&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Technical Fact Sheet -
Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-
1f3f5-triazine(RDX)
January 2014
TECHNICAL FACT SHEET - RDX
At a Glance
Introduction
Highly explosive, white crystalline
solid.
Synthetic product that does not
occur naturally in the environment.
Has been used extensively in the
manufacture of munitions and
accounts for a large part of the
explosives contamination at active
and former U.S. military
installations.
Not significantly retained by most
soils and biodegrades very slowly
under aerobic conditions. As a
result, it can easily migrate to
groundwater.
Not expected to persist for a long
period of time in surface waters
because of transformation
processes.
Classified as a Group C (possible
human) carcinogen.
Can damage the nervous system if
inhaled or ingested.
EPA plans to update its toxicity
benchmarks and health risk
assessment.
Basic types of field screening
methods include colorimetric and
EXPRAY.
Primary laboratory analytical
methods include liquid and gas
chromatography.
Potential treatment technologies
include in situ bioremediation,
granular activated carbon
treatment, composting,
phytoremediation and incineration.
This fact sheet, developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) Federal Facilities Restoration and Reuse Office (FFRRO),
provides a summary of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX),
including its physical and chemical properties; environmental and health
impacts; existing federal and state guidelines; detection and treatment
methods; and additional sources of information. This fact sheet is
intended for use by site managers and field personnel who may address
RDX contamination at cleanup sites or in drinking water supplies.
RDX is a secondary explosive1 that is used extensively by the U.S.
military in manufacturing explosives. Major manufacturing of RDX began
in the United States in 1943 during World War II; RDX was produced in
enormous quantities at the Government Owned-Contractor Operated
(GOCO) Holston Army Ammunition Plant (AAP) in Kingsport,
Tennessee, for use in military munitions in World War II and afterwards
(U.S. AEHA 1985).
During the 1940s through the 1970s, Department of Defense (DoD)
ammunitions plants and depots demilitarized off-specification,
unserviceable and obsolete munitions using steam-out and melt-out
processes to recover 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and TNT-containing
explosive fillers such as Composition B (TNT/RDX mixture). These
processes often generated significant quantities of explosives-
contaminated wastewater. The untreated wastewater was discharged
into unlined impoundments, lagoons, ditches and playas, which resulted
in significant levels of soil and groundwater contamination. Groundwater
contamination from RDX was first reported in the late 1980s (Spalding
and Fulton 1988).
RDX is still widely used in U.S. military munitions and is present in
munitions fillers such as Composition A, Composition B, Composition C
and Cyclotols. With its manufacturing impurities and environmental
transformation products, this compound accounts fora large part of the
explosives contamination at active and former U.S. military installations
(EPA 1999).
Secondary explosives are bursting and boostering explosives (used as the main
bursting charge or as the booster that sets off the main bursting charge) (USACE
2005).
United States
Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Solid Waste and
Emergency Response (5106P)
1
EPA 505-F-14-008
January 2014
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Technical Fact Sheet - RDX
What is RDX?
RDX, also known as Royal Demolition Explosive,
cyclonite, hexogen and T4, is a synthetic product
that does not occur naturally in the environment
and belongs to a class of compounds known as
explosive nitramines (ATSDR 2012; CRREL 2006).
Production of RDX in the United States has been
limited to Army ammunition plants. It is currently
manufactured at one facility in the United States,
the GOCO Holston AAP in Kingsport, Tennessee
(which has operated since 1943) (ATSDR 2012;
HSDB 2013; U.S. AEHA 1985).
RDX is not produced commercially in the United
States; however, RDX is used both in military and
commercial applications. Some U.S. companies
import RDX from outside the United States for use
in some commercial applications (ATSDR 2012;
EPA 2010).
RDX is one of the most powerful high explosives
available and was widely used during World War II.
It is present in more than 4,000 military items, from
large bombs to very small igniters (DoD 2011).
It is a highly explosive, white crystalline solid (in its
pure form) that is often mixed with other
explosives, oils or waxes to make military
munitions and other products (DoD 2011).
