UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
                          WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460
   *«.
                                                         OFFICE OF
                                                  SOLID WASTE AND EMERGENCY
                                                         RESPONSE

                             OCT251993
                                            OSWER Directive 9360.1-02
MEMORANDUM
SUBJECT:  Final Guidance on Numeric Removal Action  Levels  for
          Contaminated Drinking Water Sites

FROM:     Deborah Y. Dietrich, Director  /S/
          Emergency Response Division

TO:       Removal Managers
          Regions I - X
Purpose

     The purpose of this memorandum is  to  transmit  the final OERR
methodology and  guidance on  the  calculation of numeric removal
action levels  (RALs),  to assist  Superfund  personnel in deciding
whether to provide  alternate  sources  of drinking water to
populations adversely  affected by releases of hazardous substances
into the environment.

Introduction

     RALs are drinking water concentrations  of contaminants that
are considered,  along  with other  factors,  in determining whether to
provide alternate water supplies  under  Superfund removal authority.
RALs were established  in OSWER  (Office  of  Solid Waste and Emergency
Response) Directive  9360.1-01, Interim  Final Guidance on Removal
Action Levels at Contaminated Drinking  Water Sites   (October 1987).
That directive defined two types  of RALs:   (1) numeric levels for
individual substances, which  apply generally across most sites, and
(2) site-specific levels, which  are based  on a more detailed
analysis of conditions at a  particular  site and are determined on  a
case-by-case basis. A  methodology for calculating numeric RALs for
drinking water was  presented  in  the 1987 OSWER directive,  and
values for 34 substances were listed  in Exhibit 2 of that
directive. The Office  of Emergency and  Remedial Response
(OERR)/Emergency Response Division (ERD)  distributed an updated and
significantly expanded table  of  numeric RALs in April 1991 that
listed values -  calculated using  the  same  methodology described in
the 1987 OSWER Directive - for 165 substances.

Word-Searchable Version - Not a true copy

-------
                                 -2-

Objective

     ERD has adopted a new methodology for determining RALs for
contaminated drinking water. This memorandum explains the new
methodology and provides the rationale for adopting it. As
discussed in the next section, the new methodology better matches
the needs of the Superfund removal program and is more consistent
with procedures used by the Office of Water  (OW) than the previous
guidance. The attached table lists updated numeric RALs for 204
substances developed using the new methodology. These updated RALs
supersede the values given in the April 1991 table distributed by
ERD. Regions should begin using the newly updated RALs immediately,
in the same manner as previous values were used  (i.e., as one
factor in deciding whether to provide alternate water supplies
under Superfund removal authority). Issuance of this update of
numeric RALs does not in any way restrict the existing flexibility
of a Regional office to develop and apply site-specific RALs. Note
that the updated numeric RALs apply to new removal starts, and, in
general, are not intended to affect ongoing or completed removal
actions.

Implementation

New RAL Methodology:  Background and Rationale

     ERD has adopted the procedures recently developed by OW for
determining short-term acceptable risk (STAR) levels as the new
methodology for setting numeric RALs for drinking water. The STAR
is one factor, along with cost and affordability considerations,
used in making unreasonable risk to health  (URTH) determinations
under the Safe Drinking Water Act. Under the Act, EPA  (or primacy
states) may grant a public water system a variance or exemption
from a Maximum Contaminant Level  (MCL; for definition, see box on
page 5) if it finds that the variance or exemption will not result
in an URTH.

     The STAR is defined as the upper-bound concentration of a
contaminant in drinking water, generally above the MCL  (and never
lower than the MCL), that would not pose a health risk for
exposures lasting up to seven years (approximately 10 percent of an
individual's lifetime). As of the date of this memorandum, OW has
released STAR values for 47 chemical substances, all of which are
included in the attached table of updated RALs. In addition, OW has
issued Guidance for Determining Unreasonable Risks to Health
(EPA/OW/Office of Science and Technology, 1992), which describes in
detail the procedures for determining STARS. The guidance also
allows for development of site-specific URTHs, where appropriate,
and lists factors to be considered in their development.
Word-Searchable Version - Not a true copy

-------
                                 -3-

     ERD adopted the STAR methodology to replace its previous
approach to determining RALs for drinking water primarily for the
following reasons:

     •     As  risk-based levels  developed specifically for
          relatively short-term exposures to individual
          contaminants  in drinking water, STARs are the Agency
          numbers  that  most closely correspond to the needs  of the
          Superfund removal program for action levels.  Levels based
          on  exposure periods of up to seven years are  more
          relevant to removal program decision-making than levels
          based on lifetime exposures (as used in the previous
          approach).  It is important to note,  however,  that  while
          the STAR is a level for short-term exposure,  it is
          derived  from  numbers  (e.g., MCLs and drinking water
          equivalent levels (DWELs))  that are  protective over a
          lifetime of exposure.

     •     STARs are developed using OW procedures and data,  which
          are extensively reviewed both within the Agency and by
          independent scientific groups,  including EPA's Science
          Advisory Board and the National Academy of Sciences. In
          addition,  the STAR methodology was subject to public
          review and comment as part of its development process.

     •     Problems that potentially could arise from
          inconsistencies between RALs and STARs will be avoided,
          as  EPA will be using  the same approach to evaluating
          short-term exposures  to drinking water contamination in
          the Superfund removal program as in  the OW drinking water
          program.

Thus, the new methodology enhances both  the scientific  credibility
of RALs and their consistency with OW procedures and data.

Differences Between the Old and New Methodologies

     There are several  differences between the newly adopted
methodology and the previous approach to determining RALs,
including:   (1) primary reliance on  OW data and procedures;  (2)
explicit consideration of short-term toxicity data;  (3)  elimination
of the possibility of a numeric RAL being lower than the
corresponding MCL; and  (4) elimination of the two-fold  reduction
factor applied to volatile non-carcinogens. The previously used
adjustment factor for volatiles was  eliminated because  the OW
values and calculation procedures that are the basis of  the new
methodology are considered protective of exposures  from  inhalation
of volatiles released from drinking water as well  as from direct
ingestion.

     It is important to note that exposure to volatiles other than
through ingestion is receiving much Agency attention. The


Word-Searchable Version - Not a true copy

-------
                                 -4-

Office of Water is investigating methodologies for assessing
inhalation risks from volatile contaminants  (mainly
trihalomethanes)  and is scheduled to take action on this issue this
year. What the Office of Water does with trihalomethanes will have
important implications for other volatiles and may lead to some
modifications of the assumptions and methodologies used to derive
STAR levels and other drinking water standards. Currently, the
Office of Water considers the RfD/DWEL, longer-term health
advisory, and cancer risk level protective for volatile and
non-volatile contaminants because exposure from sources other than
drinking water are not factored out of the risk calculations as
they are for the  MCL/MCLG. This approach continues to have the
approval of the NAS and SAB. Please keep in mind that regional
personnel may always choose to factor in inhalation exposure as
they would any other site-specific consideration when deciding to
perform a removal action.

