UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460
*«.
OFFICE OF
SOLID WASTE AND EMERGENCY
RESPONSE
OCT251993
OSWER Directive 9360.1-02
MEMORANDUM
SUBJECT: Final Guidance on Numeric Removal Action Levels for
Contaminated Drinking Water Sites
FROM: Deborah Y. Dietrich, Director /S/
Emergency Response Division
TO: Removal Managers
Regions I - X
Purpose
The purpose of this memorandum is to transmit the final OERR
methodology and guidance on the calculation of numeric removal
action levels (RALs), to assist Superfund personnel in deciding
whether to provide alternate sources of drinking water to
populations adversely affected by releases of hazardous substances
into the environment.
Introduction
RALs are drinking water concentrations of contaminants that
are considered, along with other factors, in determining whether to
provide alternate water supplies under Superfund removal authority.
RALs were established in OSWER (Office of Solid Waste and Emergency
Response) Directive 9360.1-01, Interim Final Guidance on Removal
Action Levels at Contaminated Drinking Water Sites (October 1987).
That directive defined two types of RALs: (1) numeric levels for
individual substances, which apply generally across most sites, and
(2) site-specific levels, which are based on a more detailed
analysis of conditions at a particular site and are determined on a
case-by-case basis. A methodology for calculating numeric RALs for
drinking water was presented in the 1987 OSWER directive, and
values for 34 substances were listed in Exhibit 2 of that
directive. The Office of Emergency and Remedial Response
(OERR)/Emergency Response Division (ERD) distributed an updated and
significantly expanded table of numeric RALs in April 1991 that
listed values - calculated using the same methodology described in
the 1987 OSWER Directive - for 165 substances.
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Objective
ERD has adopted a new methodology for determining RALs for
contaminated drinking water. This memorandum explains the new
methodology and provides the rationale for adopting it. As
discussed in the next section, the new methodology better matches
the needs of the Superfund removal program and is more consistent
with procedures used by the Office of Water (OW) than the previous
guidance. The attached table lists updated numeric RALs for 204
substances developed using the new methodology. These updated RALs
supersede the values given in the April 1991 table distributed by
ERD. Regions should begin using the newly updated RALs immediately,
in the same manner as previous values were used (i.e., as one
factor in deciding whether to provide alternate water supplies
under Superfund removal authority). Issuance of this update of
numeric RALs does not in any way restrict the existing flexibility
of a Regional office to develop and apply site-specific RALs. Note
that the updated numeric RALs apply to new removal starts, and, in
general, are not intended to affect ongoing or completed removal
actions.
Implementation
New RAL Methodology: Background and Rationale
ERD has adopted the procedures recently developed by OW for
determining short-term acceptable risk (STAR) levels as the new
methodology for setting numeric RALs for drinking water. The STAR
is one factor, along with cost and affordability considerations,
used in making unreasonable risk to health (URTH) determinations
under the Safe Drinking Water Act. Under the Act, EPA (or primacy
states) may grant a public water system a variance or exemption
from a Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL; for definition, see box on
page 5) if it finds that the variance or exemption will not result
in an URTH.
The STAR is defined as the upper-bound concentration of a
contaminant in drinking water, generally above the MCL (and never
lower than the MCL), that would not pose a health risk for
exposures lasting up to seven years (approximately 10 percent of an
individual's lifetime). As of the date of this memorandum, OW has
released STAR values for 47 chemical substances, all of which are
included in the attached table of updated RALs. In addition, OW has
issued Guidance for Determining Unreasonable Risks to Health
(EPA/OW/Office of Science and Technology, 1992), which describes in
detail the procedures for determining STARS. The guidance also
allows for development of site-specific URTHs, where appropriate,
and lists factors to be considered in their development.
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ERD adopted the STAR methodology to replace its previous
approach to determining RALs for drinking water primarily for the
following reasons:
• As risk-based levels developed specifically for
relatively short-term exposures to individual
contaminants in drinking water, STARs are the Agency
numbers that most closely correspond to the needs of the
Superfund removal program for action levels. Levels based
on exposure periods of up to seven years are more
relevant to removal program decision-making than levels
based on lifetime exposures (as used in the previous
approach). It is important to note, however, that while
the STAR is a level for short-term exposure, it is
derived from numbers (e.g., MCLs and drinking water
equivalent levels (DWELs)) that are protective over a
lifetime of exposure.
• STARs are developed using OW procedures and data, which
are extensively reviewed both within the Agency and by
independent scientific groups, including EPA's Science
Advisory Board and the National Academy of Sciences. In
addition, the STAR methodology was subject to public
review and comment as part of its development process.
• Problems that potentially could arise from
inconsistencies between RALs and STARs will be avoided,
as EPA will be using the same approach to evaluating
short-term exposures to drinking water contamination in
the Superfund removal program as in the OW drinking water
program.
Thus, the new methodology enhances both the scientific credibility
of RALs and their consistency with OW procedures and data.
Differences Between the Old and New Methodologies
There are several differences between the newly adopted
methodology and the previous approach to determining RALs,
including: (1) primary reliance on OW data and procedures; (2)
explicit consideration of short-term toxicity data; (3) elimination
of the possibility of a numeric RAL being lower than the
corresponding MCL; and (4) elimination of the two-fold reduction
factor applied to volatile non-carcinogens. The previously used
adjustment factor for volatiles was eliminated because the OW
values and calculation procedures that are the basis of the new
methodology are considered protective of exposures from inhalation
of volatiles released from drinking water as well as from direct
ingestion.
It is important to note that exposure to volatiles other than
through ingestion is receiving much Agency attention. The
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Office of Water is investigating methodologies for assessing
inhalation risks from volatile contaminants (mainly
trihalomethanes) and is scheduled to take action on this issue this
year. What the Office of Water does with trihalomethanes will have
important implications for other volatiles and may lead to some
modifications of the assumptions and methodologies used to derive
STAR levels and other drinking water standards. Currently, the
Office of Water considers the RfD/DWEL, longer-term health
advisory, and cancer risk level protective for volatile and
non-volatile contaminants because exposure from sources other than
drinking water are not factored out of the risk calculations as
they are for the MCL/MCLG. This approach continues to have the
approval of the NAS and SAB. Please keep in mind that regional
personnel may always choose to factor in inhalation exposure as
they would any other site-specific consideration when deciding to
perform a removal action.
