£EPA
     United States
     Environmental Protection
     Agency
     Technical  Fact Sheet -
N-Nitroso-dimethylamine
                                  (NDMA)
                                                                                    January 2014
                                                             TECHNICAL FACT SHEET- NDMA
 At  a  Glance
 Introduction
     Yellow liquid with faint
     characteristic or no distinct odor.
     Formerly used in the production of
     rocket fuel, antioxidants and
     softeners for copolymers.
     Currently used only for research
     purposes.
     Unintended byproduct of
     chlorination of wastewater at
     wastewater treatment plants that
     use chloramines for disinfection,
     raising significant concern as a
     drinking water contaminant.
     Highly mobile in soil, with potential
     to leach into groundwater.
     Oral route is the primary human
     exposure pathway.
     Classified as a B2 (probable
     human) carcinogen.
     Listed as a priority pollutant by the
     EPA, but no federal standard has
     been established for drinking
     water.
     Detection methods include solid
     phase extraction, gas
     chromatography and liquid
     chromatography.
     Most common treatment method is
     via photolysis by ultraviolet
     radiation ranging in wavelength
     from 225 to 250 nanometers.
     Potential for aerobic and anaerobic
     biodegradation also exists.
This fact sheet, developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) Federal Facilities Restoration and Reuse Office (FFRRO), provides
a summary of the contaminant N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA),
including physical and chemical properties; environmental and health
impacts; existing federal and state guidelines; detection and treatment
methods; and additional sources of information. This fact sheet is
intended for use by site managers and other field personnel who may
address NDMA contamination at cleanup sites or in drinking water
supplies.

NDMA is a drinking water contaminant of concern because of its
miscibility with water, as well as its carcinogenicity and toxicity.



»> NDMA is  a semivolatile organic chemical that forms in both industrial
  and natural processes. It is member of N-ni- trosamines, a family of
  potent carcinogens (Cal/EPA 2006; Mitch and others 2003).
»> Synonyms include dimethylnitrosamine (DMNA), nitrosodimethylamine,
  N-methyl-N-nitrosomethanamine and N,N-dimethylnitrosamine (EPA
  IRIS 1993).
»> NDMA is  not currently produced in pure form or commercially used in
  the United States, except for research purposes. It was formerly used
  in production of liquid rocket fuel, antioxidants, additives for lubricants
  and softeners for copolymers (ATSDR 1989; HSDB 2012).
»> NDMA can be unintentionally produced in and released from industrial
  sources through chemical reactions, such as those that involve
  alkylamines with nitrogen oxides, nitrous acid or nitrite salts. Potential
  industrial  sources include byproducts from tanneries, pesticide
  manufacturing plants, rubber and tire manufacturers, alkylamine
  manufacture and use sites, fish processing facilities, foundries and dye
  manufacturers (ATSDR 1989).
»> NDMA is  also an unintended byproduct of the chlorination of
  wastewater and drinking water at treatment plants that use
  chloramines for disinfection (Bradley and others 2005; Mitch and
  others 2003).

  Disclaimer: The U.S. EPA prepared this fact sheet from publically-available
  sources; additional information can be obtained from the source documents. This
  fact sheet is not intended to be used as a primary source of information and is not
  intended, nor can it be relied upon, to create any rights enforceable by any party
  in litigation with the United States. Mention of trade names or commercial
  products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
United States
Environmental Protection Agency
       Office of Solid Waste and
       Emergency Response (5106P)

              1
EPA 505-F-14-005
    January 2014

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  Technical Fact Sheet - NDMA
                        Exhibit 1:  Physical and Chemical Properties of NDMA
                        (ATSDR 1989; Cal/EPA 2006; HSDB 2012; NIOSH 2010)
Property
Chemical Abstract Systems (CAS) Number
Physical Description (physical state at room temperature)
Molecular weight (g/mol)
Water solubility at 25°C
Melting point (°C)
Boiling point (°C)
Specific gravity/Density at 20/4 °C (g/mL)
Vapor pressure at 20°C (mm Hg)
Organic carbon partition coefficient (log Koc)
Octanol-water partition coefficient (log Kow)
Henry's Law Constant at 20°C (atm - m3/mol)
Value/Description
62-75-9
Yellow liquid with no distinct odor (ATSDR 1989;
Cal/EPA 2006)
Yellow liquid with faint, characteristic odor (NIOSH
2010; HSDB 2012).
74.08
Miscible
-25 (estimated)
152 (HSDB 2012)
154 (ATSDR 1989; Cal/EPA 2006)
1.0059 (ATSDR 2012; Cal/EPA 2006)
1.0048 (HSDB 2012)
2.7
1.07 (estimated)
-0.57
2.63 x10'7 (ATSDR 1989)
1. 08 x10'6 (HSDB 2012)
Abbreviations: g/mol - grams per mole; °C - degrees Celsius; g/mL - grams per milliliter; mm Hg - millimeters of mercury;
atm - m3/mol - atmosphere-cubic meters per mole.