     In addition,  OW's 10-day Health Advisory values are no longer
considered in the RAL process. Although never part of the actual
calculation procedure for numeric RALs, 10-day Health Advisories
were listed in the October 1987 and April 1991 tables of values,
and the October 1987 directive instructed that they be considered
in certain "special cases"  (including the case referred to above,
which no longer occurs, when a calculated numeric RAL was lower
than the corresponding MCL). Because 10-day Health Advisories are
developed for much shorter exposure periods  (i.e., 10 days) than is
appropriate for many removal site situations, where exposure to
contaminated drinking water may have occurred over weeks, months,
or even years, they are not considered adequately protective, in
general, for application at removal sites. Moveover, at many cites
there is substantial uncertainty over exactly how long exposures
have been occurring. Therefore, the newly updated RALs, which are
based on a more relevant exposure period, should be used rather
than 10-day Health Advisories, except possibly in the  (presumably
rare) situation where it can be documented that exposure is
extremely short-term and will not exceed approximately 10 days in
duration.

Overview of OW s STAR Methodology

     Several toxicity- or risk-based levels developed by OW are
considered in developing STARs. These levels are defined in the box
on the next page. The STAR methodology is described in detail in
OW's referenced 1992 URTH guidance.
Word-Searchable Version - Not a true copy

-------
                                 -5-
   MCLG  (maximum contaminant level goal):  A non-regulatory health
   goal  based solely on considerations of  protecting the public
   from  adverse  health effects of drinking water contamination.

   MCL  (maximum  contaminant level):  A regulatory level that sets
   the maximum permissible concentration of a contaminant in
   water delivered to users of public water systems. The MCL is
   set as close  to the MCLG as feasible,  considering such factors
   as analytical capability,  treatment availability, and
   treatment  costs.

   DWEL  (drinking water equivalent level):  The concentration of a
   contaminant in drinking water that is not expected to cause
   any adverse non-cancer health effects in humans over a
   lifetime  of continuous exposure.  The DWEL, in mg/1, is
   calculated by multiplying the oral reference dose  (RfD), in
   mg/kg-day,  by 70  kg (standard adult body weight)  and dividing
   it by 2 liters/day (standard adult water consumption rate).

   Longer-term HA (health advisory)  (child):  The concentration of
   a  contaminant in  drinking water that is not expected to cause
   any adverse non-cancer health effects in children over a
   continuous exposure period of up  to seven years.  The
   Longer-term HA is calculated similarly  to the DWEL, but
   instead of the RfD,  a no- or lowest-observed-
   adverse-effect-level (NOAEL or LOAEL)  from a study in which
   the exposure  duration is comparable to  seven years of human
   exposure  is used. The NOAEL or LOAEL,  in mg/kg-day, is divided
   by appropriate uncertainty factors, then multiplied by 10 kg
   (standard  child body weight)  and  divided by 1 I/day (standard
   child water consumption rate).

   10~4  cancer risk level: The concentration of a contaminant in
   drinking  water that would result  in a 10~4 upper-bound
   lifetime  excess cancer risk to an individual exposed
   continuously  over a lifetime (other pre-specifled risks, such
   as 10~5, also  can be defined) . The cancer risk level is
   calculated based  on the pre-specifled risk,  the contaminant's
   cancer slope  factor,  the standard adult body weight of 70 kg,
   and the standard  adult water consumption rate of 2 I/day.
     The level that ultimately becomes the basis, for a STAR
depends in part on the type of effects caused by the substance. Of
particular importance in the STAR methodology is a substance's
potential for human carcinogenicity, as reflected in EPA's cancer
weight-of-evidence classification. EPA's classification system

Word-Searchable Version - Not a true copy

-------
(described in detail  in  Guidelines  for  Carcinogen Risk Assessment,
51 Federal Register 33992,  September  24,  1986)  defines the
following major categories:

     A    Human carcinogen
     B    Probable human carcinogen
     C    Possible human carcinogen
     D    Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity
     E    Evidence of non-carcinogenicity

     For Group A or B carcinogens,  the  STAR  is  set at the MCL
whenever the MCL is greater  than  or equal  to the 10~4  cancer risk
level. When the MCL is less  than  the  10~4 cancer risk  level, the
STAR is the lowest value  among  the  10~4  cancer risk level, the DWEL,
or the Longer-term HA (child).  As  examples of these two cases,
consider ethylene dibromide  and benzene.

          The STAR for ethylene dibromide  is  set  at  the MCL,  0.05
          jUg/1,  because the MCL is  greater than  the  10~4 cancer risk
          level,  0.04 /ug/1.

     •    Conversely,  the STAR  for  benzene is set  at  the  10~4 cancer
          risk level,  100 jjg/1,  because the MCL  of 5  /ug/1  is  less
          than the 10~4 cancer risk  level  (no  DWEL or Longer-term HA
          (child)  available).

     For Group D,  E,   or unrated substances  (i.e.,  substances
considered to be non-carcinogens  for  purposes of this methodology),
the STAR is set at the MCL  whenever a contaminant's,  main health
effects are very short-term and the MCL is based on effects of
acute exposures. Otherwise,  the STAR  is the  lower of the DWEL or
Longer-term HA  (child) values.  For  example,  the DWEL for
methoxychlor is 200 //g/1,  the Longer-term  HA (child)  is 50 //g/1,
and the MCL is not based  on  very  short-term effects.  Therefore,  the
STAR is set at 50 //g/1.

     For Group C carcinogens, which have limited evidence for human
carcinogenicity, the  STAR is usually  based on non-cancer effects
and is the lowest value  among the  DWEL,  the  Longer-term HA (child),
or the MCLG multiplied by 10.l  The  10-fold adjustment of  the  MCLG
removes the additional safety factor  included in the MCLG for Group
C carcinogens to protect  against  possible  cancers resulting from
lifetime exposure, a  factor  not considered necessary for developing
a STAR. As an example, consider atrazine,  which has a DWEL of 200
//g/1, a Longer-term HA  (child)  of  60  //g/1,  and  an "MCLG times 10"
value of 30 //g/1  (MCLG equals 3 //g/1) .  Therefore,  the STAR is set
at the lowest of these three values,  or 30 //g/1.
     1 If toxicity information is inadequate to develop a DWEL or
Longer-term HA (child),  the MCLG  (and therefore the STAR) can be based on
a cancer risk level.


