£EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Technical Fact Sheet -
N-Nitroso-dimethylamine
(NDMA)
January 2014
TECHNICAL FACT SHEET- NDMA
At a Glance
Introduction
Yellow liquid with faint
characteristic or no distinct odor.
Formerly used in the production of
rocket fuel, antioxidants and
softeners for copolymers.
Currently used only for research
purposes.
Unintended byproduct of
chlorination of wastewater at
wastewater treatment plants that
use chloramines for disinfection,
raising significant concern as a
drinking water contaminant.
Highly mobile in soil, with potential
to leach into groundwater.
Oral route is the primary human
exposure pathway.
Classified as a B2 (probable
human) carcinogen.
Listed as a priority pollutant by the
EPA, but no federal standard has
been established for drinking
water.
Detection methods include solid
phase extraction, gas
chromatography and liquid
chromatography.
Most common treatment method is
via photolysis by ultraviolet
radiation ranging in wavelength
from 225 to 250 nanometers.
Potential for aerobic and anaerobic
biodegradation also exists.
This fact sheet, developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) Federal Facilities Restoration and Reuse Office (FFRRO), provides
a summary of the contaminant N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA),
including physical and chemical properties; environmental and health
impacts; existing federal and state guidelines; detection and treatment
methods; and additional sources of information. This fact sheet is
intended for use by site managers and other field personnel who may
address NDMA contamination at cleanup sites or in drinking water
supplies.
NDMA is a drinking water contaminant of concern because of its
miscibility with water, as well as its carcinogenicity and toxicity.
»> NDMA is a semivolatile organic chemical that forms in both industrial
and natural processes. It is member of N-ni- trosamines, a family of
potent carcinogens (Cal/EPA 2006; Mitch and others 2003).
»> Synonyms include dimethylnitrosamine (DMNA), nitrosodimethylamine,
N-methyl-N-nitrosomethanamine and N,N-dimethylnitrosamine (EPA
IRIS 1993).
»> NDMA is not currently produced in pure form or commercially used in
the United States, except for research purposes. It was formerly used
in production of liquid rocket fuel, antioxidants, additives for lubricants
and softeners for copolymers (ATSDR 1989; HSDB 2012).
»> NDMA can be unintentionally produced in and released from industrial
sources through chemical reactions, such as those that involve
alkylamines with nitrogen oxides, nitrous acid or nitrite salts. Potential
industrial sources include byproducts from tanneries, pesticide
manufacturing plants, rubber and tire manufacturers, alkylamine
manufacture and use sites, fish processing facilities, foundries and dye
manufacturers (ATSDR 1989).
»> NDMA is also an unintended byproduct of the chlorination of
wastewater and drinking water at treatment plants that use
chloramines for disinfection (Bradley and others 2005; Mitch and
others 2003).
Disclaimer: The U.S. EPA prepared this fact sheet from publically-available
sources; additional information can be obtained from the source documents. This
fact sheet is not intended to be used as a primary source of information and is not
intended, nor can it be relied upon, to create any rights enforceable by any party
in litigation with the United States. Mention of trade names or commercial
products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
United States
Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Solid Waste and
Emergency Response (5106P)
1
EPA 505-F-14-005
January 2014
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Technical Fact Sheet - NDMA
Exhibit 1: Physical and Chemical Properties of NDMA
(ATSDR 1989; Cal/EPA 2006; HSDB 2012; NIOSH 2010)
Property
Chemical Abstract Systems (CAS) Number
Physical Description (physical state at room temperature)
Molecular weight (g/mol)
Water solubility at 25°C
Melting point (°C)
Boiling point (°C)
Specific gravity/Density at 20/4 °C (g/mL)
Vapor pressure at 20°C (mm Hg)
Organic carbon partition coefficient (log Koc)
Octanol-water partition coefficient (log Kow)
Henry's Law Constant at 20°C (atm - m3/mol)
Value/Description
62-75-9
Yellow liquid with no distinct odor (ATSDR 1989;
Cal/EPA 2006)
Yellow liquid with faint, characteristic odor (NIOSH
2010; HSDB 2012).