What are the environmental impacts of NDMA?
    NDMA contamination may be found in air, soil and
    water (ATSDR 1999).
    When released to the air, NDMA is expected to
    exist solely as vapor in the ambient atmosphere
    and is broken down quickly by direct photolysis in
    sunlight. The estimated half-life of NDMA vapor in
    the ambient atmosphere with direct photolysis is
    about 5 to 30 minutes (ATSDR 1989).
    When released to soil, NDMA can be highly
    mobile and has the potential to leach into
    groundwater (HSDB 2012; Swarm and others
    1983).
    In water, NDMA is completely miscible and is not
    expected to sorb onto solid particles or sediment.
    As a result of exposure to sunlight or by natural
    biological processes, NDMA may break down in
    water. The estimated half-life for direct photolysis
    of NDMA in water is about 16 minutes. The rate of
    biodegradation in the natural environment has
    been observed to be highly variable (ATSDR
    1999; HSDB 2012; Plumlee and Reinhard 2007).
    At rocket engine testing facilities in California,
    NDMA has been found at high concentrations in
groundwater on site (up to 400,000 nanograms
per liter [ng/L]) and also in downgradient drinking
water wells (up to 20,000 ng/L) (Mitch and others
2003; EPA 2001 b).
In a 2002 survey conducted by the California
Department of Health Services (CDHS), elevated
concentrations of NDMA were detected in
locations where wastewater treatment plant
effluent was used for aquifer recharge and near
facilities that use unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine
(UDMH)-based rocket fuel (CDHS 2002; Mitch and
others 2003).

As of March 2011, NDMA had been detected in
1,787 samples out of 17,900 samples obtained
from public water systems,  which were monitored
as part of the unregulated contaminant monitoring
rule (UCMR). The EPA uses the UCMR to monitor
contaminants that are suspected to be present in
drinking water but that do not currently have
health-based standards under the Safe Drinking
Water Act (EPA 2011 a).