 Word-Searchable Version - Not a true copy

-------
                                 -7-

Development of Numeric RALs Using the STAR Methodology

     If a STAR value is available from OW, it is used without
adjustment as the numeric RAL.  If OW has  evaluated a substance but
has not developed a STAR, the numeric RAL is determined using the
STAR methodology and input data from OW.  When an OW evaluation is
unavailable for a substance, a few modifications to the STAR
methodology are necessary because some of the needed input values
may not be available.

     For substances lacking an  OW evaluation, RALs are based on a
subset of the STAR procedures.  MCLs, MCLGs,  and Longer-term HAs
(child) are unavailable in these situations  and are not considered;
DWELs and cancer risk levels are calculated  based on toxicity
information (oral RfDs, oral cancer weight-of-evidence ratings, and
oral cancer slope factors) from other Agency data sources and then
used to determine the RAL. EPA's on-line  Integrated Risk
Information System  (IRIS) should be the first source consulted for
this toxicity information  (assuming no information is available
directly from OW),  followed by EPA's Health  Effects Assessment
Summary Tables  (HEAST)   (Office of Research and Development, March
1992 or most recent update).

     Exhibit 1 is a matrix summarizing the new numeric RAL
methodology for both situations - when an OW evaluation is
available for a substance and when an OW  evaluation is unavailable.
Exhibits 2A (OW evaluation available)  and 2B (OW evaluation
unavailable) are a parallel set of flowcharts depicting the RAL
determination process.

Site-specific RALs

     A significant  health threat may exist at a site even if no
substance is currently present in drinking water at a concentration
exceeding its numeric RAL. A removal action  may be initiated if the
health risk at a site has been analyzed in detail and the analysis
indicates that a serious risk is present  due to site-specific
factors. Examples of such factors include evidence that a
ground-water plume with contamination exceeding a RAL is moving
toward drinking water wells, current contaminant levels will likely
increase (e.g., due to increased pumping  from an aquifer
anticipated during summer months), people have been drinking
contaminated water for a long period of time already, multiple
contaminants are likely to result in additive or synergistic
effects, or sensitive populations are present and being exposed to
the contamination.  OW's URTH guidance, adopted as the new basis for
numeric RALs,  provides for similar site-specific flexibility to
depart from recommended STAR levels based on considerations such as
site-specific exposures, exposures from other sources, past
exposure (if known), exposure to mixtures of drinking water
contaminants,  population sensitivity,  chemical characteristics such
as volatility, or other factors not directly related to the
contaminant.
Word-Searchable Version - Not a true copy

-------
     Decisions to undertake a removal action when a numeric RAL has
not been exceeded should be made on a case-by-case basis. Because
ERD wishes to know how guidance is used in the Regions, please
notify your Regional Coordinator of any Action Memo approved  for
contaminated drinking water sites where the removal action decision
is based solely on site-specific factors  (i.e., no numeric RAL  is
exceeded).

Information Sources

     The attached table of numeric RALs for drinking water,  dated
November 1992, lists values for many substances of concern at
drinking water contamination sites. ERD plans to distribute updates
to the table, as appropriate, such as when OW releases a
significant number of new or revised STARs. In the meantime,
Regional offices should use the most up-to-date STAR available  for
a substance as the numeric RAL. If OW has released a revised  STAR
that differs from the value given in the attached table, Regional
offices should use that revised STAR as the numeric RAL.
Information on STARs and other OW data used in the new RAL
methodology is available through the Safe Drinking Water Hotline at
800-426-4791.

     If a substance of concern is not listed in the attached table,
Regional offices may determine the appropriate numeric RAL by
applying the methodology summarized in this memorandum  (refer to
the OW URTH guidance  for a more detailed description of the  STAR
procedures). Alternatively, a Regional office may request ERD's
assistance in determining the appropriate numeric RAL. If a Region
decides to develop a numeric RAL itself, it must first check with
OW to determine if a STAR is available and, if not, whether OW  has
developed any of the other risk-based levels needed as inputs
(e.g., MCL/MCLG, DWEL, Longer-term HA  (child), 10~4 cancer risk
level). If there is no information available from OW, the Regional
office may calculate and use DWELs and cancer risk levels to
develop numeric RALs, based on toxicity information in IRIS or
HEAST. For additional information on IRIS, contact user support in
the Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, OH, at
513-569-7254. For additional information on HEAST, contact the
Superfund Health Risk Technical Support Center in the Office  of
Research and Development, Cincinnati, OH, at 513-569-7300.
Word-Searchable Version - Not a true copy

-------
                                 -9-

Substances With Significant Changes in Numeric RALs

     Exhibit 3 lists those  substances  for which the RAL has changed
significantly  (defined  as more  than a  factor of two) from  the  value
in the table distributed by ERD in April 1991.

     Please distribute  this  update to  all removal program  staff in
your Regional office. If you have  any  questions on this document,
contact Lisa Boynton  (OERR/ERD),  at 703-603-9052.
Word-Searchable Version - Not a true copy

-------
                                         -10-
                                     EXHIBIT  1
                  SUMMARY OF NEW METHODOLOGY  FOR NUMERIC RALs
      Cancer
      Weight-
    of-evidence
       Class
         OW Evaluation of
       Substance Available1
      OW Evaluation of
   Substance Unavailable2
      A or B
!   If MCL >  ICr4 cancer risk
level:
   RAL = MCL

!   If MCL <  ICr4 cancer risk
level:
   RAL = lowest of:
      1CT4 cancer risk level, or
      DWEL,  or
      Longer-term HA (child)
!  RAL =  lower  of:

  1CT4 cancer risk level,  or
  DWEL
                    !   RAL = lowest of:
                       MCLG x 10,  or
                       DWEL,  or
                       Longer-term HA (child)
                                     !  If DWEL can be calculated:
                                       RAL = DWEL x 0.2
                                       (20% relative source
                                       contribution assumed)
                                     !  If DWEL cannot be
                                     calculated:
                                       RAL = 10~4 cancer  risk
                                       level
     D, E,  or
      unrated
!   If MCL based on acute
toxicity:
  RAL = MCL
!   If MCL not based on acute
toxicity:
  RAL = lower of:
    DWEL, or
    Longer-term HA  (child)
                                                         !  RAL = DWEL
1  Use  OW values for MCL,  MCLG,  DWEL,  Longer-term HA  (child), and 10~4  cancer  risk
level.
2  Obtain oral RfD,  oral cancer weight-of-evidence rating, and oral cancer slope
factor from IRIS (or HEAST if unavailable in  IRIS),  then calculate DWEL and  10~4
cancer risk level.
 Word-Searchable Version - Not a true copy

