FY20I6
EPA Budget in Brief
United States Environmental Protection Agency
www.epa.gov
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United States Environmental Protection Agency
Office of the Chief Financial Officer (27 I OA)
Publication Number: EPA-1 90-S-1 5-00 I
February 20 I 5
www.epa.gov
Printed with vegetable-oil-based inks and is
100-percent postconsumer recycled material, chlorine-free-processed and recyclable.
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Budget in Brief
Table of Contents
PAGE
Overview 1
Summary Resource Charts
EPA's FY 2016 Budget by Goal 9
EPA's FY2016 by Appropriation 10
EPA's Resource History 11
EPA's Resources by Major Category 12
Goals
Goal 1: Addressing Climate Change and Improving Air Quality 13
Goal 2: Protecting America's Waters 25
Goal 3: Cleaning Up Communities and Advancing Sustainable Development 39
Goal 4: Ensuring the Safety of Chemicals and Preventing Pollution 53
Goal 5: Protecting Human Health and the Environment by Enforcing Laws
and Assuring Compliance 61
Appendices
Program Projects by Program Area 73
EPA's Resources by Appropriation 83
Categorical Grants 85
State and Tribal Assistance Grants 87
Estimated SRF Obligations by State (FY 2014 - FY 2016) 93
Infrastructure Financing 97
Trust Funds 101
Highlight of Major Budget Changes 105
List of Acronyms 114
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Overview
Mission
The mission of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is to protect
human health and the environment.
Budget in Brief Overview
The mission of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is to protect human health and the environment.
We achieve this by keeping pollution out of the air we breathe and the water we drink, fish, and swim in;
and harmful chemicals out of the food we eat and the lands where we build our homes and our communities.
The agency's FY 2016 budget request of $8.6 billion enables us to support a solid and focused dedication
to carrying out our mission and to build upon the EPA's unwavering commitment to all our communities.
The FY2016 budget request supports implementation of the EPA's priorities through efforts to develop and
implement flexible, cost-effective, common sense and sustainable actions to address climate change, to
make a visible difference in our communities, to make progress in meeting water infrastructure needs, to
strengthen our partnerships in environmental protection, to protect public health, and to safeguard the
environment. Today's environmental challenges require us to consider creative approaches to address the
complex interaction of pollutants, ensure compliance with environmental laws, and efficiently utilize new
tools that promote innovation, incentives and partnerships.
Cutting carbon pollution is essential to reducing the impact of climate change but it is one of the greatest
economic opportunities of the 21st century. Investments in pollution-reducing technologies as well as
proven energy efficiency and clean energy solutions are investments in American jobs, American industries,
and Americans' health. The EPA's Clean Power Plan will help cut carbon pollution from our largest source,
power plants. Investing now will lead to health and climate benefits worth an estimated $55 billion to $93
billion in 2030, including avoiding 2,700 to 6,600 premature deaths and 140,000 to 150,000 asthma attacks
in children now and in future generations. In conjunction with the Clean Power Plan, the Administration is
proposing the Clean Power State Incentive Fund, which will provide up to $4 billion for states choosing to
go beyond minimum requirements in the Clean Power Plan. The Fund will enable states that accelerate
their reductions from the power sector to receive resources for their heightened efforts. States could use
funds for a range of activities that advance or complement the Clean Power Plan.
Recognizing the importance of on-the-ground work, the EPA will focus resources across all our programs
to better support community environmental efforts, including those in rural communities. The EPA's FY
2016 budget strengthens the agency's long-standing focus on work that will benefit people's lives and the
wellbeing of their communities, advances environmental justice, and ensures effective enforcement of
environmental laws. Using an integrated and multi-faceted approach, the EPA will help communities
address environmental concerns, take advantage of advances in technology to detect pollution in their air
and water, and build capacity for follow-up activities that will visibly reduce pollution and improve community
health and the environment. We will work to improve access for communities, individuals, businesses, and
federal, state, local, and tribal governments to usable and understandable information so that they may
participate more fully as partners in managing human health and environmental risks in their communities.
EPA staff will be dedicated to work as a cross-agency, multi-media team to help communities identify the
correct environmental program to address their needs. To further leverage our partnerships and to reach
more communities, the EPA will work with non-governmental organizations (NGO), academic and other
institutions to support "circuit riders" to provide technical assistance to multiple communities on a variety of
issues, including climate resilience. A goal is to build and strengthen the adaptive capacity of communities,
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Overview
with a focus on those that are underserved, through tools, training, technical assistance, data, and
information.
The EPA also will leverage existing grant programs like the Brownfields cooperative agreements and Tribal
Grants to support communities in their efforts to return contaminated lands to use and to build sustainable
communities and environmental programs tailored to fit community or tribal needs. The EPA is continuing
work to improve the safety and security of chemical facilities and reduce the risks of hazardous chemicals
to facility workers and operators, communities, and responders. Together with communities, states and
federal partners, the agency is strengthening preparedness, data management, and coordination. Tools
and technology will be an important part of ensuring that communities have the information they need to
respond to the risks of pollution in their neighborhoods. The EPA will ensure that our decisions take into
consideration the impacts on disadvantaged communities through increased analysis, better science, and
enhanced community engagement.
Access to clean and safe drinking water, as well as a reliable and effective wastewater system, is important
to every American. An aging water infrastructure system and the increasing impacts of climate change
create opportunities and the need for innovation and a new approach. Water infrastructure includes the
pipes, drains, and concrete that carry drinking water, wastewater, and stormwater and the systems are
costly and investments from multiple sources are necessary to address these needs. Building on the strong
funding level of $2.3 billion provided through the Clean Water and Drinking Water State Revolving Funds,
$50 million is included for technical assistance, training, and other efforts to enhance the capacity of
communities and states to plan and finance drinking water and wastewater infrastructure improvements.
The EPA will work with states and communities to promote innovative practices that advance water system
and community resiliency and sustainability. Dedicated funding through the Clean Water SRF will advance
green infrastructure activities such as green roofs, rain gardens, and wetlands which can help cost-
effectively meet Clean Water Act requirements and protect and restore the Nation's lakes and rivers. A new
water investment center will focus efforts on issues such as financial planning for future public infrastructure
investments; expanding work with states to identify financing opportunities for small communities; and
enhancing partnership and collaboration with the U.S. Department of Agriculture on training, technical
assistance, and funding opportunities in rural areas. The center is part of the President's Build America
Investment Initiative - a government-wide effort to increase infrastructure investment and promote
economic growth by creating opportunities for state and local governments and the private sector to
collaborate on infrastructure development.
Effective environmental protection is a joint effort and a priority of the EPA and its state and tribal partners.
The complex environmental challenges of today and the future require a true partnership of co-regulators,
with the perspective of an integrated "environmental protection enterprise" for the country, as our shared
responsibility. In FY 2016, we are setting a high bar for continuing our partnership efforts with states and
tribes. Recognizing the increasing demands on limited federal, state, and tribal resources, the budget
provides $1.2 billion in categorical State and Tribal Assistance Grant funding, an increase of $108 million,
and opportunities for closer collaboration and targeted joint planning and governance processes. One
example of this focus is the commitment by the governmental co-regulators in the national environmental
protection enterprise to work collaboratively to streamline, reform, and integrate our shared business
processes and practices through the E-Enterprise approach. Joint governance serves to organize the
partnership, elevate its visibility, boost the capacity to coordinate, and help ensure the inclusiveness and
effectiveness of shared process and management improvements, which will yield the benefits of increased
transparency, efficiency, and burden reduction for communities, businesses, and government agencies
when implemented. Additionally, the Clean Power Plan implementation propels the extensive and
unprecedented work with states, tribes, and territories to develop necessary infrastructure, provide
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Overview
technical assistance, and build capacity. Success will result from states using the significant flexibility they
have to tailor their plans using a variety of approaches, such as through energy efficiency and renewable
energy measures and through multi-state plans.
The EPA is an accountable steward of taxpayer resources and strives to deliver environmental protection
in the most efficient way. The EPA continues to implement business process changes designed to create
greater programmatic effectiveness and efficiency in collaboration with our state and tribal partners. The
EPA's work is guided by the best possible scientific information and a commitment to transparency and
accountability.
To learn more about how the agency accomplishes its mission, including information on the
organizational structure and regional offices, see: http://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/.
FY 2016 Annual Performance Plan
The EPA's FY 2016 Annual Performance Plan and Budget of $8.6 billion is $452 million above the FY 2015
Enacted Budget of $8.2 billion1. The FY 2016 budget proposes carefully selected investments and steady
implementation that build on the foundation laid by earlier choices and the discipline imposed. To provide
an impetus towards a renewed focus on top priorities, the agency has positioned our programs and partners
to most efficiently utilize critical resources to positively impact the American economy, local, state and tribal
communities. In FY2016, we remain focused on our priorities in: addressing climate change and improving
air quality; taking action on toxics and chemical safety; protecting water; maintaining core enforcement
strength; supporting state, tribal and local partnerships; strengthening the EPA as a high performing
organization; and working toward a sustainable future. The agency requests 15,034 appropriated FTE in
FY 2016 to support our highest priorities and our critical mission.
The EPA's FY 2014-2018 Strategic Plan guides this budget and the choices made reflect performance
results and related data. The EPA's FY2014 performance information is highlighted throughout the budget.
FY 2014 - 2015 Agency Priority Goals
This budget highlights EPA's six FY 2014-2015 Agency Priority Goals that advance the agency priorities
and the agency's Strategic Plan. Additional information on the EPA's Agency Priority Goals can be found
at www.performance.gov and in subsequent chapters in this document.
Reduce greenhouse gas emissions from cars and trucks
Through September 30, 2015, EPA, in coordination with Department of Transportation's fuel economy
standards program, will be implementing vehicle and truck greenhouse gas (GHG) standards that are
projected to reduce GHG emissions by 6 billion metric tons and reduce oil consumption by about 12 billion
barrels over the lifetime of the affected vehicles and trucks.
Clean up contaminated sites to enhance the livability and economic vitality of communities
By September 30, 2015, an additional 18,970 sites will be made ready for anticipated useT protecting
Americans and the environment one community at a time.
FY 2015 Enacted includes a $40 million rescission to State and Tribal Assistance Grants
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Assess and reduce risks posed by chemicals and promote the use of safer chemicals in commerce
By September 30, 2015, EPA will have completed more than 250 assessments of pesticides and other
commercially available chemicals to evaluate risks they may pose to human health and the environment,
including the potential for some of these chemicals to disrupt endocrine systems. These assessments are
essential in determining whether products containing these chemicals can be used safely for commercial,
agricultural, and/or industrial uses.
Improve environmental outcomes and enhance service to the regulated community and the public
By September 30, 2015 reduce EPA reporting requirements by one million hours through streamlined
regulations, providing real-time environmental data to at least two communities, and establish a new portal
to service the regulated community and public.
Improve, restore, and maintain water quality by enhancing nonpoint source program leveraging,
accountability, and on-the-ground effectiveness to address the nation's largest sources of pollution
By September 30, 2015, 100 percent of the states will have updated nonpoint source management
programs that comport with the new Section 319 grant guidelines that will result in better targeting of
resources through prioritization and increased coordination with USDA.
Improve public health protection for persons served by small drinking water systems, which
account for more than 97% of public water systems in the U.S., by strengthening the technical,
managerial, and financial capacity of those systems
By September 30, 2015, EPA will engage with an additional ten states (for 30 total states) and three tribes
to improve small drinking water system capability to provide safe drinking water, an invaluable resource.
FY 2016 Funding Priorities
Addressing Climate Change and Improving Air Quality
One of the most significant challenges for this and future generations is the threat from a changing climate.
The FY 2016 budget prioritizes climate change and reflects the President's 2013 Climate Action Plan. On
June 2, 2014, the EPA proposed the Clean Power Plan establishing carbon pollution standards for existing
power plants. The Clean Power Plan is President Obama's top priority for the EPA and the central element
of the US domestic climate mitigation agenda. These proposed standards reflect the EPA's extensive
outreach to and listening sessions with its stakeholders the regulations will reflect innovative approaches
and flexibility for achieving solutions. The flexibility reflects extensive and unprecedented work with states,
tribes, and territories to develop necessary infrastructure, provide technical assistance, and build capacity
to ensure successful plan implementation. In support of the critical role of the states, $25 million is provided
in grants to help build capacity to assist in this vital effort.
While EPA is making significant progress addressing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, further efforts are
required to put the country on an emissions trajectory consistent with the President's long-term climate
goals. There are significant non-regulatory opportunities for GHG mitigation that can be achieved by
leveraging synergies across existing EPA voluntary climate mitigation activities in waste and water. In
addition to GHG reductions, these efforts can create jobs, increase tax revenue, and reduce energy demand
and to enhance these existing efforts, the agency is providing $2.2 million. These efforts will generate
substantial GHG reductions and result in significant related benefits such as waste reduction and water
savings. Activities will include accelerating the recycling rate of municipal solid waste (MSW), and
expanding results driven programs such as Water Sense, E3 (Economy, Energy, Environment), and Green
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Chemistry. For example, MSW recycling is a cost-effective GHG reduction strategy that results in job and
tax revenue creation. To date, WaterSense has helped consumers save nearly 800 billion gallons of water
and over $14 billion in water/energy bills. These funds are in addition to $5 million provided for states in the
wetlands program for work on Blue Carbon capture.
Since the passage of the Clean Air Act Amendments in 1990, nationwide air quality has improved
significantly. Air rules have the highest estimated benefits across the federal government. Addressing state
implementation plans (SIPs), permitting needs, state permit oversight, enforcement, and new demands
from climate work results is a significant workload. As required by the Clean Air Act, the EPA also regularly
reviews the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) and the science on which they are based and
each standard that is updated requires on the ground work. To reduce air pollution, the EPA also sets
standards for industrial categories and establishes national emission standards for vehicles. To avoid
creating delays in the permit process and to address the SIP backlog, the agency is focusing additional
FTE on base air regulatory implementation work to meet the increasing workload.
Making a Visible Difference in Communities across the Country
Many communities are facing multiple pollution problems and are looking for integrated or holistic solutions.
To improve the health of American families and protect the environment across the country, the EPA has
been focusing the work of diverse programs across the agency at the community level for several years.
This work is a priority and a key element of our coordination with other federal agencies, states, tribes, and
stakeholders. Recognizing how important this integrated, on-the-ground approach is to communities, the
EPA is allocating over $41 million in extramural funding to a multifaceted effort enabling communities -
including small, disadvantaged, and rural communities - to find needed assistance and support for capacity
building, planning, and implementation. Efforts will help communities adopt green infrastructure, provide
technical assistance for building resilience and adapting to climate change, and empower communities to
understand and address environmental impacts through advanced monitoring technology and smart tools.
In response to feedback from communities, this budget proposes to bolster the agency's cross-program
capacity and expertise to more comprehensively enable communities facing multiple problems to find
assistance and support from the EPA and other partners to help them reduce pollution and improve
community health and the environment.
Adaptation and resiliency to the effects of climate change constitute a significant emerging challenge for
communities. Local leaders make many decisions to address climate change impacts. However, many
small communities lack the capacity to build resilience to climate change and have expressed a need for
technical assistance to integrate climate adaptation planning into their work. While the EPA does not have
the capacity to provide technical assistance to every community, EPA is proposing to build a cadre of "circuit
riders" through NGOs, academia and other organizations to provide this assistance, working cross-media
with a focus on improving adaptation and resiliency. In FY 2016, the EPA dedicates $2.0 million to create
this network of "circuit riders" to provide on the ground assistance, with the ultimate goal to build and
strengthen the adaptive capacity of communities through the provision of tools, training, technical
assistance, data, and information.
The EPA currently provides a range of resources to communities including grants, contracts, and tools,
along with numerous community-focused programs in areas such as planning, infrastructure, remediation,
and land-use. We recognize that the EPA's program-specific organizational structure may make it difficult
for communities - especially those that are smaller, rural, and/or overburdened - to understand, access,
and utilize the wide range of resources and expertise that are available to support them and help them
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develop their own solutions. To address this concern, in FY 2016, the EPA proposes to provide each EPA
regional office with two cross-agency, multi-media Community Resource Coordinators (20 FTE total) along
with $5 million in resources to assist communities. These coordinators will work as a multi-media team to
facilitate access to EPA programs and resources for overburdened and vulnerable communities.
Various factors, such as a large number of pollution sources in overburdened communities, may create
significant environmental and human health issues. For example, hazardous and non-hazardous wastes
on land can migrate to air, groundwater, and surface water, contaminating drinking water supplies, causing
acute illnesses and chronic diseases, and threatening ecosystems. In FY 2016, the EPA will direct $4.5
million and 12 FTE in an Advanced Monitoring technology investment that will provide communities with
monitors and greater access to environmental data. This investment recognizes that monitoring technology
must often be combined with capacity building within communities, data sharing, and appropriate follow up
activities to fully empower communities to take action to improve their health and environment by reducing
and mitigating the risks from pollution.
The EPA has made significant investments in tools to support its expansive work in communities and share
best practices. For example, the EPA will allocate $1.175 million to support the advancement of tools that
can help communities make decisions about green infrastructure in a way that realizes multiple
environmental and community benefits. These tools will ultimately improve data and information to assist
the EPA with comprehensive information about communities, local decision-making and locally driven
actions. These tools will also complement other proposed community assistance efforts by reaching a much
broader range of communities than is feasible with direct technical assistance. In FY 2016, the EPA will
continue supporting all communities through work to assess, cleanup and restore land through all its
cleanup programs.
Leveraging Technology
The EPA is at the beginning of a transformative stage in information management, where there will be new
and enhanced tools and technologies that will greatly improve the EPA's internal analytic capability and
transparency of projects - with the added benefit of allowing the public to do much more with the EPA's
data. This is not an effort just to save money; the EPA is looking toward the future for ways to serve the
American people better. These efforts include new and enhanced ways to gather data, conduct analysis,
perform data visualization and use "big data" to explore and address environmental, business, and public
policy challenges. EPA has allocated $5 million and 2 FTE to continue pilot projects to explore the benefits
of large-scale data analytics initiatives. By looking at environmental problems and opportunities in a holistic
manner, EPA can identify cross media impacts, leading to creative and more efficient solutions.
E-Enterprise supports agency priorities and $15.7 million is provided for state grants to support their role in
this important effort to modernize and reduce burden. The EPA is allocating $5.3 million and 4 FTE to
provide inspectors with modern mobile tools, greatly increasing efficiency that will allow them to prepare,
perform, and analyze the results of inspections on site. Leveraging technology will enable the agency to
move from a paper-based evidence gathering process to a digitally based rapid electronic process that will
assist in identification of patterns of problems, compile inspection results in a more timely way, increase
transparency on compliance status, and allow for quicker responses where appropriate. The EPA will work
with our state partners to identify the most promising opportunities to leverage system improvements.
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Overview
Maintaining a Forward Looking and Adaptive EPA
In FY 2016, the Agency will continue to seek opportunities to develop and enhance the EPA's workforce
and business processes. Declining resources and a shrinking workforce make it imperative that the EPA
continue to transform itself through improved business practices, more effectively utilizing technology, and
ensuring its workforce is properly equipped and trained. It is especially important to promote and instill a
culture of continuous business process improvement using tools like Lean principles. EPA is equipping
employees to use Lean methods to streamline processes across all agency programs. Lean efforts to date
have resulted in weeks and months of time as well as resources saved through changes to internal
administrative functions and in EPA-State processes.
The Agency also continues to review space needs and is implementing a long-term space consolidation
plan that will reduce the number of occupied facilities, consolidate space within remaining facilities, and
reduce square footage wherever practical. In just the last couple of years, the EPA released over 225
thousand square feet of space at headquarters and facilities nationwide, resulting in annual rent avoidance
of $8.3 million. The FY 2016 Budget doubles down on this success with a $15 million package of
investments in select consolidation projects across EPA's program offices and laboratory facilities. These
projects will capture significant cost savings and help to offset EPA's escalating rent and security costs.
Another key component of EPA's effort to enhance agency effectiveness as a forward looking organization
is legal support. Expanding legal workload have overloaded the legal counselling staff in the regional and
general counsel offices. Over the last five years, the number of lawsuits EPA counselling attorneys have
handled during a year has more than doubled, increasing from approximately 240 in 2009 to well over 500
in 2013. In addition to the increase in the number of cases, the complexity of the cases - and the risks to
the agency's efforts to protect human health and the environment - have steadily increased. In FY 2016,
the EPA is dedicating 23.8 FTE, including 17 in the regional offices to manage growing legal workload and
be more responsive to requests from states, facilities seeking permits, and citizens. Additional FTE allow
attorneys to improve the timeliness of counselling, to devote more time to non-litigation counselling efforts,
and to work to improve the defensibility of EPA's actions.
Taking Action on Toxics and Chemical Safety
Chemicals and toxic substances are ubiquitous in our everyday lives and products. We use them in the
production of everything from our homes and cars to the cell phones we carry and the food we eat.
Chemicals often are released into the environment as a result of their manufacture, processing, use, and
disposal. Vulnerable populations, including low-income, minority, and indigenous populations, as well as
children, may be disproportionately affected by, and thus particularly at risk from, exposure to chemicals.
Keeping communities safe and healthy requires action to reduce risks associated with exposure to
chemicals in commerce, our indoor and outdoor environments, and products and food. The EPA will also
continue to implement its Enhanced Chemicals Management approach, which expands and enhances the
amount, accessibility, and usefulness of chemical safety information, improving the ability of the EPA, other
regulators, and the public to assess chemical hazards and potential exposures, identify potential risks, and
take appropriate risk management action. Continuing to oversee the introduction and use of pesticides,
improve our Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) program, conduct risk assessments for chemicals
already in commerce, expand the use of computational toxicology and other computer-based solutions,
identify and address children's health risks in schools and homes, and improve chemical management
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practices will remain of central relevance to the EPA's mission, including maintaining incentive-based efforts
and research to promote green chemistry.
Protecting Water
While much progress to improve water quality has been made over the last two decades, America's waters
remain imperiled from increased demand, land use practices, population growth, aging infrastructure, and
the impacts of climate change. Preserving and restoring the integrity of these waters is critical not only for
protecting human health and the environment but also for property values, tourism, recreational and
commercial fishing, hunting, and other economic considerations. The EPA will continue its partnerships
with other federal agencies, states, tribes, municipalities, and private parties to address these complex
challenges through a combination of traditional and innovated strategies, such as promoting green
infrastructure and sustainable solutions, building resiliency, developing new targeting tools, developing and
implementing nutrient limits, along with our core water quality work.
In FY 2016, the agency is requesting $2.3 billion for the Clean Water and Drinking Water State Revolving
Funds (SRFs), continuing the funding levels provided in FY 2015. Since their inception, the SRFs have
been capitalized by over $61 billion, and over $25 billion since 2009. Building on the strong funding level
for the SRFs, $50 million is included for technical assistance, training, and other efforts to enhance the
capacity of communities and states to plan and finance drinking water and wastewater infrastructure
improvements.
The surface water program will refocus our work to support the agency priorities of protecting communities
and addressing climate change. The FY 2016 investment in the EPA's multimedia greenhouse gas
mitigation strategy, for example, will expand the successful WaterSense program, a voluntary partnership
program that labels high-performing, water-efficient products. The WaterSense program has, to date, saved
nearly 800 billion gallons of water and over $14 billion in water/energy bills. In addition, $5 million in state
grant funding is provided in the wetlands program for grants awarded competitively for efforts to increase
climate resilience by protecting and enhancing coastal wetlands FY2016.
Launching a New Era of State, Tribal, and Local Partnerships
Supporting our state and tribal partners, the primary implementers of environmental programs on the
ground, is a long-held priority of the EPA. Funding to states and tribes in the State and Tribal Assistance
Grants (STAG) account continues to be the largest percentage of the EPA's budget request, at 42 percent
in FY 2016. The FY 2016 Budget provides a $108 million increase to funding levels for Categorical grants
compared to the FY 2015 Enacted Budget. This increase recognizes the critical needs of our partners and
the need to leverage our limited resources to deliver environmental protection to all Americans.
Eliminated Programs
The EPA continues to examine its programs to find those that have served their purpose and accomplished
their mission. The FY 2016 President's Budget eliminates a number of programs totaling nearly $44.4
million including Beaches Protection categorical grants, State Indoor Radon grants, Targeted Airshed
grants, and Water Quality Research and Support grants. Details are found in the appendix to the EPA FY
2016 Congressional Justification.
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Summary Resource Charts
Environmental Protection Agency's
FY 2016 Budget by Goal
Total Agency: $8,592 Million
Goal 1: Addressing Climate Change and Improving Air Quality
D Goal 2: Protecting America's Waters
Goal 3: Cleaning Up Communities and Advancing Sustainable Development
Goal 4: Ensuring the Safety of Chemicals and Preventing Pollution
Goal 5: Protecting Human Health and the Environment by Enforcing Laws and Assuring
Compliance
Notes: Totals may not add due to rounding.
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Summary Resource Charts
Environmental Protection Agency's
FY 2016 Budget by Appropriation
Total Agency: $8,592 Million
SF
$1,154 M
13.4%
LUST
$95 M
1.1%
E-Manifest
$7M
0.1%
Science & Technology
E-Manifest
D Buildings & Facilities
D Hazardous Substance Superfund
D State & Tribal Assistance Grants
Environmental Programs & Management
Inspector General
D Inland Oil Spill Programs
D Leaking Underground Storage Tanks
Notes: Totals may not add due to rounding.
10
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Summary Resource Charts
EPA's Enacted Budget FY2004 to 2016
(Dollars in Billions)
o
m
10.0 -
$8.0
$6.0
$4.0 -
$2.0 -
a President's Budget
$8.4
$8.0
$7.6
$7.7
$7.5 $7.6
$10.3
1
m Enacted Budgets
$8.7
$8.5
1
$7.9
$8.2
$8.1
$8.6
FY 2016 President's Budget
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Fiscal Year
Notes:
All agency totals include applicable rescission.
FY 2006 Enacted excludes Hurricane Katrina Relief supplemental funding.
FY 2009 Enacted excludes ARRA funding.
FY 2013 Enacted excludes Hurricane Sandy Relief supplemental funding.
EPA's FTE* Ceiling History
18,500
UJ
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Fiscal Year
* FTE (Full Time Equivalent) = one employee working full time for a full year (52 weeks X 40 hours = 2,080 hours), or the equivalent number of
hours worked by several part-time or temporary employees.
Reimbursable FTE are included.
11
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Summary Resource Charts
Environmental Protection Agency's
Resources by Major Category
(Dollars in Billions)
D Infrastructure Financing
Trust Funds
B Operating Budget
13 Categorical Grants
$12.0
$10.0
$8.0 --
$6.0
$4.0
$2.0
$0.0
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN EN PB
Notes:
Totals may not add due to rounding
The Operating Budget includes funding provided for the Great Lakes Restoration Initiative
FY 2008 Enacted includes a 1.56% rescission and $5 M rescission to prior year funds
FY 2009 Enacted reflects a $10 M rescission to prior year funds
FY 2009 Enacted excludes ARRA funding
FY 2010 Enacted reflects a $40 M rescission to prior year funds
FY 2011 Enacted reflects a 0.2% rescission and $140 M rescission to prior year funds
FY 2012 Enacted reflects a 0.16% rescission and $50 M rescission to prior year funds
FY 2013 Enacted reflects operating levels after sequestration and excludes Hurricane Sandy Relief supplemental appropriation of $608 M
Reflects a 0.2% rescission and $50 M rescission to prior year funds
FY 2014 Enacted does not have a rescission
FY 2015 Enacted reflects a $40M rescission to prior year funds
$7.7 $7.5 $7.6
12
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Goal 1: Addressing Climate Change and Improving Air Quality
Goal 1: Addressing Climate Change and Improving Air Quality
Strategic Goal: Reduce greenhouse gas emissions and develop
adaptation strategies to address climate change, and protect and improve
air quality.
Resource Summary
(Dollars in Thousands)
1
2
13.0% of Budget
- Address Climate Change
- Improve Air Quality
FY 2014
Enacted
$189,470
$744,419
FY2015
Enacted
$190,665
$751,499
FY2016
President's
Budget
$279,470
$777,206
Difference
FY 201 5 EN
to FY 201 6
PresBud
$88,805
$25,707
3 - Restore and Protect the Ozone
Layer
4 - Minimize Exposure to Radiation
Goal 1 Total
Workyears
$16,799
$34,365
$985,053
2,526
$16,694
$33,841
$992,698
2,501
$17,180
$39,015
$1,112,870
2,606
$486
$5,174
$120,172
105
NOTE: Numbers may not add due to rounding.
Introduction
To protect public health and the environment, the EPA is dedicated to protecting and improving the
quality of the nation's air. Significant air pollution concerns include climate change, outdoor and indoor air
quality, stratospheric ozone depletion, and radiation exposure. To address these concerns, the agency
continues to partner with states, tribes, and local governments to implement programs and standards.
Scientific consensus shows that as a result of human activities, greenhouse gas concentrations in the
atmosphere are at record high levels. Data show that the Earth has been warming over the past 100
years with the steepest increase in warming evident in recent decades.1 Consequences of human-
induced climate change pose immediate and significant concerns, including rising sea levels that threaten
coastal cities in the U.S. and around the world, increasing ocean temperatures, acidification, which affects
the oceans' ability to sustain life, and changing precipitation patterns which can lead to more intense
droughts and greater numbers of wildfires. Severe heat waves and extreme weather events are projected
to intensify and occur more frequently leading to mortalities and sickness. Eventually, more Americans
are likely to be affected by certain diseases that thrive in areas with higher temperatures and greater
precipitation, including pest-borne diseases, as well as food and water-borne pathogens. The costs of
1 US EPA. 2014 Climate Change Indicators in the United States, 2014
http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/pdfs/climateindicators-full-2014.pdf
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Goal 1: Addressing Climate Change and Improving Air Quality
these climate change impacts include increased hospital visits, respiratory and cardiovascular diseases,
and even premature death - especially for certain vulnerable populations like the elderly, and children.
Since passage of the Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) in 1990, nationwide air quality has improved
significantly. From 2003 to 2012, population-weighted ambient concentrations of fine particulate matter
and ozone have decreased 26 percent and 13 percent, respectively. However, even with this progress, in
2012, approximately 45 percent of the U.S. population lived in counties with air that did not meet health-
based standards for at least one pollutant. Long-term exposure to elevated levels of certain air pollutants
has been associated with increased risk of cancer, premature mortality, and damage to the immune,
neurological, reproductive, cardiovascular, and respiratory systems. Short-term exposure to elevated
levels of certain air pollutants can exacerbate asthma and lead to other adverse health effects and
economic costs, such as missed workdays.
The air issues of highest importance facing the agency over the next few years will continue to be
greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation and climate change adaptation, ozone, and particulate air pollution.
The EPA uses a variety of approaches to address these challenges including traditional regulatory tools;
innovative market-based techniques; public- and private-sector partnerships; community-based
approaches; and programs that encourage adoption of cost-effective technologies and practices. For
example, in FY 2014 the agency convened its first ever National Ports Summit, attracting over 200
participants, including Environmental Justice community representatives, to identify actions the agency
can take to protect community air quality while supporting economic growth. This forum provided the
opportunity for professionals, experts and stakeholders to share ideas on how to address the challenges
faced by our nation's ports and neighboring communities. Also, in FY 2014 the agency issued its first-ever
tribes-only Diesel Emissions Reduction Act (DERA) Request for Proposals for funding to lower diesel
exhaust exposure on Tribal lands. This dedicated source of additional funding will provide immediate
health benefits to Tribal communities.
The EPA will continue to address the impacts of climate change through careful, cost-effective rulemaking
and partnership programs that focus on the largest entities and encourage businesses and consumers to
limit unnecessary greenhouse gas emissions. The President's Climate Action Plan frames the EPA's
strategies to address climate change, and, among other initiatives, tasks the EPA with addressing GHGs
from power plants. On June 2, 2014, the EPA proposed state-specific goals to lower carbon pollution from
existing fossil fuel-fired power plants and guidelines to help the states develop their plans for meeting the
goals. The standards for existing sources will result in carbon pollution from the power sector that is 30
percent lower by 2030 (compared to 2005 emission levels).2 In 2012, the electricity sector was the largest
source of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions, accounting for about one-third of the U.S. total.
Agriculture
10%
Commercial &
Residential
10%
Figure 1: 2012 Total U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Sector
79 FR 34832 (June 18, 2014)
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Goal 1: Addressing Climate Change and Improving Air Quality
The rules and guidelines are to be finalized in the summer of 2015 and the EPA will continue to engage in
intensive and extensive outreach to states, stakeholders, and the public and provide essential technical
guidance to the states as they develop their plans. The EPA is also undertaking rulemakings to set
carbon standards for new and modified fossil fuel power plants.
The transportation sector is the second largest source of greenhouse gases, and the EPA has made
great progress creating a foundation for continuous improvement in emissions reduction technology.
Working with the National Highway Transportation Safety Administration (NHTSA), the agency is
developing Phase 2 GHG and fuel efficiency standards for heavy-duty vehicles, which will be proposed in
March 2015 and are expected to be finalized in March 2016. The EPA, also in coordination with NHTSA,
supports implementation and compliance with the GHG emission standards for light-duty and heavy-duty
vehicles including the NHTSA Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards that have already
been adopted. The national program of fuel economy and GHG standards for model year 2012 through
2025 light-duty vehicles will save approximately 12 billion barrels of oil and prevent 6 billion metric tons of
GHG emissions over the lifetimes of the vehicles sold through model year 2025, one of the Agency
Priority Goals. In model year 2025, the EPA and NHTSA standards will require average fuel economy for
cars and light trucks of approximately 54.5 miles to the gallon, a significant increase from current average
vehicle fuel efficiency.3 The EPA also will continue to implement the Renewable Fuels program, which
requires an increasing percentage of vehicle fuel sold in the U.S. to be from renewable sources.
The EPA also will promote the use of low global warming potential (GWP) alternatives to
hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) through application of the Significant New Alternatives Policy (SNAP)
program. Specifically, the EPA will use authority under section 612 of the Clean Air Act (CAA) to list more
environmentally friendly alternatives with lower GWPs, and review existing SNAP listings to consider
whether any change to the status of currently acceptable higher-GWP alternatives is appropriate.
Industry, commercial and residential and agriculture sectors also offer opportunities for GHG reductions.
The EPA will continue to implement non-regulatory climate change programs that work with key industry
sectors to reduce greenhouse gases and facilitate energy-efficiency improvements. As an example, in
2013, the ENERGY STAR program upgraded its Portfolio Manager tool, the industry-leading
benchmarking tool used by more than 325,000 commercial buildingsnearly 40% of the nation's building
spaceto measure, track, assess and report on energy and water consumption. By the end of 2013,
more than 23,000 buildings and plants representing more than 3 billion square feet of space had earned
the ENERGY STAR label. These top performers demonstrate that it is possible to emit 35% fewer GHG
emissions than typical facilities while delivering financial value to an organization. At the community level,
Claiborne Elementary School in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, won the 2014 annual ENERGY STAR National
Building Competition: Battle of the Buildings. Teams from more than 3,000 buildings across the country
spent the past year competing to obtain the greatest reduction in energy use, the Baton Rouge school
won by cutting its energy use nearly in half.
The EPA also operates several voluntary programs that promote cost-effective reductions of methane, an
especially potent greenhouse gas when released into the atmosphere. The AgSTAR program is a
collaboration between the EPA and the Department of Agriculture that focuses on methane emission
reductions from livestock waste management operations through biogas recovery systems. The Natural
Gas STAR Program spurs the adoption of cost-effective technologies and practices that reduce methane
emissions from the oil and natural gas sector through a collaborative partnership with companies. The
EPA also will develop regulatory approaches to cost-effectively reduce methane from the oil and gas
production sector, as part of the methane strategy under the President's Climate Action Plan and helping
to achieve the Administrations' goal of reducing methane emissions from the oil and gas sector by 40-45
percent from 2012 levels by 2025.
3 US EPA. Light-Duty Automotive Technology, Carbon Dioxide Emissions, and Fuel Economy Trends:
1975-2013
http://www.epa.gov/otaq/fetrends.htm
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Goal 1: Addressing Climate Change and Improving Air Quality
The agency also improves ambient air quality through its programs that address criteria pollutants,
including ground-level ozone and particulate matter. As required by the CAA, the EPA periodically
reviews the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) and the science on which they are based.
The EPA also sets standards for industrial categories that cause, or significantly contribute to, air pollution
that may endanger public health or welfare.
At the local level, ozone or particulate matter (PM2.5) exceedances of the EPA's air quality standards can
sometimes cause "code red," or unhealthy air quality, days to occur. During code red days, outside
activity for sensitive populations should be curtailed. The EPA's air quality standards have helped reduce
these occurrences on a local level. As an example, air quality has improved in the DC area, which had
zero code red days in 2014 -down from a high of 20 in 1998.4
The EPA's air toxic control programs are critical to continued progress in reducing public health risks and
improving the quality of the environment. The EPA will continue to focus efforts on communities with
greater levels of industrial and mobile source activity (e.g., near ports or distribution areas), which,
according to the 2005 National-Scale Air Toxics Assessment (NATA), often have greater cumulative
exposure to air toxics than non-industrial areas. The air toxics emissions standards must be reviewed
every eight years to determine if additional emission control technologies exist, and the EPA has a
number of rulemakings underway to propose more effective emission control technologies based on the
reviews. This past year the agency published an Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking to update air
toxics standards for petroleum refineries, which included first-ever proposed requirements for fence-line
monitoring. This common sense approach allows the agency and local communities to better understand
the risks to neighborhoods located near refineries. If finalized, this rule will ensure that proposed
standards are being met and that neighboring communities are not being exposed to unintended
emissions.
