&EPA
United Mates
Envircfiimulal Protection
Agency
Review of the National Ambient Air Quality
Standards for Ozone:
Policy Assessment of Scientific
and Technical Information
Appendices to OAQPS Staff Paper
-------
EPA-452/R-07-007
July 2007
REVIEW OF THE NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY
STANDARDS FOR OZONE:
POLICY ASSESSMENT OF SCIENTIFIC AND
TECHNICAL INFORMATION
Appendices to OAQPS STAFF PAPER
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
-------
APPENDICES
APPENDIX 2A. PLOTS OF DIURNAL POLICY RELEVANT BACKGROUND
OZONE PATTERNS FOR 12 URBAN AREAS BASED ON RUNS OF THE GEOS-
CHEM MODEL FOR APRIL-OCTOBER 2001 2A-1
APPENDIX 3A. MECHANISMS OF TOXICITY 3A-1
APPENDIX 3B. TABLE OF KEY EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES 3B-1
APPENDIX 3C. TABLE OF KEY CONTROLLED HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES 3C-1
APPENDIX 4A: EXPOSURE TABLES 4A-1
APPENDIX 5A.I: OZONE AIR QUALITY INFORMATION FOR 12 URBAN AREAS... 5A-1
APPENDIX 5A.2: SCATTER PLOTS 5A-10
APPENDIX 5B1: TABLES OF STUDY-SPECIFIC INFORMATION 5B-1
APPENDIX 5B2: CONCENTRATION-RESPONSE FUNCTIONS AND HEALTH
IMPACT FUNCTIONS 5B-8
APPENDIX 5B3: THE CALCULATION OF "SHRINKAGE" ESTIMATES FROM
THE LOCATION-SPECIFIC ESTIMATES REPORTED IN HUANG ET AL. (2004) 5B-11
APPENDIX 5C: ADDITIONAL HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT ESTIMATES 5C-1
APPENDIX 6A: PREDICTED PERCENT OF COUNTIES WITH MONITORS (AND
PERCENT OF POPULATION IN COUNTIES) NOT LIKELY TO MEET
ALTERNATIVE OZONE STANDARDS 6A-1
Vlll
-------
APPENDIX 2A. PLOTS OF DIURNAL POLICY RELEVANT
BACKGROUND OZONE PATTERNS FOR 12 URBAN AREAS
BASED ON RUNS OF THE GEOS-CHEM MODEL FOR APRIL-
OCTOBER 2001
2A-1
-------
Figure 2A-1. Atlanta CSA: Diurnal Policy Relevant Background Ozone Patterns.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Hour
Month * ' ^ 4 c ^ ^ 5 ^-^-^ 6 ** * *" 7 ee& 8 H\ r 9 * * * 10
Figure 2A-2. Boston CSA: Diurnal Policy Relevant Background Ozone Patterns.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Hour
Month * * * 4 - c * 5 W W ^ 6 ** * *" 7
-------
Figure 2A-3. Chicago CSA: Diurnal Policy Relevant Background Ozone Patterns.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Figure 2A-4. Cleveland CSA: Diurnal Policy Relevant Background Ozone Patterns.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
2A-3
-------
Figure 2A-5. Detroit CSA: Diurnal Policy Relevant Background Ozone Patterns.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Figure 2A-6. Houston CSA: Diurnal Policy Relevant Background Ozone Patterns.
40
35
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Hour
Month 999 4 ^c c 5 * ^ * € "* * *" 7 & e& 8 H \ r 9 * # * 10
2A-4
-------
Figure 2A-7. Los Angeles CSA: Diurnal Policy Relevant Background Ozone Patterns.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Figure 2A-8. New York CSA: Diurnal Policy Relevant Background Ozone Patterns.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
2A-5
-------
Figure 2A-9. Philadelphia CSA: Diurnal Policy Relevant Background Ozone Patterns.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Figure 2A-10. Sacramento CSA: Diurnal Policy Relevant Background Ozone Patterns.
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
r 111
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Hour
Month 999 4 ^o c 5 * ^ * 6 "* * *" 7 ^ s ^ 8 H \ r 9 * # * 10
2A-6
-------
Figure 2A-11. St. Louis CSA: Diurnal Policy Relevant Background Ozone Patterns.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Figure 2A-12. Washington CSA: Diurnal Policy Relevant Background Ozone Patterns.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
2A-7
-------
APPENDIX 3A: MECHANISMS OF TOXICITY
This Appendix provides an overview of evidence covered in Chapters 5 and 6 of the CD
on possible mechanisms by which exposure to 63 may result in acute and chronic health effects.
Pulmonary Function Responses
The direct pulmonary effects of Os include changes in breathing pattern, symptoms of
breathing discomfort, lung function changes, and airway hyperreactivity. Subjects who engage
in physical activity for several hours while exposed to 63 may experience respiratory tract
symptoms and acute physiological changes. Airway irritation is consistently the most typical
symptomatic response reported in studies and can be accompanied by several physiological
changes. These physiological changes include alteration in breathing pattern, airway
hyperresponsiveness, airway inflammation, immune system activation, and epithelial injury.
Severity of symptoms and magnitude of response depend on dose of inhaled 63, individual
sensitivity to Os, and the extent of tolerance resulting from previous Os exposures. Development
of effects is time-dependent with a substantial degree of overlap of increasing and receding
effects. Time sequences, magnitudes, and types of responses of this series of events, in terms of
development and recovery, indicate that several mechanisms, activated at different times, must
contribute to the overall lung function response. For the full discussion of the mechanisms of
pulmonary function responses, see section 6.2.5 of the CD.
Breathing Pattern Changes
Human controlled-exposure studies have consistently found that inhalation of Os alters
the breathing pattern without significantly affecting minute ventilation. A progressive decrease
in tidal volume and an increase in frequency of breathing to maintain steady ventilation during
exposure of human subjects indicates a direct impact on ventilation. These changes are similar
to responses in many animal species exposed to 63 and other respiratory irritants. Bronchial C-
fibers and rapidly adapting receptors appear to be the primary modulators of O3-induced changes
in ventilatory rate and Ospenetration in both humans and animals (CD, section 6.2.5.1).
Symptoms and Lung Function Changes
In addition to changes in ventilatory control, 63 inhalation by humans induces a variety
of symptoms (e.g., cough, pain on deep inspiration), reduces inspiratory capacity (1C) and vital
capacity (VC) and related functional measures, and increases airway resistance. The reduction in
VC caused by exposure to 63 is a reflex action and not a voluntary early termination of
inspiration resulting from discomfort. An inhaled topical anesthetic substantially reduces Os-
induced symptom responses (mediated in part by bronchial C-fibers) while having only minor
3A-1
-------
and irregular effect on pulmonary function decrements and rapid, shallow breathing. Since
respiratory symptom responses were largely abolished by anesthetic, these findings support
reflex inhibition of VC due to stimulation by both bronchial and pulmonary C-fibers.
Intersubject variability in FEVi responses is not explained by differences in 63 doses between
similarly exposed individuals (CD, section 6.2.5.1).
Airway Hyperresponsiveness
Bronchial or airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) refers to a condition in which the
propensity for the airways to bronchoconstrict, due to a variety of specific (e.g., allergens and
antigens) or nonspecific (e.g., histamine and cold air) stimuli, becomes increased. Despite a
common mechanism, post- 63 exposure pulmonary function changes and AHR (either early or
late phase) are poorly correlated either in time or magnitude. Neither does post-O3 exposure
AHR seem to be related to baseline airway responsiveness. These findings imply that the
mechanisms are either not related or are activated independently in time. Animal studies (with
limited support from human studies) have suggested that stimulation of C-fibers can lead to
increased responsiveness of bronchial smooth muscle independently of systemic and
inflammatory changes which may be absent. A characteristic of (Vinduced inflammatory airway
neutrophilia, which at one time was considered a leading AHR mechanism, has been found to be
only coincidentally associated with AHR, i.e., there was no cause and effect relationship. This
observation does not rule out involvement of other cells in AHR modulation. However, there is
some evidence that release of inflammatory mediators can sustain AHR and bronchoconstriction.
Late AHR observed in some studies is plausibly due to sustained damage of the airway
epithelium and continual release of inflammatory mediators. In conclusion, O3-induced AHR
appears to be a product of many mechanisms acting at different time periods and levels of the
bronchial smooth muscle signaling pathways (CD, section 6.2.5.1)..
Extrapulmonary Effects
Ozone reacts rapidly on contact with lipids and antioxidants in the epithelial lining fluid
(ELF) and the epithelial cell layer and is not absorbed or transported to extrapulmonary sites to
any significant degree. Laboratory animal studies suggest that reaction products formed by the
interaction of Os with respiratory system fluids or tissues may produce effects measured outside
the respiratory tract. Studies of the effects on hematological parameters and blood chemistry in
rats have shown that erythrocytes are a target of Os. Exposures to 1.0 ppm Os for 3 hr have been
found to decrease heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and core temperature (Tco) and
to induce arrhythmias with some exposures in rats. These effects are more pronounced in adult
and awake rats than in younger or sleeping animals. Exposures of 0.2 ppm for 48 hr have been
3A-2
-------
shown to cause bradycardia, while exposures of 0.1 ppm 63 for 3 days have been shown to cause
bradyarrhythmia in these animals (CD, Section 5.3.3).
More recent studies of rats have consistently demonstrated effects on heart rate, Tco and
activity levels. One study exposed rats to FA for 6 hr, followed 2 days later by a 5 hr exposure
to 0.1 ppm Os, 5 days later by a 5 hr exposure to 0.3 ppm Os, and 10 days later by a 5 hr
exposure to 0.5 ppm 63 (Arito et al., 1997). Each of the 63 exposures was preceded by a 1 hr
exposure to FA. Transient rapid, shallow breathing with slightly increased HR appeared 1 to 2
min after the start of Os exposures and was attributed to an olfactory response. Persistent rapid,
shallow breathing with a progressive decrease in HR occurred with a latent period of 12 hr.
During the last 90-min of exposure, averaged values for relative VOs tended to decrease with the
increase in 63 concentration for young (4 to 6 months) but not old (20 to 22 months) rats.
Studies by Watkinson et al. (1995, 2001) and Highfill and Watkinson (1996)
demonstrated that when HR was reduced during a 5-day, 0.5 ppm Os exposure, Tco and activity
levels also decreased. The decreases in Tco and BP reported in these studies and by Arito et al.
(1997) suggest that the changes in ventilation and HR are mediated through physiological and
behavioral defense mechanisms in an attempt to minimize the irritant effects of Os inhalation.
Similar cardiovascular and thermoregulatory responses in rats to Ch were reported by
Iwasaki et al. (1998). Repeated exposure to 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 ppm Os 8 hr/day for 4 consecutive
days caused disruption of circadian rhythms of HR and Tco on the first and second exposure days
that was concentration-dependent. The decreased HR and Tco recovered to control values on the
third and fourth days of Os exposure.
The thermoregulatory response to 63 was further characterized by Watkinson et al.
(2003). Rats were either exposed to 0.0 ppm for 24 hr/day (air), 0.5 ppm for 6 hr/day
(intermittent), or to 0.5 ppm for 23 hr/day (continuous) at 3 temperatures, 10 °C (cold), 22 °C
(room), or 34 °C (warm). Another protocol examined the effects of 63 exposure (0.5 ppm) and
exercise (described as rest, moderate, or heavy) or CO2-stimulated ventilation. Both intermittent
and continuous Os exposure caused decreases in HR and Tco and increases in B ALF
inflammatory markers. Exercise in FA caused increases in HR and Tco while exercise in Os
caused decreases in those parameters. Several factors were suggested that may modulate the
hypothermic response, including dose, animal mass, and environmental stress.
One of the major postulated molecular mechanisms of action of O3is peroxidation of
mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids and unsaturated neutral lipids in the lung, resulting in
lipid ozonation products. Ozone can penetrate only a short distance into the ELF; and, therefore,
it reacts with epithelial cell membranes only in regions of distal lung where ELF is very thin or
absent. The inflammatory cascade initiated by Os generates a mix of secondary reactants which
then are likely to oxidize lipids and proteins in cell membranes (CD Section 5.1.2.4).
3A-3
-------
Recent in vitro studies of 63 reactions with cholesterol in lung surfactant found
consequent generation of highly reactive products such as oxysterols and (3-epoxide in BALF
isolated from rats exposed to 2.0 ppm Ch for 4 hr (Pulfer and Murphy, 2004). Additionally, both
5p,6p- epoxycholesterol and its most abundant metabolite, cholestan-6-oxo-3p,5a-diol, were
shown to be cytotoxic to human lung epithelial (16-HBE) cells and to inhibit cholesterol
synthesis. Studies (Pulfer et al., 2005) of mice exposed to 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, or 3.0 ppm Osfor 3 hr
also demonstrated that these oxysterols were produced in vivo. These results suggest that this
may be an additional mechanism of Ostoxicity, including a pathway by which O^may play a
possible role in the development of atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular effects.
The presence of oxysterols in human atherosclerotic lesions implicates the oxidation of
cholesterol in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, a well-known contributor to development of
cardiovascular disease. Oxysterols may arise from different cholesterol oxidation mechanisms,
(including free radical-mediated oxidations), and their unabated accumulation in macrophages
and smooth muscle cells of arterial walls lead to formation of fatty streaks in advanced lesions.
The presence of one of the Os-induced oxysterols, secosterol, in endogenously formed arterial
plaques (Wentworth et al., 2003) suggests that the oxysterols produced in the lung either due to
direct 63 interaction with surfactant cholesterol or with oxidant radicals at the (Vinduced
inflammation site may have potential involvement in the development of cardiovascular and
myocardial diseases. In addition, the recent in vitro observation (Sathishkumar et al., 2005) of
increased apoptosis (programmed cell death) induced by secosterol in H9c2 cardiomyocytes
(heart cells) supports possible involvement of such biologically active oxysterols in Os-induced
cardiovascular effects observed in the epidemiologic studies. Also, the detection of oxysterols in
the BALF of rats exposed to O3 suggests their potential to be used as biomarkers of O3 exposure.
Demonstration of relationships between oxysterols of the type generated in lung surfactant with
O3 exposure and cardiovascular disease outcomes in clinical settings or epidemiologic studies
would add considerable value to the experimental observations thus for reported in the animal
toxicology studies.
Other potential mechanisms by which 63 exposure may be associated with cardiovascular
disease outcomes have been described. Laboratory animals exposed to relatively high Ch
concentrations (^ 0.5 ppm) demonstrate tissue edema in the heart and lungs. This may be due to
increased circulating levels of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF), which is known to mediate
capillary permeability, vasodilation, and BP (Daly et al., 2002). Ozone-induced changes in heart
rate, edema of heart tissue, and increased tissue and serum levels of ANF found with 8-hr 0.5
ppm Os exposure in animal toxicology studies (Vesely et al., 1994a,b,c) raise the possibility of
potential cardiovascular effects of acute 63 exposures.
3A-4
-------
Earlier work demonstrated (Vinduced release of functionally active platelet activating
factor (PAF) from rodent epithelial cells and the presence of PAF receptors on AMs. New work
examining lipid metabolism (CD, Section 5.2.1.4) and mediators of inflammatory response and
injury (CD, Section 5.2.3.4) confirm earlier findings indicating that PAF (Kafoury et al., 1999)
and PAF receptors (Longphre et al., 1999) are involved in responses to Os. In addition to the role
of PAF in pulmonary inflammation and hyperpermeability, this potent inflammatory mediator
may have clotting and thrombolytic effects, though this has not been demonstrated
experimentally. This cardiovascular effect may help explain, in part, some limited epidemiologic
findings suggestive of possible association of heart attack and stroke with ambient 63 exposure
described in section 3.3.1.3 of this Staff Paper. As indicated by the studies described above, an
emerging body of animal toxicology evidence is beginning to suggest mechanisms by which Os
can affect the cardiovascular system.
In a controlled human exposure study described in the CD in Chapter 6, Gong et al.
(1998) exposed 10 hypertensive and 6 healthy adult males, 41 to 78 years of age, to 0.3 ppm 63
for 3 hr while at intermittent exercise, at 30 L/min. For all subjects combined (no significant
group differences), there was an Os-induced decrement of 7% in FEVi and a statistically
significant increase (70%) in the alveolar-arterial oxygen tension gradient. The overall results did
not indicate any major acute cardiovascular effects of Os in either the hypertensive or normal
subjects. Foster et al. (1993) demonstrated that even in relatively young healthy adults (26.7 ± 7
yrs old), 63 exposure can cause ventilation to shift away from the well perfused basal lung. This
effect of Os on ventilation distribution (and, by association, the small airways) may persist
beyond 24-hr postexposure (Foster et al., 1997). Gong et al. (1998) suggested that by impairing
alveolar-arterial oxygen transfer, the 63 exposure could potentially lead to adverse cardiac events
by decreasing oxygen supply to the myocardium. However, the subjects in their study apparently
had sufficient functional reserve so as to not experience significant ECG changes or myocardial
ischemia and/or injury. Information about the impact of O3 exposure on the cardiovascular
system from epidemiologic studies is discussed in section 3.3.1.
3A-5
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Appendix 3B. Ozone Epidemiological Study Results: Summary of effect estimates and air quality data reported
in studies, distribution statistics for 8-hr daily maximum ozone concentrations for the study period and location,
and information about monitoring data used in study.
Study;
Location
Effect Estimate
(lower CL, upper CL)
Air Quality Data from
Study *
Avf time; Mean
Lag
Statistics for 8-hr daily max air
quality data **
98th % 99th % Range
Study period;
Monitoring information
Respiratory Symptoms:
Mortimer etal., 2002
8 U.S. cities
morning symptoms
Gent etal., 2003
New England cities
chest tightness
Gent etal., 2003
New England cities
shortness of breath
Ostro etal., 2001
2 S Cal counties
Asthma med use
Ostro etal., 2001
2 S Cal counties
shortness of breath
Ostro etal., 2001
2 S Cal counties
Wheeze
Ostro etal., 2001
2 S Cal counties
Cough
1.35(1.06, 1.71)
1.19(1.05, 1.34)
1.17(1.03, 1.33)
1.15(1.12, 1.19)
1.01 (0.92, 1.10)
0.94(0.88, 1.00)
0.93 (0.87, 0.99)
8h 48
8h 513
1d 51"3
8h 513
1d 51"3
1h 59. 5/
95.8
(57.2)
1h 59.5/
3d 95.8
(57.2)
1h 59.5/
3d 95.8
(57.2)
1h 59.5/
3d 95.8
(57.2)
64.3 66 28.8-66
95.2 91.8 27.1-99.6
95.2 91.8 27.1-99.6
121 122 14-122
121 122 14-122
121 122 14-122
121 122 14-122
6/1/93-8/31/93
AQS, all monitors in corresponding
county, averaged for 10am to 6pm
4/1/01 - 9/30/01
10 sites in CT and 4 in Springfield MA
4/1/01 -9/30/01
10 sites in CT and 4 in Springfield MA
Aug-Nov1993
2 sites - downtown LA and Pasadena,
individuals matched to closest site
Aug-Nov1993
2 sites - downtown LA and Pasadena,
individuals matched to closest site
Aug-Nov1993
2 sites - downtown LA and Pasadena,
individuals matched to closest site
Aug-Nov1993
2 sites - downtown LA and Pasadena,
individuals matched to closest site
-------
Study;
Location
Neas etal., 1995
Uniontown PA
pm cough
Delfino etal. ,2003
San Diego, CA
Symptom score>1
Delfino etal., 2003
San Diego, CA
Symptom score>1
Delfino etal., 2003
San Diego, CA
Symptom score>2
Delfino etal., 2003
San Diego, CA
Symptom score>2
Delfino etal., 1998
San Diego, CA
Asthma symptoms
Schwartz et al., 1994
6 US cities
Cough
Schwartz et al., 1994
6 U.S. cities
lower respiratory
symptoms
Effect Estimate
(lower CL, upper CL)
1.36(0.86,2.14)
0.75 (0.24, 2.33)
1.55(0.52,4.63)
6.67(1.09,40.88)
1.15(0.41,3.17)
1.26(1.00, 1.58)
1.15(0.99, 1.33)
1.22(1.00, 1.50)
Air Quality Data from
Study *
Avf time; Mean
Lag
12h 37.2
Od (56.1)
8h
Od 17.1
8h
1d "•'
8h
Od "•'
8h
1d
£ -
- 36,
™ 36,
Statistics for 8-hr daily max air
quality data **
98th % 99th % Range
85.3 98 15-98
34.8 35.2 5.8-35.2
34.8 35.2 5.8-35.2
34.8 35.2 5.8-35.2
34.8 35.2 5.8-35.2
107 109 43-109
Study period;
Monitoring information
6/10/90-8/23/90
1 site near Laurel Highlands HS
Nov99- Jan 00
Huntington Park central site
Nov99- Jan 00
Huntington Park central site
Nov99- Jan 00
Huntington Park central site
Nov99- Jan 00
Huntington Park central site
8/1/95- 10/30/95
SDAPCD site
Harvard 6 cities sites; school year
period for each, from 1985/6 to 1987/8
Harvard 6 cities sites; school year
period for each, from 1985/6 to 1987/8
-------
Study;
Location
Rossetal., 2002
East Moline, IL
morning symptoms
Rossetal., 2002
East Moline, IL
Evening symptoms
Rossetal., 2002
East Moline, IL
Asthma med use
Thurston etal., 1997
Connecticut
chest symptoms
Thurston 1997
Connecticut
Asthma med use
Effect Estimate
(lower CL, upper CL)
1.12(1.05, 1.20)
1.12(1.06, 1.19)
1.08(0.99, 1.17)
1.21 (1.12, 1.31)
1.19(1.08, 1.32)
Air Quality Data from
Study *
Avf time; Mean
Lag
8h 415
3d ave 4 ' -°
8h 415
3d ave 4 ' -°
8h 415
3d ave 4 ' -°
J3 83'6
1h MR
Od 83'6
Statistics for 8-hr daily max air
quality data **
98th % 99th % Range
68.8 75 8.9-78.3
68.8 75 8.9-78.3
68.8 75 8.9-78.3
NA NA NA
NA NA NA
Study period;
Monitoring information
Apr-Oct 1 994
AQS data - East Moline sites
Apr-Oct 1994
AQS data - East Moline sites
Apr-Oct 1994
AQS data - East Moline sites
last wk of June 1991-93
on-site monitor
last wk of June 1991-93
on-site monitor
Lung Function Changes:
Mortimer etal., 2002
8 U.S. cities
am PEF (%)
Linn etal., 1996
Los Angeles
FEV1 (ml)
-0.59% (-1.05, -0.13)
-0.26 (SE 0.25) (am)
-0.18(SE0.20)(pm)
8h 48
24h
Od **
64.3 66 28.8-66
150 164 2.5-192.5
6/1/93-8/31/93
AQS, all monitors in corresponding
county, averaged for 10am to 6pm
Jan 91-Dec92
SCAQMD sites in 3 communities:
Upland, Rubidoux, Torrance
-------
Study;
Location
Newhouse et al., 2004
Tulsa, OK
am PEF (L/min)
Ross etal., 2002
East Moline, IL
PEF (L/min)
Neas etal., 1995
Uniontown PA
PEF (L/min)
Neas etal., 1999
Philadelphia PA
PEF (L/min)
Korricket al., 1998
Mt. Washington NH
FEV1 (%)
Thurston etal., 1997
Connecticut summer
camp
PEF (L/min)
Naeheretal., 1999
SW Virginia
PEF (L/min)
Effect Estimate
(lower CL, upper CL)
-0.274 (p<0.05)
(mean O3)
-0.289 (p<0.05)
(max O3)
-2.29 (-4.26, -0.33)
(am)
-2.58 (-4.26, -0.89)
(pm)
-2.79 (-6.7, -1.1) (pm)
-1.38 (-2.81, 0.04)
(am)
-2. 58 (-4.91, -0.35)
(pm)
-2.6 (-4.1, -0.4)
-0.096 (p<0.05)
-7.65 (-13.0, -2.25)
(pm)
Air Quality Data from
Study *
AvG tllTIG'
iviQdn
2;s 30
8h
0-1d 41.5
1d
12h 37.2
Od (56.1)
12h
Od 56
1 -5d ave
Od 40
o2 ",
24h 34 8?
Statistics for 8-hr daily max air
quality data **
98th % 99th % Range
92.7 104.7 17.3-104.7
68.8 75 8.9-78.3
85.3 98 15-98
96.9 104.5 17.7-104.5
87 89 24 - 91
NA NA NA
74 79 13-87
Study period;
Monitoring information
9/1/00- 10/31/00
OK DEQ site about 1 km from U
Tulsa
Apr-Oct 1994
AQS data - East Moline sites
6/10/90-8/23/90
1 site near Laurel Highlands HS
7/8/93 - 9/3/93
2 sites: Airport and Presbyterian
Nursing Home (58th and Greenway)
summers 1991, 92
2 sites: Mt. Washington Observatory
and mountain base at Auto Rd
last wk of June, 1991-1993
on-site monitor
summers 1995-1996
1 site in Vinton VA
-------
Study;
Location
Braueretal., 1996
Fraser Valley, BC
FEV1 (ml)
Effect Estimate
(lower CL, upper CL)
-3.8 (SE 0.4) (end
shift)
-4.5 (SE 0.6) (next
day)
Air Quality Data from
Study *
nrr ^
JS «•>
Statistics for 8-hr daily max air
quality data **
98th % 99th % Range
55 55 3-55
Study period;
Monitoring information
June-August 1993
BC Ministry of Environment sites
Emergency Department Visits: Respiratory Diseases
Peel etal., 2005
Atlanta
Delfinoetal., 1997
Montreal (>64yo)
Delfinoetal., 1997
Montreal (>64yo)
Jones etal., 1995
Baton Rouge, LA
(1-17yo)
Jones etal., 1995
Baton Rouge, LA
(18-60yo)
Jones et al., 1995
Baton Rouge, LA
(>60 yo)
Wilson etal. ,2005
Portland NH,
Wilson etal. ,2005
Manchester NH
2.89(1.03,4.77)
28.93(11.98,45.88)
31.61 (12.91,50.31)
-13.00 (-32.82, 12.66)
20.00 (2.29, 40.78)
27. 00 (-3.48, 67.10)
-3.00 (-8.49, 2.82)
-3.00 (-8.53, 2.87)
8h
3d ave 55'6
s ^
1h 34.7
1d (28.9)
24h 28.2
Od (56.4)
24h 28.2
Od (56.4)
24h 28.2
Od (56.4)
8h 431
Od ^
8h
Od
127 140 3-152
57.5 64.9 7-64.9
57.5 64.9 7-64.9
111.8 118 21-119
111.8 118 21-119
111.8 118 21-119
108 121 15-142
85 93 5-121
1/1/93 to 12/2 1/02
AQS Confederate Ave monitor
May-Aug 1988 and 1989
AQS data, 5 sites
May-Aug 1988 and 1989
AQS data, 5 sites
6/1/90-8/31/90
DEQ 3 sites
6/1/90-8/31/90
DEQ 3 sites
6/1/90-8/31/90
DEQ 3 sites
Apr-Oct 1998-2000
AQS data, single monitor in each city
Apr-Oct 1998-2000
AQS data, single monitor in each city
-------
Study;
Location
Stiebetal., 1996
St. John, Canada
Effect Estimate
(lower CL, upper CL)
9. 33 (-0.07, 18.74)
Air Quality Data from
Study *
Avf time; Mean
Lag
1h 41.6
2d (36.1)
Statistics for 8-hr daily max air
quality data **
98th % 99th %
83 91
Emergency Department Visits: Asthma
Peel etal., 2005
Atlanta, GA
Wilson etal. ,2005
Manchester NH
Wilson etal. ,2005
Portland NH
Friedman etal., 2001
Atlanta GA (1-1 6 yo)
Tolbert et al., 2000
Atlanta, GA
Zhu etal., 2003
Atlanta, GA (0-16 yo)
Jaffe et al., 2003
3 Ohio cities
Jaffe et al., 2003
Cincinnati
Jaffe et al., 2003
Cleveland
Jaffe et al., 2003
Columbus
2.65 (-0.50, 5.89)
-3. 00 (-8.91, 3.29)
9.40(10.26,8.55)
30.89 (5.34, 62.64)
6.37(2.53, 10.34)
2.41 (-2.39, 7.44)
9.27(0.13, 19.25)
15.76 (-1.01, 35.38)
3.03 (-8.52, 16.04)
15.76 (-2.49, 37.44)
8h «R
3d ave 55'6
£ -
£ -
1h 77.2
0-1 d (60.7)
8h 59.3
1d (60.7)
8h
Od
2% ™
% «
% »
15 «
127 140
108 121
85 93
85.8 85.8
92.4 112.6
104 108
106 116
104 107
98 106
Range
5-140.5
Study period;
Monitoring information
May-Sept 1984-1 992
EC data averaged across sites
3-152
15-142
5-121
20-85.8
16.2-135.8
24-124
24-124
27-111
25-117
1/1/93 to 12/21/02
AQS Confederate Ave monitor
Apr-Oct 1998-2000
AQS data, single monitor in each city
Apr-Oct 1998-2000
AQS data, single monitor in each city
7/19/96-8/4/96
3 sites in Atlanta
AQS, GA and Fulton Co., SOS,
USGS; 7 sites in Atlanta MSA
7/1/91 to 6/30/96
all data from active monitors
7/1/91 to 6/30/96
all data from active monitors
7/1/91 to 6/30/96
all data from active monitors
7/1/91 to 6/30/96
all data from active monitors
-------
Study;
Location
Cassino etal., 1999
NYC
(in heavy smokers)
Cassino etal., 1999
NYC
(in heavy smokers)
Cassino etal., 1999
NYC
(in heavy smokers)
Cassino etal., 1999
NYC
(in heavy smokers)
Effect Estimate
(lower CL, upper CL)
-5.42 (-8.38, -2.36)
2.74 (-3.00, 8.83)
9.69(3.93, 15.76)
-1.62 (-7.01, 4.08)
Air Quality Data from
Study *
Avf time; Mean
Lag
24h 17.5
Od (32.6)
24h 17.5
1d (32.6)
24h 17.5
2d (32.6)
24h 17.5
3d (32.6)
Statistics for 8-hr daily max air
quality data **
98th % 99th % Range
83.3 88.8 3-114.6
83.3 88.8 3-114.6
83.3 88.8 3-114.6
83.3 88.8 3-114.6
Study period;
Monitoring information
1/1/89- 12/31/93
data from sites throughout NYC
1/1/89-12/31/93
data from sites throughout NYC
1/1/89-12/31/93
data from sites throughout NYCI
1/1/89-12/31/93
data from sites throughout NYC
Emergency Department Visits: Other respiratory diseases:
Peel etal. ,2005
Atlanta, GA
Pneumonia
Peel etal. ,2005
Atlanta, GA
COPD
Peel etal. ,2005
Atlanta, GA
upper respiratory
infection
1.80 (-2.27, 6.04)
3.49 (-2.77, 10. 15)
3.25(1.10,5.44)
8h «R
3d ave 55'6
8h «R
3d ave 55'6
8h «R
3d ave 55'6
127 140 3-152
127 140 3-152
127 140 3-152
1/1/93 to 12/21/02
AQS Confederate Ave monitor
1/1/93 to 12/21/02
AQS Confederate Ave monitor
1/1/93 to 12/21/02
AQS Confederate Ave monitor
Cardiovascular outcomes, biomarkers, and physiological changes:
-------
Study;
Location
Liaoetal., 2004
3 US cities
HRV (high frequency
power)
Liaoetal., 2004
3 US cities
SD of normal RR
intervals
Peters et al., 2000
Boston
Defibrillator discharge
Peters et al., 2001
Boston
Myocardial infarction
Parket al., 2004
Boston
HRV (low frequency
power)
Gold etal., 2000
Boston
HRV (r-MSSD) (ms)
Effect Estimate
(lower CL, upper CL)
-0.010 (SE 0.016)
-0.336 (SE 0.290)
OR 0.96 (0.47, 1.98)
(patients with 1 +
event)
OR 1.23 (0.53, 2.87)
(patients with 1 0+
events)
OR 1.31 (0.85,2.03)
(2h 03)
OR 0.94 (0.60, 1.49)
(24h O3)
-1 1 .5% (-21 .3, -0.4)
-3.0 (SE 1.9)
(first rest period)
-5.8 (SE 2.4)
(slow breathing period)
Air Quality Data from
Study *
nrr ^
s «
s «
^ 1"
24h and
2h 19.9
1dand 1h
4h 23
1h 34
Statistics for 8-hr daily max air
quality data **
98th % 99th % Range
75.2 78.1 15.7-102.7
75.8 81.5 17.7-102.7
81.8 92 10-122.6
77.3 92.5 21.8-100
Study period;
Monitoring information
1996-1998
AQS data
1996-1998
AQS data
Jan 95- Dec 97
1 site
Jan 95 - May 96
1 site
(case-crossover)
Nov 2000- Oct 2003
Mass Dept. Environ. Protection sites
June-Sept 1997
1 site, MA Dept. Environ. Protection
-------
Study;
Location
Dockery etal., 2005
Boston
Ventricular arrhythmia
Rich et al., 2005
Boston
Ventricular arrhythmia
Effect Estimate
(lower CL, upper CL)
OR 1.09 (0.93, 1.29)
(all events)
OR 1.21 (1.00, 1.45)
(all events)
Air Quality Data from
Study *
Avf time; Mean
Lag
48h 22.9
24h 22.6
Statistics for 8-hr daily max air
quality data **
98th % 99th % Range
75 82.1 2-102.7
74 81.5 2-102.7
Study period;
Monitoring information
7/11/95- 7/11/02
6 sites, Mass Dept. Envir. Protection
Aug 1995- June 2002
6 sites, Mass Dept. Envir. Protection
Emergency Department Visits: Cardiovascular Diseases
Metzgeretal., 2004
Atlanta, GA
allCV
Metzgeretal., 2004
Atlanta, GA
Dysrrhythmia
Metzgeretal., 2004
Atlanta, GA
CHF
Metzgeretal., 2004
Atlanta, GA
IHD
Metzgeretal., 2004
Atlanta, GA
peripheral vascular
0.96 (-1.59, 3.58)
0.96 (-3.96, 6.13)
-4.19 (-9.74, 1.71)
2.28 (-2.30, 7.09)
1.68 (-1.57, 5.05)
Sdave «"
Sdave «"
Sdave 53'9
,H 8h 53.9
Sdave
8h 539
Sdave W'9
127 140 3-152
127 140 3-152
127 140 3-152
127 140 3-152
127 140 3-152
1/1/93 to 12/2 1/02
AQS Confederate Ave monitor
1/1/93 to 12/2 1/02
AQS Confederate Ave monitor
1/1/93 to 12/2 1/02
AQS Confederate Ave monitor
1/1/93 to 12/2 1/02
AQS Confederate Ave monitor
1/1/93 to 12/21/02
AQS Confederate Ave monitor
Hospital Admissions: Cardiovascular Diseases
-------
Study;
Location
Linn etal., 2000
Los Angeles CA
(summer)
Fung etal., 2003
Windsor
CV <65 yo
Fung etal., 2003
Windsor
CV <65 yo
Fung etal., 2003
Windsor
CV 65+ yo
Fung etal., 2003
Windsor
CV 65+ yo
Burnett et al., 1997
Toronto CV
Gwynn etal., 2000
Buffalo
circulatory
Effect Estimate
(lower CL, upper CL)
2. 02 (-16. 14, 24.11)
-0.1 4 (-11. 79, 13.06)
5.84 (-10.50, 25.16)
-3.57 (-10.35, 3.72)
1.94 (-8. 01, 12.95)
20.47 (9.32, 32.76)
0.23 (-1.27, 1.74)
Air Quality Data from
Study *
Avf time; Mean
Lag
24h 32.9
Od (98.7)
1h 39.3
Od (31 .6)
1h 39.3
0-2d ave (31 .6)
1h 39.3
Od (31 .6)
1h 39.3
0-2d ave (31 .6)
1h 41.2
2-4d ave (31 .6)
24h 26.2
1d (38.7)
Statistics for 8-hr daily max air
quality data **
98th % 99th % Range
175 180 188
78 85 0-106
78 85 0-106
78 85 0-106
78 85 0-106
62 64 0-79
92.5 104 4.5-123
Study period;
Monitoring information
Los Angeles basin - averaged from
monitors across basin
4/1/95- 12/31/00
4 sites in Winsdor
4/1/95-12/31/00
4 sites in Winsdor
4/1/95-12/31/00
4 sites in Winsdor
4/1/95-12/31/00
4 sites in Winsdor
summers 1992, 93, 94
7-9 sites in metro Toronto
1988-1990
AQS data from multiple sites in
Buffalo/Rochester area
Hospital Admissions: Specific Cardiovascular Diseases
Koken et al., 2003
Denver CO
myocardial infarction
-32.91 (-47.16, -14.82)
24h 25
Od (44.2)
64.5 65.5 11-76
July-August 1993-1997
AQS sites in Denver County (2 sites)
-------
Study;
Location
Koken et al., 2003
Denver
Coronary
Atheroschlerosis
Koken et al., 2003
Denver
Pulm Heart Disease
Ito, 2003
Detroit Ml
ischemic heart disease
Ito, 2003
Detroit Ml
dysrrhythmia
Ito, 2003
Detroit Ml
heart failure
Ito, 2003
Detroit Ml
stroke
Effect Estimate
(lower CL, upper CL)
27.02 (8.30, 48.98)
49.16(8.35, 105.22)
0.52 (-2.27, 3.39)
-1.04 (-5.87, 4.04)
0.76 (-2.47, 4.09)
0.50 (-3.03, 4.15)
Air Quality Data from
Study *
Avf time; Mean
Lag
24h 25
2d (44.2)
24h 25
1d (44.2)
24h 25
3d (38.7)
24h 25
3d (38.7)
24h 25
3d (38.7)
24h 25
3d (38.7)
Statistics for 8-hr daily max air
quality data **
98th % 99th % Range
64.5 65.5 11-76
64.5 65.5 11-76
80 85 4.3-101.3
80 85 4.3-101.3
80 85 4.3-101.3
80 85 4.3-101.3
Study period;
Monitoring information
July-August 1993-1997
AQS sites in Denver County (2 sites)
July-August 1993-1997
AQS sites in Denver County (2 sites
1992-1994
AQS data, 4 ozone sites
1992-1994
AQS data, 4 ozone sites
1992-1994
AQS data 4 ozone sites
1992-1994
AQS data 4 ozone sites
Hospital Admissions: Respiratory Diseases
Luginaah etal., 2003
Windsor (males)
Luginaah etal., 2003
Windsor (females)
5. 56 (-10.57, 24.59)
-6.83 (-23.92, 14.09)
1h 39.3
Od (31 .6)
1h 39.3
Od (31 .6)
78 85 0-106
78 85 0-106
4/1/95- 12/31/00
4 sites in Winsdor
4/1/95- 12/31/00
4 sites in Winsdor
-------
Study;
Location
Thurston etal., 1992
Buffalo NY
Delfinoetal., 1994
Montreal
Burnett et al., 1994
Toronto
Burnett et al., 1997
16 Canadian city
Burnett et al., 1997
Toronto
Yang et al., 2003
Vancouver (<3 yo)
Yang et al., 2003
Vancouver (65+yo)
Schwartz etal., 1996
Cleveland
Moolgavkar et al., 1997
Minneapolis/St. Paul
Gwynn etal., 2001
NYC (white)
Effect Estimate
(lower CL, upper CL)
4.94 (-0.23, 10.12)
4.05(1.00,7.11)
3.95 (2.50, 5.43)
6.72(3.52, 10.02)
17.57(10.44,25.15)
50.43(32.64,70.61)
28.53(18.47,39.43)
3.51 (0.88, 6.20)
8.08(4.47, 11.81)
1.08 (-0.44, 2.63)
Air Quality Data from
Study *
Ave time;
Lag
1h
2d
8h
4d
1h
1d
1h
1d
1h
1-3d ave
24h
4d
24h
4d
1h
1 -2d ave
24h
1d
24h
1d
Mean
60
(58.9)
32.1
(41.7)
32.9
(25.3)
41.2
(31.6)
13.41
(21.3)
13.41
(21.3)
56
(55.1)
26.2
(45.1)
22.1
(34.2)
Statistics for 8-hr daily max air
quality data **
98th % 99th %
125.5 133
69 73.8
79 81.5
47.1 51.3
62 64
42.7 47.3
42.7 47.3
91 99
83.2 87.7
90.6 106
Range
24-133
8.6-82.3
15-104.3
6.2-68.4
0-79
1.1-71.9
1.1-71.9
5-120.3
4.6-101.8
6-125
Study period;
Monitoring information
June-Aug 1988-1989
NYDEC monitors
Jul-Aug 1984-1988
7 sites in Montreal; 2 sites near heavy
traffic areas not used
1983-1988
Ont Min Environ 22 sites May-August
4/1/81 - 12/31/91
used Apr-Dec data, all stations in each
city
summers 1992, 93, 94
7-9 sites in metro Toronto
1/1/86-12/31/98
25 sites, Great Vancouver Regional
District
1/1/86- 12/31/98
25 sites, Great Vancouver Regional
District
1988-1990
Cuyahoga county warm season only
1/1/86- 12/31/91
AQS data from all monitoring stations
1988-1990
AQS data
-------
Study;
Location
Gwynn etal., 2001
NYC (nonwhite)
Gwynn etal., 2001
NYC (uninsured)
Thurston etal., 1992
NYC
Gwynn etal., 2000
Buffalo
Schwartz et al., 1996
Spokane
Thurston etal., 1994
Toronto
Effect Estimate
(lower CL, upper CL)
4.01 (2.47, 5.57)
4.51 (2.80, 6.25)
0.42(0.10,0.74)
3.94(1.78,6.15)
19.08(0.17,41.57)
15.30(4.11,26.50)
Air Quality Data from
Study *
Ave time;
Lag
24h
1d
24h
1d
1h
3d
24h
1d
1h
2d
1hr
Od
Hospital Admissions: Asthma
Sheppard et al., 2003
Seattle, WA
Nauenberg et al., 1999
Los Angeles
(all insurance)
Burnett et al., 2001
Toronto (<2 yo)
Thurston etal., 1992
Buffalo NY
3.44 (0.58, 6.39)
1.00 (-6.28, 8.84)
30.25(16.87,45.15)
6.59(1.29, 11.89)
8h
2d
24h
Od
1h
5d ave
1h
3d
Mean
22.1
(34.2)
22.1
(34.2)
29.1
26.2
(38.7)
79
57.47
(45.8)
Statistics for 8-hr daily max air
quality data **
98th % 99th %
90.6 106
90.6 106
92.5 104
NA NA
92 94
30.4
19.88
(19.1)
45.2
(38.6)
60
(58.9)
65 73
46.5 50.5
77.7 83.7
125.5 133
Range
6-125
6-125
4.5-123
NA
8-125
Study period;
Monitoring information
1988-1990
AQS data
1988-1990
AQS data
June-Aug 1988-1989
NYDEC monitors
1988-1990
AQS data from multiple sites in
Buffalo/Rochester area
1988-1990
1 residential site
July-Aug, 1986-1988
Breadalbane site
2-100
2-67
9-110.8
24-133
1987-1994
1 site at Lake Sammamish
(11/15-3/1)1991-1994
2 SCAQMD sites in zip codes 90025
and 9001 2
1/1/80- 12/31/94
4 sites
June-Aug 1988-1989
NYDEC monitors
-------
Study;
Location
Burnett et al., 1999
Toronto
Lin et al., 2003
Toronto,
6-1 2 yo
Thurston etal., 1992
New York City
Schwartz et al., 1994
Detroit
Effect Estimate
(lower CL, upper CL)
6.47 (3.68, 9.33)
-7.84 (-22.02, 8.92)
(female)
-26.04 (-44.53, -1.39)
(male)
0.95(0.20, 1.69)
10.81 (5.13, 16.80)
Air Quality Data from
Study *
Avf time; Mean
Lag
24h 19.5
1-3dave (26.7)
1h
Od 28'2
1h 291
1d 29'1
24h 21
1d (37.6)
Statistics for 8-hr daily max air
quality data **
98th % 99th % Range
68.4 74.8 0.1-110.8
68.4 74.8 0.14-110.8
82.8 88.5 10-122.7
Study period;
Monitoring information
summers 1992, 93, 94
7-9 sites in metro Toronto
1981-1993
4 sites, Ontario Ministry of
Environment and Energy
(case-crossover)
June-Aug 1988-1989
NYDEC monitors
1986-1989
AQS data 9 sites in 86 and 89, 8 sites
in 87 and 88
Hospital Admissions: Other respiratory diseases
Moolgavkar et al., 1997
Minneapolis/St. Paul
pneumonia
Ito, 2003
Detroit Ml
pneumonia
Ito, 2003
Detroit Ml
COPD
Burnett et al., 1999
Toronto
COPD
8.90(4.62, 13.34)
3. 10 (-1.84, 8.28)
1.25 (-3.55, 6.28)
7.49(4.00, 11.10)
24h 26.2
1d (45.1)
24h 25
3d (38.7)
24h 25
3d (38.7)
24h 19.5
2-4d ave (26.7)
83.2 87.7 4.6-101.8
80 85 4.3-101.3
80 85 4.3-101.3
68.4 74.8 0.1-110.8
1/1/86- 12/31/91
AQS data from all monitoring stations
1992-1994
AQS data, 4 ozone sites
1992-1994
AQS data 4 ozone sites
summers 1992, 93, 94
7-9 sites in metro Toronto
-------
Study;
Location
Schwartz etal., 1994
Detroit
COPD
Moolgavkar et al., 1997
Minneapolis/St. Paul
COPD
Burnett et al., 1999
Toronto
Respiratory Infection
Effect Estimate
(lower CL, upper CL)
11.68(2.92,21.19)
6.04(1.22, 11.10)
4.52 (2.43, 6.64)
Air Quality Data from
Study *
Avf time; Mean
Lag
24h 21
1d (37.6)
24h 26.2
1d (45.1)
24h 195
1-2dave iy-b
Statistics for 8-hr daily max air
quality data **
98th % 99th % Range
82.8 88.5 10-122.7
83.2 87.7 4.6-101.8
68.4 74.8 0.1-110.8
Study period;
Monitoring information
1986-1989
AQS data 9 sites in 86 and 89, 8 sites
in 87 and 88
1/1/86-12/31/91
AQS data from all monitoring stations
summers 1992, 93, 94
7-9 sites in metro Toronto
Mortality: Total nonaccidental
Bell etal. ,2004
95 U.S. cities (warm)
Bell etal. ,2004
95 U.S. cities (warm)
Schwartz et al., 2004
14 U.S. cities (warm)
Ostroetal., 2003
Coachella Valley CA
0.44(0.14,0.74)
0.78(0.26, 1.30)
1.04(0.30, 1.79)
-1 (-4.42, 2.55)
*£ »*
n RH24Hi 26-84
0-6d dl
1h 459
Od 4JD'y
1h 62
1987-2000
AQS data, 1 0% trimmed mean to
average across monitors after
correction for each monitor
1987-2000
AQS data, 1 0% trimmed mean to
average across monitors after
correction for each monitor
1986-1993
AQS data, May-September
(case-crossover)
1/1/89-12/20/98
sites in Palm Springs and Indio
-------
Study;
Location
Ostroetal., 1995
2 Southern CA counties
Moolgavkar et al., 1995
Philadelphia (summer)
Ito, 2003
Detroit Ml
Ito, 2003
Detroit Ml
Fairley, 2003
San Jose CA
Chock etal., 2000
Pittsburg PA (<75 yo)
Chock etal., 2000
Pittsburg PA (75+ )
Kinney etal., 1995
Los Angeles
Gamble etal., 1998
Dallas TX
Dockery etal., 1992
St. Louis
Effect Estimate
(lower CL, upper CL)
0.80 (-0.1 8, 1.78)
2.82(1.33,4.33)
0.86 (-0.36, 2.09)
1.88 (-1.69, 5.58)
2.81 (-0.27, 5.99)
-1.48 (-5.63, 2.85)
-1.82 (-6.03, 2.59)
0.00 (-4.90, 5.15)
3.69 (0.85, 6.62)
0.60 (-2.46, 3.750
Air Quality Data from
Study *
nrr ^
£ i«
24h 355
1d J&-!)
24h 20.9
Od (34.3)
24h 25
Od (38.7)
8o5
£ P")
£ P")
1h 70
1d (53.4)
24h 22
1-2d (37.9)
24h
1d ^"
Statistics for 8-hr daily max air
quality data **
98th % 99th % Range
81.5 88.7 2-123.5
80 85 4.3-101.3
67 74 2-105
80 88.9 2.3-92.5
80 88.9 2.3-92.5
115.3 130 5.4-156.1
81 86.3 2-98.7
Study period;
Monitoring information
1980-1986
4 sites in San Bernardino and
Riverside counties: Upland,
Rubidoux, Redlands, Perris
1973-1988
AQS data
1985-1990
AQS data, 4 ozone sites
1992-1994
AQS data, 4 ozone sites
1989-1996
San Jose 4th St. site
1989-1991
1 site with daily obs, used only data
between 1200 and 2000 hours
1989-1991
1 site with daily obs, used only data
between 1200 and 2000 hours
1985-1990
8 ozone sites
1990-1994
TNRCC data, 2-3 sites in Dallas Co.