74.08
Miscible
-25 (estimated)
152 (HSDB 2012)
154 (ATSDR 1989; Cal/EPA 2006)
1.0059 (ATSDR 2012; Cal/EPA 2006)
1.0048 (HSDB 2012)
2.7
1.07 (estimated)
-0.57
2.63 x10'7 (ATSDR 1989)
1. 08 x10'6 (HSDB 2012)
Abbreviations: g/mol - grams per mole; °C - degrees Celsius; g/mL - grams per milliliter; mm Hg - millimeters of mercury;
atm - m3/mol - atmosphere-cubic meters per mole.
What are the environmental impacts of NDMA?
NDMA contamination may be found in air, soil and
water (ATSDR 1999).
When released to the air, NDMA is expected to
exist solely as vapor in the ambient atmosphere
and is broken down quickly by direct photolysis in
sunlight. The estimated half-life of NDMA vapor in
the ambient atmosphere with direct photolysis is
about 5 to 30 minutes (ATSDR 1989).
When released to soil, NDMA can be highly
mobile and has the potential to leach into
groundwater (HSDB 2012; Swarm and others
1983).
In water, NDMA is completely miscible and is not
expected to sorb onto solid particles or sediment.
As a result of exposure to sunlight or by natural
biological processes, NDMA may break down in
water. The estimated half-life for direct photolysis
of NDMA in water is about 16 minutes. The rate of
biodegradation in the natural environment has
been observed to be highly variable (ATSDR
1999; HSDB 2012; Plumlee and Reinhard 2007).
At rocket engine testing facilities in California,
NDMA has been found at high concentrations in
groundwater on site (up to 400,000 nanograms
per liter [ng/L]) and also in downgradient drinking
water wells (up to 20,000 ng/L) (Mitch and others
2003; EPA 2001 b).
In a 2002 survey conducted by the California
Department of Health Services (CDHS), elevated
concentrations of NDMA were detected in
locations where wastewater treatment plant
effluent was used for aquifer recharge and near
facilities that use unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine
(UDMH)-based rocket fuel (CDHS 2002; Mitch and
others 2003).
As of March 2011, NDMA had been detected in
1,787 samples out of 17,900 samples obtained
from public water systems, which were monitored
as part of the unregulated contaminant monitoring
rule (UCMR). The EPA uses the UCMR to monitor
contaminants that are suspected to be present in
drinking water but that do not currently have
health-based standards under the Safe Drinking
Water Act (EPA 2011 a).
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Technical Fact Sheet - NDMA
What are the routes of exposure and health effects of NDMA?
NDMA exposure may occur through (1) ingesting
food that contains nitrosamines, such as smoked
or cured meats and fish; (2) ingesting food that
contains alkylamines, which can cause NDMA to
form in the stomach; (3) drinking contaminated
water; (4) drinking malt beverages (such as beer
and whiskey) that may contain low levels of
nitrosamines formed during processing; (5) using
toiletry and cosmetic products such as shampoos
and cleansers that contain NDMA; and (6)
breathing or inhaling cigarette smoke. Workplace
exposure can occur at tanneries, pesticide
manufacturing plants and rubber and tire plants
(ATSDR1989, 1999).
The oral route, including consumption of
contaminated food and water, is the primary
human exposure pathway for NDMA (ATSDR
1989; Cal/EPA 2006).
Exposure to high levels of NDMA may cause liver
damage in humans (ATSDR 1999; HSDB 2012).
Potential symptoms of overexposure include
headache, fever, nausea, jaundice, vomiting,
abdominal cramps, enlarged liver, reduced
function of liver, kidneys and lungs and dizziness
(HSDB 2012; O'Neil 2006).
In animal studies of various species including rats
and mice, exposure to NDMA has caused tumors
primarily of the liver, respiratory tract, kidney and
blood vessels (DHHS 2011; IARC 1998).
NDMA is classified as a B2 (probable human)
carcinogen based on the induction of tumors in
both rodents and nonrodent mammals exposed to
NDMA by various routes (EPA IRIS 1993).
The U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services states that NDMA is reasonably
anticipated to be a human carcinogen (DHHS
2011).
The American Conference of Governmental
Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has classified
NDMA as a Group A3 confirmed animal
carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans
(ACGIH 2012).
Are there any federal and state guidelines and health standards for NDMA?
