. She told us that
there was a large flood event last August/September, 2013 that caused the most damage to the stream.
The event resulted in a head cut that proceeded across the road and down into the area of grazing use.
While these factors may have contributed to the damage from the from the storm event, we learned from
the U.S. Forest Service that it wasn't the main factor. There used to be a picnic area where the road
crosses the stream. It has been discontinued for many years. Boulders had been placed years ago to
prevent motorized vehicle access and that has been largely successful. Trails are user defined and not a
Forest Service system trail and not maintained. They are used by visitors and residents alike. Wild horse
use is probably the most significant impact to that stream. Her description of the creeks recent past
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included vigorous vegetation and stable stream banks lead us to believe that the creek was in a functional
state of condition.
The Deputy Fire Chief told us that the wetland area had been created by diverting the creek in the
early 20th century. This area use was by ranchers for cattle, horses and entertaining special guests. The
water held in the ponds is currently used for fire fighting purposes and in the winter time, these ponds are
stocked with fish for recreational fishing.
Figure 16. Satellite Image of the Lentic (Wetland) Field Study Site, Cold Creek, Nevada.
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Figure 17. First Pond.
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Figure 18. Diversion of Water from Cold Creek to the Ponds.
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Figure 19. Water Channel between Ponds.
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Figure 20. Second Pond.
The lotic site was one-half mile due west of the lentic site on Cold Creek Road. The satellite
view is shown on Figure 21 and is located at the second loop of the switchback in Cold Creek Road next
to the vegetation. The study area was on U.S. Forest Service land which started at the road and went to
the south.
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'
:'
Figure 21. Satellite Image of the Lotic (Stream) Field Study Site, Cold Creek Nevada.
The pre visit photos can be seen in figures 22 and 23. Vegetation was very thick at points along
the stream and horse trails (foot paths) lined the sides of the creek and various points. This stream and
riparian vegetation is fed and sustained by a spring just upstream from the assessment location. The
workshop participants were able to complete a PFC assessment for lotic conditions at this filed site.
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Figure 22. Cold Creek Near Cold Creek Road Pre Visit.
Figure 23. Cold Creek Up Stream Pre Visit.
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6.0 Results of Functional Rating
6.1 Potential and Capability
As described in Prichard et al, 1998, potential is defined as the ".. .highest ecological status a
riparian-wetland area can attain given no political, social, or economical constraints, and is often referred
to as the potential natural community (PNC)." The potential plant community (PPC) represents the serai
stage the botanical community would achieve if all successional sequences were completed without
human interference under the present environmental conditions. For some areas, PFC may occur from
early serai to late serai. Desired plant community (DPC) would be determined based on management
objectives through an interdisciplinary approach. For example, trout habitat conditions would be optimum
from mid-serai to late serai.
Capability, as described in Prichard et al., 1998, is defined as the "...the highest ecological status
an area can attain given political, social, or economical constraints, which are often referred to as limiting
factors." Capability only applies to constraints land/resource managers cannot eliminate or change
through some management action.
Cold Creek is a spring fed coarse gravel Rosgen B type stream system. During summer
monsoons, the watershed captures thundershower activity to augment the spring discharge. Plant
community is comprised of Arroyo Willow, sedge and rush, with some oak and pine trees. The upper
reach is impacted by urban development.
The lentic ponds are artificially maintained as a wild horse stock pond, recreational fishing, and
as source water for fire fighting. Water is diverted from Cold Creek just below the spring, via a small
channel into the ponds.
6.2 Lotic Reach - Cold Creek
Figure 24. Cold Creek Channel and Riparian. Photographs by John Lin.
6.3 Hydrology
Fluvial processes of sediment transport and storage are directly related to stream and wetland
riparian habitat dynamics (Hurley and Jensen, 2001). In this section, items 1-5 focus on the hydrologic
attributes and processes thought to be necessary for maintaining ecosystem integrity (Prichard et al.,
1998).
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1. Floodplain above Bankfull is Inundated in "Relatively Frequent" Event.
A floodplain, topographically, is flat area adjacent to a stream (Schmudde, 1968; Alexander and
Marriott, 1999). The floodplain is comprised of unconsolidated depositional material (i.e., sediment), and
is flooded every 1.5 to 2 years (Schmudde, 1968; Alexander and Marriott, 1999). Natural floodplains
vary in character depending on their climatic setting, catchment size and character and, as a consequence,
discharge character and sediment load (Prichard et al., 1998). The floodplain is functional if it is
normally connected to the stream at the bankfull discharge point, and is flooded in relatively frequent
events (Prichard et al., 1998). The floodplain provides additional stream capacity to transport and store
water and sediment. If the channel is downcut and flood flows can not access the floodplain, the
floodplain is considered non-functional if it no longer provides hydrologic functions (Prichard et al.,
1998).
The objective is to determine if frequent flood flows (1.5-2 years) are capable of spreading out
on a low-lying area adjacent to the stream.
Yes
X
No
N/A
1. Floodplain above Bankfull is Inundated in "Relatively Frequent" Event.
New Flood Plain is Not Terrace or Inset Fan. Floodplain Valley Flat
2. Where Beaver Dams are Present are they Active and Stable.
The objective is to determine if beaver dams are present and are being maintained. For Cold
Creek there are no beavers in the area. This question is Not Applicable.
Yes
No
N/A
X
2. Where Beaver Dams are Present are they Active and Stable
3. Sinuosity, Width/Depth Ratio, and Gradient are in Balance with the Landscape
Setting (i.e., Landform, Geology, and Bioclimatic Region).
The objective is to determine if the stream is balance (i.e., shape and size) with its setting.
Sinuosity, width/depth ratio, and gradient play important roles in how well a stream dissipates energy
(Prichard et al., 1998). The position of a stream in its landscape and watershed setting is a strong
determinant of that stream's ability to develop and support significant riparian-wetland resources
(Prichard et al., 1998).
Prichard et al., 1998, indicate that the stream ability to develop and support significant riparian
resources is dependent on the position of a stream in its landscape and watershed setting, and its expected
range of variability for composition of bed and bank material and channel size, shape and pattern.
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For Cold Creek, the width depth ratio and sinuosity are not appropriate for the stream setting.
This system is degraded and is not recovering from past channelization, current water diversion and
recreational activity. The flood event is too recent to determine the recovery ability.
Yes
No
X
N/A
3. Sinuosity, Width/Depth Ratio, and Gradient are in Balance with the
Landscape Setting (i.e., Landform, Geology, and Bioclimatic Region)
Wide and Less Sinuous and Steeper. Stuck in Linear Incision
4. Riparian - Wetland Area is Widening or has Achieved Potential Extent.
Degraded riparian systems recover by capturing sediment in the floodplain. Riparian areas widen
via aggradation, along with natural stream adjustments (e.g. widening of flood plain, sinuosity). This
improves flood water retention and aids recruitment of plant communities. Recovery is expressed as an
increase in riparian vegetation. The objective here is to determine if the riparian area is recovering or has
recovered.
Hoof action and grazing are preventing and/or slowing down widening of the riparian area.
Yes
No
X
N/A
4. Riparian - Wetland area is Widening or has Achieved Potential
Extent.
Bluegrass, Lack of Willows where it Could Grow.
5. Upland Watershed is Not Contributing to Riparian-Wetland Degradation.
Sediment load to a stream is a function of the watershed geology, soils, vegetation cover and land
use. Condition of the surrounding uplands can greatly affect the riparian area. For example, changes in
upland condition can change the discharge, timing or duration of stream flow events (Prichard et al,
1998). The objective of this item is to determine if there are changes in the water and/or sediment being
supplied to the riparian system. Also, determine if the resulting increases are contributing to the
degradation of the system. An answer of "No" indicates the upland is contributing.
As Prichard et al., 1998, describe, it is possible to have a disturbed upland area and not see "major
changes" to the riparian area. Indicators of riparian degradation area include braiding of what should be a
single-thread channel, mid-channel bars, overloading of point bars, fan deposits from upland erosion
sinuosity, or cementing (i.e., increased embeddedness) of the channel substrate.
Horse activity, urbanization in the upstream and upland areas are contributing to stream and
riparian degradation.
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Yes
No
X
N/A
5. Upland Watershed is Not Contributing to Riparian-Wetland
Degradation.
Combination of Untreated/Poorly Maintained Private Roads,
Urbaniztion, Steep Horse Trails, Incision from Below.
6.4 Vegetation
Stream riparian areas are primarily impacted by the hydrologic and geomorphic processes within
the landform setting. For a stream riparian area to achieve functionality, some amount of vegetation is
required. Items 6-12 deal with vegetation attributes and processes that need to be in working order for a
riparian system to function properly. The lateral distribution of vegetation determines the stream riparian
area's ability to accommodate periods of flood and drought conditions. The ability of a riparian area to
persist or improve is dependent on having the appropriate vegetative community (i.e., the right kind and
amount of vegetation) being vigorous and replacing or increasing their numbers and extent through
recruitment (Prichard et al, 1998). As described by Prichard et al., 1998, degradation of a stream riparian
area corresponds with the elimination of or reduction in bank-forming vegetation, encroachment of
upland vegetation onto floodplains and levees and increase in the extent of eroded banks and stream bars
at the expense of vegetated communities on levees and floodplains.
1. Diverse Age-Class Distribution of Riparian-Wetland Vegetation (Recruitment for
Maintenance/Recovery).
Prichard et al., 1998, indicate for a stream riparian system to recover, or maintain, it has to have
more than one age class of wetland plants. Note: this question is not referring to all possible age classes
are present. It is asking if the age classes present are providing recruitment to maintain, increase or allow
recovery of an area. Prichard et al., 1998, states that most riparian areas will recover or maintain with two
age classes, as long as one of the age classes is young (recruitment) and the other is middle aged (i.e.,
replacement). Older/mature age classes are well attached to existing water tables and can persist even
with degraded conditions.
plants.
The objective of the item is to determine the age class distribution of at least one to two species of
It is too early to determined willow regeneration due to the recent flood event.
Yes
No
X
N/A
6. Diverse Age-Class Distribution of Riparian-Wetland
Vegetation (Recruitment for Maintenance/Recovery).
No Willow Regeneration.
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2. Diverse Composition of Riparian-Wetland Vegetation (for Maintenance or
Recovery).
Stream riparian areas require the appropriate vegetation to be present if they are to function
properly. This means having two or more riparian wetland species present. Diversity for maintenance or
recovery applies primarily to the presence (availability) of those species with high erosion control
potential (stabilizers) within a community.
The objective of this item is to determine and document if the existing species composition is
sufficient for maintenance or recovery.
For Cold Creek, there is a diversity of vegetation community - Arroyo willow, rush, sedge.
Yes
X
No
N/A
7. Diverse Composition of Riparian-Wetland Vegetation (for
Maintenance/Recovery).
Arroyo Willow, Sedge, Rush.
4. Species Present Indicate Maintenance of Riparian-Wetland Soil Moisture
Characteristics.
Plants occurring in riparian wetland areas are hydrophytes (Prichard et al., 1998). They have to be
in contact with the water table to flourish.
The objective of this item is to determine the water table level is being maintained or is moving
towards its potential extent as indicated by the presence of stream riparian plant communities.
A functional riparian system will have obligate wetland (OBL - e.g., cattails, Baltic rush,
pondweed, etc.) or facultative wetland (FACW - spiked rush, ferns, etc.) plant communities on a
perennial reach. A "no" response for this question will be given if facultative upland or upland (drier site
plants) dominant the reach.
For the entire reach, key herbaceous and woody riparian stabilizer plant species are absent and/or
have a very minimal presence.
Yes
No
X
N/A
8. Species Present Indicate Maintenance of Riparian-Wetland Soil
Moisture Characteristics.
Very Minimal Presence.
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5. Streambank Vegetation is Comprised of those Plants or Plant Communities that
Have Root Masses Capable of Withstanding High Stream Flow Events [Community
Types Present].