It is commonly used as an ingredient in plastic
explosives and has been used as explosive "fill" in
most types of munitions compounds (DoD 2011;
MMR2001).
RDX can be used alone as a base charge for
detonators or mixed with other explosives such as
TNT to form Cyclotols, which produce a bursting
charge for aerial bombs, mines and torpedoes
(ATSDR 2012; Lewis 2000).
RDX is commonly found at hand grenade ranges,
antitank rocket ranges, bombing ranges, artillery
ranges, munitions testing sites, explosives washout
lagoons, demolition areas and open burn/open
detonation (OB/OD) sites (CRREL 2006, 2007;
EPA 2005, 2012d).
Exhibit 1: Physical and Chemical Properties of RDX
(ATSDR 2012; HSDB 2013; Major and others 2007)
Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) Number
Physical Description (physical state at room temperature)
Molecular weight (g/mol)
Water solubility at 25°C (mg/L)
Octanol-water partition coefficient (Log Kow)
Soil organic carbon-water coefficient (Log Koc)
Boiling point (°C)
Melting point (°C)
Vapor pressure at 20°C (mm Hg)
Specific gravity at 20 °C (g/mL)
Henry's Law Constant at 25°C (atm-m3/mol)
121-82-4
White Crystalline Solid
222.26
59.7
0.87
1.80
Decomposes
204 to 206
1.0 x10'9 (ATSDR 201 2);
4.0 x10'9 (HSDB 201 3)
1.82
2.0 x10"11
Abbreviations: g/mol - grams per mole; mg/L - milligrams per liter; °C - degrees Celsius;
mm Hg -millimeters of mercury; g/mL-grams per milliliter; atm-m3/mol - atmosphere - cubic meters per mole.
What are the environmental impacts of RDX?
RDX can be released to the environment through
spills, firing of munitions, disposal of ordnance,
open incineration and detonation of ordnance,
leaching from inadequately sealed impoundments
and demilitarization of munitions. The compounds
can also be released from manufacturing and
munitions processing facilities (ATSDR 2012).
As of 2007, RDX had been identified at more than
30 sites on the EPA National Priorities List (NPL)
(HazDat2007).
In the atmosphere, RDX is expected to exist in the
particulate phase and settles by wet or dry
deposition (ATSDR 2012; HSDB 2013).
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Technical Fact Sheet - RDX
What are the environmental impacts of RDX? (continued)
Low soil sorption coefficient (K0c) values indicate
that RDX is not significantly retained by most soils
and can migrate to groundwater. However, the
rate of migration depends on the composition of
the soil (ATSDR 2012; EPA 2005).
RDX can migrate through the vadose zone and
contaminate underlying groundwater aquifers,
especially at source areas that have permeable
soils, a shallow groundwater table and abundant
rainfall (CRREL 2006; EPA 2012d).
RDX dissolves slowly in water because of its slow
rate of dissolution from the solid phase and does
not evaporate from water readily as a result of its
low vapor pressure (CRREL 2006; EPA 2005).
Phototransformation of RDX in soil is not
significant; however, it is the primary physical
mechanism that degrades RDX in aqueous
solutions. Consequently, RDX is not expected to
persist for a long period of time in surface waters
(ATSDR 2012; CRREL 2006; HSDB 2013).
Based on its low octanol-water partition coefficient
(Kow) and low experimental bioconcentration
factor, RDX has a low bioconcentration potential in
aquatic organisms (ATSDR 2012; EPA 2005).
Results from a study indicate that RDX may
bioaccumulate in plants and could be a potential
exposure route to herbivorous wildlife (CRREL
2006; EPA 2005; Harvey and others 1991).
What are the routes of exposure and the health effects of RDX?
Potential exposure to RDX could occur by dermal
contact or inhalation exposure; however, the most
likely route of exposure at or near hazardous
waste sites is ingestion of contaminated drinking
water or agricultural crops irrigated with
contaminated water (ATSDR 2012).
