EPA/600/R-14/210 | September 2014 | www.epa.gov/nhsrc
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
REPORT ON THE
2013 U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) International
Decontamination Research and
Development Conference
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REPORT ON THE
2013 U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (EPA)
INTERNATIONAL DECONTAMINATION RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CONFERENCE
NATIONAL HOMELAND SECURITY RESEARCH CENTER
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NC 27711
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DISCLAIMER
The United States Environmental Protection Agency, through its Office of Research and
Development's National Homeland Security Research Center, funded and managed this effort through EP-D-
09-053 with ICF International Inc. This report has been peer- and administratively reviewed and has been
approved for publication as an Environmental Protection Agency document. It does not necessarily reflect the
views of the Environmental Protection Agency. No official endorsement should be inferred.
Questions concerning this report or its application should be addressed to:
Lukas Oudejans, Ph.D.
National Homeland Security Research Center
Office of Research and Development (E-343-06)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
109 T.W. Alexander Drive
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
(919) 541 2973
oudejans.lukas@epa.gov
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The Environmental Protection Agency's National Homeland Security Research Center (NHSRC) would like to
acknowledge the keynote speaker, The Honorable Dr. Richard Danzig, at the 2013 Decontamination
Conference. In addition, NHSRC would like to acknowledge the technical program speakers and poster
presenters for providing the abstracts as well as the presentations published in this report. NHSRC would also
like to thank ICF International for drafting the remaining portions of this conference report. Lastly, NHSRC
would like to thank the following people for their review of the Executive Summary: Emily Snyder
[ORD/NHSRC], Doris Betancourt [ORD/NRMRL], and Dennis Tabor [ORD/NRMRL].
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The 2013 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) International Decontamination Research and Development
Conference brought together scientists who are conducting chemical, biological, and radiological (CBR) recovery
research, practitioners who are conducting remediation activities and those who set policies related to CBR
decontamination. For three days at EPA's campus in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, more than 170 national and
international participants representing local, state, and federal government agencies, academia, industry, and public
advocacy groups viewed presentations and actively engaged in panel discussions and a poster viewing session. This
diverse audience brought together experts in emergency response, decision support tools, risk communication,
sampling, detection, treatment, decontamination methods, and waste management related to biological, chemical, and
radiological agents to explore current issues and future directions.
This Executive Summary outlines the events and presentations of the conference. The information is organized by topic;
the Plenary Session, General Sessions, and Poster Session topics are outlined first, followed by topics covered during the
Concurrent Sessions. Links to more detailed information are provided.
Plenary Session
Dr. Shawn Ryan, Division Director of the Decontamination and Consequence Management Division (DCMD) with EPA's
National Homeland Security Research Center (NHSRC), Dr. Lukas Oudejans, Chairperson of the NHSRC Conference
Organizing Committee, and Dr. Greg Sayles, Acting Director of NHSRC, welcomed participants to the conference and
provided opening remarks. Dr. Greg Sayles introduced Mr. Lek Kadeli, the Acting Assistant Administrator of EPA's Office
of Research and Development (ORD). Mr. Kadeli quoted EPA Administrator Gina McCarthy's First 100 Days message:
"Each day my goal is to make EPA's work relevant and important to every community in the United States...everyone
wants to ensure that their kids are healthy, that their communities and drinking water are safe and that their economies
are strong". Mr. Kadeli recognized that these are the hallmarks of community sustainability and that's why EPA's mission
to protect human health and the environment now encompasses every facet of preparing communities for the
challenges ahead and strengthening their resiliency to bounce back the next time disaster strikes.
Dr. Peter Jutro (EPA) introduced the keynote speaker, the Honorable Dr. Richard J. Danzig, expert consultant to the
Departments of Defense and Homeland Security and current Chairman of the Board of Directors for the Center for a
New American Security. Previously, Dr. Danzig served as the 71st Secretary of the Navy (November 1998 - January 2001)
and was a senior advisor to then Senator Obama on national security issues during the 2008 Presidential campaign.
Dr. Danzig underscored the importance of heroes, not only the traditional idea of leaders who step forward in a crisis,
but also those who foresee the potential crisis and begin to prepare for it. As an example, the preparation for
remediation following a wide area biological release is fraught with difficulties due to the unpredictable nature of such
crises, including the type and amount of pathogen, the type of delivery, and the distribution of the resulting
contamination. Dr. Danzig commended efforts such as the federal multi-agency Bioresponse Operational Testing and
Evaluation (BOTE) study and the Scientific Program on Reaerosolization and Exposure (SPORE) program and stressed the
need for similar tools that the scientific community can use to provide definitive answers to policy makers based on
conclusive data. Dr. Danzig also discussed the issues of time and scale, emphasizing the importance of identifying
priorities, demanding more situational awareness information, and communicating clear and concise information to
policy makers now to prepare an "all-hazards" response rather than waiting to respond once a crisis has already
occurred. Section 2 of this report provides additional detail on the opening remarks, keynote presentation and other
points raised during the plenary session.
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General Session 1 - Outcome Tabletop Exercise, Guidance, and Response
The first general session consisted of seven presentations from representatives from federal agencies of the United
States, Canada, United Kingdom, and Japan. The first presentation explained how the private sector in Canada can help
with the assessment and remediation process following a chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear or explosive (CBRNE)
weapon incident. The second and third presentations given by representatives from Public Health England outlined
guidance available in the United Kingdom, including Recovery Handbooks for chemical and biological incidents. These
documents are not considered substitutes for specialist advice but would aid decision makers in the development of a
recovery strategy.
The fourth presentation summarized ongoing research surrounding the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power
plant. The behavior of the radionuclides emitted into the environment and the appropriate treatment and disposal
technologies for the radioactively contaminated waste were described. The fifth presentation showed the Hazard
Mitigation Science and Technology Program for the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD), which funds research to find new
technologies and methods with the goal of limiting the spread of contamination, returning equipment and facilities to
normal mission operation, and enabling operations at reduced levels of protection, among other goals.
The DoD presentation was followed by a presentation on the United Kingdom Government Decontamination Service. In
addition to providing an overview of the agency's ongoing activities, this presentation identified efforts of developing
and testing standard operating procedures in response to a wide area biological release. A discussion on the Biological
Response and Recovery Science and Technology Roadmap wrapped up the first general session. This working document
helps categorize key scientific gaps in the response to a biological incident, identify specific technological solutions, and
prioritize research activities to enable the government to make decisions more effectively. Section 3 of this report
provides additional details on these presentations and other points raised during this first general session.
General Session 2 - Decision Support Tools
The common theme for the nine presentations in this session was to provide the conference attendees with information
on available software tools that can be used as part of a structured decision-making process for response and
remediation. Presenters described the tools and applications related to:
• quick urban and industrial complex (QUIC) dispersion modeling (Los Alamos National Laboratory),
• comprehensive decision support tool for agricultural security (Sandia National Laboratories and DHS)
• visual sampling plan (VSP) tool (Pacific Northwest National Laboratory),
• decision support toolset for weapons of mass destruction crisis management (US DOD Defense Threat
Reduction Agency),
• utility of the tactical dynamic operational guided sampling (TAcDOGS) tool (Johns Hopkins University Applied
Physics Laboratory),
• decontamination strategy and technology selection tool (DeconST) (Sandia National Laboratories and US EPA),
• decision support tool for use in carcass management (Cubic Applications, Inc.),
• update of the waste estimation support tool (WEST) (US EPA), and
• interactive all-hazards waste management plan development tool (US EPA).
All tool developers participated in a one-hour panel discussion regarding the use, training, inter-connectivity, and future
of these tools. Conference participants then attended demonstrations of these tools. Section 4 of this report provides
additional detail on the decision support tool presentations given during this session.
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General Session 3 - Risk Communication and Systems
Approach & Food Safety-Decontamination and Disposal Issues
The second day of the conference began with a general session focused on risk communication and systems approach.
The importance of professional and public perception, risk communication messaging, and social media following a
contamination event and subsequent decontamination and remediation was emphasized. The first presentation
compared professional and public assessments of critical information needs and evaluated messages developed during
previous workshops for appropriateness and effectiveness. The second presentation focused on the research need for
risk communication practices during the remediation phase of a biological incident. One conclusion of that study was
that emergency management personnel may benefit from including the influence of social media in their risk
communication, because the social media provide a tool that is not fully utilized at this time. A third presentation on a
systems approach to characterize the social environment for decontamination and resilience concluded that meeting
technical clearance goals after remediation may not be enough to ensure re-occupancy and reuse of an area as social
factors such as community ties and sense of place influence re-occupancy decisions. Section 5 of this report provides
additional detail on these three presentations and other points raised during this third general session.
The final presentation of the third general session focused on food defense defined as efforts to prevent the intentional
contamination of food products by biological, chemical, physical, or radiological agents. Lessons learned are also
applicable to accidental contamination. The presentation highlighted the current research and challenges in the
detection, decontamination, and disposal of contaminated food. Section 6 of this report provides additional details on
this presentation.
General Session 4 - Low Tech/Self Help
The third and final day of the conference commenced with the fourth general session highlighting low tech and self-help
approaches to decontamination. The first presenter discussed laundering of radioactively contaminated materials to
reduce exposure to radiation. Washing clothing was found to be effective in removal of radiological contamination with
the majority of the contamination transferred to the wastewater. The second presenter reported an experimental study
in which high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) vacuuming and compressed air dusting were used to remove radiological
contamination from sensitive (electronic) devices such as cell phones, numerical keypads, and responder bags. Both
approaches were highly effective in removing contamination although the compressed air had a tendency to spread
contamination. A third presentation summarized the efficacy of sporicidal wipes and addressed the question of whether
or not these wipes can be used to treat anthrax "hotspots" on nonporous surfaces. Sporicidal wipes containing bleach
were found to be more efficacious than others. The presenter also noted that disinfecting wipes as typically found in
grocery stores showed no sporicidal activity. The final presentation in this session commented on the use of chlorine
bleach solution to treat contaminated wastewater. Results showed that both pH-adjusted bleach (as per National
Response team (NRT) guidelines) and diluted bleach are both highly effective for inactivation of B. atrophaeus spp.
globigii (Bg), a surrogate for B. anthracis, in wash waters. Section 14 of this report provides additional detail on these
presentations.
General Session 5 - Foreign Animal Disease Research
The fifth and final general session wrapped up the conference with a focus on foreign animal disease-related research.
The first presenter reported on lessons learned from low pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks in Virginia and their
relevance to an agro-terror attack or foreign animal disease (FAD) outbreak. Transportation and disposal issues following
a large scale FAD outbreak were the main topic of the second presentation in this session. The third presenter showed
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an approach to decontaminate vehicles using a fully autonomous and portable wash tunnel. Although originally
designed to be used in response to an FAD outbreak, the system could also be used during the response phase following
a biological or radiological incident. The last presenter in this session described the findings from a combustion study
involving disposal of contaminated livestock using a pilot-scale air curtain burner. Initial results showed no viable spores
in the burner exhaust gases, indicating satisfactory combustion conditions. Section 20 of this report provides additional
detail on the presentations given during this session.
Mr. Juan Reyes, Acting Associate Administrator with EPA's Office of Homeland Security and Lukas Oudejans (EPA) made
final remarks, thanked the conference planning team, and dismissed the conference.
Poster Session
An afternoon poster session on the second day of the conference provided a break between sessions, with 18 posters
representing a range of decontamination-related issues. Topics included techniques for decontamination of various
surfaces and environments, emerging technologies that allow faster and more accurate evaluation of onsite
contamination and fate and transport studies of various contaminants in environmental and municipal systems. Section
11 of this report provides the abstracts of the posters presented during this session.
Concurrent Sessions
The following biological, chemical and radiological agent sessions were conducted concurrently during the second and
third day of the conference to allow broader coverage of topic areas. The concurrent sessions focused on various
aspects of biological, chemical, and radiological contaminants and decontamination techniques, including sessions
specifically covering water and wastewater management.
Biological Agents:
Decontamination
The first of two biological agent decontamination sessions opened with a presentation on new processes for
decontamination using aqueous gels and foams. Various products were described with specific mechanisms (e.g., self-
drying and cracking gels or gelling foams) to decontaminate surfaces or volumes contaminated with radiological,
biological, or chemical agents. Next, the results of a study assessing the efficacy of low level chlorine dioxide fumigation
for anthrax decontamination in a mock office environment were presented to allow more companies that can generate
low concentration chlorine dioxide to assist in remediation efforts. The next presentation explored the efficacy of
methyl iodide fumigation techniques for a variety of surfaces contaminated with anthrax with a focus on remediation of
irreplaceable historical artifacts. Methyl iodide was found to be more detrimental to historic pictures than methyl
bromide while methyl iodide may be more appropriate for nonporous surfaces. The session concluded with a video
about returning Gruinard Island, Scotland, to an environmentally acceptable state appropriate for civilian use following
an anthrax biological warfare test by the British military in 1942. Section 7 of this report provides additional detail on
the presentations given during this first biological agent decontamination session.
Biological agent decontamination was also covered during a second concurrent session on the following day. This
session opened with a presentation of the results of research evaluating six decontamination technologies used to
inactivate anthrax cells in soils. Four of the tested approaches resulted in better than 6 log reduction in both 6. anthracis
and the surrogate 6. subtilis spores. Another study examined various chlorine dioxide formulations as a biocide
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alternative to methyl bromide in the decontamination of soil. A third presentation elaborated on survival of anthrax
after exposure to hot humid air as a decontamination method for sensitive equipment with no impact on the
functionality. The final presentation during this session explored aerosol delivery of liquid decontaminants (oxidants,
enzymes) as an aid in decontaminating complex, confined, or "hard-to-reach" spaces. Section 18 of this report provides
more information about the presentations given and points raised during this session.
Sampling and Detection
The biological agent sampling and detection session opened with two presentations that provided results of evaluations
of various vacuum sampling methods for anthrax spores. The first presentation evaluated previously identified vacuum
technologies by optimizing sample processing protocols while the second presentation focused on results obtained by
sampling using robot cleaners in an effort to cover larger areas with one sample that would result in lower cost and risk
to the sampling personnel. This presentation was followed by a summary of findings after assessing available
commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) hand-portable biodetection equipment. The session concluded with a presentation on
the effects of various agents (i.e., pH-adjusted bleach, chlorine dioxide, and vaporous hydrogen peroxide) used for
anthrax decontamination on the rapid viability polymerase chain reaction (RV-PCR) method of anthrax spore detection.
Data showed that the RV-PCR method could allow higher throughput analysis of post-decontamination clearance
samples as compared to the traditional culture-based analysis. Section 9 of this report provides more detail on these
four presentations.
Fate and Transport
The biological agent fate and transport session kicked off with a presentation on the quantification of the re-
aerosolization of bacterial spores deposited on flooring (carpet and vinyl) by decontamination personnel walking across
the surfaces. The next three presentations were associated with the Scientific Program on Reaerosolization and
Exposure (SPORE), a cooperative effort involving multiple federal agencies. The first presentation provided an overview
of the SPORE initiatives and objectives. Four priority gaps were identified, namely, development of appropriate and
validated air sample collection methods for reaerosolized viable and inhalable spores, determination of the degree of
reaerosolization, determination of suitable surrogates or simulants, and determination of sampling and analytical
methods as well as sampling strategies. This presentation was followed by a detailed description of a SPORE project
focused on quantitative resuspension of anthrax spores from common surfaces. This session was wrapped up with the
description of another SPORE project to evaluate suitability of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Btk) as a behaviorally
representative surrogate for B. anthracis. Section 12 of this report provides additional details on the presentations
regarding fate and transport of biological agents.
Persistence
The biological agent persistence session began by presenting the results of a large-scale sampling of soil across the U.S.
for Bacillus sp. and Bacillus anthracis. Threshold values were identified as prospective investigative tools in determining
whether an anthrax outbreak was 'potential' or 'probable' at any given geographic location in the contiguous United
States. This presentation was followed by an assessment of the persistence of vegetative B. anthracis in the
environment as a function of relative humidity and after ultraviolet (UV) exposure. Section 15 of this report provides
additional details on these two presentations.
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Chemical Agents:
Sampling and Detection
The session on chemical agent sampling and detection began with a presentation reviewing methods used at U.S. Army
chemical agent disposal facilities for decontamination, waste management, and verification techniques to allow closure
of facilities and return of the facilities to public use. Near real time and/or sorbent tube monitoring was used to detect
residual agent, and unventilated air monitoring was used to verify whether decontamination was effective. The
presentation also discussed the events and lessons learned from the ESS Pursuit incident. The next speaker described
the results of a study conducted to evaluate analytical laboratory protocols for identifying and measuring chemical
warfare agents (CWAs) in environmental matrices. The speaker also discussed the shelf lives of the ultra-dilute solutions
that allow EPA to handle CWAs. The third presentation introduced EPA's mobile laboratory asset, the Portable High-
Throughput Integrated Laboratory Identification Systems (PHILIS). The presentation explained how its successful onsite
analysis aided the cleanup of residential areas in Vermont. This application illustrates the dual use of these mobile assets
as their mission includes the ability to analyze CWAs and toxic industrial chemicals (TICs) in environmental samples. The
next presentation wrapped up the session with a description of EPA's Trace Atmospheric Gas Analyzer (TAGA) mobile
laboratory containing a direct air monitoring instrument employing triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Work on the
real-time detection of CWAs will have the potential to help first responders in the event of such releases. Section 8 of
this report provides additional detail on chemical agent sampling and detection.
Fate, Persistence and Transport
The chemical agent fate, persistence, and transport session began with a presentation that focused on efforts to model
and predict fate and transport processes of CWAs on surfaces following chemical contamination. Modeling efforts of
laboratory experiments were successful in many cases. However, some data suggest agent transport limitations across
the surface of droplets exists, leading to the conclusion that modeling and experimentation must be coupled to become
more useful in prediction of the fate of CWAs. The second and last presentation in this session discussed the effects of
temperature and humidity on adsorption and desorption of CWAs by activated carbon beds that informs the engineering
controls required during hot air decontamination. Results for sulfur mustard and sarin indicate that breakthrough times
from carbon beds are affected by temperature, but not in a consistent manner across various carbon types. Section 13
of this report provides more detail on these two presentations.
Decontamination
The chemical agent decontamination session kicked off with a presentation explaining the issues and potential
evaluation of sampling and decontamination techniques associated with improper indoor use of pesticides to control
pests (e.g., bed bugs). Three project goals were identified: develop sampling and modeling approaches to evaluate
surface residues, develop surface concentration threshold values to determine if remediation is needed, and determine
the efficacy of decontaminants. Challenges associated with the analysis of Lewisite during decontamination studies were
discussed in a second presentation. Various analytical approaches including cool on-column gas chromatography and
derivatization of Lewisite followed by gas chromatography were discussed as possible aids to determine Lewisite
decontamination. The third presentation focused on the effectiveness of various textile technologies (wipes) in
decontaminating skin and personal protective equipment. Wipes were evaluated against various chemical warfare
agents, and the results indicate performance equal to a Fuller's Earth pad. The session closed with a presentation
explaining the development of the Hazard Mitigation, Material and Equipment Restoration (HaMMER) advanced
technology demonstration program, designed to advance the assessment and integration of new products into hazard
mitigation. Results from this DoD program indicate that the decontamination processes and products tested can
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significantly reduce remaining chemical agent hazards to well below military requirements if used in a synergistic
manner. Section 17 of this report provides additional detail on these presentations relating to chemical agent
decontamination.
Radiological Agents:
Fate, Transport, and Decontamination
The radiological agent fate, transport and decontamination session started with a presentation exploring the fate and
transport of radionuclides on common urban surfaces, followed by a presentation of an investigation of the sorption and
speciation of the same radionuclides. The third presentation explained the challenges and knowledge gaps involved in
applying various tested radiological decontamination technologies to urban environments. The session concluded with a
presentation on humic acid-based sorbents applied to toxic substances. Section 10 of this report provides additional
details of these presentations regarding radiological agents.
Water and Waste Water Management
The first water and waste water management session began with a presentation outlining an investigation of the United
Kingdom's capability to manage contaminated water in drinking water treatment facilities and sewage treatment plants.
Water treatment facilities generally know what treatment processes to use; however, with many counties participating,
no data harmonization occurs, hence detailed information would be required on actual capacities to identify any area at
risk. An update on water decontamination activities followed, including an outline of the Critical Infrastructure
Partnership Advisory Council's (CIPAC's) framework for decision makers to aid in decontamination of chemical,
biological, and radiological agents from water systems. A disposal guide and preparedness tool that serves as a
reference to assist water utility actions was discussed. Section 16 of this report provides additional detail on these two
presentations on waste water management.
The second waste and waste water management session opened with the author presenting selected results from the
US EPA Homeland Security Research Program's projects to evaluate treatment and system decontamination options for
water and wastewater. Of particular interest is the design and development of a water security test bed (WSTB) to
investigate chemical, biological, and radiological detectors, decontaminants, and decontamination procedures at full
scale. The next presenter outlined a report released by the National Homeland Security Research Center titled
"Decontamination of Drinking Water Infrastructure: A Literature Review and Summary." The same presenter also
provided a more detailed description of aforementioned planned WSTB experiments. This presentation was followed by
a presentation elaborating on the Irreversible Wash Aid Additive Process, which washes radioactive cesium from
surfaces and renders the radionuclide environmentally immobile. The presentation on the Irreversible Wash Aid
Additive Process also included results from a full scale demonstration to decontaminate a vehicle while preventing the
release of contaminated water into the environment through the use of rapidly deployable barriers. The session
concluded with a presentation on the fate of radionuclides deposited on various components of drinking water
distribution systems. Section 19 of this report provides more detail on these presentations and other points raised
during this second waste water management session.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Introduction 1
2. Plenary Session 2
2.1 Opening Comments from US EPA 2
2.2 Keynote Speaker - Decontamination: Can You Tell Decision Makers What They Need to Know
After (and Before) a CBRN Attack? 3
3. General Session 1 Outcome Tabletop Exercise, Guidance, and Response 5
The Role of the Private Sector in the Assessment and Remediation of Areas Impacted by a CBRNE
Incident 5
U.K. Recovery Guidance and Advice for the Remediation of the Environment Following a Chemical
Incident (The U.K. Recovery Hand book for Chemical Incidents) 6
Cleaning up Afterwards. The UK Recovery Handbook for Biological Incidents 7
Research Activities of the Japan National Institute of Environmental Studies on Fukushima Nuclear
Power Plant Accident 8
Hazard Mitigation Science and Technology Program for the DoD Chemical and Biological Defense
Program (CBDP) 9
The U.K. Government Decontamination Service (CDS) 10
Biological Response and Recovery Science and Technology Roadmap 10
4. General Session 2 Decision Support Tools 11
Utilization of the QUIC Urban T&D Modeling System for Pre-Planning, Sensor Siting, and Post-
Event Analysis of CBR Dispersal Events 11
A Comprehensive Decision Support Tool for Agricultural Security 12
Toward Feasible Sampling Plans 12
Decision Support Toolset for Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) Crisis Management 13
Tactical Dynamic Operational Guided Sampling (TacDOGS) Tool for the TransAtlantic Collaborative
Biological Resiliency Demonstration (TaCBRD) Program 13
Decon ST: Decontamination Strategy and Technology Selection Tool 14
Carcass Management Decision Support Tools 15
Waste Estimation Support Tool: An Overview, Updates, and Demonstration 15
Interactive All Hazards Waste Management Plan Development Tool 16
Panel Discussion 16
5. General Session 3 Risk Communication and Systems Approach 18
Professional and Public Perceptions of Information Needs During a Drinking Water Contamination
Event 18
Perceptions of Risk Communication Messages During a Long-Term Biological Remediation 19
A Systems Approach to Characterizing the Social Environment for Decontamination and Resilience.. 20
6. General Session 3 Food Safety - Decontamination and Disposal Issues 21
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Intentional Contamination of Food: Detection, Decontamination, and Disposal Research and
Needs 21
7. Concurrent Sessions 1 Biological Agent Decontamination 22
Smart Aqueous Gels and Foams for RB Decontamination 22
Anthrax Decontamination of a Mock Office Using Low Level Chlorine Dioxide Fumigation 23
Methyl Iodide Fumigation of Bacillus Anthracis Spores 25
Gruinard Island Returns to Civil Use 25
8. Concurrent Sessions 1 Chemical Agent Sampling and Detection 26
Decontamination Screening Techniques Used At U.S. Army Chemical Agent Disposal Facilities and
Applications for Clearing Contaminated Areas 26
Multi-Laboratory Study of Analytical Protocols for Chemical Warfare Agents in Environmental
Matrices 28
Accelerated Clean-up of A Residential Site Using On-site Analytics 29
Advancing the Trace Atmospheric Gas Analyzer (TAGA) Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer
Fitted with an Atmospheric Pressure Chemical lonization (APCI) Source to Provide Analytical
Assistance for a Chemical Warfare Agent (CWA) Release 30
9. Concurrent Sessions 2 Biological Agent Sampling and Detection 31
Development of Processing Protocols for Vacuum Sampling Devices 31
Evaluation of Surface Sampling for Bacillus Spores Using Commercially-Available Cleaning Robots.... 32
Evaluation of Commercial Off the Shelf (COTS) Biological Detection Technologies for Transition to
First Responder Community 32
Evaluation of Effect of Decontamination Agents on the Rapid Viability PCR Method for Detection
of Bacillus Anthracis Spores 33
10. Concurrent Sessions 2 Radiological Agent Fate, Transport, and Decontamination 34
Migration of Radiocesium, Radiostrontium and Radiocobalt in Urban Building Materials and their
Wash-Off by Rainwater 34
Scalability Challenges for Deployment of Commercially Available Radiological Decontamination
Technologies in the Wide Area Urban Environment 35
Sorption and Speciation of 137Cs, 60Co and 85Sr in Building Materials 36
Humic Acid-Based Sorbents for Area Decontamination 37
11. Poster Session 37
1. Surface and Vapour Decontamination by Aerosolized Micro-Emulsion Decontaminant 37
2. Development of Solid Peracetic Acid (PES-Solid) for Decontamination 38
3. On-Site qPCR for Detection of Biological Threat Agents - Sources of Measurement Uncertainty. 38
4. Survival and Demise of Biological or Chemical Agents in Municipal Solid Waste Landfill
Leachate 39
5. Method of Improving Chemical Resistance of Coatings by Surface Modification 39
6. Sample Sizes and Placement of Tests Following Building/Area Decontamination 39
7. Technology Evaluation of Army Toxicity Sensors 40
8. Identification of Hazard Mitigation Agents to Neutralize Dry Powder Biological Materials 41
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9. Decontamination of Surfaces Exposed to Organophosphates by Vapor Phase Hydrogen
Peroxide 41
10. Rapid uptake of cesium and americium by sequestering agents from complex
decontamination solutions 42
11. Energy density-response relationships of bacterial spores to ultraviolet radiation: a test of
Haber's Law 43
12. Can You Beat a Garden Sprayer? Novel Methods of Decontamination of Bacillus Anthracis
Contaminated Soil 43
13. Degradation of Aerosolized BG Spores via Ultraviolet Light 44
14. Use of Fixatives to Prevent Bacillus anthracis Spore Reaerosolization 44
15. I-WASTE: EPA's Suite of Homeland Security Decision Support Tools for Waste and Disaster
Debris Management and Disposal 45
16. Assessment of Contamination Following Simulated Chemical and Biological Attacks in a Public
Building 46
17. Screening Bacillus thuringiensis Isolates for Characteristics that Simulate B. anthracis and are
Useful for Environmental Tests 46
18. Decontamination of Materials Contaminated with Bacillus anthracis and Bacillus thuringiensis
Al Hakam Spores Using PES-Solid, a Solid Source of Peracetic Acid 47
19. UV-C Decontamination of Aerosolized and Surface Bound Single Spores and Bioclusters 47
20. Decontamination, Decommissioning and Closure of the U.S. Chemical Stockpile Disposal
Facilities 48
12. Concurrent Sessions 3 Biological Agent Fate and Transport 48
Reaerosolisation of Bacterial Spores from Indoor Surfaces 49
Informing Response and Recovery Decisions: The Scientific Program on Reaerosolization and
Exposure (SPORE), A Program Overview 49
Quantitative Analysis of Resuspension 50
Experimental and Sampling Design fora Quantitative Investigation of the Resuspension of Anthrax
and Surrogates under Controlled Conditions 50
13. Concurrent Sessions 3 Chemical Agent Fate, Persistence and Transport 52
Predictive Modeling of Transport Processes at Environmental Interfaces Following Chemical or
Radiological Contamination 52
Adsorption and Desorption of Chemical Warfare Agents on Activated Carbons: Impact of
Temperature and Relative Humidity 53
14. General Session 4 Low Tech/Self Help 53
Assessment of RDD Contamination Removal from Laundering Soft Porous and Bulky Materials 53
Evaluation of Compressed Air Dusting and Vacuuming for Radiological Decontamination of
Sensitive Equipment 55
Efficacy of Sporicidal Wipes on Select Surfaces 55
Inactivation of Bacillus Spores in Decontamination Wash Down Wastewater using Chlorine Bleach
Solution 56
15. Concurrent Sessions 4 Biological Agent Persistence 57
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A Large-Scale Soil Survey of Genetic Markers Associated with Bacillus Anthracis and Bacillus
Species Across the Contiguous United States: A Joint USGS/USEPA Project 57
Persistence of Vegetative Bacillus Anthracis with and without Exposure to Ultraviolet Radiation to
Simulate Sunlight 58
16. Concurrent Sessions 4 Water and Waste Water Treatment 59
Investigation into U.K. Capability to Manage Contaminated Water 59
Decontamination forthe Water Sector 60
17. Concurrent Sessions 4 Chemical Agent Decontamination 61
Developing Decontamination Tools and Approaches to Address Indoor Pesticide Contamination
from Improper Bed Bug Treatments 61
Challenges in Lewisite Decontamination Studies 62
Advanced Absorbent Wipes for Personnel and Personal Equipment Decontamination 63
Large Panel CWA Efficacy Testing of Hazard Mitigation Products and Processes 64
18. Concurrent Sessions 5 Biological Agent Decontamination 65
Decontamination of Soil Contaminated with Bacillus Anthracis Spores 65
Decontamination of Nursery Potting Soil with Chlorine Dioxide 66
Test Method Development to Evaluate Hot, Humid Air Decontamination of Materials
Contaminated with Bacillus Anthracis ASterne and B. Thuringiensis Al Hakam Spores 67
Aerosol Delivery of Liquid Decontaminants: A Novel Approach for Decontamination of Complex
Interior Spaces 68
19. Concurrent Sessions 5 Water and Waste Water Management 68
Selected Projects of EPA's Homeland Security Research Program (HSRP) for Water and
Wastewater Treatment and Decontamination 68
NHSRC Drinking Water Infrastructure Decontamination Overview 69
Demonstration of Unit Operations forthe Irreversible Wash Aid Additive for Cs-137 Contamination. 70
Radiocesium, Radiostrontium and Radiocobalt Sorption/Desorption on Components of Drinking
Water Distribution Systems 71
20. General Session 5 Foreign Animal Disease Research 72
Decontamination of Agricultural Facilities Following a Bioterrorism Attack or Disease Outbreak:
Learning from Outbreaks of Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Virginia 72
Animal Disease Outbreak Emergency Response 73
Portable Vehicle Wash Tunnel 74
Combustion of Contaminated Livestock in a Pilot-Scale Air Curtain Burner 74
Appendix A A-l
Appendix B B-l
Appendix C C-l
XV
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ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
Abbreviation/Acronym Definition
AAHP
ABS
ACB
AG
AHLC
AOP
APCI
APHIS
ASTM
AID
AWARE
AZTD
Ba
Bg
BOTE
BROOM
Bt(k)
°C
CAD
CARC-W
CBDP
CBR
CBRNE
CD
CDC
CEA
CFD
CFR
CPU
CFIA
CIDAS
CIPAC
CIO2
cm
CM
CMA
CMAT
COMMANDER
COTS
CT
CVAA
CVAOA
CW
CWA
DAT
DCM
DCMD
DeconST
Aerosolized Activated Hydrogen Peroxide (project)
acrylonitrile butadiene styrene
air curtain burner
agricultural
(U.S.) Army human lethal concentration
advanced oxidation processes
atmospheric pressure chemical ionization
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
American Society for Testing and Materials
Advanced Technology Demonstration
analyzer for wide-area restoration effectiveness
Arizona Test Dust
B. anthracis
B. atrophaeus spp. globigii
Bioresponse Operational Testing and Evaluation
Building Restoration Operations Optimization Model
6. thuringiensis (var kurstaki)
degree(s) Celsius
compressed air dusting
water-dispersible chemical agent resistant coating
Chemical and Biological Defense Program
chemical, biological, and radiological
chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear or explosive
chlorine dioxide
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(French Atomic Energy) and Alternatives Energies Commission
Computational Fluid Dynamics
Code of Federal Regulations
colony forming unit(s)
Canadian Food Inspection Agency
Contamination Indication/Decontamination Assurance System
Critical Infrastructure Partnership Advisory Council
chlorine dioxide
centimeter(s)
countermeasure
Chemical Materials Activity
(U.S. EPA OEM) Consequence Management Advisory Team
(U.S. EPA's) Consequence Management and Decontamination Evaluation Room
commercial off-the-shelf
contact time
2-chlorovinyl arsonous acid
2-chlorovinyl arsonic acid
contaminated water
chemical warfare agent
days after treatment
dichloromethane (methylene chloride)
Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
decontamination strategy and technology selection tool
XVI
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Abbreviation/Acronym Definition
DHS
DHHS
Dl
DOD
DOE
DQO
DST
DTRA
ECBC
BCD
ECIS
EDTA
EHS
EPA
ERLN
ESF
FAD
FDPP
FDA
FE
FEMA
FIFRA
FMD
GB
GC/MS, GCMS
GD
GDS
GF
GIS
GPD
GPD-HME
HA
HaMMER
HEPA
HD
HLC
HSRP
HTH
HVAC
I-WASTE
1C
ICs
I DIES
ISTC
IT
JBADS
JHU/APL
(U.S.) Department of Homeland Security
(U.S.) Department of Health and Human Services
deionized (water)
(U.S.) Department of Defense
(U.S.) Department of Energy
data quality objective
Decision Support Tool
(DOD) Defense Threat Reduction Agency
Edgewood Chemical Biological Center
electron capture detection
Electric Cell-substrate Impedance Sensing
ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
environmental health and safety
(U.S.) Environmental Protection Agency
(U.S. EPA's) Environmental Response Laboratory Network
Emergency Support Function
foreign animal disease
Fukushima Daiichi (Nuclear) Power Plant
Food and Drug Administration
Fuller's Earth
Federal Emergency Management Agency
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
Foot and Mouth Disease
Sarin, Isopropyl methyl phosphonofluoridate
gas chromatography mass spectrometer
Soman, O-Pinacolyl methylphosphonofluoridate
Government Decontamination Service
Cyclohexylsarin, cyclohexyl methylphosphonofluoridate
Geographical Information System
General Purpose Decontaminant
General Purpose Decontaminant for Hardened Military Equipment
humic acid
Hazard Mitigation, Material and Equipment Restoration
high efficiency particulate air
bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide
(U.S. EPA) human lethal concentration
(U.S.) Homeland Security Research Program
high test hypochlorite
heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
Incident Waste Assessment and Tonnage Estimator
Incident Command
interference chemicals
Integrated Decontamination Test and Evaluation System
International Science and Technology Center
Information Technology
Joint Biological Agent Decontamination System
John Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory
XVII
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Abbreviation/Acronym Definition
JPM E(P)
JPM P
JSEW
Kd
kg
L
L-l
L-2
L-3
LCFI
LC/MS
LDPE
LR
m
Hi
pirn
u.M
MCL
MDI
MeBr
MEG
mm
mM
MS
MSW
MU
NCDA&CS
NELAC
NFC
NHSRC
NIDS
NIES
NIST
NRC
NRT
NIC
OEM
OP
ORCR
ORD
OSTP
PAH
PATH
PBST
PCB
PCR
PCVD
Joint Program Manager Elimination (Provisional)
Joint Project Manager for Protection
Joint Sensitive Equipment Wipe
distribution coefficient
kilogram(s)
Lewisite
2-chlorovinyl dichloroarsine (Lewisite)
bis(2-chlorovinyl) chloroarsine
tris(2-chlorovinyl) arsine
CEA Laboratory of Chemistry of Complex Fluids and Irradiation
liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry
Low-density polyethylene
log reduction
meter(s)
microgram(s)
micrometer(s)
micromolar(s)
maximum contaminant level
metered dose inhaler
methyl bromide
(U.S. Army) military exposure guideline
millimeter(s)
millimolar
mass spectrometry
municipal solid waste
measurement uncertainty
North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services
National Environmental Laboratory Accreditation Conference
near-field communication
(U.S. EPA) National Homeland Security Research Center
Nano-lntelligent Detection System
National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan
National Institute of Standards and Technology
(U.S.) National Research Council
National Response Team
Naval ship topcoat
(U.S. EPA) Office of Emergency Management
organophosphate
(U.S. EPA) Office of Resource Conservation and Recovery
(U.S. EPA) Office of Research and Development
(White House) Office of Science and Technology Policy
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
prioritization analysis tool for all-hazards
phosphate buffer with 0.02 % Tween® 20
polychlorinated biphenyl
polymerase chain reaction
plasma-based chemical vapor deposition
XVIII
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Abbreviation/Acronym Definition
PDED
PHILIS
PHE
PNNL
PPE
ppm
PTFE
PVC
qPCR
QUIC
R&D
ROD
RAM
RH
RIP
RRS
RTP
RTSFM
RV-PCR
RWT
S&T
SE
SHEDS
SNL
SOP
SPEEDI
SPORE
STW
SVOC
TaCBRD
TacDOGS
TAGA
TOP
TIC
TWG
UC
UMT
USDA
USEPA
USGS
UV
VAC
VHP
VOC
VPHP
VSP
VX
(U.S. EPA) pipe decontamination experimental design
Portable High-Throughput Integrated Laboratory Identification Systems
Public Health England
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
personal protective equipment
part(s) per million
polytetrafluoroethylene
polyvinylchloride
quantitative polymerase chain reaction
quick urban & industrial complex
research and development
radiological dispersal device
(Time Critical) Removal Action Memo
relative humidity
radiocesium interception potential
Rapid Return to Service
Research Triangle Park
radiologically tagged simulated fallout material
rapid viability polymerase chain reaction
resuspension wind tunnel
(DHS) Science and Technology Directorate
sensitive equipment
Stochastic Human Exposure and Dose Simulation
Sandia National Laboratories
standard operating procedure
System for Prediction of Environmental Emergency Dose Information
Scientific Program on Reaerosolization and Exposure
sewage treatment works
semivolatile organic compound
Transatlantic Collaborative Biological Resiliency Demonstration
tactical dynamic operational guided sampling (tool)
Trace Atmospheric Gas Analyzer
time-of-flight
toxic industrial chemical
technical working group
unified command
unventilated monitoring testing
U.S. Department of Agriculture
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
U.S. Geological Survey
ultraviolet
vacuuming
vaporous hydrogen peroxide
volatile organic compound
vapor-phase hydrogen peroxide
Visual Sampling Plan
O-ethyl-S-(2-diisopropylaminoethyl) methylphosphonothiolate
XIX
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Abbreviation/Acronym Definition
WCIT
WEST
WMD
WMP
WSD
WSTB
WTW
YRM
Water Contaminant Information Tool
Waste Estimation Support Tool
weapon of mass destruction
waste management plan
Water Security Division
water security test bed
water treatment works
yeast reference material
xx
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1. Introduction
This report summarizes presentations and discussions from the "2013 U.S Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
International Decontamination Research and Development Conference/' held November 5-7, 2013 at the U.S. EPA
facilities in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. The technical content of this report is based entirely on information
and discussions from this conference.
The conference consisted of more than 68 speaker presentations organized into five plenary sessions and five
concurrent sessions, followed by brief question-and-answer sessions. A poster session (20 posters) was held on the
second day of the conference. Mr. Lek Kadeli, the Assistant Administrator for EPA's Office of Research and Development
(ORD), opened the Plenary Session, and the Honorable Dr. Richard J. Danzig, former Secretary of the Navy and current
Chairman of the Board of Directors for the Center for a New American Security, served as the keynote speaker.
Approximately 160 workshop participants represented federal, state, and local government agencies and laboratories;
international organizations (eight countries other than the United States); academia; and the private sector.
This report provides an overview of the Plenary Session and summarizes each presentation given during the Conference.
Each presentation summary consists of the abstract as provided by the speaker and a review of the brief question-and-
answer session that followed the presentation. The speakers' presentation slides, which include additional detailed
information, are found in Appendix C of this report. This report is organized according to the Conference agenda by
general session and by concurrent sessions related to biological, chemical, radiological decontamination, and water and
waste water management as follows:
Section 2 summarizes the Plenary Session.
Sections 3-20 contain the abstracts and question-and-answer summaries for nearly 50 presentations given over the
course of the three-day conference, as well as abstracts for the posters presented on Day 2 of the Conference. The
presentations are organized according to the nine sessions included in the meeting agenda.
Appendix A provides the meeting agenda, which lists the presentations and speakers in chronological order, as the
presentations occurred during the workshop.
Appendix B lists the workshop participants.
Appendix C includes presentation slides for speakers who approved them for distribution.
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2. Plenary Session
2.1 Opening Comments from US EPA
Dr. Shawn Ryan, Divison Director of NHSRC's Decontamination and Consequence Management Division, welcomed all
conference participants and presenters to the 7th Decontamination Research and Development Conference. Dr. Ryan
noted the continued growth in attendees for this conference to over 180 registrants for this conference with more than
20 participants from outside the United States. He acknowledged the contributions of the organizing committee and its
chairperson, Dr. Lukas Oudejans, in organizing this conference. He then introduced Dr. Lukas Oudejans as the
chairperson of the conference.
Dr. Oudejans acknowledged the contributions of the organizing committee members and provided logistical information
on the conference. He then introduced Dr. Greg Sayles, Acting Director of the National Homeland Security Research
Center who introduced Mr. Lek Kadeli, Acting Assistant Administrator of EPA's Office of Research and Development.
Mr. Kadeli mentioned that EPA Administrator McCarthy was sworn in last July [2013] and her first hundred days
accomplishments report stated the goal of making EPA relevant to everyone around the world with solution-oriented
research and new technologies. Whether it is sharing our expertise in cleaning up Japanese communities hard hit by
their 2011 earthquake, tsunami and power plant meltdown, eliminating ricin exposures on Capitol Hill and in post office
mailrooms, getting water supplies back in operation throughout the five states slammed by Hurricane Sandy last year,
everyone wants to ensure that their kids are healthy, that their communities and drinking water are safe and that their
economies are strong. Mr Kadeli continued to say that all these are the hallmarks of community sustainability and that's
why EPA's mission to protect human health and the environment encompasses every facet of preparing communities for
the challenges ahead and strengthen their resiliency to bounce back the next time a disaster strikes. He looked forward
to hearing about the many research products and advances that are in the pipeline. Mr Kadeli concluded his remarks
with the observation that the work being done here is relevant and important, more so now than ever before.
Dr. Greg Sayles continued the opening remarks for EPA by identifying the purpose and objective of the conference.
According to Dr. Sayles, one component is for scientists from around the world to discuss our work and to bring the
scientific community together with the practitioners who actually perform cleanups and take measurements in the field.
One should celebrate the transfer of information from scientists to practitioners and build a community with no
boundaries. He noted the large variety of people attending the conference including federal employees and many
international participants. Dr. Sayles identified some of the expected highlights from this conference to be a report on
Japan's research activities in environmental studies; a decision support tool demonstration session; and talks on risk
communication, detection, treatment, and decontamination methods. Dr. Sayles concluded his remarks with the
introduction of Dr. Peter Jutro, Deputy Director for Science and Policy for NHSRC.
Dr. Jutro introduced the keynote speaker of this year's conference, the Honorable Dr. Richard Danzig. Dr. Danzig is the
Vice-Chair of the RAND Corporation Board of Trustees and serves as a consultant to the Departments of Defense and
Homeland Security on biological terrorism. Dr. Danzig is currently a member of the Board of Directors for the Center for
a New American Security. Previously, Dr. Danzig served as the 71st Secretary of the Navy and was a senior advisor to
then Senator Obama on national security issues during the 2008 presidential election. His keynote address was entitled
"Decontamination: Can You Tell Decision Makers What They Need to Know After (and Before) a CBRN Attack?"
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2.2 Keynote Speaker - Decontamination: Can You Tell Decision Makers What They
Need to Know After (and Before) a CBRN Attack?
Richard Danzig | Former Secretary of the Navy and Vice-Chair of the RAND Corporation Board of trustees
Secretary Danzig addressed conference participants from his perspective as a decision maker/policy maker with an
appreciation for how researchers -scientists and engineers - can support decision makers during and following
national security incidents, those that are intentionally planned and those that are accidental. Recent events such
as the Japanese/American collaboration in responding to the cascading disasters in Fukushima offer insight into
various kinds of issues that arise. Secretary Danzig spoke about the nature of heroism. He offered a different view:
"While American society and maybe all societies exalt leaders who take charge during a crisis, I think that it's the
people who foresee a crisis, prepare for it and support those who deal with it, who are the real heroes".
Secretary Danzig identified a number of obstacles that decision makers face in preparing for a crisis:
• The unpredictability of crises. For example, when responding to an anthrax incident, there are many
different strains of anthrax, modes of agent delivery, spore sizes, volumes of contaminant dispersed, etc., to
consider. Beginning to think about what an incident commander should say about the nature, extent and
feasibility of decontaminating anthrax following an attack depends on many variables.
• Few decision makers spend much time on preparing for crises. They may not know about health and
environmental risks or vulnerable populations at risk. Information flows that that have been prepared in
advance are often lost, and timelines are compressed during a crisis. Understanding critical data is often a
problem for decision makers. Public intuition may go against model predictions and compound response
and recovery issues, for example, as seen during the initial response to the Fukushima disaster
• Translating science into useful information for decision makers takes special skill and experience. Decision
makers want to know what they need to do, not which uncertainties accompany the data that scientists and
engineers have to offer. The essence of being a good scientist/engineer is to say, "We need more data, but
here's what you can say based on what we know now and the level of uncertainty we have about our data".
Providing an answer loaded with uncertainties to a crisis management team's question is not the most
popular answer to give, despite that fact that the scientist or researcher may be the only person who can
provide such insight.
• Scientists and engineers can be very helpful to decision makers by providing the best available science when
disaster strikes. There are always unanswered questions about any crisis, which scientists and engineers can
anticipate in advance. For example, following an anthrax attack, more insight can be derived from large-
scale studies like EPA's BOTE or SPORE studies. Scientists need to understand a priori what would happen if
anthrax were dispersed throughout a wide area or in the transit system in a major city, where anthrax
spores are likely to adhere and reaerosolize. There is no consensus on these phenomena, but if there's an
incident, scientists/engineers need to provide scientifically-sound data and expertise often based on
inconclusive data.
• Scientists' and engineers' time, scale and resources will be limited during and following a crisis. Responders,
scientists, and engineers will be swamped in a crisis. Often they are asked to do the work of 5-10 people on
double- or triple-time. Anything that has been done up until that point may be valuable; anything done
during the crisis has the potential to be misleading and waste precious resources. Scientists and engineers
may have methodical plans for sampling a neighborhood or a subway system during field tests, but what
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they need to be able to describe is how their field testing scales to a wide-area release and contamination,
coming full circle in developing the response and cleanup strategies that depend on a specific scale, timeline
or sampling methods. Following an anthrax incident, no one will know how much agent was released,
when, under what meteorological conditions, etc. The number of people that were exposed will be
unknown until responders, scientists, and engineers are called in. Although their contributions are often
useful, issues and questions of decision makers will differ from the types of questions that researchers
typically ask.
Secretary Danzig affirmed his belief that scientists and engineers can do excellent work when supporting decision
makers before, during and following crises. The scientists and engineers need to anticipate and confront bigger
issues that will arise in other, larger contexts. By participating in tabletop and preparedness exercises, the scientists
and engineers can help decision makers thoughtfully prepare for and anticipate crises BEFORE they strike.
In concluding his remarks, Secretary Danzig offered his view that responding to decision maker needs during and
following a crisis will understandably pull some scientists and engineers out of their comfort zone(s). He said, "Don't
lose sight of the valuable contribution you can make, exploit your talents and available resources and then use them
in ways that decision makers will value long-term. This will always be a good investment of your time and resources;
it will also make decision makers appreciate what you do."
Questions, Answers, and Comments
• Q: There is a daily problem of trying to explain complex issues in bottom line language. As scientists and
engineers, our brains are suited for detailed analysis. Others are attuned to interpersonal relations and
communications. Their brains work differently. How do we pull ourselves out of our natural way of thinking?
• A: It is very helpful to talk to others and explain to others. Anytime you can find people who don't know what
you are talking about and you can distill it for them is good practice. When constructing something based on fine
grained analysis, you write a paper that constructed a building and left the scaffolding in place. They only need
to see the building; they don't need the scaffolding. There is a need to distill information even though it requires
scrapping some of the detailed scientific evidence. But you are capable of doing that. The reality is that policy
makers have to have a rudimentary understanding and one can teach it to them in a way they can handle. I do
think it's doable though it is a central challenge.
• Q: You mentioned big solutions to practical problems, including your comments about Fukushima that how the
public reacts is a big unknown. Besides public response and psychology, what other uncontrolled complexities
may arise that we cannot account for?
• A: Several aspects come to mind: 1. A delayed notification of an event. BioWatch reports come in 24-36 hours
after an event, and a lot happens in that interval. 2. Problems associated with indoor and residual issues like
reclamation or tall buildings. 3. The need to minimize economic impact; as an example, how quickly can you get
the stock market back online? 4. Implications of mandatory evacuations; it would be difficult to evacuate major
cities. 5. Political figures will think about things that you won't think about that have longer term consequences.
In Japan, huge decontamination efforts are driven by psychology and are logically difficult to defend. 6. The
psychology of residents wanting to leave as well as people wanting to return and restore their lives; people are
motivated by economic needs and the desire to return to their environment. 7. People don't trust the
government for advice and rely on local doctors, neighbors, etc., so they get multiple sources of information. If a
debate hasn't arrived at a consensus in an event, then the effect is going to be whatever the effects are
physically, and they are amplified psychologically.
• Q: In a broader lesson that you put forward, you said the essence is surprise and our inability to deal with it or to
do research more applicable to surprise.
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• A: One needs to develop capabilities and needs to put a high premium on flexibility. One needs to adopt
something closer to an "all hazards" response. We need to push for broad capabilities and test them against the
events that arise and don't optimize against a particular scenario.
• Q: Constraints in the scientific communication are also about institutional constraints; what are some things that
can remove some of these obstacles in the communication that you are talking about?
• A: The diagnosis is correct, but the tendency is to make structural changes to solve the problem and in a very
high fraction of the time, this approach doesn't succeed. My standpoint is work with what you've got
• Q: I'm fascinated by the concept of plausible insight; I've been a researcher and a first responder. People who
work for me want to be trained in procedures and are afraid of giving the wrong answer. How do we draw those
people out so that they are unafraid to offer that insight and be "heroes"?
• A: I have two instincts: Put them in real-world situations as often as possible. They will grow accustomed by
practice to those tough decisions. A second alternative is to create as vivid a sense of that as you can. Real
exercises are best, but the next best is a close re-creation.
• Q: You have a vast experience. The policy makers and political leaders also have learned things. When it comes
to risk tolerance, what kind of message do they have to bring to the table? We would like to have some kind of
peace of mind that we will give bottom line answers, but how much of that message will actually get through to
the political figures?
• A: The general view is that policy makers will tolerate zero risk on any problem they are presented; that they
could eradicate that risk; but over time they come to accept the background risk. We see that with water
standards and air pollution we accept a certain level of imperfection; but cleaning up after anthrax exposure is a
zero tolerance policy; my view is that over time we mature and it takes time and education.
• Q: Do you have thoughts about how we can get a mindset to get more budget money for consequence
management activities? We spend billions of dollars in protection and millions in consequence management, but
the last decade has seen three major events that weren't the fault of the protection side.
• A: I agree with your thought but I do think it's reasonable to assert that all three of those could have been
averted with a more manmade protection investment; there is a case for making investments of that kind;
everything is obvious once you know the answer. Your thought is retrospective because we can't predict which
consequences we need to be prepared for. An all-hazards approach is good investment. We need to generalize
capability as much as possible, which prepares us for the unpredictable and makes for a much stronger budget
case. We can learn things about evacuation, we can learn things about Fukushima; the basic point that we need
to invest more heavily is correct.
3. General Session 1
Outcome Tabletop Exercise, Guidance, and Response
Moderated by Hiba Ernst and Richard Rupert
The Role of the Private Sector in the Assessment and Remediation of Areas Impacted
by a CBRNE Incident
P.G. Lambert, M. Goldthorp, K. Volchek, C.E. Brown (Presenter) | Emergencies Science & Technology Section,
Environment Canada
F. Scaffidi, K. Corriveau | Transportation of Dangerous Goods Directorate, Transport Canada
Norman Yanofsky | Centre for Security Science, Defence R&D Canada
Abstract
In the past decade, Environment Canada, Transport Canada, Defence Research and Development Canada's Centre
for Security Science have undertaken projects to improve Canada's resilience to potential CBRNE events.
Recently, these organizations developed and delivered a tabletop exercise in Hamilton, Ontario. The exercise
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examined the role of private industry during the response to a CBRNE event involving emergency services from all
levels of government. An overview of the exercise including a discussion of some of the lessons learned will be
presented. The exercise was part of a larger program with the objective of integrating private sector capabilities
in all aspects of response to a CBRNE event.
Questions, Answers, and Comments
• Q: Did you exercise any notifications or communications and how can industry help with communicating about
the incident with the public?
• A: There were mock releases of information in the exercise, but we did not actually notify the public. If it had
been real, we would have notified the public. I think industry is ready and we read about their capabilities. It is
important for us to understand their experience. We need to allow them to help us.
• Q: Had this event happened in an agricultural community, would the Canadian Food Inspection Agency be
involved?
• A: They were not involved in this specific incident - only Agrium, they are involved with the production of
ammonium.
• Q: Do you have plans if this happened in an agricultural community?
• A: Yes, it is something we would like to address in future exercises.
U.K. Recovery Guidance and Advice for the Remediation of the Environment
Following a Chemical Incident (The U.K. Recovery Handbook for Chemical Incidents)
S. Wyke (Presenter), N. Brooke, A.V. Nisbet, R. Duarte-Davidson | Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical
and Environmental Hazards
Abstract
What is the Chemical Recovery Handbook?
Public Health England (PHE) in collaboration with, and support from the Department for Environment, Food and
Rural Affairs, Food Standards Agency, Home Office, Northern Ireland Environment Agency and Scottish
Government has now published the UK Recovery Handbook for Radiation Incidents1 and the UK Recovery
Handbook for Chemical Incidents2.
The UK Chemical Recovery Handbook includes guidance and advice on the recovery and remediation of the
environment in the post-accident (post-acute) phase and focusses on environmental clean-up methods. The
Handbook provides a framework for developing and selecting an effective recovery strategy following a chemical
incident, and contains a compendium of practicable, evidence based recovery options for Inhabited Areas, Food
Production Systems and Water Environments1'2. The Handbook recommends a number of recovery options
(remediation techniques), which have the primary aim to reduce exposure from the consumption of
contaminated foodstuffs and water, or from exposure to contaminated surfaces in an inhabited area via dermal
or inhalation of re-suspended material. A secondary objective is to provide reassurance to consumers and people
living in contaminated areas about their levels of exposure. Recovery options can be implemented at different
phases of the response, beginning just after the incident and continuing for the days, weeks, months or even
years after the incident.
The UK Recovery Handbook for Chemical Incidents is a technical guidance document, containing well-focused and
broadly applicable state-of-the-art information on scientific, technical and societal aspects relevant to recovery
and remediation of contaminated environments. The Handbook has been developed to ensure that guidance and
advice is robust and practicable, based on an evaluation of the evidence base3.
The Handbook can also be used to generate awareness amongst emergency planners and those who might deal
with the aftermath of a chemical incident, and promote constructive dialogue between all stakeholders tasked
with recovery following a chemical incident.
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What next?
The UK Recovery Handbook for Biological Incidents is being developed as part of a three-year project (2012 -
2015) by Public Health England, and will apply to areas or environments that have been contaminated by
accidental or deliberate biological releases and environmental contamination.
Public Health England are also developing a chemical and radiation recovery decision support tool, in
collaboration with UK Government Departments and Agencies. It is envisaged that the decision support tool will
assist users navigating through the radiation1 and chemical2 recovery handbooks and provide a consistent
methodology to compare remediation techniques and a framework for documenting the parameters,
assumptions and information used to reach the decision on how to remediate the affected environment following
a chemical or radiation incident.
References
1. NISBET, A.F. et al. UK Recovery Handbooks for Radiation Incidents: 2009. HPA-RPD-064. Available from Health
Protection Agency, UK.
2. WYKE-SANDERS, S. et al. The UK Recovery Handbook for Chemical Incidents. Available from the Health
Protection Agency, UK.
3. WYKE-SANDERS S. et al. Evaluating the evidence base for recovery, remediation and decontamination methods
-The UK Recovery Handbook for Chemical Incidents. Chemical Hazards and Poisons Report; 2012: 21: 35-37.
Questions, Answers, and Comments
• C: I would suggest to not rely too much on an electronic version in case things go wrong.
• A: The recovery handbooks will still be available to print off and keep as hardcopies (PDFs of the
recovery handbooks are accessible from https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/recoverv-
remediation-and-environmental-decontamination). The decision-support tool is essentially an add-on
to help people navigate through the steps in developing a recovery strategy.
Cleaning up Afterwards. The UK Recovery Handbook for Biological Incidents
Thomas Pottage, Emma Goode, Sara Speight, Allan Bennett (Presenter) | Public Health England Porton
Stacey Wyke-Sanders | Centre for Radiation, Chemicals and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England
Abstract
Incidents involving biological agents can result in outbreaks of human infection and may also lead to
contamination of the environment. This contamination may cause restrictions and access controls to the
environment (i.e. farm, school, hospital or water supply) until the contamination is dealt with and the
environment declared safe to use or re-enter. A project has been undertaken by the Health Protection Agency to
develop a biological recovery handbook as a decision making framework tool technical guidance for local
authorities and others involved in the clean-up and recovery phase following a biological incident or infectious
agent outbreak (both naturally occurring and through intentional release). This project follows on and uses some
of the tools and methodologies developed by the UK Recovery Handbook for Radiation Incidents (v3, 2009) and
the UK Recovery Handbook for Chemical Incidents (2012).
The UK Recovery Handbook for Biological Incidents project has begun with an extensive literature review of the
environmental persistence of a range of microorganisms and their resistance/susceptibility to chemical and
physical decontamination techniques. These reviews will inform the technical guidance, decision-aiding
framework, checklists and recovery option data sheets that are being developed as part of the UK Recovery
Handbook for Biological Incidents. Following the approach taken for the radiation recovery handbook, different
environments (food production systems, inhabited areas and water management systems) will be addressed
separately and stakeholder groups convened to comment on the practicability of the recovery options
recommended for each environment. Information on previous incidents and the efficacy of recovery options will
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be obtained as part of the literature review, but the project also involves a retrospective questionnaire study
(online survey followed up by a telephone interview) to capture experience from incidents that are not well
reported, and will be collated and distilled into the recovery options database.
It is envisaged that the UK Recovery Handbook for Biological Incidents will facilitate decision makers' access to
expert opinion and scientific advice by presenting this information in an easy to use decision-aiding framework
format, and will also enable the decisions made during the recovery process to be documented (i.e. why were
decisions made to implement various clean-up techniques). The UK Recovery Handbook for Biological Incidents
will be an openly available free to download document from the project's website http://www.hpa.org.uk/
Prod uctsServices/ResearchAndTesting/BiosafetyUnit/RecoveryHandbookForBiological Incidents/ Publication is
expected in 2015 and will also be useful for training and preparedness activities.
Questions, Answers, and Comments
• Q: In your handbook, have you learned how to prioritize samples?
• A: We are not doing this as part of the project; however, there is a project in the UK looking at this. My
organization will be processing clinical samples as a priority. Sometimes, you get to a situation where the
diagnosis will be done on a symptomatic basis. It is important to do both clinical and environmental sampling.
• Q: You were mentioning that there were weeks to months before you could clean up the garage. Was there a
political reason? In the future, do you think you have processes in place?
• A: I think yes. The problem with a naturally occurring incident is that we think we should just clean it up one
way. For example, for anthrax, we used chlorine dioxide. In addition, there was potential for prosecuting the
people who made the drums, so there was a lot of antagonism. You are decontaminating a house where people
live, and they do not think it needs to be decontaminated. In London, we just used the bleach and it was much
quicker (1-2 weeks).
• Q: One of your slides showed a matrix of disinfection methods versus different agents, and a lot of the data was
not available. Is there a plan to fill in any of those boxes? Is there hope they will be research projects in
academia, or is the government going to address that?
• A: I hope it will bring awareness. It also highlights the needs for surrogates.
Research Activities of the Japan National Institute of Environmental Studies on
Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant Accident
Noriuki Suzuki (Presenter) | Center for Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies
Shoji Nakayama | Center for Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute for Environmental Studies
Nagahisa Hirayama | Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management Research, National Institute for Environmental
Studies
Abstract
The Japan National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES) reacted quickly to the disastrous earthquake and
tsunami event on 11 March 2011 that resulted in the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDPP) incident. We
have conducted a variety of research on waste management; air/water quality monitoring including radioactive
and non-radioactive contaminants; and fate modeling of radioactive substances released from the FDPP. In this
presentation, our research on environmental fate and transport of the radionuclides released from FDPP and
radioactive contaminated waste management will be presented. Fate and transport research aims to predict
long-term trend and distribution of radioactive nuclides in the terrestrial and aquatic environment as well as in
living organisms; build a sound model to estimate long-term general population exposure dose; and contribute to
better understanding of the impacts on human, wildlife and ecosystem health. Multimedia fate models are being
developed to cover atmospheric, oceanic, and terrestrial environments. Active field measurements have been
conducted to characterize sources and movement of radioactive nuclides. New techniques to effectively analyze
dissolved cesium, strontium, and iodine 129 are developed. A human exposure model has revealed that external
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exposure is a major source for the human total dose. An oxidative stress marker was found in wild mice. The
waste management studies are to accumulate the knowledge of treatment and disposal technologies; set
technical standards; and promote safe and effective waste management. The best technologies for radioactive
waste incineration and landfill have been studied. Our Institute has been committed to conduct further research
in Fukushima. The research will focus on not only the understanding of the current situation but also on the
recreation of the original and more resilient communities and the preparation for future disasters.
There were no questions for this presenter.
Hazard Mitigation Science and Technology Program for the DoD Chemical and
Biological Defense Program (CBDP)
Charles Bass (Presenter), Glenn Lawson, Revell Phillips, Mark Morgan | Defense Threat Reduction Agency
No slides were made available for inclusion.