All stream banks erode to some degree as part of a stream's natural process. Riparian plants are
very effective at stabilizing stream banks, filtering runoff, shading and protection offish habitats,
enhancing aesthetics and controlling downstream flooding. Unstable banks can lead to extensive bank
failures and add large volumes of sediment to the stream.
The objective of this item is to document that the streambanks have the right plant community
types for recovery and maintenance of the riparian wetland area. Most plants that are obligate and
facultative wetland have root masses capable of withstanding hig-flow events (Prichard et al., 1998).
Cold Creek lacks a stabilizing plant community.
Reach 1.
Yes
No
X
N/A
9. Streambank Vegetation is Comprised of those Plants or Plant
Communities that have Root Masses Capable of Withstanding
High Stream Flow Events [Community Types Present].
No Stabilizers. Colonizing Bluegrass is the Dominant Species.
5. Riparian-Wetland Plants Exhibit High Vigor.
For most stream riparian wetland areas, plant size, shape and leaf color during the growing season
can be used to discern vigor (i.e., robustness, health).
The objective of this item is to determine if the stream riparian plants are healthy and robust, or
are in a weakened/stressed state and leaving the area. As riparian plants weaken or leave an area the reach
is subject to degradation.
For Cold Creek the riparian plant community is severely stressed.
Yes
No
X
N/A
10. Riparian-Wetland Plants Exhibit High Vigor.
Stressed from Consistent Grazing.
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6. Adequate Riparian-Wetland Vegetative Cover Present to Protect Banks and
Dissipate Energy During High Flows. [Enough?]
Normal channel migration is essential for creating and maintaining a variety of aquatic and
riparian habitats (Prichard et al., 1998). To prevent excessive erosion is to have adequate vegetative cover
to dissipate the erosive forces acting on the channel. Therefore, the benefit of riparian vegetation is its
ability to filter sediments, dissipate flow energy (i.e., create slow velocity zones), aid flood plain
development and storage of water, and protect stream banks, which is crucial in obtaining proper
functioning condition.
Maintenance and recovery of a riparian wetland area is dependent on the having the "right
plants", recruitment, and the "right amount" to achieve its potential function.
The objective of this item is to determine if there is an adequate "amount" of vegetation present
to dissipate stream energies from high-flow events.
Cold Creek vegetative cover is lacking. Riparian vegetation only covers approximately 5-10%.
Impacts appear to be related to flooding, horse and wildlife grazing and some recreational activity.
Yes
No
X
N/A
11. Adequate Riparian-Wetland Vegetative Cover Present to Protect
Banks and Dissipate Energy During High Flows. [Enough?]
Vegetative Cover is Between Approximately 5 - 10% of the
Riparian Area.
7. Plant Communities are an Adequate Source of Coarse and/or Large Woody
Material (for Maintenance/Recovery).
Stream riparian continuum is in a state of dynamic stability when it is functioning properly
(Prichard et al., 1998). Large woody material (LWM) plays a prominent role in regulating channel
morphology, habitat and dissipation of energy. Woody material helps create physical habitat diversity,
fish cover, pool development, and undercut banks. LWM is recruited as part of natural channel migration
(e.g., bank erosion, landslides, etc.).
The objective of this item is to determine if woody material essential for system, and if necessary,
is the woody material present in size and number.
For Cold Creek, large woody material (LWM) is essential for the stream to reach its potential.
This reach is missing willow recruitment.
Yes
No
X
N/A
12. Plant Communities are an Adequate Source of Coarse and/or
Large Woody Material (for Maintenance/Recovery).
Missing Willow Crowns.
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6.5 Erosion Deposition
Stream channels are constantly in motion adjusting to fluxes in stream flow and sediment being
supplied by the watershed (Prichard et al., 1998). Items 13 - 17 deal with the erosion and deposition
attributes and processes necessary for a system to function properly.
13. Floodplain and Channel Characteristics (i.e., Rocks, Overflow Channels, Coarse
and/or Large Woody Material) Adequate to Dissipate Energy.
Channel and floodplain characteristics will vary depending on channel type (Rosgen, 1996). For
stream riparian systems to function properly, flow energy has to be dissipated during high-flow events
(Prichard et al., 1998; Rosgen, 1996). In a functioning system, energy is reduced through floodplain
access and channel characteristics which creates resistance to downstream movement (Prichard et al.,
1998).
The objective of this item is to determine if the channel characteristics are adequate to dissipate
stream energy.
There are rocks in the Cold Creek channel, but it is unvegetated and narrow.
Yes
No
X
N/A
13. Floodplain and Channel Characteristics (i.e., Rocks, Overflow
Channels, Coarse and/or Large Woody Material) Adequate to
Dissipate Energy.
Unvegetated and Narrow in Places.
14. Point Bars are Revegetating with Riparian-Wetland Vegetation.
Lateral movement and formation and extension of point bars is part of the natural depositional
process for some stream channel types. Point bars are predominant in Rosgen C channel types (Rosgen
1996). It is important vegetation colonizes the deposits as they extend overtime to maintain balance
(Prichard et al., 1998). If vegetation cannot maintain a balance, high flow events will accelerate erosional
processes, which can result in degradation of the stream riparian system (Prichard et al., 1998). To
achieve balance, the right riparian wetland plants need to have root masses capable of withstanding high
stream flow events.
The objective of this item is to establish the riparian plant communities are capturing recent
depositional events on point bars and maintaining the natural balance of the stream system.
For Cold Creek, stabilization of point bars is generally inadequate. To clarify. #9 above states
colonizing bluegrass is the dominant species. The flood probably scoured things out but bluegrass may
recolonize if it has not already.
Yes
No
X
N/A
14. Point Bars are Revegetating with Riparian-Wetland Vegetation.
No Vegetation or Bluegrass.
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15. Lateral Stream Movement is Associated with Natural Sinuosity.
Lateral stream movement usually occurs through bank erosion and point bar development
(Prichard et al., 1998), and is associated with natural sinuosity. "Natural" rates of channel migration will
vary by stream type and available material (Prichard et al., 1998; Rosgen 1996).
The objective of this item to is to determine if the active channel is slowly progressing across its
valley floor. Excessive lateral movement will impact the overall function of the riparian area.
In Cold Creek, grazing and recreational activity is impacting the streams ability to migrate within
the valley floor.
Yes
No
X
N/A
15. Lateral Stream Movement is Associated with Natural Sinuosity.
Building of Point Bars on Step Treads and Accelerated Erosion
from Incision.
16. System is Vertically Stable. [Not Downcutting]
Natural streams transport water, sediment and other material out of the watershed. Natural
disturbances or anthropogenic activities will impact the equilibrium conditions of the stream channel.
Processes of degradation and aggradation may result in bank instability and changes in channel pattern
(Prichard et al., 1998). During basin wide adjustments, the stage of channel evolution will usually vary
systematically (Prichard et al., 1998). The lack of a systematic relation between stage of channel
evolution and distance upstream/downstream indicates that the stability problems are local in nature
(Prichard et al., 1998). For example, redirection of flow caused by a structure.
The objective of this item is to document if the channel adjustments are occurring at a "natural"
or an accelerated rate.
Cold Creek is not vertically stable. Even though there are large boulders present, there are many
headcuts (nick points) throughout the reach.
Yes
No
X
N/A
16. System is Vertically Stable. [Not Downcutting]
Heading (Nick Points) in Many Places.
17. Stream is in Balance with the Water and Sediment Being Supplied by the
Watershed (i.e., No Excessive Erosion or Deposition).
As streams transport water and sediment out of a watershed any excessive erosion or deposition
indicates the system is out of balance with the material being supplied.
The objective of this item is to identify if the riparian wetland area is out of balance with the
stream flow and material being supplied.
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Cold Creek is not in balance with the material being supplied with excessive deposition of fine
grained material.
Yes
No
X
N/A
17. Stream is in Balance with the Water and Sediment Being
Supplied by the Watershed (i.e., No Excessive Erosion or
Deposition).
Too Much Energy and Incision with Some in Peak Flow
Deposits.
6.6 Functional Rating
Nonfunctional. It may be too early from flood event to note any improvement. Middle to lower
end of the thermometer. Yes - Flow regulation (diversion at the top of the reach), other - urbanization
and political issues related to uncontrolled horse population.
6.7 Lentic Checklist - Cold Creek Fire Station Ponds
Fluvial processes of sediment transport and storage are directly related to stream and wetland
riparian habitat dynamics (Hurley and Jensen, 2001). The PFC checklist is designed to address the
common attributes and processes needing to be in working order for a lentic riparian-wetland area to
function properly.
P B^jjP *
p*
Figure 25. Cold Creek Fire Station Maintained Pond and Wetland Area Resulting from the Unlined Channel.
6.8 Hydrology
The term "wetland hydrology" encompasses all hydrologic characteristics of wetland areas that
are periodically inundated, or has soils saturated to the surface at some time during the growing season
(Prichard, et al, 1999). Inundated, or saturated, to the surface for sufficient duration to develop hydric
soils (i.e., anaerobic soil conditions) and support vegetation adapted to anaerobic soil conditions
(Prichard, et al., 1999).
Hydrology is often the least exact of the parameters. It is essential to establish that a wetland area
is periodically inundated or has saturated soils during the growing season (Prichard et al. 1994).
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Item 1: Riparian-Wetland Area is Saturated at or Near the Surface or Inundated in
"Relatively Frequent" Events
Water creates and maintains all wetlands. Water is the dominant factor determining the nature of
soil development and the plant community structure in a wetland (lentic) system (Cowardin et al., 1979).
The purpose of Item 1 is to document the wetland is inundated (i.e., saturated) long enough in duration
and occurs frequently enough to maintain wetland characteristics.
Yes
X
No
N/A
Item 1: Riparian-Wetland Area is Saturated at or Near the Surface or
Inundated in "Relatively Frequent" Events.
But, Not to Margins of Organic Rich Soil.
Item 2: Fluctuation of Water Levels is Not Excessive
Periodic flooding, or saturation, of the wetland areas is necessary to promote and sustain OBL
and FACW vegetation. Water level changes must be within the range of plant tolerance. The purpose of
Item 2 is to determine if the water level changes are within the limits capable of sustaining riparian-
wetland vegetation.
Yes
X
No
N/A
Item 2: Fluctuation of Water Levels is Not Excessive.
Ponds are Supplied by a Perennial Flow, but Monsoonal
Weather Patterns Can be Very Episodic.
Item 3: Riparian-Wetland Area is Enlarging or has Achieved Potential Extent
Depending on a lentic area's site characteristics, degradation can result in accelerated
sedimentation (filling in faster), or loss, or lowering, of the water table (Prichard, et al., 1999). Either
process will have a detrimental effect on the riparian-wetland vegetation and community structure. A loss,
or lowering, of the water table results in loss of vegetation vigor (i.e., water stress), lowered production,
and eventually a complete loss of riparian-wetland vegetation (Prichard et al., 1999). The objective of
Item 3 is to determine if the riparian wetland area is degrading, recovering or has recovered.
For Cold Creek ponds, excessive sediment from the parking area is resulting in a decrease in the
spatial extent of the wetland as the perimeter area shrinks with declining catchment capacity (Figure 16 -
20 & 25). Recreation use and horses are the primary impacts to the Riparian Area.
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Yes
No
X
N/A
Item 3: Riparian-Wetland Area is Enlarging or has Achieved
Potential Extent.
Digging a Channel Sped Up Water, Which is Preventing the
Wetland Area Reaching Potential.
Item 4: Upland Watershed is Not Contributing to Riparian-Wetland Degradation
The objective of Item 4 is to determine if the surrounding uplands are affecting the condition of a
riparian-wetland area. Alteration in upland condition influences the magnitude, timing, or duration of
overland flow events (Prichard et al., 1999). This in turn affects the riparian wetland functionality. The
focus is on whether the uplands are, or are not, contributing to degradation, and not on the condition of
the uplands. Water is being supplied from Cold Creek.