The EPA continues to implement its indoor air quality and radiation programs. Because people spend
much of their lives indoors, the quality of indoor air is a major concern. For example, indoor allergens and
irritants play a significant role in making asthma worse and triggering asthma attacks. Over 25 million
Americans currently have asthma, which annually accounts for over 500,000 hospitalizations, more than
10 million missed school days, and over $50 billion in economic costs.5 In addition, radon, a naturally
occurring yet toxic gas when it accumulates in indoor areas, causes an estimated 21,000 lung cancer
deaths annually in the U.S.6 The agency works with its non-governmental, federal, state, and local
partners to educate, encourage, and equip individuals, schools, industry, the health care community, and
others to take action to reduce health risks from poor indoor air quality, especially as they relate to
asthma triggers and radon. This past year the agency completed a 10-year effort to build capacity at
national, state, and local levels to address environmental asthma management by directly training 45,700
healthcare professionals. These professionals now possess greater expertise and awareness of
environmental factors that trigger asthma and will be better able to address this major problem in our
nation's communities.
In addition, the agency measures and monitors ambient radiation and radioactive materials and assesses
radioactive contamination in the environment. The agency also supports federal radiological emergency
response and recovery operations under the National Response Framework (NRF) and the National Oil
and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan (NCP).
4 Washington Post, October 3, 2014. See http://www.washinqtonpost.com/bloqs/capital-weather-
qanq/wp/2014/10/03/d-c-air-qualitv-iust-keeps-qettinq-better-zero-code-red-days-in-2014/
5 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2011, May). Asthma in the U.S. Vital Signs. Retrieved
from http://cdc.qov/vitalsiqns/asthma.
6 U.S. EPA, 2003. EPA's Assessment of Risks from Radon in Homes. EPA 402-R-03-003. Available at
http://www.epa.gov/radiation/docs/assessment/402-r-03-003.pdf.
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Major FY 2016 Changes
Goal 1 resources and FTE have been targeted to address climate change and enhance ongoing air
quality and radiation work, building on progress to date to advance priorities in FY 2016. In implementing
these changes, we will increase effectiveness and efficiency while advancing environmental and public
health protection. While continuing the EPA's ongoing commitment to science, the rule of law, and
transparency, the agency has updated and refined its current research direction to maximize its utility and
guide the agenda in the months and years ahead.
Address Climate Change
The FY 2016 budget prioritizes climate action and reflects our commitment to implementing the
President's 2013 Climate Action Plan. The broad based plan will cut greenhouse gas pollution that
contributes to climate change and affects public health, and support activities to facilitate necessary
adaptation to the impacts of climate change.
Key elements of the Climate Action Plan that the EPA's work supports include:
Cutting carbon pollution from new and existing power plants
Establishing CO2 emission standards and supporting increased fuel economy standards for heavy-
duty vehicles
Cutting energy waste in homes, businesses, and factories
Reducing methane and HFC emissions
Helping to prepare the country to address the impacts of climate change
Leading international efforts to address climate change, including supporting efforts to control HFCs
under the Montreal Protocol
Power plants are the largest source of carbon dioxide emissions in the United States, making up roughly
one-third of all domestic GHG emissions. On June 2, 2014, the EPA proposed the Clean Power Plan,
which will establish carbon pollution standards for existing power plants. The Clean Power Plan provides
states with significant flexibility to tailor their carbon pollution reduction plans to their own unique
circumstances using a variety of approaches, such as energy efficiency and renewable energy measures,
as well as multi-state plans that build on cooperation and innovation. As a result, state plan development,
review and approval will be complex. In FY 2016, the agency will focus existing resources and invest new
resources to support states as they develop their plans. Resources will be focused both in the regional
offices to provide tailored, state-specific assistance and in headquarters where technical experts will
develop guidance and other resources that are sector-wide in scope and address questions that affect
overall implementation of the plan. In addition to increased resources for EPA activities, the agency is
requesting an increase in categorical grants to states as they work toward deliverables in FY 2016 and
beyond.
In conjunction with the Clean Power Plan, the Administration is proposing the Clean Power State
Incentive Fund, which will provide up to $4 billion states that commit to exceed minimum requirements
established in the Clean Power Plan for the timing and extent of carbon pollution reductions from the
power sector. The Fund will enable states that accelerate their reductions and go beyond the Clean
Power Plan to receive funds for, but not limited to, efforts that advance carbon pollution reductions.
Efforts may include providing assistance to businesses to expand energy efficiency, renewable energy,
and combined heat and power through, for example, low-interest loans and infrastructure investments.
Efforts could also include mitigation or adaptation support to address environmental pollution in low
income and underserved communities.
In FY 2016, consistent with the President's Climate Action Plan, the EPA plans to finalize a second phase
of GHG standards for post Model Year 2018 medium- and heavy-duty vehicles. This second phase of
regulations will build upon the success of the first phase and will offer further opportunities to reduce
greenhouse gas emissions, decrease the nation's oil use, and benefit consumers and business by
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Goal 1: Addressing Climate Change and Improving Air Quality
reducing the cost of transporting goods while spurring job growth and innovation in the clean energy
technology sector. The agency also committed to perform, in coordination with NHTSA and the California
Air Resources Board (GARB), a Midterm Evaluation of the Model Year 2022-2025 light-duty GHG
standards. To support the Midterm Evaluation, in FY 2016 the agency is performing a comprehensive
feasibility evaluation of advanced technologies.
As the nation prepares for and responds to the impacts of a changing climate, communities face a host of
challenges such as rising sea levels, droughts, wildfires, and extreme weather events. Local communities
will need substantial support and guidance in order to adapt to these new realities. In FY 2016, the
agency will be supported by 20 FTE serving as Community Resource Coordinators working cross-media
to provide on-the-ground technical assistance to multiple communities, including working with external
partners such as local colleges, universities, non-governmental organizations and others to provide help
to local communities as they begin to assess vulnerabilities, plan for climate change, and implement
actions to increase resilience to climate impacts.
Improve Air Quality
In FY 2016 the agency will focus additional resources to address regulatory implementation across the air
program. An additional 25.0 FTE for regional air programs are requested to address state implementation
plans (SIPs) awaiting processing, permitting needs, and air quality monitoring and analysis. These FTE
will help provide states and industry with greater certainty about how to move forward with addressing air
pollutants of concern. At a national level, the agency is requesting additional FTE to provide support in
targeted areas including regulatory reviews that are statutorily mandated under the Clean Air Act and
under legal deadlines, rules and guidance needed by states and industry to implement planning and
permitting requirements, implementation of the motor vehicle and engine certification and compliance
program, and indoor air technical guidance development.
As highlighted, national standards have a big impact on the quality of the life in local communities. In FY
2016, the agency also continues a strong emphasis on supporting communities in their efforts to combat
localized effects of air pollution. Communities do not always have sufficient air quality data at the-local
level to understand and act upon existing risks. In FY 2016, the EPA will invest $1.6 million and 2.5 FTE
in funding for advanced monitoring technical support and tools to help communities detect, monitor,
understand, and act upon their local air quality risks.
Agency Priority Goals
As part of the EPA's FY 2014-2018 Strategic Plan, the EPA established FY 2014-2015 Agency Priority
Goals. The Goal 1 includes APG highlights the EPA's efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from
cars and trucks as follows:
Reduce greenhouse gas emissions from cars and trucks. Through September 30, 2015, EPA, in
coordination with Department of Transportation's fuel economy standards program, will be implementing
vehicle and truck greenhouse gas standards that are projected to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions by 6 billion metric tons and reduce oil consumption by about 12 billion barrels over the lifetime
of the affected vehicles and trucks.
Additional information on the EPA's Agency Priority Goals can be found at
www.performance.gov.
FY 2016 Activities
Objective 1: Address Climate Change. Minimize the threats posed by climate change by reducing
greenhouse gas emissions and taking actions that help to protect human health and help communities
and ecosystems become more sustainable and resilient to the effects of climate change.
The EPA's strategy to address climate change supports the President's GHG reduction goals. Climate
change poses risks to public health, the environment, cultural resources, the economy, and quality of life.
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Goal 1: Addressing Climate Change and Improving Air Quality
Many impacts of climate change are already evident and will intensify in the future. NOAA/NASA
announced on January 16, 2015 on nasa.gov that 2014 was the hottest year on record.
The agency's budget includes $214 million to support regulatory activities and partnership programs to
reduce GHG emissions domestically and internationally. In FY 2016, the agency will focus on a number of
significant activities including:
Working with states to implement the Clean Power Plan carbon dioxide (CCb) emission standards for
existing power plants, including direct technical assistance and funding to support development of
state plans.
Finalizing a second phase of heavy-duty vehicle GHG regulations that incorporates a wider range of
advanced technologies, including hybrid vehicle drive trains, and also exploring options to reduce
emissions from a wide range of nonroad equipment, locomotives, aircraft, and transportation fuels.
Prioritizing and reviewing low GWP options for use in consumer and industrial use sectors under
SNAP, while considering existing listings that may require reassessment based on the advent of new,
more environmentally friendly options. Work in FY 2016 will involve continued SNAP listings,
rulemakings, and technical support for stakeholders and innovative firms with new alternatives.
Working with stakeholders on measures that will reduce emissions of GHG from the oil and gas
production industry.
Supporting reporting and verification in the GHG Reporting Program of emissions across 41 industry
sectors and emission sources and approximately 8,000 reporters.
Leading the Global Methane Initiative (GMI) and enhancing public-private sector cooperation to
reduce global methane emissions and deliver clean energy to markets.
Implementing the ENERGY STAR program and other greenhouse gas reduction partnership
programs such as SmartWay Transport across the residential, commercial, industrial, and
transportation sectors.
Overseeing compliance with the revised vehicle fuel economy labeling requirements, which provide
consumers with GHG as well as fuel economy information. The new label enables consumers to
compare the energy and environmental impacts of both traditionally- and alternatively-fueled vehicles,
including those using renewable fuels, gaseous fuels, and electricity.
Continuing to implement the new Renewable Fuel Standards (RFS2) program and carrying out other
actions required by the Energy Policy Act (EPAct) of 2005 and the Energy Independence and
Security Act (EISA) of 2007.
Supporting implementation and compliance with GHG emission standards for light-duty and heavy-
duty vehicles and the National Highway and Transportation Safety Administration's (NHTSA)
Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards. Under the CAA and the Energy Policy Act, the
EPA is responsible for issuing certificates and ensuring compliance with both the GHG and CAFE
standards.
Objective 2: Improve Air Quality. Achieve and maintain health and welfare based air pollution
standards and reduce risk from toxic air pollutants and indoor air contaminants.
Clean Air
In FY 2016, the EPA will continue its CAA prescribed responsibilities to administer the National Ambient
Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). The NAAQS help improve air quality and reduce related health and
welfare impacts and their costs to the nation. The EPA will continue to implement a strategy that, where
appropriate, supports the development and evaluation of multiple pollutant measurements.
In FY 2016, the EPA will continue its reviews of the NAAQS in accordance with the statutory mandate to
review the standards every five years, and make revisions, as appropriate. In particular, the EPA will
finalize its review of the ozone NAAQS in early FY 2016. The EPA will provide technical and policy
assistance to states and tribes developing or revising attainment SIPs and Tribal Implementation Plans
(TIPs) and will designate areas as attainment or nonattainment, as appropriate. The agency also will
continue efforts to reduce the number of backlogged SIPs and to act on incoming SIPs within the Clean
Air Act Amendments of 1990 (CAAA) mandated timeframe.
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The EPA will continue to partner with states, tribes, and local governments to ensure progress toward air
quality improvement objectives, including consideration of environmental justice issues. The budget
includes robust funding levels for state and local air quality management grants to support core state
workload for implementing NAAQS, reducing exposure to air toxics to ensure improved air quality in
communities, and for additional air monitors required by revised NAAQS. The EPA will provide technical
and policy assistance to states developing or revising SIPs or regional haze implementation plans and will
continue to review and act on SIP submissions in accordance with the CAAA. Ongoing technical
assistance to state, Tribal and local agencies to support these objectives includes source characterization
analyses, emission inventories, quality assurance protocols, improved testing and monitoring techniques,
and air quality modeling. The EPA also will work with the states to address the interstate transport of
pollution that contributes to nonattainment or interferes with maintaining ozone and/or PM NAAQS in
other areas.
In FY 2016, the EPA will use its upgraded vehicle, engine, and fuel testing capabilities at the National
Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory (NVFEL) to increase testing and certification capacity to ensure
that new vehicles, engines, and fuels are in compliance with new vehicle and fuel standards. The agency
is responsible for establishing test procedures to estimate the fuel economy of new vehicles and for
verifying car manufacturers' data on fuel economy. The EPA anticipates reviewing and approving more
than 5,000 vehicle and engine emissions certification requests for over 4,100 different types of engines -
a workload that has quadrupled over the past decade. The EPA's workload will continue to grow as the
agency begins to implement new, and more stringent, GHG emission standards promulgated in 2012 and
2013 for additional classes of vehicles and engines.
Air Toxics
The agency will continue to work with state, tribal, and local air pollution control agencies and community
groups to assess and address air toxics emissions in areas of greatest concern.
One of the top priorities for the air toxics program is to eliminate unacceptable health risks and exposures
to air toxics in affected communities and to fulfill its CAAA and court-ordered obligations. The CAAA
requires that all technology-based emission standards be reviewed and updated as necessary every eight
years. In FY 2016, the EPA will continue to conduct technology reviews and risk assessments to
determine whether the technology-based rules appropriately protect public health to comply with legal
deadlines.
The EPA will continue development of its multi-pollutant efforts by constructing and organizing analyses
around industrial sectors. By addressing individual sectors' emissions comprehensively and prioritizing
regulatory efforts on the pollutants of greatest concern, the EPA will continue to identify ways to take
advantage of the co-benefits of pollution control. In developing sector and multi-pollutant approaches, the
agency seeks innovative solutions that address pollutants in the various sectors and minimize costs to the
EPA, states, tribes, local governments and the regulated community.
The EPA will continue to improve the dissemination of information to state, tribal, and local governments,
and the public, using analytical tools such as the National Air Toxics Assessments (NATA), enhancing
quantitative assessment tools such as BenMAP, and improving emission inventory estimates for toxic air
pollutants. The EPA anticipates that these improvements will increase the agency's ability to meet
aggressive court-ordered schedules to complete rulemaking activities, especially in the air toxics program.
Indoor Air
The EPA will continue to build the capacity of community-based organizations to promote comprehensive
asthma care that integrates management of environmental asthma triggers and health care services. The
EPA will place a particular emphasis on improving asthma health outcomes for vulnerable populations,
including children, and low-income and minority populations as well as improving indoor air quality (IAQ)
in homes and schools. Over the past four years, at least 16,000 health care professionals, including
school nurses and primary care physicians, have been trained by the EPA and its partners on
environmental management of asthma triggers. Additionally, approximately one third of our nation's
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Goal 1: Addressing Climate Change and Improving Air Quality
schools now have effective indoor air quality management programs in place, helping to ensure asthma-
friendly school environments. The EPA will continue to co-lead the implementation of the Coordinated
Federal Action Plan to Reduce Racial and Ethnic Asthma Disparities, an initiative under the auspices of
the President's Taskforce on Environmental Health Risks and Safety Risks to Children.
The EPA will deliver clear and verifiable protocols and specifications to ensure good indoor air quality in
homes and schools. This effort will be accomplished through the Indoor airPLUS program and protocols
that protect IAQ during energy upgrades. The EPA will collaborate with public and private organizations to
integrate these protocols and specifications into existing energy-efficiency, green-building and health-
related programs and initiatives. FY 2016 activities include equipping the affordable housing sector with
training and guidance to promote adoption of these best practices with the aim of creating healthier, more
energy-efficient homes for low income families.
In FY 2016, the EPA will continue its leadership role and collaborate with other federal agencies to
advance action on radon risk reduction, and will continue to implement its own multi-pronged radon
program. The EPA will drive action at the national level to reduce radon risk in homes and schools using
partnerships with the private sector and public health groups, public outreach, and education activities.
The agency will encourage radon risk reduction as a normal part of doing business in the real estate
marketplace, will promote local and state adoption of radon prevention standards in building codes, and
will participate in the development of national voluntary standards (e.g., mitigation and construction
protocols) for adoption by states and the radon industry.
Objective 3: Restore and Protect the Ozone Layer. Restore and protect the earth's stratospheric ozone
layer and protect the public from the harmful effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
Restore the Ozone Layer
The stratospheric ozone program implements the provisions of the CAAA and the Montreal Protocol on
Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (Montreal Protocol). Under the CAAA and the Montreal
Protocol, the EPA is authorized to control and reduce ozone depleting substances (ODS) in the U.S., and
to contribute to the Montreal Protocol Multilateral Fund. As of January 1, 2015, ODS production and
imports will be capped at 1,524 OOP-weighted metric tons, which is 10 percent of the U.S. baseline under
the Montreal Protocol. In 2020, all production and import will be phased out except for exempted
amounts. As ODS and many of their substitutes are potent GHGs, appropriate control and reduction of
these substances also provides significant benefits for climate protection. As a signatory to the Montreal
Protocol, the U.S. is committed to ensuring that our domestic program is at least as stringent as
international obligations and to regulating and enforcing its terms domestically. In FY 2016, the EPA will
focus its work to ensure that ODS production and import caps under the Montreal Protocol and CAAA
continue to be met.
During the course of its high level strategic review of the agency's 13 strategic objectives in FY 2014, the
EPA, in consultation with the Office of Management and Budget, identified this objective as making
noteworthy progress. While the EPA has been successful in reaching its targets under this objective,
much work remains to be done - importantly, balancing the need for flexibility and specific tailored
solutions to unique situations with the obligation to completely phase out entire classes of widely used
chemicals.
Objective 4: Minimize Exposure to Radiation. Minimize releases of radioactive material and be
prepared to minimize exposure through response and recovery actions should unavoidable releases
occur.
In FY 2016, the EPA's Radiation program, in cooperation with federal agencies, states, tribes, and
international radiation protection organizations, will develop and use voluntary and regulatory programs,
public information, and training to protect the public from unnecessary exposures to radiation. The EPA
expects to complete its review of the public comment received on the 2016 proposed revisions to the
Agency's Health and Environmental Protection Standards for Uranium and Thorium Mill Tailings (40 CFR
192), last reviewed in 1995. The Agency also expects to issue its final rule for the related Hazardous Air
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Pollutants, Subpart W Standard for Radon Emissions from Operating Uranium Mill Tailings (40 CFR 61)
and will work to ensure that the nation has broad based, non-site-specific standards that protect public
health and the environment from risks associated with subsurface disposal of high-level radioactive
waste.
The EPA's Radiological Emergency Response Team will maintain and improve the level of readiness to
support federal radiological emergency response and recovery operations under the National Response
Framework and the National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan in FY 2016.
RadNet, the agency's national ambient radiation air monitoring system, will continue to provide data from
the country's 100 most populous cities to assist in protective action determinations. The EPA will continue
to support waste site characterization and clean-up by providing field and fixed laboratory environmental
radioanalytical data and technical support, delivering radioanalytical training to state and federal partners,
and developing improved radioanalytical methods.
In FY 2016, the EPA will continue to implement its regulatory oversight responsibilities for Department of
Energy (DOE) activities at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) facility, as mandated by Congress in the
WIPP Land Withdrawal Act of 1992. This includes conducting inspections of waste generator facilities and
evaluating DOE's compliance with the EPA's standards and applicable environmental laws and
regulations to ensure the permanent and safe disposal of all radioactive waste shipped to WIPP.
Research
Environmental challenges in the 21st century are complex. These challenges are complicated by the
interplay between air quality, climate change, and emerging energy options, and they require different
thinking and solutions than those used in the past. These solutions require research that transcends
disciplinary lines and includes all stakeholders in the process - the EPA's regional and program offices,
states and communities - that rely on the EPA's research.
The Air, Climate and Energy (ACE) research program, funded at $100.3 million for FY 2016, conducts
high priority research on environmental and human health impacts related to air pollution, climate change,
and biofuels. This work directly supports the EPA's goal of addressing climate change and improving air
quality.
Human exposure to an evolving array of air pollutants is a considerable challenge. By integrating air,
climate, and energy research, the EPA can better understand, define, and address the complexity of
these interactions. The agency will provide models and tools necessary for communities and decision
makers at all levels of government to make the best decisions.
The ACE research program will continue to address critical science questions under three major research
themes.
Theme 1: Assess Air Quality and Climate Impacts - Assess human and ecosystem exposures and effects
associated with air pollutants and climate change. Evaluate the effects of air pollution and climate change
on individuals, ecosystems, communities, and regions.
Theme 2: Prevent and Reduce Emissions - Provide the science needed to develop and evaluate
approaches to preventing and reducing harmful air emissions. Decision makers and other stakeholders
need such data and methods to determine which energy choices are most environmentally and
economically appropriate.
Theme 3: Respond to Changes in Climate and Air Quality - Provide modeling and monitoring tools,
metrics, and information on air pollution exposure. Individuals, communities, and governmental agencies
will use these tools and information to make public health decisions related to air quality and climate
change.
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Goal 1: Addressing Climate Change and Improving Air Quality
In FY 2016, the ACE program will continue to develop and evaluate source and ambient air monitoring
methods required to support implementation of regulations. Demand for improved air monitoring data is
growing while budgets for state and local air monitoring organizations are shrinking. The EPA also is
working with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to examine how satellites may
be used to improve air quality management activities.
In addition, in 2012, the EPA signed a Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) with the DOE and DOI to
develop a multi-agency program to focus on timely, policy relevant science to support sound policy
decisions by state and federal agencies for ensuring the prudent development of energy sources while
protecting human health and the environment. Additional goals include minimizing potential risks in
developing these energy resources, maximizing each agency's particular strength, and reducing
interagency overlap.
23
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24
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Goal 2: Protecting America's Waters
Goal 2: Protecting America's Waters
Strategic Goal: Protect and restore our waters to ensure that drinking
water is safe and sustainably managed, and that aquatic ecosystems
sustain fish, plants, wildlife, and other biota, as well as economic,
recreational, and subsistence activities.
Resource Summary
(Dollars in Thousands)
\J/ /
47.2% of Budget
FY2014
Enacted
FY2015
Enacted
FY2016
President's
Budget
Difference
FY 201 5 EN
to FY 201 6
PresBud
1 - Protect Human Health
2 - Protect and Restore Watersheds
and Aquatic Ecosystems
$1,273,076
1,268,812 1,573,251
$304,439
$2,771,692 $2,784,487 $2,480,117 ($304,370)
Goal 2 Total
4,044,768 $4,053,298 $4,053,368
$70
Workyears
3,190
3,161
3,156
(5)
NOTE: Numbers may not add due to rounding.
Introduction
As we work to protect the nation's water, new approaches and new partnerships are needed to make and
sustain improvements. While much progress in water quality has been made over the last two decades,
America's waters remain imperiled. Increased demands, land use practices, population growth, aging
infrastructure, and the impacts of climate change pose serious challenges to our nation's water resources.
The National Coastal Condition Report IV shows that although improvement has taken place since 1990,
the overall condition of the nation's coastal resources continues to be rated fair1. In addition, the latest
national assessments2 confirm that America's waters are stressed by nutrient pollution, excess
sedimentation, and degradation of shoreline vegetation, which affect more than 50 percent of our lakes
and streams. The rate at which new waters are listed for water quality impairments exceeds the pace at
which restored waters are removed from the list. For many years, nonpoint source pollutionprincipally
nitrogen, phosphorus, and sedimentshas been recognized as the largest remaining impediment to
improving water quality, and it is difficult to address the varied and widespread sources of this pollution.
Pollution discharged from industrial, municipal, and other point sources continue to cause a decline in the
1 U.S. EPA. 2012. National Coastal Condition Report IV. EPA-842-R-10-003. Available at
http://water.epa.gov/type/oceb/assessmonitor/nccr/upload/NCCR4-Report.pdf.
2 U.S. EPA, 2006. Wadeable Streams Assessment: A Collaborative Survey of the Nation's Streams. EPA 841-B-06-
002. Available at http://www.epa.gov/owow/streamsurvey. See also EPA, 2010. National Lakes Assessment: A
Collaborative Survey of the Nation's Lakes. EPA 841-R-09-001. Available at
http://www.epa.gov/lakessurvev/pdf/nla chapter0.pdf.
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Goal 2: Protecting America's Waters
quality of our waters. Other significant contributors to degraded water quality include: loss of habitat;
habitat fragmentation; and changes in the way water is infiltrated into soils, runs off the land, and flows
down streams (hydrologic alteration).
We can no longer rely on traditional tools and approaches to protect our waters in urban and rural
settings. We are focusing on developing new targeting tools, promoting green infrastructure and
sustainable solutions and building resiliency to deal with the impacts from climate change, and
strengthening our partnerships with federal agencies, non-government organizations and private
companies committed to supporting local efforts to improve and protect waterways. From nutrient
loadings and stormwater runoff, to invasive species, energy extraction, and drinking water contaminants,
water quality programs face complex challenges that can be addressed effectively only through a
combination of traditional and innovative strategies. The EPA will continue to work hand-in-hand with
states and tribes to develop and implement nutrient limits and intensify our work to restore and protect the
quality of the nation's streams, rivers, lakes, bays, oceans, and aquifers. We will continue the increased
focus on urban and rural communities, particularly those disadvantaged communities facing
disproportionate impacts, or that have been historically underserved. We also will use our authority to
protect and restore threatened natural treasures such as the Great Lakes, the Chesapeake Bay, and the
Gulf of Mexico; address our neglected urban rivers; ensure safe drinking water; and reduce pollution from
nonpoint and industrial discharges. The EPA will continue to address post-construction runoff, water-
quality impairments, and drinking water contamination.
As part of the agency's long-term strategy, the EPA is implementing a Sustainable Water Infrastructure
Policy3 that focuses on working with states and communities to significantly expand more effective
management and enhance technical, managerial and financial capacity within the drinking water and
wastewater sectors. Important to the enhanced technical capacity will be alternatives analyses to expand
green infrastructure options and their multiple benefits. Federal dollars provided through the State
Revolving Funds will act as a catalyst for efficient system-wide planning and ongoing management of
sustainable water infrastructure.
The EPA will strengthen instrumental partnerships across the Federal government to leverage resources
and avoid duplication of efforts. The EPA and USDA continue to enhance existing coordination efforts in
reducing nonpoint source pollution. The EPA, DOI, and DOE are working together to research the
impacts of hydraulic fracturing activities to support the state and Federal agencies that oversee this
growing energy extraction method.
Major FY 2016 Changes
Goal 2 resources include over $3.4 billion in extramural resources and 2,324.9 FTE. Resources and FTE
have been targeted to build on progress to date and advance the Agency priorities in FY 2016. Funding
for the categorical grants to states to support core environmental programs in Goal 2 is $554 million, a
$27 million increase over the FY2015 Enacted Budget4. In FY2016, the agency is requesting $2.3 billion
for the Clean Water and Drinking Water State Revolving Funds (SRFs), a decrease of $54 million in
funding from FY 2015 enacted levels, but supported by additional funding through EPA's surface water
and drinking water programs as described below.
In Goal 2 the FY 2016 President's Budget includes resources in three major investment areas:
Sustainable Water Systems, Climate Mitigation and Communities.
3 http://water.epa.gov/infrastructure/sustain/upload/Sustainability-Policy.pdf
4 $5.6 million increase for Nonpoint Source (Sec. 319); $7.7 million increase for Public Water System Supervision;
$18.4 million increase for Pollution Control (Section 106); $5.0 million increase for Wetlands Program
Development grants; $9.6 million reduction for Beaches categorical grants.
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Community Highlight: Douglas, AZ
To mitigate increasing energy costs, the City of
Douglas obtained a $1.3 million loan (June 2014)
from Arizona's SRF Program to design and install
a 300 kW solar system to power their wastewater
generate nearly 520,000 kilowatt hours of
electricity per year, or 50% of the plant's electric
requirements. Once installed, Douglas estimates
they will save $32,000 per year in energy costs
and $640,000 over the next 20 years.
Goal 2: Protecting America's Waters
Sustainable Water Systems
In FY 2016, the agency's budget includes $50
million in technical assistance, training, and other
efforts to enhance the capacity of communities
and states to plan and finance drinking water and
wastewater infrastructure improvements. EPA will
work with states and communities to promote
innovative practices that advance water system i T-U i j
and community resiliency and sustainability. treatment plant. The solar array is projected to
These resources will build the technical,
managerial, and financial capabilities of systems,
to promote a healthy and effective network of
drinking water and wastewater infrastructure.
The Water Infrastructure Finance and Innovation
Act of 2014 (WIFIA) authorizes an innovative
financing mechanism for water-related infrastructure of national or regional significance and authorizes
the EPA to provide federal credit assistance to eligible entities. In FY 2016, the agency budget includes
$5 million to begin developing the information necessary to lay the groundwork for a WIFIA program.
WIFIA creates a 5- year pilot program for water infrastructure investment and provides low-interest loans
to eligible entities for large water and wastewater projects. In addition to the existing State Revolving
Fund programs, WIFIA will provide an additional source of low cost capital to help meet the United States'
water infrastructure needs and address key priorities. Beginning in FY 2015 and continuing into FY 2016,
the EPA will conduct the significant work of developing a WIFIA program. The Agency's FY 2016 budget
request will continue the development and start-up of the program.
Climate Mitigation
Recent improvements in scientific measurement of carbon sequestered in coastal wetlands indicate that
preservation and restoration of coastal wetlands can have significant greenhouse gas reduction benefits5,
while also reducing storm impacts on coastal areas and enhancing habitat and water quality. The
existing National Estuary Programs are excellent candidates for developing these "blue carbon"
opportunities. The EPA will work with NEPs to identify and support key coastal restoration projects that
can serve as pilot projects featuring different natural features and characteristics to study and enhance
coastal resilience.
Communities
Goal 2 will be supported by EPA's new Community Resource Coordinators. These Coordinators are a
team of 20 FTE who will work cross-media to provide on the ground technical assistance to multiple
communities, including helping to improve community adaptation and resiliency in the face of climate
change and extreme weather events.
The agency also provides $1.1 million and 2.5 FTE for Advanced Monitoring to assist communities
through the use of monitoring technology by providing technical assistance and support through existing
mechanisms and by building partnerships with external organizations to support environmental education
and citizen science. Communities are increasingly asking questions about the health of their waterways
and what they can do to improve them. By developing interactive web tools that describe water quality
monitoring data using understandable indicators, this proposal will help demonstration communities
answer these questions and enhance their understanding of how they can better protect their waters.
5 Crooks, S., Rybczyk, J., O'Connell, K., Devier, D.L, Poppe, K., Emmett-Mattox, S. 2014. Coastal Blue Carbon
Opportunity Assessment for the Snohomish Estuary: The Climate Benefits of Estuary Restoration. Report by
Environmental Science Associates, Western Washington University, EarthCorps, and Restore America's Estuaries.
February 2014.
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Goal 2: Protecting America's Waters
The investments in Community activities focus resources and programs to better support the efforts of
environmentally overburdened, underserved, and economically distressed communities. These efforts will
proactively address endemic and emerging environmental challenges in ways that build a community's
long-term sustainability. The EPA will deliver information and on-going support in ways that maximize
alignment and leverage scarce resources to make a visible difference in communities as they address
environmental challenges, especially those exacerbated by climate change.
Agency Priority Goals
In FY2016, the EPA will continue to build on progress under FY 2014-2015, Agency Priority Goals for the
Water program that advance the agency priorities and the agency's Strategic Plan. The EPA's two Priority
Goals to improve water quality are:
Improve, restore, and maintain water quality by enhancing nonpoint source program leveraging,
accountability, and on-the-ground effectiveness to address the nation's largest sources of pollution. By
September 30, 2015, 100 percent of the states will have updated nonpoint source management programs
that comport with the new Section 319 grant guidelines that will result in better targeting of resources
through prioritization and increased coordination with USDA.
Improve public health protection for persons served by small drinking water systems, which account for
more than 97% of public water systems in the U.S., by strengthening the technical, managerial, and
financial capacity of those systems. By September 30, 2015, EPA will engage with an additional ten
states (for a total of 30 states) and three tribes to improve small drinking water system capability to
provide safe drinking water, an invaluable resource.
Additional information on the EPA's Agency Priority Goals can be found at www.performance.gov.
FY 2016 Activities
The EPA will continue to emphasize watershed stewardship, watershed-based approaches, water
efficiencies, and best practices. In addition, the EPA will continue to implement its core water programs to
maximize efficiencies and environmental results.
Objective 1: Protect Human Health. Achieve and maintain standards and guidelines protective of
human health in drinking water supplies, fish, shellfish, and recreational waters and protect and
sustainably manage drinking water resources.
Drinking Water
To help achieve the agency's priority to protect America's waters, in FY 2016 the EPA will continue to
implement its Drinking Water Strategy, an approach to expanding public health protection for drinking
water. The EPA's goal is to streamline decision-making, expand protection under existing laws, and
promote cost-effective new technologies to meet the needs of rural, urban and other water-stressed
communities. The agency will focus on regulating groups of drinking water contaminants, improving water
treatment technology and expanding communication with states, tribes and urban and rural communities.
In FY 2016, the EPA will continue to provide Public Water System Supervision (PWSS) grants to augment
state and tribal efforts to assist water systems in meeting existing drinking water regulations and prepare
for implementation of new regulations, including the Revised Total Coliform Rule. States and tribes will
work to support systems to acquire and maintain basic implementation capabilities and to conduct
sanitary surveys according to required schedules. These resources also will be used by states and tribes
as they provide technical assistance and training to help meet the continued needs of the small water
systems. The grants have been successful in helping public water systems achieve compliance with
standards, as well as decreasing the number of small systems that have repeat health-based violations of
standards. As of the end of FY 2014, 93 percent of the population served by community water systems
(CWSs) received drinking water that met all applicable health-based drinking water standards, which
exceeded the performance target of 92 percent.
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Goal 2: Protecting America's Waters
To help ensure water is safe to drink and to address the nation's aging drinking water infrastructure,
$1,186 million for the Drinking Water State Revolving Fund will support new infrastructure improvement
projects for public drinking water systems in FY 2016 and beyond. Getting these funds to where they are
most needed in a timely manner is important. In FY 2016, appropriated DWSRF funds will again be
allocated to the states in accordance with each state's proportion of total drinking water infrastructure
need based on the 2011 Needs Survey which was reported to Congress in April 20136. The EPA also
published data concerning the drinking water infrastructure needs of water systems serving tribes and
Alaskan Native Villages as a special focus of this survey.
These funds have been utilized effectively by the states. Since FY 2006, the fund utilization rate7 for the
DWSRF has surpassed its performance target, and most recently in FY 2014, the DWSRF utilization rate
of 92 percent exceeded the EPA's target of 89 percent. In concert with the states, the EPA will focus this
affordable, flexible financial assistance to support utility compliance with safe drinking water standards.
The EPA has requested a funding floor for assistance provided to Tribes, and will reserve the greater of
$20 million or 2% of appropriated funds for the Indian Tribes and Alaska Native Villages. The EPA also
will work with utilities to promote technical, financial, and managerial capacity as a critical means to
meeting infrastructure needs and enhancing program performance and efficiency.
The responsibility for communities and public water systems to continuously provide safe drinking water is
a key component of the nation's health and well-being. The delivery of safe drinking water is often taken
for granted and is extremely undervalued. More than 156,000 public water systems provide drinking
water to the approximately 320 million persons in the U.S. More than 97% of these public water systems
serve fewer than 10,000 persons. While most small systems consistently provide safe, reliable drinking
water to their customers, many small systems are facing a number of significant challenges in their ability
to achieve and maintain system sustainability. These challenges include aging infrastructure, increased
regulatory requirements, workforce shortages/high-turnover, increasing costs, and declining rate bases.
The EPA is focusing attention to the needs of these small communities/systems while balancing current
fiscal realities as the state grant and state assistance programs are implemented. In FY 2012, the EPA
re-energized its small systems focus by working more closely with state programs to improve public water
system sustainability and public health protection for persons served by small water systems as part of an
Agency Priority Goal. During FY 2014-2015, the EPA built on its successful efforts to strengthen small
system technical, managerial and financial capability through the implementation of the Capacity
Development Program, the Operator Certification Program, the Public Water System Supervision state
grant program and the Drinking Water State Revolving Fund. The Capacity Development Program
establishes a framework within which states and water systems can work together to help these small
systems achieve the Safe Drinking Water Act's (SDWA's) public health protection objectives. The state
Capacity Development programs are supported federally by the Public Water System Supervision state
grant funds and the set-asides established in the Drinking Water State Revolving Fund. Since the 1996
SDWA Amendments, states have implemented a variety of activities to assist small systems with their
compliance challenges and enhance their technical, managerial, and financial capacity. In FY 2016, the
EPA will continue to reinforce with states and tribes the concepts developed during implementation of the
FY 2012-2013 and FY 2014-2015 drinking water Agency Priority Goal activities.
Fish Consumption
The EPA continues to increase public awareness of the risks to human health associated with the
consumption offish contaminated with mercury, an effort directly linked to the agency's mission to protect
human health. EPA analysis of data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC's)
6 Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment. April 2013.
http://water.epa.gov/grants_funding/dwsrf/upload/epa816r!3006.pdf
7 Utilization rate is the cumulative dollar amount of loan agreements divided by cumulative funds available for
projects. Cumulative funds available include the federal capitalization grant portion and everything that is in the
SRF (state match, interest payments, etc.).
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Goal 2: Protecting America's Waters
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) show that the geometric mean of blood
mercury levels decreased by 34 percent in women of childbearing age between the first survey cycle
(1999 - 2000) and second survey cycle (2001-2002), and then remained fairly constant between 2003
and 2010.The study also found that there was a 65 percent decrease in the number of women of
childbearing age with blood levels of mercury above the level of concern between the first and second
survey cycles of NHANES. While the data do not indicate that women are consuming less fish, the
analysis suggests that women have reduced their consumption of the types of fish that have higher
mercury concentrations. Further information is available in the EPA study published in June 2013 entitled
Trends in Blood Mercury Concentrations and Fish Consumption among U.S. Women of Childbearing
Age.8
Objective 2: Protect and Restore Watersheds and Aquatic Ecosystems: Protect, restore, and sustain
the quality of rivers, lakes, streams, and wetlands on a watershed basis, and sustainably manage and
protect coastal and ocean resources and ecosystems.