-------
                                   EXHIBIT  2A
               DECISION FLOW DIAGRAM FOR RAL METHODOLOGY:
                   OFFICE  OF  WATER EVALUATION  AVAILABLE
          no
RAL
= MCL
                                                                 RAL = lowest of:

                                                                10-4 cancer risk level,
                                                                    or DWEL,
                                                                 or Longer-term HA
                                                                 RAL = lowest of:

                                                                   MCLGxlO,
                                                                    or DWEL,
                                                              or Longer-term HA (child)
                                                                  RAL * lower of:

                                                                     DWEL,
                                                              or Longer-term HA (child)
Word-Searchable Version - Not a true copy

-------
                                  EXHIBIT 2B
               DECISION FLOW DIAGRAM  FOR RAL METHODOLOGY:
                 OFFICE OF WATER EVALUATION  NOT AVAILABLE
         START
                                        yes
             no
                                        yes
                                         no
  RAL = lower of:

10-4 cancer risk level,
    orDWEL
                                                           RAL = DWEL x 0.2
                                                          if DWEL is unavailable:
                                                        RAL = 10-4 cancer risk level
                                                              RAL= DWEL
Word-Searchable Version - Not a true copy

-------
                                          -13-
                                     EXHIBIT  3
    SUBSTANCES  FOR  WHICH  NUMERIC  RALs  HAVE  CHANGED  SIGNIFICANTLY
Substance
1991 (Old)
RAL
(pg/D
New RAL
(pg/D
Factor
Increase/
Decrease1
ORGANICS
Acifluorfen (Tackle)
Acrylonitrile
Aldicarb (Temik)
Atrazine
Baygon
Bromodichlorome thane
Bromome thane
Carbaryl
Carbof uran
Carbon tetrachloride
Carboxin
Chloramben
Chlorodibromome thane
Chlorome thane
Chlorophenol (2-)
Chlorothalonil
Chlorotoluene (0-)
Chlorpyrif os
Cyanazine
2,4-D (2, 4-Dichloro-
phenoxyacetic acid)
Dacthal (DCPA)
Dalapon
Diazinon
Dicamba
Dichlorobenzene (1,4-)
Dichloroethylene (1,1-)
Dichlorophenol (2,4-)
Dimethyl phthalate
Dinoseb
460
6.5
2.5
180
140
27
25
3,500
180
12
3,500
530
42
270
180
530
350
110
70
350
18,000
1,100
32
46
150
5.8
110
35,000
35
100
1
7
30
40
60
50
1,000
50
30
1,000
200
700
100
50
150
700
30
20
100
5,000
300
3
300
750
70
30
350,000
10
-4.6
-6.5
+ 2.8
-6.0
-3.5
+ 2.2
+ 2.0
-3.5
-3.6
+ 2.5
-3.5
-2.7
+ 17
-2.7
-3.6
-3.5
+ 2.0
-3.7
-3.5
-3.5
-3.6
-3.6
-11
+ 6.5
+ 5.0
+ 12
-3.7
+ 10
-3.5
Word-Searchable Version - Not a true copy

-------
                                      -14-
                           EXHIBIT  3  (continued)
    SUBSTANCES FOR WHICH NUMERIC  RALs  HAVE  CHANGED SIGNIFICANTLY
Substance
Dioxane (1,4-)
Diphenamid
Endothall
Endrin
Ethylene glycol
Fonof os
Glyphosate
Hexane (n-)
Isophorone
Isopropylbenzene (Cumene)
Malathion
Maleic hydrazide
MCPA ( (4-Chloro-2-
methylphenoxy) -acetic acid)
Methomyl
Methoxychlor
Metolachlor
Metribuzin
Oxamyl (Vydate)
Paraquat
Pentachloronitrobenzene
Phenol
Picloram
Prometon
Pronamide (Kerb)
Propachlor
RDX (Hexahydro-1 , 3 , 5- trinitro-
1,3, 5-triazine
Styrene
TCDD (2,3,7,8-) (Dioxin)
Tebuthiuron
Terbuf os
1991 (Old)
RAL
(ug/1)
320
1, 100
700
11
70,000
70
3,500
21,000
850
1,400
700
18,000
18
880
180
5,300
880
880
160
14
21,000
2,500
530
2, 600
460
32
3,500
22 pcg/1
2,500
3.5
New RAL
(ug/1)
700
300
200
3
6,000
20
1,000
4,000
7,000
14,000
200
5,000
50
300
50
2,000
300
200
50
100
6,000
700
200
800
100
100
1,000
50 pcg/1
700
1
Factor
Increase/
Decrease1
+ 2.2
-3.7
-3.5
-3.7
12
-3.5
-3.5
-5.3
+ 8.3
+ 10
-3.5
-3.6
+ 2.8
-2.9
-3.6
-2.7
-2.9
-4.4
-3.2
+ 7.2
-3.5
-3.6
-2.7
-3.3
-4.6
+ 3.2
-3.5
+ 2.3
-3.6
-3.5
Word-Searchable Version - Not a true copy

-------
                                       -15-

                           EXHIBIT 3  (continued)
    SUBSTANCES FOR WHICH  NUMERIC  RALs  HAVE  CHANGED  SIGNIFICANTLY
Substance
Tetrachloroethane (1,1,1,2-)
Tetrachloroethane (1,1,2,2-)
2,4,5-TP (2(2,4,5-
Trichlorophenoxy) propionic
acid)
Trichlorobenzene (1,2,4- )
Trichloroethene (1,1,2-)
Trif luralin
1991 (Old)
RAL
(ug/1)
130
18
280
46
61
260
New RAL
(ug/1)
900
2
70
100
30
80
Factor
Increase/
Decrease1
+ 6.9
-9.0
-4.0
+ 2.2
-2.1
-3.3
INORGANICS
Arsenic
Barium
Boron
Cadmium
Cyanide
Flouride
Maganese
Molybdenum
Nitrite
Vanadium
Zinc
2
1,800
3,200
18
700
2,100
3,500
140
3,500
250
7,000
50
5,000
900
5
200
5,000
200
10
1,000
30
3,000
+ 25
+ 2.8
-3.6
-3.6
-3.5
+ 2.4
-17
-14
-3.5
-8.3
-2.3
  1 The ratio between the new RAL and the old RAL.  A "+"  indicates  that the RAL has
  increased, while a "-" indicates  that  the  RAL  has  decreased.
Word-Searchable Version - Not a true copy

-------
        NUMERIC REMOVAL ACTION LEVELS FOR CONTAMINATED DRINKING WATER SITES


                                        Tables
                            Emergency Response Division
                   Office of Solid Waste  and Emergency Response
                        U.S. Environmental Protection  Agency
                                Washington, DC 20460

                                       May 1993
Word-Searchable Version - Not a true copy

-------
CAS#

DWEL
                                                       Table Acronyms
Chemical Abstract Number

Drinking Water Equivalent Level (calculated by multiplying the oral RfD by 70 kilograms (adult body weight)
and dividing by the average volume of water (2 liters) consumed per day)
Longer-term HA (Child)      Drinking Water Health Advisory for 10 kg child consuming 1 liter per day for up to 7 years
MCL

MCLG

MFL

Treat. Tech.