Yes
X
No
N/A
Item 4: Upland Watershed is Not Contributing to Riparian-Wetland
Degradation.
Diversion Augmenting Flow into the Ponds and Wetland
Area.
Item 5: Water Quality is Sufficient to Support Riparian-Wetland Plants
The purpose of Item 5 is to determine if water quality is being maintained (Prichard et al., 1999).
The toxicological impacts to an ecosystems occurs when there is too low or too high nutrient and trace
metal concentrations. The effect also occurs for sediment. For example, nutrient (i.e., nitrogen,
phosphorus) concentrations exceed the capability of the wetland vegetation community to absorb them,
and or the concentrations are too low to maintain vigor. Maintenance of water quality is important for
riparian wetland areas to produce the kind of vegetation necessary for proper functioning condition.
Yes
X
No
N/A
Item 5: Water Quality is Sufficient to Support Riparian-Wetland
Plants
Nutrient Levels are Not Impacting Riparian Community and
is Adequate to Maintain a Carp/Trout Fishery.
Item 6: Natural Surface or Subsurface Flow Patterns are not Altered by Disturbance (i.e.,
Hoof Action, Dams, Dikes, Trails, Roads, Rills, Gullies, Drilling Activities)
If the natural surface or subsurface flow patterns of lentic areas are altered, the timing, frequency,
magnitude, and duration of inundation or saturation can be affected, with corresponding changes to the
soils and vegetation (Prichard et al., 1999). This would indicate that the wetland plant community may be
impacted during drought conditions, which is suggested in Items 10-12.
The objective of Item 6 is to determine if surface or subsurface flow patterns are being
maintained. A change in flow patterns may mean a change in vegetation type (e.g., wetland species to
upland species). Alteration of surface or subsurface flow patterns may affect the functionality of a site, by
creating a site unable to dissipate energies and function properly.
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Field observations indicated that surface flow patterns are altered/constructed. As seen in Figure
16-20 and 25, indicates that the surface flow is a dug trench, pond has a dam with horse trails, there are
rills coming off the parking area, and hoof action from wild horses.
Yes
No
X
N/A
Item 6: Natural Surface or Subsurface Flow Patterns are not Altered
by Disturbance (i.e., Hoof Action, Dams, Dikes, Trails, Roads,
Rills, Gullies, Drilling Activities).
Dug Channel/Trenching.
Item 7: Structure Accommodates Safe Passage of Flows (e.g., No Headcut Affecting Dam or
Spillway)
Some lentic riparian-wetland areas have been altered through the addition of structures designed
to capture more runoff, thus creating a more permanent or larger wetland (Prichard et al., 1999). When
structures are placed to alter a riparian-wetland area, it is very important that the structure is designed and
maintained to accommodate safe passage of flows (Prichard et al., 1999). The purpose of Item 7 is to
determine if these structures are accommodating safe passage of flows.
As seen in Figure 9, hoof action is impacting the dam. Without more rock or stabilizing plant
communities a high rainfall event will impact spillway and dam.
Yes
No
X
N/A
Item 7: Structure Accommodates Safe Passage of Flows (e.g., No
Headcut Affecting Dam or Spillway).
Neither Stabilizers or Rock on Spillway and Horses will
Likely Send Water Over Dam.
6.9 Vegetation
Items 8-15 address vegetation attributes and processes that should be in working order for a lentic
riparian-wetland system to function properly (Prichard et al., 1999). In assessing functionality, the whole
complex (i.e., landform, vegetation community structure) should be considered in order to understand
such items as age class distribution and species diversity. For a wetland area to persist or improve, the
plant species or communities of interest must be both healthy (vigorous) and replacing or increasing their
numbers or extent through recruitment into the community. The site should be evaluated by determining
if the right kinds and proportions of species of community vegetation types are those found in lentic
riparian-wetland areas (Prichard et al., 1999). For example, many lentic riparian-wetland areas do not
have the soil and hydrology conditions needed to support tree or shrub species.
Riparian-wetland plants are classified into five types based on the likelihood of their occurrence
in wetlands or non-wetlands (Reed 1988). These classes are: obligate wetland (OBL), facultative wetland
(FACW), facultative (FAC), facultative upland (FACU), and obligate upland (UPL). OBL species are
likely to occur in wetlands >99 percent of the time, whereas FACW species occur in wetlands between
>67-99 percent of the time. The FAC species are likely to occur in wetlands 33-67 percent of the time;
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FACU species are likely to occur l-<33 percent of the time. UPL species almost never (<1 percent) occur
in wetlands.
Item 8: There is Diverse Age-Class Distribution of Riparian Wetland Vegetation
(Recruitment for Maintenance/Recovery)
In most cases, a riparian-wetland area should have more than one age class of wetland plants
present for maintenance and/or recovery - i.e., a sufficient number of age classes are present to provide
recruitment to maintain an area or to allow an area to recover (Prichard et al., 1998). Most riparian-
wetland areas can maintain their numbers with two age classes. Provided one of the age classes is young
for recruitment, and the other is middle aged (i.e., replacement). Older/mature age classes are well
attached to existing water tables and can persist even with degraded conditions (Prichard et al., 1998).
Most herbaceous riparian wetland plants spread vegetatively (Prichard et al., 1999). A lack of spreading
by wetland plants may indicate a lack of age class diversity. This is possibly due to a change in site
conditions.
The objective of Item 8 is to determine the age class distribution of at least one to two species of
plants.
For Cold Creek, ponds there were very little young plant communities.
Yes
No
X
N/A
Item 8: There is Diverse Age-Class Distribution of Riparian Wetland
Vegetation (Recruitment for Maintenance/Recovery).
Little or No Examples; Lack of Young Willow. Rush Present,
but Very Little.
Item 9: There is Diverse Composition of Riparian-Wetland Vegetation (for
Maintenance/Recovery)
In addition to diverse age-class distribution, diverse species composition is important for
maintenance and recovery (Prichard et al., 1998; Prichard et al., 1999). The objective of Item 9 is to
determine and document if the existing species composition is sufficient for maintenance or recovery.
Basically, two or more riparian-wetland species are present, but varies by the potential of the site to
support a given number of species. Site characteristics can give a competitive advantage of a particular
species over other species. Capability of the site to support multiple riparian-wetland species must also be
considered (Prichard et al., 1999). If the hydrology has been altered by some activity in the upper
watershed, altered flows into the wetland may limit the types of species that can survive (Prichard et al.,
1999).
For this wetland area, there is a diversity of vegetation community predominantly in the
herbaceous and woody material.
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Yes
X
No
N/A
Item 9: There is Diverse Composition of Riparian-Wetland
Vegetation (for Maintenance/Recovery).
Rushes, Sedges and Willows.
Item 10: Species Present Indicate Maintenance of Riparian Wetland Soil Moisture
Characteristics
Plants occurring in riparian wetland areas are hydrophytes (Prichard et al., 1998). They have to be
in contact with the water table. The intent of Item 10 is to look for those species indicating the presence of
a shallow water table. For example, ovate spike rush (OBL) and rabbit-foot grass (FACW), may indicate
maintenance of the water table in the absence of deep rooted perennials. This depends on how degraded
the area appears and the types of species present.
A functional riparian system will have obligate wetland (OBL - e.g., cattails, Baltic rush,
pondweed, etc.) or facultative wetland (FACW - spiked rush, ferns, etc.) plant communities on a
perennial reach. A "no" response for this question will be given if facultative upland or upland (drier site
plants) dominant the reach.
For the entire wetland area, riparian plant species present indicates the presence adequate soil
moisture (Figure 9).
Yes
X
No
N/A
Item 10: Species Present Indicate Maintenance of Riparian Wetland
Soil Moisture Characteristics.
Arroyo Willow, Fremont Cottonwood, Black Willow, Sedge,
Rush, Rosa Woodsii.
Item 11: Vegetation is Comprised of Those Plants or Plant Communities that have Root
Masses Capable of Withstanding Wind Events, Wave Flow Events, or Overland
Flows (e.g., Storm Events, Snowmelt)
Lentic riparian-wetland areas can have open water, or wet meadows with standing water some
part of the year. The objective of Item 11 is to determine if the shorelines/soil surfaces have the right
plants, or community types, present and in abundance to protect the riparian-wetland area from erosion -
i.e., those species with root systems capable of withstanding such events (Prichard et al., 1998; Prichard et
al., 1999).
Most perennial plants that are OBL and FACW have root masses capable of withstanding
erosional events, while most FACU and UPL plants do not (Prichard et al., 1999). Typically, herbaceous
species with rhizomes, or stolons, which form a continuous mat of roots (rather than isolated individual
bunch grasses) are most effective (Prichard et al., 1999).
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For this site, willows dominant the periphery of the wetland with some annuals which have been
grazed.
Yes
X
No
N/A
Item 11: Vegetation is Comprised of Those Plants or Plant
Communities that have Root Masses Capable of Withstanding
Wind Events, Wave Flow Events, or Overland Flows (e.g.,
Storm Events, Snowmelt).
Willows.
Item 12: Riparian-Wetland Plants Exhibit High Vigor
The objective of Item 12 is to determine if the stream riparian plants are healthy and robust, or are
in a weakened/stressed state and leaving the area. As riparian plants weaken or leave an area, the wetland
is subject to degradation. The aboveground expression is a reflection of the condition of the root system
and the ability of riparian-wetland species to hold an area together (Prichard et al., 1999). During the
growing season, plant size, shape and leaf color can be used to discern vigor (i.e., robustness, health).
For this wetland, the riparian herbaceous plant community is heavily grazed.
Yes
No
X
N/A
Item 12: Riparian-Wetland Plants Exhibit High Vigor.
Fenced Area Now a Pasture, Grazing Still a Stressor.
Item 13: Adequate Riparian-Wetland Vegetative Cover is Present to Protect Shoreline/Soil
Surface and Dissipate Energy During High Wind and Wave Events or Overland
Flows
Vegetation filters sediment, aids floodplain development, protects shorelines, etc., all of which
dissipate energies associated with wind action, wave action, and overland flow events. The purpose of
Item 13 is to determine if there is an adequate amount of vegetation present to dissipate energies from
these events (Prichard et al., 1999).
For a riparian wetland area to maintain/recover, composition and abundance of the right plants,
recruitment, etc., are necessary/essential for the system to function properly (Prichard et al., 1998;
Prichard et al., 1999).
For this wetland, there is 'not' an adequate vegetative cover. However, flash flooding and inputs
of excessive sediment from the parking area can be destructive.
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Yes
No
X
N/A
Item 13: Adequate Riparian-Wetland Vegetative Cover is Present to
Protect Shoreline/Soil Surface and Dissipate Energy During
High Wind and Wave Events or Overland Flows.
Pond Perimeter is Not Completely Vegetated.
Item 14: Frost or Abnormal Hydrologic Heaving is Not Present
The objective of Item 14 is to determine if frost or hydrologic heaving is occurring, and determine
if it is occurring at a normal or aggravated rate. Frost or hydrologic heaving occurs when soil pores
contain free water conducive to the development of segregated ice lenses or crystals and when
temperatures drop below freezing (Prichard et al., 1999). Needling occurs when soil water is brought to
the surface via capillary action, where it freezes and contributes to a growing needle-like ice column.
This is a natural process which is aggravated by impacts that either seal parts of the surface,
which restricts water infiltration between plants, or reduces pore space by compaction between plants
(Prichard et al., 1999). Excessive removal of vegetation, acting as thermal cover, can exaggerate the
effects of freezing resulting in vegetated hummocks (i.e., increasing elevation develops between the
sealed or compacted interspaces).
Yes
X
No
N/A
Item 14: Frost or Abnormal Hydrologic Heaving is Not Present.
Needling Present, but not Hummocks.