Clean Water
In FY 2016, the EPA will continue to collaborate
with states and tribes to make progress toward
the EPA's clean water goals. Programs for
controlling nonpoint sources of pollution are a
key to reducing the number of impaired waters
nationwide. The programs provide a multi-
faceted approach to the problem, using
innovative development strategies to help
leverage traditional tools. The EPA will support
efforts of states, tribes, other federal agencies,
and local communities to develop watershed-
based plans to achieve water quality standards.
Working with states, the revolving fund
capitalization grants will help build, revive, and
"green" our aging infrastructure. In FY 2016,
funding in categorical grants for clean water
programs will enable the EPA, states, and tribes
to implement core clean water programs and
promising innovations on a watershed basis to
accelerate water quality improvements.
In FY 2016, the EPA will continually to forge
and strengthen strategic partnerships with other
federal agency programs, particular with the
USDA's Natural Resources Conservation
Service (NRCS), which implements Farm Bill
conservation programs that can help control
nonpoint source pollution. Agricultural sources
of pollution in the form of animal waste,
fertilizer, and sediments have a particularly
profound effect on water quality. In FY2016, the
EPA will partner with USDA to focus federal
resources on agricultural sources of pollution in
select watersheds in every state. As part of our
joint work, in FY 2014, 174 priority watersheds
Community Highlight: Salmon Falls, ME andNH
EPA participates in the national Source Water
Collaborative, a group of 25 national organizations
which in 2010 sponsored the Salmon Falls Watershed
Collaborative in Maine and New Hampshire. Between
2012 and 2014, the Salmon Falls Collaborative
leveraged support from USDA's Environmental
Quality Incentives Program (EQIP) and the Wildlife
Habitat Incentive Program (WHIP) to achieve the
following:
5,919 private working lands were treated in the
Salmon Falls river watershed
37 contracts were awarded to private
landowners to implement conservation
practices with USD A's Natural Resources
Conservation Service (NRCS)
130 conservation practices were implemented
The land uses targeted for treatment in the Salmon
Falls Watershed included cropland, forestland, pasture
and hay land addressing many resource concerns
including: erosion and sediment control, groundwater
and surface water quality protection, grazing benefits,
livestock water needs, nutrient management, healthy
forests and invasive treatments, and fish and wildlife
habitats.
http://water.epa.gov/scitech/swguidance/fishshellfish/fishadvisories/upload/Trends-in-Blood-Mercury-
Concentrations-and-Fish-Consumption-Among-U-S-Women-of-Childbearing-Age-NHANES-1999-2010.pdf
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Goal 2: Protecting America's Waters
were selected in 51 states and areas for targeted USDA conservation investments. In FY 2016, the EPA
will work with states to assess water quality progress from implemented conservation practices. Progress
made under the FY 2014-2015 Agency Priority Goal is important for targeting Section 319 funds (along
with state match and other funds) towards the most pressing nonpoint source problems.
Building on over 30 years of clean water successes, the EPA, in conjunction with states and tribes, will
address the requirements of the Clean Water Act by focusing on two primary tools: Total Maximum Daily
Loads9 (TMDLs) and National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permits, built upon
scientifically sound water quality standards and technology-based pollutant discharge limits. In FY 2016,
the CWA 303(d) Listing and TMDL Program will continue to engage with states to implement the new 10-
year vision for the program. As part of this effort, the EPA will continue to encourage states to develop a
process for setting priorities, and through the use of that process address impairments with TMDLs and
other appropriate tools as expeditiously as practical. The EPA will work with states and other partners to
develop and implement watershed plans to restore their impaired waters.
The EPA also will work with states and other partners to improve our ability to identify and protect healthy
waters/watersheds, and to pursue integration and application of core program tools. An important part of
restoring impaired waters is reliable and timely data. As part of an agency-wide effort for modernization,
resources have been provided to accelerate implementation of electronic-reporting, which will minimize
burden for data entry and error resolution, reduce effort in responding to public requests for data,
establish consistent requirements for e-reporting across all states, and allow more timely access to
NPDES program data in an electronic format for the EPA, states, regulated entities, and the public.
The EPA will continue to work with states to structure the permit program to better support
comprehensive protection of water quality on a waterbody and a watershed basis. Progress has been
steady in improving water quality conditions in impaired watersheds nationwide. Reductions in nutrient
levels in sources of drinking water reduce treatment costs while strengthening public health protection. In
2008, there were only 60 watersheds that experienced improved water quality conditions, as identified by
removal of one or more causes of impairment in 2002. By FY 2014, this number had risen to 411,
exceeding the target of 408. Water quality conditions remain a significant challenge, with approximately
42,400 known impaired water bodies nationwide in January 2015. In FY 2016, the EPA will invest in a
new approach for measuring local improvements in water quality, resulting in a more transparent and
efficient measure of progress and facilitating cross-program integration. This approach will use the USGS
National Hydrography Dataset Plus (NHDPIus) to calculate watershed area to describe previously
impaired waters where actions are being implemented and are now attaining water quality standards.
In addition, in FY 2016, the EPA will focus on: promoting the use of green infrastructure and water quality-
based effluent limits in stormwater permits; controlling discharges from concentrated animal feeding
operations; and addressing issues of permitting for new waste streams, such as shale gas extraction and
for steam electric power plants. To combat stormwater as a main contributor of nutrients and sediments,
the agency issued a final 2012 NPDES general permit for stormwater discharges from large and small
construction activities. The general permit strengthens requirements for stormwater discharges from, at
minimum, eligible existing and new construction projects in all areas of the country where the EPA is the
NPDES permitting authority.
The EPA budget includes $1.116 billion in capitalization to the Clean Water State Revolving Fund
(CWSRF). As of June 2014, the CWSRF has offered nearly 35,000 assistance agreements to local
communities, providing over $105 billion in affordable financing for wastewater infrastructure, nonpoint
source pollution control, and estuary management projects.
In FY 2016, the agency requests a Tribal set-aside of two percent, or $30 million, whichever is greatest,
of the funds appropriated from the CWSRF. The agency requests the establishment of a funding floor for
9 For more information, visit: http://water.epa.gov/lawsregs/lawsguidance/cwa/tmdl/index.cfm.
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Goal 2: Protecting America's Waters
the Tribes. Resources will provide much needed assistance to these communities where sanitation
infrastructure lags behind the rest of the country and may cause significant public health concerns.
The Section 106 Categorical State Grant Program supports prevention and control measures that
improve water quality. In F Y 2016, the agency proposes an $18.4 million increase for the Section 106
program over the FY 2015 Enacted Budget level. This increase is for states and tribes to implement
water pollution control programs and strengthen their nutrient management efforts consistent with the
EPA's 2011 Framework for state nutrient reduction.
Through the Monitoring and Assessment Partnership, the EPA will work with states to develop and apply
innovative and efficient monitoring tools and techniques to optimize availability of high-quality data to
support Clean Water Act program needs. This partnership also will expand the use of monitoring data
and geospatial tools for water resource protection to set priorities and evaluate effectiveness of water
protection. The EPA, states, and tribes will collaborate to conduct field sampling for the 2016 National
Wetlands Condition Assessment. In FY 2016, the EPA and states will release the 2013/2014 National
Rivers and Streams Assessment for partner and external peer review. The EPA and states will initiate
data analysis of the National Coastal Condition Assessment 2015 report. Additionally, in FY 2016, the
EPA/State Steering Committee for the National Lakes Assessment will be planning the third lakes survey
which will be in the field in calendar year 2017.10
The EPA, in cooperation with federal, state and tribal governments and other stakeholders, will continue
to make progress toward achieving the national goal of no net loss of wetlands under the Clean Water Act
Section 404 regulatory program. In FY 2016, the agency is providing $19.7 million for Wetlands Program
Development Grants, including $5 million for climate resilience efforts as mentioned below. In addition, in
FY 2016, the EPA will be working with other federal and state partners to maximize the effectiveness of
resources provided through the Resources and Ecosystems Sustainability, Tourist Opportunities, and
Revived Economies of the Gulf Coast States Act (RESTORE Act) and supporting the Natural Resource
Damage Assessment associated with the Deepwater Horizon oil spill to restore the Gulf of Mexico.
Since 2002, approximately 1.4 million acres of habitat have been protected or restored within National
Estuary Program study areas. The agency's FY 2016 budget requests $27.3 million for National Estuaries
Programs and Coastal Waterways that will enable the protection or restoration of one hundred thousand
habitat acres.
In FY 2016, the agency will continue to assist communities, particularly underserved communities, to
support local efforts to restore and protect the quality of their urban waters. The EPA will implement its
Urban Waters program and will continue to co-lead the Urban Waters Federal Partnership. The Urban
Water Federal Partnership will provide technical assistance to the 19 Partnership locations and will
continue to align federal resources from the EPA, DOI, USDA and other partners to meet local needs
more effectively and advance shared multi-agency priorities. For example, the partnership will help
address storm water management and promote green infrastructure to improve water quality through
identification and transfer of best practices and successful local approaches. The Partnership will
continue to identify and champion innovative approaches to making the delivery of Federal resources to
communities more effective and integrated.
As part of these efforts, the EPA will assist communities in restoring and revitalizing urban waterways and
the surrounding land through partnerships with governmental, business, community organizations and
other local partners. Areas of focus may include: water quality restoration as a driver for economic
development, human health and related risk communication, climate resiliency efforts such as green
infrastructure solutions to integrate water quality and community development goals, youth engagement,
education and outreach, planning for sustainable financing, technical support, and training. In FY 2016,
the EPA will support place-based work by providing small grants and targeted technical assistance to
support innovative community-driven solutions that accelerate measurable improvements in water quality
' National Water Quality Assessment Report, http://www.epa.gov/waters/ir/aboutjntegrated.html
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Goal 2: Protecting America's Waters
and continuing to provide technical assistance and networking support through the EPA's Urban Waters
Learning Network.
Providing small grants and targeted technical assistance to support innovative community-driven
solutions that accelerate measurable improvements in water quality. Projects may include:
community greening and green infrastructure, community-driven water quality monitoring and
data collection, and community planning and visioning.
Continuing to provide technical assistance and networking support through the EPA's Urban
Waters Learning Network, a peer-to-peer network of urban waters practitioners across the
country. Resources developed through this network will be made available nationally, thus
effectively up scaling EPA's activities with communities and leveraging the program's place-
based efforts for greater national impact.
Climate Change- Management of Sustainable Resources
Climate change contributes to changes in water quality and poses significant challenges to water
resource managers. Impacts of climate change include too little water in some places and too much water
in others, while some locations are subject to both of these conditions during different times of the year.
Water cycle changes are expected to continue and will adversely affect energy production and use,
human health, transportation, agriculture, and ecosystems. In 2012, the National Water Program
published the second National Water Program 2012 Strategy: Response to Climate Change, which
describes a set of long-term goals for the management of sustainable water resources for future
generations in light of climate change and charts the key "building blocks" that will need to be taken to
achieve those goals. It also reflects the wider context of climate change-related activity that is underway
throughout the nation. The 2012 Strategy is intended to be a roadmap to guide future programmatic
planning.
WaterSense, Climate Ready Estuaries, Climate Ready Water Utilities, and Green Infrastructure are
examples of programs that will help stakeholders adapt to climate change in FY 2016. The Climate Ready
Water Utilities initiative will help water systems of all sizes integrate climate variability considerations into
their long-range planning. Efforts to incorporate climate change considerations into key programs will help
protect water quality and the nation's investment in drinking water and wastewater treatment
infrastructure. In FY 2016, the EPA has requested an additional $5 million for grants awarded
competitively for efforts to increase climate resilience by protecting and enhancing wetlands.
The WaterSense program is a key component of the Agency's efforts to ensure long-term sustainable
water infrastructure, contribute to GHG reductions, and help communities adapt to drought and climate
change. Based on the number of water-conserving products shipped through the end of 2013 (the most
recent year for which there is data), the program has contributed to cumulative savings in excess of 757
billion gallons of water - enough water to supply all the homes in the United States for 26 days - and
$14.2 billion in water, sewer, and energy bills. The energy savings associated with reducing the need to
move, treat, and heat that water is equivalent to 37 MMTCO2E of greenhouse gas reductions.
Geographic Water Programs
The Administration has expanded and enhanced numerous cross-agency efforts to promote collaboration
and coordination among agencies, which include a suite of large aquatic ecosystem restoration efforts.
Four prominent examples of cross-agency restoration efforts are the Puget Sound, the Great Lakes, the
Chesapeake Bay, and the Gulf of Mexico. Working with its partners and stakeholders, the EPA
implements special programs to protect and restore each of these unique natural resources.
The EPA's ecosystem protection programs encompass a wide range of approaches that address specific
at-risk regional areas and larger categories of threatened systems, such as urban waters, estuaries, and
wetlands. Locally generated pollution, combined with pollution carried by rivers and streams and through
air deposition, can accumulate in these ecosystems and degrade them overtime. The EPA and its federal
partners, along with states, tribes, municipalities, and private parties, will continue efforts to restore the
integrity of these waters.
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Goal 2: Protecting America's Waters
Puget Sound
The Puget Sound program's FY 2016 budget request of $30.0 million will allow the EPA to continue
supporting efforts to protect and restore the Puget Sound by implementing the Puget Sound Action
Agenda. The Action Agenda emphasizes three areas: shellfish, stormwater, and habitat. The goal is for
the estuary to support balanced indigenous populations of shellfish, fish and wildlife, and the extensive list
of recognized uses of the Puget Sound, as well as to meet obligations under federal tribal treaties.
In 2016, the Puget Sound program will focus federal resources to accelerate the protection and
restoration of riparian areas that are important habitat for endangered salmon stocks. The EPA provides
leadership for the Puget Sound Federal Caucus and co-chairs the overall federal effort to address Treaty
Rights at Risk11. The EPA addresses its obligations under federal Tribal treaties by funding Puget Sound
projects that support treaty-protected resources such as indigenous populations of shellfish, fish and
other wildlife. The EPA's emphasis on these areas in implementing its actions in the Federal Habitat Plan
and participating in the Tribal-Federal Habitat Forum demonstrate its commitment to Tribal concerns in
Puget Sound. In 2016, the EPA will coordinate closely with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration and USDA's Natural Resources Conservation Service to accelerate riparian protection and
restoration. Additionally, the EPA will continue to provide leadership for the Puget Sound Federal Caucus,
facilitating coordination of Puget Sound work among the larger group of federal agencies in the Puget
Sound basin.
Great Lakes
In FY 2016, $250 million in funding for the EPA-led Great Lakes Restoration Initiative will address priority
environmental issues (e.g., toxic substances, nonpoint source pollution, habitat degradation and loss, and
invasive species) in the largest freshwater system in the world. This carefully coordinated interagency
effort involves the cooperation of 16 federal agency partners and continues efforts under the second year
of a new action plan. This effort has contributed to the removal of 42 Beneficial Use Impairments at 17
different Great Lakes Areas of Concern - four times the number of Beneficial Use Impairments removed
in the preceding 22 years.
The EPA will continue progress towards public and environmental health through both federal projects
and projects conducted in collaboration with states, tribes, municipalities, universities, and other
organizations. The EPA will continue remediating and restoring Areas of Concern, preventing and
controlling invasive species, protecting nearshore areas and addressing nonpoint sources of pollution,
protecting and restoring habitats and species, and addressing other issues, such as implementing a
science-based adaptive management framework and incorporating climate resiliency criteria in project
selection processes.
The EPA will place a priority on: 1) cleaning up and de-listing Areas of Concern; 2) reducing phosphorus
contributions from agricultural and urban lands that contribute to harmful algal blooms and other water
quality impairments; and 3) invasive species prevention. Expected outcomes include completing
management actions at additional Areas of Concern and delisting one or more Areas of Concern;
reduction or control of terrestrial invasive species on an additional 10,000 acres; phosphorus reductions
from targeting sources of excess nutrients in sub-watersheds of the western basin of Lake Erie, Saginaw
Bay on Lake Huron, and Green Bay on Lake Michigan; and protection or restoration of 28,000 acres of
Great Lakes habitats.
Chesapeake Bay
The Chesapeake Bay Program is funded in FY 2016 at $70 million which will allow the EPA-led inter-
agency Federal Leadership Committee to continue to implement the President's Executive Order (EO) on
Chesapeake Bay Protection and Restoration, to meet the EPA's broad responsibilities under Clean Water
Act Section 117. Most of the EPA's direct efforts will focus on development and implementation of the
management strategies under the new Bay Watershed Agreement, which was signed in June 2014 and
which builds on previous coordination under the EO. The agreement establishes 10 goals and 29
outcomes for sustainable fisheries, water quality, vital habitats, climate change, toxic contaminants, and
more information, visit: http://nwifc.0rg/w/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2011/08/whitepaper628finalpdf.pdf
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Goal 2: Protecting America's Waters
other areas consistent with the EO. The EPA and its federal partners will work with the Bay watershed
jurisdictions to develop and implement management strategies for all of the outcomes. The EPA will also
continue its oversight of the Chesapeake Bay Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) and its support for the
Bay watershed jurisdictions as they implement their Watershed Implementation Plans (WIPs). The EPA
will continue its close work with the jurisdictions and thousands of local governments by providing
financial support and technical guidance to effectively implement the TMDL. The EPA also will continue
implementation of a basin-wide Best Management Practice verification framework. In addition, the EPA
will continue refining and improving the publicly available web-based accountability tools ChesapeakeSfaf
and the Bay Tracking and Accounting System (BayTAS).
FY 2016 continued implementation of the compliance and enforcement strategy for the Bay watershed
will target sources of pollution impairing the Bay in the watershed and airshed. The program met its FY
2014 targets for pollution controls for sediment and phosphorus, but not for nitrogen. By FY 2016, the
program expects to achieve 45 percent of its goals for implementing nitrogen, phosphorus and sediment
reduction actions to achieve final TMDL allocations (the FY 2010 baseline is 0 percent, and the long term
goal is 100 percent goal achievement by 2025).
The EPA will continue its broad range of grant programs, and will prioritize funding for jurisdictions, local
governments and watershed organizations based on their proven ability to reduce nutrient and sediment
loads from key sectors such as urban development and agriculture. The EPA also is working to ensure
that the states provide support to local governments for on the ground actions necessary to achieve the
goals of the Bay TMDL. In FY 2016, the EPA will continue to provide assistance to Bay watershed
jurisdictions working to improve the viability and integrity of their water quality offset and trading
programs. Several of the Bay watershed jurisdictions have established or expanded water quality trading
programs to support the goals of their WIPs and other milestones.
Gulf of Mexico Program
The Gulf of Mexico Program's FY 2016 budget request of $3.9 million will allow the EPA to continue its
support for Gulf restoration work, such as improved water quality, habitat conservation and
replenishment, environmental education/outreach and protection of coastal and marine resources.
During FY 2016, funding will support (through the competitive federal process) the development and
implementation of comprehensive, stakeholder-informed coastal improvement projects and tools. The
focus will be projects and activities which directly support "community-based" restoration and
enhancement of habitat, improvement of water quality, education on climate change and coastal
resiliency issues, and critical environmental outreach and education opportunities for the general public.
This program will also help to serve the underserved and under-represented communities of the Coast).
The EPA will continue to coordinate with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the U. S. Department of
Commerce, other federal agencies, the Gulf States, and other partners to leverage resources toward
projects within the Gulf of Mexico region and the Mississippi River Basin.
Homeland Security
In FY 2016, the EPA will carry out a national training program for water systems on recently completed
guidance and electronic tools to design and deploy a Water Quality Surveillance and Response System.
Deployment of a Water Quality Surveillance and Response System can allow a water utility to rapidly
detect and respond to water quality problems like contamination in the distribution system in order to
reduce public health and economic consequences. The EPA also will continue to support the Water
Alliance for Threat Reduction to protect the nation's critical water infrastructure and oversee the national
laboratory network that forms the Water Laboratory Alliance. The Water Laboratory Alliance enables the
water sector to rapidly analyze a surge of laboratory samples during a significant contamination event.
In FY 2016, the EPA will continue to fulfill its obligations under Executive Order (EO) 13636 - Improving
Critical Infrastructure Cybersecurity - which designates the EPA as the lead agency responsible for
cybersecurity in the water sector. Recent assessments by the Department of Homeland Security have
supported the widespread concern that the primary threat to the nation's critical infrastructure is cyber-
attack on Industrial Control Systems (ICS). Both drinking water and wastewater systems rely heavily on
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Goal 2: Protecting America's Waters
ICS that were designed in many cases decades ago with little or no consideration of cyber security. Any
interruption of a clean and safe water supply will erode public confidence and could produce significant
public health and economic consequences.
In FY 2016, the EPA will continue to build its capacity to identify and respond to threats to the nation's
critical water infrastructure. The EPA's wastewater and drinking water security efforts will continue to
support the water sector by providing access to information-sharing tools and mechanisms that provide
timely information on contaminant properties, water treatment effectiveness, detection technologies,
analytical protocols, and laboratory capabilities for use in responding to a water contamination event.
Research
The Safe and Sustainable Water Resources (SSWR) research program, funded at $111.0 million in FY
2016, conducts research and provides the information and tools to EPA, water resource managers, and
other decision makers at all levels of government. Research integrates social, economic, and
environmental sciences to support the nation's range of growing water-use and ecological requirements.
The overarching watershed approach of the SSWR program's drinking water, wastewater, stormwater
and ecosystems research recognizes the dynamic 'one water' hydrologic cycle. Integrated throughout the
program are the goals of a sustainable environment, economy and society and the overarching drivers of
changing climate, extreme events, land use, energy, agriculture and demographic scenarios.
In order to better achieve these goals in FY 2016 and beyond, the SSWR program will be reorganized
around four interrelated topics:
Watershed Sustainability: Gathering, synthesizing, and mapping the necessary environmental,
economic, and social information of watersheds, from local to national scales, to determine the
condition, future prospects, and restoration potential of the Nation's watersheds;
Nutrients and Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs): Conducting EPA nitrogen and co-pollutant
research efforts for multiple types of water bodies and coordinating across media (water, land and air)
and various temporal and spatial scales, including support for developing numeric nutrient criteria,
decision-support tools, and cost-effective approaches to nutrient reduction.;
Green Infrastructure and Stormwater: Developing innovative tools, technologies, and strategies
for managing water resources (including stormwater) today and over the long term as the climate and
other conditions change; and
Water Systems: Developing tools and technologies for the sustainable treatment of water and
wastewater, and promoting the economic recovery of water, energy, and nutrient resources through
innovative municipal water services and whole system assessment tools. This area focuses on small
water systems and can be scaled up to larger systems.
Hydraulic fracturing for oil and gas has the potential to impact surface and subsurface water resources.
EPA research will assist decision makers (Federal, state, tribal, and local; industry and energy sectors;
and the public) in making environmentally-responsible energy extraction and processing decisions. In
particular, research devoted to unconventional oil and gas activities, including hydraulic fracturing, will
focus on understanding and preventing potential impacts on water resources (including drinking water).
To help achieve this goal, in FY 2016, the EPA will respond to peer review comments from the Agency's
Science Advisory Board (SAB) in order to finalize the Study of Potential Impacts of Hydraulic Fracturing
for Oil and Gas on Drinking Water Resources. This report will provide a synthesis of the state of the
science, including the results of research focused on whether hydraulic fracturing impacts drinking water
resources, and if so, will identify the driving factors.
This work aligns with a Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) EPA signed in 2012 with DOE and DOI to
develop a multi-agency program to focus on timely, policy relevant science to support sound policy
decisions by state and Federal agencies for ensuring the prudent development of energy sources while
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Goal 2: Protecting America's Waters
protecting human health and the environment. Additional goals include minimizing potential risks in
developing these resources, maximizing each agency's particular strength, and reducing interagency
overlap. In particular, the EPA's Air, Climate and Energy (ACE) and the Safe and Sustainable Water
(SSWR) research programs, will undertake a coordinated effort to study the potential impacts of hydraulic
fracturing on air, water quality, and ecosystems. In FY 2016, the EPA will respond to peer review
comments from the Agency's Science Advisory Board (SAB) in order to finalize the Study of
Potential Impacts of Hydraulic Fracturing for Oil and Gas on Drinking Water Resources. This report will
provide a synthesis of the state of the science, including the results of research focused on whether
hydraulic fracturing affects drinking water resources, and if so, will identify the driving factors.
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Goal 3: Cleaning Up Communities and Advancing Sustainable Development
Goal 3: Cleaning Up Communities and Advancing Sustainable
Development
Strategic Goal: Clean up communities, advance sustainable development,
and protect disproportionately impacted low-income and minority
communities. Prevent releases of harmful substances and clean up and
restore contaminated areas.
Resource Summary
(Dollars in Thousands)
22.7% of Budget
FY2014
Enacted
FY2016
FY2015 President's
Enacted Budget
Difference
FY 201 5 EN
to FY 201 6
PresBud
1 - Promote Sustainable and Livable
Communities
2 - Preserve Land
3 - Restore Land
4 - Strengthen Human Health and
Environmental Protection in Indian
Country
$455,794
$226,932
$1,018,489
$86,687
$441,440
$221,654
$1,025,551
$504,572
$238,863
$1,089,006
$86,908 $121,038
$63,132
$17,209
$63,455
$34,130
Goal 3 Total
$1,787,902 $1,775,553 $1,953,479
$177,926
Workyears
3,890
3,871
3,820
(51)
NOTE: Numbers may not add due to rounding.
Introduction
The EPA has made it a priority to collaborate closely with and effectively leverage efforts of other federal
agencies, states, tribes and local communities to improve the health of American families and protect the
environment one community at a time, all across the country. Resources in Goal 3 will expand the work we do
to enhance the livability and economic vitality of neighborhoods in and around brownfields sites and take into
consideration the impacts of our decisions on communities with an emphasis on disadvantaged,
overburdened and underserved communities. Requested resources will support improvements in oversight of
chemical storage and manufacturing facilities, carried out by the EPA in coordination with our interagency
partners. In FY 2016, the EPA will continue to work to implement enhance the tracking and management of
hazardous waste through modern electronic Manifest (e-Manifest) tracking system.
The EPA strives to protect and restore land, by cleaning up communities to create a safer environment for all
Americans. Hazardous and non-hazardous wastes on land can migrate to air, groundwater and surface water,
contaminating drinking water supplies, causing acute illnesses and chronic diseases, and threatening healthy
ecosystems. Local land use and infrastructure investments also can generate unanticipated environmental
consequences, such as increased stormwater runoff, loss of open space, and increased greenhouse gas
emissions. By cleaning up contaminated sites and returning them to communities for reuse, assisting
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Goal 3: Cleaning Up Communities and Advancing Sustainable Development
communities to use existing infrastructure and plan for more efficient and livable communities, and
encouraging the minimization of environmental impacts throughout the full life cycle of materials, EPA
programs promote sustainability. The EPA leads efforts to preserve, restore, and protect our land, for both
current and future generations. We will continue our work to prevent and reduce exposure to contaminants,
accelerate the pace of cleanups, and reduce the environmental impacts associated with land use across the
country. The EPA works collaboratively with international, state, Tribal, and local partners to achieve these
aims. In addition, the EPA will continue to work with communities to address risks posed by intentional and
accidental releases of hazardous substances into the environment and ensure that communities have an
opportunity to participate in environmental decisions that affect them. Our efforts are guided by scientific data,
tools, and research that alert us to emerging issues and inform decisions on managing materials and
addressing contaminated properties.
In FY 2016, the EPA will partner with state and tribes to prevent and reduce exposure to contaminants. For
example, improved compliance at high-risk oil and chemical facilities through inspections will help prevent
exposure and lower the risk of accidents. For example, in June 2014, OSHA advised Region 2 of the EPA of
a facility potentially out of compliance. The EPA inspected the facility and found significant corrosion at the
facility which indicated that an unplanned release of ammonia was possibly imminent. The EPA immediately
notified and worked closely with the local fire department, the EPA's emergency response program and
company representatives to address and avert the potential dangerous release of ammonia.
The EPA and its key state, Tribal, and local partners, including affected communities, have matured in our
collaborative approaches to identifying and cleaning up contaminated sites and putting these sites back into
productive use for communities. The EPA's Integrated Cleanup Initiative (ICI) leverages the full range of the
agency's land cleanup authorities to accelerate the pace of cleanups, address a greater number of
contaminated sites, and put these sites back into productive use while protecting human health and the
environment. The agency will continue to apply lessons learned which includes practices that better integrate
the remedial design and remedial action phases of site cleanup.
The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA, or Superfund) and
the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) provide legal authority for the EPA's work to protect
and restore the land. The agency and its partners use Superfund authority to clean up uncontrolled or
abandoned hazardous waste sites, allowing land to be returned to productive use. Under RCRA, the EPA
works in partnership with states and tribes to address risks associated with processes that generate, recycle,
transport, treat, store, or dispose of waste.
Many communities across the country regularly face risks posed by intentional and accidental releases of
hazardous substances into the environment. Approximately 156 million people (roughly 51 percent of the U.S.
population) live within 3 miles of a Superfund, RCRA Corrective Action, or Brownfields site that received EPA
funding. This population is more likely to be minority, lower income, and linguistically isolated, and less likely
to have a high school education than the U.S. population as a whole.1 In FY 2016, the agency is investing
over $1.29 billion to continue to apply the most effective approaches to preserve and restore land by
developing and implementing prevention programs, improving response capabilities, and maximizing the
effectiveness of response and cleanup actions under RCRA, Superfund, Leaking Underground Storage Tanks
(LUST) and other authorities. This strategy will help ensure that human health and the environment are
protected and that land is returned to beneficial use in the most effective way.
In FY 2016, scientific data, research, and cost-effective tools will support addressing needed improvements to
land cleanup programs (e.g., Superfund, Brownfields, RCRA Corrective Action, and LUST). The EPA is
making significant progress in assuring that in advance of the full cleanup process, unacceptable human
1 Data collected includes: site information as of the end of FY11 from CERCLIS, RCRAInfo, and ACRES and census data from the
2007-2011 American Community Survey. Data from FY11 was chosen to correspond most closely to the census data in the
2007-2011 American Community Survey. In FY11 this included 1,393 Superfund sites, 3,689 RCRA Corrective Action sites and
11,568 Brownfields sites. This universe of sites is not the same universe as in Figure 6. A circular site boundary, equal to the site
acreage, was modeled around the latitude/longitude for each site and then a 3 mile buffer ring was placed around the site
boundary. Census data was then collected for each block group whose centroid fell within the three mile area.
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Goal 3: Cleaning Up Communities and Advancing Sustainable Development
exposures are eliminated or controlled as soon as possible. The RCRA Corrective Action and Superfund
programs have made significant progress in stabilizing exposure, while longer-term cleanup moves forward.
Across all cleanup programs, the EPA will continue to take action to address any unacceptable exposures
and eliminate acute risks while also pursuing long-term, permanent cleanups. This approach is exemplified by
the EPA's goal to control contaminated groundwater migration at 1,149 final and deleted NPL sites and non-
NPL sites through Superfund Alternative Approach (SAA) agreements; and to control human exposures to
contamination at 1,447 final and deleted NPL sites and non-NPL sites through SAA agreements by the end of
FY2016. As of the end of FY 2014, the EPA controlled human exposures and groundwater migration at 1,429
and 1,123 final and deleted NPL sites, respectively.
The EPA also will continue to implement its Community Engagement Initiative to ensure transparent and
accessible decision-making processes, deliver information that communities can use to participate
meaningfully, and help the EPA produce outcomes that are responsive to community perspectives and that
ensure timely cleanup decisions.
Under federal environmental statutes, the EPA has responsibility for protecting human health and the
environment in Indian country. Under the EPA's 1984 Indian Policy, the agency works with tribes on a
government-to-government basis in recognition of the federal government's trust responsibility to federally-
recognized tribes and that the "EPA recognizes tribes as the primary parties for setting standards, making
environmental policy decisions, and managing programs for reservations consistent with agency standards
and regulations."
Major FY 2016 Changes
The FY 2016 request funds top priority work under Goal 3, specifically focused on communities, accident
prevention, hazardous substance cleanup, sustainability, and building a High Performing Environmental
Protection Enterprise. Four key investments critical to advancing core program work and FY 2016 priorities
are discussed below.
Circuit Riders
Many communities lack the capacity and expertise for environmental decision-makingfor example, to build
resilience to climate change into their decision-makingand have expressed a strong need for technical
assistance. The EPA, however, does not have the resources to directly provide technical assistance to every
community. In FY 2016, EPA will fund a cadre of non-EPA "circuit riders" in every region who can partner with
the EPA Regional Offices to provide on-the-ground support to multiple communities through the provision of
tools, training, technical assistance, data, and information.
Regional Community Resource Coordinators:
In FY 2016, the EPA will provide each EPA Regional Office FTE for cross-agency, multi-media Community
Resource Coordinators to focus on climate, sustainability, and communities. These coordinators will help
ensure that EPA resources and expertise meet community needs in a more holistic way. These coordinators
also will work as a cross-agency, cross-goal, multi-media team to facilitate access for overburdened and
vulnerable communities to leverage the wide range of EPA programmatic expertise and resources, in order to
develop their own solutions.
Multi-media GHG Mitigation:
In addition, the EPA will direct a total of $1.3 million to support the EPA's commitment in climate mitigation
through waste program activities to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). The Air Program is making
excellent progress addressing GHG emissions from power plants, vehicles, oil, and gas operations. However,
further efforts are required to put the country on an emissions trajectory consistent with the President's long-
term climate goals. This work will leverage synergies across climate mitigation activities in the Waste and
Water programs to generate substantial GHG reductions, resulting in significant co-benefits in non-GHG
reduction program areas (e.g., waste reduction, water savings, and job creation).
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Goal 3: Cleaning Up Communities and Advancing Sustainable Development
Environmental Justice
In FY 2016, the EPA will enhance its ability to engage communities to support their ability to be full partners in
agency programs that make a visible difference in their community by working to provide holistic central
mechanisms to support, assist, and engage with overburdened communities and vulnerable populations,
including Tribal populations, rural communities and children. The goal is to provide communities with the
support needed in order to leverage and work in conjunction with existing agency programs such as
Brownfields, Urban Waters, Sustainable Communities, and Area Wide Planning, as well as with other federal
programs. This approach is in keeping with the EJ program's overall emphasis of fostering greater
collaboration and leveraging of resources across EPA and the rest of the federal family. Supporting the
creation of such collaborations in vulnerable and overburdened communities will ensure that communities
attain the necessary capacity and skills to fully benefit from specialized agency programs. With a focus on
peer-to-peer learning and collaboration, the EPA will make critical use of the successful support and
engagement that these programs have achieved, by leveraging those community experiences in a broader
yet more focused manner. This approach is also consistent with feedback received through discussions with
community leaders. Within the EJ program, the agency will redirect $5.0 million to build community capacity
and will provide $1.0 million for technical assistance and training to overburdened and vulnerable
communities for technical assistance and training on how to use air and water sensors.
Agency Priority Goals
As part of the development of EPA's FY 2014-2018 Strategic Plan, the EPA established FY 2014-2015
Agency Priority Goals (APGs), During FY 2015, the agency will establish the next round of APGs for FY 2016-
2017. The APG that supports Goal 3 is:
Clean up contaminated sites to enhance the livability and economic vitality of communities. By September 30,
2015, an additional 18,970 sites will be made ready for anticipated use protecting Americans and the
environment one community at a time.
All of OSWER's cleanup programs (Superfund, RCRA Corrective Action, Brownfields, and LUST) contribute
to this APG and take positive action to protect human health and the environment through the cleanup and
revitalization of contaminated properties.
Additional information on the EPA's APGs can be found atwww.performance.gov.
FY 2016 Activities
In FY 2016, the EPA will work to preserve and restore the nation's land by ensuring proper management of
waste and petroleum products, reducing waste generation, increasing recycling and by supporting its cleanup
programs and oversight of oil and chemical facilities. These efforts are integrated with the agency's efforts to
promote sustainable and livable communities. Work under Goal 3 supports four objectives: 1) Promote
Sustainable and Livable Communities, 2) Preserve Land; 3) Restore Land; and 4) Strengthen Human Health
and Environmental Protection in Indian Country.
Objective 1: Promote Sustainable and Livable Communities. Support sustainable, resilient, and livable
communities by working with local, state, Tribal, and federal partners to promote smart growth, emergency
preparedness and recovery planning, redevelopment and reuse of contaminated and formerly contaminated
sites, and the equitable distribution of environmental benefits.
The EPA supports the goals of urban, suburban and rural communities to grow in ways that improve the
environment, human health and quality of life for their residents. With the support of partners across all levels
of government, communities can grow in ways that also strengthen the economy, help them adapt to climate
change, improve their resiliency to disasters, use public resources more efficiently, revitalize neighborhoods,
and improve access to jobs and amenities. By making sustainable infrastructure investments, communities
can successfully build innovative and functional systems on neighborhood streets and sidewalks to deal with
the run-off from stormwater and still provide easy access for pedestrians, bicyclists, on-street parking and
other beneficial uses. Under local planning and zoning codes that account for the environmental impacts of
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Goal 3: Cleaning Up Communities and Advancing Sustainable Development
development, the private sector can more easily construct market-ready "green" buildings serving a range of
housing needs. Communities also can benefit from tools, technology and research that better engage citizens
and inform local decision making to support smart and sustainable growth.
In FY 2016, the EPA will continue to use several approaches to promote sustainable, healthier communities
and protect vulnerable populations and disproportionately impacted low-income, minority, and Tribal
communities. The agency is concerned about threats to sensitive populations, such as children, the elderly,
and individuals with chronic diseases.
