Cleaner Air
through Cooperation
UNITED STATES • CANADA
Progress under the
Air Quality Agreement 2003
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About this Brochure
This brochure features recent progress made by Canada and the United States under the 1991 Air
Quality Agreement and highlights key issues from the 2002 Canada—United States Air Quality
Agreement Progress Report. The Agreement's focus is to address the problem of transboundary
air pollution, whereby pollutants released at one location can travel long distances, affecting air
quality at their sources as well as many miles away. This brochure provides an overview of the
1991 Agreement, followed by key commitments and progress, including air quality programs and
scientific cooperation between the two nations. A more complete presentation and discussion of
all these areas can be found in the 2002 Progress Report at or .
Note: U.S. spelling is used throughout.
Working Together for Cleaner Air
Multiple environmental and health problems (including acid rain, impaired visibility, damaged ecosys-
tems, and respiratory illness) are caused or worsened by air pollution from mobile and stationary
emission sources in Canada and the United States. Both nations have an interest in reducing trans-
boundary air pollution.
After more than a decade of scientific research and discussions, Canada and the United States signed a
historic Air Quality Agreement in Ottawa, Canada, on March 13, 1991. The Agreement established a
formal and flexible method of addressing transboundary air pollution and paved the way for coopera-
tion on a variety of air quality issues. While the
Canada/U.S. Percentage of
Key Emissions by Sector (1999)
Electrical Utilities
Fuel Combustion
Industrial Sources
Transportation
Other
VOCs
U.S.
67
18
< 1
Canada
25
18
53
< 1
U.S.
23
17
55
Canada
12
19
56
U.S.
44
47
Canada
14
46
23
17
initial focus of the Agreement was on acid
rain, the two nations recently expanded
cooperative efforts to control transboundary
ground-level ozone and to conduct joint analy-
ses on transboundary particulate matter (PM).
The main body of the Agreement lays out
overall air quality objectives and specific
requirements for both countries, including
regular communication, exchange of informa-
tion, and consultation and settlement of
issues of concern.
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Shared Benefits
of the Agreement
• Cleaner Air and Improved Health
• Increased Cooperation between Nations
• Healthier Ecosystems
• Improved Visibility
• Preservation of Monuments and
Landmarks
• Information and Data Sharing
A bilateral Air Quality Committee is responsible for
coordinating the overall implementation of the
Agreement. Two subcommittees—Program
Monitoring and Reporting, and Scientific
Cooperation-meet annually with the Air Quality
Committee and carry out yearly activities. The two
nations prepare a joint progress report every two
years and conduct a regular five-year review and
assessment of the Agreement.
The Air Quality Agreement was signed in 1991 and
included two annexes. Annex 1, the Acid Rain
Annex, focuses on the commitments of both
nations to reduce sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen
oxides (NOx) emissions, the primary precursors of
acid rain. Under Annex 1, both Canada and the
United States have committed to monitoring utility
emissions. Continuous emission monitors (CEMs)
are widely utilized in the United States; Canada
uses CEMs along with other alternative methods.
Under Annex 2, the Scientific and Technical
Activities and Economic Research Annex, Canada
and the United States agree to coordinate their air
pollution monitoring networks; use compatible for-
mats and methods for monitoring and reporting;
and cooperate and exchange information about
the causes and effects of air pollution and the use
of market-based programs, such as the U.S. Acid
Rain Program, to address air pollution issues.
In December 2000, Canada and the United States
added Annex 3, the Ozone Annex, to the Agreement.
This Annex commits the two nations to reducing
emissions of NOX and volatile organic compounds
(VOCs)-the precursor pollutants to ground-level
ozone, which is the major component of smog.
Pollutants and their Effects
Acid Rain: Acid deposition, more commonly known
as acid rain, occurs when emissions of S02 and NOX
from power plants, vehicles, and other sources react
in the atmosphere (with water, oxygen, and oxi-
dants) to form various acidic compounds. These
acidic compounds then fall to earth in either a wet
form (rain, snow, or fog) or a dry form (gases and
particles) and can harm aquatic and terrestrial
ecosystems (particularly forests); affect human
health; impair visibility; and damage automotive fin-
ishes, buildings, bridges, monuments, and statues.