Item 15: Favorable Microsite Condition (i.e., Woody Material, Water Temperature, etc.) is
Maintained by Adjacent Site Characteristics
The objective of Item 15 is to determine if microsite conditions are necessary for proper
functioning, and if the adjacent site characteristics are maintaining those conditions. Some riparian-
wetland areas require very specific conditions to sustain temporal water budgets (Prichard et al., 1999). If
seasonal inflows, outflows, and/or evapotranspiration characteristics are significantly altered, the type and
extent of the riparian-wetland area can also be altered. Adjacent site characteristics can directly influence
both inflow and outflow by buffering surface runoff (Prichard et al., 1999).
Changes in vegetation type and abundance can change the evaporation to transpiration rate. In
some riparian-wetland areas, adjacent site characteristics can affect vegetation recruitment potential on-
site by shading, temperature modification, available seed germination sites, etc. (Prichard et al., 1999). If
functionality is dependent on these particular species, then the adjacent site characteristics must also be
maintained (Prichard et al., 1999).
For this reach, microsites are not present - N/A.
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Yes
No
N/A
X
Item 15: Favorable Microsite Condition (i.e., Woody Material, Water
Temperature, etc.) is Maintained by Adjacent Site
Characteristics.
6.10 Erosion Deposition
Wetland riparian habitats are constantly in motion adjusting to fluxes in stream flow and sediment
being supplied by the watershed (Prichard et al., 1998). Items 16-20 deal with the erosion and deposition
attributes and processes necessary for a system to function properly.
Item 16: Accumulation of Chemicals Affecting Plant Productivity/Composition is Not
Apparent
Maintaining a chemical balance of essential trace metals and nutrients in a lentic riparian-wetland
area is necessary to maintain functionality. Toxic effect to plant communities occurs if there is an
imbalance in the water and soil chemistry of essential nutrients and trace metals, and an increase of
organic chemicals (i.e., herbicides, pesticides, etc.). Accumulation of harmful chemicals can potentially
affect plant and soil microbial composition and/or productivity (Prichard et al., 1999). The objective of
Item 16 is to determine if the vegetation is being affected by chemicals.
Yes
X
No
N/A
Item 16: Accumulation of Chemicals Affecting Plant
Productivity/Composition is Not Apparent.
Yes. Not apparent.
Item 17: Saturation of Soils (i.e., Ponding, Flooding Frequency, and Duration) is Sufficient
to Compose and Maintain Hydric Soils
The objective of Item 17 is to determine whether hydric soils are being created or maintained in
areas that should have hydric soils. Hydric soils are developed and maintained through frequent flooding,
ponding, or saturation for a long enough time for anaerobic conditions to develop (Prichard et al., 1999).
It is difficult to determine if the current drought condition is impacting the wetland because of the
diverted water from Cold Creek.
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Yes
X
No
N/A
Item 17: Saturation of Soils (i.e., Ponding, Flooding Frequency, and
Duration) is Sufficient to Compose and Maintain Hydric
Soils.
Along Boundary of Ponds and where Seeping Through Dam.
Maybe Just on the Edge of the Water, not more than 3.5 ft
Away. Wetland Area Along the Dug Trench.
Item 18: Underlying Geologic Structure/Soil Material/Permafrost is Capable of Restricting
Water Percolation
The objective of Item 18 is to identify whether geologic structure and/or underlying soil material
is being maintained. Lentic, or standing water, riparian-wetland areas often have an underlying soil
material/type capable of maintaining, or persisting over long periods of time. For example bedrock, clay
layer, or caliche which is a hardened deposit of calcium carbonate, which creates a bowl effect. This
underlying material restricts water percolation, producing permanent or seasonal ponding, saturation, or
inundation (Prichard et al., 1999). This underlying material has to be maintained for an area to function
properly. If the underlying bowl (i.e., impervious layer) is breached the wetland area can no longer hold
water thus maintaining existing hydrology and associated vegetation.
Yes
X
No
N/A
Item 18: Underlying Geologic Structure/Soil Material/Permafrost is
Capable of Restricting Water Percolation.
Ponds are Able to Maintain Holding Capacity.
Item 19: Riparian-Wetland is in Balance with the Water and Sediment being Supplied by
the Watershed (i.e., No Excessive Erosion or Deposition)
The purpose of Item 19 is to identify if water and sediment are being supplied to the wetland at a
natural rate for the system to maintain or improve functions. Over geologic time, lentic riparian-wetland
areas will follow a natural successional process of fill with sediment and converting to an upland area
type (Prichard et al., 1999). This conversion/successional change can be accelerated by activities within a
watershed, such as road building, logging, water diversions, farming, or grazing, if not done properly
(Prichard et al., 1999). Too many roads, roads in the wrong location, or roads constructed in a manner to
channelize stream conditions may accelerate erosion within a watershed. This erosion may result in
excessive amounts of sediment being supplied to a riparian wetland area, filling it faster (Prichard et al.,
1999) and decreasing its function potential. If flows increase, or have been increased by construction
activity (Figure 9), the resulting increased energy will form headcuts (incision) endangering the entire
system (Figure 9). The increased flows and increased sediment load will change the type of riparian-
wetland (i.e., marsh to lake) system (Prichard et al., 1999).
As seen at this site, construction of the parking area along with continued motorized and non-
motorized recreational use and trench maintenance is supplying sediment to the ponds.
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Yes
No
N/A
Item 19: Riparian-Wetland is in Balance with the Water and
Sediment Being Supplied by the Watershed (i.e., No
Excessive Erosion or Deposition).
X
Excessive Sediment from Parking Lot with No Vegetation in
that Part of the Ponds. Question - Is the Local Fire Station
Removing Vegetation for Easy Access and/or Ease of
Dipping Water for Fire Fighting Efforts.
Item 20: Islands and Shoreline Characteristics (i.e., Rocks, Coarse and/or Large Woody
Material) are Adequate to Dissipate Wind and Wave Event Energies
The intent of Item 20 is to address those systems that do not require vegetation (Prichard et al.
1999). Riparian-wetland areas with islands and shorelines have to be able to dissipate energy during
wind action and wave action events to function properly (Prichard et al., 1999). Islands and shorelines
need characteristics to dissipate wind and wave action. Presence of rocks, woody and/or herbaceous
material will dissipate energies associated with wind and wave action.
For this wetland assessment area this Item is Not Applicable (N/A).
Yes
No
N/A
X
Item 20: Islands and Shoreline Characteristics (i.e., Rocks, Coarse
and/or Large Woody Material) are Adequate to Dissipate
Wind and Wave Event Energies.
6.11 Functional Rating
Functional - At Risk (FAR). The Trend for Functional - At Risk is Downward. On the PFC
thermometer, this site is FAR just above Nonfunctional.
Factors contributing to unacceptable conditions are outside the control of the site manager (No).
Are factors contributing to unacceptable conditions within the control of the manager? (Yes) - Horses,
enclosed wetland area, and multiple conflicting use of ponds.
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7.0 Discussion
When determining whether a riparian-wetland area is functioning properly, the condition of the
entire watershed, including the uplands and tributary watershed system, is important. The entire
watershed can influence the quality, abundance, and stability of downstream resources by controlling
production of sediment and nutrients, influencing streamflow, and modifying the distribution of
chemicals throughout the riparian-wetland area. Riparian-wetland health (functioning condition), an
important component of watershed condition, refers to the ecological status of vegetation, geomorphic,
and hydrologic development, along with the degree of structural integrity exhibited by the riparian-
wetland area. A healthy riparian-wetland area is in dynamic equilibrium with the streamflow forces and
channel aggradation/degradation processes producing change with vegetative, geomorphic, and structural
resistance. In a healthy situation, the channel network adjusts in form and slope to handle increases in
stormflow/snowmelt runoff with limited perturbation of channel and associated riparian-wetland plant
communities.
Prichard et al., 1999, state, "When adequate vegetation, landform, or large woody debris is
present to dissipate energy associated with high flows, then a number of physical changes being to occur,
such as reduced erosion, sediment filtering, and improved habitat for fish, water-fowl, and other uses. The
physical aspects have to be in working order to sustain the channel characteristics that provide the habitat
for these resource values. For areas that are not functioning properly, changes have to be made that allow
them to recover (e.g., acquire adequate vegetation). A change such as acquiring vegetation leads to other
physical changes, which allows the system to begin to function. Recovery starts with acquiring the right
element(s) to dissipate energy, which puts the physical process into working order and provides the
foundation to sustain the desired conditions."
For the Cold Creek area, there are several politically driven reasons (horse, wildlife, fire fighting)
that the community, including the USFS, will need to work as a group to deal with if the community
wants to improve the functional status of the Cold Creek water resources. The land owner living on the
down stream portion of the creek told us that the land owners up stream need to increase their interest in
the condition of the down stream area. Up stream owners want to continue the land use practices of
hiking, horse and vehicle pathways along the stream bank. Wild horses and wildlife (elk) also use this
area for water. Up stream owners should be informed of the current non functional status of the down
stream portion of the creek so that land management decisions can be modified to include both pathways
and a better functioning condition. It is our observation that this ecosystem can make a full recovery if
managed for properly functioning condition.
It was unclear if residents of Cold Creek were concerned about the wetland area. Certainly the
Forest Service and Fire Department were very concerned. Should the constructed ponds be used and
maintained as abiotic for the Fire Department to make it easier to siphon the water and for stock and
possible wild horse watering (Figure 26). There was a certain amount of vegetation allowed on the
earthen dams to provide some support (via roots), and habitat for recreational fisheries. If the current
management plan includes all of these uses then condition of the ponds will never be better than
functional at risk.
However, for Cold Creek, this type of management plan has a larger management issue. The
headcuts may impact the spring itself, compromise housing and streets located up stream and jeopardize
the communities fresh water resource.
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8.0 Conclusions and Recommendations
The primary objective of providing Tribes with PFC training was met. Hosting a water resource
training workshop in the Mojave Desert is challenging. Many of the participants did come from dry land
regions so this was a good demonstration of how to conduct a PFC Workshop in areas they would
normally encounter on Tribal lands. Participant evaluations were positive and they clearly indicated that
more field time was highly recommended. We would recommend that each participating Tribe consider
conducting a PFC Workshop on their Tribal lands. Tribal members who are land managers,
environmental specialists and council members who attend a PFC Workshop would become well versed
in PFC methods. Each Tribe can then start PFC assessments geared to meet water quality standards
which will be cost effective and meet Tribal goals and values. The authors will render any and all
assistance to facilitate Tribal lands PFC workshops in the future.
A secondary objective presented itself when we selected Cold Creek, Nevada for a training site.
We observed an ecosystem on the verge of collapse. The natural riparian resources of vegetation,
soil/landform and water quality were compromised. Because of land use practices upstream, water was
not held on the landscape during a large storm event which overwhelmed downstream resources. This
caused a head cut downstream which now poses a threat to upstream property in any future major events.
The primary principal of cooperative riparian restoration is "healthy streams through bringing people
together." As stated in the PFC training, "Restoration will not happen by regulation, changes in the law,
more money or any of the normal bureaucratic approach. It will only occur through the integration of
ecological, economic and societal factors, and participation of (all) affected interests." Do not ascribe
blame. Work together. Move forward. No one is telling anyone what to do. By bringing together the
right people, in constructive ways, with good information, they will produce belter decisions, improved
relationships and sustainable communities and landscapes.
Use of the flood plain and stream banks by foot traffic, horses and all terrain vehicles took its toll
on the creek. Presence of wild horses and wildlife within Cold Creek and ponds indicate pathogens may
be an issue of concern. Best management practices identified to mitigate and/or eliminate for non-point
source pollutants include:
(1) Educating the public about waterbody health.
(2) Implementing creek bank protection.
(3) Commence riparian vegetation improvement through managing horses and wildlife,
and/or through re vegetation.
(4) Maintain and restore the hydrologic connectivity of streams, meadows, wetlands.
The U.S Forest Service and the Bureau of Land Management are the best partners anyone could
ask for in efforts to restore water resources. Both agencies have a proven track record of success in
restoration. The initiative for accelerating cooperative riparian restoration and management was created
in 1996 by BLM and the US Forest Service in partnership with the National Resource Conservation
Service. Working together for creeks and communities will empower people to create change.