Sept 1985-August 1986
Harvard site on S side of city
-------
Study;
Location
Dockery etal., 1992
E Tennesse
Itoetal., 1996
Cook County
Klemmet al., 2004
Atlanta
quartknot **
Klemmet al., 2004
Atlanta
monthknot **
Goldberg etal., 2003
Montreal
(CHFunderlying)
Vedal et al., 2003
Vancouver
Villeneuve et al., 2003
Vancouver
Effect Estimate
(lower CL, upper CL)
-1.30 (-7.91, 5.78)
3.89(2.21,5.59)
2.40 (-3.39, 8.54)
4. 16 (-2.42, 11.19)
4.26 (-5.30, 14.78)
16.63(5.54,28.88)
1.31 (-0.78,3.45)
Air Quality Data from
Study *
Ave time;
Lag
24h
1d
1h
0-1 d
8h
0-1 d
8h
0-1 d
24h
0-2d
1h
Od
24h
Od
Mortality: Cardiovascular or Cardiorespiratory diseases
Bell etal. ,2004
95 U.S. cities
1.28(0.61, 1.96)
24h
0-6d dl
Mean
23
38.1
(31.8)
47.03
47.03
29
27.4
(21.4)
13.4
(21.3)
Statistics for 8-hr daily max air
quality data **
98th % 99th % Range
76 85.6 2.7-124
6.63-
124.41
6.63-
124.41
53.3 47.3 1.1-58.7
69.3 47.3 3.1-71.9
Study period;
Monitoring information
Sept 1985-August 1986
Harvard site, ~50 km SW of Knoxville
1985-1990
AQS sites with at least 4 y data, 5 O3
sites
ARIES database, as described in
Klemm 2000
ARIES database, as described in
Klemm 2000
1984-1993
Environment Canada data, 9 sites
Jan 94 - Dec 96
19 sites in Greater Vancouver
Regional District and EC
1/1/86-12/31/98
13 census subdivisions
26.84
1987-2000
AQS data, 10% trimmed mean to
average across monitors after
correction for each monitor
-------
Study;
Location
Huang et al., 2004
19 U.S. cities
Lipfert, et al., 2000
Philadelphia
Lipfert, et al., 2000
Philadelphia
Ostroetal.,2003
Coachella Valley
Ito, 2003
Detroit Ml
Ito, 2003
Detroit Ml
Fairley, 2003
San Jose CA
Gamble etal., 1998
Dallas TX
Ito etal., 1996
Cook County
Moolgavkaretal., 2003
Cook County
Villeneuve et al., 2003
Vancouver
Effect Estimate
(lower CL, upper CL)
1.47(0.54,2.40)
30.19(p<0.055)
-2.00 (p<0.055)
-4 (-8.88, 1.14)
1.45 (-0.29, 3.21)
1.79 (-3.38, 7.24)
2. 36 (-2. 12, 7.04)
3.28 (-1.48, 8.27)
4.64 (2.07, 7.27)
0.30(0.16,0.44)
0.66 (-2.57, 3.99)
Air Quality Data from
Study *
Ave time;
Lag
24h
Od
1h
0-1dave
1h
0-1dave
1h
24h
Od
24h
Od
8h
Od
24h
1-2d
1h
0-1 d
24h
Od
24h
Od
Mean
18-56
44.76
(39.7)
44.76
(39.7)
62
20.9
(34.3)
25
(38.7)
29
22
(37.9)
38.1
(31.8)
18
13.4
(21.3)
Statistics for 8-hr daily max air
quality data **
98th % 99th % Range
88.8 93.6 2.3-116.6
88.8 93.6 2.3-116.6
81.5 88.7 2-123.5
80 85 4.3-101.3
67 74 2-105
81 86.3 2-98.7
76 85.6 2.7-124
69.3 47.3 3.1-71.9
Study period;
Monitoring information
June 1- Sept 30, 1987-1994
AQS data
May 92 - Sept 95
1 Camden and 1 Phila site
May 92 - Sept 95
1 Camden and 1 Phila site
1/1/89-12/20/98
sites in Palm Springs and Indio
1985-1990
AQS data, 4 ozone sites
1992-1994
AQS data, 4 ozone sites
1989-1996,
San Jose 4th St. site
1990-1994
TNRCC data, 2-3 sites in Dallas Co.
1985-1990,
AQS sites with at least 4 y data, 5 O3
sites
1987-1995
AQS data
1/1/86- 12/31/98
13 census subdivisions
-------
Study;
Location
Goldberg etal., 2001
Montreal
Vedal et al., 2003
Vancouver
Effect Estimate
(lower CL, upper CL)
2.81 (1.35,4.30)
16.19 (-0.67, 35.91)
Air Quality Data from
Study *
Ave time;
Lag
24h
0-2d
1h
Od
Mortality: Respiratory Diseases
Ostro etal., 2003
Coachella Valley
Ito, 2003
Detroit Ml
Ito, 2003
Detroit Ml
Vedal et al., 2003
Vancouver
Villeneuve et al., 2003
Vancouver
Moolgavkaretal., 2003
Cook County (COPD)
3 (-8.77, 16.29)
0.07 (-4.34, 4.68)
7.44 (-5.37, 21.99)
6.01 (-22.53, 45.06)
1.50 (-4.24, 7.58)
0.30 (-0.1 0,0.71)
1h
24h
Od
24h
Od
1h
Od
24h
Od
24h
Od
Mean
29
27.4
(21.4)
Statistics for 8-hr daily max air
quality data **
98th % 99th % Range
53.3 47.3 1.1-58.7
Study period;
Monitoring information
1984-1993
Environment Canada data, 9 sites
Jan 94 - Dec 96
19 sites in Greater Vancouver
Regional District and EC
62
20.9
(34.3)
25
(38.7)
27.4
(21.4)
13.4
(21.3)
18
81.5 88.7 2-123.5
80 85 4.3-101.3
53.3 47.3 1.1-58.7
69.3 47.3 3.1-71.9
1/1/89-12/20/98
sites in Palm Springs and Indio
1985-1990
AQS data, 4 ozone sites
1992-1994
AQS data, 4 ozone sites
Jan 94 - Dec 96
19 sites in Greater Vancouver
Regional District and EC
1/1/86- 12/31/98
13 census subdivisions
1987-1995
AQS data
* Includes ozone averaging period and lag period for effect estimate calculation; for example, 1h represents 1-hour maximum concentration and
Od represents a 0-day lag period. Mean values taken from study publications, for the ozone averaging period used in the study (e.g., 1h, 8h, 24h).
Where 8-hour daily max ozone concentrations were used, the mean 8-hour daily max concentration is presented in parentheses.
** Using ozone data obtained for the study period in the location of the study, 8-hour daily maximum concentrations were derived and statistics
calculated. The 98th and 99th percentile values for the full study period distribution are presented here, along with the range (minimum-maximum)
-------
of concentrations. Since the time periods of the studies vary in length, from several weeks to over 10 years, the 98th and 99th percentile values
were selected for presentation here as a high study period concentration that roughly approximates a 4th maximum concentration, depending on
the study period length. NA= data not available
-------
Table C-l. Controlled Exposure of Healthy Humans to Ozone for 1 to 2 Hours During Exercise3
O
Ozone
Concentration'
ppm Hg/m3
0.0
0.4
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.2
0
784
0
392
0
392
Exposure
Duration and
Activity
2hIE
4x15 min
on bicycle,
VE = 30 L/min
2hIE
4x15 min
at VE = 20
L/min/m2 BSA
2hIE
4x15 min
Exposure
Conditions
c
NA
20 °C
50% RH
20 °C
50% RH
Number and
Gender of
Subjects
5M,4F
6M, 7F
8M, 5F
10 M, 12 F
Subject
Characteristics
Healthy adults
25 ± 2 years old
Mild atopic
asthmatics
22 ± 0.7 years old
Healthy NS
median age 23 years
Healthy NS
mean age 24 years
Observed Effect(s)
O3-induced reductions in FVC (12%, 10%) and FEV;
(13%, 11%) for asthmatic and healthy subjects.
Significant reductions in mid-flows in both asthmatics and
healthy subjects. Indomethacin pretreatment significantly
decreased FVC and FEV[ responses to O3 in healthy but not
asthmatic subjects. See Section AX6. 3. 2 and Tables AX6-3
andAX6-13.
Median O3-induced decrements of 70 mL, 190 mL, and
400 mL/s in FVC, FEVl5 and FEF25.75, respectively.
Spirometric responses not predicted of inflammatory
responses. See Sections AX6. 2. 5. 2, AX6.5.6, andAX6.9.3
and 'Table AX6-12.
Significant O3-induced decrement in FEV[ immediately
postexposure but not significantly different from baseline
Reference
Alexis et al.
(2000)
Blomberg
etal. (1999)
Blomberg
et al. (2003)
0.0
0.33
0
647
at VE = 20
L/min/m2 BSA
2hIE
4x15 min
on bicycle
ergometer
(600 kpm/min)
NA
9 M Healthy NS
26.7 ± 7 years old
2 h later. No correlation between Clara cell protein (CC16)
and FEV; decrement. CC16 levels, elevated by O3 exposure,
remained high at 6 h postexposure, but returned to baseline
by 18 h postexposure. See Table AX6-13.
Cyinduced reductions in FVC (7%). FRC not altered by O3
exposure. Post FA, normal gradient in ventilation which
increased from apex to the base of the lung. Post O3,
ventilation shifted away from the lower-lung into middle
and upper-lung regions. The post O3 increase in ventilation
to mid-lung region was correlated with decrease in
midmaximal expiratory flow (r = 0.76, p < 0.05).
Foster et al.
(1993)
0.0
0.35
0
690
2.2 h IE
2 x 30 min
on treadmill
(VE - 50 L/min)
Final 10 min rest
19-23 °C
48-55%
RH
15 M Healthy NS
25.4 ±2 years old
Pre- to post-O3, mean FVC and FEV[ decreased by 12 and
14%, respectively. Following O3 exposure, there was a
pronounced slow phase evident in multibreath nitrogen
washouts which, on average, represented a 24% decrease
in the washout rate relative to pre-O3.
Foster et al.
(1997)
-------
Table C-l (cont'd). Controlled Exposure of Healthy Humans to Ozone for 1 to 2 Hours during Exercise"
Ozone
Concentration'
ppm
0.0
0.12
0.18
0.24
0.30
0.40
ug/m3
0
235
353
471
589
784
Exposure
Duration and
Activity
2 h rest or IE
(4 x 15 min
at VE = 25 or 35
L/min/m2 BSA)
Exposure Number and
Conditions Genderof
c Subjects
22 °C 485 M (each
40% RH subject
exposed at one
activity level
to one O3
concentration)
Subject
Characteristics
Healthy NS
18 to 36 years old
mean age 24 years
Observed Effect(s)
Statistical analysis of 8 experimental chamber studies
conducted between 1980 and 1993 by the U.S. EPA in
Chapel Hill, NC. Decrement in FEV[ described by sigmoid-
shaped curve as a function of subject age, O3 concentration,
VE, and time. Response decreased with age, was minimally
affected by body size corrections, and was not more
sensitive to O3 concentration than VE. Also see Section
AX6.5.
Reference
McDonnell
etal. (1997)
0.4
O
to
784
2hIE
20 min mild-mod.
exercise,
10 min rest
NA
4 M, 5 F Healthy NS Subjects previously in Nightingale et al. (2000) study.
30 ± 3 years old Placebo-control: Immediately postexposure decrements
in FVC (9%) and FEV; (14%) relative to pre-exposure
values. FEV; decrement only 9% at 1 hr postexposure.
By 3 h postexposure, recovery in FVC to 97% and FEV[
to 98% of preexposure values. Significant increases in
8-isoprostane at 4 h postexposure. Budesonide for
2 wk prior to exposure did not affect responses.
Montuschi
et al. (2002)
0.0 392 2hIE 20 °C
0.2 4x15 min 50% RH
at VE = 20
L/min/m2 BSA
0.4 784 2hIE NA
20 min mild-mod.
exercise,
10 min rest
6 M, 9 F Healthy adults
24 years old
9 M, 6 F Mild asthmatics
29 years old
6 M, 9 F Healthy NS
mean age ~3 1 years
O3-induced FEV[ decrement (8%, healthy adults;
3% asthmatics) and PMN increase (20.6%, healthy adults;
15.2% asthmatics). Primary goal was to investigate
relationship between antioxidant defenses and O3
responses in asthmatics and healthy adults.
See Tables AX6-3 andAX6-13.
Placebo-control: O3 caused significant decrements in FEV;
(13.5%) and FVC (10%) immediately following exposure,
a small increase in MCh-reactivity, and increased PMNs and
myeloperoxidase in induced sputum at 4 h postexposure.
FEV[ at 96% and FVC at 97% preexposure values at 3 h
postexposure. Budesonide for 2 wk prior to exposure did
not affect spirometric responses. See Section AX6.2.5 and
Table AX6-13.
Mudway
etal. (2001)
Stenfors
et al. (2002)
Nightingale
et al. (2000)
-------
Table C-l (cont'd). Controlled Exposure of Healthy Humans to Ozone for 1 to 2 Hours during Exercise"
Ozone
Concentration" Exposure
Duration and
ppm Hg/m3 Activity
0.0 784 2hIE
0.4 4 x 15 minat
VE=18L/min/m2
BSA
2 exposures:
25% subjects
exposed to air-air,
75% to O3-O3
0.0 784 2hIE
0.4 4 x 15min
at VE = 20
L/min/m2 BSA
0.0 490 1 h CE
0.25 VE = 30 L/min
Exposure Number and
Conditions Gender of
c Subjects
21 °C Weak
40% RH responders
7M, 13F
Strong
responders
21M,21F
20 °C Placebo group
40% RH 15 M, IF
Antioxidant
group
13M,2F
NA 32 M, 28 F
Face mask
exposure
Subject
Characteristics
Healthy NS
20 to 59 years old
Healthy NS
mean age 27 years
Healthy NS
22.6 ± 0.6 years old
Observed Effect(s)
Significant O3-induced decrements in spirometric lung
function. Young adults (<35 years) were significantly more
responsive than older individuals (>35 years). Sufentanil,
a narcotic analgesic, largely abolished symptom responses
and improved FEV; in strong responders. Naloxone, an
opioid antagonist, did not affect O3 effects in weak
responders. See Section AX6. 2. 5.1.
Placebo and antioxidant groups had O3-induced decrements
in FEV; (20 and 14%) and FVC (13 and 10%), respectively.
Percent neutrophils and IL-6 levels in BAL fluid obtained
1 h postexposure were not different in the two treatment
groups. See Table AX6-13.
Mean O3-induced FEV[ decrements of 15.9% in males and
9.4% in females (gender differences not significant). FEV;
decrements ranged from -4 to 56%; decrements >15% in
20 subjects and >40% in 4 subjects. Uptake of O3 greater in
males than females, but uptake not correlated with
spirometric responses.
Reference
Passannante
etal. (1998)
Samet et al.
(2001)
Steck-Scott
et al. (2004)
Ultman et al.
(2004)
aSee Appendix A for abbreviations and acronyms.
bListed from lowest to highest O3 concentration.
'Studies conducted in exposure chamber unless otherwise indicated.
-------
Table C-2. Pulmonary Function Effects after Prolonged Exposures to Ozonea
Ozone Concentration11
ppm
Studies with
0.18
0.0
0.20
0.2
0.0
0.24
ug/m3
4 hr Exposures
353
0
392
392
0
470
Exposure
Duration
and Activity
4hIE
(4 x 50 min)
VE = 35 L/min
4hIE
(4 x 50 min cycle
ergometry or
treadmill running
[ VE = 40 L/min])
4hIE
(4 x 50 min)
VE = 25 L/min/m2
BSA
4hIE
(4 x 15 min)
VE = 20 L/min
Number and
Exposure Gender of Subject
Conditions Subjects Characteristics
23 °C 2M, 2F Adults NS, 21 to
50% RH 33 years old
20 °C FA: 1 1 M, 3 Adult NS, 19 to
50% RH F 41 years old
03: 9M, 3F
20 °C 42 M, 24 F Adults NS, 1 8 to
50% RH 50 years old
24 °C 10 M Healthy NS,
40% RH 60 to 69 years
9 M COPD
59 to 71 years
Observed Effect(s)
FVC decreased 19% and FEVj decreased 29% in these four
pre-screened sensitive subjects.
Decrease in FVC, FEVj, VT, and SRaw and increase in fB with
O3 exposure compared with FA; total cell count and LDH increased in
isolated left main bronchus lavage and inflammatory cell influx
occurred with O3 exposure compared to FA exposure.
FEVj decreased by 18.6%; Pre-exposure methacholine responsiveness
was weakly correlated with the functional response to O3 exposure.
Symptoms were also weakly correlated with the FEVj response (r =
-0.31 to -0.37)
Healthy: small, 3.3%, decline in FEVj (p = 0.03 [not reported in
paper], paired-t on O3 versus FA pre-post FEVj). COPD: 8% decline
in FEVj (p = ns, O3 versus FA). Adjusted for exercise, ozone effects
did not differ significantly between COPD patients and healthy
subjects.
See Section AX6. 5.1.
Reference
Adams (2000a)
Aris et al.
(1993)
Aris et al.
(1995)
Gong et al.
(1997a)
Studies with >6 hr Exposures
0.0
0.06
0.08
0.04 (mean,
peak of 0.05)
0.06 (mean,
peak of 0.09)
0.08 (mean,
peak of 0. 15)
0.0
0.04
0.08
0.12
0
118
157
78
118
157
0
78
157
235
6.6 h
IE (6 x SOmin)
VE = 20 L/min/m2
BSA
6.6 h
IE (6 x SOmin)
VE = 20 L/min/m2
BSA
25 °C 15 M, 15 F Healthy NS
40-60% RH Males 23.5 ± 3.0
yrs
Females
22. 8 ±1.2 yrs
23 °C 15 M, 15 F Healthy NS,
50% RH 22.4 ±2.4 yrs
old
FEVj and symptom responses after 6.6 h exposure to 0.04 and
0.06 ppm not significantly different from FA. Following exposure to
0.08 ppm, O3-induced FEVj (-6.1%, square-wave; -7.0%, triangular)
and symptom responses significantly greater than after 0.04 and 0.06
ppm exposures. Triangular exposure to 0.08 ppm caused peak
decrement in FEVj at 5.6 h of exposure, whereas peak for square-wave
exposure occurred at 6.6 h.
FEVj and total symptoms after 6.6 h exposure to 0.04 ppm not
significantly different from FA. FEVj (-6.4%) and total symptoms
significant at 6.6 h exposure to 0.08 ppm. FEVj (- 15.4%) at 6.6 h not
significantly different between chamber and face mask exposure to
0. 12 ppm.
Adams (2006)
Adams (2002)
-------
Table C-2 (cont'd). Pulmonary Function Effects after Prolonged Exposures to Ozone"
O
Ozone Concentration1*
ppm ug/m3
0.12 235
(a) 0.08 235
(b) 0.08 (mean) 235
varied from 0.03 (mean)
to 0.15
(a) 0.08 157
(b)0.30 588
(a) 0.1 2 235
(b) 0.1 2 (mean) 235
varied from 0.07 (mean)
to 0.16
(c) 0.1 2 (mean)
vanedfromO.il 235
to 0.13 (mean)
(d)0.12
235
Number and
Exposure Duration Exposure Gender of
and Activity Conditions Subjects
3 day-6.6h/day 23 °C 15 M, 15 F
IE (6 x 50 mm) 50% RH
VE = 1 7 L/min/m2,
20 L/mm/m2 BSA,
and 23 L/mm/m2 BSA
6.6 h 23 °C 15 M
IE (6 x 50 mm) 50% RH 1 5 F
VE = 20 L/mm/m2
BSA
6.6h 23 °C 15 M
IE (6 x 50 mm) 50% RH 1 5 F
VE = 20 L/min/m2
BSA
2h
ffi(4x 15mm)
VE = 35 L/min/m2
BSA
6.6 h IE 23 °C 6 M, 6 F
(6x50 mm) 50% RH
(a,b,c) VE = 20
L/mm/m2BSA
(d)VE= 12L/mm/m2
BSA
Subject
Characteristics Observed Effect(s)
Healthy NS, 18to FEVl at 6.6 h decreased significantly by 9.3%, 1 1.7%, and 13.9%, respectively at
31 years old three different exercise VE rates, but were not significantly different from each
other. Total symptoms at the highest VE protocol were significantly greater than
for the lowest VE protocol beginning at 4.6 h. Largest subjects (2.2 m2 BSA)
had significantly greater average FEVl decrement for the three protocols, 18.5%
compared to the smallest subjects (1.4 m2 BSA), 6.5%.
Healthy NS, 1 8 to (a) FEVl decreased 6.2% after 6.6 h in square-wave exposures. Total symptoms
25 years old significantly increased at 5.6 and 6.6 h.
(b) ¥EV1 decreased 5.6 to 6.2% after 4.6 to 6.6 h, respectively, in varied
exposure; total symptoms significantly increased also after 4.6 to 6.6 h.
No significant difference between face mask and chamber exposures.
Healthy NS, 1 8 to Significantly greater ¥EV1 decrement (12.4%) for 2-h, 0.30 ppm exposure than
25 years old for 6.6-h, 0.08 ppm exposure (3.6%).
Healthy NS, 19 to (a) ¥EV1 decreased 1 1% at 6.6 h in square-wave exposure. Total symptoms
25 years old significant from 4.6 to 6.6 h.
(b) FEVj decreased 1 3% at 6.6 h; not significantly different from square-wave
exposure. Total symptoms significant from 4.6 to 6.6 h.
(c) FEVj decreased 10.3% at 6.6 h; not significantly different from square-wave
exposure. Total symptoms significant from 4.6 to 6.6 h.
(d) FEV; decreased 3.6% at 6.6 h; significantly less than for 20 L/mm/m2 BSA
protocols.
Reference
Adams (2000b)
Adams (2003a)
Adams (2003b)
Adams and
Olhson(1997)
"See Appendix A for abbreviations and acronyms.
bListed from lowest to highest O3 concentration.
-------
Appendix 4A. Exposure Tables
-------
Tables
Table numbers
Pages
Percent of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.06,
0.07, and 0.08 ppm-8hr for Children, under moderate exertion, for
the years 2002, 2003, and 2004
Percent of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.06,
0.07, and 0.08 ppm-8hr for Asthmatic Children, under moderate
exertion, for the years 2002, 2003, and 2004
Number of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.06,
0.07, and 0.08 ppm-8hr for Children, under moderate exertion, for
the years 2002, 2003, and 2004
Number of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.06,
0.07, and 0.08 ppm-8hr for Asthmatic Children, under moderate
exertion, for the years 2002, 2003, and 2004
Number of person-days (occurrences) with 8-hour exposures
above 0.06, 0.07, and 0.08 ppm-8hr for Children, under moderate
exertion, for the years 2002, 2003, and 2004
Number of person-days (occurrences) with 8-hour exposures
above 0.06, 0.07, and 0.08 ppm-8hr for Asthmatic Children, under
moderate exertion, for the years 2002, 2003, and 2004
Number of persons and person-days (occurrences) with 8-hour
exposures above 0.06, 0.07, and 0.08 ppm-8hr for Asthmatic
Children and for Children, under moderate exertion, for the years
2002, 2003, and 2004. 12-City Totals.
4A-1 to 4A-9
4A-1 to 4A-5
4A-10 to 4A-18 4A-6 to 4A-10
4A-19 to 4A-27 4A-11 to 4A-15
4A-28 to 4A-36 4A-15 to 4A-19
4A-37 to 4A-45 4A-20 to 4A-24
4A-46 to 4A-54 4A-24 to 4A-28
4A-55 to 4A-60 4A-29 to 4A-34
-------
Table 4A-1. Percent of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.06 ppm-8hr for Children,
moderate exertion for the year 2002
City
Atlanta
Boston
Chicago
Cleveland
Detroit
Houston
Los Angeles
New York
Philadelphia
Sacramento
St. Louis
Washington
recent
base
68%
66%
69%
77%
72%
58%
61%
74%
77%
66%
70%
73%
84/4
53%
54%
53%
66%
61%
27%
7%
50%
64%
33%
63%
59%
84/3
53%
48%
48%
62%
55%
21%
6%
46%
60%
29%
60%
52%
80/4
45%
47%
44%
60%
54%
19%
4%
41%
58%
24%
58%
51%
74/5
35%
44%
37%
51%
52%
11%
1%
23%
49%
15%
50%
43%
74/4
29%
35%
28%
48%
39%
9%
1%
25%
46%
12%
46%
38%
74/3
29%
29%
23%
40%
30%
7%
1%
21%
41%
10%
40%
30%
70/4
18%
25%
17%
35%
25%
5%
0%
15%
36%
6%
34%
28%
64/4
5%
11%
3%
13%
6%
1%
0%
3%
17%
1%
14%
10%
Table 4A-2. Percent of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.06 ppm-8hr for Children,
moderate exertion for the year 2003
City
Atlanta
Boston
Chicago
Cleveland
Detroit
Houston
Los Angeles
New York
Philadelphia
Sacramento
St. Louis
Washington
recent
base
52%
38%
37%
49%
56%
67%
71%
57%
58%
59%
54%
47%
84/4
33%
28%
26%
22%
26%
19%
8%
24%
33%
15%
39%
21%
84/3
80/4
74/5
74/4
10%
9%
7%
9%
10%
4%
2%
7%
11%
3%
15%
8%
74/3
70/4
64/4
1%
1%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
1%
0%
1%
1%
Numbers are rounded to the nearest percent.
4A-1
-------
Table 4A-3. Percent of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.06 ppm-8hr for Children,
moderate exertion for the year 2004
City
Atlanta
Boston
Chicago
Cleveland
Detroit
Houston
Los Angeles
New York
Philadelphia
Sacramento
St. Louis
Washington
recent
base
48%
30%
12%
26%
22%
57%
69%
35%
47%
43%
22%
48%
84/4
26%
13%
1%
5%
7%
25%
5%
6%
16%
6%
8%
21%
84/3
25%
8%
0%
3%
4%
20%
4%
4%
11%
4%
5%
15%
80/4
18%
8%
0%
2%
3%
17%
3%
3%
9%
3%
3%
14%
74/5
11%
6%
0%
0%
2%
10%
1%
0%
3%
1%
1%
7%
74/4
8%
2%
0%
0%
0%
9%
1%
0%
2%
0%
0%
6%
74/3
8%
1%
0%
0%
0%
6%
1%
0%
1%
0%
0%
2%
70/4
3%
1%
0%
0%
0%
4%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
1%
64/4
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
1%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
Table 4A-4. Percent of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.07 ppm-8hr for Children,
moderate exertion for the year 2002
City
Atlanta
Boston
Chicago
Cleveland
Detroit
Houston
Los Angeles
New York
Philadelphia
Sacramento
St. Louis
Washington
recent
base
42%
46%
44%
63%
51%
31%
36%
54%
60%
39%
51%
53%
84/4
21%
28%
20%
38%
29%
7%
1%
16%
37%
7%
37%
29%
84/3
19%
21%
15%
29%
20%
4%
1%
13%
30%
5%
31%
21%
80/4
12%
20%
12%
27%
17%
4%
0%
9%
28%
4%
27%
20%
74/5
7%
18%
6%
12%
15%
1%
0%
2%
16%
2%
15%
12%
74/4
5%
10%
3%
9%
4%
1%
0%
3%
13%
1%
11%
8%
74/3
5%
7%
2%
3%
1%
0%
0%
2%
8%
1%
7%
4%
70/4
1%
5%
1%
2%
0%
0%
0%
1%
5%
0%
5%
3%
64/4
0%
1%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
Numbers are rounded to the nearest percent.
4A-2
-------
Table 4A-5. Percent of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.07 ppm-8hr for Children,
moderate exertion for the year 2003
City
Atlanta
Boston
Chicago
Cleveland
Detroit
Houston
Los Angeles
New York
Philadelphia
Sacramento
St. Louis
Washington
recent
base
17%
13%
10%
25%
32%
42%
49%
31%
32%
28%
24%
22%
84/4
7%
7%
4%
8%
7%
3%
1%
6%
10%
2%
11%
8%
84/3
80/4
74/5
74/4
1%
1%
0%
1%
1%
0%
0%
0%
2%
0%
2%
2%
74/3
70/4
64/4
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
Table 4A-6. Percent of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.07 ppm-8hr for Children,
moderate exertion for the year 2004
City
Atlanta
Boston
Chicago
Cleveland
Detroit
Houston
Los Angeles
New York
Philadelphia
Sacramento
St. Louis
Washington
recent
base
17%
8%
1%
4%
3%
30%
38%
11%
15%
10%
1%
19%
84/4
6%
2%
0%
0%
0%
7%
0%
0%
1%
0%
0%
5%
84/3
5%
1%
0%
0%
0%
4%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
1%
80/4
3%
1%
0%
0%
0%
3%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
1%
74/5
1%
0%
0%
0%
0%
1%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
74/4
1%
0%
0%
0%
0%
1%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
74/3
1%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
70/4
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
64/4
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
Numbers are rounded to the nearest percent.
4A-3
-------
Table 4A-7. Percent of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.08 ppm-8hr for Children,
moderate exertion for the year 2002
City
Atlanta
Boston
Chicago
Cleveland
Detroit
Houston
Los Angeles
New York
Philadelphia
Sacramento
St. Louis
Washington
recent
base
15%
24%
17%
38%
20%
13%
16%
28%
38%
15%
21%
29%
84/4
4%
10%
3%
7%
3%
1%
0%
3%
11%
1%
10%
7%
84/3
4%
6%
2%
2%
1%
1%
0%
2%
6%
0%
6%
4%
80/4
2%
6%
1%
2%
0%
0%
0%
1%
5%
0%
4%
3%
74/5
1%
5%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
2%
0%
1%
1%
74/4
0%
2%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
1%
0%
1%
1%
74/3
0%
1%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
70/4
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
64/4
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
Table 4A-8. Percent of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.08 ppm-8hr for Children,
moderate exertion for the year 2003
City
Atlanta
Boston
Chicago
Cleveland
Detroit
Houston
Los Angeles
New York
Philadelphia
Sacramento
St. Louis
Washington
recent
base
4%
3%
1%
11%
16%
18%
26%
13%
14%
8%
8%
11%
84/4
1%
1%
0%
1%
1%
0%
0%
1%
3%
0%
2%
3%
84/3
80/4
74/5
74/4
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
74/3
70/4
64/4
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
Numbers are rounded to the nearest percent.
4A-4
-------
Table 4A-9. Percent of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.08 ppm-8hr for Children,
moderate exertion for the year 2004
City
Atlanta
Boston
Chicago
Cleveland
Detroit
Houston
Los Angeles
New York
Philadelphia
Sacramento
St. Louis
Washington
recent
base
4%
2%
0%
0%
0%
12%
14%
2%
2%
1%
0%
6%
84/4
1%
0%
0%
0%
0%
1%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
84/3
1%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
80/4
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
74/5
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
74/4
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
74/3
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
70/4
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
64/4
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
Numbers are rounded to the nearest percent.
4A-5
-------
Table 4A-10. Percent of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.06 ppm-8hr for Asthmatic
children, moderate exertion for the year 2002
City
Atlanta
Boston
Chicago
Cleveland
Detroit
Houston
Los Angeles
New York
Philadelphia
Sacramento
St. Louis
Washington
recent
base
74%
68%
72%
79%
71%
60%
63%
78%
80%
69%
69%
77%
84/4
58%
57%
55%
66%
60%
27%
7%
52%
69%
33%
63%
63%
84/3
58%
50%
50%
60%
54%
20%
6%
48%
65%
28%
60%
57%
80/4
49%
49%
46%
59%
52%
18%
4%
44%
63%
24%
58%
56%
74/5
39%
45%
38%
50%
51%
10%
2%
25%
53%
13%
49%
47%
74/4
34%
37%
29%
46%
39%
9%
1%
27%
51%
11%
45%
41%
74/3
34%
30%
23%
38%
29%
7%
1%
23%
46%
9%
38%
34%
70/4
22%
26%
15%
34%
23%
4%
0%
16%
41%
6%
31%
31%
64/4
6%
11%
3%
11%
5%
1%
0%
4%
19%
1%
13%
10%
Table 4A-11. Percent of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.06 ppm-8hr for Asthmatic
children, moderate exertion for the year 2003
City
Atlanta
Boston
Chicago
Cleveland
Detroit
Houston
Los Angeles
New York
Philadelphia
Sacramento
St. Louis
Washington
recent
base
56%
39%
37%
47%
56%
73%
72%
61%
64%
61%
54%
51%
84/4
34%
30%
26%
21%
25%
21%
9%
25%
38%
16%
38%
22%
84/3
80/4
74/5
74/4
10%
10%
7%
8%
8%
5%
2%
7%
14%
3%
14%
8%
74/3
70/4
64/4
1%
1%
0%
0%
1%
0%
0%
0%
1%
0%
1%
1%
Numbers are rounded to the nearest percent.
4A-6
-------
Table 4A-12. Percent of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.06 ppm-8hr for Asthmatic
children, moderate exertion for the year 2004
City
Atlanta
Boston
Chicago
Cleveland
Detroit
Houston
Los Angeles
New York
Philadelphia
Sacramento
St. Louis
Washington
recent
base
51%
31%
11%
26%
24%
61%
69%
38%
51%
43%
22%
53%
84/4
28%
14%
1%
5%
8%
27%
6%
6%
19%
5%
7%
25%
84/3
26%
9%
1%
2%
4%
21%
5%
4%
14%
3%
4%
17%
80/4
19%
8%
0%
2%
3%
19%
3%
3%
10%
2%
3%
15%
74/5
11%
6%
0%
0%
2%
11%
1%
0%
3%
1%
1%
8%
74/4
8%
2%
0%
0%
0%
9%
1%
0%
3%
0%
0%
6%
74/3
7%
1%
0%
0%
0%
6%
1%
0%
1%
0%
0%
2%
70/4
3%
1%
0%
0%
0%
3%
0%
0%
1%
0%
0%
2%
64/4
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
1%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
Table 4A-13. Percent of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.07 ppm-8hr for Asthmatic
children, moderate exertion for the year 2002
City
Atlanta
Boston
Chicago
Cleveland
Detroit
Houston
Los Angeles
New York
Philadelphia
Sacramento
St. Louis
Washington
recent
base
45%
49%
46%
62%
50%
31%
38%
57%
66%
38%
49%
58%
84/4
25%
30%
20%
36%
28%
7%
1%
18%
41%
7%
35%
32%
84/3
24%
20%
14%
28%
19%
4%
1%
15%
34%
5%
29%
22%
80/4
15%
20%
11%
26%
16%
3%
0%
11%
31%
4%
25%
22%
74/5
9%
17%
6%
11%
14%
1%
0%
3%
17%
2%
14%
13%
74/4
6%
11%
2%
8%
3%
1%
0%
4%
14%
1%
10%
9%
74/3
6%
7%
2%
3%
1%
0%
0%
2%
9%
1%
7%
5%
70/4
1%
6%
0%
2%
0%
0%
0%
1%
6%
0%
4%
4%
64/4
0%
1%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
Numbers are rounded to the nearest percent.
4A-7
-------
Table 4A-14. Percent of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.07 ppm-8hr for Asthmatic
children, moderate exertion for the year 2003
City
Atlanta
Boston
Chicago
Cleveland
Detroit
Houston
Los Angeles
New York
Philadelphia
Sacramento
St. Louis
Washington
recent
base
17%
14%
10%
23%
31%
45%
51%
32%
36%
29%
23%
23%
84/4
7%
7%
4%
7%
7%
3%
1%
6%
12%
2%
11%
8%
84/3
80/4
74/5
74/4
1%
1%
0%
1%
1%
0%
0%
0%
2%
0%
2%
1%
74/3
70/4
64/4
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
Table 4A-15. Percent of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.07 ppm-8hr for Asthmatic
children, moderate exertion for the year 2004
City
Atlanta
Boston
Chicago
Cleveland
Detroit
Houston
Los Angeles
New York
Philadelphia
Sacramento
St. Louis
Washington
recent
base
18%
9%
1%
4%
3%
31%
40%
12%
18%
8%
1%
22%
84/4
5%
2%
0%
0%
0%
7%
0%
0%
1%
0%
0%
5%
84/3
5%
1%
0%
0%
0%
4%
0%
0%
1%
0%
0%
1%
80/4
2%
1%
0%
0%
0%
3%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
1%
74/5
1%
0%
0%
0%
0%
1%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
74/4
1%
0%
0%
0%
0%
1%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
74/3
1%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
70/4
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
64/4
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
Numbers are rounded to the nearest percent.
-------
Table 4A-16. Percent of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.08 ppm-8hr for Asthmatic
children, moderate exertion for the year 2002
City
Atlanta
Boston
Chicago
Cleveland
Detroit
Houston
Los Angeles
New York
Philadelphia
Sacramento
St. Louis
Washington
recent
base
18%
25%
17%
36%
19%
12%
17%
31%
42%
14%
20%
31%
84/4
5%
11%
2%
6%
2%
1%
0%
4%
12%
1%
9%
8%
84/3
5%
7%
1%
3%
1%
1%
0%
2%
7%
0%
6%
4%
80/4
2%
7%
0%
2%
0%
0%
0%
1%
6%
0%
4%
4%
74/5
1%
6%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
2%
0%
2%
1%
74/4
1%
2%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
1%
0%
1%
1%
74/3
1%
1%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
70/4
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
64/4
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
Table 4A-17. Percent of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.08 ppm-8hr for Asthmatic
children, moderate exertion for the year 2003
City
Atlanta
Boston
Chicago
Cleveland
Detroit
Houston
Los Angeles
New York
Philadelphia
Sacramento
St. Louis
Washington
recent
base
4%
3%
0%
10%
14%
19%
27%
13%
16%
8%
8%
11%
84/4
1%
1%
0%
1%
1%
0%
0%
1%
4%
0%
2%
2%
84/3
80/4
74/5
74/4
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
74/3
70/4
64/4
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
Numbers are rounded to the nearest percent.
4A-9
-------
Table 4A-18. Percent of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.08 ppm-8hr for Asthmatic
children, moderate exertion for the year 2004
City
Atlanta
Boston
Chicago
Cleveland
Detroit
Houston
Los Angeles
New York
Philadelphia
Sacramento
St. Louis
Washington
recent
base
4%
2%
0%
0%
0%
13%
16%
2%
3%
1%
0%
6%
84/4
1%
0%
0%
0%
0%
1%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
84/3
1%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
80/4
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
74/5
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
74/4
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
74/3
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
70/4
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
64/4
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
Numbers are rounded to the nearest percent. 4A-10
-------
Table 4A-19. Number of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.06 ppm-8hr, Children,
moderate exertion, 2002
City
Atlanta
Boston
Chicago
Cleveland
Detroit
Houston
Los Angeles
New York
Philadelphia
Sacramento
St. Louis
Washington
recent base
642,000
718,000
1,350,000
458,000
799,000
627,000
2,240,000
3,070,000
910,000
271,000
406,000
1,090,000
84/4
503,000
592,000
1,030,000
393,000
681,000
292,000
258,000
2,070,000
757,000
137,000
369,000
879,000
84/3
497,000
522,000
939,000
366,000
616,000
233,000
226,000
1,910,000
711,000
120,000
351,000
767,000
80/4
423,000
514,000
863,000
358,000
601,000
209,000
154,000
1,720,000
692,000
101,000
340,000
761,000
74/5
334,000
481,000
716,000
302,000
581,000
115,000
49,700
940,000
580,000
59,800
293,000
639,000
74/4
276,000
381,000
547,000
283,000
438,000
101,000
51,000
1,030,000
550,000
50,000
269,000
570,000
74/3
271,000
316,000
449,000
237,000
336,000
72,300
40,700
856,000
482,000
39,400
236,000
452,000
70/4
171,000
278,000
334,000
208,000
276,000
50,100
15,300
604,000
430,000
24,200
200,000
411,000
64/4
49,000
117,000
61,300
74,200
61,100
10,100
3,270
130,000
203,000
5,210
83,400
148,000
Table 4A-20. Number of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.06 ppm-8hr, Children,
moderate exertion, 2003
City
Atlanta
Boston
Chicago
Cleveland
Detroit
Houston
Los Angeles
New York
Philadelphia
Sacramento
St. Louis
Washington
recent base
491,000
418,000
726,000
292,000
623,000
733,000
2,620,000
2,380,000
692,000
242,000
316,000
696,000
84/4
309,000
309,000
504,000
133,000
293,000
212,000
295,000
987,000
397,000
62,600
228,000
312,000
84/3
80/4
74/5
74/4
94,700
101,000
135,000
51,200
112,000
48,400
75,000
287,000
136,000
14,200
88,600
116,000
74/3
70/4
64/4
6,220
8,950
1,710
2,060
4,640
2,730
2,460
11,000
12,700
129
6,560
8,450
Numbers are rounded to 3 significant digits.
4 A-11
-------
Table 4A-21. Number of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.06 ppm-8hr, Children,
moderate exertion, 2004
City
Atlanta
Boston
Chicago
Cleveland
Detroit
Houston
Los Angeles
New York
Philadelphia
Sacramento
St. Louis
Washington
recent base
452,000
326,000
225,000
153,000
249,000
624,000
2,510,000
1,450,000
553,000
176,000
126,000
720,000
84/4
246,000
142,000
19,200
30,100
80,900
273,000
182,000
246,000
191,000
25,100
47,000
319,000
84/3
235,000
90,400
9,160
16,000
41,700
214,000
152,000
175,000
129,000
17,000
26,900
217,000
80/4
168,000
82,400
5,740
11,500
31,100
189,000
104,000
119,000
101,000
11,200
19,600
207,000
74/5
101,000
65,400
2,640
1,870
22,700
112,000
31,700
6,760
31,300
2,190
3,990
108,000
74/4
76,300
24,200
931
1,230
3,570
94,800
25,600
10,300
23,500
1,640
2,570
82,800
74/3
71,700
14,200
466
344
268
61,500
19,100
4,270
10,200
836
1,240
32,400
70/4
29,200
7,900
310
49
89
43,700
5,180
1,070
4,960
322
229
20,300
64/4
3,260
0
0
0
0
8,830
0
0
97
0
0
1,770
Table 4A-22. Number of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.07 ppm-8hr, Children,
moderate exertion, 2002
City
Atlanta
Boston
Chicago
Cleveland
Detroit
Houston
Los Angeles
New York
Philadelphia
Sacramento
St. Louis
Washington
recent base
393,000
504,000
860,000
374,000
572,000
333,000
1,300,000
2,250,000
716,000
159,000
295,000
792,000
84/4
193,000
312,000
389,000
226,000
322,000
80,000
28,100
675,000
439,000
30,200
214,000
435,000
84/3
178,000
230,000
300,000
173,000
220,000
48,500
22,400
531,000
359,000
20,900
178,000
305,000
80/4
114,000
223,000
233,000
160,000
194,000
40,300
11,200
384,000
330,000
16,100
154,000
300,000
74/5
67,800
192,000
118,000
71,200
166,000
12,800
1,360
77,600
185,000
6,400
88,900
175,000
74/4
44,900
112,000
53,100
53,900
40,500
9,470
3,000
110,000
151,000
4,410
66,900
123,000
74/3
44,500
72,200
39,300
18,000
12,500
4,810
2,460
64,100
96,500
2,250
43,100
64,000
70/4
12,600
56,900
10,200
11,300
5,180
2,090
1,360
29,900
64,400
965
26,500
48,800
64/4
152
9,900
776
933
89
160
0
5,340
5,830
32
1,290
3,910
Numbers are rounded to 3 significant digits.
4 A-12
-------
Table 4A-23. Number of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.07 ppm-8hr, Children,
moderate exertion, 2003
City
Atlanta
Boston
Chicago
Cleveland
Detroit
Houston
Los Angeles
New York
Philadelphia
Sacramento
St. Louis
Washington
recent base
156,000
146,000
196,000
149,000
359,000
457,000
1,810,000
1,280,000
377,000
115,000
142,000
329,000
84/4
63,100
78,300
83,000
46,100
82,500
28,600
50,800
250,000
123,000
9,130
65,700
115,000
84/3
80/4
74/5
74/4
7,580
11,500
2,480
5,790
7,230
2,410
1,640
14,200
26,000
354
11,100
22,300
74/3
70/4
64/4
0
571
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
46
0
Table 4A-24. Number of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.07 ppm-8hr, Children,
moderate exertion, 2004
City
Atlanta
Boston
Chicago
Cleveland
Detroit
Houston
Los Angeles
New York
Philadelphia
Sacramento
St. Louis
Washington
recent base
161,000
91,000
12,400
26,600
31,600
322,000
1,400,000
459,000
181,000
41,100
7,480
289,000
84/4
54,100
19,600
1,090
785
1,430
71,500
14,700
10,700
12,300
708
1,510
68,400
84/3
47,800
8,860
621
245
89
44,100
10,900
4,630
5,440
515
551
20,600
80/4
24,300
6,380
0
0
89
36,400
1,910
2,850
3,210
225
46
20,200
74/5
10,300
3,520
0
0
0
12,100
0
0
194
0
0
4,670
74/4
6,970
190
0
0
0
9,630
0
0
0
0
0
3,410
74/3
6,670
0
0
0
0
2,810
0
0
0
0
0
1,010
70/4
910
0
0
0
0
1,360
0
0
0
0
0
631
64/4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Numbers are rounded to 3 significant digits.
4A-13
-------
Table 4A-25. Number of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.08 ppm-8hr, Children,
moderate exertion, 2002
City
Atlanta
Boston
Chicago
Cleveland
Detroit
Houston
Los Angeles
New York
Philadelphia
Sacramento
St. Louis
Washington
recent base
144,000
261,000
332,000
223,000
220,000
137,000
596,000
1,150,000
452,000
59,800
124,000
427,000
84/4
41,700
112,000
49,700
43,000
32,100
12,800
2,180
108,000
129,000
4,340
58,100
111,000
84/3
38,600
70,200
33,700
14,600
8,040
6,420
1,910
63,400
76,800
1,900
35,000
53,300
80/4
16,700
67,600
11,000
10,900
5,540
4,730
1,360
36,300
60,200
1,160
25,200
50,900
74/5
7,120
52,900
4,500
2,160
3,390
160
0
6,050
19,200
161
8,080
18,400
74/4
3,640
17,600
1,400
1,130
179
642
0
7,480
11,500
64
4,270
8,830
74/3
3,940
8,000
466
540
0
80
0
3,920
3,310
32
1,330
2,020
70/4
455
4,570
310
295
0
0
0
2,140
1,070
32
275
883
64/4
0
571
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Table 4A-26. Number of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.08 ppm-8hr, Children,
moderate exertion, 2003
City
Atlanta
Boston
Chicago
Cleveland
Detroit
Houston
Los Angeles
New York
Philadelphia
Sacramento
St. Louis
Washington
recent base
37,500
36,400
18,800
67,200
173,000
192,000
965,000
537,000
163,000
31,900
47,700
163,000
84/4
8,570
13,700
2,950
7,510
8,040
2,730
1,360
24,900
40,300
579
13,800
38,700
84/3
80/4
74/5
74/4
227
1,240
0
0
0
0
0
0
97
0
184
379
74/3
70/4
64/4
0
286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Numbers are rounded to 3 significant digits.
4 A-14
-------
Table 4A-27. Number of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.08 ppm-8hr, Children,
moderate exertion, 2004
City
Atlanta
Boston
Chicago
Cleveland
Detroit
Houston
Los Angeles
New York
Philadelphia
Sacramento
St. Louis
Washington
recent base
42,000
18,300
1,090
1,420
446
129,000
517,000
77,200
25,100
5,600
46
88,100
84/4
7,660
1,330
0
0
0
12,000
0
356
194
0
0
4,540
84/3
7,500
95
0
0
0
4,980
0
0
0
0
0
1,640
80/4
1,890
0
0
0
0
3,130
0
0
0
0
0
1,640
74/5
152
0
0
0
0
80
0
0
0
0
0
505
74/4
152
0
0
0
0
80
0
0
0
0
0
126
74/3
152
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
70/4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
64/4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Table 4A-28. Number of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.06 ppm-8hr, Asthmatic
children, moderate exertion, 2002
City
Atlanta
Boston
Chicago
Cleveland
Detroit
Houston
Los Angeles
New York
Philadelphia
Sacramento
St. Louis
Washington
recent base
86,800
125,000
200,000
69,600
115,000
80,900
289,000
500,000
154,000
35,200
57,100
143,000
84/4
68,200
104,000
155,000
58,200
97,700
37,000
33,000
337,000
133,000
17,100
51,900
118,000
84/3
67,400
90,800
141,000
53,600
87,500
27,700
29,500
310,000
125,000
14,400
49,800
106,000
80/4
57,100
88,900
130,000
52,400
84,300
24,300
19,900
280,000
122,000
12,200
47,700
105,000
74/5
45,600
82,200
107,000
44,000
82,600
13,500
7,370
161,000
103,000
6,850
40,200
87,300
74/4
39,400
67,200
81,200
40,800
63,300
12,200
6,000
175,000
99,100
5,600
36,800
75,600
74/3
39,900
54,600
63,800
33,600
46,200
9,150
4,910
148,000
87,800
4,470
31,600
62,800
70/4
26,200
47,000
43,300
29,800
37,800
5,860
1,640
105,000
79,300
3,090
25,900
57,500
64/4
6,820
20,700
7,600
9,960
7,680
1,770
273
25,300
36,100
547
11,200
19,600
Numbers are rounded to 3 significant digits.