The EPA has assigned RDX a weight-of-evidence
carcinogenic classification of C (possible human
carcinogen) based on the presence of
hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas in
female mice that were exposed to RDX (EPA IRIS
1993).
The American Conference of Governmental
Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has classified RDX
as a Group A4, not classifiable as a human
carcinogen (ACGIH 2011).
RDX targets the nervous system and can cause
seizures in humans and animals when large
amounts are inhaled or ingested. Human studies
also revealed nausea and vomiting after inhalation
or oral exposure to unknown levels of RDX (EPA
2005; HSDB 2013; Ketel and Hughes 1972).
Potential symptoms of overexposure include eye
and skin irritation, headache, irritability, fatigue,
tremor, nausea, dizziness, vomiting, insomnia and
convulsions (HSDB 2013; NIOSH 2010).
Animal studies found that the ingestion of RDX for
3 months or longer resulted in decreased body
weight and slight liver and kidney damage in rats
and mice (ATSDR 2012).
EPA plans to update its toxicity benchmarks and
health risk assessment for RDX in its database of
chemical risk values, the Integrated Risk
Information System (IRIS). RDX was included as
part of EPA's 2012 IRIS agenda and the
assessment is underway (EPA 2012c).
Limited information is available regarding the
effects of long-term, low-level exposure to RDX
(ATSDR 2012).
Are there any federal and state guidelines and health standards for RDX?
EPA assigned RDX a chronic oral reference dose
(RfD) of 3 x 10~3 milligrams per kilogram per day
(mg/kg/day) (EPA IRIS 1993).
The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease
Registry (ATSDR) has established a minimal risk
level (MRL) of 0.2 mg/kg/day for acute-duration
oral exposure (14 days or less), 0.1 mg/kg/day for
intermediate-duration oral exposure (15 to 364
days) and 0.1 mg/kg/day for chronic-duration oral
exposure (365 days or more) to RDX (ATSDR
2012).
The EPA has assigned an oral slope factor for
carcinogenic risk of 0.11 mg/kg/day, and the
drinking water unit risk is 3.1x10"6 micrograms per
liter (ug/L) (EPA IRIS 1993).
EPA risk assessments indicate that the drinking
water concentration representing a 1 x 10"6 cancer
risk level for RDX is 0.3 ug/L (EPA IRIS 1993).
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Technical Fact Sheet - RDX
Are there any federal and state guidelines and health standards for RDX?
(continued)
The EPA has established drinking water health
advisories for RDX, which are drinking water-
specific risk level concentrations for cancer (10~4
cancer risk) and concentrations of drinking water
contaminants at which noncancer adverse health
effects are not anticipated to occur over specific
exposure durations (EPA 2012a).
• The EPA has established a lifetime health
advisory guidance level of 0.002 milligrams per
liter (mg/L) for RDX in drinking water. The
health advisory for a cancer risk of 10~4 is 0.03
mg/L.
• EPA also established a 1-day and 10-day
health advisory of 0.1 mg/L for RDX in drinking
water for a 10-kilogram child.
For RDX in tap water, EPA has calculated a
screening level of 0.61 ug/L (EPA 2013).1,2
EPA has calculated a residential soil screening
level (SSL) of 5.6 milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg)
and an industrial SSL of 24 mg/kg. The soil-to-
groundwater risk-based SSL is 2.3 x10"4 mg/kg
(EPA 2013).
EPA has not established an ambient air level
standard or screening level for RDX (EPA 2013).
EPA included RDX on the third Contaminant
Candidate List, which is a list of unregulated
contaminants that are known to or may occur in
drinking water and may require regulation under
the Safe Drinking Water Act (EPA 2012b).
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health (NIOSH) established a recommended
exposure limit of 1.5 milligrams per cubic meter
(mg/m3) as the time-weighted average (TWA) over
a 10-hour work exposure and 3 mg/m3 as the 15-
minute, short-term exposure limit for airborne
exposure to RDX (NIOSH 2010).
The ACGIH has set a threshold limit value of 0.5
mg/m3 as the TWA over an 8-hour work exposure
for airborne exposure to RDX (ACGIH 2011).