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Figure 26. Photographs of Wild Horses in the Cold Creek Watershed. Photographs taken by John Lin & Tad Harris.
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9.0 References
Alexander, Jan, and Marriott, Susan B., 1999, Geological Society, London, Special
Publications, Geological Society, London, Special Publications, v. 163; p. 1-13
doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.163.01.01
Hurley, Michael, and Jensen, MarkE., 2001, Geomorphic Patterns, Processes, and
Perspectives in Aquatic Assessments, in A Guide Book for Integrated Ecological Assessments,
Jensen, Mark E., and Bourgeron, Patrick S., editors, Springer Verlag, 536 pages.
Prichard, Don, Barrett, Hugh, Gebhardt, Karl, Cagney, Jim, Hansen, Paul L., Clark, Ron,
Mitchell, Brenda, Fogg, Jim, Tippy, Dan, 1993, Riparian Area Management: Process for
Assessing Proper Functioning Condition, U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land
Management, Technical Reference 1737-9, 1993; Revised 1995, 1998.
Prichard, Don, Berg, Forrest, Hagenbuck, Warren, Krapf, Russ, Leinard, Robert,
Leonard, Steve, Manning, mary, Noble, Chris and Staats, Janice, 1996, Riparian Area
management: A User Guide to Assessing Proper Functioning Condition and the Supporting
Science for Lentic Areas, Technical Reference 1737-16, 1999; Revised 2003, U.S. Department
of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management.
Prichard, Don, Anderson, John, Correll, Cindy, Fogg, Jim, Gebhardt, Karl, Krapf, Russ,
Leonard, Steve, Mitchell, Brenda and Staats, Janice, 1998, Riparian Area Management, A User
Guide to Assessing Proper Functioning Condition and the Supporting Science for Lotic Areas;
Technical Reference TR1737-15, Department of the Interior, Bureau of land Management
(BLM).
Prichard, D., P. Clemmer, M. Gorges, G. Meyer, and K. Shumac. 1999. Riparian Area
Management: Using Aerial Photographs to Assess Proper Functioning Condition of Riparian-
Wetland Areas. TR 1737-12. Bureau of Land Management, BLM/RS/ST-96/007+1737, National
Business Center, CO. 37 pp.
Schmudde, T. H. 1968. Floodplains. In: FAIRBRIDGE, R. W. (ed.) The Encylopedia of
Geomorphology. Reinhold Book Corporation, New York, 359-362.
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Appendix 1 - Workshop Announcement
Tribal Ecosystem Research Program (TERP) Workshop
Proper Functioning Condition (PFC) Assessment for Management and Monitoring
Interested in understanding why your waterway looks the way it does?
Can you explain how climate changes affect the health of a riparian area?
Do you need to know how to restore your stream and wetland riparian ecosystem?
Need to determine and define a successful and effective restoration project?
Are you measuring/monitoring the right indicators?
Workshop/training - PFCAssessment for Management and Monitoring - will teach you how to
use the concept of Proper Functioning Condition to both assess and improve the condition of streams and
wetlands. You don't have to be a tech-head biologist/hydrologist to understand the procedures in this
workshop. This is a great opportunity for anyone with an interest in the health of our nation's waterways
and wetlands to learn the techniques required for assessment and restoration.
The objective of this three day workshop (March 18-20, USEPA ORD Laboratory, 944 East
Harmon Ave., Las Vegas, NV 89119, which is on the University of Nevada, Las Vegas campus) is to
explore the feasibility and utility of focusing on an ecosystem services science approach for adaptive
management and decision making in natural resource and environmental programs (e.g., USEPA CWA
106, 319, TMDL,WQS).
If the science isn't enticing enough to join us at this workshop, how about - If you've had a cold
wet dreary winter, come to Las Vegas and have some fun in the sun playing in streams and wetlands. If
you haven't had a dreary winter, you'll have to settle for some most excellent science.
To Sign Up or Ask Questions, Please Contact:
John, Lin, U.S. EPA ORD
lin.john@epa.gov- (702-798-2171)
Or, Daniel Heggem, U.S. EPA ORD
heggem.daniel@epa.gov - (702-798-2278)
Instructors from the Nevada Creeks and Community Team. Workshop is sponsored by EPA
ORD/NERL/ESD Landscape Ecology Branch.
Also, visit our website at http://www.epa.gov/nerlesdl/terp/
59
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Upcoming Workshop Description:
Hosted by: USEPA Office of Research & Development and USEPA Region 9
This Workshop is FREE to all Tribes and Tribal Members
When?
Tuesday March 18,2014 to Thursday March 20,2014
Workshop runs from Sam to 5:00pm
Where?
US EPA Office of Research & Development Executive Offices
994E. Harmon Rd., Las Vegas, NV 89119
Field Sites: Cold Creek (Lentic) Area, and Cold Creek and Las Vegas Wash (Lotic).
***Note: Please Dress Appropriately for Field Sites (Sneakers, Hats, Comfortable Clothing)***
Who is this Workshop Geared Toward?
Ecosystem services are a result of ecological processes producing environmental
resources. Objective is to explore through ecological function process the feasibility and utility
of incorporating an ecosystem science approach in adaptive management and decision making in
Tribal resource programs.
Outcome is to identify potential partners and pilot studies designed to assess the function and
condition of ecosystems to quantify the derived goods and services. Literature, data, models and
necessary background information developed for and during this workshop will be used to support Tribal
Ecosystem Service (ESS) studies. Data will be assembled into an electronic data browser for ready use by
tribes.
Individuals Who May Be Interested in Attending:
Natural Resource Managers Geologists
Environmental Staff Botanists
Water Quality Staff Ecologists
Nonpoint Source Pollution Staff
Watershed Coordinators
Land Managers
Biologists
Farmers/Ranchers with Water Resources
on Property
60
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TERP Workshop Objective:
The objective of this three day workshop is to explore the feasibility and utility of focusing an
ecosystem services science approach for adaptive management and decision making in Tribal natural
resource and environmental (e.g., USEPA CWA 106, 319, etc.) programs. In addition, identify Tribal
research partners and pilot studies designed to assess the function and condition of ecosystems to quantify
the sustainability of derived goods and services - production, assimilation and resilience (PAR).
Therefore, the products from this research will be used to assist tribes in developing resource adaptive
management objectives and plans, and monitoring indicators (i.e., landscape and aquatic).
(A) Goal/Purpose:
Purpose of the TERP research program is to address impacts to societal/cultural and
monetary/nonmonetary goods and services from various environmental stressors (e.g., anthropogenic
alterations, nutrient loading, etc.). The goal of this research is to understand the ecological relationships
and interconnectivity between terrestrial and aquatic habitats (i.e., hydrologic systems, recognize
fundamental changes to the water cycle, water quality, aquatic and terrestrial ecology, stream form and
function). For example, Riparian areas and water catchments modify water quality depending on their
physical functioning. Systems functioning properly capture, and temporarily store sediment and
nutrients, releasing them to produce things of value to people. Resiliency of the riparian system allows
them to thrive under stress from the vagaries of nature. Riparian systems at risk, as they approach a
threshold, are beginning to accelerate the loss of sediment and nutrients accumulated over time.
Destruction of stress absorbing structures, including riparian vegetation and floodplain access, leads to
flushing water, soil organic carbon and essential nutrients, degradation in soil and community quality, and
declining productivity. Loss of biomass and biotic resources, erosion of soil, and magnification of flood
effects are accelerated in non-functional systems. Non-Functional systems fail to process surges from
upstream inputs.
Without context or focus, ecosystems services may become all things to all people, someone
else's agenda based on their values, or an agenda connected to an endpoint without the focus on functions
needed to deliver it. As such, ecosystem services may fail to convey a unifying foundation (i.e.,
sustainability) based on those functions needed by all.
(B) Background Information:
Functioning landscapes deliver ecosystem services in the form of products, assimilation, and
resilience (PAR). They provide ecosystem services at rates varying across landscapes, because of
differences in potential and in the condition of each area to function. Wildlife and aquatic habitats as well
as economic enterprises all depend on the development of a riparian and watershed management strategy
that sustains ecological functions through facilitated self repair. By recognizing the value of services
provided by functioning ecosystems, society becomes motivated to avoid risky, support sustainable, and
facilitate restorative management.
EPA's Ecosystem Services Research Program (ESRP) in the Office of Research and
Development has undertaken a comprehensive research effort to study ecosystem goods and services, and
the benefits they provide to human well-being. For example, stream and wetland riparian ecosystems
61
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provide clean water, flood protection, wildlife habitat, livestock habitat and food, and human food, fuel,
and fiber. These goods and services are also facing unprecedented pressures from climate change and
population growth. Consequently, sustainability of basic ecosystems services vital to human health and
well-being may be becoming compromised.
Tribal Ecosystem Services (ESS) studies will be conducted in collaboration with Tribes and
others to determine how an ecosystem services assessment can be linked with traditional knowledge to
improve natural resource management and to identify decision support options. The sustainable flow of
natural resources and ecological services is required to meet the nutritional, cultural, societal and
economic needs of indigenous communities. Tribes offer unique knowledge and perspectives in managing
ecosystems. Understanding the linkages between traditional knowledge, locally evolved management
systems, human health and well-being, and risk will enhance Tribal adaptive management program(s), the
evolution of ecosystem services sciences, and further USEPA's ESRP.
(C) Field Trip - Note: Please Dress Appropriately for Field (Sneakers, Hats, Comfortable Clothing)
Vegetation is one of the primary ecological attributes affected by humans (i.e., grazing,
urbanization, etc.), and provides indicator of succession to quantify functionality trend. The goal of the
USEPA, Tribes and land management groups and agencies is to maintain and restore the goods and
services of stream and wetland riparian areas. To address the aquatic impacts from environmental
stressors it is important to understand the interconnectivity of a system and recognize the fundamental
changes to the water cycle, water quality, aquatic and terrestrial ecology and stream form and function.
Field Trip will assess stream function and biophysical alterations at a local scale to provide an example of
adaptive management alternatives. The objectives of the Field Trip are:
Define management recommendations and broad based strategies.
Incorporate landscape and aquatic metrics into the analysis - what metrics work better than
others - e.g., soil metrics, vegetation, land use, etc.
Indicator development - identify lotic and lentic attributes appropriate for the potential or
capability of the setting.
Identify parameters to be monitored.
62
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CALLING ALL CREEK STEWARDS!
You're Invited to Attend the Following
^^
Riparian Condition Workshop/Training
P^tf
on
Riparian Proper Functioning Condition
(PFC) Assessment for Management and Monitoring
at
U.S. EPA ORD L ab oratory, Exeaitive Building
944 East Harm on Ave,, Las Vegas, N\7 89119
Taught by the Nevada Creeks and Community Team &
Sponsored by EPA ORD/NERI/ESD Landscape Ecology
Branch
March 18 - March 20, 2014
What is a Riparian Area?
.The banks of a river, stream, or other body of water as well as its plant
and animal communities.
Primary Purp ose of PFC:
To assess whether riparian-wetland areas have the water, vegetation, and
land forms needed to dissipate flood energy, absorb water, stabilize banks,
improve water quality, and provide habitats.
Benefits:
I All participants will be trained by and alongside professional land
I managers specializing in biological and physical sciences vital to the
I health and well-being of waterways and npari an systems. Trained
^*
!> participants can then utilize their knowledge to assist riparian monitoring
and assessment efforts.