4A-15
-------
Table 4A-29. Number of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.06 ppm-8hr, Asthmatic
children, moderate exertion, 2003
City
Atlanta
Boston
Chicago
Cleveland
Detroit
Houston
Los Angeles
New York
Philadelphia
Sacramento
St. Louis
Washington
recent base
65,700
72,000
104,000
41,900
89,900
98,600
330,000
390,000
123,000
31,200
44,700
95,500
84/4
40,200
53,900
72,900
18,600
41,100
28,200
39,000
163,000
73,300
8,170
31,400
40,500
84/3
80/4
74/5
74/4
12,100
17,500
19,600
6,730
13,700
6,420
9,000
43,400
26,100
1,770
11,500
14,400
74/3
70/4
64/4
1,060
2,000
155
245
893
241
273
1,780
2,240
0
1,100
1,010
Table 4A-30. Number of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.06 ppm-8hr, Asthmatic
children, moderate exertion, 2004
City
Atlanta
Boston
Chicago
Cleveland
Detroit
Houston
Los Angeles
New York
Philadelphia
Sacramento
St. Louis
Washington
recent base
59,900
56,700
32,000
22,900
38,300
82,500
317,000
241,000
98,100
22,200
18,300
98,900
84/4
32,100
25,400
3,570
4,270
12,200
36,400
27,300
40,200
36,600
2,510
5,780
46,100
84/3
30,500
16,000
2,020
2,160
6,430
28,500
24,300
26,700
26,100
1,700
3,170
30,900
80/4
22,300
14,700
1,090
1,870
4,460
25,800
15,800
17,100
19,300
1,060
2,160
28,900
74/5
13,100
11,700
310
295
3,840
15,200
4,910
1,070
6,420
257
459
14,400
74/4
9,470
4,290
0
147
625
12,600
4,370
1,070
4,860
161
229
11,600
74/3
8,720
2,670
0
0
0
7,540
2,460
712
2,240
64
184
4,160
70/4
3,110
1,330
0
0
0
4,730
546
356
1,070
32
0
3,150
64/4
303
0
0
0
0
802
0
0
0
0
0
379
Numbers are rounded to 3 significant digits. 4A-16
-------
Table 4A-31. Number of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.07 ppm-8hr, Asthmatic
children, moderate exertion, 2002
City
Atlanta
Boston
Chicago
Cleveland
Detroit
Houston
Los Angeles
New York
Philadelphia
Sacramento
St. Louis
Washington
recent base
52,700
89,200
130,000
54,900
81,200
42,600
174,000
364,000
126,000
19,700
40,200
107,000
84/4
28,800
55,000
55,200
32,000
45,200
10,100
3,550
119,000
79,500
3,470
29,000
59,200
84/3
27,400
37,300
38,800
25,200
30,500
6,100
3,000
95,400
65,200
2,700
23,800
41,400
80/4
17,800
36,900
30,600
23,300
26,200
4,730
1,360
70,100
59,800
2,030
20,400
40,600
74/5
10,400
31,900
15,700
9,720
22,900
1,440
273
16,400
33,400
965
11,800
23,700
74/4
6,750
19,700
6,980
6,920
5,270
1,520
273
23,100
27,400
482
8,580
16,700
74/3
6,520
13,000
4,350
2,600
1,700
481
273
12,500
17,900
322
5,830
9,090
70/4
1,590
10,500
776
1,670
446
401
273
7,830
11,500
161
3,720
7,190
64/4
0
2,290
155
147
0
0
0
1,780
486
0
275
379
Table 4A-32. Number of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.07 ppm-8hr, Asthmatic
children, moderate exertion, 2003
City
Atlanta
Boston
Chicago
Cleveland
Detroit
Houston
Los Angeles
New York
Philadelphia
Sacramento
St. Louis
Washington
recent base
19,600
26,100
27,600
20,500
51,000
60,500
231,000
206,000
69,600
15,100
18,900
43,300
84/4
8,190
13,600
11,200
5,890
10,500
3,850
6,550
40,200
23,800
1,160
8,720
14,300
84/3
80/4
74/5
74/4
1,360
2,190
155
835
1,340
241
0
2,490
3,990
32
1,510
2,150
74/3
70/4
64/4
0
95
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Numbers are rounded to 3 significant digits.
4 A-17
-------
Table 4A-33. Number of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.07 ppm-8hr, Asthmatic
children, moderate exertion, 2004
City
Atlanta
Boston
Chicago
Cleveland
Detroit
Houston
Los Angeles
New York
Philadelphia
Sacramento
St. Louis
Washington
recent base
21,100
16,600
2,330
3,680
4,820
42,400
184,000
79,000
34,300
4,340
872
41,500
84/4
5,990
3,900
155
0
357
9,070
2,180
1,420
2,720
64
184
9,840
84/3
5,460
1,330
0
0
0
4,980
1,360
712
1,260
32
46
2,780
80/4
2,650
1,140
0
0
0
4,090
273
356
875
32
0
2,400
74/5
1,440
667
0
0
0
963
0
0
97
0
0
883
74/4
910
95
0
0
0
963
0
0
0
0
0
757
74/3
834
0
0
0
0
321
0
0
0
0
0
379
70/4
76
0
0
0
0
160
0
0
0
0
0
126
64/4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Table 4A-34. Number of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.08 ppm-8hr, Asthmatic
children, moderate exertion, 2002
City
Atlanta
Boston
Chicago
Cleveland
Detroit
Houston
Los Angeles
New York
Philadelphia
Sacramento
St. Louis
Washington
recent base
21,500
45,400
47,300
31,900
30,300
16,900
75,600
199,000
81,300
7,010
16,200
57,700
84/4
6,370
19,600
6,360
5,690
4,020
2,010
273
22,800
23,400
515
7,530
15,300
84/3
5,910
12,900
3,410
2,260
1,070
802
273
12,800
14,200
225
4,870
7,950
80/4
2,050
12,100
931
1,520
536
642
273
8,900
11,100
161
3,400
7,950
74/5
1,210
10,200
310
295
89
0
0
2,140
3,310
32
1,560
2,650
74/4
606
3,520
155
196
0
160
0
2,490
1,260
0
872
1,390
74/3
606
1,520
155
98
0
0
0
1,420
486
0
321
379
70/4
0
476
0
49
0
0
0
712
292
0
92
0
64/4
0
95
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Numbers are rounded to 3 significant digits. 4A-18
-------
Table 4A-35. Number of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.08 ppm-8hr, Asthmatic
children, moderate exertion, 2003
City
Atlanta
Boston
Chicago
Cleveland
Detroit
Houston
Los Angeles
New York
Philadelphia
Sacramento
St. Louis
Washington
recent base
5,080
5,900
1,240
8,840
22,800
25,800
122,000
82,200
29,900
4,340
6,240
20,900
84/4
1,520
2,480
155
884
1,430
241
0
4,980
7,100
64
1,790
3,910
84/3
80/4
74/5
74/4
0
286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
46
0
74/3
70/4
64/4
0
95
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Table 4A-36. Number of people with 1 or more 8-hour exposures above 0.08 ppm-8hr, Asthmatic
children, moderate exertion, 2004
City
Atlanta
Boston
Chicago
Cleveland
Detroit
Houston
Los Angeles
New York
Philadelphia
Sacramento
St. Louis
Washington
recent base
4,780
3,520
155
295
0
17,600
72,600
11,000
5,250
611
0
12,000
84/4
985
286
0
0
0
1,440
0
356
97
0
0
757
84/3
985
95
0
0
0
642
0
0
0
0
0
379
80/4
76
0
0
0
0
321
0
0
0
0
0
379
74/5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
126
74/4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
74/3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
70/4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
64/4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Numbers are rounded to 3 significant digits. 4A-19
-------
Table 4A-37. Number of person-days with 8-hour exposures above 0.06 ppm-8hr, Children,
moderate exertion, 2002
City
Atlanta
Boston
Chicago
Cleveland
Detroit
Houston
Los Angeles
New York
Philadelphia
Sacramento
St. Louis
Washington
recent base
2,210,000
2,310,000
4,160,000
2,270,000
2,860,000
1,470,000
8,260,000
12,600,000
4,880,000
1,000,000
1,480,000
4,500,000
84/4
1,170,000
1,380,000
2,070,000
1,210,000
1,700,000
403,000
349,000
4,420,000
2,470,000
263,000
1,070,000
2,270,000
84/3
1,130,000
1,090,000
1,720,000
977,000
1,330,000
299,000
299,000
3,740,000
2,030,000
214,000
924,000
1,710,000
80/4
832,000
1,060,000
1,490,000
928,000
1,260,000
263,000
194,000
3,140,000
1,880,000
168,000
844,000
1,680,000
74/5
571,000
940,000
1,140,000
631,000
1,170,000
133,000
53,800
1,360,000
1,270,000
85,700
614,000
1,210,000
74/4
430,000
639,000
799,000
561,000
712,000
114,000
57,600
1,520,000
1,150,000
68,800
523,000
988,000
74/3
424,000
483,000
617,000
417,000
484,000
80,800
45,300
1,210,000
906,000
52,200
419,000
713,000
70/4
229,000
403,000
432,000
346,000
375,000
55,100
15,800
787,000
755,000
30,900
325,000
620,000
64/4
54,200
145,000
68,300
94,500
67,900
10,400
3,270
151,000
274,000
5,850
103,000
184,000
Table 4A-38. Number of person-days with 8-hour exposures above 0.06 ppm-8hr, Children,
moderate exertion, 2003
City
Atlanta
Boston
Chicago
Cleveland
Detroit
Houston
Los Angeles
New York
Philadelphia
Sacramento
St. Louis
Washington
recent base
999,000
683,000
1,190,000
602,000
1,430,000
2,230,000
12,500,000
5,450,000
1,800,000
739,000
721,000
1,310,000
84/4
466,000
427,000
709,000
178,000
396,000
275,000
453,000
1,350,000
626,000
95,600
378,000
394,000
84/3
80/4
74/5
74/4
113,000
111,000
153,000
57,000
126,000
52,400
88,400
321,000
160,000
16,900
106,000
127,000
74/3
70/4
64/4
6,220
9,430
1,860
2,110
4,730
2,730
2,460
11,400
12,900
129
6,790
8,580
Numbers are rounded to 3 significant digits. 4A-20
-------
Table 4A-39. Number of person-days with 8-hour exposures above 0.06 ppm-8hr, Children,
moderate exertion, 2004
City
Atlanta
Boston
Chicago
Cleveland
Detroit
Houston
Los Angeles
New York
Philadelphia
Sacramento
St. Louis
Washington
recent base
846,000
481,000
249,000
221,000
309,000
1,530,000
10,300,000
2,320,000
1,140,000
371,000
165,000
1,380,000
84/4
335,000
170,000
19,700
32,800
85,400
403,000
236,000
272,000
239,000
30,300
54,200
418,000
84/3
315,000
105,000
9,160
16,800
42,700
286,000
192,000
189,000
154,000
20,100
29,600
255,000
80/4
209,000
93,600
5,740
11,900
31,700
246,000
119,000
128,000
119,000
12,700
20,800
241,000
74/5
115,000
74,100
2,640
1,870
23,000
132,000
33,800
6,760
33,500
2,280
4,090
118,000
74/4
84,100
25,900
931
1,230
3,570
109,000
26,500
10,300
24,900
1,670
2,570
88,800
74/3
78,900
15,000
466
344
268
68,500
19,700
4,270
10,500
868
1,240
33,100
70/4
30,600
8,190
310
49
89
47,800
5,180
1,070
4,960
322
230
20,800
64/4
3,490
0
0
0
0
9,230
0
0
97
0
0
1,890
Table 4A-40. Number of person-days with 8-hour exposures above 0.07 ppm-8hr, Children,
moderate exertion, 2002
City
Atlanta
Boston
Chicago
Cleveland
Detroit
Houston
Los Angeles
New York
Philadelphia
Sacramento
St. Louis
Washington
recent base
723,000
978,000
1,490,000
1,020,000
1,120,000
470,000
2,860,000
5,080,000
2,050,000
315,000
607,000
1,770,000
84/4
261,000
461,000
516,000
380,000
458,000
88,000
30,300
880,000
768,000
38,200
352,000
649,000
84/3
237,000
309,000
371,000
259,000
279,000
51,400
23,700
656,000
563,000
25,300
267,000
413,000
80/4
136,000
297,000
275,000
232,000
239,000
42,100
11,500
461,000
499,000
19,000
220,000
405,000
74/5
75,700
245,000
132,000
89,000
200,000
13,100
1,360
86,900
240,000
6,920
108,000
215,000
74/4
48,400
133,000
57,100
64,800
44,400
9,630
3,000
122,000
186,000
4,730
78,000
147,000
74/3
48,000
81,300
42,100
19,900
12,900
4,820
2,460
72,300
113,000
2,350
48,700
72,200
70/4
13,000
63,000
11,300
12,500
5,360
2,090
1,360
34,900
71,800
965
28,500
53,400
64/4
152
10,300
776
1,030
89
161
0
6,050
6,030
32
1,290
3,910
Numbers are rounded to 3 significant digits.
4A-21
-------
Table 4A-41. Number of person-days with 8-hour exposures above 0.07 ppm-8hr, Children,
moderate exertion, 2003
City
Atlanta
Boston
Chicago
Cleveland
Detroit
Houston
Los Angeles
New York
Philadelphia
Sacramento
St. Louis
Washington
recent base
195,000
166,000
227,000
203,000
521,000
803,000
5,020,000
1,880,000
563,000
200,000
187,000
411,000
84/4
69,800
83,000
91,100
51,100
88,600
30,000
57,300
273,000
137,000
10,100
73,500
124,000
84/3
80/4
74/5
74/4
7,660
11,800
2,640
5,940
7,230
2,410
1,640
14,200
26,500
354
11,400
22,700
74/3
70/4
64/4
0
571
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
46
0
Table 4A-42. Number of person-days with 8-hour exposures above 0.07 ppm-8hr, Children,
moderate exertion, 2004
City
Atlanta
Boston
Chicago
Cleveland
Detroit
Houston
Los Angeles
New York
Philadelphia
Sacramento
St. Louis
Washington
recent base
197,000
104,000
12,600
28,600
32,200
486,000
2,990,000
527,000
223,000
53,100
7,620
358,000
84/4
57,700
21,100
1,090
785
1,430
77,500
15,000
10,700
12,400
708
1,520
71,700
84/3
50,400
9,330
621
245
89
47,300
10,900
4,630
5,440
515
551
21,100
80/4
25,300
6,670
0
0
89
39,100
1,910
2,850
3,210
225
46
20,400
74/5
10,500
3,810
0
0
0
12,800
0
0
194
0
0
4,800
74/4
7,130
191
0
0
0
10,000
0
0
0
0
0
3,530
74/3
6,750
0
0
0
0
2,810
0
0
0
0
0
1,010
70/4
910
0
0
0
0
1,360
0
0
0
0
0
631
64/4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Numbers are rounded to 3 significant digits.
4A-22
-------
Table 4A-43. Number of person-days with 8-hour exposures above 0.08 ppm-8hr, Children,
moderate exertion, 2002
City
Atlanta
Boston
Chicago
Cleveland
Detroit
Houston
Los Angeles
New York
Philadelphia
Sacramento
St. Louis
Washington
recent base
178,000
356,000
416,000
372,000
280,000
156,000
902,000
1,710,000
794,000
81,700
163,000
627,000
84/4
43,800
130,000
53,200
49,600
34,600
12,900
2,180
119,000
154,000
4,630
66,500
130,000
84/3
40,600
78,100
35,500
15,900
8,210
6,420
1,910
70,800
86,800
1,930
38,100
58,400
80/4
17,200
74,700
12,400
11,900
5,710
4,730
1,360
41,300
66,000
1,160
27,000
55,400
74/5
7,200
57,500
4,660
2,260
3,480
161
0
6,050
20,400
161
8,310
19,100
74/4
3,640
18,900
1,400
1,230
179
642
0
8,190
11,700
64
4,310
8,830
74/3
3,940
8,100
466
540
0
80
0
3,920
3,400
32
1,330
2,150
70/4
455
4,570
310
295
0
0
0
2,140
1,170
32
275
883
64/4
0
571
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Table 4A-44. Number of person-days with 8-hour exposures above 0.08 ppm-8hr, Children,
moderate exertion, 2003
City
Atlanta
Boston
Chicago
Cleveland
Detroit
Houston
Los Angeles
New York
Philadelphia
Sacramento
St. Louis
Washington
recent base
39,600
37,600
19,600
76,500
203,000
239,000
1,810,000
620,000
186,000
39,200
51,700
179,000
84/4
8,720
13,900
3,100
7,710
8,040
2,730
1,360
24,900
41,600
579
14,200
39,600
84/3
80/4
74/5
74/4
227
1,240
0
0
0
0
0
0
97
0
184
379
74/3
70/4
64/4
0
286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Numbers are rounded to 3 significant digits.
4A-23
-------
Table 4A-45. Number of person-days with 8-hour exposures above 0.08 ppm-8hr, Children,
moderate exertion, 2004
City
Atlanta
Boston
Chicago
Cleveland
Detroit
Houston
Los Angeles
New York
Philadelphia
Sacramento
St. Louis
Washington
recent base
44,400
19,700
1,090
1,420
446
148,000
759,000
81,200
26,200
5,890
46
93,400
84/4
7,730
1,330
0
0
0
12,200
0
356
194
0
0
4,670
84/3
7,580
95
0
0
0
4,980
0
0
0
0
0
1,640
80/4
1,900
0
0
0
0
3,130
0
0
0
0
0
1,640
74/5
152
0
0
0
0
80
0
0
0
0
0
505
74/4
152
0
0
0
0
80
0
0
0
0
0
126
74/3
152
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
70/4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
64/4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Table 4A-46. Number of person-days with 8-hour exposures above 0.06 ppm-8hr, Asthmatic
children, moderate exertion, 2002
City
Atlanta
Boston
Chicago
Cleveland
Detroit
Houston
Los Angeles
New York
Philadelphia
Sacramento
St. Louis
Washington
recent base
310,000
408,000
613,000
325,000
401,000
189,000
1,050,000
2,110,000
896,000
130,000
203,000
627,000
84/4
164,000
245,000
302,000
172,000
240,000
51,500
43,700
748,000
451,000
32,600
146,000
316,000
84/3
158,000
192,000
252,000
139,000
188,000
35,400
37,700
638,000
370,000
25,300
126,000
240,000
80/4
115,000
186,000
220,000
131,000
177,000
31,100
24,600
544,000
343,000
20,100
115,000
236,000
74/5
80,400
165,000
167,000
89,500
165,000
15,500
7,370
251,000
231,000
9,940
82,900
166,000
74/4
61,900
115,000
114,000
78,600
99,000
14,000
6,000
271,000
212,000
7,880
71,100
131,000
74/3
62,700
84,600
87,100
57,100
65,500
10,100
4,910
221,000
166,000
6,020
56,100
97,600
70/4
34,900
69,100
56,800
47,500
51,100
6,580
1,640
143,000
140,000
3,920
42,900
84,800
64/4
7,130
27,500
8,380
11,600
8,120
1,850
273
28,500
48,200
611
13,500
24,100
Numbers are rounded to 3 significant digits.
4A-24
-------
Table 4A-47. Number of person-days with 8-hour exposures above 0.06 ppm-8hr, Asthmatic
children, moderate exertion, 2003
City
Atlanta
Boston
Chicago
Cleveland
Detroit
Houston
Los Angeles
New York
Philadelphia
Sacramento
St. Louis
Washington
recent base
133,000
120,000
170,000
84,500
202,000
293,000
1,580,000
884,000
326,000
96,300
97,700
179,000
84/4
59,200
76,200
99,800
24,700
55,900
35,900
56,800
220,000
117,000
12,400
51,800
51,400
84/3
80/4
74/5
74/4
14,100
19,700
21,400
7,360
15,500
6,980
9,280
47,300
29,900
2,120
14,000
15,500
74/3
70/4
64/4
1,060
2,100
155
245
893
241
273
1,780
2,330
0
1,100
1,010
Table 4A-48. Number of person-days with 8-hour exposures above 0.06 ppm-8hr, Asthmatic
children, moderate exertion, 2004
City
Atlanta
Boston
Chicago
Cleveland
Detroit
Houston
Los Angeles
New York
Philadelphia
Sacramento
St. Louis
Washington
recent base
113,000
82,500
36,900
31,100
46,800
201,000
1,310,000
392,000
212,000
44,400
23,200
195,000
84/4
43,700
30,700
3,570
4,760
13,000
54,300
36,300
43,800
48,500
2,930
6,430
62,200
84/3
40,500
18,900
2,020
2,310
6,610
38,800
31,100
28,800
32,400
2,060
3,490
36,900
80/4
27,700
17,100
1,090
1,960
4,550
34,100
18,000
18,500
23,500
1,190
2,250
34,300
74/5
14,900
13,800
310
295
3,930
17,900
5,180
1,070
6,710
257
459
16,200
74/4
10,500
4,570
0
147
625
14,600
4,370
1,070
5,150
161
230
12,500
74/3
9,630
2,760
0
0
0
8,190
2,460
712
2,240
64
184
4,160
70/4
3,260
1,430
0
0
0
5,300
546
356
1,070
32
0
3,160
64/4
303
0
0
0
0
802
0
0
0
0
0
379
Numbers are rounded to 3 significant digits.
4A-25
-------
Table 4A-49. Number of person-days with 8-hour exposures above 0.07 ppm-8hr, Asthmatic
children, moderate exertion, 2002
City
Atlanta
Boston
Chicago
Cleveland
Detroit
Houston
Los Angeles
New York
Philadelphia
Sacramento
St. Louis
Washington
recent base
99,100
177,000
219,000
147,000
156,000
60,100
374,000
856,000
378,000
39,500
82,000
244,000
84/4
39,400
81,400
71,500
52,300
63,000
11,400
3,550
159,000
143,000
4,410
48,700
88,300
84/3
36,600
51,600
48,600
35,900
38,300
6,580
3,000
119,000
102,000
3,220
35,400
56,200
80/4
20,900
50,700
35,400
31,600
31,800
5,060
1,360
83,300
89,800
2,480
28,500
55,000
74/5
11,100
42,400
16,900
11,700
27,500
1,530
273
18,200
43,000
1,060
14,400
29,000
74/4
6,970
25,200
7,450
7,850
5,540
1,610
273
25,300
33,900
515
10,000
19,700
74/3
6,590
15,100
4,660
2,800
1,700
482
273
14,200
20,500
354
6,700
10,500
70/4
1,590
11,700
776
1,720
446
401
273
9,260
12,700
161
4,090
8,080
64/4
0
2,380
155
147
0
0
0
1,780
681
0
275
379
Table 4A-50. Number of person-days with 8-hour exposures above 0.07 ppm-8hr, Asthmatic
children, moderate exertion, 2003
City
Atlanta
Boston
Chicago
Cleveland
Detroit
Houston
Los Angeles
New York
Philadelphia
Sacramento
St. Louis
Washington
recent base
24,500
30,200
31,400
28,000
73,500
105,000
632,000
295,000
104,000
26,100
25,500
55,000
84/4
8,870
14,800
11,500
6,430
11,700
4,090
6,550
43,100
26,100
1,290
9,590
15,300
84/3
80/4
74/5
74/4
1,360
2,290
155
884
1,340
241
0
2,490
4,080
32
1,520
2,270
74/3
70/4
64/4
0
95
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Numbers are rounded to 3 significant digits.
4A-26
-------
Table 4A-51. Number of person-days with 8-hour exposures above 0.07 ppm-8hr, Asthmatic
children, moderate exertion, 2004
City
Atlanta
Boston
Chicago
Cleveland
Detroit
Houston
Los Angeles
New York
Philadelphia
Sacramento
St. Louis
Washington
recent base
25,700
19,200
2,330
4,030
4,910
64,800
390,000
90,800
44,700
5,440
872
53,500
84/4
6,440
4,100
155
0
357
9,630
2,180
1,420
2,720
64
184
10,400
84/3
5,760
1,430
0
0
0
5,300
1,360
712
1,260
32
46
2,900
80/4
2,730
1,240
0
0
0
4,330
273
356
875
32
0
2,400
74/5
1,440
762
0
0
0
1,040
0
0
97
0
0
883
74/4
910
95
0
0
0
963
0
0
0
0
0
757
74/3
834
0
0
0
0
321
0
0
0
0
0
379
70/4
76
0
0
0
0
161
0
0
0
0
0
126
64/4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Table 4A-52. Number of person-days with 8-hour exposures above 0.08 ppm-8hr, Asthmatic
children, moderate exertion, 2002
City
Atlanta
Boston
Chicago
Cleveland
Detroit
Houston
Los Angeles
New York
Philadelphia
Sacramento
St. Louis
Washington
recent base
26,900
62,800
58,000
51,700
38,200
19,400
114,000
305,000
147,000
9,840
21,400
84,800
84/4
6,520
24,300
6,830
6,280
4,200
2,090
273
24,200
27,800
579
8,810
18,100
84/3
6,060
14,500
3,410
2,260
1,070
802
273
14,200
15,900
225
5,320
8,960
80/4
2,050
13,500
931
1,520
536
642
273
9,970
12,000
161
3,670
8,830
74/5
1,210
11,200
310
295
89
0
0
2,140
3,600
32
1,700
2,650
74/4
606
3,910
155
196
0
161
0
2,490
1,460
0
872
1,390
74/3
606
1,520
155
98
0
0
0
1,420
583
0
321
379
70/4
0
476
0
49
0
0
0
712
389
0
92
0
64/4
0
95
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Numbers are rounded to 3 significant digits.
4A-27
-------
Table 4A-53. Number of person-days with 8-hour exposures above 0.08 ppm-8hr, Asthmatic
children, moderate exertion, 2003
City
Atlanta
Boston
Chicago
Cleveland
Detroit
Houston
Los Angeles
New York
Philadelphia
Sacramento
St. Louis
Washington
recent base
5,150
6,000
1,240
9,970
27,700
31,700
231,000
91,800
33,500
5,370
6,700
23,600
84/4
1,520
2,570
155
933
1,430
241
0
4,980
7,290
64
1,790
4,290
84/3
80/4
74/5
74/4
0
286
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
46
0
74/3
70/4
64/4
0
95
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Table 4A-54. Number of person-days with 8-hour exposures above 0.08 ppm-8hr, Asthmatic
children, moderate exertion, 2004
City
Atlanta
Boston
Chicago
Cleveland
Detroit
Houston
Los Angeles
New York
Philadelphia
Sacramento
St. Louis
Washington
recent base
5,080
3,910
155
295
0
19,900
106,000
11,400
5,540
643
0
12,800
84/4
985
286
0
0
0
1,440
0
356
97
0
0
757
84/3
985
95
0
0
0
642
0
0
0
0
0
379
80/4
76
0
0
0
0
321
0
0
0
0
0
379
74/5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
126
74/4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
74/3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
70/4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
64/4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Numbers are rounded to 3 significant digits.
4A-28
-------
Table 4A-55. Exposure level=0.06 (ppm-8hr), Group=Asthmatic children, moderate exertion, 12-
city totals
Alt
std
base
base
base
84/4
84/4
84/4
84/3
84/3
80/4
80/4
74/5
74/5
74/4
74/4
74/4
74/3
74/3
70/4
70/4
64/4
64/4
64/4
Year
2002
2003
2004
2002
2003
2004
2002
2004
2002
2004
2002
2004
2002
2003
2004
2002
2004
2002
2004
2002
2003
2004
Persons
(percent)
72%
58%
42%
47%
24%
11%
43%
8%
40%
6%
30%
3%
27%
7%
2%
23%
1%
18%
1%
6%
0%
0%
Persons
1,860,000
1,490,000
1,090,000
1,210,000
610,000
270,000
1,100,000
200,000
1,020,000
150,000
780,000
70,000
700,000
180,000
50,000
590,000
30,000
460,000
10,000
150,000
10,000
0
Person-days
7,260,000
4,170,000
2,690,000
2,910,000
860,000
350,000
2,400,000
240,000
2,140,000
180,000
1,430,000
80,000
1,180,000
200,000
50,000
920,000
30,000
680,000
20,000
180,000
10,000
0
Numbers smaller than 5,000 are rounded to the nearest 1,000; larger numbers are rounded to the nearest 10,000.
4A-29
-------
Table 4A-56. Exposure level=0.06 (ppm-8hr), Group=Children, moderate exertion, 12-city totals
Alt
std
base
base
base
84/4
84/4
84/4
84/3
84/3
80/4
80/4
74/5
74/5
74/4
74/4
74/4
74/3
74/3
70/4
70/4
64/4
64/4
64/4
Year
2002
2003
2004
2002
2003
2004
2002
2004
2002
2004
2002
2004
2002
2003
2004
2002
2004
2002
2004
2002
2003
2004
Persons
(percent)
69%
56%
41%
44%
22%
10%
40%
7%
37%
6%
28%
3%
25%
7%
2%
21%
1%
16%
1%
5%
0%
0%
Persons
12,580,000
10,220,000
7,570,000
7,970,000
4,040,000
1,800,000
7,260,000
1,320,000
6,730,000
1,050,000
5,090,000
490,000
4,550,000
1,260,000
350,000
3,790,000
220,000
3,000,000
110,000
950,000
70,000
10,000
Person-days
48,000,000
29,640,000
19,300,000
18,760,000
5,750,000
2,300,000
15,450,000
1,610,000
13,730,000
1,240,000
9,190,000
550,000
7,560,000
1,430,000
380,000
5,850,000
230,000
4,370,000
120,000
1,160,000
70,000
10,000
Numbers smaller than 5,000 are rounded to the nearest 1,000; larger numbers are rounded to the nearest 10,000.
4A-30
-------
Table 4A-57. Exposure level=0.07 (ppm-8hr), Group=Asthmatic children, moderate exertion, 12-
city totals
Alt
std
base
base
base
84/4
84/4
84/4
84/3
84/3
80/4
80/4
74/5
74/5
74/4
74/4
74/4
74/3
74/3
70/4
70/4
64/4
64/4
64/4
Year
2002
2003
2004
2002
2003
2004
2002
2004
2002
2004
2002
2004
2002
2003
2004
2002
2004
2002
2004
2002
2003
2004
Persons
(percent)
50%
31%
17%
20%
6%
1%
15%
1%
13%
0%
7%
0%
5%
1%
0%
3%
0%
2%
0%
0%
0%
0%
Persons
1,280,000
790,000
440,000
520,000
150,000
40,000
400,000
20,000
330,000
10,000
180,000
0
120,000
20,000
0
70,000
0
50,000
0
10,000
0
0
Person-days
2,830,000
1,430,000
710,000
770,000
160,000
40,000
540,000
20,000
440,000
10,000
220,000
0
140,000
20,000
0
80,000
0
50,000
0
10,000
0
0
Numbers smaller than 5,000 are rounded to the nearest 1,000; larger numbers are rounded to the nearest 10,000.
4A-31
-------
Table 4A-58. Exposure level=0.07 (ppm-8hr), Group=Children, moderate exertion, 12-city totals
Alt
std
base
base
base
84/4
84/4
84/4
84/3
84/3
80/4
80/4
74/5
74/5
74/4
74/4
74/4
74/3
74/3
70/4
70/4
64/4
64/4
64/4
Year
2002
2003
2004
2002
2003
2004
2002
2004
2002
2004
2002
2004
2002
2003
2004
2002
2004
2002
2004
2002
2003
2004
Persons
(percent)
47%
30%
17%
18%
5%
1%
14%
1%
12%
1%
6%
0%
4%
1%
0%
3%
0%
1%
0%
0%
0%
0%
Persons
8,550,000
5,510,000
3,020,000
3,340,000
1,000,000
260,000
2,570,000
140,000
2,160,000
100,000
1,160,000
30,000
770,000
110,000
20,000
460,000
10,000
270,000
0
30,000
0
0
Person-days
18,500,000
10,380,000
5,020,000
4,880,000
1,090,000
270,000
3,450,000
150,000
2,840,000
100,000
1,410,000
30,000
900,000
110,000
20,000
520,000
10,000
300,000
0
30,000
0
0
Numbers smaller than 5,000 are rounded to the nearest 1,000; larger numbers are rounded to the nearest 10,000.
4A-32
-------
Table 4A-59. Exposure level=0.08 (ppm-8hr), Group=Asthmatic children, moderate exertion, 12-
city totals
Alt
std
base
base
base
84/4
84/4
84/4
84/3
84/3
80/4
80/4
74/5
74/5
74/4
74/4
74/4
74/3
74/3
70/4
70/4
64/4
64/4
64/4
Year
2002
2003
2004
2002
2003
2004
2002
2004
2002
2004
2002
2004
2002
2003
2004
2002
2004
2002
2004
2002
2003
2004
Persons
(percent)
24%
13%
5%
4%
1%
0%
3%
0%
2%
0%
1%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
Persons
630,000
340,000
130,000
110,000
20,000
0
70,000
0
50,000
0
20,000
0
10,000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Person-days
940,000
470,000
170,000
130,000
30,000
0
70,000
0
50,000
0
20,000
0
10,000
0
0
10,000
0
0
0
0
0
0
Numbers smaller than 5,000 are rounded to the nearest 1,000; larger numbers are rounded to the nearest 10,000.
4A-33
-------
Table 4A-60. Exposure level=0.08 (ppm-8hr), Group=Children, moderate exertion, 12-city totals
Alt
std
base
base
base
84/4
84/4
84/4
84/3
84/3
80/4
80/4
74/5
74/5
74/4
74/4
74/4
74/3
74/3
70/4
70/4
64/4
64/4
64/4
Year
2002
2003
2004
2002
2003
2004
2002
2004
2002
2004
2002
2004
2002
2003
2004
2002
2004
2002
2004
2002
2003
2004
Persons
(percent)
23%
13%
5%
4%
1%
0%
2%
0%
2%
0%
1%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
Persons
4,130,000
2,430,000
910,000
700,000
160,000
30,000
400,000
10,000
290,000
10,000
120,000
0
60,000
0
0
20,000
0
10,000
0
0
0
0
Person-days
6,030,000
3,500,000
1,180,000
800,000
170,000
30,000
440,000
10,000
320,000
10,000
130,000
0
60,000
0
0
20,000
0
10,000
0
0
0
0
Numbers smaller than 5,000 are rounded to the nearest 1,000; larger numbers are rounded to the nearest 10,000.
4A-34
-------
APPENDICES FOR CHAPTER 5
-------
5A.1. Ozone Air Quality Information for 12 Urban Areas
Table 5A-1. Monitor-Specific O3 Air Quality Information: Atlanta, GA
AIRS Monitor ID
1305700011
1306700031
1307700021
1308500012
1308900021
1308930011
1309700041
1311300011
1312100551
1313500021
1315100021
1322300031
1324700011
Average:
Fourth
2002
0.089
0.100
0.099
0.088
0.095
0.090
0.098
0.088
0.100
0.089
0.099
0.099
0.099
0.095
Daily Maximum
Average (ppm)
2003
0.084
0.077
0.077
0.080
0.091
0.085
0.077
0.091
0.088
0.082
0.083
0.078
0.083
8-Hour
2004
0.073
0.083
0.068
0.084
0.088
0.080
0.084
0.089
0.092
0.085
0.073
0.087
0.082
Design Value*:
Average of the 3
Year-Specific
Values (ppm)
0.085
0.086
0.077
0.086
0.089
0.087
0.083
0.093
0.089
0.088
0.085
0.088
0.093
The design value is the
fourth daily maximum 8
maximum of the monitor-specific averages of the annual
-hour average over the 3 year period.
Table 5A-2. Monitor-Specific O3 Air Quality Information: Boston, MA
AIRS Monitor ID
2500900051
2500920061
2500940041
2501711021
2502130031
2502500411
2502500421
2502700151
Average:
Fourth
2002
0.088
0.100
0.094
0.096
0.107
0.102
0.074
0.091
0.094
Daily Maximum 8-Hour
Average (ppm)
2003 2004
0.079 0.081
0.080 0.077
0.073 0.070
0.088 0.078
0.078 0.079
0.074 0.064
0.080 0.074
0.079 0.075
Design Value*:
Average of the 3
Year-Specific
Values (ppm)
0.086
0.083
0.079
0.091
0.086
0.07
0.081
0.091
*The design value is the
fourth daily maximum 8
maximum of the monitor-specific averages of the annual
-hour average over the 3 year period.
5A-1
-------
Table 5A-3. Monitor-Specific O3 Air Quality Information: Chicago, IL
AIRS Monitor ID
1703100011
1703100321
1703100422
1703100501
1703100641
1703100721
1703100761
1703110032
1703116011
1703140021
1703140071
1703142011
1703142012
1703170021
1703180031
1704360011
1708900051
1709710021
1709710071
1709730011
1711100011
1719710081
1719710111
1808900221
1808900241
1808900301
1808920081
1809100051
1809100101
1812700202
1812700241
1812700261
5505900021
5505900191
5505900221
Average:
Fourth
2002
0.094
0.096
0.103
0.084
0.085
0.085
0.092
0.081
0.084
0.093
0.087
0.067
0.091
0.074
0.084
0.082
0.090
0.100
0.087
0.090
0.086
0.087
0.094
0.086
0.101
0.107
0.100
0.097
0.101
0.100
0.110
0.116
0.096
0.092
Daily Maximum
Average (ppm)
2003
0.077
0.080
0.069
0.067
0.075
0.071
0.075
0.070
0.073
0.080
0.082
0.066
0.076
0.074
0.078
0.079
0.077
0.073
0.076
0.081
0.081
0.082
0.084
0.079
0.077
0.082
0.085
0.088
0.088
0.077
8-Hour
2004
0.065
0.067
0.054
0.060
0.068
0.067
0.067
0.059
0.064
0.067
0.051
0.071
0.065
0.069
0.068
0.071
0.068
0.063
0.068
0.064
0.064
0.067
0.070
0.069
0.072
0.078
0.066
Design Value*:
Average of the 3
Year-Specific
Values (ppm)
0.078
0.081
0.068
0.073
0.076
0.074
0.071
0.076
0.078
0.081
0.071
0.075
0.077
0.083
0.079
0.075
0.076
0.078
0.083
0.086
0.082
0.084
0.094
0.094
The design value is the
fourth daily maximum 8
maximum of the monitor-specific averages of the annual
-hour average over the 3 year period.
5A-2
-------
Table 5A-4. Monitor-Specific O3 Air Quality Information: Cleveland, OH
AIRS Monitor ID
3900710011
3903500341
3903500641
3903550021
3905500041
3908500031
3908530021
3909300171
3910300031
3913310011
3915300201
Average:
Fourth
2002
0.103
0.090
0.090
0.098
0.115
0.104
0.088
0.099
0.091
0.097
0.103
0.098
Daily Maximum 8-Hour
Average (ppm)
2003 2004
0.099 0.081
0.076 0.057
0.079 0.063
0.089 0.077
0.097 0.075
0.092 0.079
0.080 0.076
0.085 0.074
0.086 0.077
0.091 0.081
0.089 0.077
0.088 0.074
Design Value*:
Average of the 3
Year-Specific
Values (ppm)
0.094
0.074
0.077
0.088
0.095
0.091
0.081
0.086
0.084
0.089
0.089
0.095
The design value is the
fourth daily maximum 8
maximum of the monitor-specific averages of the annual
-hour average over the 3 year period.
Table 5A-5. Monitor-Specific O3 Air Quality Information: Detroit, Ml
AIRS Monitor ID
260490021 1
260492001 1
2609900091
2609910031
2612500012
2614700051
2616100081
2616300012
2616300161
2616300192
Average:
Fourth
2002
0.088
0.089
0.095
0.092
0.093
0.100
0.091
0.088
0.092
0.083
0.091
Daily Maximum
Average (ppm)
2003
0.087
0.091
0.102
0.101
0.090
0.086
0.091
0.085
0.084
0.098
0.092
8-Hour
2004
0.075
0.077
0.081
0.071
0.075
0.074
0.071
0.065
0.066
0.066
0.072
Design Value*:
Average of the 3
Year-Specific
Values (ppm)
0.083
0.085
0.092
0.088
0.086
0.086
0.084
0.079
0.08
0.082
0.092
*The design value is the
fourth daily maximum 8
maximum of the monitor-specific averages of the annual
-hour average over the 3 year period.
5A-3
-------
Table 5A-6. Monitor-Specific O3 Air Quality Information: Houston, TX
AIRS Monitor ID
4803910032
4803910041
4803910161
4816700141
4816710022
4820100242
4820100263
4820100292
4820100461
4820100472
4820100512
4820100551
4820100621
4820100661
4820100701
4820100751
4820110151
4820110342
4820110353
4820110391
4820110411
4820110501
4833900781
Average:
Fourth
2002
0.095
0.092
0.093
0.083
0.096
0.088
0.098
0.078
0.072
0.101
0.094
0.095
0.084
0.088
0.078
0.093
0.092
0.095
0.090
0.094
0.082
0.090
Daily Maximum
Average (ppm)
2003
0.097
0.092
0.082
0.095
0.098
0.096
0.093
0.082
0.103
0.107
0.094
0.081
0.100
0.096
0.108
0.102
0.105
0.113
0.092
0.094
0.097
8-Hour
2004
0.103
0.081
0.088
0.096
0.085
0.090
0.084
0.083
0.095
0.104
0.097
0.097
0.078
0.093
0.093
0.091
0.092
0.097
0.097
0.080
0.091
Design Value*:
Average of the 3
Year-Specific
Values (ppm)
0.097
0.091
0.095
0.09
0.094
0.085
0.079
0.099
0.101
0.095
0.087
0.088
0.089
0.095
0.096
0.101
0.094
0.085
0.101
The design value is the
fourth daily maximum 8
maximum of the monitor-specific averages of the annual
-hour average over the 3 year period.
5A-4
-------
Table 5A-7. Monitor-Specific O3 Air Quality Information: Los Angeles, CA
AIRS Monitor ID
0603700021
0603700161
0603701131
0603710021
0603711031
0603712011
0603713011
0603716011
0603717011
0603720051
0603740021
060375001 1
0603750051
0603760121
0603790331
0605900071
0605910031
0605920221
060595001 1
0606500121
0606520021
060655001 1
060656001 1
060658001 1
060659001 1
0606590031
0607100011
0607100051
0607100121
0607100171
0607103061
0607110042
0607112341
0607120021
0607140011
0607140031
0607190021
0607190041
0611100051
0611100071
0611100091
0611110041
0611120021
0611120031
0611130011
Average:
Fourth
2002
0.097
0.111
0.073
0.091
0.077
0.111
0.049
0.074
0.099
0.095
0.059
0.064
0.131
0.102
0.069
0.066
0.081
0.071
0.113
0.097
0.109
0.107
0.109
0.104
0.092
0.131
0.115
0.087
0.106
0.105
0.089
0.114
0.113
0.117
0.101
0.105
0.076
0.080
0.087
0.097
0.092
0.064
0.064
0.093
Daily Maximum
Average (ppm)
2003
0.104
0.123
0.083
0.096
0.082
0.119
0.057
0.082
0.109
0.101
0.063
0.070
0.137
0.103
0.080
0.079
0.095
0.080
0.127
0.100
0.105
0.116
0.120
0.112
0.088
0.130
0.103
0.084
0.104
0.114
0.087
0.132
0.110
0.137
0.111
0.123
0.087
0.093
0.093
0.093
0.074
0.069
0.099
8-Hour
2004
0.092
0.095
0.076
0.089
0.078
0.101
0.065
0.079
0.095
0.093
0.070
0.085
0.107
0.095
0.088
0.076
0.085
0.075
0.112
0.094
0.099
0.095
0.111
0.100
0.060
0.082
0.122
0.097
0.087
0.085
0.102
0.082
0.111
0.099
0.119
0.102
0.112
0.086
0.086
0.092
0.092
0.069
0.065
0.091
Design Value*:
Average of the 3
Year-Specific
Values (ppm)
0.097
0.109
0.077
0.092
0.079
0.11
0.057
0.078
0.101
0.096
0.064
0.125
0.1
0.079
0.073
0.087
0.075
0.117
0.097
0.104
0.106
0.113
0.105
0.087
0.127
0.105
0.086
0.098
0.107
0.086
0.119
0.107
0.124
0.104
0.113
0.084
0.088
0.094
0.092
0.069
0.066
0.127
The design value is the
fourth daily maximum 8
maximum of the monitor-specific averages of the annual
i-hour average over the 3 year period.
5A-5
-------
Table 5A-8. Monitor-Specific O3 Air Quality Information: New York, NY
AIRS Monitor ID
3600500831
3600501101
3602700071
3607150011
3607900051
3608100981
3608101241
3608500671
3610300021
3610300041
3610300092
3611110051
3611920041
Average:
Fourth
2002
0.096
0.089
0.111
0.082
0.102
0.082
0.089
0.099
0.108
0.090
0.103
0.084
0.102
0.095
Daily Maximum
Average (ppm)
2003
0.079
0.082
0.081
0.087
0.082
0.072
0.086
0.086
0.094
0.082
0.102
0.082
0.091
0.085
8-Hour
2004
0.074
0.069
0.076
0.078
0.082
0.064
0.075
0.083
0.081
0.079
0.076
0.078
0.076
Design Value*:
Average of the 3
Year-Specific
Values (ppm)
0.083
0.08
0.089
0.082
0.088
0.072
0.083
0.089
0.094
0.094
0.08
0.09
0.094
The design value is the
fourth daily maximum 8
maximum of the monitor-specific averages of the annual
-hour average over the 3 year period.
Table 5A-9. Monitor-Specific O3 Air Quality Information: Philadelphia, PA
AIRS Monitor ID
4201700121
4202900501
4202901001
4204500021
4209100131
4210100041
4210100141
4210100241
4210101361
Average:
Fourth
2002
0.111
0.104
0.112
0.106
0.101
0.082
0.098
0.110
0.094
0.102
Daily Maximum 8-Hour
Average (ppm)
2003 2004
0.087 0.082
0.085
0.085 0.085
0.080 0.081
0.085 0.083
0.069 0.054
0.083 0.077
0.082 0.091
0.070 0.073
0.081 0.078
Design Value*:
Average of the 3
Year-Specific
Values (ppm)
0.093
0.094
0.089
0.089
0.068
0.086
0.094
0.079
0.094
*The design value is the
fourth daily maximum 8
maximum of the monitor-specific averages of the annual
-hour average over the 3 year period.
5A-6
-------
Table 5A-10. Monitor-Specific O3 Air Quality Information: Sacramento, CA
AIRS Monitor ID
0601700101
0601700111
0601700121
0601700201
0605700051
0605700071
0605710011
0606100021
0606100041
0606100061
0606100071
0606130011
0606700021
0606700061
0606700101
0606700111
0606700121
0606700131
0606750031
0611300041
0611310031
Average:
Fourth
2002
0.098
0.067
0.077
0.111
0.099
0.093
0.065
0.101
0.101
0.095
0.097
0.095
0.105
0.083
0.069
0.104
0.079
0.097
0.076
0.088
0.090
Daily Maximum
Average (ppm)
2003
0.096
0.065
0.075
0.106
0.098
0.090
0.094
0.089
0.085
0.068
0.086
0.097
0.076
0.087
0.098
0.075
0.097
0.077
0.082
0.086
8-Hour
2004
0.089
0.073
0.089
0.093
0.085
0.092
0.087
0.082
0.076
0.083
0.067
0.077
0.087
0.067
0.089
0.071
0.069
0.081
Design Value*:
Average of the 3
Year-Specific
Values (ppm)
0.094
0.075
0.102
0.096
0.089
0.095
0.092
0.087
0.085
0.095
0.075
0.077
0.096
0.073
0.094
0.074
0.079
0.102
The design value is the
fourth daily maximum 8
maximum of the monitor-specific averages of the annual
-hour average over the 3 year period.
5A-7
-------
Table 5A-11. Monitor-Specific O3 Air Quality Information: St. Louis, MO
AIRS Monitor ID
1708310011
1711700021
1711900081
1711910091
1711920072
1711930071
1716300102
2909900121
2918310021
2918310041
2918900041
2918900061
2918930011
2918950011
2918970031
2951000071
2951000721
2951000861
Average:
Fourth
2002
0.100
0.085
0.094
0.090
0.090
0.084
0.093
0.093
0.099
0.098
0.098
0.094
0.094
0.095
0.093
0.090
0.081
0.098
0.093
Daily Maximum
Average (ppm)
2003
0.083
0.077
0.089
0.088
0.082
0.083
0.079
0.082
0.091
0.090
0.088
0.086
0.082
0.088
0.088
0.084
0.071
0.090
0.085
8-Hour
2004
0.073
0.068
0.074
0.078
0.068
0.073
0.073
0.070
0.077
0.076
0.070
0.067
0.067
0.068
0.069
0.058
0.072
0.071
Design Value*:
Average of the 3
Year-Specific
Values (ppm)
0.085
0.076
0.085
0.085
0.08
0.08
0.081
0.081
0.089
0.088
0.085
0.082
0.081
0.083
0.083
0.07
0.086
0.089
The design value is the
fourth daily maximum 8
maximum of the monitor-specific averages of the annual
-hour average over the 3 year period.
Table 5A-12. Monitor-Specific O3 Air Quality Information: Washington, D.C.
AIRS Monitor ID
1100100251
1100100411
1100100431
Average:
Fourth Daily Maximum 8-Hour
Average (ppm)
2002 2003 2004
0.097 0.079 0.080
0.102 0.082 0.070
0.106 0.081 0.081
0.102 0.081 0.077
Design Value*:
Average of the 3
Year-Specific
Values (ppm)
0.085
0.084
0.089
0.089
*The design value is the maximum of the monitor-specific averages of the annual
fourth daily maximum 8-hour average over the 3 year period.
5A-8
-------
Table 5A-13. Composite Monitor Statistics: 2004
Urban Area
Atlanta
Boston 1*
Boston 2*
Chicago
Cleveland
Detroit
Houston
Los Angeles 1**
Los Angeles 2**
New York 1 ***
New York 2***
Philadelphia
Sacramento
St. Louis
Washington, D.C.