Numerous states have established regulations on
explosives for air quality control, solid waste
disposal, storage, manufacture and use.
Regulatory agencies in states such as Colorado
and New York have specified RDX cleanup levels
for water of less than 1 part per billion (ppb) (DoD
ESTCP 2008).
Massachusetts has established a reportable
concentration of 0.001 mg/L for the GW-1 category
(based on the use of groundwater as drinking
water) and 50 mg/L for the GW-2 category (based
on the potential for volatile material to migrate into
indoor air). For soil, Massachusetts established a
reportable concentration of 1 mg/kg for the S-1
category (based on sensitive uses of the property
and accessible soil) and 60 mg/kg for the S-2
category (based on property uses associated with
moderate exposure and accessible soil) (Mass
DEP 2008).
The Department of Transportation has many
regulations on the transportation of RDX (DOT
1989).
Screening Levels are developed using risk assessment guidance
from the EPA Superfund program. These risk-based concentrations
are derived from standardized equations combining exposure
information assumptions with EPAtoxicity data. These calculated
screening levels are generic and not enforceable cleanup standards
but provide a useful gauge of relative toxicity.
2
Tap water screening levels differ from the IRIS drinking water
concentrations because the tap water screening levels account for
dermal, inhalation and ingestion exposure routes; age-adjust the
intake rates for children and adults based on body weight; and time-
adjust for exposure duration or days per year. The IRIS drinking
water concentrations consider only the ingestion route, account only
for adult-intake rates, and do not time-adjust for exposure duration or
days per year.
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Technical Fact Sheet - RDX
What detection and site characterization methods are available for RDX?
RDX is commonly deposited in the environment as
discrete particles with strongly heterogeneous
spatial distributions. Unless precautions are taken,
this variability causes highly variable soil data,
which can lead to confusing or contradictory
conclusions about the location and degree of
contamination. As described in SW-846 Method
8330B, proper sample collection (using an
incremental field sampling approach), sample
processing (which includes grinding) and
incremental subsampling are required to obtain
reliable soil data (EPA 2006).
RDX, manufactured in the United States using the
Bachmann process at Holston AAP, contains
octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine
(HMX) (also commonly known as octogen or High
Melting Explosive) as a manufacturing impurity of
RDX at a level of approximately 10 percent.
Therefore, some experts recommend that sites
potentially containing RDX or RDX-containing
explosives fillers (such as Composition B) be
analyzed for HMX (HSDB 2013; U.S. AEHA 1985).
Both RDX and HMX are analytes included for EPA
SW-846 Methods 8330 (high-performance liquid
chromatography (HPLC) - ultraviolet (UV)
detector) and 8095 (gas chromatography (GC)-
electron capture detector [ECD]) (EPA 2007a, b).
HPLC and high-resolution gas chromatography
(HRGC) have been paired with several types of
detectors, including mass spectrometry (MS),
thermal energy analyzer (TEA), electrochemical
detection (ED), ECD and UV detector to analyze
for RDX and related contaminants (ATSDR 2012).
EPA SW-846 Method 8330 is the most widely
used analytical approach for detecting RDX in soil.
The method specifies using HPLC with a UV
detector. It has been used to detect RDX and
some of its breakdown products at levels in the
low ppb range in water, soil and sediment (EPA
2005, 2007b, 2012d).
Another method commonly used is EPA SW-846
Method 8095, which employs the same sample
processing steps as EPA SW-846 Method 8330,
but uses capillary column GC - ECD for detection
of explosives in water and soil (EPA 2005, 2007a,
2012d).
EPA SW-846 Method 8321, which uses HPLC-
MS, may be modified for the determination of RDX
in soil. Since RDX is not a target analyte for this
method and the sample processing steps are not
appropriate for use with energetic compounds, this
method is commonly modified for RDX to employ
different sample processing steps, such as those
identified in Method 8830 (EPA 2012d).