Abstract
Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) manages science and technology investments for the DoD Chemical and
Biological Defense Program with a mission to expand our knowledge of threat agents and transition technologies
into joint acquisition programs. Hazard Mitigation, a major sub-program area, funds research to find new
technologies and methods with the goal to save lives, limit the spread of contamination, return equipment to
normal mission operation and enable operations at reduced levels of protection. The research portfolio spans a
range between near-term, mature technologies to far-term, higher risk research. Projects are directed at eight
efforts:
1. Support joint programs for the fielding of equipment decontamination: General Purpose Decontaminant (GPD),
Joint Sensitive Equipment Wipe (JSEW), and Contamination Indication/Decontamination Assurance System
(CIDAS)
2. Develop a "Dial-a-Decon" technology that allows adjustments at the point-of-use based on agent type, material
substrate, and environmental conditions
3. Support a USAF demonstration: Joint Biological Agent Decontamination System (JBADS) which is based on hot,
humid air and focused on large airframes
4. Develop enzyme-based formulations for chemical decontamination of sensitive equipment
5. Facilitate the development of improved, easy to decontaminate coatings
6. Develop and demonstrate novel, low-logistical burden approaches to wide-area decontamination of 6.
anthracis spores
7. Improve decontamination processes for decontamination of personnel and mass casualties
8. Develop processes for safe repatriation of chemically and biologically contaminated human remains
These efforts are integrated with current and planned acquisition programs to address capability shortfalls
identified by the services. Research takes place at DoD service laboratories, private industry, and academia. DTRA
provides a critical link by managing these efforts to ensure that needed capabilities are delivered to the
warfighter.
Questions, Answers, and Comments
• Q: With the strippable coating, is it possible to put it on the vehicle before it enters?
• A: Yes, that is the idea. It is short-lived and needs to be reapplied every year, or you need to have a process to
do it before the equipment deploys.
• Q: Are paints hostile to microbes growing on them?
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• A: We have not been that successful with chemicals. We have been more successful with biologicals. We worked
with DARPA to get one log destruction of the spores. Coatings are primarily there for corrosion control.
The U.K. Government Decontamination Service (CDS)
Sara Casey | GDS, United Kingdom
Abstract
The Government Decontamination Service (GDS) is a cross-government service, offering advice, guidance and
practical support both during, and in preparing for a CBRN or major HAZMAT incident. GDS utilise a broad base of
private and public sector capability and capacity to create a robust and operationally ready CBRN Recovery
Service. This is underpinned by a programme of work, including applied research and development, carefully
aligned to UK Government requirements that focuses on capability assurance, gap analysis and the closure of
capability gaps.
A brief overview will be given of the work carried out by GDS over the last 12 months, which will include 1)
procurement of the new GDS framework suppliers 2) the methods used to assure the framework suppliers have
the required capability during CBRN recovery, 3) an introduction to the research and development programme 4)
collaborative work with academia, UK Government Agencies and Departments, plus future planned collaboration
with the US EPA and DHS and 5) other future work.
Questions, Answers, and Comments
• Q: What about indoor decontamination?
• A: The daily business of companies we used is indoor decontamination. Throwing an outdoors decontamination
at them was designed to test responders. They changed their methods to address this.
• Q: During an event, would you let them pursue the decontamination of their choice become the standard
operating procedure?
• A: No, unless we thought that would be effective; we would not let them run rampant.
• Q: How did you contaminate the indoor setting?
• A: Aerosolized Bacillus atrophaeus.
• Q: After you did it, how did you measure it? Did you measure uniformity?
• A: The area was sprayed and left overnight and was sampled the next day; we do not have results yet.
Biological Response and Recovery Science and Technology Roadmap
Brooke Pearson | Cubic Applications, Inc.
Abstract
A catastrophic biological incident could threaten the Nation's human, animal, plant, environmental, and
economic health, as well as America's national security. Such an event would demand swift and effective
responses in order to minimize loss of life and other adverse consequences or, in the case of suspected criminal
activity or terrorism, to prevent additional attacks.
Standing ready to respond to a biological incident requires ongoing data and information collection, data
integration and scientific analysis, evidence-based review, strategic decision making, and continuous coordination
across government and with nongovernmental partners. In addition, an effective response and recovery process
requires the coordination of data and capabilities from several sectors—such as public health, law enforcement,
waste management, infrastructure management, transportation, and more.
The White House Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) released a Biological Incident Response and
Recovery Science and Technology Roadmap to help ensure that decision makers and first responders are
equipped with the information and tools needed to effectively respond to and recover from a biological
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incident—whether naturally occurring (such as an influenza pandemic), accidental (such as a laboratory spill), or
intentional (such as a bioterror attack).
The Roadmap aims to strengthen these processes by categorizing key scientific gaps, identifying specific
technological solutions, and prioritizing research activities to enable government—at all levels—to make
decisions more effectively. Key near-term R&D priorities and objectives outlined in the Roadmap include:
• Develop reliable estimates of risk of exposure for a multitude of environments, matrices, and conditions
associated with wide-area release scenarios;
• Develop reliable estimates of risk to humans, animals, and plants through various exposure and transmission
routes;
• Evaluate population infection prevention measures (e.g., quarantine, isolation, and social distancing) used to
reduce incident impact and develop a strong scientific basis for recommending these measures; and
• Apply insights from risk-communication research to guide dissemination of appropriate messages to decision
makers, first responders, and others.
The Roadmap was developed by the interagency Biological Response and Recovery Science and Technology
Working Group under the National Science and Technology Council's Committee on Homeland and National
Security, and complements the National Biosurveillance Science and Technology Roadmap that was published in
June 2013.
There were no questions for this presenter.
4. General Session 2
Decision Support Tools
Moderated by Leroy Mickelsen and Timothy Boe
Utilization of the QUIC Urban T&D Modeling System for Pre-Planning, Sensor Siting,
and Post-Event Analysis of CBR Dispersal Events
Michael Brown | Los Alamos National Laboratory, Systems Analysis & Surveillance Group
Abstract
The Quick Urban & Industrial Complex (QUIC) dispersion modeling system rapidly computes 3D wind,
concentration, and deposition fields around building complexes. Chemical, biological, and radiological (CBR) agent
dispersion can be computed on building to neighborhood scales in tens of seconds to tens of minutes. It is used to
provide vulnerability assessments, realistic training scenarios and tabletop exercise support, post-event clean up
analysis, optimal sensor siting for special events, and wind fields in a real-time response system. QUIC is
composed of a wind model, a random-walk transport and dispersion model, and a graphical user interface. It has
unique algorithms to account for radiological dispersal device (ROD) detonations, dense gas toxic industrial
chemical dispersion, chemical weapon releases, and dry and wet biological agent sources in cities. QUIC accounts
for topography, buoyancy, droplet evaporation, 2 phase droplet-vapor mixtures, multi-particle size distributions,
gravitational settling, infiltration into buildings, and deposition onto buildings and trees. The model includes a US
day-night population database that is linked to different health effects models (e.g., toxic load, AEGL's) to quickly
compute casualties. Recently, the code has been modified to include a CONTAM exporter to provide outdoor
plume concentration and building pressure time series at inlets around buildings in order for CONTAM to
compute concentrations within buildings. In this presentation we will give a brief overview of the QUIC model
capabilities, some example applications focused on bio and rad agent deposition, comparisons between flat-earth
and building-aware plume calculations, and model evaluation studies.
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Questions, Answers, and Comments
• Q: Did you test for resolution?
• A: We do tests of different resolution. We can get good results at 5 m horizontal resolution and a few meters
vertical.
• Q: Can you mention the crude building infiltration scheme and how that could aid in prioritizing resources for
sampling indoors?
• A: We have a building infiltration scheme. Every single building in the code has an infiltration parameter
(leakiness of HVAC or other filtration systems). It takes concentrations around the building, takes leakiness
factor, to get a crude estimate of concentration indoors. We do not account for the walls inside. We can link up
to the CONTAM model from NIST that can account for this.
A Comprehensive Decision Support Tool for Agricultural Security
Robert Knowlton (Presenter), Mark Tucker, Mark Kinnan, Brad Melton, James Davies | Sandia National Laboratories
Lori Miller | U.S. Department of Homeland Security
Abstract
The threat of an infectious Foreign Animal Disease (FAD) outbreak, such as Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD), poses
significant economic consequences to the United States (US) food production industry. FMD can infect cloven-
hooved animals, such as cattle, swine, sheep, and goats, as well as deer. There has not been an outbreak of FMD
in the US since 1929. More recently, there have been outbreaks in other countries that have caused billions of
dollars in cleanup costs and economic devastation. Even though FMD is not transmitted to humans, infected
livestock cannot be used in or as food products. International trade would also be negatively affected. It could
take considerable time, about a year and a half, to certify a country to be free of infected livestock before
international trade could resume. Therefore, a decision support system that can be used to evaluate alternative
response and recovery operations is desired. Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) is developing a comprehensive
decision support tool to analyze response and recovery actions from an FAD outbreak. The FAD tool is a module
of SNL's Prioritization Analysis Tool for All-Hazards/Analyzer for Wide Area Restoration Effectiveness
(PATH/AWARE), which was developed for use on potential wide-area biological, chemical or radiological releases.
The tool allows a user to manage resources and estimate costs and timelines for response and recovery actions.
The tool has a built-in database and an embedded Geographical Information System (GIS), which allows the user
to display and input spatial information. The FAD module accounts for processes such as vaccination,
depopulation, rendering, incineration, composting, burial, and decontamination. The FAD module also codifies
some tools developed by the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) within the Animal and Plant Health Inspection
Service (APHIS). These tools include a checklist, a Disposal Decision Tree, and a Disposal Options Matrix. A case
study will be presented to illustrate the functionality of the tool and its usefulness in the decision making process.
Questions for presenter were postponed until Panel Discussion at the conclusion of the Decision Support Tool
Session.
Toward Feasible Sampling Plans
Landon Sego | Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Abstract
Since the anthrax events of 2001 and subsequent responses, there has been considerable discussion regarding
the best approach for developing defensible sampling strategies. In particular, the merits of "judgmental" and
"probabilistic" have received close attention. Yet, too often the two strategies are portrayed as being at odds
with each other—and the phrase "judgmental versus probabilistic" is frequently used when describing the
challenge of developing sampling strategies. We advocate the importance of both judgmental and probabilistic
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sampling in creating rigorous, yet feasible, sampling designs. We explore the purpose of judgmental sampling,
probabilistic sampling, and the power of combining the two. We discuss how these combined strategies can be
used to 1) discover contamination, 2) characterize the location and extent of contamination, and 3) clear
remediated (or unaffected) areas for reoccupation.
All relevant information should be used when developing sampling plans. Ideally, sampling strategies should
leverage knowledge about the spatial distribution of the contaminant, agent fate, the interaction of the agent
with various surface types, the efficacy of decontamination techniques, etc. We refer to this as the "lines of
evidence" approach, which will lead to sampling designs that require fewer samples than would otherwise be
needed to achieve the desired sampling objectives. In addition to these concepts, we will illustrate how these
techniques have been (or will be) incorporated into Visual Sample Plan (VSP), a freely available software tool for
the design of environmental sampling plans and analysis of sampling data.
Questions for presenter were postponed until Panel Discussion at the conclusion of the Decision Support Tool
Session.
Decision Support Toolset for Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) Crisis Management
Brooke Pearson (Presenter), William Ginley, Ryan Madden | Edgewood Chemical Biological Center
Abstract
The Transatlantic Collaborative Biological Resiliency Demonstration (TaCBRD) is an Advanced Technology
Demonstration (ATD) focused on remediating the effects of a wide-area biological event on a population center.
The TaCBRD ATD through a series of workshops has identified some key concepts and tools that will assist the
recovery teams in recovering from an attack. The information technology tools span the concepts of
biosurveillance, detection, sampling, decontamination and assessment. Many of these tools were developed
independently from each other and are being unified in a common architecture known as TaCBoaRD so they can
interoperate. TaCBoaRD is not an acronym; it is a concept for sharing biological recovery information utilizing
sharepoint technology.
The TaCBRD ATD utilizing TaCBoaRD will provide recovery organizations with tools organized as portlets. Each tool
or portlet performs a specific mission during the timeline of pre-attack through trans-attack to post-attack.
TaCBoaRD provides a central location to plan, monitor and execute recovery functions with status updates.
TaCBoaRD portlets will be transitioned to other chemical biological defense program efforts such as the
Biosurveillance Portal and Installation Protection Integration Platform.
Questions for presenter were postponed until Panel Discussion at the conclusion of the Decision Support Tool
Session.
Tactical Dynamic Operational Guided Sampling (TacDOGS) Tool for the TransAtlantic
Collaborative Biological Resiliency Demonstration (TaCBRD) Program
Dan Dutrow (Presenter), Sean Kinahan, Scott Stanchfield, Suma Subbarao, Philip Koshute, Alex Proescher | The Johns
Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory
Abstract
The Tactical Dynamic Operational Guided Sampling (TacDOGS) tool is a software product being developed by John
Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (JHU/APL) in support of the Transatlantic Collaborative Biological
Resiliency Demonstration (TaCBRD) program to provide guidance for the development and execution of sampling
plans in context of a wide-area outdoor biological release. At each level of the command structure, the
commander may utilize TacDOGS to organize available assets to maximize their operational utility. Sampling after
a large-scale wide-area biological release requires an extraordinary amount of time, coordination, and cost.
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Depending on the scenario and phase of the response, sampling objectives will vary. These objectives form the
basis for selecting sampling methods, collection instruments, sampling schedules, analysis methods, and
interpretation of results. The sampling plan of action depends on the biological threats and release properties.
The TacDOGS tool will offer increased situational awareness of the factors to consider in selecting sampling
missions to meet objectives. The tool optimizes the selection of material and equipment available through
multiple response assets based on the current sampling capabilities and detection sensitivities of expected
contamination. This optimization process increases the capability to assign response assets to missions, while
providing the end user with an understanding of the limitations inherent in the chosen sampling and analysis
methods. Information related to sample planning and collection is gathered through the use of Android devices
and NFC communication to record, transfer, and track sampling related data. Matching capabilities to suspected
contamination concentrations also increases the potential to detect that contamination. The TacDOGS application
uses judgment and the outputs of physics-based modeling to guide dynamic assessment of results and potential
movement of contamination during the course of response.
Questions for presenter were postponed until Panel Discussion at the conclusion of the Decision Support Tool
Session.
Decon ST: Decontamination Strategy and Technology Selection Tool
D. Edwards (Presenter), J. Freutel, L. Yang, P. Krauter* | Sandia National Laboratories (*retired)
S. Ryan, P. Lemieux, L. Mickelsen | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Abstract
In order to support decision-making to select decontamination options for specific contaminated buildings
following a biological contamination incident, Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) and the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (USEPA) have built a decontamination strategy and technology selection tool (DeconST). The
DeconST addresses contamination of a building with Bacillus anthracis spores, but is expandable to address other
agents.
The DeconST takes user input of building type, size, sampling frequency, and information regarding ambient
weather conditions, and provides relevant information on facility-specific decontamination methods and
associated waste implications. The DeconST provides a comparison of the relative costs, efficacy and associated
destructiveness and waste generated by each of the candidate decontamination technologies. The cost
comparison includes the costs of the decontamination process itself (including incident command,
characterization and clearance sampling and analysis, decontamination, and long-term monitoring) plus the costs
associated with managing the waste generated by the technologies on the structural and interior materials and
contents of the facility (including the costs for removing, decontaminating, disposing of, and replacing all
materials and contents damaged and/or not decontaminated by the technology). The technologies in the
DeconST include currently available biological-agent decontamination technologies with published efficacy data.
Building demolition is also included for comparison purposes.
The DeconST is intended to be used by a technical working group (TWG) functioning under a Unified Command
(UC) to provide recommendations to the Incident Command (1C) on decontamination technologies appropriate to
a given building. The DeconST, which runs as an MS Excel 2010 spreadsheet, is not an expert system, meaning
that it does not tell the IC/UC what technology to use, but rather it presents a series of options and
recommendations, with color-coded estimates of likelihood of success of decontamination, cost implications, and
waste estimates. The DeconST tool's outputs, including tables of waste composition, cost distribution charts, and
other information that would justify recommendations, are provided as detailed reports suitable for inclusion in
the records of the IC/UC.
Questions for presenter were postponed until Panel Discussion at the conclusion of the Decision Support Tool
Session.
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Carcass Management Decision Support Tools
Brooke Pearson (Presenter), Wayne Einfeld, Stacey Tyler, Emilie Hill | Cubic Applications, Inc.
Abstract
In 2011, US livestock receipts accounted for 44% ($166 billion) of total farm receipts. Each year, US animal
agriculture contributes approximately 26 billion pounds of beef, 23 billion pounds of pork, and 38 billion pounds
of poultry to the food supply. These products are derived from animals that are vulnerable to death due to
accidental disease, severe weather, or an act of bioterrorism. While livestock producers are accustomed to
handling routine mortalities, high numbers of livestock deaths in a disaster situation pose daunting challenges. If
not met quickly and effectively, carcass management issues can result in devastating economic losses as well as
long-term public health and environmental issues.
Decision makers within the emergency response community are often unfamiliar with the unique concerns of the
livestock industry and may be faced with little familiarity of carcass disposal options and the unique challenges
they pose. For example, unlined on-site burial may be a valid option for small numbers of animals, but large
numbers of buried carcasses can create contaminated leachate, which could infiltrate groundwater resources and
create a public health risk. Additionally, not all disposal methods are suitable for every disease agent. A high-level
decision support tool with accompanying checklist and training modules can assist in the rapid determination of
which disposal option best meets the user's needs.
A simple spreadsheet-based tool has been developed to allow users to quickly narrow down their disposal
options by answering just five simple questions. By defining the nature of the event (viral, bacterial, spore, prion,
chemical, radiological or natural disaster), the tool eliminates unsuitable disposal options based on disease agent
considerations for environmental and public health factors. The tool also calculates the time to depopulate, the
resource capacity ratio (e.g., adequacy of land and transport), the estimated time to complete disposal, and the
estimated cost for the entire disposal operation. The results of these calculations allow users to quickly narrow
the number of suitable disposal options. The user is then directed to disposal checklists that can be used to
further narrow down the top disposal options. Finally, users are directed to on-line training courses, which
provide detailed information about the planning and operational requirements of each possible disposal option.
This suite of tools is designed for use by emergency response personnel who may possess little knowledge in this
area. The user can efficiently rule out unsuitable options for a scenario-specific solution requiring carcass
disposal. The tools allow for rapid, effective, and justifiable decisions about carcass management to be made.
Rapid response, made possible by this suite of tools, is vital to minimizing livestock losses, economic impacts, and
public health hazards.
Questions for presenter were postponed until Panel Discussion at the conclusion of the Decision Support Tool
Session.
Waste Estimation Support Tool: An Overview, Updates, and Demonstration
Timothy Boe (Presenter) | Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education
Paul Lemieux | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Colin Hayes | Eastern Research Group, Inc.
Abstract
As a result of ongoing research efforts, the EPA's Homeland Security Research Program (HSRP) has developed the
Waste Estimation Support Tool (WEST) for estimating the potential volume and radioactivity levels of waste
generated by a radiological incident and subsequent decontamination efforts. The HSRP is continuing to support
and further develop the WEST to addressing the evolving needs of its partners. Upcoming updates will feature an
occupancy based infrastructure scheme, universal building stock capabilities, occupancy based infrastructure
scheme, improved GIS functionality, embedded report and graph generation, and an intuitive scenario
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management interface. This presentation will feature an overview of the WEST, planned updates, and a live
demonstration.
Questions for presenter were postponed until Panel Discussion at the conclusion of the Decision Support Tool
Session.
Interactive All Hazards Waste Management Plan Development Tool
Anna Tschursin | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Resource Conservation and Recovery, Materials
Recovery and Waste Management Division, Waste Characterization Branch
Abstract
Many manmade and natural incidents have the potential to produce significant amounts of waste. The
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) believes that communities should have a waste management plan (WMP)
that addresses everything from natural disasters and foreign animal disease outbreaks to chemical spills and
nuclear incidents to terrorist attacks involving conventional, chemical, radiological, or biological means. These
homeland security incidents can create more waste than a community typically manages on a regular basis, as
well as waste streams a community does not normally handle. Past experience has shown that communities with
comprehensive and well-coordinated WMPs recover more quickly and at less cost from these incidents, making
these communities more resilient. Unfortunately, planning for waste management during large-scale homeland
security incidents has been identified as a major capability gap in overall Homeland Security Response and
Recovery Preparedness.
To assist emergency managers, planners, and responders in the public and private sectors in creating or updating
a comprehensive plan for managing waste generated from manmade and natural incidents, the ORCR Materials
Recovery and Waste Management Division, in collaboration with Regions 3 and 5, the Office of Homeland
Security and The National Homeland Security Research Center, has been researching the potential development
of an interactive on-line waste management planning tool intended to provide step by step advice on creating a
comprehensive pre-incident WMP. This tool would provide a framework to help managers, planners, and
responders initiate plan development, providing variable degrees of assistance from providing a simple outline of
plan contents, to creating customizable language, to providing scenario-specific default waste quantity values to
use in developing a plan. The tool will not only provide an adaptable format for drafting the plan itself but, in
addition, is envisioned to provide users with the ability to view plans developed and shared by other users, as
well as links to other resources such as fact sheets, databases, and integration with other online tools such as I-
WASTE. EPA has developed the initial contents for the tool, solicited input from Regional and State
representatives, and is now identifying IT platforms, which would allow for the features envisioned, resources
permitting.
Questions for presenter were postponed until Panel Discussion at the conclusion of the Decision Support Tool
Session.
Panel Discussion
Michael Brown | Los Alamos National Laboratory
Robert Knowlton | Sandia National Laboratories
Landon Sego | Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Brooke Pearson | Cubic Applications, Inc.
Dan Dutrow | John Hopkins University APL
Donna Edwards | Sandia National Laboratories
Timothy Boe | Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education
Anna Tschursin | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
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Notes
Question 1 to the panel:
Every decision support tool (DST) discussed here today addresses some form of need or problem. When designing
your DSTs, how are you collaborating with your customers to ensure you meet their needs?
Summary of the responses from panel:
• Training sessions not only serve as a venue to familiarize end-users with DSTs, but also allow end-users to
provide feedback.
• Consider collaborating with partners through an interactive process, such as a stakeholder working group, in
order to promote input.
• Developers tend to wait until DSTs are nearly finished before requesting feedback. Preliminary tech demos push
developers to release DSTs early on, which allows stakeholders to review and address issues during the
development process.
• The user base in which a DST was intended may broaden over time. This is especially evident as DSTs progress
based on expanding needs (e.g., all hazards approach), depending its intended or unintended application.
• Some end-users may not be receptive to a particular DST due to limitations in policy or financial restraints.
• End-users need to be patient with developers and vice versa.
Question 2 to the panel:
Static software is dead software and becomes useless over time if not continuously updated. How do we change the
funding model?
Summary of responses from panel:
• Once completed, allocating funding to support DSTs can be a formidable task and often requires some form of
perpetual investment for the DST to remain operational.
• The metaphor, "Cadillac vs. Hyundai" was used to distinguish between high-end DSTs (e.g., dispersion model)
versus low-end DSTs (e.g., Excel spreadsheet). High-end DSTs often require periodic investments in order to
remain relevant. Low-end DSTs, on the other hand, do not. The option of a high-end or low-end really depends
on the problem at hand.
• Release updates on a pro re nata basis; a critical update is likely a worthwhile investment.
• Consider enabling reach-back by some sort of funding mechanism. The United Kingdom (UK) has set a good
precedent by retaining contractors until the need arises.
Question 3 to the panel:
Very seldom do we get out in the field and respond to a modeled threat. These DSTs are great resources, but there
is a real world. How flexible are these tools? How easy will it be for software engineers to improve upon them in the
future?
Summary of responses from the panel:
• Create technical working groups composed of power users who regularly interact with the DST. These groups
often expand applications beyond their original intention.
• Tools geared towards an all-hazards approach are easier to sustain rather than those addressing a specific need.
Conceptual models currently do not address every foreseeable disaster. Efforts should focus more on risk versus
probability. Risks with high probability that are likely to invoke secondary hazards should be the primary focus
(e.g., Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster).
• Consider using software development environments that allow developers to push updates to the end-user.
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• Over time, if DSTs are not routinely updated, customers run the risk of brain drain (e.g., initial developers
relocated or require time to re-acclimate with code).
Question 4 to the panel:
Each DST presented here today represents a different phase or process in emergency response. Moving forward,
how can we holistically connect these tools so they are more efficient, yet cost effective?
Summary of responses from the panel:
• Typically not possible to integrate software that wasn't intended to do so. DSTs can, however, share outputs via
a common file scheme (i.e., text file), or have extensions or components that interact with each other.
• Using an open source development model promotes universal access and common standards. By utilizing open
source, DSTs can be enhanced or integrated when the need arises with little or no support from outside sources.
• EPA has limited resources to manage DSTs and recommends they be relocated to a sustainable yet efficient
home. An example of this is the EPA's GeoPlatform, which houses a variety of applications under one roof.
• A DST shouldn't be developed to address a specific need. Instead, DSTs should be modular by design, allowing
them to expand functionality based on a need. Doing so would save the agency both time and money.
5. General Session 3
Risk Communication and Systems Approach
Moderated by Brendan Doyle
Professional and Public Perceptions of Information Needs During a Drinking Water
Contamination Event
Scott Minamyer, Cynthia Yund (Presenter) | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Homeland Security
Research Center
Richard Tardiff | Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education
Abstract
A critical need has been identified for the development of methodologies to effectively communicate risks
associated with water security emergencies. The EPA sponsored three workshops in 2005 and 2006 to prepare
messages for such emergencies. Messages were developed through the cooperative efforts of experts from water
agencies, public health, emergency response, law enforcement, as well as experts in risk communication.
This current investigation was a follow up to the former workshops to conduct formative research to: (1) compare
professional and public assessments of critical information needs; and (2) evaluate messages developed during
the above-mentioned workshops for appropriateness and effectiveness. A hypothetical contamination scenario of
a municipal water supply was presented for discussion. The purpose was to identify the layperson's perception of
relevant risk, so professionals can be prepared to supply critical information and dispel misconceptions.
Information was collected by means of personal interviews with water-sector professionals followed by focus
groups comprised of water consumers in Boston, Massachusetts; Charlotte, North Carolina; Chicago, Illinois, and
San Diego, California. Professionals began by providing a list of questions addressing what questions they thought
the public would have during a drinking water contamination incident. The initial scenario was intentionally non-
specific. Later they were asked to add issues that would arise if the incident were known to be intentional, such
as a terrorist attack. Members of the public were presented the same scenario and generated a list of questions
related to information they would most need during the water contamination incident.
Responses from both groups were very similar and can be categorized into the following themes:
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• Who is affected
• Exposure Issues
• Uses of Tap Water
• Alternate Sources of Water
• Consumer Personal Actions
• Response and Recovery
The priorities for professionals were event control, remediation, and public health protection. For the public,
priorities were personal safety and individual action. Research findings can be used as a critical crisis
communication planning resource for responders, utility managers, and public information officers to prepare
appropriate information for delivery to the public during a water emergency.
Questions, Answers, and Comments
• Q: What kind of response have you had from the water utility industry? How do they view this study and are
they refining their risk communication messages?
• A: I hope they are. We had 1700 people attend the webinar, which gives you a sense of how utilities will use the
tool. We have partnerships that will help promote our tool, and it is moving forward.
• Q: What was the public response toward the need for specific information, e.g., nature of the problem?
• A: They wanted specifics but only of what you knew. The public wanted honesty that you did not know all of the
answers and they could tell if you were trying to fudge. The individual community level is where we need to
work.
• Q: How do you think this translates to natural disasters?
• A: The questions in this tool are very general, e.g., where do I get a supply? Do I boil the water? When do I get to
normal? It is very applicable.
Perceptions of Risk Communication Messages During a Long-Term Biological
Remediation
Charlena Bowling (Presenter), Cynthia Yund | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
David Malet | University ofMebourne
Mark Korbitz | Otero Junior College
Jody Carrillo | Pueblo County/City Health Department
Abstract
Risk communicators need to involve stakeholders and the public throughout all stages of an environmental
contamination event. It is important to explain the magnitude and severity of risks associated with such an event.
Effective communication strategies to ensure public trust must reflect the needs of broad, diversified audiences
consisting of greatly varied educational levels and technical knowledge while addressing security concerns. In
2011, EPA's National Homeland Security Research Center (NHSRC), in conjunction with the Pueblo City/County
Health Department of Colorado, began a three-year study of effective risk communication practices during the
remediation phase of a biological event. The objective of this research effort is to determine the preferred
mechanism of message delivery that make it more likely that risk communications will be trustworthy and
understood by target audiences.
Phase 1 of the study has been completed. A panel of 43 federal, state, and local emergency response
professionals and other public officials provided responses to 17 mock risk communication messages, distributed
via email over a six month long scenario, that describe the remediation of a major bioterrorist attack. Phase 1
findings suggest that (1) local policy- and decision makers use readily available information and make
assumptions that high level agencies will assume clean up responsibilities; (2) panel members expect cleanup to
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"zero" residual risk; (3) more positive emotions emerged as the scenario progressed and neared the end; and (4)
panel members indicated that the public would be informed of activities and information via hotlines, websites,
and social media - even though social media generally could not be accessed from these agency workplaces and
many of the participating agencies were not using social media at the time of this study.
This presentation will describe results from the Phase 1 study. The data indicate emergency management
personnel do not have uniform preparedness capabilities to respond to all aspects of a significant bioterrorist
attack. Recommendations confirm the need for state and local emergency response personnel to work together
on response activities. While social media may offer a tool to expedite risk communication messaging, it appears
that many of these agencies are not fully capitalizing on such a methodology. State and local level homeland
security planners need to be more involved in lessons learned from terrorist events and exercises similar to those
at the at the Federal level. The findings from this research will yield data useful to public health officials and
communicators on the mechanism of message delivery and content, and provide insight into improving the
reception to risk communication messages by the public, especially during the remediation phase of an event,
given the time lag between response and recovery.
Questions, Answers, and Comments
• Q: You have stressed not alarming people and the importance of preparation of messages, but what is more
challenging is that situations are extremely dynamic. There tends to be a lot of agreement about what to do. The
media think this is boring and want people who will wreak havoc. Have you figured out what the strategy is for
being quickly adaptive to other people's messaging?
• A: I think it all goes out to preparation. You cannot prepare for everything, but any preparations will help you. If
you know the conflicting messages are going to be there, you should be ready to answer them.
• Q: When I see simple messages released, my initial reaction is skepticism that they are placating the public. Have
you considered a dual form of messaging with one simple, concise messaging and a link with data and technical
detail?
• A: I think that has been used, e.g., BP oil spill. That is a good approach and makes sense to have an opportunity
for those interested to see the data that supports the messaging.
• Q: You were mentioning key words to monitor. Which ones are those and which ones should we avoid?
• A: The keywords were participant suggestions. Avoid strong words like terrorism. We did not touch as much on
those in this study.
• Q: Do you have plans to monitor social media to see how the public responds?
• A: Yes and no. Not ORD, but EPA's Office of Public Affairs has this job. This is a huge area of research.
• Q: You anticipated tailoring your message to monitoring. Did you discover anything in this phase?
• A: This is more applicable to Phase two. I mentioned that we had another study going on with University of
Kentucky. Their Phase 2 is looking at small pockets of minority groups and those findings will be out next year.
A Systems Approach to Characterizing the Social Environment for Decontamination
and Resilience
Keely Maxwell | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Abstract
After a natural disaster, technological accident, or terrorist attack, the EPA utilizes scientific analysis and technical
criteria to assess risk and remediate contaminated environments. In order to make sure that decontamination
supports community resilience, it is necessary to develop a systems approach to characterizing the social
environment of the affected community. This research utilizes a coupled human-natural systems approach to
identify the social system variables that influence risk and resilience. For example, we often think of vulnerability,
or susceptibility to hazard risk, as determined by health or environmental factors. Yet vulnerability is also
conditioned by social factors such as poverty and household composition. This research draws upon case studies
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of recent incidents to demonstrate how these system variables affect the social and environmental outcomes of
decontamination. These variables come into play throughout the decontamination process. After Hurricane
Katrina, sediment sampling for contaminants in Orleans Parish produced a wealth of chemical data, but this
information may not have served residents' clean-up needs. Amerithrax risk assessment did not ameliorate postal
workers' perceptions of risk. Nor did it take their local environmental knowledge into account, which might have
reduced the incident's costs. Remediation after the Fukushima disaster faces significant technical challenges. It
also faces significant social challenges, including a lack of trust in institutions. Meeting technical clearance goals
after remediation may not be enough to ensure re-occupancy and reuse of an area. Community ties and sense of
place influence a family's re-occupancy decisions. Re-occupancy also depends on whether the remediated area is
able to meet critical community functions such as education and commerce. Waste disposal decisions require
attention to environmental justice. This presentation discusses indicators and lessons learned that will help
practitioners avoid unintended consequences of decontamination efforts, reduce barriers to effective
interventions, and prioritize resilience strategies.
Questions, Answers, and Comments
• Q: Is there a line where we can involve the public too much?
• A: Definitely. There were things the public was demanding that were not feasible or not under the jurisdiction.
There is a line, but it is hard to draw a hard and fast one.
• Q: What are the practical implications for risk communicators?
• A: Risk communication needs to happen before an event and how to facilitate people's basic knowledge before
the event. Not everybody knows that his or her water is not sterile. Risk communication needs to explicitly
understand the values of the public.
• Q: As a responder, I see a lack of empathy in the response community and local governments. How can this
information improve that?
• A: A shift in perception of people from victims to people who can bring valuable assets to bring to the table, e.g.,
environmental knowledge.
6. General Session 3
Food Safety - Decontamination and Disposal Issues
Moderated by Lukas Oudejans
Intentional Contamination of Food: Detection, Decontamination, and Disposal
Research and Needs
Nicholas Bauer (Presenter), Kim Green | Food Safety and Inspection Service
Abstract
Terrorist organizations have expressed interest in and knowledge of methods to attack the food supply in the U.S.
Independent actors intent on doing harm, such as disgruntled employees, have proven capable of causing
significant economic and public health impacts. Furthermore, intentional adulteration of food for economic gain
is common, and illustrates the vulnerability of the food supply to intentional contamination.
Intentional contamination of the food supply presents numerous challenges for detection, decontamination, and
disposal. In the event of an attack, or even the threat of an attack, suspect product would need to be identified,
managed, tested, treated, and disposed of. The food processing facilities and infrastructure, such as
transportation equipment, storage facilities, and retail stores, would similarly need to be tested and
decontaminated. Even a medium-size meat-processing establishment produces 1 million pounds of product per
week, which could be shipped to 50 states and international customers within days of manufacture. Therefore,
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intentional contamination of the food supply could necessitate a massive and geographically widespread
treatment, disposal, and decontamination effort.
USDA has helped to fund research to address some of these challenges for some high-toxicity chemical agents,
including development of analytical methods for food matrices, determination of oral toxicity and stability in food
matrices, and evaluation of potential decontamination technologies. This presentation will briefly summarize this
completed research, and highlight data gaps. The presentation will also address USDA needs regarding additional
research and discuss agency capabilities, roles, and responsibilities during response to an intentional
contamination event.
Questions, Answers, and Comments
• Q: How involved would you get in telling people that food is safe? If it is FMD affected beef and we go for a
vaccine approach. It is no risk to human health. We have been talking about that messaging amongst ourselves.
• A: There is going to be a question of which food is safe. We have not set up the communications that have been
talked about in the risk communication presentations. In the case of FMD, it is a little further along than an
intentional contamination of the food supply.
• Q: You mentioned toxicity testing of different threat agents. Do you have any information on how heating food
agents in a food matrix would affect stability?
• A: Yes, we have looked at stability of agents and storage and cooking.
7. Concurrent Sessions 1
Biological Agent Decontamination
Moderated by Shawn Ryan
Smart Aqueous Gels and Foams for RB Decontamination
Dr. S. Faure (Presenter), Dr. F. Goettmann | CEA, DEN Nuclear Energy Division, DTCD/SPDE/LCFI, Laboratoire de Chimie
des Fluides Complexes et d'lrradiation
Dr. V. Tanchou | CEA, DSV Life Science Division, IBEB/SBTN/LDCAE
Dr. C. Bossuet | CEA, DAM Military Apllications Division, DSNP
Abstract
To face the future challenges in the field of RB solids decontamination, the Laboratory of Chemistry of Complex
Fluids and Irradiation (LCFI) from the French Atomic Energy and Alternatives Energies Commission (CEA) is
developing new processes for decontamination of solids. These new techniques are secure and easily deployable
by end users and strongly reduce the cost, the secondary wastes production and the workers exposure.
We have focused in the last past years on the use of two soft matter states to develop new patented
decontamination processes: aqueous gels and foams. The major objectives of our studies are:
• To formulate smart complex fluids, aqueous gels and foams, that do not damage the surface of the materials
(soft homogeneous corrosion) and transfer or inactivate rapidly the contaminants into the complex fluid
phase
• To obtain less generated secondary liquid effluent or avoid liquid effluent (self drying and cracking gels)
• To enhance the efficiency of the decontamination technique by adding surfactants, chelatants and or
particles.
The proposed lecture will give an overview of these two ways to decontaminate a solid surface.
The major applications and results obtained on real RB decontamination operations will be presented for each
process.
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For R decontamination gels, a new generation of mineral gels -ie silica colloidal suspensions- called "self drying
and cracking gels" were world patented [1,2] The advantages of the process are considerable because these gel
formulations are obtained from mineral materials in order to avoid non stable organic compounds. They can be
sprayed like paints to obtain a thin film (500 u.m) on the surface using a pump system at low (2-7 bars) or high
(10-30 bars) pressure. The gel film dries in a few hours at room temperatures and the decontamination reaction
stops. The drying forms cracks on the gel film that lead to millimetric solid pellets easily recovered by vacuum
cleaning or by brushing. For B decontamination we developed more recently dedicated vacuumable gel
formulations to reach a biocide effectiveness on Bacillus thuringiensis spores (a surrogate of anthrax) [3]. From
the academic point of view, we will see that the adsorption density of additives surfactants or polymers on these
colloids could have both significant effects on the rheological, drying and cracking properties of the gel.
For RB decontamination foams, an approach using polymers and/or particles in water is defended to generate
high life time stable foams that are able to decontaminate huge and complex shape materials in a static way, such
as rooms, tanks, tubes, galleries [4,5]. The static way is original: the facility to decontaminate is filled with foam
that wets all the surfaces to treat and drains freely for several hours. The drained liquid containing the R
contaminants or the killed B contaminants could be treated by classical liquid effluents treatment. We will show
how we could modify the drainage kinetic i.e. the liquid flow rate between the foam bubbles using biodegradable
yield stress polymers or colloidal hydrophilic fumed silica aggregates [6, 7].
[1] S. Faure, B. Fournel, P. Fuentes and Y. Lallot., Method for treating a surface with a treating gel and treating
gel. World Patent WO 03/008529, 2003.
[2] S. Faure, P. Fuentes and Y. Lallot. Vacuumable gel for decontaminating surfaces and use thereof, World Patent
WO 07/039598, 2007.
[3] F. Cuer and S. Faure. Biological decontamination gel, and method for decontaminating surfaces using said gel.
World Patent WO 12/001046, 2012.
[4] Faure S., Fournel B., Fuentes P. (2004). Composition, foam, and method for surface decontamination. World
patent WO2004/00846
[5] Guignot S and Faure S. Decontamination foams containing particles, French Patent n° FR 07 53286, 2007
[6] C. Dame, C. Fritz, O. Pitois, S. Faure, "Relations between physicochemical properties and instability of
decontamination foams", Colloid and Surfaces A : Physicochem. Eng. Aspects, 2005, n° 282, 65-74
[7] S. Guignot, S. Faure, M. Vignes-Adler, O. Pitois "Liquid and particle in foamed suspensions" Chemical
Engineering Science, Volume 65, Issue 8, 15 April 2010, Pages 2579-2585
There were no questions for this presenter.
Anthrax Decontamination of a Mock Office Using Low Level Chlorine Dioxide
Fumigation
Matthew Clayton (Presenter), Abderrahmane Touati, Nicole Griffin-Gatchalian | ARCADIS, Inc.
Joseph Wood, Michael Worth Calfee, Shawn Ryan | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Abstract
In the event of a large urban release of Bacillus anthracis spores, extensive resources would be required in the
recovery effort. Chlorine dioxide (CIO2) fumigation would most likely be utilized in such efforts, since it has been
demonstrated in the laboratory and at full-scale to be an effective decontaminant at levels of 1,000-3,000 parts
per million (PPM). However, it is believed there may be only a few contractors in the US capable of fumigating
large buildings at these high levels.
The present study was conducted to assess decontamination efficacy of CIO2 fumigation at relatively low
concentrations but longer contact times. Demonstration of successful decontamination with CIO2 gas at low
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concentrations would allow for a greater number of vendors to participate in remediation efforts following a
large anthrax spore release. That is, vendors with technologies that produce CIO2, but perhaps at relatively lower
generation rates, would still be able to meet and maintain these lower target fumigation concentrations within a
large building.
All CIO2 fumigation tests were conducted in EPA's Consequence Management and Decontamination Evaluation
Room, or COMMANDER. COMMANDER is a stainless steel-lined chamber built specifically for decontamination
testing, with internal dimensions of approximately 11 ft wide, 8 ft deep, and 9 ft high. It includes an airlock and
exterior steel shell. Temperature, relative humidity (RH), and other parameters are controlled and monitored. All
tests were conducted at lab ambient temperature and 75% RH.
To facilitate a realistic decontamination challenge, a mock office was built (including carpet, drop ceiling, painted
drywall) and furnished within COMMANDER. The mock office also included a laminated desk, an office chair, a file
cabinet, pin cushion screen, books/catalogues, and a computer with monitor and keyboard.
Bacillus atrophaeus was used as the 6. anthracis surrogate, and disseminated in powder form using a fluidized
bed aerosol generator, to achieve a target loading of 10s to 107 colony forming units (CPU) per square foot.
CIO2 was generated using a ClorDiSys Model GMP, which includes a photometric detector for continuous
measurement of CIO2. CIO2 levels within the chamber were also measured using a wet chemistry method, and
ranged from 100 to 1000 PPM.
The general sequence of events for each test was as follows:
1. "Reset" the mock office by fumigating with hydrogen peroxide vapor.
2. Sample the mock office to determine background levels of any residual viable spores.
3. Disseminate spores.
4. Sample surfaces to determine the initial levels of spores.
5. Monitor temperature and establish 75% RH.
6. Charge chamber with CIO2 to achieve the target concentration.
7. Maintain target CIO2 concentration and RH for desired contact time.
8. Aerate chamber.
9. Conduct post-fumigation sampling.
Bacterial spore samples were recovered from surfaces in the office using wipes, swabs, or hand-held HEPA
vacuums (sock sampler). Other assays included the use of reference measurement coupons and bio-aerosol
collection cassettes. Spores were extracted from collection media, serially diluted and plated, incubated, and then
colonies counted.
The decontamination results for the more than ten chamber tests that were conducted in the study will be
presented at the conference.
Questions, Answers, and Comments
Q: Did you try to repeat the low-level concentration fumigations a number of times to see if the efficiency
increased?
A: We had a couple of goals. One was to maximize decontamination efficacy. We did a number of low level
chlorine dioxide fumigations.
Q: Did you extend the time? When does it become asymptotic? When do you stop killing spores?
A: We did a 24-hour test. We did not see a good correlation with extra time.
C: As you drop below 70 % RH, CIO2 fumigation becomes much less effective. There has been some effort to go
to 4000 ppm, lower relative humidity, and longer contact time.
Q: Did you see a relationship between reductions based on commercial biological indicators compared to the
disseminated spores?
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• A: The biological indicators we used were much less resistant to fumigation. I think we got no growth.
• Q: What was your extraction method from your swipes? Did you use multiple preparations of your spores? Why
was B atrophaeus that does not have an exosporium used?
• A: PBST extraction method for wipes and vacuum socks. For chlorine dioxide fumigation, 6. atrophaeus has been
used as a surrogate for years.
• Q: Your lab has done a lot of studies with CIO2. 9000 ppm-hours was effective. It looks like you have achieved
the same efficacy at a much lower value. Why do you think there is a difference between this study and other
previous studies?
• C: There was work by Shawn Ryan [NHSRC] that concluded that contact time was important. We explored that in
a glove box (small-scale) and showed great effectiveness with low ppm levels and longer contact times. The
point was to do the test more realistically at a larger scale to see if a longer contact time would be more
effective.
Methyl Iodide Fumigation of Bacillus Anthracis Spores
Mark Sutton (Presenter), Staci R. Kane, Jessica R. Wollard | Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Abstract
Fumigation techniques such as chlorine dioxide, vaporous hydrogen peroxide and paraformaldehyde used to
decontaminate items, rooms and buildings following contamination with Bacillus anthracis spores are often
incompatible with materials found in a variety of buildings. This results in necessary removal of a variety of
organic or electrical materials before fumigation to increase efficacy and minimize both material damage and
waste volume. Alternative fumigation with methyl bromide is subject to strict international regulation and
requires a crisis exemption from the EPA. Methyl iodide fumigation offers excellent efficacy at both room
temperature and elevated temperature.
Bacillus anthracis Sterne spores applied to stainless steel were subjected to methyl iodide fumigation at room
temperature and at 55°C. Additionally, spore fumigation on concrete was performed at 55°C. Efficacy was
measured on a log-scale with a 6-log reduction in colony forming units being considered successful. Efficacies
greater than 6 orders of magnitude were obtained after just 1 hour at 55°C and after 12 hours at room
temperature for stainless steel samples. No detrimental effects were observed on glassware or PTFE O-rings.
Additional studies will be directed towards assessing the effect of methyl iodide on sensitive or valuable materials
such as electronic equipment, fabric, artwork and documents.
This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratory under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344. LLNL-ABS-617953.
Questions, Answers, and Comments
• Q: Do you know how methyl bromide and methyl iodide compare in terms of ozone level depletion?
• A: I do not. There is an EPA document that talked about it. A reference is in the report on this subject.
• Q: You mentioned a study at 55 °C. Is it possible to raise the temperature of a building to this level?
• A: DTRA was interested in fumigating an aircraft, so they said this was a reasonable temperature. It is doable in a
military vehicle, maybe not in a building. We have shown it is effective after 12 hours at lower temperatures.
Gruinard Island Returns to Civil Use
Stephen Hibbs | Defense Science & Technology Laboratory
Video presentation; no slides were made available for inclusion in report.
No abstract was provided.
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Questions, Answers, and Comments
Q: Was there any residual contamination from the formaldehyde treatment?
A: The decontamination of the Island was carried out in the summer of 1986. Soil samples were taken three
months following this process, and a very small area of low contamination remained where an aerial bomb
containing anthrax had been dropped. This area was re-treated in the autumn and soil cores taken the following
spring. All soil samples were split into two halves and were analysed by ourselves at DSTL and also
by independent assessors at the Central Veterinary Laboratory at Weybridge.
Q: Do you have any cases of human infection during the entire process?
A: No cases at all during the original trials or the decontamination process.
Q: What is happening with the island today? We would have expected a larger area of contamination.
A: The whole Island was assessed for the presence of Anthrax spores. Most of the spores were located at a
depth of 5 cm or lower due to high rainfall and peaty soil, and decontamination was carried out accordingly with
this in mind. We are confident all of the spores have been successfully decontaminated to a level of three spores
per gram of soil. This does not pose a health risk.
Q: Were there any air samples collected?
A: No, strictly soil samples. The island was a wet, peaty, boggy domain with no risk of aerosols. After the first
year we were there, we didn't have to wear respirators but did wear Wellington boots, latex gloves and white
disposable suits over our underwear. The suits and gloves were disposed of and the Wellington boots washed
off with disinfectant at a decontamination station.
Q: How did methods for this decontamination compare to methods available today?
A: This method was proved successful. To hand it back in public ownership was a big leap of faith. I know there
are efforts to be environmentally friendly when you decontaminate.
Q: You had a method that could detect three spores per sample?
A: We used PletMedia. The idea is that the anthrax spores are more tolerant to that toxic mixture than soil
microorganisms, so they could grow and the soil microorganisms were killed.
Q: Would they allow the use of the formaldehyde solution today?
C: We [Health Protection England] tried to duplicate Gruinard in 1990s, but we weren't allowed to do it. People
have strong attitudes against formaldehyde despite that it occurs naturally. If you get it in the soil, it won't be
there after a couple of weeks. This method of decontamination was ideal this location. The Island was
uninhabited and about a mile off shore from the mainland of Scotland. The formaldehyde used was inactivated
in the environment relatively quickly and there was no issue with any potential drinking water courses. The risk
of airborne infection was remote as the climate in this part of the world is cool and wet.
8. Concurrent Sessions 1
Chemical Agent Sampling and Detection
Moderated by Stuart Willison
Decontamination Screening Techniques Used At U.S. Army Chemical Agent Disposal
Facilities and Applications for Clearing Contaminated Areas
Theodore Ruff (Presenter), Joseph Padayhag | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for
Environmental Health/Agency for Toxic Substances Disease Registry, Division of Emergency and Environmental Health
Services, Environmental Health Readiness Branch
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Abstract
This presentation will review the approach and methods for decontamination and decontamination verification
used at U.S. Army Chemical Agent Disposal Facilities and discuss their application for clearing contaminated areas
in other contexts. These methods include decontamination followed by screening for chemical warfare agents: air
"headspace" analysis (isolating the area or equipment from ventilation through tenting or bagging and air-
monitoring the isolated space), surface sampling and analysis, and finally headspace analysis of unventilated
rooms. The most important factors for selecting verification criteria are the future use of the area and the
potential health hazards.
CMA decommissioning and decontamination process involves evaluating potential health hazards; removing
selected equipment; decontamination of floors, walls, and remaining items; and verifying decontamination.
Facility personnel review the history of known chemical warfare agent spills and elevated concentrations of
chemical warfare agent in air. After gross decontamination is completed, equipment that is heavily contaminated
or difficult to decontaminate is removed and further treated for agent removal (or further decontamination).
Additionally, personnel conduct an enclosed space and porous material survey to find areas where chemical
warfare agent may be prevented from volatizing. These areas are mitigated, generally through disassembly or
removal and further decontamination. Surface sampling may be conducted after developing statistical and/or
judgmental sampling plans for the walls and floors, followed by analysis for chemical agents. As areas are
decontaminated, initial verification is conducted through headspace analysis. As a final verification step, facility
personnel isolate larger areas to perform unventilated monitoring testing (DMT). Here, entire rooms are isolated
from facility ventilation and air monitored for detection of chemical agent. After the DMT is complete, ventilation
is resumed. Similar methods, with appropriate considerations for future use and health hazard potential, may be
used in the event of chemical warfare agent contamination of other non-military facilities or vessels.
Two contamination scenarios will be explored: 1) a fixed facility, with occupancy to include the general public and
2) a marine vessel with worker occupancy. Considerations include nature and extent of contamination, evaluation
of hazards (e.g. respiratory, dermal), future use of facility, decontamination methods, verification screening, and
final verification of decontamination. These examples will illustrate the potential for transferring the experience
from decontaminating and decommissioning chemical agent disposal facilities to planning for recovery and reuse
after contamination incidents.
Questions, Answers, and Comments
Q: Headspace monitoring - what was the endpoint you were looking for? There were no volatile agents. What
about nonvolatile agents?
A: Nonvolatile agents are volatile enough that the instrument will still pick it up; one facility had trouble picking
up stuff under an I - beam, so they tented it and probed it, and that's how they located the place where they
had residual contamination, so even for nonvolatiles it proved to be pretty good; some sites did concrete
samples as well, so you did get auxiliary evidence through those as well.
Q: Who performed the analysis?
A: The U.S. Army; agent samples were mostly analyzed on site.
Q: How did CMA arrive at the risk level for transportation?
A: That was based on action scenarios and based on the probability of an accident. They are based on a very
conservative precise scenario.
C: There was also a maximum concentration per drum to account for risk to any workers around the drum.
Q: Was the use of hot air considered as a decontamination method; was that considered for traditional chemical
warfare agents? It would be a relatively cheap method for a larger facility.
A: Don't know if it was used for VX or not.
Q: Waste that was shipped offsite, were there any special arrangements? Disposal facilities?
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• A: For waste that still had agent remaining, CMA did the transport risk assessment for those drums, modeling
the impacts from that agent.
• C: As drums were loaded at the disposal facility, they were supposed to be fed as quickly as possible to the
furnace; US Army has done a risk assessment of that facility.
Multi-Laboratory Study of Analytical Protocols for Chemical Warfare Agents in
Environmental Matrices
Romy Campisano (Presenter) | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National
Homeland Security Research Center
Carolyn Koester | Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Eric Boring, Joan Cuddeback | Computer Sciences Corporation (CSC)
Terry Smith | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, Office of Emergency
Management
Abstract
The US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) National Homeland Security Center (NHSRC) and Office of
Emergency Management (OEM), in collaboration with experts from across USEPA and other state and federal
agencies continue to develop analytical protocols for laboratory identification and measurement of target agents
during site remediation. These methods will be used to assist in determining the presence of contamination, the
effectiveness of decontamination, and site clearance following decontamination. These studies improve
laboratory capability and capacity, thus enhancing response and recovery to intentional or unintentional chemical
contamination incidents.
Results of a NHSRC and OEM collaborative multi-laboratory study evaluating analytical protocols for identification
and measurement of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) in water, soil and surface wipe matrices are presented.
CWAs included in this study are sarin (GB), soman (GD), cyclohexylsarin (GF), sulfur mustard (HD), and VX. These
protocols were developed to achieve high laboratory throughput, while providing analytical detection limits
necessary for thorough remediation of CWA contaminated environments during response activities. Specific
procedures for all matrices and CWAs include microscale extraction techniques using methylene chloride
followed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis. An additional extraction step using "tris
buffer" was required to effectively remove VX from soil matrices. GC/MS analysis included use of quadrupole and
time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometers.
Preliminary results of the study indicate the protocols can achieve analytical method detection limits of
approximately 1 u.g/L for water, 2 u.g/kg for soil, and 0.04 u.g/wipe for surface wipe matrices for GB using
quadrupole mass spectrometry, and approximately one order of magnitude lower using TOF.
Stability studies for ultra-dilute (10 ppm) CWA standards were determined. Results for individual standards stored
in sealed ampules showed that the CWA standards made in methylene chloride were stable for up to one year.
Data for individual standards stored in vials that were periodically reopened showed that most CWAs were stable
for six months. Exceptions were GB, which was stable for only five months, and VX, which degraded after two
months.
Questions, Answers, and Comments
• Q: Do you have any plans for doing vacuum samples or other kinds of samples? How about composite samples
or multiple wipes?
• A: Microbiologists and analytical colleagues are moving more towards sponge samples as samplers. The sponge
sticks are easy to use, and we have contemplated investigating sponge sticks in chemical sampling, but no
motions yet.
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• C: Obviously one thing to worry about is whether the chemical is going to be picked up by that material and
whether the people in the field would use it.
• Q: Are you also looking at recoveries? In Army facility research, concrete has a degradative effect on agents.
• A: We definitely looked at recovery. The experiment has controls over what you spike and what you analyze. The
environmental samples are widespread and we consider the nature of the matrices.
• Q: What were those recoveries for glass and metal? What kind of recoveries did you get from those?
• A: I believe we got fairly good recoveries from stainless steel and glass. These are fairly small coupons because
we did do a direct extraction of the surface as well as comparable wiping. For more permeable surfaces we are
using two sizes of coupons, including a larger surface to see if we get comparable recoveries to see whether
small scale wipe results translate up.
• Q: Have you spoken to ECBC? Researchers there are looking at these types of samples plus some you are moving
on to; they have protocols already in place.
• A: Absolutely, we try to network and collaborate; we did have a strong partnership with ECBC, but diverged a
little in aims and goals, but we should reconnect.
• C: Australia also has an equivalent to this network. Anecdotally, we found the same stability issues; we use
screw cap vials. We use cotton swabs; if we find a liquid or device with a film we take a swab and stick it into a
vial.
• Q: Was there a difference in solvents? Some solvents will melt plastic, do you get better recoveries with
dichloromethylene?
• A: We found that dichloromethane worked best for our purposes.
Accelerated Clean-up of A Residential Site Using On-site Analytics
Lawrence Kaelin (Presenter), Terry Smith | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, OSWER, OEM, CMAT
Michael Nalipinski | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 1
Abstract
In May 2012, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Region 1 conducted an extent of contamination
survey for coal tar wastes contamination at selected residential properties in St. Albans, VT. Samples of surface
and subsurface soils, sump pump waters, sediments, soil gas, and indoor air were collected for analysis. Rapid, on
site analytical results were provided by the EPA's Office of Emergency Management (OEM) CBRN Consequence
Management Advisory Team (CMAT), using CMAT's mobile laboratory assets called PHILIS. PHILIS, which stands
for Portable High-throughput Integrated Laboratory Identification System, is a mobile laboratory platform
accredited through the NELAC program for the analysis VOCs, SVOCs and PCB analysis, and holds membership in
EPA's Environmental Response Laboratory Network (ERLN). The site contaminants of concern included benzene,
naphthalene and PAHs. In the course of approximately 4 days, over 250 samples were collected and analyzed on-
site for contamination. The PHILIS provided same-day confirmatory data, allowing the EPA to make on-site
decision without the need for secondary laboratory confirmation. The EPA was able to confer with the state of VT
representatives on a daily basis using the most recent analytical data allowing for timely interpretation of data
and better planning of the use on-site assets. The EPA prepared a Time Critical Removal Action Memo (RAM)
recommending soil excavation as the site clean-up process and the installation of a vapor capture system to
mitigate in-door air contamination posed by the coal tar wastes. The on-site analytical abilities provided by PHILIS
allowed the EPA to complete all the site soil assessments, excavation, and removal and site restoration activities
within 90 days, based on the results from a single, 4-day site visit. Greater time and cost savings were realized
using on-site analytical assets (PHILIS) by the more effective use of their on-site assets in an accelerated time
frame. On-site analysis allowed the EPA to remediate the site in a single site visit, a "one & done" accelerated
remediation approach.
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PHILIS has also been approved by the ERLN, for the analysis of a select group of chemical warfare agents (CWAs),
at detection limits sufficient to support on-site risk based clearance goals. In the event of a CWA terrorist attack,
PHILIS can be deployed directly to the incident to provide daily on-site data to help determine extent of
contamination, direct field assets, confirm decon efforts and expedite the overall clean-up and remediation of the
incident site.
Questions, Answers, and Comments
• Q: You mentioned 250 samples over four days, what is really the CWA throughput?
• A: The actual chemical warfare agent capability of PHILIS is expected at a minimum of 100 samples per day if
only one CWA or one class of CWAs is present
• Q: What is the procedure for getting a response to a state request?
• A: The best approach is to call Headquarters/EPA's Office of Emergency Management; the EPA chemical spill
number will probably get to us as well; one can also go through a Regional EPA Office. The other thing is with
this international audience, we want to push for international partnerships. There is capability and we want to
share it.
Advancing the Trace Atmospheric Gas Analyzer (TAGA) Triple Quadrupole Mass
Spectrometer Fitted with an Atmospheric Pressure Chemical lonization (APCI) Source
to Provide Analytical Assistance for a Chemical Warfare Agent (CWA) Release
Dave Mickunas (Presenter), Stephen Blaze | Environmental Response Team, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Danielle McCall | Lockheed Martin Corporation
Abstract
Under the Presidential Policy Directive/PPD-8: National Preparedness (DHS, 2011), this directive is aimed at
strengthening the security and resilience of the United States through systematic preparation for the threats that
pose the greatest risk to the security of the Nation, including acts of terrorism, cyber attacks, pandemics, and
catastrophic natural disasters. Furthermore, the National Response Framework's Emergency Support Function
Annex (ESF) #10 - Oil and Hazardous Materials Response (FEMA 2008) provides Federal support in response to an
actual or potential discharge and/or uncontrolled release of oil or hazardous material when activated. For
purposes of this annex, "hazardous materials" is a general term intended to mean hazardous substances,
pollutants, and contaminants as defined in the National Contingency Plan (CFR, 1994). Hazardous materials
include chemical, biological, and radiological substances, whether accidentally or intentionally released. The
United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) is the ESF #10 Coordinator and, therefore, the US EPA
has the responsibility to provide the appropriate actions to prepare for, respond to, and recover from a threat to
public health, welfare, or the environment caused by actual or potential oil and hazardous materials incidents.
The Trace Atmospheric Gas Analyzer (TAGA) technology, which is a direct air monitoring instrument employing
triple quadrupole mass spectroscopy with a corona discharge source operated at atmospheric pressure, has
demonstrated a potential to support analytical needs that would be required to respond to a CWA release. To
advance the US EPA's preparedness, several elements were investigated. First, US EPA members and their
contractors gained experience analyzing the CWAs with the US EPA's TAGA system. Second, the precursor and
product spectra for these materials were collected using a prescribed tune that would be employed at an event.
Third, detection limits and quantitation limits for each compound were determined using the aforementioned
tuning strategy to provide an expected analytical capability. Fourth, the introduction of a charge transfer
compound and its effects on the response for HD was reviewed. Fifth, materials spiked with various
concentrations of a CWA were examined to provide evidence of the mass loading per area of a CWA that is
needed to be detected by the TAGA. For this initial study, the following CWAs were investigated: Isopropyl methyl
phosphonofluoridate (GB), O-ethyl-S-(2-diisopropylaminoethyl)methylphosphono-thiolate (VX), and Bis(2-
chloroethyl)sulfide (HD).
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Questions, Answers, and Comments
• Q: Is your vision for CWAs that you would have the TAGA on a cart and go through a building?
• A: The TAGA would be used after the decontamination process was completed. The TAGA would be moved
through the previously contaminated area with the sampling port directly above the surface to determine if any
compound(s) of concern could be detected. This technique would supplement other clearance sampling and
analysis efforts.
• Q: How about detection for Lewisite?
• A: The TAGA cannot currently detect Lewisite but tests were conducted with Lewisite present with sulfur
mustard; Lewisite does not interfere with the detection of sulfur mustard (HD). ECBC is currently derivatizing
Lewisite to analyze the same on a GC. A gas phase derivatization may be possible and should be explored.
• Q: Are you further investigating matrix interferences?
• A: Yes, additional work needs to be performed. Previous testing used laboratory air with vaporized CWAs spiked
into the air stream.
9. Concurrent Sessions 2
Biological Agent Sampling and Detection
Moderated by Worth Calfee
Development of Processing Protocols for Vacuum Sampling Devices
Laura Rose (Presenter) | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
M. Worth Calfee | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Home Security Research Center
Abstract
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and Department of
Homeland Security sampling strategies for Bacillus anthracis spores frequently suggest the use of vacuum-based
methods for porous surfaces, though no standard protocols exist for the extraction of spores from these devices.
The CDC evaluated processing methods for extraction of spores from heating, ventilation and air conditioning
(HVAC) filter media and three vacuum sampling devices; 37 mm filter cassette, vacuum sock, and the 3M™
Forensic Vacuum Filter. Vacuum pumps were evaluated and selected for each device. All filter materials were
inoculated with a liquid suspension of B. atrophaeus spores, and allowed to dry before processing. Extraction of
spores from the filter material by several methods (sonication, vortexing, shaking or stomaching) were compared
in different elution buffers volumes, and containers. The highest percent of spores were recovered from the 37
mm filters when sonicated 3 min in 5 ml of phosphate buffer with 0.02% Tween® 20 (PBST), while the highest
percent recovery from the trace evidence filters was accomplished by stomaching 1 min at 360 rpm in PBST.
Vacuum socks were cut and shaken in 20 ml PBST, while HVAC filter sections (4 in2) were shaken in 200 mL PBST,
both at 300 rpm for 30 min for the optimum recovery of spores. The optimized extraction methods were used to
evaluate sampling and recovery of aerosolized spores from various surface materials.
Questions, Answers, and Comments
• Q: Have you considered gelatin membrane filters? You can hook them up to a vacuum and you get very good
results.
• A: The problem is you are picking up so many other things if you are vacuuming a carpet, the spores might be
masked.
• C: We take the sampling head linked up to a vacuum and use it to sample a surface. If you heat shock it, you do
not have to worry about background.
• Q: We used the gel filters, and what we found is that they would dry out after about 40 minutes. Could you tell
me what the scale was in the new sampler?