Brownfields
The EPA's Brownfields program is funded at nearly $189 million, contributing significantly to the agency's
Smart Growth activities. This program supports states, local communities, and Tribes in their efforts to assess
and cleanup sites that may be contaminated within their jurisdiction and return them to productive reuse. The
Brownfields program also helps address climate change by ensuring that potential impacts are taken fully into
account when brownfield cleanups are planned and implemented. The Brownfields program works closely
with communities like Waterbury, Connecticut, where grants to redevelop brownfields resulted in the
completion of a new public park, an urban garden and greenhouse facility, and the creation of an industrial
commons which brought new manufacturing jobs into the city. Many of these projects in EPA's Region 1 have
also helped employ local workers trained through the EPA's Brownfields job training program.
In FY 2016, the EPA plans to award approximately 151 assessment grants, and 18 Environmental Workforce
Development and Job Training grants. The agency will award 64 direct cleanup cooperative agreements of up
to $200 thousand per site to eligible entities and non-profits, as authorized under CERCLA 104(k)(3). The
EPA will continue to focus on area-wide planning (AWP) grants and provide technical assistance through
Targeted Brownfield Assessments, cooperative agreements, interagency agreements, and/or contracts to
support area wide planning activities. The FY 2016 funding request includes an estimated $5.1 million to
perform Targeted Brownfields Assessments for 51 communities. These grants support the EPA's targeted
effort to achieve 1,200 assessments each year and, in FY 2014, the EPA surpassed its goal, completing
1,659 assessments.
Funding also will support assessment and cleanup of abandoned underground storage tanks (USTs) and
other petroleum contamination found on brownfields properties (estimated at $27.5 million) for up to
approximately ten Targeted Brownfields Assessments and approximately 132 Brownfields assessment,
Revolving Loan Fund and cleanup cooperative agreements, as authorized under CERCLA 104(k)(2) and
CERCLA 104(k)(3). Funding also will support additional training, research, technical assistance, and support
for Area Wide Planning communities through cooperative agreements, interagency agreements, and direct
services from contractors (estimated at $5.4 million), as authorized under CERCLA 104(k)(6).
The next grant competition for Revolving Loan Fund (RLF) cooperative agreements will occur in FY
2016. Funding will support the capitalization of approximately six revolving loan fund cooperative agreements
(estimated at $4.9 million) to enable eligible entities to make loans and sub-grants to clean up brownfield
properties. The EPA will also provide an estimated $7.8 million in supplemental funding to existing high
performing RLF recipients.
Chemical Facility Safety
In FY 2016, the EPA is providing $27.8 million for the State and Local Prevention and Preparedness program,
to support efforts to improve chemical facility safety through stakeholder outreach, emergency planning
assistance, high-risk chemical facility inspections, and other activities related to the President's Executive
Order on Improving Chemical Facility Safety and Security2. There is a critical need for the agency to continue
efforts to prevent and respond to accidental releases of harmful substances by developing clear authorities
and training personnel. Accidents reported to the EPA since 2005 by the current universe of Risk
Management Program facilities have resulted in approximately 60 worker and public deaths, over 1,300
2See, Executive Order 13650: Improving Chemical Facility Safety and Security issued August 1, 2013 and Actions to Improve
Chemical Facility Safety and Security - a Shared Commitment report issued May 2014.
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Goal 3: Cleaning Up Communities and Advancing Sustainable Development
injuries, nearly 200 thousand people sheltered in place, and more than $1.6 billion in on-site and off-site
damages. States and communities often lack the capacity needed to prepare for and/or respond to these
emergencies or to prevent them from happening in the first place. The EPA's Region 2 worked in
collaboration with states and tribes to develop standard operating procedures for a unified federal, state, and
local approach for identifying and responding to risks at chemical facilities and a plan to improve operational
coordination. These procedures are now being used as a model for all other of the EPA's Regional Offices.
The increased funding level requested for the State and Local Prevention and Preparedness program will
build off of these efforts and provide further avenues and opportunities to assist communities and bring
together a variety of stakeholders to improve operational safety and response capabilities.
Smart Growth
The Smart Growth program helps community and government leaders protect the environment and public
health, build the economy, and improve the quality of people's everyday lives by making smart growth and
sustainable design practices commonplace. Also, through the Partnership for Sustainable Communities, in its
fifth year, EPA's Smart Growth program works with the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) and the
U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) to align housing, transportation, and
infrastructure investments and policies, and build capacity in communities to grow in a more sustainable and
resilient manner. The agency's Smart Growth program works across the EPA and with other federal agencies
to help communities strengthen their economies and protect the environment through use of resilient, and
sustainable design approaches. This program focuses on streamlining, concentrating, and leveraging state
and federal assistance in urban, suburban, and rural communities that offer the greatest opportunity for
development that will deliver environmental and economic benefits, and offer protection against the impacts of
climate change.
In FY 2016, the Smart Growth program will continue work to help community and government leaders meet
environmental standards through sustainable community and building development, design, policies, and
infrastructure investment strategies. The program does this by: providing technical assistance to states,
Regional Offices, and local and Tribal governments; conducting research and developing tools that help
communities see the connection between development and the environment, the economy, and public health;
and, engaging, leveraging and aligning community-based activities and allotments with other federal
agencies. The program will continue to innovate and use new mechanisms to address the growing demand
from communities for more direct technical assistance, including in rural areas, in areas that are
disadvantaged, or in areas that have been adversely affected by contamination and environmental
degradation.
Environmental Justice
The EPA is committed to fostering public health in communities disproportionately burdened by pollution by
integrating and addressing issues of environmental justice (EJ) in the EPA's programs and policies as part of
its day-to-day business. The EPA's EJ program promotes accountability for compliance with Executive Order
12898, "Federal Actions to Address Environmental Justice in Minority Populations and Low-Income
Populations." The EPA's program offices implement the EPA's strategic plan on Environmental Justice, Plan
EJ 2014 and its successor plan which will be finalized in 2015.3 The EJ program facilitates this
implementation by: (1) supporting and promoting the agency's efforts to address environmental justice issues;
(2) supporting the EPA's outreach to other federal agencies through the interagency working group on
environmental justice; and, (3) promoting opportunities for communities to be heard and meaningfully engage
with the federal government on environmental justice issues. In FY 2016, EPA is requesting $6.0 million to
provide overburdened and vulnerable communities to build capacity and to provide technical assistance and
training to help address local environmental and public health issues. In FY 2016, the proposed budget for
Environmental Justice is $14.6 million.
Objective 2: Preserve Land. Conserve resources and prevent land contamination by reducing waste
generation and toxicity, promoting proper management of waste and petroleum products, and increasing
sustainable materials management.
' Plan EJ 2014 can be found at http://www.epa.gov/compliance/environmentaliustice/plan-ei/index.html
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Goal 3: Cleaning Up Communities and Advancing Sustainable Development
RCRA Waste Management
The FY 2016 budget provides $70.8 million to the RCRA Waste Management program. The RCRA program is
critical to comprehensive and protective management of solid and hazardous materials for the entire lifecycle.
Resources for state implementation are provided through the Hazardous Waste Financial Assistance
categorical grant. In FY 2016, RCRA permits for approximately 20,000 hazardous waste units (such as
incinerators and landfills) at 6,600 treatment, storage, and disposal facilities permits will be issued, updated or
maintained. The EPA provides leadership, work-sharing, and support to the states and territories authorized
to implement the permitting program and directly implements the entire RCRA program in Iowa and Alaska.4
The EPA is facing an increasing amount of implementation support responsibility at the request of states,
including addressing complex regulatory and statutory interpretation issues. Requests for this type of support
are expected to continue through FY 2016. The EPA's long-term goal is to ensure 500 additional facilities
receive new or updated controls, which is described in the Agency's FY 2014-2018 Strategic Plan. In FY
2014, the EPA completed 129 accomplishments and since FY 2009, due to EPA's work, 745 facilities
received new or updated controls.
The agency is bolstering the RCRA Tribal program by directing a total of $3 million in extramural funds to
support and advance two of the agency's priorities - Making a Visible Difference in Communities across the
Country and Launching a New Era of State, Tribal and Local Partnerships. This shift will be accompanied by
the introduction of a new RCRA performance measure of EPA technical assistance provided to tribes.
The agency also will support national polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) cleanup and disposal activities by:
assessing emerging technologies and issuing approvals (no states can be authorized for PCBs); and
evaluating PCB wastes against the criteria specified in the Toxic Substance Control Act (TSCA). This effort
will be tracked by a performance measure that was implemented in FY 2014 to track all approvals (i.e.,
cleanup, storage and disposal activities) issued by the EPA under TSCA. The EPA estimates approximately
20 disposal and storage approvals and 130 cleanup approvals are issued per year. The annual target for both
FY 2015 and 2016 for the comprehensive measure for cleanups, disposal, and storage activities is 200. The
EPA issued 927 approvals between FY 2009 and FY 2014.
Hazardous Waste Electronic Manifest
On October 5, 2012, the President signed the Hazardous Waste Electronic Manifest Establishment Act,
requiring the EPA to develop and maintain a hazardous waste electronic manifest system. The system will be
designed to, among other functions, assemble and maintain the information contained in the estimated five
million forms accompanying hazardous waste shipments across the nation. In FY 2013, the EPA initiated the
effort to develop a program that provided for the submission of information electronically, as well as in paper
form. This commitment at the federal level will significantly reduce the time and costs for state regulators and
regulated entities associated with submitting, maintaining, processing, and publishing data from hazardous
waste manifests. When fully implemented, the electronic hazardous waste manifest (e-Manifest) program will
reduce the reporting burden for firms regulated under RCRA's hazardous waste provisions by approximately
$75 million annually.
In FY 2016, the EPA is providing a total of $7.8 million within the RCRA Waste Management program for the
e-Manifest account, to continue work on the e-Manifest system. This increase in contract funding is necessary
to keep on schedule for system completion. This funding will allow development of the e-Manifest IT system
to continue during FY 2016 in order to produce the system scheduled for completion in FY2018. In FY2016,
the EPA plans to perform the following key activities:
Continue the development of the e-Manifest IT system using an agile strategy that involves the rollout testing
of key system components as they are developed;
Complete the proposed User Fee rule in mid-FY 2016, including the economic models supporting this rule;
Analyze and select the accounting and financial reporting structures needed to collect and
manage user fees;
Establish the e-Manifest Advisory Board, consisting of state and industry stakeholders and IT
experts, to provide input on system performance and user fee adjustments; and
' http://www.epa.gov/wastes/hazard/tsd/permit/pgprarpt.htm
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Goal 3: Cleaning Up Communities and Advancing Sustainable Development
Coordinate with the agency's E-Enterprise effort to incorporate relevant concepts, approaches,
and tools during system development. E-Manifest remains a key component of the E-Enterprise
business model.
In 2014, the EPA completed the regulation that authorizes the electronic transmittal of manifests, began
work under a new contract for development of the technical architecture of the system, and began work
on the user fee rule. Once this system is in place, the legislation provides that fees collected through the
program will be used to fund the operation of the program and reimburse system development costs.
Sustainable Materials Management (SMM)
In FY 2016, the EPA will continue to advance SMM practices and a cradle-to-cradle perspective
representing an important emphasis shift from waste management to materials management. The
agency's approach to SMM integrates the safe reuse of materials with economic opportunity. In FY 2016,
the EPA will utilize SMM to offset the use of virgin resources by 9,450,000 tons of materials and products.
The target for FY 2015 was increased from previous years due to results realized through the new SMM
programs and improvements in recovery reported in FY 2012 where 9,002,588 tons were offset. In FY
2016, the EPA will continue to promote the SMM approach in high priority areas (e.g., Sustainable Food
Management, Used Electronics, and Federal Government), which are selected based on an analysis of
opportunities for reducing environmental impacts in Sustainable Materials Management: The Road
Ahead.5 In FY 2016, the EPA will continue to lead by example, and will help other federal agencies adopt
SMM approaches and promote the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, which furthers the goals of
Executive Order 13514 ("Federal Leadership in Environmental, Energy, and Economic Performance"),
and also save money. For example, the EPA estimates that the national implementation of the Federal
Green Challenge has saved the taxpayers more than $10 million by the end of FY 2014. The EPA also
will explore the application of the SMM approach into other high priority sectors, based on lessons
learned from the first two years of the national SMM program and re-evaluation of The Road Ahead.
In FY 2016, the EPA proposes to provide Regional Offices with five additional FTE in the waste program
to support multi-media Community Resource Coordinators that will partner with states, tribes, and local
governments to strengthen capacity to adapt to a changing climate, increase resiliency in communities,
and increase collaboration. In addition, the EPA will increase extramural funding to support the EPA's
work in climate mitigation through waste program activities to reduce greenhouse gas emissions
(GHG). These funds can be used to focus on: increasing the recycling rates for containers and
packaging; enhancing and expanding results-driven materials recovery programs; working with the public
and private sectors to provide funding to assist state and local governments and NGOs focused on
materials recovery infrastructure development and behavior change; and providing technical assistance
to recycling programs.
LUST Prevention
There is a strong relationship between LUST clean up success and reducing the number of new releases
through the prevention program. Since 2007, the EPA has placed an increased emphasis on monitoring
compliance through increased frequency of inspections and other Energy Policy Act (EPAct) provisions.
During this time, compliance rates have increased by 6.5 percent and there has been a significant
decrease in new confirmed releases. The continued reduction in confirmed releases will remain a critical
component in backlog reduction (which is at the lowest level since 1990), but maintaining cleanup
progress is essential as well. In FY 2014, the EPA increased to 72.5 percent the number of UST facilities
that were in significant operational compliance with leak prevention and detection requirements. The
collaboration between the EPA and states and tribes contributes to this success and supports the cross-
agency strategy for A New Era of State, Local, Tribal, and International Partnerships.
In FY 2016, the EPA will provide $28.9 million to continue assisting states in complying with release
prevention activities authorized by the EPAct. States rely primarily on federally funded assistance
agreements to maintain inspection frequency and ensure compliance which will help prevent future
confirmed releases. States may use money from LUST assistance agreements for inspections, other
5 U.S. EPA OSWER ORCR. Sustainable Materials Management: The Road Ahead. June 2009
http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/smm/pdf/vision2.pdf.
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Goal 3: Cleaning Up Communities and Advancing Sustainable Development
release prevention and compliance assurance activities for federally-regulated USTs, and enforcement
activities related to release prevention.
Objective 3: Restore Land. Prepare for and respond to accidental or intentional releases of
contaminants and clean up and restore polluted sites for reuse.
Land Cleanup and Revitalization
In addition to promoting sustainable and livable communities, the EPA's cleanup programs (e.g.,
Superfund Remedial, Superfund Federal Facilities Response, Superfund Emergency Response and
Removal, RCRA Corrective Action, Brownfields, the Toxic Substances Control Act, PCB Cleanup and
Disposal, and LUST Cooperative Agreements) and its partners are taking proactive steps to facilitate the
cleanup and revitalization of contaminated properties. To support the Land Revitalization Initiative, in
2004 the EPA created the Land Revitalization Agenda6 to integrate reuse into EPA's cleanup programs,
establish partnerships, and help make land revitalization part of EPA's organizational culture.
Superfund properties are often reused as commercial facilities, retail centers, government offices,
residential areas, industrial and manufacturing operations, and parks and recreational areas. In the EPA's
Region 4, on-site businesses and organizations on current and former Superfund sites provide over 6,200
jobs and contribute an estimated $334 million in annual employment income for residents across the
Southeast. Restored on-site properties in Region 4 generate about $4.4 million in annual property tax
revenues for local governments.
In FY 2016, the agency will continue to help communities clean up and revitalize these once productive
properties by: removing contamination; helping limit urban sprawl; fostering ecologic habitat
enhancements; enabling economic development; taking advantage of existing infrastructure; and
maintaining or improving quality of life. There are multiple benefits associated with cleaning up
contaminated sites: reducing mortality and morbidity risk; preventing and reducing human exposure to
contaminants; making land available for commercial, residential, industrial, or recreational reuse; and
promoting community economic development. A 2011 study suggests that Superfund cleanups reduce
the incidence of congenital anomalies in infants by roughly 20-25 percent to mothers living within 2,000
meters of a site.7 A 2013 study found that when sites are cleaned up and deleted from the National
Priorities List (NPL), properties within three miles of the sites experience an 18.6 to 24.5 percent increase
in value.8
A cumulative total of 1,707 sites have been listed on the Superfund National Priorities List (NPL),
including 385 which have now been deleted. Sites are placed on the NPL when the presence of
contamination, often from complex chemical mixtures of hazardous substances, has impacted
groundwater, surface water, and/or soil. The precise impact of many contaminant mixtures on human
health remains uncertain; however, substances commonly found at Superfund sites have been linked to a
variety of human health problems, such as birth defects, infertility, cancer, and changes in
neurobehavioral functions. By the end of FY 2016, the agency plans to achieve control of all identified
unacceptable human exposures at 18 additional sites (compared to FY 2014 accomplishments), bringing
the program's cumulative total of Human Exposure Under Control (HEUC) sites to 1,447. Additionally, the
agency expects to achieve Groundwater Migration Under Control (GMUC) at 26 additional sites by the
end of FY 2016 (compared to FY 2014 accomplishments), bringing the program's cumulative total to
1,149 sites.
The FY 2016 budget provides $190.7 million for the Superfund Emergency Response and Removal
program. The agency will continue to support all emergency actions and focus on encouraging viable
Potentially Responsible Parties (PRPs), when available, to conduct removal actions. In FY 2016, the EPA
6 Additional information on this agenda can be found on http://www.epa.gov/landrevitalization/agenda_full.htm
7 Currie, Janet; Michael Greenstone, and Enrico Moretti. 2011. "Superfund Cleanups and Infant Health." American Economic
Review, 101(3): 435-41.
8 S. Gamper-Rabindran, C. Timmins. 2013. "Does cleanup of hazardous waste sites raise housing values? Evidence of spatially
localized benefits," Journal of Environmental Economics and Management.
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Goal 3: Cleaning Up Communities and Advancing Sustainable Development
will complete or oversee a total of 275 Superfund-lead and PRP-lead removal actions (including
voluntary, Administrative Order on Consent, and Unilateral Administrative Order actions).
The Superfund Remedial program is funded at $539.6 million in FY 2016. The agency will continue to
give priority to completing projects at various stages in the response process, such as investigation,
remedial design, and remedy construction. This strategy will help support community revitalization and
economic redevelopment and will provide funding to initiate cleanup construction work at several
construction projects. The targets for remedial action completions, human exposure under control,
groundwater migration under control and site-wide ready for anticipated use will remain at FY 2015 levels
at 105, 9, 13, and 45 respectively.
RCRA Corrective Action
The FY 2016 budget provides $37 million for the RCRA Corrective Action program. The EPA works in
partnership with states, having authorized 44 states and territories to directly implement the corrective
action program.9 Resources for state implementation are provided through Hazardous Waste Financial
Assistance categorical grants. This program is responsible for overseeing and managing cleanups that
protect human health and the environment at active RCRA sites. The agency provides leadership and
support to its state partners and serves as lead regulator at a significant, and increasing, number of
facilities. States have been challenged in the cleanup area due to downsizing and are looking to the
federal program for assistance. As a result and at the request of states, the EPA has resumed, where
resources allow, work previously agreed to by states under work-sharing agreements. This trend has
been increasing, particularly for sites that have complex issues10 or for more specialized tasks such as
ecological risk assessments.
Through its RCRA Corrective Action program, the EPA and its state partners will issue, update, or
maintain RCRA permits for 3,779 hazardous waste facilities. The facilities are a subset of approximately
6,000 sites with corrective action obligations and include some of the most highly contaminated,
technically challenging, and potentially threatening sites the EPA confronts in any of its cleanup
programs.11 As of the end of FY 2014, there remains a significant workload to be addressed. Only 25
percent of the 3,779 facilities have reached the end goal of completing cleanup, so this leaves over 2,800
facilities still needing oversight and technical support to reach their final goal of completing site-wide
cleanup objectives. Through FY 2014, the EPA controlled human exposures and groundwater migration
at 87.3 and 79 percent of RCRA corrective action facilities respectively. A critical aspect of the program is
to implement final remedies and in Region 3 over 40 remedies were implemented, enabling 6,500 acres
to be ready for reuse. The sites are now being used for a new 22-story office tower, a casino and a
potential multi-billion dollar economic development for the Sparrows Point facility.
In FY 2016, the EPA will focus resources on those sites that present the highest risk to human health and
the environment and implement actions to end or reduce these threats. The EPA will also place additional
focus on identifying facilities where the corrective action process can be considered completed (i.e.,
where cleanup performance standards have been met, or no further cleanup action is necessary). These
activities will be consistent with the programmatic response developed by the agency after a 2011 GAO
report on the RCRA corrective action program, which also is reflected in revisions to targets for three
RCRA Corrective Action performance measures.
LUST Cleanup
The EPA's goal is to prevent future releases of wastes in the environment. Accidents can happen but
proper prevention leads to fewer and fewer releases. In FY 2016, the LIST program will primarily focus on:
inspections; technical assistance; financial assurance mechanisms; safe transition to alternative fuels;
9 State implementation of the CA Program is funded through the STAG (Program Project 11) and matching State contributions.
10 For example, vapor intrusion, wetlands contamination or extensive groundwater issues.
11 There are additional facilities that have corrective action obligations that the EPA does not track under GPRA, as they are
typically smaller, less significant facilities or sites. The EPA recognizes that the total universe of such facilities or sites "subject
to" corrective action universe is between five and six thousand facilities or sites.
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Goal 3: Cleaning Up Communities and Advancing Sustainable Development
implementation in Indian country; bringing petroleum brownfields properties into productive use, and
implementing the revised LIST regulations.
The LUST program has achieved significant success in closing releases since the beginning of the
program. End of year FY 2014 data show that, of the approximately 521,000 releases reported since the
beginning of the LIST program in 1988, 447,323 (or 85.8 percent) have been cleaned up. This means
approximately 74,000 releases remain that have not reached cleanup completion. The LUST program
continues to make progress decreasing the overall backlog; however, the pace of cleanups is declining.
In FY 2014, the program completed 10,393 LUST cleanups. Achieving these cleanup rates in the future
will be more challenging due to the complexity of remaining sites, an increased state workload, a
decrease in available state resources and the increasing costs of cleanups. In FY 2011, the LUST
program completed a study of its cleanup backlog. The EPA's backlog study helped identify potential
strategies to address the remaining UST releases12. The EPA is working with states to develop and
implement specific strategies and activities applicable to their particular sites to reduce the UST releases
remaining to be cleaned up.
Oil Spill Prevention
The discharge of oil into U.S. waters can threaten human health, cause severe environmental damage,
and create financial loss to businesses and the public. The Oil Spill program helps protect U.S. waters by
effectively preventing, preparing for, responding to, and monitoring oil spills. The EPA serves as the lead
responder for cleanup of all inland zone spills, including transportation-related spills from pipelines,
trucks, and other transportation systems, and provides technical assistance and support to the U.S. Coast
Guard for coastal and maritime oil spills. In FY 2016, the EPA will continue to focus efforts on oil spill
prevention, preparedness, compliance assistance, and enforcement activities associated with the more
than 600 thousand non-transportation-related oil storage facilities that the EPA regulates through its Spill
Prevention Control and Countermeasure (SPCC) Program. In addition, the agency will finalize
development and begin implementation of the National Oil Database including identifying requirements
for electronic submission of Facility Response Plans (FRP) in order to create reporting efficiencies for the
agency, states, local government and industry.
In FY 2016, the EPA is providing a total of $18.5 million for the Oil Spill Prevention, Preparedness and
Response program. The EPA will perform inspections of regulated high-risk oil facilities to better
implement prevention approaches and to bring 60 percent of SPCC and FRP inspected facilities found to
be non-compliant during the FY 2010 through FY 2015 inspection cycle into compliance. The EPA will
emphasize emergency preparedness, particularly through the use of unannounced drills and exercises, to
ensure facilities and responders can effectively implement response plans. In FY 2014, the EPA was able
to bring 79 percent of FRP and 72 percent of SPCC facilities into compliance due to the development of
improved guidance and procedures. The program will focus resources on bringing non-compliant facilities
into compliance.
Homeland Security
The EPA's Homeland Security work is an important component of the agency's prevention, protection,
and response activities. The FY 2016 budget submission includes $31.5 million to: maintain its capability
to respond effectively to incidents that may involve harmful chemical, biological, and radiological (CBR)
substances; maintain the Environmental Response Laboratory Network (ERLN); develop and maintain
agency expertise and operational readiness for all phases of consequential management following a CBR
incident, specifically environmental characterization, decontamination, laboratory analyses and clearance;
maintain the Emergency Management Portal (EMP); and conduct CBR training for agency responders to
improve CBR preparedness.
Objective 4: Strengthen Human Health and Environmental Protection in Indian Country. Directly
implement federal environmental programs in Indian country and support federal program delegation to
12 For more information, please see The National LUST Cleanup Backlog: A Study of Opportunities at
http://www.epa.gov/swerustl/cat/backlog.html
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Goal 3: Cleaning Up Communities and Advancing Sustainable Development
tribes. Provide tribes with technical assistance and support capacity development for the establishment
and implementation of sustainable environmental programs in Indian country.
Few tribes have sought federal environmental program implementation authorities. Small and under-
staffed Tribal environmental departments, a lack of quality baseline data, and the nuances of Indian law
all present challenges to greater environmental protection in Indian Country. The EPA Tribal General
Assistance Program (GAP) is the primary resource available to Tribes to assist with capacity building and
the development of environmental protection programs in Indian Country. In 2016, the EPA will increase
significantly its support for environmental protection in Indian Country by providing $96 million under the
Tribal GAP, a $31 million increase from 2015. The increased investment in Tribal environmental
protection addresses long-standing challenges to recruit and retain qualified environmental professionals
to remote locations in Indian Country, and recognizes the need for increased resources as Tribes
approach the implementation of environmental regulatory programs.
Tribal GAP funding enables Tribal governments to recruit committed people to help build environmental
programs. Examples of activities eligible for funding include conducting environmental education,
performing assessments of indoor air quality or household pesticide usage, developing media-specific
(e.g., solid waste, air, water) environmental protection plans, drafting environmental regulations, and
assessing baseline environmental conditions.
The EPA will continue to support the success of the Tribal GAP by continuing to implement new Tribal
GAP guidance and indicators, working with Tribes to complete long-range EPA-Tribal Environmental
Plans (ETEP) to serve as the basis for shorter-term Tribal GAP work plans, and developing new
performance measures to better track the effectiveness of EPA's technical assistance and other support
to Tribes as well as to monitor the progress of Tribes to develop their own environmental programs. The
magnitude of Tribal environmental and human health challenges reinforces the importance of the EPA's
commitment to maintaining strong environmental protections in Indian Country.
The EPA also works under two important Tribal infrastructure Memoranda of Understandings (MOD)
among five federal agencies13. The EPA, the Department of the Interior, the Department of Health and
Human Services, the Department of Agriculture, and the Department of Housing and Urban Development
work as partners to improve infrastructure on Tribal lands and currently focus efforts on providing access
to safe drinking water and basic wastewater facilities to tribes.
The first, or umbrella MOU, promotes coordination among federal Tribal infrastructure programs, including
financial services, while allowing federal programs to retain their unique advantages. Under the umbrella
MOU, for the first time, five federal departments joined together and agreed to work across traditional
program boundaries on Tribal infrastructure issues. The efficiencies and partnerships resulting from this
collaboration will directly assist tribes with their infrastructure needs. The second MOU, addressing a
specific infrastructure issue, was created under the umbrella authority and addresses the issue of access
to safe drinking water and wastewater facilities on Tribal lands. Currently, the five federal agencies are
working together to develop solutions for specific geographic areas of concern (Alaska and the
Southwest), engaging in coordination of funding, and promoting cross-agency efficiency. These activities
are completed in coordination with federally recognized tribes. Additionally, the EPA has entered into a
MOU14 with the Department of Energy and the Department of the Interior and formed an interagency work
group to understand the implications of hydraulic fracturing on Tribal lands. For more information, please
see the web link: http://www.epa.gov/tribalportal/mous.htm.
The EPA continues to work closely with other federal agencies as well as the Domestic Policy Council to
implement the President's directive regarding the Tribal consultation process. The President's November
5th, 2009 Memorandum directs each executive department to develop a detailed plan to implement
13 http://www.epa.gov/tribal/trprograms/2013-itf-memorandum-of-understanding.pdf
14 http://unconventional.energy.gov/pdf/oil and gas research mou.pdf
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Goal 3: Cleaning Up Communities and Advancing Sustainable Development
Executive Order (EO) 13175, "Consultation and Coordination with Indian Tribal Governments15." Under
EO 13175, "...all departments and agencies are charged with engaging in regular and meaningful
consultation and collaboration with Tribal officials in the development of federal policies that have Tribal
implications, and are responsible for strengthening the government-to-government relationship between
the United States and Indian tribes." On May 4, 2011, the EPA released its final policy on consultation
and coordination with Indian tribes. The EPA is among the first of the federal agencies to finalize its
consultation policy in response to President Obama's first Tribal leaders summit in November 2009 and,
following the issuance of Executive Order 13175, to establish regular and meaningful consultation and
collaboration with Tribal officials in the development of Federal policies that have Tribal implications.
Research
In FY 2016, the Sustainable and Healthy Communities (SHC) research program, funded at $152.3 million,
will continue to support the EPA's program offices, state, and Tribal partners in protecting and restoring
land, and providing community decision makers with decision tools to support community health. The
work of the SHC research program falls into four inter-related themes:
Decision Support and Innovation will use decision science, interactive social media, spatial
analyses, and sustainability assessment methods to provide communities with tools to frame their
decision options, outcomes and potential costs and benefits.
Community Well-being: Public Health and Ecosystem Goods and Services will utilize the
sciences of ecosystem services and human health to enable communities to assess how the
natural and built environment affects the health and well-being of their residents. This research
will address impacts in all communities including communities and tribes that are at risk for
disproportionate environmental and health impacts;
Sustainable Approaches for Contaminated Sites and Materials Management will build upon
federal, regional and state experiences. This research aims to improve the efficiency and
effectiveness of mechanisms that address land and groundwater contamination, including
preventing and cleaning up fuel and oil spills. This research also will review and characterize
innovative approaches that communities can use to:
o Reduce new sources of contamination,
o Enable recovery of energy, materials, and nutrients from waste, and
o Enable brownfields sites to be put to new, economically productive uses that benefit
communities; and
o Apply waste management and contaminated sediments remediation technologies in
specific geographic locations.
Integrated Solutions for Sustainable Outcomes research will develop methods and data that will
allow communities to consider the full costs and benefits of their decisions. For example, SHC will
review and characterize systems modeling approaches that communities can use to account for
the linkage among:
o Waste and materials management,
o Building codes and zoning for land use planning,
o Transportation options, and
o Provision of infrastructure, including water and energy.
The SHC research program will continue ongoing research to develop models, data bases, metrics and
other decision-support tools that will empower communities to make decisions regarding sustainable
approaches to environmental protection. This research will provide community based decision support
tools which consider ecosystem goods and services, contaminated sites, multimedia pollutants within
environmental justice communities, and the beneficial use of sustainable materials.
15 http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/memoranda/2010/mlO-33.pdf
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Consistent with Administration priorities, EPA's Science to Achieve Results (STAR) and the Greater
Research Opportunities (GRO) fellowship programs, and all funds, will be reorganized across the
government as part of a comprehensive reorganization to facilitate a cohesive national strategy of STEM
education programs to increase the impact of Federal investment in four areas: K-12 instructions;
undergraduate education; fellowships and scholarships; and information education.
The SHC research program will continue to address many facets of site contamination and cleanup. This
includes source elimination of contaminated ground water and migration at Superfund sites and plume
management to reduce exposures via drinking water. This science will be used to develop guidance on
site assessment, remedial investigations, and to provide technical support resources to agency programs
and Regional Offices.
The SHC research program will continue to develop or revise protocols to test oil spill control agents or
products for listing on the National Contingency Plan Product Schedule, including dispersants'
performance and behavior in deep water. Additional research outcomes include improved
characterization and remediation methods for fuels released from leaking underground storage tanks.
52
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Goal 4: Ensuring the Safety of Chemicals and Preventing Pollution
Goal 4: Ensuring the Safety of Chemicals and Preventing Pollution
Strategic Goal: Reduce the risk and increase the safety of chemicals and
prevent pollution at the source.
7.8% of Budget
FY 2014
Enacted
Resource Summary
(Dollars in Thousands)
FY2016
FY2015 President's
Enacted Budget
Difference
FY 2015 EN
to FY 2016
PresBud
1 - Ensure Chemical Safety
2 - Promote Pollution Prevention
$578,592
$51,797
$569,955
$50,537
$614,440
$53,481
$44,485
$2,944
Goal 4 Total
$630,388 $620,492 $667,921
$47,429
Workyears
2,412
2,411
2,389
(22)
NOTE: Numbers may not add due to rounding.
Introduction
Chemicals are ubiquitous in our everyday lives and products. They are used in the production of everything
from our homes and cars to the cell phones we carry and the food we eat. Chemicals often are released
into the environment as a result of their manufacture, import, processing, use, and disposal. Vulnerable
populations, including low-income, minority, and indigenous populations, may be disproportionately
impacted by, and thus particularly at risk from, exposure to chemicals.123 In addition, research shows that
children receive greater relative exposures to chemicals because they inhale or ingest more air, food, and
water on a body-weight basis than adults do.4567 The FY 2016 funding level for Ensuring the Safety of
Chemicals and Preventing Pollution is $667.9 million, an increase of $47.4 million overthe FY2015 Enacted
Budget.
1 Holistic Risk-based Environmental Decision Making: a Native Perspective
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1241171)
2 Executive Order 12898: Federal Actions to Address Environmental Justice in Minority Populations and Low Income Populations
3 Interim Guidance on Considering Environmental Justice During the Development of an Action
(http://www.epa.gov/compliance/ei/resources/policy/considering-ei-in-rulemaking-guide-07-2010.pdf)
4 Guide to Considering Children's Health When Developing EPA Actions: Implementing Executive Order 13045 and EPA's Policy
on Evaluating Health Risks to Children
(http://yosemite.epa.gov/ochp/ochpweb.nsf/content/ADPguide.htm/$File/EPA ADP Guide 508.pdf)
5 Holistic Risk-based Environmental Decision Making: A native Perspective
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1241171)
6 Executive Order 13045: Protection of Children from Environmental Health Risks and Safety Risks
7 Guide to Considering Children's Health When Developing EPA Actions: Implementing Executive Order 13045 and EPA's Policy
on Evaluating Health Risks to Children
(http://yosemite.epa.gov/ochp/ochpweb.nsf/content/ADPguide.htm/$File/EPA ADP Guide 508.pdf)
53
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Goal 4: Ensuring the Safety of Chemicals and Preventing Pollution
Under existing Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) authorization, the EPA is charged with the
responsibility of assessing the safety of commercial chemicals and to act upon those chemicals if they pose
significant risks to human health or the environment. The $56.3 million provided in FY 2016 for the Chemical
Risk Review and Reduction Program will allow the EPA to sustain its efforts to assess the potential risks
from existing chemicals in commerce and review and manage the potential risks of new chemicals entering
commerce. In FY 2016, the EPA will continue to implement its Enhanced Chemicals Management
approach, which seeks to expand and enhance the quantity, accessibility and usefulness of chemical safety
information, thereby strengthening the capability of the EPA, other regulators and the public to assess
chemical hazards and potential exposures, identify potential risks to human health and the environment
and take appropriate risk management action.
In FY 2016, the EPA's pesticide licensing program will continue to evaluate new pesticides before they
reach the market and ensure that pesticides already in commerce are safe when used in accordance with
the label. As directed by the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), the Federal Food,
Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA), and the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA). The EPA will register
pesticides to protect consumers, pesticide users, workers who may be exposed to pesticides, children, and
other sensitive populations. The EPA also will review potential impacts on the environment, with particular
attention to endangered species and the effects of pesticides on honey bees and pollinators.
The EPA has a long history of collaboration to address a wide range of domestic and global environmental
issues. The EPA envisions that environmental progress in cooperation with international partners can
catalyze even greater progress toward protecting our domestic environment. Examples include: ensuring
that trade-related activities sustain environmental protection, enhancing the ability of our trading partners
to protect their environments and develop in a sustainable manner, enhancing opportunities through
effective consultation and collaboration related to environmental issues of mutual interest. To advance all
of these efforts, the EPA continues to focus on the following international priorities: building strong
environmental institutions and legal structures, climate change adaptation and mitigation, improving air
quality, expanding access to clean water, reducing exposure to toxic chemicals, and cleaning up e-waste.
Pollution prevention (P2) is central to the EPA's sustainability strategies. In FY 2016 the EPA will continue
to foster the development of P2 solutions to environmental problems that eliminate or reduce pollution,
waste and risks at the source. This includes: cleaner production processes and technologies, safer
"greener" materials and products, and promoting the adoption, use and market penetration of those
solutions by providing technical assistance and demonstrating the benefits of P2 solutions.
The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and Section 309 of the Clean Air Act require the EPA to
review Environmental Impact Statements (EISs). Under NEPA, an EIS is required for major federal actions
significantly affecting the human environment. The review of each EIS includes assessing options for
avoiding or mitigating environmental impacts, while making agency comments available to the public and
allowing for public input. In FY2016, in support of its mission, the program will continue to foster cooperation
among federal agencies to ensure compliance with applicable environmental statutes, promote better
integration of pollution prevention and ecological risk assessment elements into federal programs, and
provide technical assistance in developing projects that prevent adverse environmental impacts.
Major FY 2016 Changes
To meet the FY 2016 performance targets and provide support to our top priorities, we will make
fundamental changes to our long-standing business practices in contracts, grants and oversight of
delegated programs, among others. Implementing these changes requires realigning resources and
personnel to ensure that we increase effectiveness without undermining vital protections or quality and
good financial management. The Agency will rely on new efficiencies and approaches from the High
Performing Organization initiative to achieve success. In Goal 4, resources are focused on Taking Action
on Toxics and Chemical Safety; Sustainability; and Building a High Performing Environmental Protection
Enterprise. While continuing EPA's ongoing commitment to science, the rule of law and transparency, we
have updated and refined our current direction to maximize our effectiveness and guide our agenda in the
months and years ahead.
