&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Technical Fact Sheet -
Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs)
and Polybrominated Biphenyls (PBBs)
January 2014
TECHNICAL FACT SHEET - PBDEs and PBBs
At a Glance
* Classes of brominated
hydrocarbons that serve as flame
retardants for electrical equipment,
electronic devices, furniture, textiles
and other household products.
* Structurally similar and exhibit low to
moderate volatility. Lower
brominated congeners of PBDE
tend to bioaccumulate more than
higher brominated congeners.
* May act as endocrine disrupters in
humans and other animals.
Exposure in rats and mice caused
neuro-developmental toxicity and
other symptoms.
* The EPA has developed oral
reference doses for decaBDE,
octaBDE, tetraBDE, hexaBDE and
pentaBDE.
* The U.S. Department of Health and
Human Services states that PBBs
are reasonably anticipated to be
human carcinogens.
* According to the EPA, evidence of
carcinogenic potential is suggested
for decaBDE.
* The EPA has calculated screening
levels for PBBs in air, soil and tap
water.
* Detection methods include gas
chromatography, mass spectrometry
and liquid chromatography.
* Potential treatment methods being
evaluated at the laboratory scale
include debromination using zero-
valent iron (ZVI) and nanoscale ZVI,
activated carbon treatment and
enhanced biodegradation.
Introduction
This fact sheet, developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) Federal Facilities Restoration and Reuse Office (FFRRO), provides
a summary of the contaminants polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE)
and polybrominated biphenyls (PBB), including physical and chemical
properties; environmental and health impacts; existing federal and state
guidelines; detection and treatment methods; and additional sources of
information. This fact sheet provides basic information on PBDEs and
PBBs to site managers and other field personnel who may encounter these
contaminants at cleanup sites.
The manufacture of PBB was banned in the United States in 1976 after an
agricultural contamination episode in 1973 when PBB was accidentally
mixed into animal feed, exposing millions of Michigan residents to
contaminated dairy products, eggs and meat (ATSDR 2004; DHHS 2011).
In contrast, PBDEs have been used widely in the United States since the
1970s; however, there is growing concern about their persistence in the
environment and their tendency to bioaccumulate in the food chain
(ATSDR 2004; EPA 2009). Since PBDEs and PBBs belong to the same
class of brominated hydrocarbons and their chemical structures are similar,
they are both discussed in this fact sheet.
What are PBDE and PBB?
»> PBDE and PBB are classes of brominated hydrocarbons, also referred
to as brominated flame retardant (BFR) chemicals. They are
structurally similar, containing a central biphenyl structure surrounded
by up to 10 bromine atoms (ATSDR 2004).
»> PBBs were formerly used as additive flame retardants in synthetic
fibers and molded plastics. They are no longer used in the United
States (ATSDR 2004; DHHS 2011).
»> PBDEs are used as flame retardants in a wide variety of products,
including plastics, furniture, upholstery, electrical equipment, electronic
devices, textiles and other household products (ATSDR 2004; EPA
2009).
»> At high temperatures, PBDEs and PBBs release bromine radicals that
reduce both the rate of combustion and dispersion of fire (Hooper and
McDonald 2000).
Disclaimer: The U.S. EPA prepared this fact sheet from publically-available
sources; additional information can be obtained from the source documents. This
fact sheet is not intended to be used as a primary source of information and is not
intended, nor can it be relied upon, to create any rights enforceable by any party
in litigation with the United States. Mention of trade names or commercial
products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
United States
Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Solid Waste and
Emergency Response (5106P)
EPA 505-F-14-006
January 2014
1
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Technical Fact Sheet - PBDEs and PBBs
What are PBDE and PBB? (continued)
PBDEs exist as mixtures of distinct chemicals
called congeners with unique molecular structures.
The PBDE congeners may differ in the total
number or position of bromine atoms attached to
the ether molecule. Congeners with equal
numbers of bromine atoms are known as
homologs (ATSDR 2004; EPA 2009)
There are three types of commercial PBDE
homologs, including pentabromodiphenyl ether
(pentaBDE), octabromodiphenyl ether (octaBDE)
and decabromodiphenyl ether (decaBDE).
DecaBDE is the most widely used PBDE globally
(ATSDR 2004; EPA 2009).