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  Technical Fact Sheet - NDMA
What are the routes of exposure and health effects of NDMA?
    NDMA exposure may occur through (1) ingesting
    food that contains nitrosamines, such as smoked
    or cured meats and fish; (2) ingesting food that
    contains alkylamines, which can cause NDMA to
    form in the stomach; (3) drinking contaminated
    water; (4) drinking malt beverages (such as beer
    and whiskey) that may contain low levels of
    nitrosamines formed during processing; (5) using
    toiletry and cosmetic products such as shampoos
    and cleansers that contain  NDMA; and (6)
    breathing  or inhaling cigarette smoke. Workplace
    exposure  can occur at tanneries, pesticide
    manufacturing plants and rubber and tire plants
    (ATSDR1989, 1999).
    The oral route, including consumption of
    contaminated food and water, is the primary
    human exposure pathway for NDMA (ATSDR
    1989; Cal/EPA 2006).
    Exposure to high levels of NDMA may cause liver
    damage in humans (ATSDR 1999; HSDB 2012).
    Potential symptoms of overexposure include
    headache, fever, nausea, jaundice, vomiting,
    abdominal cramps, enlarged liver, reduced
    function of liver, kidneys and lungs and dizziness
    (HSDB 2012; O'Neil 2006).
    In animal studies of various species including rats
    and mice, exposure to NDMA has caused tumors
    primarily of the liver, respiratory tract, kidney and
    blood vessels (DHHS 2011; IARC 1998).
    NDMA is classified as a B2 (probable human)
    carcinogen based on the induction of tumors in
    both rodents and nonrodent mammals exposed to
    NDMA by various routes (EPA IRIS 1993).
    The U.S. Department of Health and Human
    Services states that NDMA is reasonably
    anticipated to be a human carcinogen (DHHS
    2011).
    The American Conference of Governmental
    Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has classified
    NDMA as a Group A3 confirmed animal
    carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans
    (ACGIH 2012).
Are there any federal and state guidelines and  health standards for NDMA?
    EPA and State Standards and Guidelines:
    •   Although NDMA is listed as a priority toxic
       pollutant in the Code of Federal Regulations
       (CFR) (40 CFR 131.36), no federal maximum
       contaminant level (MCL) has been established
       for drinking water. An MCL is not necessary to
       establish cleanup levels (EPA 2011 b, 2013).
    •   The EPA has not derived a chronic oral
       reference dose (RfD) or a chronic inhalation
       reference concentration (RfC) for NDMA (EPA
       IRIS 1993).
    •   EPA has assigned an oral slope factor for
       carcinogenic risk of 51 milligrams per kilogram
       per day (mg/kg/day) and a drinking water unit
       risk of 1.4 x 10"3 micrograms per liter (ug/L)
       (EPA IRIS 1993).
    •   EPA risk assessments indicate that the
       drinking water concentration representing a 1
       x 10~6 cancer risk level for NDMA is 0.7 ng/L
       (EPA IRIS 1993).
    •   EPA included NDMA on the third Contaminant
       Candidate List (CCL3), which is a list of
       unregulated contaminants that are known to or
       anticipated to occur in public water systems
       and may require regulation under the Safe
       Drinking Water Act (EPA 2009; EPA 2011 a).
       In addition, EPA added NDMA to its UCMR 2,
       requiring many large water utilities to monitor
       for NDMA (EPA 2012a).
       EPA established a preliminary remediation
       goal of 1.3 ng/L for NDMA in groundwater at
       the Aerojet General Corporation Superfund
       Site in Sacramento, California, based on a 1 in
       10~6 lifetime excess cancer risk in drinking
       water (EPA 2001 b).
       For tap water, EPA calculated a screening
       level of 0.42 ng/L for NDMA, based on a 1 in
       10~6 lifetime excess cancer risk (EPA 2013). \2
1 Tap water screening levels differ from the Integrated Risk
Information System (IRIS) drinking water concentrations because
the tap water screening levels account for dermal, inhalation and
ingestion exposure routes; age-adjust the intake rates for children
and adults based on body weight; and time-adjust for exposure
duration or days per year. The IRIS drinking water concentrations
consider only the ingestion route, account only for adult-intake
rates and do not time-adjust for exposure duration or days per year.

 Screening Levels are developed using risk assessment guidance
from the EPA Superfund program. These risk-based concentrations
are derived from standardized equations combining exposure
information assumptions with EPA toxicity data. These calculated
screening levels are generic and not enforceable cleanup standards
but provide a useful gauge of relative toxicity.

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  Technical Fact Sheet - NDMA
Are there any federal and state guidelines and health standards for NDMA?
(continued)
    EPA and State Standards and
    Guidelines(continued):
    •   EPA has also calculated a residential soil
       screening level (SSL) of 2.3 x 10~3 milligrams
       per kilogram (mg/kg) and an industrial SSL of
       3.4 x 10"2 mg/kg for NDMA. The soil-to-
       groundwater SSL is 1.0 x 10  mg/kg (EPA
       2013).
    •   EPA has calculated a residential air screening
       level of 6.9 x 10"5 micrograms per cubic meter
       (ug/m3) and an industrial air screening level of
       8.8x10"4ug/m3(EPA2013).
    •   EPA requires that spills or accidental releases
       of 10 pounds  or more of NDMA be reported to
       the EPA (EPA 2001 a).
    •   California has established a public health goal
       of 3 ng/L in drinking water, based on a  1 in 10"
       6 lifetime  excess cancer risk. In addition,
       California has established a notification level
       of 0.01 ug/L, which is a health-based advisory
       level for chemicals in drinking water that lack a
       MCL (Cal/EPA 2006, CDPH 2010).
    •   Massachusetts has established a regulatory
       limit of 1 x 10~5 milligrams per liter (mg/L) in
       drinking water (Mass DEP 2004).