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• A: The nozzle cross sectional is 45 mm2, 45 mm wide and 1 mm tall.
• Q: I was glad to see you are thinking about making a bridge between B. anthracis and 6. atrophaeus. Have you
considered adding a stimulant that has an exosporium the way anthracis does? How many preparations did you
use? How were they prepared?
• A: They were a Dugway prep and loaded into a MDI. Now we can do this ourselves.
Evaluation of Surface Sampling for Bacillus Spores Using Commercially-Available
Cleaning Robots
Sang Don Lee, M. Worth Calfee | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Homeland Security Research Center
Leroy Mickelsen (Presenter), Jayson Griffin | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Emergency Management
Stephen Wolfe | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 5
Matt Clayton, Nicole Griffin-Gatchalian, Abderrahmane Touati | ARCADIS Geraghty & Miller, Inc.
Abstract
This project evaluated floor cleaning robots for anthracis spore sampling. From EPA's perspective, the proposed
sampling device would be beneficial following a wide-area attack, where deploying a robotic vacuum sampler
would allow large areas of outdoor space and numerous building interiors to be sampled rapidly and with
reduced personnel. Five commercially available cleaning robots were evaluated for collection of anthracis spores.
Five robots include three vacuum types, one wet vacuum, and one wet wipe. Tests were conducted as a function
of surface type and spore surface loading. Aerosol deposited B. atrophaeus spores were used as surrogate of 6.
anthracis spores. Tested surfaces were carpet, laminate, and tile and the targeted surface loadings were 102, 104,
and 10s colony forming units per ft2. Spores were loaded on the surfaces (2' x 2') and the surfaces were sampled
with robots in a chamber (3' x 3' x 1'). Chamber air was sampled using a bio filter sampler for potential
resuspension of spores during sampling. After sampling, the spore collection media from robots were extracted
and analyzed for the number of spores. Test results were compared to currently-used surface sampling methods
(vacuum sock and sponge wipe) and the most efficient device was determined. Depending on the test results, the
project will improve the robots by modifying the sampling mechanisms to obtain a comparable sampling
efficiency to the surface sampling methods.
Questions, Answers, and Comments
• Q: Do you have a calculation of the time per square foot to sample?
• A: The garage is 2x2 ft, the shortest robot time was approximately 20 seconds, and the longest was about five
minutes. According to the manufacturer, it takes 45 minutes to cover 200-400 ft2.
• Q: Are these robots programmable? Could you do transects? Will it detect edges?
• A: We did not modify any of the robots. If it sees a drop, it should not go over it according to the manufacturer's
instructions. They have different types of logics - we just used them as default (factory setting).
• C: It is an off-the-shelf device. If you mess with the logics, there might not be as many to deploy.
• Q: For the wet sampling devices, did you use the solutions they gave you?
• A: It was their wipe, but we used PBST rather than the manufacturer's detergent.
• Q: Any thought to decontaminating the device going from one room to another?
• A: We decontaminated them after use and considered them disposable.
Evaluation of Commercial Off the Shelf (COTS) Biological Detection Technologies for
Transition to First Responder Community
Rachel Bartholomew (Presenter), Heather Colburn, Richard Ozanich, Kristin Victry, Timothy Straub, Cheryl Baird, and
Cindy Bruckner-Lea | Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
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Abstract
The Department of Homeland Security (DHS), Science and Technology (S&T) Directorate administers programs to
develop, field test, and transition to commercialization next-generation technologies required to effectively
counter potential attacks on the Nation. The Chem/Bio Division of S&T supports this mission by identifying and
developing technologies that DHS operational components can use to reduce the probability and potential
consequences of a biological pathogen or a chemical attack on the nation's civilian population, its infrastructure,
or its agricultural system. In this regard, PNNL has been tasked by DHS to assess hand portable DNA-based
commercial off the shelf (COTS) biodetection technology with the end goal of transitioning this technology to the
first responder community. One main challenge first responders face when responding to a potential biological
event is the identification of a threat, often a "white powder" event, to determine the critical next steps to
response. As part of this effort, PNNL has conducted a thorough technology foraging effort, including surveying
members of the first responder community to identify critical biodetection needs. First responders desire rapid,
accurate detection with low cost reagents providing a high confidence result, with the two key threat agents of
interest being Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis) and Ricin toxin. PNNL has evaluated several COTS biodetection
technologies for the detection of 15 different strains of Bacillus anthracis DNA, and evaluation with near-neighbor
DNA is underway. Overall, the tested COTS technologies detected Bacillus anthracis DNA as expected, with only a
few instances of failures. Future work includes testing of additional platforms, evaluation of the impact of white
powders, actual spore testing, and the evaluation of these technologies by first responders in field training
exercises. The information gathered in the foraging exercise along with the test data will provide the first
responder community with objective information to guide appropriate instrument procurement and use to
improve response to critical biological events.
Questions, Answers, and Comments
• C: Some powders you listed are tested with spikes. You would expect the extraction methodology to clean those
out so you could detect them.
Evaluation of Effect of Decontamination Agents on the Rapid Viability PCR Method for
Detection of Bacillus Anthracis Spores
SanjivShah (Presenter) | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Homeland Security Research Center
S. Kane, G. Murphy, T. Alfaro, J. Avila | Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
No slides were made available for inclusion.
Abstract
Rapid methods for Bacillus anthracis viability determination are needed to alleviate the sample analysis
bottleneck for the remediation phase of the response to a wide-area anthrax attack. The Rapid Viability (RV)-PCR
method provides more rapid results than current culture-based methods by combining high throughput sample
processing with real-time PCR analysis before and after a short incubation period to determine the
presence/absence of viable Bacillus anthracis spores. The 10-spore level was consistently detected using RV-PCR
for surface, air filter, and water samples even in backgrounds of reference debris, 10s live non-target cells/spores,
or 10s killed target spores. The approach showed >97% agreement with culture-based analysis for B. atrophaeus
spores exposed to surface treatment with pH-adjusted bleach or fumigation with either chlorine dioxide (CD) or
vaporous hydrogen peroxide (VHP) in the EPA-led, multi-agency Bio-Response Operational Testing and Evaluation
(BOTE). In the current effort, the RV-PCR method was further tested in a systematic study for any negative effect
of three decontamination agents, pH-adjusted bleach, CD, and VHP. Exposure tests with these decontamination
agents were designed to detect low levels of live spores in a background of high levels of dead spores. Results
showed that RV-PCR accurately detected live B. anthracis spores at the < 102-level after CD, VHP, or bleach
treatment, which caused a 4-log or greater reduction in viable spores. In addition, B. anthracis spores were tested
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with bleach residual expected from wipe sampling. Results showed that the presence of bleach residual did not
negatively impact RV-PCR results relative to control treatments. In summary, these data showed that the RV-PCR
method could allow rapid and hence higher throughput analysis of post-decontamination clearance samples
compared to the traditional culture-based analysis.
Questions, Answers, and Comments
• Q: How robust is it for other strains?
• A: We tested with other strains, but we have not fully characterized the PCR assays. We are keeping the doors
open for anybody who has better ones.
• Q: Have you tried to tighten up the growth window?
• A: Yes, I would like to cut the incubation time down from nine hours to four hours. We already have shown that
with the plasmid gene PCR assay, the LOD can be maintained after six hours of incubation.
10. Concurrent Sessions 2
Radiological Agent Fate, Transport, and Decontamination
Moderated by Jeff Szabo
Migration of Radiocesium, Radiostrontium and Radiocobalt in Urban Building
Materials and their Wash-Off by Rainwater
K. Maslova, A. Gusarov, A. Konoplev (Presenter), V. Popov, I. Stepina | RPA "Typhoon"
S.D. Lee | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Homeland Security Research Center
Abstract
An expanded understanding of interactions of radiocesium, radiostrontium and radiocobalt with urban surfaces
under varied atmospheric conditions will aid in the development of more effective decontamination techniques
and strategies. The objective of the work is to investigate fate and transport of dissolved radiocesium,
radiostrontium and radiocobalt deposited on common urban surfaces. The research was performed in frame of
International Science and Technology Center (ISTC) Project # 4007.
Wash-off of 137Cs, 60Co and 85Sr from coupons of common building materials including asphalt, brick, concrete,
granite, and limestone deposited as a liquid aerosol was studied by simulating heavy rain (20 mm/hr for 30
minutes) after aging at 30 and 87% of air relative humidity (RH) for 1 or 28 days at different temperatures. At
20°C and 30% RH the 137Cs and 60Co wash-off for asphalt ranged from 32 to 44% and for granite from 13 to 27 %.
The 85Sr wash-off for asphalt was 76-80% and for granite 11-22%. For other materials the radionuclide wash-off
was typically 2-6%. Increasing the RH from 30 to 87 % affected wash-off of all radionuclides for granite and
asphalt and 137Cs for concrete and brick. The most pronounced RH effect was observed for 60Co behavior in
asphalt (60Co wash-off decreased from 34-47% to 11-25% and from 29-45% to 2-5% when RH increased from 30
to 87% for 1 and 28 days of aging correspondently). Temperature of incubation (5, 20 or 35 °C) did not affect
significantly the wash-off of radionuclides from the building materials at 30% RH.
An effective method to study the radionuclide depth distribution in building materials using layer-by-layer
sanding has been developed. Using this method, the 137Cs, 60Co and 85Sr distribution in depth of selected building
materials at different air humidity, time and temperature was studied. The median penetration depth (90% of
radioactivity in the solid phase) of 137Cs and 60Co in asphalt and concrete aged for 28 days did not exceed 0.4-1.0
mm with or without rain. RH was found to influence significantly the 85Sr depth distribution in case of asphalt and
137Cs in case of granite (5-6 fold difference). Penetration of radionuclides in granite was remarkably high being
0.3-2.9 mm for 137Cs, 4-6 mm for 60Co, and 2-11 mm for 85Sr depending on RH, aging and rain conditions.
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Questions, Answers, and Comments
• Q: Why do these differences occur? Because of differences in RH?
• A: We can't explain the high penetration of Sr into granite; this is unexpected and surprising. In terms of wash-
off, we can explain this. The highest efficacy values for wash-off are characteristic for materials with low porosity
like asphalt and granite so the radionuclide is more available on the surface to such materials and doesn't
penetrate to the porous materials. It is also not fixed in the pores.
• Q: Was any subsequent rainfall part of the simulation testing?
• A: No, because we have limited resources of materials and time, we did two replicates for only a fixed rain rate
and duration. It will be useful to continue experiments with various duration and intensity of rain.
• C: Granite penetration is surprising. It might be connected to the very fine microscopic crystalline structure of
granite, the same way fracture in bedrock could allow penetration.
• C: That is our speculation. When we look at the granite property data, it shows that pore size is smaller and the
connectivity of the pores is limited. However, it is relevant to how we prepare the coupons. We had to cut it and
some micro fractures may have been created. We did coat the other five sides to prevent water transport.
• Q: You are using soluble radionuclides; could you comment on the source terms in the environment?
• A: We suppose that in case of explosive devices solutions could be used.
• C: The initial tests used cesium chloride powder. Since we are testing with rain and humidity, we speculated that
the wet form of cesium chloride would be most conservative and most difficult to remove.
• Q: Did you compare the mass of the coupon before and after you applied the solution?
• A: Yes, it was weighed before and after the application; the change in weight was taken into account.
• C: Before injection the coupons were equilibrated at specific RH.
Scalability Challenges for Deployment of Commercially Available Radiological
Decontamination Technologies in the Wide Area Urban Environment
John Drake (Presenter) | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development, National
Homeland Security Research Center
Rick Demmer | Battelle Energy Alliance
Ryan James | Battelle Memorial Institute
Abstract
NHSRC has conducted in-house and extramural experimental work to evaluate the efficacy and applicability of a
number of commercially available radiological decontamination technologies. This work has focused on
decontamination of various radionuclides, from a range of urban building materials, based on accepted
radiological dispersal device (ROD) scenarios. Many of these technologies may, or may not, be applicable to
decontamination on a wide area scale. Based on these evaluations and input from USEPA emergency response
personnel and other industry and government sources, a compendium of available technologies was assembled.
These technologies were then evaluated to identify potential challenges (e.g., scalability) and knowledge gaps
involved in applying them in the wide area urban environment after an ROD incident. Finally, this effort produced
a set of recommendations for further development of promising methods and processes.
Questions, Answers, and Comments
• Q: Does the government retain rights to a new compound or technology?
• A: It depends, if it's a patented by the company the government pays every time they use it.
• Q: In your literature search for different techniques and methods, how comfortable do you feel that you looked
internationally?
• A: We probably have not looked everywhere. One technology was presented this morning that I was not aware
of. We think we did a defensible job but are willing to add more.
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• Q: Do you plan to conduct a large scale experiment or demonstration?
• A: That will be driven by budget. We do have research plans that would include some large-scale demo of these
technologies
• Q: Is there a possibility to incorporate Chernobyl or Fukushima lessons learned?
• A: Absolutely. Fukushima is an ideal testing ground; the EPA's Consequence Management Advisory Team
(CMAT) is the principal contact between us and Fukushima; we also have a collaboration with a research center
in Armenia; there are contract vehicles via which we can do that, we would be interested in others.
• C: A bilateral commission is helping Japan now; we talked to the Japanese Ministry of the Environment about
potential projects especially in exclusion zones. We are trying out some of these untried techniques with the
opportunity to develop new ones; that's a likely scenario for DOE to be engaged in.
Sorption and Speciation of 137Cs, 60Co and 85Sr in Building Materials
I. Stepina, A. Gusarov, A. Konoplev, K. Maslova (Presenter), V. Popov | RPA "Typhoon"
S.D. Lee | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Homeland Security Research Center
Abstract
Radionuclide binding to building materials is determined by a number of processes. Of them the key are sorption
by ion exchange, complexation and fixation due to different mechanisms. They play an important role in
migration and transformation of radionuclides on urban surfaces and should be thoroughly considered under
development of decontamination techniques and strategies in case of radiological incidents such as nuclear
accidents or terrorist attacks.
The objective of the work is to investigate sorption and speciation of dissolved radiocesium, radiostrontium and
radiocobalt after deposition on common urban surfaces under varied atmospheric conditions for developing
effective decontamination techniques and strategies. The research was performed in frame of International
Science and Technology Center (ISTC) Project # 4007.
Kinetics of 137Cs, 60Co and 85Sr sorption on powdered building materials in aqueous suspensions at 20°C for the
interaction time 1, 7', 14 and 28 days was studied. The 137Cs distribution coefficient (Kd) values for all building
materials except limestone practically did not change during 28 days of sorption. The highest value of Kd (60Co)
was observed for limestone. For other building materials Kd (60Co) values varied from 800 to 5000 dm3/kg. It
should be noted that for all building materials except granite the values vary insignificantly with time. The Kd (85Sr)
was several orders of magnitude lower than Kd (60Co). The highest values were observed for asphalt and granite.
For other materials Kd (85Sr) values slowly changed with time and did not exceed 40 dm3/kg.
The ability of materials under study to bind radiocesium was characterized in terms of radiocesium interception
potential (RIP). The RIP(K) value has been shown to range from 20 to 300 mM/kg and increase in the order:
limestone < brick < concrete < granite < asphalt. The fine fraction of building materials (<0.125 mm) sorbs 137Cs
better than the coarse fraction (0.125-0.25 mm).
Mechanisms of radionuclide binding with components of building materials can be assessed by sequential
extractions with various solutions. It was found that the major fraction of sorbed 137Cs (from 30% to 51%) was
extracted by a solution of hydroxylamine hydrochloride. The 137Cs percentage in the residual fraction decreased in
the order: concrete > limestone > granite > brick. Sodium acetate solution (pH=5) extracted most of 60Co. This
fraction decreased in the order: limestone (74%) > brick (64%) > granite (57%) > concrete (47%) > asphalt (38%).
The 85Sr and 60Co concentration in the residual fraction did not exceed 1%. The predominant fraction for 85Sr after
28 days of interaction was the exchangeable fraction: from 24% (in limestone) to 72% (in asphalt).
There were no questions for this presenter.
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Humic Acid-Based Sorbents for Area Decontamination
A. Sosnov, S.V. Sadovnikov | NP OrCheMed, Russia Academy of Sciences
Y.G. Putsykin, A.A. Shapovalov | Agrosyntez, LLC
K. Volchek, W. Kuang, P. Azmi, C.E. Brown (Presenter) | Environment Canada
Abstract
The paper describes formulations of humic acids (HA) which can be used as selective adsorbents for toxic
chemical substances, such as cations of heavy metals, and for radionuclides. HA-based adsorbents are typically
produced from lignate (brown coal), leonardite, and peat. HA activation involves desorption of non-active
constituents while retaining the chemical skeleton of natural HA that is necessary for a reversible polymerization
of HA. A subsequent microbiological treatment helps further purify the HA.
Several different types of adsorbents based on activated HA were developed in this study. These include a
powder (45% of extractable HA), a neutral aqueous gel (10% of HA as emulsion), and an aqueous solution (10% of
HA as potassium salts). The capacity of these adsorbents for cations of heavy metals and radionuclides can be as
high at 10% (w/w). Cesium can be removed using HA derivatives containing additional inorganic compounds.
An addition to being promising sequestering agents for toxic chemicals and radionuclides, HA-based sorbents are
effective in remediation of oil-contaminated soil. This makes them usable in a variety of environmental
emergency response scenarios.
The focus of current research is on: a) development of standard samples of HA adsorbents for testing and
evaluation; b) application of adsorbents for area mitigation after radiological incidents; and c) development of
methods for environmental remediation of contaminated sites. The research is funded in part by the Canadian
Safety and Security Program.
Questions, Answers, and Comments
• Q: How stable is the activated humic acid?
• A: Not sure. Where they added microorganisms, it was stable for at least a year.
• Q: Has any of these formulations been suspended in water to do removal from water?
• A: Yes, that was one of the formulations.
11. Poster Session
1. Surface and Vapour Decontamination by Aerosolized Micro-Emulsion
Decontaminant
Linda Ang, George Ng M H, Lim M Y, Tan K R, Eunice Sim S H | DSO National Laboratories
Abstract
In buildings and structures, bulk liquid spraying of decontaminant is the basic protocol for spot and area
decontamination of surfaces contaminated by chemical warfare agents (CWAs). Other than bulk-liquid
decontamination, aerosolization or fogging is another means of dispensing the decontaminant in indoor areas.
Such method could be more practical as aerosols are capable of reaching to almost every aspect of an area
including difficult to reach places, such as air ducts.
Here, we present a preliminary work in exploring the deployment of our newly developed in-house
decontaminant in the form of an aerosol to decontaminate spatial and surface areas contaminated by CWA. The
decontaminant has previously been evaluated as a bulk liquid spray for chemical and biological threats.
Our approach was to first create a CWA vapour atmosphere in a customized 0.6 m3 stainless steel chamber with
an unique adjoining inflatable bag that serves to uptake the voluminous incoming aerosol-laden air jet from a
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commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) pneumatic air-assisted portable atomizer (COTS fogger). A few indoor material
types, arranged at 3 spatial orientations were also placed inside the chamber prior to CWA vapour generation.
After 1.5 hours, the decontaminating aerosol was generated and introduced by the COTS fogger into the
chamber. CWA-aerosol interaction was allowed overnight, and regular air sampling was performed using Tenax®
adsorption tubes. The tubes were subsequently analyzed by Thermal desorption/Gas Chromatography/Mass
Spectrometer (ATD/GC/MS). The material surfaces were retrieved at ~22 hours after fogging and the residual
agents on sample materials were extracted with appropriate solvents. The poster will provide a brief description
of the methodology and results of the study.
2. Development of Solid Peracetic Acid (PES-Solid) for Decontamination
Kathryn Burns | Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Division
Abstract
Current decontamination solutions are based on oxidative chemistry in aqueous systems. To avoid transporting
extra water, it is desirable to reduce the logistical footprint of decontaminants by identifying solids to be mixed
on site. One of the more challenging components is the oxidizing agent. While currently fielded high test
hypochlorite (HTH) is a solid, it is also a harsh, halogenated material with poor materials compatibility. Non-
halogenated peroxygen compounds are of interest as oxidizers because of their low impact on the environment
and their relatively low toxicity. PES-Solid, made by Solvay Chemicals Inc., is a solid peracid-containing borate salt
that releases 25-30 wt% peracetic acid immediately upon dissolving in water. Peracetic acid is therefore
immediately available for reaction with threat agents and is neither delayed by nor dependent upon the kinetics
of in situ generation. Dahlgren Decontaminant, a Navy patented decontaminant formulation incorporating PES-
Solid in a surfactant blend, has been shown to provide improved decontaminant efficacy against both biological
and traditional chemical agents, improved materials compatibility and offers the desired reduced logistical
footprint. Dahlgren Decontaminant was successfully evaluated as part of the Defense Threat Reduction Agency
(DTRA) Hazard Mitigation, Materiel and Equipment Restoration Advanced Technology Demonstration (HaMMER
ATD) and is currently being evaluated in the Joint Project Manager for Protection (JPM P) General Purpose
Decontaminant for Hardened Military Equipment (GPD-HME) Competitive Prototype testing.
3. On-Site qPCR for Detection of Biological Threat Agents - Sources of Measurement
Uncertainty
S.M. Da Silva, L. Vang, N.D. Olson, N.J. Lin, J.B. Morrow | Biosystems and Biomaterials Division, National Institute of
Standards and Technology
Abstract
Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) is a well-established technique often used to detect biological
threat agents due to its selectivity and sensitivity in identifying targeted nucleic acids. However, obtaining
accurate and reliable data can be significantly hindered by a number of factors within the process, sample, and
environment. For example, qPCR for environmental biosurveillance (e.g. Bacillus anthracis) is challenging due lack
of sampling validation and standards (GAO-05-251, 2005) and to variables encountered in real-case scenarios;
unreliable biosurveillance data can jeopardize public safety. Reliability of qPCR data can be impacted prior to
sample collection by the "environmental sample matrix," which can include background organisms, chemical
interference from decontamination procedures, or scenarios involving high human activity. Additional factors that
can impact uncertainty in qPCR field detection include sample collection, sample processing, nucleic acid
extraction, qPCR measurement, data interpretation, and operator skill. Not all factors contribute equally to data
variability, thus it is important to identify factors with the greatest impact on measurement uncertainty (MU) by
evaluating their source(s) and significance (EURACHEM / CITAC Guide CG 4). Knowledge of the impact of these
factors is important for robust experimental design, data accuracy in a given protocol, and data analysis (Arbeli et
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al, Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad., 62(1), 14, 2008). In order to address the metrological aspects of on-site qPCR ML)
for biosurveillance, we will discuss factors contributing to qPCR ML) relevant to field detection. Moreover, we will
propose the use of a non-biothreat yeast reference material (YRM) containing a unique DNA marker to challenge
the analytical process of on-site qPCR and offer a tool for further identifying sources of uncertainty. Advantages
of the YRM include elimination of false positives from near-neighbor organisms and the absence of health and
security risks. The YRM is expected to be useful as a training tool for a given protocol or technology, a test
material in a simulated real-case scenario exercise relevant to emergency preparedness, a confidence checker to
assess performance of a given technology or user skills, and a means for proficiency testing. Together, the ML)
assessment and the YRM enable the tracking and consequent minimization of sources of uncertainty for qPCR.
4. Survival and Demise of Biological or Chemical Agents in Municipal Solid Waste
Landfill Leachate
Wendy Davis-Hoover | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Homeland Security Research Center
Mary Margaret Wade, Harry Salem | Edgewood Chemical Biological Center
Abstract
The primary objective of the study was to examine the fate or persistence of selected biological and chemical
agents in municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill leachate. Raw MSW landfill leachate samples were individually
spiked with chemical (Tabun, Sarin, Soman, Mustard Gas, Lewisite, or VX) or biological agents (Francisella
tularensis, Yersinia pestis, Bacillius anthracis spores, or Clostridium botulinum). While most of the chemical agents
(except Lewisite and VX) are unable to survive long in MSW landfill leachate at 12° C, the biological agents of
Bacillus anthracis spores survive for > 7 years at 12° C, and 6 to 7 years at 37° C while Clostridium botulinum
survives for > 7 years at 120 C, and< 7 years (but >6 years) at 37° C. Francisella tularensis, and Yersinia pestis did
not survive past 20 and 6 days, respectively at 35-37 and 28° C., respectively. Survivability of agents in landfill
leachates and landfills emphasize the need to carefully evaluate the work place and long term containment in
landfills. (Temperatures vary in landfills, so the temperatures used in this research were to simulate temperatures
where the agents are likely to survive or grow.)
5. Method of Improving Chemical Resistance of Coatings by Surface Modification.
Erin Durke Davis, Wesley O. Gordon, Gregory W. Peterson | OptiMetrics, Inc./DCS Corp.
Abstract
Coatings are required to demonstrate chemical resistance in order to protect material, vehicles, and personnel.
Numerous other requirements for the development of new coatings often involve substantial reformulation
efforts in order to adapt to changing conditions and applications. One method to improve chemical resistance of
coatings is to modify the surface of the paint to reduce surface energy without changing the bulk properties.
Plasma-based chemical vapor deposition (PCVD) of perfluorinated compounds has been used for years to
improve resistance of fabrics and materials to water and other chemicals. For example, there are several reports
in the literature of superhydrophobic fabrics developed using PCVD. Here we report the application of a PCVD
method that not only induces superhydrophobicity to a real world coating, but also dramatically improves the
resistance of the coating to the spreading and absorption of the chemical warfare agents, HD and VX. Over the 30
min age time, droplets remained pinned and are therefore more easily decontaminated or removed physically.
Surface analysis confirms modification of the surface with fluorinated species and also shows etching of the
organic components of the paint. This treatment suggests that surface modification strategies may be effective in
improving chemical resistivity without changing the bulk properties or requiring a significant reformulation effort.
6. Sample Sizes and Placement of Tests Following Building/Area Decontamination
Martin A. Heller, Amarjit Budhiraja, Ross Leadbetter | University of North Carolina
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Abstract
Following fumigation after an anthrax or similar attack, a building is typically tested intensively for residual
contaminant. Sampling at the (say N) points of a grid sufficiently closely spaced to ensure complete coverage may
be prohibitive even for such crucial situations, for example requiring a sample per square foot of building. It is
thus important to assess the confidence in complete clearance when just n (
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pesticides and rodenticides. Solutions of the contaminated water (CW) samples using a minimum of three
concentrations of each chemical with four replicates for each concentration were prepared in deionized water
(Dl). In addition to the CW samples, six interference chemicals (ICs) were also tested. The ICs samples were
prepared using chemicals that might be present in clean drinking water, such as chlorine and chloramines. These
were analyzed with four replicates of a single concentration. The sensors were also evaluated for operational
factors such as ease of use, field portability, and throughput.
CW samples were considered detected if the sensor responded positively to all four replicates. Because the
ultimate goal is for these two sensors to be combined into a single analysis tool, results will be presented that
provide an overall summary (percent of contaminants detected) for each sensor individually and combined to the
EPA human lethal concentration (EPA HLC), the Army human lethal concentration (AHLC), and the Army military
exposure guideline (MEG). Combined, the ECIS and ACE™ sensors were able to detect 83% of the contaminants at
the EPA HLC, 67% of the contaminants at the Army HLC, and only 6% (one contaminant) at the MEG. There was
minimal response from either sensor to six different possible interfering chemicals. Both sensors had a low rate of
false positive results in response to deionized water, 8% for the ECIS sensor, and 0% for the ACE™ sensor.
The views expressed are those of the authors and do not constitute endorsement by the U.S. Army.
8. Identification of Hazard Mitigation Agents to Neutralize Dry Powder Biological
Materials
Aimee Ketner | Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Division
Abstract
The threat of adversaries using biological weapons reinforces the need for hazard mitigation strategies targeting
harmful biological materials. Currently, there is a lack of expedient decontamination methodologies for dry
powder biologicals such as Bacillus spores. Efforts including high heat, explosives, and gaseous acids have been
tried in the past and were unsuccessful. We are currently pursuing a new hazard mitigation strategy that involves
a combination of a sporicidal agent and a solvent with the aim of wetting the dry powder, allowing the sporicidal
agent to fully contact the biological material.
We identified 43 potential sporicidal agents and 24 solvents, producing a matrix of 1,032 combinations. We down
selected to a single optimized formulation through a series of qualitative and quantitative tests. We successfully
tested the optimized Counter Measure (CM) solution against five milliliters of target spores and 125 milliliters of
target spores.
Following the selection of the optimized CM solution, we ran several studies to help characterize it. These
included: testing the optimized CM solution on spores in different container materials to determine if there is any
adverse effect of the container material on the decontamination efficacy of the CM solution, and environmental
testing of the CM solution to characterize the product across a range of realistic environment conditions. Future
work includes characterizing the shelf life of the CM solution and testing against target materials with a range of
different physical characteristics representing the realm of the possible in terms of dry agent that may be
encountered. The end result of this effort will be a solution that can be used to neutralize the threat posed by a
dry powder biological agent.
9. Decontamination of Surfaces Exposed to Organophosphates by Vapor Phase
Hydrogen Peroxide
Marek Kuzma, Jaroslav Cerveny | Laboratory of Molecular Structure Characterization, Institute of Microbiology
Kamila Syslova, Petr Kacer | Department of Organic Technology, ICT - Prague
LiborPanek I BLOCK a.s.
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Abstract
In recent history, chemical and biological counter-terrorism have come to the forefront of defense due to the
immense threat to public health and national security. It is evident that after the release of any chemical and/or
biological agent some level of decontamination is required before normal activities on the site affected can
resume.
Particular decontamination methods were tested and approved for some applications and have their advantages
and disadvantages. The use of vapor decontamination methods is quite easy and can be applied for a wide space.
Vapor phase hydrogen peroxide (VPHP) is very progressive technology. This agent seems to be very active for
decontamination and its elimination from decontaminated space is environmentally friendly, because it
decomposes to water and oxygen. There is rising interest in application of VPHP for decontamination of chemical
warfare and biologically active compounds. But there is only limited information about influence of VPHP on
chemical substances.
We were dealing with degradation of organic substances derived from phosphoric acid by VPHP. It was studied
insecticides, which represent a group of widespread toxic substances with structure features related to nerve
warfare agents. It was studied influence of various functional groups on the course of degradation and
degradation products. The decontamination process was followed by analytical methods to get information not
only about the kinetics of the process but to elucidate the structure of decontamination products. We have
studied both the effect of VPHP and potentiation of its action, especially with tertiary amines and UV radiation.
The results indicate substantial influence of the structure on the course of the decontamination and its products.
It was approved that already VPHP can decontaminate various phosphoric acid derivatives. The presence of the
sulfur atom substantially increases reactivity. In the case where the sulfur atom connects the phosphate group to
the rest of the molecule, it can result in disintegration of the molecule. We can expect that the same mechanism
would be probably also applied to the decontamination of warfare agent VX, which possesses such structure
moiety in the molecule. It was also studied synergic effect of VPHP with UV radiation and/or amine on the course
of the decontamination and degradation products.
Therefore, we guess that appropriate combination of VPHP with amine and UV radiation can be a powerful
decontamination method, which can be easily applied in large rooms or buildings exposed to warfare agents.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank the Technology Agency of the Czech Republic (Grant No TA02011185) and IMIC institutional
research concept (AVOZ50200510) for financial support. The research was conducted within the "Prague
Infrastructure for Structure Biology and Metabolomics" which has been built up by financial support of the
Operational Program Prague-Competitiveness (Project No.: CZ.2.16/3.1.00/24023).
10. Rapid uptake of cesium and americium by sequestering agents from complex
decontamination solutions
Carol Mertz, Michael Kaminski, Nadia Kivenas, Angela Tisch, Luis Ortega | Argonne National Laboratory
Abstract
After a malicious release of radioactivity, large urban areas may be contaminated compromising efforts by first
responders and law enforcement officials. Large-scale implementation of urban substrate decontamination
requires a balance between finding an effective decontamination formulation for the urban substrates and
maximizing sorption based upon the sequestering properties in the presence of the wash solution additives. In
addition, the technology should minimize hazards to the environment and personnel, and provide a rapid, easily
deployed and implemented decontamination effort that is cost-effective for full-scale implementation. We are
developing an inexpensive, water-based means of decontaminating an urban setting for restoring critical
infrastructure and operational activities after a radiological release to address these decontamination
requirements. Our decontamination technology is based on inexpensive and readily-available materials in large-
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scale quantities. Water-soluble additives were tailored to preferentially remove the radioactive contaminants
from urban substrates followed by sequestration of the contaminant from the wash solution using a sequestering
agent. Results from batch partitioning measurements will be presented on the evaluation of various sequestering
agents for the sorption efficiency of cesium and americium in the presence of wash solution additives. The
sequestering materials tested were natural minerals and some man-made compounds, including illite,
vermiculite, silicon dioxide, chabazite, birnessite, clinoptilolite, montmorillonite and crystalline silicotitanate.
Testing examined the kinetics of cesium and americium sorption onto the materials from five minutes to one day.
In addition, wash solution additives and concentrations of additives were selected based upon previous work to
optimize removal of radioactive cesium and americium from urban substrates, such as concrete, asphalt, brick,
limestone and granite. Final recovery of cesium or americium using sequestering agents will be presented.
11. Energy density-response relationships of bacterial spores to ultraviolet radiation:
a test of Haber's Law
Karen Pongrance, Deborah Schepers | Excet Incorporated
Jana Kesavan, Jason Edmonds | U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center
Abstract
Ultraviolet radiation has been thoroughly studied as a method to inactivate bacterial spores, making it a
commonly used decontamination method by the military, healthcare industry, food industry and others. This
investigation studied the effects of (JVC radiation intensity levels and dosage time on Bacillus thuringiensis, a
surrogate for Bacillus anthracis. Although the bactericidal effects of (JVC radiation have been well studied, it is
difficult to compare studies in the literature to one another because they use different wavelengths of light,
intensities, and exposure times. Haber's Law states that the severity of a toxic effect depends on the total
exposure concentration times the duration time of exposure. This investigation thoroughly characterized the
energy density-response relationships of bacterial single spores and monodispersed clusters to ultraviolet
radiation. Three different time/intensity combinations were used where the total fluence delivered to the
particles remained constant in accordance with Haber's Law. A low-power continuous lamp source (254 nm) was
used. The intensity was adjusted both by increasing or decreasing the distance between the lamp and the
samples, and by screening the lamp to achieve different intensity levels. Both single spores and clusters up to 10
micrometers of Bacillus thuringiensis were seeded onto filters and exposed to the (JVC radiation. Culture analysis
was used to quantify the level of inactivation. Applicability of Haber's Law to this relationship is discussed. The
goal of this work was to understand the fundamental interaction between photons and organisms in order to
allow for advances in the effectiveness of UV irradiation applications, and allow a point of comparison for studies
in the literature.
12. Can You Beat a Garden Sprayer? Novel Methods of Decontamination of Bacillus
Anthracis Contaminated Soil
T. Pottage, A. Bennett, A. Crook, S. Hawkey | Health Protection Agency
L. Baillie | School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University
Abstract
Bacillus anthracis is the causative agent of the disease anthrax. Anthrax is a potentially deadly disease to both
animals and humans, which is endemic in some areas of the world such as the Caucasus region on the border of
Europe and Asia. In some areas economic and time pressures lead to animals remaining unvaccinated, and the
disposal of some fatally infected animals is inadequate leading to the contamination of the surrounding area and
then potential future infection of animals and humans. A UK Home Office funded project lead by Cardiff
University in conjunction with the Health Protection Agency, UK, and Kafkas University, Turkey, investigated using
novel chemical and physical decontamination methods to remediate anthrax contaminated soil.
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The investigations studied whether the addition of two germinants (alanine and inosine) to anthrax contaminated
soil would increase the effectiveness of two commonly available biocides, PeraSafe and hydrogen peroxide. The
biocides were tested under a range of conditions from: a) direct liquid addition to soil within the laboratory, b)
application to an anthrax contaminated burial site using a garden backpack sprayer, c) using an atomiser to
produce a vapour of the biocides and d) the additions of the biocides to the soil then processed through a
commercial reactor technology.
Preliminary studies were completed in the laboratory on small soil samples to determine the effectiveness of the
germinants and biocide combinations in vitro. The results from these studies showed a concentration of SOOOppm
PeraSafe was the most effective biocide. These parameters were then scaled up and tested in the field using the
three technologies at different burial sites and separately with collected contaminated soil. The reactor
technology was unable to achieve the necessary temperature to decontaminate the soil passed through it;
Further complications whilst using hydrogen peroxide lead to trials being stopped with this device and the
PeraSafe biocide then being focused on for the remaining duration of the study. Exposure of soil to germinants
for 1 hour and then PeraSafe for a further hour, applied using a backpack sprayer, saw a decrease in numbers of
vegetative organisms and total spore numbers of 1 log. The site exposed to the germinants and then PeraSafe
using the vapour atomiser did not see any reductions in vegetative organism numbers and only an approximate
0.5 log reduction in spore numbers.
The vapour atomiser and backpack sprayer were effective methods of delivering biocide to the areas, but
microorganism reduction is dependent on biocide concentration and the composition of the soil. The reactor
technology was found to be unsuitable for the application of soil decontamination.
13. Degradation of Aerosolized BG Spores via Ultraviolet Light
Jonathan Sabol | Excet Incorporated
Donna Carlile, Jason Edmonds | U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center
Abstract
The ability to decontaminate air is a universal problem as aerosolized particles posing a risk to health are
ubiquitous. Some material, such as dust and molds, can be removed, at high efficiency from indoor air by
filtration. Any particulates that escape the mechanical capture rarely cause a serious health risk and are more of
an irritant and inconvenience. However, other airborne particulates, in the form of infectious microorganisms, are
still a serious health concern for building occupants. This is of great concern for high risk facilities, such as
hospitals, as well as governmental buildings vulnerable to malicious intent as witnessed in the 2001 anthrax
attacks. Hospitals have invested in air purification systems to reduce the airborne particulates, which can infect
hospital personnel, and to minimize the risk of exposing individuals with already compromised immune systems
to other infectious diseases. One technology which has been extensively studied is the degradation of
microorganisms by Ultraviolet irradiation. In our study, we have investigated the efficiency of (JVC
decontamination of Bacillus spores as a function of irradiation levels and particulate size. Our results demonstrate
that larger particles are relatively unsusceptible to UV irradiation. While individual spores within a particle may be
inactivated, the particle as a whole unit potentially remains infectious.
14. Use of Fixatives to Prevent Bacillus anthrads Spore Reaerosolization
Mark Sutton, Staci R. Kane, Marilyn J. Ramsey, A. Celena Carrillo | Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Abstract
Many challenges exist in the successful outdoor decontamination of 6. anthrads spores. High disinfectant
concentrations increase operational costs and risk to human health and the environment. Disinfectants are
corrosive, potentially damaging to surfaces and sensitive materials, and may be consumed by organic/chemical
backgrounds in the environment. No disinfectants have been demonstrated to be effective in soils or vegetation,
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and they pose long-term human health and environmental impacts. Additionally, some traditional
decontamination activities could promote spore transport through reaerosolization.
Fixatives are commonly used in a variety of hazardous material mitigation applications, such as radiological
contamination, methamphetamine cleanup, hazardous waste management, soil contamination encapsulation
(common for PCBs), asbestos encapsulation and dust suppression.
The application of fixatives can temporarily or permanently fix B. anthracis spores to surfaces. Through
agglomeration and fixation, the concentration of spores that may be resuspended in the respirable particle size
range (1-10 u.m) should be reduced. Thus, fixative applications may then be employed as a risk mitigation step
during first response and initial recovery activities to limit exposure and further spread of contamination.
Fixatives may be an inexpensive, rapid, and effective means to prevent reaerosolization and subsequent spread of
outdoor biological/radiological agents needed for large-scale incidents. Where limited resources are available for
decontamination, recovery efforts can focus on high priority locations and infrastructure. Lower priority areas can
be stabilized with fixatives to prevent resuspension, thus reducing inhalation health risks and subsequent
recontamination of cleared areas. Fixatives provide for Rapid Return to Service (RRS) for key transportation
corridors (roads) and critical infrastructure.
The fixative materials for this evaluation have previously been deployed in Japan following the events at the
Fukushima Diiachi plant to suppress the resuspension and subsequent migration and inhalation of radioactive
particles. Additionally, some fixatives are peelable from the surface after curing to trap and remove contaminant
particles. We have also investigating natural-based products such as horticultural oil as a means of preventing
resuspension and agglomeration of spores to larger than the inhalable range.
This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratory under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344. LLNL-ABS-618052.
15. I-WASTE: EPA's Suite of Homeland Security Decision Support Tools for Waste and
Disaster Debris Management and Disposal
S. Thorneloe, P. Lemieux | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development
M. Rodgers | Eastern Research Group, Inc.
Abstract
In the U.S., a single comprehensive approach to all-hazards domestic incident management has been established
by the Department of Homeland Security through the National Response Framework. This helps prevent, prepare
for, respond to, and recover from terrorist attacks, major disasters, and other emergencies. A significant
component of responding to and recovering from wide-area or isolated events, whether natural, accidental, or
intentional (including chemical, biological, and radiological incidents), is the management of waste resulting from
the incident itself or from activities cleaning up after the incident. To facilitate the proper management of
incident-derived waste, EPA developed the Incident Waste Assessment and Tonnage Estimator (I-WASTE). I-
WASTE was developed by the U.S. EPA's Homeland Security Research Program in partnership with EPA program
and regional offices, other U.S. government agencies, industry, and state and local emergency response
programs.
I-WASTE is an online web-based suite of decision support tools that provides quick and easy access to information
needed for making decisions associated with handling, transport, treatment, and disposal of waste and disaster
debris. I-WASTE includes calculators to rapidly provide rough estimates of the quantities and characteristics of
waste that would be produced by contamination incidents and subsequent cleanup activities in various building
types. It provides location-specific information to identify specific facilities and key contacts for managing waste
and debris. I-WASTE provides references to technical information, regulations, and other information that is
important for the protection of public health, first responders, and the environment. This presentation provides
an overview of I-WASTE and examples of recent uses.
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16. Assessment of Contamination Following Simulated Chemical and Biological
Attacks in a Public Building
Bob Muir, Erin James, Steve Wilkinson, Anusha Menon | ChemCentre, Resources and Chemistry Precinct
Abstract
There is currently a gap in Australia's preparedness for a large-scale chemical or biological attack on a public
building or other significant infrastructure. This paper reports on a project which addresses the gap relating to the
procedures of evacuation, contamination assessment and decontamination of public buildings following a
terrorist release event. The research performed simulates a fictitious chemical (methyl isocyanate) and biological
(Anthrax) terrorist attack on a public building of political importance in Western Australia.
The physical and chemical properties of either pathogenic organisms or toxic substances make them attractive
weapons for terrorists to use against civilians. A chemical attack would be more effective if it took place in areas
where the toxic material could be confined and where people are likely to gather en masse. For example, a
subway system or government buildings are prime candidates.
A recent Australian Government CBRN Risk Environment Statement states, "Toxic chemical attacks are of concern
due to recent terrorist use of these materials overseas. The consequences of an attack are potentially very
serious, and there are significant vulnerabilities to be addressed" (CBRNSSC, 2011).
Toxic chemicals (Tokyo subway Sarin attack 1995) and Biological agents (the Amerithrax incident) have been used
in the past against civilian populations. In addition to causing a number of deaths, many more were wounded and
hospitals and first responders were overwhelmed.
To characterise the spread of such contaminants and determine the effectiveness of decontamination efforts in
order to declare a facility safe for public occupancy requires significant effort.
A disused laboratory/office facility was used in this project where we released both sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) as a
simulant for methylisocyanate and Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) formulation (Dipel®) as a simulant for Anthrax. The
Bt spores were tracked by collection on deposition plates and the SF6 by real time measurement with infrared
spectrometry and by sample collection in foil bags followed by laboratory analysis by gas chromatography with
electron capture detection (GC-ECD).
A Data Quality Object (DQO) document was written to capture all information pertinent to the decision making
process for pre and post-decontamination phases of the study. The sampling plan was determined and the
degree of contamination subsequently visualised using software tools (VSP).
Pseudo-real time monitoring of chemical and biological simulant species allowed the flux and dispersion of
'agents' to be evaluated. A simple model of the building compartments was built (using CONTAM) and the results
compared to the experimental data. Of interest are the findings that spores travel to the building periphery in a
short timescale and that months after the building had been left unoccupied it was possible to re-suspend viable
spores simply by walking through the affected area. This has implications for first responders investigating
suspicious substance or "white powder" incidents.
17. Screening Bacillus thuringiensis Isolates for Characteristics that Simulate 8.
anthrads and are Useful for Environmental Tests
T.L Buhr, A.A. Young, Z.A. Minter, C.A. Johnson, N. Kennihan, D.C. McPherson | Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren
Division
Abstract
Seventeen 6. thuringiensis isolates were phenotypically characterized for potential as 6. anthrads simulants.
Spore preparations were screened for pre-harvest heat-resistant titers (threshold > Ie8 spores ml"1; objective >
Ie9 spores ml"1), spore purity (threshold >90% purity; objective >95% purity), a spherical-equivalent spore
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diameter with a statistical mode of 1-1.5 u.M, presence of exosporium, and the absence of crystal toxin. Each
isolate was also screened on tryptic soy agar for colonies that could be isolated and easily quantified. Eleven 6.
thuringiensis isolates surpassed all of the phenotypic criteria thresholds and eight isolates passed the phenotypic
criteria objectives as simulants for B. anthracis spores. These B. thuringiensis isolates may potentially be used for
repeated environmental releases to test biological detection and re-aerosolization.
18. Decontamination of Materials Contaminated with Bacillus anthracis and Bacillus
thuringiensis Al Hakam Spores Using PES-Solid, a Solid Source of Peracetic Acid
T.L Buhr, C.M. Wells, A.A. Young, Z.A. Minter, C.A. Johnson, A.N. Payne and D.C. McPherson | Naval Surface Warfare
Center Dahlgren Division
Abstract
Aims: To develop test methods and evaluate survival of Bacillus anthracis Ames, B. anthracis ASterne and B.
thuringiensis Al Hakam spores after exposure to PES-Solid (a solid source of peracetic acid), including PES-Solid
formulations with bacteriostatic surfactants.
Methods and Results: Spores (>7 logs) were dried on seven different test materials and treated with three
different PES-Solid formulations (or preneutralized controls) at room temperature for 15 min. There was either no
spore survival or less than 1 log (<10 spores) of spore survival in 56 of 63 test combinations (strain, formulation
and substrate). Less than 2.7 logs (<180 spores) survived in the remaining seven test combinations. The highest
spore survival rates were seen on water-dispersible chemical agent resistant coating (CARC-W) and Naval ship
topcoat (NTC). Electron microscopy and Coulter analysis showed that all spore structures were intact after spore
inactivation with PES-Solid.
Conclusions: Three PES-Solid formulations inactivated Bacillus spores that were dried on seven different
materials.
Significance and Impact of the Study: A test method was developed to show that PES-Solid formulations
effectively inactivate Bacillus spores on different materials.
19. UV-C Decontamination of Aerosolized and Surface Bound Single Spores and
Bioclusters
Jana Kesavan, Deborah Schepers, Jerold Bottiger, and Jason Edmonds | U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center
Abstract
Biological particles that are intentionally and un-intentionally produced are rarely composed purely of individual
organisms but rather are clusters of organisms physically bound to one another. The organisms residing on the
surface of a cluster are susceptible to environmental stresses and decontaminants, but they protect the
organisms within the core of the cluster, resulting in decontaminating biological clusters harder to achieve. The
use of ultraviolet irradiation is an option for decontaminating biological particles on surfaces and in air, and
previous studies have been conducted with surface fixed particles, aerosolized single spores, or poorly
characterized polydispersed aerosol particles making comparisons between studies difficult. This study is
intended to evaluate the effect of UV-C irradiation on monodispersed spore clusters with mean diameters of 2.8
u.m and 4.4 u.m, and compare them to single spores of Bacillus atrophaeus subspecies globigii (BG) on fixed
surfaces and in air. The data were fitted to decay models and the rate constants were determined. The results
showed that the rate constants were higher for single spores and it decreased as the size of the cluster increased.
The D90, the value at which 90% of the colony forming units has been rendered non-culturable, for single spores
on surfaces is 138 J/m2, and 725 J/m2 and 1128 J/m2 for the 2.8 u.m and 4.4 u.m particles, respectively. The D90
value for single spores in air is 27 J/m2, and 42 J/m2 and 86-94 J/m2 for the 2.8 urn and 4.4 u.m particles in air,
respectively. The study demonstrates that the decay rate of spores contained in the clusters is universally
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dependent upon the overall particle size and it is harder to inactivate clusters on surfaces compared to clusters in
air.
20. Decontamination, Decommissioning and Closure of the U.S. Chemical Stockpile
Disposal Facilities
Amy Dean | JPEO-CBD
Abstract
With completion of the destruction of the U.S. chemical weapons stockpile under the Joint Program Manager
Elimination (Provisional) (JPM E (P)) (formerly part of Chemical Materials Activity (CMA)), the JPM E (P)'s focus
transitioned to the decontamination and decommissioning of the chemical agent destruction facilities. The
strategy established by JPM E (P) to support the decontamination and closure efforts is endorsed by the National
Research Council (NRC), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), various state environmental agencies, and
the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The closure strategy was crucial in managing the closure
effort and communicating the approach to affected stakeholders.
The destruction facilities are complex industrial facilities that require a suite of decontamination methods
including chemical, mechanical, and thermal techniques. JPM E (P) developed expertise and cultivated a well-
trained workforce in these decontamination methods and capabilities. Examples include: room isolation;
contamination control; air monitoring methods for verification of contamination levels; waste characterization;
transportation and disposal; development and validation of sampling methodologies and risk
assessments/models. Sampling and air modeling protocols, training and procedures were created to ensure
accurate assessment of contaminated areas and an "all hazards" approach to the decontamination process was
applied. Potentially contaminated facilities are evaluated by room or area, using grid area sampling
methodologies, tenting and air monitoring, and additional techniques to assess levels of contamination. These
established methods support prompt decision making in the field during decontamination operations. Laboratory
systems for air monitoring are built with fixed and mobile options and are capable of expedited analysis to
provide continuous feedback of decontamination progress to focus cleanup operations. Additionally, JPM E (P) is
managing unique and mixed waste media encountered during decontamination and decommissioning that often
require innovative characterization and management. JPM E (P) has successfully decontaminated and closed four
facilities and by the end of 2013 will have completed closure of four additional facilities.
Currently, JPM E (P) is working with Department of Homeland Security (DHS), EPA and CDC on methods to
address the nation's response to a terrorist attack involving chemical agent. Specifically, JPM E (P) is proving
recommendations based on their experience with tenting and sampling methodologies to determine whether
decontamination of an area or facility has been successful. JPM E (P) is also recommending unventilated
monitoring testing procedures to verify decontamination levels are achieved so that facilities can be released
back to workers or the public in the shortest amount of time possible. Waste management of chemical agent
contaminated material is another groundbreaking area where JPM E (P) has developed standards and protocols
that are being leveraged for emerging threats.
JPM E (P)'s decades of research and experience with decontaminating large industrial sites has proven
instrumental in supporting U.S. domestic preparedness efforts. JPM E (P) has real world experience to handle real
world risk.
12. Concurrent Sessions 3
Biological Agent Fate and Transport
Moderated by Marshall Gray
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Reaerosolisation of Bacterial Spores from Indoor Surfaces
Susan Macken, Simon Parks, Jimmy Walker, Allan Bennett (Presenter) | Public Health England
Abstract
Contamination of indoor surfaces with biological agents will occur in the event of a bioterrorism incident. These
deposited micro-organisms will provide an exposure risk for those who enter these areas. While direct contact
with surfaces can be minimized there will be a risk of re-aerosolisation of deposited agent as personnel walk
across flooring. This risk may lead to access to areas being limited to those wearing high level PPE prior to
decontamination. This study has quantified re-aerosolisation, caused by a walking person, from two commonly
used flooring surfaces to understand the risks of exposure to personnel from floors contaminated with
pathogens.
A smooth PVC monolayer and a cut-pile industrial carpet, such as might be found in offices and other indoor
settings, were contaminated with Bacillus atrophaeus spores deposited from a fine aerosol using an artist's air
brush. A range of air samplers placed at different heights (Andersen 6-stage, Sartorius MD8, Casella slit sampler)
were utilised to quantify and fractionate the aerosol generated when a person walked over these floor coverings,
in an environmental chamber. Results were expressed as a percentage re-aerosolisation factor to represent the
ratio of air to surface concentration. The results demonstrated a highly significant difference between re-
aerosolisation factors from carpet and PVC. Aerosol concentrations were greatest at floor level. The aerosol
concentrations obtained at a height of 1.5m were on average ca50% of the floor concentration. Average
aerodynamic particle diameter for aerosols derived at 1m from carpets and PVC was 2.18u.m and 3.24u.m,
respectively; which are within respirable range. There was greater contamination on boots worn by the operator
following activities on carpet, compared to PVC.
These studies are continuing and are planned to investigate the effect of factors such as deposition method,
environmental factors and a wider range of floorings and participants.
Questions, Answers, and Comments
• Q: Do you know when you used the sprayer whether the droplets reached the surface wet? Do you think
recovery efficiency on a nonpolar surface could explain a lower fraction on the nonpolar surface?
• A: It was wet. What we measured is a ratio of what we recovered, not the actual deposition. We did studies on
efficacy and about half a log of that difference was due to recovery efficiency, but the difference was three logs.
• Q: Was there an order in results to the type of steps?
• A: The difference between them was very subjective. Heavy walking resulted in less reaerosolization than
medium walking.
Informing Response and Recovery Decisions: The Scientific Program on
Reaerosolization and Exposure (SPORE), A Program Overview
M. Gray (Presenter) | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
D. Bansleben, M. Moe | U.S. Department of Homeland Security
S. Paikoff | U.S. Department of Defense
A. Weber | U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
J. Koerner | U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response
Abstract
Knowledge gaps exist in the understanding of the public health and environmental impacts of reaerosolization of
Bacillus anthracis (anthrax) in an outdoor environment. Fundamental questions such as reaerosolization rates, the
use of surrogates, spore preparation, effect of surface variability, temperature and humidity influences, fate and
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transport, temporal decay, and other factors may influence response and recovery decisions related to
reaerosolization.
To address these gaps, the Department of Defense (DOD), the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS),
the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) are partnered in
the interagency Scientific Program on Reaerosolization and Exposure (SPORE).
The session will provide an overview of the SPORE initiatives, objectives, current research, and future plans.
There were no questions for this presenter.
Quantitative Analysis of Resuspension
R.W. Wiener (Presenter), M. Gray, W. Calfee, S.D. Lee | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
D. Bansleben, M. Moe, J. Hogan | U.S. Department of Homeland Security
T. Kar | U.S. Department of Defense
A. Eisner | ALION
Abstract
The Scientific Program on Reaerosolization and Exposure (SPORE) seeks to provide an understanding of
reaerosolization to make informed decisions to reduce risk in the event of a release of a biological agent. The
biological agent of key interest is Bacillus anthracis (anthrax) spores, which have the capacity to produce mass
casualties and are highly persistent in the environment.
If a bioagent, such as anthrax, were released in an urban area there is a high likelihood that the release would go
undetected for a period of days. Once the release has been identified decision makers will have to determine the
continued exposure risk to the population and the need for decontamination of the area contaminated by the
agent. The continuing risk of exposure to the population after the initial release may be principally due to
resuspension of the agent by natural and anthropogenic forces.
The purpose of this research project is to develop a quantitative understanding of the resuspension of anthrax
spores from common environmental surfaces. Additionally, we will determine the confidence and suitability of
the biological simulants Bacillus thuringiensis var kurstaki (Btk) or Bacillus atrophaeus subspecies globigii
(formerly Bacillus globigii [Bg]) for B. anthracis (Ames strain) for use in environmental studies where particle
resuspension is the critical parameter. The materials to be tested include concrete, asphalt, and glass. Tests will
be performed at the Dugway Proving Grounds, UT, and at the Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC.
There were no questions for this presenter.
Experimental and Sampling Design for a Quantitative Investigation of the
Resuspension of Anthrax and Surrogates under Controlled Conditions
A.D. Eisner (Presenter), Z. Drake | ALION
R. Wiener, M. Gray | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
No slides were made available for inclusion.
Abstract
Over the past decade the release of the Class A biological agent Bacillus anthracis (anthrax) has been deemed a
serious public health risk. Such a release has the potential to produce mass casualties, and its spores are highly
persistent in the environment. Numerous studies have identified the potential for anthrax to resuspend, after it
has been released outdoors and has settled onto surfaces. Unfortunately, there has been a dearth of quantitative
information about the behavior of anthrax spores. The mechanisms governing resuspension are complex, and
developing a quantitative database is difficult and time consuming.
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The Department of Defense (DOD), the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), the Department of
Homeland Security (DHS), and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) are now collaborating in the Scientific
Program on Reaerosolization and Exposure (SPORE), which has provided the funding and direction for this study.
The primary objective of SPORE is to develop a quantitative assessment of the risk of public health exposure from
the resuspension of B. anthracis spores should an event happen in which anthrax is released outdoors into an
urban environment.
One of the aims is to determine the suitability of the biological simulants Bacillus thuringiensis var kurstaki (Btk)
as a surrogate for B. anthracis (Ames strain) in terms of resuspension from surfaces, represented in this research
by coupons made of variety of outdoor materials. The end point for the experimentation is to compare two sets
of data, one acquired from EPA using surrogates and the second from DPG using Ba-Ames. For the purpose of
these experiments two small resuspension wind tunnels (RWT) and two resuspension chambers have been built.
Design of the RWTs was predicated on extensive CFD modeling of particles' detachment and movement under
the impact of the novel slotted traversing jet. The height of the jet, the angle of the impinging air on the coupon,
and the speed of the actuator can all be changed as desired. The operational principle of the detachment
experiment is based on a total collection of all detached spores. The biological extraction requirements imposed a
need to have filters no larger than 10 cm in diameter. Therefore, multiple filters have been installed to obtain a
reasonable air velocity and directionality in the tunnel. The experimental variables that have been selected for
this study are spore type (Btk, Bg, and Ba-Ames), spore preparation (liquid slurry, dry powder, and refined
powder), jet velocity (low, medium, and high), surface type (glass, roofing material, and concrete), and roughness
level of each surface type (smooth, rough, and very rough).
A series of tests was conducted to establish nozzle jet impact on various surfaces. In these tests coupons laden
with Btk spores were subject to a series of jet sweeps under step-wise increased jet air pressure. We found that in
the case of smooth glass, spore resuspension increased by order of magnitude when nozzle jet velocity increased
from 10 to 15 m/s. In case of smooth concrete and rough glass, increase of resuspension was more gradual as jet
velocity was increased from 0 to 15 m/s. The total percent resuspended calculated from the filter data was
0.083% for smooth glass, 0.013% for rough glass, and 5.4% for smooth concrete.
Questions, Answers, and Comments
Q: You said spores were deposited wet, but when you ran the experiments, had they dried?
A: We established droplets initially that were 20 microns in size. We than waited to ensure everything settled.
The coupons were left to dry entirely. By measuring the water content in various coupons, we established how
many hours they need to equilibrate in the temperature humidity chamber.
Q: Is there a pulse or a slowly ramping up jet?
A: The pressure is preset and the valve is opened. Compressed air is delivered with a huge volume. The velocity
is established almost instantaneously. Once it is going, the switch is flipped to start the traverse. The entire
surface of the coupon is subjected to the same force. The length of the jet was essentially the length of the
coupon.
Q: The level of the surface is across the bottom. Why did you do that?
A: In the literature, you find researchers that put the test surface in the middle of the tunnel to achieve the
highest velocity. We decided to use an air jet as a major source of particle detachment, so we think it is a better
way than a wind tunnel. In terms of potential losses behind the coupon (3/4 inch high), they were insignificant
Q: Do you use another fan?
A: Yes, there is one in the exit part of the tunnel to generate the main motion that is responsible for particle
delivery.
Q: What if you put the fan in front instead of the back?
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• A: In terms of air movement, it is determined by pressure gradient. It is just a matter of convenience. I don't
think it matters. There are other engineering issues; fans warm up the air and if you pressurize the system, there
could have been spores flying out through gaps.
13. Concurrent Sessions 3
Chemical Agent Fate, Persistence and Transport
Moderated by Larry Kaelin
Predictive Modeling of Transport Processes at Environmental Interfaces Following
Chemical or Radiological Contamination
James Hunt (Presenter) | Beaufort
Adam Love | Johnson Wright, Inc.
Abstract
Predictive transport models are necessary for development of operational plans under different scenarios
regarding emergency response and subsequent remediation to lower future risk. The environmental fate of
chemical, radiological and biological weapons has sufficiently matured to consider the development of predictive
models that could be extended beyond the experimental conditions that were utilized in model development.
While experimental measurements can be fit to various models, the goal has been to develop models that can
predict transport under the range of conditions expected for the environment, the relevant surfaces, and the
specific agent. The development of predictive models is illustrated using chemical warfare agent evaporation data
collected at Edgewood Chemical and Biological Center (ECBC) in their 5 cm wind tunnels. The model utilizes
chemical agent vapor pressure as a function of temperature, estimates of turbulent interfacial mass transfer
coefficients, and assumed liquid agent geometry on an impermeable surface. The model is calibrated using one
set of experimental results and model applicability is demonstrated for experimental conditions involving
different temperatures, wind speeds, and liquid droplet volumes. Overall, droplet lifetimes are predictable within
a factor of 2 - an accuracy that meets typical operation planning needs. Two challenges in model predictability
are illustrated with observations from field experiments where liquid water dynamics within porous media are
coupled with chemical and radiological agent transport processes. The first example is the "rain event" where
chemical agent releases from field soils following light rain was unanticipated and placed field personnel at risk.
The other example is the movement of cesium into porous media following a simulated explosive device that also
mobilized liquid water. The coupling of chemical and radiological agents to liquid water dynamics within porous
media has not been fully explored. These examples illustrate an approach to agent transport and remediation
that combines experimental measurements with predictive modeling. Thus, additional fate and transport
expertise is necessary to ensure robust operational plans can incorporate these common variations in
environmental conditions. More generally, there remains a need for an integrated modeling approach that can
assess overall system sensitivity to individual processes, which is needed in planning, risk assessment, and
remediation.
Questions, Answers, and Comments
• Q: Was it possible to test what had evaporated off?
• A: Edgewood (ECBC) did that, Lawrence Livermore National Labs analyzed the coupons for agent that was
remaining but neither lab did both at the same time.
• Q: Talking about GB maybe forming a skin or surface and impeding evaporation. Do you think that would be
more typical for sulfur mustard? Was there any clue on why it acted that way?
• A: That's the problem, this analysis was after the experiments were done; there is no way to go back and ask.
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Adsorption and Desorption of Chemical Warfare Agents on Activated Carbons: Impact
of Temperature and Relative Humidity
Lukas Oudejans (Presenter) | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Kent Hofacre, John Shaw, Anbo Wang | Battelle Memorial Institute
Abstract
The known threat of a chemical agent release in a building or transportation hub is necessitating the
development of a research program that evaluates potential decontamination strategies. Hot air ventilation is
being considered as an approach for the decontamination of surfaces contaminated with chemical warfare agents
(CWAs). It is, however, likely that the effluent during hot air fumigation will contain CWA vapors well above the
airborne exposure limit, which will need to be captured prior to release of the CWA-loaded hot air to the ambient
environment. A building's heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system could be used to capture the
CWAs if equipped with carbon filters. It is expected that such capture will occur from air flows at elevated
temperatures and relative humidity (RH), because of the nature of the decontamination approach. Temperature
and RH may affect the capability of carbon in the air filtration system to capture the CWA (or CWA
decontamination by-products). Results are presented from a systematic study to determine the dynamic
adsorptive capacity for GB and HD on activated carbon beds through measurement of the breakthrough curves as
function of temperature, and RH. The subsequent measurement of desorption curves of the CWA from the
activated carbon indicates whether off-gassing from activated carbon air filters is a potential concern when they
are removed from service. Results of this study are intended to be used by decision makers to facilitate the
development of remediation plans following a chemical contamination incident where a hot air decontamination
process is considered.