The production of octaBDE and pentaBDE in the
United States ceased at the end of 2004 after the
voluntary phase-out of these chemicals by the only
U.S. manufacturer. In addition, the two U.S.
producers and the main U.S. importer of decaBDE
have announced plans to phase out the compound
by the end of 2013 (EPA 2012; EPA 2013a).
PBBs also exist as mixtures of congeners. They
were produced as three primary homologs:
hexabromobiphenyl (hexaBB), octabromobiphenyl
(octaBB) and decabromobiphenyl (decaBB)
(ATSDR 2004; DHHS 2011).
Production of PBBs in the United States was
banned in 1976 after an agricultural contamination
episode in 1973 (ATSDR 2004).
There are no known natural sources of PBDEs
and PBBs, except for a few marine organisms that
produce some forms of PBDEs (ATSDR 2004).
Both PBDE and PBB are structurally similar to
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Both PBDE and
PBB are fat-soluble and hydrophobic (DHHS
2011; Hooper and McDonald 2000).
Exhibit 1: Physical and Chemical Properties of PBDEs and PBBs
(ATSDR 2004; HSDB 2012a, b)
Proper h-p-nn^n STBDE 1 iT^t
| Chemical Abstracts System (CAS) Numbers
Physical description (physical state at room
temperature)
Molecular weight (g/mol)
Water solubility at 25 °C (ug/L)
Boiling point (°C)
Melting point (°C)
Vapor pressure at 25 °C (mm Hg)
Octanol-water partition coefficient (log Kow)
Soil organic carbon-water coefficient (log Koc)
Henry's Law Constant at 25 °C (atm-m3/mol)
32534-81-9
Pale yellow liquid
564.69
13.3 (commercial)
Over 300
-7 to -3
(commercial)
2.2x10'7to5.5x
ID'7
6.64 to 6.97
4.89to5.10a
1.2x10'5a
32536-52-0
Off-white powder
801.47
Less than 1 (commercial)
Over 330 (decomposes)
85 to 89 (commercial)
9.0x10-10to1.7x10'9
6.29 (commercial)
5.92 to 6.22 a
7.5x10'8a
1163-19-5 I
Off-white powder
959.22
Less than 1
Over 320
(decomposes)
290 to 306
3.2x1 0'8
6.265
6.80 a
1.62x10'6a
Property — £± , —
CAS Numbers
Physical description (physical state at room
temperature)
Molecular weight (g/mol)
Water solubility at 25 °C (ug/L)
Boiling point (°C)
Melting point (°C)
Vapor pressure (mm Hg)
Octanol-water partition coefficient (log Kow)
Soil organic carbon-water coefficient (log Koc)
Henry's Law Constant at 25°C (atm-m3/mol)
36355-01-8
White solid
627.4
11
Not available
72
5.2x10'8(at25°C)
6.39
3.33 to 3.87 a
3.9 x10'6
27858-07-7
White solid
785.2
20 to 30
Not available
200 to 250
7x1 0'11 (at28°C)
5.53
Not available
Not available
13654-09-6
White solid
943.1
Insoluble
Not available
380 to 386
Not applicable
8.58
Not available
Not available
Abbreviations: g/mol - gram per mole; |jg/L - micrograms per liter; UC - degrees Celsius; mm Hg - millimeters of mercury; atm-m^/mol -
atmosphere-cubic meters per mole.
a-Estimated value
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Technical Fact Sheet - PBDEs and PBBs
What are the environmental impacts of PBDE and PBB?
PBDEs may enter the environment through
emissions from manufacturing processes,
volatilization from various products that contain
PBDEs, recycling wastes and leachate from waste
disposal sites (ATSDR 2004; EU 2001).
PBBs may enter the environment through disposal
of contaminated animal feed and animal products,
accidental spills during transport and disposal of
PBB-containing wastes from manufacturing sites
(ATSDR 2004).
PBDEs and PBBs have been detected in air,
sediments, surface water, fish and other marine
animals (ATSDR 2004; EPA 2009).
Lower brominated congeners of PBDE tend to
bioaccumulate more than higher brominated
congeners and are more persistent in the
environment (ATSDR 2004).
Higher brominated congeners of PBDE tend to
bind to sediment or soil particles more than lower
brominated congeners (ATSDR 2004).