24-Hour Average (ppm)
Minimum Mean Maximum
0.0091 0.0279 0.0504
0.0060 0.0276 0.0571
0.0114 0.0310 0.0603
0.0110 0.0270 0.0453
0.0080 0.0257 0.0445
0.0074 0.0239 0.0459
0.0075 0.0262 0.0572
0.0204 0.0338 0.0491
0.0249 0.0398 0.0568
0.0055 0.0242 0.0494
0.0052 0.0241 0.0491
0.0037 0.0272 0.0486
0.0164 0.0323 0.0462
0.0078 0.0248 0.0425
0.0055 0.0283 0.0526
1-Hour Maximum (ppm)
Minimum Mean Maximum
0.0170 0.0578 0.1267
0.0185 0.0433 0.1060
0.0218 0.0450 0.0956
0.0152 0.0432 0.0758
0.0123 0.0404 0.0743
0.0140 0.0430 0.0793
0.0155 0.0510 0.1243
0.0351 0.0634 0.1005
0.0410 0.0656 0.0992
0.0128 0.0449 0.0920
0.0115 0.0447 0.0883
0.0090 0.0492 0.0915
0.0307 0.0593 0.0953
0.0175 0.0468 0.0890
0.0140 0.0521 0.1020
8-Hour Maximum (ppm)
Minimum Mean Maximum
0.0146 0.0499 0.1103
0.0128 0.0379 0.0904
0.0194 0.0411 0.0842
0.0119 0.0389 0.0679
0.0090 0.0360 0.0676
0.0094 0.0375 0.0730
0.0137 0.0443 0.1082
0.0319 0.0555 0.0867
0.0387 0.0597 0.0888
0.0085 0.0378 0.0811
0.0076 0.0378 0.0806
0.0057 0.0426 0.0775
0.0241 0.0520 0.0806
0.0114 0.0409 0.0688
0.0103 0.0450 0.0916
"'Boston 1" denotes Suffolk County; "Boston 2" denotes Essex, Middlesex, Norfolk, Suffolk, and Worcester Counties.
**"Los Angeles 1" denotes Los Angeles County; "Los Angeles 2" denotes Los Angeles, Riverside, San Bernardino, and Orange Counties.
***"New York 1" denotes the 5 boroughs of New York City -- Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, Bronx, and Staten Island. "New York 2" denotes the 5
boroughs plus Westchester County.
Table 5A-14. Composite Monitor Statistics: 2003
Urban Area
Atlanta
Boston 1*
Boston 2*
Chicago
Cleveland
Detroit
Houston
Los Angeles 1**
Los Angeles 2**
New York 1***
New York 2***
Philadelphia
Sacramento
St. Louis
Washington, D.C.
24-Hour Average (ppm)
Minimum
0.0035
0.0106
0.0104
0.0084
0.0073
0.0074
0.0065
0.0155
0.0266
0.0054
0.0061
0.0052
0.0217
0.0050
0.0053
Mean Maximum
0.0265
0.0305
0.0339
0.0287
0.0298
0.0279
0.0270
0.0326
0.0396
0.0251
0.0259
0.0285
0.0352
0.0285
0.0276
0.0513
0.0693
0.0693
0.0554
0.0676
0.0550
0.0612
0.0537
0.0612
0.0598
0.0593
0.0725
0.0554
0.0534
0.0661
1-Hour
Minimum
0.0083
0.0190
0.0190
0.0158
0.0143
0.0163
0.0181
0.0274
0.0390
0.0146
0.0140
0.0155
0.0343
0.0117
0.0110
Maximum (ppm)
Mean Maximum
0.0574
0.0469
0.0482
0.0458
0.0483
0.0503
0.0534
0.0650
0.0670
0.0458
0.0462
0.0495
0.0640
0.0519
0.0516
0.1133
0.1110
0.1089
0.0819
0.1013
0.1010
0.1161
0.1099
0.1044
0.1078
0.1057
0.1074
0.1069
0.1200
0.1153
8-Hour Maximum (ppm)
Minimum
0.0042
0.0143
0.0145
0.0111
0.0102
0.0150
0.0119
0.0245
0.0361
0.0095
0.0088
0.0085
0.0319
0.0093
0.0078
Mean Maximum
0.0492
0.0407
0.0439
0.0410
0.0427
0.0442
0.0455
0.0557
0.0605
0.0386
0.0395
0.0430
0.0563
0.0462
0.0441
0.1003
0.0955
0.0958
0.0793
0.0919
0.0945
0.1008
0.0952
0.0954
0.0991
0.0985
0.0988
0.0950
0.1064
0.1092
"'Boston 1" denotes Suffolk County; "Boston 2" denotes Essex, Middlesex, Norfolk, Suffolk, and Worcester Counties.
"'Los Angeles 1" denotes Los Angeles County; "Los Angeles 2" denotes Los Angeles, Riverside, San Bernardino, and Orange Counties.
™'New York 1" denotes the 5 boroughs of New York City -- Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, Bronx, and Staten Island. "New York 2" denotes the 5
boroughs plus Westchester County.
5A-9
-------
Table5A-15. Composite Monitor Statistics: 2002
Urban Area
Atlanta
Boston 1*
Boston 2*
Chicago
Cleveland
Detroit
Houston
Los Angeles 1**
Los Angeles 2**
New York 1 ***
New York 2***
Philadelphia
Sacramento
St. Louis
Washington, D.C.
24-Hour Average (ppm)
Minimum Mean Maximum
0.0102 0.0308 0.0559
0.0133 0.0314 0.0783
0.0132 0.0359 0.0852
0.0101 0.0295 0.0545
0.0103 0.0338 0.0685
0.0085 0.0277 0.0572
0.0089 0.0258 0.0568
0.0158 0.0313 0.0492
0.0192 0.0385 0.0586
0.0062 0.0280 0.0565
0.0075 0.0286 0.0576
0.0069 0.0322 0.0619
0.0182 0.0353 0.0604
0.0058 0.0289 0.0585
0.0095 0.0357 0.0708
1-Hour Maximum (ppm)
Minimum Mean Maximum
0.0193 0.0623 0.1307
0.0210 0.0503 0.1185
0.0213 0.0526 0.1213
0.0206 0.0488 0.0986
0.0177 0.0548 0.1070
0.0170 0.0516 0.0987
0.0163 0.0492 0.1167
0.0283 0.0613 0.1009
0.0292 0.0652 0.0967
0.0130 0.0529 0.1294
0.0133 0.0537 0.1333
0.0133 0.0573 0.1235
0.0242 0.0647 0.1090
0.0157 0.0556 0.1127
0.0193 0.0627 0.1430
8-Hour Maximum (ppm)
Minimum Mean Maximum
0.0157 0.0540 0.1166
0.0178 0.0434 0.1128
0.0169 0.0479 0.1162
0.0137 0.0437 0.0899
0.0138 0.0488 0.1044
0.0151 0.0450 0.0923
0.0131 0.0427 0.1017
0.0252 0.0525 0.0842
0.0247 0.0587 0.0881
0.0088 0.0448 0.0999
0.0088 0.0458 0.1032
0.0091 0.0501 0.0999
0.0212 0.0564 0.0954
0.0087 0.0484 0.1000
0.0164 0.0548 0.1210
"'Boston 1" denotes Suffolk County; "Boston 2" denotes Essex, Middlesex, Norfolk, Suffolk, and Worcester Counties.
**"Los Angeles 1" denotes Los Angeles County; "Los Angeles 2" denotes Los Angeles, Riverside, San Bernardino, and Orange Counties.
***"New York 1" denotes the 5 boroughs of New York City -- Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, Bronx, and Staten Island. "New York 2" denotes the 5
boroughs plus Westchester County.
5 A-10
-------
5A.2 Scatter Plots
This Appendix provides scatter plots comparing 8-hr daily maximum concentrations at
the highest monitor with the average of the 24-hr average over all monitors within each
of the 12 urban areas included in the risk assessment.
5 A-10
-------
Mean Daily 24-hr Average vs. Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average, 2002
Rollback Ozone
City Name=Atlanta
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.12
Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average
Mean Daily 24-hr Average vs. Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average, 2002
Rollback Ozone
City Name=Boston
0.02 0.03
0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08
Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average
5 A-11
-------
Mean Daily 24-hr Average vs. Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average, 2002
Rollback Ozone
City Name=Chicago
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.12
Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average
0.07-
0.06-
0.05-
y 24-hr Average
o
b
Q 0.03 -
c
ro
0)
E
0.02-
0.01 -
o.oo-
Mean Daily 24-hr Average vs. Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average, 2002
Rollback Ozone
City Name=Cleveland
+ //'
>*f *
+ + i+^<+ +
_i_ ^ffn _i i_
I i \^f \ r
Mlii rp"^ i i i ~r
,/
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.12
Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average
5 A-12
-------
0.07-
0.06-
0.05-
ro
S
< 0.04 -
.c
(M
Q 0.03 -
Q)
E
0.02-
0.01 -
o.oo-
Mean Daily 24-hr Average vs. Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average, 2002
Rollback Ozone
City Name=Detroit
±^" +
+ f + + ^^
+ + ^ +^
++ \fj^+ + +
_rrr _i_ i~b-q i i i _i_~r
\ I rr pK ~r| i i I II ~r
I ^^ i~H~ l ~T| _| |_
T>-^_I_ ~rr "Ti ~r ~l r
/^ ++
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.12
Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average
Mean Daily 24-hr Average vs. Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average, 2002
Rollback Ozone
City Name=Houston
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.12
Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average
5 A-13
-------
0.07-
0.06-
0.05-
Vlean Daily 24-hr Average
o o
b b
CO Ji
0.02-
0.01 -
o.oo-
Mean Daily 24-hr Average vs. Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average, 2002
Rollback Ozone
City Name=l_os Angeles
+ % + + +^^^
^^-^^ +
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.12
Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average
Mean Daily 24-hr Average vs. Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average, 2002
Rollback Ozone
City Name=New York
0.07-
0.05-
03
0
-C
S
^.
Q 0.03 -
c
0.02-
0.01 -
o.oo-
+>/
+4- ^^
_]__]_+ iT .^ i
-ft 3^
~hj- ^ -ni+^--4- + +L +
"Tr I I ^p--"4l < Ll
+ <4^ r^^f fl~ ++
+ +%^Tr^ + ^ +
^^r I ~r i ~r
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.12
Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average
5 A-14
-------
0.07-
0.06-
0.05-
0
O)
s
< 0.04 -
4
CM
.S-
Q 0.03 -
03
1
0.02-
0.01 -
o.oo-
Mean Daily 24-hr Average vs. Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average, 2002
Rollback Ozone
City Name=Philadelphia
+ ,
+ //
~^~ +^f+ +
\ + l^J^+ +
~T _|_ _|_ JrT\
+ + + +L^± J± +
~r 1 1 1 ,v\\\
I ~r i i^~l I I I i i i i i
~\~ ,/\ rl~ i
+ \t^£^
/^+ + * +
/<+ ++
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.12
Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average
0.07-
0.06-
0.05-
/ 24-hr Average
0
8
05
Q 0.03 -
05
0.02-
0.01 -
o.oo-
Mean Daily 24-hr Average vs. Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average, 2002
Rollback Ozone
City Name=Sacramento
}l^ *
i _i i_ i II I i I Lri i
I I L--r I
"Til i i "TTi J^rtl 1 i 1 ~T
i 1 1 i i \ PpTi i"Tr ~T
"TTT] ~pfj
^-^^"
/^ +
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.12
Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average
5 A-15
-------
Mean Daily 24-hr Average vs. Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average, 2002
Rollback Ozone
City Name=St. Louis
0
b
o
0
b
en
A
0
b
.t.
_i_ ~
~r
~r _
i MI
hill
0
b
co
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.12
Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average
Mean Daily 24-hr Average vs. Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average, 2002
Rollback Ozone
City Name=Washington
0.07-
A
0
b
.&.
0.01 -
o.oo-
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.12
Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average
5 A-16
-------
Mean Daily 24-hr Average vs. Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average, 2004
Rollback Ozone
City Name=Atlanta
0.06
0.05-
0.04
/
0.01 -
0.00 i
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11
Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average
Mean Daily 24-hr Average vs. Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average, 2004
Rollback Ozone
City Name=Boston
0.06
0.03-
0.01 -
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11
Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average
5 A-17
-------
Mean Daily 24-hr Average vs. Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average, 2004
Rollback Ozone
City Name=Chicago
0.06
0.04
+ +—^-H-
0.02-
0.00 i
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11
Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average
Mean Daily 24-hr Average vs. Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average, 2004
Rollback Ozone
City Name=Cleveland
0.05-
0.04
,^
0.03-
+JS^
X-P+
^+
0.00 i
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11
Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average
5 A-18
-------
Mean Daily 24-hr Average vs. Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average, 2004
Rollback Ozone
City Name=Detroit
0.06
0.05-
0.04
0.00 i
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11
Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average
Mean Daily 24-hr Average vs. Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average, 2004
Rollback Ozone
City Name=Houston
0.06-
0.05-
o> 0.04 -
D)
03
CD
^
-C
S 0.03 -
1
c
05
0
5 0.02 -
0.01 -
o.oo-
+/ * '-"
++ + ++^-^+
I I I T ^ *l^ A \-
' ' I ' I M ^ ' ' '
+ I + +,-i I
+j_ ~i±+^±^ +
+++ ^^ ++ +
+ TT +//^ ±_ + ,
+ ^->^ +i +L +
+^ _u>f+
I I I if] I "T 1 |"T" _|_ ~l~ ~l~
i ^ \v~ \ \\
+ J*+^+++++
/^+ + + +
/^
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11
Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average
5 A-19
-------
Mean Daily 24-hr Average vs. Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average, 2004
Rollback Ozone
City Name=l_os Angeles
0.06
0.05-
0.04
di^+
^-r
^f
0.00 i
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11
Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average
Mean Daily 24-hr Average vs. Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average, 2004
Rollback Ozone
City Name=New York
0.06
0.04
0.02-
0.00 i
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11
Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average
5A-20
-------
Mean Daily 24-hr Average vs. Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average, 2004
Rollback Ozone
City Name= Philadelphia
0.05-
0.04
ft
0.03-
0.02-
0.01 -
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11
Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average
Mean Daily 24-hr Average vs. Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average, 2004
Rollback Ozone
City Name=Sacramento
0.06
0.05-
0.04
r,-r ,,
i^
0.03-
11111
+=F4
+M
++
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11
Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average
5A-21
-------
Mean Daily 24-hr Average vs. Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average, 2004
Rollback Ozone
City Name=St. Louis
0
d
en
I i ~
~T 1
0.02 -
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11
Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average
Mean Daily 24-hr Average vs. Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average, 2004
Rollback Ozone
City Name=Washington
0.06
0.05-
0.04
0.03-
0.01 -
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11
Highest Maximum Daily 8-hr Average
5A-22
-------
5B.1 Tables of Study-Specific Information
Table 5B-1. Study-Specific Information for O3 Studies in Atlanta, GA
Study
Bell et al. (2004)
Bell et al. - 95 US Cities
(2004)
Huang et al. (2004)
Huangetal.-19US
Cities (2004)
Huang etal. - 19 US
Cities (2004)
Huang etal. -19 US
Cities (2004)
Huang etal. - 19 US
Cities (2004)
Huang etal. - 19 US
Cities (2004)
Health Effects*
Mortality, non-accidental
Mortality, non-accidental
Mortality, cardiorespiratory
Mortality, cardiorespiratory
Mortality, cardiorespiratory
Mortality, cardiorespiratory
Mortality, cardiorespiratory
Mortality, cardiorespiratory
ICD-9 Codes
<800
<800
390-448; 490-496;
487; 480-486; 507.
390-448; 490-496;
487; 480-486; 507.
390-448; 490-496;
487; 480-486; 507.
390-448; 490-496;
487; 480-486; 507.
390-448; 490-496;
487; 480-486; 507.
390-448; 490-496;
487; 480-486; 507.
Ages
all
all
all
all
all
all
all
all
Lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
Exposure
Metric
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
Model
log-linear
log-linear
log-linear
log-linear
log-linear
log-linear
log-linear
log-linear
Other
Pollutants
in Model
none
none
none
none
PM10
NO2
SO2
CO
Observed
Concentrations** (ppb)
min.
0
NA
0
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
max.
71
NA
71
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
O3 Coefficient
0.00020
0.00039
0.00120
0.00124
0.00074
0.00060
0.00051
0.00069
Lower Bound
-0.00084
0.00013
-0.00039
0.00047
-0.00033
0.00011
0.00001
0.00020
Upper Bound
0.00123
0.00065
0.00279
0.00201
0.00171
0.00109
0.00102
0.00117
"Health effects are associated with short-term exposures to Q.
"Rounded to the nearest ppb.
NA denotes "not available."
Table 5B-2. Study-Specific Information for O3 Studies in Boston, MA
Study
Bell et al. - 95 US Cities
(2004)
Gent et al. (2003)
Gent et al. (2003)
Gent et al. (2003)
Gent et al. (2003)
Gent et al. (2003)
Gent et al. (2003)
Gent et al. (2003)
Health Effects*
Mortality, non-accidental
Respiratory symptoms -
chest tightness
Respiratory symptoms -
chest tightness
Respiratory symptoms -
chest tightness
Respiratory symptoms -
chest tightness
Respiratory symptoms -
shortness of breath
Respiratory symptoms -
shortness of breath
Respiratory symptoms -
wheeze
ICD-9 Codes
<800
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Ages
all
0-12
0-12
0-12
0-12
0-12
0-12
0-12
Lag
distributed lag
1-day lag
0-day lag
1-day lag
1-day lag
1-day lag
1-day lag
0-day lag
Exposure
Metric
24 hr avg.
1 hr max.
1 hr max.
1 hr max.
8 hr max.
1 hr max.
8 hr max.
1 hr max.
Model
log-linear
logistic
logistic
logistic
logistic
logistic
logistic
logistic
Other
Pollutants
in Model
none
none
PM2.5
PM2.5
none
none
none
PM2.5
Observed
Concentrations** (ppb)
min.
-3
27
27
27
21
27
21
21
max.
86
126
126
126
100
126
100
100
O3 Coefficient
0.00028
0.00462
0.00771
0.00701
0.00570
0.00398
0.00525
0.00600
Lower Bound
-0.00079
0.00000
0.00331
0.00262
0.00172
0.00040
0.00098
0.00209
Upper Bound
0.00136
0.00784
0.01220
0.01153
0.00965
0.00743
0.00952
0.01002
"Health effects are associated with short-term exposures to Q.
"Rounded to the nearest ppb.
5B-1
-------
Table 5B-3. Study-Specific Information for O3 Studies in Chicago, IL
Study
Bell et al. - 95 US Cities
(2004)
Schwartz (2004)
Schwartz - 14 US Cities
(2004)
Huang et al. (2004)
Huangetal.-19US
Cities (2004)
Huangetal.-19US
Cities (2004)
Huang etal. - 19 US
Cities (2004)
Huang etal. -19 US
Cities (2004)
Huang etal. - 19 US
Cities (2004)
Health Effects*
Mortality, non-accidental
Mortality, non-accidental
Mortality, non-accidental
Mortality, cardiorespiratory
Mortality, cardiorespiratory
Mortality, cardiorespiratory
Mortality, cardiorespiratory
Mortality, cardiorespiratory
Mortality, cardiorespiratory
ICD-9 Codes
<800
<800
<800
390-448; 490-496;
487; 480-486; 507.
390-448; 490-496;
487; 480-486; 507.
390-448; 490-496;
487; 480-486; 507.
390-448; 490-496;
487; 480-486; 507.
390-448; 490-496;
487; 480-486; 507.
390-448; 490-496;
487; 480-486; 507.
Ages
all
all
all
all
all
all
all
all
all
Lag
distributed lag
0-day lag
0-day lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
Exposure
Metric
24 hr avg.
1 hr max.
1 hr max.
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
Model
log-linear
logistic
logistic
log-linear
log-linear
log-linear
log-linear
log-linear
log-linear
Other
Pollutants
In Model
none
none
none
none
none
PM10
NO2
SO2
CO
Observed
Concentrations** (ppb)
min.
NA
NA
NA
0
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
max.
NA
NA
NA
65
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
O3 Coefficient
0.00039
0.00099
0.00037
0.00075
0.00124
0.00074
0.00060
0.00051
0.00069
Lower Bound
0.00013
0.00031
0.00012
-0.00067
0.00047
-0.00033
0.00011
0.00001
0.00020
Upper Bound
0.00065
0.00166
0.00062
0.00218
0.00201
0.00171
0.00109
0.00102
0.00117
"Health effects are associated with short-term exposures to Q.
"Rounded to the nearest ppb.
NA denotes "not available."
Table 5B-4. Study-Specific Information for O3 Studies in Cleveland, OH
Study
Bell et al. (2004)
Bell et al. - 95 US Cities
(2004)
Huang et al. (2004)
Huang etal. -19 US
Cities (2004)
Huang etal. -19 US
Cities (2004)
Huang etal. -19 US
Cities (2004)
Huang etal. -19 US
Cities (2004)
Huang etal. -19 US
Cities (2004)
Schwartz etal. (1996)
Health Effects*
Mortality, non-accidental
Mortality, non-accidental
Mortality, cardiorespiratory
Mortality, cardiorespiratory
Mortality, cardiorespiratory
Mortality, cardiorespiratory
Mortality, cardiorespiratory
Mortality, cardiorespiratory
Hospital admissions,
respiratory illness
ICD-9 Codes
<800
<800
390-448; 490-496;
487; 480-486; 507.
390-448; 490-496;
487; 480-486; 507.
390-448; 490-496;
487; 480-486; 507.
390-448; 490-496;
487; 480-486; 507.
390-448; 490-496;
487; 480-486; 507.
390-448; 490-496;
487; 480-486; 507.
460-519
Ages
all
all
all
all
all
all
all
all
65+
Lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
avg of 1 -day
and 2-day lags
Exposure
Metric
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
1 hr max.
Model
log-linear
log-linear
log-linear
log-linear
log-linear
log-linear
log-linear
log-linear
log-linear
Other
Pollutants
In Model
none
none
none
none
PM10
NO2
SO2
CO
none
Observed
Concentrations** (ppb)
min.
2
NA
2
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
max.
75
NA
75
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
O3 Coefficient
0.00061
0.00039
0.00148
0.00124
0.00074
0.00060
0.00051
0.00069
0.00169
Lower Bound
-0.00038
0.00013
-0.00004
0.00047
-0.00033
0.00011
0.00001
0.00020
0.00039
Upper Bound
0.00161
0.00065
0.00299
0.00201
0.00171
0.00109
0.00102
0.00117
0.00291
"Health effects are associated with short-term exposures to Q.
"Rounded to the nearest ppb.
NA denotes "not available."
J2006
5B-2
-------
Table 5B-5. Study-Specific Information for O3 Studies in Detroit, Ml
Study
Bell et al. (2004)
Bell et al. - 95 US Cities
Schwartz (2004)
Schwartz- 14 US Cities
(2004)
Ito (2003)
Ito (2003)
Huang et al. (2004)
Huang et al. - 19 US Cities
(2004)
Huang et al. - 19 US Cities
(2004)
Huang et al. - 19 US Cities
(2004)
Huang et al. - 19 US Cities
(2004)
Huang et al. - 19 US Cities
(2004)
Ito (2003)
Ito (2003)
Ito (2003)
Ito (2003)
Ito (2003)
Ito (2003)
Ito (2003)
Ito (2003)
Health Effects-
Mortality, non-accidental
Mortality, non-accidental
Mortality, non-accidental
Mortality, non-accidental
Mortality, non-accidental
Mortality, respiratory
Mortality, cardiorespiratory
Mortality, cardiorespiratory
Mortality, cardiorespiratory
Mortality, cardiorespiratory
Mortality, cardiorespiratory
Mortality, cardiorespiratory
Hospital admissions
(unscheduled), pneumonia
Hospital admissions
(unscheduled), pneumonia
Hospital admissions
(unscheduled), pneumonia
Hospital admissions
(unscheduled), pneumonia
Hospital admissions
(unscheduled), COPD
Hospital admissions
(unscheduled), COPD
Hospital admissions
(unscheduled), COPD
Hospital admissions
(unscheduled), COPD
ICD-9 Codes
<800
<800
<800
<800
<800
460-519
390-448; 490-496;
487; 480-486; 507.
390-448; 490-496;
487; 480-486; 507.
390-448; 490-496;
487; 480-486; 507.
390-448; 490-496;
487; 480-486; 507.
390-448; 490-496;
487; 480-486; 507.
390-448; 490-496;
487; 480-486; 507.
480-486
480-486
480-486
480-486
490-496
490-496
490-496
490-496
Ages
all
all
all
all
all
all
all
all
all
all
all
all
65+
65+
65+
65+
65+
65+
65+
65+
Lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
0-day lag
0-day lag
0-day lag
0-day lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
0-day lag
1 -day lag
2-day lag
3-day lag
0-day lag
1 -day lag
2-day lag
3-day lag
Exposure
Metric
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
1 hr max.
1 hr max.
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
Model
log -linear
log -linear
logistic
logistic
log-linear
(GAM str.
log -linear
log-linear
log-linear
log-linear
log-linear
log-linear
log-linear
log-linear
(GAM str.
estimation)**
log-linear
(GAM str.
estimation)
log-linear
(GAM str.
estimation)
log-linear
(GAM str.
estimation)
log-linear
(GAM str.
estimation)
log-linear
(GAM str.
estimation)
log-linear
(GAM str.
estimation)
log-linear
(GAM str.
estimation)
Other
Pollutants
In Model
none
none
none
none
none
none
none
none
PM10
NO2
SO2
CO
none
none
none
none
none
none
none
none
Observed
Concentrations** (ppb)
min.
2
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
2
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
max.
75
NA
NA
NA
55
55
75
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
03
Coefficient
0.00076
0.00039
0.00068
0.00037
0.00093
0.00359
0.00135
0.00124
0.00074
0.00060
0.00051
0.00069
-0.00218
-0.00054
0.00066
0.00190
-0.00191
0.00187
-0.00027
0.00011
Lower
Bound
-0.00024
0.00013
-0.00011
0.00012
-0.00085
-0.00276
-0.00015
0.00047
-0.00033
0.00011
0.00001
0.00020
-0.00621
-0.00459
-0.00342
-0.00216
-0.00667
-0.00293
-0.00513
-0.00475
Upper
Bound
0.00177
0.00065
0.00148
0.00062
0.00271
0.00993
0.00286
0.00201
0.00171
0.00109
0.00102
0.00117
0.00186
0.00352
0.00473
0.00595
0.00286
0.00667
0.00459
0.00497
"Health effects are associated with short-term exposures to Q.
"Rounded to the nearest ppb.
***"GAM str. estimation" denotes that estimation of the log-linear C-R function used a generalized additive model with a stringent convergence criterion. This study also estimated log-linear C-R functions using generalized linear
models (GLM).
NA denotes "not available."
2006
5B-3
-------
Table 5B-6. Study-Specific Information for O3 Studies in Houston, TX
Study
Bell et al. (2004)
Bell et al. - 95 US Cities
Schwartz (2004)
Schwartz- 14 US Cities
(2004)
Huang et al. (2004)
Huang etal. - 19 US
Cities (2004)
Huang etal. -19 US
Cities (2004)
Huang etal. -19 US
Cities (2004)
Huang etal. -19 US
Cities (2004)
Huang etal. -19 US
Cities (2004)
Health Effects*
Mortality, non-accidental
Mortality, non-accidental
Mortality, non-accidental
Mortality, non-accidental
Mortality, cardiorespiratory
Mortality, cardiorespiratory
Mortality, cardiorespiratory
Mortality, cardiorespiratory
Mortality, cardiorespiratory
Mortality, cardiorespiratory
ICD-9 Codes
<800
<800
<800
<800
390-448; 490-496;
487; 480-486; 507.
390-448; 490-496;
487; 480-486; 507.
390-448; 490-496;
487; 480-486; 507.
390-448; 490-496;
487; 480-486; 507.
390-448; 490-496;
487; 480-486; 507.
390-448; 490-496;
487; 480-486; 507.
Ages
all
all
all
all
all
all
all
all
all
all
Lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
0-day lag
0-day lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
Exposure
Metric
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
1 hr max.
1 hr max.
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
Model
log-linear
log-linear
logistic
logistic
log-linear
log-linear
log-linear
log-linear
log-linear
log-linear
Other
Pollutants
In Model
none
none
none
none
none
none
PM10
NO2
SO2
CO
Observed
Concentrations** (ppb)
min.
1
NA
NA
NA
1
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
max.
76
NA
NA
NA
76
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
O3 Coefficient
0.00079
0.00039
0.00044
0.00037
0.00122
0.00124
0.00074
0.00060
0.00051
0.00069
Lower Bound
0.00005
0.00013
0.00004
0.00012
-0.00016
0.00047
-0.00033
0.0001 1
0.00001
0.00020
Upper Bound
0.00154
0.00065
0.00084
0.00062
0.00261
0.00201
0.00171
0.00109
0.00102
0.00117
"Health effects are associated with short-term exposures to Q.
"Rounded to the nearest ppb.
NA denotes "not available."
5B-4
-------
Table 5B-7. Study-Specific Information for O3 Studies in Los Angeles, CA
Study
Bell etal. (2004)***
Bell etal. - 95 US Cities
(2004)***
Huang et al. (2004)***
Huang etal. -19 US
Cities (2004)***
Huang etal. -19 US
Cities (2004)***
Huang etal. -19 US
Cities (2004)***
Huang etal. -19 US
Cities (2004)***
Huang etal. -19 US
Cities (2004)***
Linn et al. (2000)****
Linn et al. (2000)****
"Health effects are associatec
Health Effects*
Mortality, non-
accidental
Mortality, non-
accidental
Mortality,
cardiorespiratory
Mortality,
cardiorespiratory
Mortality,
cardiorespiratory
Mortality,
cardiorespiratory
Mortality,
cardiorespiratory
Mortality,
cardiorespiratory
Hospital admissions
(unscheduled),
pulmonary illness —
Hospital admissions
(unscheduled),
pulmonary illness —
ICD-9 Codes
<800
<800
390-448; 490-496;
487; 480-486; 507.
390-448; 490-496;
487; 480-486; 507.
390-448; 490-496;
487; 480-486; 507.
390-448; 490-496;
487; 480-486; 507.
390-448; 490-496;
487; 480-486; 507.
390-448; 490-496;
487; 480-486; 507.
75-101*****
75-101*****
Ages
all
all
all
all
all
all
all
all
30+
30+
Lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
0-day lag
0-day lag
Exposure
Metric
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
Model
log-linear
log-linear
log-linear
log-linear
log-linear
log-linear
log-linear
log-linear
log-linear
log-linear
Other
Pollutants
In Model
none
none
none
none
PM10
NO2
SO2
CO
none
none
Observed
Concentrations** (ppb)
min.
0
NA
0
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
1
1
max.
68
NA
68
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
70
70
O3 Coefficient
0.00018
0.00039
0.00107
0.00124
0.00074
0.00060
0.00051
0.00069
0.00110
0.00060
Lower Bound
-0.00043
0.00013
0.00001
0.00047
-0.00033
0.0001 1
0.00001
0.00020
-0.00047
-0.00077
Upper Bound
0.00079
0.00065
0.00213
0.00201
0.00171
0.00109
0.00102
0.00117
0.00267
0.00197
with short-term exposures to O3.
"Rounded to the nearest ppb.
***Los Angeles is defined in this study as Los Angeles County.
****Los Angeles is defined in this study as Los Angeles, Riverside, San Bernardino, and Orange Counties.
*****Linn et al. (2000) used DRG codes instead of ICD codes.
5B-5
-------
Table 5B-8. Study-Specific Information for O3 Studies in New York, NY
Study
Bell et al. - 95 US Cities
(2004)***
Huang et al. (2004)***
Huangetal.-19US
Cities (2004)***
Huang etal. - 19 US
Cities (2004)***
Huang etal. -19 US
Cities (2004)***
Huang etal. -19 US
Cities (2004)***
Huang etal. -19 US
Cities (2004)***
Thurston etal. (1992)****
Thurston etal. (1992)****
Health Effects*
Mortality, non-
accidental
Mortality,
cardiorespiratory
Mortality,
cardiorespiratory
Mortality,
cardiorespiratory
Mortality,
cardiorespiratory
Mortality,
cardiorespiratory
Mortality,
cardiorespiratory
Hospital admissions
(unscheduled),
Hospital admissions
(unscheduled), asthma
ICD-9 Codes
<800
390-448; 490-496;
487; 480-486; 507.
390-448; 490-496;
487; 480-486; 507.
390-448; 490-496;
487; 480-486; 507.
390-448; 490-496;
487; 480-486; 507.
390-448; 490-496;
487; 480-486; 507.
390-448; 490-496;
487; 480-486; 507.
466, 480-486, 490,
491,492,493
493
Ages
all
all
all
all
all
all
all
all
all
Lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
3-day lag
1-day lag
Exposure
Metric
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
1 hr max.
1 hr max.
Model
log-linear
log-linear
log-linear
log-linear
log-linear
log-linear
log-linear
linear
linear
Other
Pollutants
In Model
none
none
none
PM10
NO2
SO2
CO
none
none
Observed
Concentrations** (ppb)
min.
NA
-2
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
max.
NA
81
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
206
206
O3 Coefficient
0.00039
0.00170
0.00124
0.00074
0.00060
0.00051
0.00069
1.370E-08
1.170E-08
Lower Bound
0.00013
0.00054
0.00047
-0.00033
0.00011
0.00001
0.00020
3.312E-09
2.488E-09
Upper Bound
0.00065
0.00286
0.00201
0.00171
0.00109
0.00102
0.00117
2.409E-08
2.091 E-08
"Health effects are associated with short-term exposures to Q.
"Rounded to the nearest ppb.
***New York in this study is defined as the five boroughs of New York City plus Westchester County.
****New York in this study is defined as the five boroughs of New York City.
NA denotes "not available."
Table 5B-9. Study-Specific Information for O3 Studies in Philadelphia, PA
Study
Bell et al. - 95 US Cities
(2004)
Moolgavkar et al. (1995)
Moolgavkar et al. (1995)
Huang et al. (2004)
Huang etal. -19 US
Cities (2004)
Huang etal. -19 US
Cities (2004)
Huang etal. -19 US
Cities (2004)
Huang etal. -19 US
Cities (2004)
Huang etal. -19 US
Cities (2004)
Health Effects*
Mortality, non-
accidental
Mortality, non-
accidental
Mortality, non-
accidental
Mortality,
cardiorespiratory
Mortality,
cardiorespiratory
Mortality,
cardiorespiratory
Mortality,
cardiorespiratory
Mortality,
cardiorespiratory
Mortality,
cardiorespiratory
ICD-9 Codes
<800
<800
<800
390-448; 490-496;
487; 480-486; 507.
390-448; 490-496;
487; 480-486; 507.
390-448; 490-496;
487; 480-486; 507.
390-448; 490-496;
487; 480-486; 507.
390-448; 490-496;
487; 480-486; 507.
390-448; 490-496;
487; 480-486; 507.
Ages
all
all
all
all
all
all
all
all
all
Lag
distributed lag
1-day lag
1-day lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
Exposure
Metric
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
Model
log-linear
log-linear
log-linear
log-linear
log-linear
log-linear
log-linear
log-linear
log-linear
Other
Pollutants
In Model
none
none
TSP, SO2
none
none
PM10
NO2
SO2
CO
Observed
Concentrations** (ppb)
min.
NA
1
1
-3
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
max.
NA
159
159
84
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
O3 Coefficient
0.00039
0.00140
0.00139
0.00151
0.00124
0.00074
0.00060
0.00051
0.00069
Lower Bound
0.00013
0.00086
0.00066
0.00007
0.00047
-0.00033
0.00011
0.00001
0.00020
Upper Bound
0.00065
0.00191
0.00212
0.00296
0.00201
0.00171
0.00109
0.00102
0.00117
"Health effects are associated with short-term exposures to Q.
"Rounded to the nearest ppb.
NA denotes "not available."
5B-6
-------
Table 5B-10. Study-Specific Information for O3 Studies in Sacramento, CA
Study
Bell et al. (2004)
Bell et al. - 95 US Cities
(2004)
Health Effects*
Mortality, non-
accidental
Mortality, non-
accidental
ICD-9 Codes
<800
<800
Ages
all
all
Lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
Exposure
Metric
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
Model
log-linear
log-linear
Other
Pollutants
in Model
none
none
Observed
Concentrations** (ppb)
min.
0
NA
max.
71
NA
O3 Coefficient
0.00026
0.00039
Lower Bound
-0.00079
0.00013
Upper Bound
0.00131
0.00065
"Health effects are associated with short-term exposures to Q.
"Rounded to the nearest ppb.
NA denotes "not available."
Table 5B-11. Study-Specific Information for O3 Studies in St. Louis, MO
Study
Bell et al. (2004)
Bell et al. - 95 US Cities
(2004)
Health Effects*
Mortality, non-
accidental
Mortality, non-
accidental
ICD-9 Codes
<800
<800
Ages
all
all
Lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
Exposure
Metric
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
Model
log-linear
log-linear
Other
Pollutants
in Model
none
none
Observed
Concentrations** (ppb)
min.
0
NA
max.
118
NA
O3 Coefficient
0.00044
0.00039
Lower Bound
-0.00072
0.00013
Upper Bound
0.00159
0.00065
"Health effects are associated with short-term exposures to Q.
"Rounded to the nearest ppb.
NA denotes "not available."
Table 5B-12. Study-Specific Information for O3 Studies in Washington, D.C.
Study
Bell et al. - 95 US Cities
(2004)
Health Effects*
Mortality, non-
accidental
ICD-9 Codes
<800
Ages
all
Lag
distributed lag
Exposure
Metric
24 hr avg.
Model
log-linear
Other
Pollutants
in Model
none
Observed
Concentrations** (ppb)
min.
NA
max.
NA
O3 Coefficient
0.00039
Lower Bound
0.00013
Upper Bound
0.00065
"Health effects are associated with short-term exposures to Q.
"Rounded to the nearest ppb.
NA denotes "not available."
5B-7
-------
5B.2 Concentration-Response Functions and Health Impact Functions
Notation:
y0 = Incidence under baseline conditions
yc = Incidence under control conditions
&y = y0-yc
x0 = O3 levels under baseline conditions
xc = O3 levels under control conditions
AY = Y — Y
'-"' A0 Ac
5B.2.1 Log-linear
The log-linear concentration-response function is: y = Be^
The derivation of the corresponding health impact function is as follows:
ye=Be**<
Ay = Be ° - Be'
Ay = Be °
5B.2.2 Linear
The linear concentration-response function is: y = a + fie
The derivation of the corresponding health impact function is as follows:
5B-8
-------
y = a + PX
y0=a + J3x0
yc = a + ftcc
e*
5B.2.3 Logistic
The logistic concentration-response function is: y = \
\^i + er" j i + e r"
The derivation of the corresponding health impact function is as follows:
l + e~
odds = —2—
e
odds ratio = —r- = eflAx
5B-9
-------
1 +
yc=-
yc =
-------
5B.3 The Calculation of "Shrinkage" Estimates from the Location-Specific Estimates
Reported in Huang et al. (2004)
"Shrinkage" estimates were calculated from the location-specific estimates reported in
Table 1 of Huang et al. (2004), using the method described in DuMouchel (1994). Both Huang
et al. (2004) and DuMouchel (1994) consider a Bayesian hierarchical model. Although they use
different notation, the models are the same. The notation comparison is given in Table B-13
below.
Given a posterior distribution for T, TT(T | y), a shrinkage estimate for the ith location is
calculated as:
2 2
where ^(r) = E[0t \y,r] = »\T)+\yt -//*(r)]r2 /(r
where // * (r) = E[jU \ y, T ] = £ w,. (r)yt ,
i
where w,.(r) = (r2 +sfyl
A shrinkage estimate for the ith location is thus defined to be the expected value of the ith
location-specific parameter, given all the location-specific estimates (see Table 1 for notation
explanations). The posterior variance of the true ith location-specific parameter, given all the
location-specific estimates, is given by:
OT - V\9l \y] = {V[et \y,r] + [0;(r)-0*
where V[0t \y,r] = [sf /(r2 +sf)]2 /£(r2 +s^ + T2sf /(r2 +sf) .
A 95 percent credible interval around the ith shrinkage estimate was calculated as
0; + 1.96*0^/0.
5B-11
-------
Table 5B-13. Notation
Location indicator
parameter being estimated for location c (or
i)
Estimate of parameter for location c (or i)*
variance in the overall distribution of true 9s.
variance of the estimate of 9C or (9;)**
The mean of the overall distribution of true
9s
The model:
Huang et al. (2004)
c
9C
§c
T2
vc
n
9c~N(9c,vc) (1)
9c~N(/u,T2) (2)
(!)&(2)^>r ~7V(//,vc+r2)
DuMouchel (1994)
i
6i
y,
T2
s?
n
yl=in + 5l+sl (1)
9l=in + 5l (2)
St ~N(0,T2) (3)
et~N(0,sf) (4)
(2) and (3) => 9i ~ N(/u, r2)
(1), (2), (3) & (4) => yt ~ 7V(//, T2 + s2 )
*Given in Table 1 of Huang et al. (2004)
**Estimated by taking the square of the location-specific standard error, reported in Huang et al. (2004) for each location.
5B-12
-------
APPENDIX 5C. ADDITIONAL HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT ESTIMATES
-------
Table 5C-1. Number of All Children (Ages 5-18) Engaged in Moderate Exertion Estimated to Experience At Least One Lung Function Response
Associated with Exposure to O3 Concentrations That Just Meet the Current and Alternative Daily Maximum 8-Hour Standards, for
Location-Specific O3 Seasons: Based on Adjusting 2002 O3 Concentrations*
Location
Atlanta
Boston
Chicago
Cleveland
Detroit
Houston
Los Angeles
New York
Philadelphia
Sacramento
St. Louis
Washington, DC
Atlanta
Boston
Chicago
Cleveland
Detroit
Houston
Los Angeles
the Current and Alternative O3 Standards**
0.084/4***
0.084/3
0.080/4
0.074/5
0.074/4
0.074/3
0.070/4
0.064/4
Response = Decrease in FEV1 Greater Than or Equal to 10%
94
(71 -133)
123
(95 - 1 67)
186
(140-268)
73
(57 - 99)
121
(92-169)
70
(50 - 1 06)
120
(87-187)
382
(283 - 555)
149
(117-201)
27
(21 - 40)
72
(56 - 96)
168
(129-231)
92
(69-131)
106
(80 - 1 50)
172
(127-252)
64
(49 - 90)
106
(79-154)
62
(43 - 96)
115
(83-180)
355
(259 - 524)
134
(103-185)
25
(19-37)
65
(50 - 89)
145
(109-207)
79
(58-117)
105
(79 - 1 48)
160
(116-238)
63
(48 - 88)
103
(76-151)
60
(41 - 92)
99
(71 -155)
328
(236 - 494)
129
(99-179)
23
(18-35)
61
(47 - 86)
143
(108-205)
69
(49-105)
98
(73- 141)
141
(99-216)
51
(37 - 77)
99
(73-147)
48
(31 - 76)
70
(49-109)
248
(166-392)
106
(78-156)
18
(14-29)
52
(38 - 75)
122
(89 - 1 82)
63
(44 - 98)
81
(58- 121)
124
(85-195)
49
(35 - 74)
80
(56-124)
46
(30 - 73)
70
(49-108)
258
(175-406)
101
(74-150)
17
(13-27)
48
(35-71)
113
(80- 171)
63
(44 - 97)
72
(50- 110)
116
(78-183)
43
(30 - 67)
71
(49-113)
42
(27 - 67)
66
(46-102)
240
(160-382)
92
(65-139)
16
(12-25)
44
(31 - 66)
100
(69 - 1 55)
53
(35 - 84)
68
(46 - 1 04)
104
(68-167)
41
(28 - 64)
67
(45-107)
38
(24-61)
52
(36 - 80)
218
(141 -350)
85
(60-131)
14
(10-22)
40
(28 - 62)
96
(65- 150)
40
(25 - 66)
50
(31 - 80)
77
(47-127)
31
(20 - 50)
50
(31 - 82)
28
(16-44)
28
(18-43)
165
(99 - 270)
65
(42-104)
10
(7-16)
30
(19-48)
72
(46 - 1 1 7)
Response = Decrease in FEV1 Greater Than or Equal to 15%
36
(21 - 54)
52
(33 - 74)
71
(41 -106)
30
(19-43)
47
(29 - 69)
24
(1 1 - 38)
35
(7 - 62)
35
(20 - 52)
42
(25 - 62)
63
(35 - 96)
25
(15-37)
40
(23 - 60)
20
(8 - 34)
33
(6 - 59)
29
(15-44)
42
(24-61)
57
(29 - 88)
24
(15-36)
38
(21 - 58)
19
(7 - 32)
27
(4-51)
23
(1 1 - 38)
38
(21 - 57)
47
(22 - 76)
18
(10-28)
36
(20 - 55)
14
(3 - 25)
18
d - 35)
21
(8 - 34)
29
(14-45)
40
(15-66)
17
(9 - 27)
27
(12-43)
13
(3 - 24)
18
d - 35)
20
(8 - 34)
24
(1 1 - 39)
36
(12-62)
14
(6 - 23)
22
(9 - 38)
12
(2 - 22)
17
d - 33)
16
(5 - 28)
22
(9 - 37)
31
(9 - 55)
13
(5 - 22)
21
(7 - 35)
10
(1 - 20)
13
(0 - 26)
11
(1-21)
14
(3 - 26)
20
(2 - 40)
9
(2-16)
14
d - 26)
7
(0-14)
7
(0-14)
5C-1
-------
Location
New York
Philadelphia
Sacramento
St. Louis
Washington, DC
Atlanta
Boston
Chicago
Cleveland
Detroit
Houston
Los Angeles
New York
Philadelphia
Sacramento
St. Louis
Washington, DC
the Current and Alternative O3 Standards**
0.084/4***
142
(79-216)
63
(41 - 89)
10
(5-15)
30
(20 - 43)
68
(42 - 98)
0.084/3
128
(68 - 1 97)
54
(34 - 78)
8
(4-13)
26
(16-38)
55
(32 - 82)
0.080/4
114
(57- 181)
51
(31 - 75)
8
(3-12)
24
(15-35)
55
(31 - 82)
0.074/5
76
(26 - 1 32)
39
(21 - 59)
6
(2-10)
19
(1 1 - 29)
44
(22 - 68)
0.074/4
81
(29 - 1 38)
36
(19-56)
5
d -9)
17
(9 - 26)
39
(18-62)
0.074/3
73
(23 - 1 27)
31
(15-50)
5
d -8)
15
(7 - 24)
32
(13-54)
0.070/4
64
(16- 115)
28
(13-46)
4
(1-7)
13
(6 - 22)
30
(12-51)
0.064/4
43
(3 - 86)
19
(5 - 34)
3
(0-5)
9
(2-16)
20
(4 - 38)
Response = Decrease in FEV1 Greater Than or Equal to 20%
10
(3-21)
18
(8 - 33)
19
(6 - 40)
9
(4-18)
13
(4 - 27)
6
(1 -14)
6
(0 - 20)
37
(11 -81)
21
(9 - 39)
2
(0-5)
10
(4-19)
21
(8-41)
10
(3 - 20)
13
(5 - 26)
16
(4 - 35)
7
(2-14)
10
(2 - 22)
4
(1 -11)
6
(0-19)
31
(8 - 72)
16
(6 - 32)
2
(0-5)
8
(3-15)
15
(5 - 32)
7
(2-16)
13
(5 - 25)
13
(3-31)
7
(2-14)
9
(2-21)
4
(1 -11)
4
(0-16)
26
(5 - 64)
15
(5 - 30)
2
(0-4)
7
(2-14)
15
(5-31)
5
d-13)
11
(4 - 23)
10
d - 26)
4
(1 -10)
9
(2 - 20)
2
(0-8)
3
(0-10)
14
d - 43)
10
(2 - 22)
1
(0-3)
5
(1-11)
10
(2 - 24)
4
(1-11)
7
(2-16)
8
d - 22)
4
d -9)
5
(0-14)
2
(0-7)
3
(0-10)
16
d - 45)
9
(2 - 20)
1
(0-3)
4
d -9)
9
d-21)
4
(1-11)
5
(1 -14)
7
(0 - 20)
3
(0-8)
4
(0-12)
2
(0-7)
2
(0-10)
13
(1 -41)
7
(1-17)
1
(0-3)
3
(0-8)
7
(1-18)
3
(0-9)
5
d -12)
5
(0-17)
3
(0-7)
4
(0-11)
2
(0-6)
2
(0-8)
11
(0 - 36)
6
(1-16)
1
(0-2)
3
(0-7)
6
(1-17)
2
(0-6)
2
(0-8)
3
(0-12)
1
(0-5)
2
(0-8)
1
(0-4)
1
(0-4)
6
(0 - 25)
3
(0-11)
0
(0-2)
1
(0-5)
3
(0-12)
"Numbers are median (0.5 fractile) numbers of children. Numbers in parentheses below the median are 95% credible intervals based on statistical uncertainty
surrounding the O3 coefficient.
"Incidence was quantified down to estimated policy relevant background levels. Incidences are rounded to the nearest 1000.
***These 8-hr average standards, denoted m/n, are characterized by a concentration of m ppm and an nth daily maximum. So, for example, the current standard is 0.084/4 -- 0.084 ppm, 4th daily maximum 8-
hr average. These nth daily maximum standards require that the average of the 3 annual nth daily maxima over a 3-year period be at or below the specified level (e.g., 0.084 ppm).