In addition, OW's 10-day Health Advisory values are no longer
considered in the RAL process. Although never part of the actual
calculation procedure for numeric RALs, 10-day Health Advisories
were listed in the October 1987 and April 1991 tables of values,
and the October 1987 directive instructed that they be considered
in certain "special cases" (including the case referred to above,
which no longer occurs, when a calculated numeric RAL was lower
than the corresponding MCL). Because 10-day Health Advisories are
developed for much shorter exposure periods (i.e., 10 days) than is
appropriate for many removal site situations, where exposure to
contaminated drinking water may have occurred over weeks, months,
or even years, they are not considered adequately protective, in
general, for application at removal sites. Moveover, at many cites
there is substantial uncertainty over exactly how long exposures
have been occurring. Therefore, the newly updated RALs, which are
based on a more relevant exposure period, should be used rather
than 10-day Health Advisories, except possibly in the (presumably
rare) situation where it can be documented that exposure is
extremely short-term and will not exceed approximately 10 days in
duration.
Overview of OW s STAR Methodology
Several toxicity- or risk-based levels developed by OW are
considered in developing STARs. These levels are defined in the box
on the next page. The STAR methodology is described in detail in
OW's referenced 1992 URTH guidance.
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MCLG (maximum contaminant level goal): A non-regulatory health
goal based solely on considerations of protecting the public
from adverse health effects of drinking water contamination.
MCL (maximum contaminant level): A regulatory level that sets
the maximum permissible concentration of a contaminant in
water delivered to users of public water systems. The MCL is
set as close to the MCLG as feasible, considering such factors
as analytical capability, treatment availability, and
treatment costs.
DWEL (drinking water equivalent level): The concentration of a
contaminant in drinking water that is not expected to cause
any adverse non-cancer health effects in humans over a
lifetime of continuous exposure. The DWEL, in mg/1, is
calculated by multiplying the oral reference dose (RfD), in
mg/kg-day, by 70 kg (standard adult body weight) and dividing
it by 2 liters/day (standard adult water consumption rate).
Longer-term HA (health advisory) (child): The concentration of
a contaminant in drinking water that is not expected to cause
any adverse non-cancer health effects in children over a
continuous exposure period of up to seven years. The
Longer-term HA is calculated similarly to the DWEL, but
instead of the RfD, a no- or lowest-observed-
adverse-effect-level (NOAEL or LOAEL) from a study in which
the exposure duration is comparable to seven years of human
exposure is used. The NOAEL or LOAEL, in mg/kg-day, is divided
by appropriate uncertainty factors, then multiplied by 10 kg
(standard child body weight) and divided by 1 I/day (standard
child water consumption rate).
10~4 cancer risk level: The concentration of a contaminant in
drinking water that would result in a 10~4 upper-bound
lifetime excess cancer risk to an individual exposed
continuously over a lifetime (other pre-specifled risks, such
as 10~5, also can be defined) . The cancer risk level is
calculated based on the pre-specifled risk, the contaminant's
cancer slope factor, the standard adult body weight of 70 kg,
and the standard adult water consumption rate of 2 I/day.
The level that ultimately becomes the basis, for a STAR
depends in part on the type of effects caused by the substance. Of
particular importance in the STAR methodology is a substance's
potential for human carcinogenicity, as reflected in EPA's cancer
weight-of-evidence classification. EPA's classification system
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(described in detail in Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment,
51 Federal Register 33992, September 24, 1986) defines the
following major categories:
A Human carcinogen
B Probable human carcinogen
C Possible human carcinogen
D Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity
E Evidence of non-carcinogenicity
For Group A or B carcinogens, the STAR is set at the MCL
whenever the MCL is greater than or equal to the 10~4 cancer risk
level. When the MCL is less than the 10~4 cancer risk level, the
STAR is the lowest value among the 10~4 cancer risk level, the DWEL,
or the Longer-term HA (child). As examples of these two cases,
consider ethylene dibromide and benzene.
The STAR for ethylene dibromide is set at the MCL, 0.05
jUg/1, because the MCL is greater than the 10~4 cancer risk
level, 0.04 /ug/1.
• Conversely, the STAR for benzene is set at the 10~4 cancer
risk level, 100 jjg/1, because the MCL of 5 /ug/1 is less
than the 10~4 cancer risk level (no DWEL or Longer-term HA
(child) available).
For Group D, E, or unrated substances (i.e., substances
considered to be non-carcinogens for purposes of this methodology),
the STAR is set at the MCL whenever a contaminant's, main health
effects are very short-term and the MCL is based on effects of
acute exposures. Otherwise, the STAR is the lower of the DWEL or
Longer-term HA (child) values. For example, the DWEL for
methoxychlor is 200 //g/1, the Longer-term HA (child) is 50 //g/1,
and the MCL is not based on very short-term effects. Therefore, the
STAR is set at 50 //g/1.
For Group C carcinogens, which have limited evidence for human
carcinogenicity, the STAR is usually based on non-cancer effects
and is the lowest value among the DWEL, the Longer-term HA (child),
or the MCLG multiplied by 10.l The 10-fold adjustment of the MCLG
removes the additional safety factor included in the MCLG for Group
C carcinogens to protect against possible cancers resulting from
lifetime exposure, a factor not considered necessary for developing
a STAR. As an example, consider atrazine, which has a DWEL of 200
//g/1, a Longer-term HA (child) of 60 //g/1, and an "MCLG times 10"
value of 30 //g/1 (MCLG equals 3 //g/1) . Therefore, the STAR is set
at the lowest of these three values, or 30 //g/1.
1 If toxicity information is inadequate to develop a DWEL or
Longer-term HA (child), the MCLG (and therefore the STAR) can be based on
a cancer risk level.
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Development of Numeric RALs Using the STAR Methodology
If a STAR value is available from OW, it is used without
adjustment as the numeric RAL. If OW has evaluated a substance but
has not developed a STAR, the numeric RAL is determined using the
STAR methodology and input data from OW. When an OW evaluation is
unavailable for a substance, a few modifications to the STAR
methodology are necessary because some of the needed input values
may not be available.