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Goal 4: Ensuring the Safety of Chemicals and Preventing Pollution
Taking Action on Toxics and Chemical Safety
The FY 2016 budget in this area reflects the completion of several multi-year projects and anticipated
efficiencies in the assessment of chemical risk. A portion of these savings, $1.8 million, will be from the
Chemical Risk Review and Reduction (CRRR) program. CRRR resources will be prioritized for the
assessment and management of TSCA Work Plan existing chemicals and new chemicals entering
commerce.
In 2016, the EPA's Endocrine Disrupter Screening Program (EDSP) will increase its use of alternative
testing methodologies (i.e., high-throughput assays and computational tools) to prioritize and screen
chemicals based on potential endocrine bioactivity and exposure, in particular, the estrogen, androgen, or
thyroid hormone pathways in humans and wildlife. The increased use of alternative testing methodologies
will reduce the workload in developing new assays. This effort will help to save roughly $3.3 million
compared to FY2015 Enacted levels
Agency Priority Goals
The EPA has developed FY 2014-2015 Agency Priority Goals that advance the agency priorities and the
agency's Strategic Plan. EPA's Priority Goal to help reduce the risk and increase the safety of chemicals
is:
Assess and reduce risks posed by chemicals and promote the use of safer chemicals in commerce. By
September 30, 2015, EPA will have completed more than 250 assessments of pesticides and other
commercially available chemicals to evaluate risks they may pose to human health and the environment,
including the potential for some of these chemicals to disrupt endocrine systems. These assessments are
essential in determining whether products containing these chemicals can be used safely for commercial,
agricultural and/or industrial uses.
Additional information on the EPA's Agency Priority Goals can be found at www.performance.gov.
FY 2016 Activities
Objective 1: Ensure Chemical Safety. Reduce the risk and increase the safety of chemicals that enter
our products, our environment and our bodies.
The TSCA chemical management program addresses new chemicals, existing chemicals and legacy
chemicals. The major activity of the new chemicals program is premanufacture notices review and
management, which addresses the potential risks from approximately 1,000 chemicals (including products
of biotechnology and new chemical nanoscale materials) received annually and prior to their entry into the
U.S. marketplace. In FY 2016, the EPA's toxics program will maintain its 'zero tolerance'goal for preventing
the introduction of unsafe new chemicals into commerce.
The greatest challenge is to address existing chemicals already in use but where available information is
limited. Existing chemicals activities fall into three major categories: 1) obtaining, managing, and making
chemical information public; 2) screening and assessing chemical risks; and 3) taking action to manage
chemical risks. In FY 2016, progress will be made to assess existing chemicals already in commerce by
continuing to aggressively pursue EPA's FY 2018 Strategic Measure target to assess all chemicals from
the first TSCA Work Plan Chemicals list by 2018, including completing 10 risk assessments in FY2016. In
FY 2014, EPA announced the release of final risk assessments for four of these Work Plan Chemicals
Trichloroethylene (TCE), Methylene Chloride (DCM), Antimony Trioxide (ATO) and Hexahydro
Hexamethylcyclopenta Benzopyran (HHCB) - exceeding the FY2014 performance target calling for three
final risk assessments for TSCA chemicals.
In FY 2016, the agency will continue to implement the chemicals risk management program to further
eliminate risks from high-risk "legacy" chemicals. The EPA will continue to maintain a base resource level
to enable the agency to meet any continuing obligations under statutes associated with PCBs and other
55
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Goal 4: Ensuring the Safety of Chemicals and Preventing Pollution
long-standing chemical risks. This budget request sustains the Lead program at steady levels. Outreach to
educate the public about the risks of elevated blood lead levels and to encourage testing for children at risk
will continue. There are still areas of contamination that require action. For instance, a FY 2014 enforcement
settlement for TSCA lead paint violations will provide $50,000 to fund blood lead testing for 350 children
and provide blood lead analysis equipment to three community health clinics that serve low income and
homeless residents. As illustrated in the figure below (Figure 1), the EPA will build on the successful national
effort to reduce childhood blood lead levels and continue ongoing implementation of the Lead Renovation,
Repair and Painting (RRP) Rule. Outreach efforts and targeted activities will support renovator
certifications, including recertifying any previously certified firms that seek to retain their certified status. As
of December 31, 2014, more than 140,000 firms are actively certified to perform Lead RRP work.
Children's Risk
Blood Lead Levels for Children aged 1-5
A vt
"g £
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"° TJ
-
o
V
u
I
s
£
-ilO ng/dL Elevated Lead Levels -- >5 ng/dL Ne* Concern Lead Levels -*-25 ng/dL TARGET Lead Levels For near fgtgre
Figure 1: Percentage of Children Aged 1-5 with Given Blood Lead Levels (PM 008)* Values are not CDC
data; interpolated for graphical display only
** >10 ug/dL estimate is considered unreliable (relative standard error greater than 40 percent).
The agency also will continue to collaborate with international partners, through the Organization for
Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), to maximize the efficiency of the EPA's resource use
and promote adoption of internationally harmonized test methods for identifying endocrine disrupting
chemicals. The EPA represents the U.S. as either the lead or a participant in OECD projects involving the
improvement of assay systems including the development of non-animal prioritization and screening
methods.
Identifying, assessing, and reducing the risks presented by the pesticides on which our society and
economy depend are integral to ensuring environmental and human safety. Chemical and biological
pesticides help meet national and global demands for food. They provide effective pest control for homes,
schools, gardens, highways, utility lines, hospitals, and drinking water treatment facilities, while also
controlling vectors of disease. The program ensures that the pesticides available in the U.S. are safe when
used as directed. The program is increasing its focus on pollinator health as well, working with other federal
partners, states, and private stakeholder groups to stem pollinator declines and increase pollinator habitat.
In addition, the program places priority on reduced risk pesticides that, once registered, will result in
increased societal benefits.
56
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Goal 4: Ensuring the Safety of Chemicals and Preventing Pollution
In FY 2016, $131.1 million is provided to support the EPA pesticide applications review and registration
program. The EPA will invest substantial resources to improve the compliance of pesticide registrations
with the Endangered Species Act. A portion of the funding will ensure that pesticides are correctly registered
and applied in a manner that protects water quality. The EPA will continue registration and reregistration
requirements for antimicrobial pesticides. Together, these programs will minimize exposure to pesticides,
maintain a safe and affordable food supply, address public health issues, and minimize property damage
that can occur from insects, pests and microbes. The agency's worker protection, certification, and training
programs will encourage safe application practices. The EPA will also continue to emphasize the protection
of potentially sensitive groups, such as children, by reducing exposures from pesticides used in and around
homes, schools, and other public areas. In FY 2014, Regional Offices in Denver and Seattle collaborated
with state partners and other federal agencies to produce a "Sensible Steps" webinar series to introduce
manageable, low- or no-cost steps communities can take to improve the health of their school
environments. Topics included integrated pest management, chemical safety, mold and moisture control,
energy efficiency, and reducing PCB exposure.
The EPA's FY 2016 budget for the Office of Pesticides Program includes an increase of approximately $1.5
million above FY 2015. This increase will fund agency work to improve pollinator health by performing
laboratory research and technical analysis on pollinators (e.g., honeybees, monarch butterflies) and related
resources (e.g., hive structures), improving our scientific understanding to promote pollinator health
through the regulatory processes. The FY 2016 budget also includes a $0.5 million increase over the FY
2015 budget to supplement existing resources available to states and tribes to develop pollinator protection
plans.
Objective 2: Promote Pollution Prevention. Conserve and protect natural resources by promoting
pollution prevention and the adoption of other sustainability practices by companies, communities,
governmental organizations, and individuals.
In FY 2016, EPA's Pollution Prevention (P2) program (EPM and STAG combined) is funded at $18.2 million.
The P2 program is one of the EPA's primary tools for advancing environmental stewardship and
sustainability by federal, state and tribal governments; businesses; communities and individuals. The P2
program seeks to alleviate environmental problems by achieving significant reductions in the generation of
hazardous releases to air, water, and land; reductions in the use or inefficient use of hazardous materials;
reductions in the generation of greenhouse gases; and reductions in the use of water. At the same time,
the P2 Program helps businesses and others reduce costs as a result of implementing these preventative
approaches. The P2 program's efforts advance the agency's priorities to pursue sustainability, take action
on climate change, make a visible difference in communities, and ensure chemical safety.
The P2 program accomplishes its mission by fostering the development of solutions to environmental
problems that are designed to eliminate or reduce pollution, waste and risks at the source, such as cleaner
production processes and technologies and safer, "greener" materials and products. The program also
promotes the adoption, use and market penetration of those solutions through such activities as providing
technical assistance and demonstrating the benefits of P2 solutions. For example, the P2 program works
with a diverse set of stakeholders to develop voluntary consensus standards for greener products, such as
computers, televisions, and imaging equipment, and to increase the use of these products in the federal
government through federal green purchasing requirements, leading to significant environmental benefits
from the reduction of hazardous materials in these products, increased product lifespan, and improved
energy efficiency.
The EPA will continue to support the Green Suppliers Network (GSN) and the Economy, Energy, and
Environment (E3) Partnership among federal agencies, local governments, and manufacturers to promote
energy efficiency, job creation, and environmental improvement. In FY2016, the EPA will continue to work
with its federal partners and state pollution prevention programs to conduct facility-specific assessments
for small and medium-sized suppliers to help them reduce business costs, improve productivity and
efficiency, and promote sustainability. In FY 2016, the E3 Initiative and GSN a re expected to grow to include
more than 35 state partners by leveraging existing resources across the E3 federal agency partners. In FY
2016, the EPA also will leverage expertise from other programs to enhance sustainability and pollution
57
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Goal 4: Ensuring the Safety of Chemicals and Preventing Pollution
prevention education and outreach resources. Through an intra-agency working group, each program office
will disseminate educational resources and information to the public. In FY 2016, EPA regional offices, as
well as states, tribes and other grantees, will focus on the implementation of the following P2 national
emphasis areas: climate change mitigation, food manufacturing, and community level hazardous materials
source reduction.
In FY 2016, the EPA will continue to work with other federal agencies to streamline, modernize, and improve
the NEPA process by encouraging early involvement in the project scoping process and promoting
approaches for working collaboratively with federal, state, local and Tribal partners on project proposals.
The agency will continue to participate in the effort to implement the May 2014 Interagency "Implementation
Plan for the Presidential Memorandum on Modernizing Infrastructure Permitting" to meet the goal of
reducing permitting and review timelines, while improving environmental and community outcomes. This
will include participating in coordinated reviews, developing innovative mitigation approaches, and
promoting the use of IT tools. As a component of this effort, the program will continue to use and promote
NEPAssist, a geographic information system (CIS) tool developed to assist users (the EPA, other federal
agencies, and the public) with environmental reviews.8 In FY2016, the proposed budget for NEPA is $17.6
million.
International Priorities
To achieve our domestic environmental and human health goals, international partnerships are essential,
including those with the business community, entrepreneurs and other members of society. Pollution is
often carried by winds and water across national boundaries, posing risks to human health and ecosystems
many hundreds and thousands of miles away.
Through these partnerships, the EPA will maintain focus on several priorities. In FY 2016, the EPA will work
with other nations to build strong environmental institutions and legal structures with the goal of combating
climate change by limiting pollutants and improving air quality in the U.S. and around the world. The EPA
will work to expand access to clean water, and protect vulnerable communities from toxic pollution that
impacts North America and nations worldwide. Through joint efforts with partners from around the world,
the EPA is working to facilitate commerce, promote chemical safety, further sustainable development,
protect vulnerable populations and engage in environmental issues, such as reducing risks from exposure
to mercury and lead-based paint. The agency's international priorities will guide collaboration with the
Commission on Environmental Cooperation (CEC) and all international partners.
In FY 2016, the EPA will enhance sustainability principles through expanded partnership efforts in
multilateral forums and in key bilateral relationships. In addition, we will strengthen existing and build new
international partnerships to encourage increased international commitment to sustainability goals and to
promote a new era of global environmental stewardship based on common interests, shared values, and
mutual respect. And finally, the EPA will continue to focus on technical and policy support for global and
regional efforts such as strengthening the EPA leadership in the Arctic Council and with other governments
to improve policies and implement cooperative projects that address climate change and reduce
contamination of the arctic.
Research
The EPA research program's Chemical Safety and Sustainability (CSS), Human Health Risk Assessment
(HHRA), and Homeland Security underpin the analysis of risks and potential health impacts across the
broad spectrum of EPA programs and provide the scientific foundation for chemical safety and pollution
prevention. In FY 2016, the EPA will further strengthen its planning and delivery of science by continuing
an integrated research approach that tackles problems systematically.
1 For more information, refer to: www.epa.gov/oecaerth/nepa/nepassist-mapping.html
58
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Goal 4: Ensuring the Safety of Chemicals and Preventing Pollution
In FY 2016, the EPA will continue the multi-year transition away from the traditional assays used in the
endocrine disrupter screening program, transitioning instead to use of alternative testing methodologies
(i.e., high-throughput assays and computational tools) to prioritize and screen chemicals based on potential
endocrine bioactivity and exposure, in particular, the estrogen, androgen, or thyroid hormone pathways in
humans and wildlife. This will allow the agency to more quickly, efficiently, and cost-effectively assess
potential chemical toxicity. In FY 2016, the EPA will continue to evaluate endocrine-relevant high throughput
ToxCast assays; this will increase our knowledge of adverse outcome pathways (AOP)the chain of events
that occur at a molecular level when toxic chemicals disrupt the functioning of otherwise healthy elements
of the endocrine system.
Increases in FY 2016 for the CSS research program are critical to efforts begun in FY 2015 to develop
computational models to integrate 21st-century exposure research with ToxCast and Tox21 data. This
effort will significantly advance risk-based decision making in support of the Agency's goal of keeping
communities safe and healthy. The CSS program also will invest in FY 2016 to expand the breadth of the
CompTox research program to include more representative models of biological systems of interest,
including the thyroid, improve ways to estimates human exposure to individual and multiple chemicals, and
better integrate human and ecological risk evaluations. Specific FY2016 actions include: (1) modeling and
generating exposure data through ExpoCast, a state-of-the art chemical screening tool that provides rapid
and cost-efficient high throughput exposure information; (2) evaluating background exposure levels and the
relevance of different environmental exposures for human health; and (3) enhancing the CSS Dashboard
forfit-for-purpose risk-based prioritization. These applications complement efforts of the agency's Chemical
Safety and Pollution Prevention program to apply high-throughput and other 21st Century exposure
information to TSCA chemical prioritization.
This support is critical to enhancing and accelerating our understanding of chemical risks and exposure.
Overall, this increase will significantly enhance the predictive capacity of the computational models and
generate new data both for evaluating the impact of existing chemicals as well as for selecting safer
alternatives. In addition, $1.5 million of an overall $14 million increase in the CSS budget compared to FY
2015 will support engagement with the stakeholder community to build confidence in the relevance of
Comptox data and provide guidance about the application of that data for decisions by government,
industry, and the public about the safety of chemicals.
The CSS program also will continue to apply computational and knowledge-driven approaches to amplify
the impact of its research on engineered nanomaterials (ENMs). Evaluation of emerging safer chemical
alternatives is another focus in FY2016.
In FY 2016, the Agency's Human Health Risk Assessment Research Program will continue to develop
assessments and scientific products that are used extensively by EPA program and regional offices and
the risk management community to estimate the potential risk to human health from exposure to
environmental contaminants. These include:
Integrated Risk Information System health hazard and dose-response assessments;
Integrated Science Assessments of criteria air pollutants;
Community Risk and Technical Support; and
Methods, models, and approaches to modernize risk assessment for the 21st Century.
The Homeland Security Research Program (HSRP) will continue to enhance the nation's preparedness,
response, and recovery capabilities for homeland security incidents and other hazards by providing
stakeholders and partners with valuable detection and response analytics for incidents involving chemical,
biological, or radiological agents. The program will continue to emphasize the research needed to support
response and recovery from wide-area attacks involving radiological agents, nuclear agents, and biothreat
agents such as anthrax.
The EPA will allocate $164.7 million to the Chemical Safety and Sustainability, Human Health Risk
Assessment, and Homeland Security Research programs in FY2016.
59
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60
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Goal 5: Protecting Human Health and the Environment by Enforcing Laws and Assuring Compliance
Goal 5: Protecting Human Health and the Environment by Enforcing
Laws and Assuring Compliance
Strategic Goal: Protect human health and the environment through vigorous and
targeted civil and criminal enforcement. Use Next Generation Compliance strategies
and tools to improve compliance with environmental laws.
Resource Summary
(Dollars in Thousands)
If W
^zajjjjj^
9.4% of Budget
1 - Enforce Environmental Laws to
Achieve Compliance
Goal 5 Total
Difference
FY2016 FY 201 5 EN
FY2014 FY2015 President's to FY 201 6
Enacted Enacted Budget PresBud
$751,889 $737,846 $804,080 $66,234
$751,889 $737,846 $804,080 $66,234
Workyears
3,503
3,391
3,402
11
NOTE: Numbers may not add due to rounding
Introduction
The EPA's civil and criminal enforcement programs assure compliance with our nation's environmental
laws. A strong and effective enforcement program is essential to ensuring compliance with our laws and
regulations, maintaining a level economic playing field, and realizing the public health and environmental
protections our federal statutes were created to achieve. As a key part of our enforcement program, the
EPA is committed to supporting public health in communities disproportionately burdened by pollution by
integrating and addressing issues of environmental justice (EJ) in the EPA's programs and policies as
part of its day-to-day business. The EPA's EJ program promotes accountability for compliance with
Executive Order 12898, "Federal Actions to Address Environmental Justice in Minority Populations and
Low-Income Populations."
On January 18, 2011, President Obama issued a Presidential Memoranda titled "Regulatory
Compliance"1 which reaffirms the importance of effective enforcement and compliance with regulations. It
states "[s]ound regulatory enforcement promotes the welfare of Americans in many ways, by increasing
public safety, improving working conditions, and protecting the air we breathe and the water we
drink. Consistent regulatory enforcement also levels the playing field among regulated entities, ensuring
that those that fail to comply with the law do not have an unfair advantage over their law-abiding
competitors."
In FY 2016, the EPA seeks to maintain the strength of its core national enforcement and compliance
assurance program. Recognizing the challenging fiscal climate at both the federal and state level, the
agency will implement strategies that use resources more efficiently and find opportunities to focus and
Please see: http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2011/01/18/presidential-memoranda-regulatorv-compliance
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Goal 5: Protecting Human Health and the Environment by Enforcing Laws and Assuring Compliance
leverage efforts to assure compliance with environmental laws. Our objective is to pursue vigorous civil
and criminal enforcement that targets the most serious water, air, and chemical hazards in communities;
assure strong, consistent, and effective enforcement of federal environmental laws nationwide; and use
modern, streamlined techniques, strategies and tools to improve targeting and transparency and increase
compliance with environmental laws. The EPA will continue to focus resources on the most important
environmental problems where noncompliance is having a significant impact. This strategy means EPA's
top enforcement priority will be pursuing higher impact cases, including large, complex cases that require
significant investment and a long-term commitment.
The EPA has achieved impressive pollution control and health benefits through vigorous compliance
monitoring and enforcement activities. However, enforcement alone will not address all non-compliance
problems. The sheer number of regulated facilities, the contributions of large numbers of smaller sources
to environmental problems, and limited resources mean the EPA cannot rely solely on the traditional
single facility inspection and enforcement approach to ensure widespread compliance.2 In FY 2016, the
agency will continue to implement new and innovative methods to reduce pollution and increase
compliance nationwide over the long term.
Towards this end, in FY 2016, the agency proposes to accelerate its Next Generation Compliance
approaches to harness state-of-the-art technology to make our efforts more efficient and effective. This
approach, formalized in the agency's 2014-2018 Strategic Plan, aims to increase compliance with
environmental regulations by capitalizing on advances in information technology and advanced pollutant
detection technology. There are five main components to Next Generation Compliance: 1) structuring our
regulations to be easier to implement and contain self-enforcing compliance mechanisms to achieve
higher compliance; 2) using advanced pollutant detection technology to find out about pollution as it
happens in real-time; 3) moving from paper to electronic reporting to enhance government efficiency and
reduce paperwork burden; 4) making pollution and compliance information more accessible, user-friendly,
and available to the public to support community awareness and promote facility accountability; and 5)
using innovative approaches to enforcement to focus limited resources on the biggest pollution problems.
The use of new detection technologies, combined with a focus on designing rules and permits that are
easier to implement, will improve compliance, expand transparency, and protect communities while
reducing costs for states, territories, tribes, and regulated facilities. In particular, the burden of monitoring
and compliance reporting will be reduced for states, the EPA and others by investing in state-of-the-art
monitoring technology and supporting electronic reporting and interaction with the regulated community.
This will allow the EPA and states to more effectively deploy inspection resources. For example, in July
2013, the EPA proposed to convert the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) paper
based reporting systems to a more effective and efficient national electronic system. The final rule,
expected in FY2015 with implementation beginning in FY2016, will benefit the public, regulated facilities,
states, and the EPA by providing high quality, complete, and timely data for the NPDES program. EPA's
cost-benefit analysis for the proposed rule estimated that the overall reporting burden will be reduced by
900,OOO3 hours when the rule is fully implemented.
Efforts already underway have shown that these approaches will have meaningful benefits. For example,
the EPA's Region 6 implemented the first federal General Permit in the nation that required electronic
submission of data through the EPA's electronic reporting tools. Implemented for the Offshore Oil & Gas
NPDES General Permit program, this effort uses electronic reporting to reduce reporting burden on
permitted entities and the EPA, while allowing for automated tracking of permit limits and reporting
requirements, enhancing data quality, and increasing transparency for regulators and the public. The
agency estimates that without deployment of the electronic reporting tools, data entry alone would have
cost the agency approximately $2.6 million over a five year permit cycle. In combination with the
experience from other programs that use electronic reporting such as Ohio's NPDES program and the
EPA's TRI program, this provides another example of how the benefits are likely to grow as electronic
2 www.epa.gov/compliance/resources/policies/civil/cwa/actionplanl01409.pdf
3 For more information, see "Economic Analysis of the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Electronic
Reporting Proposed Rule" [DCN 0040] at http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=EPA-HQ-OECA-2009-0274-0135
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Goal 5: Protecting Human Health and the Environment by Enforcing Laws and Assuring Compliance
reporting becomes the norm.
The EPA's National Enforcement and Compliance Assurance program will continue its efforts to
implement these Next Generation Compliance approaches to achieve the EPA's goals more efficiently
and effectively as part of the agency's work to remain forward-looking and adaptive. The Next Generation
Compliance initiative is aligned with the larger EPA E-Enterprise business strategy (E-Enterprise), which
is jointly managed with the states. E-Enterprise is a transformative 21st century strategy for rethinking
how government agencies deliver environmental protection in the United States. A partnership of EPA,
states, and tribes, E-Enterprise is collaboratively modernizing business processes and driving innovations
across the EPA and states' environmental organizations. .4 These changes will improve environmental
results by making government more efficient and enhancing services to the regulated community and the
public.
E-Enterprise resources in the Enforcement and Compliance Assurance program will support a variety of
projects, including: 1) partnering with states to develop and implement fillable e-forms for electronically
reporting NPDES information; 2) supporting NPDES e-reporting rule development and program
evaluation; 3) purchasing advanced monitoring equipment; and 4) supporting transparency through
modernization of Enforcement and Compliance History Online (ECHO) and the Air Facility System (AFS).
Another focus will be developing a field collection, evidence management, and reporting system for
conducting compliance monitoring inspections which will be guided by ongoing pilots and scoping to
determine how much can be done in tandem with the states.
Data transparency is a key foundation of ECHO and the EPA believes making compliance information
publicly available allows the American people to be better informed about environmental activities and
compliance in their communities and provides an incentive to achieve greater compliance with
environmental laws. ECHO is the EPA's premier web-based tool that provides public access to
compliance and enforcement information for approximately 800,000 EPA-regulated facilities. The EPA,
state and local environmental agencies collect/report data from facilities and from their own activities and
submit that data to EPA databases. ECHO usage has grown to more than 2 million queries per year.
Major FY 2016 Changes
The FY 2016 request maintains FTE at a reduction from pre-FY 2010 levels, but includes funding that
allows EPA to support those staff so they can identify and address noncompliance, through investments
in data analysis and systems, lab support, equipment for front line enforcement personnel, inspector
training, and case support such as expert witnesses and document management services. These
resources will allow our staff to be more efficient and effective at protecting public health and keeping a
level playing field for companies that play by the rules, by assuring compliance with environmental laws.
In FY 20165, key changes to the enforcement and compliance budget reflect changes in programmatic
direction and efficiencies gained from modernizing our business processes. The EPA is accelerating its
efforts to improve its business processes under both the E-Enterprise business strategy and Next
Generation Compliance based on advances in pollutant monitoring and information technology. In
addition to the resources supporting the EPA as a High Performing Environmental Protection Enterprise,
resources across Goal 5 will be focused on advancing efforts in the agency's priorities: Addressing
Climate Change and Improving Air Quality, Protecting America's Waters, Cleaning up Our Communities
and Advancing Sustainable Development.
Addressing Climate Change and Improving Air Quality
In FY 2016, the EPA will help improve air quality in communities by targeting large pollution sources,
4 http://www.exchangenetwork.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/EEnterpriseConceptualBlueprint-013114-FINAL-Executive-
Summarv.pdf
5 EPA is providing a total of $597 million for the National Enforcement and Compliance Assurance program. There are additional
resources for the program under Goals 2, 3 and 4.
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Goal 5: Protecting Human Health and the Environment by Enforcing Laws and Assuring Compliance
especially in the coal-fired utility, acid, cement, glass and natural gas exploration and production
industries that are not complying with environmental laws and regulations. Where the EPA finds non-
compliance, the agency will take action to bring them into compliance, which may include requiring
facilities to install controls that will benefit communities and/or improve emission monitoring. Enforcement
activities which cut toxic air pollution in communities will improve the health of residents, particularly those
overburdened by pollution. In FY 2016, the agency's budget provides resources to improve the quality
and efficiency of compliance inspections, to develop an advanced monitoring equipment program, and to
support air regulation implementation. The inspection effort includes the development of tools to allow
inspectors to record field observations and transmit inspection reports electronically. Leveraging
technology to move to a digitally based process will assist in identification of patterns of problems,
compile inspection results in a more timely way, increase transparency on compliance status, and allow
for quicker responses where appropriate The focus of the advanced monitoring program will be on
providing communities with monitors, along with technical assistance and training, to allow them to better
understand the state of their environment and help local decision-makers consider actions that will reduce
the risks from pollution. This work will support both the Air and Water programs.
Protecting America's Waters
In FY 2016, the EPA will work with states to use compliance and enforcement approaches which more
effectively and efficiently address the most important water pollution problems. Our focus will include
getting raw sewage out of water, cutting pollution related to animal waste, and reducing pollution from
stormwater runoff. The EPA also will continue to promote an integrated planning strategy for addressing
municipal sewage and stormwater challenges, including the use of lower cost and innovative approaches
such as incorporating green infrastructure into enforcement remedies where appropriate. In addition,
through its enforcement agreements, EPA works closely with communities to get the most important work
for protecting health accomplished in the most cost effective way, and on a schedule that is practical and
affordable. These efforts will help to clean up great waters like the Chesapeake Bay and will focus on
revitalizing urban communities by protecting and restoring urban waters. These options are proving
attractive to communities that need to make changes to their CSO programs. Enforcement efforts also will
support the goal of assuring clean drinking water for all communities, including small systems and in
Indian country, and improving the quality of Safe Drinking Water Act data reported by states to ensure
compliance. In FY 2016, the agency's budget directs resources to improve the quality and efficiency of
compliance inspections, develop an advanced monitoring equipment program, and test and pilot
advanced monitoring technologies, which will support both air and water programs.
Cleaning up Our Communities and Advancing Sustainable Development
In FY 2016, the EPA will continue to protect communities by ensuring that responsible parties conduct
Superfund and other cleanups, saving federal dollars for sites where there are no viable contributing
parties. Ensuring that responsible parties clean up the sites also reduces direct human exposure to
hazardous pollutants and contaminants, provides for long-term human health protection, and ultimately
makes contaminated properties available for reuse. The EPA will continue to integrate environmental
justice (EJ) considerations into the site remediation enforcement program by using EJ criteria when
enforcing RCRA corrective action requirements to meet RCRA 2020 goals and ensuring that institutional
controls are implemented at sites with potential environmental justice concerns.
In FY 2016, the agency's budget provides resources to make comprehensive community-based
information available on the Geoplatform ensuring that the EPA community investments are mapped and
easily accessible to EPA staff. FY 2016 resources also support communities and ensure that ongoing
EPA program work is more effectively leveraged. This program will provide financial assistance to eligible
organizations working on projects to address local environmental and public health issues in
overburdened and vulnerable communities. The funds will be used to build partnerships, assist
communities to identify environmental and health problems, implement solutions, and to train experts to
address specific environmental justice needs.
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Goal 5: Protecting Human Health and the Environment by Enforcing Laws and Assuring Compliance
Agency Priority Goals
The EPA has developed FY 2014-2015 agency Priority Goals that advance the agency's priorities and the
agency's Strategic Plan. EPA's Priority Goal for enforcing laws and ensuring compliance is:
To improve environmental outcomes and enhance service to the regulated community and the public. By
September 30, 2015 reduce reporting burdens to EPA by one million hours through streamlined
regulations, provide real-time environmental data to at least two communities, and establish a new portal
to service the regulated community and public.
To support this Goal, EPA seeks to transform the way business is conducted through its E-Enterprise
strategy, a partnership of States, the EPA, and tribes, and is collaboratively modernizing business
processes and driving innovations across agencies and programs. A State-EPA E-Enterprise leadership
council has been convened and is actively working to prioritize and consolidate projects to maximize the
benefits. The priority goal is housed in Goal 5, but E-Enterprise work will occur in a number of agency
programs that interact with states, tribes, and industry.
Next Generation Compliance activities contribute to the burden reduction goal. For example, the e-
NPDES reporting rule is estimated to reduce burden by approximately 900,000 hours.6 Additional
information on the EPA's agency Priority Goals can be found at:
www.performance.gov
FY 2016 Activities
Objective 1: Enforce Environmental Laws. Pursue vigorous civil and criminal enforcement that targets
the most serious water, air, and chemical hazards in communities to achieve compliance. Assure strong,
consistent, and effective enforcement of federal environmental laws nationwide. Use Next Generation
Compliance strategies and tools to increase compliance with environmental laws.
The EPA continually assesses priorities and embraces new approaches that can help achieve the
agency's goals more efficiently and effectively. The EPA's FY 2016 budget submission for the
Enforcement and Compliance Assurance program continues to invest resources in high priority areas with
the greatest impact on public health, while reducing resources where we have made significant progress
(and therefore no longer require as active an enforcement presence), or that, while important, do not
address the most substantial impacts to human health. The EPA carefully evaluates program activities
and directs limited resources to where they can best protect public health, especially in disadvantaged
communities; support core work of state and Tribal partners; and focus on the largest pollution problems.
The EPA will continue to examine new enforcement approaches through Next Generation Compliance to
make the program more efficient and effective.
The agency remains committed to implementing a strong enforcement and compliance program focused
on identifying and reducing non-compliance and deterring future violations. To meet this commitment, the
program employs a variety of activities, including data collection and analysis, compliance monitoring,
assistance, civil and criminal enforcement efforts and innovative and evidence-based problem-solving
approaches to identify and address the most significant environmental issues. In FY 2016, these efforts
will be enhanced through Next Generation Compliance approaches that rely on modern reporting and
monitoring tools to advance implementation of the agency's priorities and core program work.
Furthermore, in designing and implementing Compliance Monitoring program activities, the EPA tracks
and assesses recent studies and evaluations regarding the effectiveness and limits of compliance
monitoring and enforcement in promoting compliance and deterrence. The evidence in the literature
consistently demonstrates that strong and active compliance monitoring and enforcement increases
6 For more information, see "Economic Analysis of the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Electronic
Reporting Proposed Rule" [DCN 0040] at http://www.regulations.gov/#!documentDetail;D=EPA-HQ-OECA-2009-0274-0135
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Goal 5: Protecting Human Health and the Environment by Enforcing Laws and Assuring Compliance
compliance and reduces pollution.7 The EPA's Compliance Research Literature web page references
many of these studies and reports.8
Compliance Monitoring - Targeting the Most Serious Hazards in Communities
The EPA's compliance monitoring program reviews and evaluates the activities of the regulated
community to determine compliance with applicable laws, regulations, permit conditions and settlement
agreements. The program also determines whether conditions exist at facilities that present imminent and
substantial endangerment.
In FY 2016, the EPA's compliance monitoring activities will be both environmental media-based and
sector-based. The EPA's media-based inspections complement those performed by states and Tribes,
and are a key part of the strategy for meeting the long-term and annual goals established for the air,
water, pesticides, toxic substances and hazardous waste programs. The EPA will target its inspections to
the highest priority areas and coordinate inspection activity with states and tribes to better leverage
resources and enhance collaboration. In FY 2014, the EPA conducted more than 15,600 federal
inspections and evaluations.
In FY 2016, as part of Next Generation Compliance, the agency will continue to enhance the efficiency
and effectiveness of the compliance monitoring program by leveraging electronic reporting to reduce
paperwork burden, increasing transparency by enhancing systems to report, synthesize, utilize, and
disseminate monitoring data, designing analytic tools to help understand and utilize data and deploying
state of the art monitoring equipment to the field. Synchronizing data systems to utilize electronic
transmissions from regulated facilities will benefit the compliance monitoring program by allowing the EPA
to better apply evidence-based approaches to the program and determine what strategies achieve the
best results.
Compliance monitoring includes the EPA's management and use of data systems to oversee its
compliance and enforcement programs under the various statutes and programs that the agency
enforces. In FY 2016, the EPA will accelerate the process of enhancing its data systems to integrate with
E-Enterprise and to support electronic interaction with regulated facilities, providing more comprehensive,
accessible data to the public and improving integration of environmental information with health data and
other pertinent data sources from other federal agencies and private entities. The third and final phase of
the upgrade to the system that supports both compliance monitoring and civil enforcement, the Integrated
Compliance Information System (ICIS), will be completed in FY 2017. Ongoing work in FY 2016will
provide additional functionality to support the agency's Next Generation and E-Enterprise business
strategy goals.
In addition, the EPA plans to continue work toward improving transparency and analysis through
enhancements of the modernized Enforcement and Compliance History Online (ECHO) in alignment with
the E-Enterprise business strategy. Specifically, in FY16, the EPA will continue to enhance its analytical
capabilities for analyzing large data sets and displaying the results in a geospatial platform (e.g., EPA's
Geoplatform) to support better targeting of areas of most environmental concern. Currently, ECHO
includes State Performance dashboards for the Clean Water Act (CWA), Clean Air Act (CAA) and
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) to allow users to assess each state's performance in
enforcing the various environmental statutes, as well as integrate facility information across media
specific data systems. Through ECHO and its reports, users can now view this data in a comprehensive
and organized manner, including a search function. ECHO reports provide a snapshot of a facility's
environmental record, showing dates and types of violations, as well as the state or federal government's
response. The system allows the public to monitor environmental compliance in communities,
corporations to monitor compliance across facilities they own, and investors to more easily factor
7 For example: R. Hanna & P. Oliva; The Impact of Inspections on Plant-Level Air Emissions under the Clean Air Act; 10 B.E
Journal of Economic Analysis and Policy 1 (2010). And J. Shimshack & M. Ward, Enforcement and Over-Compliance, J. Environ.
Econ. 55(1): 90-105 (2008)
8 For more information, refer to: http://www.epa.gov/Compliance/resources/reports/compliance/research/index.html
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Goal 5: Protecting Human Health and the Environment by Enforcing Laws and Assuring Compliance
environmental performance into their decisions. These features will be enhanced to continue to expand
public access to more transparent EPA multimedia enforcement and compliance data.
In FY2016, the proposed compliance monitoring budget is nearly $123.6 million.
Assuring Strong, Consistent, and Effective Enforcement
Civil Enforcement
The Civil Enforcement program's overarching goal is to assure compliance with the nation's
environmental laws and regulations in order to protect human health and the environment. The program
collaborates with the Department of Justice, states, local agencies and Tribal governments to ensure
consistent and fair enforcement of all environmental laws and regulations. The program seeks to protect
public health and the environment and ensure a level playing field by strengthening partnerships with co-
implementers in the states, encouraging regulated entities to rapidly correct their own violations, ensuring
that violators do not realize an economic benefit from noncompliance and pursuing enforcement to deter
future violations.
The Civil Enforcement program develops, litigates and settles administrative and civil judicial cases
against serious violators of environmental laws. In FY 2014, the EPA's enforcement actions required
regulated entities to invest more than $9.7 billion in actions and equipment to control pollution (injunctive
relief). Also in FY 2014, the enforcement program obtained a total of $100 million in federal administrative
and civil judicial penalties. The EPA's enforcement actions required regulated entities to reduce pollution
by an estimated 500 million pounds and treat, minimize, or properly dispose of 711 million pounds of
hazardous waste. Sustained and focused enforcement attention to the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)
resulted in a 75 percent reduction in the number of public water systems with serious unresolved
violations in the past five years, this was the result of combination of federal and state enforcement
actions and improved prioritization and tracking processes.
In FY 2016, the EPA's civil enforcement program will focus on the national enforcement initiatives,
including in communities that may be disproportionately exposed to risks and harm from pollutants in their
environment. The National Enforcement Initiatives were selected for FY 2014-2016 through a
collaborative selection process completed in FY 2013. These national initiatives address problems that
remain complex and challenging. Current initiatives keep raw sewage and contaminated stormwater out
of our nation's waters, prevent animal waste from contaminating surface and ground waters, and address
violations of the Clean Air Act New Source Review/Prevention of Significant Deterioration requirements
and Air Toxics regulations, RCRA violations at mineral processing facilities, and multi-media problems
resulting from energy extraction activities. Information on initiatives, regulatory requirements, enforcement
alerts and EPA results will be made available to the public and the regulated community through
websites.9
As with the compliance monitoring program, the EPA's enforcement program will benefit from
synchronizing data systems to receive electronic transmissions from regulated facilities and by having
more complete and timely data to better evaluate which enforcement approaches are most effective. This
utilizes the transformative information system-based work of the larger E-Enterprise business strategy.