5C-2
-------
Table 5C-2. Percent of All Children (Ages 5-18) Engaged in Moderate Exertion Estimated to Experience At Least One Lung Function Response
Associated with Exposure to O3 Concentrations That Just Meet the Current and Alternative Daily Maximum 8-Hour Standards, for
Location-Specific O3 Seasons: Based on Adjusting 2002 O3 Concentrations*
Location
Atlanta
Boston
Chicago
Cleveland
Detroit
Houston
Los Angeles
New York
Philadelphia
Sacramento
St. Louis
Washington, DC
Atlanta
Boston
Chicago
Cleveland
Detroit
Houston
Los Angeles
and Alternative O3 Standards**
0.084/4***
0.084/3
0.080/4
0.074/5
0.074/4
0.074/3
0.070/4
0.064/4
Response = Decrease in FEV1 Greater Than or Equal to 10%
9.9%
(7.5% -14.1%)
1 1 .2%
(8.7% -15.3%)
9.6%
(7.2% -13.7%)
12.3%
(9.6% -16.7%)
10.9%
(8.3% -15.2%)
6.5%
(4.6% - 9.7%)
3.3%
(2.4% -5.1%)
9.2%
(6.8% -13.4%)
12.6%
(9.9% -16.9%)
6.5%
(5.1% -9.7%)
12.3%
(9.7% -16.5%)
1 1 .3%
(8.7% -15.6%)
9.7%
(7.3% -13.9%)
9.7%
(7.3% -13.7%)
8.8%
(6.5% -12.9%)
10.8%
(8.3% -15.2%)
9.6%
(7.1% -13.9%)
5.7%
(4% - 8.8%)
3.1%
(2.3% - 4.9%)
8.6%
(6.2% -12.6%)
1 1 .3%
(8.7% -15.6%)
6%
(4.7% -9.1%)
1 1 .2%
(8.6% -15.4%)
9.7%
(7.3% -13.9%)
8.4%
(6.2% -12.5%)
9.6%
(7.2% -13.5%)
8.2%
(6% -12.2%)
10.5%
(8% -14.9%)
9.3%
(6.9% -13.6%)
5.5%
(3.8% - 8.5%)
2.7%
(1 .9% - 4.2%)
7.9%
(5.7% -11. 9%)
10.9%
(8.3% -15.1%)
5.5%
(4.3% - 8.4%)
10.5%
(8.1% -14.7%)
9.7%
(7.2% -13.8%)
7.3%
(5.2% -11.1%)
9%
(6.7% -12.8%)
7.2%
(5.1% -11.1%)
8.7%
(6.3% -12.9%)
9%
(6.6% -13.2%)
4.4%
(2.9% - 7%)
1.9%
(1 .3% - 3%)
6%
(4% - 9.4%)
9%
(6.6% -13.1%)
4.5%
(3.4% - 7%)
8.9%
(6.6% -12.9%)
8.2%
(6% -12. 3%)
6.7%
(4.7% -10.4%)
7.4%
(5.3% -11%)
6.4%
(4.4% -10%)
8.2%
(5.9% -12.4%)
7.2%
(5.1% -11. 2%)
4.2%
(2.7% - 6.7%)
1.9%
(1.3% -2.9%)
6.2%
(4.2% - 9.8%)
8.5%
(6.2% -12.6%)
4.2%
(3.2% - 6.6%)
8.2%
(6% -12.2%)
7.6%
(5.4% - 1 1 .5%)
6.7%
(4.6% -10.3%)
6.6%
(4.6% -10%)
5.9%
(4% - 9.4%)
7.3%
(5.1% -11. 3%)
6.4%
(4.4% -10.2%)
3.9%
(2.4% - 6.2%)
1.8%
(1.3% -2.8%)
5.8%
(3.8% - 9.2%)
7.7%
(5.5% -11. 7%)
3.9%
(2.9% -6.1%)
7.5%
(5.4% - 1 1 .4%)
6.7%
(4.6% -10.4%)
5.6%
(3.7% - 8.9%)
6.2%
(4.2% - 9.5%)
5.3%
(3.5% - 8.6%)
6.9%
(4.7% -10.8%)
6%
(4% - 9.6%)
3.5%
(2.2% - 5.6%)
1.4%
(1%-2.2%)
5.3%
(3.4% - 8.4%)
7.2%
(5% -11.1%)
3.4%
(2.5% - 5.4%)
6.9%
(4.8% -10.6%)
6.4%
(4.4% -10.1%)
4.3%
(2.6% - 7%)
4.6%
(2.9% - 7.3%)
4%
(2.4% - 6.5%)
5.2%
(3.3% - 8.4%)
4.5%
(2.8% - 7.4%)
2.6%
(1.4% -4.1%)
0.8%
(0.5% - 1 .2%)
4%
(2.4% - 6.5%)
5.5%
(3.6% - 8.8%)
2.5%
(1 .8% - 3.8%)
5.1%
(3.3% - 8.3%)
4.9%
(3.1% -7.9%)
Response = Decrease in FEV1 Greater Than or Equal to 15%
3.8%
(2.2% - 5.7%)
4.7%
(3% - 6.8%)
3.6%
(2.1% -5.4%)
5.1%
(3.3% - 7.2%)
4.3%
(2.6% - 6.3%)
2.2%
(1 % - 3.5%)
0.9%
(0.2% -1.7%)
3.7%
(2.2% - 5.5%)
3.9%
(2.3% - 5.7%)
3.2%
(1 .8% - 4.9%)
4.3%
(2.6% - 6.2%)
3.6%
(2% - 5.4%)
1.9%
(0.7% -3.1%)
0.9%
(0.2% -1.6%)
3%
(1.6% -4. 7%)
3.8%
(2.2% - 5.6%)
2.9%
(1 .5% - 4.5%)
4.1%
(2.5% - 6%)
3.4%
(1 .9% - 5.2%)
1.7%
(0.6% - 2.9%)
0.7%
(0.1% -1.4%)
2.5%
(1.1% -4%)
3.5%
(2% - 5.2%)
2.4%
(1.1% -3.9%)
3.1%
(1 .7% - 4.8%)
3.2%
(1 .8% - 5%)
1.3%
(0.3% - 2.3%)
0.5%
(0%-1%)
2.2%
(0.9% - 3.6%)
2.6%
(1.3% -4.1%)
2%
(0.8% - 3.4%)
2.9%
(1 .5% - 4.5%)
2.4%
(1.1% -3.9%)
1.2%
(0.3% - 2.2%)
0.5%
(0%-1%)
2.2%
(0.9% - 3.6%)
2.2%
(1 % - 3.6%)
1.8%
(0.6% - 3.2%)
2.4%
(1.1% -3.9%)
2%
(0.8% - 3.4%)
1.1%
(0.2% - 2%)
0.5%
(0% - 0.9%)
1.7%
(0.5% - 3%)
2%
(0.8% - 3.3%)
1.6%
(0.4% - 2.8%)
2.2%
(0.9% - 3.7%)
1.8%
(0.6% - 3.2%)
0.9%
(0.1% -1.8%)
0.3%
(0% - 0.7%)
1.2%
(0.1% -2.2%)
1.3%
(0.3% - 2.4%)
1%
(0.1% -2.1%)
1.5%
(0.3% - 2.7%)
1.2%
(0.1% -2.4%)
0.6%
(0% - 1 .3%)
0.2%
(0% - 0.4%)
5C-3
-------
Location
New York
Philadelphia
Sacramento
St. Louis
Washington, DC
Atlanta
Boston
Chicago
Cleveland
Detroit
Houston
Los Angeles
New York
Philadelphia
Sacramento
St. Louis
Washington, DC
and Alternative O3 Standards**
0.084/4***
3.4%
(1 .9% - 5.2%)
5.4%
(3.5% - 7.5%)
2.3%
(1.1% -3.5%)
5.2%
(3.4% - 7.4%)
4.6%
(2.9% - 6.6%)
0.084/3
3.1%
(1 .6% - 4.8%)
4.6%
(2.8% - 6.6%)
2%
(0.9% - 3.2%)
4.5%
(2.8% - 6.5%)
3.7%
(2.1% -5.6%)
0.080/4
2.8%
(1 .4% - 4.4%)
4.3%
(2.6% - 6.3%)
1.8%
(0.7% - 2.9%)
4.2%
(2. 5% -6.1%)
3.7%
(2.1% -5.5%)
0.074/5
1.8%
(0.6% - 3.2%)
3.3%
(1 .8% - 5%)
1.4%
(0.4% - 2.3%)
3.3%
(1 .8% - 5%)
2.9%
(1 .5% - 4.6%)
0.074/4
2%
(0.7% - 3.3%)
3%
(1.6% -4.7%)
1.3%
(0.3% - 2.2%)
2.9%
(1 .5% - 4.5%)
2.6%
(1 .2% - 4.2%)
0.074/3
1.8%
(0.6% -3.1%)
2.6%
(1 .3% - 4.2%)
1.1%
(0.3% - 2%)
2.6%
(1.2% -4.1%)
2.2%
(0.9% - 3.6%)
0.070/4
1.5%
(0.4% - 2.8%)
2.4%
(1.1% -3.9%)
1%
(0.2% - 1 .7%)
2.3%
(1 % - 3.7%)
2.1%
(0.8% - 3.4%)
0.064/4
1%
(0.1% -2.1%)
1.6%
(0.4% - 2.9%)
0.6%
(0% - 1 .2%)
1.5%
(0.4% - 2.7%)
1.4%
(0.3% - 2.5%)
Response = Decrease in FEV1 Greater Than or Equal to 20%
1.1%
(0.4% - 2.2%)
1.6%
(0.7% - 3%)
1%
(0.3% -2.1%)
1.6%
(0.6% - 3%)
1.2%
(0.4% - 2.4%)
0.5%
(0.1%- 1.3%)
0.2%
(0% - 0.5%)
0.9%
(0.3% - 2%)
1.8%
(0.8% - 3.3%)
0.5%
(0.1%- 1.3%)
1.7%
(0.7% - 3.2%)
1.4%
(0.6% - 2.8%)
1%
(0.3% - 2.2%)
1.2%
(0.5% - 2.3%)
0.8%
(0.2% -1.8%)
1.2%
(0.4% - 2.4%)
0.9%
(0.2% - 2%)
0.4%
(0.1% -1%)
0.2%
(0% - 0.5%)
0.8%
(0.2%- 1.7%)
1.4%
(0.5% - 2.7%)
0.4%
(0.1%- 1.1%)
1.4%
(0.5% - 2.7%)
1%
(0.3% -2.1%)
0.7%
(0.2% -1.7%)
1.1%
(0.4% - 2.3%)
0.7%
(0.1% -1.6%)
1.1%
(0.3% - 2.3%)
0.8%
(0.2% -1.9%)
0.4%
(0.1% -1%)
0.1%
(0% - 0.4%)
0.6%
(0.1%- 1.5%)
1.3%
(0.4% - 2.5%)
0.4%
(0% - 1 %)
1.2%
(0.4% - 2.4%)
1%
(0.3% -2.1%)
0.6%
(0.1% -1.4%)
1%
(0.4% -2.1%)
0.5%
(0.1% -1.3%)
0.7%
(0.1%- 1.7%)
0.8%
(0.2% -1.8%)
0.2%
(0% - 0.7%)
0.1%
(0% - 0.3%)
0.3%
(0% - 1 %)
0.8%
(0.2% -1.8%)
0.3%
(0% - 0.8%)
0.8%
(0.2% -1.8%)
0.7%
(0.2% -1.6%)
0.5%
(0.1% -1.2%)
0.6%
(0.2% - 1 .5%)
0.4%
(0%-1.1%)
0.6%
(0.1% -1.6%)
0.5%
(0% - 1 .3%)
0.2%
(0% - 0.7%)
0.1%
(0% - 0.3%)
0.4%
(0%-1.1%)
0.7%
(0.2% -1.7%)
0.2%
(0% - 0.7%)
0.7%
(0.1% -1.6%)
0.6%
(0.1% -1.4%)
0.4%
(0.1% -1.2%)
0.5%
(0.1% -1.2%)
0.3%
(0%-1%)
0.5%
(0% - 1 .3%)
0.4%
(0%-1.1%)
0.2%
(0% - 0.6%)
0.1%
(0% - 0.3%)
0.3%
(0% - 1 %)
0.6%
(0.1% -1.5%)
0.2%
(0% - 0.6%)
0.6%
(0.1% -1.4%)
0.4%
(0% - 1 .2%)
0.3%
(0% - 0.9%)
0.4%
(0.1% -1.1%)
0.3%
(0% - 0.9%)
0.4%
(0% - 1 .2%)
0.3%
(0%-1%)
0.1%
(0% - 0.5%)
0%
(0% - 0.2%)
0.3%
(0% - 0.9%)
0.5%
(0.1% -1.3%)
0.2%
(0% - 0.5%)
0.5%
(0% - 1 .2%)
0.4%
(0%-1.1%)
0.2%
(0% - 0.7%)
0.2%
(0% - 0.7%)
0.2%
(0% - 0.6%)
0.2%
(0% - 0.8%)
0.2%
(0% - 0.7%)
0.1%
(0% - 0.4%)
0%
(0%-0.1%)
0.2%
(0% - 0.6%)
0.3%
(0% - 0.9%)
0.1%
(0% - 0.4%)
0.3%
(0% - 0.8%)
0.2%
(0% - 0.8%)
•Percents are median (0.5 fractile) percents of children. Percents in parentheses below the median are 95% credible intervals based on statistical uncertainty
surrounding the O3 coefficient.
"Incidence was quantified down to estimated policy relevant background levels. Percents are rounded to the nearest tenth.
"These 8-hr average standards, denoted m/n, are characterized by a concentration of m ppm and an nth daily maximum. So, for example, the current standard is 0.084/4 -- 0.084 ppm, 4th daily maximum 8-hr
5C-4
-------
Table 5C-3. Estimated Number of Occurrences of Lung Function Response Associated with Exposure to O3 Concentrations That Just Meet
the Current and Alternative Daily Maximum 8-Hour Standards Among All Children (Ages 5-18) Engaged in Moderate Exertion, for
Location-Specific O3 Seasons: Based on Adjusting 2002 O3 Concentrations*
Location
Atlanta
Boston
Chicago
Cleveland
Detroit
Houston
Los Angeles
New York
Philadelphia
Sacramento
St. Louis
Washington, DC
Atlanta
Boston
Chicago
Cleveland
Detroit
Houston
Los Angeles
Number of Occurrences (in 1000s) of Lung Function Response Associated with O3 Concentrations that Just Meet the Current and Alternative O3
Standards**
0.084/4***
0.084/3
0.080/4
0.074/5
0.074/4
0.074/3
0.070/4
0.064/4
Response = Decrease in FEV1 Greater Than or Equal to 10%
782
(312- 1365)
795
(326-1379)
1286
(521 - 2239)
564
(254 - 962)
864
(374- 1490)
404
(153-679)
1504
(336 - 2792)
3053
(1184-5374)
1232
(565 - 2082)
315
(106-566)
515
(235 - 869)
1327
(560 - 2293)
770
(304- 1348)
718
(273-1267)
1202
(465-2111)
513
(217-889)
782
(317- 1369)
362
(131 -610)
1447
(314-2692)
2879
(1070-5107)
1132
(493- 1939)
296
(95 - 534)
476
(208 - 81 4)
1190
(465 - 2090)
693
(254- 1230)
711
(268-1256)
1140
(424-2018)
502
(209 - 872)
764
(304- 1342)
346
(124-583)
1266
(255 - 2364)
2730
(971 - 4878)
1100
(470- 1891)
279
(86 - 506)
455
(193-782)
1183
(460 - 2078)
621
(210- 1115)
679
(247-1208)
1038
(360- 1858)
433
(162-770)
743
(291 - 1311)
278
(91 - 467)
863
(149- 1613)
2237
(663 - 4097)
958
(371 - 1680)
238
(65 - 439)
396
(154-695)
1055
(377-1884)
580
(185-1050)
594
(193-1079)
946
(303-1711)
417
(151 -744)
633
(218-1140)
264
(85 - 443)
851
(146- 1590)
2304
(700 - 4205)
925
(349- 1631)
229
(60 - 423)
374
(139-661)
994
(338-1788)
577
(184-1045)
550
(166-1008)
895
(273 - 1 629)
383
(129-692)
578
(184-1052)
239
(74 - 398)
796
(134-1486)
2189
(633-4019)
860
(306 - 1 529)
216
(54 - 402)
350
(124-623)
908
(285-1651)
510
(145-935)
527
(152-972)
827
(233-1517)
367
(119-666)
553
(169-1012)
209
(64 - 343)
575
(90- 1058)
2044
(548 - 3783)
818
(279 - 1 464)
199
(46-371)
326
(109-586)
882
(269-1610)
415
(95 - 777)
433
(99 - 820)
670
(149- 1255)
300
(79 - 557)
450
(110-841)
106
(35-150)
206
(35 - 323)
1654
(350-3125)
677
(192- 1237)
156
(29 - 296)
264
(73 - 484)
728
(182-1358)
Response = Decrease in FEV1 Greater Than or Equal to 15%
196
(39 - 442)
210
(56 - 458)
325
(68 - 727)
153
(43 - 320)
226
(56 - 488)
99
(13-223)
315
(9 - 869)
192
(37 - 435)
181
(40-412)
297
(54 - 679)
133
(32 - 290)
197
(41 -441)
87
(9-199)
302
(8 - 837)
166
(25 - 392)
179
(39 - 408)
276
(45 - 644)
129
(30 - 284)
190
(38-431)
82
(8-191)
261
(5 - 735)
143
(1 6 - 352)
167
(34 - 389)
243
(31 - 588)
105
(18-245)
183
(34 - 420)
64
(4-153)
175
(1 - 502)
131
(1 2 - 330)
139
(20-341)
215
(21 -537)
99
(15-236)
147
(1 8 - 359)
61
(3-145)
173
(1 - 496)
130
(12-328)
124
(14-316)
200
(16-510)
88
(11 -217)
130
(12-328)
55
(2-131)
161
(1 - 463)
111
(6-291)
117
(12-304)
180
(1 1 - 472)
83
(9 - 208)
123
(9-315)
48
(1 -114)
117
(0 - 333)
86
(1 - 240)
91
(4 - 252)
139
(2 - 388)
64
(2-172)
94
(2 - 259)
26
(0 - 54)
46
(0- 112)
5C-5
-------
Location
New York
Philadelphia
Sacramento
St. Louis
Washington, DC
Atlanta
Boston
Chicago
Cleveland
Detroit
Houston
Los Angeles
New York
Philadelphia
Sacramento
St. Louis
Washington, DC
Number of Occurrences (in 1000s) of Lung Function Response Associated with O3 Concentrations that Just Meet the Current and Alternative O3
Standards**
0.084/4***
753
(140-1727)
335
(92 - 696)
72
(8-179)
141
(40 - 292)
345
(82 - 752)
0.084/3
695
(113- 1630)
297
(71 - 638)
67
(6-168)
126
(32 - 269)
296
(57 - 674)
0.080/4
646
(91 -1547)
284
(64-619)
62
(5-159)
118
(28 - 257)
293
(55 - 670)
0.074/5
494
(35-1277)
234
(39 - 539)
51
(2-137)
98
(18-224)
250
(36 - 599)
0.074/4
513
(40-1314)
223
(34-521)
49
(2-132)
91
(15-211)
231
(28 - 564)
0.074/3
480
(31 -1252)
202
(25 - 485)
46
(1 -125)
83
(11-1 98)
205
(19-517)
0.070/4
439
(20-1174)
189
(20 - 462)
41
(1 -115)
75
(9- 185)
197
(16-503)
0.064/4
339
(4 - 962)
147
(7 - 386)
31
(0-91)
57
(2- 150)
154
(4 - 420)
Response = Decrease in FEV1 Greater Than or Equal to 20%
30
(4-118)
39
(10-130)
51
(7-195)
27
(5-91)
37
(5-134)
14
(1 - 60)
31
(0- 199)
112
(13-455)
61
(13-201)
9
(1 - 44)
26
(6 - 84)
58
(1 1 - 208)
29
(4-116)
30
(6-111)
44
(5-179)
22
(3 - 79)
30
(3-117)
11
d - 52)
29
(0- 191)
98
(9-421)
50
(8-177)
8
(0-41)
22
(4 - 75)
45
(6- 179)
23
(2- 101)
29
(6-110)
38
(3- 166)
20
(3 - 77)
28
(2-114)
10
d - 50)
24
(0- 166)
86
(6 - 392)
46
(7-170)
7
(0 - 38)
19
(3-71)
44
(6-177)
18
(1 - 88)
26
(4-103)
31
(1 -148)
15
d - 63)
26
(2- 110)
7
(0 - 39)
15
(0- 112)
56
(1 - 306)
33
(3-141)
5
(0 - 32)
14
(1 - 59)
34
(3-152)
16
(1 -81)
19
(2 - 85)
26
(1 - 132)
13
(1 - 60)
18
(0 - 89)
7
(0 - 37)
15
(0- 110)
59
(1 -317)
31
(2- 134)
5
(0-31)
13
(1 - 55)
30
(2-141)
16
(1 - 80)
15
d - 77)
23
(0- 123)
11
(0 - 54)
15
(0 - 80)
6
(0 - 33)
14
(0- 103)
53
(1 - 298)
26
(1 - 123)
5
(0 - 29)
11
(1 - 50)
24
(1 - 126)
12
(0 - 69)
14
d - 73)
20
(0- 112)
10
(0-51)
14
(0 - 76)
5
(0 - 29)
10
(0 - 75)
46
(0 - 275)
23
(1 -115)
4
(0 - 26)
9
(0 - 46)
23
(1 - 122)
8
(0 - 55)
9
(0 - 57)
13
(0 - 88)
7
(0 - 40)
9
(0 - 59)
3
(0-15)
4
(0 - 28)
32
(0-216)
16
(0 - 92)
3
(0 - 20)
6
(0 - 36)
15
(0 - 97)
"Numbers are median (0.5 fractile) numbers of occurrences. Numbers in parentheses below the median are 95% credible intervals based on statistical uncertainty
surrounding the O3 coefficient.
"Incidence was quantified down to estimated policy relevant background levels. Incidences are rounded to the nearest 1000.
***These 8-hr average standards, denoted m/n, are characterized by a concentration of m ppm and an nth daily maximum. So, for example, the current standard is 0.084/4 -- 0.084 ppm, 4th daily maximum 8-
hr average. These nth daily maximum standards require that the average of the 3 annual nth daily maxima over a 3-year period be at or below the specified level (e.g., 0.084 ppm).
5C-6
-------
Table 5C-4. Number of Asthmatic Children (Ages 5-18) Engaged in Moderate Exertion Estimated to Experience At
Least One Lung Function Response (Change in FEV1>=10%) Associated with Exposure to O3
Concentrations That Just Meet the Current and Two Alternative Daily Maximum 8-Hour Standards, for
Five Location-Specific O3 Seasons, Based on 2002, 2003, and 2004 O3 Concentrations*
Location
Atlanta
Chicago
Houston
Los Angeles
New York
Atlanta
Chicago
Houston
Los Angeles
New York
Atlanta
Chicago
Houston
Los Angeles
New York
Number of Asthmatic Children (in 1000s) Estimated to Experience at Least One Lung Function Response
Associated with O3 Concentrations that Just Meet the Current and Alternative O3 Standards**
A Recent Year of Air Quality
0.084/4***
0.074/4
0.064/4
Based on 2002 Air Quality Data
18
(14-23)
40
(32 - 53)
17
(13-23)
61
(51 - 79)
118
(97- 147)
13
(10-18)
27
(20 - 39)
9
(6-14)
16
(1 1 - 24)
63
(47-91)
9
(6-13)
18
(1 2 - 29)
6
(4-9)
9
(6-14)
43
(29 - 67)
5
(3-9)
11
(7-19)
4
(2-6)
4
(2-6)
27
(1 6 - 44)
Based on 2003 Air Quality Data
12
(9-17)
21
(1 5 - 32)
20
(17-26)
77
(65 - 95)
81
(64- 109)
9
(6-13)
18
(1 2 - 28)
8
(5-12)
16
(1 2 - 25)
42
(29 - 64)
6
(4-10)
12
(7-19)
5
(3-8)
9
(6-14)
27
(1 7 - 44)
4
(2-6)
7
(4-12)
3
(2-5)
3
(2-5)
17
(9 - 27)
Based on 2004 Air Quality Data
12
(9-17)
14
(9 - 22)
17
(14-23)
62
(52-81)
51
(37 - 76)
8
(6-12)
9
(5-14)
9
(6-14)
16
(1 1 - 25)
26
(16-42)
5
(3-9)
6
(3-9)
6
(4-10)
9
(6-14)
17
(9 - 28)
3
(2-5)
3
(1-6)
4
(2-6)
4
(2-6)
11
(4-17)
"Numbers are median (0.5 fractile) numbers of children. Numbers in parentheses below the median are 95% credible intervals based on statistical uncertainty
surrounding the O3 coefficient.
"Incidence was quantified down to estimated policy relevant background levels. Incidences are rounded to the nearest 1000.
***These 8-hr average standards, denoted m/n, are characterized by a concentration of m ppm and an nth daily maximum. So, for example, the current standard
is 0.084/4 -- 0.084 ppm, 4th daily maximum 8-hr average. These nth daily maximum standards require that the average of the 3 annual nth daily maxima over a 3-
year period be at or below the specified level (e.g., 0.084 ppm).
5C-7
-------
Table 5C-5. Percent of Asthmatic Children (Ages 5-18) Engaged in Moderate Exertion Estimated to Experience At
Least One Lung Function Response (Change in FEV1>=10%) Associated with Exposure to O3
Concentrations That Just Meet the Current and Two Alternative Daily Maximum 8-Hour Standards, for
Five Location-Specific O3 Seasons, Based on 2002, 2003, and 2004 O3 Concentrations*
Location
Atlanta
Chicago
Houston
Los Angeles
New York
Atlanta
Chicago
Houston
Los Angeles
New York
Atlanta
Chicago
Houston
Los Angeles
New York
Percent of Asthmatic Children Estimated to Experience at Least One Lung Function Response Associated with
O3 Concentrations that Just Meet the Current and Alternative O3 Standards**
A Recent Year of Air Quality
0.084/4***
0.074/4
0.064/4
Based on 2002 Air Quality Data
15.2%
(12.2% -19.8%)
14.5%
(11. 6% -18.9%)
12.5%
(9.9% -16.7%)
13.3%
(11.1% -17.2%)
18.3%
(15.1% -22.9%)
10.9%
(8.3% -15.3%)
9.8%
(7.3% -14%)
6.7%
(4.8% -10.1%)
3.4%
(2.5% - 5.3%)
9.8%
(7.3%- 14.1%)
7.3%
(5.1% -11. 2%)
6.5%
(4.5% -10.2%)
4.4%
(2.8% - 7%)
2%
(1 .4% - 3%)
6.6%
(4.5%- 10.3%)
4.6%
(2.9% - 7.4%)
4.1%
(2.5% - 6.7%)
2.7%
(1 .5% - 4.2%)
0.8%
(0.5% - 1 .2%)
4.2%
(2.6% - 6.8%)
Based on 2003 Air Quality Data
10.1%
(7.6%- 14.5%)
7.6%
(5.5% - 1 1 .5%)
15.1%
(12.3% -19.5%)
16.8%
(14.3% -20.9%)
12.7%
(10% -17%)
7.5%
(5.4% - 1 1 .5%)
6.3%
(4.3% - 9.8%)
5.9%
(4% - 9.2%)
3.5%
(2.6% - 5.4%)
6.5%
(4.5% -10%)
5.1%
(3.3% - 8.2%)
4.2%
(2.6% - 6.8%)
3.9%
(2.4% - 6.2%)
1 .9%
(1 .4% - 3%)
4.2%
(2.6% - 6.9%)
3.2%
(1 .8% - 5.2%)
2.6%
(1 .4% - 4.2%)
2.2%
(1.1% -3.4%)
0.7%
(0.5% - 1 .2%)
2.6%
(1 .3% - 4.2%)
Based on 2004 Air Quality Data
9.9%
(7.4%- 14.2%)
4.9%
(3.1% -7.8%)
12.6%
(10% -16.8%)
13.6%
(11. 4% -17.7%)
8%
(5.8% - 1 1 .8%)
6.9%
(4.8%- 10.6%)
3.2%
(1.8% -5.1%)
6.7%
(4.7%- 10.1%)
3.5%
(2.5% - 5.5%)
4.1%
(2.5% - 6.6%)
4.6%
(2.9% - 7.4%)
2.1%
(1 % - 3.4%)
4.4%
(2.9% - 7%)
2%
(1.4% -3.1%)
2.7%
(1 .4% - 4.3%)
2.9%
(1 .6% - 4.7%)
1 .2%
(0.3% - 2%)
2.6%
(1 .5% - 4.2%)
0.8%
(0.5% - 1 .2%)
1 .6%
(0.6% - 2.7%)
*Percents are median (0.5 fractile) percents of children. Percents in parentheses below the median are 95% credible intervals based on statistical uncertainty
surrounding the O3 coefficient.
"Incidence was quantified down to estimated policy relevant background levels. Percents are rounded to the nearest tenth.
***These 8-hr average standards, denoted m/n, are characterized by a concentration of m ppm and an nth daily maximum. So, for example, the current standard is
0.084/4 -- 0.084 ppm, 4th daily maximum 8-hr average. These nth daily maximum standards require that the average of the 3 annual nth daily maxima over a 3-year
period be at or below the specified level (e.g., 0.084 ppm).
5C-8
-------
Table 5C-6. Estimated Number of Occurrences of Lung Function Response (Change in FEV1>=10%) Associated with
Exposure to Qj Concentrations That Just Meet the Current and Two Alternative Daily Maximum 8-Hour
Standards Among Asthmatic Children (Ages 5-18) Engaged in Moderate Exertion, for Five Location-
Specific 03 Seasons, Based on 2002, 2003, and 2004 O3 Concentrations*
Location
Atlanta
Chicago
Houston
Los Angeles
New York
Atlanta
Chicago
Houston
Los Angeles
New York
Atlanta
Chicago
Houston
Los Angeles
New York
Number of Occurrences (in 1000s) of Lung Function Response Associated with O3 Concentrations that Just Mee
the Current and Alternative O3 Standards**
A Recent Year of Air Quality
0.084/4***
0.074/4
0.064/4
Based on 2002 Air Quality Data
145
(68 - 244)
257
(125-427)
96
(45-158)
561
(255 - 942)
834
(435-1356)
109
(44-190)
186
(75 - 324)
52
(20 - 88)
182
(42 - 335)
509
(200 - 894)
81
(26-146)
137
(44 - 247)
34
(11-57)
102
(18-189)
385
(119-700)
58
(13-108)
97
(22 - 182)
14
(5-19)
25
(4 - 39)
275
(59-519)
Based on 2003 Air Quality Data
106
(40-187)
163
(56-291)
131
(64-213)
690
(352-1119)
506
(215-868)
83
(26-150)
137
(42 - 250)
55
(19-95)
177
(45 - 320)
304
(88 - 557)
61
(14-114)
100
(22 - 187)
32
(9 - 55)
86
(18-153)
227
(47-431)
43
(7 - 82)
69
(9-134)
7
(3-6)
11
(4-8)
158
(19-310)
Based on 2004 Air Quality Data
109
(38-196)
114
(27-214)
110
(51 -181)
660
(308-1108)
399
(131 -720)
82
(22-151)
80
(12 - 154)
61
(22 - 103)
219
(49 - 405)
240
(46 - 458)
61
(12-116)
57
(5-113)
40
(12-68)
134
(21 - 253)
179
(21 - 353)
44
(5 - 86)
38
(1 - 78)
18
(5 - 27)
46
(4 - 84)
124
(6 - 252)
"Numbers are median (0.5 fractile) numbers of occurrences. Numbers in parentheses below the median are 95% credible intervals based on statistical uncertainty
surrounding the O3 coefficient.
"Incidence was quantified down to estimated policy relevant background levels. Incidences are rounded to the nearest 1000.
***These 8-hr average standards, denoted m/n, are characterized by a concentration of m ppm and an nth daily maximum. So, for example, the current standard is
0.084/4 — 0.084 ppm, 4th daily maximum 8-hr average. These nth daily maximum standards require that the average of the 3 annual nth daily maxima over a 3-year
period be at or below the specified level (e.g., 0.084 ppm).
5C-9
-------
Table 5C-7. Estimated Incidence of Health Risks Associated with Oj Concentrations that Just Meet the Current and Alternative 8-Hour
Daily Maximum Standards: Boston, MA, April - September, Based on 2004 Q Concentrations
Respiratory
Symptoms*
Chest
tightness
Chest
tightness
Chest
tightness
Chest
tightness
Shortness of
breath
Shortness of
breath
Wheeze
Study
Gentetal.
(2003)
Gentetal.
(2003)
Gentetal.
(2003)
Gentetal.
(2003)
Gentetal.
(2003)
Gentetal.
(2003)
Gentetal.
(2003)
Ages
0-12
0-12
0-12
0-12
0-12
0-12
0-12
Lag
1 -day lag
0-day lag
1 -day lag
1-day lag
1 -day lag
1-day lag
0-day lag
Exposure
Metric
1 hr max.
1 hr max.
1 hr max.
8 hr max.
1 hr max.
8 hr max.
1 hr max.
Other
Pollutants
in Model
none
PM2.5
PM2.5
none
none
none
PM2.5
Incidence of Respiratory Symptom-Days (in 100s) Associated with O3 Concentrations that Just Meet the
Current and Alternative O3 Standards**
0.084/4***
45
(7 - 79)
72
(32-107)
66
(25-102)
46
(15-75)
48
(6-87)
53
(10-92)
132
(47 - 208)
0.084/3
42
(7 - 75)
68
(30-102)
62
(24 - 97)
44
(14-71)
46
(6 - 83)
50
(10-87)
124
(44-197)
0.080/4****
42
(7 - 74)
67
(30-101)
62
(24 - 96)
43
(14-70)
45
(5 - 82)
50
(10-87)
123
(44-196)
0.074/5
41
(7 - 73)
66
(29 - 99)
61
(23 - 94)
42
(13-69)
44
(5 - 80)
49
(9 - 85)
121
(43-192)
0.074/4
38
(6 - 67)
61
(27 - 92)
56
(21 - 87)
39
(12-63)
41
(5 - 74)
45
(9 - 78)
111
(39 - 1 77)
0.074/3
36
(6 - 64)
58
(26 - 88)
53
(20 - 83)
37
(12-61)
39
(5-71)
43
(8 - 75)
106
(37-169)
0.070/4****
35
(6 - 62)
56
(25 - 85)
52
(20-81)
36
(1 1 - 59)
38
(5 - 69)
41
(8 - 72)
103
(36-164)
0.064/4
31
(5 - 55)
50
(22 - 75)
45
(17-71)
31
(10-52)
33
(4 - 60)
36
(7 - 64)
90
(32-145)
•Respiratory symptoms among asthmatic medication-users associated with short-term exposures to Q.
"Incidence was quantified down to estimated policy relevant background levels. Incidences of respiratory symptom-days are rounded to the nearest 100.
***An 8-hr average standard, denoted m/n is characterized by a concentration of m ppm and an nth daily maximum. So, for example, the current standard is 0.084/4 — 0.084 ppm, 4th daily
maximum 8-hr average using the current rounding convention.
****This alternative 8-hr standard assumes an alternative rounding convention where the standard is specified to the third decimal place.
Note: Numbers in parentheses are 95% confidence or credible intervals based on statistical uncertainty surrounding the Q coefficient.
5C-10
-------
Table 5C-8. Estimated Percent of Total Incidence of Health Risks Associated with Oj Concentrations that Just Meet the Current and Alternative 8-Hour
Daily Maximum Standards: Boston, MA, April - September, Based on 2004 Q Concentrations
Respiratory
Symptoms*
Chest tightness
Chest tightness
Chest tightness
Chest tightness
Shortness of
breath
Shortness of
breath
Wheeze
Study
Gentet al.
(2003)
Gentet al.
(2003)
Gentetal.
(2003)
Gentetal.
(2003)
Gentetal.
(2003)
Gentetal.
(2003)
Gentetal.
(2003)
Ages
0-12
0- 12
0-12
0- 12
0-12
0- 12
0-12
Lag
1 -day lag
0-day lag
1 -day lag
1-day lag
1 -day lag
1-day lag
0-day lag
Exposure
Metric
1 hr max.
1 hr max.
1 hr max.
8 hr max.
1 hr max.
8 hr max.
1 hr max.
Other
Pollutants
in Model
none
PM2.5
PM2.5
none
none
none
PM2.5
Percent of Total Incidence of Respiratory Symptom-Days Associated with O3 Concentrations that Just Meet the Current and
Alternative O3 Standards**
0.084/4***
8%
(1.3% -14.2%)
12.9%
(5.8% -19.3%)
11.9%
(4.6% -18.4%)
8.3%
(2.6% -13.4%)
7%
(0.8% -12.6%)
7.6%
(1.5% -13.2%)
10.1%
(3.6% -16%)
0.084/3
7.6%
(1.2% -13.4%)
12.2%
(5.5% -18.3%)
11.2%
(4.3% -17.4%)
7.8%
(2.5% -12.7%)
6.6%
(0.8% - 1 1 .9%)
7.2%
(1.4% -12. 5%)
9.6%
(3.4% -15.2%)
0.080/4****
7.5%
(1.2% -13.3%)
12.1%
(5.4% -18.2%)
11.1%
(4.3% -17.3%)
7.8%
(2. 5% -12. 6%)
6.5%
(0.8% - 1 1 .8%)
7.2%
(1.4% -12. 4%)
9.5%
(3.4% -15.1%)
0.074/5
7.4%
(1.2% -13.1%)
1 1 .9%
(5.3% - 1 7.8%)
10.9%
(4.2% -17%)
7.6%
(2. 4% -12. 4%)
6.4%
(0.8% - 1 1 .6%)
7%
(1.4% -12.2%)
9.3%
(3.3% -14.8%)
0.074/4
6.8%
(1.1% -12%)
11%
(4.9% -16.5%)
10%
(3.8% -15.7%)
7%
(2.2% -11. 4%)
5.9%
(0.7% -10.6%)
6.4%
(1 .2% - 1 1 .2%)
8.6%
(3% -13. 7%)
0.074/3
6.5%
(1%-11.5%)
10.5%
(4.6% -15.8%)
9.6%
(3.7% -15%)
6.7%
(2.1% -10.9%)
5.6%
(0.7% -10.2%)
6.1%
(1.2% -10.7%)
8.2%
(2. 9% -13%)
0.070/4****
6.3%
(1%-11.2%)
10.1%
(4.5% -15.3%)
9.3%
(3.5% -14.6%)
6.5%
(2% -10.6%)
5.4%
(0.6% - 9.9%)
5.9%
(1.1% -10.4%)
7.9%
(2.8% -12.7%)
0.064/4
5.5%
(0.9% - 9.8%)
8.9%
(3.9% -13.5%)
8.2%
(3.1% -12.8%)
5.7%
(1 .8% - 9.3%)
4.7%
(0.6% - 8.7%)
5.2%
(1%-9.1%)
6.9%
(2.4% -11. 2%)
•Respiratory symptoms among asthmatic medication-users associated with short-term exposures to Q.
"Incidence was quantified down to estimated policy relevant background levels. Percents are rounded to the nearest tenth.
***An 8-hr average standard, denoted m/n is characterized by a concentration of m ppm and an nth daily maximum. So, for example, the current standard is 0.084/4 — 0.084 ppm, 4th daily maximum 8-hr average using
the current rounding convention.
****This alternative 8-hr standard assumes an alternative rounding convention where the standard is specified to the third decimal place.
Note: Numbers in parentheses are 95% confidence or credible intervals based on statistical uncertainty surrounding the Q coefficient.
5C-11
-------
Table 5C-9. Estimated Incidence of Health Risks Associated with Oj Concentrations that Just Meet the Current and Alternative 8-Hour
Daily Maximum Standards: Boston, MA, April - September, Based on 2002 Q Concentrations
Respiratory
Symptoms*
Chest tightness
Chest tightness
Chest tightness
Chest tightness
Shortness of
breath
Shortness of
breath
Wheeze
Study
Gentet al.
(2003)
Gentet al.
(2003)
Gentet al.
(2003)
Gentet al.
(2003)
Gentetal.
(2003)
Gentetal.
(2003)
Gentetal.
(2003)
Ages
0-12
0-12
0-12
0-12
0-12
0-12
0-12
Lag
1 -day lag
0-day lag
1 -day lag
1-day lag
1 -day lag
1-day lag
0-day lag
Exposure
Metric
1 hr max.
1 hr max.
1 hr max.
8 hr max.
1 hr max.
8 hr max.
1 hr max.
Other
Pollutants
in Model
none
PM2.5
PM2.5
none
none
none
PM2.5
Incidence of Respiratory Symptom-Days (in 100s) Associated with O3 Concentrations that Just Meet the
Current and Alternative O3 Standards**
0.084/4***
61
(10-105)
96
(44- 141)
89
(35-135)
64
(21 - 101)
66
(8-117)
73
(15- 125)
178
(65 - 277)
0.084/3
58
(9-101)
93
(42- 136)
85
(33-130)
61
(20 - 97)
63
(8-113)
70
(14- 120)
171
(62 - 266)
0.080/4****
58
(9-1)
92
(42- 135)
85
(33-129)
60
(20 - 97)
63
(8-112)
70
(14- 119)
169
(61 - 264)
0.074/5
57
(9 - 99)
90
(41 -133)
83
(32-127)
59
(19-95)
61
(8-110)
68
(13- 117)
166
(60 - 259)
0.074/4
53
(9 - 93)
85
(38-126)
78
(30-120)
56
(18-90)
58
(7-103)
64
(13- 110)
156
(56 - 245)
0.074/3
52
(8 - 90)
82
(37-122)
76
(29-116)
54
(17-87)
56
(7-1)
62
(12- 107)
151
(54 - 238)
0.070/4****
50
(8 - 88)
80
(36-119)
74
(29-114)
53
(17-85)
54
(7 - 98)
61
(12-104)
147
(53 - 232)
0.064/4
46
(7 - 80)
73
(33-109)
67
(26-104)
48
(15-77)
49
(6 - 89)
55
(11-95)
134
(48-212)
•Respiratory symptoms among asthmatic medication-users associated with short-term exposures to Q.
"Incidence was quantified down to estimated policy relevant background levels. Incidences of respiratory symptom-days are rounded to the nearest 100.
***An 8-hr average standard, denoted m/n is characterized by a concentration of m ppm and an nth daily maximum. So, for example, the current standard is 0.084/4 - 0.084 ppm, 4th daily maximum 8-
hr average using the current rounding convention.
****This alternative 8-hr standard assumes an alternative rounding convention where the standard is specified to the third decimal place.
Note: Numbers in parentheses are 95% confidence or credible intervals based on statistical uncertainty surrounding the Q coefficient.
5C-12
-------
Table 5C-10. Estimated Percent of Total Incidence of Health Risks Associated with Oj Concentrations that Just Meet the Current and Alternative 8-Hour
Daily Maximum Standards: Boston, MA, April - September, Based on 2002 Q Concentrations
Respiratory
Symptoms*
Chest tightness
Chest tightness
Chest tightness
Chest tightness
Shortness of
breath
Shortness of
breath
Wheeze
Study
Gent etal.
(2003)
Gent etal.
(2003)
Gent etal.
(2003)
Gent etal.
(2003)
Gent etal.
(2003)
Gent etal.
(2003)
Gent etal.
(2003)
Ages
0-12
0-12
0-12
0-12
0-12
0-12
0-12
Lag
1 -day lag
0-day lag
1 -day lag
1-day lag
1 -day lag
1-day lag
0-day lag
Exposure
Metric
1 hr max.
1 hr max.
1 hr max.
8 hr max.
1 hr max.
8 hr max.
1 hr max.
Other
Pollutants
in Model
none
PM2.5
PM2.5
none
none
none
PM2.5
Percent of Total Incidence of Respiratory Symptom-Days Associated with O3 Concentrations that Just Meet the Current and
Alternative O3 Standards**
0.084/4***
11%
(1.8% -18.9%)
1 7.3%
(7.9% - 25.4%)
16%
(6.3% - 24.3%)
1 1 .4%
(3.7% -18.2%)
9.5%
(1.2% -16.9%)
10.6%
(2.1% -17.9%)
13.7%
(5% - 21 .3%)
0.084/3
10.5%
(1.7% -18.2%)
16.6%
(7.6% - 24.5%)
15.3%
(6% - 23.3%)
10.9%
(3.5% - 1 7.5%)
9.1%
(1.1% -16.2%)
10.1%
(2%- 17.2%)
13.1%
(4.8% - 20.5%)
0.080/4****
10.4%
(1.7% -18.1%)
16.5%
(7.5% - 24.3%)
15.2%
(6% - 23.2%)
10.9%
(3.5% - 1 7.4%)
9%
(1.1% -16.1%)
10%
(2%- 17.1%)
13%
(4.7% - 20.4%)
0.074/5
10.2%
(1.6% -17. 7%)
16.2%
(7.3% - 23.9%)
14.9%
(5.8% - 22.7%)
10.6%
(3.4%- 17%)
8.8%
(1.1% -15.8%)
9.8%
(1.9% -16.8%)
12.8%
(4.6% - 20%)
0.074/4
9.6%
(1.5% -16. 7%)
15.3%
(6.9% - 22.6%)
14%
(5.5% -21. 5%)
10%
(3.2% -16.1%)
8.3%
(1%-14.9%)
9.2%
(1.8% -15.8%)
12%
(4.3% -18.9%)
0.074/3
9.3%
(1.5% -16.2%)
14.8%
(6.7% -21. 9%)
13.6%
(5.3% - 20.9%)
9.7%
(3.1% -15.6%)
8%
(1%-14.4%)
8.9%
(1.8% -15.4%)
1 1 .6%
(4.2% -18.3%)
0.070/4****
9%
(1.4% -15.8%)
14.4%
(6.5% -21. 4%)
13.3%
(5.1% -20.4%)
9.5%
(3% -15.2%)
7.8%
(0.9% -14%)
8.7%
(1.7% -15%)
1 1 .3%
(4.1% -17.9%)
0.064/4
8.2%
(1.3% -14.4%)
13.1%
(5.9% -19.6%)
12%
(4.6% -18.7%)
8.6%
(2.7% -13.9%)
7.1%
(0.9% -12.8%)
7.9%
(1.5% -13. 7%)
10.3%
(3.7% -16.3%)
•Respiratory symptoms among asthmatic medication-users associated with short-term exposures to Q.
"Incidence was quantified down to estimated policy relevant background levels. Percents are rounded to the nearest tenth.
***An 8-hr average standard, denoted m/n is characterized by a concentration of m ppm and an nth daily maximum. So, for example, the current standard is 0.084/4 - 0.084 ppm, 4th daily maximum 8-hr average using
the current rounding convention.
****This alternative 8-hr standard assumes an alternative rounding convention where the standard is specified to the third decimal place.
Note: Numbers in parentheses are 95% confidence or credible intervals based on statistical uncertainty surrounding the Q coefficient.
5C-13
-------
Table 5C-11. Estimated Incidence, Incidence per 100,000 Relevant Population, and Percent of Total Incidence of Hospital
Admissions Associated with O3 Concentrations that Just Meet the Current and Alternative 8-Hour Daily Maximum
Standards: New York, NY, April - September, Based on 2004 O3 Concentrations*
Hospital Admissions
Respiratory illness
(unscheduled)
Asthma (unscheduled)
Hospital Admissions
Respiratory illness
(unscheduled)
Asthma (unscheduled)
Hospital Admissions
Respiratory illness
(unscheduled)
Asthma (unscheduled)
Lag
3-day lag
1-day lag
Lag
3-day lag
1-day lag
Lag
3-day lag
1-day lag
Incidence of Health Effects Associated with O3 Concentrations that Just Meet the Current and Alternative O3 Standards**
0.084/4***
366
(89 - 644)
313
(66 - 559)
0.084/3
334
(81 - 588)
286
(61 -510)
0.080/4****
341
(82 - 599)
291
(62 - 520)
0.074/5
314
(76-551)
268
(57 - 479)
0.074/4
304
(73 - 534)
259
(55 - 464)
0.074/3
279
(67 - 490)
238
(51 - 425)
0.070/4****
278
(67 - 489)
238
(51 - 425)
0.064/4
241
(58 - 424)
206
(44 - 368)
Incidence of Health Effects per 100,000 Relevant Population Associated with O3 Concentrations that Just Meet the Current and
Alternative O3 Standards
0.084/4***
4.6
(1.1-8)
3.9
(0.8-7)
0.084/3
4.2
(1 - 7.3)
3.6
(0.8 - 6.4)
0.080/4****
4.3
(1 - 7.5)
3.6
(0.8 - 6.5)
0.074/5
3.9
(0.9 - 6.9)
3.3
(0.7-6)
0.074/4
3.8
(0.9 - 6.7)
3.2
(0.7 - 5.8)
0.074/3
3.5
(0.8-6.1)
3
(0.6 - 5.3)
0.070/4****
3.5
(0.8-6.1)
3
(0.6 - 5.3)
0.064/4
3
(0.7 - 5.3)
2.6
(0.5 - 4.6)
Percent of Total Incidence of Health Effects Associated with O3 Concentrations that Just Meet the Current and Alternative O3
Standards
0.084/4***
1%
(0.3% - 1 .8%)
2.4%
(0.5% - 4.3%)
0.084/3
0.9%
(0.2% -1.7%)
2.2%
(0.5% - 3.9%)
0.080/4****
1%
(0.2% -1.7%)
2.2%
(0.5% - 4%)
0.074/5
0.9%
(0.2% - 1 .6%)
2%
(0.4% - 3.6%)
0.074/4
0.9%
(0.2% - 1 .5%)
2%
(0.4% - 3.5%)
0.074/3
0.8%
(0.2% - 1 .4%)
1 .8%
(0.4% - 3.2%)
0.070/4****
0.8%
(0.2% - 1 .4%)
1 .8%
(0.4% - 3.2%)
0.064/4
0.7%
(0.2% - 1 .2%)
1 .6%
(0.3% - 2.8%)
'Based on single-pollutant models from Thurston et al. (1992) relating daily hospital admissions among all ages to daily 1-hr maximum O 3 exposures. New York in this study is
defined as the five boroughs of New York City.
"Incidence was quantified down to estimated policy relevant background levels. Incidences are rounded to the nearest whole number; incidences per 100,000 relevant population
and percent of total incidence are rounded to the nearest tenth.