To Sign Up 01 A sic Questions
Please Contact: John. Lin, U.S. EPA ORD lin.john@epa.gov-(702-798-2171)
Or Daniel Heggem, U.S. EPA ORD heggem.daniel@epa.gov-(702-798-2278)
63
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AGENDA
,. U.S.EPAORDLaboratory,ExecutiveBuilding
- 944 EvistHarmon Ave., Las Vegas, NY 89119
TUESDAY. MARCH 18
[8:00 AM Welcome* Inti eductions
18:3 0 AM Su st a in a bl e & H ea Ithy C ommmiity Res ea r ch
'8:45 AM PFC - What it is Defimti on s Terminology
9:15AM AssessingFunctionality-LOTIC SYSTEMS
110:00 AM BREAK
10:15 AM Assessing Functionality - LENTIC SYSTEMS
10:45 AM PFC and the Rip arian Management Process
11:30AM LUNCH on your own
12:30PM LOTIC CHECKLIST
1.30PM LENTIC CHECKLIST
2:0 0 PM Fi el d Trip - a s s es sin ent of u ea r by rip a ri an a r ea
5:OOPM Return to EPA
,mo
WEDNESDAY, RIARCH 19
8:00 AM Questions & Answers from D ay One
8:3 0 AM Ap p li ca ti on t o M a u a gem en t
If 9:00 AM Field Trip toleuticandlotic sites
; 12 :OOPM LUNCH - Plea se bring sa ck lunch
5:OOPM Return TO ESD
THURSDAY, MARCH 2 0
8:00 AM Questions, Discussion, Review & Feeclback
1:9:00 AM SHC Future & Cooperative Research- e.g.,
Image/Photograph & Water Quality Data Analysis
10:00 AM BREAK
10:15AM CWA Programs (e.g., 106,319, WQS, etc.)
12:OOPM LUNCH on your own
' 1 :OOPM Natural Condition/Catchments
2:30PM Closing statement
To Sign Up or Ask Questions
Please Contact: John, Lin, U.S. EPA ORD lin.john@epa.gov-(702-798-2171)
Or Daniel Heggein, U.S. EPA ORD heggein.danid@epa.gov-(702-79 8-2278)
64
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Appendix 2 - Workshop Attendees
2014 TERP Workshop - EPA, Las Vegas, Nevada
NAME
EMAIL ADDRESS
ADDRESS
SLIDES
Jeanette Allogio
Sonny Elliott
James Hill
Fred Johnson
Kevin Jose
Corrin Listen
Emily Luscombe
Scott Massed
Javaughn Miller
Dale Ohnmeiss
Chris Pinto
Dorothy Redhorse
Eric Rich
jallogio(@,blmgov
environmental(@,cahto . org
jhill(@,lptribe.net
Navaioh2o(g)hotmail.com
Kevin. Jose(5),srpmic -nsn.gov
Cliston(@,blm.gov
Epdes2(g),covotevallev -nsn.gov
Scott.massed.a(@,gmail.com
j miller(@,lptribe .net
DOhnmeiss(@,ak-chin.nsn.us
ChrisPinto77(g),hotmail.com
Reddot nnepa(@juno . com
aguapurotgjwildblue.net
Bureau of Land Management
4701 N. Torrey Pines Dr.,
Las Vegas, NV 89130
Cahto Tribe Laytonville Rancheria
300 Cahto Drive,
Laytonville, CA 95454
La Posta of Diegueno Mission Indians
8 !/2 Crestwood Road,
Boulevard, CA 9 1905
Navajo Nation
PO Box 339,
Window Rock, AZ 86515
Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian
Community
1050 W. 8th Ave. , #106,
Mesa, AZ 85210
Bureau of Land Management
4701 N. Torrey Pines Drive,
Las Vegas, NV 89130
Coyote Valley Band of Porno Indians
P.O. Box 39, 7601 N. State Street,
Redwood Valley, CA 95470
4701 N. Torrey Pines Drive,
Las Vegas, NV 89130
La Posta of Diegueno Mission Indians
8 !/2 Crestwood Road,
Boulevard, CA 9 1905
Ak-Chin Indian Community
42507 West Peters & Nail Road
Maricopa, Arizona 85138
Jamul Indian Village
13845 Melody Road,
Jamul, CA 91935
Navajo Nation
P.O. Box 339,
Window Rock, AZ 86515
Navajo Nation
2717 N. Steves Blvd., Ste. 2-2,
Flagstaff, AZ 86004
Y,Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y,Y
Y
Y,Y
Y
Y,Y
Y
65
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Edwin Smith
Mark Valencia
Linda Wimberly
David Wignall
Yongping Yuan
* Sherman Swanson
**RobertHall
**DanHeggem
*JimHurja
*Douglas Merkler
*Jim Quackenboss
*Robin Wignall
edwinsmith(g),brb-nsn. gov
mvalencia(g),sanmanuel-nsn. gov
watertgibridgeportcolony.org
dcwignall(@,msn.com
Yuan. yongping(@,epa. gov
sswanson@,cab nr.unr.edu
Hall. robertktgjepa. gov
Heggem.daniel(g),epa.gov
jhurjatgjfs.fed.us
Doug.merkler(@,nv.usda.gov
Quackenboss.james(g),epa.gov
Bear River Band of Rohnerville
Rancheria
266 Keisner Road,
Loleta, CA 95551
San Manuel Band of Mission Indians
26569 Community Center Drive,
Highland, CA 92346
Bridgeport Paiute Indian Colony
355 Sage Brush Drive,
Bridgeport, CA
2825 Legend Drive,
Las Vegas, NV 89134
USEPA
944 E. Harmon Avenue,
Las Vegas, NV 89119
University of Nevada, Reno
1664 N. Virginia,
Reno, NV 89557
USEPA Region 9
75 Hawthorne Street,
San Francisco, CA 95104
USEPA ORD NERL/ESD
944 E. Harmon Avenue,
Las Vegas, NV 89119
US Forest Service
Humboldt-Toiyabe NF, 4701 N. Torrey
Pines Drive,
Las Vegas, NV 89130
USDA-NRCS
7080 La Cienaga Street, Ste. 150,
Las Vegas, NV 89119-422
US EPA, NERL, HEASD
PO Box 93478,
Las Vegas, NV 89193-3478
US Forest Service
Y
Y
Y,Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y,Y
Y
Y
Y
: Workshop Presenter
'^Workshop Organizer/Presenter
66
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Appendix 3A and 3B
Proper Functioning Condition (PFC) Lotic and Lentic Checklists
67
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68
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Lotic Checklist
Name of Riparian-Wetland Area:
Date:
Segment/Reach ID:
ID Team Observers:
Potential/Capability:
Yes
Yes
No
No
N/A
N/A
HYDROLOGICAL
1) Floodplain above bankfull is inundated in "relatively frequent" events. Notes:
2) Where beaver dams are present they are active and stale. Notes:
3) Sinuosity, width/depth ratio, and gradient are in balance with the landscape setting (i.e., landform,
geology, and bioclimatic region). Notes:
4) Riparian-wetland area is widening or has achieved potential extent. Notes:
5) Upland watershed is not contributing to riparian-wetland degradation. Notes:
VEGETATION
6) There is diverse age-class distribution of riparian-wetland vegetation (recruitment for
maintenance/recovery). Notes:
7) There is diverse composition of riparian-wetland vegetation (for maintenance/recovery).
Notes:
8) Species present indicate maintenance of riparian-wetland soil moisture characteristics.
Notes:
9) Streambank vegetation is comprised of those plants or plant communities that have root
masses capable of withstanding high streamflow events, [community types present] Notes:
10) Riparian-wetland plants exhibit high vigor. Notes:
11) Adequate riparian-wetland vegetative cover is present to protect banks and dissipate energy
during high flows [enough?] Notes:
12) Plant communities are an adequate source of coarse and/or large woody material (for
maintenance/recovery). Notes:
69
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Yes
EROSION DEPOSITION
13) Floodplain and channel characteristics (i.e., rocks, overflow channels, coarse and/or large
woody material) adequate to dissipate energy. Notes:
14) Point bars are revegetating with riparian-wetland vegetation. Notes:
15) Lateral stream movement is associated with natural sinuosity. Notes:
16) System is vertically stable, [not downcutting] Notes:
17) Stream is in balance with the water and sediment being supplied by the watershed (i.e., no
excessive erosion or deposition). Notes:
SUMMARY DETERMINATION
Functional Rating:
Proper Functioning
Condition
Functional - At Risk
Nonfunctional
Unknown
Trend for Functional - At Risk:
Upward
Downward
Not Apparent
Are factors contributing to
unacceptable conditions outside
the control of the manager?
Yes No
PFC
FAR
NF
If yes, what are those factors?
Flow regulations
Mining activities
Upstream channel conditions
Channelization
Road encroachment
Oil Field water discharge
Augmented flows
Other (specify)
Are factors contributing to unacceptable
conditions within the control of the manager?
Yes No
If yes, what are those factors?
Lotic riparian-wetland areas are considered to be in proper functioning condition when adequate vegetation, landform, or
large woody debris is present to:
Dissipate stream energy associated with high waterflow, thereby reducing erosion and improving water
quality;
Filter sediment, capture bedload, and aid floodplain development;
Improve flood-water retention and ground-water recharge;
Develop root masses that stabilize streambanks against cutting action;
Develop diverse ponding and channel characteristics to provide the habitat and the water depth, duration, and
temperature necessary for fish production, waterfowl breeding, and other uses;
Support greater biodiversity.
70
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Lentic Checklist
Name of Riparian-Wetland Area:
Date:
Segment/Reach ID:
ID Team Observers:
Potential/Capability:
Yes
Yes
No
No
N/A
I
N/A
HYDROLOGICAL
1 Riparian-wetland area is saturated at or near the surface or inundated in "relatively frequent"
events. Notes:
2) Fluctuation of water levels is not excessive. Notes:
3) Riparian-wetland area is enlarging or has achieved potential extent. Notes:
4) Upland watershed is not contributing to riparian-wetland degradation. Notes:
5) Water quality is sufficient to support riparian-wetland degradation. Notes:
6) Natural surface or subsurface flow patterns are not altered by disturbance (i.e., hoof action,
dams, dikes, trails, roads, rills, gullies, drilling activities). Notes:
7) Structure accommodates sage passage of flows (e.g., no headcut affecting dam or spillway).
Notes:
VEGETATION
8) There is diverse age-class distribution of riparian-wetland vegetation (recruitment for
maintenance/recovery). Notes:
9) There is diverse composition of riparian-wetland vegetation (for maintenance/recovery).
[species present] Notes:
10) Species present indicate maintenance of riparian-wetland soil moisture characteristics.
Notes:
1 1) Vegetation is comprised of those plants or plant communities that have root masses capable
of withstanding wind events, wave flow events, or overland flows (e.g., storm events,
snowmelt). [community types present] Notes:
12) Riparian-wetland plants exhibit high vigor. Notes:
71
-------
13) Adequate riparian-wetland vegetative cover is present to protect shoreline/soil surface and
dissipate energy during high wind and wave events or overland flows [enough?] Notes:
14) Frost or abnormal hydrologic heaving is not present. Notes:
15) Favorable microsite condition (i.e., woody material, water temperature, etc.,) is maintained
by adjacent site characteristics. Notes:
Yes
No
N/A
EROSION DEPOSITION
16) Accumulation of chenicals affecting plant productivity/composition is not apparent. Notes:
17) Saturation of soils (i.e., ponding, flodding frequency, and duration) is sufficient to compose
and maintain hydric soils. Notes:
18) Underlying geologic structure/soil material/permafrost is capable of restricting water
percolation. Notes:
19) Riparian-wetland is in balance with the water and sediment being supplied by the
watershed (i.e., no excessive erosion or deposition). Notes:
17) Island and shoreline characteristics (i.e., rocks, coarse and/or large woody material) are
adequate to dissipate wind and wave events energies. Notes:
SUMMARY DETERMINATION
Functional Rating:
Proper Functioning Condition
Functional - At Risk
Nonfunctional
Unknown
Trend for Functional - At Risk:
Upward
Downward
Not Apparent
Are factors contributing to
unacceptable conditions outside
the control of the manager?
Yes No
PFC
FAR
NF
If yes, what are those factors?