Ground-Level Ozone: Ground-level ozone is a gas
that forms when emissions of NOX and VOCs react
with other chemicals in the air in the presence of
strong sunlight. NOX and VOCs are emitted by com-
bustion sources (such as vehicles and power plants).
VOCs are also given off by solvents, cleaners, and
paints. Ground-level ozone can cause or exacerbate
respiratory illnesses, and is especially harmful to
young children, the elderly, and those suffering from
chronic asthma and/or bronchitis. Ground-level
ozone can affect leaves and roots of plants, especial-
ly trees. This can make them more susceptible to
attack from insects and diseases and can reduce
their ability to withstand droughts, windstorms, and
manmade stresses such as acid rain.
Particulate Matter: PM includes both solid particles
and liquid droplets found in the air. Many manmade
and natural sources emit PM directly or emit other
pollutants that react in the atmosphere to form PM.
PM comes in a range of sizes and is associated with
numerous health effects. Particles less than 10
micrometers in diameter (PM10)—especially those
less than 2.5 micrometers in diameter (PM2.5)—pose
the greatest health risk because they can be inhaled
and accumulate in the respiratory system. Sulfates
(S04) and nitrates (N03) formed from S02 and NOX
are significant components of PM25. PM is also a
major contributor to regional haze, which reduces
visibility.
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The Acid Rain Challenge
Achieving Progress through Committed Action
Key Commitments of the Acid Rain Annex
SO2 Emission Reduction Requirements
Canada
• S02 emission reductions in the seven eastern-
most provinces to 2.3 million tonnes1 by 1994.
• Maintenance of 2.3 million-tonne annual cap
for eastern Canada through December 1999.
• Permanent national cap for S02 emissions of
3.2 million tonnes by 2000.
One tonne is equal to 1.1 short tons.
One (short) ton is equal to 0.907 tonnes.
United States
• S02 emission reductions of 10 million tons2 from
1980 levels by 2000, taking into account credits
("allowances") earned for reductions from 1995
to 1999.
• Permanent national cap of 8.95 million tons of
S02 per year for electric utilities by the year 2010.
• National S02 emission cap of 5.6 million tons for
industrial sources beginning in 1995.
Canada and the United States have been successful in reducing SO2 emissions under their respective Acid Rain
Programs. In 2000, Canada's total SO2 emissions of approximately 2.5 million tonnes were 20 percent below
the national emission cap commitment of 3.2 million tonnes. New emission reduction targets have been set
for SO2 under the Canada-Wide Acid Rain Strategy for Post-2000. SO2 emissions in the United States have been
reduced by 6.7 million tons (39 percent) when compared with 1980 levels. Full implementation of the pro-
gram in 2010 will result in SO2 emission reductions of about 50 percent from 1980 levels.
Figure 1. Canada SO2 Emissions Contributing
to Acid Rain, 1980-2000
Figure 2. U.S. SO2 Emissions for
Phase I and Phase II Units
• National Emissions
D Eastern Canada Emissions
• National Cap for Canada
Cap for Eastern Canada
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
[Source: 2007 Annual Progress Report on the Canada-Wide Add
Rain Strategy for Post-2000, December 2002]
18-, 17.30
16-
16.09 15.73
12.98 13.10
7.07
7.51
7.81
7.52
1980 1986 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
• Phase I sources EH All sources
CH Phase II sources ••• Allowances allocated for that year
This figure includes electric generating and industrial sources that
have voluntarily joined the Acid Rain Program.
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NOX Emission Reduction Requirements
Canada
• By 2000, reduce stationary source emissions
100,000 tonnes below the forecast level of
970,000 tonnes.3
• By 1995, develop further annual emission
reduction requirements from stationary
sources to be achieved by 2000 and/or 2005.
• Implement a NOX control program for mobile
sources.
3 The 970,000 tonnes is forecast for 2005 in the NOx/VOC Emission Forecast 90-B from the 1990 NOx/VOC Management Plan.
Historical emissions and projections are subject to change as methodologies improve for estimating and forecasting emissions.
United States
• By 2000, reduce total annual emissions of NOX by
2 million tons.
• Implement stationary source control program for
electric utility boilers.