***An 8-hr average standard, denoted m/n is characterized by a concentration of m ppm and an nth daily maximum. So, for example, the current standard is 0.084/4 - 0.084 ppm,
4th daily maximum 8-hr average using the current rounding convention.
****This alternative 8-hr standard assumes an alternative rounding convention where the standard is specified to the third decimal place.
Note: Numbers in parentheses are 95% confidence or credible intervals based on statistical uncertainty surrounding the O 3 coefficient.
5C-14
-------
Table 5C-12. Estimated Incidence, Incidence per 100,000 Relevant Population, and Percent of Total Incidence of Hospital
Admissions Associated with O3 Concentrations that Just Meet the Current and Alternative 8-Hour Daily Maximum
Standards: New York, NY, April - September, Based on 2002 O3 Concentrations*
Hospital Admissions
Respiratory illness
(unscheduled)
Asthma (unscheduled)
Hospital Admissions
Respiratory illness
(unscheduled)
Asthma (unscheduled)
Hospital Admissions
Respiratory illness
(unscheduled)
Asthma (unscheduled)
Lag
3-day lag
1-day lag
Lag
3-day lag
1-day lag
Lag
3-day lag
1-day lag
Incidence of Health Effects Associated with O3 Concentrations that Just Meet the Current and Alternative O3 Standards**
0.084/4***
513
(124-902)
438
(93 - 783)
0.084/3
472
(114-830)
403
(86 - 720)
0.080/4****
483
(117-850)
413
(88 - 738)
0.074/5
452
(109-795)
386
(82 - 690)
0.074/4
439
(106-772)
375
(80 - 670)
0.074/3
404
(98-710)
345
(73-617)
0.070/4****
410
(99-721)
350
(75 - 626)
0.064/4
365
(88 - 642)
312
(66 - 558)
Incidence of Health Effects per 100,000 Relevant Population Associated with O3 Concentrations that Just Meet the Current and
Alternative O3 Standards
0.084/4***
6.4
(1.5-11.3)
5.5
(1.2-9.8)
0.084/3
5.9
(1.4-10.4)
5
(1.1-9)
0.080/4****
6
(1.5-10.6)
5.2
(1.1 -9.2)
0.074/5
5.6
(1.4-9.9)
4.8
(1 -8.6)
0.074/4
5.5
(1.3-9.6)
4.7
(1-8.4)
0.074/3
5
(1.2-8.9)
4.3
(0.9 - 7.7)
0.070/4****
5.1
(1.2-9)
4.4
(0.9 - 7.8)
0.064/4
4.6
(1.1-8)
3.9
(0.8-7)
Percent of Total Incidence of Health Effects Associated with O3 Concentrations that Just Meet the Current and Alternative O3
Standards
0.084/4***
1 .5%
(0.4% - 2.6%)
3.3%
(0.7% - 6%)
0.084/3
1 .3%
(0.3% - 2.3%)
3.1%
(0.7% - 5.5%)
0.080/4****
1 .4%
(0.3% - 2.4%)
3.1%
(0.7% - 5.6%)
0.074/5
1 .3%
(0.3% - 2.2%)
2.9%
(0.6% - 5.3%)
0.074/4
1 .2%
(0.3% - 2.2%)
2.9%
(0.6% -5.1%)
0.074/3
1.1%
(0.3% - 2%)
2.6%
(0.6% - 4.7%)
0.070/4****
1 .2%
(0.3% - 2%)
2.7%
(0.6% - 4.8%)
0.064/4
1%
(0.2% - 1 .8%)
2.4%
(0.5% - 4.2%)
'Based on single-pollutant models from Thurston et al. (1992) relating daily hospital admissions among all ages to daily 1-hr maximum O 3 exposures. New York in this study is
defined as the five boroughs of New York City.
"Incidence was quantified down to estimated policy relevant background levels. Incidences are rounded to the nearest whole number; incidences per 100,000 relevant population
and percent of total incidence are rounded to the nearest tenth.
***An 8-hr average standard, denoted m/n is characterized by a concentration of m ppm and an nth daily maximum. So, for example, the current standard is 0.084/4 - 0.084 ppm,
4th daily maximum 8-hr average using the current rounding convention.
****This alternative 8-hr standard assumes an alternative rounding convention where the standard is specified to the third decimal place.
Note: Numbers in parentheses are 95% confidence or credible intervals based on statistical uncertainty surrounding the O 3 coefficient.
5C-15
-------
Table 5C-13. Estimated Incidence of Non-Accidental Mortality Associated with Q Concentrations that Just Meet the Current and
Alternative 8-Hour Daily Maximum Standards: April - September, Based on 2004 C3 Concentrations*
Location
Atlanta
Boston
Chicago
Cleveland
Detroit
Houston
Study
Bell etal. (2004)
Belletal.-95US
Cities (2004)
Bell etal. -95 US
Cities (2004)
Bell etal. -95 US
Cities (2004)
Schwartz (2004)
Schwartz- 14 US
Cities (2004)
Bell etal. (2004)
Bell etal. -95 US
Cities (2004)
Bell et al. (2004)
Bell etal. -95 US
Cities (2004)
Schwartz (2004)
Schwartz- 14 US
Cities (2004)
Ito (2003)
Bell etal. (2004)
Bell etal. -95 US
Cities (2004)
Schwartz (2004)
Schwartz- 14 US
Cities (2004)
Lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
0-day lag
0-day lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
0-day lag
0-day lag
0-day lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
0-day lag
0-day lag
Exposure
Metric
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
24 hravg.
24 hravg.
1 hr max.
1 hr max.
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
1 hr max.
1 hr max.
24 hravg.
24 hravg.
24 hravg.
1 hr max.
1 hr max.
Incidence of Non -Accidental Mortality Associated with O3 Concentrations that Just Meet the Current and
Alternative O3 Standards**
0.084/4***
5
(-20 - 29)
9
(3-15)
6
(2-9)
33
(11-55)
314
(99 - 525)
118
(37-199)
19
(-12-49)
12
(4 - 20)
24
(-8 - 56)
12
(4 - 20)
107
(-17-229)
58
(18-98)
29
(-27 - 85)
22
(1 - 42)
11
(4-18)
70
(6-132)
58
(18-98)
0.084/3
5
(-20 - 29)
9
(3-15)
5
(2-9)
31
(10-52)
300
(95-501)
113
(35-190)
18
(-1 1 - 46)
11
(4-19)
22
(-7-51)
11
(4-19)
102
(-17-218)
55
(1 7 - 93)
27
(-25 - 78)
20
(1 - 39)
10
(3-16)
66
(6-126)
55
(17-93)
0.080/4****
4
(-18-26)
8
(3-14)
5
(2-9)
29
(10-48)
288
(91 - 482)
108
(34-182)
17
(-1 1 - 44)
11
(4-18)
21
(-7 - 49)
11
(4-18)
99
(-16-212)
54
(17-91)
26
(-24 - 75)
19
(1-37)
10
(3-16)
65
(6-123)
54
(17-91)
0.074/5
4
(-16-23)
7
(2-12)
5
(2-8)
26
(9 - 43)
268
(85 - 448)
101
(31 -170)
15
(-9 - 39)
9
(3-16)
21
(-7 - 48)
11
(4-18)
97
(-16-209)
53
(1 7 - 89)
25
(-23 - 73)
17
(1 - 32)
8
(3-13)
59
(5-112)
49
(15-83)
0.074/4
4
(-15-22)
7
(2-12)
4
(1-7)
23
(8 - 39)
249
(79-417)
93
(29-157)
14
(-9 - 37)
9
(3-15)
17
(-6 - 40)
9
(3-15)
87
(-14-186)
47
(15-79)
21
(-20 - 62)
16
(1 - 30)
8
(3-13)
57
(5-109)
48
(15-81)
0.074/3
4
(-15-22)
7
(2-12)
4
(1-7)
22
(7 - 36)
238
(75 - 399)
89
(28-151)
14
(-9 - 36)
9
(3-14)
16
(-5 - 38)
8
(3-14)
83
(-13-178)
45
(14-76)
20
(-18-57)
15
(1 - 28)
7
(2-12)
55
(5-104)
46
(14-77)
0.070/4****
3
(-13-19)
6
(2-10)
4
(1-7)
19
(6 - 32)
222
(70 - 372)
83
(26-140)
13
(-8 - 33)
8
(3-13)
15
(-5 - 35)
8
(3-13)
78
(-13-168)
42
(13-72)
18
(-17-53)
13
(1 - 25)
6
(2-11)
52
(5 - 99)
43
(14-73)
0.064/4
3
(-11-16)
5
(2-8)
3
(1-6)
14
(5 - 24)
183
(58 - 307)
69
(21 -116)
10
(-6 - 26)
6
(2-11)
11
(-4 - 27)
6
(2-10)
66
(-11 -142)
36
(11-61)
14
(-13-41)
8
(0-15)
4
(1-6)
42
(4 - 80)
35
(11-59)
5C-16
-------
Location
Los Angeles
New York
Philadelphia
Sacramento
St Louis
Washington
Study
Bell etal. (2004)
Belletal.-95US
Cities (2004)
Bell etal. -95 US
Cities (2004)
Bell etal. -95 US
Cities (2004)
Moolgavkar et al.
(1995)
Bell etal. (2004)
Bell etal. -95 US
Cities (2004)
Bell etal. (2004)
Bell etal. -95 US
Cities (2004)
Bell etal. -95 US
Cities (2004)
Lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
1-day lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
Exposure
Metric
24 hr avg.
24 hravg.
24 hravg.
24 hravg.
24 hravg.
24 hravg.
24 hravg.
24 hravg.
24 hravg.
24 hravg.
Incidence of Non -Accidental Mortality Associated with O3 Concentrations that Just Meet the Current and
Alternative O3 Standards**
0.084/4***
31
(-74-135)
67
(22-111)
43
(15-72)
17
(6 - 28)
59
(37-81)
8
(-25 - 42)
12
(4-21)
3
(-4 - 9)
2
(1-4)
7
(2-12)
0.084/3
30
(-72-131)
64
(22-107)
38
(13-63)
15
(5 - 25)
54
(34 - 75)
8
(-25-41)
12
(4 - 20)
2
(-4 - 8)
2
(1-3)
6
(2-10)
0.080/4****
27
(-66-120)
59
(20 - 98)
39
(13-65)
15
(5 - 25)
54
(34 - 74)
8
(-23 - 39)
11
(4-19)
2
(-4 - 8)
2
(1-3)
6
(2-11)
0.074/5
22
(-52 - 95)
47
(16-78)
35
(12-58)
13
(4 - 22)
47
(30 - 65)
7
(-21 - 35)
10
(4-17)
2
(-3 - 6)
2
(1-3)
6
(2-9)
0.074/4
20
(-49 - 90)
44
(15-74)
33
(1 1 - 55)
13
(4-21)
46
(29 - 63)
7
(-21 - 34)
10
(3-17)
2
(-3 - 6)
1
(0-2)
6
(2-9)
0.074/3
19
(-46 - 83)
41
(14-68)
29
(10-48)
12
(4 - 20)
42
(27 - 58)
7
(-20 - 34)
10
(3-17)
1
(-2 - 5)
1
(0-2)
5
(2-8)
0.070/4****
16
(-38 - 69)
34
(11-56)
29
(10-49)
11
(4-19)
41
(26 - 56)
6
(-19-31)
9
(3-15)
1
(-2 - 5)
1
(0-2)
5
(2-8)
0.064/4
9
(-22-41)
20
(7 - 33)
24
(8 - 39)
9
(3-15)
33
(21 - 46)
5
(-16-26)
8
(3-13)
1
(-1 - 3)
1
(0-1)
4
(1-7)
*AII results are for mortality (among all ages) associated with short-term exposures to Q. All results are based on single-pollutant models.
"Incidence was quantified down to estimated policy relevant background levels. Incidences are rounded to the nearest whole number.
8-hr average.
Note: Numbers in parentheses are 95% confidence or credible intervals based on statistical uncertainty surrounding the Q coefficient.
5C-17
-------
Table 5C-14. Estimated Percent of Total Incidence of Non-Accidental Mortality Associated with Q Concentrations that Just Meet the Current and
Alternative 8-Hour Daily Maximum Standards: April - September, Based on 2004 C3 Concentrations*
Location
Atlanta
Boston
Chicago
Cleveland
Detroit
Houston
Study
Bell et al. (2004)
Bell et al. - 95 US
Cities (2004)
Bell et al. - 95 US
Cities (2004)
Bell et al. - 95 US
Cities (2004)
Schwartz (2004)
Schwartz- 14 US
Cities (2004)
Bell et al. (2004)
Bell et al. - 95 US
Cities (2004)
Bell et al. (2004)
Bell et al. - 95 US
Cities (2004)
Schwartz (2004)
Schwartz- 14 US
Cities (2004)
Ito (2003)
Bell et al. (2004)
Bell et al. - 95 US
Cities (2004)
Schwartz (2004)
Schwartz -14 US
Cities (2004)
Lag
distributed
lag
distributed
lag
distributed
lag
distributed
lag
0-day lag
0-day lag
distributed
lag
distributed
lag
distributed
lag
distributed
lag
0-day lag
0-day lag
0-day lag
distributed
lag
distributed
lag
0-day lag
0-day lag
Exposure
Metric
24 hravg.
24 hravg.
24 hravg.
24 hravg.
1 hr max.
1 hr max.
24 hravg.
24 hravg.
24 hravg.
24 hravg.
1 hr max.
1 hr max.
24 hravg.
24 hravg.
24 hravg.
1 hr max.
1 hr max.
Percent of Total Incidence of Non -Accidental Mortality Associated with O3 Concentrations that Just Meet the Current and
Alternative O3 Standards**
0.084/4***
0.1%
(-0.4% -0.6%)
0.2%
(0.1% -0.3%)
0.2%
(0.1% -0.4%)
0.2%
(0.1% -0.3%)
1.5%
(0.5% -2.5%)
0.6%
(0.2% -0.9%)
0.3%
(-0.2% -0.7%)
0.2%
(0.1% -0.3%)
0.3%
(-0.1% -0.6%)
0.1%
(0% -0.2%)
1.1%
(-0.2% -2.4%)
0.6%
(0.2% -1 %)
0.3%
(-0.3% -0.9%)
0.2%
(0% -0.5%)
0.1%
(0% -0.2%)
0.8%
(0.1% -1.5%)
0.6%
(0.2% -1.1%)
0.084/3
0.1%
(-0.4% -0.6%)
0.2%
(0.1% -0.3%)
0.2%
(0.1% -0.3%)
0.1%
(0% -0.2%)
1.4%
(0.5% -2.4%)
0.5%
(0.2% -0.9%)
0.2%
(-0.1% -0.6%)
0.2%
(0.1% -0.3%)
0.2%
(-0.1% -0.5%)
0.1%
(0% -0.2%)
1.1%
(-0.2% -2.3%)
0.6%
(0.2% -1 %)
0.3%
(-0.3% -0.8%)
0.2%
(0% -0.4%)
0.1%
(0% -0.2%)
0.7%
(0.1% -1.4%)
0.6%
(0.2% -1 %)
0.080/4****
0.1%
(-0.4% -0.6%)
0.2%
(0.1% -0.3%)
0.2%
(0.1% -0.3%)
0.1%
(0% -0.2%)
1.4%
(0.4% -2.3%)
0.5%
(0.2% -0.9%)
0.2%
(-0.1% -0.6%)
0.1%
(0% -0.2%)
0.2%
(-0.1% -0.5%)
0.1%
(0% -0.2%)
1.1%
(-0.2% -2.3%)
0.6%
(0.2% -1 %)
0.3%
(-0.3% -0.8%)
0.2%
(0% -0.4%)
0.1%
(0% -0.2%)
0.7%
(0.1% -1.4%)
0.6%
(0.2% -1 %)
0.074/5
0.1%
(-0.3% -0.5%)
0.2%
(0.1% -0.3%)
0.2%
(0.1% -0.3%)
0.1%
(0% -0.2%)
1.3%
(0.4% -2.1%)
0.5%
(0.1% -0.8%)
0.2%
(-0.1% -0.5%)
0.1%
(0% -0.2%)
0.2%
(-0.1% -0.5%)
0.1%
(0% -0.2%)
1%
(-0.2% -2.2%)
0.6%
(0.2% -0.9%)
0.3%
(-0.2% -0.8%)
0.2%
(0% -0.4%)
0.1%
(0%-0.1%)
0.6%
(0.1% -1.2%)
0.5%
(0.2% -0.9%)
0.074/4
0.1%
(-0.3% -0.5%)
0.2%
(0.1% -0.3%)
0.2%
(0.1% -0.3%)
0.1%
(0% -0.2%)
1.2%
(0.4% -2%)
0.4%
(0.1% -0.7%)
0.2%
(-0.1% -0.5%)
0.1%
(0% -0.2%)
0.2%
(-0.1% -0.4%)
0.1%
(0% -0.2%)
0.9%
(-0.1% -2%)
0.5%
(0.2% -0.8%)
0.2%
(-0.2% -0.7%)
0.2%
(0% -0.3%)
0.1%
(0%-0.1%)
0.6%
(0.1% -1.2%)
0.5%
(0.2% -0.9%)
0.074/3
0.1%
(-0.3% -0.5%)
0.2%
(0.1% -0.3%)
0.2%
(0.1% -0.3%)
0.1%
(0% -0.2%)
1.1%
(0.4% -1.9%)
0.4%
(0.1% -0.7%)
0.2%
(-0.1% -0.5%)
0.1%
(0% -0.2%)
0.2%
(-0.1% -0.4%)
0.1%
(0%-0.1%)
0.9%
(-0.1% -1.9%)
0.5%
(0.1% -0.8%)
0.2%
(-0.2% -0.6%)
0.2%
(0% -0.3%)
0.1%
(0%-0.1%)
0.6%
(0.1% -1.1%)
0.5%
(0.2% -0.8%)
0.070/4****
0.1%
(-0.3% -0.4%)
0.1%
(0% -0.2%)
0.2%
(0.1% -0.3%)
0.1%
(0% -0.2%)
1.1%
(0.3% -1.8%)
0.4%
(0.1% -0.7%)
0.2%
(-0.1% -0.4%)
0.1%
(0% -0.2%)
0.2%
(-0.1% -0.4%)
0.1%
(0%-0.1%)
0.8%
(-0.1% -1.8%)
0.5%
(0.1% -0.8%)
0.2%
(-0.2% -0.6%)
0.1%
(0% -0.3%)
0.1%
(0%-0.1%)
0.6%
(0.1% -1.1%)
0.5%
(0.1% -0.8%)
0.064/4
0.1%
(-0.2% -0.3%)
0.1%
(0% -0.2%)
0.1%
(0% -0.2%)
0.1%
(0%-0.1%)
0.9%
(0.3% -1.5%)
0.3%
(0.1% -0.6%)
0.1%
(-0.1% -0.4%)
0.1%
(0%-0.1%)
0.1%
(0% -0.3%)
0.1%
(0%-0.1%)
0.7%
(-0.1% -1.5%)
0.4%
(0.1% -0.6%)
0.1%
(-0.1% -0.4%)
0.1%
(0% -0.2%)
0%
(0%-0.1%)
0.5%
(0% -0.9%)
0.4%
(0.1% -0.7%)
5C-18
-------
Location
Los Angeles
New York
Philadelphia
Sacramento
St Louis
Washington
Study
Bell et al. (2004)
Bell et al. - 95 US
Cities (2004)
Bell et al. - 95 US
Cities (2004)
Bell et al. - 95 US
Cities (2004)
Moolgavkar et al.
(1995)
Bell et al. (2004)
Bell et al. - 95 US
Cities (2004)
Bell et al. (2004)
Bell et al. - 95 US
Cities (2004)
Bell et al. - 95 US
Cities (2004)
Lag
distributed
lag
distributed
lag
distributed
lag
distributed
lag
1-day lag
distributed
lag
distributed
lag
distributed
lag
distributed
lag
distributed
lag
Exposure
Metric
24 hr avg.
24 hravg.
24 hravg.
24 hravg.
24 hravg.
24 hravg.
24 hravg.
24 hravg.
24 hravg.
24 hravg.
Percent of Total Incidence of Non -Accidental Mortality Associated with O3 Concentrations that Just Meet the Current and
Alternative O3 Standards**
0.084/4***
0.1%
(-0.3% -0.5%)
0.2%
(0.1% -0.4%)
0.1%
(0% -0.2%)
0.2%
(0.1% -0.3%)
0.7%
(0.5% -1%)
0.2%
(-0.6% -1%)
0.3%
(0.1% -0.5%)
0.1%
(-0.2% -0.5%)
0.1%
(0% -0.2%)
0.3%
(0.1% -0.4%)
0.084/3
0.1%
(-0.3% -0.5%)
0.2%
(0.1% -0.4%)
0.1%
(0% -0.2%)
0.2%
(0.1% -0.3%)
0.7%
(0.4% -0.9%)
0.2%
(-0.6% -1%)
0.3%
(0.1% -0.5%)
0.1%
(-0.2% -0.4%)
0.1%
(0% -0.2%)
0.2%
(0.1% -0.4%)
0.080/4****
0.1%
(-0.2% -0.4%)
0.2%
(0.1% -0.4%)
0.1%
(0% -0.2%)
0.2%
(0.1% -0.3%)
0.7%
(0.4% -0.9%)
0.2%
(-0.6% -0.9%)
0.3%
(0.1% -0.5%)
0.1%
(-0.2% -0.4%)
0.1%
(0% -0.2%)
0.2%
(0.1% -0.4%)
0.074/5
0.1%
(-0.2% -0.3%)
0.2%
(0.1% -0.3%)
0.1%
(0% -0.2%)
0.2%
(0.1% -0.3%)
0.6%
(0.4% -0.8%)
0.2%
(-0.5% -0.8%)
0.2%
(0.1% -0.4%)
0.1%
(-0.1% -0.3%)
0.1%
(0%-0.1%)
0.2%
(0.1% -0.3%)
0.074/4
0.1%
(-0.2% -0.3%)
0.2%
(0.1% -0.3%)
0.1%
(0% -0.2%)
0.2%
(0.1% -0.3%)
0.6%
(0.4% -0.8%)
0.2%
(-0.5% -0.8%)
0.2%
(0.1% -0.4%)
0.1%
(-0.1% -0.3%)
0.1%
(0%-0.1%)
0.2%
(0.1% -0.3%)
0.074/3
0.1%
(-0.2% -0.3%)
0.2%
(0.1% -0.3%)
0.1%
(0% -0.2%)
0.1%
(0% -0.2%)
0.5%
(0.3% -0.7%)
0.2%
(-0.5% -0.8%)
0.2%
(0.1% -0.4%)
0.1%
(-0.1% -0.3%)
0.1%
(0%-0.1%)
0.2%
(0.1% -0.3%)
0.070/4****
0.1%
(-0.1% -0.3%)
0.1%
(0% -0.2%)
0.1%
(0% -0.2%)
0.1%
(0% -0.2%)
0.5%
(0.3% -0.7%)
0.1%
(-0.5% -0.7%)
0.2%
(0.1% -0.4%)
0.1%
(-0.1% -0.2%)
0.1%
(0%-0.1%)
0.2%
(0.1% -0.3%)
0.064/4
0%
(-0.1% -0.2%)
0.1%
(0%-0.1%)
0.1%
(0%-0.1%)
0.1%
(0% -0.2%)
0.4%
(0.3% -0.6%)
0.1%
(-0.4% -0.6%)
0.2%
(0.1% -0.3%)
0%
(-0.1% -0.1%)
0%
(0%-0.1%)
0.2%
(0.1% -0.3%)
*AII results are for mortality (among all ages) associated with short-term exposures to Q. All results are based on single-pollutant models.
"Incidence was quantified down to estimated policy relevant background levels. Percents are rounded to the nearest tenth.
***An 8-hr average standard, denoted m/n is characterized by a concentration of m ppb and an nth daily maximum. So, for example, the current standard is 84/4 — 84 ppb, 4th daily maximum 8-hr average.
Note: Numbers in parentheses are 95% confidence or credible intervals based on statistical uncertainty surrounding the Q coefficient.
5C-19
-------
Table 5C-15. Estimated Incidence of Non-Accidental Mortality Associated with Q Concentrations that Just Meet the Current and
Alternative 8-Hour Daily Maximum Standards: April - September, Based on 2002 C3 Concentrations*
Location
Atlanta
Boston
Chicago
Cleveland
Detroit
Houston
Study
Bell etal. (2004)
Belletal.-95US
Cities (2004)
Bell etal. -95 US
Cities (2004)
Bell etal. -95 US
Cities (2004)
Schwartz (2004)
Schwartz- 14 US
Cities (2004)
Bell etal. (2004)
Bell etal. -95 US
Cities (2004)
Bell et al. (2004)
Bell etal. -95 US
Cities (2004)
Schwartz (2004)
Schwartz- 14 US
Cities (2004)
Ito (2003)
Bell etal. (2004)
Bell etal. -95 US
Cities (2004)
Schwartz (2004)
Schwartz- 14 US
Cities (2004)
Lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
0-day lag
0-day lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
0-day lag
0-day lag
0-day lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
0-day lag
0-day lag
Exposure
Metric
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
24 hravg.
24 hravg.
1 hr max.
1 hr max.
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
1 hr max.
1 hr max.
24 hravg.
24 hravg.
24 hravg.
1 hr max.
1 hr max.
Incidence of Non -Accidental Mortality Associated with O3 Concentrations that Just Meet the Current and
Alternative O3 Standards**
0.084/4***
7
(-30 - 43)
14
(5 - 23)
9
(3-15)
55
(18-91)
427
(136-712)
161
(51 -271)
49
(-31 -128)
31
(10-52)
46
(-15-106)
24
(8 - 39)
158
(-26 - 336)
86
(27-144)
56
(-52-162)
18
(1 - 34)
9
(3-15)
63
(6-119)
53
(16-88)
0.084/3
7
(-30 - 43)
14
(5 - 23)
8
(3-14)
52
(18-87)
412
(131 -687)
156
(49-261)
47
(-30-123)
30
(10-50)
43
(-14-100)
22
(7 - 37)
150
(-24 - 320)
82
(26-137)
53
(-49-151)
16
(1 - 32)
8
(3-13)
59
(5-113)
50
(16-84)
0.080/4****
6
(-28 - 40)
13
(4-21)
8
(3-14)
50
(17-84)
401
(127-669)
151
(47 - 254)
46
(-29-120)
29
(10-49)
43
(-14-98)
22
(7 - 36)
148
(-24-316)
81
(25-136)
52
(-48-150)
16
(1-31)
8
(3-13)
58
(5-110)
49
(15-82)
0.074/5
6
(-26 - 38)
12
(4 - 20)
8
(3-13)
47
(16-79)
381
(121 -636)
144
(45 - 242)
43
(-27-112)
27
(9 - 45)
42
(-14-97)
22
(7 - 36)
147
(-24-313)
80
(25-134)
51
(-48-147)
13
(1 - 26)
7
(2-11)
53
(5-100)
44
(14-74)
0.074/4
6
(-24 - 35)
11
(4-19)
7
(3-12)
44
(15-74)
361
(115-603)
136
(43 - 229)
42
(-26-109)
27
(9 - 44)
38
(-12-87)
19
(6 - 32)
134
(-22 - 287)
73
(23-123)
46
(-42-132)
13
(1 - 25)
6
(2-10)
51
(5 - 97)
43
(13-72)
0.074/3
6
(-24 - 35)
11
(4-19)
7
(2-12)
43
(14-71)
350
(111 -585)
132
(41 - 222)
40
(-25-105)
26
(9 - 43)
35
(-11-81)
18
(6 - 30)
128
(-21 - 274)
70
(22-117)
43
(-40- 124)
12
(1 - 23)
6
(2-10)
48
(4 - 92)
40
(13-68)
0.070/4****
5
(-22 - 32)
10
(3-17)
7
(2-12)
40
(13-67)
335
(106-559)
126
(39-212)
39
(-25-102)
25
(8-41)
34
(-11-79)
18
(6 - 29)
125
(-20 - 268)
68
(21 -115)
42
(-39- 120)
11
(1-21)
5
(2-9)
46
(4 - 87)
38
(12-64)
0.064/4
4
(-19-27)
9
(3-14)
6
(2-10)
34
(11-57)
294
(93 - 493)
111
(35-187)
35
(-22-91)
22
(7 - 37)
29
(-9 - 67)
15
(5 - 25)
111
(-18-239)
61
(19- 102)
36
(-33- 103)
7
(0-13)
3
(1-5)
36
(3 - 69)
30
(9-51)
5C-20
-------
Location
Los Angeles
New York
Philadelphia
Sacramento
St Louis
Washington
Study
Bell etal. (2004)
Belletal.-95US
Cities (2004)
Bell etal. -95 US
Cities (2004)
Bell etal. -95 US
Cities (2004)
Moolgavkar et al.
(1995)
Bell etal. (2004)
Bell etal. -95 US
Cities (2004)
Bell etal. (2004)
Bell etal. -95 US
Cities (2004)
Bell etal. -95 US
Cities (2004)
Lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
1-day lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
Exposure
Metric
24 hr avg.
24 hravg.
24 hravg.
24 hravg.
24 hravg.
24 hravg.
24 hravg.
24 hravg.
24 hravg.
24 hravg.
Incidence of Non -Accidental Mortality Associated with O3 Concentrations that Just Meet the Current and
Alternative O3 Standards**
0.084/4***
24
(-58-105)
52
(1 7 - 86)
84
(28-139)
30
(10-50)
107
(67-146)
12
(-37 - 60)
18
(6 - 30)
5
(-9 - 20)
5
(2-8)
14
(5 - 23)
0.084/3
23
(-55-100)
49
(17-82)
76
(25-126)
28
(10-47)
101
(63-138)
12
(-36 - 58)
17
(6 - 29)
5
(-9-19)
5
(2-8)
12
(4 - 20)
0.080/4****
21
(-50-91)
45
(15-74)
78
(26-130)
28
(9 - 47)
101
(63-137)
11
(-35 - 57)
17
(6 - 28)
5
(-8-18)
4
(1-7)
13
(4-21)
0.074/5
15
(-36 - 66)
33
(11-54)
73
(24-121)
26
(9 - 43)
93
(58-127)
11
(-32 - 53)
16
(5 - 26)
4
(-8-16)
4
(1-7)
12
(4-19)
0.074/4
15
(-35 - 64)
32
(11-53)
70
(23-116)
26
(9 - 42)
91
(57-124)
10
(-32 - 52)
15
(5 - 26)
4
(-7-15)
4
(1-6)
12
(4-19)
0.074/3
13
(-32 - 59)
29
(10-48)
64
(21 -106)
24
(8 - 40)
86
(54-117)
10
(-31 - 50)
15
(5 - 25)
4
(-7-15)
4
(1-6)
10
(3-17)
0.070/4****
11
(-26 - 48)
24
(8 - 39)
65
(22-108)
24
(8 - 40)
85
(53-116)
10
(-30 - 49)
14
(5 - 24)
4
(-6-14)
3
(1-6)
11
(4-18)
0.064/4
7
(-16-29)
14
(5 - 23)
57
(19-95)
21
(7 - 35)
75
(47-103)
9
(-27 - 44)
13
(4 - 22)
3
(-5-12)
3
(1-5)
10
(3-16)
*AII results are for mortality (among all ages) associated with short-term exposures to Q. All results are based on single-pollutant models.
"Incidence was quantified down to estimated policy relevant background levels. Incidences are rounded to the nearest whole number.
***An 8-hr average standard, denoted m/n is characterized by a concentration of m ppb and an nth daily maximum. So, for example, the current standard is 84/4 — 84 ppb, 4th daily maximum
8-hr average.
Note: Numbers in parentheses are 95% confidence or credible intervals based on statistical uncertainty surrounding the Q coefficient.
5C-21
-------
Table 5C-16. Estimated Percent of Total Incidence of Non-Accidental Mortality Associated with Q Concentrations that Just Meet the Current and
Alternative 8-Hour Daily Maximum Standards: April - September, Based on 2002 C3 Concentrations*
Location
Atlanta
Boston
Chicago
Cleveland
Detroit
Houston
Study
Bell et al. (2004)
Bell et al. - 95 US
Cities (2004)
Bell et al. - 95 US
Cities (2004)
Bell et al. - 95 US
Cities (2004)
Schwartz (2004)
Schwartz- 14 US
Cities (2004)
Bell et al. (2004)
Bell et al. - 95 US
Cities (2004)
Bell et al. (2004)
Bell et al. - 95 US
Cities (2004)
Schwartz (2004)
Schwartz -14 US
Cities (2004)
Ito (2003)
Bell et al. (2004)
Bell et al. - 95 US
Cities (2004)
Schwartz (2004)
Schwartz- 14 US
Cities (2004)
Lag
distributed
lag
distributed
lag
distributed
lag
distributed
lag
0-day lag
0-day lag
distributed
lag
distributed
lag
distributed
lag
distributed
lag
0-day lag
0-day lag
0-day lag
distributed
lag
distributed
lag
0-day lag
0-day lag
Exposure
Metric
24 hravg.
24 hravg.
24 hravg.
24 hravg.
1 hr max.
1 hr max.
24 hravg.
24 hravg.
24 hravg.
24 hravg.
1 hr max.
1 hr max.
24 hravg.
24 hravg.
24 hravg.
1 hr max.
1 hr max.
Percent of Total Incidence of Non -Accidental Mortality Associated with O3 Concentrations that Just Meet the Current and
Alternative O3 Standards**
0.084/4***
0.2%
(-0.7% -0.9%)
0.3%
(0.1% -0.5%)
0.3%
(0.1% -0.6%)
0.3%
(0.1% -0.4%)
2%
(0.6% -3.4%)
0.8%
(0.2% -1.3%)
0.7%
(-0.4% -1.7%)
0.4%
(0.1% -0.7%)
0.5%
(-0.2% -1.1%)
0.3%
(0.1% -0.4%)
1.7%
(-0.3% -3.6%)
0.9%
(0.3% -1 .5%)
0.6%
(-0.6% -1.7%)
0.2%
(0% -0.4%)
0.1%
(0% -0.2%)
0.7%
(0.1% -1.3%)
0.6%
(0.2% -1 %)
0.084/3
0.1%
(-0.6% -0.9%)
0.3%
(0.1% -0.5%)
0.3%
(0.1% -0.5%)
0.2%
(0.1% -0.4%)
2%
(0.6% -3.3%)
0.7%
(0.2% -1.2%)
0.6%
(-0.4% -1.7%)
0.4%
(0.1% -0.7%)
0.5%
(-0.1% -1.1%)
0.2%
(0.1% -0.4%)
1.6%
(-0.3% -3.4%)
0.9%
(0.3% -1 .5%)
0.6%
(-0.5% -1 .6%)
0.2%
(0% -0.3%)
0.1%
(0%-0.1%)
0.7%
(0.1% -1.2%)
0.5%
(0.2% -0.9%)
0.080/4****
0.1%
(-0.6% -0.9%)
0.3%
(0.1% -0.5%)
0.3%
(0.1% -0.5%)
0.2%
(0.1% -0.4%)
1.9%
(0.6% -3.2%)
0.7%
(0.2% -1.2%)
0.6%
(-0.4% -1.6%)
0.4%
(0.1% -0.7%)
0.5%
(-0.1%-1%)
0.2%
(0.1% -0.4%)
1.6%
(-0.3% -3.4%)
0.9%
(0.3% -1 .4%)
0.6%
(-0.5% -1 .6%)
0.2%
(0% -0.3%)
0.1%
(0%-0.1%)
0.6%
(0.1% -1.2%)
0.5%
(0.2% -0.9%)
0.074/5
0.1%
(-0.6% -0.8%)
0.3%
(0.1% -0.4%)
0.3%
(0.1% -0.5%)
0.2%
(0.1% -0.4%)
1.8%
(0.6% -3%)
0.7%
(0.2% -1.1%)
0.6%
(-0.4% -1.5%)
0.4%
(0.1% -0.6%)
0.4%
(-0.1%-1%)
0.2%
(0.1% -0.4%)
1.6%
(-0.3% -3.3%)
0.8%
(0.3% -1 .4%)
0.5%
(-0.5% -1 .6%)
0.1%
(0% -0.3%)
0.1%
(0%-0.1%)
0.6%
(0.1% -1.1%)
0.5%
(0.2% -0.8%)
0.074/4
0.1%
(-0.5% -0.8%)
0.2%
(0.1% -0.4%)
0.3%
(0.1% -0.5%)
0.2%
(0.1% -0.3%)
1.7%
(0.5% -2.9%)
0.6%
(0.2% -1.1%)
0.6%
(-0.4% -1.5%)
0.4%
(0.1% -0.6%)
0.4%
(-0.1% -0.9%)
0.2%
(0.1% -0.3%)
1.4%
(-0.2% -3%)
0.8%
(0.2% -1 .3%)
0.5%
(-0.5% -1 .4%)
0.1%
(0% -0.3%)
0.1%
(0%-0.1%)
0.6%
(0.1% -1.1%)
0.5%
(0.1% -0.8%)
0.074/3
0.1%
(-0.5% -0.8%)
0.2%
(0.1% -0.4%)
0.3%
(0.1% -0.5%)
0.2%
(0.1% -0.3%)
1.7%
(0.5% -2.8%)
0.6%
(0.2% -1.1%)
0.5%
(-0.3% -1.4%)
0.3%
(0.1% -0.6%)
0.4%
(-0.1% -0.9%)
0.2%
(0.1% -0.3%)
1.4%
(-0.2% -2.9%)
0.7%
(0.2% -1 .2%)
0.5%
(-0.4% -1 .3%)
0.1%
(0% -0.2%)
0.1%
(0%-0.1%)
0.5%
(0%-1%)
0.4%
(0.1% -0.7%)
0.070/4****
0.1%
(-0.5% -0.7%)
0.2%
(0.1% -0.4%)
0.3%
(0.1% -0.5%)
0.2%
(0.1% -0.3%)
1.6%
(0.5% -2.7%)
0.6%
(0.2% -1%)
0.5%
(-0.3% -1.4%)
0.3%
(0.1% -0.6%)
0.4%
(-0.1% -0.8%)
0.2%
(0.1% -0.3%)
1.3%
(-0.2% -2.8%)
0.7%
(0.2% -1 .2%)
0.4%
(-0.4% -1 .3%)
0.1%
(0% -0.2%)
0.1%
(0%-0.1%)
0.5%
(0%-1%)
0.4%
(0.1% -0.7%)
0.064/4
0.1%
(-0.4% -0.6%)
0.2%
(0.1% -0.3%)
0.2%
(0.1% -0.4%)
0.2%
(0.1% -0.3%)
1.4%
(0.4% -2.3%)
0.5%
(0.2% -0.9%)
0.5%
(-0.3% -1.2%)
0.3%
(0.1% -0.5%)
0.3%
(-0.1% -0.7%)
0.2%
(0.1% -0.3%)
1.2%
(-0.2% -2.5%)
0.6%
(0.2% -1.1%)
0.4%
(-0.3% -1.1%)
0.1%
(0%-0.1%)
0%
(0%-0.1%)
0.4%
(0% -0.8%)
0.3%
(0.1% -0.6%)
5C-22
-------
Location
Los Angeles
New York
Philadelphia
Sacramento
St Louis
Washington
Study
Bell et al. (2004)
Bell et al. - 95 US
Cities (2004)
Bell et al. - 95 US
Cities (2004)
Bell et al. - 95 US
Cities (2004)
Moolgavkar et al.
(1995)
Bell et al. (2004)
Bell et al. - 95 US
Cities (2004)
Bell et al. (2004)
Bell et al. - 95 US
Cities (2004)
Bell et al. - 95 US
Cities (2004)
Lag
distributed
lag
distributed
lag
distributed
lag
distributed
lag
1 -day lag
distributed
lag
distributed
lag
distributed
lag
distributed
lag
distributed
lag
Exposure
Metric
24 hr avg.
24 hravg.
24 hravg.
24 hravg.
24 hravg.
24 hravg.
24 hravg.
24 hravg.
24 hravg.
24 hravg.
Percent of Total Incidence of Non -Accidental Mortality Associated with O3 Concentrations that Just Meet the Current and
Alternative O3 Standards**
0.084/4***
0.1%
(-0.2% -0.4%)
0.2%
(0.1% -0.3%)
0.3%
(0.1% -0.4%)
0.4%
(0.1% -0.6%)
1.3%
(0.8% -1.8%)
0.3%
(-0.9% -1.4%)
0.4%
(0.1% -0.7%)
0.3%
(-0.5% -1%)
0.2%
(0.1% -0.4%)
0.5%
(0.2% -0.8%)
0.084/3
0.1%
(-0.2% -0.4%)
0.2%
(0.1% -0.3%)
0.2%
(0.1% -0.4%)
0.4%
(0.1% -0.6%)
1.3%
(0.8% -1.7%)
0.3%
(-0.8% -1.4%)
0.4%
(0.1% -0.7%)
0.3%
(-0.4% -0.9%)
0.2%
(0.1% -0.4%)
0.4%
(0.1% -0.7%)
0.080/4****
0.1%
(-0.2% -0.3%)
0.2%
(0.1% -0.3%)
0.2%
(0.1% -0.4%)
0.4%
(0.1% -0.6%)
1.3%
(0.8% -1.7%)
0.3%
(-0.8% -1.3%)
0.4%
(0.1% -0.7%)
0.2%
(-0.4% -0.9%)
0.2%
(0.1% -0.4%)
0.5%
(0.2% -0.8%)
0.074/5
0.1%
(-0.1% -0.2%)
0.1%
(0% -0.2%)
0.2%
(0.1% -0.4%)
0.3%
(0.1% -0.5%)
1.2%
(0.7% -1.6%)
0.3%
(-0.8% -1.3%)
0.4%
(0.1% -0.6%)
0.2%
(-0.4% -0.8%)
0.2%
(0.1% -0.3%)
0.4%
(0.1% -0.7%)
0.074/4
0.1%
(-0.1% -0.2%)
0.1%
(0% -0.2%)
0.2%
(0.1% -0.4%)
0.3%
(0.1% -0.5%)
1.1%
(0.7% -1.5%)
0.2%
(-0.8% -1.2%)
0.4%
(0.1% -0.6%)
0.2%
(-0.4% -0.8%)
0.2%
(0.1% -0.3%)
0.4%
(0.1% -0.7%)
0.074/3
0%
(-0.1% -0.2%)
0.1%
(0% -0.2%)
0.2%
(0.1% -0.3%)
0.3%
(0.1% -0.5%)
1.1%
(0.7% -1.5%)
0.2%
(-0.7% -1.2%)
0.4%
(0.1% -0.6%)
0.2%
(-0.3% -0.7%)
0.2%
(0.1% -0.3%)
0.4%
(0.1% -0.6%)
0.070/4****
0%
(-0.1% -0.2%)
0.1%
(0%-0.1%)
0.2%
(0.1% -0.3%)
0.3%
(0.1% -0.5%)
1.1%
(0.7% -1.4%)
0.2%
(-0.7% -1.2%)
0.3%
(0.1% -0.6%)
0.2%
(-0.3% -0.7%)
0.2%
(0.1% -0.3%)
0.4%
(0.1% -0.7%)
0.064/4
0%
(-0.1% -0.1%)
0.1%
(0%-0.1%)
0.2%
(0.1% -0.3%)
0.3%
(0.1% -0.4%)
0.9%
(0.6% -1.3%)
0.2%
(-0.6% -1%)
0.3%
(0.1% -0.5%)
0.2%
(-0.3% -0.6%)
0.1%
(0% -0.2%)
0.4%
(0.1% -0.6%)
*AII results are for mortality (among all ages) associated with short-term exposures to Q. All results are based on single-pollutant models.
"Incidence was quantified down to estimated policy relevant background levels. Percents are rounded to the nearest tenth.
***An 8-hr average standard, denoted m/n is characterized by a concentration of m ppb and an nth daily maximum. So, for example, the current standard is 84/4 — 84 ppb, 4th daily maximum 8-hr average.
Note: Numbers in parentheses are 95% confidence or credible intervals based on statistical uncertainty surrounding the Q coefficient.
5C-23
-------
Table 5C-17. Sensitivity Analysis: Impact of Alternative Estimates of Policy Relevant Background (PRB) on Estimated Number of All Children (Ages 5-1
Engaged in Moderate Exertion Estimated to Experience At Least One Lung Function Response (Change in FEVj>=15%) Associated
with Exposure to O3 Concentrations That Just Meet the Current and Alternative Daily Maximum 8-Hour Standards, for Location-Specific
O3 Seasons*
Location
Atlanta
Atlanta - with lower PRB
Atlanta - with higher PRB
Los Angeles
Los Angeles - with lower PRB
Los Angeles - with higher PRB
New York
New York - with lower PRB
New York - with higher PRB
Number of All Children (in 1000s) with at Least One Response,
Based on Adjusting 2004 O3 Concentrations**
2004 Air Quality
34
(19-51)
35
(19-54)
33
(19-48)
220
(149-298)
225
(149-312)
218
(149-293)
112
(55-176)
114
(55-183)
110
(55-169)
0.084/4***
20
(8 - 34)
21
(8 - 36)
19
(8-31)
34
(5-62)
38
(5 - 75)
32
(5-57)
43
(6 - 84)
45
(6-92)
41
(6-78)
0.074/4
12
(2 - 22)
12
(2 - 25)
11
(2-19)
17
(1 - 36)
22
(1 - 49)
16
(1-31)
25
(0 - 56)
27
(0 - 63)
23
(0 - 49)
0.064/4
6
(0-14)
7
(0-16)
5
(0-11)
6
(0-14)
11
(0 - 27)
4
(0-9)
14
(0 - 35)
16
(0 - 43)
12
(0 - 29)
Number of All Children (in 1000s) with at Least One Response,
Based on Adjusting 2002 O3 Concentrations**
2002 Air Quality
59
(40-81)
60
(40 - 84)
58
(40 - 79)
220
(150-297)
225
(150-311)
218
(150-292)
346
(244 - 462)
348
(244 - 469)
343
(244 - 455)
0.084/4***
36
(21 - 54)
37
(21 - 56)
35
(21-51)
35
(7-62)
39
(7 - 75)
33
(7-57)
142
(79-216)
144
(79 - 222)
140
(79 - 208)
0.074/4
21
(8 - 34)
21
(8 - 37)
20
(8-31)
18
(1 - 35)
23
(1 - 48)
16
(1 - 30)
81
(29-138)
83
(29-145)
79
(29-131)
0.064/4
11
(1-21)
12
(1 - 24)
10
(1 - 18)
7
(0-14)
11
(0 - 27)
5
(0-9)
43
(3 - 86)
45
(3 - 93)
41
(3 - 79)
"Numbers are median (0.5 fractile) numbers of children. Numbers in parentheses below the median are 95% credible intervals based on statistical uncertainty
surrounding the O3 coefficient.
"Incidence was quantified down to estimated policy relevant background levels. Incidences are rounded to the nearest 1000.
"These 8-hr average standards, denoted m/n, are characterized by a concentration of m ppm and an nth daily maximum. So, for example, the current standard is 0.084/4 — 0.084 ppm, 4th daily maximum 8-hr
average. These nth daily maximum standards require that the average of the 3 annual nth daily maxima over a 3-year period be at or below the specified level (e.g., 0.084 ppm).
5C-24
-------
Table 5C-18. Sensitivity Analysis: Impact of Alternative Estimates of Policy Relevant Background (PRB) on Estimated
Incidence of Non-Accidental Mortality Associated with O3 Concentrations that Just Meet the Current
Standard (0.084 ppm, 4th Daily Maximum): April - September, 2002*
Location
Atlanta
Boston
Chicago
Cleveland
Detroit
Houston
Los Angeles
New York
Philadelphia
Sacramento
St Louis
Washington
Study
Bell et al. (2004)
Bell et al. - 95 US Cities (2004)
Bell et al. - 95 US Cities (2004)
Bell et al. - 95 US Cities (2004)
Schwartz (2004)
Schwartz - 14 US Cities (2004)
Bell et al. (2004)
Bell et al. - 95 US Cities (2004)
Bell et al. (2004)
Bell et al. - 95 US Cities (2004)
Schwartz (2004)
Schwartz - 14 US Cities (2004)
Ito (2003)
Bell et al. (2004)
Bell et al. - 95 US Cities (2004)
Schwartz (2004)
Schwartz - 14 US Cities (2004)
Bell et al. (2004)
Bell et al. - 95 US Cities (2004)
Bell et al. - 95 US Cities (2004)
Bell et al. - 95 US Cities (2004)
Moolgavkaretal. (1995)
Bell et al. (2004)
Bell et al. - 95 US Cities (2004)
Bell et al. (2004)
Bell et al. - 95 US Cities (2004)
Bell et al. - 95 US Cities (2004)
Lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
0-day lag
0-day lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
0-day lag
0-day lag
0-day lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
0-day lag
0-day lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
1-day lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
distributed lag
Exposure
Metric
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
1 hr max.
1 hr max.
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
1 hr max.
1 hr max.
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
1 hr max.
1 hr max.
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
24 hr avg.