PBDEs and PBBs do not dissolve easily in water
and bind strongly to soil or sediment particles,
which reduces their mobility in soil, sediment and
groundwater, but increases their mobility in the
atmosphere, where they are attached to airborne
particulate matter (ATSDR 2004).
Volatilization from soil surfaces is expected to be
low to moderate, depending on the number of
bromine atoms. Homologs with the highest
numbers of bromine atoms tend to exhibit the
lowest volatilities (DHHS 2011; EPA 2009).
Even though PBDEs and PBBs are relatively
stable, they are susceptible to photolytic
debromination when they are exposed to
ultraviolet light (Birnbaum and Staskal 2004;
DHHS 2011; EPA 2009).
As of 2004, PBBs had been identified at more than
nine sites on the EPA National Priorities List (NPL)
(HazDat2004).
As of 2004, PBDEs were not identified at any of
the current or former hazardous waste sites on the
NPL; however, the number of sites evaluated for
PBDEs is not well documented. As more NPL
sites are evaluated, there is a possibility that
PBDE contamination may be discovered at these
sites (HazDat 2004).
What are the routes of exposure and the health effects of PBDE and PBB?
Routes of potential human exposure to PBBs and
PBDEs are ingestion, inhalation or dermal contact
(DHHS 2011).
Since PBBs are no longer produced or used in the
United States, the general population will be
exposed to PBBs only from historical releases
(ATSDR 2004).
Traces of PBDEs have been detected in samples
of human tissue, human blood and breast milk
(EPA 2009; He and others 2006)
The EPA has not classified PBBs for
carcinogenicity.
The U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services (DHHS) states that PBBs are reasonably
anticipated to be human carcinogens based on
sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from
experimental animal studies (DHHS 2011).
The International Agency for Research on Cancer
(IARC) classified PBBs as "probably carcinogenic
to humans" (IARC 2013).
Neither the DHHS nor the IARC has classified the
carcinogenicity of any PBDEs.
According to the EPA, evidence of carcinogenic
potential is suggested fordecaBDE (EPA 2009;
EPA IRIS 2008a).
Studies on mice and rats have shown that
exposure to PBDEs and PBBs causes neuro-
developmental toxicity, weight loss, toxicity to the
kidney, thyroid and liver and dermal disorders
(ATSDR 2004; Birnbaum and Staskal 2004; EPA
2009).
Studies on animals and humans have shown that
some PBBs and PBDEs can act as endocrine
system disrupters and also tend to deposit in
human adipose tissue (ATSDR 2004; Birnbaum
and Staskal 2004; DHHS 2011; He and others
2006).
A study has indicated that octaBDE may be a
potential teratogen (a prenatal developmental
toxin) (Darnerud and others 2001; He and others
2006).
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Technical Fact Sheet - PBDEs and PBBs
Are there any existing federal and state guidelines and health standards for
PBDE and PBB?
The EPA has not derived chronic oral reference
doses (RfD) for PBBs; however, the it has
established the following RfDs for PBDEs (EPA IRIS
2008a,b,c,d;1990a,b):
• 7 x 10"3 milligrams per kilogram per day
(mg/kg/day) for the 2,2',3,3',4,4',5,5',6,6'
decaBDE-209 congener;
• 3 x 10"3 mg/kg/day for the octaBDE homolog;
• 2x 10~3 mg/kg/day for the pentaBDE homolog;
1 x 10"4 mg/kg/day for the 2,2',4,4' -
tetrabromodiphenyl ether (tetraBDE-47)
congener;
• 2 x 10"4 mg/kg/day for the 2,2',4,4',5,5' -
hexabromodiphenyl ether (hexaBDE-153)
congener; and
1 x 10"4 mg/kg/day for the 2,2',4,4',5 -
pentaBDE-99 congener.
For decaBDE-209, EPA has assigned an oral slope
factor for carcinogenic risk of 7 x 10"4 mg/kg/day and
a drinking water unit risk of 2.0 x 10"8 micrograms per
liter (|jg/L) (EPA IRIS 2008a).
EPA risk assessments indicate that the drinking
water concentration representing a 1 x 10"6 cancer
risk level for decaBDE-209 is 50 |jg/L (EPA IRIS
2008a).