Specific field screening methods for RDX include
EPA SW-846 Method 4051 to detect RDX in soil
by immunoassay and EPA SW-846 Method 8510
to detect RDX and HMX using a colorimetric
screening procedure (U.S. Army 2009; USAGE
2005).
EPA Method 529 used solid phase extraction and
capillary column GC and MS for the detection of
RDX in drinking water (EPA 2002).
Colorimetric methods generally detect broad
classes of compounds such as nitroaromatics or
nitramines. As a result, these methods are able to
detect the presence of the target analytes and also
respond to many other similar compounds.
Immunoassay methods are more compound
specific (EPA 2005).
The EXPRAY is a simple colorimetric screening kit
that can be used for qualitative tests for RDX and
related compounds in soil. It is also useful for
screening surfaces and unknown solids. The tool's
detection limit is about 20 nanograms (EPA 2005;
USAGE 2001).
Prototype biosensor methods for RDX have been
field-tested and are emerging methods for
explosives analysis in water (EPA 1999).
Tested field-screening instruments for RDX
include FAST 2000, which uses antibodies and
fluorescence, and GC-IONSCAN, which uses ion
mobility spectrometry (IMS) (EPA 2000a, b).
What technologies are being used to treat RDX?
Bioreactors, bioslurry treatments and passive
subsurface biobarriers have proven successful in
reducing RDX concentrations (CRREL 2006; EPA
2005; DoDESTCP 2010).
Composting has been successful in achieving
cleanup goals for RDX in soil at field
demonstrations (EPA 2005).
In situ chemical remediation can also be used to
treat RDX. Fenton oxidation and treatment with
iron metal (FeO) has been used to remediate
RDX-contaminated soil and water but has not
been used as a stand-alone, full-scale treatment
technology (EPA 2005; EPA NCER 2013).
In a recent pilot-scale demonstration, in situ
chemical reduction using buffered sodium
hydrosulfite effectively reduced RDX
concentrations in soil (Luo and others 2012).
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Technical Fact Sheet - RDX
What technologies are being used to treat RDX? (continued)
Phytoremediation of RDX-contaminated water and
soil is being evaluated as a potential treatment
technology (Lamichhane and others 2012; Panz
and Miksch2012).
A recent study was conducted to evaluate the
transformation of RDX in plant tissues. Research
results indicated that the concentration of
chlorophyll in leaf tissues affects RDX
concentration in the plants. When the chlorophyll
concentration is low, then RDX degrades quickly
and does not accumulate (CRREL 2013).
Other methods of treating waters contaminated
with RDX include activated carbon, UV radiation
and in situ bioremediation (ATSDR 2012).
The Department of Defense's Strategic
Environmental Research and Development
Program (SERDP) is conducting a field-scale
demonstration at the Umatilla Chemical Depot to
assess the application of bioaugmentation to
enhance RDX biodegradation in groundwater
under aerobic conditions. The project is
anticipated to be complete in 2015 (DoD SERDP
2012).
Where can I find more information about RDX?
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease
Registry (ATSDR). 2012. "Toxicological Profile for
RDX." www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp78.pdf
American Conference of Governmental Industrial
Hygienists (ACGIH). 2011. "Threshold Limit Values
for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and
Biological Exposure Indices." Cincinnati, OH.
Harvey, S.D., Fellows, R.J., Cataldo, D.A. and
R.M. Bean. 1991. "Fate of the Explosive
Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) in Soil
and Bioaccumulation in Bush Bean Hydroponic
Plants." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry.
Volume 10. Pages 845 to 855.
Hazardous Substance Data Bank (HSDB). 2013.
Cyclonite. http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/
sis/htmlgen?HSDB
HazDat. 2007. RDX. Database. ATSDR's
Hazardous Substance Release and Health Effects
Database. Atlanta, GA: Agency for Toxic
Substances and Disease Registry.
Ketel, W.B. and J.R Hughes. 1972. "Toxic
Encephalopathy with Seizures Secondary to
Ingestion of an Explosive Material Composition C-
4: A Clinical and Electroencephalographic Study."
Neurology. Volume 22. Pages 871 to 876.