Incidence of Non-Accidental Mortality Associated with O3 Above:**
Estimates of PRB
Concentrations
7
(-30 - 43)
14
(5 - 23)
9
(3-15)
55
(18-91)
427
(136-712)
161
(51 - 271)
49
(-31 - 128)
31
(10-52)
46
(-15- 106)
24
(8 - 39)
158
(-26 - 336)
86
(27-144)
56
(-52-162)
18
(1 - 34)
9
(3-15)
63
(6-119)
53
(16-88)
24
(-58-105)
52
(17-86)
84
(28- 139)
30
(10-50)
107
(67- 146)
12
(-37 - 60)
18
(6 - 30)
5
(-9 - 20)
5
(2-8)
14
(5 - 23)
Estimates of PRB
Concentrations Minus
5 ppb***
15
(-63 - 90)
29
(10-48)
13
(4-21)
88
(29-146)
526
(167-876)
199
(62 - 334)
69
(.44. 180)
44
(15-73)
73
(-24- 169)
38
(13-62)
189
(-31 - 403)
103
(32-173)
89
(-83 - 256)
34
(2 - 65)
17
(6 - 28)
80
(7-151)
66
(21 - 112)
44
(-106-192)
95
(32-157)
121
(41 - 202)
43
(14-71)
152
(96 - 208)
17
(-51 - 83)
25
(8-41)
9
(-15-31)
8
(3-13)
17
(6 - 28)
Estimates of PRB
Concentrations Plus 5
ppb
4
(-18-26)
8
(3-14)
6
(2-9)
31
(10-51)
333
(106-556)
126
(39-212)
33
(-21 - 87)
21
(7 - 35)
27
(-9 - 63)
14
(5 - 23)
128
(-21 - 273)
70
(22-117)
33
(-31 - 95)
8
(1 - 16)
4
(1-7)
48
(4 - 92)
40
(13-68)
9
(-22 - 41)
20
(7 - 33)
45
(15-74)
19
(6 - 32)
68
(43 - 94)
8
(-24 - 40)
12
(4 - 20)
3
(-5-11)
3
(1-4)
9
(3-14)
*AII results are for mortality (among all ages) associated with short-term exposures to O3. All results are based on single-pollutant models.
"Incidences are rounded to the nearest whole number; incidences per 100,000 relevant population and percents are rounded to the nearest tenth.
***ln Atlanta, 10 ppb were subtracted from estimated PRB concentrations; in all other locations, 5 ppb were subtracted.
Note: Numbers in parentheses are 95% confidence or credible intervals based on statistical uncertainty surrounding the O3 coefficient.
5C-25
-------
Figure 5C-1. Percent of All Children (Ages 5-18) Engaged in Moderate Exertion Estimated to Experience At Least One Lung
Function Response (Decrement in FEVi > 15%) Associated with Exposure to Os Concentrations That Just Meet
the Current and Alternative Average 4th Daily Maximum 8-Hour Standards, for Location-Specific Os Seasons
(Based on Adjusting 2004 Air Quality)
10%
Recent (2004^^
H"
Ozone 7I
Concentration/
Standards (ppb)
Urban Areas
*95% confidence intervals associated with these risk estimates are provided in Table 5C-2 of this Appendix. An 8-hr average standard, denoted m/n is
characterized by a concentration of m ppm and an nth daily maximum. So, for example, the current standard is 0.084/4 - 0.084 ppm, 4th daily
maximum 8-hr average. The 4th daily maximum standards, denoted m/4, require that the average of the 3 annual nth daily maxima over a 3-year
period be at or below the specified level
5C-26
-------
Figure 5C-2.Percent of All Children (Ages 5-18) Engaged in Moderate Exertion Estimated to Experience At
Least One Lung Function Response (Decrement in FEVi > 15 %) Associated with Recent Air
Quality (2004) and Exposure to O3 Concentrations That Just Meet the Current and Alternative
Average 4th Daily Maximum 8-Hour Standards, for Location-Specific O3 Seasons (Based on
Adjusting 2004 Air Quality)*
Atlanta
o
c v?
01 &•
f- U)
^ o>
O ^
i ?
si
B o
01 Q.
Q. U)
12%
10%
8%
6%
4%
2%
0%
Q -o 8%
< ~- ROi .
•ft 0)
O C
•£ 'o 4%
S S
8 8.
2%
0%
"lii
T t t \
• l { 1 1 1 1 l 1
^. 0- 0- 0- 0- 0- 0- 0- 0-
<^ Ozone Concentrations/Standards
Cleveland
Percent All Children
Responding (and 95% Cl]
^
1°%
10%
8%
6%
4%
2%
0%
I
& Ozone Concentrations/Standards
Houston
-------
Figure 5C-2. (Continued)
Los Angeles
a
I/)
5 1 4%
^ 2%
c
Ol
1 o%^
jP
•
• \ \ \ \ 1 <.
Ozone Concentrations/Standards
Philadelphia
1 °°/
O)
_c
~o in%
a
c ^ 6%
^ ® 4%
£ 15
O =
o 0%
-------
Figure 5C-3. Percent of Asthmatic Children (Ages 5-18) Engaged in Moderate Exertion Estimated
to Experience At Least One Lung Function Response (Decrement in FEVi > 10%)
Associated with Exposure to O3 Concentrations That Just Meet the Current and
Alternative Average 4th Daily Maximum 8-Hour Standards, for Location-Specific O3
Seasons (Based on Adjusting 2004 Air Quality)
1-20%
Recent (2004)
Ozone Cone./
Standards (ppb)
0%
Atlanta
Chicago
Houston Los Angeles
Urban Areas
New York
*95% confidence intervals associated with these risk estimates are provided in Table 5C-5 of this Appendix. An 8-
hr average standard, denoted m/n is characterized by a concentration of m ppm and an nth daily maximum. So, for
example, the current standard is 0.084/4 - 0.084 ppm, 4th daily maximum 8-hr average. The 4th daily maximum
standards, denoted m/4, require that the average of the 3 annual nth daily maxima over a 3-year period be at or
below the specified level
5C-29
-------
Figure 5C-4. Percent of Asthmatic Children (Ages 5-18) Engaged in Moderate Exertion Estimated to
Experience At Least One Lung Function Response (Decrement in FEVi > 10 %) Associated with
Recent Air Quality (2004) and Exposure to O3 Concentrations That Just Meet the Current and
Alternative 8-Hour Standards, for Location-Specific O3 Seasons: Based on Adjusting 2004 O3
Concentrations*
Atlanta
Chicago
Percent Asthmatic Children
Responding (and 95% Cl)
/j>
\, 0 01 0 M 0 %
<^p ######
-i i i
1 + T t
Ozone Concentrations/Standards
Houston
c 25%
< c
= §. w
% %
5 a:
^ no/.
0
'C^
^
••
"1 ^ 1
tTN » ^ » ^ » ^ '"^ '^ '^
Ozone Concentrations/Standards
New York
Percent Asthmatic Children
Responding (and 95% Cl)
25%
9D%
15%
m%
5%
0%
° a>
o -a
•% c
is ro
E ~
£ 0)
3= c
•i-» o
-------
Figure 5C-5. Estimated Symptom-Days for Chest Tightness Among Moderate/Severe
Asthmatic Children (Ages 0 - 12) in Boston Associated with Recent (April-
September 2004) Os Levels and with Levels Just Meeting Alternative Average
4th-HighestDaily Maximum 8-Hour Ozone Standards*
Based on Gent et al., 2003)
Recent (2004)
Ozone
Concentrations/
Standard
Levels (ppb)
p1 1,000
-10,000
-9,000
-8,000
-7,000
-6,000
-5,000
-4,000
-3,000
-2,000
-1,000
-0
m
(A
i-f
3'
1
w
<
3
•&
o
3
I
D
fi>
><
(A
64
1-day lag/1 hr
max./ no other
pollutants
0-day lag/1 hr
max./PM2.5
1-day lag/1 hr
max./PM2.5
1-day lag/8 hr
max./ no other
pollutants
Concentration-Response Model
*95% confidence intervals associated with these risk estimates are provided in Table 5C-5 of this Appendix. An 8-
hr average standard, denoted m/n is characterized by a concentration of m ppm and an nth-highest daily maximum.
So, for example, the current standard is 0.084/4 - 0.084 ppm, 4th-highest daily maximum 8-hr average. The 4th-
highest daily maximum standards, denoted m/4, require that the average of the 3 annual nth-highest daily maxima
over a 3-year period be at or below the specified level
5C-31
-------
Figure 5C-6. Estimated Incidence of (Unscheduled) Respiratory Hospital Admissions per
100,000 Relevant Population in New York Associated with Recent (April -
September, 2004) Os Levels and with Os Levels Just Meeting Alternative
Average 4th-Highest Daily Maximum 8-Hour Standards
(based on Thurston et al., 1992)
Ozone Concentrations/
Standard Levels (ppb)
Incidence per 100,000
Relevant Population
Recent
(2004)
84
80
74
o.o
7Q
64 Repiratory
Illness
Asthma
Diagnosis Category
*95% confidence intervals associated with these risk estimates are provided in Table 5C-7 of this Appendix. An 8-
hr average standard, denoted m/n is characterized by a concentration of m ppm and an nth-highest daily maximum.
So, for example, the current standard is 0.084/4 - 0.084 ppm, 4th-highest daily maximum 8-hr average. The 4th-
highest daily maximum standards, denoted m/4, require that the average of the 3 annual nth-highest daily maxima
over a 3-year period be at or below the specified level
5C-32
-------
Figure 5C-7. Estimated Incidence of Non-Accidental Mortality per 100,000 Relevant
Population Associated with Recent Air Quality (2004) and with Just Meeting
Alternative Average 4th-Highest Daily Maximum 8-Hour Os Standards
(Using Bell et al., 2004 - 95 U.S. Cities Function), Based on 2004 Ozone
Concentrations
Recent (:
Ozone
Concentrations/
Standard Levels (ppb)
Urban Areas
*95% confidence intervals associated with these risk estimates are provided in Table 5C-13 of this Appendix. An 8-
hr average standard, denoted m/n is characterized by a concentration of m ppm and an nth daily maximum. So, for
example, the current standard is 0.084/4 - 0.084 ppm, 4th-highest daily maximum 8-hr average. The 4th-highest
daily maximum standards, denoted m/4, require that the average of the 3 annual nth-highest daily maxima over a 3-
year period be at or below the specified level
5C-33
-------
Figure 5C-8. Annual Warm Season (April to September) Estimated O3-Related Non-
Accidental Mortality Associated with Recent (2004) Os Levels and Levels Just Meeting
Alternative 8-hr O3 Standards (Using Bell et al., 2004 - 95 U.S. Cities Function)
Atlanta
Boston
Mortality per 100,000 Relevant
.. Population (and 95% Cl)
4.8 -
4.2 -
3.6 -
3.0 -
2.4 -
1.8 -
1.2 -
0.6 -
0.0 -
&
" 1 1 I I I I
t t t t + f + +
Ozone Concentrations/Standards
Chicago
Mortality per 100,000 Relevant
. Population (and 95% Cl)
4 8
4 2
3 6
3 0
2 4
1 8
1 2
0 6
n n
" 1 1 1 1 I
T , t , t , t , + , f , + , +
S^ \^ *ft \^ vD \^ *ft \^ \^
^ 0- 0- 0- 0- 0- 0- 0- 0-
& Ozone Concentrations/Standards
Detroit
Mortality per 100,000 Relevant
. Population (and 95% Cl)
4 s
4 2
3 R
3 0
9 4
1 R
1 2
0 6
n n
" 1 I l i i
T , T , T , I , + , + , t , t
h^ \^ *ft \^ vD \^ *ft \^ \^
^ 0- 0- 0- 0- 0- 0- 0- 0-
? Ozone Concentrations/Standards
01 S?
Q£ 10
o °>
o -a
o c
5|
Q. IV
£Z
1£
o
4.8
3.6
3.0
1.8
0.6
0.0
Ozone Concentrations/Standards
Cleveland
4 8
| =• 49
I o 4-^
<" S? 3R
a «5 °-D
§ T3 30
0 C
o" " 24
ir
0) ^
?• — 12
•S1 Z
= o 06
t °-
o 00
\fV
^
• .
Ozone
•MM
T T T '
t
Concentrations/Standards
Houston
c
5 :?
ai 'J
5 S?
o: 10
o>
o T:
cT "
T- C
i- O
Ol ^
Q. ro
>< 3
a a.
ra p
t Q-
o
S
«-e
4 8
4 2
3.6
3.0
2 4
1.8
1 9
0.6
0 0
I
T , t , + , t , + , + , + , + , *
"^"
Ozone Concentrations/Standards
5C-34
-------
Figure 5C-8 (continued)
Los Angeles
New York
A ft
c
5 TT" 42
S o 4^
ai s? 36
0 T3 30
0 C
§" < 3
3± Q.
15 o
•e Q-
o
S
<^
4 °
4.2
3.6
3.0
2 4
1.8
1.2
0.6
0 0
Til
T T + + t t + + +
JS 0- 0- 0- 0- 0- 0- 0-
'-> Ozone Concentrations/Standards
Sacramento
4 g
ra =• 42 -
|o ^
CC. >o
0 °* 30
o -a °-u
P. c
o ' —
T- C
i_ O 1 R
5 ~ '-°
> ~ 12-
15 o 06-
5 oo
c\
ce^ °
^ •= 19
~ Q.
(0 O n g
i oo
Ozone
• •
' |
T
Concentrations/Standards
* An 8-hr average standard, denoted m/n is characterized by a concentration of m ppm and an nth-highest daily
maximum. So, for example, the current standard is 0.084/4 - 0.084 ppm, 4th-highest daily maximum 8-hr average.
The 4th-highest daily maximum standards, denoted m/4, require that the average of the 3 annual nth-highest daily
maxima over a 3-year period be at or below the specified level
5C-35
-------
APPENDIX 6A
Predicted percent of counties with monitors (and percent of population in counties with monitors) not likely to meet
alternative ozone standards.
Alternative Standards and
Levels (ppm)
No. of counties with monitors
(Population)
Percent of counties, total and by region, (and total percent population) not likely to meet stated standard and level*
Total counties (population)
641 (189,802,858)
Northeast
122
Southeast
187
Industrial
Midwest
187
Upper
Midwest
29
Southwest
23
Northwest
74
Southern
CA
17
Outside
Regions**
2
3 year daily 8-hr max:
0.085 4th max
0.085 3rd max
0.080 4th max
0.074 5th max
0.074 4th max
0.074 3rd max
0.070 4th max
0.064 4th max
31 (49)
40 (58)
48 (66)
69 (78)
74 (81)
79 (86)
86 (90)
95 (96)
52
66
74
89
95
97
98
99
22
30
39
67
74
81
88
99
35
48
57
78
84
88
95
100
0
0
3
14
21
28
34
62
22
22
30
52
61
65
87
91
15
22
26
41
41
46
55
80
71
71
82
88
88
88
94
100
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
*Based on 2002-2004 data for sites that are at least 75% complete for the ozone season. As such, these estimates are not based on the same air quality data
that would be used to determine whether an area would attain a given standard or set of standards. These are estimates can only approximate the number of
counties that are likely not to attain the given standards and should be interpreted with caution.
**"Outside Regions" include Alaska and Hawaii.
6A-1
-------
APPENDICES FOR CHAPTER 7
-------
APPENDIX 7A: BIOLOGICALLY RELEVANT FORMS OF
AIR QUALITY INDICES APPROPRIATE FOR
CHARACTERIZING VEGETATION EXPOSURES AND
ASSOCIATED LEVELS
-------
APPENDIX 7A.
This appendix provides a general overview of several biologically relevant forms
considered appropriate for characterizing exposures relevant to vegetation and currently
in use or considered for use in a management context.
CUMULATIVE, CONCENTRATION WEIGHTED FORMS: SUM06, W126,
AOT40
In an analysis done by Lee, et al., 1989, a group of cumulative, concentration-
weighted forms performed equally well in predicting crop yield loss using data from the
NCLAN studies. All three indices were evaluated in the 1996 Staff Paper. In some cases
such Os exposure indices have been shown to explain Os effects as well or better than
calculated internal 63 dose (Grulke, et al. 2002; Hanson et al., 1994). Additional
research needs to be done to better evaluate the performance of these indices under a
wide range of exposure scenarios.
In the interim between the 1996 proposal notice and the 1997 final rule, the
results of a consensus-building workshop on the need for a long-term cumulative
secondary 63 standard were published. At this workshop, expert scientists expressed
their judgments on what standard form(s) and level(s) would provide vegetation with
adequate protection from Os-related adverse effects. After agreeing that some form of a
cumulative standard would be most appropriate for a secondary standard, consensus was
achieved that the SUM06 and W126 forms would give very similar protection against Oj
effects on vegetation. It was agreed that SUM06 was an acceptable form of a secondary
standard with the caveat that the acceptance of the SUM06 should not be interpreted as
an acceptance of a threshold (Heck and Cowling, 1997).
Consensus was also reached with respect to selecting appropriate levels in terms
of a 3-month, 12-hr SUM06 standard. Below are the 3-month, 12-hr SUM06 ranges
participants agreed should be considered for a number of endpoints. For foliar injury to
natural ecosystems - a SUM06 range of 8 to 12 ppm-hr; for growth effects to tree
seedlings in natural forest stands - a range of 10 to 15 ppm-hr; for growth effects to tree
seedlings and saplings in plantations - a range of 12 to 16 ppm-hr; and for yield
reductions in agricultural crops - a range of 15 to 20 ppm-hr (Heck and Cowling, 1997).
Staff note that the AOT40 is another cumulative, concentration weighted form that is
currently in use in Europe. This form cumulates the area over the 40 ppb threshold by
subtracting 40 ppb from the value of the measured 63 level. See the Critical Level
discussion below for levels of the AOT40 identified with protection for various
vegetation effects endpoints.
7A-2
-------
FLUX-BASED INDICES
As discussed in Chapter 7 above, a measure or prediction of plant O3 uptake is
intuitively a better predictor of plant response to O3 exposure in the field than a measure
of ambient exposure because it accounts for the plant's integration of environmental
factors that influence stomatal conductance. In practice, however, there are a number of
complicating factors that are not easily accounted for in predictive uptake models. These
include:
(1) The potential disconnect between the timing of two diunal patterns: 1) of
maximum stomatal conductance and 2) the timing of peak exposure events. In the
absence of synchronicity between these patterns, maximal stomatal conductance of 63
will not occur and the predicted O3 effect for that species/individual on the basis of flux
will be an overestimation. This concern is especially apparent when assessing the impact
of O3 across all the varied climatic regions and species occurring within the United
States.
(2) Not all O3 stomatal uptake results in a reduction in yield. This nonlinear
relationship between O3 uptake and plant injury (not growth alteration) response depends
to some degree on the amount of internal detoxification occurring with each particular
species; species having high amounts of detoxification potential may show less of a
relationship between O3 stomatal uptake and plant response. Because detoxification
potential is genetically determined, it cannot be generalized across species. Scientific
understanding of the detoxification mechanisms is not yet complete, so that much more
needs to be learned about the detoxification processes available to plants and to what
extent they modify the potentially phytotoxic dose in the leaf interior before this factor
can be meaningfully considered in a biologically-relevant index.
(3) The varying significance of nocturnal stomatal conductance. Musselman and
Minnick (2000) performed an extensive review of the literature and reported that a large
number of species had varying degrees of nocturnal stomatal conductance (Musselman
and Minnick, 2000). Although stomatal conductance was lower at night than during the
day for most plants, nocturnal conductance could result in some measurable O3 flux into
the plants. In addition, it was suggested that plants might be more susceptible to O3
exposure at night than during the daytime, because of possibly lower plant defenses at
night (Musselman and Minnick, 2000). Nocturnal O3 flux also depends on the level of
7A-3
-------
turbulence that intermittently occurs at night. Thus, it would appear that the importance
of nocturnal conductance and its contribution to total diurnal flux is species and site
specific. For additional information on nocturnal conductance see Chapter 9 and AX9 of
CD (EPA, 2006).
As is evident from the above discussion, multiple meteorological, species- and
site-specific factors influence 63 uptake. In order to integrate those factors that drive the
patterns of stomatal conductance and exposure, the use of O3 flux models is required.
Though significant new research into flux model development has occurred since the last
review, at this point in time these models remain species and site specific which limits
their usefulness in national or regional scale risk assessments. However, in some
countries, efforts are under way to incorporate flux into the policy context (see Critical
Level discussion below).
The Critical Level Approach
Both the concentration-based and flux-based exposure index forms can be used to
establish a "critical level" for plant exposure to 63. One definition of a critical level is
"the concentration of pollutant in the atmosphere above which direct adverse effects on
receptors, such as plants, ecosystems, or materials may occur according to present
knowledge" (UNECE, 1988). As used by the United Nations Economic Commission for
Europe International Cooperative Programme (UNECE ICP), the critical levels are not air
quality regulatory standards in the U.S. sense, but rather planning targets for reductions in
pollutant emissions to protect ecological resources. Critical levels for O3 are intended to
prevent long-term deleterious effects on the most sensitive plant species under the most
sensitive environmental conditions, but not to quantify 63 effects. The nature of the
"adverse effects" was not specified in the original definition, which provided for different
levels for different types of harmful effect (e.g., visible injury or loss of crop yield).
There are also different levels for crops, forests, and seminatural vegetation. The caveat,
"according to present knowledge," is important because critical levels are not rigid; they
are revised periodically as new scientific information becomes available. To date, critical
levels (Level I) have been set for agricultural crops, for foliar injury symptoms in the
field and for forest trees in terms of the AOT40 index (see section 7.2.5 and U.S. EPA,
2006). Specifically, critical levels of a 3 month, 3 ppm-hr and a 6 month, 10 ppm-hr
AOT40 have been established for crops and tree seedlings, respectively. An additional
provisional level of 7 ppm-hr over 6 months for herbaceous perennials has been
recommended. Level I critical levels are currently used to map and identify areas in
7A-4
-------
Europe in which the levels are exceeded, and that information is then used to plan
optimized and effects-based abatement strategies.
In the 1990s, however, many exposure studies demonstrated that the simple,
exposure-based approach led to the overestimation of effects in some regions and
underestimation in others (Fuhrer et al., 1997; Karenlampi and Skarby, 1996) because it
did not differentiate between plant species, and it did not include modifying site and
micrometeorological factors of O3 uptake such vapor pressure deficit (VPD), water stress,
temperature, and light and variation in canopy height. At that time, a decision was made
by the UNECEICP to work towards a flux-based approach for the critical levels ("Level
II"), with the goal of modeling Os flux-effect relationships for three vegetation types:
crops, forests, and seminatural vegetation (Griinhage and Jager, 2003). Progress has been
made in modeling flux (Ashmore et al., 2004a,b) and the Mapping Manual is being
revised (Ashmore et al., 2004a,b; Grennfelt, 2004; Karlsson et al., 2003). The revisions
may include a flux-based approach for three crops: wheat, potatoes, and cotton.
However, because of a lack of flux-response data, a cumulative, cutoff concentration-
based (e.g., AOT40) exposure index will remain in use for the near future for most crops
and for forests and seminatural herbaceous vegetation (Ashmore et al., 2004a).
Summary
Flux-based models are currently limited by the species-specific information
required and by the observed nonlinearity between total flux and plant response. Better
understanding of the detoxification and compensation processes would be required to
account for this nonlinearity in future models. Other relevant information that should be
evaluated include the extent to which: (1) nighttime exposures represent a significant
percentage of total diurnal exposures, and whether their impact on growth or foliar injury
effects are proportional; (2) the degree to which elevation and nocturnal turbulence alter
actual nocturnal uptake; and (3) differences in plant defense mechanisms and other
processes at night.
Until such research can be done, the current CD (U.S. EPA, 2006) concludes that,
at this time, based on the current state of knowledge, exposure indices that differentially
weight the higher hourly average 63 concentrations but include the mid-level values still
represent the best approach for relating vegetation effects to Os exposure in the U.S..
This is due in part to the existence of a large database that has been used for establishing
exposure-response relationships. Such a database does not yet exist for relating 63 flux
to growth response.
7A-5
-------
Staff anticipate that, as the overlapping mathematical relationships of
conductance, concentration, and defense mechanisms are better defined, Os-flux-based
models may be able to predict vegetation injury and/or damage at least for some
categories of canopy-types with more accuracy than the currently available exposure-
response models. The results of these studies and reviews indicate the need to continue
to develop indices that are more physiologically and meteorologically connected to the
actual dose of O3 the plant receives. The flux approach should provide an opportunity to
improve upon the concentration-based exposure index in the future, recognizing that a
concerted research effort is needed to develop the necessary experimental data and
modeling tools that will provide the scientific basis for such critical levels for Os
(Dammgen et al., 1994; Fuhrer et al., 1997; Griinhage et al., 2004).
References
Ashmore, M; Emberson, L.; Karlsson, P. E.; Pleijel, H. (2004a) New directions: a new generation of ozone
critical levels for the protection of vegetation in Europe (correspondence). Atmos. Environ. 38:
2213-2214.
Ashmore, M. E.; Karlsson, P. E.; Pleijel, H. (2004b) Introduction for ozone deposition special issue.
Atmos. Environ. 38: 2211-2212.
Dammgen, U.; Griinhage, L.; Kusters, A.; Jager, H. J. (1994) Response of a grassland ecosystem to air
pollutants:—II the chemical climate: fluxes of sedimenting airborne matter. Environ. Pollut. 85:
35-42.
Fuhrer, J.; Skarby, L.; Ashmore, M. R. (1997) Critical levels for ozone effects on vegetation in Europe.
Environ. Pollution 97: 91-106.
Grennfelt, P. (2004) New directions: recent research findings may change ozone control policies. Atmos.
Environ. 38: 2215-2216.
Grulke, N. E.; Preisler, H. K.; Rose, C.; Kirsch, J.; Balduman, L. (2002) O3 uptake and drought stress
effects on carbon acquisition of ponderosa pine in natural stands. New Phytol. 154: 621 -631.
Griinhage, L.; Jager, H. J. (2003) From critical levels to critical loads for ozone: a discussion of a new
experimental and modelling approach for establishing flux-response relationships for agricultural
crops and native plant species. Environ. Pollut. 125: 99-110.
Griinhage, L.; Krupa, S. V.; Legge, A. H.; Jager, H. J. (2004) Ambient flux-based critical values of ozone
for protecting vegetation: differing spatial scales and uncertainties in risk assessment. Atmos.
Environ. 38: 2433-2437.
Hanson, P., Samuelson, L., Wullschleger, S., Tabberer, T. and Edwards, G. (1994) "Seasonal patterns of
light-saturated photosynthesis and leaf conductance for mature and seedling Quercus mbra L.
foliage: differential sensitivity to ozone exposure." Tree Physiology 14:1351-1366
Heck, W. W.; Cowling, E. B. (1997) The need for a long term cumulative secondary ozone standard - an
ecological perspective. EM (January): 23-33
7A-6
-------
Karenlampi, L.; Skarby, L. (1996) Critical levels for ozone in Europe: testing and finalizing the concepts
UN-ECE workshop report. In: Proceedings of UN-ECE convention on long-range transboundary
air pollution workshop; April; Kuopio, Finland. Kupio, Finland: University of Kuopio,
Department of Ecology and Environmental Science.
Karlsson, P. E.; Sellden, G.; Pleijel, H. (2003) Establishing ozone critical levels II. Gothenburg, Sweden:
IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute; IVL Report B 1523.
Lee, E. H.; Tingey, D. T.; Hogsett, W. E. (1989) Interrelation of experimental exposure and ambient air
quality data for comparison of ozone exposure indices and estimating agricultural losses.
Corvallis, OR: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Research Laboratory; EPA
report no. EPA-600/3-89-047. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; PB89-195036.
Musselman, R. C.; Minnick, T. J. (2000) Nocturnal stomatal conductance and ambient air quality standards
for ozone. Atmos. Environ. 34: 719-733.
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). (1988) ECE Critical Levels Workshop; Bad
Harzburg, Germany [final report]. Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations Economic Commission
for Europe.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2006) Air Quality Criteria for Ozone and Related Photochemical
Oxidants (Final). Office of Research and Development, National Center for Environmental
Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC. EPA/600/R-05/004aF-cF, 2006.
7A-7
-------
APPENDIX 7B: Comparisons between Ozone Metrics
-------
Calculation of Approximate Equivalent 12-hr SUM06 and 12-hr W126
Despite various metrics reported in the vegetation effects literature, there is no standard
method for calculating equivalent levels between metrics. The maximum 3-month 12-hr
SUM06 of 25 ppm-hr secondary standard that was proposed in the last review (62 FR
38877) was based on a yield loss prevention of approximately 10% in 50% of crop cases
studied in the National Crop Loss Analysis Network (NCLAN) experiments. For
consistency, staff judged it appropriate to use the NCLAN experiments to derive
equivalents between the 12-hr SUM06 and W126. For example, below are the 12-hr
SUM06 and W126 NCLAN equations to protect 50% of crop cases from a specified
percent yield loss (Lee and Hogsett 1996):
Metric
12-hr SUM06
1 2-hr W 126
Weibull Equation
Predicted Relative Yield Loss = 1- exp(-[SUM06/87.42]A1.82)
Predicted Relative Yield Loss = 1- exp(-[W126/96.05]A1.48)
In the first equation, solving for a SUM06 of 25 ppm-hr equals a predicted relative yield
loss of 10%. Solving the second equation for a 10% yield loss equals a W126 of 21 ppm-
hr. Thus, staff considers a 12-hr SUM06 of 25 ppm-hr and a 12-hr W126 of 21 ppm-hr
approximately equivalent.
References
Lee, E. H.; Hogsett, W. E. (1996) Methodology for calculating inputs for ozone secondary standard
benefits analysis: part II. Report prepared for Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Air
Quality Strategies and Standards Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, N.C., March.
7B-2
-------
Yearly plots of 8-hr versus 12-hr W126 metrics
7B-2
-------
Figure 7B-1. The 2001 4th highest maximum 8-hr average versus the highest 3-month 12-hr W126, by county
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7B-4
-------
Figure 7B-2. The 2004 4th highest maximum 8-hr average versus the highest 3-month 12-hr W126, by county
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7B-5
-------
APPENDIX 7C: CMAQ EXPOSURE MODEL
-------
APPENDIX 1C.
Staff investigated the appropriateness of using the spatial scaling from the
EPA/NOAA Community Multi-scale Air Quality (CMAQ) model system
(http://www.epa.gov/asmdnerl/CMAQ, Byun and Ching, 1999; Arnold et al. 2003, Eder
and Yu, 2005) O?, outputs to improve spatial interpolations based on a regionally limited
and unevenly distributed Os monitoring network in the western U.S. (see section 7.5.3).
The CMAQ model is a multi-pollutant, multiscale air quality model that contains state-
of-science techniques for simulating all atmospheric and land processes that affect the
transport, transformation, and deposition of atmospheric pollutants and/or their
precursors on both regional and urban scales. It is designed as a science-based modeling
tool for handling many major pollutants (including photochemical oxidants/Os,
particulate matter, and nutrient deposition) holistically. The CMAQ model can generate
estimates of hourly O?, concentrations for the contiguous U.S., making it possible to
express model outputs in terms of a variety of exposure indices (e.g., SUM06, 8-hr
average). Due to the significant resources required to run CMAQ, however, model
outputs are only available for a limited number of years. For this review, 2001 outputs
from CMAQ version 4.5 were the most recent data available. This version of CMAQ
utilizes the more refined 12 km x 12 km grid for the eastern U.S., while using the 36 km
x 36 km grid for the western U.S. The 12 km x 12 km domain covers an area from
roughly central Texas, north to North Dakota, east to Maine, and south to central Florida.
The CMAQ modeling system has undergone two external peer reviews through
the Community Modeling and Analysis System (CMAS) based at the University of North
Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNO Carolina Environmental Program (Amar et al. 2005,
2004). In addition, EPA/NOAA recently conducted an initial evaluation of the eastern
U.S. domain of CMAQ version 4.5 (Appel et al., 2005;
http://www.cmascenter.org/docs/CMAO/v4.5/CMAOv4.5_EvaluationDocument-
Final2005.pdf). Based on this evaluation, hourly Os patterns are predicted well during
the daytime. The prediction of daily maximum 8-hr average O3 was relatively good,
showing a slight positive normalized mean bias of 1.62% and a normalized mean error of
17.4%. Overall, CMAQ predictions of daily maximum 8-hr Os averages were improved
in the 12 km x 12 km grid size when compared to the 36 km x 36 km grid size. However,
the CMAQ consistently over-predicted hourly Os at night. Since many of the
assessments outlined below rely daytime Os accumulated in the 12-hr SUM06 (8 am-8
pm), the night-time over-prediction is less of an issue.
7C-2
-------
The results of the CMAQ version 4.5 evaluation should be used with caution for
several reasons. First, this evaluation ignores the mismatch of spatial resolution and
treats CMAQ output as a point-value, a concern raised by Fuentes and Rafterty 2005.
The problem is well known, but is often ignored since there are not standard operational
methods that can be applied to the CMAQ model output to deal with this problem.
Secondly, the size of the grid being used is unable to capture the rapidly changing 63
gradients that often occur in complex terrain, across urban/rural gradients and along
coastal areas. In these cases significant differences in O3 concentration could occur with
a 12x12km cell and the uncertainties associated with these areas are unknown. Many
such features occur in rural areas of importance in this assessment and it is recognized
that any estimates of O3 exposure in complex terrain are very uncertain. Unfortunately,
complex terrain is of greater significance in the west, where the CMAQ grid is even
larger and the monitoring network is for the most part, sparse. These limitations proved
to be determinant in selecting an interpolation technique for the west.
The CMAQ model incorporates output fields from emissions and meteorological
modeling systems and several other data sources through special interface processors into
the CMAQ Chemical Transport Model (CCTM). Currently, the Sparse Matrix Operator
Kernel Emissions (SMOKE) System produces the emissions factors and the Fifth
Generation Penn State University/ National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale
Model (MM5) provides the meteorological fields. CCTM then performs chemical
transport modeling for multiple pollutants on multiple scales. Emission inventories of
SO2, CO, NOx, and VOCs are based on EPA's 2001 National Emission Inventory (NEI)
and are consistent with inventories used for the analysis of the Clean Air Interstate Rule
(CAIR) rule (EPA, 2005b). Biogenic emissions, from natural sources, were processed
using the Biogenic Emissions Inventory System (BEIS) version 3.13. The staff
recognizes that O3 exposures vary between years depending on meteorology and other
factors.
Recently EPA/NOAA conducted an initial evaluation of the eastern U.S. domain
of CMAQ version 4.5 (Appel et al., 2005;
http://www.cmascenter.Org/docs/CMAO/v4.5/CMAOv4.5 EvaluationDocument-
Final2005.pdf). This evaluation used the same metrics published by Eder and Yu (2005)
for the CMAQ version 4.4 model release. For the modeled summer months of June, July
and August of 2001, CMAQ version 4.5 predictions were compared to AQS monitor
sites. The prediction of daily maximum 8-hr average O3 was relatively good, showing a
slight positive normalized mean bias of 1.62% and a normalized mean error of 17.4%.
Hourly ozone patterns are predicted well during the daytime. However, the CMAQ
7C-2
-------
consistently over-predicted hourly 63 at night. Nighttime over-predictions in 63 have
been improved over CMAQ version 4.4 by modifications to the minimum Kz
approximation in CMAQ version 4.5, but additional investigations are needed. Again,
since many of the assessments outlined below rely daytime 63 accumulated in the 12-hr
SUM06 (8 am to 8 pm), the night-time over-prediction is less of an issue. Overall,
CMAQ predictions of daily 8hr Os averages were improved in the 12km x 12km grid size
when compared to the 36km x 36km grid size. Since CMAQ output is averaged over
large square blocks and monitor observations are effectively averages over much smaller
regions, CMAQ output and monitor observations have a mismatch in spatial resolution.
(Fuentes and Rafterty 2005). The problem is well known, but is often ignored since there
are not standard operational methods that can be applied to the CMAQ model output to
deal with this problem. The CMAQ version 4.5 evaluation described above ignores the
mismatch of spatial resolution and treats CMAQ output as a point-value. The staff
believes this simplification is reasonable in flat rural areas where many important crops
and vegetation grow, because O3 is a secondary pollutant and its concentration generally
varies fairly smoothly across those areas. However, Os is notably more variable in
complex terrain, across urban/rural gradients and along coastal areas. In these cases
significant differences in Os concentration could occur with a 12x12km cell and the
uncertainties associated with these areas are unknown. The current assessment is most
concerned with rural areas and it is recognized that any estimates of 63 exposure in
complex terrain are very uncertain. Unfortunately, complex terrain is of greater
significance in the west, where the CMAQ grid is larger and the monitoring network is
for the most part, sparse. These limitations proved to be determinant in selecting an
interpolation technique for the west.
References
Amar, P., D. Chock, A. Hansen, M. Moran, A. Russell, D. Steyn, and W. Stockwell, (2005): Final Report:
Second Peer Review of the CMAQ Model. Report submitted to Community Modeling and
Analysis System Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, May, 28 pp.
(http://www.cmascenter.org/PDF/CMAQ Scd Peer Rev July 5.pdf)
Amar, P., R. Bornstein, H. Feldman, H. Jeffries, D. Steyn, R. Yamartino, and Y. Zhang, (2004): Final
Report: December 2003 Peer Review of the CMAQ Model. Report submitted to Community
Modeling and Analysis System Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, July, 24 pp.
Appel, K.W.; A. Gilliland; B. Eder (2005) An Operational Evaluation of the 2005 Release of Models-3
CMAQ Version 4.5. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration - Air Resources
7C-4
-------
Laboratory, Atmospheric Sciences Modeling Division; In partnership with the National Exposure
Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC
Arnold J.R.; R. L. Dennis; G. S. Tonnesen, (2003) Diagnostic evaluation of numerical air quality models
with specialized ambient observations: testing the Community Multiscale Air Quality modeling
system (CMAQ) at selected SOS 95 ground sites, Atmospheric Environment 37: 1185-1198.
Byun, D.W., Ching, J.K.S. (Eds.), 1999. Science Algorithms of the EPA Models-3 Community Multiscale
Air Quality Model (CMAQ) Modeling System. EPA/600/R-99/030, US Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC 20460.
Eder, B. and S. Yu, 2005: A performance evaluation of the 2004 release of Models-3 CMAQ,Atmos.
Environ., in press
Fuentes, M and Raftery, AE (2005). Model evaluation and spatial interpolation by Bayesian combination of
observations with outputs from numerical models. Biometrics, 61, 36-45.
7C-5
-------
APPENDIX 7D. INTERPOLATED 3-MONTH, 12-HR SUM06
EXPOSURES
-------
Figure 7D-1. Estimated 12-Hr SUM06 Ozone Exposure - Max 3-months for 2001
As Is" scenario
SUM06 (ppm-h)
I I 0-15
^15-25
j^B 25-36
| >38 (max = 59)
7D-2
-------
APPENDIX 7E. NCLAN C-R ANALYSIS USING THE 8-HR
AVERAGE AND SUM06 METRIC
-------
Figure 7E-1. Median crop yield loss from NCLAN crops characterized the annual 4th
highest maximum 8-hr average (the current standard form).
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75th Percentile
^Oth Porr^ontilo
UULM rclUcllLMc
25th Percentile
0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12
4th highest maximum daily 8-h average (ppm)
Distribution of biomass loss predictions from Weibull exposure-response models that relate yield to O3
exposure characterized with the 4th highest max. 8-hr average statistic using data from 31 crop studies from
National Crop Loss Assessment Network (NCLAN). Separate regressions were calculated for studies with
multiple harvests or cultivars, resulting in a total of 54 individual equations from the 31 NCLAN studies.
Each equation was used to calculate the predicted relative yield or biomass loss at 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.10 and
0.12 ppm, and the distributions of the resulting loss were plotted.
7E-2
-------
Figure E-2. Median crop yield loss from NCLAN crops characterized with the 12-hr
SUM06
75th Percentile
50th Percentile
25th Percentile
20 30 40 50
12-hrSUM06(ppm-h)
60
Distribution of yield loss predictions from Weibull exposure-response models that relate yield to O3
exposure characterized with the 12-hr SUM06 statistic using data from 31 crop studies from National Crop
Loss Assessment Network (NCLAN). Separate regressions were calculated for studies with multiple
harvests or cultivars, resulting in a total of 54 individual equations from the 31 NCLAN studies. Each
equation was used to calculate the predicted relative yield or biomass loss at 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60
ppm-h, and the distributions of the resulting loss were plotted. Source: EPA, 1996a; Lee and Hogsett 1995.
7E-3
-------
Figure 7E-2 (A-D). Median soybean (A), wheat (B), cotton (C) and corn (D) yield loss
from NCLAN crops characterized with the 12hr SUM06
75th Percentile
50th Percentile
75th Percentile
50th Percentile
25th Percentile
12-hr SUM06 (ppm-h)
20 30 40 50
12-hr SUM06 (ppm-h)
75th Percentile
50th Percentile
25th Percentile
20 30 40 50
12-hr SUM06 (ppm-h)
20 30 40 50
12-hr SUM06 (ppm-h)
Distribution of yield loss predictions from Weibull exposure-response models that relate yield to O3
exposure characterized with the 12-hr SUM06 statistic using data from 22 soybean, 7 wheat, 9 cotton and 2
corn studies from National Crop Loss Assessment Network (NCLAN). Separate regressions were
calculated for studies with multiple harvests or cultivars. Each equation was used to calculate the predicted
relative yield loss at a 12-h SUM06 of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 ppm-h, and the distributions of the
resulting loss were plotted. Source: EPA, 1996a; Lee and Hogsett 1995.
7E-4
-------
APPENDIX 7F. C-R FUNCTIONS USED IN CROP AND TREE
SEEDLING ANALYSES
-------
Table 7F-1. Ozone Exposure-Response Functions for Selected NCLAN Crops
Ozone Index
W126
W126
W126
W126
W126
W126
W126
W126
W126
W126
W126
W126
W126
W126
W126
W126
W126
W126
W126
Quantity
Max
Min
Median
Max
Min
Median
Median
Median
Max
Min
Median
Max
Min
Median
Median
Median
Min
Max
Median
Crop
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Field Corn
Field Corn
Field Corn
Grain Sorghum*
Peanut*
Soybean
Soybean
Soybean
Winter Wheat
Winter Wheat
Winter Wheat
Lettuce*
Kidney Bean*
Potato
Potato
Potato
Function
l-exp(-(index/74.6)A1.068)
l-exp(-(index/l 13.3)A1.397)
l-exp(-(index/96. 1)A1.482)
l-exp(-(index/92.7)A2.585)
l-exp(-(index/94.2)A4. 167)
l-exp(-(index/97.9)A2.966)
l-exp(-(index/205.9)A1.963)
l-exp(-(index/96 . 8)A 1 . 890)
l-exp(-(index/130.1)Al)
l-exp(-(index/476.7)Al. 1 13)
l-exp(-(index/l 10.2)A1.359)
l-exp(-(index/24.7)A1.0)
l-exp(-(index/76.8)A2.03 1)
l-exp(-(index/53.4)A2.367)
l-exp(-(index/54.6)A4.917)
l-exp(-(index/43.1)A2.219)
l-exp(-(index/l 13.8)A1.299)
l-exp(-(index/96.3)Al)
l-exp(-(index/99 . 5)A 1 .242)
Source: Lee and Hogsett (1996) table 10. *Peanuts, Grain Soghum, Lettuce and Kidney Bean only have one C-R function and
therefore do not have a max and min.
7F-2
-------
Table 7F-2. Ozone Exposure-Response Functions for Selected Fruits and Vegetable Crops
Ozone Index
12-hr
7-hr
12-hr
7-hr
12-hr
12-hr
12-hr
12-hr
12-hr
12-hr
Quantity
Median
Median
Median
Median
Min
Max
Median
Max
Min
Median
Fruit/Vegetable
Onion*
Rice*
Valencia Oranges*
Cantaloupes*
Grapes
Grapes
Grapes
Tomatoes-
Processing
Tomatoes-
Processing
Tomatoes-
Processing
Function
l-(5034-(10941*12hr))/(5034-
(10941*basel2))
l-(exp(-((7hr/0.20 16)A2.474)))/
(exp(-((base7/0.20 16)A2.474)))
l-(53.7-(261.1*12hr))/(53.7-
(261.1*basel2))
l-(35.8-(280.8*7hr))/(35.8-
(280.8*base7))
l-(1.121-(6.63*12hr))/(1.121-
(6.63*basel2))
1 -(93 1 5-(64700 * 12hr))/(93 1 5-
(64700*basel2))
l-(357.254-(2300*12hr))/(357.254-
(2300*basel2))
l-(8590-(41277*12hr))/(8590-
(41277*basel2))
1 -(63 1 5-(2 1 070 * 12hr))/(63 1 5-
(21070*basel2))
l-(9055-(32367*12hr))/(9055-
(32367*basel2))
Source: Abt (1995) Exhibit 11. *Onions, Rice, Oranges, and Cantaloupes only have one C-R function and therefore do not have a
max and min. base7 = 0.027 and base 12 = 0.025 which are equal to the concentrations in the charcoal-filtered treatments.
7F-3
-------
Table 7F-3. Median Composite Ozone Exposure-Response Functions* for Tree Seedlings
Ozone Index
W126
W126
W126
W126
W126
W126
W126
W126
W126
W126
Quantity
Median
Median
Median
Median
Median
Median
Median
Median
Median
Median
Crop
Ponderosa Pine
Red Alder
Black Cherry
Tulip Poplar
Sugar Maple
E. White Pine
Red Maple
Douglas Fir
Aspen
Virginia Pine
Function
l-exp(-(index/159.63)A1.190)
l-exp(-(index/179.06)A1.2377)
l-exp(-(index/38.92)A0.9921)
l-exp(-(index/51.38)A2..0889)
l-exp(-(index/36.35)A5.7785)
1 -exp(-(index/63 .23)A 1 .65 82)
l-exp(-(index/318.12)A1.3756)
l-exp(-(index/106.83)A5.9631)
l-exp(-(index/109.81)A1.2198)
l-exp(-(index/1714.64)Al)
Source: Lee and Hogsett (1996) table 14. *Individual exposure-response curves are reported using the 12-hr-SUM06 index adjusted to
a 92-day exposure duration.
7F-4
-------
Table 7F-4. Maximum county-level percent relative yield loss* for crops using
median C-R functions and 2001 exposures. The range of yield loss represents
calculations from exposures with hourly Os concentrations reduced by 10% and
without an adjustment.
Crops
Kidney Bean
Grapes
Lettuce
Potato
Grain Sorghum
Cantaloupe
Corn
Cotton
Onion
Peanut
Soybean
Valencia
Orange
Tomato
Processing
Winter Wheat
Air Quality Scenarios
As Is (2001)
4-9%
23-28%
0-0%
13-20%
1-2%
24-29%
0-0.5%
8-14%
8-10%
5-11%
3-6%
17-20%
14-16%
1-4%
8-hr, 84 ppb
2-5%
21-25%
0-0%
9-15%
0.5-1%
19-24%
0-0%
5-10%
7-8%
3-8%
2-4%
15-18%
12-14%
0.5-2%
SUM06 25
0-1%
17-21%
0-0%
3-7%
0-0.5%
15-20%
0-0%
1-3%
6-7%
1-3%
2-4%
12-15%
10-12%
0-0.5%
8-hr, 70 ppb
0-1%
17-21%
0-0%
3-7%
0-0.5%
15-20%
0-0%
1-4%
6-7%
1-2%
1-2%
12-15%
10-12%
0-0.5%
SUM06 15
0-0.5%
15-19%
0-0%
2-5%
0-0%
13-17%
0-0%
1-2%
5-6%
0-1%
1-2%
11-14%
9-11%
0-0%
* Modified from Figures for Yield Loss (G-l) and Yield Gain (G-2 to G-6) in the
Environmental Assessment TSD (Abt, 2007)
7F-5
-------
Table 7F-5. Maximum percent relative biomass loss* for tree seedlings using
median C-R functions and 2001 12-hr W126 exposures. The range of biomass loss
represents calculations from exposures with hourly Os concentrations reduced by
10% and without an adjustment.
Tree Species
Aspen
Black Cherry
Douglas Fir
Ponderosa Pine
Red Alder
Red Maple
Sugar Maple
Tulip Poplar
Virginia Pine
Eastern White
Pine
Air Quality Scenarios
As Is (2001)
12-18%
41-53%
0-0%
20-28%
0.5-1%
2-4%
3-25%
14-26%
1-2%
14-24%
8-hr, 84 ppb
6-12%
24-36%
0-0%
11-18%
0.5-1%
1-2%
0-22%
4-17%
1-1%
6-16%
SUM06 25
6-12%
26-37%
0-0%
3-11%
0.5-1%
1-3%
0-22%
5-18%
1-1%
6-16%
8-hr, 70 ppb
2-8%
12-24%
0-0%
4-12%
0.5-1%
0-2%
0-22%
1-14%
0-1%
2-13%
SUM06 15
3-9%
16-28%
0-0%
2-10%
0.5-1%
0.5-2%
0-22%
1-14%
0-1%
2-13%
* Modified from Figures for Tree Seedling Biomass Loss (H-l) and Biomass Gain (H-2
to H-6) in the Environmental Assessment TSD (Abt, 2007)
7F-6
-------
APPENDIX 7G. PREDICTED YIELD LOSS FOR SELECTED
MAJOR COMMODITY CROPS BASED ON PLANTING AREAS
AND PREDICTIONS OF 2001 O3 EXPOSURE USING THE 12-HR
W126 INDEX.
-------
Figure 7G-1. Estimated soybean yield loss based on interpolated 2001 3-month 12-hr W126. (Without a 10% reduction in exposure.)
Yield (% loss)
I |<=1 (min = 0)
I 11 < Yield <=2
I I 2 < Yield <=4
H 4 < Yield <=6
•• >6 (max = 7.7)
No production value reported
7G-2
-------
Figure 7G-2. Estimated corn yield loss based on interpolated 2001 3-month 12-hr W126. (With and without a 10% reduction in
exposure.)
Yield (% loss)
I I <=1 (min = 0)
No production value reported
7G-2
-------
Figure 7G-3. Estimated cotton yield loss based on interpolated 2001 3-month 12-hr W126. (With a 10% reduction in exposure.)