EPA has calculated a residential soil screening
level (SSL) of 1.6 x 10~2 milligrams per kilogram
(mg/kg) and an industrial SSL of 5.7 x 10~2 mg/kg
for PBBs. 1
For PBBs in tap water, EPA has calculated a
screening level of 2.2 x 10~3 ug/L (EPA 2013b).2
EPA has also calculated a residential air screening
level of 2.8 x 10"4 micrograms per cubic meter
(ug/m3) and an industrial air screening level of 1.4
x10~3ug/m3(EPA2013b).
EPA issued a Significant New Use Rule (SNUR) in
2006 to phase out pentaBDE and octaBDE.
Screening Levels are developed using risk assessment guidance
from the EPA Superfund program. These risk-based concentrations
are derived from standardized equations combining exposure
information assumptions with EPAtoxicity data. These calculated
screening levels are generic and not enforceable cleanup standards
but provide a useful gauge of relative toxicity.
2
Tap water screening levels differ from the Integrated Risk
Information System (IRIS) drinking water concentrations because
the tap water screening levels account for dermal, inhalation and
ingestion exposure routes; age-adjust the intake rates for children
and adults based on body weight; and time-adjust for exposure
duration or days per year. The IRIS drinking water concentrations
consider only the ingestion route, account only for adult-intake rates,
and do not time-adjust for exposure duration or days per year.
According to this rule, no new manufacture or
import of these two homologs is allowed after
January 1, 2005, without a 90-day notification to
EPA for evaluation (EPA 2013a).
On March 20, 2012, EPA proposed to amend the
2006 SNUR by: (1) designating processing of any
combination of the six PBDE congeners contained
in pentaBDE or octaBDE for any use that is not
ongoing, as a significant new use; (2) designating
manufacturing, importing, or processing of
decaBDE for any use that is not ongoing (as of
December 31, 2013), as a significant new use;
and (3) designating the manufacture, import or
processing of any PBDE-containing article as a
significant new use (EPA 2013a).
In December 2009, the two U.S. producers and
the main U.S. importer of decaBDE committed to
end production, import and sales of the chemical
for all consumer, transportation and military uses
by the end of 2013 (EPA 2012).
The American Industrial Hygiene Association
(AIHA) has developed a workplace environmental
exposure level of 5 milligrams per cubic meter
(mg/m3) for decaBDE, with ongoing air monitoring
required if dust levels of pentaBDE and octaBDE
exceed 5 mg/m3 (AIHA 2013; ATSDR 2004).
The Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA) has not established
occupational exposure limits for PBDEs or PBBs
(OSHA 2006).
The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease
Registry (ATSDR) has established a minimal risk
level (MRL) of 0.01 mg/kg/day for acute-duration
(14 days or less) oral exposure to PBBs and a
MRL of 10 mg/kg/day for intermediate-duration (15
to 364 days) oral exposure to decaBDE (ATSDR
2013).
For lower brominated PBDEs, ATSDR has
established an MRL of 0.006 mg/m3 for
intermediate-duration inhalation exposure. In
addition, ATSDR has established an MRL of 0.03
mg/kg/day for acute-duration oral exposure and
0.007 mg/kg/day for intermediate-duration oral
exposure (ATSDR 2013).
Several states including California, Hawaii, Illinois,
Maine, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, New York,
Rhode Island, Oregon and Washington have
banned pentaBDE and octaBDE. States such as
Washington, Maine, Maryland and Oregon have
also introduced legislation that bans the sale of
certain products containing decaBDE (EPA 2009;
Lowell 2013).
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Technical Fact Sheet - PBDEs and PBBs
Are there any existing federal and state guidelines and health standards for
PBDE and PBB? (continued)
The California Environmental Protection Agency
(Cal/EPA) has proposed a No Significant Risk
Level of 0.02 |jg per day for PBBs (Cal/EPA 2013).
What detection and site characterization methods are available
for PBDE and PBB?
Analytical methods used for PBDE detection
include gas chromatography (GC)-mass
spectrometry (MS) for air, sewage, fish and animal
tissues; capillary column GC/electron capture
detector (ECD) for water and sediment samples;
GC/high resolution MS (HRMS) for fish tissue; and
liquid chromatography (LC)-GC-MS/flame
ionization detector (FID) for sediments (ATSDR
2004).