EPA and State Standards and Guidelines:
• Although NDMA is listed as a priority toxic
pollutant in the Code of Federal Regulations
(CFR) (40 CFR 131.36), no federal maximum
contaminant level (MCL) has been established
for drinking water. An MCL is not necessary to
establish cleanup levels (EPA 2011 b, 2013).
• The EPA has not derived a chronic oral
reference dose (RfD) or a chronic inhalation
reference concentration (RfC) for NDMA (EPA
IRIS 1993).
• EPA has assigned an oral slope factor for
carcinogenic risk of 51 milligrams per kilogram
per day (mg/kg/day) and a drinking water unit
risk of 1.4 x 10"3 micrograms per liter (ug/L)
(EPA IRIS 1993).
• EPA risk assessments indicate that the
drinking water concentration representing a 1
x 10~6 cancer risk level for NDMA is 0.7 ng/L
(EPA IRIS 1993).
• EPA included NDMA on the third Contaminant
Candidate List (CCL3), which is a list of
unregulated contaminants that are known to or
anticipated to occur in public water systems
and may require regulation under the Safe
Drinking Water Act (EPA 2009; EPA 2011 a).
In addition, EPA added NDMA to its UCMR 2,
requiring many large water utilities to monitor
for NDMA (EPA 2012a).
EPA established a preliminary remediation
goal of 1.3 ng/L for NDMA in groundwater at
the Aerojet General Corporation Superfund
Site in Sacramento, California, based on a 1 in
10~6 lifetime excess cancer risk in drinking
water (EPA 2001 b).
For tap water, EPA calculated a screening
level of 0.42 ng/L for NDMA, based on a 1 in
10~6 lifetime excess cancer risk (EPA 2013). \2
1 Tap water screening levels differ from the Integrated Risk
Information System (IRIS) drinking water concentrations because
the tap water screening levels account for dermal, inhalation and
ingestion exposure routes; age-adjust the intake rates for children
and adults based on body weight; and time-adjust for exposure
duration or days per year. The IRIS drinking water concentrations
consider only the ingestion route, account only for adult-intake
rates and do not time-adjust for exposure duration or days per year.
Screening Levels are developed using risk assessment guidance
from the EPA Superfund program. These risk-based concentrations
are derived from standardized equations combining exposure
information assumptions with EPA toxicity data. These calculated
screening levels are generic and not enforceable cleanup standards
but provide a useful gauge of relative toxicity.
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Technical Fact Sheet - NDMA
Are there any federal and state guidelines and health standards for NDMA?
(continued)
EPA and State Standards and
Guidelines(continued):
• EPA has also calculated a residential soil
screening level (SSL) of 2.3 x 10~3 milligrams
per kilogram (mg/kg) and an industrial SSL of
3.4 x 10"2 mg/kg for NDMA. The soil-to-
groundwater SSL is 1.0 x 10 mg/kg (EPA
2013).
• EPA has calculated a residential air screening
level of 6.9 x 10"5 micrograms per cubic meter
(ug/m3) and an industrial air screening level of
8.8x10"4ug/m3(EPA2013).
• EPA requires that spills or accidental releases
of 10 pounds or more of NDMA be reported to
the EPA (EPA 2001 a).
• California has established a public health goal
of 3 ng/L in drinking water, based on a 1 in 10"
6 lifetime excess cancer risk. In addition,
California has established a notification level
of 0.01 ug/L, which is a health-based advisory
level for chemicals in drinking water that lack a
MCL (Cal/EPA 2006, CDPH 2010).
• Massachusetts has established a regulatory
limit of 1 x 10~5 milligrams per liter (mg/L) in
drinking water (Mass DEP 2004).
What detection and site characterization methods are available for NDMA?
Workplace Exposure Limits:
• Although no permissible exposure limits or
other occupational exposure limits have been
established by the Occupational Safety and
Health Administration (OSHA) and the
National Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health (NIOSH) or ACGIH, NDMA is regulated
along with 13 other chemicals as a "potential
occupational carcinogen" (NIOSH 2010;
OSHA 2006).
• OSHA regulations promulgated in 29
CFR)1910.1003, 29 CFR 1910.1016 and 29
CFR 1910.1116 require the use of engineering
controls, works practices and personal
protective equipment to control the exposure
of workers to NDMA (OSHA 2006).