URTH-STAR
Maximum Contaminant Level (National Primary Drinking Water Standard)

Maximum Contaminant Level Goal

Million Fibers per Liter

MCL is based on the capability of the treatment technology

Draft Short-term Risk Level (STAR) recommended for an Unreasonable Risk to Health (URTH) under Safe
Drinking Water Act
 Word-Searchable Version - Not a true copy

-------
                              NUMERIC REMOVAL ACTION LEVELS  FOR CONTAMINATED DRINKING WATER SITES
                                   PRIMARY DRINKING WATER STANDARDS AND HEALTH ADVISORIES
                                                       May 1993
Chemical Cancer Risk
INORGANICS CAS # 10 4
Cancer Cancer
Group Risk
(Mg/L)
Ammonia 7664417 D —

Antimony 7440360 D —
Arsenic 7440382 A 2
Asbestos >10 |im 1332214 A 700 MFL
Barium 7440393 D —
Beryllium 7440417 B2 0.8
Boron 7440428 D —
Cadmium 7440439 D —
Chloramines 10599903 Da —
Chlorine 7782505 D —
Chlorine dioxide 10049044 D —
Chromium III (see Chromium total) 16065831
Chromium VI (see Chromium total) 1 8540299
Chromium (total) — D —
Copper 7440508 D —
Cyanide 57125 D —
Flouride 16984488 — —
Hypochlorite 7681529 — —
Hypochlorous acid 7790923 — —
Lead at tap 7439921 B2 —
Manganese 7439965 Da —
Mercury 7439976 D —
Molybdenum 7439987 D —
Nickel 7440020 D —
Nitrate 14797558 D —
Nitrite 14797650 — —
Nitrate+Nitrite — — —
Standards and Health Advisories
Longer-
DWEL term HA MCL/MCLG
(Child)
(Hg/L) (ng/L) (ng/L)
— — —

15 15 6/6
— — 50 7—
— — 7 MFL / 7 MFL
2,000 — 2,000 / 2,000
200 4,000 4 / 4
3,000 900 —
20 5 5/5
3,300 1,000 — / 4,000
— — — / 4,000
100 — — 780


200 200 100/100
— — Treat. T. 7 1,300
800 200 200 / 200
— — 4,000 / 4,000
— — — / 4,000
— — — / 4,000
— — Treat. Tech. / 0
200 — — /200
10 — 2/2
200 10 —
600 500 100/100
56,000 — 10,000/10,000
— — 1,000/1,000
— — 10,000/10,000
URTH
-STAR-
Level
(Mg/L)
—

—
—
70 MFL
—
—
—
5
—
—
—


200
1,300
—
5,000C
—
—
30C
—
10
—
—
10,000
1,000
10,000
Superfund
Removal
Action
Level
(Mg/L)
34,000'
(taste)
15
50
70 MFL"
2,000
1
900
5
1,000
—
100


200
1,300
200
5,000
—
—
30
200
10
10
500
10,000
1,000
10,000
Word-Searchable Version - Not a true copy

-------
                            NUMERIC REMOVAL ACTION LEVELS FOR CONTAMINATED DRINKING WATER SITES
                                     PRIMARY  DRINKING WATER STANDARDS  AND  HEALTH  ADVISORIES
                                                         May 1993
Chemical
IN ORGANICS CAS #
Selenium 7782492
Silver 7440224
Strontium 7440246
Sulfate 7757826
Thallium 7440280
Vanadium 7440622
White phosphorus 772314
Zinc 7440666
Zinc chloride (measured as zinc) —
Cancer Risk
104
Cancer Cancer
Group Risk
(Mg/L)
— —
D —
D —
— —
— —
D —
D —
D —
D —
Standards and Health Advisories
Longer-
DWEL term HA MCL/MCLG
(Child)
(Mg/L) (Mg/L) (Mg/L)
200 — 50/50
200 200 —
90,000 25,000 —
— — —
2 7 2/0.5
250s — —
0.5 — —
11,000 3,000 —
11,000 3,000 —
Superfund
URTH Removal
-STAR- Action
Level Level
200 200
— 100d
— 25,000
— 250,000
(aesthetics)
— 2
— 250
— 0.5
— 3,000
— 3,000
aBased on data from IRIS  or HEAST in the  absence of a published U.S.  EPA, Office of Water value

b MFL = million fibers per liter

c Based on special considerations

d Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level intended to protect general public from argyuria (a cosmetic affect)  over a lifetime
Word-Searchable Version - Not a true copy

-------
                     NUMERIC REMOVAL ACTION LEVELS  FOR CONTAMINATED DRINKING WATER  SITES
                             PRIMARY DRINKING WATER  STANDARDS  AND HEALTH ADVISORIES
                                                      May 1993
Chemical
ORGANICS CAS #
Acenaphthene 83329
Acetone 67641
Acifluoren (Tackle) 62476599
Acrylamide (2-Propenamide) 79061
Acrylonitrile 107131
Adipates (Diethylhexyl) 103231
Alachlor 15972608
Aldicarb (Temik) 1 16063
Aldicarb sulfone 1646884
Aldicarb suffoxide —
Aldrin 309002
Ametyrn 834128
Ammonium sulfamate 7773060
Anthracene 120127
Atrazine 1912249
Baygon 114261
Bentazon 25057890
Benz(a)anthracene 56553
Benzene 71432
Benzo(a)pyrene 50328
Benzo(b)fluoranthene 205992
Benzo(k)fluoranthene 207089
bis-2-Chloroisopropyl ether 108601
Bromacil 314409
Bromochloromethane 74975
Bromodichloromethane 75274
Bromoform 75252
Cancer Risk
104
Cancer Cancer
Group Risk
(Mg/L)
— —
D —
B2 100
B2 1
Bl 6
C —
B2 40
D —
D —
D —
B2 0.2
D —
D —
D —
C —
C —
D —
B2 —
A 100
B2 —
B2 —
B2 —
D —
C —
Ds —
B2 60
B2 400
Standards and Health Advisories
Longer-
DWEL term HA
(Child)
(ug/L) (ug/L)
2,100 —
3,500a —
400 100
7 20
— —
20,000 —
400 —
35 —
35 —
35 —
1 0.3
300 900
8,000 20,000
11,000 —
200 60
100 40
90 300
— —
TJR]
MCL/MCLG -ST.4
Le\
(^g/L) (MS/
— —
— —
— /o —
Treat.Tech. / 0 1
— /O —
500 / 500 —
Superfund
[H Removal
LR- Action
rel Level
L) (ug/L)
2,100
3,500
100
1
6
5,000
2/0 40 40
3/1 —
2/1 —
4/1 —
— —
— —
— —
— —
35
35
35
0.2
300
8,000
11,000
3/3 30 30
— —
— 720 —
0.1/0 —
40
90
0.1
— — 5/0 100 100
— —
— —
— —
1,000 4,000
5,000 3,000
500 1,000
700 4,000
700 2,000
0.2/0 —
0.2/0 —
0.2/0 —
— —
— —
— —
100/0 —
100/0 —
0.2
0.2
0.2
1,000
3,000
500
60
400
Word-Searchable Version - Not a true copy