What detection and site characterization methods are available for NDMA?
Workplace Exposure Limits:
•  Although no permissible exposure limits or
   other occupational exposure limits have been
   established by the Occupational Safety and
   Health Administration (OSHA) and the
   National Institute for Occupational Safety and
   Health (NIOSH) or ACGIH, NDMA is regulated
   along with  13 other chemicals as a "potential
   occupational carcinogen" (NIOSH 2010;
   OSHA 2006).
•  OSHA regulations promulgated in 29
   CFR)1910.1003, 29 CFR 1910.1016 and 29
   CFR 1910.1116 require the use of engineering
   controls, works practices and personal
   protective equipment to control the exposure
   of workers to NDMA (OSHA 2006).
•  ACGIH states that exposure by all routes to
   NDMA should  be  reduced to the lowest
   possible levels (ACGIH 2012; DHHS2011).
    For drinking water, EPA Method 521 uses solid
    phase extraction (SPE) and capillary column gas
    chromatography (GC) with large-volume
    injection and chemical ionization tandem mass
    spectroscopy (MS) (EPA 2004).
    For wastewater, EPA Method 607 uses
    methylene chloride extraction, GC and a
    nitrogen-phosphorus detector (NPD) (EPA
    2007a; EPA 2012b).
    For wastewater, EPA Method 1625 uses isotope
    dilution, GC and MS (EPA 2007a; EPA 2012b).
    Forgroundwater, wastewater, soil, sediment and
    sludges, EPA SW-846 Method  8070 uses
    methylene chloride extraction, GC and a NPD
    (EPA 1996).
    For solid waste matrices, soil, air sampling
    media and water samples, EPA SW-846 Method
    8270 uses GC and MS (EPA 2007b).
    An analytical method has also been developed
    specifically to quantify NDMA precursors such
    as alkylamines  in waste or wastewater (Mitch,
    Gerecke and Sedlak 2003).
  A method using liquid chromatography tandem
  MS (LC/MS/MS) detects both thermally stable
  and unstable nitrosamines in drinking water
  (Zhao and others 2006).
  A study developed a method that is a
  combination of SPE and LC/MS/MS for
  determination of NDMA in surface water,
  groundwater and wastewater samples. The
  quantification limit identified was 2 ng/L (Topuz
  and others 2012).
  Modifications to GC-MS and GC-NPD methods
  including sample evapoconcentration and low
  concentration instrument calibration can be used
  to detect NDMA in soil to levels below 1
  microgram per kilogram (ug/kg) (USAGE 2009).

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  Technical Fact Sheet - NDMA
What technologies are being used to treat NDMA?
    The most common method to treat NDMA in
    drinking water systems is photolysis by ultraviolet
    radiation in the wavelength range of 225 to 250
    nanometers (nm). This treatment cleaves the N-N
    bond, yielding nitrite and small quantities of
    dimethylamine (Mitch and others 2003).
    Biological treatment, microfiltration and reverse
    osmosis treatment may be used to remove NDMA
    precursors from wastewater before chlorination
    (Mitch and others 2003).The Department of
    Defense's Strategic Environmental Research and
    Development Program (SERDP) is investigating
    abiotic, biotic and coupled abiotic/biotic processes
    to accelerate NDMA degradation in the subsurface
    (DoD SERDP 2008, 2009, 2012).
    Laboratory-scale studies have shown that aerobic
    and anaerobic biodegradation of NDMA to low
ng/L concentrations in water and soil may be
possible (Bradley and others 2005; DoD SERDP
2008).
Recent laboratory-scale studies indicate that the
use of a fluidized bed reactor may be an effective
technology for treatment of NDMA-contaminated
groundwater (Webster and others  2013).
Laboratory-scale study results suggest that in situ
coupled abiotic/biotic processes may efficiently
degrade NDMA in groundwater (McKinley and
others 2005; DoD SERDP 2009).
An SERDP project was conducted to identify the
organisms, enzymes  and biochemical pathways
involved in the aerobic biodegradation of NDMA.
Laboratory-scale study results highlighted the
importance of monooxygenases in the degradation
of NDMA (DoD SERDP 2012).
Where can  I find more information about NDMA?
   Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease
   Registry (ATSDR). 1989. "Toxicological Profile for
   n-Nitrosodimethylamine."
   www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp141.pdf
   ATSDR. 1999. "ToxFAQs - N-
   Nitrosodimethylamine."
   www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaqs/tf.asp?id=883&tid=173
   American Conference of Governmental Industrial
   Hygienists (ACGIH). 2012.
   "n-Nitrosodimethylamine." Threshold Limit Values
   for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and
   Biological Exposure Indices. ACGIH, Cincinnati,
   OH.
   Bradley, P.M., Carr, S.A., Baird, R.B., and F.H.
   Chappelle. 2005. "Biodegradation of N-
   nitrosodimethylamine in  Soil from a Water
   Reclamation Facility." Bioremediation Journal.
   Volume 9. Pages 115 to 120.
   California Department of Public Health (CDPH).
   2010. "Drinking Water Notification Levels and
   Response Levels:  An Overview."
   www.cdph.ca.gov/certlic/drinkingwater/Documents
   /Notificationlevels/notificationlevels.pdf
   California Environmental Protection Agency
   (Cal/EPA). Office of Environmental Health Hazard
   Assessment. 2006. "Public Health Goals for
   Chemicals in Drinking Water - N-
   Nitrosodimethylamine." http://oehha.ca.gov/
   water/phg/pdf/122206NDMAphg.pdf
   Hazardous Substance Data Bank (HSDB). 2012.
   N-Nitrosodimethylamine. http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/
   cgi-bin/sis/htmlgen?HSDB
International Agency for Research on Cancer
(IARC). 1998. "N-Nitrosodimethylamine." Some N-
nitroso compounds. IARC Monographs on the
Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals
to Humans. Volume 17. Lyon, France:
International Agency for Research on Cancer.
Page 125.
Massachusetts Department of Environmental
Protection (Mass DEP). 2004. "Current Regulatory
Limit:  n-Nitrosodimethylamine." www.mass.gov/
eea/agencies/massdep/water/drinking/standards/n
-nitrosodimethylamine-ndma.html
McKinley, J.P., Szecsody, J.E., Resch, C.T.,
Fisher, A., Thompson, K., Fredrickson, H.L., Luce,
C., and S. Neville. 2005. "Abiotic and Biotic
Processes Controlling Remediation of NDMA in
Sediments." Partners in Environmental
Technology Technical Symposium & Workshop.
November 29 to December 1, 2005. Washington,
D.C.
Mitch, W.A., Gerecke, A.C., and D.L. Sedlak.
2003. "A N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA)
Precursor Analysis for Chlorination of Water and
Wastewater." Water Research. Volume 37.  Pages
3733 to 3741.
Mitch, W.A., Sharp, J.O, Trussell, R.R., Valentine,
R.L, Alvarez-Cohen, L., and D.L. Sedlack. 2003.
"N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) as a Drinking
Water Contaminant: A Review." Environmental
Engineering Science. Volume 20 (5). Pages 389 to
404.