Analytical methods for PBB detection include GC-
ECD for commercial samples, soil, plant tissue,
water, sediment, fish, dairy and animal feed; high
resolution GC (HRGC)/HRMS for fish samples;
GC-FID/ECD for soil; and LC-GC-MS/FID for
sediment (ATSDR 2004).
EPA Method 1614 uses isotope dilution and
internal standard HRGC/HRMS to detect PBDEs
in water, soil, sediment and tissue (EPA 2007).
What technologies are being used to treat PBDE and PBB?
Research is being conducted at the laboratory
scale on potential treatment methods for media
contaminated with PBDEs and PBBs.
A laboratory study investigated the degradation of
a mixture of decaBDE and octaBDE using
anaerobic bacteria (He and others 2006).
Another laboratory study investigated zero valent
iron (ZVI) as a treatment method for decaBDE.
Secondary treatment using cationic surfactants
may be required to increase the availability of
PBDE molecules for reactions with ZVI (Keum and
Li 2005).
Laboratory studies are also evaluating the use of
bimetallic nanoparticles (BNPs) and nanoscale
ZVI (nZVI) for the treatment of PBDEs. Sequential
treatment with nZVI and aerobic biodegradation
and treatment with iron silver BNPs coupled with
microwave energy were both shown to effectively
degrade PBDEs (Kim and others 2012; Luo and
others 2012).
Bench-scale experiments indicate that
electrokinetic remediation may be effective for the
treatment of PBDEs in soil (Chun and others
2012).
The use of activated carbon has also been
investigated in a laboratory study for the treatment
of PDBE in sediment (Choi and others 2003).
Where can I find more information about PBDE and PBB?
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease
Registry (ATSDR). 2004. "Toxicological Profile for
Polybrominated Biphenyls and Polybrominated
Diphenyl Ethers."
www.atsdr.cdc.qov/toxprofiles/tp68.pdf.
ATSDR. 2013. "Minimal Risk Levels (MRLs)."
www.atsdr.cdc.gov/mrls/index.htmltfbookmarkQ2
American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA).
2013. "2013 EPRG/WEEL Handbook." AIHA
Guideline Foundation.
Birnbaum, L. S. and D. F. Staskal. 2004.
"Brominated Flame Retardants: Cause for
Concern?" Environmental Health Perspectives.
Volume 112(1). Pages 9 to 13.
California Environmental Protection Agency
(Cal/EPA) Office of Environmental Health and
Hazard Assessment. 2013. "Proposition 65 No
Significant Risk Levels for Carcinogens and
Maximum Allowable Dose Levels for Chemicals
Causing Reproductive Toxicity." http://oehha.ca.
qov/prop65/pdf/022813safeharbor.pdf
Choi, J., Onodera, J., Kitamura, K., Hashimoto, S.,
Ito, H. Suzuki, N., Sakai, S., and M. Morita. 2003.
"Modified Clean-up for PBDD, PBDF and PBDE
with an Active Carbon Column—Its Application to
Sediments." Chemosphere. Volume 53 (6). Pages
637 to 643.
Chun, D.W., Cui, P.F., and J.E. Qing. 2012. "Study
on Electrokinetic Remediation of PBDEs
Contaminated Soil." Advanced Materials
Research. Volumes 518 to 523. Pages 2829 to
2833.
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Technical Fact Sheet - PBDEs and PBBs
Where can I find more information about PBDE and PBB? (continued)
Darnerud, P.O., Eriksen, G.S., Johannesson, T.,
Larsen, P.B. and M. Viluksela. 2001.
"Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers: Occurrence,
Dietary Exposure, and Toxicology." Environmental
Health Perspectives. Volume 109 (1). Pages 49 to
68.
European Union (EU). 2001. "Diphenyl ether,
pentabromo derivative (pentabromodiphenyl
ether)." European Union Risk Assessment Report.
Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the
European Committees.
Hazardous Substance Data Bank (HSDB). 2012a.
"Octabromodiphenyl Ether."
http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/htmlgen7HSDB
HSDB. 2012b. "Pentabromodiphenyl Ether."
http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/htmlgen7HSDB
HazDat. 2004. PBBs and PBDEs. Hazardous
Substance Release and Health Effects Database.
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease
Registry.
He, J., Robrock, K. R., and L. Alvarez-Cohen.