-------
                          NUMERIC  REMOVAL  ACTION LEVELS  FOR CONTAMINATED DRINKING  WATER  SITES
                                 PRIMARY DRINKING WATER STANDARDS  AND HEALTH ADVISORIES
                                                        May  1993
Chemical
ORGANICS CAS #
Bromomethane (Methyl bromide) 74839
Butanone (2-) (see Methyl ethyl ketone)
Butyl benzyl phthalate 85687
Butylate 2008415
Carbaryl 63252
Carbofuran 1563662
Carbon tetrachloride 56235
Carboxin 5234684
Chloral hydrate (Tnchloroacetaldehyde 302170
monohydrate)
Chloramben 133904
Chlordane 57749
Chlorobenzene (see Monochlorobenzene)
Chlorodibromomethane (Dibromochioro- 124481
methane)
Chloroform (Tnchlorom ethane) 67663
Chloromethane (Methyl chloride) 74873
Chlorophenol (2-) 95578
Chloroyhalonil 1897456
Chlorotoluene, o- 95498
Chlorotoluene, p- 106434
Chlorpyrifos 2921882
Chrysene 218019
Cumene (see Isopropylbenzene)
Cyanazine 21725462
2,4-D (2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic) 94757
Dacthal (DCPA) 1861321
Dalapon 75990
Cancer Risk
104
Cancer Cancer
Group Risk
(Mg/L)
D —

C —
D —
D —
E —
B2 30
D —
C —
D —
B2 3

C —
B2 600
C —
D —
B2 150
D —
D —
D —
B2 —

C —
D —
D
D —
Standards and Health Advisories
Longer-
DWEL term HA MCL/MCLG
(Child)
40 100 —

6,000 — 100/0
2,000 1,000 —
4,000 1,000 —
200 50 40 / 40
30 70 5/0
4,000 1,000 —
70 200 — 760
500 200 —
2 — 2/0

700 2,000 100/0
400 100 100/0
100 400 —
200 50 —
500 200 —
700 2,000 —
700 2,000 —
100 30 —
— — 0.2/0

70 20 —11
400 100 70 / 70
20,000 5,000 —
900 300 200 / 200
Superfund
URTH Removal
-STAR- Action
Level Level
(Mg/L) (Mg/L)
— 40

— 6,000
— 1,000
— 1,000
50 50
30 30
— 1,000
— 70
— 200
2 2

— 700
— 100
— 100
— 50
— 150
— 700
— 700
— 30
— 0.2

— 20
100 100
— 5,000
— 300
Word-Searchable Version - Not a true copy

-------
                           NUMERIC REMOVAL ACTION LEVELS FOR CONTAMINATED DRINKING WATER SITES
                                 PRIMARY DRINKING WATER STANDARDS  AND HEALTH ADVISORIES
                                                    May 1993
Chemical
ORGANICS CAS #
Di[2-ethylexyl]adipate 103231
Diazinon 333415
Dibenzo[a,h] anthracene 53703
Dibromoacetonitrile 3252435
Dibromochloromethane (see Chlorodibromomethane)
Dibromochloropropane (DBCP) 96128
Dibromomethane (Methylene Bromide) 74953
Dibutyl phthalate (Di-n-butyl phthalate) 84742
Dicamba 1918009
Dichloroacetic acid 79436
Dichloroacetonitrile 3018120
Dichlorobenzene-o(l,2-) 95501
Dichlorobenzene -m ( 1 ,3-) 54 1 73 1
Dichlorobenzene -p ( 1 ,4-) 1 06467
Dichlorodifluoromethane (Freon-12) 75718
Dichloroethane(U-) 75343
Dichloroethane ( 1 ,2-) (Ethyiene 1 07062
dichloride)
Dichloroethylene(l,l-) 75354
Dichloroethlene (cis- 1,2-) 156592
Dichloroethylene (trans- 1,2-) 156605
Dichloromethane (Methylene chloride) 75092
Dichlorophenol (2,4-) 120832
Dichloropropane(l,2-) 78875
Dichloropropene ( 1 ,3-) (cis and trans) 542756
Dieldrin 60571
Diethyl phthalate 84662
Diethylhexyl (see Adipates)
Cancer Risk
Ifr4
Cancer Cancer
Group Risk
(Mg/L)
C 3,000
E —
B2 —
C —

B2 3
D —
D —
D —
B2 —
C —
D —
D —
C —
D —
0 —
B2 40
C —
D —
D —
B2 500
D —
B2 —
B2 20
B2 0.2
D —

Standards
Longer-
DWEL term HA
(Child)
(Mg/L) (Mg/L)
20,000 20,000
3 5
— —
800 2,000

— —
— —
4,000 —
1,000 300
300 5,000
300 800
3,000 9,000
3,000 9,000
4,000 10,000
5,000 9,000
3,500' —
— 700
400 1,000
400 3,000
600 2,000
2,000 —
100 30
— —
10 30
2 0.5
30,000 —

and Health Advisories
URH
MCL/MCLG -STA
Lev*
(Mg/L) (Mg/I
400 / 400 —
— —
0.3/0 —
— —

0.2/0 3
— —
— —
— —
— /O —
— —
Superfund
3 Removal
R- Action
;1 Level
-) (Mg/L)
4,000
3
0.3
800