For substances lacking an OW evaluation, RALs are based on a
subset of the STAR procedures. MCLs, MCLGs, and Longer-term HAs
(child) are unavailable in these situations and are not considered;
DWELs and cancer risk levels are calculated based on toxicity
information (oral RfDs, oral cancer weight-of-evidence ratings, and
oral cancer slope factors) from other Agency data sources and then
used to determine the RAL. EPA's on-line Integrated Risk
Information System (IRIS) should be the first source consulted for
this toxicity information (assuming no information is available
directly from OW), followed by EPA's Health Effects Assessment
Summary Tables (HEAST) (Office of Research and Development, March
1992 or most recent update).
Exhibit 1 is a matrix summarizing the new numeric RAL
methodology for both situations - when an OW evaluation is
available for a substance and when an OW evaluation is unavailable.
Exhibits 2A (OW evaluation available) and 2B (OW evaluation
unavailable) are a parallel set of flowcharts depicting the RAL
determination process.
Site-specific RALs
A significant health threat may exist at a site even if no
substance is currently present in drinking water at a concentration
exceeding its numeric RAL. A removal action may be initiated if the
health risk at a site has been analyzed in detail and the analysis
indicates that a serious risk is present due to site-specific
factors. Examples of such factors include evidence that a
ground-water plume with contamination exceeding a RAL is moving
toward drinking water wells, current contaminant levels will likely
increase (e.g., due to increased pumping from an aquifer
anticipated during summer months), people have been drinking
contaminated water for a long period of time already, multiple
contaminants are likely to result in additive or synergistic
effects, or sensitive populations are present and being exposed to
the contamination. OW's URTH guidance, adopted as the new basis for
numeric RALs, provides for similar site-specific flexibility to
depart from recommended STAR levels based on considerations such as
site-specific exposures, exposures from other sources, past
exposure (if known), exposure to mixtures of drinking water
contaminants, population sensitivity, chemical characteristics such
as volatility, or other factors not directly related to the
contaminant.
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Decisions to undertake a removal action when a numeric RAL has
not been exceeded should be made on a case-by-case basis. Because
ERD wishes to know how guidance is used in the Regions, please
notify your Regional Coordinator of any Action Memo approved for
contaminated drinking water sites where the removal action decision
is based solely on site-specific factors (i.e., no numeric RAL is
exceeded).
Information Sources
The attached table of numeric RALs for drinking water, dated
November 1992, lists values for many substances of concern at
drinking water contamination sites. ERD plans to distribute updates
to the table, as appropriate, such as when OW releases a
significant number of new or revised STARs. In the meantime,
Regional offices should use the most up-to-date STAR available for
a substance as the numeric RAL. If OW has released a revised STAR
that differs from the value given in the attached table, Regional
offices should use that revised STAR as the numeric RAL.
Information on STARs and other OW data used in the new RAL
methodology is available through the Safe Drinking Water Hotline at
800-426-4791.
If a substance of concern is not listed in the attached table,
Regional offices may determine the appropriate numeric RAL by
applying the methodology summarized in this memorandum (refer to
the OW URTH guidance for a more detailed description of the STAR
procedures). Alternatively, a Regional office may request ERD's
assistance in determining the appropriate numeric RAL. If a Region
decides to develop a numeric RAL itself, it must first check with
OW to determine if a STAR is available and, if not, whether OW has
developed any of the other risk-based levels needed as inputs
(e.g., MCL/MCLG, DWEL, Longer-term HA (child), 10~4 cancer risk
level). If there is no information available from OW, the Regional
office may calculate and use DWELs and cancer risk levels to
develop numeric RALs, based on toxicity information in IRIS or
HEAST. For additional information on IRIS, contact user support in
the Office of Research and Development, Cincinnati, OH, at
513-569-7254. For additional information on HEAST, contact the
Superfund Health Risk Technical Support Center in the Office of
Research and Development, Cincinnati, OH, at 513-569-7300.
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Substances With Significant Changes in Numeric RALs
Exhibit 3 lists those substances for which the RAL has changed
significantly (defined as more than a factor of two) from the value
in the table distributed by ERD in April 1991.
Please distribute this update to all removal program staff in
your Regional office. If you have any questions on this document,
contact Lisa Boynton (OERR/ERD), at 703-603-9052.
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EXHIBIT 1
SUMMARY OF NEW METHODOLOGY FOR NUMERIC RALs
Cancer
Weight-
of-evidence
Class
OW Evaluation of
Substance Available1
OW Evaluation of
Substance Unavailable2
A or B
! If MCL > ICr4 cancer risk
level:
RAL = MCL
! If MCL < ICr4 cancer risk
level:
RAL = lowest of:
1CT4 cancer risk level, or
DWEL, or
Longer-term HA (child)
! RAL = lower of:
1CT4 cancer risk level, or
DWEL
! RAL = lowest of:
MCLG x 10, or
DWEL, or
Longer-term HA (child)
! If DWEL can be calculated:
RAL = DWEL x 0.2
(20% relative source
contribution assumed)
! If DWEL cannot be
calculated:
RAL = 10~4 cancer risk
level
D, E, or
unrated
! If MCL based on acute
toxicity:
RAL = MCL
! If MCL not based on acute
toxicity:
RAL = lower of:
DWEL, or
Longer-term HA (child)
! RAL = DWEL
1 Use OW values for MCL, MCLG, DWEL, Longer-term HA (child), and 10~4 cancer risk
level.
2 Obtain oral RfD, oral cancer weight-of-evidence rating, and oral cancer slope
factor from IRIS (or HEAST if unavailable in IRIS), then calculate DWEL and 10~4
cancer risk level.