2006. "Microbial Reductive Debromination of
PBDEs." Environmental Science & Technology.
Volume 40. Pages 4429 to 4434.
Hooper, K. and T.A. McDonald. 2000. "The
PBDEs: An Emerging Environmental Challenge
and Another Reason for Breast-Milk Monitoring
Programs." Environmental Health Perspectives.
Volume 108 (5). Pages 387 to 392.
Keum, Y-S. and Q.X. Li. 2005. "Reductive
Debromination of PBDEs by Zero-Valent Iron."
Environmental Science & Technology. Volume 39.
Pages 2280 to 2286.
Kim, Y., Murugesan, K., Chang, Y., Kim, E., and Y.
Chang. 2012. "Degradation of Polybrominated
Diphenyl Ethers by a Seguential Treatment with
Nanoscale Zero Valent Iron and Aerobic
Biodegradation." Journal of Chemical Technology
and Biotechnology. Volume 87 (2). Pages 216 to
224.
Lowell Center for Sustainable Production -
University of Massachusetts (Lowell). 2013. U.S.
State-Level Chemicals Policy Database.
Chemicals Policy and Science Initiative.
www.chemicalspolicv.org/chemicalspolicy.us.state.
data base.php
Luo, S., Yang, S., Sun, C., and J. Gu. 2012.
"Improved Debromination of Polybrominated
Diphenyl Ethers by Bimetallic Iron-Silver
Nanoparticles Coupled with Microwave Energy."
Science of the Total Environment. Volume 429.
Pages 300 to 308.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
(OSHA). Permissible Exposure Limits. 2006.
www.osha.gov/dsg/topics/pel/
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
(DHHS). 2011. "Report on Carcinogens: Twelfth
Edition."
http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/twelfth/roc12.pdf
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
2007. "Method 1614 Brominated Diphenyl Ethers
in Water, Soil, Sediment and Tissue by
HRGC/HRMS." EPA 821-R-07-005.
water.epa.gov/scitech/methods/cwa/bioindicators/u
pload/2007 09 11 methods method 1614.pdf
EPA. 2009. "Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers
(PBDEs) Action Plan Summary."
www.epa.gov/oppt/existingchemicals/pubs/actionpl
ans/pbdes ap 2009 1230 final.pdf
EPA.2012. DecaBDE Phase-out Initiative.
www.epa.gov/oppt/existingchemicals/pubs/actionpl
ans/deccadbe.html
EPA. 2013a. "Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers
(PBDEs) Significant New Use Rules (SNUR)."
www.epa.gov/oppt/existingchemicals/pubs/ganda.
html
EPA. 2013b. Regional Screening Level (RSL)
Summary Table.
www.epa.gov/reg3hwmd/risk/human/rb-
concentration table/Generic Tables/index.htm
EPA. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS).
1990a. "Octabromodiphenyl ether (CASRN 32536-
52-0)." www.epa.gov/ncea/iris/subst/0180.htm.
EPA IRIS. 1990b. "Pentabromodiphenyl ether
(CASRN 32534-81 -9)."
www.epa.gov/iris/subst/0184.htm
EPA. 2008a. "2,2',3,3',4,4',5,5',6,6' -
Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) (CASRN
1163-19-5)." www.epa.gov/IRIS/subst/0035.htm
EPA IRIS. 2008b. "2,2',4,4',5,5'-
Hexabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-153) (CASRN
68631-49-2)." www.epa.gov/iris/subst/1009.htm
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Technical Fact Sheet - PBDEs and PBBs
Where can I find more information about PBDE and PBB? (continued)
EPA IRIS. 2008c. "2,2',4,4',5-Pentabromodiphenyl
ether (BDE-99) (CASRN 60348-60-9)."
www.epa.qov/iris/subst/1008.htm
EPA IRIS. 2008d. "2,2',4,4'-Tetrabromodiphenyl
ether (CASRN 5436-43-1)."
www.epa.qov/iris/subst/1010.htm
World Health Organization. International Agency
for Research on Cancer (IARC). 2013. "Agents
Classified by the IARC Monographs, Volumes 1-
107." http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/
index.php
Contact Information
If you have any questions or comments on this fact sheet, please contact: Mary Cooke, FFRRO, by phone at
(703) 603-8712 or by email at cooke.marvt@epa.gov.
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