3
—
4,000
300
300
300
600 / 600 3,000 3,000
600 / 600 —
3,000
75 / 75 750 750
— —
— —
5/0 40
7/7 70
5,000
3,500
40
70
70 / 70 400 400
100 / 100 600 600
5/0 —
— —
5/0 —
— /O —
— —
— —

500
30
5
10
0.2
30,000

Word-Searchable Version - Not a true copy

-------
                          NUMERIC REMOVAL ACTION LEVELS FOR CONTAMINATED DRINKING WATER SITES
                                  PRIMARY DRINKING WATER STANDARDS  AND HEALTH ADVISORIES
                                                       May 1993
Chemical
ORGANICS CAS #
Diethy Ihexy 1 phthalate 117817
Dimethrin 70382
Dimethyl methylphosphonate 756796
Dimethyl phthalate 131113
DIMP (Diisopropylmethylphosphonate) 1445756
Dinitrobenzene(l,3-) 99650
Dinitrotoluene (2,4-) 121 142
Dinitrotoluene (2,6-) 25321 146
Dinitrotoluene, tg> (2,6- & 2,4-) —
Dinoseb 88857
Dioxanep-(l,4-) 123911
Dioxin (see 2,3,7,8-TCDD)
Diphenamid 957517
Diphenylamine 122394
Diquat 85007
Disulfoton 298044
Dithiane(l,4-) 505293
Diuron 330541
Endothall 145733
Endrin 72208
Epichlorohydrin 106898
Ethylbenzene 100414
Ethylene dibromide (1,2-) (EDB) 106934
Ethylene dichloride (see 1,2-Dichloroethane)
Ethylene gly col 107211
Ethyl ether 60297
Ethylene thiourea (ETU) 96457
Cancer Risk
Ifr4 Cancer
Cancer Risk
Group (ug/L)
B2 300
D —
C 700
D —
D —
D —
— —
— —
B2 5
D —
B2 700

D —
D —
D —
E —
D —
D —
D —
D —
B2 400
D —
B2 0.04

D —
— —
B2 30
Standards and Health Advisories
Longer-
DWEL term HA MCL/MCLG
(Child)
(ug/L) (ug/L) (ug/L)
700 — 6/0
10,000 10,000 —
7,000 2,000 —
350,000' — —
3,000 8,000 —
5 40 —
100 300 —
40 400 —
— — —
40 10 7/7
— — —

1,000 300 —
1,000 300 —
80 — 20 / 20
1 3 —
400 400 —
70 300 —
700 200 100/100
10 3 2/2
70 70 Treat. Tech. / 0
3,000 1,000 700/700
— — 0.05/0

40,000 6,000 —
7,000s — —
3 100 —
Superfund
URTH Removal Action
-STAR- Level
Level (Mg/L)
(Mg/L)
— 300
— 10,000
— 2,000
— 350,000
— 3,000
— 5
— —
— —
— 5
— 10
— 700

— 300
— 300
— 80
— 1
— 400
— 70
— 200
— 3
70 70
1,000 1,000
0.05 0.05

— 6,000
— 7,000
— 3
Word-Searchable Version - Not a true copy

-------
                        NUMERIC REMOVAL ACTION LEVELS  FOR CONTAMINATED DRINKING WATER  SITES
                                PRIMARY DRINKING WATER STANDARDS AND  HEALTH ADVISORIES
                                                   May 1993
Chemical
ORGANICS CAS #
Fenamiphos 22224926
Fluometuron 2164172
Fluorene 86737
Fluorotrichloromethane (Freon-1 1 ) 75694
Fonofos 944229
Formaldehyde 50000
Freon-1 1 (see Fluorotrichloromethane)
Freon-12 (see Dichlorodifluoromethane)
Freon 113(1,1 ,2-Lrichloro- 76 1 3 1
1 ,1 ,2-trifluoroethane)
Glyphosate 1071836
Heptachlor 76448
Heptachlor epoxide 1024573
Hexachlorobenzene 1 1 874 1
Hezachlorobutadiene 87683
Hexachlorocyclohexane, gamma (see Lindane)
Hexachlorocyclophentadiene 77474
Hexachloroethane 67721
Hexane(n-) 110543
Hexazinone 51235042
HMX (Octahydro-l,3,5,7-tetranitro- 3691410
1,3,5,7-tetrazocine)
Idenol[l,2,3-c,d]pyrene 193395
Isophorone 78591
Isoprophyl methylphosphonate 6838933
Isopropylbenzene (Cumene) 88828
Kerb (see Pronamide)
Lindane (Hexachlorocyclohexane, gamma) 58899
Cancer Risk
104
Cancer Cancer
Group Risk (ug/L)
D —
D —
D —
D —
D —
Bl —


— —
D —
B2 0.8
B2 0.4
B2 2
C —

D —
C —
D —
D —
D —
B2 —
C 4,000
D —
— —

C —
Standards and Health Advisories
Longer-
DWEL term HA MCL/MCLG
(Child)
(ug/L) (ug/L) (ug/L)
95 —
400 2,000 —
1,400 — —
10,000 3,000 —
70 20 —
5,000 5,000 —


1,100,000' — —
4,000 1,000 700/700
20 5 0.4/0
0.4 0.1 0.2/0
30 50 1/0
70 100 —11

200 — 50/50
40 100 —
— 4,000 —
1,000 3,000 —
2,000 5,000 —
— — 0.4/0
7,000 15,000 —
4,000 30,000 —
l,400a — —

10 30 0.2/0.2
Superfund
URTH Removal
-STAR- Action
Level Level
(Mg/L) (Mg/L)
— 5
— 400
— 1,400
— 3,000
— 20
— 5,000


— 1,100,000
— 1,000
0.8 0.8
0.4C 0.4
— 2
— 70

— 200
— 40
— 4,000
— 1,000
— 2,000
— 0.4
— 7,000
— 4,000
— 1,400

2 2
Word-Searchable Version - Not a true copy

-------
                       NUMERIC REMOVAL ACTION LEVELS  FOR CONTAMINATED DRINKING WATER SITES
                              PRIMARY DRINKING  WATER STANDARDS AND HEALTH ADVISORIES
                                                      May 1993
Chemical
ORGANICS CAS #
Malathion 121755
Maleic hy drazide 123331
MCPA (4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy)-acetic 94746
acid
Methomyl 16752775
Methoxychlor 72435
Methyl bromide (see Bromomethane)
Methyl chloride (see Chloromethane)
Methyl ethyl ketone (2-Butanone) 78933
Methyl parathion 298000
Methyl tert butyl ether 1 634044
Methylene bromide (see Dibromomethane)
Methylene chloride (see Dichlorom ethane)
Metolachlor 51218452
Metribuzin 21087649
Monochloroacetic acid (Chioroacetic 79 1 1 8
acid)
Monochlorobenzene (Chiorobenzene) 108907
Naphthalene 91203
Nitroguanidine 556887
Nitrophenols p- 25154556
Octachlorocamphene (see Toxaphene)
Oxamyl 23135220
Paraquat 1910425
Pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB) 82688
Pentachlorophenol 87865
Perchloroethylene (see Tetrachloroethylene)
Phenol 108952
Cancer Risk
104
Cancer Cancer
Group Risk (ug/
D —
D —
E —
D —
D —