The EPA and states will be able to better prioritize enforcement resources in those areas where they are
most needed such as complex industrial operations requiring physical inspection, repeat violators, cases
involving significant harm to human health or the environment, or potential criminal violations.
The Civil Enforcement program also will focus on how tools, such as fence line monitoring, can be applied
in enforcement settlements, such as in the 2014 CAA settlement with Flint Hills Resources Port Arthur,
LLC, in order to make more data available, as well as using independent third parties to monitor
compliance with the settlement (e.g., as required in the BP Deepwater Horizon Settlement (DOJ Press
release, November 15, 2012).
' For more information, refer to http://www.epa.gov/compliance/monitoring/index.html
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Goal 5: Protecting Human Health and the Environment by Enforcing Laws and Assuring Compliance
Fence line monitoring can be used to monitor the environment immediately surrounding a regulated
entity, thereby providing the community with information about local emissions. In 2014, EPA reduced
dangerous air toxics released from industrial flares at refineries and chemical plants by requiring
companies to implement monitoring and pollution control technologies. These efforts are providing
minority and low-income communities with monitoring data, while reducing toxic air pollution for residents
living near the facilities.
The Civil Enforcement program also provides support for other priority programs, including the
Environmental Justice program and the Chesapeake Bay program. For example, in FY 2014, 36 percent
of the enforcement cases initiated by the EPA addressed violations that had occurred in locations with
potential environmental justice concerns and many other cases reduced pollution to the benefit of those
communities. In addition, the civil enforcement program is helping to implement a compliance and
enforcement strategy for the Chesapeake Bay, providing strong oversight to ensure existing regulations
are complied with consistently and in a timely manner, and making data on government and facility
performance in the Bay watershed accessible and understandable to the public.
In FY2016, the proposed budget for civil enforcement is $188.8 million.
Criminal Enforcement
Criminal enforcement underlies the EPA's commitment to pursuing the most serious pollution violations.
The EPA's criminal enforcement program investigates and helps prosecute environmental violations that
involve intentional, deliberate, or criminal behavior on the part of the violator. The Criminal Enforcement
program deters violations of environmental laws and regulations by demonstrating that the regulated
community will be held accountable through jail sentences and criminal fines. Bringing criminal cases to
court sends a strong deterrence message to potential violators, enhances aggregate compliance with
laws and regulations, and protects communities at risk. In FY 2014, the conviction rate for criminal
defendants was 95 percent.
To efficiently maximize resources, in FY 2016 the program will reduce case work in lower priority areas
and will use its special agent capacity to identify and investigate cases with the most significant
environmental, human health and deterrence impact. The EPA's criminal enforcement program will target
cases across all media that involve serious harm or injury; hazardous or toxic releases; ongoing,
repetitive, or multiple releases; serious documented exposure to pollutants; and violators with significant
repeat or chronic noncompliance or prior criminal conviction.
In FY 2016, the proposed budget for Criminal Enforcement is $59.6 million.
Forensics Support
The Forensics Support program provides specialized scientific and technical support for the nation's most
complex civil and criminal enforcement cases, as well as technical expertise for agency compliance
efforts. The work of the EPA's National Enforcement Investigations Center (NEIC) is critical to
determining non-compliance and building viable enforcement cases. The NEIC maintains a sophisticated
chemistry laboratory and a corps of highly trained inspectors and scientists with a wide range of
environmental scientific expertise. In FY 2016, NEIC will continue to function under rigorous International
Standards Organization 17025 requirements for environmental data measurements to maintain its
accreditation.
In FY2016, the proposed budget for Forensics Support is $15.5 million.
Superfund Enforcement
The EPA's Superfund Enforcement program protects communities by ensuring that responsible parties
conduct or pay for cleanups of hazardous waste sites, preserving federal dollars for sites where there are
no viable contributing parties. Superfund enforcement uses an "enforcement first" approach that
maximizes the participation of liable and viable parties in performing and paying for cleanups in both the
remedial and removal programs. The EPA will focus Superfund enforcement resources to support
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Goal 5: Protecting Human Health and the Environment by Enforcing Laws and Assuring Compliance
Potentially Responsible Party (PRP) searches, cleanup settlements, and cost recovery. Similarly, the
Superfund Federal Facilities enforcement program will take action to ensure that federal agencies actively
and appropriately manage their own cleanup efforts with the legally-required EPA oversight. The agency
will continually assess its priorities and embrace new approaches that can help achieve its goals more
efficiently and effectively.
Enforcement authorities play a unique role under the Superfund program. The authorities are used to
ensure that responsible parties conduct a majority of the cleanup actions and reimburse the federal
government for cleanups financed by federal resources. In tandem with this approach, various reforms
have been implemented to increase fairness, reduce transaction costs, promote economic development
and make sites available for appropriate reuse. Ensuring that responsible parties cleanup sites ultimately
reduces direct human exposures to hazardous pollutants and contaminants, provides for long-term
human health protections and makes contaminated properties available for reuse.
The Department of Justice supports the EPA's Superfund enforcement program through negotiations and
judicial actions to compel PRP cleanup and litigation to recover Trust Fund monies. The agency will
provide $21.8 million to the Department of Justice through an Interagency Agreement. This partnership to
ensure polluters pay has been very effective. In FY 2014, the Superfund Enforcement program secured
private party commitments exceeding $600 million. This amount includes three components: PRPs who
committed to perform future response work with an estimated value of more than $454 million; who
agreed to reimburse the agency for $58 million in past costs; and who were billed by the EPA for $89
million in oversight costs. The EPA also works to ensure that required legally enforceable institutional
controls and financial assurance instruments are in place and adhered to at Superfund sites and at
facilities subject to RCRA Corrective Action to ensure the long-term protectiveness of cleanup actions.
In FY 2016 the proposed budget for the Superfund and Federal Facilities enforcement programs is
$163.9 million.
Partnering with States and Tribes
In FY 2016, the Enforcement and Compliance Assurance program will sustain its environmental
enforcement partnerships with states and tribes and work to strengthen their ability to address
environmental and public health threats. In FY 2016, the Enforcement and Compliance Assurance
program will provide $23.0 million in grants to the states and tribes to assist in the implementation of
compliance and enforcement provisions of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) and the Federal
Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA). These grants support state and tribal compliance
activities to protect human health and the environment from harmful chemicals and pesticides. Under the
Pesticides Enforcement Grant program, the EPA will continue to provide resources to states and Indian
Tribes to conduct FIFRA compliance inspections and take appropriate enforcement actions. The Toxic
Substances Compliance Grants protect the public and the environment from PCBs, asbestos, and lead-
based paint.
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70
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Appendices
71
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72
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Environmental Protection Agency
FY 2016 Annual Performance Plan and Congressional Justification
PROGRAM PROJECTS BY PROGRAM AREA
(Dollars in Thousands)
Science & Technology
Clean Air and Climate
Clean Air Allowance Trading Programs
Climate Protection Program
Federal Support for Air Quality Management
Federal Vehicle and Fuels Standards and Certification
Subtotal, Clean Air and Climate
Indoor Air and Radiation
Indoor Air: Radon Program
Radiation: Protection
Radiation: Response Preparedness
Reduce Risks from Indoor Air
Subtotal, Indoor Air and Radiation
Enforcement
Forensics Support
Homeland Security
Homeland Security: Critical Infrastructure Protection
Homeland Security: Preparedness, Response, and
Recovery
Homeland Security: Protection of EPA Personnel and
Infrastructure
Subtotal, Homeland Security
IT / Data Management / Security
IT / Data Management
Operations and Administration
Facilities Infrastructure and Operations
Pesticides Licensing
Pesticides: Protect Human Health from Pesticide Risk
Pesticides: Protect the Environment from Pesticide Risk
Pesticides: Realize the Value of Pesticide Availability
FY 2014
Actuals
$8,220.0
$11,794.6
$5,689.7
$84,638.8
$110,343.1
$219.3
$2,586.6
$4,162.2
$245.5
$7,213.6
$14,088.7
$10,207.3
$27,840.5
$545.0
$38,592.8
$3,860.8
$75,013.3
$3,660.5
$1,960.5
$517.2
FY 2015
Enacted
$8,298.0
$8,018.0
$6,923.0
$93,302.0
$116,541.0
$198.0
$1,984.0
$3,526.0
$289.0
$5,997.0
$13,669.0
$10,324.0
$26,256.0
$542.0
$37,122.0
$3,089.0
$68,339.0
$3,197.0
$2,316.0
$514.0
FY 2016 2016 Pres Bud
Pres Bud vs. 2015 Enacted
$7,808.0
$8,124.0
$8,493.0
$100,419.0
$124,844.0
$0.0
$2,160.0
$4,043.0
$412.0
$6,615.0
$14,398.0
$11,871.0
$25,674.0
$605.0
$38,150.0
$3,196.0
$79,170.0
$3,266.0
$3,896.0
$529.0
($490.0)
$106.0
$1,570.0
$7,117.0
$8,303.0
($198.0)
$176.0
$517.0
$123.0
$618.0
$729.0
$1,547.0
($582.0)
$63.0
$1,028.0
$107.0
$10,831.0
$69.0
$1,580.0
$15.0
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Subtotal, Pesticides Licensing
FY 2014
Actuals
$6,138.2
FY 2015
Enacted
$6,027.0
FY 2016
Pres Bud
$7,691.0
2016 Pres Bud
vs. 2015 Enacted
$1,664.0
Research: Air, Climate and Energy
Research: Air, Climate and Energy
Research: Safe and Sustainable Water Resources
Research: Safe and Sustainable Water Resources
Research: Sustainable Communities
Research: Sustainable and Healthy Communities
Research: Chemical Safety and Sustainability
Human Health Risk Assessment
Research: Chemical Safety and Sustainability
Endocrine Disrupters
Computational Toxicology
Research: Chemical Safety and Sustainability
(other activities)
Subtotal, Research: Chemical Safety and
Sustainability
Subtotal, Research: Chemical Safety and Sustainability
Water: Human Health Protection
Drinking Water Programs
Congressional Priorities
Water Quality Research and Support Grants
Total, Science & Technology
Environmental Program & Management
Clean Air and Climate
Clean Air Allowance Trading Programs
Climate Protection Program
Federal Stationary Source Regulations
Federal Support for Air Quality Management
Stratospheric Ozone: Domestic Programs
Stratospheric Ozone: Multilateral Fund
Subtotal, Clean Air and Climate
Indoor Air and Radiation
Indoor Air: Radon Program
Radiation: Protection
$99,429.8
$120,085.3
$160,800.7
$37,813.5
$91,906.0
$107,434.0
$149,975.0
$39,423.0
$100,342.0
$111,022.0
$139,172.0
$39,277.0
$15,833.3
$29,481.1
$54,153.8
$99,468.2
$137,281.7
$3,750.9
$2,450.1
$779,049.0
$18,756.3
$90,702.3
$26,777.0
$121,018.7
$5,121.6
$8,901.0
$271,276.9
$1,790.0
$8,945.8
$16,253.0
$21,409.0
$49,845.0
$87,507.0
$126,930.0
$3,519.0
$4,100.0
$734,648.0
$18,231.0
$95,436.0
$25,000.0
$120,572.0
$4,941.0
$8,928.0
$273,108.0
$3,055.0
$8,576.0
$15,417.0
$33,775.0
$52,253.0
$101,445.0
$140,722.0
$3,766.0
$0.0
$769,088.0
$18,378.0
$109,625.0
$37,545.0
$157,339.0
$4,963.0
$9,057.0
$336,907.0
$3,386.0
$9,517.0
$8,436.0
$3,588.0
($10,803.0)
($146.0)
($836.0)
$12,366.0
$2,408.0
$13,938.0
$13,792.0
$247.0
($4,100.0)
$34,440.0
$147.0
$14,189.0
$12,545.0
$36,767.0
$22.0
$129.0
$63,799.0
$331.0
$941.0
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Radiation: Response Preparedness
Reduce Risks from Indoor Air
Subtotal, Indoor Air and Radiation
Brownflelds
Brownfields
Compliance
Compliance Monitoring
Enforcement
Civil Enforcement
Criminal Enforcement
Environmental Justice
NEPA Implementation
Subtotal, Enforcement
Geographic Programs
Geographic Program: Chesapeake Bay
Geographic Program: Gulf of Mexico
Geographic Program: Lake Champlain
Geographic Program: Long Island Sound
Geographic Program: Other
Lake Pontchartrain
S.New England Estuary (SNEE)
Geographic Program: Other (other activities)
Subtotal, Geographic Program: Other
Great Lakes Restoration
Geographic Program: South Florida
Geographic Program: San Francisco Bay
Geographic Program: Puget Sound
Subtotal, Geographic Programs
Homeland Security
Homeland Security: Communication and Information
Homeland Security: Critical Infrastructure Protection
Homeland Security: Protection of EPA Personnel and
Infrastructure
Subtotal, Homeland Security
FY 2014
Actuals
$2,844.2
$12,437.0
$26,017.0
$23,372.2
$101,883.5
$173,835.8
$48,136.0
$6,636.8
$15,869.1
$244,477.7
$61,335.5
$5,424.2
$1,399.0
$3,944.9
$948.0
$2,000.0
$1,426.7
$4,374.7
$288,870.0
$2,343.5
$5,312.4
$25,009.8
$398,014.0
$4,073.4
$648.0
$4,805.0
$9,526.4
FY 2015
Enacted
$2,454.0
$13,552.0
$27,637.0
$25,593.0
$101,665.0
$170,854.0
$46,745.0
$6,737.0
$16,301.0
$240,637.0
$73,000.0
$4,482.0
$4,399.0
$3,940.0
$948.0
$5,000.0
$1,445.0
$7,393.0
$300,000.0
$1,704.0
$4,819.0
$28,000.0
$427,737.0
$3,771.0
$964.0
$5,460.0
$10,195.0
FY 2016 2016 Pres Bud
Pres Bud vs. 2015 Enacted
$3,317.0 $863.0
$14,057.0
$30,277.0
$29,599.0
$122,424.0
$185,756.0
$51,917.0
$13,971.0
$17,612.0
$269,256.0
$70,000.0
$3,908.0
$1,399.0
$2,893.0
$948.0
$5,000.0
$939.0
$6,887.0
$250,000.0
$1,340.0
$3,988.0
$29,998.0
$370,413.0
$4,142.0
$1,014.0
$5,118.0
$10,274.0
$505.0
$2,640.0
$4,006.0
$20,759.0
$14,902.0
$5,172.0
$7,234.0
$1,311.0
$28,619.0
($3,000.0)
($574.0)
($3,000.0)
($1,047.0)
$0.0
$0.0
($506.0)
($506.0)
($50,000.0)
($364.0)
($831.0)
$1,998.0
($57,324.0)
$371.0
$50.0
($342.0)
$79.0
Information Exchange / Outreach
75
-------
State and Local Prevention and Preparedness
TRI / Right to Know
Tribal - Capacity Building
Executive Management and Operations
Environmental Education
Exchange Network
Small Minority Business Assistance
Small Business Ombudsman
Children and Other Sensitive Populations: Agency
Coordination
Subtotal, Information Exchange / Outreach
International Programs
US Mexico Border
International Sources of Pollution
Trade and Governance
Subtotal, International Programs
IT / Data Management / Security
Information Security
IT / Data Management
Subtotal, IT / Data Management / Security
Legal / Science / Regulatory / Economic Review
Integrated Environmental Strategies
Administrative Law
Alternative Dispute Resolution
Civil Rights / Title VI Compliance
Legal Advice: Environmental Program
Legal Advice: Support Program
Regional Science and Technology
Science Advisory Board
Regulatory/Economic-Management and Analysis
Subtotal, Legal / Science / Regulatory / Economic Review
Operations and Administration
Central Planning, Budgeting, and Finance
Facilities Infrastructure and Operations
Acquisition Management
Human Resources Management
Financial Assistance Grants / IAG Management
FY 2014
Actuals
$13,802.7
$13,765.0
$13,749.5
$47,471.0
$7,520.3
$19,602.1
$1,766.8
$1,604.0
$5,888.0
$125,169.4
$3,607.7
$6,673.7
$5,761.3
$16,042.7
$5,861.0
$90,118.6
$95,979.6
$14,012.7
$4,321.0
$1,262.4
$9,315.3
$42,816.4
$14,231.3
$2,338.2
$4,685.1
$14,408.3
$107,390.7
$73,721.3
$305,366.3
$34,537.6
$39,052.3
$23,371.7
FY 2015
Enacted
$15,666.0
$14,616.0
$14,063.0
$46,276.0
$8,702.0
$16,995.0
$1,641.0
$2,031.0
$6,548.0
$126,538.0
$2,978.0
$6,938.0
$5,484.0
$15,400.0
$6,309.0
$84,227.0
$90,536.0
$12,724.0
$5,120.0
$1,397.0
$11,070.0
$42,027.0
$16,907.0
$2,176.0
$5,110.0
$14,883.0
$111,414.0
$72,851.0
$310,399.0
$30,761.0
$43,843.0
$24,897.0
FY 2016 2016 Pres Bud
Pres Bud vs. 2015 Enacted
$27,783.0 $12,117.0
$14,691.0
$15,600.0
$48,972.0
$10,969.0
$25,361.0
$1,971.0
$2,296.0
$8,035.0
$155,678.0
$3,307.0
$7,245.0
$6,009.0
$16,561.0
$6,666.0
$96,395.0
$103,061.0
$21,937.0
$5,039.0
$1,452.0
$11,793.0
$52,411.0
$18,662.0
$2,941.0
$6,072.0
$18,479.0
$138,786.0
$76,057.0
$312,180.0
$37,974.0
$51,344.0
$27,847.0
$75.0
$1,537.0
$2,696.0
$2,267.0
$8,366.0
$330.0
$265.0
$1,487.0
$29,140.0
$329.0
$307.0
$525.0
$1,161.0
$357.0
$12,168.0
$12,525.0
$9,213.0
($81.0)
$55.0
$723.0
$10,384.0
$1,755.0
$765.0
$962.0
$3,596.0
$27,372.0
$3,206.0
$1,781.0
$7,213.0
$7,501.0
$2,950.0
76
-------
Subtotal, Operations and Administration
Pesticides Licensing
Science Policy and Biotechnology
Pesticides: Protect Human Health from Pesticide Risk
Pesticides: Protect the Environment from Pesticide Risk
Pesticides: Realize the Value of Pesticide Availability
Subtotal, Pesticides Licensing
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
RCRA: Corrective Action
RCRA: Waste Management
RCRA: Waste Minimization & Recycling
Subtotal, Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
(RCRA)
Toxics Risk Review and Prevention
Endocrine Disrupters
Pollution Prevention Program
Toxic Substances: Chemical Risk Management
Toxic Substances: Chemical Risk Review and
Reduction
Toxic Substances: Lead Risk Reduction Program
Subtotal, Toxics Risk Review and Prevention
Underground Storage Tanks (LUST / UST)
LUST/UST
Water: Ecosystems
National Estuary Program / Coastal Waterways
Wetlands
Subtotal, Water: Ecosystems
Water: Human Health Protection
Beach / Fish Programs
Drinking Water Programs
Subtotal, Water: Human Health Protection
Water Quality Protection
Marine Pollution
Surface Water Protection
FY 2014
Actuals
$476,049.2
$1,532.7
$50,633.7
$36,085.1
$10,175.5
$98,427.0
$36,578.7
$58,104.9
$9,213.5
$103,897.1
$5,638.5
$15,056.4
$209.2
$56,133.9
$14,648.9
$91,686.9
$11,979.2
$24,385.2
$20,629.1
$45,014.3
$1,505.4
$95,283.5
$96,788.9
$11,877.3
$198,879.2
FY 2015
Enacted
$482,751.0
$1,400.0
$55,698.0
$35,470.0
$9,795.0
$102,363.0
$36,438.0
$59,958.0
$8,481.0
$104,877.0
$7,553.0
$13,114.0
$0.0
$58,135.0
$13,719.0
$92,521.0
$11,295.0
$26,723.0
$21,065.0
$47,788.0
$2,015.0
$96,492.0
$98,507.0
$10,628.0
$199,789.0
FY 2016 2016 Pres Bud
Pres Bud vs. 2015 Enacted
$505,402.0 $22,651.0
$1,532.0
$60,019.0
$39,805.0
$10,409.0
$111,765.0
$37,048.0
$63,413.0
$10,781.0
$111,242.0
$4,259.0
$13,416.0
$0.0
$56,304.0
$13,726.0
$87,705.0
$11,657.0
$27,310.0
$23,334.0
$50,644.0
$750.0
$125,018.0
$125,768.0
$10,481.0
$238,818.0
$132.0
$4,321.0
$4,335.0
$614.0
$9,402.0
$610.0
$3,455.0
$2,300.0
$6,365.0
($3,294.0)
$302.0
$0.0
($1,831.0)
$7.0
($4,816.0)
$362.0
$587.0
$2,269.0
$2,856.0
($1,265.0)
$28,526.0
$27,261.0
($147.0)
$39,029.0
77
-------
Water Infrastructure Finance and Innovation
Subtotal, Water Quality Protection
FY 2014
Actuals
$0.0
$210,756.5
FY 2015
Enacted
$0.0
$210,417.0
FY 2016
Pres Bud
$5,000.0
$254,299.0
2016 Pres Bud
vs. 2015 Enacted
$5,000.0
$43,882.0
Congressional Priorities
Water Quality Research and Support Grants
Total, Environmental Program & Management
$12,700.0
$2,566,449.2
$12,700.0
$2,613,679.0
$0.0
$2,841,718.0
($12,700.0)
$228,039.0
Inspector General
Audits, Evaluations, and Investigations
Audits, Evaluations, and Investigations
Total, Inspector General
$41,448.0
$41,448.0
$41,489.0
$41,489.0
$50,099.0
$50,099.0
$8,610.0
$8,610.0
Building and Facilities
Homeland Security
Homeland Security: Protection of EPA Personnel and
Infrastructure
4,158.7
$6,676.0
$7,875.0
$1,199.0
Operations and Administration
Facilities Infrastructure and Operations
Total, Building and Facilities
$23,532.6
$27,691.3
$35,641.0
$42,317.0
$43,632.0
$51,507.0
$7,991.0
$9,190.0
Hazardous Substance Superfund
Indoor Air and Radiation
Radiation: Protection
$1,992.1
$1,985.0
$2,180.0
$195.0
Audits, Evaluations, and Investigations
Audits, Evaluations, and Investigations
Compliance
Compliance Monitoring
Enforcement
Criminal Enforcement
Environmental Justice
Forensics Support
Superfund: Enforcement
Superfund: Federal Facilities Enforcement
Subtotal, Enforcement
$9,435.9
$1,014.9
$9,939.0
$995.0
$8,459.0
$1,067.0
($1,480.0)
$72.0
$7,430.4
$609.1
$2,291.2
$161,712.6
$7,536.8
$179,580.1
$7,243.0
$581.0
$1,083.0
$150,257.0
$7,211.0
$166,375.0
$7,643.0
$609.0
$1,124.0
$156,539.0
$7,348.0
$173,263.0
$400.0
$28.0
$41.0
$6,282.0
$137.0
$6,888.0
Homeland Security
78
-------
Homeland Security: Preparedness, Response, and
Recovery
Homeland Security: Protection of EPA Personnel and
Infrastructure
Subtotal, Homeland Security
Information Exchange / Outreach
Exchange Network
IT / Data Management / Security
Information Security
IT / Data Management
Subtotal, IT / Data Management / Security
Legal / Science / Regulatory / Economic Review
Alternative Dispute Resolution
Legal Advice: Environmental Program
Subtotal, Legal / Science / Regulatory / Economic Review
Operations and Administration
Central Planning, Budgeting, and Finance
Facilities Infrastructure and Operations
Acquisition Management
Human Resources Management
Financial Assistance Grants / IAG Management
Subtotal, Operations and Administration
Research: Sustainable Communities
Research: Sustainable and Healthy Communities
Research: Chemical Safety and Sustainability
Human Health Risk Assessment
Superfund Cleanup
Superfund: Emergency Response and Removal
Superfund: EPA Emergency Preparedness
Superfund: Federal Facilities
Superfund: Remedial
Subtotal, Superfund Cleanup
FY 2014
Actuals
$35,513.6
$1,057.1
$36,570.7
$1,383.0
$705.1
$15,129.1
$15,834.2
$888.0
$506.3
$1,394.3
$21,723.1
$70,445.1
$23,499.7
$6,590.7
$3,221.4
$125,480.0
$14,450.2
$3,113.9
$190,290.6
$7,710.2
$23,610.5
$555,236.7
$776,848.0
FY 2015
Enacted
$35,265.0
$1,097.0
$36,362.0
$1,328.0
$683.0
$13,802.0
$14,485.0
$750.0
$503.0
$1,253.0
$22,352.0
$75,055.0
$21,989.0
$5,984.0
$2,725.0
$128,105.0
$14,032.0
$2,843.0
$181,306.0
$7,636.0
$21,125.0
$501,000.0
$711,067.0
FY 2016 2016 Pres Bud
Pres Bud vs. 2015 Enacted
$32,654.0 ($2,611.0)
$1,113.0
$33,767.0
$1,366.0
$704.0
$14,938.0
$15,642.0
$774.0
$467.0
$1,241.0
$24,277.0
$78,160.0
$23,923.0
$7,953.0
$3,027.0
$137,340.0
$12,220.0
$2,831.0
$190,732.0
$7,843.0
$26,265.0
$539,618.0
$764,458.0
$16.0
($2,595.0)
$38.0
$21.0
$1,136.0
$1,157.0
$24.0
($36.0)
($12.0)
$1,925.0
$3,105.0
$1,934.0
$1,969.0
$302.0
$9,235.0
($1,812.0)
($12.0)
$9,426.0
$207.0
$5,140.0
$38,618.0
$53,391.0
Total, Hazardous Substance Superfund
$1,167,097.3
$1,088,769.0
$1,153,834.0
$65,065.0
79
-------
Leaking Underground Storage Tanks
Enforcement
Civil Enforcement
Operations and Administration
Central Planning, Budgeting, and Finance
Facilities Infrastructure and Operations
Acquisition Management
Subtotal, Operations and Administration
Underground Storage Tanks (LUST / UST)
LUST/UST
LUST Cooperative Agreements
LUST Prevention
Subtotal, Underground Storage Tanks (LUST / UST)
Research: Sustainable Communities
Research: Sustainable and Healthy Communities
Total, Leaking Underground Storage Tanks
Inland Oil Spill Programs
Compliance
Compliance Monitoring
Enforcement
Civil Enforcement
Oil
Oil Spill: Prevention, Preparedness and Response
Operations and Administration
Facilities Infrastructure and Operations
Research: Sustainable Communities
Research: Sustainable and Healthy Communities
Total, Inland Oil Spill Programs
FY 2014
Actuals
$642.4
$677.0
$797.4
$147.4
$1,621.8
$10,031.9
$56,874.7
$26,175.3
$93,081.9
$327.7
$95,673.8
$143.9
$2,396.9
$13,620.3
$456.9
$285.1
$16,903.1
FY 2015
Enacted
$620.0
$421.0
$792.0
$139.0
$1,352.0
$9,240.0
$55,040.0
$25,369.0
$89,649.0
$320.0
$91,941.0
$139.0
$2,413.0
$14,409.0
$584.0
$664.0
$18,209.0
FY 2016
Pres Bud
$627.0
$440.0
$1,103.0
$138.0
$1,681.0
$9,409.0
$54,402.0
$28,859.0
$92,670.0
$348.0
$95,326.0
$155.0
$2,424.0
$18,524.0
$1,762.0
$513.0
$23,378.0
2016 Pres Bud
vs. 2015 Enacted
$7.0
$19.0
$311.0
($1.0)
$329.0
$169.0
($638.0)
$3,490.0
$3,021.0
$28.0
$3,385.0
$16.0
$11.0
$4,115.0
$1,178.0
($151.0)
$5,169.0
State and Tribal Assistance Grants
State and Tribal Assistance Grants (STAG)
Infrastructure Assistance: Alaska Native Villages
$10,070.9
$10,000.0
$10,000.0
80
-------
Brownfields Projects
Infrastructure Assistance: Clean Water SRF
Infrastructure Assistance: Drinking Water SRF
Infrastructure Assistance: Mexico Border
Diesel Emissions Reduction Grant Program
Targeted Airshed Grants
Subtotal, State and Tribal Assistance Grants (STAG)
Categorical Grants
Categorical Grant: Nonpoint Source (Sec. 319)
Categorical Grant: Public Water System Supervision
(PWSS)
Categorical Grant: State and Local Air Quality
Management
Categorical Grant: Radon
Categorical Grant: Pollution Control (Sec. 106)
Monitoring Grants
Categorical Grant: Pollution Control (Sec.
1 06) (other activities)
Subtotal, Categorical Grant: Pollution Control (Sec.
106)
Categorical Grant: Wetlands Program Development
Categorical Grant: Underground Injection Control
(UIC)
Categorical Grant: Pesticides Program Implementation
Categorical Grant: Lead
Categorical Grant: Hazardous Waste Financial
Assistance
Categorical Grant: Pesticides Enforcement
Categorical Grant: Pollution Prevention
Categorical Grant: Toxics Substances Compliance
Categorical Grant: Tribal General Assistance Program
Categorical Grant: Underground Storage Tanks
Categorical Grant: Tribal Air Quality Management
Categorical Grant: Environmental Information
Categorical Grant: Beaches Protection
Categorical Grant: Brownfields
Subtotal, Categorical Grants
Congressional Priorities
Congressionally Mandated Projects
Total, State and Tribal Assistance Grants
FY 2014
Actuals
$97,731.5
$1,547,252.7
$892,647.9
$5,000.0
$20,674.3
$0.0
$2,573,377.3
$155,708.1
$102,692.9
$229,785.7
$8,602.9
$18,270.3
$215,338.3
$233,608.6
$12,290.5
$10,470.6
$13,665.6
$13,878.6
$98,153.1
$18,386.6
$4,853.4
$4,951.7
$68,241.1
$1,535.9
$12,442.3
$12,453.0
$9,628.6
$47,622.6
$1,058,971.8
$9,922.4
$3,642,271.5
FY 2015
Enacted
$80,000.0
$1,448,887.0
$906,896.0
$5,000.0
$30,000.0
$10,000.0
$2,490,783.0
$159,252.0
$101,963.0
$228,219.0
$8,051.0
$17,848.0
$212,958.0
$230,806.0
$14,661.0
$10,506.0
$12,701.0
$14,049.0
$99,693.0
$18,050.0
$4,765.0
$4,919.0
$65,476.0
$1,498.0
$12,829.0
$9,646.0
$9,549.0
$47,745.0
$1,054,378.0
$0.0
$3,545,161.0
FY 2016 2016 Pres Bud
Pres Bud vs. 2015 Enacted
$110,000.0 $30,000.0
$1,116,000.0
$1,186,000.0
$5,000.0
$10,000.0
$0.0
$2,437,000.0
$164,915.0
$109,700.0
$268,229.0
$0.0
$18,500.0
$230,664.0
$249,164.0
$19,661.0
$10,506.0
$13,201.0
$14,049.0
$99,693.0
$18,050.0
$4,765.0
$4,919.0
$96,375.0
$1,498.0
$12,829.0
$25,346.0
$0.0
$49,500.0
$1,162,400.0
$0.0
$3,599,400.0
($332,887.0)
$279,104.0
$0.0
($20,000.0)
($10,000.0)
($53,783.0)
$5,663.0
$7,737.0
$40,010.0
($8,051.0)
$652.0
$17,706.0
$18,358.0
$5,000.0
$0.0
$500.0
$0.0
$0.0
$0.0
$0.0
$0.0
$30,899.0
$0.0
$0.0
$15,700.0
($9,549.0)
$1,755.0
$108,022.0
$0.0
$54,239.0
81
-------
Hazardous Waste Electronic Manifest System Fund
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
RCRA: Waste Management
Total, Hazardous Waste Electronic Manifest System
Fund
FY 2014
Actuals
$2,626.5
$2,626.5
FY 2015
Enacted
$3,674.0
$3,674.0
FY 2016
Pres Bud
$7,368.0
$7,368.0
2016 Pres Bud
vs. 2015 Enacted
$3,694.0
$3,694.0
Rescission of Prior Year Funds
$0.0
($40,000.0)
$0.0
$40,000.0
Hurricane Sandy Supplemental
$570,086.7
$0.0
$0.0
$0.0
TOTAL, EPA
$8,909,296.4
$8,139,887.0 $8,591,718.0
$451,831.0
* For ease of comparison, Superfund transfer resources for the audit and research functions are shown in the Superfund account.
82
-------
Resources by Appropriation
Summary of Agency Resources by Appropriation
(Dollars in Thousands)
Appropriation
Science & Technology (S&T)
Environmental Program & Management (EPM)
Inspector General (IG)
Building and Facilities (B&F)
Inland Oil Spill Programs (Oil)
Hazardous Substance Superfund (SF)
- Superfund Program
- Inspector General Transfer
- Science & Technology Transfer
Leaking Underground Storage Tanks (LUST)
State and Tribal Assistance Grants (STAG)
- Categorical Grants
- All Other STAG
E-Manifest
Rescission of Prior Year Funds
Agency Total
FY2014
Enacted
$759,156
$2,624,149
$41,849
$34,467
$18,209
$1,088,769
$1,059,614
$9,939
$19,216
$94,566
$3,535,161
$1,054,378
$2,480,783
$3,674
$0
$8,200,000
FY2015
Enacted
$734,648
$2,613,679
$41,489
$42,317
$18,209
$1,088,769
$1,059,980
$9,939
$18,850
$91,941
$3,545,161
$1,054,378
$2,490,783
$3,674
($40,000)
$8,139,887
FY2016
PresBud
$769,088
$2,841,718
$50,099
$51,507
$23,378
$1,153,834
$1,129,158
$8,459
$16,217
$95,326
$3,599,400
$1,162,400
$2,437,000
$7,368
$0
$8,591,718
Delta
FY16PB-
FY15EN
$34,440
$228,039
$8,610
$9,190
$5,169
$65,065
$69,178
($1 ,480)
($2,633)
$3,385
$54,239
$108,022
($53,783)
$3,694
$40,000
$451,831
Note: S&T and IG totals do not include Superfund transfers - see the Superfund line items or annual
amounts.
83
-------
84
-------
Categorical Grants
Categorical Program Grants (STAG)
by National Program and State Grant
(Dollars in Thousands)
NPM/ Grant
Air & Radiation
State and Local Air Quality Management
Tribal Air Quality Management
Radon
Water
Pollution Control (Sec. 106)
Beaches Protection
Nonpoint Source (Sec. 319)
Wetlands Program Development
Drinking Water
Public Water System Supervision (PWSS)
Underground Injection Control (UIC)
Hazardous Waste
Hazardous Waste Financial Assistance
Brownfields
Underground Storage Tanks
Pesticides & Toxics
Pesticides Program Implementation
Lead
Toxics Substances Compliance
Pesticides Enforcement
Multimedia
Environmental Information
Pollution Prevention
Tribal General Assistance Program
| Total Categorical Grants
FY2014
Actuals
$229,786
$12,442
$8,603
$250,831
$233,609
$9,629
$155,708
$12,291
$411,236
$102,693
$10,471
$113,164
$98,153
$47,623
$1,536
$147,312
$13,666
$13,879
$4,952
$18,387
$50,883
$12,453
$4,853
$68,241
$85,548
$1,058,972
FY2015
Enacted
$228,219
$12,829
$8,051
$249,099
$230,806
$9,549
$159,252
$14,661
$414,268
$101,963
$10,506
$112,469
$99,693
$47,745
$1,498
$148,936
$12,701
$14,049
$4,919
$18,050
$49,719
$9,646
$4,765
$65,476
$79,887
$1,054,378
FY2016
PresBud
$268,229
$12,829
$0
$281,058
$249,164
$0
$164,915
$19,661
$433,740
$109,700
$10,506
$120,206
$99,693
$49,500
$1,498
$150,691
$13,201
$14,049
$4,919
$18,050
$50,219
$25,346
$4,765
$96,375
$126,486
$1,162,400
Delta
FY2016PB-
FY 201 5 EN
$40,010
$0
($8,051)
$31,959
$18,358
($9,549)
$5,663
$5,000
$19,472
$7,737
$0
$7,737
$0
$1 ,755
$0
$1,755
$500
$0
$0
$0
$500
$15,700
$0
$30,899
$46,599
$108,022
% Change
FY2016 PB-
FY2015 EN
17.5%
0.0%
-100.0%
12.8%
8.0%
-100.0%
3.6%
34.1%
4.7%
7.6%
0.0%
6.9%
0.0%
3.7%
0.0%
1.2%
3.9%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
1.0%
162.8%
0.0%
47.2%
58.3%
10.2%|
Notes 1) Actuals refer to actual obligations.
2) Totals may not add due to rounding.
85
-------
86
-------
Categorical Grants
Categorical Grants Program (STAG)
(Dollars in millions)
$1,400 1
$1,200
$1,000
$800
$600
$400
$200
-------
Categorical Grants
control of air pollution and for the implementation of National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) set
to protect public health and the environment. In FY 2016, the EPA will continue to work with state and local
air pollution control agencies to develop or implement state implementation plans (SIPs) for NAAQS and
also for regional haze. In addition, the EPA will continue to support state and local operation of the National
Air Toxics Trends Stations network. In FY2016, states with approved or delegated permitting programs will
continue to implement greenhouse gas requirements as part of their permitting programs. Additionally, in
FY 2016, the agency will work with states to implement their obligations under section 111 (b) and (d) of
the Clean Air Act, with regard to GHG emissions from electric generating units. The FY 2016 request
includes $25 million for state plan development under section 111(d) of the Clean Air Act.