• ACGIH states that exposure by all routes to
NDMA should be reduced to the lowest
possible levels (ACGIH 2012; DHHS2011).
For drinking water, EPA Method 521 uses solid
phase extraction (SPE) and capillary column gas
chromatography (GC) with large-volume
injection and chemical ionization tandem mass
spectroscopy (MS) (EPA 2004).
For wastewater, EPA Method 607 uses
methylene chloride extraction, GC and a
nitrogen-phosphorus detector (NPD) (EPA
2007a; EPA 2012b).
For wastewater, EPA Method 1625 uses isotope
dilution, GC and MS (EPA 2007a; EPA 2012b).
Forgroundwater, wastewater, soil, sediment and
sludges, EPA SW-846 Method 8070 uses
methylene chloride extraction, GC and a NPD
(EPA 1996).
For solid waste matrices, soil, air sampling
media and water samples, EPA SW-846 Method
8270 uses GC and MS (EPA 2007b).
An analytical method has also been developed
specifically to quantify NDMA precursors such
as alkylamines in waste or wastewater (Mitch,
Gerecke and Sedlak 2003).
A method using liquid chromatography tandem
MS (LC/MS/MS) detects both thermally stable
and unstable nitrosamines in drinking water
(Zhao and others 2006).
A study developed a method that is a
combination of SPE and LC/MS/MS for
determination of NDMA in surface water,
groundwater and wastewater samples. The
quantification limit identified was 2 ng/L (Topuz
and others 2012).
Modifications to GC-MS and GC-NPD methods
including sample evapoconcentration and low
concentration instrument calibration can be used
to detect NDMA in soil to levels below 1
microgram per kilogram (ug/kg) (USAGE 2009).
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Technical Fact Sheet - NDMA
What technologies are being used to treat NDMA?
The most common method to treat NDMA in
drinking water systems is photolysis by ultraviolet
radiation in the wavelength range of 225 to 250
nanometers (nm). This treatment cleaves the N-N
bond, yielding nitrite and small quantities of
dimethylamine (Mitch and others 2003).
Biological treatment, microfiltration and reverse
osmosis treatment may be used to remove NDMA
precursors from wastewater before chlorination
(Mitch and others 2003).The Department of
Defense's Strategic Environmental Research and
Development Program (SERDP) is investigating
abiotic, biotic and coupled abiotic/biotic processes
to accelerate NDMA degradation in the subsurface
(DoD SERDP 2008, 2009, 2012).
Laboratory-scale studies have shown that aerobic
and anaerobic biodegradation of NDMA to low
ng/L concentrations in water and soil may be
possible (Bradley and others 2005; DoD SERDP
2008).
Recent laboratory-scale studies indicate that the
use of a fluidized bed reactor may be an effective
technology for treatment of NDMA-contaminated
groundwater (Webster and others 2013).
Laboratory-scale study results suggest that in situ
coupled abiotic/biotic processes may efficiently
degrade NDMA in groundwater (McKinley and
others 2005; DoD SERDP 2009).
An SERDP project was conducted to identify the
organisms, enzymes and biochemical pathways
involved in the aerobic biodegradation of NDMA.
Laboratory-scale study results highlighted the
importance of monooxygenases in the degradation
of NDMA (DoD SERDP 2012).
Where can I find more information about NDMA?
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease
Registry (ATSDR). 1989. "Toxicological Profile for
n-Nitrosodimethylamine."
www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp141.pdf
ATSDR. 1999. "ToxFAQs - N-
Nitrosodimethylamine."
www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaqs/tf.asp?id=883&tid=173
American Conference of Governmental Industrial
Hygienists (ACGIH). 2012.
"n-Nitrosodimethylamine." Threshold Limit Values
for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and
Biological Exposure Indices. ACGIH, Cincinnati,
OH.
Bradley, P.M., Carr, S.A., Baird, R.B., and F.H.
Chappelle. 2005. "Biodegradation of N-
nitrosodimethylamine in Soil from a Water
Reclamation Facility." Bioremediation Journal.
Volume 9. Pages 115 to 120.
California Department of Public Health (CDPH).