Questions, Answers, and Comments
• Q: Are the carbon beds at time zero at the temperature of the experiment? Or are you relying on the
temperature of the air flowing through it?
• A: The temperature sensor was located just above the carbon bed and is in a controlled environment where the
temperature is controlled, plus the carbon bed was equilibrated for 24 hours, so at time zero the temperatures
are the same.
• Q: Using hot air for decontamination and bringing the temperature up and pulling it through the system, by the
time it gets to the filter, hopefully we've had a drop in temperature, wouldn't that increase the filter efficiency?
• A: That's a valid point, indeed sometimes the HVAC system the filters may be much further away and there may
be cooling equipment or even stay at the same temperature which also provides a chance of condensation.
• Q: Are you sold on using the carbon? Is it necessary? Isn't it easier just to take the exhaust and put it through a
wet scrubber? Bubble it through water?
• A: Those are other alternatives; there is a presumed presence of activated carbon beds already in HVAC systems,
that may be the first option; but there may be alternatives.
• C: Usually you would have a second carbon bed behind it and have a second stack behind it to make banks
14. General Session 4
Low Tech/Self Help
Moderated by Emily Snyder and Charlie Fitzsimmons
Assessment of RDD Contamination Removal from Laundering Soft Porous and Bulky
Materials
Karen Riggs (Presenter) | Battelle Pacific Northwest Division
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Emily Snyder, John Drake, Kathy Hall, Jeff Szabo | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and
Development, National Homeland Security Research Center
John Cardarell | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, Office of
Emergency Management's Consequence Management Advisory Team
Elizabeth Hanft, Michael Lindberg | Battelle Memorial Institute
Abstract
Radiation contamination from the release of a radiological dispersal device (ROD) or an accident at a nuclear
reactor facility is a potential threat. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is responsible for
environmental cleanup after the release of contamination from an ROD and may provide recommendations for
actions that can be taken by the public to mitigate their exposures. Current guidelines for handling contaminated
clothing recommend removing the contaminated item and placing it in a bag. The general public may
unknowingly wash contaminated items or they may wish to launder items to reduce the contamination. The
impacts of the general public knowingly or unknowingly washing their contaminated clothing are not fully
characterized.
Previous research has demonstrated methods for determining the effectiveness of laundering for removing
cesium, a potential contaminant that could be used in an ROD.
Results showed that laundering cloth swatches removed 92-97% of the contamination. The focus of the recently
completed research was to build on previous studies in this area. Specifically, the current studies are focused on
the efficacy of laundering soft porous and bulky materials, repeat washing, and laundering without detergent.
The effect of laundering the contaminated swatches with uncontaminated clothing was also examined. Swatches
of cotton and polyester materials (15 cm x 15 cm) were used to simulate clothing, and swatches prepared from a
cotton comforter and towels (30 cm x 30 cm) were used to represent more bulky household items that could be
laundered. A front-loading washing machine and liquid Tide HE detergent were used for this research. The
swatches were contaminated with Cs-137 and laundered under different temperature conditions with and
without detergent.
Laundering the swatches removed greater than 91% of the contamination for all materials studied in this work,
except for the swatches made from a cotton comforter, for which 68% of the contamination was removed. The
wastewater exiting the washing machine was collected after each load and measured for activity. A material
balance indicated that the majority of the Cs-137 contamination ended up in this wastewater. Additionally, in
tests where uncontaminated clothing was laundered with contaminated swatches, approximately 30% of the Cs-
137 ended up on the uncontaminated clothing. Finally, there appeared to be an accumulation of the
contamination in the washer over the testing period. These results will be presented and discussed.
Questions, Answers, and Comments
• Q: How realistic do you think the clothing contamination was as compared to an actual ROD incident?
• A: After the materials were spiked with the liquid solution, they were dried prior putting them in the washing
machine. This may not be entirely representative of how the materials would be contaminated after an ROD.
We're open to suggestions.
• Q: You measured the activity on the clothes after decontamination. How do you measure this activity?
• A: We used a BEGe detector to measure 137Cs gamma radiation.
• C: The follow-on study with the dryer would be very valuable. I would be interested to see if the fabric sheets
might make a difference.
• Q: Did you consider any of the residual contamination in the washing machine?
• A: Yes, we did a quick non-destructive analysis count of the entire washing machine using the BEGe detector.
We did not pull it apart. We did detect some residual contamination in the machine.
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Evaluation of Compressed Air Dusting and Vacuuming for Radiological
Decontamination of Sensitive Equipment
Ryan James (Presenter), Ryan Stowe, Eric Burckle | Battelle
Emily Snyder | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Homeland Security Research Center
Abstract
In a Nuclear Incident Response Team Federal Emergency Management Agency funded effort, EPA's Homeland
Security Research Program is conducting experiments that have determined the efficacy of compressed air
dusting (CAD) and vacuuming (VAC) for the removal of radiologically tagged simulated fallout material (RTSFM)
from the surfaces of several types of sensitive equipment (SE). SE refers to items that would be immediately
important for decontamination and recovery efforts after the detonation of an Improvised Nuclear Device. The
RTSFM was generated using sand that was sieved to isolate three distinct three particle size ranges: less than 150
micrometers (u.m), 150-250 u.m, and greater than 250 u.m. Each particle size range was then tagged with a unique
radionuclide. The smallest particles were tagged with cesium-137, the middle particle sizes were tagged with
cobalt-60, and the largest particles were tagged with strontium-85. The removal of the RTSFM using these two
methods (CAD and VAC) was tested on six different types of model SEs (number pad keyboards, cell phones,
handheld radios, pulse oximeter, automated external defibrillator, and a fabric medical kit). The RTSFM was
applied to the surface of the SE via dry particle deposition. Following deposition of the RTSFM, the gamma
radiation from the contaminated SE was measured. The CAD and VAC was then be used to decontaminate each
piece of SE. The residual gamma radiation emitted from the "decontaminated" SE was then measured and a
decontamination factor (i.e., efficiency of radionuclide removal) was calculated. Results will be presented that
include the quantitative (i.e., decontamination factor) and qualitative performance (operational considerations)
of the CAD and VAC on each type of SE.
Questions, Answers, and Comments
• Q: Would a recommendation to responders be to use keyboards with touch pads?
• A: Absolutely. Looking at these data, any equipment with open space or hidden space is going to be hard to
decontaminate. Anything with a flat plastic surface would be better to decontaminate with these tools; blowing
the keyboards with compressed air was not effective and risked the spread of contamination.
• Q: Before contamination, were the surfaces greasy or cleaned?
• A: They were new equipment. No additional cleaning was performed.
Efficacy of Sporicidal Wipes on Select Surfaces
Kathryn Meyer (Presenter) | ORISE
M. Worth Calfee, Lukas Oudejans | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Abstract
Four sporicidal wipes (three with sodium hypochlorite and one with hydrogen peroxide/peracetic acid active
ingredients) and two disinfecting wipes were quantitatively evaluated for their ability to inactivate Bacillus
atrophaeus spores dried onto non-porous surfaces. Using the ASTM WK32908 method, liquid aliquots of 6.
atrophaeus spores were dried onto glass Petri dishes and exposed to the test chemical of either a sporicidal wipe
(Clorox™ Bleach Germicidal, Sani-Cloth® Bleach Germicidal, Dispatch® Hospital Cleaner, Steriplex® SD) or
disinfecting wipe (Lysol® Disinfecting, Clorox® Disinfecting) through a prescribed pattern of wiping. Following
exposure for a specified time of contact, survivorship of the spores was assessed by quantification of the
remaining viable spores, both on the glass Petri dish and on the wipe itself. Preliminary results suggest the
Bacillus spore removal/inactivation efficacy varies considerably by active ingredient. Additionally, results show
that the commercially available disinfecting wipes were not able to kill Bacillus spores. Ongoing work will test the
top three performing wipes on test coupons made of several indoor building materials to determine their
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effectiveness in a larger-scale environment. Results of this study are intended to be used by decision makers to
facilitate the development of remediation plans following a biological contamination incident.
Questions, Answers, and Comments
• Q: You mentioned painted drywall, what was it painted with?
• A: It was a latex-based paint.
• Q: Did you measure how wet the towels were compared to each other?
• A: Yes; pretty consistent, 0.01-0.02 g/cm2.
• Q: Did the plates stay wet the entire contact time recommended by manufacturers?
• A: We wanted to test wipes for entire contact time, and if the surface dried, the manufacturers recommended
to re-wet it with a second wipe. We did have to do that for some wipes.
• Q: Have you used these wipes on any PPE materials?
• A: Not yet, the LDPE simulates sample bags or other plastics, thus far we've tested everything flat.
Inactivation of Bacillus Spores in Decontamination Wash Down Wastewater using
Chlorine Bleach Solution
Vincente J. Gallardo (Presenter), K. Scott Minamyer, Eugene W. Rice | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National
Homeland Security Research Center
Donald A. Schupp | Shaw Environmental & Infrastructure, Inc., a CB&I Company
Abstract
Wash water from the decontamination of various hard surfaces and personal protective equipment was
generated and spiked with Bacillus atrophaeus subspecies globigii spores to simulate wash down wastewater
containing anthrax spores. This spiked wash water was treated either with diluted household bleach (1:100,
2:100, 3:100, or 5:100 volume ratios of bleach:wastewater), or with a diluted bleach and vinegar solution (a
1:1:10 volume ratio of bleach:vinegar:wastewater), and the amount of spore inactivation measured. The majority
of the inactivation experiments were conducted at the 5:100 bleach:wastewater ratio. Prior to dilution, the
household bleach contained 6% sodium hypochlorite by weight. Inactivation testing was conducted at two
different temperatures: 22 °C and 4 °C. The chlorine level was monitored during the length of the inactivation test
(typically 30 minutes to 2 hours), and no decrease in the level was observed. The goal of this work was to produce
results that would form guidelines for using household bleach to treat wash down wastewater generated during a
cleanup of a building or other area contaminated with anthrax spores. Inactivation results will be given for
different wastewater types, bleach levels and water temperatures. At the higher temperature, greater than
99.9999% (6 log) removal was usually obtained in 30 minutes of contact time with the disinfectant. At the lower
temperature, a longer time (60 minutes) was often needed to obtain the same amount of removal.
Questions, Answers, and Comments
• C: One challenge at this [US EPA RTP] site was meeting our mercury limits in the waste water. We did an
inventory of everything going down the drain and had to test bleach and Alquinox. I think it would be useful in
the future to maybe take a mercury sample just to see what's there.
• A: I didn't realize that mercury was a problem when using bleach.
• Q: Are there MCL targets for anthrax spores?
• A: I would guess probably not. Before 9/11, no one cared about anthrax in drinking water.
• C: In drinking water, you want to be able to show log reduction, you want to use a process that shows certain
performance rather than that you are meeting the target. You use a method that has been shown in the past to
give a certain reduction.
• C: There are no MCLs; most are treatment techniques. For anthrax it's even more unknown, but there are no
regulatory requirements, what we aim for is no detectable spores.
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• C: It is extremely important for drinking water to use a certain contact time to have good removal.
• C: About the use of a surrogate here; this goes back to the study that shows that they are less susceptible to
chlorine than anthracis. They are quite different, hydrophilic vs. hydrophobic, external spore, etc. We looked at
this on hairless guinea pigs as part of a human remains study. One study showed bleach was working, but didn't
work on guinea pigs. It would be good to go back and test the virulent strain so that you don't outsmart yourself
with a tried and true simulant.
• C: To answer the question about the difference between BA and BG as a surrogate, if you recall the data
presented earlier, when we reduced the time to three minutes, we could get 99 % kill; so I know there are
differences, but I don't think they are very important in a suspension environment.
• C: Great comments and one piece of the research we aren't seeing today is that there is a lot of work done on
different surfaces vs. these surrogates and decontamination methods; we want to come up with more
resistant/conservative surrogates; whether or not you can see surface differences or contaminant-specific
factors are what these studies show; great point and important thing is that there is a body of work supporting
the use.
15. Concurrent Sessions 4
Biological Agent Persistence
Moderated by Matthew Magnuson
A Large-Scale Soil Survey of Genetic Markers Associated with Bacillus Anthracis and
Bacillus Species Across the Contiguous United States: A Joint USGS/USEPA Project
D.W. Griffin (Presenter) | U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Science Center
E. Silvestri, C.Y. Bowling, T.L Nichols | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Homeland Security Research
Center
V.A. Luna | University of South Florida, Center for Biological Defense
C.A.O. Jean-Babtiste, D. Harbin, LA. Hempel | Formerly at U.S. Geological Survey
T. Boe | Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Fellow with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National
Homeland Security Research Center
D. Smith | U.S. Geological Survey
No slides were made available for inclusion.
Abstract
Soil samples collected for the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Geochemical Landscape Project, which covered the
contiguous United States on a sample site scale of ~1,600 km2 (4,770 samples), were screened for the presence of
Bacillus sp. and Bacillus anthracis using a multiplex-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Species of Bacillus
were detected in 60.3% of the samples (in 43 of the 48 States). B. anthracis was presumptively identified by PCR
in 83 samples. Subsets of these samples were sent to the University of South Florida's Center for Biological
Defense for B. anthracis confirmatory analysis. Ten of the presumptive PCR positive samples were confirmed to
contain PX01 pag and /e/and pX02 cap virulence markers (three samples in Alabama, two in Kansas and one each
in Maine, Missouri, New York, and West Virginia). Seven of the other presumptive PCR positive samples were
positive for the pX02 cap marker and two of these were also positive for the pXOl pag marker. PCR data were
evaluated statistically against land type, precipitation totals 1-day and 7-days prior to sample collection date, soil
moisture, and geochemical data. A significant correlation was noted between Bacillus sp. PCR positive samples
and total precipitation for 1-week prior to sample collection. No relationship was noted for B. anthracis. Statistical
analyses of geochemical data indicated numerous correlations with the variables examined for Bacillus sp. (both
negative and positive statistical correlations) and B. anthracis (negative statistical correlations). To evaluate the
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strength of the statistically significant PCR-based observations, geochemical data from sample sites located in
counties that reported cases or outbreaks of anthrax since 2000 were evaluated against counties within the same
states (MM, MT, ND, NV, OR, SD and TX) that did not report cases or outbreaks. Those data identified the
elements calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), phosphorus (P), and strontium (Sr) as having strong positive correlations
with counties reporting anthrax outbreaks and questioned the strength of the PCR-based elemental correlations.
Threshold values based on the lowest geochemical concentrations of each of these elements and the lowest
significant average concentrations that gave a correlation were identified as prospective investigative tools in
determining whether an anthrax outbreak was 'potential' or 'probable' at any given geographic location in the
contiguous United States. While these elemental threshold values are preliminary in nature, they present
potential investigative tools that can be refined through future high-resolution studies.
Questions, Answers, and Comments
• Q: Did you do an isotopic breakdown of any elements?
• A: No. Not that it can't be done; it was an issue of funding.
• Q: Do you have any criteria for temporal area and depth?
• A: The depth was at the surface. The sites were generated randomly through a program for sampling. There
were adjustments because access was denied to certain areas that are individually owned. There was a variety
of soil types and we didn't target just one.
Persistence of Vegetative Bacillus Anthrads with and without Exposure to Ultraviolet
Radiation to Simulate Sunlight
Thomas Kelly (Presenter), Andrew Lastivka, Morgan Wendling | Battelle
Joseph Wood | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Homeland Security Research Center
Abstract
The goal of this study is to assess the persistence (loss of viability over time) of vegetative Bacillus anthracis cells
on common materials and in soil, under normal laboratory conditions and when exposed to levels of ultraviolet
(UV) radiation simulating natural sunlight.
A fundamental part of the work has been the development of methods to reliably prepare high titer 100%
vegetative cell suspensions of B. anthracis with no formation of endospores. That development included selecting
initial inoculation conditions, confirming the effectiveness of heat shock procedures to distinguish vegetative and
sporulated B. anthracis, defining the growth curve of B. anthracis in liquid culture, monitoring this culture via
microscopy, and identifying the optimum point in the growth curve to maximize the cell titer while still achieving
a purely vegetative culture.
Persistence was quantified using colony forming units recovered from test samples at various elapsed times.
Qualitative techniques were also employed in some tests to assess growth or no growth of cells after 1 and 7 days
incubation time. Heat shocking of sample extracts was used to assess any sporulation of cells.
The resulting preparation procedure was employed in a series of tests including:
• Persistence of vegetative B. anthracis on material coupons of four types (topsoil, glass, bare pine wood, and
unpainted concrete) over a period of 1 hour under relative humidity (RH) conditions of approximately 30%
and 75%. These were initial scoping tests conducted under normal laboratory lighting conditions to assess
impact of material and RH on persistence.
• Persistence of vegetative B. anthracis on glass coupons over periods ranging from 15 minutes to 8 hours at
approximately 30% RH under normal laboratory lighting conditions. This test was conducted to facilitate
assessment of kinetics and compare results gathered from qualitative and quantitative assays.
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• Persistence of vegetative 6. anthracis on topsoil coupons over periods from 1 to 120 hours at approximately
30% RH, with and without exposure to simulated sunlight. Since vegetative 6. anthracis was most persistent
in soil, longer term tests were conducted using only this material.
The results of the persistence tests, including parallel tests with and without UV exposure, will be presented.
Questions, Answers, and Comments
• Q: How are you certain the organism you were looking at was actually Ba?
• A: It was based on colony morphology and plating and growing of the organisms.
• C: All of the soil and other coupon materials were sterilized before use.
• Q: Is it fair to say that after five days, if an outdoor area was contaminated with weaponized anthrax, it would
no longer be an issue as long as there was no rainfall?
• A: No. If you treated it with a germicide, you could be better off in terms of destroying the vegetative cells.
• Q: Could you explain how your sterilized the soil? In another program, they found that if you autoclaved soil,
spores can't grow.
• A: It is autoclaved in bulk and portioned out to make the coupons. I have heard about that work you are
referring to, and I think it is an issue that needs to be looked at.
16. Concurrent Sessions 4
Water and Waste Water Treatment
Moderated by Matthew Magnuson
Investigation into U.K. Capability to Manage Contaminated Water
Carmel Ramwell (Presenter), Paul Robb, Nigel Cook | The Food and Environment Research Agency
Hasmitta Stewart | Government Decontamination Service
Abstract
As a part of a suite of wider work, a review was undertaken to investigate the UK capability to manage water
contaminated with chemical and/or biological entities.
The objectives of the study were to:
• Assess the current status of different treatment processes at sewage treatment works (STW) and (drinking)
water treatment works (WTW) in the UK
• Examine the current knowledge with regards to the fate of chemical and biological entities, and
decontaminants in treatment processes
• Examine the roles and responsibilities of government agencies and other governmental departments for
managing contaminated water, and
• Identify data gaps and make recommendations.
Although contaminated water will largely be dealt with at an STW, any losses to surface water can ultimately be
abstracted at a WTW, hence both STW and WTW were considered.
The suitability of different drinking water treatment methods for a number of chemical classes was taken mainly
from the US EPA Water Contaminant Information Tool (WCIT).
Common water treatment processes can treat a range of chemical and biological entities, but processes such as
activated carbon will only exist if the catchment has a specific risk e.g. pesticides. Only 1 biological was likely to
pose a potential risk as the relevant treatment method is not commonplace at UK WTWs. Another limiting factor
may be the capacity at the WTW to physically hold/dose sufficient disinfectant. Disinfection by-products can
generally be treated with standard WTW processes. WTWs associated with aquifers are unlikely to cope with
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contaminated water as the water abstracted is ordinarily of high quality, thus only basic treatment processes will
be in place.
Common decontaminants are already used in the general day-to-day operation of STWs. Decontaminants will not
automatically have an adverse impact on STWs - depending on the dose in the incoming water.
Information on biologicals in STW was limited but it appears that biological agents are unlikely to be affected by
sewage treatment plants.
Generalizing, chemical agents that are water soluble, have a low sorption potential and a high volatilization
potential are unlikely to be removed within an STW, although such compounds may volatilize, particularly during
aeration.
The technology to manage highly contaminated and toxic wastewater exists due to use in, for example,
chemical/pesticide industries.
Data on the range of concentrations/volumes of waste water containing chemical/biological agents and
decontaminants that could enter STW are required in order to assess their risk.
A unified process for recording information on processes at individual WTW and STW processes would be highly
beneficial to quantifying capability to manage contaminated water at a national scale, particularly for England
where there are several different water and wastewater providers.
Questions, Answers, and Comments
• Q: Regarding biological nutrient removal, do you anticipate increased stability to remove these contaminants or
are these systems already in place?
• A: Whether we have that on the plant depends on the water body to which the effluent is being discharged. If
the water body is not that sensitive, then you do not need that type of treatment.
Decontamination for the Water Sector
Marissa Lynch (Presenter), George Gardenier | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Abstract
The Critical Infrastructure Partnership Advisory Council (CIPAC) Water Sector Decontamination Working Group
identified the need for the development of a decision-making framework for the decontamination of chemical,
biological, and radiological agents in water systems specifically to be used by utilities, responders, and other
decision makers.
The decontamination and recovery process of a water system following a contamination incident will vary on a
case-by-case basis. Therefore, water utilities and responders need decision-making information that can be
adapted to specific situations and incidents as appropriate for consideration during planning and rapid decision
making. The decision-making framework highlights the critical steps taken during the characterization,
decontamination and clearance phases of remediation/cleanup for a chemical, biological, or radiological incident
affecting water and wastewater systems.
The decision-making frameworks for water utilities and responders on containment, treatment, and disposal of
contaminated water, are aimed at preparing utilities for all-hazard events. This information may include, but not
be limited to applicable statutory and regulatory requirements, potential treatment methods, and containment
and disposal options.
To address this need, EPA leveraged existing guidance and developed an interactive set of decision-making
frameworks for water and wastewater. The frameworks pose situation- specific questions to users and guide
them through subsequent steps.
References and links to relevant tools are also provided. The frameworks were vetted through two rounds of
work group meetings.
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The Water Security Division (WSD) in collaboration with National Homeland Security Research Center (NHSRC) is
working to incorporate advanced decontamination research results into the Water Contaminant Information Tool
(WCIT). This peer-reviewed information includes decontamination methods on contaminants of concern to
utilities and responders.
In 2013, WSD launched a decontamination website. All of WSD's latest decontamination efforts will be
summarized on the website. Links to other EPA led decontamination efforts will also be provided.
This presentation will provide a summary of EPA's development efforts in producing decision-making frameworks.
The decision-making frameworks are supported by a recently published EPA guidance document, "Containment
and Disposal of Large Amounts of Contaminated Water: A Support Guide for Water Utilities" which will also be
discussed in the presentation. The presentation will also highlight other potential projects currently being worked
on to enhance preparedness such as the work WSD is performing in collaboration with NHSRC and the
decontamination website.
Building upon the conference theme of decontamination this presentation will address progress made to enhance
tools and guidance available to utilities, responders and other decision makers involved in decontamination
efforts.
There were no questions for this presenter.
17. Concurrent Sessions 4
Chemical Agent Decontamination
Moderated by Lukas Oudejans
Developing Decontamination Tools and Approaches to Address Indoor Pesticide
Contamination from Improper Bed Bug Treatments
Emily Snyder (Presenter), Lukas Oudejans, Paul Lemieux | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Homeland
Security Research Center
Dan M. Stout II (Presenter), Haluk Ozkaynak, Kristin Isaacs, James Starr | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
National Exposure Research Laboratory
Amy Mysz | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 5, Land & Chemicals Division, Pesticides Section
Jeanelle Martinez | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, OSWER, Office of Emergency Management, Chemical,
Biological and Nuclear Consequence Management Advisory Team (CBRN CM AT)
Dennis Tabor | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Risk Management Research Laboratory
Keith Houck | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Center for Computational Toxicology
Abstract
There has been an increase in reported pesticide misuse incidents for controlling insects, including bed bugs, in
indoor environments. These incidents include pesticide products not registered by the US EPA for indoor use or
the application of approved pesticide products at concentrations that far exceed the labeled rates or in a manner
that violates the product labeling. It is generally expected that the bed bug epidemic will result in a growing
number of incidents of misuse EPA Regional Offices are often called on to assist local communities in remediating
homes and businesses following indoor misapplications where pesticide levels may be deemed "unsafe".
Currently, there are no validated tools for adequately evaluating pesticide residues on indoor surfaces to evaluate
potential risk to occupants, or cleaning procedures with known efficacies to reduce pesticide levels in
contaminated structures. Occupants of contaminated homes may be exposed to a potentially high concentration
of pesticides, be forced to evacuate their homes, or be compelled to attempt decontamination themselves,
possibly creating toxic by-products or administering decontamination agents with their own inherent risks.
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This research aims to provide responding agencies with information to evaluate indoor pesticide misuse incidents
and reduce occupant exposures. Findings will guide remediation needs and will illustrate the potential
effectiveness of cleaning efforts.
The presentation will describe the effort to accomplish these objectives for malathion and carbaryl on select
surfaces. The results from wipe sampling method development and initial surface decontamination studies will be
presented. The use of the Stochastic Human Exposure and Dose Simulation (SHEDS) Lite model to generate
predicted pesticide concentration distributions, which will be used to determine likely exposures, associated with
minimal health impacts or health impacts of potential concern will also be discussed.
Questions, Answers, and Comments
• Q: Can you speculate on the poor total recovery of carbaryl using three wipes?
• A: There may be a limited solubility of carbaryl in isopropanol.
• Q: How did you conduct the small coupon decontamination study?
• C: The decontamination solution was applied to the coupon and it did not run off. Everything was extracted.
Challenges in Lewisite Decontamination Studies
Harry Stone (Presenter), Lukas Oudejans, Sarah Perkins, Autumn Smiley | Battelle
Emily Snyder | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Homeland Security Research Center
Abstract
The US EPA may be tasked to lead efforts to decontaminate facilities following a release of a chemical warfare
agent (CWA); Lewisite (L) is one of those CWAs. Whereas other CWAs may evaporate quickly or decompose into
less harmful by-products, L is an arsenic-based vesicant with low volatility and its decomposition by-products are
particularly challenging to decontaminate because of they may still have vesicant properties and may be more
persistent than L itself. L is composed of three similar arsenic-based compounds known as: LI [2-
chlorovinylarsonous dichloride, 90%], L2 [bis(2-chlorovinyl)arsonous dichloride, 9%], and L3 [tris(2-
chlorovinyljarsine, 1%]. L2 and L3 are relatively less volatile compared to LI. Further complicating matters, LI
rapidly hydrolyzes and oxidizes in the environment into 2-chlorovinyl arsonous acid (CVAA), 2-chlorovinyl arsonic
acid (CVAOA), and Lewisite oxide (L oxide; a vesicant). In this effort we are examining methods for
inactivation/neutralization (conversion to compounds without vesicant properties) of L; specifically, we are
looking at the ability of deionized water, bleach, hydrogen peroxide liquid to convert L to less toxic by-products.
Neutralization and degradation of L leave residual arsenic compounds like CVAA, CVAOA, and L oxide. Removal
methods of these by-products are also evaluated that may be used subsequently to L neutralization and
degradation.
Methods for successful extraction and analysis of L and its degradation by-products from building materials do
not currently exist. Extraction methods developed for environmental and clinical samples were modified for this
purpose; specifically, extraction efficiency for LI on four building materials by three solvents (toluene, hexane,
and acetone) was evaluated. The analysis of samples containing L is complicated by the presence of L1-L3 and
their hydrolysis and oxidation by-products. In general, analytical methods used direct detection or derivatization
prior to detection. Direct detection of the LI and L2 in the extracts was demonstrated using gas
chromatography/mass spectrometry with a cool-on-column inlet. LC/MS and derivatization by butanethiol
reaction were evaluated as methods for detecting by-products. An update on EPA's progress addressing the
challenges in extracting and analyzing L and its degradation by-products in the extracts will be presented.
Questions, Answers, and Comments
• Q: Are you thinking of extending LC/MS to cover parent compounds, so you have one method? Can't you see LI
and L2 with LC/MS?
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• A: You want to measure LI and the byproducts; we don't have that method. The presence of water will
hydrolyze LI too quickly. There is not a single method for this.
• Q: How long did you leave your Lewisite on substrates before decontamination?
• A: 30 min.
• Q: For your substrates, how did you condition them? Did you dry them to avoid water in concrete and wood?
• A: I'm not aware of anything special we did. Coupons prepared in advance inside of a lab.
• Q: Did you perform any calculations on arsenic to see how much surface loading of Lewisite?
• A: We haven't, but it would be easy to do. We know what we put on and what we are wiping off. Easy to look at
this.
Advanced Absorbent Wipes for Personnel and Personal Equipment Decontamination
Stuart Notman | Defense Science & Technology Laboratory
Abstract
There are a number of potential technologies (wipes, powders, cloths and lotions) that have the potential to be
used to decontaminate CWA from personnel and personal equipment. The patent literature shows that industry
has invested heavily to develop Commercial-Off-The-Self (COTS) wipes for use in a number of sectors including
personal care, household cleaning and industrial cleaning.
This presentation describes an experimental project undertaken to determine whether or not modern textile
technology (Wipes) could be used as an alternative to fullers' earth (FE) for CWA decontamination of skin and
personal equipment. An additional aim was to determine whether it is possible to improve efficacy of personal
equipment decontamination.
We used a rotary wiping rig, designed to remove operator variability, to evaluate flat surface decontamination.
Manual wiping was used to evaluate decontamination of geometrically complex surfaces. The performance of
Wipes was compared to an FE pad and FE powder.
In total 33 different wipes from personal care, household cleaning, industrial cleaning and specialty fabrics sectors
were tested during this project. Simulants were used to select best-performing wipes, and to determine the
relative importance of different parameters (e.g. drop size, applied pressure) and procedures on wiping efficacy.
Eight wipes were selected for further testing using an optimised wiping process against flat surfaces
contaminated with the chemical agents HD, GD and VX. The results from these wipes were compared to the FE
pad and FE powder.
Questions, Answers, and Comments
• Q: Did you test only one microfiber? You can get them in a range of types.
• A: Yes, we tested several types including one with a smooth finish and one more like flannel. We wanted to test
broad range of wipes.
• Q: If you tested punch woven containing carbon containing how did they perform?
• A: Yes we tested two carbon-based wipes both performed well, but not to LoQfor mustard.
• Q: Were you able to draw general conclusions on physical attributes that decrease efficacy?
• A: Most manufacturers will not disclose the construction of the material. We found microfiber performed well;
carbon fiber leaves a lot of carbon behind which could be a toxic hazard.
• Q: What process do you think is involved: capillary forces or dissolution?
• A: Mostly capillary forces where liquid sucked in; most of the wipes tested were dry.
• Q: Did you see variation in viscosity of fluid?
• A: Yes there was variation in viscosity and surface tension. Mustard was found as discrete drops; VX stretches
out. This is probably related to why surfaces with VX don't decontaminate as well.
• Q: If you explore temperature could you look at viscosity?
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• A: We would not be able to do this in our lab.
• Q: Were the same wipes effective for more than one contaminant?
• A: Yes, microfiber worked on all three contaminants.
• Q: Did you consider using other powders?
• A: Yes we did consider, but given time constraints we just used FE powder. You could go back and do more
powders and proper agent materials
• Q: Have you accounted for losses from evaporation?
• A: For the flat surface we weighed just before decontamination and did not see loss from evaporation. For the
silicon there was a delay before decontamination of about two minutes. We weighed before decontamination
also and did not see losses from evaporation.
Large Panel CWA Efficacy Testing of Hazard Mitigation Products and Processes
Adam Judd (Presenter), George Wrenn, Scott Mason, John Shaw | Battelle
Shawn Funk | Edgewood Chemical Biological Center
No slides were made available for inclusion.
Abstract
The Hazard Mitigation, Materiel and Equipment Restoration (HaMMER) Advanced Technology Demonstration
(ATD) Program is an integration effort to optimize, build, and demonstrate a Family of Systems (FoS) for
decontamination. HaMMER includes the assessment and integration of novel products and the development of
hardware to apply the products in an efficient manner that successfully performs hazard mitigation while
minimizing logistics and waste.
Historically, chemical warfare agent (CWA) decontaminants were tested inside of a chemical fume hood using
small material coupons ranging from one to a few square inches in area. Although effective for screening large
numbers of decontamination products and materials, small coupon testing did not initially provide a realistic test
environment. Over the years, attempts were made to improve the realism of the small coupon test environment
such as adding temperature control, changing the physical orientation of the coupons, and modifying the shape
of the coupons. Although improvements to the overall process, the steps failed to address a fundamental
shortcoming of coupon testing — the ability to assess the effect of various physical removal processes while
simultaneously integrating a variety of hazard mitigation technologies into the decontamination process. Physical
processes such as rinsing, brushing, and scrubbing can be important parts of the overall decontamination process
but cannot be effectively replicated at the small coupon level.
Through support from the Joint Program Manager, Protection and the Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Battelle
designed and assembled the Integrated Decontamination Test and Evaluation System (IDTES) to allow for more
realistic larger scale decontamination testing. The IDTES operates as an 10-foot long environmentally controlled
glove box located behind conventional fume hood faces in a large item test facility. For HaMMER, multiple liquid
spray nozzles were integrated into the IDTES and connected to decontaminant applicators representative of those
demonstrated during the HaMMER program. The IDTES applicators delivered water, soaps, decontaminants, and
indicator sprays at operationally relevant pressures and volumes. HaMMER testing used large flat panels placed in
near vertical and near horizontal positions that were contaminated with neat HD or VX and evaluated using
contact hazard and, for a select number of trials, vapor hazard test methods.
HaMMER large panel CWA testing began with a process efficacy study using VX to identify optimal decontaminant
delivery parameters. The process efficacy study used a design of experiments approach and statistical modeling
to estimate and subsequently verify effective process steps that were used in follow on testing. The optimal
process steps included a low pressure soap application and rinse followed by multiple low pressure applications
of decontaminant. The decontamination process steps were then combined with several hazard mitigation
technologies including strippable coatings, surfactants, reactive decontaminants, and chemical agent disclosure
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sprays and tested on large panels in the IDTES. Results indicate that the decontamination processes and products
tested can significantly reduce remaining chemical agent hazards to well below military requirements if used in a
synergistic manner. This presentation will provide details on test methodology as well as results for the products
tested.
Questions, Answers, and Comments
• Q: Does the vapor off-gassing recreate a condition of contact hazard?
• A: We did have vapor hazard for VX, so we had to redesign. Yes, it is a problem we found that will recondense
out of the vapor phase.
• Q: Were there foams included in your program?
• A: Dahlgren's Decon is somewhat of a microemulsion foam. We didn't look at decontamination foams. We
wanted to look at what DoD didn't look at. We did look at some enzyme products.
• Q: Is Dahlgren decontamination foam commercially available?
• A: No, not commercially available. Navy will not manufacture and supply and they are looking for companies to
license and make it commercially available.
• Q: You mentioned high pressure washing at the end. Did you look at redistribution on other surfaces?
• A: We took agent discloser spray and sprayed on inside of area and it was all over. HaMMER is a low-pressure
decontamination. High-pressure hits run off and no contact time. High pressure for super soap was a bit of a
mess.
18. Concurrent Sessions 5
Biological Agent Decontamination
Moderated by Sanjiv Shah
Decontamination of Soil Contaminated with Bacillus Anthracis Spores
Joseph Wood (Presenter) | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
M.Q.S. Wendling, AT. Lastivka, Y.W. Choi, J.V. Rogers | Battelle Memorial Institute
Abstract
Background:
Remediation efforts could be extensive following a large aerosol release of B. anthracis spores in an urban area,
and will greatly challenge the capabilities of government agencies and decontamination contractors to respond.
In such a scenario, many different types of materials and environments may need to be decontaminated,
including soils. The focus of this presentation will be on soil decontamination, but a few other related data will
also be presented.
Methods:
This research evaluated the inactivation efficacy of six decontamination technologies on topsoil and Arizona Test
Dust (AZTD). Tests were conducted with either B. anthracis (Ames strain) or B. subtilis (a potential surrogate)
spores. The technologies were tested under a range of applications and conditions, and included chlorine dioxide
(CIO2) gas, aqueous CIO2, methyl bromide (MeBr), metam sodium, pH-amended bleach, and sodium persulfate
with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Efficacy, e.g., log reduction (LR), was determined based on the difference
between spore recovery from positive controls (not subject to decontamination treatment) and recovery from
test samples.
Results:
CIO2_gas: In all tests with AZTD and 1 cm topsoil, > 6 LR was achieved with 3,000 ppm CIO2, 75% relative humidity;
CIO2 gas was only moderately effective in decontaminating 2 cm topsoil.
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Aqueous CIO?: Minimal (essentially zero) LR was achieved with this technology on topsoil. Results for the
decontamination of other materials using aqueous CIO2 will also be presented.
pH-amended bleach: For the AZTD, complete inactivation of B. anthracis was achieved with a contact time of 2
hours with 4 applications, and > 7 LR for 6. subtilis at the same condition. Minimal LR (essentially zero) for both
microorganisms was obtained for the topsoil samples.
Sodium persulfate with H?O?: Greater than 7 LR was achieved for 6. anthracis in topsoil and AZTD with three
applications. 6. subtilis was significantly more resistant to this decontaminant chemical compared to 6. anthracis.
MeBr: Complete inactivation of 6. anthracis was achieved in AZTD at 212 mg/L for 36 hours, while > 7 LR was
achieved for topsoil at this same condition. 6. subtilis was significantly more resistant to MeBr compared to 6.
anthracis.
Metam sodium: Testing is currently underway for this soil decontaminant, and final results will be included in the
presentation. Preliminary results show that > 6 LR is achievable for this technology, depending on application
regimen.
Conclusions:
Topsoil was generally more difficult to decontaminate than the AZTD, most likely due to its organic content.
Nevertheless, the sodium persulfate/H2O2, MeBr, CIO2 gas, and metam sodium technologies all showed favorable
decontamination efficacy (> 6 LR) on topsoil in one or more of the conditions tested. The use of pH-amended
bleach and aqueous CIO2 is contraindicated for topsoil.
Questions, Answers, and Comments
• Q: Has anyone looked at elemental enrichment of topsoil as a potential way to decontaminate? Could we treat
soil with sulfur?
• A: We have looked at calcium sulfide for soil decontamination, but that had minimal efficacy,
• Q: What is the final concept for decontamination of soil? Just treat the surface?
• A: Metam Sodium would be applied by liquid injection and then covered with a tarp; others that are gases would
need to be applied after the soil is tarped. The pesticidal chemicals are already being used in agricultural
applications and we could translate those approaches to decontamination for anthrax.
• C: Fumigation in agriculture typically requires tarp over soil. In this study, capping the sample jars in the
laboratory study achieved the same effect.
Decontamination of Nursery Potting Soil with Chlorine Dioxide
Craig Ramsey (Presenter), Steven Newman | U.S. Department of Agriculture
Abstract
The goal of the study was to determine whether chlorine dioxide could be an alternative biocide for methyl
bromide applications to decontaminate nursery potting soil. The study objective was to evaluate the microbial
efficacy of nine different formulations of chlorine dioxide in a soil column study, using soil respiration as the
microbial response variable. Chlorine dioxide formulations were applied to a mix of potting soil (75%) and play
sand (25%) that was added to 12" tall soil columns made of ABS plastic. Six of the chlorine dioxide formulations
were granules that converted into a gas phase fumigant, upon contact with an activator. Three of the
formulations were applied as liquids that saturated the soil, which released the chlorine dioxide that was diffused
as a gas in the liquid. Soil respiration was measured with a LICOR 6400 XT gas exchange instrument, before the
biocide application and 38 and 60 days after application. Soil respiration is the combined carbon dioxide flux from
both soil microbes, and soil organic matter reactions and decay. The soil respiration flux averaged 5.3 u.mol
CO2/m2/s, across all the soil columns, before chlorine dioxide was added to the soil. The untreated control had a
soil respiration rate of 2.96 u.mol CO2/m2/s at 60 days after treatment (DAT). At 60 DAT there were six
formulations with respiration rates below the average untreated, control rate. The chlorine dioxide formulation
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with the lowest respiration flux was a granule + activator (1.5g + 6g), which had a flux of 0.99 u.mol CO2/m2/s, at
60 days after treatment. This is a 67% reduction in soil respiration when compared to the untreated, control, at
two months after treatment. Oxidant biocides breakdown rapidly in the soil, are relatively inexpensive, and have
potential to be a good alternative to methyl bromide treatments for decontamination of soil.
There were no questions for this presenter.
Test Method Development to Evaluate Hot, Humid Air Decontamination of Materials
Contaminated with Bacillus Anthracis ASterne and B. Thuringiensis Al Hakam Spores
T.L Buhr, A.A. Young (Presenter), Z.A. Minter, CM. Wells, D.C. McPherson, C.L. Hooban, C.A. Johnson, E.J. Prokop, J.R.
Crigler | Naval Surface Warfare Center, Dahlgren Division
Abstract
Aims: To develop test methods and evaluate the survival of Bacillus anthracis ASterne and Bacillus thuringiensis Al
Hakam spores after exposure to hot, humid air.
Methods and Results: Spores (>7 logs) of both strains were dried on six different test materials. Response surface
methodology was employed to identify the limits of spore survival at optimal test combinations of temperature
(60, 68, 77°C), relative humidity (60, 75, 90%) and time (1, 4, 7 days). No spores survived the harshest test run
(77°C, 90% R.H., 7 days), while > 6.5 logs of spores survived the mildest test run (60°C, 60% R.H.,1 day). Spores of
both strains inoculated on nylon webbing and polypropylene had greater survival rates at 68°C, 75% R.H., 4 days
than spores on other materials. Electron microscopy showed no obvious physical damage to spores using hot,
humid air, which contrasted with pH-adjusted bleach decontamination.
Conclusions: Test methods were developed to show that hot, humid air effectively inactivates 6. anthracis
ASterne and 6. thuringiensis Al Hakam spores with similar kinetics.
Significance and Impact of the Study: Hot, humid air is a potential alternative to conventional chemical
decontamination.
Questions, Answers, and Comments
• C&Q: Decontamination and mechanisms that destroy spores differ by approach. According to FIFRA, surrogates
should be as resistant as or slightly more resistant than the agent they are meant to represent. The
appropriateness of any surrogate should first be verified for any decon approach, using side-by-side
studies. Surrogates should not be chosen based upon their genetic homology to an agent or their similarities
with regards to cellular architecture. Surrogates must be chosen based upon similarities in kill kinetics, when
using them for decon studies. Exosporiums have been shown by Thompson et al. not to confer chemical, heat,
or UV resistance. Did you first check the similarities with regards to heat resistance of Bt Al Hakam when
compared to virulent strains of B. anthracis?
• A: Agree, surrogates should be chosen based on similar resistance. We picked a temperature/RH/exposure
length because we knew had complete kill; than reduced temp/RH based on info from manufacturers to
preserve integrity of materials.
• C: The US Air Force brought this technology to the researchers; a full-scale demonstration will begin May 2014
based on trials performed on two different aircraft; method will heat both sides of the aircraft (interior and
exterior) inside a portable hangar in a controlled manner.
• C: Thermophiles were used in the initial trial but they did not survive as well; data are available, though.
• C: One should find a surrogate that is very close to actual Ba to avoid having to raise temperature or relative
humidity higher than needed.
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Aerosol Delivery of Liquid Decontaminants: A Novel Approach for Decontamination of
Complex Interior Spaces
Mark Tucker | Sandia National Laboratories
Abstract
A fundamental technology gap exists for the decontamination of chemical and biological warfare agents in "hard-
to-reach places" such as aircraft interiors, other vehicle platforms, and other complex interior spaces. Direct
application of liquid formulations to these spaces is difficult. Therefore, methods such as gas- or vapor-based
technologies are better suited to decontaminate these spaces. However, most gas and vapor technologies have
significant shortcomings because they are toxic and/or corrosive and can be difficult to deploy.
Liquid decontaminants have a greater flexibility in formulation than gas- or vapor-phase decontaminants and
consequently can be made with lower toxicity and corrosivity properties. Typically a liquid decontaminant is
directly applied by spraying or foaming making application to hidden surfaces in complex geometries difficult. An
alternative to direct application of liquids to surfaces is the use of aerosol-delivered decontaminants. Aerosols
can remain airborne for a long enough time to be transported by airflow into hidden regions of complex
geometries and in this sense resemble the application of a gas- or vapor-phase decontaminant. Aerosol delivery
of decontamination materials is a novel, innovative approach to decontamination allowing liquid decontaminant
materials to be delivered to surfaces with complex geometries and hidden areas. This method has the potential to
be as effective as toxic and corrosive gas- or vapor- phase decontamination methods with the advantage of a
much simpler delivery system using more benign decontamination materials, which can be selected and
optimized based on the application and agent of interest.
We have conducted several projects that have significantly advanced the science and understanding of aerosol
delivery of liquid decontaminants in complex, confined spaces. Through modeling and experimentation, we have
investigated the fundamental parameters of this approach such as droplet penetration, size, charge, deposition
rate, and impact angle resulting in a detailed understanding of the process variables. One project, the Aerosolized
Activated Hydrogen Peroxide (AAHP) project, was funded by the Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) with
the objective of developing an aerosol system for decontamination of vehicle interiors. Aerosols of modified
Sandia-developed DF-200 were deployed in a large test chamber to investigate the effectiveness of penetration of
aerosols into small spaces to uniformly coat surfaces. Excellent film uniformity was observed at depths of greater
than 24 inches into small, tight spaces. Tests were also conducted using the anthrax simulant Bacillus globigii
spores to investigate the effectiveness of aerosolized-delivered decontamination formulations in penetrating
complex geometries to kill spores. Complete kill of spores occurred in less than one hour with very little
decontamination agent. Additionally, a project investigating spore kill with the sequential aerosol-based delivery
of a "germination solution" (to cause spores to convert into vegetative cells) followed by aerosol delivery of a
mild "kill solution" (to kill the vegetative cells) was conducted. High levels of kill of Bacillus globigii spores were
also achieved with this method.
There were no questions for this presenter.
19. Concurrent Sessions 5
Water and Waste Water Management
Moderated by Marissa Lynch
Selected Projects of EPA's Homeland Security Research Program (HSRP) for Water
and Wastewater Treatment and Decontamination
Matthew Magnuson | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Homeland Security Research Center
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Abstract
Selected results for HSRP projects for drinking water and wastewater treatment and system decontamination
following chemical, biological, and radiological (CBR) contamination incidents will be briefly presented. Please
contact the presenter for more details. Some projects will also be discussed in separate presentations.
MANAGEMENT AND TREATMENT OF COPIOUS AMOUNTS OF CBR CONTAMINATED WATER AND WASTEWATER
RESIDUALS:
1) Investigation of advanced oxidation processes (AOP) for treatment and disposal of contaminated water prior
to release into public sewer (collection) systems. This work studies the ability of AOPs to break down chemical
contaminants in order to make the resulting wastewater suitable for public sewer discharge, i.e., so that it
does not harm "normal" plant operations.
2) Fate of Organophosphates (OPs) in municipal wastewater treatment systems. Investigates the ability of
municipal wastewater treatment activated sludge to biodegrade and sorb OPs.
3) Inactivation of Bacillus spores in decontamination wash down wastewater using chlorine bleach solution. The
goal of this work is data that supports National Response Team guidelines for using household bleach to treat
wash down wastewater generated during a cleanup of B. anthracis spores.
4) Inactivation of bacterial bioterrorism agents in water. This report summarizes seven drinking water
inactivation studies using non-disease causing surrogates for Bacillus anthracis and other microbes identified
as potential bioterrorism agents.
5) Irreversible wash aid additive for Cs-137 contamination. The additive consists of a solution to wash down
contaminated structures, roadways, and vehicles and a sequestering agent to bind the radionuclides from the
wash water and render them environmentally immobile. The sequestering agent also facilitates separation of
the radionuclides from the bulk water for transport and disposal.
DECONTAMINATION AND RESTORATION OF CRITICAL WATER AND WASTEWATER INFRASTRUCTURE:
1) State of science review of water system decon. This summarizes the publically available research on
decontamination of drinking water infrastructure and gives suggestions about what the best path may be for
decontamination of CBR contaminants and future research directions.
2) Persistence and removal of CBR contaminants from drinking water pipes studied with USEPA's pipe
decontamination experimental design (PDED). This work simulates drinking water pipes adsorbing toxic
chemicals that are introduced either accidentally or intentionally. The PDED allows multiple labs to generate
reproducible and comparable data regarding to adsorption and removal of contaminants.
3) Impact of CBR contaminated sediments on flushing and decontamination of drinking water storage facilities.
Sediments in water storage tanks and reservoirs can serve as sinks for contaminants and must be taken into
account when developing treatment and decontamination strategies. This research is focused on better
understanding the adherence and persistence of selected contaminants on storage facility sediments and
methods for flushing and decontamination.
4) Decision support tools for responding to water distribution incidents. This project examines a combination of
isolation and flushing strategies to develop response action plans. It also evaluates response strategies for
water distribution systems using computerized simulation studies.
There were no questions for this presenter.
NHSRC Drinking Water Infrastructure Decontamination Overview
Jeff Szabo (Presenter), Scott Minamyer | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Homeland Security Research
Center
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Abstract
EPA's National Homeland Security Research Center (NHSRC) recently released a report titled "Decontamination of
Drinking Water Infrastructure: A Literature Review and Summary". This report summarizes data from the open
literature on chemical, biological and radiological contaminant persistence on drinking water infrastructure and
the effectiveness of decontamination methods. The report includes suggestions for future research based on
current data gaps and provides insight into how persistence and decontamination data could be applied to a real
contamination event. Using the report results, this presentation will include a summary of the present state of
decontamination research in drinking water for chemical, biological and radiological agents. Data will be
presented for nine chemical agents. Biological agents will be divided into spore forming bacteria, vegetative
bacteria and viruses. Radiological agents will include cesium, strontium and cobalt. The presentation will also
cover the future direction of decontamination research in drinking water systems for NHSRC. This discussion will
include the proposed work in the decontamination pipe loop at the Test and Evaluation Facility in Cincinnati, OH
as well as the Water Security Test Bed at Idaho National Laboratory in Idaho Falls, ID.
Questions, Answers, and Comments
• Q: You said that the radiological materials were only effectively removed under acidic conditions. Can you clarify
what is meant by acidic?
• A: This is only referring to Co; other materials were not tested. Acidic meant about pH of 2. Changes from Co-2
to Co-3 makes Co insoluble.
• Q: In the literature review everything is in public domain. Are there concerns about providing information?
• A: Yes, there is a concern. This information goes through an intense security review before release to the public.
Demonstration of Unit Operations for the Irreversible Wash Aid Additive for Cs-137
Contamination
Michael Kaminski (Presenter) | Argonne National Laboratory
Matthew Magnuson | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Homeland Security Research Center
Jack Schwalbach | Separmatic Filter Systems
Dennis Barkenmeyer | HESCO Bastion Environmental, Inc.
Abstract
The Irreversible Wash Aid Additive process has been under development by the U.S. EPA and Argonne National
Laboratory. The process for radioactive cesium mitigation consists of a solution to wash down contaminated
structures, roadways, and vehicles and a sequestering agent to bind the radionuclides from the wash water and
render them environmentally immobile. The sequestering agent also facilitates separation of the radionuclides
from the bulk water for transport and disposal. The wash solution is designed to be easily disseminated by first
responders using eductors and nozzles already used by firefighters to distribute foaming agent.
To elaborate, the wash solution consists of a salt solution with a surfactant additive to improve the wettability of
asphalt and other hydrophobic surfaces. The salts that we found work best are potassium and ammonium. A
saturated, surfactant brine can be created in smaller tanks and drawn into a fire hose by the educator system to
achieve the desired salt concentration (>0.1 molarity and preferably 0.5M molarity).
Based on the literature and experiments, the sequestering agents of choice are montmorillonite and vermiculite
clay with vermiculite being preferred. The clay is distributed across the ground in the affected zone and within the
artificial reservoirs set-up downgrade from the wash activities.
We expect to contain the contaminated water for filtration and reuse by deploying a system of berms to create
reservoirs at the street level. As the wash waters and clay material collect in the reservoirs, we will begin slurry
collection and filtration operations. From experiment, we expect up to 80% of the cesium to be bound within the
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clay sequestering agent within the reservoir. Additional separations can reduce contamination levels to permit
wash water reuse or disposal.
Disposal of materials is a key aspect of the technology. By using the clay and filtration system, we can be
reasonably assured that the wash waters will be suitable for direct disposal as treated waters (not low-level
radioactive liquid waste).
Recently, the process was demonstrated at the Wide-Area Recovery and Resiliency Program meeting under the
Department of Homeland Security and the Denver Urban Area Security Initiative. We down-selected technologies
for integration and demonstration at the pilot-scale level. The scope of the demonstration included the primary
unit operations of the Irreversible Wash Aid Additive technology - wash down, collection, and filtration of
"radioactive" wash waters. With the technologies selected, we coordinated with local city and public works
officials, regional EPA, and federal officials to establish a location for the demonstration and logistics for receipt of
materials. We will summarize the demonstration and the lesson's learned.
Questions, Answers, and Comments
• Q: In real world application, is there a necessity for more contact between material and the water; does the
decanted water [which contains the radionuclides] have enough contact for sufficient mixing?
• A: I don't think there is sufficient contact as shown here. The clay settles quickly and a lot of it might not be
transported to the filtration system but there are ways of improving the mixing. People that remove sludge out
of cooling towers have a similar problem, and they have a pump system that circulates water continuously
within the basin so there is always a slurry instead of supernatant. Thus, [the system shown here] could have a
mixing system added on the front end to ensure good mixing, followed by transport of the slurry into the
filtration system.
• Q: When washing the truck, it collected 6-8 inches of water. How long would it take to pump 6-8 inches of
water?
• A: I don't have a per-horsepower of pump measurement, but the size of the pump is the limitation. No one
[commercial firm] has the ability to store big inventory of large pumps; that is the limit on the flow through. The
biggest of the pumps are made to order.
• Q: Did you observe any leakage?
• A: There was a bit of leakage that we saw. The surface was fairly smooth with the setup of the berm across a
divot to see how it did. That wasn't where the leakage was. Leakage [the water seen outside the berm] might
have only been from original water pumping. Berms [from this supplier] are designed for the containment of
water despite a large head behind them. They [the supplier] were confident [because of the normal deployment
scenarios for the berms] that they would work even on city streets with curbs and irregularities.
Radiocesium, Radiostrontium and Radiocobalt Sorption/Desorption on Components of
Drinking Water Distribution Systems
A. Konoplev, V. Popov, I. Stepina (Presenter) | RPA "Typhoon"
J. Szabo | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Homeland Security Research Center
Abstract
The objective of the work is to investigate the fate of dissolved radiocesium, radiostrontium and radiocobalt
deposited on components of drinking water distribution systems (iron, copper, plastic and concrete pipes) for
developing effective decontamination techniques and strategies. The research was performed in frame of
International Science and Technology Center (ISTC) Project # 4007.
Sections of drinking water pipes made of four different materials: iron, concrete lined iron, copper and
polyvinylchloride have been mounted vertically in the lab and fed from the bottom by a radionuclide solution in
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tap water using a peristaltic pump MasterFlex 77120-62. The experiments were designed so that the water pipe
could be regarded as a closed or open-type chemical reactors.
It was found that radionuclide distribution in the tap water - water supply pipe system strongly depends on the
pipe material. 60Co was sorbed very well by all types of pipes except the copper pipe. Only 1.5-3% of the spiked
60Co is desorbed by tap water. Note should also be made of the high sorption of 85Sr by two types of iron pipes
(the sorption being 98%). The desorption of 85Sr from these pipes by tap water was only 2.5-4.5%. The sorption of
137Cs by plastic pipe was not high and equal to 2.9%, and practically all sorbed 137Cs was desorbed by tap water.
About 30% of 137Cs was sorbed and 7% desorbed by the iron pipe without coating.
The use of 0.1M solution of tartaric acid for decontaminating these pipes is an effective measure for their
decontamination from radionuclides besides concrete lined iron pipe because of neutralizing of the acid by
60 f
coating. 0.1M EDTA solution was found as efficient desorbing agent for Co from the pipes. This solution
extracted all sorbed 60Co from the iron pipes, and about 80% of 60Co from concrete and plastic pipes.
There were no questions for this presenter.
20. General Session 5
Foreign Animal Disease Research
Moderated by Joe Wood and Benjamin Franco
Decontamination of Agricultural Facilities Following a Bioterrorism Attack or Disease
Outbreak: Learning from Outbreaks of Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Virginia
Gary Flory (Presenter), Robert Peer | Virginia Department of Environmental Quality
Abstract
The food supply represents a high-risk vulnerability for every nation. The food and agricultural sector of the U.S.
economy contributes as much as $1 trillion to the Gross Domestic Product and accounts for an estimated 15
percent of the total workforce. The decontamination of agricultural facilities following infection—either
intentional or unintentional—with biological agents poses a significant challenge to recovery.
Outbreaks of low pathogenic avian influenza in Virginia in 1983, 1999, 2002 and 2007 have resulted in the
development of decontamination protocols that have been tested and improved under full-scale disease
eradication conditions. These same procedures can provide valuable insights when preparing facility
decontamination protocols for other biological agents.
This presentation will address lessons learned from the Virginia experience and include the following topics to
support the development and enhancement of agricultural facility decontamination procedures:
• Timing of depopulation and carcass disposal activities
• On-site and off-site carcass disposal methods
• Transportation of infected materials
• Litter/manure management
• Sealing structures and controlling access
• Pest management inside and outside of the effected structures
• Cleaning structures and equipment
• Disinfectant selection
• Disinfecting large areas
• Disinfecting porous surfaces
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• Environmental sampling
• Quarantine release
It is our desire that sharing these lessons and supporting the transfer of these principles to broader biological
agent response efforts will result in a higher level of preparedness and as a result, reduce the desirability of the
use of these agents by those wishing to do us harm.
Questions, Answers, and Comments
• Q: How did Virginia facilitate cooperation between agricultural and environmental agencies and the agricultural
industry?
• A: A Poultry Disease Task Force was developed in Virginia following the 2002 outbreak to keep processes up-to-
date and ensure readiness. We have now created a task force for large animal industry and found that
establishing relationships between agencies is key.
• Q: In Virginia, who pays for depopulation, disposal and decontamination procedures following a disease
outbreak like Avian Influenza?
• A: Because Virginia has an approved avian influenza response plan, our activities were funded by the Indemnity
Program through the Federal Government.
Animal Disease Outbreak Emergency Response
Michael Mayes (Presenter), Jimmy Tickel | North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services
Abstract
The North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (NCDA&CS) has been tasked as the lead
agency to research logistical issues related to a Foreign Animal Disease (FAD) outbreak in the United States. The
logistical issues of the project are transporting, permitting, decontamination, and disposal of diseased animal
carcasses.
This project focuses on developing a model of best transportation guidelines for hauling diseased cargo intra and
interstate as the need would arise during an outbreak. This effort, entitled "Animal Disease Outbreak Emergency
Response Logistical Infrastructure - North Carolina Region", will focus on the dairy and swine industries. This is
part of an umbrella project in which West Texas A&M will research the same logistical issues within the beef
cattle industry.
Of primary concern are how to decontaminate vehicles prior to and during transport, as well as equipment and
personnel at disposal facilities. The project will look at issues regarding decontamination of all facilities and
equipment after the outbreak is contained. Furthermore, the project will consider how to safely move infected
carcasses without further disease propagation.
To insure a national perspective and gain consensus, experts from the State of North Carolina will collaborate
with other states' experts to identify areas for movement of infected carcasses within the guidelines established
by this project. In this project, a draft model will be designed within North Carolina using experts from the state,
and then with collaboration with other states' experts across the nation, information will be gathered to refine
and expand the draft model. The final model will be offered to USDA as a best guidelines approach to safely
transport and dispose of infected carcasses.
Questions, Answers, and Comments
• Q: Is this effort pointing towards on-farm composting?
• A: Yes, composting is an option.
• C: The sequence and timing of the process is complicated and variable.
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Portable Vehicle Wash Tunnel
Bob Henderson | Integrated Solutions For Systems (IS4S)
No slides were made available for inclusion.
Abstract
Highly contagious foreign animal disease (FAD) outbreaks such as Foot and Mouth Disease and Vesicular
Stomatitis for cattle and highly pathogenic avian influenza for poultry can have devastating impacts on export
markets, the economic stability of farms, and world confidence in the integrity of the US food supply. Lost export
business, and containment and eradication costs are the main sources of financial loss. If not contained in a
timely manner, a single outbreak can wreak havoc in the marketplace and invoke long term financial and logistic
impacts.
Complete recovery from the disease is not complete until the outbreak is contained and the pathogen(s) are
eliminated. The primary means of spreading FAD are through the movement of contaminated material such as
soil, animal bedding, or infected livestock through human and vehicular transport. Rapid boundary and access
control with effective disinfection at ingress/egress points is the key to minimizing propagation.
Disinfection of humans and vehicles is difficult and expensive. Conventional portable vehicle wash stations are
large, difficult to transport, and require substantial human and logistic support. The costs of decontamination
necessarily increase the overall cost of the containment effort for as long as the outbreak continues.
The Portable Vehicle Wash Tunnel system provides a reliable, easily deployable, autonomous vehicle wash system
that can rapidly disinfect small and large vehicles at a reasonable cost. The tunnel can disinfect a 70 ft, 18
wheeled heavy truck in less than 13 minutes at a cost of approximately $34.15. At full capacity, a single tunnel can
process over 110 heavy trucks or 240 passenger cars every 24 hours. This represents a significant reduction in
cost and time over conventional decontamination methods.
The Portable Vehicle Wash Tunnel system is available in short (35 ft.) and long (80 ft.) lengths. Both are available
in single and dual lane versions, and all variants are transportable in a small trailer. All be deployed by two to four
people in less than 4 hours. The system is fully autonomous and can be operated bi-directionally. Other
applications include rapid response decontamination for vehicles and people during bio-terrorism attacks and
nuclear plant incidents.
Questions, Answers, and Comments
• C: A full-scale wheel wash and tread wash system might be implemented later.
• C: The tunnel is divided into three zones and the middle zone is the largest. It is subdivided into six zones,
however, it cannot shut off the top wash only.
• C: The beginning of a wash outside the tunnel is a common approach. Any reaerosolization/spread of pathogens
during that process is going into the contaminated area. One could add a section onto the tunnel as area for
triage.
• C: To clean farm equipment in a cold setting, it takes four people who could work maximum of two hours at a
time. The process took four hours to complete. Assuming the labor rate & benefits is $100/hr/person, replacing
that setup with one of these units is paid for quickly.