Lamichhane, K.M., Babcock, R.W., Turnbull, S.J.,
and S. Schenc. 2012. "Molasses Enhanced Phyto
and Bioremediation Treatability Study of
Explosives Contaminated Hawaiian Soils." Journal
of Hazardous Materials. Volume 243. Pages 334 to
339.
Lewis, R.J. 2000. Sax's Dangerous Properties of
Industrial Materials. 10th Edition. New York, NY:
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. Pages 1050 to 1051.
Luo, C., O'Niell, W., and V. Nzengung. 2012.
"Pilot-Scale Demonstration of In Situ Chemical
Reduction Technology at a Formerly Used
Defense Site." Water, Air, & Soil Pollution. Volume
223(9). Pages 5807 to 5815.
Major, M., Reddy, G., and G. Leach. 2007.
"Reevaluation of the Toxicity and Carcinogenicity
of RDX within the Guidelines of Modern Risk
Assessment." Health Effects Research Program.
2007 JSEM Conference.
Massachusetts Department of Environmental
Protection (Mass DEP). 2008. "Massachusetts
Contingency Plan." 310 CMR 40.0000. www.mass.
gov/eea/agencies/massdep/cleanup/regulations/sit
e-cleanup-regulations-and-standards.html
Massachusetts Military Reservation (MMR). 2001.
"Impact Area Groundwater Study Program.
Chemical Fact Sheet - RDX." Fact Sheet 2001-04.
National Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health (NIOSH). 2010. NIOSH Pocket Guide to
Chemical Hazards: Cyclonite.
www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0169.html
Panz, K. and K. Miksch. 2012. "Phytoremediation
of Explosives (TNT, RDX, HMX) by Wild-Type and
Transgenic Plants. Journal of Environmental
Management." Volume 113. Pages 85 to 92.
Spalding, R. and J. Fulton. 1988. "Groundwater
Munition Residues and Nitrate near Grand Island,
Nebraska, USA." Journal of Contaminant
Hydrology. Volume 2 (2). Pages 139-153.
U.S. Army. 2009. Military Munitions Response
Program. "Munitions Response Remedial
Investigation/Feasibility Study Guidance."
www.aec.army.mil/Portals/3/restore/Guidance MM
RP RIFS 2009.pdf
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USAGE). 2001.
"Field-Based Analytical Methods for Explosive
Compounds." Clu-ln Seminar. August 28, 2001.
www.clu-in.org/conf/tio/explosives 082801 /
prez/aug01BW.pdf
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Technical Fact Sheet - RDX
Where can I find more information about RDX? (continued)
USAGE. 2005. Military Munitions Center of
Expertise. Technical Update. "Munitions
Constituent (MC) Sampling." http://uxoinfo.com/
blogcfc/client/enclosures/MC%20Tech%20Update
%20Final USACEMar05Sampling.pdf
USAGE Cold Regions Research and Engineering
Laboratory (CRREL). 2006. "Conceptual Model for
the Transport of Energetic Residues from Surface
Soil to Groundwater by Range Activities."
ERDC/CRREL TR-06-18. www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/
GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD
=ADA472270
USAGE CRREL. 2007. "Protocols for Collection of
Surface Soil Samples at Military Training and
Testing Ranges for the Characterization of
Energetic Munitions Constituents." ERDC/CRREL
TR-07-10.
USAGE CRREL. 2013. "RDX in Plant Tissue:
Leading to Humification in Surface Soils."
ERDC/CRREL TR-13-4.
U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency
(AEHA). 1985. "Water Pollution Aspects of
Explosive Manufacturing." Technical Guide No.
140.
U.S. Department of Defense (DoD). 2011.
Emerging Chemical and Material Risks. Chemical
and Material Risk Management Program.
www.denix.osd.mil/cmrmd/ECMR/RDX/TheBasics.
cfm
DoD Environmental Security Technology
Certification Program (ESTCP). 2008. "Treatment
of RDX and/or HMX Using Mulch Biowalls (ER-
0426)."