'*-"
Yield (% loss)
I I <= 1 (min = 0,04)
I 11 < YleW <=2
I | 2 < Yield <=4
^B 4 < Yifitd <=6
•|610 (max= 16.6)
No production value reported
: '
7G-4
-------
Figure 7G-4. Estimated cotton yield loss based on interpolated 2001 3-month 12-hr W126. (Without a 10% reduction in exposure.)
Yield (% loss)
CH
1 (min = 0)
1 < Yield <=2
2 < Yield <=4
4 < Yield <=6
610 (max =25.6)
No production value reported
7G-5
-------
Figure 7G-5. Estimated winter wheat yield loss based on interpolated 2001 3-month 12-hr W126. (With a 10% reduction in
exposure.)
f
Yield (% loss)
I | <=1 (min = 0)
| 11 < Yield <=2
^j >2 (max = 3.2)
No production value reported
7G-6
-------
Figure 7G-6. Estimated winter wheat yield loss based on interpolated 2001 3-month 12-hr W126. (Without a 10% reduction in
exposure.)
Yield (% loss)
I |<=1 (min = 0)
| 11 < Yield <= 2
| | 2 < Yield <=4
^| 4 < Yield <=6
| >6 (max = 6.9)
No production value reported
7G-7
-------
APPENDIX 7H. TREE SEEDLING BIOMASS LOSS MAPS UNDER
VARYING AIR QUALITY SCENARIOS
-------
Figure 7H-1. Estimated quaking aspen seedling annual biomass loss based on interpolated 2001 maximum 3-month 12-hr W126
without a 10% downward adjustment of hourly O3 concentrations. This map indicates the geographic range for quaking aspen
(Populus tremoloides), but it does not necessarily indicate that quaking aspen will be found at every point within its range.
Biomass (% loss)
I l<=1 (min = 0)
I 11 < Biomass <=2
I 12 < Biomass <=4
I I 4 < Biomass <=6
^B 6 < Biomass <=10
IH >10 (max = 30)
No production value reported
, ..•>*'
7H-2
-------
Figure 7H-2. . Estimated black cherry annual biomass loss based on interpolated 2001 maximum 3-month 12-hr W126 with a 10%
downward adjustment of hourly Oj concentrations. This map indicates the geographic range for black cherry (Primus serotina), but it
does not necessarily indicate that black cherry will be found at every point within its range.
Biomass (% loss)
I I <5 (min = 2.S)
I I 5 < Biomass
I I 10 < Biornass <=20
JHI 20 < Biomass <=30
•• >30 (max =40.9)
No production value reported
7H-2
-------
Figure 7H-3. Estimated black cherry annual biomass loss based on interpolated 2001 maximum 3-month 12-hr W126 without a 10%
downward adjustment of hourly Oj concentrations. This map indicates the geographic range for black cherry (Primus serotina), but it
does not necessarily indicate that black cherry will be found at every point within its range.
Biomass (% loss)
I [c=5 (min = 1.4)
H] 5 < Biomass <=10
I I 10 < Biomass =20
^B 20 < Biomass <=30
^B >30 (max - 54)
No production value reported
7H-4
-------
Figure 7H-4. Estimated ponderosa pine annual biomass loss based on interpolated 2001 maximum 3-month 12-hr W126 with a 10%
downward adjustment of hourly 63 concentrations. This map indicates the geographic range for ponderosa pine (Pinusponderosa),
but it does not necessarily indicate that ponderosa pine will be found at every point within its range.
Biomass (% loss)
I I <=1 (mtn = 0.1)
I 11 < Biomass <=2
I I 2 < Biomass <=4
•• 4 < Biomass <=6
^B 3 < Biomass <=10
•I >1G (max= 19.9)
No production value reported
7H-5
-------
Figure 7H-5 Estimated ponderosa pine annual biomass loss based on interpolated 2001 maximum 3-month 12-hr W126 without a
10% downward adjustment of hourly O3 concentrations. This map indicates the geographic range for ponderosa pine (Pinus
ponderosa), but it does not necessarily indicate that ponderosa pine will be found at every point within its range.
Biomass (% loss)
I I <=1 (min = 0)
I 11 < Bbmass <=2
I I 2 < Biomass <=4
^H 4 < Biomass <=6
IH 6 < Biomass <=10
•I >10 (max = 27.6)
No production value reported
7H-6
-------
APPENDIX 71. COUNTY-LEVEL INCIDENCE OF FOLIAR
INJURY
-------
Figure 71-1. 2002 County-level incidence of visible foliar injury in the eastern and western U.S. as measured by the US Forest
Service FIA program
Is Foliar Injury Present or Absent?, 2002
Foliar Injury
Absent
Present
71-2
-------
APPENDIX 7J. OZONE SENSITIVE PLANTS IN CLASS I AREAS
AND BY STATE
-------
Table 7J-1
Ozone Sensitive Plant Species in National Parks and Class I Areas
Modified from:
http://www2.nature.nps.gov/air/Pubs/pdf/flag/NPSozonesensppFLAG06.pdf
Alaska
Denali NP
Saskatoon serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia
Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides
Thimbleberry Rubus parvifloms
Scouler's willow Salix scouleriana
Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa
Arizona
Chiricahua NM
Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum
Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana
Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Arizona pine Pinus ponderosa
Black cherry Prunus serotina
Choke cherry Prunus virginiana
Skunkbush Rhus trilobata
Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata
Gooding's willow Salix goodingii
Scouler's willow Salix scouleriana
Goldenrod Solidago altissima
Grand Canyon NP
Tree-of-heaven Ailanthus altissima
Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium
Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum
Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana
Ponderosa pine Pinus ponder osa
Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides
Skunkbush Rhus trilobata
Gooding's willow Salix goo dingii
Scouler's willow Salix scouleriana
Goldenrod Solidago altissima
7J-2
-------
Petrified Forest NP
Tree-of-heaven Ailanthus altissima
Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana
Skunkbush Rhus trilobata
Gooding's willow Salix goodingii
Saguaro NP
Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium
Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum
Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana
Evening primrose Oenothera elata
Ponderosa pine Pinus ponder osa
Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides
Skunkbush Rhus trilobata
Cutleaf coneflower,RM<5feec/:/a laciniata
Gooding's willow Salix goodingii
Scouler's willow Salix scouleriana
Blue elderberry Sambucus mexicana
Goldenrod Solidago altissima
California
Joshua Tree NP
Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum
Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana
Skunkbush Rhus trilobata
Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia
Gooding's willow Salix goodingii
Blue elderberry Sambucus mexicana
Kings Canyon NP
Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium
Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum
Mugwort Artemisia douglasiana
Ninebark Physocarpus capitatus
Jeffrey pine Pinus jeffreyi
Ponderosa pine Pinus ponder osa
Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides
California black oak Quercus kelloggii
Skunkbush Rhus trilobata
Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus
Scouler's willow Salix scouleriana
Blue elderberry Sambucus mexicana
7J-3
-------
Lassen Volcanic NP
Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium
Mugwort Artemisia douglasiana
Jeffrey pine Pinus jeffreyi
Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa
Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides
California black oak Quercus kelloggii
Skunkbush Rhus trilobata
Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus
Scouler's willow Salix scouleriana
Blue elderberry Sambucus mexicana
Lava Beds NM
Jeffrey pine Pinus jeffreyi
Ponderosa pine Pinus ponder osa
Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides
Choke cherry Prunus virginiana
Scouler's willow Salix scouleriana
Pinnacles NM
Tree-of-heaven Ailanthus altissima
Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum
Mugwort Artemisia douglasiana
Blue elderberry Sambucus mexicana
Point Reyes National Seashore
Red alder Alnus rubra
Mugwort Artemisia douglasiana
Ninebark Physocarpus capitatus
Monterey pine Pinus radiata
Virginia pine Pinus virginiana
Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus
Blue elderberry Sambucus mexicana
Redwood NP
Red alder Alnus rubra
Saskatoon serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia
Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium
Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum
Mugwort Artemisia douglasiana
Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera
Evening primrose Oenothera elata
7J-4
-------
Ninebark Physocarpus capitatus
Jeffrey pine Pinus jeffreyi
Monterey pine Pinus radiata
Chokecherry Pmnus virginiana
California black oak Quercus kelloggii
Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia
Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus
Scouler's willow Salix scouleriana
Blue elderberry Sambucus mexicana
Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa
Sequoia NP
Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium
Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum
Mugwort Artemisia douglasiana
Ninebark Physocarpus capitatus
Jeffrey pine Pinus jeffreyi
Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa
Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides
California black oak Quercus kelloggii
Skunkbush Rhus trilobata
Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus
Scouler's willow Salix scouleriana
Blue elderberry Sambucus mexicana
Yosemite NP
Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium
Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum
Mugwort Artemisia douglasiana
Ninebark Physocarpus capitatus
Jeffrey pine Pinus jeffreyi
Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa
Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides
California black oak Quercus kelloggii
Skunkbush Rhus trilobata
Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus
Scouler's willow Salix scouleriana
Blue elderberry Sambucus mexicana
Colorado
Arches NP
Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum
7J-5
-------
Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana
Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia
Black Canyon of the Gunnison NP
Serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia
Pinus ponderosa Pinus ponderosa
Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides
Great Sand Dunes NM
Serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia
Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium
Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum
Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana
Evening primrose Oenothera elata
Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa
Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides
Virginia pine Prunus virginiana
Skunkbush Rhus trilobata
Cutleaf coneflo'wer Rudbeckia laciniata
Scouler's willow Salix scouleriana
Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa
Mesa Verde NP
Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium
Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum
Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana
Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa
Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides
Choke cherry Prunus virginiana
Skunkbush Rhus trilobata
Rocky Mountain NP
Saskatoon Serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia
Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium
Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum
Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana
Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides
Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata
Scouler's willow Salix scouleriana
Florida
Everglades NP
7J-6
-------
Groundnut Apios americana
Swamp milkweed Asclepias incarnata
Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia
American elder Sambucus canadensis
Smooth cordgrass Spartina alterniflora
Hawaii
Haleakala NP
Jack pine Pinus banksiana
Jeffrey pine Pinus jeffreyi
Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa
Monterey pine Pinus radiata
Hawaii Volcanoes NP
White ash Fraxinus americana
Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua
Monterey pine Pinus radiata
Loblolly pine Pinus taeda
Blue elderberry Sambucus mexicana
Idaho
Craters of the Moon NM
Saskatoon serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia
Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium
Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana
Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides
Choke cherry Prunus virginiana
Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus
Scouler's willow Salix scouleriana
Kentucky
Mammoth Cave NP
Tree-of-heaven Ailanthus altissima
Groundnut Apios americana
Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum
Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana
Poke milkweed Asclepias exaltata
Swamp milkweed Asclepias incarnata
Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca
Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus
7J-7
-------
Redbud Cercis canadensis
Virgin's bower Clematis virginiana
American hazelnut Corylus americana
White snakeroot Eupatorium mgosum
White ash Fraxinus americana
Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica
Black huckleberry Gaylussacia baccata
Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua
Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera
Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Loblolly pine Pinus taeda
Virginia pine Pinus virginiana
American sycamore Platanus occidentalis
Black cherry Prunus serotina
Winged sumac Rhus copallina
Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia
Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata
American elder Sambucus canadensis
Sassafras Sassafras Sassafras albidum
Goldenrod Solidago altissima
Crownbeard Verbesina occidentalis
Maine
Acadia NP
Groundnut Apios americana
Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium
Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum
Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca
Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus
Virgin's bower Clematis virginiana
White ash Fraxinus americana
Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica
Black huckleberry Gaylussacia baccata
Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Jack pine Pinus banksiana
Pitch pine Pinus rigida
Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides
Black cherry Prunus serotina
Choke cherry Prunus virginiana
Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis
Thornless blackberry Rubus canadensis
American elder Sambucus canadensis
7J-8
-------
Smooth cordgrass Spartina alterniflora
Common snowberry Symphoricarpos albus
Michigan
Isle Rovale NP
Speckled alderAlnus rugosa
Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium
Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca
Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus
Virgin's bower Clematis virginiana
White ash Fraxinus americana
Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica
Black huckleberry Gaylussacia baccata
Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Jack pine Pinus banksiana
Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides
Black cherry Prunus serotina
Chokecherry Prunus virginiana
Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia
Thornless blackberry Rubus canadensis
Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus
Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa
Goldenrod Solidago altissima
Common snowberry Symphoricarpos albus
Huckleberry Vaccinium membranaceum
Minnesota
Vovageurs NP
Saskatoon serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia
Groundnut Apios americana
Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium
Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum
Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana
Swamp milkweed Asclepias incarnata
Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca
Virgin's bower Clematis virginiana
American hazelnut Corylus americana
Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica
Black huckleberry Gaylussacia baccata
Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Jack pine Pinus banksiana
7J-9
-------
Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides
Black cherry Pmnus serotina
Chokecherry Pmnus virginiana
Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia
Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis
Thornless blackberry Rubus canadensis
Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus
Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata
American elder Sambucus canadensis
Snowberry Symphoricarpos albus
Montana
Glacier NP
Saskatoon serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia
Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium
Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum
Pacific ninebark Physocarpus malvaceum
Ponderosa pine Pinus ponder osa
Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides
Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus
Scouler's willow Salix scouleriana
Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa
Snowberry Symphoricarpos albus
Huckleberry Vaccinium membranaceum
New Mexico
Bandelier NM
Tree-of-heaven Ailanthus altissima
Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium
Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum
Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides
Skunkbush Rhus trilobata
Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus
Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata
Goldenrod Solidago altissima
Carlsbad Caverns NP
Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana
Ponderosa pine Pinus ponder osa
Skunkbush Rhus trilobata
7J-10
-------
North Carolina/Tennessee
Great Smoky Mountains NP
Tree-of-heaven Ailanthus altissima
Groundnut Apios americana
Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium
Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum
Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana
Tall milkweed Asclepias exaltata
Swamp milkweed Asclepias incarnata
Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca
Whorled aster Aster acuminatus
Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus
Redbud Cercis canadensis
Virgin's bower Clematis virginiana
American hazelnut Corylus americana
White ash Fraxinus americana
Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica
Black huckleberry Gaylussacia baccata
Mountain dandelion Krigia montana
Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua
Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera
Maleberry Lyonia ligustrina
Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Table-mountain pine Pinus pungens
Pitch pine Pinus rigida
Loblolly pine Pinus taeda
Virginia pine Pinus virginiana
American sycamore Platanus occidentalis
Black cherry Prunus serotina
Choke cherry Prunus virginiana
Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia
Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis
Thornless blackberry Rubus canadensis
Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata
American elder Sambucus canadensis
Sassafras Sassafras albidum
Goldenrod Solidago altissima
Crown-beard Verbesina occidentalis
Northern fox grape Vitis labrusca
7J-11
-------
North Dakota
Theodore Roosevelt NP
Saskatoon serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia
Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium
Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum
Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana
Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica
Ponderosa pine Pinus ponder osa
Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides
Chokecherry Prunus virginiana
Skunkbush Rhus trilobata
Common snowberry Symphoricarpos albus
Oregon
Crater Lake NP
Saskatoon serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia
Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium
Ponderosa pine Pinus ponder osa
Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides
Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus
Scouler's willow Salix scouleriana
Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa
Common snowberry Symphoricarpos albus
Huckleberry Vaccinium membranaceum
South Dakota
Badlands NP
Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum
Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana
Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica
Ponderosa pine Pinus ponder osa
Chokecherry Prunus virginiana
Skunkbush Rhus trilobata
Snowberry Symphoricarpos albus
Wind Cave NP
Saskatoon serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia
Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium
Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum
Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana
Swamp milkweed Asclepias incarnata
7J-12
-------
Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca
Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica
Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Ponderosa pine Pinus ponder osa
Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides
Chokecherry Primus virginiana
Skunkbush Rhus trilobata
Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa
Common snowberry Symphoricarpos albus
Texas
Big Bend NP
Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana
Swamp milkweed Asclepias incarnata
Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa
Skunkbush Rhus trilobata
Guadalupe Mountains NP
Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana
Ponderosa pine Pinus ponder osa
Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides
Chokecherry Prunus virginiana
Utah
Arches NP
Cottonwood Populus fremontii
Single-leaf ash Fraxinus anomala
Skunkbush Rhus trilobata
White stemblazingstarMewtee//'a albicaulis
Bryce Canyon NP
Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium
Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana
Ponderosa pine Pinus ponder osa
Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides
Choke cherry Prunus virginiana
Skunkbush Rhus trilobata
Canyonlands NP
Serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia
Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum
7J-13
-------
Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana
Ponderosa pine Pinus ponder osa
Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides
Choke cherry Prunus virginiana
Gooding's willow Salix goodingii
Capitol Reef NP
Tree-of-heaven Ailanthus altissima
Saskatoon serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia
Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum
Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana
White ash Fraxinus americana
Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica
Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa
Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides
Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia
Gooding's willow Salix goodingii
Northern fox grape Vitis labrusca
ZionNP
Tree-of-heaven Ailanthus altissima
Saskatoon serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia
Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum
Ponderosa pine Pinus ponder osa
American sycamore Platanus occidentalis
Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides
Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia
Gooding's willow Salix goodingii
Scouler's willow Salix scouleriana
Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa
Virginia
Shenandoah NP
Tree-of-heaven Ailanthus altissima
Speckled alderAlnus rugosa
Groundnut Apios americana
Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium
Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum
Tall milkweed Asclepias exaltata
Swamp milkweed Asclepias incarnata
Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca
Whorled aster Aster acuminatus
7J-14
-------
Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus
Redbud Cercis canadensis
Virgin's bower Clematis virginiana
American hazelnut Corylus americana
White snakeroot Eupatorium rugosum
White ash Fraxinus americana
Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica
Black huckleberry Gaylussacia baccata
Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua
Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera
Maleberry Lyonia ligustrina
Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Sweet mock orange Philadelphus coronarius
Table-mountain pine Pinus pungens
Pitch pine Pinus rigida
Loblolly pine Pinus taeda
Virginia pine Pinus virginiana
American sycamore Platanus occidentalis
Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides
Black cherry Prunus serotina
Choke cherry Prunus virginiana
Winged sumac Rhus copallina
Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia
Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis
Sand blackberry Rubus cuneifolius
Cutleaf coneflo'wer Rudbeckia laciniata
American elder Sambucus canadensis
Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa
Sassafras Sassafras albidum
Goldenrod Solidago altissima
Common snowberry Symphoricarpos albus
Crownbeard Verbesina occidentalis
Northern fox grape Vitis labrusca
Washington
Mount Rainier NP
Red alder Alnus rubra
Serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia
Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium
Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum
Mugwort Artemisia douglasiana
Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana
7J-15
-------
Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Ninebark Physocarpus capitatus
Ponderosa pine Pinus ponder osa
Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides
Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus
Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata
Scouler's willow Salix scouleriana
Snowberry Symphoricarpos albus
Huckleberry Vaccinium membranaceum
North Cascades NP
Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa
Black poplar Populus balsamifera trichocarpa
Paper birch Betula papyri/era
Box elder Acer negundo
Twinberry Lonicera involucrata
Serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia
Snowberry Symphoricarpos albus
Olympic NP
Red alderAlnus rubra
Ninebark Physocarpus capitatus
Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides
Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia
Scouler's willow Salix scouleriana
Huckleberry Vaccinium membranaceum
Wyoming
Grand Teton NP
Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium
Pacific ninebark Physocarpus malvaceum
Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides
Scouler's willow Salix scouleriana
Yellowstone NP
Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium
Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum
Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica
Pacific ninebark Physocarpus malvaceum
Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides
Skunkbush Rhus trilobata
Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus
7J-16
-------
Scouler's willow Salix scouleriana
Huckleberry Vaccinium membranaceum
7J-17
-------
Table 7J-2. Ozone sensitive plants by state
This table lists the Os sensitive plant species and important crops that occur in each of the
50 states. Ozone sensitive plant species were identified by the National Park Service in
the 2003 report entitled "Ozone Sensitive Plant Species on National Park Service and
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Lands"1. Important sensitive crops were identified in the
National Crop Loss Assessment2. Current distrubution information of the Os sensitive
plant species is from the USD A PLANTS database3.
National Park Service Ozone Sensitive (2003) Ozone Sensitive Plant Species on
National Park Service and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Lands: Results of a June 24-25,
2003 Workshop Baltimore, Maryland. Natural Resource Report NPS/NRARD/NRR-
2003/01. http://www2.nature.nps.gov/air/Pubs/pdf/BaltFinalReportl.pdf
2 Heck, W. W.; Taylor, O. C.; Tingey, D. T., eds. (1988) Assessment of crop loss from air
pollutants: proceedings of an international conference; October 1987; Raleigh, NC. New
York, NY: Elsevier Applied Science.
3USDA, NRCS (2006) The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, December 2006).
National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.
Alaska
Saskatoon serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia
Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides
Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus
Scouler's willow Salix scouleriana
Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa
Choke cherry Pmnus virginiana
Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium
Alabama
Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Black cherry Pmnus serotina
Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata
Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium
Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua
7J-18
-------
Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera
Loblolly pine Pinus taeda
Tall milkweed Asclepias exaltata
Goldenrod Solidago altissima
Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia
Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis
Redbud Cercis Canadensis
White ash Fraxinus americana
Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica
American elder Sambucus canadensis
Virginia pine Pinus virginiana
Sensitive Crops
Winter Wheat
Peanuts
Soybeans
Cotton
Potatoes
Arkansas
Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Black cherry Prunus serotina
Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata
Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium
Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua
Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera
Loblolly pine Pinus taeda
Goldenrod Solidago altissima
Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca
Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia
Choke cherry Prunus virginiana
Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis
Redbud Cercis Canadensis
White ash Fraxinus americana
Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica
American elder Sambucus canadensis
Sensitive Crops
Winter Wheat
Soybeans
Cotton
7J-19
-------
Arizona
Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum
Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana
Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Black cherry Prunus serotina
Choke cherry Prunus virginiana
Cutleaf coneflo'wer Rudbeckia laciniata
Gooding's willow Salix goo dingii
Tree-of-heaven Ailanthus altissima
Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium
Ponderosa pine Pinus ponder osa
Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides
Skunkbush Rhus trilobata
Scouler's willow Salix scouleriana
Goldenrod Solidago altissima
Evening primrose Oenothera elata
Blue elderberry Sambucus mexicana
Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus
Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa
Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia
American elder Sambucus canadensis
Sensitive Crops
Winter Wheat
Cotton
Potatoes
California
Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum
Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana
Skunkbush Rhus trilobata
Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia
Gooding's willow Salix goo dingii
Blue elderberry Sambucus mexicana
Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium
Mugwort Artemisia douglasiana
Ninebark Physocarpus capitatus
Jeffrey pine Pinus jeffreyi
Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa
Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides
California black oak Quercus kelloggii
Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus
7J-20
-------
Scouler's willow Salix scouleriana
Choke cherry Pmnus virginiana
Tree-of-heaven Ailanthus altissima
Red alder Alnus rubra
Monterey pine Pinus radiata
Virginia pine Pinus virginiana
Saskatoon serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia
Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera
Evening primrose Oenothera elata
Ninebark Physocarpus capitatus
Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa
Skunkbush Rhus trilobata
Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua
Goldenrod Solidago altissima
Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis
Sensitive Crops
Winter Wheat
Cotton
Potatoes
Colorado
Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum
Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana
Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia
Serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia
Pinus ponderosa Pinus ponderosa
Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides
Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium
Evening primrose Oenothera elata
Virginia pine Prunus virginiana
Skunkbush Rhus trilobata
Cutleaf coneflower,RM<5feec/:/a laciniata
Scouler's willow Salix scouleriana
Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa
Choke cherry Prunus virginiana
Saskatoon serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia
Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus
Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Goldenrod Solidago altissima
White ash Fraxinus americana
Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica
7J-21
-------
American elder Sambucus canadensis
Sensitive Crops
Winter Wheat
Potatoes
Connecticut
Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides
Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa
Black cherry Prunus serotina
Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata
Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium
Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua
Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera
Tall milkweed Asclepias exaltata
Goldenrod Solidago altissima
Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca
Thornless blackberry Rubus canadensis
Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia
Choke cherry Prunus virginiana
Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis
Speckled alderAlnus rugosa
Whorled aster Aster acuminatus
Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus
Redbud Cercis Canadensis
White ash Fraxinus americana
Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica
American elder Sambucus canadensis
Sensitive Crops
Tobacco
Delaware
Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Black cherry Prunus serotina
Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata
Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium
Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua
Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera
Loblolly pine Pinus taeda
7J-22
-------
Tall milkweed Asclepias exaltata
Goldenrod Solidago altissima
Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca
Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia
Choke cherry Prunus virginiana
Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis
Redbud Cercis Canadensis
White ash Fraxinus americana
Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica
American elder Sambucus canadensis
Virginia pine Pinus virginiana
Sensitive Crops
Winter Wheat
Soybeans
Potatoes
Florida
Groundnut Apios americana
Swamp milkweed Asclepias incarnata
Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia
American elder Sambucus canadensis
Smooth cordgrass Spartina alterniflora
Black cherry Prunus serotina
Cutleaf coneflo'wer Rudbeckia laciniata
Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua
Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera
Loblolly pine Pinus taeda
Goldenrod Solidago altissima
Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia
Redbud Cercis Canadensis
White ash Fraxinus americana
Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica
Sensitive Crops
Winter Wheat
Peanuts
Soybeans
Cotton
Tobacco
Potatoes
7J-23
-------
Georigia
Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa
Black cherry Prunus serotina
Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata
Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium
Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua
Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera
Loblolly pine Pinus taeda
Tall milkweed Asclepias exaltata
Goldenrod Solidago altissima
Thornless blackberry Rubus canadensis
Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia
Choke cherry Prunus virginiana
Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis
Whorled aster Aster acuminatus
Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus
Redbud Cercis Canadensis
White ash Fraxinus americana
Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica
American elder Sambucus canadensis
Virginia pine Pinus virginiana
Sensitive Crops
Winter Wheat
Peanuts
Soybeans
Cotton
Tobacco
Hawaii
Jack pine Pinus banksiana
Jeffrey pine Pinus jeffreyi
Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa
Monterey pine Pinus radiata
White ash Fraxinus americana
Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua
Loblolly pine Pinus taeda
Blue elderberry Sambucus mexicana
White ash Fraxinus americana
7J-24
-------
Iowa
Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides
Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa
Black cherry Prunus serotina
Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata
Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium
Goldenrod Solidago altissima
Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca
Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia
Choke cherry Prunus virginiana
Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis
Speckled alderAlnus rugosa
Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus
Redbud Cercis Canadensis
White ash Fraxinus americana
Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica
American elder Sambucus canadensis
Sensitive Crops
Winter Wheat
Soybeans
Idaho
Saskatoon serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia
Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium
Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana
Choke cherry Prunus virginiana
Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus
Scouler's willow Salix scouleriana
Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides
Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa
Ponderosa pine Pinus ponder osa
Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata
Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia
Evening primrose Oenothera elata
Sensitive Crops
Winter Wheat
Potatoes
7J-25
-------
Illinois
Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides
Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa
Black cherry Prunus serotina
Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata
Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium
Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua
Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera
Loblolly pine Pinus taeda
Tall milkweed Asclepias exaltata
Goldenrod Solidago altissima
Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca
Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia
Choke cherry Prunus virginiana
Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis
Speckled alderAlnus rugosa
Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus
Redbud Cercis Canadensis
White ash Fraxinus americana
Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica
American elder Sambucus canadensis
Virginia pine Pinus virginiana
Sensitive Crops
Winter Wheat
Soybeans
Potatoes
Indiana
Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides
Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa
Black cherry Prunus serotina
Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata
Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium
Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua
Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera
Tall milkweed Asclepias exaltata
Goldenrod Solidago altissima
Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca
7J-26
-------
Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia
Choke cherry Pmnus virginiana
Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis
Speckled alderAlnus rugosa
Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus
Redbud Cercis Canadensis
White ash Fraxinus americana
Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica
American elder Sambucus canadensis
Virginia pine Pinus virginiana
Sensitive Crops
Winter Wheat
Soybeans
Kansas
Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Black cherry Prunus serotina
Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata
Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium
Goldenrod Solidago altissima
Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca
Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia
Choke cherry Prunus virginiana
Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis
Redbud Cercis Canadensis
White ash Fraxinus americana
Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica
American elder Sambucus canadensis
Sensitive Crops
Winter Wheat
Soybeans
Cotton
Potatoes
Kentucky
Tree-of-heaven Ailanthus altissima
Groundnut Apios americana
Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum
Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana
7J-27
-------
Poke milkweed Asclepias exaltata
Swamp milkweed Asclepias incarnata
Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca
Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus
Redbud Cercis canadensis
Virgin's bower Clematis virginiana
American hazelnut Corylus americana
White snakeroot Eupatorium rttgosum
White ash Fraxinus americana
Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica
Black huckleberry Gaylussacia baccata
Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua
Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera
Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Loblolly pine Pinus taeda
Virginia pine Pinus virginiana
American sycamore Platanus occidentalis
Black cherry Prunus serotina
Winged sumac Rhus copallina
Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia
Cutleaf coneflo'wer Rudbeckia laciniata
American elder Sambucus canadensis
Sassafras Sassafras Sassafras albidum
Goldenrod Solidago altissima
Crownbeard Verbesina occidentalis
Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis
Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa
Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium
Tall milkweed Asclepias exaltata
Thornless blackberry Rubus canadensis
Choke cherry Prunus virginiana
Whorled aster^sfer acuminatus
Sensitive Crops
Winter Wheat
Soybeans
Tobacco
Louisiana
Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Black cherry Prunus serotina
Cutleaf coneflower,RM<5feec/:/a laciniata
7J-28
-------
Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua
Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera
Loblolly pine Pinus taeda
Goldenrod Solidago altissima
Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca
Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia
Redbud Cercis Canadensis
White ash Fraxinus americana
Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica
American elder Sambucus canadensis
Sensitive Crops
Winter Wheat
Soybeans
Cotton
Maryland
Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides
Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa
Black cherry Prunus serotina
Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata
Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium
Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua
Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera
Tall milkweed Asclepias exaltata
Goldenrod Solidago altissima
Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca
Thornless blackberry Rubus canadensis
Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia
Choke cherry Prunus virginiana
Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis
Loblolly pine Pinus taeda
Speckled alderAlnus rugosa
Whorled aster Aster acuminatus
Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus
Redbud Cercis Canadensis
White ash Fraxinus americana
Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica
American elder Sambucus canadensis
Virginia pine Pinus virginiana
7J-29
-------
Sensitive Crops
Winter Wheat
Soybeans
Potatoes
Massachussets
Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides
Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa
Black cherry Pmnus serotina
Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata
Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium
Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera
Tall milkweed Asclepias exaltata
Goldenrod Solidago altissima
Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca
Thornless blackberry Rubus canadensis
Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia
Choke cherry Prunus virginiana
Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis
Speckled alderAlnus rugosa
Whorled aster^sfer acuminatus
Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus
Redbud Cercis Canadensis
White ash Fraxinus americana
Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica
American elder Sambucus canadensis
Sensitive Crops
Tobacco
Potatoes
Maine
Groundnut Apios americana
Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium
Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum
Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca
Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus
Virgin's bower Clematis virginiana
White ash Fraxinus americana
Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica
7J-30
-------
Black huckleberry Gaylussacia baccata
Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Jack pine Pinus banksiana
Pitch pine Pinus rigida
Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides
Black cherry Prunus serotina
Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis
Thornless blackberry Rubus canadensis
American elder Sambucus canadensis
Smooth cordgrass Spartina alterniflora
Common snowberry Symphoricarpos albus
Choke cherry Prunus virginiana
Speckled alderAlnus rugosa
Whorled aster Aster acuminatus
Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa
Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata
Tall milkweed Asclepias exaltata
Goldenrod Solidago altissima
Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia
Sensitive Crops
Potatoes
Michigan
Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium
Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca
Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus
Virgin's bower Clematis virginiana
White ash Fraxinus americana
Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica
Black huckleberry Gaylussacia baccata
Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Jack pine Pinus banksiana
Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides
Black cherry Prunus serotina
Chokecherry Prunus virginiana
Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia
Thornless blackberry Rubus canadensis
Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus
Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa
Goldenrod Solidago altissima
Common snowberry Symphoricarpos albus
Huckleberry Vaccinium membranaceum
7J-31
-------
Speckled alderAlnus rugosa
Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata
Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera
Tall milkweed Asclepias exaltata
Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis
Redbud Cercis Canadensis
American elder Sambucus canadensis
Sensitive Crops
Winter Wheat
Soybeans
Potatoes
Minnesota
Saskatoon serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia
Groundnut Apios americana
Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium
Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum
Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana
Swamp milkweed Asclepias incarnata
Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca
Virgin's bower Clematis virginiana
American hazelnut Corylus americana
Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica
Black huckleberry Gaylussacia baccata
Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Jack pine Pinus banksiana
Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides
Black cherry Prunus serotina
Chokecherry Prunus virginiana
Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia
Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis
Thornless blackberry Rubus canadensis
Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus
Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata
American elder Sambucus canadensis
Snowberry Symphoricarpos albus
Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa
Tall milkweed Asclepias exaltata
Goldenrod Solidago altissima
Speckled alderAlnus rugosa
Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus
7J-32
-------
White ash Fraxinus americana
Sensitive Crops
Winter Wheat
Soybeans
Potatoes
Missouri
Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides
Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa
Black cherry Prunus serotina
Cutleaf coneflo'wer Rudbeckia laciniata
Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium
Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua
Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera
Loblolly pine Pinus taeda
Goldenrod Solidago altissima
Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca
Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia
Choke cherry Prunus virginiana
Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis
Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus
Redbud Cercis Canadensis
White ash Fraxinus americana
Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica
American elder Sambucus canadensis
Virginia pine Pinus virginiana
Sensitive Crops
Winter Wheat
Soybeans
Cotton
Tobacco
Potatoes
Mississippi
Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Black cherry Prunus serotina
Cutleaf coneflo'wer Rudbeckia laciniata
Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua
7J-33
-------
Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera
Loblolly pine Pinus taeda
Goldenrod Solidago altissima
Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia
Redbud Cercis Canadensis
White ash Fraxinus americana
Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica
American elder Sambucus canadensis
Virginia pine Pinus virginiana
Sensitive Crops
Winter Wheat
Peanuts
Soybeans
Cotton
Montana
Saskatoon serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia
Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium
Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum
Pacific ninebark Physocarpus malvaceum
Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa
Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides
Thimbleberry Rubus parvifloms
Scouler's willow Salix scouleriana
Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa
Snowberry Symphoricarpos albus
Huckleberry Vaccinium membranaceum
Choke cherry Pmnus virginiana
Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata
Goldenrod Solidago altissima
Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca
Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica
Evening primrose Oenothera elata
American elder Sambucus canadensis
Sensitive Crops
Winter Wheat
Potatoes
Nebraska
7J-34
-------
Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides
Saskatoon serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia
Ponderosa pine Pinus ponder osa
Black cherry Prunus serotina
Cutleaf coneflo'wer Rudbeckia laciniata
Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium
Goldenrod Solidago altissima
Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca
Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia
Choke cherry Prunus virginiana
Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis
Redbud Cercis Canadensis
White ash Fraxinus americana
Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica
American elder Sambucus canadensis
Sensitive Crops
Winter Wheat
Soybeans
Potatoes
Nevada
Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides
Saskatoon serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia
Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus
Scouler's willow Salix scouleriana
Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa
Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa
Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium
Jeffrey pine Pinus jeffreyi
Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia
Choke cherry Prunus virginiana
Evening primrose Oenothera elata
Sensitive Crops
Winter Wheat
Potatoes
New Mexico
Tree-of-heaven Ailanthus altissima
7J-35
-------
Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium
Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum
Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides
Skunkbush Rhus trilobata
Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus
Cutleaf coneflo'wer Rudbeckia laciniata
Goldenrod Solidago altissima
Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana
Ponderosa pine Pinus ponder osa
Scouler's willow Salix scouleriana
Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa
Black cherry Prunus serotina
Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium
Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia
Choke cherry Prunus virginiana
Redbud Cercis Canadensis
Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica
Evening primrose Oenothera elata
American elder Sambucus canadensis
Sensitive Crops
Winter Wheat
Peanuts
Cotton
Potatoes
New Hampshire
Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides
Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa
Black cherry Prunus serotina
Cutleaf coneflower,RM<5feec/:/a laciniata
Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium
Tall milkweed Asclepias exaltata
Goldenrod Solidago altissima
Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca
Thornless blackberry Rubus canadensis
Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia
Choke cherry Prunus virginiana
Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis
Speckled alderAlnus rugosa
7J-36
-------
Whorled aster Aster acuminatus
Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus
White ash Fraxinus americana
Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica
American elder Sambucus canadensis
New Jersey
Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides
Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa
Black cherry Prunus serotina
Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata
Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium
Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua
Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera
Loblolly pine Pinus taeda
Tall milkweed Asclepias exaltata
Goldenrod Solidago altissima
Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca
Thornless blackberry Rubus canadensis
Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia
Choke cherry Prunus virginiana
Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis
Speckled alderAlnus rugosa
Whorled aster Aster acuminatus
Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus
Redbud Cercis Canadensis
White ash Fraxinus americana
Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica
American elder Sambucus canadensis
Virginia pine Pinus virginiana
Sensitive Crops
Winter Wheat
Soybeans
Potatoes
New York
Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides
Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa
7J-37
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Black cherry Prunus serotina
Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata
Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium
Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua
Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera
Tall milkweed Asclepias exaltata
Goldenrod Solidago altissima
Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca
Thornless blackberry Rubus canadensis
Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia
Choke cherry Prunus virginiana
Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis
Speckled alderAlnus rugosa
Whorled aster Aster acuminatus
Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus
Redbud Cercis Canadensis
White ash Fraxinus americana
Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica
American elder Sambucus canadensis
Virginia pine Pinus virginiana
Sensitive Crops
Winter Wheat
Soybeans
Potatoes
North Carolina
Tree-of-heaven Ailanthus altissima
Groundnut Apios americana
Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium
Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum
Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana
Tall milkweed Asclepias exaltata
Swamp milkweed Asclepias incarnata
Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca
Whorled aster^sfer acuminatus
Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus
Redbud Cercis canadensis
Virgin's bower Clematis virginiana
American hazelnut Corylus americana
White ash Fraxinus americana
Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica
7J-38
-------
Black huckleberry Gaylussacia baccata
Mountain dandelion Krigia montana
Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua
Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera
Maleberry Lyonia ligustrina
Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Table-mountain pine Pinus pungens
Pitch pine Pinus rigida
Loblolly pine Pinus taeda
Virginia pine Pinus virginiana
American sycamore Platanus occidentalis
Black cherry Prunus serotina
Choke cherry Prunus virginiana
Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia
Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis
Thornless blackberry Rubus canadensis
Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata
American elder Sambucus canadensis
Sassafras Sassafras albidum
Goldenrod Solidago altissima
Crown-beard Verbesina occidentalis
Northern fox grape Vitis labrusca
Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa
Sensitive Crops
Winter Wheat
Peanuts
Soybeans
Cotton
Tobacco
Potatoes
North Dakota
Saskatoon serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia
Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium
Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum
Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana
Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica
Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa
Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides
Chokecherry Prunus virginiana
Skunkbush Rhus trilobata
7J-39
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Common snowberry Symphoricarpos albus
Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa
Black cherry Pmnus serotina
Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata
Goldenrod Solidago altissima
Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca
Speckled alderAlnus rugosa
American elder Sambucus canadensis
Sensitive Crops
Soybeans
Potatoes
Ohio
Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides
Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa
Black cherry Prunus serotina
Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata
Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium
Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua
Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera
Tall milkweed Asclepias exaltata
Goldenrod Solidago altissima
Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca
Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia
Choke cherry Prunus virginiana
Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis
Speckled alderAlnus rugosa
Whorled aster^sfer acuminatus
Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus
Redbud Cercis Canadensis
White ash Fraxinus americana
Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica
American elder Sambucus canadensis
Virginia pine Pinus virginiana
Sensitive Crops
Winter Wheat
Soybeans
Tobacco
Potatoes
7J-40
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Oklahoma
Black Cherry Prunus serotina
Cottonwood Populus deltoids
Sweetgum Liquadambar styraciflua
Loblolly Pine Pinus taeda
Ohio Buckeye, Horse chestnut Aesculus glabra
Basswood Tilia Americana
Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa
Cutleaf coneflo'wer Rudbeckia laciniata
Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium
Goldenrod Solidago altissima
Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca
Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia
Choke cherry Prunus virginiana
Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis
Redbud Cercis Canadensis
White ash Fraxinus americana
Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica
Evening primrose Oenothera elata
American elder Sambucus canadensis
Sensitive Crops
Winter Wheat
Peanuts
Soybeans
Cotton
Oregon
Saskatoon serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia
Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium
Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa
Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides
Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus
Scouler's willow Salix scouleriana
Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa
Common snowberry Symphoricarpos albus
Huckleberry Vaccinium membranaceum
Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca
7J-41
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Jeffrey pine Pinus jeffreyi
Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia
Choke cherry Pmnus virginiana
Evening primrose Oenothera elata
Sensitive Crops
Winter Wheat
Potatoes
Pennsylvania
Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides
Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa
Black cherry Prunus serotina
Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata
Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium
Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua
Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera
Tall milkweed Asclepias exaltata
Goldenrod Solidago altissima
Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca
Thornless blackberry Rubus canadensis
Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia
Choke cherry Prunus virginiana
Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis
Speckled alderAlnus rugosa
Whorled aster Aster acuminatus
Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus
Redbud Cercis Canadensis
White ash Fraxinus americana
Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica
American elder Sambucus canadensis
Virginia pine Pinus virginiana
Sensitive Crops
Winter Wheat
Soybeans
Tobacco
Potatoes
Rhode Island
7J-42
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Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides
Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa
Black cherry Pmnus serotina
Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata
Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium
Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua
Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera
Tall milkweed Asclepias exaltata
Goldenrod Solidago altissima
Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca
Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia
Choke cherry Prunus virginiana
Speckled alderAlnus rugosa
Whorled aster Aster acuminatus
Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus
White ash Fraxinus americana
Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica
American elder Sambucus canadensis
Sensitive Crops
Potatoes
South Carolina
Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Black cherry Prunus serotina
Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata
Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua
Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera
Loblolly pine Pinus taeda
Tall milkweed Asclepias exaltata
Goldenrod Solidago altissima
Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca
Thornless blackberry Rubus canadensis
Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia
Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis
Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus
Redbud Cercis Canadensis
White ash Fraxinus americana
Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica
American elder Sambucus canadensis
Virginia pine Pinus virginiana
7J-43
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Sensitive Crops
Winter Wheat
Peanuts
Soybeans
Cotton
Tobacco
South Dakota
Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum
Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana
Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica
Ponderosa pine Pinus ponder osa
Chokecherry Primus virginiana
Skunkbush Rhus trilobata
Snowberry Symphoricarpos albus
Saskatoon serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia
Swamp milkweed Asclepias incarnata
Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca
Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides
Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa
Common snowberry Symphoricarpos albus
Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus
Scouler's willow Salix scouleriana
Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata
Goldenrod Solidago altissima
Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia
American elder Sambucus canadensis
Sensitive Crops
Winter Wheat
Soybeans
Potatoes
Tennessee
Tree-of-heaven Ailanthus altissima
Groundnut Apios americana
Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium
Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum
Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana
7J-44
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Tall milkweed Asclepias exaltata
Swamp milkweed Asclepias incarnata
Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca
Whorled aster Aster acuminatus
Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus
Redbud Cercis canadensis
Virgin's bower Clematis virginiana
American hazelnut Corylus americana
White ash Fraxinus americana
Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica
Black huckleberry Gaylussacia baccata
Mountain dandelion Krigia montana
Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua
Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera
Maleberry Lyonia ligustrina
Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Table-mountain pine Pinus pungens
Pitch pine Pinus rigida
Loblolly pine Pinus taeda
Virginia pine Pinus virginiana
American sycamore Platanus occidentalis
Black cherry Prunus serotina
Choke cherry Prunus virginiana
Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia
Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis
Thornless blackberry Rubus canadensis
Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata
American elder Sambucus canadensis
Sassafras Sassafras albidum
Goldenrod Solidago altissima
Crown-beard Verbesina occidentalis
Northern fox grape Vitis labrusca
Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa
Sensitive Crops
Winter Wheat
Soybeans
Cotton
Tobacco
Texas
Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana
7J-45
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Swamp milkweed Asclepias incarnata
Ponderosa pine Pinus ponder osa
Skunkbush Rhus trilobata
Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides
Chokecherry Prunus virginiana
Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Black cherry Prunus serotina
Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata
Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium
Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua
Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera
Loblolly pine Pinus taeda
Goldenrod Solidago altissima
Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia
Redbud Cercis Canadensis
White ash Fraxinus americana
Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica
Evening primrose Oenothera elata
American elder Sambucus canadensis
Sensitive Crops
Winter Wheat
Peanuts
Soybeans
Cotton
Potatoes
Utah
Cottonwood Populus fremontii
Single-leaf ash Fraxinus anomala
Skunkbush Rhus trilobata
White stem blazingstar Mentzelia albicaulis
Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium
Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana
Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa
Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides
Choke cherry Prunus virginiana
Skunkbush Rhus trilobata
Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum
Gooding's willow Salix goo dingii
Tree-of-heaven A ilanthus altissima
Saskatoon serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia
7J-46
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White ash Fraxinus americana
Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica
Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia
Northern fox grape Vitis labrusca
American sycamore Platanus occidentalis
Scouler's willow Salix scouleriana
Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa
Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus
Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata
Evening primrose Oenothera elata
Sensitive Crops
Winter Wheat
Potatoes
Vermont
Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides
Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa
Black cherry Prunus serotina
Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata
Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium
Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera
Tall milkweed Asclepias exaltata
Goldenrod Solidago altissima
Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca
Thornless blackberry Rubus canadensis
Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia
Choke cherry Prunus virginiana
Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis
Speckled alderAlnus rugosa
Whorled aster Aster acuminatus
Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus
White ash Fraxinus americana
Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica
American elder Sambucus canadensis
Virginia
Tree-of-heaven Ailanthus altissima
Speckled alderAlnus rugosa
7J-47
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Groundnut Apios americana
Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium
Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum
Tall milkweed Asclepias exaltata
Swamp milkweed Asclepias incarnata
Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca
Whorled aster Aster acuminatus
Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus
Redbud Cercis canadensis
Virgin's bower Clematis virginiana
American hazelnut Corylus americana
White snakeroot Eupatorium rugosum
White ash Fraxinus americana
Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica
Black huckleberry Gaylussacia baccata
Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua
Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera
Maleberry Lyonia ligustrina
Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Sweet mock orange Philadelphus coronarius
Table-mountain pine Pinus pungens
Pitch pine Pinus rigida
Loblolly pine Pinus taeda
Virginia pine Pinus virginiana
American sycamore Platanus occidentalis
Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides
Black cherry Prunus serotina
Choke cherry Prunus virginiana
Winged sumac Rhus copallina
Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia
Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis
Sand blackberry Rubus cuneifolius
Cutleaf coneflo'wer Rudbeckia laciniata
American elder Sambucus canadensis
Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa
Sassafras Sassafras albidum
Goldenrod Solidago altissima
Common snowberry Symphoricarpos albus
Crownbeard Verbesina occidentalis
Northern fox grape Vitis labrusca
Thornless blackberry Rubus canadensis
Sensitive Crops
7J-48
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Winter Wheat
Peanuts
Soybeans
Cotton
Tobacco
Potatoes
Washington
Red alder Alnus rubra
Serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia
Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium
Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum
Mugwort Artemisia douglasiana
Silver wormwood Artemisia ludoviciana
Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Ninebark Physocarpus capitatus
Ponderosa pine Pinus ponder osa
Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides
Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus
Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata
Scouler's willow Salix scouleriana
Snowberry Symphoricarpos albus
Huckleberry Vaccinium membranaceum
Black poplar Populus balsamifera trichocarpa
Paper birch Betula papyri/era
Box elder Acer negundo
Twinberry Lonicera involucrata
Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia
Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa
Choke cherry Prunus virginiana
Evening primrose Oenothera elata
Sensitive Crops
Winter Wheat
Potatoes
Wisconsin
Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides
Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus
Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa
7J-49
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Black cherry Prunus serotina
Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata
Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium
Tall milkweed Asclepias exaltata
Goldenrod Solidago altissima
Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca
Thornless blackberry Rubus canadensis
Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia
Choke cherry Prunus virginiana
Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis
Speckled alderAlnus rugosa
Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus
Redbud Cercis Canadensis
White ash Fraxinus americana
Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica
American elder Sambucus canadensis
Sensitive Crops
Winter Wheat
Soybeans
Potatoes
West Virginia
Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia
Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides
Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa
Black cherry Prunus serotina
Cutleaf coneflower Rudbeckia laciniata
Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium
Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua
Yellow-poplar Liriodendron tulipifera
Tall milkweed Asclepias exaltata
Goldenrod Solidago altissima
Common milkweed Asclepias syriaca
Thornless blackberry Rubus canadensis
Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia
Choke cherry Prunus virginiana
Allegheny blackberry Rubus allegheniensis
Speckled alderAlnus rugosa
Whorled aster Aster acuminatus
Big-leaf aster Aster macrophyllus
Redbud Cercis Canadensis
7J-50
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White ash Fraxinus americana
Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica
American elder Sambucus canadensis
Virginia pine Pinus virginiana
Sensitive Crops
Winter Wheat
Soybeans
Tobacco
Wyoming
Spreading dogbane Apocynum androsaemifolium
Pacific ninebark Physocarpus malvaceum
Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides
Scouler's willow Salix scouleriana
Dogbane, Indian hemp Apocynum cannibinum
Green ash Fraxinus pennsylvanica
Skunkbush Rhus trilobata
Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus
Huckleberry Vaccinium membranaceum
Choke cherry Prunus virginiana
Saskatoon serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia
Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa
Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa
Cutleaf coneflo'wer Rudbeckia laciniata
Black locust Robinia pseudoacacia
Evening primrose Oenothera elata
American elder Sambucus canadensis
Sensitive Crops
Winter Wheat
7J-51
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United States Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards Publication No. EPA 452/R-07-007
Environmental Protection Air Quality Strategies and Standards Division July 2007
Agency Research Triangle Park, NC
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