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  Technical Fact Sheet - NDMA
Where can  I find more information about NDMA? (continued)
    National Institute for Occupational Safety and
    Health (NIOSH). 2010. NIOSH Pocket Guide to
    Chemical Hazards: N.-Nitrosodimethylamine.
    www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0461.html
    Occupational Safety and Health Administration
    (OSHA). 2006. Chemical Sampling Information -
    N-Nitrosodimethylamine. www.osha.gov/dts/
    chemicalsampling/data/CH 258000.html.
    O'Neil, M.J. 2006. The Merck Index - An
    Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and
    Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ:  Merck and
    Co., Inc., page 1147
    Plumlee,  M.H. and M. Reinhard. 2007.
    "Photochemical Attenuation of N.-
    Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and other
    Nitrosamines in Surface Water." Environmental
    Science and Technology. Volume 41. Pages 6170
    to 6176.
    Swarm, R.L., Laskowski, D.A., McCall, P.J., Kuy,
    K.V., and H.J. Dishburger. 1983. "A Rapid Method
    for the Estimation of the Environmental
    Parameters Octa no I/Water Partition Coefficient,
    Soil Sorption Constant, Water to Air Ratio and
    Water Solubility." Residue Reviews. Volume 85.
    Pages 17 to 28.
    Topuz, E., Aydin, E., and  E. Pehlivanoglu-Mantas.
    2012. "A Practical LC-MS/MS Method for the
    Detection of NDMA at Nanogram per Liter
    Concentrations in Multiple Water Matrices." Water,
    Air, & Soil Pollution. Volume 223 (9). Pages 5793
    to 5802.
    U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USAGE). 2009.
    "Determination of Low Level NDMA in Soils."
    ERDC TN-EQT-09-01. http://el.erdc.usace.army.
    mil/elpubs/pdf/egt-09-01 .pdf
    U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) Strategic
    Environmental Research and Development
    Program (SERDP). 2008. "Bioremediation
    Approaches for Treating Low Concentrations of
    N.-Nitrosodimethylamine in Groundwater." SERDP
    Project ER-1456.
    DoD SERDP. 2009. "Abiotic and Biotic
    Mechanisms Controlling In Situ Remediation of
    NDMA." SERDP Project ER-1421.
    DoD SERDP 2012. "Oxygenase-Catalyzed
    Biodegradation of Emerging Water Contaminants:
    1,4-Dioxane and N-Nitrosodimethylamine."
    SERDP Project ER-1417.
    U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
    (DHHS). 2011. "Report on Carcinogens." Public
    Health Service, National Toxicology Program. 12th
edition. http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/?obiectid=
03C9AF75-E1BF-FF40-DBA9EC0928DF8B15
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA).1996. "Method 8070A. Nistrosamines By
Gas Chromatography." www.epa.gov/osw/hazard/
testmethods/sw846/pdfs/8070a.pdf
EPA. 2001 a. "Designation of a Hazardous
Substance." Code of Federal Regulations (CFR).
Title 40, Chapter 1, Part 302.4.
EPA. 2001 b. "Record of Decision for the Western
Groundwater Operable Unit OU-3, Aerojet
Sacramento Site." yosemite.epa.gov/r9/sfund/
r9sfdocw.nsf/cadf7f8d48234c98882574260073d78
7/fcc6df948bea3d488825784f0005f41b/$FILE/Aer
ojet ROD complete.pdf
EPA. 2004. "U.S. EPA Method 521:
Determination of Nitrosoamines in Drinking Water
by Solid Phase  Extraction (SPE) and Capillary
Column Gas Chromatography with Large Volume
Injection and Chemical lonization Tandem Mass
Spectrometry (MS/MS)." Version 1.0. National
Exposure Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio.
EPA 600-R-05-054.
www.epa.gov/microbes/documents/m 521 .pdf
EPA. 2007a. "Guidelines Establishing Test
Procedures for the Analysis of Pollutants Under
the Clean Water Act; National Primary Drinking
Water Regulations; and National Secondary
Drinking Water  Regulations; Analysis and
Sampling Procedures; Final Rule." 40 CFR Part
122, 136, etseq.
EPA. 2007b. "Methods 8270D. Semivolatile
Organic Compounds by Gas Chromatography/
Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS)." www.epa.gov/osw/
hazard/testmethods/sw846/pdfs/8270d.pdf
EPA. 2009. "Drinking Water Contaminant
Candidate List 3 - Final." Federal Register Notice.
www.federalregister.gov/articles/2009/10/08/E9-
24287/drinking-water-contaminant-candidate-list-
3-final
EPA. 2011 a. "Regulatory Determinations for the
Third Drinking Water Contaminant Candidate List."
Stakeholder Meeting. Washington D.C.
EPA. 2011 b. "Toxics Criteria for those States Not
Complying with Clean Water Act Section
303(c)(2)(B)." Code of Federal Regulations (CFR).
Title 40, Chapter 1, Part 131.36. July 1 edition.
www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011 -title40-
vol22/pdf/CFR-2011 -title40-vol22-sec131-36.pdf