The EPA will work with federally-recognized Tribal governments nationwide to continue development and
implementation of Tribal air quality management programs. Tribes are active in protection of air quality for
the land over which they have sovereignty and work closely with the EPA to monitor and report air quality
information. Lastly, the FY 2016 budget eliminates funding for the State Indoor Radon Grant (SIRG)
program. The SIRG program was authorized in 1988 to provide financial assistance to states to develop,
implement and enhance state capacity for reducing radon risk. Now that most states have indoor radon
programs in place, EPA will narrow support to States to technical assistance alone and eliminate financial
assistance provided under the SIRG program.
Water Pollution Control (Clean Water Act Section 106) Grants
The EPA FY 2016 request includes $249.2 million for Water Pollution Control grants. The $18.4 million
increase will strengthen the state, interstate and Tribal water quality programs. These water quality
programs assist state and Tribal efforts to restore and maintain the quality of the nation's waters by
strengthening water quality standards, improving water quality monitoring and assessment, implementing
Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs) and other watershed-related plans, strengthening the National
Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit program and implementing practices to reduce
pollution from all nonpoint sources. The EPA will work with states, interstate agencies and tribes to
strengthen their nutrient management efforts consistent with the EPA Water Program guidance issued in
March 2011, including the development of numeric nutrient criteria. The EPA will work with states to
incorporate rules governing discharges and revise NPDES permits.
States and authorized tribes will continue to review and update their water quality standards as required by
the Clean Water Act. The EPA's goal for FY 2016 is that 73.2 percent of states will have updated their
standards to reflect the latest scientific information. In FY 2016, the EPA requests $18.5 million of the
Section 106 funding be provided to states and tribes that participate in collecting statistically valid water
monitoring data and implement enhancements in their water monitoring programs.
Wetlands Grants
In FY2016, the EPA request includes $19.7 million for Wetlands Program grants, which provide technical
and financial assistance to the states, tribes, and local governments. These grants support development of
state and Tribal wetland programs that further the national goal of an overall increase in the acreage and
condition of wetlands. The Wetland Program Development Grants are the EPA's primary resource for
supporting state and Tribal wetland program development. Grants are used to develop new or refine
existing state and Tribal wetland programs in one or more of the following areas: (1) monitoring and
assessment; (2) voluntary restoration and protection; (3) regulatory programs including Section 401
certification; and (4) wetland water quality standards. The FY 2016 budget includes $5 million for grants
awarded competitively for efforts to increase climate resilience by protecting and enhancing wetlands.
Public Water System Supervision Grants
In FY 2016, the EPA requests $109.7 million for Public Water System Supervision (PWSS) grants. These
grants provide assistance to implement and enforce National Primary Drinking Water Regulations to ensure
the safety of the Nation's drinking water resources and to protect public health. This request includes an
additional $7.7 million to augment state and tribal efforts in meeting existing drinking water regulations and
88
-------
Categorical Grants
preparing for the implementation of the new Revised Total Coliform Rule. These resources also will be used
by states and tribes as they provide technical assistance and training to help meet the continued needs of
the small water systems such as providing operator training, taking compliance samples, and working with
systems to address sanitary survey deficiencies. Many small water systems continue to face challenges to
reliably provide safe drinking water. Additional grant funds will enable states to assist these systems through
such activities as developing asset management programs and improved rate structures, planning for
drought and floods, evaluating opportunities for greater water reuse, and facilitating system partnerships to
achieve greater efficiencies.
Underground Injection Control (UIC) Grants
In FY2016, the EPA requests $10.5 million forthe Underground Injection Control grants program. Ensuring
safe underground injection of waste materials and other fluids is a main component of a comprehensive
source water protection program. Grants are provided to states that have primary enforcement authority
(primacy) to implement and maintain UIC programs. In December 2010, a rule was finalized which
established a new class of underground injection well, Class VI, with new federal requirements to allow the
injection of CO2 for the purpose of Geologic Sequestration (GS). The EPA directly implements the Class VI
geologic sequestration program, as no states have received approval for Class VI primacy either through a
state UIC program revision or through a new application from states without any UIC primary enforcement
authority. The EPA will continue to work with states interested in applying for Class VI primacy, and continue
to carry out regulatory functions for Class VI geologic sequestration wells in most states, along with other
classes of wells for which the EPA has direct implementation responsibility. In 2014, the EPA released
guidance on hydraulic fracturing to help ensure the benefit of energy development while not jeopardizing
precious drinking water resources and environmental quality. The EPA will work to help states and tribes
review complexdata typically contained in UIC applications for hydraulic fracturing using diesel fuels. States
and the EPA also will process Underground Injection Control permits for other nontraditional injection
streams such as desalination brines and treated waters injected for storage and recovered at a later time.
Non-Point Source Program Grants (NPS - Clean Water Act Section 319)
In FY 2016, the EPA requests $164.9 million for Nonpoint Source Program grants to states, territories, and
tribes. These grants enable states to use a range of tools to implement their programs including: both non-
regulatory and regulatory programs, technical assistance, financial assistance, education, training,
technology transfer, and demonstration projects. The request also eliminates, for FY 2016, the statutory
one-third of one-percent cap on Clean Water Act Section 319 Nonpoint Source Pollution grants that may
be awarded to tribes, allowing the agency to provide Tribal funding at the agency's discretion in accordance
with Tribal needs. In 2016, the EPA and the USDA will work collaboratively in high priority, focused
watersheds to address agricultural nonpoint source pollution. The goal of our collaboration is to coordinate
agency efforts, thereby increasing conservation on the ground to better protect water resources from
nonpoint sources of pollution, including nitrogen and phosphorus.
Tribal General Assistance Program Grants
In FY 2016, the EPA requests $96.4 million in General Assistance Program (GAP) grants to provide tribes
with a stronger foundation to build their capacity to address environmental issues on Indian lands. It will
further the EPA's partnership and collaboration with tribes to address a wider set of program responsibilities
and challenges, Funding will improve long-standing issues related to recruitment and retention of qualified
environmental tribal professionals. Resources will support activities to help tribes transition from capacity
development to program implementation, and support activities to implement new grant conditions such as
the development of EPA-Tribal Environmental Plans (ETEPs). . The grants will assist Tribal governments
in building environmental capacity to assess environmental conditions, utilize available federal and other
information, and build and administer environmental programs tailored to their needs. This additional
funding will increase the average level of grants made to eligible tribes and focus on mutually agreed-upon
concerns in Indian country.
89
-------
Categorical Grants
Pesticide Enforcement and Toxics Substances Compliance Grants
The FY 2016 request includes $22.9 million to build environmental enforcement partnerships with states
and tribes and to strengthen their ability to address environmental and public health threats. The
enforcement state grants request consists of $18.0 million for Pesticides Enforcement and $4.9 million for
Toxic Substances Compliance Grants. The Toxic Substance Compliance Grants protect the public and the
environment from PCBs, asbestos, and lead-based paint. State and Tribal enforcement grants will be
awarded to assist in the implementation of compliance and enforcement provisions of the Toxic Substances
Control Act (TSCA) and the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA). These grants
support state and Tribal compliance activities to protect the environment from harmful chemicals and
pesticides.
Under the Pesticides Enforcement Grant program, the EPA provides resources to states and Indian tribes
to conduct FIFRA compliance inspections and take appropriate enforcement actions and implement
programs for farm worker protection. The program also sponsors training for state and Tribal inspectors
through the Pesticide Inspector Residential Program (PIRT) and for state and Tribal managers through the
Pesticide Regulatory Education Program (PREP). Underthe Toxic Substances Compliance Grant program,
"non-waiver" states inspect on behalf of the EPA and receive funding for compliance inspections of
asbestos and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and "waiver" states inspect undertheirown regulations and
receive funding for compliance inspections and enforcement of the asbestos program. States also receive
funding for implementation of the state lead-based paint certification and training, abatement notification
and work practice standards compliance and enforcement program. The funds will complement other
federal program grants for building state capacity for lead abatement, and enhancing compliance with
disclosure, certification, and training requirements.
Pesticides Program Implementation Grants
The FY 2016 request includes $13.2 million for Pesticides Program Implementation grants. These
resources will assist states, tribes, and partners with outreach, training, technical assistance and
implementation of various pesticide programs and issues; this includes: pesticide worker safety, protection
of endangered species and water sources, bed bug issues, pollinator protection, spray drift reduction and
promotion of environmental stewardship approaches to pesticide use. The EPA's mission, as related to
pesticides, is to protect human health and the environment from pesticide risk and to realize the value of
pesticide availability by considering the economic, social, and environmental costs and benefits of using
pesticides. The Pesticides Program Implementation grants help state programs stay current with changing
requirements.
Lead Grants
The FY 2016 request includes $14.0 million for lead grants. This funding will provide assistance to states,
territories, the District of Columbia, and tribes to develop and implement authorized programs for the lead-
based paint abatement program to operate in lieu of the federal program. Additionally, the program will
provide support to those entities to develop and implement authorized Renovation, Repair and Painting
(RRP) Programs. The EPA implements these programs in all areas of the country that are not authorized
to do so. Activities conducted as part of this program include: accrediting training programs, certifying
individuals and firms, and providing education and compliance assistance to those subject to the abatement
and RRP regulations as well as the general public.
Pollution Prevention Grants
The FY 2016 request includes $4.8 million for Pollution Prevention grants. The program provides grant
funds to deliver technical assistance to specific sectors and to address priority environmental problems
aimed at reducing hazardous materials and hazardous pollution. The goal is to assist businesses and
industries with identifying improved environmental strategies and solutions for reducing waste at the source.
The program demonstrates that source reduction can be a cost-effective way of meeting or exceeding
Federal and state regulatory requirements.
90
-------
Categorical Grants
Environmental Information Grants
In FY 2016, the EPA requests $25.3 million for the Environmental Information Exchange Network (EN)
grant program. The EN grants provide funding to states, territories, federally recognized Indian tribes and
tribal consortia to support their participation in the EN. These grants help EN partners acquire and develop
the hardware and software needed to connect to the Network; use the EN to collect, report and access the
data they need with greater efficiency; and integrate environmental data across programs. In collaboration
with the EPA, the Environmental Council of the States accepts the EN as the standard approach for EPA
and state data sharing. Tribes and territories have adopted it as well. The grant program provides the
funding to make this approach a reality. Specifically, grants will be used to develop publishing services,
develop desktop and mobile applications that can send and receive data via the network, expand the
network to new priority data systems, transition network services to an EPA-hosted cloud-based node,
increase data sharing among partners, bring electronic reporting into compliance with the Cross-Media
Electronic Reporting Rule (CROMERR) using EPA hosted shared services as well as other priorities.
As part of the agency's E-Enterprise initiative, in FY2016, the EPA request includes $15.7 million in funding
for our state, local and Tribal partners to achieve benefits that reach beyond the standardization and
exchange of data. The grants will fund new efforts to streamline and harmonize environmental regulations
and the services for implementing them, with a goal of enabling the public and the regulated community to
seamlessly interact with the environmental protection enterprise in the United States. Specific efforts in FY
2016 will include participation in integrated project teams for regulatory analysis, business process
reengineering, enterprise architecture analysis, performance measures, and communication efforts.
Projects will include pilots for a single sign-on across federal and state programs with shared electronic
credentials, scoping the transition to reusable shared solutions offered by the EPA, and the joint
development of new shared services and components. The return on investment will be measured in the
number of legacy systems that are converted to shared approaches, hours of reduced cumulative burden
in paperwork and regulatory reporting, and costs avoided by preventing the redundant development and
maintenance of technology services and infrastructure. This work will build on the successful state/EPA
collaboration with the Environmental Information Exchange Network, a partnership which is enabling the
exchange and sharing of critical environmental data, leading to enhanced analysis of environmental
conditions and improved decision making.
State and Tribal Underground Storage Tanks Program
The FY 2016 request includes $1.5 million for Underground Storage Tank (UST) grants. In FY 2015, the
EPA awarded grants to states under Section 2007 of the Solid Waste Disposal Act, that supported core
program activities as well as the leak prevention activities under Title XV, Subtitle B of the Energy Policy
Actof2005(EPAct).
In FY 2016, the EPA will continue to focus attention on the need to bring all UST systems into compliance
with release detection and release prevention requirements and continue to implement the provisions of
the EPAct. States will continue to use the UST categorical grant funding to implement their leak prevention
and detection programs. Specifically, with these UST categorical grants, states will fund such activities as:
seeking state program approval to operate the UST program in lieu of the Federal program, approving
specific technologies to detect leaks from tanks, ensuring that tank owners and operators are complying
with notification and other requirements, ensuring equipment compatibility, conducting inspections, and
implementing operator training.
Hazardous Waste Financial Assistance Grants
In FY 2016, the EPA requests $99.7 million for Hazardous Waste Financial Assistance grants. Hazardous
Waste Financial Assistance grants are used for the implementation of the Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act (RCRA) hazardous waste program, which includes permitting, authorization, waste
minimization, enforcement, and corrective action activities. In FY 2016, the EPA will work with states to
meet the annual target of 115 hazardous waste facilities with new or updated controls.
91
-------
Categorical Grants
By the end of FY 2016, the EPA and the authorized states also will control human exposures to
contamination at 92 percent of the 2020 Universe of 3,779 facilities that may need cleanup underthe RCRA
Corrective Action Program. The EPA also will control migration of contaminated groundwaterat 82 percent
of these facilities, complete the construction of final remedies at 64 percent of these facilities, and attain
corrective action performance standards at 25 percent of these facilities.
Brownfields Grants
In FY 2016, the EPA requests $49.5 million for the Brownfields grant program that provides assistance to
states and tribes to develop and enhance their state and Tribal Brownfields response programs. This
funding will help states and tribes develop legislation, regulations, procedures, and guidance, to establish
or enhance the administrative and legal structure of their response programs.
92
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SRF Obligations by State
Clean Water State Revolving Fund (CWSRF) Resources
Drinking Water State Revolving Fund (DWSRF) Resources
State-by-State distribution of Actual and Estimated Obligations
Fiscal Years 2014 to 2016 - Dollars in Thousands
The following tables show state-by-state distribution of resources for EPA's two
largest State and Tribal Grant Programs, the Clean Water State Revolving Fund
and the Drinking Water State Revolving Fund.
93
-------
SRF Obligations by State
Infrastructure Assistance:
Clean Water State Revolving Fund (SRF)
(Dollars in Thousands)
STATE
Alabama
Alaska
American Samoa
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Guam
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Jersey - Sandy Supplemental
New Mexico
New York
New York - Sandy Supplemental
North Carolina
North Dakota
Northern Mariana Islands
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virgin Islands, U.S.
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Tribal Resources
Undistributed National Resources
Undistributed National Resources - Sandy Supplemental
TOTAL:
Notes:
1 . Includes $373 thousand for American Iron and Steel Management and Oversight,
FY 2014
ACT.
OBLIG.
$15,836
$8,476
$7,693
$16,954
$9,265
$103,088
$11,216
$17,350
$6,953
$7,141
$48,341
$23,946
$5,566
$11,319
$6,953
$64,052
$34,131
$19,159
$12,784
$18,025
$15,569
$10,963
$34,253
$48,084
$60,896
$26,031
$12,760
$39,261
$7,066
$7,263
$6,953
$14,153
$57,911
$191,100
$8,828
$156,359
$283,100
$25,560
$6,971
$3,522
$79,729
$12,465
$15,999
$56,100
$18,871
$9,510
$14,509
$6,953
$20,574
$165,092
$7,462
$6,953
$4,240
$50,840
$24,629
$221
$38,288
$6,953
$16,693
$6051
$1593
$2,021,696
FY2015
EST.
OBLIG.
$15,859
$8,488
$7,693
$9,579
$9,278
$101,436
$11,345
$17,375
$6,963
$6,963
$47,875
$23,980
$5,566
$10,985
$6,963
$64,145
$34,181
$19,195
$12,802
$18,051
$15,591
$10,979
$34,303
$48,154
$60,984
$26,068
$12,778
$39,318
$6,963
$7,254
$6,963
$14,174
$57,958
$0.0
$6,963
$156,547
$0.0
$25,597
$6,963
$3,575
$79,844
$11,459
$16,022
$56,181
$18,498
$9,523
$14,530
$6,963
$20,603
$64,825
$7,473
$6,963
$4,465
$29,026
$24,665
$22,109
$38,343
$6,963
$28,978
$1,6002
$0.0
$1,448,887
FY 2016
EST.
OBLIG.
$12,112
$6,483
$5,884
$7,316
$7,086
$77,469
$8,664
$13,270
$5,318
$5,318
$36,563
$18,314
$4,257
$8,389
$5,318
$48,989
$26,105
$14,660
$9,777
$13,786
$11,907
$8,385
$26,198
$36,776
$46,575
$19,909
$9,759
$30,028
$5,318
$5,540
$5,318
$10,825
$44,263
$0.0
$5,318
$119,551
$0.0
$19,549
$5,318
$2,734
$60,978
$8,751
$12,236
$42,906
$14,128
$7,273
$11,097
$5,318
$15,735
$49,508
$5,707
$5,318
$3,415
$22,168
$18,837
$16,885
$29,283
$5,318
$30,000
$2,7902
$0.0
$1,116,000
$223 thousand for the annual Missouri independent
audits for the CWSRF, and $9 thousand for a SEE employee supporting SRF activities in Region 7.
2. American Iron and Steel Management and Oversight.
3. Payroll attributed to the Disaster Relief Appropriations Act of 2013 (P. L. 11 3-2).
94
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SRF Obligations by State
Infrastructure Assistance:
Drinking Water State Revolving Fund (SRF)
(Dollars in Thousands)
STATE
Alabama
Alaska
American Samoa
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Guam
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Jersey - Sandy Supplemental
New Mexico
New York
New York - Sandy Supplemental
North Carolina
North Dakota
Northern Mariana Islands
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virgin Islands, U.S.
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Tribal Resources
Undistributed National Resources
Undistributed National Resources - Sandy Supplemental
TOTAL:
Notes:
1 . UCMR set aside,
2. Includes $2 million in UCMR set aside, and $2.267 million in Buy American Set Aside (P.L
3. Includes $2 million in UCMR set aside, and $2.965 million in Buy American Set Aside (P.L
4. Payroll attributed to the Disaster Relief Appropriations Act of 2013 (P.L. 11 3-2).
FY2014
ACT.
OBLIG.
$16,892
$8,845
$1,542
$17,687
$13,526
$83,644
$15,394
$8,962
$8,845
$8,845
$32,350
$19,284
$3,958
$450
$8,845
$36,911
$14,348
$13,229
$10,080
$13,770
$12,127
$8,845
$15,012
$16,441
$27,530
$15,827
$9,159
$17,855
$8,845
$8,958
$12,614
$8,845
$16,817
$38,200
$8,845
$42,428
$56,600
$20,695
$8,845
$3,389
$24,586
$14,489
$12,563
$28,280
$8,845
$8,845
$8,845
$8,845
$8,845
$65,453
$9,229
$8,845
$4,378
$14,654
$19,741
$8,913
$15,425
$8,845
$10,866
$1,6351
$454
$987,456
113-76).
113-76).
FY2015
EST.
OBLIG.
$16,892
$8,845
$1 ,542
$15,969
$13,534
$83,221
$15,394
$8,962
$8,845
$8,845
$32,350
$19,284
$3,958
$8,845
$8,845
$36,911
$14,348
$13,229
$10,080
$13,770
$12,127
$8,845
$15,012
$16,441
$27,530
$15,827
$9,159
$17,855
$8,845
$8,845
$12,614
$8,845
$16,828
$0.0
$8,845
$42,455
$0.0
$20,695
$8,845
$3,389
$24,586
$14,251
$12,563
$28,280
$8,845
$8,845
$8,845
$8,845
$8,845
$63,953
$9,229
$8,845
$4,378
$14,654
$19,741
$8,845
$15,425
$8,845
$18,138
$4,2672
$0.0
$906,896
FY2016
EST.
OBLIG.
$22,103
$11,573
$1 ,769
$20,895
$17,708
$108,891
$20,143
$11,727
$11,573
$11,573
$42,329
$25,233
$4,422
$11,573
$11,573
$48,296
$18,773
$17,309
$13,190
$18,017
$15,867
$11,574
$19,642
$21,512
$36,022
$20,709
$11,984
$23,363
$11,573
$11,573
$16,505
$11,573
$22,019
$0.0
$11,573
$55,550
$0.0
$27,078
$11,573
$5,167
$32,170
$18,647
$16,438
$37,004
$11,573
$11,573
$11,573
$11,573
$11,573
$83,680
$12,076
$11,573
$6,002
$19,174
$25,830
$11,573
$20,183
$11,573
$23,720
$4,9653
$0.0
$1,186,000
95
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Infrastructure Financing
Infrastructure / STAG Project Financing
(Dollars in Thousands)
Type / Grant
FY2014
Enacted
FY2015
Enacted
FY2016
PresBud
Delta
FY16PB-
FY15EN
Clean Water State Revolving Fund $1,448,887 $1,448,887 $1,116,000 ($332,887)
Drinking Water State Revolving Fund $906,896 $906,896 $1,186,000 $279,104
State Revolving Funds
$2,355,783 $2,355,783 $2,302,000
($53,783)
Mexico Border
Alaska Native Villages
$5,000
$10,000
$5,000
$10,000
$5,000
$10,000
$0
$0
Special Needs Projects
$15,000
$15,000
$15,000
$0
Diesel Emissions Reduction Grant
Program
$20,000
$30,000 $10,000 ($20,000)
Brownfields Projects
$90,000
$80,000 $110,000
$30,000
Targeted Airshed Grants
$0
$10,000
$0 ($10,000)
Infrastructure Assistance Total
$2,480,783 $2,490,783 $2,437,000 ($53,783)
Infrastructure and Special Projects Funds
The FY 2016 President's Budget includes a total of $2.44 billion for the EPA's Infrastructure programs,
including the State Revolving Funds (SRFs), Mexico Border and Alaska Native Villages programs, and
Brownfields Projects, in the State and Tribal Assistance Grant (STAG) account. This budget funds the SRFs
at $2.3 billion total.
With funds provided to the SRFs and funding through EPA's operating programs in FY 2016, the EPA will
augment its effort to build the capacity of local utilities, private investors, and existing state programs to
expand their contribution to the array of funding options to meet future infrastructure needs. Infrastructure
and targeted project funding under the STAG appropriation provides financial assistance to states,
municipalities, interstates, and tribal governments to fund a variety of drinking water, wastewater, air, and
brownfields environmental projects. These funds help fulfill the federal government's commitment to help
our state, tribal and local partners comply with federal environmental requirements and ensure public health
and revitalize contaminated properties.
Providing STAG funds to capitalize SRF programs, the EPA works in partnership with the states to provide
low-cost loans to municipalities for infrastructure construction. All drinking water and wastewater projects
are funded based on state developed priority lists. Through SRF set-asides, grants are available to Indian
tribes and U.S. territories for infrastructure projects.
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Infrastructure Financing
The resources included in this budget will enable the agency, in conjunction with the EPA's state, local, and
tribal partners, to achieve important goals. For example, 92 percent of the population served by community
water systems will receive drinking water meeting all health-based standards.
Capitalizing Clean Water and Drinking Water State Revolving Funds
The Clean Water and Drinking Water State Revolving Fund programs demonstrate a true partnership
between states, localities, and the federal government. These programs provide federal financial assistance
to protect the nation's water resources by providing funds for the construction of drinking water and
wastewater infrastructure and treatment facilities. The state revolving funds are two important elements of
the nation's substantial investment in sewage treatment and drinking water systems, which provide
Americans with significant benefits in the form of reduced water pollution and safe drinking water.
This federal investment also will support the continued work of the SRFs in ensuring that small and
underserved communities have tools available to help address their pressing water infrastructure and other
water quality needs. Many small systems face significant investment needs critical for the public health and
environmental safety of the towns and cities they serve. The EPA will focus on issues such as: financial
planning for future infrastructure investments (applications, exploring financing options, planning and
design); expanding current work with States to identify additional financing opportunities for small
communities; and enhancing partnership and collaboration with USDA on training, technical assistance,
and funding opportunities for small communities.
The EPA will continue to provide financial assistance for wastewater and other water projects through the
Clean Water State Revolving Fund (CWSRF). CWSRF projects include nonpoint source, estuary,
stormwater, and sewer overflow projects. The dramatic progress made in improving the quality of
wastewater treatment since the 1970s is a national success. In 1972, only 78.2 million people were served
by secondary or advanced wastewater treatment facilities. As of 2008 (from the most recent Clean
Watersheds Needs Survey), over 99 percent of Publicly Owned Treatment Works, serving 222.6 million
people, use secondary treatment or better. Water infrastructure projects supported by the program
contribute to direct ecosystem improvements by lowering the amount of nutrients and toxic pollutants in all
types of surface waters. While great progress has been made, many rivers, lakes and ocean/coastal areas
still suffer a significant influx of pollutants after heavy rains resulting in beach closures, infected fish, and
degradation of the ability of watersheds to sustain a healthy ecosystem.
The FY2016 request includes $1.116 billion in funding for the CWSRF. Total CWSRF funding available for
loans from 1988 through June 2014 exceeds $108 billion. This total reflects loan repayments, state match
dollars, as well as other funding sources. The EPA estimates that for every federal dollar contributed, more
than two dollars are provided to municipalities.
The FY 2016 request includes $1.186 billion in funding for the DWSRF. Since its inception in 1997, the
Drinking Water State Revolving Fund (DWSRF) program has made $30.1 billion available to finance 11,448
infrastructure improvement projects nationwide, with an average of $1.76 made available to localities for
every $1 of federal funds invested. As of June 30, 2014, $16.6 billion in capitalization grants have been
awarded, amounting to loans/assistance of $27.9 billion. The DWSRF helps address the costs of ensuring
safe drinking water supplies and assists small communities in meeting their responsibilities.
The EPA will work to target assistance to small and underserved communities with limited ability to repay
loans. Through the new Water Infrastructure and Resiliency Finance Center, the EPA will work to promote
public private collaboration, provide peer-to-peer learning and training workshops, develop public private
partnership models and tools, and maintain an ongoing dialogue with the financial community to encourage
investment in the water market as well as innovative financing and utilization of the green project reserve
to increase climate resilient infrastructure projects.
Tribal communities are in great need of assistance given their sanitation and drinking water infrastructure
lags behind the rest of the country causing significant public health concerns. To help address this situation,
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Infrastructure Financing
EPA is requesting a tribal funding floor of two percent, or $30 million for the CWSRF or $20 million for the
DWSRF, whichever is greater, of the funds appropriated in FY16.
For FY 2016, the EPA requests that not less than 10 percent but not more than 20 percent of the CWSRF
funds and not less than 20 percent but not more than 30 percent of the DWSRF funds be made available
to each state to be used to provide additional subsidy to eligible recipients in the form of forgiveness of
principle, negative interest loans, or grants (or a combination of these). The CWSRF additional subsidy
would apply to the entire CWSRF appropriation. For FY 2016, the EPA will encourage states to utilize the
subsidy to assist small drinking water systems with standards compliance. The EPA also is requesting, to
the extent there are sufficient eligible project applications, that not less than 20 percent of a portion of a
CWSRF capitalization grant be made available for green infrastructure or environmentally innovative
projects that can promote water system and community resilience. Funds made available to each State for
Drinking Water State Revolving Fund capitalization grants may, at the discretion of each State, be used for
projects that address green infrastructure, water or energy efficiency improvements, or environmentally
innovative activities.
As part of the Administration's Sustainable Water Infrastructure Policy, the EPA focuses on working with
federal partners, states, and communities to develop systems that employ effective utility management
practices to build and maintain the level of technical, financial, and managerial capacity necessary to ensure
long-term sustainability. The policy emphasizes the need to build on existing efforts to promote sustainable
water infrastructure and to employ robust, comprehensive planning processes to deliver projects that are
cost effective over their life cycle, resource efficient, and consistent with community sustainability goals.
Through this policy, the EPA is helping to ensure that federal investments, policies, and actions support
water infrastructure in efficient and sustainable locations to best aid existing communities, enhance
economic competitiveness, and promote affordable neighborhoods. The policy encourages that Federal
dollars provided through the SRFs will act as a catalyst for efficient system-wide planning and ongoing
management of sustainable water infrastructure.
Alaska Native Villages
The President's Budget requests $10 million for Alaska native villages for the construction of wastewater
and drinking water facilities to address serious sanitation problems. The EPA will continue to work with the
Department of Health and Human Services' Indian Health Service, the State of Alaska, the Alaska Native
Tribal Health Council, and local communities to provide needed financial and technical assistance.
Diesel Emissions Reduction Grants
The Diesel Emissions Reduction Act (DERA) authorizes funding to provide immediate, cost-effective
emission reductions from existing diesel engines through engine retrofits, rebuilds, and replacements;
switching to cleaner fuels; idling reduction strategies; and other clean diesel strategies. Retrofitting or
replacing older diesel engines reduces particulate matter (PM) emissions up to 95 percent, smog-forming
emissions, such as hydrocarbons (HC) and nitrogen oxide (NOx), up to 90 percent, and greenhouse gases
up to 20 percent in the upgraded vehicles with engine replacements.
The FY 2016 President's Budget requests $10 million in DERA funding through grants and rebates to
continue to reduce diesel emissions in communities and areas of highly concentrated diesel pollution. EPA
will also coordinate diesel emissions reduction efforts with the Department of Transportation and the
Department of Energy.
Brownfields Projects
The President's Budget requests $110 million for Brownfields projects. With the FY 2016 request, the EPA
plans to fund at least 151 assessment cooperative agreements and approximately 64 direct cleanup
cooperative agreements. The EPA also will support the assessment and cleanup of up to 142 sites
contaminated by petroleum or petroleum products and award an estimated $3.5 million in environmental
workforce development and job training grants. In FY 2016, the funding provided is expected to result in
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Infrastructure Financing
the assessment of 1,300 brownfields properties, all of which are located in distressed communities. Using
EPA grant dollars, the brownfields grantees will leverage 5,000 cleanup and redevelopment jobs and $1.1
billion in cleanup and redevelopment funding, and 4,000 acres of Brownfields will be ready for reuse.
During FY 2016, the Brownfields program will continue to support the agency's ongoing brownfields area-
wide planning efforts. The cooperative agreements and technical assistance provided for brownfields area-
wide planning will assist communities affected by energy sector transition to explore new land use and
economic development options by identifying viable reuses of brownfields properties, as well as planning
activities associated with improvements to infrastructure and the environment, which may lead to site
cleanup and community revitalization.
The EPA will continue to provide technical assistance for brownfields redevelopment in cities that are
struggling to recover from structural changes in the U.S. manufacturing industry that resulted in significant
impacts to their economies and has added to the communities' needs to address blight and brownfields
properties. In FY 2016, the Brownfields program will continue to foster federal, state, local, and
public/private partnerships to return properties to productive economic use in communities.
The EPA's Brownfields and Land Revitalization Programs are key participants in the HUD-DOT-EPA
partnership promoting livability and sustainable development. The EPA Brownfields program also is
partnering with the Department of Labor and NIEHS to support environmental workforce development and
fund job training and placement programs in brownfield communities. The Brownfields and Land
Revitalization programs are working with USDA, HHS, and ATSDR to identify ways in which federal
programs can increase food access in all communities and ensure access to quality health care. The
Brownfields and Land Revitalization programs also are partnering with the National Park Service and its
River and Trails Program to support Groundwork USA and individual Groundwork teams in their efforts to
engage youth in community revitalization.
Mexico Border
The President's Budget requests a total of $5 million for water infrastructure projects along the U.S.-Mexico
Border. The goal of this program is to reduce environmental and human health risks along the border. The
EPA's U.S.-Mexico Border program provides funds to support the planning, design, and construction of
high priority water and wastewater treatment projects. The agency's goal is to provide protection to people
in the U.S.-Mexico border area from health risks by connecting homes to potable water supply and
wastewater collection and treatment systems.
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Trust Funds
Trust Funds
(Dollars in Millions)
Trust Funds Program
Superfund2
Inspector General (Transfers)
Research & Development
(Transfers)
Superfund Total
Base Realignment and
Closure3
LUST4
Trust Funds Total5:
FY 2014
Enacted
Budget1
$
$1,060
$10
$19
$1,089
$0
$95
$1,184
FTE
2,630
60
79
2,769
14
55
2,838
FY2015
Enacted
Budget1
$
$1,060
$10
$19
$1,089
$0
$92
$1,181
FTE
2,544
59
75
2,677
9
55
2,741
FY2016
President's
Budget1
$
$1,129
$8
$16
$1,154
$0
$95
$1,249
FTE
2,532
50
72
2,654
9
54
2,717
1 Totals may not add due to rounding.
2 FTE numbers include all direct and reimbursable Superfund employees, excluding Base Realignment and Closure which is
discussed below.
3 Funding for reimbursable FTE provided by the Department of Defense via an Interagency Agreement.
4 EPAct Grants for Prevention activities are included in the FY 2014 Enacted, FY 2015 Enacted, and FY 2016 President's Budget.
5 Trust Funds Total includes reimbursable FTE for Base Realignment and Closure as well as other Superfund reimbursable FTE.
Superfund
In FY2016, the President's Budget requests a total of $1,154 million in discretionary budget authority and
2,654 FTE for Superfund. This funding level will address environmental and public health risks resulting
from releases or threatened releases of hazardous substances associated with any emergency site, as well
as the over 13,539 active Superfund National Priorities List (NPL) and non-NPL sites. It also provides
funding to pursue responsible parties for cleanup costs, preserving federal dollars for sites where there are
no viable contributing parties. As of January 2015, there are 1,707 sites on the NPL. 1,166 sites (68 percent)
are construction completed or are deleted, 320 sites (19 percent) are undergoing cleanup construction, 221
sites (13 percent) are pending investigation or being investigated. The EPA will continue to give attention
to all phases of the investigation and cleanup of NPL and non-NPL sites, including post-construction
completion activities to ensure that Superfund response actions provide for the long-term protection of
human health and the environment. A significant statutorily required post-construction activity is a Five-
Year Review1, which generally is necessary when hazardous substances remain on-site above levels that
permit unrestricted use and unlimited exposure. In FY 2016, the EPA plans to conduct approximately 245
Five-Year Reviews.
1 Five-Year Reviews are used to evaluate the implementation and performance of all components of the implemented remedy and
to determine whether the remedy remains protective of human health and the environment. The Five-Year Review includes not
only the physical remedy itself, but also institutional controls necessary to manage the use of the site. The EPA develops an annual
Report to Congress describing the protectiveness of remedies as found through Five-Year Reviews including those conducted by
federal agencies and reviewed by the EPA through the Superfund Federal Facilities Response program.
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Trust Funds
Of the total funding requested for Superfund, $764 million and 1,2622 FTE are for Superfund cleanups
which include the Superfund Remedial, Emergency Response and Removal, EPA Emergency
Preparedness, and Federal Facilities programs. The Superfund program protects the American public and
its resources by cleaning up sites which pose an imminent or long term risk of exposure and harm to human
health and the environment. In FY 2016, the agency will continue to respond to emergency releases of
hazardous substances, stabilizing sites and mitigating immediate threats to keep our communities safe and
healthy. The Superfund Remedial program will continue to maintain focus on completing projects at various
stages in the response process and maximizing the use of site-specific special accounts. The EPA and its
partners will focus on completing construction activities at 13 site wide construction completions as well as
105 individual project completions by the end of FY 2016, while achieving human exposure and
groundwater migration under control at 9 and 13 sites, respectively. The cumulative effect of funding
constraints in recent years has slowed activity through all aspects of remedial action, causing backlogs and
delays at several sites almost half of which pose environmental justice concerns.
Of the total funding requested, $173 million and 852 FTE are for Superfund enforcement-related activities.
One of the Superfund program's primary goals is to have responsible parties pay for and conduct cleanups
at abandoned or uncontrolled hazardous waste sites. The agency focuses on maximizing all aspects of
Potentially Responsible Party (PRP) participation; including reaching a settlement with or taking an
enforcement action by the time of a Remedial Action start for at least 99 percent of non-federal Superfund
sites that have viable, liable parties. The agency has reached a settlement or taken an enforcement action
on 100 percent of non-federal Superfund sites with viable, liable parties in FY 2014.
CERCLA authorizes the agency to retain and use funds received pursuant to an agreement with a
potentially responsible party (PRP) to carry out the purpose of that agreement. The EPA retains such funds
in special accounts and uses them to finance site-specific CERCLA response actions in accordance with
the settlement agreement, including, but not limited to, investigations, construction and implementation of
the remedy, post-construction activities, and oversight of PRPs conducting the cleanup. Through the use
of special accounts, the EPA pursues its "enforcement first" policy - ensuring responsible parties pay for
cleanup - so that appropriated resources from the Superfund Trust Fund are conserved for sites where no
viable or liable PRPs have been identified. Because response actions may take many years, and the use
of special account funding is limited by the terms of the settlement agreements, the full use of special
account funds may also take many years. Since the inception of special accounts through the end of FY
2014, the EPA has collected more than $4.5 billion from PRPs and earned approximately $428.3 million in
interest. In addition, the EPA has transferred $26.8 million to the Superfund Trust Fund. As of the end of
FY 2014, over $2.7 billion has been disbursed to finance site response actions and approximately $300.4
million has been obligated but not yet disbursed. Of the special account funds made available through the
end of FY 2014, approximately 61 percent have been disbursed or obligated for response actions at sites.
Both special account resources and appropriated resources are critical to the Superfund program.
The EPA's Homeland Security work is an important component of the agency's prevention, protection, and
response activities. The FY 2016 President's Budget requests $31.5 million to: maintain its capability to
respond effectively to incidents that may involve harmful chemical, biological, and radiological (CBR)
substances; maintain the Environmental Response Laboratory Network (ERLN); develop and maintain
agency expertise and operational readiness for all phases of consequential management following a CBR
incident, specifically environmental characterization, decontamination, laboratory analyses and clearance;
and conduct CBR training for agency responders to improve CBR preparedness.