2010. "Drinking Water Notification Levels and
Response Levels: An Overview."
www.cdph.ca.gov/certlic/drinkingwater/Documents
/Notificationlevels/notificationlevels.pdf
California Environmental Protection Agency
(Cal/EPA). Office of Environmental Health Hazard
Assessment. 2006. "Public Health Goals for
Chemicals in Drinking Water - N-
Nitrosodimethylamine." http://oehha.ca.gov/
water/phg/pdf/122206NDMAphg.pdf
Hazardous Substance Data Bank (HSDB). 2012.
N-Nitrosodimethylamine. http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/
cgi-bin/sis/htmlgen?HSDB
International Agency for Research on Cancer
(IARC). 1998. "N-Nitrosodimethylamine." Some N-
nitroso compounds. IARC Monographs on the
Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals
to Humans. Volume 17. Lyon, France:
International Agency for Research on Cancer.
Page 125.
Massachusetts Department of Environmental
Protection (Mass DEP). 2004. "Current Regulatory
Limit: n-Nitrosodimethylamine." www.mass.gov/
eea/agencies/massdep/water/drinking/standards/n
-nitrosodimethylamine-ndma.html
McKinley, J.P., Szecsody, J.E., Resch, C.T.,
Fisher, A., Thompson, K., Fredrickson, H.L., Luce,
C., and S. Neville. 2005. "Abiotic and Biotic
Processes Controlling Remediation of NDMA in
Sediments." Partners in Environmental
Technology Technical Symposium & Workshop.
November 29 to December 1, 2005. Washington,
D.C.
Mitch, W.A., Gerecke, A.C., and D.L. Sedlak.
2003. "A N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA)
Precursor Analysis for Chlorination of Water and
Wastewater." Water Research. Volume 37. Pages
3733 to 3741.
Mitch, W.A., Sharp, J.O, Trussell, R.R., Valentine,
R.L, Alvarez-Cohen, L., and D.L. Sedlack. 2003.
"N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) as a Drinking
Water Contaminant: A Review." Environmental
Engineering Science. Volume 20 (5). Pages 389 to
404.
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Technical Fact Sheet - NDMA
Where can I find more information about NDMA? (continued)
National Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health (NIOSH). 2010. NIOSH Pocket Guide to
Chemical Hazards: N.-Nitrosodimethylamine.
www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0461.html
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
(OSHA). 2006. Chemical Sampling Information -
N-Nitrosodimethylamine. www.osha.gov/dts/
chemicalsampling/data/CH 258000.html.
O'Neil, M.J. 2006. The Merck Index - An
Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and
Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and
Co., Inc., page 1147
Plumlee, M.H. and M. Reinhard. 2007.
"Photochemical Attenuation of N.-
Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and other
Nitrosamines in Surface Water." Environmental
Science and Technology. Volume 41. Pages 6170
to 6176.
Swarm, R.L., Laskowski, D.A., McCall, P.J., Kuy,
K.V., and H.J. Dishburger. 1983. "A Rapid Method
for the Estimation of the Environmental
Parameters Octa no I/Water Partition Coefficient,
Soil Sorption Constant, Water to Air Ratio and
Water Solubility." Residue Reviews. Volume 85.
Pages 17 to 28.
Topuz, E., Aydin, E., and E. Pehlivanoglu-Mantas.
2012. "A Practical LC-MS/MS Method for the
Detection of NDMA at Nanogram per Liter
Concentrations in Multiple Water Matrices." Water,
Air, & Soil Pollution. Volume 223 (9). Pages 5793
to 5802.
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USAGE). 2009.
"Determination of Low Level NDMA in Soils."
ERDC TN-EQT-09-01. http://el.erdc.usace.army.
mil/elpubs/pdf/egt-09-01 .pdf
U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) Strategic
Environmental Research and Development
Program (SERDP). 2008. "Bioremediation
Approaches for Treating Low Concentrations of
N.-Nitrosodimethylamine in Groundwater." SERDP
Project ER-1456.
DoD SERDP. 2009. "Abiotic and Biotic
Mechanisms Controlling In Situ Remediation of
NDMA." SERDP Project ER-1421.