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EXHIBIT 2A
DECISION FLOW DIAGRAM FOR RAL METHODOLOGY:
OFFICE OF WATER EVALUATION AVAILABLE
no
RAL
= MCL
RAL = lowest of:
10-4 cancer risk level,
or DWEL,
or Longer-term HA
RAL = lowest of:
MCLGxlO,
or DWEL,
or Longer-term HA (child)
RAL * lower of:
DWEL,
or Longer-term HA (child)
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EXHIBIT 2B
DECISION FLOW DIAGRAM FOR RAL METHODOLOGY:
OFFICE OF WATER EVALUATION NOT AVAILABLE
START
yes
no
yes
no
RAL = lower of:
10-4 cancer risk level,
orDWEL
RAL = DWEL x 0.2
if DWEL is unavailable:
RAL = 10-4 cancer risk level
RAL= DWEL
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EXHIBIT 3
SUBSTANCES FOR WHICH NUMERIC RALs HAVE CHANGED SIGNIFICANTLY
Substance
1991 (Old)
RAL
(pg/D
New RAL
(pg/D
Factor
Increase/
Decrease1
ORGANICS
Acifluorfen (Tackle)
Acrylonitrile
Aldicarb (Temik)
Atrazine
Baygon
Bromodichlorome thane
Bromome thane
Carbaryl
Carbof uran
Carbon tetrachloride
Carboxin
Chloramben
Chlorodibromome thane
Chlorome thane
Chlorophenol (2-)
Chlorothalonil
Chlorotoluene (0-)
Chlorpyrif os
Cyanazine
2,4-D (2, 4-Dichloro-
phenoxyacetic acid)
Dacthal (DCPA)
Dalapon
Diazinon
Dicamba
Dichlorobenzene (1,4-)
Dichloroethylene (1,1-)
Dichlorophenol (2,4-)
Dimethyl phthalate
Dinoseb
460
6.5
2.5
180
140
27
25
3,500
180
12
3,500
530
42
270
180
530
350
110
70
350
18,000
1,100
32
46
150
5.8
110
35,000
35
100
1
7
30
40
60
50
1,000
50
30
1,000
200
700
100
50
150
700
30
20
100
5,000
300
3
300
750
70
30
350,000
10
-4.6
-6.5
+ 2.8
-6.0
-3.5
+ 2.2
+ 2.0
-3.5
-3.6
+ 2.5
-3.5
-2.7
+ 17
-2.7
-3.6
-3.5
+ 2.0
-3.7
-3.5
-3.5
-3.6
-3.6
-11
+ 6.5
+ 5.0
+ 12
-3.7
+ 10
-3.5
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EXHIBIT 3 (continued)
SUBSTANCES FOR WHICH NUMERIC RALs HAVE CHANGED SIGNIFICANTLY
Substance
Dioxane (1,4-)
Diphenamid
Endothall
Endrin
Ethylene glycol
Fonof os
Glyphosate
Hexane (n-)
Isophorone
Isopropylbenzene (Cumene)
Malathion
Maleic hydrazide
MCPA ( (4-Chloro-2-
methylphenoxy) -acetic acid)
Methomyl
Methoxychlor
Metolachlor
Metribuzin
Oxamyl (Vydate)
Paraquat
Pentachloronitrobenzene
Phenol
Picloram
Prometon
Pronamide (Kerb)
Propachlor
RDX (Hexahydro-1 , 3 , 5- trinitro-
1,3, 5-triazine
Styrene
TCDD (2,3,7,8-) (Dioxin)
Tebuthiuron
Terbuf os
1991 (Old)
RAL
(ug/1)
320
1, 100
700
11
70,000
70
3,500
21,000
850
1,400
700
18,000
18
880
180
5,300
880
880
160
14
21,000
2,500
530
2, 600
460
32
3,500
22 pcg/1
2,500
3.5
New RAL
(ug/1)
700
300
200
3
6,000
20
1,000
4,000
7,000
14,000
200
5,000
50
300
50
2,000
300
200
50
100
6,000
700
200
800
100
100
1,000
50 pcg/1
700
1
Factor
Increase/
Decrease1
+ 2.2
-3.7
-3.5
-3.7
12
-3.5
-3.5
-5.3
+ 8.3
+ 10
-3.5
-3.6
+ 2.8
-2.9
-3.6
-2.7
-2.9
-4.4
-3.2
+ 7.2
-3.5
-3.6
-2.7
-3.3
-4.6
+ 3.2
-3.5
+ 2.3
-3.6
-3.5
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EXHIBIT 3 (continued)
SUBSTANCES FOR WHICH NUMERIC RALs HAVE CHANGED SIGNIFICANTLY
Substance
Tetrachloroethane (1,1,1,2-)
Tetrachloroethane (1,1,2,2-)
2,4,5-TP (2(2,4,5-
Trichlorophenoxy) propionic
acid)
Trichlorobenzene (1,2,4- )
Trichloroethene (1,1,2-)
Trif luralin
1991 (Old)
RAL
(ug/1)
130
18
280
46
61
260
New RAL
(ug/1)
900
2
70
100
30
80
Factor
Increase/
Decrease1
+ 6.9
-9.0
-4.0
+ 2.2
-2.1
-3.3
INORGANICS
Arsenic
Barium
Boron
Cadmium
Cyanide
Flouride
Maganese
Molybdenum
Nitrite
Vanadium
Zinc
2
1,800
3,200
18
700
2,100
3,500
140
3,500
250
7,000
50
5,000
900
5
200
5,000
200
10
1,000
30
3,000
+ 25
+ 2.8
-3.6
-3.6
-3.5
+ 2.4
-17
-14
-3.5
-8.3
-2.3
1 The ratio between the new RAL and the old RAL. A "+" indicates that the RAL has
increased, while a "-" indicates that the RAL has decreased.
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NUMERIC REMOVAL ACTION LEVELS FOR CONTAMINATED DRINKING WATER SITES
Tables
Emergency Response Division
Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, DC 20460
May 1993
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CAS#
DWEL
Table Acronyms
Chemical Abstract Number
Drinking Water Equivalent Level (calculated by multiplying the oral RfD by 70 kilograms (adult body weight)
and dividing by the average volume of water (2 liters) consumed per day)
Longer-term HA (Child) Drinking Water Health Advisory for 10 kg child consuming 1 liter per day for up to 7 years
MCL
MCLG
MFL
Treat. Tech.