• Implement mobile source control program.
Canada and the United States have surpassed NOX reduction targets and will gain further reductions from
mobile source, ground-level ozone, and regional haze programs. In the United States, all sources affected by
the Acid Rain Program's NOX requirements reduced their combined NOX emissions by 25 percent from 1990
levels in 2001; emissions from those sources were more than 40 percent below projected 2000 emissions
without the Acid Rain Program. Canada projects further NOX reductions relative to the "base case" level as a
result of the new On-Road Vehicle and Engine Emission Regulations and Sulphur in Diesel Fuel Regulations.
Figure 3. Canada Forecast of NOX Emissions
from On-Road Vehicles
Figure 4. U.S. NOX Emissions for Phase I
and Phase II Electric Generating Sources
1,000 T
Base case
Implementation of new
regulations and
programs
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
New regulations and programs aimed at reducing vehicle emissions as of July
2001 ("base case" level) are projected to result in a considerable reduction of
NOx emissions during the 2000 to 2020 timeframe. [Source: SENES & AIR Inc.,
October 2002]
4HD
I |Hto Mamma rMmtelBdrnfNOk
"•• Protected WTBWHH WthOM T4te [V
This figure includes electric generating and industrial sources that
have voluntarily joined the Acid Rain Program.
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Under Annex 1, Canada and the United States have committed to prevent air quality deterioration and to
protect visibility from sources that could cause significant transboundary air pollution.
Canada is addressing this commitment through the Canada-Wide Acid Rain Strategy for Post-2000 and
through the implementation of Canada-Wide Standards for Particulate Matter and Ozone. These programs
include principles such as pollution prevention, continuous improvement (Cl), and keeping clean areas
clean (KCAC). The KCAC principle recognizes that polluting "up to a limit" is not acceptable and that the
best strategy to avoid future problems is to keep clean areas clean. Jurisdictions are cooperatively devel-
oping a national guidance document on CI/KCAC as part of the Standards.
In the United States, the Prevention of Significant Air Quality Deterioration (PSD) Program, in place since
the 1977 Clean Air Act Amendments, is aimed at limiting future air pollution from new major sources.
Through case-by-case determination of best available control technology (BACT), air quality modeling, and
limited increases in air pollution to levels below current standards, the PSD program protects public
health from the negative effects of air pollution. It also preserves, protects, and enhances air quality and
visibility in Class I areas (national parks and wilderness areas).
Notifying Neighbors—The Importance of Communication
Canada and the United States regularly notify each other concerning any proposed action, activity, or proj-
ect that would be likely to cause significant transboundary air pollution within 100 kilometers (km), or 62
miles, of the border. Since notification began in 1994, Canada has notified the United States of 26 new
sources of potential transboundary air pollution, and the United States has notified Canada of 23.
Transboundary notification information is available on the Internet sites of the two governments at:
Canada: www.ec.gc.ca/pdb/can_us/canus_trans_e.cfm United States: www.epa.gov/ttn/gei/uscadata.html
Over the years, the two nations developed a system of ongoing, successful informal consultations regard-
ing sources they believe are already causing pollution problems. The consultation process has resulted in
cooperative air quality monitoring in Saskatchewan (Boundary Dam Power Plant) and North Dakota, and
in Ontario (Algoma Steel Mill) and Michigan. An informal consultation on the Conners Creek power plant
in Detroit was successfully concluded when the plant's fuel was changed from coal to natural gas. This
high level of cooperation has enabled the two nations to more effectively manage air quality in shared air-
sheds.
Air pollution can significantly impair visibility
in national parks and wilderness areas. These
photos show a good-to-bad visibility day at
the same location in Glacier National Park.
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Key Commitments of
the Ozone Annex
Emission Reduction Requirements
Canada
Canada estimates that by 2010, annual NOX emis-
sions in the Canadian transboundary region will be
reduced by 44 percent from 1990 levels.
• Aggressive annual caps by 2007 of 39 kilo-
tonnes (kt) of nitrogen dioxide (N02) emissions
from fossil-fuel power plants in central and
southern Ontario and 5 kt of N02 in southern
Quebec, aligned with U.S. standards year round.