DoD SERDP 2012. "Oxygenase-Catalyzed
Biodegradation of Emerging Water Contaminants:
1,4-Dioxane and N-Nitrosodimethylamine."
SERDP Project ER-1417.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
(DHHS). 2011. "Report on Carcinogens." Public
Health Service, National Toxicology Program. 12th
edition. http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/?obiectid=
03C9AF75-E1BF-FF40-DBA9EC0928DF8B15
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA).1996. "Method 8070A. Nistrosamines By
Gas Chromatography." www.epa.gov/osw/hazard/
testmethods/sw846/pdfs/8070a.pdf
EPA. 2001 a. "Designation of a Hazardous
Substance." Code of Federal Regulations (CFR).
Title 40, Chapter 1, Part 302.4.
EPA. 2001 b. "Record of Decision for the Western
Groundwater Operable Unit OU-3, Aerojet
Sacramento Site." yosemite.epa.gov/r9/sfund/
r9sfdocw.nsf/cadf7f8d48234c98882574260073d78
7/fcc6df948bea3d488825784f0005f41b/$FILE/Aer
ojet ROD complete.pdf
EPA. 2004. "U.S. EPA Method 521:
Determination of Nitrosoamines in Drinking Water
by Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) and Capillary
Column Gas Chromatography with Large Volume
Injection and Chemical lonization Tandem Mass
Spectrometry (MS/MS)." Version 1.0. National
Exposure Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio.
EPA 600-R-05-054.
www.epa.gov/microbes/documents/m 521 .pdf
EPA. 2007a. "Guidelines Establishing Test
Procedures for the Analysis of Pollutants Under
the Clean Water Act; National Primary Drinking
Water Regulations; and National Secondary
Drinking Water Regulations; Analysis and
Sampling Procedures; Final Rule." 40 CFR Part
122, 136, etseq.
EPA. 2007b. "Methods 8270D. Semivolatile
Organic Compounds by Gas Chromatography/
Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS)." www.epa.gov/osw/
hazard/testmethods/sw846/pdfs/8270d.pdf
EPA. 2009. "Drinking Water Contaminant
Candidate List 3 - Final." Federal Register Notice.
www.federalregister.gov/articles/2009/10/08/E9-
24287/drinking-water-contaminant-candidate-list-
3-final
EPA. 2011 a. "Regulatory Determinations for the
Third Drinking Water Contaminant Candidate List."
Stakeholder Meeting. Washington D.C.
EPA. 2011 b. "Toxics Criteria for those States Not
Complying with Clean Water Act Section
303(c)(2)(B)." Code of Federal Regulations (CFR).
Title 40, Chapter 1, Part 131.36. July 1 edition.
www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2011 -title40-
vol22/pdf/CFR-2011 -title40-vol22-sec131-36.pdf
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Technical Fact Sheet - NDMA
Where can I find more information about NDMA? (continued)
•:« EPA. 2012a. Methods and Contaminants for the
Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule 2
(UCMR 2). water.epa.gov/lawsregs/rulesregs/
sdwa/ucmr/ucmr2/methods.cfm
•:« EPA. 2012b. Methods for Organic Chemical
Analysis.
water.epa.gov/scitech/methods/cwa/organics
•:« EPA. 2013. Regional Screening Level (RSL)
Summary Table.
www.epa.gov/reg3hwmd/risk/human/rb-
concentration table/Generic Tables/index.htm
•:« EPA Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS).
1993. "N-Nitrosodimethylamine; CASRN 62-75-9.
www.epa.gov/iris/subst/0045.htm.
Contact Information
Webster, T.S., Condee, C., and P.B. Hatzinger.
2013. "Ex situ treatment of N-
nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in Groundwater
using a Fluidized Bed Reactor." Water Research.
Volume 47 (2). Pages 811 to 820.
Zhao, Y-Y., Boyd, J., Hrudey, S.E., and X.F. Li.
2006. "Characterization of New Nitrosoamines in
Drinking Water Using Liguid Chromatography
Tandem Mass Spectrometry." Environmental
Science & Technology. Volume 40. Pages 7636 to
7641.
If you have any guestions or comments on this fact sheet, please contact: Mary Cooke, FFRRO, by phone at
(703) 603-8712 or by email at cooke.marvt@epa.gov.
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