URTH-STAR
Maximum Contaminant Level (National Primary Drinking Water Standard)
Maximum Contaminant Level Goal
Million Fibers per Liter
MCL is based on the capability of the treatment technology
Draft Short-term Risk Level (STAR) recommended for an Unreasonable Risk to Health (URTH) under Safe
Drinking Water Act
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NUMERIC REMOVAL ACTION LEVELS FOR CONTAMINATED DRINKING WATER SITES
PRIMARY DRINKING WATER STANDARDS AND HEALTH ADVISORIES
May 1993
Chemical Cancer Risk
INORGANICS CAS # 10 4
Cancer Cancer
Group Risk
(Mg/L)
Ammonia 7664417 D —
Antimony 7440360 D —
Arsenic 7440382 A 2
Asbestos >10 |im 1332214 A 700 MFL
Barium 7440393 D —
Beryllium 7440417 B2 0.8
Boron 7440428 D —
Cadmium 7440439 D —
Chloramines 10599903 Da —
Chlorine 7782505 D —
Chlorine dioxide 10049044 D —
Chromium III (see Chromium total) 16065831
Chromium VI (see Chromium total) 1 8540299
Chromium (total) — D —
Copper 7440508 D —
Cyanide 57125 D —
Flouride 16984488 — —
Hypochlorite 7681529 — —
Hypochlorous acid 7790923 — —
Lead at tap 7439921 B2 —
Manganese 7439965 Da —
Mercury 7439976 D —
Molybdenum 7439987 D —
Nickel 7440020 D —
Nitrate 14797558 D —
Nitrite 14797650 — —
Nitrate+Nitrite — — —
Standards and Health Advisories
Longer-
DWEL term HA MCL/MCLG
(Child)
(Hg/L) (ng/L) (ng/L)
— — —
15 15 6/6
— — 50 7—
— — 7 MFL / 7 MFL
2,000 — 2,000 / 2,000
200 4,000 4 / 4
3,000 900 —
20 5 5/5
3,300 1,000 — / 4,000
— — — / 4,000
100 — — 780
200 200 100/100
— — Treat. T. 7 1,300
800 200 200 / 200
— — 4,000 / 4,000
— — — / 4,000
— — — / 4,000
— — Treat. Tech. / 0
200 — — /200
10 — 2/2
200 10 —
600 500 100/100
56,000 — 10,000/10,000
— — 1,000/1,000
— — 10,000/10,000
URTH
-STAR-
Level
(Mg/L)
—
—
—
70 MFL
—
—
—
5
—
—
—
200
1,300
—
5,000C
—
—
30C
—
10
—
—
10,000
1,000
10,000
Superfund
Removal
Action
Level
(Mg/L)
34,000'
(taste)
15
50
70 MFL"
2,000
1
900
5
1,000
—
100
200
1,300
200
5,000
—
—
30
200
10
10
500
10,000
1,000
10,000
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NUMERIC REMOVAL ACTION LEVELS FOR CONTAMINATED DRINKING WATER SITES
PRIMARY DRINKING WATER STANDARDS AND HEALTH ADVISORIES
May 1993
Chemical
IN ORGANICS CAS #
Selenium 7782492
Silver 7440224
Strontium 7440246
Sulfate 7757826
Thallium 7440280
Vanadium 7440622
White phosphorus 772314
Zinc 7440666
Zinc chloride (measured as zinc) —
Cancer Risk
104
Cancer Cancer
Group Risk
(Mg/L)
— —
D —
D —
— —
— —
D —
D —
D —
D —
Standards and Health Advisories
Longer-
DWEL term HA MCL/MCLG
(Child)
(Mg/L) (Mg/L) (Mg/L)
200 — 50/50
200 200 —
90,000 25,000 —
— — —
2 7 2/0.5
250s — —
0.5 — —
11,000 3,000 —
11,000 3,000 —
Superfund
URTH Removal
-STAR- Action
Level Level
200 200
— 100d
— 25,000
— 250,000
(aesthetics)
— 2
— 250
— 0.5
— 3,000
— 3,000
aBased on data from IRIS or HEAST in the absence of a published U.S. EPA, Office of Water value
b MFL = million fibers per liter
c Based on special considerations
d Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level intended to protect general public from argyuria (a cosmetic affect) over a lifetime
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NUMERIC REMOVAL ACTION LEVELS FOR CONTAMINATED DRINKING WATER SITES
PRIMARY DRINKING WATER STANDARDS AND HEALTH ADVISORIES
May 1993
Chemical
ORGANICS CAS #
Acenaphthene 83329
Acetone 67641
Acifluoren (Tackle) 62476599
Acrylamide (2-Propenamide) 79061
Acrylonitrile 107131
Adipates (Diethylhexyl) 103231
Alachlor 15972608
Aldicarb (Temik) 1 16063
Aldicarb sulfone 1646884
Aldicarb suffoxide —
Aldrin 309002
Ametyrn 834128
Ammonium sulfamate 7773060
Anthracene 120127
Atrazine 1912249
Baygon 114261
Bentazon 25057890
Benz(a)anthracene 56553
Benzene 71432
Benzo(a)pyrene 50328
Benzo(b)fluoranthene 205992
Benzo(k)fluoranthene 207089
bis-2-Chloroisopropyl ether 108601
Bromacil 314409
Bromochloromethane 74975
Bromodichloromethane 75274
Bromoform 75252
Cancer Risk
104
Cancer Cancer
Group Risk
(Mg/L)
— —
D —
B2 100
B2 1
Bl 6
C —
B2 40
D —
D —
D —
B2 0.2
D —
D —
D —
C —
C —
D —
B2 —
A 100
B2 —
B2 —
B2 —
D —
C —
Ds —
B2 60
B2 400
Standards and Health Advisories
Longer-
DWEL term HA
(Child)
(ug/L) (ug/L)
2,100 —
3,500a —
400 100
7 20