• New stringent emission reduction standards reg-
ulated to align with the United States to reduce
NOX and VOCs from vehicles and fuels, includ-
ing cars, vans, light-duty trucks, off-road vehi-
cles, small engines, diesel engines, and fuel.
• Measures required to attain the Canada-Wide
Standard for Ozone to address NOX emissions
from industrial boilers and to address VOC
emissions from solvents, paints, and consumer
products.
United States
The United States estimates that by 2010, NOX
emissions in the U.S. transboundary region will be
reduced by 36 percent from 1990 levels year
round, and by 43 percent from 1990 levels during
the ozone season (May- September).
• The NOX emission reduction program, known as
the NOX SIP Call, is expected to reduce summer-
time NOX emissions in the U.S. transboundary
region by about 35 percent in 2007. EPA expects
that this will be achieved by a more than 70
percent reduction in summertime emissions
from power plants and major industrial sources.
• NOX and VOC reductions are associated with
existing U.S. vehicle and fuel quality rules and
standards for new and modified stationary
sources. VOC reductions are associated with
standards for stationary sources of hazardous
air pollutants, consumer and commercial prod-
ucts, architectural coatings, and automobile
repair coatings.
Reporting Requirements
• Report ambient air quality within 500 km (310
miles) of the border beginning in 2002.
• Report annual emissions from major source
categories beginning in 2004.
• Improve public access to information on emis-
sions and air quality.
• Develop joint analyses on ground-level ozone
and precursors.
~
Progress on
Ground-Level Ozone
Canada and the United States signed the Ozone
Annex to the Air Quality Agreement in December
2000 in Washington, DC. The Annex is expected to
result in significant reductions of ozone precursor
emissions of NOX and VOCs. These reductions will
help both nations attain their respective air quality
goals to protect human health and the environment.
The Ozone Annex established a transboundary region,
known as the Pollutant Emission Management Area
(PEMA), which includes central and southern Ontario,
southern Quebec, 18 U.S. states, and the District of
Columbia. The provinces and states within the PEMA
region are the areas of primary concern for the impact
of transboundary ozone.
In 2002, Canada and the United States met the first
reporting requirement: ambient air concentration data
for ozone, VOCs, and NOX were collected from moni-
toring stations within 500 km (310 miles) of the
Canadian/U.S. border. These data were then analyzed
to determine ozone conditions in the eastern and
western regions of Canada and the United States.
Figure 5. Ozone Annex Pollutant
Emission Management Area (PEMA)
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Domestic Programs
To support its committed measures in the Ozone
Annex, Canada will expand the National Pollutant
Release Inventory (NPRI) to include annual public
reporting of ground-level ozone precursors and
components of smog. Other domestic measures in
Canada include the Sulphur in Diesel Fuel
Regulations and the On-Road Vehicle and Engine
Emission Regulations. In addition, the Canadian
provinces of Quebec and Ontario have made
progress in meeting their commitments under the
Ozone Annex.
To further protect against adverse health effects,
the United States revised the National Ambient Air
Quality Standards (NAAQS) for ozone in 1997. In
addition, the United States is planning to designate
new nonattainment areas for ozone. The United
States is also continuing to implement regulations
under the ozone transport reduction rule (known
as the NOX SIP Call),
which focus on the
regional transport of
ground-level ozone.
Each U.S. state contain-
ing a nonattainment
area for ozone is
required to submit a
demonstration plan to
meet the NAAQS for
ozone. In addition,
northeastern and mid-Atlantic states and the
District of Columbia in the Ozone Transport Region
(OTR) are implementing various strategies to
reduce regional air pollution. As of 2002, NOX
emissions from power plants and industrial
sources in the OTR have been successfully reduced
by more than 60 percent from 1990 levels.
Ozone Concentrations in Canada and the United States
(Based on ozone monitoring data from the period 1990-2001)
Figure 6. Eastern Regions
Figure 7. Western Regions
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These ozone concentrations are based on data from ozone monitoring sites located within approximately 500 km
(310 miles) of the Canadian/U.S. border.