Flow regulations
Mining activities
Upstream channel conditions
Channelization
Road encroachment
Oil Field water discharge
Augmented flows
Other (specify)
Are factors contributing to unacceptable
conditions within the control of the manager?
Yes No
If yes, what are those factors?
Lentic riparian-wetland areas are functioning properly when adequate vegetation, landform, or debris is present to:
Dissipate stream energy associated with wind and wave action, and overland flow from adjacent sites, thereby reducing
erosion and improving water quality; Filter sediment, capture bedload, and aid floodplain development; improve flood-
water retention and ground-water recharge; Develop root masses that stabilize islands and shoreline features against
cutting action; restrict water percolation; Develop diverse ponding characteristics to provide the habitat and the water
depth, duration, and temperature necessary for fish production, waterfowl breeding, and other uses; and Support greater
biodiversity.
72
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Appendix 4A - Cold Creek Lotic Checklist
7 . .
Lotic Checklist
Name of Riparian- Wetland Area:
Date:
7/V/y
t'j/s/ (S*?C
Segment/Reach ID:
ID Team Observers: fyfr / // ' /f^/^ /; iff- (i , y^a
fo&e* I/ *ซ 4
/>/
' r,* A//^
Potential/Capability:
S'//"/
" /
HYDROLOGICAL
1) Flopdplain a}?9ve bankfull is inundated in "relativelyfrequent" events. Notes
"/- '+ffct ***
fat) /
\/<*"Cy
2) Where beaver dams are present they are active and stable. Notes:
Sinuosity, width/depth ratio, and gradient are in balance^jvith the landscape setting (i.e.,
landform, geology, and bioclimatic region). Notes: 1,0 'f'f f f }ฃ j> '.-.' J i n -"(' V
4) Riparian-wetland area is widening or has achieved potential extenty Notes:,/
/Wf,vr I' . >r/ *ป'.&<*> ^c 'J <""'*'^
5) Upland watershed is not contributing to riparian-wetland degradatiorj. Notes;
"'' "
Yes
/
No
Wy
/
^y
vx
V
'/
N/A
VEGETATION
6) There is diverse age-class distribution of riparian- wetland vegetation (recruitment for
maintenance/recovery). Notes: A '*:<' t'fffif'. f'" t-i^'if
a /ซ/;}'/;/";,;'!-6' tf C Sf// iX
7) There is diverse composition of riparian-wetland vegetation (for maintenance/recovery). Notes:
[species present =] ff r i > -. >' ' ' . i- '' f '"<> " ' <-' '
/t , a> z< v ^ /vf-' t^^ /^
8) Species present indicate maintenance of riparian- wetland soil moisture characteristics. Notes: /
v.'V/ Wttn'.va' ,,' ' r^'.:(i:"'\- ***/ '~ f'^C ' C ^ =ป'
73
-------
Yes
EROSION DEPOSITION
13) Floodplain and channel characteristics (i.e., rocks, overflow channels, coarse and/or large
woody material) adequate to dissipate energy. Notes:
$ Mf'rcrt /// F'#f&3
Point bars are revegetating with riparian-wetland vegetation. Notes:
\ 5) Lateral stream movement is associated with natural sinuosity. Notes:
V / c ' >,,
til ^iGftlVH 71
cfe
/VM ty
System is vertically stable, [not downcutting] Notes:
17) Stream is in balance with the water and sediment being supplied by the watershed (i.e., no
excessive erosion or deposition). Notes: '_$,
/-./ / Y
,*f.-*>':<> *
SUMMARY DETERMINATION
co
Functional Rating
_ Proper Functioning
Condition
^functional - At Risk
./' Nonfunctional
_ Unknown
Trend for Functional - At Risk:
_ Upward
\/ Downward
Not Apparent
Arc factors contributing to
unacceptable conditions outside
the control of the manager?
Yesj/_ No_
PFC
FAR
NF
If yes, what arc those factors?
_ Flow regulations
_ Mining activities
_ Upstream channel conditions
_ Channelization
_ Road encroachment
_ Oil field water discharge
_ Augmented flows
y- Other (specify) _
,/ / .
.' " " '' i ?, -
Are factors contributing to unacceptable
conditions within the control of the manager?
Yes_.._ No
If yes, what are those factors? ^_____^^^
(Revised 1998) (7/2012)
Lotic riparian-wetland areas are considered to be in proper functioning condition when adequate
vegetation, landform, or large woody debris is present to:
dissipate stream energy associated with high waterflow, thereby reducing erosion and improving
water quality;
filter sediment, capture bedload, and aid floodplain development;
improve flood-water retention and ground-water recharge;
develop root masses that stabilize streambanks against cutting action;
develop diverse ponding and channel characteristics to provide the habitat and the water depth,
duration, and temperature necessary for fish production, waterfowl breeding, and other uses;
support greater biodiversity.
74
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Appendix 4B - Cold Creek Fire Station Lentic Checklist
L-cntic Checklist
VHIT.C of Riparian-Wcdaud Arsa:
////-
2) FJMCtlttio.L of ^^il
/
3) Rip2.ii
Ll_^_
i>rii-.:iii;.il rdrnt. iNfltw:
'- -7.
/. / / ซ*AJ ('-&&/& -7.
i. -',- r ''.,. .v:v/ J/ ^ 7 '" ./,,
i'j ' _ _ /!..- /,,.M^,- tv/g'afU
Khป'l is-n->i rxjn ntuiD|THirip[iiirn-WK!l:iril ilpui.d.ilinn. Nntea:
XI VV i K ijuaby i: Bufficicm to Fuy.p:.n:ri|iariaii-u^-Jaud pLuila.
ta:ls, roads,rillB^nll'cSjA.ifyifc jmliifj:ie%). IVol^:
" '
'F (e.g., cc- lirtdi'LilTiflectlrj; dnjn rir sjiill ftvty} Nnteo:
''ฃ
'' J S In r
^ป
L-*
YES
v/
I
8) '1'lrtrn is tliv
s distributiaii of riptrifln-welliin.! v!-..ndl i !MH (Yccrd' nci-tfti:
r;;m is tlivcrii! i'yf-uass DistrMutiaij cf riptrjiti-'A'clliiDd nogpi i M-I ;j
:na.ii.j-;wu(.vtiy),JSri.ilซi; / f&ฃf<
" .',. +r* * f sV'-v.'i'/':''' -
3) fliers is ili
{OTt(fii- iria.1 li lui HIILV/J'5KVCI'y}. ,
,i/3fO
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75
-------
.v| Adequate
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ii if; ii ฃUL pressm. N DKW :
, voscy n ir :i ii .vul:r Lcr.ijtciAtuiv. rh: ,; :s KaKi:iiKcdbv i-.\\ ; :>
Yes No
M.-A
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Ii lซ JNI OlS DEPOS JI 'I (>\
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:; n .i^p.jerJ. Notts:
; 71 Lviiiittio i i..i ;oils (L.-:., Midi-iฃ, trading 11 ;^ i-.n. y. .:,ud Jnu.ii.-, i'; -rsniliL-
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Ml' 'VjJil.BU'.
Are fBt'ttirsซซntriljnd]J!!, I
of tliL"
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FATซ
If yes, what art ttinse luctoiit
Flow ri;L:ii!;3Tirvns
V'i -in,!., n.iivilics
_ l.brrnam clu
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_ Road e
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.
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-
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* citt.ipjiH BueTpriM associated vvif'i wnrr fl?Ti,J uiJ niin^ilajn devslcpmcnr; -ipKive Huod-wafn. jvte.uion and youiid-water -DClnrgc:
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jH^^sssry fur Dw,b pmdncticij:. waicrhiud UcoJiiiji. ;-iJid..:whcTnE;5, tml
sappn n pi enter I'.u-J. VL; s i Lv.
76
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Appendix 5 - Workshop Evaluation Forms
EVALUATION
Riparian Proper Functioning Condition Workshop
5 V*$f Gerlach, Nevada
In order to help evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of this workshop, please indicate
below the extent to which the Riparian Proper Functioning Condition Workshop has
accomplished the following:
Workshop Quality fl = strongly disagree to S = strongly agreed
Was workshop content appropriate? 1 2 3 C*ฃ2 5
Were presentations understandable? 1 . 2 /T) 4 5
Workshop Usefulness
Was this workshop worth your time? 1234 /5~~)
Do you plan to use any information that you learned? 12 3 4 /5~)
Miscellaneous
How will you apply the principles of the riparian PFC assessment process on your ranch
or allotments)?
Wt
Have you been to previous riparian PFC Yes
workshops in Nevada?
If you have attended such workshops before,
are you using any information that you learned? Yes No
What did you like best about this workshop?
What changes would you suggest?
ifff , ฃ" f10t- *m~v*s-fi\. -^'Kt-K ''"'fii H ปi &-t
1 i/5 tซt'5t 4,
What would help you AS> a Mluw-up?- &f ftc,
...fip
Cr-
TiANKS FOR YOUR PARTICIPATION!
77
-------
EVAMJATiqN
Riparian Proper Functioning Condition Workshop
-Gerteek, Nevada
fr^ll, 2Q12
In order to help evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of this workshop, please indicate
below the extent to which the Riparian Proper Functioning Condition Workshop has
accomplished the following:
Workshop Quality (1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly aeree>
Was workshop content appropriate? 1 2 3 K) 5
Were presentations understandable? \\J , 2 3 4 5
-Workshop Usefulness
Was this workshop worth your time? 1234 {^T?
Do you plan to use any information that you learned? 1 2 3 4 (5 J
Miscellaneous
2
How wilt you apply the principles of the riparian PFC assessment process on your ranch
or allotments)?
Have you been to previous riparian PFC (Ves ^ No
workshops in Nevada?
If you have attended such workshops before,
are you using any information that you learned? (Yes "") No
What did you like best about this workshop?
What changes would you suggest?
Lxifv^pf -^cV\ V\\VMX
a
What would help you as a follow-up?
THANKS FOR YOUR PARTICIPATION!
78
-------
EVALUATION
Riparian Proper Functioning Condition Workshop
tai ^eertodb, Nevada
In order to help evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of this workshop, please indicate
below the extent to which the Riparian Proper Functioning Condition Workshop has
accomplished the following:
Workshop Quality ( 1 = strongly disagree to S = strongly agree)
Was workshop content appropriate? 1234 /?/*
Were presentations understandable? 12 3 4 (t$
Workshop Usefulness
Was this workshop worth your time? 1234 sfs)
Do you plan to use any information that you learned? 1234 ''/ง
Miscellaneous
How will you apply the principles of the riparian PFC assessment process on your ranch
or allotment^)?
Have you been to previous riparian PFC Yes
workshops in Nevada?
If you have attended such workshops before,
are you using any information that you learned? Yes No
What did you like best about this workshop?
What changes would you suggest?
What would help you as a follow-up?,
THANKS FOR YOUR PARTICIPATIONS
-------
EVALUATIC|N
Riparian Proper Functioning Condition Workshop
L i/S l/c?
J '
In order to help evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of this workshop, please indicate
below the extent to which the Riparian Proper Functioning Condition Workshop has
accomplished the following:
Workshop Quality
Was workshop content appropriate?
Were presentations understandable? 1
Workshop Usefulness
Was this workshop worth your time? 1
Do you plan to use any information that you learned? 1
Miscellaneous
(1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree)
1 2 3 4 C 5
4
4
How will you apply the principles of the riparian PFC assessment process on your ranch
or allotment(s)? t r
Have you been to previous riparian PFC
workshops in Nevada?
If you have attended such workshops before,
are you using any information that you learned?
i'j0'"~^ b.vCy '^^o-Atc*^-, ._*ei>va^-
What did you like best about this workshop?
Yes
No
No
What changes would you
What would help you as afollow-up?
-5 / f Q }'V~\
"
o,
THANIffl FOR YOUR PARTICIPATION!