The FY 2016 President's Budget also includes resources supporting agencywide resource management
and control functions. This includes essential infrastructure, contract and grant administration, financial
accounting, and other fiscal operations.
In addition, the agency provides funds for Superfund program research and for auditing. The President's
Budget requests $16 million and 72 FTE to be transferred to Research and Development. Research will
2 This includes 9 Superfund Federal Facility (non-BRAC) reimbursable FTE.
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Trust Funds
enable the EPA's Superfund program to accelerate scientifically defensible and cost-effective decisions for
cleanup at complex contaminated Superfund sites and support the development of decontamination
techniques for a wide-area CBR event. The Superfund research program is driven by program office needs
to reduce the cost of cleaning up Superfund sites, improve the efficiency of characterizing and remediating
sites, identify effective remediation technologies, and reduce the scientific uncertainties for improved
decision-making at Superfund sites. The President's Budget also requests $8 million and 50 FTE to be
transferred to the Inspector General for program auditing.
There are still sites where no viable PRP has been identified and there are many activities that the EPA
performs that are not otherwise reimbursed. For this reason, the FY 2016 Budget supports reinstatement
of the Superfund tax. The Superfund tax on petroleum, chemical feedstock and corporate environmental
income expired in 1995. Since the expiration of Superfund tax, Superfund program funding (the "Superfund
appropriation") has been largely financed from General Revenue transfers to the Superfund Trust Fund,
thus burdening the general public with the costs of cleaning up hazardous waste sites. Reinstating the
Superfund taxes would provide a stable, dedicated source of revenue for the Superfund Trust Fund and
restore the historic nexus that parties who benefit from the manufacture and sale of substances found in
hazardous waste sites contribute to the cost of cleanup. The reinstated Superfund taxes are estimated to
generate a revenue level of approximately $1.8 billion in 2016 to more than $2.6 billion annually by 2025.
Total tax revenue over the period 2016 to 2025 is predicted to be $23.9 billion. The revenues will be placed
in the Superfund Trust Fund and would be available for appropriation from Congress to support the
assessment and cleanup of the Nation's highest risk sites within the Superfund program.
Base Realignment and Closure Act
The FY 2016 President's Budget requests 9 reimbursable FTE to conduct the Base Realignment and
Closure (BRAG) program (BRAG I-IV). The EPA's participation in the first four rounds of BRAG has been
funded by an interagency agreement which is scheduled to expire on September 30, 2016. Since 1993, the
EPA has worked with the Department of Defense (DOD) and state environmental programs to make
property environmentally acceptable for transfer, while protecting human health and the environment at
realigning or closing military installations. Between 1988 and 2005, over 500 major military installations
representing the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Defense Logistics Agency have been slated for realignment
or closure. Under the first four rounds of BRAG (BRAG I-IV), 107 of those sites were identified as requiring
accelerated cleanup. The EPA provided critical environmental support to DOD and participated in the
acceleration process of the first four rounds of BRAG. The accelerated cleanup process strives to make
parcels available for reuse as quickly as possible, by transfer of uncontaminated or remediated parcels,
lease of contaminated parcels where cleanup is underway, or "early transfer" of contaminated property
undergoing cleanup. Seventy-two Federal facilities currently listed on the NPL were identified under the
fifth round of BRAG (BRAG V) as closing, realigning, or gaining personnel.
The FY 2016 request does not include support for BRAC-related services to DOD at BRAG V facilities.
Rather, the EPA services and resources to support the BRAG V installations may be requested from DOD,
on an as-needed basis.
Leaking Underground Storage Tanks
The FY 2016 President's Budget requests $95 million and 54 FTE for the Leaking Underground Storage
Tank (LUST) Trust Fund program. The agency, working with states and tribes, addresses public health and
environmental threats from releases through prevention and cleanup activities. As required by law (42
U.S.C. 6991 c(f)), not less than 80 percent of LUST appropriated funds will be used for reasonable costs
incurred under a cooperative agreements with any state to carry out specific purposes. The EPA will
continue to work with the states to achieve more cleanups, and reduce the 74,000 cleanups not yet
completed. Between 1986 and 2014, the LUST program addressed approximately 86 percent (447,000) of
all reported releases. In FY 2016, working with state partners, the LUST program will strive to achieve 8,600
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Trust Funds
cleanups. The FY 2016 target reflects a variety of challenges including the complexity of remaining sites,
an increased state workload, a decrease in available state resources, and the increasing cost of cleanups.
The LUST Trust Fund financing tax expired on March 30, 2012 and was extended by Public Law 112-141
through September 30, 2016. While tank owners and operators are liable for the cost of cleanups at sites
for which they have responsibility, EPA and State regulatory agencies are not always able to identify
responsible parties and sometimes responsible parties are no longer financially viable or have a limited
ability to pay. In those cases, the cost of the cleanup is distributed among fuel users through the targeted
fuel tax, which is available for appropriation from Congress to support the prevention and cleanup of sites
within the LUST program. For FY 2014, the Trust Fund received more than $172 million in tax receipts.
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Highlight of Major Budget Changes
Highlight of Major Budget Changes
Climate Change and Air Quality
Climate Protection Program
(FY 2016 PB: $117.7 M, FY 2015 Enacted: $103.5 M, FY 2016 Change: +$14.3 M)
Significant changes include:
+$7.0 million increase to support the President's Climate Action Plan, including implementation of
the Clean Power Plan, implementation of the President's Interagency Methane Strategy, and
reducing emissions of hydro fluorocarbons (MFCs), under the Significant New Alternatives Policy
(SNAP).
+$3.9 million in additional resources to maintain consumer confidence in the ENERGY STAR
label through effective third-party certification of qualifying products, and the implementation of
EPA's verification process for residential, commercial, and industrial buildings.
Diesel Emissions Reduction Grant Program
(FY 2016 PB: $10.0 M, FY 2015 Enacted: $30.0 M, FY 2016 Change: -$20.0 M)
-$20.0 million decrease. Targets spending on grants and rebates toward communities most
impacted by harmful diesel emissions.
Federal Stationary Source Regulations
(FY 2016 PB: $37.5 M, FY 2015 Enacted: $25.0 M, FY 2016 Change: +$12.5 M)
Significant changes include:
+$11.4 million increase for the Clean Power Plan. Given the complexity of the existing power
plant rulemaking, resources are needed for the agency to develop federal plans, review state
plans, and address additional rulemaking activities.
Federal Support for Air Quality Management
(FY2016 PB: $165.8 M, FY2015 Enacted: $127.5 M, FY2016 Change: +$38.3 M)
Significant changes include:
+$15.2 million increase in technical support for the Clean Power Plan. Given state flexibility to
customize their plans, the agency needs additional capacity, including contract resources and
personnel, to offer direct and timely technical assistance to states as they develop their plans.
+$10.0 million increase to develop resources to equip states with flexible tools, up-to-date power
system data, and a reporting system for Clean Power Plan work and planning. The increase will
allow states to track their compliance data, and improve the agency's ability to communicate up-
to-date information about the power sector to states as they develop their plans.
+$3.6 million increase supports regional personnel to address regulatory implementation across
the air program, including the backlog of SIPs awaiting processing, permitting needs (both
NAAQS and GHG-related), and air quality monitoring and analysis needs.
Federal Vehicle and Fuels Standards and Certification
(FY 2016 PB: $100.4 M, FY 2015 Enacted: $93.3 M, FY 2016 Change: +$7.1 M)
Significant changes include:
+$2.5 million increase for technical and engineering expertise to help finalize the Heavy-Duty
GHG Phase 2 Rulemaking (Model Years 2018 and beyond).
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Highlight of Major Budget Changes
+$2.2 million increase to address the growing program implementation workload, including the
growing number of certificates to process annually, compliance oversight, management of credit
trading programs, and data system management.
Targeted Airshed Grants
(FY 2016 PB: $0.0 M, FY 2015 Enacted: $10.0 M, FY 2016 Change: -$10.0 M)
-$10.0 million decrease is an elimination of funding for this program project in FY2016.
America's Waters
Drinking Water Programs
(FY 2016 PB: $128.8 M, FY 2015 Enacted: $100.0 M, FY 2016 Change: +$28.8 M)
Significant changes include:
+$24.1 million increase, as part of an overall $50 million package, to build upon the EPA's
infrastructure investments and promote economic growth through innovative financing,
techniques such as system partnerships, capacity building, full cost pricing, and public and
private collaboration. These investments, which build on the $2.3 billion provided through the
State Revolving Funds, are designed to enhance system capacity to reliably provide safe drinking
water and ultimately increase the efficiency and effectiveness of available drinking water
infrastructure funding.
+$1.5 million increase to fund the drinking water needs survey.
Great Lakes Restoration
(FY 2016 PB: $250.0 M, FY 2015 Enacted: $300.0 M, FY 2016 Change: -$50.0 M)
-$50.0 million reduction to interagency agreements, grants, and contracts that will place a greater
focus on three continuing GLRI (Great Lakes Restoration Initiative) areas of emphasis: clean-up
of Areas of Concern; preventing and controlling the spread of invasive species, and taking steps
to address the causes of harmful algal blooms in priority watersheds.
Surface Water Protection
(FY 2016 PB: $238.8 M, FY 2015 Enacted: $199.8 M, FY 2016 Change: +$39.0 M)
Significant changes include:
+$21.9 million increase for water infrastructure, as part of an overall package of $50 million, to
build the technical, managerial, and financial capabilities of wastewater systems. The EPA will
assist communities in developing integrated plans through a combination of direct technical
assistance and competitive awards. This funding builds on the strong support of $2.3 billion
provided through the State Revolving Funds.
+$7.5 million increase will support green infrastructure and MS4 activities to further the agency's
sustainability goals, and expand Green Infrastructure technical assistance efforts to include more
communities;
+$4.5 million increase to support a new approach for measuring improvements in water quality. It
will aid in the development of tools needed to automate the linking of state assessment data,
make updates and necessary improvements to incorporate data into EPA data systems, and
begin efforts to assist states in implementing the new approach.
Water Quality Research and Support Grants
(FY 2016 PB: $0.0 M, FY 2015 Enacted: $16.8 M, FY 2016 Change: -$16.8 M)
-$16.8 million reduction eliminates funds for program. The EPA is not requesting funds to support
this grant program in FY2016.
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Water Infrastructure
Water Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Authority (WIFIA) Program
(FY 2016 PB: $5.0 M, FY 2015 Enacted: $0.0 M, FY 2016 Change: +$5.0 M)
Significant changes include:
+$5.0 million increase represents a realignment of base FY 2015 Enacted resources for WIFIA in
Surface Water Protection and an increase in 2016 to the new program project WIFIA, which will
lay the groundwork for a WIFIA program that would provide additional assistance nationwide for
water and wastewater infrastructure.
Infrastructure Assistance: Clean Water SRF
(FY 2016 PB: $1,116.0 M, FY 2015 Enacted: $1,448.9 M, FY 2016 Change: -$332.9 M)
-$332.9 million reduction to the Clean Water State Revolving Fund, though continuing the
Administration's strong support for the SRFs The Budget includes $2.3 billion for EPA's Clean
Water and Drinking Water State Revolving Funds (SRFs) and $50 million in technical assistance,
training, and other efforts to enhance the capacity of communities and states to plan and finance
drinking water and wastewater infrastructure improvements.
Infrastructure Assistance: Drinking Water SRF
(FY 2016 PB: $1,186.0 M, FY 2015 Enacted: $906.9 M, FY 2016 Change: +$279.1 M)
+$279.1 million increase to support the higher documented needs for drinking water
infrastructure, greater needs for smaller communities, and its lower revolving levels nationally
compared to the Clean Water SRF.
State and Tribal Partnerships
Categorical Grant: Beaches Protection
(FY 2016 PB: $0.0 M, FY 2015 Enacted: $9.5 M, FY 2016 Change: -$9.5 M)
-$9.5 million decrease eliminates funding of the Beaches Program.
Categorical Grant: Environmental Information
(FY 2016 PB: $25.3 M, FY 2015 Enacted: $9.6 M, FY 2016 Change: +$15.7 M)
+$15.7 million increase for states and tribes to build tools, services and capabilities that will
enable more efficient exchange of data between the agency, states, tribes, and regulated entities
following E-Enterprise principles.
Categorical Grant: Nonpoint Source (Sec. 319)
(FY 2016 PB: $164.9 M, FY 2015 Enacted: $159.3 M, FY 2016 Change: +$5.7 M)
+$5.7 million increase for state nonpoint source programs, including implementation of nonpoint
source projects and statewide nonpoint source protection activities.
Categorical Grant: Pollution Control (Sec. 106)
(FY 2016 PB: $249.2 M, FY 2015 Enacted: $230.8 M, FY 2016 Change: +$18.4 M)
+$18.4 million increase for states and tribes to implement water pollution control programs and
strengthen their nutrient management efforts consistent with the EPA's 2011 Framework for state
nutrient reduction.
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Categorical Grant: Public Water System Supervision (PWSS)
(FY 2016 PB: $109.7 M, FY 2015 Enacted: $102.0 M, FY 2016 Change: +$7.7 M)
+$7.7 million increase will help small and other water systems come into compliance with the new
RTCR requirements and enable states to assist systems in developing asset management
programs and improved rate structures, planning for drought and floods, and evaluating
opportunities for greater water reuse to achieve greater efficiencies.
Categorical Grant: Radon
(FY 2016 PB: $0.0 M, FY 2015 Enacted: $8.1 M, FY 2016 Change: -$8.1 M)
-$8.1 million eliminates funding for the State Indoor Radon Grants (SIRG) program.
Categorical Grant: State and Local Air Quality Management
(FY 2016 PB: $268.2 M, FY 2015 Enacted: $228.2 M, FY 2016 Change: +$40 M)
+$25.0 million increase supports states as they implement the requirements of the Clean Power
Plan. Of this increase, $17.5 million will be provided to support states' Clean Power Plan
modeling, technical analysis, and training efforts under CAA Section 103 authority and $7.5
million will be allocated to states for Clean Power Plan activities under CAA Section 105 authority.
+$15.0 million increase for continuing environmental state programs in carrying out core air
quality implementation activities.
Categorical Grant: Tribal General Assistance Program
(FY 2016 PB: $96.4 M, FY 2015 Enacted: $65.5 M, FY 2016 Change: +$30.9 M)
+$30.9 million increase to augment base funding for individual GAP grants, providing tribes with a
stronger foundation for building their environmental program capacity.
Categorical Grant: Wetlands Program Development
(FY2016 PB: $19.7 M, FY2015 Enacted: $14.7 M, FY2016 Change: +$5.0 M)
+$5.0 million increase will fund competitively awarded projects to protect and restore coastal
wetlands with a focus on mitigating storm surge and carbon sequestration.
Enforcement and Compliance
Civil Enforcement
(FY 2016 PB: $188.8 M, FY 2015 Enacted: $173.9 M, FY 2016 Change: +$14.9 M)
Significant changes include:
+$7.6 million increase will support technical analyses of complex data to support enforcement
cases; settlement agreements; compliance oversight activities; and support activities such as
expert witness, discovery and laboratory analyses which are core elements of civil enforcement
legal proceedings.
+$1.4 million increase will support the use of Next Generation Compliance tools in enforcement
case settlements, including advanced monitoring, electronic reporting, and third party verification.
Compliance Monitoring
(FY 2016 PB: $123.6 M, FY 2015 Enacted: $102.8 M, FY 2016 Change: +$20.8 M)
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Significant changes include:
+$7.1 million increase in funding for activities under the agency's E-Enterprise business strategy
which streamlines the agency's business processes and systems to reduce reporting burden on
states and regulated facilities, and improves the effectiveness and efficiency of regulatory
programs for the EPA, states and tribes. Projects will include advancing e-reporting for NPDES,
developing an advanced monitoring strategy, and supporting transparency and modernization of
Enforcement and Compliance History Online (ECHO) and the Air Facility System (AFS).
+$5.1 million increase for the agency's efforts to improve the quality and efficiency of compliance
inspections in the field. These resources will be used to develop software for the Clean Air Act
Title V program and the Clean Water Act NPDES program to help inspectors gather and analyze
data to prepare for and record inspections.
+$3.4 million increase to provides basic and essential support for inspection workforce including
laboratory analysis, data systems, and mandatory inspector training.
+$1.8 million increase to support the integration of advanced monitoring equipment by addressing
the cross-media legal, policy, and programmatic issues.
Criminal Enforcement
(FY 2016 PB: $59.6 M, FY 2015 Enacted: $54.0 M, FY 2016 Change: +$5.6 M)
Significant changes include:
+$2.4 million increase for targeted, analytically-driven enforcement activities necessary to
effectively investigate complex criminal enforcement cases.
Homeland Security: Critical Infrastructure Protection
(FY 2016 PB: $12.9 M, FY 2015 Enacted: $11.3 M, FY 2016 Change: +$1.6 M)
Significant changes include:
+$1.2 million increase to support Climate Ready Water Utilities and cyber-security activities within
the water infrastructure sector.
Chemical Safety
Endocrine Disrupters
(FY 2016 PB: $4.3 M, FY 2015 Enacted: $7.6 M, FY 2016 Change: -$3.3 M)
-$3.3 million decrease to the Endocrine Disrupter program is a result of the deployment of the
computational toxicology high-throughput model that reduces the workload in developing new
assays.
Pesticides: Protect Human Health from Pesticide Risk
(FY 2016 PB: $63.3 M, FY 2015 Enacted: $58.9 M, FY 2016 Change: +$4.4 M)
Significant changes include:
+$3.0 million increase supports Registration and Registration Review statutory activities; and
efforts to redesign core business processes to become more efficient.
Pesticides: Protect the Environment from Pesticide Risk
(FY 2016 PB: $43.7 M, FY 2015 Enacted: $37.8 M, FY 2016 Change: +$5.9 M)
Significant changes include:
+$3.2 million increase in funding for Registration and Registration Review statutory activities, and
efforts to redesign core business processes to become more efficient.
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Communities
Brownfields Projects
(FY2016 PB: $110.0 M, FY2015 Enacted: $80.0 M, FY2016 Change: +$30.0 M)
+$30.0 million increase for communities in environmental revitalization and economic
redevelopment to be able to work together to plan, assess, cleanup, and reuse brownfields.
Of the above increase, $5.0 million will be for AWP grants; $6.9 million will enhance the
Revolving Loan Fund (RLF) program; and $18.1 million will be for assessment and cleanup
grants.
Environmental Education
(FY 2016 PB: $11.0 M, FY 2015 Enacted: $8.7 M, FY 2016 Change: +$2.3 M)
Significant changes include:
+ $2.2 million increase to implement provisions of the National Environmental Education Act
(NEEA), including administration of Environmental Education (EE) grants, advancing the
frameworks and tools used for measuring impacts, identifying and addressing gaps and
redundancies in existing EE materials, leveraging efforts government-wide, and develop the
longer-term strategic direction of the program.
Environmental Justice
(FY 2016 PB: $14.6 M, FY 2015 Enacted: $7.3 M, FY 2016 Change: +$7.3 M)
Significant changes include:
+$5.0 million increase for financial assistance to eligible organizations working on projects to
address local environmental and public health issues in overburdened and vulnerable
communities.
+$2.0 million increase for assisting overburdened and vulnerable communities through the
agency's Advanced Monitoring priority to better detect and understand environmental risks.
Integrated Environmental Strategies
(FY 2016 PB: $21.9 M, FY 2015 Enacted: $12.7 M, FY 2016 Change: +$9.2 M)
Significant changes include:
+$3.0 million increase to improve integration of community-level efforts at the local level across
programs.
+$2.9 million increase expands Lean government business process improvements.
+$2.1 million increase for non-EPA "Circuit Riders" to work with the Administration's existing
Place-Based Climate Action Champions to provide on-the-ground community assistance.
LUST Prevention
(FY 2016 PB: $28.9 M, FY 2015 Enacted: $25.4 M, FY 2016 Change: +$3.5 M)
+$3.5 million increase to conduct 5,600 more inspections and further the EPA, states and tribes
ability to maintain inspection frequency, ensure compliance, and help prevent future confirmed
releases.
Oil Spill: Prevention, Preparedness and Response
(FY2016 PB: $18.5 M, FY2015 Enacted: $14.4 M, FY2016 Change: +$4.1 M)
Significant changes include:
+$3.4 million increase for oil accident prevention and additional preparedness activities which
includes support for inspections at FRP (high risk) facilities and training.
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RCRA: Waste Management
(FY 2016 PB: $70.8 M, FY 2015 Enacted: $63.6 M, FY 2016 Change: +$7.1 M)
Significant changes include:
+$3.6 million increase for development of the E-Manifest IT system.
+$2.8 million increase to provide direct financial assistance and support tribal waste management
program activities.
RCRA: Waste Minimization & Recycling
(FY 2016 PB: $10.8 M, FY 2015 Enacted: $8.5 M, FY 2016 Change: +$2.3 M)
Significant changes include:
+$2.0 million increase to support the agency-wide investment for climate mitigation through waste
program activities.
State and Local Prevention and Preparedness
(FY 2016 PB: $27.8 M, FY 2015 Enacted: $15.7 M, FY 2016 Change: +$12.1 M)
Significant changes include:
+$11.5 million increase to support the implementation of Executive Order 13650 for Improving
Chemical Facility Safety and Security, including compliance outreach to industry, emergency
planning assistance to local communities, updates to guidance and regulations, and
enhancements to emergency response software.
Research
Research: Air, Climate and Energy
(FY 2016 PB: $100.3 M, FY 2015 Enacted: $91.9 M, FY 2016 Change: +$8.4 M)
Significant changes include:
+$3.8 million increase to support hydraulic fracturing (HF) within the ACE research program to
address the potential impacts of hydraulic fracturing on air quality as part of the interagency effort
with DOE and DOI.
+$3.6 million increase to assess the impacts of climate change to provide data and tools
necessary for EPA, state and local governments to effectively respond to the potential human
health and environmental impacts.
Research: Chemical Safety and Sustainability
(FY 2016 PB: $101.4 M, FY 2015 Enacted: $87.5 M, FY 2016 Change: +$13.9 M)
Significant changes include:
+$10.9 million increase to expand the breadth of the CSS CompTox research program to include
more assays that can cover the biology of interest (including thyroid), more emphasis on
estimating relevant exposures to individual and multiple chemicals, and better integration of
human and ecological risk evaluations.
Research: Safe and Sustainable Water Resources
(FY 2016 PB: $111.0 M, FY 2015 Enacted: $107.4 M, FY 2016 Change: +$3.6 M)
Significant changes include:
+$3.7 million increase, to continue coordination with Federal partners to study potential impacts
of hydraulic fracturing on water quality and ecosystems to support sustainable approaches to oil
and natural gas development and production, consistent with the Federal Multiagency
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Highlight of Major Budget Changes
Collaboration on Unconventional Oil and Gas Research. In addition, funding will help to finalize
the Study of Potential Impacts of Hydraulic Fracturing for Oil and Gas on Drinking Water
Resources
Research: Sustainable and Healthy Communities
(FY 2016 PB: $152.3 M, FY 2015 Enacted: $165.0 M, FY 2016 Change: -$12.7 M)
Significant changes include:
+$3.2 million increase in funding to support community-based research, including, data collection
and analysis to understand disparities in disease susceptibility, including cumulative impacts of
exposure.
-$11.1 million decrease. The EPA's Science to Achieve Results (STAR) and the Greater
Research Opportunities (GRO) fellowship programs will be consolidated as part of the
government-wide STEM education programs.
-$3.1 million decrease in ecosystem services research to incorporate sustainability approaches
into the EPA's community-based decision support tools.
Superfund
Superfund: Emergency Response and Removal
(FY 2016 PB: $190.7 M, FY 2015 Enacted: $181.3 M, FY 2016 Change: +$9.4 M)
Significant changes include:
+$8.3 million increase to support the EPA's ability to quickly respond to multiple simultaneous
emergencies.
Superfund: Federal Facilities
(FY 2016 PB: $26.3 M, FY 2015 Enacted: $21.1 M, FY 2016 Change: +$5.1 M)
Significant changes include:
+4.6 million increases essential core program technical assistance and collaboration with other
federal agencies at NPL and other regional CERCLA cleanup sites.
Superfund: Remedial
(FY2016 PB: $539.6 M, FY2015 Enacted: $501.0 M, FY2016 Change: +$38.6 M)
Significant changes include:
+$34.0 million increase to critical resources to further the agency's ability to continue essential
ongoing fund-financed projects, maximize the preparation of "shovel ready" projects, and fund
new construction projects.
Facilities Infrastructure
Facilities Infrastructure and Operations
(FY 2016 PB: $516.0 M, FY 2015 Enacted: $490.8 M, FY 2016 Change: +$25.2 M)
Significant changes include:
+$7,991.0 million is a net program change, which includes a reduction in resources associated with
the construction design and engineering for a consolidated Las Vegas laboratory, and an increase
of $5 million to supports construction associated with the agency's space consolidation efforts at
headquarters and $10 million to support space optimization projects to initiate work and laboratory
upgrades at the NEIC/Region 8 laboratories and the Willamette Research Station/Corvallis
laboratories.
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Highlight of Major Budget Changes
+$3,981.0 million reflects an investment in master planning necessary to achieve future savings
through laboratory space optimization of $1 million and an increase in support of basic facility needs
to meet specific needs required by research and development facilities and laboratories of $2,981
million.
Other Programs
Acquisition Management
(FY 2016 PB: $62 M, FY 2015 Enacted: $52.9 M, FY 2016 Change: +$9.1 M)
Significant changes include:
+$5.5 million increase to adapt EPA's accounting and acquisition systems to comply with the
DATA Act's reporting requirements part of a government-wide effort.
Exchange Network
(FY 2016 PB: $26.7 M, FY 2015 Enacted: $18.3 M, FY 2016 Change: +$8.4 M)
Significant changes include:
+$9.6 million increase for projects that will enable states, Tribes, and the EPA to modernize
business processes following E-Enterprise principles. The projects will tie together information
requirements to facilitate industries routine environmental business transactions with the EPA.
Projects include implementation of an Identity and Access Management service, enhancements
to the Facility Registry Service, development of the Laws and Regulations Service, and
deployment of reusable electronic signature services.
Human Resources Management
(FY 2016 PB: $59.3 M, FY 2015 Enacted: $49.8 M, FY 2016 Change: +$9.5 M)
Significant changes include:
+$3.4 million increase to support the EPA University, a central repository for all agency learning
and development initiatives that will use technology to engage a wider audience of employees in
learning and development opportunities.
+$3.3 million increase in contractual services for the EPA's sign language program based on
increased demand for sign language translation, an increase in fees that the IBC charges EPA for
HRLoB and to finalize the migration strategy and initiate the clean-up and migration of human
resource data from the legacy HR system to HRLoB.
IT/Data Management
(FY 2016 PB:$114.5 M, FY 2015 Enacted: $101.1 M, FY 2016 Change: +$13.4 M)
Significant changes include:
+$4.9 million increase in data analytics, visualization, and predictive analysis advances that will
help the agency explore and address environmental, business, and public policy challenges.
Legal Advice: Environmental Program
(FY 2016 PB: $52.9 M, FY 2015 Enacted: $42.5 M, FY 2016 Change: +$10.4 M)
Significant changes include:
+$3.6 million increase to provide strong legal counsel support for the Clean Power Plan and
ensure a clearer and more implementable rule and more consistency for regulated entities.
+$3.4 million increase to address the increased legal counseling demand throughout the agency,
to be more responsive to requests, to improve legal defensibility of agency actions, which saves
the agency resources in the long run, because actions that are reversed by the courts have to be
redone.
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Acronyms
AA
ACE
ACE/ITDS
ACRES
ADR
AFS
AGO
ANCR
AOP
APEC
ARA
ARRA
ASTM
ATSDR
B&F
BayTAS
BFRs
BOSC
BRAC
CAA
CAFE
CAFO
CAIR
CAP
CASTNet
CBEP
CBP
CBR
CBRN
CCAP
CCS
CCPS
CCTI
CEIS
CENRS
CERCLA
CERFA
CMAQ
CMOS
COOP
CRRR
CSO
CWA
CWAP
CWS
CWSRF
DASEES
DBP
DERA
DFAS
Environmental Protection Agency
List of Acronyms
Assistant Administrator
Air, Climate, and Energy
Automated Commercial Environment/International Trade Data System
Assessment Cleanup and Redevelopment Exchange System
Alternative Dispute Resolution
Air Facility System
America's Great Outdoors
Annual Non-Compliance Report
Adverse Outcome Pathway
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
Assistant Regional Administrator
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act
American Society for Testing and Materials
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
Buildings and Facilities
Bay Tracking and Accounting System
Brominated Flame Retardants
Board of Scientific Counselors
Base Realignment and Closure
Clean Air Act
Cooperate Average Fuel Economy
Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations
Clean Air Interstate Rule
Clean Air Partnership Fund
Clean Air Status and Trends Network
Community-Based Environmental Protection
Customs and Border Protection
Chemical, Biological, Radiological
Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear
Climate Change Action Plan
Carbon Capture and Storage
Community Collaborative Problem Solving
Climate Change Technology Initiative
Center for Environmental Information and Statistics
Committee on Environment, Natural Resources, and Sustainability
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
Community Environmental Response Facilitation Act
Community Multi-scale Air Quality
Content Management and Discovery Services
Continuity of Operations
Chemical Risk Review and Reduction Program
Combined Sewer Overflows
Clean Water Act
Clean Water Action Plan
Community Water Systems
Clean Water State Revolving Fund
Decision Analysis for a Sustainable Environment, Economy and Society
Disinfection Byproducts
Diesel Emissions Reduction Act
Defense Finance and Accounting System
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Acronyms
DfE
DHS
DMR
DOD
DOE
DOI
DWSRF
E3
ECHO
EDSP
EELC
EIS
EISA
EJ
ELP
EMP
EN
EO
EPAct
EPCRA
EPM
EPP
ERRS
ESC
ESI
ETI
ETV
EU
EWDJT
FAN
FASAB
FCO
FFDCA
FIFRA
FLC
FMFIA
FQPA
FRP
FSMA
FSMP
FTE
FUDS
GAPG
GHG
GHGRP
GIS
GMI
GPRA
GSN
GWP
HHRA
HHS
HPPG
Design for the Environment
Department of Homeland Security
Discharge Monitoring Reports
Department of Defense
Department of Energy
Department of the Interior
Drinking Water State Revolving Fund
Economy, Energy and Environment Partnership
Enforcement and Compliance History Online
Endocrine Disrupter Screening Program
E-Enterprise Leadership Council
Environmental Impact Statement
Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007
Environmental Justice
Environmental Leadership Project
Emergency Management Portal
Enacted (Budget)
Executive Order
Energy Policy Act of 2005
Emergency Preparedness and Community Right-to-Know Act
Environmental Programs and Management
Environmentally Preferable Purchasing Program
Emergency Rapid Response Services
Executive Steering Committee
Essential Science Indicator
Environmental Technology Initiative
Environmental Technology Verification
European Union
Environmental Workforce Development and Job Training
Fixed Account Numbers
Federal Accounting Standards Advisory Board
Funds Certifying Officer
Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act
Federal Leadership Committee
Federal Managers' Financial Integrity Act
Food Quality Protection Act
Facility Response Plan
Food Safety Modernization Act
Financial System Modernization Project
Full-Time Equivalent
Formerly Used Defense Sites
General Assistance Program Grants
Greenhouse Gas
Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program
Geographic Information System
Global Methane Initiative
Government Performance and Results Act
Green Suppliers Network
Global Warming Potential
Human Health Risk Assessment
Department of Health and Human Services
High Priority Performance Goals
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Acronyms
HPV
HS
HSWA
HWIR
IA
IAQ
ICR
ICS
IG
IPCC
IPM
IRIS
IRM
ISA
ISTEA
ITMRA
LEPC
LGEAN
LUST
M&O
MACT
MARL
MATS
MTM
NAAEC
NAAQs
NAFTA
NAPA
MAS
NASA
NATA
NCDC
NCEA
NCP
NEA
NESCA
NDPD
NEP
NEPA
NEPPS
NESHAP
NHTSA
NHDPIus
NIPP
NLIC
NOA
NOAA
NPDES
NPDWRs
NPL
NPM
NPR
High Production Volume
Homeland Security
Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984
Hazardous Waste Identification Media and Process Rules
Interagency Agreements
Indoor Air Quality
Information Collection Rule
Industrial Control Systems
Inspector General
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Integrated Pest Management
Integrated Risk Information System
Information Resource Management
Integrated Science Assessments
Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act
Information Technology Management Reform Act of 1995-AKA
Clinger/Cohen Act
Local Emergency Planning Committee
Local Government Environmental Assistance Network
Leaking Underground Storage Tanks
Management and Oversight
Maximum Achievable Control Technology
Microarray Research Laboratory
Mercury and Toxics Standards
Mountaintop Mining
North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation
National Ambient Air Quality Standards
North American Free Trade Agreement
National Academy of Public Administration
National Academy of Sciences
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
National-Scale Air Toxics Assessment
National Clean Diesel Campaign
National Center for Environmental Assessment
National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan
Nuclear Energy Agency
National Enforcement Strategy for Correction Action
National Data Processing Division
National Estuary Program
National Environmental Policy Act
National Environmental Performance Partnership System
National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
National Highway Transportation Safety Administration
USGS National Hydrography Dataset Plus
National Infrastructure Protection Plan
National Lead Information Center
New Obligation Authority
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
National Primary Drinking Water Regulations
National Priority List
National Program Manager
National Performance Review
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Acronyms
NPS
NPSR
NRCS
NROC
NRF
NRT
NVFEL
OA
CAM
OAR
OARM
OCFO
OCHP
OCSPP
OECA
OECD
OEI
OEM
OERR
OFA
OFPP
OGC
OIG
OITA
OMTR
OPA
OPAA
ORD
OSRTI
OSWER
OTAG
OW
PB
PBTs
PCB
PC&B
PESP
PG
PHEV
PIP
PIRT
P2
PM
PNGV
POTWs
PPG
PPIN
PPRTV
PRC
PREP
PRIA
PRIRA
PWSS
Nonpoint Source
National Pesticide Standard Repository
National Resource Conservation Service
Northeast Regional Ocean Council
National Response Framework
National Response Team
National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory
Office of the Administrator
Office of Acquisition Management
Office of Air and Radiation
Office of Administration and Resources Management
Office of the Chief Financial Officer
Office of Children's Health Protection
Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention
Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance
Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development
Office of Environmental Information
Office of Emergency Management
Office of Emergency and Remedial Response
Other Federal Agencies
Office of Federal Procurement Policy
Office of the General Counsel
Office of the Inspector General
Office of International and Tribal Affairs
Open Market Trading Rule
Oil Pollution Act of 1990
Office of Planning, Analysis, and Accountability
Office of Research and Development
Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation
Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response
Ozone Transport Advisory Group
Office of Water
President's Budget
Persistent Bioaccumulative Toxins
Polychlorinated Biphenyls
Personnel, Compensation and Benefits
Pesticide Environmental Stewardship Program
Priority Goal
Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Plant-incorporated Protectants
Pesticide Inspector Residential Program
Pollution Prevention
Particulate Matter
Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles
Publicly Owned Treatment Works
Performance Partnership Grants
Pollution Prevention Information Network
Provisional Peer Reviewed Toxicity Values
Program Results Code
Pesticide Regulatory Education Program
Pesticide Registration Improvement Act
Pesticide Registration Improvement Renewal Act
Public Water System Supervision
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Acronyms
RC
RCRA
RGI
RLF
RMP
ROE
RPIO
RR
RRP
RWTA
SAP
SAB
S&T
SALC
SARA
SBIR
SBEAPs
SBLRBRA
SBO
SBREFA
SDWA
SDWIS
SERC
SF
SHC
SIP
SIRG
SITE
SLC
SNAP
SNEE
SPCC
SRF
SRO
SSWR
STAG
STAR
STAR METRICS
STEM
STORS
SWP
SWTR
TASC
TIM
TIP
TMDL
TPP
TRI
TRIO
TSCA
TSD
UIC
Responsibility Center
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976
Regional Geographic Initiative
Revolving Loan Fund
Risk Management Plan
Report on Environment
Responsible Planning Implementation Office
Reprogramming Request
Renovation, Repair and Painting
Rural Water Technical Assistance
Science Advisory Panel
Science Advisory Board
Science and Technology
Sub-allocation (level)
Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986
Small Business Innovation Research
Small Business Environmental Assistance Program
Small Business Liability Relief and Brownfields Revitalization Act
Senior Budget Officer
Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act
Safe Drinking Water Act
Safe Drinking Water Information System
State Emergency Response Commission
Hazardous Substance Superfund
Sustainable and Healthy Communities
State Implementation Plan
State Indoor Radon Grants
Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation
Senior Leadership Council
Significant New Alternatives Policy
Southern New England Estuaries
Spill Prevention, Control and Countermeasure
State Revolving Fund
Senior Resource Official
Safe and Sustainable Water Resources
State and Tribal Assistance Grants
Science to Achieve Results
Science and Technology in America's Reinvestment-Measuring Effects of
Research on Innovation, Competitiveness, and Science
Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
Sludge-To-Oil-Reactor System
Source Water Protection
Surface Water Treatment Rule
Technical Assistance Support for Communities
Technology Infrastructure Modernization
Tribal Implementation Plan
Total Maximum Daily Load
Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement
Toxic Release Inventory
Taskforce on Research to Inform and Optimize
Toxic Substances Control Act
Treatment, Storage, and Disposal
Underground Injection Control
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Acronyms
USDA U.S. Department of Agriculture
USGCRP U.S. Global Change Research Program
UST Underground Storage Tanks
WCF Working Capital Fund
WFC Water Finance Center
WHO World Health Organization
WIF Water Infrastructure Funds
WIFIA Water Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Authority
WIPP Waste Isolation Pilot Plant
WSI Water Security Initiative
WTO World Trade Organization
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United States Environmental Protection Agency
www.epa.gov
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