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Other Air Quality Pro
Particulate Matter—The Next Challenge
Canada and the United States are cooperating to
achieve progress on other air quality issues, includ-
ing PM. The two nations are developing a plan to
identify transboundary contributions of PM and to
issue a report based on their findings. This infor-
mation will allow the nations to decide if a PM
Annex should be added to the Air Quality
Agreement.
Canada and the United States are also undertaking
domestic programs to address PM. Canada's Clean
Air Agenda aims to improve Canada's air quality
and reduce negative impacts on human health and
the environment. Under the Canadian Environmental
Protection Act, 1999, the federal government
added PM10 to its list of toxic substances and is
undertaking efforts to deal with the precursors of
PM and ozone. All provinces and territories are
undertaking additional air quality initiatives.
The United States is currently working to address
health concerns and visibility problems associated
with PM. In 1997, EPA revised the NAAQS for PM
to provide adequate protection from fine particles.
EPA is currently conducting a subsequent review of
these standards, which is targeted for completion
in 2005.
Legislation has been proposed in the United States
to address multiple pollutant (SO2, NOX, and mer-
cury) emissions from power plants. EPA believes
this legislation will efficiently and reliably address
interstate transport of PM. If this legislation does
not pass, a regulation on interstate transport of PM
and its precursors is also under consideration.
Since PM is one of the primary sources of regional
haze (and the resulting problem of reduced visibili-
ty), the United States has strengthened its visibility
protection requirements for Class I areas by estab-
lishing regional haze regulations. These regulations
require states and tribes to establish visibility
improvement goals and develop regional haze
plans. Regional planning organizations are also
working with states and tribes to reduce emissions
of PM and other pollutants that cause regional haze.
Cooperation among the
States and Provinces
In a spirit of bilateral cooperation, some Canadian
provinces and U.S. states have established partnerships
and developed initiatives that focus on transboundary air
quality issues.
NEG/ECP
To increase its outreach efforts and
better inform the public about
transboundary air pollution, the
Conference of New England
Governors and Eastern Canadian
Premiers (NEG/ECP) is developing a
communications plan aimed at
gauging public understanding and attitudes toward acid
rain and mercury. The NEG/ECP is conducting the Forest
Mapping Project to identify forest regions most sensitive
to acid deposition by mapping sulfur and nitrogen depo-
sition data. NEG/ECP is undertaking ozone and PM map-
ping and conducting public health outreach.
Georgia Basin/Puget Sound
More than six million people live in the Georgia Basin
region of southwestern British Columbia and the Puget
Sound region of northwestern Washington state. Due to
concerns of continuing rapid growth in these regions,
Environment Canada and EPA initiated a collaborative
process to develop a Georgia Basin/Puget Sound
International Airshed Strategy, which will combine early
action, airshed characterization, and strategic planning to
address high-priority air quality issues and challenges in
these regions.
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Cooperation on Emission
Inventories, Trends, and Mapping
Accurate emission inventories and public availability of
data are integral to the success of both nations' emis-
sion reduction goals and air quality management pro-
grams. Emission inventories help identify the major
sources of pollution, track the progress of control
strategies, and provide important data for use in air
quality models. Figures 8, 9, and 10 present emission
trends estimates for total SO2, NOX, and VOCs for both
Canada and the United States, reflecting data meas-
ured at many large sources as well as new method-
ologies for developing estimates.
Figure 8. Canada/U.S. Total SO2 Emissions, 1980-2010
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
—•-—Canada —• U.S. t Total
Wet Sulfate and Nitrate Deposition in 1990-1994 and 1996-2000
Wet Sulfate Deposition
Figure 11. 1990-1994 Figure 12. 1996-2000
Wet Nitrate Deposition
<•--,- s v.
' C
.
Long-term environmental
monitoring in Canada and
the United States through
well-established networks
continues to play an essen-
tial role in evaluating the
efficacy of air pollution con-
trol programs. Canada and
the United States jointly
developed these maps,
which illustrate sulfate and
nitrate wet deposition
across eastern North
America over two different
five-year periods (1990-
1994 and 1996-2000). As
illustrated in Figures 11 and
12, SO2 emission reduc-
tions resulted in a signifi-
cant decrease in wet sulfate
deposition over a large
section of eastern North
America. During these
same time periods, howev-
er, wet nitrate deposition
remained relatively
unchanged, as illustrated in
Figures 13 and 14.