Da —
D —
D —


C —
D —
— —
D —
D —
D —
D —

E —
E —
C1 —
B2 30

D —
Standards and Health Advisories
DWEL
L)
(Mg/L)
800
20,000
50
900
200


21,000'
9
200


5,000
900
70a
700
100
4,000
300

900
200
100a
1,000

20,000
Longer-
term HA MCL/MCLG
(Child)
(Mg/L) (Mg/L)
200 —
5,000 —
100 —
300 —
50 40 / 40


— —
30 —
500 —


2,000 —
300 —
— —
2,000 100/100
400 —
10,000 —
800 —

200 200/200
50 —
— —
300 1/0

6,000 —
Superfund
URTH Removal
-STAR- Action
Level Level
(Mg/L) (ug/L)
— 200
— 5,000
— 50
— 300
50 50


— 21,000
— 9
— 200


— 2,000
— 300
— 70
700 700
— 100
— 4,000
— 300

— 200
— 50
— 100
30 30

— 6,000
Word-Searchable Version - Not a true copy

-------
                       NUMERIC REMOVAL ACTION LEVELS  FOR CONTAMINATED DRINKING WATER SITES
                              PRIMARY DRINKING  WATER STANDARDS AND HEALTH ADVISORIES
                                                      May 1993
Chemical
ORGANICS CAS #
Picloram 1918021
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) 1 336363
Prometon 1610180
Pronamide (Kerb) 23950585
Propachlor 1918167
Propazine 139402
Propham 122429
Pyrene 129000
RDX (Hexahydro-l,3,5-trmitro-l,3,5-tnazme) 121824
Simazine 122349
Styrene 100425
T (2,4,5-) 93765
Tackle (see Acifluorfen)
TCDD (2,3,7,8-) (v) (Dioxm) 1746016
Tebuthiuron 34014181
Temik (see Aldicarb)
Terbacil 5902512
Terbufos 13071799
Tetrachloroethane (1 ,1 ,1 ,2-) 630206
Tetrachloroethane (1 ,1 ,2,2-) 79345
Tetrachloroethylene (Perchioroethyiene) 1 27 1 84
Toluene 108883
Toxaphene (Octachlorocamphene) 8001352
TP (2,4,5-) (2(2,4,5-Tnchlorophenoxy- 93721
propionic acid)
Cancer Risk
104
Cancer Cancer
Group Risk (ug/
D —
B2 0.5
D —
C —
D —
C —
D —
D —
C 30
C —
C —
D —

Standards and Health Advisories
DWEL
L)
2,000
—
500
3,000
500
700
600
1,100
100
200
7,000
350

B2 0.00002 0.00004
D —

E —
D —
C 100
Ca 20a
B2a 70
D —
B2 3
D —
2,000

400
5
1,000
—
500
7,000
3
300
Longer-
term HA MCL/MCLG
(Child)
700 500 / 500
1 0.5/0
200 —
800 —
100 —
500 —
5,000 —
— —
100 —
70 4/4
2,000 100/100
800 —

0.00001 0.00003/0
700 —

300 —
1 —
900 —
— —
1,000 5/0
2,000 1,000/1,000
— 3/0
70 50 / 50
Superfund
URTH Removal
-STAR- Action
Level Level
(Mg/L) (Mg/L)
— 700
0.5 0.5
— 200
— 800
— 100
— 500
— 600
— 1,100
— 100
— 40
1,000 1,000
— 350

— 0.00003
— 700

— 300
— 1
— 900
— 2
70 70
— 2,000
3 3
70 70
Trichloroacetaldehyde (Chloral) see Chloral hydrate (hydrated form of trichloroacetaldehyde)
Trichloroacetic acid 76039
Trichlorobenzene (1,2,4-) 120821
C —
D —
1,300
400
4,000 —7100
100 70/70
— 1,000
— 100
Word-Searchable Version - Not a true copy

-------
                         NUMERIC REMOVAL ACTION LEVELS FOR CONTAMINATED DRINKING WATER SITES
                                PRIMARY  DRINKING  WATER  STANDARDS AND  HEALTH  ADVISORIES
                                                           May 1993
Chemical
ORGANICS CAS #
Trichlorobenzene (1,3,5-) 108703
Trichloroethane (1,1,1-) 71556
Trichloroethane (1 ,1 ,2-) 79005
Trichloroethylene (Tnchioroethene) 79016
Trichloromethane (see Chloroform)
Trichlorophenol (2,4,6-) 88062
Trichlorophenoxypropionic acid (2(2,4,5-)) (see 2,4,5-TP)
Trichloropropane ( 1 ,2,3-) 96 1 84
l,l,2-Trichloro-l,2,2-trifluoroethane (see Freon 113)
Trifluralin 1582098
Trinitroglycerol 55630
Trinitrotoluene (2,4,6-) 1 1 8967
Vinyl chloride 75014
Vydate (see Oxamyl)
Xylenes (mixed) 1 3 30207
Cancer Risk
Ifr4 Cancer
Cancer Risk
Group (Mg/L)
D —
D —
C —
B2 300

B2 300

B2 —

C —
— —
C 100
A 1.5

D —
Standards
Longer-
DWEL term HA
(Child)
(ug/L) (ug/L)
200 600
1,000 40,000
100 400
300 —

— —

200 600

300 80
— 5
20 20
— 10

60,000 40,000
and Health Advisories
URT
MCL/MCLG -S1A
Lev
(Mg/L) (Mg/
— —
Superfund
13 Removal Action
iR- Level
el (ug/L)
L)
200
200/200 1,000 1,000
5/3 —
30
5/0 300 300

— —

— —

— —
— —
— —
2/0 2


300

200

80
5
20
2

10,000/10,000 40,000 40,000
1  Based on data  from IRIS or HEAST in the absence of  a published U.S. EPA,  Office of Water value

'Technical Grade (tg); 2,4- and 2,6-Dinitrotoluene are likely to occur  alone

:  Based on special considerations
Word-Searchable Version - Not a true copy

-------