Combustion of Contaminated Livestock in a Pilot-Scale Air Curtain Burner
P. Lemieux (Presenter), J. Wood, W. Calfee | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
B. Hall | ARCADIS
Abstract
In the event of a foreign animal disease (FAD) outbreak, the response will likely include decontamination of
agricultural sites, depopulation of affected livestock, and disposal of the resulting animal carcasses. For highly
Conference Report
74
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contagious FADs such as foot and mouth disease (FMD) virus, on-farm disposal is preferred so that additional
contamination is minimized. One transportable technology for on-farm disposal of contaminated animal
carcasses is air curtain burners (ACBs). ACBs are mobile incinerators that utilize the general concept that a high-
volume sheet of air is blown at a slight downward angle across the top of, and into, an open-topped combustion
vessel. The air serves a dual purpose: 1) combustion is enhanced (when compared to open burning) by providing
a steady supply of forced excess air with turbulent mixing resulting in higher temperatures and more thorough
consumption of the solid materials used as fuel as well as any other combustible materials fed into the burn
chamber (e.g., animal carcasses); and 2) the injection of the air at a slightly incident angle forms a "curtain" that
creates a recirculation zone that serves to encourage burnout of unburned materials prior to release into the
atmosphere. ACBs have been deployed on numerous occasions by the U.S. Forest Service and the U.S. Army
Corps of Engineers for the reduction of vegetative waste and in some cases for destruction of animal carcasses.
ACBs can be mobilized to where they're needed as a potential means of reducing the waste volume while
minimizing potentially harmful environmental impacts and spread of pathogens. This presentation reports on a
series of tests at the pilot-scale, to identify and analyze operational issues as well as efficacy of spore destruction
while processing large amounts of animal carcasses in an ACB. The tests utilized Cornish game hens as the animal
carcasses, which were inoculated with G. stearothermophilus spores. A combination of aerosol and wipe sampling
was used to characterize residual spores remaining after the test burns.
Questions, Answers, and Comments
C: There is limited data for these air curtain burners on a field scale; the state of Virginia has data after burning
641,000 carcasses that they could share; also a high interest in viral surrogates was expressed.
Conference Report
75
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APPENDIX A
Agenda
Appendix A
A-l
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DAY 1: TUESDAY, November 5, 2013
Auditorium, C-111
7:30 AM
Registration Begins
8:15 AM
Welcome and Logistics
Shawn Ryan, Lukas Oudejans | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Homeland Security from the EPA's Office of Research and Development Perspective
Lek Kadeli | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Purpose and Objectives of the Conference
Gregory Sales | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Introduction of the Keynote Speaker
PeterJutro| U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
9:00 AM
Keynote Speaker
Decontamination: Can You Tell Decision Makers What They Need to Know After (and Before) a CBRN
Attack?
Richard Danzig | Former Secretary of the Navy and Vice-Chair of the RAND Corporation Board of trustees
9:45-10:10 Break
General Session 1—Outcome Tabletop Exercise, Guidance, and Response
Auditorium, C-111. Presentations and Q&A moderated by Hiba Ernst and Richard Rupert
10:10 AM
The Role of the Private Sector in the Assessment and Remediation of Areas Impacted by a CBRNE
Incident
Carl Brown I Environment Canada
10:35 AM
U.K. Recovery Guidance and Advice for the Remediation of the Environment Following a Chemical
Incident (The U.K. Recovery Handbook for Chemical Incidents)
Stacey Wyke | Public Health England
11:00 AM
Cleaning up Afterwards. The UK Recovery Handbook for Biological Incidents
Alan Bennett | Public Health England
11:25 AM
Research Activities of the Japan National Institute of Environmental Studies on Fukushima Nuclear
Power Plant Accident
Noriuki Suzuki | National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan
11:50-1:00 Lunch
1:00 PM
Hazard Mitigation Science and Technology Program for the DoD Chemical and Biological Defense
Program (CBDP)
Charles Bass | Defense Threat Reduction Agency
1:25 PM
U.K. Government Decontamination Service (GDS)
Sara Casey | Government Decontamination Service, United Kingdom
1:50 PM
Biological Response and Recovery Science and Technology Roadmap
Brooke Pearson | Cubic Applications, Inc.
General Session 2—Decision Support Tools
Auditorium, C-111A/B/C. Presentations and Q&A moderated by Leroy Mickelsen and Timothy Boe.
2:00 PM
Utilization of the QUIC Urban T&D Modeling System for Pre-Planning, Sensor Siting, and Post-Event
Appendix A
A-2
-------
2:20 PM
2:30 PM
Analysis of CBR Dispersal Events
Michael Brown | Los Alamos National Laboratory
A Comprehensive Decision Support Tool for Agricultural Security
Robert Knowlton | Sandia National Laboratories
Toward Feasible Sampling Plans
Landon Sego | Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
2:40-3:00 Break
3:00 PM
3:10 PM
3:20 PM
3:30 PM
3:40 PM
3:50 PM
4:00 PM
4:30 PM
Decision Support Toolset for Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) Crisis Management
Brooke Pearson | Cubic Applications, Inc.
Tactical Dynamic Operational Guided Sampling (TacDOGS) Tool for the Transatlantic Collaborative
Biological Resiliency Demonstration (TaCBRD) Program
Dan Dutrow | John Hopkins University APL
Decon ST: Decontamination Strategy and Technology Selection Tool
Donna Edwards | Sandia National Laboratories
Carcass Management Decision Support Tools
Brooke Pearson | Cubic Applications, Inc.
Waste Estimation Support Tool: An Overview, Updates, and Demonstration
Timothy Boe | Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education
Interactive All Hazards Waste Management Plan Development Tool
Anna Tschursin | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Panel Discussion
Decision Support Tools Demonstration:
Auditorium, Clll A/B/C and C114
5:30 PM Day 1 Adjourns
Appendix A
A-3
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DAY 2: WEDNESDAY, November 6, 2013
8:00 AM
Reflections on Day 1
Juan Reyes | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
General Session 3—Risk Communication and Systems Approach
Auditorium, C-111A/B/C. Presentations and Q&A moderated by Brendan Doyle
8:15 AM
Professional and Public Perceptions of Information Needs During a Drinking Water Contamination
Event
Cynthia Yund | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
8:40 AM
Perceptions of Risk Communication Messages During a Long-Term Biological Remediation
Charlena Bowling | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
9:05 AM
A Systems Approach to Characterizing the Social Environment for Decontamination and Resilience
Keely Maxwell | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
General Session 3—Food Safety-Decontamination and Disposal Issues
Auditorium, C-111. Presentations and Q&A moderated by Brendan Doyle
9:30 AM
Intentional Contamination of Food: Detection, Decontamination, and Disposal Research and Needs
Nicholas Bauer | Food Safety and Inspection Service
9:55-10:20 Break
Concurrent Sessions 1
10:20 AM
Biological Agent
Decontamination
Auditorium, C-111A/B/C.
Presentations and Q&A moderated by
Shawn Ryan
Smart Aqueous Gels and Foams for RB
Decontamination
Sylvain Faure | CEA Marcoule, France
Chemical Agent Sampling and Detection
C-113
Presentations and Q&A moderated by
Stuart Willison
Decontamination Screening Techniques Used At
U.S. Army Chemical Agent Disposal Facilities and
Applications for Clearing Contaminated Areas
Theodore Ruff | Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention
10:45 AM
Anthrax Decontamination of a Mock Office
Using Low Level Chlorine Dioxide Fumigation
Matthew Clayton | ARCADIS
Multi-Laboratory Study of Analytical Protocols
for Chemical Warfare Agents in Environmental
Matrices
Romy Campisano | U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency
11:10 AM
Methyl Iodide Fumigation of Bacillus Anthracis
Spores
Mark Sutton | Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratory
Accelerated Clean-up of A Residential Site Using
On-site Analytics
Lawrence Kaelin | U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency
Appendix A
A-4
-------
11:35 AM
Gruinard Island Returns to Civil Use
Stephen Hibbs | Defence Science & Technology
Laboratories, United Kingdom
Advancing the Trace Atmospheric Gas Analyzer
(TAGA) Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer
Fitted with an Atmospheric Pressure Chemical
lonization (APCI) Source to Provide Analytical
Assistance for a Chemical Warfare Agent (CWA)
Release
Dave Mickunas | U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency
12:00-1:00 Lunch
Concurrent Sessions 2
1:00 PM
Biological Agent Sampling and
Detection
Auditorium, C-111A/B/C.
Presentations and Q&A moderated by
Worth Calfee
Radiological Agent Fate, Transport, and
Decontamination
C-113.
Presentations and Q&A moderated by
Jeff Szabo
Development of Processing Protocols for
Vacuum Sampling Devices
Laura Rose | Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention
Migration of Radiocesium, Radiostrontium and
Radiocobalt in Urban Building Materials and
their Wash-Off by Rainwater
Aleksei Konoplev | RPA "Typhoon", Russia
1:25 PM
Evaluation of Surface Sampling for Bacillus
Spores Using Commercially-Available Cleaning
Robots
Leroy Mickelsen | U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency
Scalability Challenges for Deployment of
Commercially Available Radiological
Decontamination Technologies in the Wide Area
Urban Environment
John Drake | U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency
1:50 PM
Evaluation of Commercial Off the Shelf (COTS)
Biological Detection Technologies for Transition
to First Responder Community
Rachel Bartholomew | Pacific Northwest National
Laboratory
Sorption and Speciation of 137Cs, 60Co and 85Sr in
Building Materials
Katerina Maslova | RPA "Typhoon", Russia
2:15 PM
Evaluation of Effect of Decontamination Agents
on the Rapid Viability PCR Method for Detection
of Bacillus Anthracis Spores
Sanjiv Shah | U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency
Humic Acid-Based Sorbents for Area
Decontamination
Andrey Sosnov | NP OrCheMed, Russia; presented
by Carl Brown | Environment Canada
Appendix A
A-5
-------
Poster Session
Building B Atrium
2:40-4:00
Poster Session of the Decontamination R&D Conference
Join us in the Building B Atrium to view posters and interact with poster presenters.
Surface and Vapour Decontamination by Aerosolized Micro-Emulsion Decontaminant
Development of Solid Peracetic Acid (PES-Solid) for Decontamination
On-Site qPCR for Detection of Biological Threat Agents - Sources of Measurement
Uncertainty
Survival and Demise of Biological or Chemical Agents in Municipal Solid Waste Landfill
Leachate
Method of Improving Chemical Resistance of Coatings by Surface Modification.
Sample Sizes and Placement of Tests Following Building / Area Decontamination
Technology Evaluation of Army Toxicity Sensors
Identification of Hazard Mitigation Agents to Neutralize Dry Powder Biological Materials
Decontamination of Surfaces Exposed to Organophosphates by Vapor Phase Hydrogen Pe
Rapid Uptake of Cesium and Americium by Sequestering Agents from Complex
Decontamination Solutions
Energy Density-Response Relationships of Bacterial Spores to Ultraviolet Radiation: a Test of
Haber's Law
Can You Beat a Garden Sprayer? Novel Methods of Decontamination of Bacillus anthracis
Contaminated Soil
Degradation of Aerosolized BG Spores via Ultraviolet Light
Use of Fixatives to Prevent Bacillus anthracis Spore Reaerosolization
I-WASTE: EPA's Suite of Homeland Security Decision Support Tools for Waste and Disaster
Debris Management and Disposal
Assessment of Contamination Following Simulated Chemical and Biological Attacks in a Public
Building
Screening Bacillus thuringiensis Isolates for Characteristics that Simulate B. anthracis and are
Useful for Environmental Tests
Decontamination of Materials Contaminated with Bacillus anthracis and Bacillus thuringiensis
Al Hakam Spores Using PES-Solid, a Solid Source of Peracetic Acid
UV-C Decontamination of Aerosolized and Surface Bound Single Spores and Bioclusters
Decontamination, Decommissioning and Closure of the U.S. Chemical Stockpile Disposal
Facilities
Appendix A
A-6
-------
Concurrent Sessions 3
Biological Agent Fate
and Transport
Auditorium, C-111A/B/C.
Presentations and Q&A moderated by Marshall
Gray
Chemical Agent Fate, Persistence and
Transport
C-113.
Presentations and Q&A moderated by
Larry Kaelin
4:00 PM
4:25 PM
4:40 PM
5:05 PM
Reaerosolisation of Bacterial Spores from Indoor
Surfaces
Allan Bennett | Public Health England
Informing Response and Recovery Decisions:
The Scientific Program on Reaerosolization and
Exposure (SPORE), A Program Overview
Marshall Gray | U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency
Quantitative Analysis of Resuspension
Russell Wiener | U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency
Experimental and Sampling Design for a
Quantitative Investigation of the Resuspension
of Anthrax and Surrogates under Controlled
Conditions
Alfred Eisner | ALIGN
Predictive Modeling of Transport Processes at
Environmental Interfaces Following Chemical or
Radiological Contamination
James Hunt
Adsorption and Desorption of Chemical Warfare
Agents on Activated Carbons: Impact of
Temperature and Relative Humidity
Lukas Oudejans | U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency
5:30 PM Day 2 Adjourns
Appendix A
A-7
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DAY 3: THURSDAY, November 7, 2013
General Session 4—Low Tech/Self Help
Auditorium, C-111A/B/C. Presentations and Q&A moderated by Emily Snyder and Charlie Fitzsimmons
8:00 AM
Assessment of ROD Contamination Removal from Laundering Soft Porous and Bulky Materials
Karen Riggs | Battelle
8:25 AM
Evaluation of Compressed Air Dusting and Vacuuming for Radiological Decontamination of Sensitive
Equipment
Ryan James | Battelle
8:50 AM
Efficacy of Sporicidal Wipes on Select Surfaces
Kathryn Meyer | Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education
9:15 AM
Inactivation of Bacillus Spores in Decontamination Wash Down Wastewater using Chlorine Bleach
Solution
Vincente Gallardo | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
9:40-10:00 Break
Concurrent Sessions 4
Biological Agent Persistence
Auditorium, C-111A/B/C
Presentations and Q&A moderated by
Matthew Maenuson
Chemical Agent Decontamination
C-113
Presentations and Q&A moderated by
Lukas Oudejans
10:00 AM
10:25 AM
A Large-Scale Soil Survey of Genetic Markers
Associated with Bacillus Anthracis and Bacillus
Species Across the Contiguous United States: A
Joint USGS/USEPA Project
Dale Griffin | U.S. Geological Survey
Persistence of Vegetative Bacillus Anthracis with
and without
Exposure to Ultraviolet Radiation to Simulate
Sunlight
Thomas Kelly | Battelle
Developing Decontamination Tools and
Approaches to Address Indoor Pesticide
Contamination from Improper Bed Bug
Treatments
Dan Stout | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Challenges in Lewisite Decontamination Studies
Harry Stone | Battelle
Water and Waste Water Management ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
10:50 AM
11:15 AM
Investigation into U.K. Capability to Manage
Contaminated Water
Carmel Ramwell | Food and Environment Research
Agency, United Kingdom
Decontamination for the Water Sector
Marissa Lynch | U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency
Advanced Absorbent Wipes for Personnel and
Personal Equipment Decontamination
Stuart Notman | Defence Science & Technology
Laboratories, United Kingdom
Large Panel CWA Efficacy Testing of Hazard
Mitigation Products and Processes
Adam Judd | Battelle
11:40 AM Lunch
Appendix A
A-8
-------
Concurrent Sessions 5
Biological Agent Decontamination
Auditorium, C-111A/B/C.
Presentations and Q&A moderated by
Sanjiv Shah
Water and Waste Water Management
C-113.
Presentations and Q&A moderated by
Marissa Lynch
1:00 PM
1:25 PM
1:50 PM
2:15 PM
Decontamination of Soil Contaminated with
Bacillus Anthracis Spores
Joe Wood | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Decontamination of Nursery Potting Soil with
Chlorine Dioxide
Craig Ramsey | U.S. Department of Agriculture
Test Method Development to Evaluate Hot,
Humid Air Decontamination of Materials
Contaminated with Bacillus Anthracis ASterne
and B. Thuringiensis Al Hakam Spores
Alice Young | Naval Surface Warfare Center,
Dahlgren Division
Aerosol Delivery of Liquid Decontaminants: A
Novel Approach for Decontamination of Complex
Interior Spaces
Mark Tucker | Sandia National Laboratories
Selected Projects of EPA's Homeland Security
Research Program (HSRP) for Water and
Wastewater Treatment and Decontamination
Matthew Magnuson | U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency
NHSRC Drinking Water Infrastructure
Decontamination Overview
Jeff Szabo | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Demonstration of Unit Operations for the
Irreversible Wash Aid Additive for Cs-137
Contamination
Mike Kaminski | Argonne National Laboratory
Radiocesium, Radiostrontium and Radiocobalt
Sorption/Desorption on Components of Drinking
Water Distribution Systems
Irina Stepina | RPA "Typhoon", Russia
2:40-3:00 Break
General Session 5 - Foreign Animal Disease Research
Auditorium, C-111A/B/C. Presentations and Q&A moderated by Joe Wood and Benjamin Franco
3:00 PM
3:25 PM
3:50 PM
4:15 PM
4:40 PM
Decontamination of Agricultural Facilities Following a Bioterrorism Attack or Disease Outbreak:
Learning from Outbreaks of Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Virginia
Gary Flory | Virginia Department of Environmental Quality
Animal Disease Outbreak Emergency Response
Michael Mayes | North Carolina Department of Agriculture
Portable Vehicle Wash Tunnel
Bob Henderson | Integrated Solutions for Systems
Combustion of Contaminated Livestock in a Pilot-Scale Air Curtain Burner
Paul Lemieux | U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Final Remarks
5:00 PM Conference Adjourns
Appendix A
A-9
-------
APPENDIX B
Attendance
Appendix B
B-l
-------
Name Affiliation
Nancy Adams
Bruce Akers
Brian Allen
Linda Ang
Anthony Arkell
Donald Bansleben
Rachel Bartholomew
Charles Bass
William Batt
Nicholas Bauer
William Bell
Allan Bennett
Doris Betancourt
Nathan Birnbaum
Timothy Boe
Charlena Bowling
Eletha Brady-Roberts
Carl Brown
Self, U.S.
North Carolina
Department of
Agriculture & Consumer
Services, U.S.
Missouri Department of
Natural Resources, U.S.
DSO National
Laboratories, Singapore
U.K. Government
Decontamination Service
Department of Homeland
Security, U.S.
Pacific Northwest
National Laboratory, U.S.
Defense Threat
Reduction Agency
(DTRA), U.S.
CTTSO/TSWG, U.S.
U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Food Safety
and Inspection Service
TDA Research, Inc., U.S.
Public Health England
(formerly Health
Protection Agency)
U.S. EPA
U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Animal and
Plant Health Inspection
Service
Oak Ridge Institute for
Science and Technology,
U.S. EPA
U.S. EPA
U.S. EPA
Environment Canada
Name Affiliation
Michael Brown
Kelly Brown
Tony Buhr
David Burford
Erik Burnett
Kathryn Burns
Joan Bursey
Kirkley Cain
Worth Calfee
Romy Campisano
Joseph Cappello
Michael Carpenter
Sara Casey
Kevin Choe
Matthew Clayton
Teresa Cremer
Beverly Cusworth
Sandra Da Silva
Joe Dalmasso
Richard Danzig
Los Alamos National
Laboratory, U.S.
MRIGIobal, U.S.
Naval Surface Warfare
Center Dahlgren Division,
U.S.
EPA START, U.S.
U.S. Special Operations
Command (SOCOM)
Naval Surface Warfare
Center Dahlgren Division,
U.S.
U.S. EPA
U.S. EPA
U.S. EPA
U.S. EPA
CUBRC, U.S.
Idaho National
Laboratory, U.S.
U.K. Government
Decontamination Service
We Green, Inc, South
Korea
ARCADIS, U.S.
BioSAFE Engineering, U.S.
Naval Surface Warfare
Center Dahlgren Division,
U.S.
National Institute of
Standards and
Technology, U.S.
Yakibou, Inc.
Former Secretary of the
Navy and Vice-Chair of
the RAND Corporation
Appendix B
B-2
-------
Name Affiliation
Matthew Davenport
Wendy Davis-Hoover
Amy Dean
Jeff Dellinger
Brendan Doyle
John Drake
Erin Durke Davis
Dan Dutrow
Rovelyn Dytioco
Donna Edwards
Alfred Eisner
Hiba Ernst
Anthony Evans
Susan Fairchild
Sylvain Faure
Richard Fitzpatrick
Charlie Fitzsimmons
Gary Flory
Francois Fontaine
Brian France
Benjamin Franco
The Johns Hopkins
University Applied
Physics University, U.S.
U.S. EPA
JPEO-CBD, U.S.
North Carolina DHHS
Public Health, U.S.
U.S. EPA
U.S. EPA
OptiMetrics, Inc./A DCS
Corp., U.S.
The Johns Hopkins
University Applied
Physics Laboratory, U.S.
Boeing, U.S.
Sandia National
Laboratories, U.S.
ALIGN, U.S.
U.S. EPA
FBI, U.S.
U.S. EPA
Commissariat for Atomic
Energy and Alternative
Energies (CEA), France
CUBRC, U.S.
U.S. EPA
Virginia Department of
Environmental Quality,
U.S.
National Institute of
Environmental &
Industrial Risks (INERIS),
France
TDA Research, Inc., U.S.
U.S. EPA
Name Affiliation
Vicente Gallardo
Christopher Gallo
Jerome Gilberry
Marshall Gray
Jayson Griffin
Dale Griffin
Nicole Griffin Gatchalian
Robert Henderson
Stephen Hibbs
Art Hin
Nagahisa Hirayama
James Hunt
Ryan James
Shalini Jayasundera
Adam Judd
Peter Jutro
Lek Kadeli
Lawrence Kaelin
Michael Kaminski
Amit Kapoor
Melissa Kaps
David Karaolis
Thomas Kelly
Jeff Kempter
U.S. EPA
U.S. EPA
RTI International, U.S.
U.S. Public Health
Services - U.S. EPA
U.S. EPA
U.S. Geological Survey
ARCADIS, U.S.
Integrated Solutions for
Systems, U.S.
DSTL Porton Down, U.K.
METSS Corporation
National Institute for
Environmental Studies,
Japan
Consultant, U.S.
Battelle, U.S.
CSC, U.S.
Battelle, U.S.
U.S. EPA
U.S. EPA
U.S. EPA
Argonne National
Laboratory, U.S.
First Line Technology
U.S. EPA
National Biodefense
Analysis and
Countermeasures Center
(NBACC), U.S.
Battelle, U.S.
U.S. EPA (Retired)
Appendix B
B-3
-------
Name Affiliation
Aimee Ketner
Sean Kinahan
Robert Knowlton
Dean Komm
Aleksei Konoplev
Marek Kuzma
Shawn Lafferty
Ross Leadbetter
Sang Don Lee
Johannes Lee
Paul Lemieux
Laurene Levy
HooLiWei
Kai Yun Lim
Alan Lindquist
Jin Phang Jimmy Loh
Marissa Lynch
Matthew Magnuson
Blair Martin
Katerina Maslova
Keely Maxwell
Naval Surface Warfare
Center Dahlgren Division,
U.S.
The Johns Hopkins
University Applied
Physics Laboratory, U.S.
Sandia National
Laboratories, U.S.
U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Animal and
Plant Health Inspection
Service
RPA "Typhoon", Russia
Institute of Microbiology,
Czech Republic
U.S. EPA
University of North
Carolina, U.S.
U.S. EPA
ARCADIS, U.S.
U.S. EPA
U.S.D.A., Animal and
Plant Health Inspection
Service
Ministry of Home Affairs,
Singapore
National Environment
Agency, Singapore
U.S. EPA
DSO National
Laboratories, Singapore
U.S. EPA
U.S. EPA
U.S. EPA (Retired)
RPA "Typhoon", Russia
U.S. EPA
Name Affiliation
Michael Mayes
Katrina McConkey
Tanya Medley
Kathryn Meyer
James Michael
Leroy Mickelsen
David Mickunas
Lori Miller
Ong Ming Kwei
Shoji Nakayama
Tonya Nichols
Stuart Notman
Brian O'Donnell
Jeremy OKelly
Tim Oliver
Lukas Oudejans
Bruno Pagnani
Kurtis Palmer
Lucas Pantaleon
Greg Parra
Cayce Parrish
Brooke Pearson
North Carolina
Department of
Agriculture & Consumer
Services, U.S.
Booz Allen Hamilton, U.S.
U.S. EPA
Oak Ridge Institute for
Science and Technology,
U.S. EPA
U.S. EPA (Retired)
U.S. EPA
U.S. EPA
U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Department
of Homeland Security
Singapore National
Environment Agency
National Institute for
Environmental Studies,
Japan
U.S. EPA
DSTL, U.K.
Joint Project Manager for
Elimination, U.S.
FBI, U.S.
Cooper Zietz Engineers,
Inc., U.S.
U.S. EPA
Dynamac Corp., U.S.
14th CST (CT-ARNG), U.S
Ogena Solutions, LLC,
U.S.
U.S.D.A.
U.S. EPA
Cubic, U.S.
Appendix B
B-4
-------
Name Affiliation
Karen Pongrance
Brent Pulsipher
Craig Ramsey
Carmel Ramwell
Juan Reyes
Karen Riggs
Laura Rose
Theodore Ruff
Richard Rupert
Shawn Ryan
Jonathan Sabol
Mike Saye
Greg Sayles
Robin Schubauer
Landon Sego
Shannon Serre
Sanjiv Shah
John Shaw
Erin Silvestri
Markham Smith
Emily Snyder
Douglas Steele
Irina Stepina
Excet, Inc., U.S.
Pacific Northwest
National Laboratory, U.S.
U.S.D.A., Animal and
Plant Health Inspection
Service
The Food and
Environment Research
Agency, U.K.
U.S. EPA
Battelle, U.S.
U.S. Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention
U.S. Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention
U.S. EPA
U.S. EPA
Aberdeen Proving
Grounds, U.S.
CSC, U.S.
U.S. EPA
U.S. EPA
Pacific Northwest
National Laboratory, U.S.
U.S. EPA
U.S. EPA
Battelle, U.S.
U.S. EPA
Defense Threat
Reduction Agency
(DTRA), U.S.
U.S. EPA
U.S. EPA
RPA "Typhoon", Russia
Name Affiliation
Harry Stone
Daniel Stout II
Kevin Strohmeier
Mark Sutton
Noriyuki Suzuki
Jeffrey Szabo
Dennis Tabor
Calvin Terada
Eben Thoma
Jonathan Thornburg
Anna Tschursin
Mark Tucker
Jenia Tufts
Dana Tulis
Bryan Vasser
Howard Walls
Russell Wiener
Steven Wilkinson
Stuart Willison
Joseph Wood
Stacey Wyke
Barbara Wyrzykowska-
Ceradini
Jennifer Yap
Battelle, U.S.
U.S. EPA
Kentucky Department for
Environmental
Protection, U.S.
Lawrence Livermore
National Laboratory, U.S.
National Institute for
Environmental Studies,
Japan
U.S. EPA
U.S. EPA
U.S. EPA
U.S. EPA
RTI International, U.S.
U.S. EPA
Sandia National
Laboratories, U.S.
Oak Ridge Institute for
Science and Technology,
U.S. EPA
U.S. EPA
EPA START, U.S.
RTI International, U.S.
U.S. EPA
ChemCentre, Australia
U.S. EPA
U.S. EPA
Public Health England
ARCADIS, U.S.
National Environment
Agency, Singapore
Appendix B
B-5
-------
Name
Alice Young
Affiliation
Naval Surface Warfare
Center Dahlgren Division,
U.S.
Affiliation
Cynthia Yund
U.S. EPA
Appendix B
B-6
-------
APPENDIX C
Presentation Slides
Appendix C
C-l
-------
Tuesday, November 5, 2013
General Session 1
Outcome Tabletop Exercise,
Guidance, and Response
GENERAL SESSION 1 | 1
-------
• A • Environment Environnement
I Canada Canada
Canada
The Role of the Private Sector in the
Assessment and Remediation of Areas
Impacted by a CBRNE Incident
C.E. Brown*, P.G. Lambert, M. Goldthorp, and K. Volchek
Environment Canada
F. Scaffidi, and K. Corriveau
Transport Canada
N. Yanofsky
Defence R&D Canada
Origins of a Private Sector Project
Primary focus of EC's CBRNE S&T efforts to date;
- Assessment and remediation of CBRN contamination of sites
and facilities
- Development of remediation guidelines, R&D related to new
technologies or proof of concept projects to demonstrate novel
technologies
- Funding provided by Canadian Safety and Security Program
(CSSP), Defence R&D Canada
Based on a gap analysis that was undertaken, there is
evidence that private sector industry and emergency
response contractors have not been adequately engaged
in CBRNE S&T activities
Envir°nment Environnement 2013 EPA Decontamination R&D Conference Page 2
Canada Canada
Canada
GENERAL SESSION 1 | 2
-------
Private Sector Engagement
Environment Canada, Transport Canada, and Defence
R&D Canada's Centre for Security Science have
undertaken projects to improve Canada's resilience to
potential CBRNE events
Developed and delivered table-top exercises in Hamilton,
ON (2012) and Calgary, AB (2013) with another planned
for Montreal, Quebec (November 2013)
These TTXs examined the role of private industry during
the response to a CBRNE event involving emergency
services from all levels of government
The exercises are part of a larger program to integrate
private sector capabilities in response to CBRNE events
Environment Environnement 2013 EPA Decontamination R&D Conference PageS
Canada Canada
Exercise Development
• Planning for the Hamilton TTX began a year in advance
• Exercise was intended to build CBRNE capability and
capacity across a broad range of stakeholders including
industry, municipal & provincial governments, the
Chemical, Forensic and Explosive CoPs and member
departments
• The goal was to target stakeholders in one geographic
area who, as a whole, would benefit from participation in
the larger scale CBRNE exercises
• The exercise scenario was intentionally designed to;
- meet the specific needs of the local participants,
- fulfill the goals of the larger private sector engagement program,
- develop a template for future exercises throughout Canada
%m"onmer]t Emironnement 2013 EPA Decontamination R&D Conference Page 4
Canada Canada
GENERAL SESSION 1 | 3
-------
TTX ~ 40 participants 20+ organizations
First Responders
Industry
Municipal,
Regional,
Federal,
Organizations
Observers
Planning Team
and Facilitators
• Hamilton Emergency Medical Services (EMS)
• Hamilton Fire/Hazmat
• Hamilton Police Services
• Agrium Inc.
• Canadian National Railway (CN Rail)
• Canadian Pacific Railway (CP Rail)
• l-Tech Environmental
• Quantum Murray LP
• Railway Association of Canada (RAC)
• U.S. Steel Canada
• Environment Canada (Ontario Region)
• Hamilton Emergency Management Office (E MO)
• PublicHealth(PH)
• DRDC Centre for Security Science (CSS)
• Emergency Response Management Consulting (ERMC)
• Hamilton Emergency Management Office (E MO)
• Hamilton PortAuthority
• Transport Canada (TC)
• International Safety Research Inc. (ISR)
Igary Emergency Medical Services(EMS)
Igary Fire/Hazmat
Igary Police Services
nadian Pacific Police Service
ficeofthe Fire Commissioner
Agrium Inc.
nadian Fertilizer Institute (CFI)
nadian National Railway(CN Rail)
nadian Pacific Railway (CP Rail)
> uantum Murray LP
ail way Association of Canada (RAC)
hield Specialized EmergencyServices Inc.
berta Emergency Management Agency (AE MA)
> algary Emergency Management Agency (CE MA)
> berta Transportation Dangerous Goods
Transport Canada (Regional Office)
DRDC Centre for Security Science (CSS)
Canadian Safety 8 Security Program (CSSP)
Transport Canada (TC)
nternational Safety Research Inc. (ISR)
Enviranment Environnement
Canada Canada
2013 EPA Decontamination R&D Conference Page 5
y
Canada
Exercise Outline - Scenario Overview
Consultation with the municipalities to build local capability focussing on
response and consequence management stages of a CBRNE event
Examine the roles of private sector or industry manager and response
contractors
Two separate plausible scenarios employing significant releases of toxic
industrial chemicals that have an effect on city infrastructure and threaten
public safety
1 . Railcar of anhydrous ammonia
2. Transport truck carrying drums of chloropicrin
- Both chemicals are regulated by TC and EC and are on numerous Hazmat
and CBRNE threat agent lists
- Hazardous material properties relevant to focus of the exercise
Both scenarios lead to activation/authorization of Emergency Response
Action Plan (ERAP)
- Attacks were located in or near population centres and took place
consecutively over the course of several hours
- The timing of the simulated attacks was designed to maximize the number
of casualties, public panic and economic disruption consistent with a
terrorist event
Environment Environnement
Canada Canada
2013 EPA Decontamination R&D Conference Page 6
Canada
GENERAL SESSION 1 | 4
-------
Exercise Outline - Ammonia Scenario
Immediate assessment and response actions by the participants were the
focus of the ammonia scenario
Scenario details:
- Weather stable wind 5-10 km/hr from 350°, 10°C, with fog
- Freight train with 37 loaded cars, 20 empty cars, arriving
- Transporting chlorine, propane and anhydrous ammonia (UN1005)
1*1
Environment Environnement 2013 EPA Decontamination R&D Conference Page 7
Canada Canada
Canada
Exercise Outline - Ammonia Scenario
Timeline of scenario was T= 0
to 8 hours
Example of Inject Objectives:
- To understand the role and
actions of each participant at that
moment in time
- What are the responsibilities of the
rail yard and how would they
respond internally?
Example of questions used to
drive the exercise
- Who would they call?
- Are other authorities notified by
the dispatched responders?
- How the response changed when
the HAZMAT event evolved to a
CBRNE event
1*1
Environment Environnement
Canada Canada
2013 EPA Decontamination R&D Conference Page 8
Canada
GENERAL SESSION 1 | 5
-------
Exercise Outline - Ammonia Scenario
T= 6 hours
Public Health
- More than 500 people are self
presenting at hospital
- < 5 deaths
T= 8 hours
Forensic and evidence collection
- Expectations for industry to support
the crime scene investigation?
Transitioning the site to industry for
remediation
1*1
Environment Environnement
Canada Canada
2013 EPA Decontamination R&D Conference Page 9
Exercise Outline - Chloropicrin Scenario
The chloropicrin scenario targeted the study of longer term consequence
management and recovery operations
T= 12 hours, or 0500 hours next day
2nd event, hours before morning rush hour traffic
Sequential with ammonia scenario versus separate events
Public Health
- Numerous 911 calls
— Need to address public safety
I ^r I Environment Environnement
• T • Canada Canada
2013 EPA Decontamination R&D Conference Page 10
Canada
GENERAL SESSION 1 | 6
-------
Exercise Outline - Chloropicrin Scenario
T= 18 hours, 1100 hours next day
Significant contamination to City's
critical infrastructure
- Primary road
- Public transit including airport
buses
Drains into storm sewer
T=48 hours
- Remediation capability
T= weeks
- Remediation criteria and clean
up standards
- What steps are taken to restore
safe operations of the City?
Environment Environnement
Canada Canada
2013 EPA Decontamination R&D Conference Page 11
Canada
Discussion - Hamilton
Overall, the exercise achieved its intended objective to advance the
role of private sector industry in CBRNE events and enhance
capability of regional emergency services
The number, diversity and positive contribution of the industry groups
and regional M/P/F emergency offices greatly added to the outcomes
Extended planning period was advantageous
- Was essential for administrative requirements,
- Facilitates communication with each participant to better determine the
objectives of each group
l+l
Environment Environnement
Canada Canada
2013 EPA Decontamination R&D Conference Page 12
Canada
GENERAL SESSION 1 | 7
-------
Discussion - Federal Participants
Goals specific to respective departmental mandates
- EC tested its environmental emergency notification and
response protocols and examined the application of its
regulations within the context of a CBRNE event
- Private sector and crime scene management - The National
CBRNE Response Team
- TC's Transportation of Dangerous Goods (TDG) legislation has
extend Emergency Response Assistance Plans (ERAP) to
CBRNE events and sought to better understand the practical
issues of a CBRNE event within its legal jurisdiction and internal
response plans
Environment Environnement
Canada Canada
2013 EPA Decontamination R&D Conference Page 13
Canada
Discussion - Industry
Railway Association of Canada provided valuable insight on the impact to
the concept of operations whether the railyard or rail line was federally or
provincially regulated or if the railcar was on the property of a client at the
time of the incident
CN and CP provided important details on their existing Hazmat response
procedures such as isolating leaking railcars
• J* • Environment Environnement
• ~ • Canada Canada
2013 EPA Decontamination R&D Conference Page 14
Canada
GENERAL SESSION 1 | 8
-------
Discussion - Response Contractors
• Extensive detection and monitoring equipment
inventories
• Highly trained personnel with specialized response skills
required for some TIC incidents and not available
elsewhere
• Performance standards for response contractors exist
• With appropriate site safety planning will potentially enter
a CBRNE "hot zone"
• Work in partnership with municipal responders including
law enforcement agencies and public health
May already have response agreement with City and/or
industry
Environment Environnement 2013 EPA Decontamination R&D Conference Page 15
Canada Canada
Discussion - Product Specialists
Agrium Inc. provided specialists to
support any response
Expert advice on
• the product,
• response options,
• impact to the concept of operations of
specific details such as who was the
product owner
In addition, the challenge of whether
or not it was a known versus an
unknown intentional attack was
examined.
%mimnment Environnement 2013 EPA Decontamination R&D Conference Page 16
Canada Canada
GENERAL SESSION 1 | 9
-------
Discussion - City of Hamilton
Interoperability of the participating groups varied from fully
successful to less defined
The City of Hamilton Emergencies Services established a unified
command with a lead agency in a timely matter
- Their experience and results of their recent participation in the CBRNE
post-blast research project and workshop was apparent
Each of the participants have established response management
systems
- Challenge was to identify and overcome the practical issues of
integrating different systems in a multi-agency response
- Incident Command and Unified Command System were noted
- Players were able to reconcile broad issues surrounding concept of
operations
The importance of a multi-agency concept of operations to address a
CBRNE event involving first responders, all levels of government
and the private sector was noted early in the planning stages of the
exercise
Environment Environnement 2013 EPA Decontamination R&D Conference Page 17 | UnUMH
Canada Canada VvcLl 1CUJCL
Discussion - City of Calgary
Allowed industry to show the first responder communities
its technical expertise and capabilities
It is likely that industry will play an important role in
response to the type of scenario used in the TTX
Demonstrated the need to get industry involved in the
planning phases for response to an incident
- Their familiarity with product behavior, means of containment
was useful in assessing risks and developing response
strategies
Re-enforced existing working relationships between
organizations and created some new ones
%mimnment Environnement 2013 EPA Decontamination R&D Conference Page 18
Canada Canada
GENERAL SESSION 1 | 10
-------
Discussion - City of Calgary
Provided critical guidance towards developing TC
CBRNE Response Framework so that it clarifies;
- limits on costs,
- the extent to which we can apply an ERAP to a CBRNE event,
and
- the additional equipment needed during a CBRNE event.
Demonstrated
- how complex a CBRNE incident can be in terms of scope,
- requirements for decisions affecting public safety,
- requirements for decisions with large financial implications (e.g
how far to evacuate, decontaminate - and to what extent?
Showcased contractor-owned equipment and existing
industry capabilities
• J.B Environment Envirannement 2013 EPA Decontamination R&D Conference Page 19
I Canada Canada
Next Steps
Follow up work initiated or pending includes:
- A scoping study to further review the challenges of an inter-agency
concept of operations that includes the private sector was undertaken
and a report prepared
- A survey of federal departments including members of the National
CBRNE Response Team and Chemical CoP to obtain additional
information on the engagement of private sector contractors by federal
departments in their potential support to a CBRNE event
- A literature search and a road map to learn from the experience of other
stakeholders who have addressed similar challenges related to private
sector engagement. Examples are;
Contaminated site reclamation industry,
Natural disaster emergency response groups,
• The workplace occupational health and safety sector, and
Building and property manager associations
%mimnment Environnement 2013 EPA Decontamination R&D Conference Page 20
Canada Canada
GENERAL SESSION 1 | 11
-------
Next Steps
Planning for future exercises
- Montreal, QC November 19, 2013
Incorporate lessons-learned
Consideration of other issues, such as;
- Liability and/or insurance,
- Psycho-social, and
- Casualty management
Delivery models
- Further advance capability in same location(s),
- Offer in new location(s),
- Combine with other demonstrations and exercises
Environment Environnement 2013 EPA Decontamination R&D Conference Page 21
Canada Canada
Acknowledgements
International Safety Research and Associates
- Ms. S. Lavigne, Mr. R. Morris and Mr. M. McCall
- Mr. P. Butler
Capability Based Planning, DRDC contractors
- Mr. T. St. Onge and Mr. C. Sharpe
DRDC Centre for Security Science - project funding
- Mr. S. Dickie, Capability Based Planning
- Mr. M. Roy, Explosives Community of Practice
- Mr. T. Sykes, CSSP, CBRNE Section Head (retired)
- Mr. Pervez Azmi, ESTS, Environment Canada
%mimnment Environnement 2013 EPA Decontamination R&D Conference Page 22
Canada Canada
GENERAL SESSION 1 | 12
-------
Public Health
England
UK Recovery Guidance and
Advice:
The UK Recovery Handbook for
Chemical Incidents
Dr Stacey Wyke
Public Health
England
Contents
• Introduction
• Acknowledgements: Nick Brooke, Antonio Pena-Fernandez, David Baker, Raquel Duarte-Davidson and
Virginia Murray,
Recovery from major chemical incidents
• The UK Recovery Handbook for Chemical Incidents
• Scope
• Evidence base
• What next ....... Chemical and Radiation Recovery Decision Support Tool (C&R DST)
=•••- JL. f» i&-
tame Office
«*- *— e
s
GENERAL SESSION 1 | 13
-------
Public Health
England
Recovery guidance andradvice,
Why develop recovery handbooks?
More information
Public Health
England
Definition of recovery
' the process of rebuilding, restoring and
rehabilitating the community following an
emergency'
HM Government (2005) Emergency response and recovery: Non- statutory guidance
accompanying the Civil Contingencies Act 2004.
GENERAL SESSION 1 | 14
-------
Public Health
England
UK Recovery handbook (Rad) v1
2005
EURANOS generic
handbooks (Rad) v1 2006/7
European stakeholder networks e.g. FARMING
Public Health
England
EURANOS generic
handbooks(Rad)v1
UK Recovery handbook (Rad) v3 (2009)
EURANOS generic
handbooks (Rad) v2
Handbook User
Group
GENERAL SESSION 1 | 15
-------
Public Health
England
UK Recovery handbook
(Chemicals) v1 (2012)
UK Recovery handbook
(Biological) v1 (2012-2015)
Chemical and Radiation Recovery Decision-
Support Tool (2013 - 2015)
Public Health
England
Target audience
• National and local authorities
• Central government departments and agencies
• Environmental and health protection experts
• Industry
• Emergency services
• Others that may be affected by a Chemical
incident
GENERAL SESSION 1 | 16
-------
Public Health
England
Preparation....Crisis, Stabilisation, Recovery...Learning
Hearings
Activity
(News, £,
MP letters,
Ins, twitter)
Injury and illness
Worry or concern
Political
Time
Getting back to "normal"
Focus on clean-up and restoration
Does not address all aspects of the recovery phase
Risk assessment protocols
Sampling or monitoring strategies
Not a substitute for specialist advice,
but will aid decision makers in the
Development of a recovery strategy
GENERAL SESSION 1 | 17
-------
Public Health
England
Practical application of the Handbook
Robust scientific and technical advise, presented in a simple format as
checklists, decision tree's and "steps" to lead users through the
stages of developing a recovery strategy.
Food
Production
Crops
Soil
Animals
Inhabited
Areas
Buildings
Vehicles
Roads
Water
Environments
* Recreational
—•• Drinking
» Coastal
1—- Rivers
Recovery option datasheets, provide an overview of different
remediation techniques, highlighting associated issues
What are recovery options?
Definition: "An action intended ti
I
avert the exposure of people to
contamination"
Protection
Prohibit public access to non-residential areas
Impose restrictions on transport
Temporary relocation from residential areas
Remediation/ removal options
Reactive liquids (bleaches, detergents, foams, gels)
Vacuum cleaning
Surface removal
Evaluating the evidence base
GENERAL SESSION 1 | 18
-------
Step 1: Obtain information regarding the incident
Determine physicochemical properties of contaminant and identify
area that has been affected
ntify
Imponam phys-lochtrnkol proptnltt of chtmkjls affecting Inhabhfd A
[soH/hqutd gas)
Vapour
(VP)
Vapour Density
(D vapour)
EH1J9
erf liquid
(D Liqind |
Step 1: Obtain information regarding the incident
Determine physicochemical properties of contaminant and identify
area that has been affected
ntify
Important physiochemical properties of chemicals affecting Inhabited Areas
characteristic
Absorbtbn on
porous surfaces
Surface Tension
Water solubility
Description
me ability of a substance to absorb to porous surfaces (e.g. concrete) is an important
consideration as this may Influence the effectiveness of decontamination options. In some
cases (e g. Sulphur mustard) options such as surface removal may be more appropriate
Chemicals with a low surface tension are more likely to seep into relatively inaccessible
surfaces (e.g between screws/ botts) which has implications for the remediation of these
surfaces. Those writ a higher surface tension are more likely to accumulate on a surface
without penetrating inaccessible areas
Examples, units: dynes tan
Ethanol; 22.3 (tow)
Water 75.6
MP-:U-; --. ilv:-
The ability of a material (gas, liquid or solid) to dissolve in water. Materials can be insoluble,
spanngly soluble or soluble. Water soluble materials [such as acids) may be more easily
dispersed in water and have a greater potential to pollute water environments (e.g.
groundwater) Many water insoluble materials (e.g. petrol) may be spread By flowing water.
Water nased decontamina&on of surfaces may be more effectrve if a chemical is water soluble;
removal options or active decontamination may be more appropriate for non-water soluble
chemicals
Interpretation.: Units ppm (mg/l)
<10: Negligible solubility
Between 10 and 1000: increasing likelihood of solubilising
>1COO- Likely to solubilise
Interpretation
Absorbs
bkely to be
effectively
• • .-' . '
Surface removal
Disposal and
dismantling
High
Ufceryto-
Accumulate on
surface
High Solubility
bKely to be
Mobile
Decontaminated
by water based
solutions
Unlikely to w
Volatilised
Persistent
Does not
absorb
Ukelylobe
Easier to
decontaminate
Low
Lfterytc:
Contaminate
inaccessible
Low
Immobilised
by adsorption
Persistent
Unlikely to be:
Mobile
Chemical
Description/
value
Interpretation
GENERAL SESSION 1 | 19
-------
Step 1: Obtain information regarding the incident
Determine physicochemical properties of contaminant and identify
area that has been affected
ntify
J ImpqrtMtphyiiech+ffiicjl prepwtt« of chwnfcals afhcting Inhabit id A
bdtwKtm '.-.Mir"
arri oclanal IK^J
Step 2: Consult flow chart decision tree's for specific environment
L Identify potentially applicable recovery options
Consult other sections of Handbook (if applicable)
Food Production
Systems
GENERAL SESSION 1 | 20
-------
Freshwater and marine fish and
shellfish
GENERAL SESSION 1 | 21
-------
Fruit and vegetables
Step 2: Consult flow chart decision tree's for specific environment
L Identify potentially applicable recovery options
Consult other sections of Handbook (if applicable)
Inhabited Areas
GENERAL SESSION 1 | 22
-------
GENERAL SESSION 1 | 23
-------
Step 2:
I
Consult flow chart decision tree's for specific environment
Identify potentially applicable recovery options
Consult other sections of Handbook (if applicable)
Water
Environments
Public and private drinking water supplies
Marine and coastal water
Inland and underground waters (including recreational waters_
Sewage treatment
Step 3: Determine effectiveness of recovery options
iA: Eliminate options based on physicochemical prope
B: Eliminate options based on surface material
Efficacy for type of contamination and surface
GENERAL SESSION 1 | 24
-------
Step 4: Review key considerations and constraints
Eliminate further options according to other considerations
(public health, waste, social, technical, cost and time)
Recovery options considerations
Public
HealBi
Waste
s.,i,i
T«**»l
Cost
M
Protection options
GENERAL SESSION 1 | 25
-------
Step 5: Consult recovery option sheets
Eliminate further options following a detailed analysis of
options on a site and incident-specific basis.
Some recovery options create waste, the recovery of which must be carefully
Side effect evaluation
Health impact
Agricultural impact
Provides information on side-effects incurred following implementation of the
recovery option.
Impact that the option might have on the health of individuals within a population
Ethical considerations
Possible positive and/or negative ethical aspects (e.g. promotion of self-help requirement for
informed consent of workers, distribution of costs and benefits)
Exposure
Social impact
Impact that an option may have on behaviour and on society's trust in institutions.
Impai
Req
Averted exj
Factors infl
exposure
Degradation products
The potential for a recovery option to degrade a chemical to another chemical. This will vary
dependent on the chemical involved and the specifictechnique used. Field can be used to highlight
potentially hazardous degradation products
itial i
Other side effects
Some options may have other side effects (e.g rationing of water supplies or restrd
of water)
Additional Information
Practical experience
State-of-the-art experience in carrying out the recovery option. Some options have only been tested
on a limited scale whilst others are standard practices
Equipment
Key references
References to key publications leading to other sources of information.
Comments
Any further comments not covered by the above
Operate
Document History
History of previous publications that have led to the formulation of the datasheet
Factors influencing costs
Sodal
Compensation costs
Size and accessibility of target to be treated Seasonally Availability of equipment and
consumables within the contaminated area Requirement for additional manpower Wage level in
the area.
Cost of lost production lossofusi
Cost of managing any '.vaste; ansmq including final disposal
GENERAL SESSION 1 | 26
-------
Public Health
England
c
Obtain information regarding the incident
Determine physicochemical properties of contaminated area
V Step 2: Consult flow chart decision tree's for specific environment
Identify potentially applicable recovery options
Consult other sections of Handbook (if applicable)
ment
Step 3: Determine effectiveness of recovery options
^ ^ A: Eliminate options based on physicochemical properties
B: Eliminate options based on surface material
f\
Step 4: Review key considerations and constraints
Eliminate further options according to other considerations
(public health, waste, social, technical, cost and time)
Step 5: Consult recovery option sheets
V I Eliminate further options following a detailed analysis of
options on a site and incident-specific basis.
r
\
i
Step 6: Compare remaining recovery options
Based on steps 1-5, select and combine options
Public Health
England
Overview recovery in the UK
No
Site specific risk asses
Clearance goals
Reoccupy
GENERAL SESSION 1 | 27
-------
Public Health
England
Overview recovery in the UK
Reoccupy
Reoccupy
Public Health
England
What next ?
Chemical and Radiation Recovery Decision Support Tool (2013- 2015)
• Inhabited areas pilot
• Review and update Radiation Recovery Handbook
GENERAL SESSION 1 | 28
-------
Public Health
England
Chemical Recovery Decision Support Tool
The chemical recovery decision
support tool will help direct you
through the steps in developing a
recovery strategy.
You will also need to consult the UK
Recovery Handbook for Chemical
Incidents
UK Recovery Handbook for
chemical Incidents
Inhabited Areas
Sub areas
Buildings (hospitals, schools)
Transport networks
Underground spaces
GENERAL SESSION 1 | 29
-------
Developing a recovery strategy (Inhabited Areas) - Step 4: External building surfaces
Review key considerations and constraints of recovery options
Recovery Options Considerations
Soda) Technical Cost Tinv
(11) 'k,i>.ui.im cleaning
) Surface removal (buildings)
(13) FKatrve/strippabJecGatings
(14) Dismantle a rd disposal of coitami rated material
(18) N3turalattenuatEin(wTth monitoring)
(22) Snowyiceremoval
Thie-whenta knplcm
Update, save and record contaminated surface types in the recovery decision report form
= J
Public Health
England
PHE are committed to;
Maintain and update the Recovery Handbooks
• Take forwards areas of research to improve and further develop guidance
for the recovery and remediation of the environment following an incident
• Continue to build the evidence base of recovery options recommended
within the handbooks (biological incident review: chemical incident review)
Contact details:
For more information on the recovery handbooks and projects, to attend
workshops, or participate in the retrospective reviews of chemical, biological
and radiation incidents, please email;
Stacev. wvke@.phe.gov.uk: Antonio.pena-fernandez@.phe.gov.uk
Biological. Recoverv@.phe. qov.uk
GENERAL SESSION 1 | 30
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Public Health
England
Cleaning Up Afterwards.
Towards a UK Recovery
Handbook for Biological
Incidents
Allan Bennett, Stacey Wyke, Thomas Pottage Sara
Speight & Emma Goode
Public Health
England
Contents
• Introduction
Recovery from Anthrax Incidents in the UK (and Sweden)
• The UK Recovery Handbook for Biological Incidents
Persistence Database
Disinfection Database
GENERAL SESSION 1 | 31
-------
Public Health
England
Gruinard Island (1986)
Formalin and sea water
Topsoil removal
Public Health
England
Remediating Anthrax Graveyard (1990s)
Site intended for housing
Sampling showed >2000 spores/g
Decontaminated with formalin
Unsuccessful
Ground capped with concrete
GENERAL SESSION 1 | 32
-------
Public Health
England
• The first fatal human case of
anthrax in the UK for over 32 years
• Cause not identified for a month
• Samples sent to PHE Porton and
identification made
Lived near Hawick (Scottish Borders)
• Skilled craftsman and carver
• Recently joined a local drumming
group
Past medical history
• Acute myeloid leukaemia in
remission
Two UK Anthrax Cases
In October 2008 a man contracted
anthrax and died after weeks in
intensive care
• Diagnosed rapidly by PHE Porton
• Treated with immunoglobulin
Lived in East London
• Drum Maker, Teacher and Player
• Lived in bedsitter and workshop on
busy road
Past medical history
• Tuberculosis
Public Health
England
Anthrax Positive Sites From Scottish Case
Belford - England
• Home of couple who run a drumming workshop,
authentic African drums stored here, as well as
skins/hides for additional drums
Smailholm - Scotland
• Garage was used to prepare hides
Smailholm Village Hall
• Venue for a drumming workshop attended by the deceased Village homes sealed off
in hunt for killer anthrax
All premises culture and PCR positive. Only small numbers found
GENERAL SESSION 1 | 33
-------
Dalston Lane, London
Public Health
England
• Single room basement flat with
shared entrance to three other
premises located on busy
thoroughfare
• Cupboard under stairs reputed
to contain skins
• Resident cat
• Anthrax positive drum found
• Anthrax skins in cupboard
'SELL YOUR FUN
Public Health
England
Scottish Decontaminations
International experts consulted on appropriate course of action. No
consensus gained
• Belford Home and Smailholm Garage decontaminated using Hydrogen
Peroxide
• Village Hall decontaminated using SABRE Chlorine Dioxide
GENERAL SESSION 1 | 34
-------
London Decontamination
B.anthracis found on one of the
drums and on a skin from under the
stairs
Items removed from two other sites
found to be negative
Contaminated items removed and
destroyed
Local decontamination with 10%
sodium hypochlorite on areas
surrounding the contaminated items
Public Health
England
Swedish Anthrax Cases
In 2008 a single cow from a beef cattle herd suddenly died without any observed
previous symptoms. The carcass was sent for routine destruction.
Within the next thirteen days, ten more animals from the same herd had died.
Three carcasses were sent to a regional laboratory for investigation and on the
12th December, the cause of death was confirmed as Bacillus anthracis by
culture and PCR methods.. Environmental samples of the farm were taken and
only two samples returned positive for anthrax from the courtyard where the
infected carcasses were stored. The most likely source was thought to be
contaminated roughage, but couldn't be proved by laboratory analysis.
"Decontamination of the farm has been extensive and it has been one of the
most expensive single sanitizing procedures in Swedish history." Knuttson R,
2012 The entire decontamination process cost approximately 60 million SEK
(£5.8 million).
It included a mobile incinerator and liquid disinfection of farm
GENERAL SESSION 1 | 35
-------
Public Health
England
Different Scenarios, Different Recovery Options
• No one size fits all option
In many of the cases there was no complete record of how and why
decisions had been taken
• Options used varied widely in cost, time-scale and amount of disruption
Public Health
England
Preparation....Crisis, Stabilisation, Recovery...Learning
Hearings
Activity
(News, £,
MP letters,
Ins, twitter)
Injury and illness
Worry or concern
Political
Media
Time
Getting back to "normal"
GENERAL SESSION 1 | 36
-------
** Overview of Recovery in the UK
Pi iNif Health J
Public Health
England
BUT- no g
on how to d
recovery sir
what
decontamin
needs to be
No
Clearance sampling
Site specific risk asses
Clearance goal;
Site specific clearance goal met?
Yes
Reoccupy
Public Health
England
Why do we need a Biological handbook?
NEWS HAMPSHIRE* ISLE OF WIGHT
C Alert over petting farm sickness
Sainsbury's recalled watercress came from
ays UK farms
N "• Par Beach bathers warned after pollutant
" kills fish
GENERAL SESSION 1 | 37
-------
Public Health
England
Focus on clean up and restoration.
Does not address all aspects of the recovery phase
• Risk assessment protocols
• Sampling or monitoring strategies
Not a substitute for specialist advice but will aid
decision makers in the development of a recovery
strategy
Aim: reduce exposure and return to 'normality'
Public Health
England
Structure of the UKRHBI
Water
Environments
GENERAL SESSION 1 | 38
-------
Public Health
England
Who will use the Handbook?
• National and local authorities
• Central government departments and agencies
• Environmental and health protection experts
• Industry
• Emergency services
• Others that may be affected by a biological
incident
Public Health
England
Difference from Chemical handbook
Differences in the decision making frameworks caused by microbiological
factors
• Ability to divide and grow
• Difficulties in rapid detection
• Epidemiology
• Persistence differences
• Lack of data on effectiveness of recovery options
• List of representative agents agreed
Persistence Database developed
Disinfection Database in development
GENERAL SESSION 1 | 39
-------
Public Health
England
Agent prioritisation list
Agent / scenario
Aspergillus spp. and other
environmental Fungi
Bacillus anthrads
Bacillus cereus
Brucella abortus
Campylobacter
Clostridium botulinum
Clostridium difficile
Clostridium perfringens
Coxiella burnetii
Cryptosporidiosis
Cyanobacteria
Dampness in buildings
Escherichia coli 0157 &
other VTEC Serogroups
Environment
Inhabited Areas
Food Production systems /
Inhabited Areas
Food Production Systems
Food Production Systems
Food Production Systems
Food Production Systems
Inhabited Areas
Food Production Systems
Food Production Systems/
Inhabited Areas
its / Food
Production Systems
Water environments
Inhabited Areas
Inhabited Areas / Food
Production Systems
Inclusion criteria
Causes Aspergillosis infecting humans and
birds, can cause sensitisation
Rare but high impact due to persistence/
resistance of spore
Cause of diarrhoea from food poisoning
Rare but high impact
Common causative agent of food-poisoning
outbreaks
Rare but high impact, toxins released can
cause serious harm
Large numbers of infections annually
Causes many cases of food poisoning. Large
numberthoughtto be underreported.
High impact due to resistance of agent
Common cause of waterborne disease
outbreaks
Toxins released can cause harm
Common generic problem
Seen in food outbreaks, and also in farms /
petting zoos
GENERAL SESSION 1 | 40
-------
:
The disinfection database
Public Health
England
Public Health
England
Retrospective Study
Project team is inviting stakeholders and other interested parties to
participate in a retrospective study of biological incidents and
recovery options used (successful or unsuccessful)
Initially short online questionnaire
https://www.h pa-
surveys. org.uk/TakeSurvev.aspx?PageNumber=1&SurvevlD=8IKJ7
6IM&Preview=true
Followed by telephone interview / meeting
Contact the project team if you are interested in participating;
biological.recoverv@phe.gov.uk
GENERAL SESSION 1 | 41
-------
Public Health
England
Acknowledgements
There are a wide range of stakeholders and PHE steering group members to
help steer the knowledge base and direction of the Handbook
Public Health
England
1
Public Health
4 Agency
The Scottish
Government
a
defrcr (1
Food
Standards
Agency
Home Office
Health, Social Services
and Public Safety
GENERAL SESSION 1 | 42
-------
November, 2013
Research activities on environmental contamination of
radioactive substances at National Institute for
Environmental Study
1. Behavior of radionuclides in the environment
2. Appropriate treatment and disposal technologies for
radioactively contaminated waste
Principal Investigator Toshimasa Ohara and Masahiro Osako
Seiji Hayashi, Noriyuki Suzuki,
Project Members Masanori Tamaoki, Shoji F. Nakayama,
Yasuyuki Shibata, Motoyuki Mizuochi
Masato Yamada, Hidetoshi Kuramochi,
Hidetaka Takigami,
Nagahisa Hirayama, Yuji Matsuzaki
Introduction
Due to nuclear accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear
power plant (FDNPP), enormous amounts of radionuclides
were emitted into the atmosphere and the ocean.
Radioactive materials may affect human health through the
contamination of air, water, soil, waste, and food.
Research projects on beharior and disposal technologies are
now underway
- Behavior of the radionuclides in the environment
— Appropriate treatment and disposal technologies for radioactively
contaminated waste
GENERAL SESSION 1 | 43
-------
Aims of the two projects
Behavior of the radionuclides in the environment
- Predict long-term distribution of radioactive nuclides in the terrestrial
and aquatic environment as well as in living organisms
- Build a model to estimate long-term human exposure to radiation
- Contribute to better understanding of the impacts on human, wildlife
and ecosystem health
Appropriate treatment and disposal technologies for
radioactively contaminated waste
- Accumulate the know-how for treatment and disposal and establish
the systems
- Reflect and use in technical standards and indicators
- Advance safe and effective waste treatment based on scientific
evidence
NIES's plan in Fukushima-ken Environmental Creation Center
Three Research Programs
Environmental recovery
research
Behavior of
[ radionuclides in
the environment
Management and
material cycles
S Environmental^
( creation )|
^^ research ^/
^—
•"
Disaster
environmental
—research
Recovery and revival of
environment in Fukushima
Reconstruction of
environmental security system
against future disaster • 4
GENERAL SESSION 1 | 44
-------
Outline of study on
"Behavior of radionuclides in the environment"
Multimedia Modeling
Dynamics of Cs-137
•/Developing a multimedia fate A
model by coupling models for
atmospheric, oceanic, and
terrestrial environments.
Analyzing and predicting the
dynamics of Cs-137 in the air, soil,
river/lake, and coastal ocean. J
Field Measurements
Forest
Lake
River
Coastal
ocean
Field survey in the eastern area of Fukushima
V prefecture and Mt. Tsukuba/Lake Kasumigaura
•S Monitoring radionuclides in the
atmosphere.
•S Measuring radioactive Cs in
forest, lake, river, and coastal
ocean.
•/ Improving the analytical method
of 1-129, radioactive Sr, and Cs .
in the water. 5
Targeted area of field study in our project
Cs-137 deposition map by
airborne monitoring
Typical high contamination area
| around FDNPP
Udagawa river
* Typical watershed in Fukushima
(Forest, lake, river, creek)
FDNPP surrounding area
r,
3000
1000
600-
I 300 -
TyRJcal moderate contamination area
3oJyit. Tsukuba, Lake Kasumigaura
10-* Typical watershed in Kanto area
(Forest, river, lake)
0.5-
GENERAL SESSION 1 | 45
-------
Runoff characteristics of radiocesium
from a forest catchment (Mt. Tsukuba)
Continuous hvdrological observations started immediately after the accident
and stream water sampling during the rain events at a forested catchment
Estimated 137Cs annual runoff load was 0.04 kBq/m2 for one year,
corresponding to only 0.3% of the total amount deposition in the catchment.
Very little contribution of forested area as a source of 137Cs at present
137Cs runoff = [137Cs concentration in SS (900 Bq/kg-SS)]x (runoff volume of SS)
Cumulative outflow of SS
(approximately proportional
to 137Cs runoff load)
Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb
2011 2012
Stock and flow of Cs-137 (Lake Kasumigaura)
Horizontal profiles of activity in sediment
SoretoeR.
Ykovse R.'
—Mt. Tsukuba
Lake
Kasumigaura
Intone R.