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 Technical Fact Sheet - NDMA
Where can I find more information about NDMA? (continued)
•:«  EPA. 2012a. Methods and Contaminants for the
   Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule 2
   (UCMR 2). water.epa.gov/lawsregs/rulesregs/
   sdwa/ucmr/ucmr2/methods.cfm
•:«  EPA. 2012b. Methods for Organic Chemical
   Analysis.
   water.epa.gov/scitech/methods/cwa/organics
•:«  EPA. 2013. Regional Screening Level (RSL)
   Summary Table.
   www.epa.gov/reg3hwmd/risk/human/rb-
   concentration table/Generic Tables/index.htm
•:«  EPA Integrated  Risk Information System (IRIS).
   1993. "N-Nitrosodimethylamine; CASRN 62-75-9.
   www.epa.gov/iris/subst/0045.htm.

Contact  Information
Webster, T.S., Condee, C., and P.B. Hatzinger.
2013. "Ex situ treatment of N-
nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in Groundwater
using a Fluidized Bed Reactor." Water Research.
Volume 47 (2). Pages 811 to 820.
Zhao, Y-Y., Boyd, J., Hrudey, S.E., and X.F. Li.
2006. "Characterization of New Nitrosoamines in
Drinking Water Using Liguid Chromatography
Tandem Mass Spectrometry." Environmental
Science & Technology.  Volume 40. Pages 7636 to
7641.
If you have any guestions or comments on this fact sheet, please contact: Mary Cooke, FFRRO, by phone at
(703) 603-8712 or by email at cooke.marvt@epa.gov.

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