Figure 13. 1990-1994
Figure 14. 1996-2000
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Figure 9. Canada/U.S. Total NOX Emissions, 1990-2010
Figure 10. Canada/U.S. Total VOC Emissions, 1980-2010
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1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Year
— ^— - Canada ——U.S. ^—i^— Total
••••• Canada
1995 2000 2005 2010
Year
— U.S. — —Total
AIRNOW Mopping
EPA's AIR/VOI/I/, a real-time air quality information and mapping system for the United States, has been
expanded to include data and air quality maps from seven Canadian provinces: British Columbia, New
Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, and Quebec. AIR/VOI/I/ provides
hourly information on pollution levels via the Internet to public officials, health professionals, the media,
and citizens to enable them to take proper steps to protect public health. The AIR/VOI/I/ Web site is
.
Research Efforts on Effects of Air Pollution
Health Effects
In addition to joint research efforts to study the relationship between air pollution and human
mortality, independent research efforts in Canada and the United States are also examining the
links between PM and a variety of health risks, including lung cancer, heart attacks, and thicken-
ing of the blood.
Aquatic Effects
Joint Canadian/U.S. studies, including trends observed from 1989-1999 at sites in the
International Cooperative Program on Assessment and Monitoring of Acidification of Rivers and
Lakes, have found improvements in water quality from decreased acid deposition amid the com-
plexity of ecosystem responses to multiple stressors.
Forest Effects
The NEG/ECP is undertaking a Forest Mapping Project to determine sustainable levels of acid
deposition for forest soils in the northeastern United States and eastern Canada. Joint coopera-
tion through the North American Forestry Commission is also assessing the effects of air pollu-
tion on forest ecosystems of North America.
Effects on Buildings and Monuments
The U.S. National Center for the Preservation of Technology and Training (NCPTT) and the
Canadian Conservation Institute are continuing research on innovative conservation methods for
historical structures and cultural materials.
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A History of
Cooperation
1980
Memorandum of Intent Concerning
Transboundary Air Pollution signed
by the governments of Canada and
the United States.
1986
Publication of report, Joint Report of
the Special Envoys on Acid Rain.
1989
Canadian and U.S. Heads of State
commit to negotiate an Air Quality
Agreement.
Canadian and U.S. Heads of State
sign Air Quality Agreement in
Ottawa, Canada.
1992
First Air Quality Agreement Progress
Report.
1996
First Five-Year Review and
Assessment of Air Quality
Agreement.
1997
Agreement to develop Joint Plan of
Action for Addressing Transboundary
Air Pollution focusing on ozone and
PM signed by Canada and the
United States.
1999
Publication of report, Ground-Level
Ozone: Occurrence and Transport in
Eastern North America, developed
by the Air Quality Committee.
2000
Initiation of formal negotiations on
Ozone Annex to address trans-
boundary pollution of ground-level
ozone precursors.
Canada and the United States sign
the Air Quality Agreement's Ozone
Annex.
Future Plans
Completion of report characterizing
transboundary contributions of PM.
Meeting of Parties to assess progress
on Ozone Annex.
For More
Information
In Canada
Transboundary Air Issues Branch
Environment Canada
351 St. Joseph Boulevard
11th Floor, Place Vincent Massey
Hull, Quebec K1AOH3
On the Web:
• Clean Air Page: www.ec.gc.ca/air/introduction_e.html
• Canada/United States Air Links and Canada-United States
Air Quality Agreement Page:
www. ec.gc.ca/p d b/ca n_u s/ca n u s_l i n ks_e. cf m
• Canada/United States Clean Air Related Page:
www.ec.gc.ca/air/related_sites_e.html
In the United States
Clean Air Markets Division
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Mail Code 6204N
1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW.
Washington, DC 20460
On the Web:
• Clean Air Markets Division and Acid Rain Information:
www.epa.gov/airmarkets/index.html
• Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards:
www.epa.gov/oar/oaqps/
• Air Data: www.epa.gov/air/data/
Office of Air and Radiafi<
EPA430-F-03-010
1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW.
6204N)
Washington, DC 20460
www.epa.gov/airmarkefs
Auausf 2003
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