Spatial distributed accumulation
Budget of Cs-137 in Lake
® Inflow via river 0.2 TBq
(runoff ratio from entire land to lake = 0.5 %)
(2) Deposition from air to lake 2.7 TBq
(= (D - ®)
® Stock into the lake sediment 2.9 TBq
(estimation based on the measurements)
8
GENERAL SESSION 1 | 46
-------
Observation in Udagawa River catchment
Sedimentation
& fluid in
lagoon & coast
Sedimentation
in river
Sedimentation
in Lake
Deposition
& runoff in
forest
atsukawaura
Lagoon
Coast p
Fukushima
Pref.
Tamano : Lake
Pond Udagwa
Deposition in ^
forest soil "Ssoo
(Sep. 2012) |
.§•200
, Ave:. $100
deposition Q
330kBq/m2 s o = =
Quercus Red Cedar Cypress
pine
Runoff from forest area
(Jul. 2012 to Feb. 2013)
> 137Cs runoff amount per unit area
0.04 ~ 0.07 kBq/m2
> Runoff ratio to deposition
0.02 ~ 0.03%
Outline of multimedia fate modeling
To establish simulation model to estimate the long-term ( up to
several tenth years) fate of radioactive substances, combining
existing atmospheric, multimedia and ocean fate models
DEP.20IIW3H2 OUST
Atmospheric transport/deposition model
Deposition
Deposition
Terrestrial multimedia model
Coastal Ocean model
Fluid dynamics model
[Transport model in water & sediment
GENERAL SESSION 1 | 47
-------
Observed and modeled Cs-137 deposition map
36
138 139 140 141
139 140 141 142 143
Obs (KBq m-2)
Bias = -14 %; Error = 78 %; r = 0.67
11
Simulated trend of 137Cs in soil
Most part of 137Cs were mainly
deposited to forest area
- Contaminated plume
passed above forest area
O
o
ro
1
Decreasing trend of 137Cs in soil
- Simulated to slightly faster than
radioactive decay, by runoff
processes
'Cs
ing
deposited land-
use area
Year (31 March in each year)
12
GENERAL SESSION 1 | 48
-------
Coastal Ocean Model (Dispersion and Sedimentation)
Deposition
(Atmospheric
model)
Loading
(River basin
model)
Radionuclides Dispersion Model
12212MAR20I1
Model
Obs
Model
Obs
Surface activity concentration
of 1-131 and Cs-137 at Stn 4
Cs-137
Bq/kg-soil
Activity concentration of Cs-
137 in the surface sediment
The model reproduced the observed distribution
of radionuclides in the sea and the sediment.
Bioconcentration model
13
Exposure monitoring
Vacuum cleaner dust measurement
— The most radioactive material in the
indoor environment
— Log-normal distribution
— Decreased in the first several months but
reached the plateau after that
— Distribution in ingestible size (< 250 u.m)
— Provided a model with parameters
5000 IOOOG iMw :owo rsroo
C»-134 + Cs-137 (Bq/Kg)
Radioactive Cs in bulk house dust {n=254, April, 2012)
Radioactive Cs in <250 un
house dust (Bq/kg)
1 -Cs-
mCs-
w
,>™
>..-'
gtz
* +
%" '
*
«••''
^
•
..-••' ••'
••• "
1000 200U JOOO HJI
Radioactive Cs in bulk house
dust (Bq/kg)
Estimation of the enrichment factor
2011 2012
Temporal change of radioactive Cs in house dust
14
GENERAL SESSION 1 | 49
-------
Exposure route
Indoor air
0%
Kashiwa-city
Outdoor air
0% Soil
0%
Fukushima-city
Outdoor air
Soil
15
Ecosystem evaluation
(1) Effect for Wild animals
Wild mouse, Apodemus speciosus, were
captured at high-gamma-dose area in Fukushima
and low-gamma-dose area (Aomori and Toyama).
Check DMA oxidization by gamma irradiation
at sperm cells using 8-OHdG antibody
• ' *
> r '
V '* ?
50 /Jim
50 tl
DMA oxidization in sperm cells was remarkable in Fukushima
16
GENERAL SESSION 1 | 50
-------
Analytical method development
Dissolved radioactive ceasium
— Rapid and trace measurement of dissolved Cs
in water using Cs selective disc
Radioactive strontium
— An effective solid phase extraction method
developed using crown ether resin
~ 0 010 -
I ora_
1 0 006-
I00"'
W o 002-
,0*
Oarai seawater
Apr 2011
(after concentration)
/
e*-m
Background
600 650 TOO 750 OKI 860
Gamma-ray energy (keV)
Iodine 129
— Ultra trace determination of 129I by an
accelerator MS
— Reconstruction of short-lived 131I distribution
Imaging plate
— Disposition in organisms, house dust and
wastes
AMS
129|3t
•m ,
«Ca*
I218:'nl/'"l 1E-10
17
Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management Research
Contributing solutions for sustainable usage of resources and
the reduction of the environmental waste which accompanies that use
1.Sustainable Material Cycles Research Program |
Sustainable material cycles on domestic levels and
throughout Asia ft ft 0
| 2.Policy-driven research on waste management ||
Reliable support for policy needs in the short and
long term
PJ3:Susta
.
PJl:Sustainable material management J J
at the Asian scale S^^
/ \o &
-------
Appropriate treatment and disposal technologies for
radioactively contaminated waste
Clarify fundamental
properties and behavior
mechanisms of radioactive
substances
Develop, optimize and
assess technologies for
treatment, disposal and
reuse
Establish technologies for
the long-term management
and disassembly of
relevant facilities
Establish technologies for
measurement, analysis and
monitoring
Optimize management
systems and grasp accurate
stock and flow
19
Behavior mechanisms of radioactive cesium during waste incineration
CsCl would be in gas phase under high temperature condition.
CsCl would be in solid phase and highly water soluble at normal temperature.
Incineration mechanism
**
It is very
important to take
measures to avoid
leaching from
waste to
surrounding water
system.
Sewage
sludge
Equilibrium composition of Cs chemicals
during waste combustion at 850°C
sCl condenses and trapped in fly
ash particles during gas cooling
process
MCsAISi2O6 remains in the bottom
ash
Calculation results by thermodynamic
equilibrium model can successfully
explained Cs concentration
mechanism of fly ash and bottom ash.
We also discovered that the
compositions of CsCl and CsAlSi2O6
were different depending on
incineration contents.
GENERAL SESSION 1 | 52
-------
Landfill and storage technology for contaminated wastes and soil
1 i Gas venting
Impermeable Ram I pipe
Cover soil
Projected long-term behavior of
radioactive Cs at a landfill site
activity of Cs
in the leachate
will hit a peak
after 100 years
;r landfilling
Evaluation for the sorptive
property of various soils
Establishment of monitoring technologies for radioactivity
and application to waste management
Research challenge
Screening survey I
(ex: vegetation, shipping,
Research for sampling method of Cs in
incineration gas
Research for increment sampling number
of waste lot
Application of radiation-sensing camera
to visualize the dose rate distribution
within the area
(the case of contaminated waste shipping)
Research for the fraction and existence form of Cs in waste water
Cross check measurement using common sample
(ex. Incineration ash, soil)
Development of the decontamination manual for waste shipping
Contribution to revision of the measurement guideline by MOE
Development of the interim measurement manual for waste contaminated by radioactive
Cs
GENERAL SESSION 1 | 53
-------
Framework of Disasters and Environmental Management Research
O CIIIU I—I I V II Wl II I Id ILCII
Environmental Vulnerability X
•ENVIRONMENT
•INFRASTRUCTURE
•WASTE MANAGEMENT
•ECONOMY
•GOVERNANCE
Hazard
•EARTHQUAKES
•FLOODING
•TSUNAMI
•MAN-MADE DISASTERS
-MULTI HAZARD
— Environmental Risk
•ENVIRONMENT (WATER.AIR,
SOIL)
•WASTE
•HUMAN AND HEALTH
•BIORESOURCE
Modeling of Hazard and
Environmental Vulnerability
J
Evaluation Modeling of
Environmental Risk in Disasters
2011 Tohoku Disasters
Planning, Assessment, Implementation of Disasters and
Environmental Risk Prevention
Catastrophic disasters
in the future
71 q
II
U B.
Environmental Resilience for Disasters & Environmental Risk Reduction
Establishment of Disasters & Environmental Science
"Fukushima", a Mecca for Disasters & Environment
Quantitative Estimation Procedure for Disaster
Debris
Damaged households
Aerial Photograph »
Seismic Intensity
Tsunami Inundation Area
Inundation Depth
Total Collapse; Amount of DISI
1131/buildmg
61.2t/hous«hoid
Floor Inundation:
4,6t/housenold
Estimation results of
amount of tsunami debris
in Miyagi Prefecture after
2011 Tohoku Disaster
Estimation result of discharge of disaster
debris generated by Tokyo Metropolitan
Area Earthquake Disaster
Estimation result of flooding
debris from catastrophic flood
disaster in Tokyo Metropolitan
Area
Total: 19,210,0941
Totally 92.0 million t
Discharge of disaster debris (104 t)
Ishinomaki
v**-
Sendai .—'
Flood disaster debris (103t)
GENERAL SESSION 1 | 54
-------
Establishment of Disaster Waste Management
Policy Implementation Process within the Context of Disaster Waste
Management
Institutions
The basic frs
DWM (put i
pre-disaster
Post-
instit
mework for
ito effect
disaster
utional (including
egal) arrangements
L
-
F
- Strategv
- Resourc
- Externa
>ublic Management
e allocation
relationships
Disaster waste management process
- Transportation, separation,
Intermediate treatment, final disposal
- Appropr ate storage
Characteristics of the disaster
Conditions
•»
Effect!
(policy o
- Progress
health im
i/eness
utcome)
sf dispos
ental anc
33 Ct
1
Characteristics of the relevant actors
A result of system management for disaster waste treatment
Strategic Plannii
Official Licem
Subsidy -
Delegatio
Proces
Operational Field _
Managem
/
1 A ' i '
? f : ? :
• ^ * i • i
s 2
i
i
1
: ! ! : ! T T
1 ,
Law (5.2
month
Change of the number of the system correspondence by the administration
provisions pertaining to the disaster waste treatment that the Government of
Japan carried out after the 2011 Tohoku Disaster
Operational Planning P System
for Disaster Debris Management
Future work
On-going research activities
- More advanced understanding and modeling of the dynamics of
radionuclides in environment and impacts
• Extensive monitoring, model development, exposure and impacts on wildlife
- Continuing development of waste disposal technologies
• Incineration, landfill and storage, monitoring and management
Relation to future Fukushima environmental creation
center
- Environmental recovery research
• Following the activities of first half
- Environmental creation research - not presented today
- Disaster environmental management research
• Following the activities of second half, and relating to our visit today
GENERAL SESSION 1 | 55
-------
UK Government
Decontamination
Service
The UK Government Decontamination
Service
Sara Casey - Biological Hazards Adviser
EPA International Decontamination Research and Development Conference November 2013
Part of the Food and Environment Research Agency
Summary
• WhoareGDS
• UK Government
• GDS Framework Suppliers
• Research and Projects
• Future work
UK Govern merit
Decontamination
Service
GENERAL SESSION 1 | 56
-------
UK Policy Driver
UK Government
Decontamination
Service
UK RESILIENCE
Central Government Requir6nerts
Safety and Security
CDS Remit
UK Government
Decontamination
Service
Assist in the recovery from a CBRN event
Maintain a framework of private sector
contractors
Run a development programme for CBRN
remediation
Capability Development
GENERAL SESSION 1 | 57
-------
Capability Development
UK Govern merit
Decontamination
Service
Direct link to policy owners
Capability gaps from scenarios based upon
National Risk Assessment
Management of CBR R&D projects for the
Home Office
Exploitation of research and development
projects
International research collaboration
GDS Operational Capability
UK Govern merit
Decontamination
Service
Facilitate the rapid decontamination of CBRN
releases using private-sector capability
On call 24/7 to provide rapid access to GDS
expertise and Framework service
GDS Emergency Operations Centre (EOC)
that can be activated in minutes
Provide expert scientific and technical advice
to relevant groups, on the most appropriate
decontamination methods
GENERAL SESSION 1 | 58
-------
GDS Framework Lots
UK Govern merit
Decontamination
Service
GDS Framework Services
GDS Supplier Roles
UK Govern merit
Decontamination
Service
Sampling and monitoring to determine the
extent of the contamination and effectiveness
of decontamination
Prioritising the appropriate resources and
equipment for decontamination
Decontamination of the built and open
environment, transport assets
Waste disposal
GENERAL SESSION 1 | 59
-------
Framework Assurance
UK Government
Decontamination
Service
Exercises, Evaluations, Case Studies
UK Government
Decontamination
Service
GENERAL SESSION 1 | 60
-------
Exercise RED EAGLE
Site Sampling Plan
•Exercising of a wide
area biological sampling
standard operating
procedure (SOP)
•The requirement came
from a national risk
assessment driver
•The suitability of
organisations with
sampling and PPE
capability was assessed
UK Government
Decontamination
Service
Types of PPE worn by sampling
teams
UK Government
Decontamination
Service
GENERAL SESSION 1 | 61
-------
Practical Testing of a Formaldehyde
SOP
• Development of a standard
operating procedure (SOP)
for a decontamination
process using formaldehyde
• To test a GDS supplier using
the formaldehyde SOP
• To validate the efficacy of the
SOP in the hands of a GDS
supplier
UK Government
Decontamination
Service
UK Government
Decontamination
Service
Framework Assurance (biological)
• Building contaminated with Bacillus
atropheus (109/ml)
• Suppliers were asked to sample the site to
verify presence and determine distribution.
• Suppliers were asked to remediate the area
using their preferred technique
GENERAL SESSION 1 | 62
-------
Since 2006
UK Govern merit
Decontamination
Service
Tolerability of residual hazard (ToRH)
Wide area sampling and analysis (WASA)
VSP development
Development of methods to test suppliers
Background levels study
Novel biological decontamination technologies
SOP development and testing
Future Work
UK Govern merit
Decontamination
Service
Rolling programme of framework assurance work
for biological framework suppliers
Operationalise research and development
Research collaboration
Multi-agency response and recovery evaluation
Redevelopment of the ToRH biological guidance
Revision of wide area sampling and analysis
SOPs
Biology of Bacillus anthracis conference
GENERAL SESSION 1 | 63
-------
UK Government
Decontamination
Service
Questions ?
sara.casey@gds.gsi.gov.uk
GENERAL SESSION 1 | 64
-------
BIOLOGICAL RESPONSE AND RECOVERY SCIENCE
AND TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP
Brooke Pearson
Executive Secretary
(Contract Support to DHSS&T)
Biological Response and Recovery Science and Technology WorkingGroup
Biological Response and Recovery
A catastrophic biological incident could threaten the Nation's human,
animal, plant, environmental, and economic health, as well as
America's national security.
Such an event would demand swift and effective responses in order to
minimize loss of life and other adverse consequences or, in the case of
suspected criminal activity or terrorism, to prevent additional attacks.
Standing ready to respond to a biological incident requires ongoing data
and information collection, data integration and scientific analysis,
evidence-based review, strategic decision making, and continuous
coordination across government and with nongovernmental partners.
In addition, an effective response and recovery process requires the
coordination of data and capabilities from several sectors—such as
public health, law enforcement, waste management, infrastructure
management, transportation, and more.
GENERAL SESSION 1 | 65
-------
The Office oi Science and Technology Policy (OSTP)
Congress established the Office of Science and Technology Policy in
1976 with a broad mandate to advise the President and others within
the Executive Office of the President on the effects of science and
technology on domestic and international affairs.
Strategic Goals and Objectives
o Ensure that Federal investments in science and technology are making the
greatest possible contribution to economic prosperity, public health.
environmental quality, and national security
o Energize and nurture the processes by which government programs in science
and technology are resourced, evaluated, and coordinated
o Sustain the core professional and scientific relationships with government
officials, academics, and industry representatives that are required to
understand the depth and breadth of the Nation's scientific and technical
enterprise, evaluate scientific advances, and identify potential policy proposals
o Generate a core workforce of world-class expertise capable of providing policy-
relevant advice, analysis, and judgment for the President and his senior staff
regarding the scientific and technical aspects of the major policies, plans, and
programs of the Federal government
R&D Budgets
K> The Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) has
responsibility, in partnership with the Office of Management and
Budget (OMB), for advising the President on the Federal
Research and Development (R&D) budget and shaping R&D
priorities across those Federal agencies that have significant
portfolios in science and technology.
K> OSTP also has responsibility—with the help of the National
Science and Technology Council (NSTC), which is administered
out of OSTP—for coordinating interagency research initiatives. It is
OSTP's mission to help develop and implement sound science
and technology policies and budgets that reflect Administration
priorities and make coordinated progress toward important
national policy goals.
GENERAL SESSION 1 | 66
-------
MHONAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY COUNCIL (NSTC)
so The National Science and
Technology Council (NSTC)
is the principal means by
which the Executive
Branch coordinates
science and technology
policy across the Federal
research and development
enterprise.
so A primary objective of the
NSTC is establishing clear
national goals for Federal
science and technology
investments.
COMMITTEE ON HOMELANDS NATIONAL
SECURITY (CHNS)
Zach Lemnols (DoD), Tara 0 Toole (DHS). ArunSeraphln (OTSP)
BDRD: Biological
Defense
Research
& Development
(SC)
CDRD: Chemical
Defense
Research
and Development
(SC)
HFHNS: Human
Factors for
Homeland and
National Security
(SC)
ISC:
Infrastructure
(SC)
SOS-CBRNE
Standards (SC)
D-IED: Domestic
lEDs (SC)
NDRD: Nuclear
Defense
Research &
Development
(SC)
Biological Response and Recovery Science and
Co-Chair
Jayne B. Morrow
National Institute of Standards and Technology
Department of Commerce
Co-Chair Staff
John F. Koerner Brooke Pearson
Assistant Secretary of Preparedness and Response Executive Secretary
Department of Health and Human Services
Dave Adams, Department of Homeland Security-
Office of Health Affairs
Matthew Arduino, Department of Health and
Human Services-Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention
Mark Beall. Department of Defense-Office of the
Assistant Secretary of Defense for Homeland
Defense
Erica Canzler, Environmental Protection Agency-
Office of Emergency Management
Lisa Delaney, Department of Health and Human
Services-Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention
Aaron Firoved, Department of Homeland Security-
Office of Health Affairs
Sonia Hunt, Department of Justice-Federal
Bureau of Investigation
George Korch, Department of Health and Human
Services-Office of the Assistant Secretary for
Preparedness and Response
James Lawler, Department of Health and Human
Services-National Institutes of Health
Helen Lawrence, Department of Justice-Federal
Bureau of Investigation
Ryan Madden, Department of Defense-Defense
Threat Reduction Agency
Tyler McAlpin, U.S. Department of Agriculture-
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Lori Miller, Department of Homeland Security-
Science and Technology
Stephen Morse, Department of Health and Human
Services-Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention
Shawn Ryan, Environmental Protection Agency-
National Homeland Security Research Center
Jill Sheets, Department of Justice-Federal Bureau
of Investigation
LynnSlepski, Department of Transportation
Theresa Smith, Executive Office of the President-
National Security Staff
Margaret Sobey, Department of Defense-Joint
Program Executive Office for Chemical and
Biological Defense
Angela Weber, Department of Health and Human
Services-Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention
GENERAL SESSION 1 | 67
-------
The Road to the Roadmap
The BRRST WG developed a working document that described the
decisions that first responders or government officials would need to
make following a biological incident, what questions the decision maker
might ask, and, of those questions, which could be addressed with
scientific information or technological capabilities.
The BRRST WG developed a list of major (high-impact) decisions that
would need to be made during each phase of response and recovery.
The resultant working document was used to guide discussions and to
collect Federal department and agency information on current and
planned programmatic activity with the potential to address the
questions answerable by S&T.
Review of submitted information on Federal activities drove the
development of S&T capability goals and objectives.
Those goals and objectives constitute the heart of this Roadmap and
comprise a guide for future Federal, academic, and industrial S&T
efforts and for international collaborations.
Key Response and Recovery Decisions
Response and Recovery
Crisis Management
Notification
Initiate first
response
activities.
including
of proper
authorities
Develop a
public-
engagement
campaign
Evaluate
Threat
Credibility
Flrsl Response
Operational Coordination
Law enforcement, intelligence.
and investigative response
When and how to distribute
medical countemieasiires
Recommend staying-in-placc or
evacuation
Recommend
q uaran t i ne/i so lat i ini/voc ial
distancing
Implement transportation
restrictions
Provide safety and health guidance
and protections to impacted first
responders and citizens
Issue guidance on personal
hygiene or decontamination
Provide support for mass casually
Establish mass medical treatment
facilities
Implement modified standards uf
care
Consequence ManugenKnl
ReAirdiatiud/Ckan up
Characterization
Develop/ implement
strategies for
characterization in
facilities and the
outdoors
implement strategies
and procedures to
identify, stabilize, and
maintain infrastructure
and property
Determine
requirements and
methods to protect
natural and cultural
resources
Irn lement atra ies
and means to contain
and mitigate the spread
eliminate sources of
further distribution
(e.g.. insecticides for
flies)
Decontamination
De co ntam inate
outdoor areas and/or
buildings
Decontaminate
wide areas
Implement required
capabilities for
sustained
environmental
decontamination
operations
Implement
decontaminai ton
waste handling
requirements
Decon laminate
critical
infrastructure
Clearance
Provide guidance
for determination
of effectiveness of
decontamination
Restoration/
e-ottupxni^
Provide guidance for
re-occupancy and reuse
criteria and goals
Provide guidance for
controls to implement.
reduce, mitigate any
potential exposures or
future incidents after
re-occupancy
Implement public
messaging to instill
confidence in the public
and workforce that re-
occupancy is safe
Implement measures to
improve the economic
vitality of a region
Implement long term
health treatment.
intervention and
surveillance strategy
8
GENERAL SESSION 1 | 68
-------
Findings
Key near-term R&D priorities and objectives outlined in the
Roadmap include:
K> Develop reliable estimates of risk of exposure for a multitude of
environments, matrices, and conditions associated with wide-
area release scenarios;
K> Develop reliable estimates of risk to humans, animals, and plants
through various exposure and transmission routes;
K> Evaluate population infection prevention measures (e.g.,
quarantine, isolation, and social distancing) used to reduce
incident impact and develop a strong scientific basis for
recommending these measures; and
K> Apply insights from risk-communication research to guide
dissemination of appropriate messages to decision makers, first
responders, and others.
The BURST Roadmap
The Roadmap aims to:
K, Categorize key scientific gaps,
K, Identify specific technological
solutions
K, Prioritize research activities to
enable government—at all
levels—to make decisions more
effectively
BIOLOGICAL RESPONSE AND RECOVERY
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
ROADMAP
http://www.wh itehouse.gov/sites/defa ulVfiles/microsites/ostp/NSTC/brrst_roadmap_2013,(pdf
GENERAL SESSION 1 | 69
-------
Questions?
Jayne B. Morrow
BRRST Co-Chair/
Executive Director
National Science and Technology
Council
Jayne_B_Morrow@ ostp.eop.gov
John F. Koerner
BRRST WG Co-Chair
Assistant Secretary of Preparedness and Response
Department of Health and Human Services
john.koerner@hhs.gov
Brooke Pearson
BRRST WG Executive Secretary
(Contract support to DHSS&T)
brooke.pearson@cubic.com
Andrew Hebbeler
Senior Policy Analyst
National Security & International Affairs Division
And rew_M_Hebbeler@ostp.eop.gov
GENERAL SESSION 1 | 70
-------
Tuesday, November 5, 2013
General Session 2
Decision Support Tools
GENERAL SESSION 2 | 1
-------
1 1
.
• •!,'^1* '£,*•£? Si ••
t^m &
^Kfe£M"'£a
,i •> :• -•
Outline
QUIC Model Components
QUIC Urban Capabilities
QUIC CBR Capabilities
Applications
Validation
LVUR-12-24176 & LA-UR-10-02201
GENERAL SESSION 2 | 2
-------
What is QUIC?
Quick Urban & Industrial Complex
dispersion modeling system
* QUIC-URB
rapidly produces 3D wind
field around buildings using
an empirical/diagnostic
model based on Rb'ckle
(1990)
Pardyjak and Brown (2001)
• Los Alamos
Lower Manhattan
LA-UR-12-24176 & LA-UR-10-02201
What is QUIC?
Quick Urban & Industrial Complex
dispersion modeling system
* QUIC-CFD
- solves incompressible RANS
equations for steady-state
solution relatively quickly
compared to other CFD
models.
- based on artificial
compressibility method
(Chorin, 1967)
- uses simplified algebraic
turbulence model based on
Prandtl's mixing-length theory
Gowardhan et al (2011)
UKlanoma oity
LA-UR-12-24176 & LA-UR-10-02201
GENERAL SESSION 2 | 3
-------
What is QUIC?
Quick Urban & Industrial Complex
dispersion modeling system
* QUIC-PLUME
- "urbanized" Lagrangian
random-walk dispersion
model
- local, non-local, and
vortex turbulent mixing
schemes
- drift terms to account for
inhomogeneous turbulence
- CBR capabilities
Williams et al (2004)
A
Los Alamos
Release
Penn Station Release, Midtown Manhattan
What is QUIC?
Quick Urban & Industrial Complex
dispersion modeling system
' QUIC-GUI
graphical user interface for set-up,
running, and visualization
c •
t| P«>i«t SKi.Di.ao.CBO.7rr, -1 Run Boil, - Sridl.1)
LA-UR-12-24176 & LA-UR-10-02201
GENERAL SESSION 2 | 4
-------
What is QUIC?
Quick Urban & Industrial Complex
dispersion modeling system
* QUIC-GUI
graphical user interface for set-up,
running, and visualization
t
... ..' •
San_Die90_CBD_7m - [-J Run BoUi - Orid(t)
LA-UR-12-24176 & LA-UR-10-02201
What is QUIC?
Quick Urban & Industrial Complex
dispersion modeling system
' QUIC-GUI
graphical user interface for set-up,
running, and visualization
.
....... •*-,
- I - j Run Bolt, - Crid(,)
LA-UR-12-24176 & LA-UR-10-02201
GENERAL SESSION 2 | 5
-------
What is QUIC?
Quick Urban & Industrial Complex
dispersion modeling system
1 QUIC-GUI
graphical user interface for set-up,
running, and visualization
.6 ;
OOBUBE VHOUI DM
- Q Run Both - Grtd(s)
• Los Alamos
1
LA-UR-12-24176 & LA-UR-10-02201
What is QUIC?
Quick Urban & Industrial Complex
dispersion modeling system
' QUIC-GUI
graphical user interface for set-up,
running, and visualization
. g[j»unB<» "CrtdM
LA-UR-12-24176 & LA-UR-10-02201
GENERAL SESSION 2 | 6
-------
What is QUIC?
Quick Urban & Industrial Complex
dispersion modeling system
1 QUIC-GUI
graphical user interface for set-up,
running, and visualization
I •Hal—I HI
t pr°Jec* PHidriphia -[-. Run Both
• Los Alamos
H 25 XITi
- - . .,,: -
.< . . -,- ;..
:-12-24176 & LA-UR-10-02201
QUIC's Niche
1. Urban dispersion with buildings
Los Alamos
UNCLASSIFIED
GENERAL SESSION 2 | 7
-------
Impact of Buildings on T&D
Los Alamos
USEPA wind-tunnel experiments of L. Manhattan
UNCLASSIFIED
Impact of Buildings on T&D
Enhanced Dilution for Source Immediately Downwind of Building
UNCLASSIFIED
GENERAL SESSION 2 | 8
-------
Impact of Buildings on T&D
Impact of Buildings on T&D
SE corner MSG-
N of One Penn-
•Ss*
DTRA/DHS NYC Madison Square Garden Tracer Experiment
(PNNL-Allwineetal, 2006)
Los Alamos
UNCLASSIFIED
MSA
GENERAL SESSION 2 | 9
-------
Impact of Buildings on T&D
Impact of buildings on retention and timing
Midtown @ Grand Central Station - Particle dispersion animation
1020
QUIC-Plume Particles - Time: 3 000
sr ra ^MET.
^.ijirm jrr
•.• 0 Id".' IfiTJ'
r J» •-! r^i
UH" ••l-SiA'*! J%V
-------
Impact of Buildings on T&D
Impact of buildings on Particle Deposition patterns
QUIC model w/ buildings
QUIC model w/out buildings
(similar to Gaussian solution)
Los Alamos
UNCLASSIFIED
Impact of Buildings on T&D
QUIC
model w/
Boston
buildings
Los Alamos
UNCLASSIFIED
GENERAL SESSION 2 | 11
-------
Impact of Buildings on T&D
QUIC
model
w/out
buildings
Los Alamos
UNCLASSIFIED
Quantifying Impact of Buildings on T&D
Ran QUIC without
buildings using
Oklahoma City
Joint Urban 2003
IOP 2, Release 1
Inflow Conditions
tZ= I ^lrrn?^rM Time = 900|sec)
23S 472
Los Alamos
OKC Joint Urban 2003 domain w/out buildings
UNCLASSIFIED
GENERAL SESSION 2 | 12
-------
Quantifying Impact of Buildings on T&D
Ran QUIC without
buildings using
IOP 2, Release 1
Inflow Conditions
O
30-min cone.
measurements
O <10-7conc.
Alamos
1200
1000
200
100
SOO
1000
600
Efisting (m)
OKC Joint Urban 2003 domain w/ buildings
1CT-2
KT-2.5
1CT-3
10X3.5
<
1CT-4
1CT-4.5
10X5
10'-5.5
10'-6
10"-6.5
1CT-7
UNCLASSIFIED
Quantifying Impact of Buildings on T&D
Ran QUIC without
buildings using
IOP 2, Release 1
Inflow Conditions
O
30-min cone.
measurements
O <10-7conc.
Los Alamos
1200
•100 600 SOU 1000
Easting I'm)
OKC Joint Urban 2003 domain w/ buildings
10--2
10--25
10'-3
10--35
-------
Quantifying Impact of Buildings on T&D
Ran QUIC without
buildings using
IOP 2, Release 1
Inflow Conditions
O
30-min cone.
measurements
O <10-7conc.
Alamos
1200
700
700
7000
600 SOO
Efisting (m)
OKC Joint Urban 2003 domain w/ buildings
10--2
10"-25
10'-3
10X3.5
<
10'-4
10'-4.5
10X5
10'-5.5
10'-6
10"-6.5
10--7
UNCLASSIFIED
Quantifying Impact of Buildings on T&D
Ran QUIC without
buildings using
IOP 2, Release 1
Inflow Conditions
O
30-min cone.
measurements
O < 10'7conc.
Los Alamos
•/OO 000 SOO 7000
Easting I'm)
OKC Joint Urban 2003 domain w/ buildings
10--2
10--25
10'-3
10--35
-------
Quantifying Impact of Buildings on T&D
Ran QUIC with
buildings using
IOP 2, Release 1
Inflow Conditions
O
30-min cone.
measurements
O < 10'7conc.
noo
liOO 800
Easting fm)
10--2
1CT-2.5
1CT-3
10'-3.5
io"-4 "E
10--4.5 I
&
I
1CT-5.5
10--6
1IT-6.5
10"-7
Los Alamos
Figure 6. Comparison of 30-min-averaged model-computed concentrations and measurements
UNCLASSIFIED
Quantifying Impact of Buildings on T&D
QUIC w/ Buildings
QUIC w/ No Buildings
10* 10' 10^ 10°
Observed Concentration. C (g/m )
Observed Concenration. C,
Los Alamos
UNCLASSIFIED
GENERAL SESSION 2 | 15
-------
Quantifying Impact of Buildings on T&D
QUIC w/ Buildings
QUIC w/ No Buildings
one false negative
68% false negatives!
Los Alamos
UNCLASSIFIED
Quantifying Impact of Buildings on T&D
QUIC w/ Buildings
QUIC w/ No Buildings
Number of pnalcried
one false positive
/ ''/'/£/' /
/ ''/K'/
/ . ., < ^- ^r y ^.
G
one false negative
71% false negatives!
Los Alamos
UNCLASSIFIED
GENERAL SESSION 2 | 16
-------
QUIC's Niche
1. Urban dispersion with buildings
2. Relatively fast
Los Alamos
UNCLASSIFIED
QUIC Wind Solver Run Time
Streamlines & Pressure Field
Computation Time:
QUIC-URB = 22s
Pressure = 27 s
3.7 million grid cells
QUICv. 6.01
2010 Macbook Pro 2.66 GHz Laptop - 1 processor
- Los Alamos
Computation Time:
i i QU6C-URB =
QUIC-URB
Wind Solver
5.4 million grid cells
UNCLASSIFIED
GENERAL SESSION 2 | 11
-------
QUIC T&D Solver Run Time
Dojageat2= 1.5 [m si era],Tim* = ISOOfsse)
10,000 particles
Computation Time = 33 s
100,000 particles
Computation Time = 215 s
Simulation Parameters:
•Oklahoma City Central
Business District
•Instantaneous near-
sfc. release
•1.2 x 1.1 km domain
•4 m/s wind speed
•At =2 s
•<15 minute particle
clearance time
•15 minute simulation
•dx=dy=5 m, dz=3 m
= 134 s (2 processors; 1.6x speedup)
QUICv. 6.01
2010 Macbook Pro 2.66 GHz Laptop
UNCLASSIFIED
QUIC's Niche
1. Urban dispersion with buildings
2. Relatively fast
3. Chemical, biological, and radiological agents
Los Alamos
UNCLASSIFIED
GENERAL SESSION 2 | 18
-------
Release Type
Radiological
Dispersal Devices
QUIC scheme based on:
Boughton, B. A. and J. M. DeLaurentis, "An Integi
Model of Plume Rise from High Explosive Detonations,"
SAND-86-2553C.
- inputs: HE mass, particle size
distribution, & air temp vs. ht
- super-position of buoyant rise,
building-induced updrafts and
downdrafts, and particle
gravitational settling
Deposition
Release Type
Dense Gas
Releases
- dense gas w/ buildings
- dense gas w/ terrain
- shallow-water liquid pool
- flashed release
- 2-phase thermodynamics
- water vapor thermodynamics
A
• Los Alamos
Ertcci of "o: c ;' J o -.
Dense gas (p=3 kg/m2)
UNCLASSIFIED
MSA
GENERAL SESSION 2 | 19
-------
Release Type
Biological Agent
Releases
- multiple particle sizes
- gravitational settling
- UV decay
- dry powders
- bio-slurry w/ droplet
evaporation
, ~*
f
, 11 1
(II
t=12s
: i
L 'f
, t = 24s
9 4»
8 M*
IT
• *
s
t -*P - 'QC
r
t = 60s
1
e t=84s
: «r
nil
Bio slurry release at 40 m agl.
^^5 Zajic, D., M. Nelson, M. Williams, and M. Brown, 2010: Description and Evaluation of the QUIC Droplet Spray
- LOS AlamOS Scheme - Droplet Evaporation and Surface Deposition, 16^ AMS Conf Appl. Air Poll. Met., Atlanta.
UNCLASSIFIED
Release Type
Chemical Agent
Releases
two-phase flow capable,
i.e., QUIC tracks both the
liquid droplet and the
evaporated gas
multiple droplet sizes
secondary evaporation
porous & non-porous sfc
rtESL-i
• Los Alamos
Operated by Los Alamos
Williams, M., M. Nelson, and M. Brown, 2009: QUIC-PLUME Theory Guide, Draft, 45 pp.
UNCLASSIFIED
GENERAL SESSION 2 | 20
-------
QUIC's Niche
1. Urban dispersion with buildings
2. Relatively fast
3. Chemical, biological, and radiological agents
4. Advanced users
A
Los Alamos
QUIC's Niche
1. Urban dispersion with buildings
2. Relatively fast
3. Chemical, biological, and radiological agents
4. Advanced users
s. Applications where many simulations must be
performed and/or rapid feedback is required
Los Alamos
UNCLASSIFIED fvY£v'i
GENERAL SESSION 2 | 21
-------
CBR Sensor Siting
Goal: Optimally Site Bio Collectors to Enhance the Probability of
Detecting a Bio Attack on High-Profile Facilities & Special Events
The automated tool has been
used for, e.g.,
> Democratic and Republican
National Conventions
> The Superbowl
> The World Series
> G-8 Summit Meetings
> A Financial District
> The Rose Bowl
> The Rose Bowl Parade
> NYC WTC Complex
A
. Los Alamos
Example of Delivered Final Product
UNCLASSIFIED
QUIC Collector Siting Tool GUI
• The model is completely automated and allows for
batch processing on multi-processor platforms
Graphical User Interface
Los Alamos
UNCLASSIFIED
GENERAL SESSION 2 | 22
-------
Assessments & Response Guidance
Chemical Facility Vulnerability Assessments
Emergency Response Guidance
Alamos
Musolino, S., Buddemeier, B., Brown,
M., Harper, FT. and Schlueck, R. (2013)
'Updated emergency response guidance
for the first 48 h after the outdoor
detonation of an explosive radiological
dispersal device', Health Physics, Vol.
105, No. 1, pp.65-73.
UNCLASSIFIED
Clean-up & Restoration Studies
> Development of Sampling Plans
Van Cuyk, S., Deshpande, A., Hollander, A., Franco, D. Teclemariam,
N., J. Layshock, L. Ticknor, M. Brown, and K. Omberg, 2012:
Transport of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaM from an outdoor
release into building:?. r«*'h'-v^y.s of infiltration and a rapid method to
identify contaminated buildings, Biosecurity & Bioterrorism:
Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and Science, v 10, No. 2, 215-227.
CWA Secondary Evaporation
Los Alamos
UNCLASSIFIED
GENERAL SESSION 2 | 23
-------
Training and Exercise
National Level Exercise Support
i
Los Alamos
Caw 1: 3000 V HE. 3 iM «»). '00 m 31 a.plt., B
UNCLASSIFIED
Deposition -0-5 micron particles
A
The 0-5 micron particles get lofted high into the air and slowly settle out. They
,^are the major contributors to the deposition on the upper walls of tall buildings.
-LosAlamos
UNCLASSIFIED T
GENERAL SESSION 2 | 24
-------
Deposition - 25-100 micron particles
The 25-100 micron particles get lofted fairly high into the air and settle out fairly
"rapidly. They are a major contributor to the deposition on building roofs and the
Unclassified ,-„•
Protective Action Guidelines
Public Evacuation Guidelines
Surface Depostton Contours
: 3000 Ib HE, 3.6 m/s wind, 700 m BL depth, B stability
Unclassified
GENERAL SESSION 2 | 25
-------
Protective Action Guidelines
Emergency Responder Guidelines
I I A: 379525 m2.M: 3.231 In
^HA: 1278925m 2,M: 209.2148 g
I lA:42975m'.M:24.2508n
I lA: 263275m 2.M: 329.7651 g
I lA: 79450m !,M: 399.2623 g
.M: 115.3233g
A
Los Alamos
Case 1: 3000 Ib HE, 3.6 m/s wind, 700 m BL depth, B stability
EPA Emergency
Personnel Limit
(over 96 hrs)
5r«m(96tir)
EPA
acuation/Sheltering
- Upper Limite
5rem(96hr)
EPA
acuation/Sheltering
- Lower Limit
1rem(96fr)
Unclassified
Sensitivity Analyses
3000 Ib HE
moderate wind
GENERAL SESSION 2 | 26
-------
Protective Action Guidelines
Emergency Responder Guidelines
Surface Deposition Contours
A
Los Alamos
Case 2: 66 Ib HE, 3.6 m/swind, 700 m BL depth, B stability
Unclassified
QUIC Building Infiltration Capability
Dosage at z »10 (rnetere) .Time - 10800 (sec)
|aCi-sec/m3
HEPA: 66, 147
Commercial Filter: 71, 142
No Filtration: 1, 137
Note: majority of building infiltration properties set to default (old office with commercial filter and closed windows)
Los Alamos
UNCLASSIFIED
GENERAL SESSION 2 | 27
-------
Linkage with NIST CONTAM Model
Outdoor-to-lndoor Infiltration
QUIC-computed pressures on buildings
CONTAM inlet
locations
Tici
direction
LOS Alamos QUIC Provides Concentrations and Pressures at Building Inlets
UNCLASSIFIED
Urban Forests
Drag & Deposition
Automatic Vegetation & Urban Canopy
Import from Land Use Data
Vertical Distribution of Deposition
UNCLASSIFIED
GENERAL SESSION 2 | 28
-------
Forest Canopies act as Particle Filters
elevated release
elevated release
Los Alamos
NO Forest Canopy
significant reduction in
airborne dosage due
to forest canopy
deposition
UNCLASSIFIED
Particle Resuspension
After an initial bio or rad
attack, could the hazard
and clean-up zones
increase overtime due
to resuspension of
particle agent?
Improvised Nuclear Device Deposition field in downtown Denver from a bio agent release.
• Los Alamos !
UNCLASSIFIED 7»V£
GENERAL SESSION 2 | 29
-------
Wind- & Mechanically-Driven Resuspension
Wind gusts can loft the deposited particles from the ground, trees,
and buildings up into the air again.
Deposition field in downtown Denver from a bio agent release.
UNCLASSIFIED
Wind- & Mechanically-Driven Resuspension
Wind gusts can loft the deposited particles from the ground, trees,
and buildings up into the air again.
VebWsHri.
A 60 second 10 m/s wind gust from the northeast.
UNCLASSIFIED
GENERAL SESSION 2 | 30
-------
Wind- & Mechanically-Driven Resuspension
Wind gusts can loft the deposited particles from the ground, trees,
and buildings up into the air again.
A 30 second 12 m/s wind gust from the south.
UNCLASSIFIED
Impact of Spore Agglomerate Size
Deposition increases with
particle size
Resuspension increases
with particle size
A
Los Alamos
On range, agger maxim
•re expoBod lo BH wnd
UNCLASSIFIED
GENERAL SESSION 2 | 31
-------
QUIC Evaluation References
Brown, M., A. Gowardhan, M. Nelson, M. Williams, E. Pardyjak, 2013:
Evaluation of the QUIC wind and dispersion models using the Joint
Urban 2003 Field Experiment, accepted, Int. J. Env. Poll.
Gowardhan, A., E. Pardyjak, I. Senocak, and M. Brown, 2011: A CFD-
based wind solver for an urban fast response transport and dispersion
model, Env. Fluid Mech., v 11, iss. 5, p. 439-464.
Neophytou M., A. Gowardhan, & M. Brown, 2011. An intercomparisen
of three urban wind models using the Oklahoma City Joint Urban 2003
wind field measurements. Int. J. Wind Eng. Indust. Aero. 99, 4: 357-68.
Zajic, D., M. Brown, M. Nelson, and M. Williams, 2011: Description and
evaluation of the QUIC wet slurry scheme: gravitational settling, droplet
evaporation and surface deposition, LA-UR-10-00204, 37 pp.
Zwack, L, S.Hanna, J.Spengler, J.I. Levy, 2011: Using advanced dis-
persion models and mobile monitoring to characterize spatial patterns
of ultrafine particles in an urban area, Atmos. Env.,45, 28, 4822-29.
Brown etal., 2009: Evaluation of the QUIC wind and dispersion models
using the Joint Urban 2003 Field Experiment dataset, AMS 8th Symp.
Urban Env., 16 pp.
Singh et al., 2008: Evaluation of the QUIC-URB Fast Response Urban
Wind Model fora Cubical Building Array & Wide Street Canyon, Env.
Fluid Mech, 8:281-312.
Gowardhan, A.A., Brown, M.J. and Pardyjak, E.R.: 2010: Evaluation of
a Fast Response Pressure Solver for Flow around an Isolated Cube,
Env. Fluid Mech, vol. 10, no. 3, 311-328.
Nelson, M., M. Williams, D. Zajic, E. Pardyjak, and M. Brown, 2009:
Evaluation of an urban vegetative canopy scheme & impact on plume
dispersion, AMS 8th Symp. Urban Env., Phoenix AZ, LA-UR-09-068.
Los Alamos
Allwine, K.J., J.E. Flaherty, M. Brown, W. Coirier, O. Hansen, A. Huber,
M. Leach, and G. Patnaik, 2008: NYC Urban Dispersion Program:
Evaluation of six building-resolved urban dispersion models, Official Use
Only PNNL-17321 report, 88 pp.
Bowker et al., 2007: The effects of roadside structures on the transport
and dispersion of ultrafine particles from highways, At. Env. 41:
Bowker et al., 2007: Sand flux simulations at a small scale over a
heterogeneous mesquite area of the northern Chihuahuan desert, J.
Appl. Meteor., 46: 1410-1422.
Addep alii etal.,2007: Evaluation of the QUIC-URB Wind Mod el using
Wind-Tunnel Data for Step-Up Street Canyons, AMS 7"> Symp. Urban
Env.
Favaloroet al., 2007: Toward understanding the sensitivity of the QUIC
dispersion modeling system to real input data, AMS 7"1 Symp. Urban
Env., 10pp.
Senocak et al., 2007: Evaluation of the QUIC Fast Response Dispersion
Modeling System with the New York City Madison Square Garden
(MSG05) Field Study: IOP 1, Release 2, draft, 55 pp.
Gowardhan et al., 2006: Evaluation of the QUIC Urban Dispersion Model
using the Salt Lake City URBAN 2000 Tracer Experiment Data- IOP 10.
AMS6lhSymp. UrbanEnv., 13pp.
Clark, J. and P. Klein, 2006: Implementation of a traffic-produced
turbulence scheme into the fast-response model QUIC, 6thAMSUrb.
Env. Symp., 1 pp.
Nelson, M., M. Brown, M. Williams, 2006: Integration of the Pentagon
building into the QUIC dispersion modeling system and testing against
wind-tunnel data, Official Use Only, 59 pp.
Pardyjak, E. and M. Brown, 2001: Evaluation of a fast-response urban
wind model -comparison to single-building wind-tunnel data, int. Soc.
Environ. Hydraulics, 6 pp.
UNCLASSIFIED
QUIC Model Evaluation - OKC Joint Urban 2003
QUIC-CFD vs. OKC
Joint Urban 2003
wind measurements
30 minute average
winds (plan view)
Neophytou M., A. Gowardhan, and M.
Brown, 2011. An inter-comparison of three
urban wind models using the Oklahoma City
Joint Urban 2003 wind field measurements.
Int. J. Wind Eng. & Indust. Aero., Volume 99,
Issue 4, Pages 357-368.
- Los Alamos
1000
900
800
700
600
500
500
600
700
800
900
UNCLASSIFIED
N1SA
GENERAL SESSION 2 | 32
-------
QUIC Model Validation - Particle Deposition
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 -150 500
Downwind distance [m]
Acornparison of the crosswind integrated deposition versus downwind
distance measured by Walker (1965) and computed by QUIC for glass
spheres of 56 micron mass median diameter during Trial I.
A
. Los Alamos
UNCLASSIFIED
QUIC Model Validation - Explosive Rise
O Measurements
A Simulated - Topmost Particle
V Simulated-Topmost Cluster
Doubletracks 48 kg HE Outdoor Expt Clean Slate 428 kg HE Outdoor Expt
Validation of the QUIC rise scheme using outdoor buoyant rise field experiments. The top
of the model-computed buoyant puffs are close to the measurements.
• Los Alamos
Boughton, B. A. and J. M. DeLaurentis, "An Integral Model of Plume Rise from High Explosive
Detonations, "SAND-86-2553C.
UNCLASSIFIED
GENERAL SESSION 2 | 33
-------
Dense Gas Validation
Thorney Island
McQuaid, 1985
Heavy gas cloud after dropping the curtain
• Los Alamos
Model Predictions vs. Measurements
10° 10'
Experiments pea ooncentraion |%]
UNCLASSIFIED
Dense Gas Validation
Thorney Island
Knudsen and Krogstad (1987)
>» ML.
Deaves(1985)
Scatter plot QUIC vs Thorney Island data
vf
10° 10'
Experimental peak concentration [
UNCLASSIFIED
GENERAL SESSION 2 | 34
-------
QUIC Evaluation - NYC Midtown Tracer Expt
DHS NYC Midtown Expt.
«2V ;<*•>%;» I
-m ^
$ v^Sfi£
'•'•"• .^•\
^ 11^
liiii '',— -itii i
' •
. Las Alamos
UNCLASSIFIED
QUIC Evaluation - NYC Midtown Tracer Expt
DHS NYC Midtown Expt.
QUIC performed as well as CFD codes!
Allwine et al. (2008)
Aggregate performance score
(PS) based on:
- Fraction above threshold
- Fraction within factor of 10
- Fractional bias
- Geometric mean
- Root Mean Square Error
- Geometric RMSE
PS = 0 is perfect model
1.1
-------
QUIC Evaluation - NYC Midtown Tracer Expt
DHS NYC Midtown Expt.
Allwine et al. (2008)
Aggregate performance score
(PS) based on:
- Fraction above threshold
- Fraction within factor of 10
- Fractional bias
- Geometric mean
- Root Mean Square Error
- Geometric RMSE
PS = 0 is perfect model
1.1
-------
Joint Urban 2003 - Oklahoma City
Joint Urban 2003
Held in downtown OKC
30 min SF6 release
3 release locations
IOP3-IOP10 = 24 trials
1/4 day, 1/4 night
Los Alamos
UNCLASSIFIED
QUIC Model Evaluation - JU03 OKC
x10
3.9262 -
Joint Urban 2003
Street-level samplers in
central business district 3.9258
Winds predominately
from the south
Wind input from Post
OfficePWID15
• Los Alamos
6.342 6.344 6.346 6.348
6.35 6,352
X105
30 min avg. plume dosage
UNCLASSIFIED
MSA
GENERAL SESSION 2 | 37
-------
QUIC Model Evaluation - JU03 OKC
Joint Urban 2003
Street-level samplers in
central business district
Winds predominately
from the south
Wind input from Post
OfficePWID15
A
. Los Alamos
3.9258
r
Choose 1e-05 contour
T
q mn
D
i
6.342 6.344 6.346 6.348 6.35 6.352
X10
30 min avg. plume dosage
]-* 3
UNCLASSIFIED
QUIC Model Evaluation - JU03 OKC
Measurements
O Above threshold
O Below threshold
Model Computation
Q| Above threshold
I I Below threshold
A
• Los Alamos
IOP9-R2
39262
3.926 •
3.9258
3.9256
3.9254
6342 6.344 6346 6.348 635
30 min avg. plume dosage
6.352
1 10
UNCLASSIFIED
GENERAL SESSION 2 | 38
-------
QUIC Model Evaluation - JU03 OKC
Measurements
O Above threshold
• Below threshold
Model Computation
r~| Above threshold
O Below threshold
LosAlamos
39264
39262
3.926
3.9258
3-9256
39254
6342 S.344 S.346 6.348 6.3S 6.3S2
x1
30 min avg. plume dosage
UNCLASSIFIED
IVi'Si?,
QUIC Model Evaluation - JU03 OKC
Measurements
O Above threshold
O Below threshold
Model Computation
Q| Above threshold
I I Below threshold
A
• LosAlamos
IOP9-R2
6.342
6.346 6.348 635
30 min avg. plume dosage
UNCLASSIFIED
GENERAL SESSION 2 | 39
-------
QUIC Model Evaluation - JU03 OKC
IOP3 IOP4 IOP5 IOP6 IOP7 IOP8 IOP9 IOP10
• % False Negatives
• % False Positives
• % Matches
Alamos
% False Negatives, False Positives, and Plume Hits
30 min avg. plume concentrations
UNCLASSIFIED
QUIC Model Validation - Pressures
Cube Cube L shaped U shaped HghRse Squat 7x1 Array 7x1 Array 7x1 Array
(Normal) (45deg) (Istbldg) (2idbldg) (Tthbldg)
Los Alamos
ACp = Max Cp Front Face - Min Cp Back Face
P -P.
Brown, M., A. Gowardhan, E.R. Pardyjak, 2007: Evaluation of a fast-response pressure solver for a
shapes and layouts, AMS 7th Symp. Urban Env, San Diego, CA, paper 12.6,4 pp.
UNCLASSIFIED
GENERAL SESSION 2 | 40
-------
QUIC Model Validation - Buoyant Rise
Saltwater Bubble Experiment
A buoyant bubble corresponding to
a 1 pound explosion of high
explosive in a standard atmosphere
lapse rate: the measured height is
65 to 70 meters
QUIC •-
final rise
^
^
j
..•t
.•••[
.^£\-
*
I-
N
Morton et al, 1956: Turbulent gravitational convection from
maintained and instantaneous sources, Proceedings of The Royal
Society of London, 233, pp 1-23.
A
• LosAlamos
Upwind view
UNCLASSIFIED
Cloud Rise vs HE mass
Church (1969)
O QUIC calculations
• 74 Nuclear Clouds
A 4 Keller Coaster
O 1S Roller Coastor TNT
D 2 500-Ton TNT
H = 71
Morton, Taylor, and Turner (1956)
,= t ,o( t .o5 t io5 t i»' t
j Yield, Pounds T.\T Equivalent
1 ton 10 tons 100 tons 1 kt 10 kt
Figure 3. Two-Minute Cloud Top Height Versus Yield
UNCLASSIFIED
GENERAL SESSION 2 | 41
-------
QUIC Model Validation - Project Prairie Grass
OUIC vs. PG: Stable Case (Nighttime)
I
I.-v.t
.>:.•••- 1CK) T 14d " . It
-------
Evaporation of Falling Drops
600
200 400 600 SOO 1000 1200
Beard, K. V. and H. R. Pruppacher, 1971: A wind tunnel investigation of the rate of evaporation of small water drops
falling at terminal velocity in air, J. Atmos. Sci., 28, 1455-1464.
• Los Alamos
UNCLASSIFIED
Liquid Pool Spreading Validation
Verfondern & Dienhart 1997:
Experimental and theoretical
investigation of liquid hydrogen pool
spreading and vaporization. Int. J.
Hydrogen Energy, 22, No. 7, 649-660.
0 50 TO 150 200 250 300 350 s 400
QUIC
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
12.5 m3 of LNG released continuously over 300 s on concrete.
Los Alamos
Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for f
UNCLASSIFIED
GENERAL SESSION 2 | 43
-------
Other Unique Features
Population
Exposure
Calculator
Uses LANL' s
Daytime/Nighttime
Population Database v 2.6
Assigns population to
individual buildings by
building volume
Calculates the effects of
discrete thresholds and/or
probit-slope dose-
response curves
/-i
GENERAL SESSION 2 | 44
-------
Exceptional service in
Sandia
National
Laboratories
A Comprehensive Decision Support Tool
for Agricultural Security
Robert Knowlton, Mark Tucker, Mark Kinnan, Brad Melton, Jim Davies
Sandia National Laboratories
&••• and Lori Miller
Department of Homeland Security
ENERGY
An outbreak of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) in
livestock would be devastating
Historical outbreaks of livestock diseases have had
significant impacts:
In 2001, the UK had an FMD outbreak that resulted in
the slaughter of over 4M livestock and caused over
$6B in agricultural and food chain losses.
• An FMD outbreak in Korea in 2010-2011 resulted in
the slaughter of over 3M livestock and $2B in financial
losses.
• The occurrence of bovine spongiform encephalopathy
(BSE) in a dairy cow in the US in 2003 resulted in over
$3B in lost revenue due to export restrictions.
Following an FMD outbreak there will be tough
decisions:
• Should vaccination be considered?
• Should depopulation occur both in the infected zone
and a buffer zone?
• Several options exist for disposing of carcasses, which
option, or options, are best, given time and resource
constraints?
GENERAL SESSION 2 | 45
-------
A Comprehensive Decision Support Tool
)££.
' Uboratixies
A comprehensive decision support tool is needed to address the complex
interdependencies associated with options for recovery from an FMD
outbreak
SNL had previously developed a comprehensive tool for restoration and
recovery analyses following wide-area chem-bio-rad releases, called:
• Prioritization Analysis Tool for All-Hazards/Analyzer for Wide-Area
Restoration Effectiveness (PATH/AWARE)
PATH/AWARE was developed with funding from the Department of
Homeland Security (DHS) Science and Technology (S&T) Directorate and
the Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA)
PATH/AWARE has been used on several projects to assess recovery costs,
timelines, resource allocations, and gaps in needs
With funding from the DHS Agricultural Defense Branch, a module that
addresses agricultural security (AgSec) is being added to PATH/AWARE
Key Elements of the PATH/AWARE System
A built-in Geographical Information System
(GIS) that provides geospatial situational
awareness
A database that stores large datasets for
critical infrastructure and building
information
Complex algorithms that implement decision
rules and interdependencies in order to
calculate costs and time based on user inputs
for resources and parameters
A prioritization algorithm that allows the
users to weight the measures for critical
infrastructure needs resulting in a prioritized
list of critical assets to restore
GENERAL SESSION 2 | 46
-------
AgSec Module Development
Information on FMD recovery was obtained from a variety of sources,
including the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Animal and Plant
Health Inspection Service (APHIS) publication "Foot-and-Mouth
Disease Response Plan - The Red Book"
A set of requirements for the software were developed
A spreadsheet application was developed that implements most of the
logic for the tool to aid with the tool development and with code
testing
Reference data (e.g., cost of equipment rental, manpower rates, etc.)
from the literature and the web have been documented for inclusion
in the spreadsheet application and the AgSec module of PATH/AWARE
The AgSec module within PATH/AWARE will also have:
« GIS spatial analysis capability
• A database of locations for rendering facilities, incinerators, and
landfills (largely taken from EPA's iWASTE tool)
• Report generation
)££.
' laboralones
Key Components of the AgSec Module
The modules that have been defined for
the tool are:
• Vaccination
• Depopulation (including multiple
options for euthanizing livestock such
as captive bolt, gunshot, and
injection)
• Composting (including carbon source
estimation)
• Rendering (including transportation)
Carcass grinding
Captive Bolt
Composting
GENERAL SESSION 2 | 47
-------
Key Components of the AgSec Module (continued)
The modules that have been defined for
the tool are:
• Off-site Incineration (including
transportation)
• On-site Incineration (with portable air-
curtain incinerators)
• Off-site landfill burial (including
transportation)
• On-site trench burial
• Mobile treatment technologies
In addition, the AgSec module will have a
Disposal Decision Tree and check list, as
well as a Decision Options Matrix to aid
the decision maker
Commercial incinerator
Air curtain incinerator
The Spreadsheet Model
^t.- ••§ •- »« '« li. > «-
ecifications * •••••• —
• personnel
esources
-
Supplies
•""," (expendables) '~ ' -
Equipment
rnriwuiH - ^ rentals
: ...:..
"" ?r A
— — J "" "* ~"
^— •••—;•"• Piocessing
rates
• ~
(t. jrfC'
Cost and time
results
GENERAL SESSION 2 | 48
-------
Zone Concepts in AgSec Module
)££.
' Uboratixies
Infected zone
Vaccination zone
Surveillance zone
Prototype Software for the AgSec Module
The AgSec Module has been developed as a web-based software package
using mostly freeware for the portal and GIS functionalities
The software is still under development
GENERAL SESSION 2 | 49
-------
Conclusions
IBS,
An FMD outbreak would be costly to the nation
Options for Disinfection, Depopulation, and Disposal (3D) are
complicated, so a decision support tool is desired to evaluate
alternatives
The AgSec spreadsheet model provides a basis for estimating
costs and time for 3D options, as well as a specification for
the coded version of the application
The prototype AgSec Module for PATH/AWARE will be a
useful web-based tool to aid decision makers and to evaluate
gaps/needs
GENERAL SESSION 2 | 50
-------
Pacific Northwest
Toward Feasible Sampling Plans
EPA International Decontamination Research and Development Conference
Research Triangle Park, NC
5 November 2013
LANDON SEGO, BRENT PULSIPHER
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Richland, WA
PNNL-SA-99210
The challenge
Pacific Northwest
Sampling is resource
intensive!
Laboratory capacity is a
limiting factor
Costly
Time intensive
Taking millions of samples is
not feasible
VSP
visual Sanipto Man
GENERAL SESSION 2 | 51
-------
Strategies for feasible sampling plans
Pacific Northwest
Judgmental sampling
Lines of Evidence
Composite sampling
Sampling that supports multiple objectives
Managing risk
VSP
. iiuol ompto Ptan
Judgmental sampling
Pacific Northwest
Judgmental
Probabilistic
GAO:
"Probability sampling would have allowed agencies to determine, with
some defined level of confidence, when all results are negative,
whether a building is contaminated."
The need to measure confidence was the motivation for
probabilistic sampling
However, judgmental samples can be used in probabilistic models!
GENERAL SESSION 2 | 52
-------
Lines of Evidence
Pacific Northwest
Sampling
Judgmental and/or random
Evidence
Proven effectiveness of
decontamination process
Results
$
[((minimum)
Time •»•
Results from indicators like spore
strips
Demonstrated decontamination
process control
Qualitative screening measures
Building material similarities
Spatial proximity to contaminated areas
Contamination transport model results
Observed mortality/sickness spatial
patterns
Qualitative/quantitative authoritative
measurements (sample results)
Composite sampling
Pacific Northwest
Very useful when local spatial
resolution is not required
Can reduce sampling time (less
media to handle)
Can reduce the number of
samples to analyze by a factor
of 4, 8, 12, or more
Subway scenario:
• In a RESTORe simulation by
Sandia National Laboratories,
we saw a 42% reduction in the
cleanup timeline using 4x
composites
Must consider the potential for
a "dilution effect"
Image courtesy of MIT Lincoln Labs
VSP
visual Sanipto Man
GENERAL SESSION 2 | 53
-------
Sampling that supports multiple objectives
Pacific Northwest
Hotspot
Discovery
Population Size: 18,265
Sample footprint: 100cm2
Judgmental samples: 10
Random Samples: 80
Compliance
95% chance of
detecting a hotspot
with at least 80cm
radius if
• such a hotspot
exists
95% chance of finding
contamination if
• 2% of area is contaminated
• Judgmental sample 8x more
likely to find contamination
than random sample
95% probability that at least 99% of
area is clean, if
• o samples are dirty
• Prior expectation that 99% of high
risk area is clean
• High risk cells twice as likely to be
contaminated as low risk
Managing risk
Pacific Northwest
X% / Y% confidence statements
• "I'm 95% confident that at least 99% of the decision area is acceptable"
Can we make more risk-based confidence statements?
• Accounting for health-based exposure levels, likelihood of exposure
100-
99-
98-
Y%
97-
96-
95-
r —
CJR Design
Conf = 95%
Prior =
= 5000
0 1000 2000 3000
Sample size
0.1
4000
I CAN SIVE YOU MY 93.4%
ASSURANCE THAT THERE IS LESS
THAN A 65.6% POSSIBILITY THAT
THIS EXCERCISE WILL SIMPLY
6ENERATE 34.8% MORE MEANINGLESS
STATISTICS
VSP
visual Sanipto Man
GENERAL SESSION 2 | 54
-------
Visual Sample Plan
Pacific Northwest
- VSP is systematic planning
software for environmental
sampling
• VSP helps answer:
• How many samples do we
need?
• Where should we take samples?
• What decisions do the data
support?
• What confidence can I have in
those decisions?
• Free VSP Download:
vsp.pnnl.gov
VSP
. iiuol omfj. Ptan
VSP sampling strategies
Pacific Northwest
Existing capabilities
Compliance sampling
• Given I've found nothing, what
can I say about the rest of the
area?
• Can include judgmental
samples
Discovery sampling
• If contamination is present, I
want to find it with high
probability
Characterization sampling
• I want to be assured of
detecting a hotspot of a certain
shape and size
In development
Compliance sampling
• Lines of evidence model
• Account for the effect of false
negatives
• Account for areas with different
levels of risk
• Composite sampling
Discovery sampling
• Include judgmental sampling
• Composite sampling
VSP
visual Sanipto Pton
GENERAL SESSION 2 | 55
-------
Acknowledgements
Pacific Northwest
This work was funded by DHS S&T:
*• Randall Long
> Don Bansleban
*• Lance Brooks
> Chris Russell
and CDC/NIOSH
Contact Information:
>• Landon Sego
*• Brent Pulsipher
Come see our DEMO!