— —
20,000 —
400 —
35 —
35 —
35 —
1 0.3
300 900
8,000 20,000
11,000 —
200 60
100 40
90 300
— —
TJR]
MCL/MCLG -ST.4
Le\
(^g/L) (MS/
— —
— —
— /o —
Treat.Tech. / 0 1
— /O —
500 / 500 —
Superfund
[H Removal
LR- Action
rel Level
L) (ug/L)
2,100
3,500
100
1
6
5,000
2/0 40 40
3/1 —
2/1 —
4/1 —
— —
— —
— —
— —
35
35
35
0.2
300
8,000
11,000
3/3 30 30
— —
— 720 —
0.1/0 —
40
90
0.1
— — 5/0 100 100
— —
— —
— —
1,000 4,000
5,000 3,000
500 1,000
700 4,000
700 2,000
0.2/0 —
0.2/0 —
0.2/0 —
— —
— —
— —
100/0 —
100/0 —
0.2
0.2
0.2
1,000
3,000
500
60
400
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NUMERIC REMOVAL ACTION LEVELS FOR CONTAMINATED DRINKING WATER SITES
PRIMARY DRINKING WATER STANDARDS AND HEALTH ADVISORIES
May 1993
Chemical
ORGANICS CAS #
Bromomethane (Methyl bromide) 74839
Butanone (2-) (see Methyl ethyl ketone)
Butyl benzyl phthalate 85687
Butylate 2008415
Carbaryl 63252
Carbofuran 1563662
Carbon tetrachloride 56235
Carboxin 5234684
Chloral hydrate (Tnchloroacetaldehyde 302170
monohydrate)
Chloramben 133904
Chlordane 57749
Chlorobenzene (see Monochlorobenzene)
Chlorodibromomethane (Dibromochioro- 124481
methane)
Chloroform (Tnchlorom ethane) 67663
Chloromethane (Methyl chloride) 74873
Chlorophenol (2-) 95578
Chloroyhalonil 1897456
Chlorotoluene, o- 95498
Chlorotoluene, p- 106434
Chlorpyrifos 2921882
Chrysene 218019
Cumene (see Isopropylbenzene)
Cyanazine 21725462
2,4-D (2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic) 94757
Dacthal (DCPA) 1861321
Dalapon 75990
Cancer Risk
104
Cancer Cancer
Group Risk
(Mg/L)
D —
C —
D —
D —
E —
B2 30
D —
C —
D —
B2 3
C —
B2 600
C —
D —
B2 150
D —
D —
D —
B2 —
C —
D —
D
D —
Standards and Health Advisories
Longer-
DWEL term HA MCL/MCLG
(Child)
40 100 —
6,000 — 100/0
2,000 1,000 —
4,000 1,000 —
200 50 40 / 40
30 70 5/0
4,000 1,000 —
70 200 — 760
500 200 —
2 — 2/0
700 2,000 100/0
400 100 100/0
100 400 —
200 50 —
500 200 —
700 2,000 —
700 2,000 —
100 30 —
— — 0.2/0
70 20 —11
400 100 70 / 70
20,000 5,000 —
900 300 200 / 200
Superfund
URTH Removal
-STAR- Action
Level Level
(Mg/L) (Mg/L)
— 40
— 6,000
— 1,000
— 1,000
50 50
30 30
— 1,000
— 70
— 200
2 2
— 700
— 100
— 100
— 50
— 150
— 700
— 700
— 30
— 0.2
— 20
100 100
— 5,000
— 300
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NUMERIC REMOVAL ACTION LEVELS FOR CONTAMINATED DRINKING WATER SITES
PRIMARY DRINKING WATER STANDARDS AND HEALTH ADVISORIES
May 1993
Chemical
ORGANICS CAS #
Di[2-ethylexyl]adipate 103231
Diazinon 333415
Dibenzo[a,h] anthracene 53703
Dibromoacetonitrile 3252435
Dibromochloromethane (see Chlorodibromomethane)
Dibromochloropropane (DBCP) 96128
Dibromomethane (Methylene Bromide) 74953
Dibutyl phthalate (Di-n-butyl phthalate) 84742
Dicamba 1918009
Dichloroacetic acid 79436
Dichloroacetonitrile 3018120
Dichlorobenzene-o(l,2-) 95501
Dichlorobenzene -m ( 1 ,3-) 54 1 73 1
Dichlorobenzene -p ( 1 ,4-) 1 06467
Dichlorodifluoromethane (Freon-12) 75718
Dichloroethane(U-) 75343
Dichloroethane ( 1 ,2-) (Ethyiene 1 07062
dichloride)
Dichloroethylene(l,l-) 75354
Dichloroethlene (cis- 1,2-) 156592
Dichloroethylene (trans- 1,2-) 156605
Dichloromethane (Methylene chloride) 75092
Dichlorophenol (2,4-) 120832
Dichloropropane(l,2-) 78875
Dichloropropene ( 1 ,3-) (cis and trans) 542756
Dieldrin 60571
Diethyl phthalate 84662
Diethylhexyl (see Adipates)
Cancer Risk
Ifr4
Cancer Cancer
Group Risk
(Mg/L)
C 3,000
E —
B2 —
C —
B2 3
D —
D —
D —
B2 —
C —
D —
D —
C —
D —
0 —
B2 40
C —
D —
D —
B2 500
D —
B2 —
B2 20
B2 0.2
D —
Standards
Longer-
DWEL term HA
(Child)
(Mg/L) (Mg/L)
20,000 20,000
3 5
— —
800 2,000
— —
— —
4,000 —
1,000 300
300 5,000
300 800
3,000 9,000
3,000 9,000
4,000 10,000
5,000 9,000
3,500' —
— 700
400 1,000
400 3,000
600 2,000
2,000 —
100 30
— —
10 30
2 0.5
30,000 —
and Health Advisories
URH
MCL/MCLG -STA
Lev*
(Mg/L) (Mg/I
400 / 400 —
— —
0.3/0 —
— —
0.2/0 3
— —
— —
— —
— /O —
— —
Superfund
3 Removal
R- Action
;1 Level
-) (Mg/L)
4,000
3
0.3
800
3
—
4,000
300
300
300
600 / 600 3,000 3,000
600 / 600 —
3,000
75 / 75 750 750
— —
— —
5/0 40
7/7 70
5,000
3,500
40
70
70 / 70 400 400
100 / 100 600 600
5/0 —
— —
5/0 —
— /O —
— —
— —
500
30
5
10
0.2
30,000