DoD ESTCP. 2010. "Passive Biobarrier for
Treating Comingled Perchlorate and RDX in
Groundwater at an Active Range (ER-201028)."
DoD. Strategic Environmental Research and
Development Program (SERDP). 2012.
"Bioaugmentation for Aerobic Bioremediation of
RDX-Contaminated Groundwater." Fact Sheet.
SERDP Project ER-201207.
U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT). 1989.
"Hazardous Materials Table and Hazardous
Materials Communications Regulations." Code of
Federal Regulations. 49 CFR 172.101.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
1999. Office of Research and Development.
Federal Facilities Forum Issue. "Field Sampling
and Selecting On-site Analytical Methods for
Explosives in Water." EPA-600-S-99-002.
www.epa.gov/osp/hstl/tsc/Crockett1999.pdf
EPA. 2000a. Office of Research and Development.
Barringer Instruments. "GC-IONSCAN."
Environmental Technology Verification Report.
EPA/600/R-00/046.
EPA. 2000b. Office of Research and Development.
Research International, Inc. "FAST 2000."
Environmental Technology Verification Report.
EPA 600-R-00-045EPA.
EPA. 2002. Method 529. "Determination of
Explosives and Related Compounds in Drinking
Water by Solid Phase Extraction and Capillary
Column Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry
(GC/MS)." Revision 1.0.
www.epa.gov/microbes/documents/m 529.pdf
EPA. 2005. "EPA Handbook on the Management
of Munitions Response Actions." EPA 505-B-01-
001 http://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?
Dockey=P100304J.txt
EPA. 2006. SW-846. Method 8330b. "Appendix A:
Collecting and Processing of Representative
Samples for Energetic Residues in Solid Matrices
from Military Training Ranges." www.epa.gov/
osw/hazard/testmethods/pdfs/8330b.pdf
EPA. 2007a. SW-846. Method 8095. "Explosives
by Gas Chromatography." www.epa.gov/
osw/hazard/testmethods/sw846/pdfs/8095.pdf
EPA. 2007b. SW-846. Method 8330a.
"Nitroaromatics and Nitramines by High
Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)."
Revision 1. www.epa.gov/osw/hazard/testmethods/
sw846/pdfs/8330a.pdf
EPA. 2010. "Non-Confidential 2006 IUR Records
by Chemical, Including Manufacturing, Processing
and Use Information." Inventory Update Reporting.
EPA. 2012a. "2012 Edition of the Drinking Water
Standards and Health Advisories."
water.epa.gov/action/advisories/drinking/upload/dw
standards2012.pdf
EPA. 2012b. Drinking Water Standards.
"Contaminant Candidate List 3 - CCL." water.epa.
gov/scitech/drinkingwater/dws/ccl/ccl3.cfm
EPA. 2012c. "Integrated Risk Information System
(IRIS); Announcement of 2012 Program." Federal
Register. Volume 77 (88). Pages 26751 to 26755.
www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2012-05-07/html/2012-
10935.htm
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Technical Fact Sheet - RDX
Where can I find more information about RDX? (continued)
EPA. 2012d. "Site Characterization for Munitions
Constituents." EPA Federal Facilities Forum Issue
Paper. EPA-505-S-11-001.
www.epa.gov/fedfac/pdf/site characterization for
munitions constituents.pdf
EPA. 2013. Regional Screening Level Summary
Table, www.epa.gov/reg3hwmd/risk/human/rb-
concentration table/Generic Tables/index.htm
EPA. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS).
1993. "Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine
(RDX)(CASRN 121-82-4)."
www.epa.gov/IRIS/subst/0313.htm
EPA. National Center for Environmental Research
(NCER). 2013. "Final Report: Fate and Transport
of Munitions Residues in Contaminated Soil."
http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncer abstracts/index.cfm/fuse
action/display.abstractDetail/abstract/5251/report/F
Contact Information
If you have any guestions or comments on this fact sheet, please contact: Mary Cooke, FFRRO, by phone at
(703) 603-8712 or by email at cooke.marvt@epa.gov.
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