Landon.Sego@pnnl.gov
Brent.Pulsipher@pnnl.gov
VSP
. iiuol omfj. Ptan
GENERAL SESSION 2 | 56
-------
Decision Support Toolset for
Weapons of Mass Destruction
(WMD) Crisis Management
'
Dr. Brooke Pearson on behalf of:
Mr. Ryan Madden
U.S. Department of Defense
Defense Threat Reduction Agency
Joint Science and Technology Office
ryan.madden@dtra.mil
November, 2013
Approved for Public Release; Distribution is Unlimited
Biological Resiliency Activities
BIOLOGICAL RESILIENCY
Event
Continuous
Routine public
health monitoring
Routine
environmental
monitoring
Force protection
Established
communications
Preparedness
Research verifying best
science
Trainedmedical staff and
respond ers
Develop plans
Conduct exercises
Hardened infrastructure
Asset and Capability
Awareness
Response
Pre-incident
Increased exercising
of response plans
Increased
environmental
sampling
Increased clinical
sampling
Therapeutic pre-
positioning
Social distancing
Pan-incident
Notification
Identify agent
Deploy medication
Forensic investigation
Monitor exposure
statistics of affected
population
Initial characterization
Post -incident
Optimize
characterization
Prioritize recovery
Decontamination
Clearance
Recovery
Reoccupation
decisions
Long-term public
health monitoring
Long-term
environmental
monitoring
Renovation
Highlighted activities are informed by the TaCBRD program decision support toolset
GENERAL SESSION 2 | 57
-------
Transatlantic Collaborative Biological
Resiliency Demonstration (TaCBRD)
Threat Activity Sensing and Reporting
For wide area contagious biological threats,
mitigate morbidity through rapid detection
and containment:
• Novel use of environmental indicators
• Correlating threat probability to response
actions
• Recommend response actions to
prevent or mitigate catastrophic incident
Rapid Response and Recovery
For wide area persistent biological threats,
compress the timeline for recovery
• Tools to inform decisions on asset
prioritization, sampling/decon strategy,
tradeoff analysis
• Whole-of-government and international
coordination for capability development
• Recommend response actions to
recover from catastrophic incident
Biological Incident Decision
Support
"TaCBoaRD" is
the group of
decision
support tools
developed in
this program
The
"TaCBoaRD"
portal is
accessed
online
htm Dal
P,.p.r.
Horn Do I
Respond
DKOfl MtcM" T[
GENERAL SESSION 2 | 58
-------
TaCBoaRD Toolset
Mapping Portlet
Supports geospatial data sets from Google, the Open
Source Geospatial Foundation (OSGeo), and the
Homeland Security Infrastructure Program (HSIP)
Renders mapping files produced by TaCBoaRD tools
Consolidates toolset views into common picture for
situational awareness
Incorporates Internet weather streams and GeoRSS feeds
Suite for
Automated
Global
Electronic
Surveillance
(SAGES)
Suite of tools for temporal and geospatial surveillance
Includes disease & syndromic surveillance
Includes web and desktop tools for:
• Data collection
• Analysis and visualization
• Modeling and simulation
• Evaluation
• Communications
Web portion of the suite ("OpenESSENCE") is used in
TaCBRD
TaCBoaRD Toolset
Threat
Probability to
Action Tool
(TPAT)
Tactical
Dynamic
Operational
Guided
Sampling
(TacDOGS)
Organize and present bioterrorism and public health
information
Provide situational awareness, event characterization,
response options and response guidance
Assist responders with:
• Selecting public health and environmental response
strategies for the unfolding biological incident
• Determine what additional information can help
improve confidence levels and support better
response decisions
• Reduce downstream consequences for public health,
wide-area restoration, and community recovery
Predictive, dynamic software application
Utilizes a physics-based approach to guide sample
collection in response to an outdoor wide area biological
agent release
Significantly reduces the time, effort, and costs associated
with the collection of numerous samples
Provides confidence in making informative decisions
regarding sampling approaches after a biological attack
GENERAL SESSION 2 | 59
-------
TaCBoaRD Toolset
Prioritization
Analysis Tool for
all Hazards
analyzer (PATH)
Allows for the rapid identification of key infrastructure likely
to be impacted during a WMD event
Allows users to identify restoration objectives
Produces a prioritized list of impacted key infrastructure for
recovery operations.
Analyzer for Wide
Area Restoration
Effectiveness
(AWARE)
Allows the user to input one or more WMD contamination
scenarios
User provides input on estimates of resources available to
conduct recovery
The prioritized list derived in the PATH tool (above) is
passed to AWARE tool
Calculates recovery timelines
Estimates the cost of recovery for the key
infrastructure list
TaCBoaRD Toolset
OJECON
Decontamination
Selection Tool
(DeconST)
Capability
Request Tool
(CaRT)
Provides cost-benefit comparisons of decontamination
technology options
Options provided for specific facilities based on:
Facility type
Construction
Building contents.
Standardizes foreign consequence management requests
for assistance
Web Remote
Message Center
(Web RMC)
Web-based version of the message center from the U.S.
Joint Warning and Reporting Network (JWARN) program
Capable of passing standard Nuclear, Biological and
Chemical (NBC) and Common Alert Protocol (CAP)
messages between organizations
Capable of passing the results of the U.S. Joint Effects
Model (JEM) program for display on a Google Map
GENERAL SESSION 2 | 60
-------
Biological Event Decision
Support
Biological Event Data
(includes Poland's
LIDAR)
Situational Awareness
(Mapping Portlet)
TaCBoaRD
Toolset
Trigger Tool
(SAGES)
Prioritization and
Optimization Tool
(PATH/AWARE)
Sampling Tool
'
I
-
Decontamination
Selection Tool
Capability Requests (CaRT)
External Messaging (Web RMC)
Strategy for Wide
Area Bacillus
anthrads Incident
Reduced Biological Threat through
Time-Phased Decision Making
GENERAL SESSION 2 | 61
-------
Questions?
Toolset Development Team:
Ryan Madden
TaCBRD Program Manager
Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA)
Ryan.Madden@dtra.mil
William Ginley
TaCBRD Technical Manager
U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center (ECBC)
William.J.Ginley6.civ@us.army.mil
Joe Pagan
TaCBRD Operational Manager
U.S. European Command (EUCOM)
Joe.E.Fagan.civ@mail.mil
GENERAL SESSION 2 | 62
-------
Tactical Dynamic
Operational Guided
Sampling Tool (TacDOGS)
Daniel Dutrow. Scott Stanchfield, Suma
Subbarao, Phillip Koshute, Sean Kinahan
and Alex Proescher
2013 U.S. EPA International
Decontamination Research and
Development Conference: Decisior
Support Tool Session (11/5/2013)
dPL
JOHSS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY
Applied Physics Laboratory
System Architecture
GENERAL SESSION 2 | 63
-------
TacDOGS Overall CONOPS/Storyboard
Step 1:
JTF/IC
Identifies
Sampling
Region and
Response
Assets
Step 2:
JTF/IC
Assigns
Response
Assets to
Localized
Areas
Step 3:
Response
Team
Step 4:
Response
Team
Commander Commander
sends R&S
Team to
Assess Area Plan
Constructs
Sampling
Step 5:
Provide
Response
Team with
"Best
Practices"
for each
Sampling
Location
Response
Team
Executes
Plan
Step 7:
Analyze
Sample
Results with
Quality Value
Capabilities under development
• Web Portlets
- Asset Registration, Asset Coordination, Sampling Research
• Sampling Efficiency Derivation
- From published research —> efficiency of instrument vs. surface
• Algorithms
- Assign assets to missions based on known capabilities
• Best Practices
- Given the task —> suggest how best to accomplish objective
• Field Tasking App
- Identify sampling locations
• Field Sample Collection App
- Collect sampling data, record to NFC tag attached to bag
GENERAL SESSION 2 | 64
-------
Field Tasking Application
Coordinate and assign a variety of tasks to specific
locations
- Sampling locations, points of interest
- Pre-survey to record photos and notes about the locations
Robust communications
- Transfers data through a network connection
or NFC "taps" or tags
Configurable
- Currently configured
for outdoor biological
samples
Current work
- Map layer import
- On screen sketching
Field Sample Collection Application
Field Apps
- Capture and track
information about what,
when, where, and how
samples were collected
- Sample collection data
tracking
> Transferred to server
> Transferred to NFC tag
- May input field analysis data
(presumptive field results)
GENERAL SESSION 2 | 65
-------
Questions?
Tactical Dynamic Operational Guided Sampling (TacDOGS)
TaCBRD Tech Demo I
Surface Deposition Aral of li
topon.
Aiset Reglstntion
5am
ling Capabilities
GENERAL SESSION 2 | 66
-------
Decontamination Strategy and
Technology Selection Tool
(DeconST)
Donna Edwards, Tim Sa, Stephen Mueller,
Paula Krauter (retired), Julie Fruetel,
Lynn Yang, Mark Tucker
Sandia National Laboratories
Shawn Ryan, Paul Lemieux,
Leroy Mickelsen, Mario lerardi
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
2013 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
International Decontamination Research and Development Conference
November 5-7, 2013
\
Sandia is a multiprogram laboratory
operated by Sandia Corporation, a
Lockheed Martin Company, for the
United States Department of Energy
under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.
Sandia
National
Laboratories
SAND82013-9452C
D ^\ Motivation: Decontamination of a complex
facility requires many considerations
Potential decontamination methods
- environmental conditions
- application requirements
- site-specific inputs
Cleaning and removal of potentially contaminated items or material
- off-site treatment
- source reduction
- waste management
..all with associated costs and benefits
Problem is exacerbated in wide-area incident with potentially hundreds to
thousands of contaminated facilities and limited availability of resources.
GENERAL SESSION 2 | 67
-------
DeconST: a Decision-Support Tool for
Single-Facility Remediation
[^•ii^^i n n
Features
- Facility-specific, effective remediation approaches
- Comparison of decontamination technologies for the facility
- Flexible, data-rich framework
RESULTS SUMMARY Decontamination Technologies
% of Materials Decontaminated
Total Cost, $M
Material Removal/Replacement Time (person hour;
Total Waste Generated (ton;)
Volume
Chlorine
Dioxide
Gas
90%
$5.6
66,500
300
ric Decontar
Methyl
Bromide
90%
$5.0
53,500
200
nination
Vaporous
Hydrogen
Peroxide*
10%
$5.6
71,200
300
Surf a
Aqueous
Chlorine
Dioxide
0%
$8.3
86,900
400
ce Decontamin
Bleach
90%
$8.3
86,700
400
ution
Hydrogen
Peroxide PAA,
Oxonia Active
100%
$8.2
84,000
400
l^d^r^: _ :m*tWle
Intended User
- Technical Working Group (TWG) functioning under a Unified Command
(UC) providing recommendations to the Incident Commander (1C)
remediating a facility 3
Source: WARRP Decontamination Strategy and Technology Selection Tool: User Manual and Report
Tool Overview
DECONTAMINATION
SELECTION TOOL
GENERAL SESSION 2 | 68
-------
User Input: Facility Information
nzzmni
DECONTAMINATION
SELECTION TOOL1 (jtj) £
I*,.-PI >.-..«,.-. . , .-
*Note: The EPA's BOTE experiment is the source for the concept of "waste handling difficulty."
User Input: Materials
& Sampling Information
MATERIALS INPUTS
MtttHtt
~ , ,
"£«,* — .«-
b«t
-------
Results Summary
i CD en i
RESULTS SUMMARY
Results Summary
RESULTS SUMMARY
Caveat: Numbers are
intended for comparison
purposes rather than
indicators of actual costs!
GENERAL SESSION 2 | 70
-------
Output Screens
nzzmni
P*n*nl*ti o* MMvruH 0«ont*«nln«Wd ta
DeconST: Impact
nzzmni
EPA's On-Scene Commander "BioGuide"
- Incorporated into Decontamination Technologies Chapter
DoD/DTRA's Transatlantic Collaborative Biological
Resiliency Demonstration (TaCBRD)
- Demonstrated at Technical Demonstration 1
- Integration into TaCBoaRD tool
10
GENERAL SESSION 2 | 71
-------
Contact Information
nzzmni
Donna Edwards
edwards(S)sandia.gov
925-294-2253
Reference herein to any specific commercial products, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or
otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States
Government. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States
Government, and shall not be used for advertising or product endorsement purposes.
11
GENERAL SESSION 2 | 72
-------
Carcass Management Decision Support Tools
Brooke Pearson, Wayne Einfeld, Stacey Tyler, and Emilie Hill
K> UK 2001
o From February through
Octobers 2001, there
were 2,000 cases of
the disease. Over 10
million sheep and cattle
were killed
Korea 2011
o From late November
2010 through mid-April
2011, an estimated 3.5
million pigs and cattle
in South Korea were
killed
GENERAL SESSION 2 | 73
-------
Blizzard of October 2013
so Up to 4ft of snow fell during storms in
Northern Nebraska and southern
South Dakota
so Animals suffocated as the snow built
up, others suffered from hypothermia,
fell off rocky ledges or were hit by
vehicles as they wandered on to
roads
K> Killed between 15,000 and 30,000
head of cattle in South Dakota,
-1,000 in Nebraska
Disposal
K> UK - burning, landfill, renderingand
mass burial
o Burial: A total of seven sites were used.
In total, some 1.3 million carcasses
(about 20% of the total 6 million) were
disposed in mass burial sites
o Rendering: only 15,000 tons per week
capacity
o Landfill: 69,000 tons in Cumbria, but
there were concerns about spread of BSE
so South Dakota - mass burial
o Two giant pits dug in the eastern part of
Pennington County, SD and ranchers are
being encouraged to bring carcasses to
them for disposal.
Korea - mass burial
o Approximately 3.48 million animals
(151,425 cattle, 3,318,299 pigs, 8,071
goats, and 2,728 deer) were buried at
4,583 burial sites
10 Nebraska - landfill
o The Solid Waste Agency of Northwest
Nebraska was granted a permit by the
Nebraska Department of Environmental
Quality to operate an Emergency Carcass
Disposal Area at a landfill.
GENERAL SESSION 2 | 74
-------
How can we aid in determining the disposal option
for the scenario?
What is the best option?
What materials do I need?
What training do I need?
What permits do I need?
How much land do I
need?
How long will it take?
How much will it cost?
Disposal Matrix
m Started with Draft
FAD PReP SOP for
Disposal matrix in
K> Reviewed by
interagency3D IPT
and revised
K> This is a subjective
scoring system based
on the expert
opinions of subject
matter experts
K> Is a one-size fits all
scenarios view
Color Key
Idea
GENERAL SESSION 2 | 75
-------
Agent Based Disposal Matrix
Disposal
Option
Unlined Burial
Engr. Landfill
Incineration
Open burn
Rendering
Compost
Prion Bacteria Spore Chema Radb
Bacteria
Possible1 Possible2 Possible3
Possible4
Possible10 Possible11 Possible12
Yes1
Yes15 | Possible16 Possible17 Possible18
Possible19 No20 Possible21 Possible22 No23 No24
Possible36
so Built a new matrix based upon the suitability of the disposal
option and the reason for disposal
so Justification based on experimental evidence and regulations
so Primary literature and reports cited
GENERAL SESSION 2 | 76
-------
Tool Calculates:
Total estimated cost (SK)
capacity ratio|svail/need;
30-dayfacil capacity ratio [avail/reed}
SSOO
51,200
51,700
Daystotranspoi
Fixed-facility Incineration
3Q-d3yfacil capacity ratio (avail/need;
•q [tans of wood}
q [galnf dieseli
5500
52,000
52,500
so The time to
depopulate
so The resource
capacity ratio (e.g.,
adequacy of land
and transport)
so The estimated time
to complete
disposal
so The estimated cost
for the entire
disposal operation
The results of these calculations allow users to quickly narrow the number of
suitable disposal options.
Checklist and Training
Preparation for outdoor Composting
Preparation for Outdoor ( om
- ••.:-.•. ' - . ..-,,. ,-_-.__] - ,
Ptgin. Tfii* lutctXHi tcrntn aa;v.T** rha
ual Team and rhc nc for f-*
n. PrefMTdbons jhould indude:
0 OH lit* for rompo* NTO
»0r««bi
•to Ou
vr* Tr*n
court* tor proc«ur»* for transposing
Checklists for suitability
On-line training for more planning information
GENERAL SESSION 2 | 77
-------
Questions?
The epidemic health control officer gave us a few guidelines.
"No one can leave here until after all the work is done and the
sterilizing truck has come and disinfected everyone. We will
begin the live burial of bigger pigs first, and then move on to
the smaller pigs." Even the mayor, who had to volunteer like
the rest of us due to lack of personnel, had to follow these
orders.
— Yoon Hu-Duk, a politician who is also a volunteer with his local disease-
prevention authority in Paju—a city at the northern border of South Korea
commenting on Korea's FMD disposal activities
GENERAL SESSION 2 | 78
-------
WASTE ESTIMATION SUPPORT
^ TOOL: AN OVERVIEW,
^UPDATES, AND
DEMONSTRATION
Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education
Paul Lemieux
US EPA, Office of Research and Developn
~olin Hayes
^astern Research Group
2013 EPA International Decontamination
Research and Development Conference RTP,
NC November 5-7, 2013
' Waste Estimation
Support Tool
&EFA
United States
Environmental Proteclic
c/EFW
GIS-based tool that can assist in planning/preparedness
activities
-Radiological incident waste management issues linked with decontamination
and restoration timeline
-Waste management decisions need to be made early
Waste Estimation Support Tool (WEST) Facilitates
- First-order estimate of waste quantity and activity
-Pre-selection of waste management options
- ID of potential triage/staging/temporary storage areas
-Assessment of impact of decontamination/waste management strategies on
waste generation and vice-versa
- Identify starting points for policy discussions
I Office of Research and Development
I National Homeland Security Research Center
GENERAL SESSION 2 | 79
-------
Conceptual Methodology
^F if
Satellite
Image
Processing
Tool
Default
Sensitivity
Analysis
Waste
Estimates
Default Data
(optional)
Decontamination
I Office of Research and Development
I National Homeland Security Research Centei
Potential Scope of Problem
I Office of Research and Development
I National Homeland Security Research Center
Wide Area Recovery and Resiliency Program (Denver Metro Area)
GENERAL SESSION 2 | 80
-------
Adjustable Parameters
*
Demolition/decontamination decisions
-Default % for all buildings within each zone
-Custom based on 28 user-specific occupancy types (e.g.,
single family homes, industrial buildings, etc.)
Distribution of decontamination technologies
-Washing
-Abrasive removal
-Strippable coatings
-2 user-defined decontamination technologies
-"No decontamination" option
I Office of Research and Development
I National Homeland Security Research Centei
Example Results
Media
Ground Materials and
Trees
Building Demolition
Building Decontamination
Wastewater (L)
Zone 1
Mass Volume
MT
21,000
67,000
900
m3
9,700
28,000
300
5.3E+07
Zone 2
Mass Volume
MT
226,000
83,000
85,000
m3
107,000
34,000
37,000
1.5E+10
Zone 3
Mass Volume
MT
543,000
142,000
72,000
m3
267,000
59,000
33,000
2.8E+10
Total
Mass Volume
MT
790,000
292,000
159,000
m3
383,000
121,000
71,000
4.2E+10
Results from Liberty RadEx National Level Exercise Scenario
• Office of Research and Development
H National Homeland Security Research Center
GENERAL SESSION 2 | 81
-------
Example Results
Estimated Waste Volume %
10.9%
Solid Waste Activity (LiCi/m
I Office of Research and Development
I National Homeland Security Research Cent
ntal Protection
Implications Identified by the Tool
*
• Highlights benefit of considering waste when
selecting decontamination options
• Identify resource constraints (e.g., wash water)
• Help refine decontamination strategy based on
infrastructure, time, & radionuclide activity
• Advantages of on-site treatment to reduce waste
-Soil is prime candidate for on-site treatment and
waste minimization activities
• Identifies starting point for policy discussions
-Use of conventional or hazardous waste landfills for
minimally-contaminated materials
-Use of low-level radioactive waste disposal capacity
fqr materials contaminated at higher levels
GENERAL SESSION 2 | 82
-------
United Steles
Environmental Protection
Aflancy
Version 2.0 (Oct. 2013)
-ArcGIS 10.x support
-Significant automation of data processing steps
-Building occupancy-specific
decontamination/demolition
-Support for multi-state scenarios
Version 2.1 (Feb. 2014)
-Generate reports
-Detailed user guide
I Office of Research and Development
I National Homeland Security Research Centei
The Future?
Import building stock (Shapefile or
OpenStreetMap)
Support for OCONUS
Essential facilities (1C)
Building contents (I-WASTE)
Estimate biomass/vehicles (USDA)
Cost & logistical support
Plot results in CIS
All-hazard support (chem/bio)
EPA GeoPlatform support
Shapefile
I Office of Research and Development
I National Homeland Security Research Center
OpenStreetMap
GENERAL SESSION 2 | 83
-------
Disclaimer
Reference herein to any specific commercial
products, process, or service by trade name,
trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not
necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement,
recommendation, or favoring by the United States
Government. The views and opinions of authors
expressed herein do not necessarily state or
reflect those of the United States Government, and
shall not be used for advertising or product
endorsement purposes.
I Office of Research and Development
I National Homeland Security Research Centei
'. .1 '. ,-- ' ' I ''<• ! •-•.'.. :
Thank You
Contact Info:
Tim Boe
boe.timothv@epa.gov
919-541-2482
Paul Lemieux
lemieux.paul@epa.gov
919-541-0962
I Office of Research and Development
I National Homeland Security Research Center
GENERAL SESSION 2 | 84
-------
Waste Management Planning
Application
OFFICE OF RESOURCE CONSERVATION AND
RECOVERY(ORCR)
HOMELAND SECURITY PROGRAM
NOV. 5, 2013
BACKGROUND
Based on experience from meetings, conferences, exercises and actual incidents,
the following became clear:
O Waste management (WM) issues have a major impact during a homeland
security (HS) incident response
O Visibility of WM issues during a HS incident is increasing
O Pre-Incident WM Planning can significantly ease decision making during
response
O WM Planning often overlooked
x Lack of resources (staff, funding, time)
x Lack of guidance
x Lack of awareness of impacts
x Perception of low urgency
Requests for assistance to aid plan development from state and local officials
GENERAL SESSION 2 | 85
-------
Goal:
To encourage state and local emergency planners to develop pre-
incident plans to address waste management during large scale
HS incidents.
In order to achieve this goal, ORCR, with input from other EPA
Offices and Regions, has initiated the development of an
online application (intended to be similar to "turbotax"), to
assist them in developing these plans.
This application would integrate materials which are being
developed as part of an overall "toolbox", along with self-
contained information (CD, possible Smartphone/tablet app)
usable on site/during incident.
Development Status
To date, the EPA has:
o Identified the recommended contents for a typical pre-
incident waste management plan for HS incidents, and
developed suggestions, considerations, and resources that
would form the basis of the future application
o Hosted two focus group meetings to present the application
concept and solicit input from state planners in R3 & RS
* Feedback from participants used to revise the ORCR guidance,
and refine application concept
o Begun identifying information technology (IT)
requirements for the application, and is currently discussing
funding options. *
GENERAL SESSION 2 | 86
-------
Focus Group Meetings Summary
Participants supportive of application concept
Recommended an "All Hazards" approach
Provided examples of plans for similar, past incidents
Provided suggestions for additional resources for various parts of the
tool
Requested the application provide additional guidance/information on
certain issues, such as carcass disposal.
Noted significant differences between level of experience and degree of
planning of participating States. Recommended flexibility to
accommodate differences
Stressed importance of integration with other related tools (such as
IWASTE) and adherence to existing EPA data standards
Mentioned importance of coordination with Federal Emergency
Management Agency (FEMA) (and with U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
(COE) and US Coast Guard (USCG) to lesser extent)
Emphasized value of users' ability to share information with each other
Summary of Primary IT Requirements for Application
Must Have:
o User web accessibility
o Commonly and commercially available format
o Scalability—add new fields, new relationship and new data user can access (i.e. /'guidance" or "considerations)"
o Security: password protected
o Ability for user to:
o - save data on server or offline, for use in more than one login session
o - move sequentially from field to field
o - enter information either into text box AND/OR drop down menu(s) — combinable
o Ability to create "wizards" to aid user in entering data
o Allowance for importation of data from other databases (such as IWASTE) into one or more fields
o Ability to move through fields sequentially or dynamically
o Allowance for external links
Ideally Have:
o Ability to:
o - create and work with mobile apps
o - choose to share final product with other users
o - have multiple simultaneous users
o Capability to store large quantity of data
Nice Extras:
o Ability to incorporate video into wizards (or other information provided to user)
GENERAL SESSION 2 | 87
-------
Contact Information
For additional information, please contact:
Anna Tschursin
e-mail: tschursin.anna(Sepa.gov
Telephone: 703-308-8805
Waste Characterization Branch
Materials Recovery and Waste Management Division (MC-53O4P)
Office of Resource Conservation and Recovery, USEPA
12OO Pennsylvania Avenue, NW
Washington, B.C. 20460
GENERAL SESSION 2 | 88
-------
Wednesday, November 6, 2013
General Session 3
Risk Communication
and Systems Approach
GENERAL SESSION 3 | 1
-------
vvEPA
United Slates
Agency
Acknowledgements
City of Chicago Department of Water Management
City of San Diego Public Utilities Department
Charlotte-Mecklenburg Utilities
Massachusetts Water Resources Authority
Public Participants
Association of Metropolitan Water Agencies/WaterlSAC
Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE)
-DickTardif
- Kelli Martin
- Mark Herring (Mark Herring Associates)
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center
GENERAL SESSION 3 | 2
-------
x-xEPA
United Stai
Environmental Protectioi
Agency
Risk Communication
SOOD RISK COMMUNICATION.
AS CAPTAIN OF THIS FLIGHT,
DEEPLY PEGRET HAVING TO INFORM
YOU THAT WE APE ABOUT TO CPASH.
CARTOON BY MICHAEL MtTTAG,
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center
vvEPA
United States
Agency
Objectives
Critical information needs of
public during water emergency
Differences in perceptions
•Support crisis communication
planning
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center
GENERAL SESSION 3 | 3
-------
x-xEPA
led Slates
Environmental Protectioi
Agency
Research Methods
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center
vvEPA
United Slates
Agency
Professional Sessions
• Contamination scenario
-Unfit for use/cause unknown
Intentional act/terrorist attack
• Questions the public would
want answered
"If you can keep the...publicinformed...
you can help the public manage the situation."
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center
GENERAL SESSION 3 | 4
-------
x-xEPA
Public Sessions
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center
vvEPA
United Slates
Agency
Professional and Public
Differences
Professional
-Medical care
-Fire protection
-Business uses
The DBSI doctor gives
the I63SI medicines."
Public
-Time
-Personal safety
-Obtaining "safe" water
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center
GENERAL SESSION 3 | 5
-------
x-xEPA
Reactions
• "Attack" and "terrorism"
negative connotations
• Supply protection
"anger...panic...will there be others?" .
"You didn't figure this out until enough people got sick?"
DANGER
DO NOT DRINK
THIS WATER
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center
Beliefs
Point of attack source water
(e.g., reservoir, river)
Contamination will spread
throughout the system
vvEPA
United Slates
Agency
Distribution Systems
Complexity
Isolate portions of the system
Alternative sources of water
Limitations
Professional: "The public takes most of this for granted.'
Public: "I don't know if I believe it could be that isolated.
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center
GENERAL SESSION 3 | 6
-------
x-xEPA
United Stales
Environmental Protectioi
Agency
Biological vs. Chemical
• Bacterium are alive
• Remediation more difficult
• Pesticides less alarming
-Ingested
-Used in homes
"Big difference...we eat pesticides."
"A biological agent will grow rather than be diluted."
"[Biological agent] automatic.. .sick, gut-wrenching feeling
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center
vvEPA
United States
Agency
"Safe" Water
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center
GENERAL SESSION 3 | 7
-------
x-xEPA
Conclusions
'Construct
•Capacity
'Collaborate
'Communicate
IN CASE OF fc»ER6tlu.V_
Professional: "The health information must come from health officials."
Public: "I'd have to have someone come out, open the faucet, and drink it.
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center
vvEPA
United Slates
Agency
Draft Messages
Preference for
-Directives
-Short concise sentences
-Protective actions
-Results rather than process
-Sense of time/predictability
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center
GENERAL SESSION 3 | 8
-------
&EPA Message Development Tool
Water Emergency Message
Development Tool
PROTOTYPE vO.9.10
This tool was designed based on the report "Need to Know: Anticipating
the Public's Questions During a Water Emergency." The report is located
in the "References" section of this tool. Use this tool to see and prepare
for potential questions you may be asked in the event of a water
emergency. You can review suggested responses and messages
recommended in the report and tailor answers to your specific situation.
Your work can be saved as a "Briefing" and you can construct briefings
for various scenarios under different briefing titles.
Begin
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center
vvEPA
Report Availability
Office of Research and Development
National Homeland Security Research Center
Website
-www.epa.gov/nhsrc
For more information, contact
-Scott Minamyer
WIPD
minamyer.scotttgjepa.gov
-Cynthia Yund, PhD
TCAD
vund.cvnthia@.epa.aov
Disclaimer
The United States Environmental Protection Agency,
through its Office of Research and Development,
funded and managed the research described here.
It has been subjected to Agency's administrative
review and approved for publication. Mention of
trade names or commercial products does not
constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
GENERAL SESSION 3 | 9
-------
2013 EPA Decon Conference
Risk Communication and Systems Approach Session
Perceptions of Risk Communication
Messages During a Long-Term
Biological Remediation
Charlena Bowling1, David Malet2, Mark Korbitz3, Jody Carrillo4,
Elizabeth Penrod4, Cynthia Yund1
1US Environmental Protection Agency, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr., MS NG16, Cincinnati OH
45268; ^University of Melbourne, Grattan St., Parkville VIC 3010, Australia; 3Otero Junior College,
1802 Colorado Ave., La Junta CO 81050; "Pueblo County/City Health Department, 101 W. 9th St.,
Pueblo CO 81003
11/20/2013
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Introduction
Effective communication strategies
ensure trust
Strategies must be diverse
Involvement between public and
risk communicators
During long term events, public
may be less attentive
-
11/20/2013
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
GENERAL SESSION 3 | 10
-------
Background
Grant funded 3-year study conducted by Pueblo
City/County Health Department of Colorado and EPA-
NHSRC
Focused on the research need for risk communication
practices during remediation phase of biological event
Study and participants based in Pueblo due to diverse
demographics of local population
11/20/2013
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Objective
Determine which message content and delivery
methods are more likely to foster understanding and
trust from target audiences during the remediation
phase of a biological event
Outcome
Enhanced knowledge of specific community
information/communication needs during a long term
event
11/20/2013
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
GENERAL SESSION 3 | 11
-------
Project Overview
Emergency
responders,
government, public
officials
Messages via
email
In-person
feedback session
Telephone
interviews
Completed
Public
volunteers
Scenario
messages via
Facebook
In-person
feedback
session
Ongoing
Data analysis
using ATLAS.ti
software
Compilation of
results for
public safety
agencies
Ongoing
11/20/2013
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Phase 1 Methods
17 messages describing remediation efforts following a
bioterrorist attack
Distributed via email
Directed to reply with how they would act if events were real and
to focus feedback on risk perception
Face-to-face feedback session
Telephone interviews
11/20/2013
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
GENERAL SESSION 3 | 12
-------
Scenario:
Bacillus anthracis
Colorado State Parks
lake Pueblo Suite Park
11/20/2013
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Scenario:
Foot & Mouth
Disease
11/20/2013
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
GENERAL SESSION 3 | 13
-------
Scenario Messages
Messages modeled after mass media
reports
Initial messages describe illnesses,
presence of anthrax, and later FMD
Mid-event focus on public pressure,
demands, concerns
Focus turns to recovery and publicity
campaigns
11/20/2013
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
9
Participant Responses
Confusion over email messages
and instructions for response
Feedback session used to clarify
participant responses and views
Follow-up telephone interviews
assessed value of exercise
11/20/2013
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
10
GENERAL SESSION 3 | 14
-------
Feedback Session
Participants assigned to tables of 6-8
individuals
Recorders and digital tape recorders
collected responses
Determine most effective messages
for communicating decontamination
data to the lay public
11/20/2013
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
11
Findings Discussion
11/20/2013
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
12
GENERAL SESSION 3 | 15
-------
1. Expectation of cleanup to "zero"
residual risk
"My response would be
to support the decision "'Remain calm and the
to treat the water..." public is not at risk'.. .yeah
right!"
"...I do not want to be the one who gets
anthrax from the 0.1% that was not killed
in the water."
11/20/2013
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
13
2. Local agencies assume high level
agencies will take control
"...I don't know how much we would be
involved in this. I really don't because I think
the CDC would come down and really...it's been
their pattern to kind of come down and just say
we're taking over."
"The CDC would
take over and say
'you're gone'."
"I don't think it would be local anymore... is that
something our community would accept? I think they
would because they'd be so afraid, but..."
11/20/2013
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
14
GENERAL SESSION 3 | 16
-------
3. Positive emotions increased with the
progression of messages
Interaction
with audience
Incorporation
of audience
feedback
More positive
reception
"best message to date"
"happy"
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
"messages read very well"
11/20/2013
15
4. Participants suggested communications
strategies even though many were not
currently using them
Intensive
public
outreach
efforts using
new media
Establish
information
hotlines and
websites
Social Media
Hire
professional
comms
firms
Meet
frequently
with editorial
boards to
influence
coverage
11/20/2013
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
16
GENERAL SESSION 3 | 17
-------
5. Communicating risk is a challenge
in simplification
"...how do you make
people aware, but not
panicked."
"I remember feeling like I did
not have the technical expertise
to respond to this."
"Communicating uncertainty is always difficult..."
"...it is a struggle to convey scientific
information in a way that the general audience
can understand."
11/20/2013
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
17
Conclusions
Emergency management personnel may not be
uniformly prepared to respond with full effectiveness
State and local response personnel must work
together
Social media's potential may not be fully utilized even
though its influence is apparent
Long term events have unique communication
demands
11/20/2013
•/ Involvement with community is key
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
18
GENERAL SESSION 3 | 18
-------
Next Steps
Phase 2
- Messaging portion completed
- Data gathering and analysis
ongoing
Phase 3 in process
- Content analysis
11/20/2013
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
19
Looking Ahead
Local and state responders rely on Federal resources
and information - so what else do our partners and
stakeholders need (i.e. what other research is needed
from EPA?)
11/20/2013
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
20
GENERAL SESSION 3 | 19
-------
Disclaimer
The United States Environmental Protection Agency through its Office of
Research and Development funded and managed the research described
here. It has been subjected to Agency's administrative review and approved
for publication. The views expressed are those of the authors and do not
necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Agency. Mention of trade
names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or
recommendation for use.
11/20/2013
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
21
Thank You! Questions?
Charlena Bowling
bowling.charlena@epa.gov
513-569-7648
www.epa.gov/nhsrc
11/20/2013
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
22
GENERAL SESSION 3 | 20
-------
A Systems Approach to Characterizing
the Social Environment for
Decontamination and Resilience
Dr. Keely Maxwell, AAAS Fellow, EPA National
Homeland Security Research Center
U.S. EPA International Decontamination Research &
Development Conference
November 6, 2013
Talk outline
GENERAL SESSION 3 | 21
-------
1- 11 i
acterize site.
The social environment of decontamination
GENERAL SESSION 3 | 22
-------
Social environment
capacity for individual
& collective action
Decontamination
return to social function?
GENERAL SESSION 3 | 23
-------
* Sample, ID hazard
Characterize site,
exposure, extent
Consequence mat.
Coupled Human-Natural System Resilience Indicators
Pre-disaster
Demographic
Vulnerability
Vulnerable populations
Uneven
No disaster planning
Governance
Political fragmentation
& Planning
Risk mis perception
Income & wealth inequality
Economic Household access to cash,
vehicles, phones, insurance
Vulnerable housing stock
Infrastructure Low arterial miles/area
Bottlenecks
Unhealthy population &
behavior patterns
Crime rates
r ,
&
Limited sense of place
Community
Environmental legacies
Environment Environmental injustice
Soil erosion
Capacity
Educational attainment
Religious adherents /capita
Owner: renter
Scenario exercises
Risk communication
Hazard mitigation planning
Human development index
diversity
Females in labor force
Critical infrastructure and
lifeline redundancy
Structural protection
Access to doctor, hospital,
insurance, pharmacy
Health literacy
Civic organizations
Voter registration rates
Volunteering rates
Environmental knowledge
Biodiversity
Land use planning
Post-disaster
Recovery Outcomes
Population growth rate
USPS vacancy rates
Domestic violence rates
Adaptive capacity
Compliance rates
Organizational learning
Housing affordability
Unemployment rates & wages
Business disruption
Property damage
Time until return to function
Degrades gracefully
Disaster related morbidity
Disease incidence
Perception of well-being
Access to public spaces
Memorialization undertaken
in recovery
Contaminant levels
Waste management
Resource
GENERAL SESSION 3 | 24
-------
Indicator
Category
Demographic
Governance
& Planning
Coupled Human-Natural System Resilience Indicators
Pre-disaster
Vulnerability
Vulnerable populations
Uneven risk distribution
No disaster planning
Political fragmentation
Risk (mis)perception
Capacity
Educational attainment
Religious adherents /capita
Owner: renter
Scenario exercises
Risk communication
Hazard mitigation planning
Human development index
Household access to cash,
vehicles, phones, insurance
Vulnerable housing stock
Infrastructure Low arterial miles/area
Bottlenecks
Unhealthy population &
Public Health behavior patterns
Crime rates
Social
networks &
collective
Limited sense of place
Lack of trust
Community values not ID'd
Environmental legacies
Environment Environmental injustice
Soil erosion
Livelihood diversity
Females in labor force
Critical infrastructure and
lifeline redundancy
Structural protection
Access to doctor, hospital,
insurance, pharmacy
Health literacy
Civic organizations
Voter registration rates
Volunteering rates
Environmental knowledge
Biodiversity
Land use planning
I Post-disaster
Recovery Outcomes
Population growth rate
USPS vacancy rates
Domestic violence rates
Adaptive capacity
Compliance rates
Organizational learning
Housing affordabihty
Unemployment rates & wages
Business disruption
Property damage
Time until return to function
Degrades gracefully
Disaster related morbidity
Disease incidence
Perception of well-being
Access to public spaces
Memorialization undertaken
Political voice in recovery
Contaminant levels
Waste management
Resource property rights
Indicator
Category
Demographi
Coupled Human-Natural System Resilience Indicators
Pre-disaster
Vulnerability
I Vulnerable po,
Uneven risk distrit
Capacity
Educational attainment
Religious adherents /capita
Owner: renter
I Post-disaster
Recovery Outcomes
Population growth rate
USPS vacancy rates
Domestic violence rates
Governance
& Planning
Infrastructure
Public Health
Social
networks &
collective
Environment
Metric US Census Dai
Multiple Households w members
generation <1 8 and 65+, as %
households total households
F or M householder, no
Single spouse present, w/own
parent children <1 8, as % total
households households w/own
children <18
nal learning
rdability
;nt rates & wages
jption
nage
urn to function
acefully
ted morbidity
lence
F well-being
:>lic spaces
tion undertaken
3 in recovery
:igement
perty rights
GENERAL SESSION 3 | 25
-------
Indicator
Category
Demographic
Coupled Human-Natural System Resilience Indicators
Pre-disaster
Governance
& Planning
Infrastructure
Public Health
Vulnerability
Vulnerable subpopulations
Uneven risk distribution
No disaster planning
Capacity
Educational attainment
Religious adherents /capita
Owner: renter
Scenario exercises
Environment
Land use planning
I Post-disaster
Recovery Outcomes
Population growth rate
USPS vacancy rates
Domestic violence rates
Adaptive capacity
Compliance rates
Organizational learning
Housing affordability
Unemployment rates & wages
Business disruption
Property damage
Time until return to function
Degrades gracefully
Disaster related morbidity
Disease incidence
Perception of well-being
Access to public spaces
Memorialization undertaken
Political voice in recovery
Contaminant levels
Waste management
Resource property rights
Coupled Human-Natural System Resilience Indicators
Pre-disaster Post-disaster
Vulnerability
. Vulnerable subpopulations
Uneven risk distribution
_ No disaster planning
Governance _ , , ,
„ _. Political fragmentation
& Planning .......
Risk mis perception
Economic inequality
Economic Household access to cash,
vehicles, phones, insurance
Vulnerable housing stock
Infrastructure Low arterial miles/area
Bottlenecks
Unhealthy population &
Public Health behavior patterns
Crime rates
Social
networks &
collective
Limited sense of place
Lack of trust
Community values not ID'd
Environmental legacies
Environment Environmental injustice
Soil erosion
Capacity
Educational attainment
Religious adherents/capita
Owner: renter
Scenario exercises
Risk communication
Hazard mitigation planning
Human development index
Livelihood diversity
Females in labor force
Critical infrastructure and
lifeline redundancy
Structural protection
Access to doctor, hospital,
insurance, pharmacy
Health literacy
Civic organizations
Voter registration rates
Volunteering rates
Environmental knowledge
Biodiversity
Land use planning
Recovery Outcomes
Population growth rate
USPS vacancy rates
Domestic violence rates
Adaptive capacity
Compliance rates
Organizational learning
Housing affordability
Unemployment rates & wages
Business disruption
Property damage
Time until return to function
Degrades gracefully
Disaster-related morbidity
Disease incidence
Perception of well-being
Access to public spaces
Memorialization undertaken
Political voice in recovery
Contaminant levels
Waste management
Resource property rights
GENERAL SESSION 3 | 26
-------
•nt
Moving forward: local environmental
knowledae & risk communication
GENERAL SESSION 3 | 27
-------
Moving forward: public values &
remediation criteria
Sugar Creek, OH: polluted
watershed. Locally controlled water
quality testing. Used pollution
levels & social significance to
prioritize clean-up hotspots.
Rocky Flats, CO: Superfund site.
Community Radionuclide Soil Action
Level Oversight Panel held monthly
public meetings. Methodology &
report on soil action levels.
GENERAL SESSION 3 | 28
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Moving forward: coupled human-
natural system monitorina
Endicott, NY. 1 979: TCE spills into groundwater.
Remediation: house ventilation limits vapor intrusion
Monitoring: # houses with ventilation, public health
System monitoring: trust in
institutions, property values,
attachment to place
Photo: P. Little
GENERAL SESSION 3 | 29
-------
Disclaimer
The views expressed in this presentation are those
of the author and do not necessarily reflect the
views or policies of the United States Environmental
Protection Agency. Mention of trade names or
commercial products does not constitute
endorsement or recommendation for use.
GENERAL SESSION 3 | 30
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Wednesday, November 6, 2013
General Session 3
Food Safety-Decontamination
and Disposal Issues
GENERAL SESSION 3 | 31
-------
U.S. EPA Decontamination
Conference
Intentional Contamination of
Food
Nicholas B. Bauer
USDA
Food Safety and Inspection Service
Novembers, 2013
Who We Are and Our Mission
Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS)
- Public health agency in U.S. Department of
Agriculture (USDA)
- Mission: ensure that U.S. supply of meat,
poultry, and processed egg products is
safe, wholesome, and correctly labeled and
packaged
FSIS Office of Data Integration and Food
Protection (ODIFP)
- Mission: prevent, prepare for, and coordinate
a response to intentional and unintentional
contamination, significant food emergencies,
and natural disasters
11/06/2013
GENERAL SESSION 3 | 32
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U.S. Agriculture
$1 trillion in food business
-$141 billion agriculture
exports (2012)
-$103 billion agriculture
imports (2012)
-~10-15% total U.S.
economic activity
--18% of total U.S. jobs
Food Defense
Food Safety - the efforts to prevent
accidental (unintentional) contamination
of food products by agents reasonably
likely to occur in the food supply
- Natural / environmental source of
contamination
Food Defense - the efforts to prevent
intentional contamination of food
products by biological, chemical,
physical, or radiological agents
- Human intervention as the source of
contamination
Food Defense is Voluntary!
11/06/2013
GENERAL SESSION 3 | 33
-------
Potential Targets:
From Farm to Fork
Crops
Livestock
Employees
Import Facilities
Food and agriculture
transportation
systems
Food processing
facilities
Food storage/
distribution facilities
Restaurants, grocery
stores, markets
Why Attack Food?
Food is often prepared or
held in large batches
(many servings)
Extremely rapid,
widespread distribution
with just-in-time
deliveries
Industry consolidation of
food processing facilities
11/06/2013
GENERAL SESSION 3 | 34
-------
Food as a Weapon
The food and agriculture sector could be used as a
vehicle to disseminate threat agents, with potentially
catastrophic impacts:
- Public Health
- Economic and trade
- Psychological
- Loss of public confidence
Even the threat of intentional contamination could
pose serious problems for public health and the
international economy
Intelligence indicates terrorists have discussed
attacking components of the food sector
Intentional Contamination of Food
Latest Terror Threat in US
Aimed to Poison Food
(December 2010)
Afghan cops: Food poisoning at
border post (February 2012)
FORENSIC
SCIENCES
Milk alert as poison terrorist strikes
(December 2003)
INDEPENDENT
> 'AI-Qa'ida' attempt to
poison Rome's water
supply foiled (February
2002)
Arsenic Poisoning Caused by
Intentional Contamination of
Coffee at a Church Gathering-
An Epidemiological Approach
to a Forensic Investigation
(April 2010)
CRIENGLISH.coM
• The food poisoning of 203 hospital patients
in northeast China was a criminal act
involving the intentional use of dangerous
substances, the police said... (April 2007)
11/06/2013
GENERAL SESSION 3 | 35
-------
Potential Impact of Intentional
Contamination
Scenario:
Ground
Beef
Threat Agents
11/06/2013
Left: Illegally
imported
pesticide
containing
brodifacoum.
Right, from top
to bottom:
Botulism
slurry, Castor
beans,
Ricin mash,
Cyanide Salt,
Crude
Hydrogen
Cyanide
TO
GENERAL SESSION 3 | 36
-------
Where to Find Information
Identifying and Assessing the
Threat
Analytical methods
- Food matrices are varied and
complex
- Food-specific extraction and analysis
methods must be developed and
validated
Ingestion toxicity
- USG funding often focuses on
inhalation and dermal exposure—not
ingestion and food
11/06/2013
12
GENERAL SESSION 3 | 37
-------
Response and Recovery:
Decontamination and Disposal
Methods for decontamination of
food facilities
- Equipment
- Buildings
- How clean is clean?
Methods for treatment and
disposal of contaminated food
- Treatment
- Testing
- Permitting
Decontamination and Disposal
Challenges
Large volumes—even a moderate-sized
establishment can produce 1 million
pounds/week
Geographically dispersed production,
distribution, and retail facilities
Consumer homes and facilities
Complex matrices
11/06/2013
14
GENERAL SESSION 3 | 38
-------
Food Safety Modernization Act
FSMA §208 identifies EPA as lead agency to
assist state, local, and tribal governments in
preparing for, assessing, decontaminating,
and recovering from an agricultural or food
emergency.
- Development of standards
- Development of model plans
- Exercises
Resilience is key
Ensuring Response Capabilities
• USG roles and responsibilities in response
to an attack on food or agriculture need to
be well defined and tested
- NSTC Chemical Defense R&D Subcommittee:
• Coordinates technical aspects
• FSIS, DHS, EPA, FDA, DoD, HHS
- NSS Chemical Preparedness Sub-
Interagency Policy Committee (Sub-IPC)
11/06/2013
16
GENERAL SESSION 3 | 39
-------
Contact Information
Nick Bauer
202-690-6372
Nick.Bauer(S)usda.fsis.gov
GENERAL SESSION 3 | 40
-------
Wednesday, November 6, 2013
Concurrent Sessions 1
Biological Agent
Decontamination
CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 1
-------
GELS AND FOAMS FOR CBRN
DECONTAMINATION OF
FACILITIES
S. Faure1. V. Tanchou2, F. Goettmann1, C. Bossuet3
1 -CEA, Nuclear Energy Division/Center of Marcoule DTCD/SPDE/LCF1,
30 207 Bagnols/Ceze, France
2 -CEA, Life Science Division/CenterofMarcou/e DSV/SBTN/LDCAE,
30 207 Bagnols/Ceze, France
3-CEA, Military applications Division/Center ofMarcou/e DAM/DSNP/NRBCE
30 207 Bagnols/Ceze, France
CEA : French Atomic Energy and Alternatives
Energies Commission
Laboratory of Complex Fluids and Irradiation
2013, November 6th, EPA International Decon Conference,
Research Triangle Park, NC
Summary : studies at CEA
>R Decontamination studies at CEA
>ASPIGELS: self drying and cracking gels for 2D surface decontamination
>GELIFOAM: viscosified or gelified foams for 3D decontamination (high
volume and complex shapes)
>B Decontamination GELIBIO
>C Decontamination (FOAM forTICs: OP, pesticides, ammonia, chlorine...)
>Conclusion: Gels and foams are promising technologies for CBRN decon
CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 2
-------
oea
NR Decontamination studies at CEA
> Motivations
^Increasing of maintenance or cleaning facilities and dismantling projects
all other the world: fission products tanks, hot cells, gloves boxes, concrete of
buildings, PWRsteam generator maintenance, pools cleaning...
*Accident case (Fukushima)
*CBRN terrorism
Which R decon process?
Need of novel, safe, reliable, "teleoperable" or easily deployable decontamination
processes for solids limiting waste volume and easing the final waste treatment
and conditioning
AQUEOUS GELS AND AQUEOUS FOAMS
di/triphasic fluids to avoid usual liquid decon/rinsing
Different kinds of Fixed Radioactive Contamination
Solid: metal,
concrete, plastic
o = Radionuclide
Contaminants in grease or sticked
deposit
R DECONTAMINATION
Contaminants in the
oxydative layer
Contamination in
depth
Contamination depth
Specific process to
transfer the
contamination from
the surface to a
liquid or solid phase
easier to treat:
Simple physical
transfer by
sorption on
particles or« smart
transfer» assisted
by chemistry
(dissolution,
comlexation)
CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 3
-------
oea
SMART NR GELS AND FOAMS
-Formulation of «smart» complex fluids (gels or foams) that do not damage the surface of
the materials (soft homogeneous corrosion) and transfer rapidly the radiocontaminants onto
the colloids (sorption)
-To obtain less generated secondary liquid effluent (emulsions and foams) or avoid
liquid effluent (self drying gels)
-To enhance the efficiency of the classical decontamination technique using acidics or
alkalin media
and/or colloidal particles
Foam for filling
or spraying
phase: to formulate
Self-Drying and Cracking
gels and to «catch »the
diocontaminants
Solids
radioactive
wastes
>R Decontamination studies at CEA
>ASPIGELS: self drying and cracking gels for 2D surface decontamination
>GELIFOAM: viscosified or gelified foams for 3D decontamination (high
volume and complex shapes)
>B Decontamination GELIBIO
>C Decontamination (FOAM forTICs: OP, pesticides, ammonia, chlorine...)
>Conclusion: Gels and foams are promising technologies for CBRN decon
CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 4
-------
Some decon gels in the world.
Alara 1146 cavity Decon
Stripcoat TLC
Strippable Decon gel (USA)
Transfer with Strippable
organic gel = no
chemistry
CEA mineral drying and cracking
gel: ASPIGEL
I- NR Gels: ASPIGELS®
• ASPIGEL can be considered as a concentrated colloidal suspension of silica
or alumina in water containing suitable chemical reagent for decontamination.
Stable
participate gel
with repulsion
between
particles
• These gels are easily prepared by mixing silica or alumina with
chemical reagents in water.
CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 5
-------
O2-2 Radioactive decontamination using drying/cracking gels
Gel film
(0,4 a 1mm) Wall
¥
Advantages
•No liquid effluent
•Ffi?«d contamination
•Reduction of secondary wastes volume
•Rheology
(spraying, adhesion)
•Corrosion (0 to 2 |jm)
•Drying (3 to 24 hours)
•Cracking formation
•Pellets Adhesion
3 PhD
students 2004,
2007, 2013
cea
CEA NR Gel story of these last 20 years
PRINCIPLE
• AIM
Radiocontaminants
To remove contamination by producing a
quantity of solid wastes easily conditionnable
nee 2004: Drying gel
film
Chemical reaction
ilaation
Various nature of materials to be treated
X V
Metajs (stainless steel. Cement matrix (concrete, mortar)
aluminium, steal, iron)
«" 1991 : First patent on gels (gels which have to be rinsed)
«• 2004 : Patent on "self drying and cracking gels" (SDC 6els or
ASPI6ELS)
«• 2007: Patent on SDC gels containing surfactants (improved
formulations)
CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 6
-------
oea
Formulations - CEA Patents 2004 and 2005
«SDC.ASPIGELS » : gels that can dry and crack in a few hours at room temperature
and lead to solid tiles/flakes easy to remove from the surface by brushing or vacuurr
Cleaning CEA/AREVA S. Faure et al, Patents n° WO03008529 and WO200703959!
C" Chemical reagents
1. Ge\ application onto the surface to idarorrBJminate by p
Acids
Bases
by spraying
• Colloidal silic or alumina particles
(aggregates and agglomerates in water)
2. Drying (chemical attack, cracking, pellets formation)
3. Brushing and/or vaccum to recover dry pellets including contamination
oea
Metal and concrete decontamination
Commercial SDC gels : ASPIGELS®
ASPIGEL100
-------
Real decontamination of ISA! cells in CEA Marcoule using ASPIGEL 100
Pulverization of a
ASPIGEL 100 thin film
(500 pm):
Silica colloidal particles
AEROSIL and/or
TIXOSIL
Recovering of the dried pellets by brushing
or vacuum cleaning
"—;™~ Experience feedback about decontamination operations using drying
O23 gels
hirst implementation ot The drying gel process during The decontamination ot
ISAI hot cell (CEA MARCOULE). Substrate treated : stainless steel
I - 1 mGy/h (wall) I
Dose rate before treatment . Dose rate after treatment
•*• SO Kg of sprayed gel
«• Treated surface: 130 nf
Gel quantity: 600 g/m2
«• Drying time = 48 hours
(Temperature = 25'C, Humidity =55%, Ventilation =200 nf/h)
«• 20 Kg of dry pellets producted
* 16,5
-------
cea
Experience feedback about decontamination operations using drying gels
2007 : <*• Decontamination of SUYENNE hot cell (CEA Fontenay aux Roses)
- Substrate : stainless steel
- Nature of the contamination a: 241Am, 244Cm, 238Pu
- Nature of the contamination ft: 137Cs, 241Pu, 9»Sr, 9»V
6el during its applying by painting
•*• Application of 2,650 Kg of gel by
painting because of the small area
treated (4 nf)
*• Drying time = 48 hours
•*• < 1 Kg of dry pellets produced
Dry pellets during brushing and
vacuum cleaning
Experience feedback about decontamination operations using drying gels
Results of the process efficiency obtained on CYRANO
•• DF ~ 10
•*• After
I
®" The contamination retired from the stainless steel is trapped in the solid tiles
removed by vaccum succion
Solid residu (pellets) after
drying
241 Am
137Cs
154Eu
Activity of solid
tiles (Bq. kg-1)
2,0.10s
1.3.107
3,5.10=
Spectrometrv analysis of solid
waste
CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 9
-------
oea
What to do with the paniculate pellets?
Immobilization of the pellets in mortar for final storage
in ANDRA facilities
=> Conditionning as an heterogeneous waste
Pellets in the
vacuum bag
Compaction of 2
to 6 casks
118 I cask
to compact
Mortar for
immobilization
oea
Role of the silica particles and surfactants
•To perform the spraying of the gel like
a paint (rheology)
• To control the drying and cracking
and to obtain millimetric solid
pellets (no volatil dust)
•To «catch»the radiocontaminantO
1111
Role on the drying and the cracks
formation on the surface
GEL
Rheology and cracking
Corrosion
CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 10
-------
>R Decontamination studies at CEA
>ASPIGELS: self drying and cracking gels for 2D surface decontamination
>GELIFOAM: viscosified or gelified foams for 3D decontamination (high
volume and complex shapes)
>B Decontamination GELIBIO
>C Decontamination (FOAM for TICs: OP, pesticides, ammonia, chlorine...)
>Conclusion: Gels and foams are promising technologies for CBRN decon
Radioactive decontamination stable foams: GELIFOAM (patent)
tatic (high volume, complex
shapes) GELIFOAM
CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 11
-------
Radioactive decontamination foams
Echanges d« Itquide
-acidic ou alkaline, andor oxydative«= Radionuciides*
- liquid fraction from 3 to 10%
Spraying
Circulation Static (high volume.
complex shapes)
GELIFOAM
Conditionning: dilution for liquid treatment station or vitrification
DECONTAMINATION with aqueous FOAMS
Liquid convection: Decontamination and Destabilization
Decontamination => Depends on foam lifetime
efficiency ^
Foam destabilization
mechanisms
^ gravitational drainage
^ pressure-driven drainage
/ bubbles coalescence
c
Formulation = Equilibrium
Stability
Reaction
kinetics
CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 12
-------
Viscosified foam video film
Foam flow rate =85 irf/h , AP = 250 mbar
Viscosified foam video film
CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 13
-------
oea
Foams as much efficient as liquids
Metal corrosion obtained with acidic foams1
1 bottom of the foam
1 middle of the foam
top of the foam
corrosion with liquid solution
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
immersion time(min)
*• Foam is active on every point of the solid/foam interface
«" The corrosion depends on the contact time of the foam with the metal
surface
•*• The foam efficiency is similar to the liquid
:«- Evidence of weeting liquid film between the foam and the surface
Foam stabilization with particles into channels
Buiie
Liquid X
For a dry foam (t ~ qq%) :
Radius for capture r' OcD£1/2/6
D ~ 200 |am et e ~ 0.02 -> rCapt ~ 5 jam
W ~ qq l^m to qq 10 [im
Which colloids?
S. Guignot, S. Faure, M. Vignes-Adler, O. Pitois "Liquid and particle in foamed suspensions"
Chemical Engineering Science, Volume 65, Issue 8, 15 April 2010, Pages 2579-2585
CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 14
-------
cea
New foaming particles at the interfaces
Drafting of fluorinated short chains
AluminaCERALOX APA 0,5
0m = 400 nm
S a8.5m2.g-1
. .
Grafting reaction v» * * »y
HF F2 Y
F3C—C C—P=0
OH
•
•
Alumina particles
n rm i
Decreasing hydrophily: particles attached to the interface
= foaming particles
Faure, S. etal "Synthesis of new fluorinated foaming particles", Colloids and Surfaces A:
Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, Volume 382, Issues 1-3, 5 June 2011, Pages 139-144
>R Decontamination studies at CEA
>ASPIGELS: self drying and cracking gels for 2D surface decontamination
>GELIFOAM: viscosified or gelified foams for 3D decontamination (high
volume and complex shapes)
>B Decontamination GELIBIO
>C Decontamination (FOAM forTICs: OP, pesticides, ammonia, chlorine...)
>Conclusion: Gels and foams are promising technologies for CBRN decon
CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 15
-------
oea
GELIBIO ASPIGEL for B decontamination
Bt spores on different metallic
surfaces
or concrete or ceramics surfaces
Sprayed GEL FILM < 1 mm
Afterdrying only 100g of residue vacuum cleaned/m2
Bt Spores on metallic surface After decon
GELIBIO 1: in 2010 more dedicated for concrete surface using sodium hydroxyde
and alumina, soft chemistry without peroxydes, Efficiency > 4 log
GELIBIO 2, more aggressive (bleach), Efficiency > 7 log, CEA contracted the
license with NBC-Svs French Company
(GELIFOAM using viscosified foams for B is now under process...)
'CEA Patent 2010 and 2013
>R Decontamination studies at CEA
>ASPIGELS: self drying and cracking gels for 2D surface decontamination
>GELIFOAM: viscosified or gelified foams for 3D decontamination (high
volume and complex shapes)
>B Decontamination GELIBIO
>C Decontamination (FOAM forTICs: OP, pesticides, ammonia, chlorine...)
>Conclusion: Gels and foams are emerging technologies for CBRN decon
CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 16
-------
•First encouraging
results to neutralize
gases or
organophosphates
(pesticides)..
•Under process...
O23 CONCLUSION
2 kinds of promising complex fluids for CBRN decontamination
limiting the volume of generated wastes:
- Surface decontamination: self-drying and cracking gels
(SDC Gels) for metal et concrete decontamination by simple spraying,
flakes vacuum cleaned after drying
-ASPIGEL® (NR)
-GELIBIO (B)
Solid wastes
- Volume decontamination : Use of stable gelified foams for
huge surfaces and complex shapes by filling or spraying
-GELIFOAM (NR)
••Cementation or vilification of the reduced liquid waste
-GELIFOAM (B) and FOAMSTIC (for TICs C decon>
• Easy Liquid
treatment
Future : to go on the optimizing of the chemical decontaminations
formulations (gels and foams) in order to increase efficiency and
reduce even more the quantity of secondary wastes
Multipurpose formulations, promising technologies...
CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 17
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Environmental Proieciion
Agencv
(Sf ARCADIS
Evaluating Bacillus Spore Inactivation in an
Office Environment Using Low Levels of
Chlorine Dioxide
Matt Clayton, Abderrahmane Touati, Nicole Griffin-Gatchalian, Stella
McDonald, Rob Delafield, Tim McArthur (ARCADIS)
Joseph Wood, Worth Calfee, Shawn Ryan (EPA)
Presented at US EPA Decontamination Research Conference, Research Triangle Park, NC, November 5-7, 2013
^^m Office of Research and Development
^^^^^H National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
vvEPA
United Stales
Environmental Protection
Acknowledgements
• Other participants:
-Shannon Seme, Kim Egler, Joshua Nardin, Neal
McSweeney, and Christina Slone
I Office of Research and Development
| National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 18
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&EPA
PfOIBCIion
Disclaimer
United Sta.__
Environmental Proieciion
Agencv
Reference herein to any specific commercial products, process, or service by trade name,
trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its
endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government. The views and
opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United
States Government, and shall not be used for advertising or product endorsement purposes.
I Office of Research and Development
| National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
vvEPA
United Stales
Environmental Protection
Outline
• Background
• Methods
• Preliminary results
• Summary, lessons learned
I Office of Research and Development
| National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 19
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&EPA
PfOIBCIion
Background
United Sta.__
Environmental Proieciion
Agencv
In a wide area release of anthrax spores, many
decontamination tools will be needed
CI02 fumigation has been demonstrated at high
concentrations, but few companies have technology to
generate high levels
Purpose is to find conditions and materials in which low levels
of CI02 are effective, thus allowing more companies to assist in
remediation efforts (in the event of a wide area release)
-Using a realistic, full scale test bed
I Office of Research and Development
| National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
vvEPA
Protection
Background (continued)
Environmental Protection
Agencv
Proof of concept small scale glove box tests with coupons
showed that > 6 LR achievable at 100 ppm CI02, 8 hours on
wood, carpet, drywall, galvanized metal, concrete
-Would these results transfer to full-scale scenario?