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NUMERIC REMOVAL ACTION LEVELS FOR CONTAMINATED DRINKING WATER SITES
PRIMARY DRINKING WATER STANDARDS AND HEALTH ADVISORIES
May 1993
Chemical
ORGANICS CAS #
Diethy Ihexy 1 phthalate 117817
Dimethrin 70382
Dimethyl methylphosphonate 756796
Dimethyl phthalate 131113
DIMP (Diisopropylmethylphosphonate) 1445756
Dinitrobenzene(l,3-) 99650
Dinitrotoluene (2,4-) 121 142
Dinitrotoluene (2,6-) 25321 146
Dinitrotoluene, tg> (2,6- & 2,4-) —
Dinoseb 88857
Dioxanep-(l,4-) 123911
Dioxin (see 2,3,7,8-TCDD)
Diphenamid 957517
Diphenylamine 122394
Diquat 85007
Disulfoton 298044
Dithiane(l,4-) 505293
Diuron 330541
Endothall 145733
Endrin 72208
Epichlorohydrin 106898
Ethylbenzene 100414
Ethylene dibromide (1,2-) (EDB) 106934
Ethylene dichloride (see 1,2-Dichloroethane)
Ethylene gly col 107211
Ethyl ether 60297
Ethylene thiourea (ETU) 96457
Cancer Risk
Ifr4 Cancer
Cancer Risk
Group (ug/L)
B2 300
D —
C 700
D —
D —
D —
— —
— —
B2 5
D —
B2 700
D —
D —
D —
E —
D —
D —
D —
D —
B2 400
D —
B2 0.04
D —
— —
B2 30
Standards and Health Advisories
Longer-
DWEL term HA MCL/MCLG
(Child)
(ug/L) (ug/L) (ug/L)
700 — 6/0
10,000 10,000 —
7,000 2,000 —
350,000' — —
3,000 8,000 —
5 40 —
100 300 —
40 400 —
— — —
40 10 7/7
— — —
1,000 300 —
1,000 300 —
80 — 20 / 20
1 3 —
400 400 —
70 300 —
700 200 100/100
10 3 2/2
70 70 Treat. Tech. / 0
3,000 1,000 700/700
— — 0.05/0
40,000 6,000 —
7,000s — —
3 100 —
Superfund
URTH Removal Action
-STAR- Level
Level (Mg/L)
(Mg/L)
— 300
— 10,000
— 2,000
— 350,000
— 3,000
— 5
— —
— —
— 5
— 10
— 700
— 300
— 300
— 80
— 1
— 400
— 70
— 200
— 3
70 70
1,000 1,000
0.05 0.05
— 6,000
— 7,000
— 3
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NUMERIC REMOVAL ACTION LEVELS FOR CONTAMINATED DRINKING WATER SITES
PRIMARY DRINKING WATER STANDARDS AND HEALTH ADVISORIES
May 1993
Chemical
ORGANICS CAS #
Fenamiphos 22224926
Fluometuron 2164172
Fluorene 86737
Fluorotrichloromethane (Freon-1 1 ) 75694
Fonofos 944229
Formaldehyde 50000
Freon-1 1 (see Fluorotrichloromethane)
Freon-12 (see Dichlorodifluoromethane)
Freon 113(1,1 ,2-Lrichloro- 76 1 3 1
1 ,1 ,2-trifluoroethane)
Glyphosate 1071836
Heptachlor 76448
Heptachlor epoxide 1024573
Hexachlorobenzene 1 1 874 1
Hezachlorobutadiene 87683
Hexachlorocyclohexane, gamma (see Lindane)
Hexachlorocyclophentadiene 77474
Hexachloroethane 67721
Hexane(n-) 110543
Hexazinone 51235042
HMX (Octahydro-l,3,5,7-tetranitro- 3691410
1,3,5,7-tetrazocine)
Idenol[l,2,3-c,d]pyrene 193395
Isophorone 78591
Isoprophyl methylphosphonate 6838933
Isopropylbenzene (Cumene) 88828
Kerb (see Pronamide)
Lindane (Hexachlorocyclohexane, gamma) 58899
Cancer Risk
104
Cancer Cancer
Group Risk (ug/L)
D —
D —
D —
D —
D —
Bl —
— —
D —
B2 0.8
B2 0.4
B2 2
C —
D —
C —
D —
D —
D —
B2 —
C 4,000
D —
— —
C —
Standards and Health Advisories
Longer-
DWEL term HA MCL/MCLG
(Child)
(ug/L) (ug/L) (ug/L)
95 —
400 2,000 —
1,400 — —
10,000 3,000 —
70 20 —
5,000 5,000 —
1,100,000' — —
4,000 1,000 700/700
20 5 0.4/0
0.4 0.1 0.2/0
30 50 1/0
70 100 —11
200 — 50/50
40 100 —
— 4,000 —
1,000 3,000 —
2,000 5,000 —
— — 0.4/0
7,000 15,000 —
4,000 30,000 —
l,400a — —
10 30 0.2/0.2
Superfund
URTH Removal
-STAR- Action
Level Level
(Mg/L) (Mg/L)
— 5
— 400
— 1,400
— 3,000
— 20
— 5,000
— 1,100,000
— 1,000
0.8 0.8
0.4C 0.4
— 2
— 70
— 200
— 40
— 4,000
— 1,000
— 2,000
— 0.4
— 7,000
— 4,000
— 1,400
2 2
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NUMERIC REMOVAL ACTION LEVELS FOR CONTAMINATED DRINKING WATER SITES
PRIMARY DRINKING WATER STANDARDS AND HEALTH ADVISORIES
May 1993
Chemical
ORGANICS CAS #
Malathion 121755
Maleic hy drazide 123331
MCPA (4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy)-acetic 94746
acid
Methomyl 16752775
Methoxychlor 72435
Methyl bromide (see Bromomethane)
Methyl chloride (see Chloromethane)
Methyl ethyl ketone (2-Butanone) 78933
Methyl parathion 298000
Methyl tert butyl ether 1 634044
Methylene bromide (see Dibromomethane)
Methylene chloride (see Dichlorom ethane)
Metolachlor 51218452
Metribuzin 21087649
Monochloroacetic acid (Chioroacetic 79 1 1 8
acid)
Monochlorobenzene (Chiorobenzene) 108907
Naphthalene 91203
Nitroguanidine 556887
Nitrophenols p- 25154556