80
-------
EVALUATION
Riparian Proper Functioning Condition Workshop
In order to help evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of this workshop, please indicate
below the extent to which the Riparian Proper Functioning Condition Workshop has
accomplished the following:
Workshop Quality fl - strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree)
Was workshop content appropriate? 1 2 3 (4J 5
Were presentations understandable? 1 2 3 4 ( 5 j
Workshop Usefulness
Was this workshop worth your time? 1 2 3 4 ( 5)
Do you plan to use any information that you learned? 1234
Miscellaneous
How will you apply the principles of the riparian PFC assessment process on your ranch
or allotment(s)? __J-
-rke
OL&
i/\j p-rmv\
Have you been to previous riparian PFC ^ Yes ^9^
workshops in Nevada?
If you have attended such workshops before,
are you using any information that you learned? /Yes J No
Wliat did you like best about this workshop?
U.
What changes would you suggest?
What would help you as a follow-up?
f\ PM^JL^ -V- TrJlrsJt
THANKS FOR YOUR PARTICIPATION!
81
-------
EVALUATION
Riparian Proper Functioning Condition Workshop
L ffS ฅฃ a a$ -Geriachs Nevada
7 -
y
?/ ft/
In order to help evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of this workshop, please indicate
below the extent to which the Riparian Proper Functioning Condition Workshop has
accomplished the following:
Workshop Quality (1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree)
Was workshop content appropriate? 1234 <ง>
Were presentations understandable? 1234 jt5>,
Workshop Usefulness
Was this workshop worth your time? 1 2 3 4 S5'_
Do you plan to use any information that you learned? 1 2 3 4 (g.
Miscellaneous
How will you apply the principles of the riparian PFC assessment process on your ranch
or allotment(s)? ,
Have you been to previous riparian PFC Yes |No
workshops in Nevada?
If you have attended such workshops before,
are you using any information that you learned? Yes No
What did you like best about this workshop?
,
What changes would you suggest?
What would help you as a follow-up?
THANKS FOR YOUR PARTICIPATION!
82
-------
EVALUATION
Riparian Proper Functioning Condition Workshop
UปJ ^/flj 05ฃEteซh, Nevada ~p
October 10 - 1 1, 2012 Jjjjf //- 0 0 / / y-
In order to help evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of this workshop, please indicate
below the extent to which the Riparian Proper Functioning Condition Workshop has
accomplished the following:
Workshop Quality (1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree)
Was workshop content appropriate? 1 (2/ 345
Were presentations understandable? QJ 2345
Workshop Usefulness
Was this workshop worth your time? nj 2345
Do you plan to use any information that you learned? /TS 2345
Miscellaneous
How will you apply the principles of the riparian PFC assessment process on your ranch
or allotment(s)?
X
-------
EVALUATICfN
Riparian Proper Functioning Condition Workshop
GsaOaebf Nevada
?//?
In order to help evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of this workshop, please indicate
below the extent to which the Riparian Proper Functioning Condition Workshop has
accomplished the following:
Quality
(1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree)
0
i
ฉ
tmed? 1
2 3
2 (3)
2 3
fy 3
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
Was workshop content appropriate?
Were presentations understandable?
Workshop Usefulness
Was this workshop worth your time?
Do you plan to use any information that you learned? 1
Miscellaneous
*
How will you apply the principles of the riparian PFC assessment process on your ranch
Have you been to previous riparian PFC
workshops in Nevada?
If you have attended such workshops before,
are you using any information that you learned?
What did you like best about this workshop?
mat changes would you suggest?
What would help you as a follow-up?
Yes
Yes
No
\A/ftฃi/
^
CHECK
THANKS FOR YOUR PARTICIPATION!
84
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Appendix 6 - Tribal Ecosystem Research Program (TERP)
Workshop Contact Sheets March 18-20, 2014 Las Vegas, Nevada
Class 1 - Robin.jpg
Class 2 - Robin.jpg
Class 3- Robin.jpg
Class 4- Group.jpg
Class 5 - Robin.jpg
Class 6 - Group 2.jpg
Class 7- Robin.jpg
Class 9 - Slide.jpg
-------
Class 10- Sherm.jpg
'J
Class 11 - Group 3.jpg
Class 12- Bob.jpg
Class 13- Sherm.jpg
Class 14- Sherm.jpg
Class 15- Group 4.jpg
Class 16- Sherm.jpg
Class 17- Sherm.jpg
Class 18 -Sherm.jpg
86
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Class 19 - Bob-Youngping.jpg
Class 20- Shermjpg
Class 21 - Sherm.jpg
V
Class 22- Sherm Group.jpg
Class 23 - Sherm Group 2.jpg
Class 24 - Group 5.jpg
Class 25 - Sherm jpg
Class 26- Sherm.jpg
Class 27 - Group 6.jpg
87
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Class 28- Bob Dan - Group.jpg
class 29 - Group 7.jpg
V
Class 30 - Group 8.jpg
rr
Class 31 - Group 9.jpg
Class 32 - Sherm - Woman.jpg
Class 33 - Dan Group.jpg
Class 34 - Bob - Tribal.jpg
Class 35 - Bob-Tribal 2.jpg
Class 36 - Bob - Tribal 3.jpg
-------
Class 37 - Dan - Tribal 1 .jpg Class 38 - Dan - Tribal 2.jpg
Class 39 - Dan - Tribal 3.jpg
Class 40 - Dan - Tibal 4.jpg
Class 41 - Sherm Point.jpg
Class 42 - Sherm Point 2.jpg
Class 43 - Sherm rising jesture.jpg Class 44 - Sherm Width.jpg
Class 45 - Sherm.jpg
89
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Class 46 - Sherm Group 3.jpg Class 47 - Sherm Group 4.jpg Class 48 - Sherm Group 5.jpg
Class 49 - Sherm Lecture.jpg Class 50 - Sherm Lecture 2.jpg Class 51 - Audience 1 .jpg
Class 52 - Sherm Lecture 3.jpg
/ I
Class 53 - Sherm Lecture 4.jpg
Class 54 - Sherm - Group 6.jpg
90
-------
Class 55 - Sherm Lecture 5.jpg
Class 56 - Sherm Lecture 6.jpg
91
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Sjf ,..]
2nd Site- Stream 3.jpg
2nd site stream - tree.jpg
Brush Small Stream 2.jpg
Brush Small Stream.jpg
Close-Stream-Flow.jpg
dead bush_stream.jpg
Diversion - 2nd Site - 2.jpg
Diversion - 2nd Site.jpg
dry bed l.jpg
92
-------
dry bed 2.jpg
t.
Fallen Tree.jpg
; i ,.
Fenced Tree Stream.jpg
Fish - l.jpg
Fish - 2.jpg
Fish - 3.jpg
Fish - 4.jpg
hillside stream.jpg
93
-------
Leaves In Stream.jpg
rocks stream.jpg
Shrub Stream Hill.jpg
Small Stream l.jpg
' ,ซ
.".'.1* ." - : -:
Small Stream 2.jpg
small stream 3.jpg
1
Small Stream 4.jpg
.
I .
r-
small winding creek.jpg
s
'; f;,\;
'""^ m^l I *
'%W
1
small winding stream.jpg
94
-------
Stream Bendjpg
stream - brush.jpg
Stream - Dead Bush.jpg
stream l.jpg
stream 2 - dense brush.jpg
stream 2 recession.jpg
.. .;,.-
Stream 2.jpg
stream bank recession 2.jpg
Stream bank recession 3.jpg
95
-------
Km
i- . Ml
stream bank recession.jpg
stream bed change.jpg
stream boulder 2.jpg
stream boulder3.jpg
stream boulder.jpg
KJ '
1 .' ' '" '$ป i , '''I1.
t y ' ' t ' ' ' '
||v ,t
stream brush 2.jpg
stream brush bushes.jpg
stream brush.jpg
96
-------
Stream Cascade.jpg
stream debris.jpg
stream dry branch.jpg
stream erosion_grass.jpg
stream erosion.jpg
stream flow 1-jpg
Stream Flow Close 2.jpg
Stream Flow Close.jpg
stream grasses.jpg
97
-------
stream hill.jpg
stream hillside.jpg
stream part 2.jpg
stream part two - 2.jpg
Stream Snow - 2.jpg
stream snow.jpg
stream twin fork.jpg
stream_brush.jpg
Stream-Flow-Boot.jpg
98
-------
Tree- bed.jpg
-4Of _ .
winding stream.jpg
undergrowth stream.jpg
-- -,...
winding stream_house.jpg
Winding-Stream-2.jpg
Winding-Stream-Small.jpg
VWnding-Stream.jpg
99
-------
Break Group 2.jpg
Dan 2.jpg
Dan 3.jpg
Dan Group - 2nd Site - 2.jpg
Dan Group - 2nd Site - 3.jpg
Dan Group - Second Site.jpg
Dan Group 2nd Site.jpg
Dan Hand - Grass & Cress.jpg
100
-------
Dan Hand - Sturdy Grass.jpg
Dan Hand - Water Cress.jpg
Dan Talk.jpg
, 'v* * t>
Dan-1.jpg
Flappy Hat Group.jpg
Floppy hat l.jpg
.
PsS?*->>"~ -
" ' S - ^^
- ^^ -*-,.
- -t-^^Sts**
"'.^fek^^fe-v".
floppy hat 2.jpg
Floppy Hat Group.jpg
Group l.jpg
101
-------
group 2nd site.jpg
Group at 2nd Site.jpg
Linda 2nd Site.jpg
ft ซ.
question answer l.jpg
question answer 2.jpg
question answer 3.jpg
Robin - sample 2nd site.jpg
Robin - Sample Site 2- Fish.jpg
Robin - Sample Site 2 Fish 2.jpg
102
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Robin l.jpg
Robin Dan Group 2.jpg
Robin Dan Group 3.jpg
Robin Dan Group 4.jpg
Robin Dan Group.jpg
Robin Group - Second Site - 2.jpg
Robin Group - Second Site - 3.jpg
Robin Group - Second Sitew-Pam.jpg
Robin Group - Second Site.jpg
103
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Robin Sample l.jpg
Robin Sample 2.jpg
Robin Sample 2nd Site - 2.jpg
Robin Sample 2nd Site - 3.jpg
Robin Sample 3.jpg
Robin sample 4.jpg
-' ~ ":*''
ฃ$?*- ' ** '*
i*/ "- ""
.( * ^
robin sample 5.jpg
.
/
Robin Sample 6.jpg
^J -- I
Robin Sample 7.jpg
104
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Robin sample 8.jpg
Robin Talk.jpg
Robin Talking 2.jpg
Robin-1.jpg
woman 2nd site - 2.jpg
woman 2nd site.jpg
105
-------
Wild Horse 2.jpg
Wild Horse 3.jpg
Wild Horse 5.jpg
Wild HorseHead.jpg
Wild Horse Side 2.jpg
Wild Horse Side.jpg
Wild Horse Side(small).jpg
Wild Horses l.jpg
Wild Horses 4.jpg
106
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Wild Hoses Grazing.jpg
107
-------
I
brush stump.jpg
Cold Creek Hill Side 5.jpg
Cold Creek Hill Side.jpg
L. '
Cold Creek Hillside 2.jpg
Cold Creek Hillside 3.jpg
Cold Creek Hillside 4.jpg
1
R/f
Cold Creek Hillside 5.jpg
Cold Creek Hillside.jpg
108
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-------
&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Research
and Development (8101R)
Washington, DC 20460
Official Business
Penalty for Private Use
$300
EPA/600/R-14/344
September 2014
www.epa.gov
Please make all necessary changes on the below label, detach
or copy and return to the address in the upper left hand corner.
If you do not wish to receive these reports CHECK HERE n!
detach, or copy this cover, and return to the address in the
upper left hand corner.
PRESORTED STANDARD
POSTAGE & FEES PAID
EPA PER MIT No, G-35
Recy cl ed/Recy cl able
Printed with vegetable-based ink on
paper that contains a minimum of
50% post-consumer fiber content
processed chlorine free
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