Octachlorocamphene (see Toxaphene)
Oxamyl 23135220
Paraquat 1910425
Pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB) 82688
Pentachlorophenol 87865
Perchloroethylene (see Tetrachloroethylene)
Phenol 108952
Cancer Risk
104
Cancer Cancer
Group Risk (ug/
D —
D —
E —
D —
D —
Da —
D —
D —
C —
D —
— —
D —
D —
D —
D —
E —
E —
C1 —
B2 30
D —
Standards and Health Advisories
DWEL
L)
(Mg/L)
800
20,000
50
900
200
21,000'
9
200
5,000
900
70a
700
100
4,000
300
900
200
100a
1,000
20,000
Longer-
term HA MCL/MCLG
(Child)
(Mg/L) (Mg/L)
200 —
5,000 —
100 —
300 —
50 40 / 40
— —
30 —
500 —
2,000 —
300 —
— —
2,000 100/100
400 —
10,000 —
800 —
200 200/200
50 —
— —
300 1/0
6,000 —
Superfund
URTH Removal
-STAR- Action
Level Level
(Mg/L) (ug/L)
— 200
— 5,000
— 50
— 300
50 50
— 21,000
— 9
— 200
— 2,000
— 300
— 70
700 700
— 100
— 4,000
— 300
— 200
— 50
— 100
30 30
— 6,000
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NUMERIC REMOVAL ACTION LEVELS FOR CONTAMINATED DRINKING WATER SITES
PRIMARY DRINKING WATER STANDARDS AND HEALTH ADVISORIES
May 1993
Chemical
ORGANICS CAS #
Picloram 1918021
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) 1 336363
Prometon 1610180
Pronamide (Kerb) 23950585
Propachlor 1918167
Propazine 139402
Propham 122429
Pyrene 129000
RDX (Hexahydro-l,3,5-trmitro-l,3,5-tnazme) 121824
Simazine 122349
Styrene 100425
T (2,4,5-) 93765
Tackle (see Acifluorfen)
TCDD (2,3,7,8-) (v) (Dioxm) 1746016
Tebuthiuron 34014181
Temik (see Aldicarb)
Terbacil 5902512
Terbufos 13071799
Tetrachloroethane (1 ,1 ,1 ,2-) 630206
Tetrachloroethane (1 ,1 ,2,2-) 79345
Tetrachloroethylene (Perchioroethyiene) 1 27 1 84
Toluene 108883
Toxaphene (Octachlorocamphene) 8001352
TP (2,4,5-) (2(2,4,5-Tnchlorophenoxy- 93721
propionic acid)
Cancer Risk
104
Cancer Cancer
Group Risk (ug/
D —
B2 0.5
D —
C —
D —
C —
D —
D —
C 30
C —
C —
D —
Standards and Health Advisories
DWEL
L)
2,000
—
500
3,000
500
700
600
1,100
100
200
7,000
350
B2 0.00002 0.00004
D —
E —
D —
C 100
Ca 20a
B2a 70
D —
B2 3
D —
2,000
400
5
1,000
—
500
7,000
3
300
Longer-
term HA MCL/MCLG
(Child)
700 500 / 500
1 0.5/0
200 —
800 —
100 —
500 —
5,000 —
— —
100 —
70 4/4
2,000 100/100
800 —
0.00001 0.00003/0
700 —
300 —
1 —
900 —
— —
1,000 5/0
2,000 1,000/1,000
— 3/0
70 50 / 50
Superfund
URTH Removal
-STAR- Action
Level Level
(Mg/L) (Mg/L)
— 700
0.5 0.5
— 200
— 800
— 100
— 500
— 600
— 1,100
— 100
— 40
1,000 1,000
— 350
— 0.00003
— 700
— 300
— 1
— 900
— 2
70 70
— 2,000
3 3
70 70
Trichloroacetaldehyde (Chloral) see Chloral hydrate (hydrated form of trichloroacetaldehyde)
Trichloroacetic acid 76039
Trichlorobenzene (1,2,4-) 120821
C —
D —
1,300
400
4,000 —7100
100 70/70
— 1,000
— 100
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NUMERIC REMOVAL ACTION LEVELS FOR CONTAMINATED DRINKING WATER SITES
PRIMARY DRINKING WATER STANDARDS AND HEALTH ADVISORIES
May 1993
Chemical
ORGANICS CAS #
Trichlorobenzene (1,3,5-) 108703
Trichloroethane (1,1,1-) 71556
Trichloroethane (1 ,1 ,2-) 79005
Trichloroethylene (Tnchioroethene) 79016
Trichloromethane (see Chloroform)
Trichlorophenol (2,4,6-) 88062
Trichlorophenoxypropionic acid (2(2,4,5-)) (see 2,4,5-TP)
Trichloropropane ( 1 ,2,3-) 96 1 84
l,l,2-Trichloro-l,2,2-trifluoroethane (see Freon 113)
Trifluralin 1582098
Trinitroglycerol 55630
Trinitrotoluene (2,4,6-) 1 1 8967
Vinyl chloride 75014
Vydate (see Oxamyl)
Xylenes (mixed) 1 3 30207
Cancer Risk
Ifr4 Cancer
Cancer Risk
Group (Mg/L)
D —
D —
C —
B2 300
B2 300
B2 —
C —
— —
C 100
A 1.5
D —
Standards
Longer-
DWEL term HA
(Child)
(ug/L) (ug/L)
200 600
1,000 40,000
100 400
300 —
— —
200 600
300 80
— 5
20 20
— 10
60,000 40,000
and Health Advisories
URT
MCL/MCLG -S1A
Lev
(Mg/L) (Mg/
— —
Superfund
13 Removal Action
iR- Level
el (ug/L)
L)
200
200/200 1,000 1,000
5/3 —
30
5/0 300 300
— —
— —
— —
— —
— —
2/0 2
300
200
80
5
20
2
10,000/10,000 40,000 40,000
1 Based on data from IRIS or HEAST in the absence of a published U.S. EPA, Office of Water value
'Technical Grade (tg); 2,4- and 2,6-Dinitrotoluene are likely to occur alone
: Based on special considerations
Word-Searchable Version - Not a true copy
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