Added benefit with using low levels CI02: would have less
impact on materials
-In some fumigation tests, computers
were included in office and were
minimally impacted based on software
analyses of computer systems
^H Office of Research and Development
| National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 20
-------
&EPA
United Sta.__
Environmental Proieciion
Agencv
Methods
COnsequence ManageMent ANd Decontamination Evaluation
Room (COMMANDER) test chamber and mock office
CI02 generation and measurement
Test variables and matrix
General approach for each test
Microbiological sampling and analysis
I Office of Research and Development
| National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
&EPA
COMMANDER Test Chamber
State of the art decontamination chamber
Measure and/or control temperature, relative humidity, CI02
concentration, air flows, pressure
I Office of Research and Development
| National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 21
-------
&EPA
United Slates
Environmental Proieciion
Mock Office Set up
• Office finished with carpeting, painted drywall, ceiling tile
Equipped with desk, chairs, filing cabinet, pin cushion screen,
computer/keyboard, catalogues/books, electrical socket
I Office of Research and Development
| National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
&EPA
United State
Environmental Protection
Agencv
CIO2 generation and measurement
• ClorDiSys GMP
• CI02 measurement
-EMS
-titration
•T, RH
\
I Office of Research and Development
| National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 22
-------
&EPA
United Slates
Environmental Proieciion
Test variables/matrix
• CI02 levels ranged from 100 - 3000 ppm
• Contact time ranged from 4-24 hours
• Nearly all tests conducted at 75% RH, 25 ° C.
I Office of Research and Development
| National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
&EPA
United State
Environmental Protection
Agencv
General Approach for each test
Collect negative samples in office
Place coupons, Bis, RMCs
Disseminate spores, let settle
Collect positive control samples
Fumigate, then aerate
Collect test samples
Reset off ice/chamber with VHP
I Office of Research and Development
| National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 23
-------
oEPA
intal
Microbiological sampling and analysis
United Sta.__
Environmental Proieciion
Agencv
Approx. 3.5 x 1010 colony forming units (CPU) of Bacillus
atrophaeus disseminated via dry fluidized bed
Sampling, extraction, dilution and filter plating
Detection limit
I Office of Research and Development
| National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
vvEPA
Prc
Microbiological Sample Summary
Environmental Protection
Agencv
Pre-dissemination samples: 10 surfaces + 2 blanks
Characterize and post decon samples:
-25 surface samples
• HEPA vacuum and wipes
-6 Reference Measurement Coupons (1 for post decon)
-3 swab samples
-1 air sample (Viacell®)
-biological indicators
-TOTAL= 81 samples per test
^H Office of Research and Development
| National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 24
-------
&EPA
Microbiological sampling and analysis
I Office of Research and Development
| National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
14
United Slate;
Environmental Protection
Agencv
vvEPA
lied States
monrnental
Preliminary Results - Pre Decontamination
Average surface levels ranged from 4.9 - 7.2 log CFU/sq ft.
-Overall average of 6.4 log CFU/sq ft.
RMC results correlated well with office surface loadings
-Correlation coefficient of 0.9
Spore loadings on horizontal surfaces ~ 0.5 log CPU > vertical
surfaces
-Vertical surfaces ~ 0.5 log CPU > ceiling tile
Spore levels in air ranged from 0.24 - 20 CPU/liter
I Office of Research and Development
| National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
15
CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 25
-------
&EPA
United StL.__
Environmental Proieciion
Agencv
Preliminary Results - Post Decon
Example data - 200 ppm, 4 hours
catalogue
keyboard
chair back
chair seat
pin cushion screen
ceiling tile
carpet
Desk top
drywall
filing cabinet
geometric mean
log of geo mean
electrical socket swab
keyboard swab
computer swab
Viacell* air sample (CPU/liter)
n
1
1
2
2
3
3
5
3
5
3
1
1
1
1
Average
Pre-decon
CFU/ft2
6.18E+04
2.66E+06
3.55E+05
1.73E+06
9.00E+04
9.46E+04
2.54E+05
1.05E+06
7.60E+04
1.97E+04
2.26E+05
5.35
G
2.43E-01
Average
Post-decon
ND
ND
1.55E+00
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.19
NG
NG
NG
2.17E-02
RMCs
wall
inside computer
corner of floor
center of chair
keyboard
filing cabinet
inside computer
post-test
Average RMC
log of geo mean RMC
Average Pre-
decon
CFU/ft2
8.35E+03
2.88E+03
1.44E+03
4.32E+03
1.15E+03
1.22E+07
2.04E+06
4.05
Average Post-
decon
ND
I Office of Research and Development
| National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
16
oEPA Preliminary Results for Surface Samples
United Stales
Environmental Pro'
Agencv
Number over
red bar
indicates how
many post
decon
surfaces
samples (out
of 25) that
came back
negative
^H Office of Resea
• National Homeli
7-
6-
5-
4-
3-
2-
1 -
0-
| positive controls
I post-test samples
100,8 100,12 200,4 200,6 200.8 300,4 1000,9 750.12
CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 26
-------
UniiedStai
Environmental Protection
Agencv
vvEPA
Initcd Stales
nvironmontal
.gencv
Preliminary Results - Post Decontamination
Post decon surface spore loading correlations:
-0.90 correlation with post-decon spore levels in air
-0.61 correlation with pre decon spore surface levels
-0.50 correlation with fumigation contact time
-0.34 correlation with CIO2 concentration (ppm) x
time (hours)
-0.29 correlation with ppm level
I Office of Research and Development
| National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
&EPA Summary, Lessons Learned
United States ' *
United Statu.
Environmental Protecti
Agency
First comprehensive parametric near full-scale study on CI02
fumigation
-Mock office allows for realistic sampling, but loss of
experimental control on surface loading, fume conditions, etc
-Focus on low level CI02
-Numerous and diverse set of samples each test
Low detection limits achieved via filter plating
-LR for many tests/samples > 6 (considered effective), yet
many samples came back positive
200 ppm @ 4 and 6 hours had least number of positives, but
also lowest surface loadings
Bench scale test chamber results may not always transfer to
full-scale results
I Office of Research and Development
| National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 27
-------
Environmental Protection
Agencv
Summary, Lessons Learned
J *
Effective low levels would allow more contractors to participate
in remediation efforts after a wide area event
Tests are ongoing, still analyzing data, drawing conclusions
Further research needed to find conditions (eg contact time)
where low levels of CI02 will be effective on higher spore
loadings (> 6 log CFU/sq. ft)
Current results show low CI02 levels effective at spore loadings
< 5 log CFU/sq. ft
I Office of Research and Development
| National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 28
-------
Methyl Iodide Fumigation of Bacillus
Anthracis Spores
U.S. EPA Decon Conference
November 2013
Traditional Fumigation Techniques
• Chlorine dioxide and vaporous hydrogen peroxide are often
incompatible with materials found in a variety of buildings causing
damage, reaction or high material demand (absorption).
• This results in damage to sensitive or valuable items and infrastructure,
reduced efficacy per kg of fumigant and increased waste volume.
t/laterial Demand Studies: Interaction of Chlorine Dioxide Gas
Vith Building Materials, EPA/600/R-08/091 (Sept 2008)
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
O02 1000 ppm
" CI02 2000 ppm
VHP 125-150 ppm
.-.VHP 250-300 ppm
Recreated from: Interaction of Chlorine Dioxide Gas With Building Materials,
EPA/600/R-08/091 (Sept 2008) and Materials Sorption of Vaporized Hydrogen
Peroxide, EPA/600/R-10/002 (May 2010)
CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 29
-------
Methyl Bromide Fumigation
Methyl bromide has been shown to be an effective fumigant for 8.
anthracis and was widely used in the agricultural and import community.
Methyl bromide general use has been phased out as part of the
Montreal Protocol, an international agreement to reduce ozone-depleting
gases.
Prof. Rudolf Scheffrahn at U. Florida has been researching MeBr
fumigation of 8. anthracis.
http://news.ifas.ufl.edu/2003/06/uf-research-on-anthrax-
decontamination-confirm ed-by-illinois-tests/
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
LLNL-PRES-644838 3
Methyl Iodide Fumigation
Methyl iodide has similar methylation properties and was used as a
replacement for methyl bromide in fumigating strawberries.
Methyl bromide is not subject to the Montreal Agreement, making
justification for use in fumigation easier, although a FIFRA crisis
exemption would still be required for use in fumigating 8. anthracis.
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 30
-------
Mel vs. MeBr Health Effects
• LC50, AIHA ERPG-2 and ACGIH guidance suggests Mel health effects
are slightly less than those of MeBr.
• OSHA guidance suggests Mel effects are slightly worse than MeBr.
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
LLNL-PRES-644838 5
Methyl Iodide Fumigation Studies (1)
• In 2012 and 2013, LLNL scientists performed two different studies:
•/ Evaluation of Mel efficacy of Mel in fumigating B. anthracis
(DTRA);
•/ Evaluation of the effects of Mel on delicate/irreplaceable
materials (DHS).
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 31
-------
Methyl Iodide Fumigation Studies (2)
• Mel is a liquid at room temperature (bpt: 42.4°C, 108°F)
• Vapor pressure even at room temperature provides Mel gas-phase
exposure to samples suspended above liquid.
• Since vessels were sealed, complete evaporation is not physically
possible.
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Methyl Iodide Fumigation Studies (3)
• Heating liquid in a sealed vessel increases gas-phase concentration
10 10 20 30 40 50
Temperature, °C
Relationship between vapor pressure and temperature for
methyl iodide and water vapor (data recreated from Lorenz
et al, 1976 and CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics,
| 2011)
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
;nz
U
Theoretical concentration of methyl iodide in the gas phase
in 90 ml pressure tubes containing 20 ml methyl iodide
solution at temperatures from 0 to 55°C
CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 32
-------
Methyl Iodide Fumigation Efficacy (1)
• 8. anthracis Sterne spores (3 x 106) were applied to stainless steel
coupons placed inside sealed glass pressure tubes containing
methyl iodide liquid.
• Subjected to methyl iodide fumigation at room temperature and at
55°C.
• Efficacy was measured on a log-scale with a 6-log reduction in
colony forming units being considered successful.
• Additionally, spore fumigation on concrete was performed at 55°C.
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Methyl Iodide Fumigation Efficacy (2)
• 3 x 106 8. anthracis Sterne spores on stainless steel
• Efficacies greater than a 6-log reduction in CPUs were obtained
after 12 hours at room temperature and just 1 hour at 55°C
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 33
-------
Methyl Iodide Fumigation Efficacy (3)
• Lower efficacy on concrete
>At 55°C, efficacies of 2.6 and 5.1 log kill were measured after 2
and 4 hours respectively.
> Not known whether this was due to difficulty removing and
collecting spores from porous/reactive surface or greater material
demand for Mel compared to stainless steel.
> Extraction method produced fine particles in solution that had
sloughed off the sample and spores adhered to the particles
rather than being in solution prior to analysis.
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
LLNL-PRES-644838
Methyl Iodide Material Compatibility (1)
• Previous studies showed that CIO2 and VHP were detrimental to
some delicate/historic items.
• If Mel can be shown to not damage such items, could provide useful
for decontamination of 8. anthracis contaminated items. Coupons
included:
— 3 B&Wand sepia photographs from the 19th and early 20th
century;
— 2 types of hand-written note-paper from collections dated a
collection dated 1909 to 1957 and 1860 to 1890;
— 3 pages from printed books dated 1884, 1893 and 1904;
— 2 monochromatic oil painting surrogates representative of
palette and techniques used in historical paintings;
— 1 historical light/cool color palette oil painting from 1885.
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 34
-------
Methyl Iodide Material Compatibility (2)
• Objective of this study was to evaluate material effects, not efficacy,
so no spores were added to the surface of the coupons
• Coupons were exposed to gas-phase Mel at room temperature (24
hrs)or55°C(1 hr).
• Coupons allowed to degas at room temperature for 48 hrs.
• Temperature and RH was monitored before, during and after
fumigation.
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Methyl Iodide Material Compatibility (3)
Painting coupons showed no
qualitative visible degradation
after fumigation with Mel at
room temperature or elevated
temperature
One of the three historical
photographs suffered
discoloration consistent with
methyl iodide absorption
followed by photodegradation
or reaction with the
photographic paper at 55°C
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 35
-------
Methyl Iodide Material Compatibility (4)
1 of 2 historical pages with
hand-written notes suffered
discoloration after exposure at
55°C
1 of the 3 historical books
exposed to methyl iodide at
both room temperature and
55°C showed discoloration
consistent with absorption of
methyl iodide after degasing
and exposure to light
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
LLNL-PRES-644838 15
Methyl Iodide Material Compatibility (5)
• Prior results from a recent EPA study showed that methyl bromide
fumigation resulted in no degradation of the samples tested (a
portion of the same samples were tested in this methyl iodide
study).
• Since Mel is photosensitive, absorbed reagent remaining after
degassing will lead to discoloration of the material.
• Given the observed discoloration on photograph, book and note-
paper samples exposed to methyl iodide in the LLNL study, methyl
bromide should be favored over methyl iodide in the fumigation of
historic, irreplaceable artifacts, particularly in those cases where the
fumigant can be absorbed into the surface of the material.
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 36
-------
Summary
> 6 log reduction observed for B. anthracis Sterne on stainless steel.
Lower efficacy observed for B. anthracis Sterne on concrete coupon
(either due to material demand or difficulty in recovery).
Material compatibility testing of delicate/historic artifacts showed Mel
absorption in some cases leading to discoloration.
Results suggest Mel fumigation may be more appropriate for non-
porous surfaces.
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Acknowledgements
Funding: DTRAand DHS
Laboratory efficacy studies: Stacy Kane and Jessica Wollard (LLNL)
Material compatibility coupons: Shannon Serre (EPA)
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 37
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CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 38
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Wednesday, November 6, 2013
Concurrent Sessions 1
Chemical Agent Sampling
and Detection
CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 39
-------
Decontamination and Verification Techniques
Used At U.S. Army Chemical Agent Disposal
Facilities and Applications for Clearing
Contaminated Areas
Theodore E. Ruff, PE
Environmental Engineer
Joseph Padayhag,CSP,CIH
Chemical Engineer
2013 EPA International Decontamination Research and
Development Conference
5-7 November 2013
Centers for Disease Control/
Environmental Public Health Readiness
Branch Oversight
• Title 50 of the U.S. Code, Section 1512 requires CDC to
review particulars associated with disposal and
transportation of chemical warfare agents and recommend
precautionary measures to protect public health and
safety, if necessary.
• U.S. stockpile and non-stockpile items.
• Continues through closure of facilities until agent hazard is
eliminated.
CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 40
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i Blue Grass, KY
Anniston, AL
Under Construction
In Closure
Closed
CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 41
-------
Waste Shipment
1 Chemical Materials Agency (CMA)* Bounding
Transportation Risk Assessment (Bounding TRA) for >1
Vapor Screening Level Waste was proposed to
Develop bounding conditions for shipment of chemical warfare
agent-contaminated secondary waste.
Identify and assesses potential release and exposure risks
associated with an accident during ground transportation to a
treatment,storage,and disposal facility.
1 CDC recommended establishing a maximum
concentration for the interior headspace of each drum to
be no higher than V2 the Immediately Dangerous to Life or
Health (IDLH) value to give personnel opportunity to
safely exit the area in the event of an accident.
' CMA is now Joint Program Manager- Elimination (JPM-E)
Waste Shipment don't
The Bounding TRA specifies limits on the level of agent
contamination in the waste and the total number of
shipments that can be completed.
• The limits on agent contamination are provided to limit
downwind hazard in the event of an accident to a level that
would result in little or no health impact.
• The limits on total number of shipments are provided to limit
the probability of an accident during the shipment operation.
CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 42
-------
Waste Shipment don't
The Bounding TRA is just one of many safeguards to
ensure protection of the public, workers, and the
environment during shipment operations. Other items
include:
• Monitoring and characterization of the waste.
• Packaging and segregation of the waste.
• Loading and unloading operations.
• Transportation planning and procedures.
• Emergency response planning and procedures.
CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 43
-------
Monitoring Requirements
Monitoring conducted within closed volumes at
temperatures >70°F.
NRT and/or sorbent tube monitoring was used to
detect residual agent.
Monitoring to < 1 VSL*.
* VSL is equal to the concentration associated
with the Short Term Exposure Limit:
HD = 0.003 mg/m3
GB = 0.0001 mg/m3
VX = 0.00001 mg/m3
CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 44
-------
CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 45
-------
Other Verification Methods
Rinsate sampling.
Concrete sampling.
- Judgmental where history indicated past potential
for contamination.
- Random where history indicated no contamination.
minated Sump
Uncontaminated Floor
CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 46
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Floor Plan — Utility Building
j! i i i i i i! i i i 11! i! i i i 11 i i
Significant Considerations
Established methodology for waste shipment.
Decontamination planning based on contamination history.
Thorough and documented decontamination.
Preliminary,targeted verification.
Occluded space survey.
Use of other verification methods (concrete sampling).
Structured review process to verify required activities were
completed.
Unventilated Monitoring Test (UMT).
Verify isolation from facility ventilation.
Temperature.
QA/QC requirements.
Air mixing.
Generally, the goal was to be below the programmatic level of quantitation.
Some sites set lower monitoring levels as the goal.
CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 47
-------
Summary
Appropriate decontamination methods and identification
of occluded space essential to successful clearance.
Air monitoring to verify decontamination proved effective.
Other verification methods
still important - rinsate,
solids, wipe samples.
Selection of appropriate
acceptance criteria and
agreement by stakeholders
key consideration.
K-
CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 48
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Where Did DoD Conduct CWM Disposal
Operations in US Coastal Waters?
Percentage based on Agent Weight
Gulf of Mexico_
(2 sites)
Hawaii
(3 sites)
9%
Approximately
27,000 metric tons
(30,000 tons) of
chemical agent was
disposed in US
waters
Data published in Defense En1
Programs FY08 Annual RepoM
Congress (ARC), Appendix Q
Carnbean
(1 site)
0%
ESS Pursuit Incident
June 6th ESS Pursuit recovers WWI era munitions.
- One munition falls of sorting table and breaks open.
- While tossing munition overboard 2 crew members are
exposed.
June 7th ESS Pursuit off loads catch at Seawatch
processing plant.
— Exposed fisherman is transported to St. Luke's Hospital
with blisters.
— Transportation type unknown.
CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 49
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ESS Pursuit Incident
Approximately 6:00 am on June 7, Nurse at St.
Luke's Hospital identified fisherman's blisters as a
sulfur mustard exposure.
Sequence of events from identification to
notification of emergency response personnel
unclear.
By mid-day June 7th Incident Command System
had been established.
ESS Pursuit Incident
Incident Command System included:
• New Bedford (MA) Fire Department.
• New Bedford (MA) HAZMAT.
• MA National Guard - Civil Support Team.
• U.S. Coast Guard.
• U.S. EPA.
• MA Department of Emergency Preparedness.
• MA Department of Public Health.
• MA Division of Marine Fisheries.
CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 50
-------
ESS Pursuit Incident
MA National Guard Civil Support Team
decontaminated the vessel
• ATSDR (Part of CDC/NCEH) Region 1 was contacted to
determine the level to clear the vessel.
• ATSDR reached back to NCEH/EPHRB Chemical Weapons
Prog ram for advice.
• NCEH/EPRHB provided ATSDR with the Airborne
Exposure Levels and sampling techniques the U.S. Army
uses at chemical weapons demilitarization site.
ESS Pursuit Incident
Clearance Sampling
• EPA clearance strategies uses wipe samples.
• NCEH/ATSDR clearance strategies uses air samples.
• The two separate philosophies created delays and
confusion.
• Ultimately both clearance methods were employed.
CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 51
-------
Lessons Learned
Potential for reoccurrence:
MA Department of Health Representative related that during
conversations with Captain and crew the following
statements had been made:
• They recover munitions during every fishing trip
• Approximately 50 % of the munitions smell of garlic (a
indication of a ruptured munition).
• The fisherman have painted rocks and tossed them overboard
with other refuse and have then retrieved the same rock on
sub-sequent fishing trips in the same area.
Lessons Learned
Worked Well
• CDC/Division of Laboratory
Science intra-laboratory bio-
monitoring with state of MA.
• Health care provider training
conducted by the MA
Department of Public Health.
• Sulfur Mustard exposure
identification visual aid
provided by the MA
Department of Public Health.
Areas for Improvement
• Emergency responders
notification network.
• ICS and UCS were not effective:
Confusion about who had
authority and jurisdiction.
Confusion about authority
over a private vessel.
• Clearance Sampling: Difference
in philosophies between
agencies.
CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 52
-------
Future Applications
CDC/EPHRB working with EPA to draft clearance
process guidance
— Building and facilities
— First draft provides general considerations and principles
— Currently under internal review & comment
Future Applications - Considerations
Extrapolate from Army's experience
Decontamination.
Intermediate verification.
Documentation.
Verification.
Extrapolation of CDC Airborne
Exposure Levels (AELs)
Army currently uses GPL as
basis to clear for
unrestricted use.
Army used WPL as goal at
some sites.
CDC Recommended AELs
Exposure
Limit
Short Term
Exposure
Limit (STEP
Worker
Population
Limit (WPL)
General
Population
Limit (GPL)
HD GB,GA VX
(mg/m3) (mg/m3) (mg/m3)
0.003 IxlO-4 IxlO"5
(15-min) (15-min) (15-min)
0.0004 3x10-5 1x10-*
(8-hour) (8-hoor) (8-hour)
0.00002 1x10-* IxlO-7
(12-hour) (24-hours) (24-hours)
CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 53
-------
oEPA
United Statas
Environmantel Protection
Agency
Partners and collaborators
• Terry Smith: EPA Office of Emergency Management
• Carolyn Koester: Lawrence Livermore National Lab
• Joan Cuddeback, Eric Boring: CSC (contractor)
• Participating Labs
-EPA Regions 1, 3, 6, 9, and 10
-State Labs of Virginia and Florida
-EPA PHILIS (mobile lab)
CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 54
-------
United Slates
Environmental Protection
Agency
Selected Analytical Methods for
Environmental Remediation and Recovery
(SAM) 2012
'Section include Chemicals, Radiochemicals, Pathogens
and Biotoxins
Chemicals
Pathogens
Radiochemicals
Biotoxins
141 analytes
31 analytes
25 analytes
18 analytes
5 matrices
4 matrices
6 matrices
4 matrices
1 www.epa.gov/sam
oEPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Chemical Applicability Tiers
Indicate the extent of data available to support each
method for analyte/sample type pair.
The fitness of a method for an intended
use is related to site-specific data quality
objectives for a particular environmental
remediation activity.
CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 55
-------
Chemical Warfare Agent (CWA) Analysis
Analytes
-Sarin (GB), soman (GD), cyclosarin (GF), sulfur
mustard (HD), and VX
Sample Types
-Soil
-Water Q g
-Wipes
Analytical Technique
-Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS)
-Gas Chromatography/Time-of-Flight Mass
I Spectrometry (GC/TOF-MS)
oEPA
United Statas
Environmental Protection
Agency
Ultra-dilute CWAs Used for EPA Research
EPA has worked with the US Army and US Department of
Energy to obtain ultra-dilute CWA quantities for research
purposes and develop standards for EPAs Environmental
Response Laboratory Network (ERLN).
• Ultra-dilute* chemical warfare agents are limited to a
concentration of 10 parts per million (ppm). . i i i ,
o Ultra-dilute standards are used by 8 ERLN labs. >**•/
• US Army defines dilute thresholds of 1000 ppm (V-agents),
2000 ppm (G-agents), and 10,000 ppm (H-agents).#
* Ultra-dilute is new term established for quantities under EPA-DOE Interagency Agreement
* United States (2008). Chemical Surety, Army regulation 50-6, Washington, DC: Headquarters, Dept. of the Army
CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 56
-------
United Ststee
Environmental Protection
Agency
Shelf Lives for CWAs Single-Component Solutions
Estimated Shelf Lives for CWAs in
Single-Component Solutions (months)
GB
GD
GF
HD
VX
* Large variabilities between replicate analyses
were noted (relative standard deviation >50%). A
subsequent VX preservation study is ongoing.
Dichloromethane
Screw-
cap Vial
5
12
12
6
2*
Sealed
Ampoule
12
12
12
12
12
Hexane
Screw-
cap Vial
4
12
12
4
5
Sealed
Ampoule
2
12
12
6
3
oEPA
United Statas
Environmental Protection
Agency
Shelf Lives for CWAs Multiple-Component Solutions
Estimated Shelf Lives for CWAs in
Multiple-Component Solutions (months)
GB
GD
GF
HD
VX
* Large variabilities between replicate analyses
were noted (relative standard deviation >50%). A
subsequent VX preservation study is ongoing.
Dichloromethane
Screw-
cap Vial
9
12
12
6
0.2
Sealed
Ampoule
12
6
12
6
<1*
Hexane
Screw-
cap Vial
0.3
0.7
12
3
12
Sealed
Ampoule
9
9
12
6
<1*
CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 57
-------
United Slates
Environmental Protection
Agency
Sample Preparation - Water
• Microscale extraction technique using methylene
chloride
- 35 ml water sample
- Sodium chloride is added
- 2 ml of methylene chloride is added
- Sample allowed to settle or is centrifuged
—1 ml of the methylene chloride is pipetted for
analysis
oEPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Sample Preparation - Soils
• Microscale extraction technique using methylene
chloride
-10 g sample
- Anhydrous sodium sulfate and glass beads added
- 25 ml of methylene chloride is added
- Use shaker table or sonicator for 15 min
- Sample allowed to settle or is centrifuged
- Decant or pipet solvent
- Concentrate sample with nitrogen evaporation
CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 58
-------
Sample Preparation - Wipes
• Microscale extraction technique using methylene
chloride
- 1 wipe sample
- 15 ml of methylene chloride is added
- Use shaker table or sonicator for 15 min
- Decant or pipet solvent
- Concentrate sample with nitrogen evaporation
oEPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Analysis by GC/MS
• Study was conducted using standard quadrupole gas
chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and gas
chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry.
• Preliminary results indicate method detection limits of
approximately 1 ug/L for water, 2 ug/kg for soil, and
0.04 ug/wipe for surface wipe matrices using
quadrupole mass spectrometry
• Approximately one order of magnitude lower was
achieved using TOP.
CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 59
-------
United Slates
Environmental Protection
Agency
Additional CWA research
Single-laboratory study for analysis of GA, HN-1, HN-3
and R-VX in soil, wipes and water
Report for Lewisite
analysis by LC/MS/MS
Report for the surface
analysis of organophosphorus
degradates by LC/MS/MS
VX preservation study report
CWA wipe sampling efficiencies
on porous, permeable or
uneven surfaces
oEPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Conclusions
Ultra-dilute standards
-Allow EPA to handle chemical warfare agents
-Holding time and stability studies
Analytical protocols for environmental matrices for
remediation and recovery
Collaboration
For more information: http://vwwv.epa.gov/nhsrc
Romy Campisano
campisano.romy@epa.gov
DISCLAIMER
The views expressed in this presentation are those of the author and do not
necessarily reflect the views and policies of the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency.
CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 60
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Accelerated Remediation at a Region 1
Residential Clean-up Site Using PHILIS
On-site Analytical Laboratories
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Lawrence Kaelin OEM/CBRN-CMAT,
Michael Nalipinski, Region 1 OSC,
NHSRC Decon Workshop, 2013
CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 61
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St. AlbansSite Hist
Spring 2011 heavy rains flooded Stevens Brook
• Residents in nearby apartments noticed odors and
coal tar wastes in basement sumps
• Workers found coal tar
wastes in area manholes
• VT DEC temporarily
stabilized the situation by
pumping out basemenl
and ventilating buildings
Site Conditions
After Hurricane Irene in the Fall of 20
additional complaints of tar and oil like odo
came from the apartment residents
Contamination was suspected in soil, sump
water, and brook sediment
VT DEC requested assistance from Region 1
EPA to determine whether coal tar waste
contamination exists on residential properties
abutting Stevens Brook
CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 62
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Region 1 Response
Region 1 provided support to the VT DEC,
responding as a Time Critical Removal unde
CERCLA authority
Mike Nalipinski was assigned OSC for the St.
Albans Gas & Light Site
An Accelerated Remediation Clean-up Concept
was proposed to minimize community impact
Region 1 requested the use of OEM/CMAT's
PHILIS mobile labs to provide on-site analysis of
soil, water, soil gas and air samples
Accelerated Remediation Concept
^^^
• On-site sampling and analysis activities
maximize the utilization of EPA response
assets to reduce time and costs for effective
site assessment and clean-up actions
• Rapid on-site laboratory results that meet all
2009 TNI (NELAP) requirements for accredited
para meters from the PHILIS mobile labs will
achieve accelerated clean-up objectives
CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 63
-------
Accelerated Remediation Goals
Maximize site sei.oup.&s to reduce time to remediation
Direct on-going soil coring activities using rapid analytical
results to maximize usage of contractor and on-site assets
Capture the boundaries of the vertical and horizontal
extent of soil contamination in a single mobilization
Determine the source and extent of the in-door air
contamination in the apartment complex
Provide rapid, on-site NELAP accredited, confirmatory d<
for daily decisions, briefings to local authorities (VT DEC)
Reduce number and longevity of site visits normally
required to support a Time Critical RAM
Direct excavation activities based on data from a single site
mobilization -"one and done" concept
PHILIS Mobilization and Site Work
On May !!" 2012 Region 1 START contractors
and PHILIS mobile labs were deployed to
conduct samplingand analysis to determine
the extent of coal tar waste contamination
Contaminants of concern included benzene,
naphthalene and SVOCs, particularly PAHs am
benzo(a)pyrene
In the course of 4 days, over 250 samples
were collected and analyzed on-site for PAH,
benzene or naphthalenecontamination
CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 64
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PHILIS Mobile Laboratory Assets- Dual Use
Pl-'ii IS units are the EPA's mobile laboratory assets
under the Environmental Response Laboratory
Network (ERLN)
Mission Chemical Warfare Agents (CWA) and Toxic
Industrial Chemicals (TIC) in environmental samples
They are stationed in Edison, NJ and Castle Rock, CO
and can be deployed within 24 to 48 hours to support
emergency response and clean-up actions
PHILIS Capabilities
Deployable within 6 hours of notification/operatic
hours of being on-site
Operate via internal generators/supplies for 4 days before
restocking/refueling required
TNI accredited for VOCs, SVOCs and PCBs in water and soil
using EPA Methods 8260c/8270d/8082a. Mobile lab
confirmatory analysis meets 2009 TNI requirements
Pursuing accreditation for TO air methods and LC/MS/MS
methodology for carbamates and pharmaceutical compound
Estimate 100-200 samples/day for CWAs and TICs (24hr
operations) for all matrices
Analysis of environmental samples for CWAs via ERLN's Ultra-
dilute agent (UDA) program. Detection limits to health-based
clearance via EPA'sSAM methods
CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 65
-------
CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 66
-------
Daily Briefing and Data Depiction
Region 1 OSC iiviike Nalipinski conferred with the
VI DEC representatives on a daily basis using
analytical data presented in GIS site maps
OSC used on-site data to direct daily site work
Dailypostingof soil data on GIS site map
CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 67
-------
N
S
Legend
• Siintfj Pump
• 0 to 30 ucj*,j
• 86 uo'Ka and up
D 30!oB5ui>'kg
9 Sol Sample
Composite >8S
DRAFT
Surface Sample for Benzo[a]pyrene using (ug/kg) measurement
Region 1 Removal/Mitigation Actions
^L
Usingthe rapid site sampling and analysis
capability brought to bear at the St. Albans Gas &
Light Site, the OSC was able to prepare a Time
Critical Removal Action Memo (RAM)
recommending soil excavation at the Colony
Apartments and the installation of a system to
mitigate in-door air contamination posed by the
coal tar wastes
In doorairbasement
mitigation system
CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 68
-------
Excavations Begins
On site sampling and analysis defined thi
spatial and subsurface extent of
contamination
Excavation starts at the Colony
Square Apts
rlaceat corner of
Maple& Lasalle
Soil cores are "logged", screened and
Sampled at discrete depths
Goals of Accelerated Remediation
Concept were Meet
In the course of approximately 4 days, over
samples were collected and analyzed on-site K
PAHs, benzene or naphthalene contamination in
air, soil and water matrices
Expedited RAM was issued was issued
Accelerated remediation completed using initu
data set - no new samples required, "1 & done"
The on-site abilities provided by PHILIS allowed
the OSC to complete all the site soil assessments,
excavation, removal and site restoration activities
within 90 days of the initial site visit
CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 69
-------
Colony Apts Remediated
TliH accelerated remediation plan for the Colony Apts accomplished
on site sampling and analysis data from a single site visit
Top 2 feel o1 -nil tHViovf-'d from specific zones identified by PHILIS
on site analysis and sent for disposal. Backfill with clean top soil
The possibly of runoff to Steven Brooks was reduced by the rip rap
and other soil retention measures
Official demobilization on October 9m9
Colony Square Apts, September 2012
after backfill and hydro seeding
Stevens Brook runoff and soil retention
measures, rip rap, & geo-fabric
Costs/Benefits
Estimations of actual PHILIS analytical cost/sample from the
St. Albans site nifbrt were determined to be below most
commercial lab costs, ranging from $250-325/sample which
included fuel, mob/demob costs, travel, pre diem, sample
analysis, QA review and report writing
Man-hours for St Albans site were covered under the PHILIS
contract. Future mobilizations may not
Cost sharing options can be explored for future sites.
PHILIS costs should drop ~ $50-100/sample based on
"lessons learned" and optimization of assets
The greater time and cost savings were realized for the OSC
by having the most effective use of their site assets in an
accelerated time frame
CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 70
-------
Questions
Mike Nalipinski, Region 1 OSC
The CMAT POCs for the PHILIS
Larry Kaeli
Terry Smitl
OEM/CBRN-'
kaelin.lawrence@epa.g<
smith.terry@epa.gov
Erica Canzlei
mzler.erica(5)epa.gov
CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 71
-------
2013 US EPA International Decontamination
Research and Development Conference
Research Triangle Park, NC
Chemical Warfare Agent Analysis Using The
Trace Atmospheric Gas Analyzer (TAGA)
November 2013
David B. Mickunas
US EPA/ERT
CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 72
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CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 73
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CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 74
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CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 75
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CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 76
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CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 77
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CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 78
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CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 79
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CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 80
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4, 2011 15 45
Mo lor pin* 7 C6 PRODUCT OF 111 t,Kf,
P*ltod 1. ftpt 1; MJIM rings 31.0 1o ITO 0 by 01 «mu: [>«*D S.Q mi: POUM. S.O
Acq. Tm» Ttiu. Sop IS. Kltl at 1502-W: E>p. Cammgnl- iJAUGHTEftS OF 300
IC ol +Pt«luct (i*1Mr«nG& PRODUCT OF 1*1
GB nracucH or i«i NBOHM mown •' ••• m
11- o re Mn o scans) mm qe PHODUCT OF 141. CMMTOMM
CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 81
-------
Cum lor SABIN
150 M24X6M
CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 82
-------
, October 4. 20H 15:4*
Wo Cor pan* 2 VX PRODUCT Of 2W (Mo Trttfl)
Pertod 1. EJCPL 1; MOM rang*: 31 0 W 275.0 by 0.? amo, Owt* 5.0 dtt: P*uw: 5.0 ma
Acq. HIM: Thu. S«p tS. 2011 a! 16.46:17; tip COTMMM; DAUGHTERS OF 300
12681- !nyn VX PROOOCT 0* 288
550 nUn Ml Kinfl Irwn VX PROtKJCI OI
•Producl 1288): I 53 (ran (11 jcanil from VX PflUOUCT DP
10000
CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 83
-------
F«GUflE20 t**i*on Cwv« to
Calibntwn Curv* lor VX
Ccnc
•.•„• n
• ,-,
r ._,.
• ,v
1a 4S! ;_' see;
L»vftS LnMfi L*.* 7 L*r«ie
I 2S7T 24« rfl» 1124
a 1006 • ..
1 *1B»'M*!O t334a3B7&
100 S4J1961M (0)231707
CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 84
-------
SiaMuldViDw 1.3 TuWdfty, CHUMf *. 201
Into to pann i HD PRODUCT Of 15S f No TiMu}
. £npl 1; Man range 31.0 fc) 17Q.O by O.i antu; Chrtf: & C mi. P*u»: 5.0
hcq. Tin-*: Thu. Sap IS. 2011 al 19 a?:i5, Ejrp. Ccmmonli DAUGHTERS Of 300
TIC nr 4PrixkKi (tMJ: liwn HD PRCOUCT Of 156
3.76 mm 410 *c*n*j nom HO PRODUCT OF isa, wmr«clad (scan* SUIT).,
tob.fi
Tmwdfty, Octnbor 4. 2011
iw p»oa 2-. HO PfiQOuCT Of ieC (No TAJ
1. t.pt 1; Mail nngo: 31 D to 110.& by O.S ma- Dml: 1.0 ma; PftuAft: iO rr-»
Tim: Thu, Sep 15, Ml' at 1&342*. Exp CoTirwm DAUGHTERS OF 30D
; 4,7« irwh (ID KVK> from HD PROOUCT Of ISO. wtrtradod (KU» & ID (7)
•Predud lion: are mm t» KUM mm HD PRODUCT OF 1 BO.
CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 85
-------
n C ur'. L- lot SULFUR MUSTARD
p SULfUSiVIJSlAftD
11 ?011 191*2?
•3«X»»«7B 0344444400 OS«1»1t«7
CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 86
-------
FABRIC WINDOW RUBBER
CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 87
-------
2uLof 100 ug/mL GB = 200 ng of GBon 1.5cm x 3.5 cm (5.25 cm2) coupons or38ng/cm2
SioMuinVww i a
Into lof pan* 3 GB COUPONS {Ho TWa|
P»nod 1. E»pt 1: Dwell: iCO.O ms; PBUH. 50 r
Aeq. TOM: Thu, Sep IS. 2011 ttt 2105 13
Tuwday. OclDtwr 4. 2011 1827
111.' u! «W«r 2
CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 88
-------
lOuLof 60 ug/mL VX = 600 ng ofVXon l.Scmx 3.5 cm (5.25 cm2) coupons or 114 ng/cm2
, Oclobw 4. 2011 16:32 p*Q* 1 ol
i Mi .,. ., 1 ,
Info for o*no 3 VX COUPONS (No TO*}
Period 1, Eupt 1; DtMll: 1000 m*. Pause: 4.0 nu
feq Time: Thu. S*p 11, 2011 »l 2125.24
'""laX'gftube Door rubber
JWr 1.07 i «., Window rubber 'SSupon
M« I 325 COUODW 4.S4 S 80
X)C W »MRM 13 patfsl. tar 269.0 / 128 0 amu Irom V
039 O.BB 1 32 1 64
1.0 2.0 30 4.0 50 6.0
Tin*. nw>
XIC « «HRU (3 Mint: lor 2H.O / 26MI MM mm VX COUPONS
20uLof 60 ug/mL VX = 1200 ng ofVXon l.Scmx 3.5cm (5.25 cm2) coupons or228 ng/cnr
Tuwby. OctoUf *. SOU 1535
Mo 10* psn» 3- VX COUPONS 3 (M3 TO*)
Expt. l; Owon: 1DO.Q m»; Piuin 5.0 FTH
Tfne: Thu, Sop 13. Sill at 21:30:29
Blank test Fabric coupon Door rubber
Tile Window tubbetcoupon
CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 89
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Airborne Exposure Limits I IDLH
mg/m3 Immea
WPL DoD Workt,
Worker \ (civilian)
icy/ 1 time
Exposure | Accident I exposure
AEGL Level Civ
discomfort or
noticeable but
AEGL Level Civ
AEGL Level I Civ
3 | Po|
Above this levt'
potential for
serious effects
potential life
CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 90
-------
Future Work
Repeat Spectra and Calibration Curves
Optimize Charge Transfer Agent Concentration
Address Coupon Spiking Techniques
Determine Minimum Detectable Levels on Coupons
Employ Surrogate During Calibrations and Monitoring
Examine Potential Interferences
Analyze Additional Agents
CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 91
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Acknowledgements
Harry Compton, US EPA/ERT
Stephen Blaze, US EPA/ERT
John Schwarz, US Army ECBC
Uday Mehta, US Army ECBC
Danielle McCall, Lockheed Martin/SERAS
William Weeks, Lockheed Martin/SERAS
Richard Magan, Lockheed Martin/SERAS
For additional information concerning the
scheduling, capabilities, and applications of the TAGA mobile
laboratories, contact:
David Mickunas
US EPA/ERT-Research Triangle Park, NC
Telephone - (919) 541 4191
E-mail - Mickunas.Dave@epa.gov
CONCURRENT SESSION 1 | 92
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Wednesday, November 6, 2013
Concurrent Sessions 2
Biological Agent
Sampling and Detection
CONCURRENT SESSION 2 | 1
-------
Vacuum Sampling
Spores from Porous Surfaces
M.Worth Calfee and Laura J. Rose
Why?
a Previously developed sampling methods limited to
non-porous surfaces & small surface area
• Swab-2"x2"
• Wipe-10"x10"
a Responders need more tools for indoor and outdoor
surfaces:
• Carpet
• Upholstery
• Concrete
• HVAC filters
CONCURRENT SESSION 2 | 2
-------
What?
a Vacuum Sock
• X-Cell-100, Midwest Filtration Co.
a 37mm cassettes (SKC, Inc)
• MCE 0.8|jm &0.45 |jm pore
• PTFE 0.3 |jm pore
a Forensic Vacuum Filter (3MFF-1)
a HVAC filters
• Electrostatic: Purafilter
• Mechanical: Natural Aire
How?
a CDC/DHQP (FY 2011 - 2013):
• Develop lab processing/extraction protocols for each device
• Develop sampling protocols for each device
a EPA NHSRC - Research Triangle Park (FY 2012 -2013):
• Deposit B. atrophaeus (BG) spores on 4 materials as aerosol
using patented method
• Use vacuum devices to sample spores
• Process/extract spores with CDC - developed protocols
• Determine two best devices to validate (planned for FY 2013)
CONCURRENT SESSION 2 | 3
-------
4
PROCESSING/EXTRACTION
PROTOCOL DEVELOPMENT
Midwest Filtration Vacuum Sock
a Protocol developed in 2002
• Posted to LRN as "interim"
• Hold sock over cup of 50 ml PBST
• Dip to moisten while cutting
• Sections fall into PBST
• Shake 30 min@ 300 rpm
• Centrifuge eluent, decant
• Dilute remaining 5 ml in series and
plate
CONCURRENT SESSION 2 | 4
-------
37 mm Filter Cassettes
37 mm Filter Cassette
a Inoculation:
• 104 spores onto membrane
• Dried 3 hrs
• Added buffer
• Processed
• Diluted and plated
a Evaluated:
• 4 filter types
• 3 elution buffers
• 3 elution methods
CONCURRENT SESSION 2 | 5
-------
37 mm Filter Cassette
a Optimum recovery:
• 2 oz. polypropylene jar
• Sonicate 3 min in 5 ml PBST
• dilute and plate
• Filter 1 ml - low level detection
Liquid Inoculum:
Mean %R =95.8 (sd 18.6)
PTFE 1.0 urn pore size
Vacuum Pumps Evaluated
For Use with 37mm Cassettes
Airlite
Personal sampler
Compensating
Battery operated
- 3LPM
Too weak to
pick up dust
Vac-U-Go
Non-compensating
Keeps running as filter
loads
Plug-in
UptoSOLPM
t
Chosen for study
Quick Take 30
- Compensatingpump
Works harder as
filter loads
- Battery operated
-10-30LPM
Turns itself off
when filter is loaded
CONCURRENT SESSION 2 | 6
-------
3M Forensic Filter
(Trace Evidence Filters)
a Inoculation:
• 105 spores/filter
• Resealed the housing
• Applied vacuum for 30 seconds
a Evaluated
• Two elution buffers,
• Two elution volumes
• Four elution methods
3M Forensic Filters
FINAL PROCESSING PROTOCOL
a Inside moistened before opening
a Filter removed and placed into
stomacher bag
a Case is rinsed, rinsate transferred
into stomacher bag with 90 mis of
PBST.
a Stomacher run 1 min @ 260 rpm
a Eluent centrifuged to pellet
a All but 3 ml decanted
a Diluted, plated, incubated
Mean%R= 66.9 (sd 25.8)
(Liquid inoculum)
CONCURRENT SESSION 2 | 7
-------
3M Forensic Filters:
Filter Collapse and Sample Loss
Omega-Vac: Need to Reduce Power
to 790 LPM
jVariac Transformer
CONCURRENT SESSION 2 | 8
-------
HVAC Filters
a Two filter types*
• Electrostatic Merv 8 filter - Purafilter 2000
(Kimberly Clark Filtration)
• Mechanical Merv 8 filter - Natural Aire FPR 4
(Flanders Corp.)
a Inoculated, allowed to dry overnight
a Evaluated liquid processing
• Three buffers,several volumes
• Four processing methods
* Commonly used for homes, industrial bldgs. anra subway cars
HVAC Filters
a Optimum HVAC liquid extraction:
• 2"x4"
• In specimen cup w/50 ml PBST
• Sonicate 3 min
• 6"x6"
• In 1 L Nalgene® bottle w/500 ml PBST
• Add Shake 30 min @200 rpm
• Centrifuge eluent to pellet
• Decant all but 5 ml, re-suspend
• Plate,incubate
Mean % Recovery
-Electrostatic filters
-Mechanical filters
69.4 % (sd 20.2)
87.1 %(sd 14.3)
CONCURRENT SESSION 2 | 9
-------
AEROSOL SPORE APPLICATION AND
SAMPLING
Aerosol Application of Spores
EPA/Research Triangle Park, NC
Metered Dose Inhalers: 50 |jl_ doses, ~ 10s spores/dose
Initially prepared by U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center
Currently prepared by Cirrus Pharmaceuticals
CalfeeMW, Lee SD, RyanSP. 2013.J. Microbiol.Meth.92:375-380.
CONCURRENT SESSION 2 | 10
-------
Vacuum Sampling Upholstery
Using Vacuum Sock
Experimental design
Inoculum ~1 x105CFUcm-2
Trial
1
2
3
4
5
Samp
Vacuu
(fast)
Gauze
Vacuu
(slow)
Gauze
37mm
Gauze
37mm
Gauze
Forens
Gauze
ing Method
tn Sock
Wipe1
tn Sock
Wipe1
MCE
Wipe
PTFE
Wipe
ics Filter
Wipe1
Sample Area
(cm2)
2787
929
2787
929
929
929
929
929
2787
929
Surface
Material
Carpet
Concrete
Upholstei
Stainless
Carpet
Concrete
Upholstei
Stainless
Carpet
Concrete
Upholstei
Stainless
Carpet
Concrete
Upholstei
Stainless
Carpet
Concrete
Upholstei
Stainless
Replicates (n)
y
Steel
y
Steel
y
Steel
y
Steel
y
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Steel 5
Calfee, MW et al., J. Microbiol. Methods. In Press.
CONCURRENT SESSION 2 | 11
-------
Consistency of spore deposition and
wipe sampling: stainless steel reference coupons
Test run
n = 3 each
A
B
Mean
CFU/ft2
1.34x107
2.02 x107
2.87 x107
1.64x107
1.79x107
1.93x107
cv
0.27
0.24
0.20
0.18
0.03
0.19
From: U.S. EPA. Effectiveness of Physical and Chemical Cleaning and Disinfection Methods for Removing,
Reducing or Inactivating Agricultural Biological Threat Agents. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Washington, DC, EPA/600/R-11/092,2011
Percent Recovery from 3 Surfaces
Relative to Gauze Wipe of Steel
• Vacuum sock - fast
• Vacuum sock- slow
• 37 mm MCE
Reference Coupon
Upholstery
Carpet
1. 37 mm cassettes better than socks orTEF
*120% means 1.2 times more efficient than gauze wipes on steel-
2. Speed of sock sampling doesn't improve collection
CONCURRENT SESSION 2 | 12
-------
Analysis Time and Observations
>Vacuum Socks
90 min/12 sock batch or 7.5 min/sample* to process
Custom made racks needed for shaking cups
Gaps/holes in sock occasionally found
>37mm Cassettes
• 120 min per 12 filter batch or 10 min/sample to process
• Rinsing cassette and transferring can be difficult, if debris present
• Nozzle processed separately - sometimes contained debris/fibers
a 3M Forensic Filter
• 180 min per 10 filter batch or 18 min per sample to process
• Omitted from further evaluation - breakthrough issues and cost
* Unpackaging and processing to liquid -does not include serial dilutions, plating or analysis
Percent Recovery from Carpet
Relative to Liquid Extraction of Reference Coupon
L°9io
Inoculum
4.2
6.3
7.4
Overall
Vacuum Sock
7%
10%
11 %
9.3%
MCE Filter
Cassette
15%
26%
38.%
26.3%
Reference Coupon
sonicate
CONCURRENT SESSION 2 | 13
-------
Recovery of B. atrophaeus var niger spores
from carpet
1e+5 1e+6 1e+7
CPU Spores Inoculated
Reproducibility Between Analysts
% Recovery (n=10)
37mm MCE
Vacuum Sock
Lab! Lab2
12.4% (4.6) 13.7% (4.6)
6.8% (3.7) 8.4% (1.7)
P
0.52
0.23
No significant difference between recoveries of two laboratories
When data pooled, significant difference between two vacuum
devices (p<0.001)
CONCURRENT SESSION 2 | 14
-------
HVAC Filter Inoculation
Simulated HVAC air flow during inoculation
MDI
ADA
Adapter
Hi-Vol Blower Assembly
-1000CFM
5.6 cm x 35.6 cm HVAC Filter
U.3 cm x 25.4 cm Quartz Filter
HVAC Filter Inoculation
Simulated HVAC air flow during inoculation
CONCURRENT SESSION 2 | 15
-------
HVAC Filters
Neat
With Grime
Grime:
Carbon black,ISO fine dust, Cotton Linters
Loaded to 50% of holding capacity
Relative* Spore Recoveries from HVAC Filters:
Vacuum-based Sampling vs. Extraction
Mechanical
Electrostatic
Vacuum Sock 37mm MCE Extraction
Sock 37mm MCE Extraction
*Relative to liquid extraction of stainless steel reference coupon
Calfee MW et al. J. Microbiol. Methods. In Press.
CONCURRENT SESSION 2 | 16
-------
Liquid Extraction of HVAC Filter
a Pros:
• greater spore recovery
a Cons:
• Sectioning field and in lab problematic
• Industrial filters might contain wire backing
• Requires sterile wire cutters
• Dispersion of spores during cutting
• Liquid extraction requires 10 x more liquid
• Processing longer (30 min shaking) - reducing throughput.
• Limited to 6"x 6"section per sample
Summary
a Processing protocols optimized
a Vacuum pumps evaluated for each sampling device
a 4 materials inoculated with aerosolized spores
a Sampling conducted with each vacuum device
• % Recovery
• Relative to recovery by gauze wipe of inoculated steel
• Relative to recovery by submersion and sonication of inoculated steel
• Linearity
• Reproducibility
a Two best devices chosen for continued evaluation
CONCURRENT SESSION 2 | 17
-------
Concerns and Limitations
a Vacuum Sock
• Quality control - frequent reports of gaps/holes in socks
• Potential loss of sample
• Potential to contaminate other samples, BSC, Lab
a 37mm Cassette
• Limited sample area due to small nozzle
• Slow to collect sample-5 min per ft2
FY2014: Enhance Field Use
37mm Cassette
Prototype nozzle
a Improve 37mm Cassette method
• Develop a wider nozzle for faster
sampling
a Evaluate variables:
• Use of personal air sample pump (3 LPM)
• Collection speed
• Larger Sampling area
• Increased humidity: 90%RH
• Presence of dust/grime
• Other surfaces: tile, laminate
CONCURRENT SESSION 2 | 18
-------
Future Work Needed
a Compare efficiency: B. anthrads vs. 8. atrophaeus (BG)
* EPA to conduct bridge study with aerosolized spores
a LOD and False negative rate evaluations
• Very low inoculum levels
a "Validate" vacuum devices - determine variability
• Multiple surfaces: Carpet, Concrete, Upholstery, HVAC filter
• Multiple Lab participants
Acknowledgements
CDC
a Stephen Morse
a Angela Weber
a Mustafa Mazher
a Jordan Zambrana
USEPA - RTP
a M.Worth Calfee
a Dino Mattorano
a Matt Clayton
a AbderrahmaneTouati
Nicole Griffin-Gatchalian
Christina Slone
Neal McSweeney
Jenia Tufts
a Sangdon Lee
a Sarah Taft
This presentation has been peer and administratively reviewed and has been approved for publication.
The findings and conclusions a re those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the CDC or EPA
Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement
or recommendation for use of a specific product.
Report: www.epa.gov/ord
EPA600/R-13/137
CONCURRENT SESSION 2 | 19
-------
Evaluation of Surface
Sampling for Bacillus Spores
Using Commercially-available
Cleaning Robots
Background
Following the 2001 Bacillus anthracis letter attacks, sampling
methods such as:
-wetted gauze wipe,
-vacuum sock,
-swab, and
-air filtration samples
were used to determine the presence, magnitude, and spatial
extent of contamination.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
CONCURRENT SESSION 2 | 20
-------
Capacity Problem
There were some sample related issues:
• Sampling and analysis has been a bottle neck,
• Validation of those sampling methods has progressed, &
• Laboratory capacity has been expanded
However,
• Wide-area release scenarios continue to show sampling and
analysis as critical bottle necks, &
• Wipe, sponge stick, and vacuum-based sample collection
procedures are labor intensive and would generate a large
number of samples during a wide-area response
/2013 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Robot Cleaners as a
Potential Capacity Solution
•Off the shelf
• Multiple makers and models to select from
• Operate with little set up and oversight
• Cover a large area with one sample
• Applicable to horizontal surfaces which have the highest
contamination probability
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
CONCURRENT SESSION 2 | 21
-------
Test Approach
• Cleaning robot selection: commercially available off the shelf robots
• Test Surface Types: carpet, laminate, and tile
• Surface Contamination: aerosol deposited 8. atrophaeus spores
• Target Contamination Level: 102, 104, and 106 colony forming units
(CPUs) per ft2
• Comparative Rato (CR): robot sampling results are compared to the
vacuum sock or sponge wipe results
CR (%) =
average recovery/row robot (CPUs)
average recovery from comparative surf ace sampling method (CPUs)
X 100
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Robotic Cleaners
Robot
Rl
R2
R3
R4
R5
Model
Roomba 760*
iRobot*
XV-11
Neato robotics*
P3 P4920
P3 International
Mint 4200
Evolution
Robotics, Inc.
Scooba 380*
iRobot*
Picture
&
^
*
S^
*
Cleaning type
Vacuum with HEPA filter and rotating bristle
brush
Vacuum with air filter and rotating silicone flat
beater
Vacuum with air filter (no surface agitation
tool)
Sweep and mop
Wet vacuum
Applicable Surfaces
All surfaces
All surfaces
All surfaces
Hard floors
Hard floors
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
CONCURRENT SESSION 2 | 22
-------
Test Chamber
- Port for air sampling
Sampling Media Extraction Efficiency
Robot's spore collection media were extracted and analyzed
quantitatively for viable spores.
Robots
Rl
R2
R3
R4
R5
Extracted Parts
Filter, dust bin
Filter, dust bin
Filter, dust bin
Wipe cloth
Tank
Extraction Method
Orbital shaking
Orbital shaking
Orbital shaking
Stomaching
Rinsing
Average Extraction Efficiency
(%)
64.9 ± 14.1
56.7 ± 7.6
67.2 ± 4.1
49.1 ± 7.1
89.6 ± 6.9
CONCURRENT SESSION 2 | 23
-------
Sampling Efficiency Results from
Cleaning Robots
i.E-toe
l.E-K)5
I.E-tOl
I.E-tOO
Carpet Floor
Rl
I Mean recovery from robots
R2 R3
I Mean recovery from Vacuum sock
CONCURRENT SESSION 2 | 24
-------
Laminate Floor
I.E-tOl
I.E-tOO
10%
0%
Rl R2
I Mean recovery from robots
R3 R4 R5
I Mean recovery from sponge wipe O CR (%)
l.E+08
l.E+07
Tile Floor
l.E+03
l.E+02
R2 R4
• Mean recovery from Robots
160%
R4 R4
i Mean recovery from sponge wipe O CR (%)
CONCURRENT SESSION 2 | 25
-------
Scenario-based Tests
1. Hotspot test
2. Low level wide dispersed test
Scenario Type
Hot Spot
Hot Spot
Widely-dispersed Contamination
Widely-dispersed Contamination
Hot Spot
Hot Spot
Widely-dispersed Contamination
Widely-dispersed Contamination
Surface
Carpet
Laminate
Robot
R2
R4
Target Spore loading
(CFUs/cm2)
104
104
101
101
104
104
1C'1
1C'1
Test Setup
hot spot
widely-dispersed
CONCURRENT SESSION 2 | 26
-------
Scenario-based Test Results
HotspotTest Results
Surface
type
Carpet
Carpet
laminate
laminate
robot
R2
R2
R4
R4
Average Currently-Used Surface
Sampling Recovery
(CFUs/929 cm2), n=3
1.6 x 106 + 6.1 x 105
1.9 x 106 + 1.7 x 106
1.6 x 107 + 3.9 x 106
1.7 x 106 + 1.4 x 106
Robot Sampling Recovery
(CPUs)
1.4 xlO5
5.8 x 105
1.2 x 107
2.1 x 106
CONCURRENT SESSION 2 | 27
-------
Widely-Dispersed Test Results
Surface
type
Carpet
Carpet
laminate
laminate
robot
R2
R2
R4
R4
Average Currently-Used Surface
Sampling Recovery
(CFUs/929 cm2), n=3
9.6 x 102 + 5.2 x 102
2.3 x 102 + 4.2 x 101
4.5 x 102 + 4.5 x 102
6.6 x 101 + 3.8 x 101
Robot Sampling Recovery
(CPUs)
5.0 x 103
3.2 x 102
2.8 x 103
4.9 x 102
Conclusions
Robotic samplers demonstrated recoveries
similar to conventional methods (head to
head comparison)
Robots sample large surface areas
Increase probability of hot-spot detection
Increase detection of low level contamination
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
CONCURRENT SESSION 2 | 28
-------
Potential Benefits of Augmenting
Sampling Efforts with Cleaning Robots
• Reduced number of sampling personnel required
— reduce cost
— reduce risk
• Increase spatial coverage and representativeness of samples
• Reduce number of samples collected
— reduce burden to processing labs
— reduce cost
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Future Directions
Evaluate Robots in difficult to sample
environments (HVAC, outdoors, subway, etc)
Improve Robots to increase collection
efficiency or improve field-ability
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
CONCURRENT SESSION 2 | 29
-------
Further Reading
Evaluation of Surface Sampling for Bacillus Spores Using Commercially-available Cleaning
Robots, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development,
National Homeland Security Research Center, Washington, DC, 600/R/13/100. 2013
Sang Don Lee, M. Worth Calfee, Leroy Mickelsen, Stephen Wolfe, Jayson Griffin, Matt
Clayton, Nicole Griffin-Gatchalian and Abderrahmane Touati. Evaluation of Commercially-
available Cleaning Robots for Bacillus Spore Surface Sampling. Environmental Science and
Technology, 2013,47: 2595-2601
Sang Don Lee, M. Worth Calfee, Leroy Mickelsen, Matt Clayton and Abderrahmance Touati.
Scenario-based Evaluation of Commercially-available Cleaning Robots for Collection of
Bacillus Spores from Environmental Surfaces. In submission, Journal of Microbiological
Methods
Disclaimer: This presentation has been peer and administratively reviewed and has been
approved for publication. It does not represent EPA Policy. Mention of trade names or
commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use of a
specific product.
CONCURRENT SESSION 2 | 30
-------
Pacific Northwest
Independent Testing of
Hand Portable
Biodetection
Equipment
RACHEL BARTHOLOMEW, PH.D.
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Richland, WA
Presentation at:
EPA International Decontamination Research and
Development Conference
November 5-7, 2013
Research Triangle Park, NC
The Suspicious "White" Powder Challenge
Pacific Northwest
Thousands of suspicious powder events have been reported since 9-11
• Events are costly: from local to state and federal level
• Total estimated yearly cost for suspicious powder events: >$19M
• Does not include impacts due to diverting resources
from other needs to bio response
• Can lead to illness and loss of life
What instruments) can be used to rapidly determine if a
powder/unknown sample contains a biological threat?
• Cost for instrument and analyses?
• Ease of use and time to result?
• Confidence of the information/data?
CONCURRENT SESSION 2 | 31
-------
Ground-Up Approach: Biodetection Technology
ID, Assessment and Transition
Pacific Northwest
Define performance requirements with stakeholder
and end user input
• Conduct interviews with end users
• Bring together end users and key agency reps
PH/LRN, CST, DHS, etc.) in workshops to
fully understand and define key needs and gaps
Perform technology foraging (collect,
compile info)
Establish technology test plans
Conduct 3rd party independent testing
and evaluation; support and facilitate end-usertesting
>• Publish and disseminate instrument and
assay testing results and summaries for
instrument use, limitations, cost/benefit
'*• Facilitate adoption of approved equipment
lists
Technology Foraging
Pacific Northwest
» v,'™;if"
Biodetection Technologies for
First Responders
C Band H Colbum
D Swnw T Slrai*
R Ozantcn C Bfuckner-Lea
R Banttotonw*
Technologies identified included:
• Non-specific:
• Protein, adenosine tri-phosphate
(ATP), and total DMA tests
• Fourier transform infrared
spectroscopy (FTIR)
• Specific:
• Protein-based: immunoassays
• DMA-based: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
The Advnr Pro Strips ~" cartridge for anthrax,
ricin, botulinum. plague, andSEB
Performance Summary
Anthrax detection? Yes
Ricin ctefect/on? Yes
Assay rime.- -15 minutes
Detection limit {reported by manufacturer):
15,000 to 83,000 antnrax spores^nJL, 5 ng/mL
ricin
Required sample preparation? Minima!
Automatic results display? User inte(prets
pfesertce/aDsefjee of a tine
Unit weight: Negligible
Power: Not required
System cost: $699.50 (box Of 10)
Additional costs-. None
Shelf-life-. 24 months (room temperature)
CONCURRENT SESSION 2 | 32
-------
Initial Evaluation of Hand Portable PCR
Instruments Using Bacillus DMA
Pacific Northwest
Goal: assess initial PCR instrument performance with purified samples
5 PCR-based biodetection platforms:
• FilmArray (BioFire Diagnostics) +17 biothreat panel (pX01, pX02, and chrom tests)
• RAZOR (BioFire Diagnostics) +10 threat pouch (pX02 test)
• BioSeeq PLUS (Smiths Detection) +pX02 test
• T-COR4 (Tetracore) +pX02 test
• POCKIT (Gene Reach USA) +pX02 test
Test samples: purified genomic Bacillus anthracis
and near neighbor DMA using PNNL-developed
test plan
• Inclusivity panel DMAs (n=13)
• Starting test concentration: 2,000 copies/mL; exception
BioSeeq PLUS: 20,000 copies/mL
• Each strain analyzed in triplicate
• Exclusivity panel DMAs (n=18)
v Starting test concentration: 20,000 copies/mL; £ ^J^_
exception BioSeeq PLUS: 200,000 copies/mL
• Each strain analyzed in duplicate
Follow on publication of results pending
Criteria for Successful Testing
Pacific Northwest
Testing following existing AOAC test guidance* can be extremely burdensome
Because biodetection technology and assays are rapidly evolving, with new versions
appearing almost annually, a more efficient, but still statistically based testing approach is
needed
PNNL Approach: The following number of samples with 0-2 failed results (shown by the
different curves) need to be run in order to achieve the minimum Probability of Detection
(0.95) with the desired confidence (95%).
34 samples must be tested without
a single failed result,
53 samples must be tested with no
more than a single failed result, or
86 samples must be tested with no
more than two failed results.
(assumes all inclusivity strains and all
exclusivity strains provide equivalent
information)
*AOAC guidelines: "Standard method performance
requirements for PCR methodsfordetection of
Bacillus onthrods in Aerosol collection filters and/or
liquids", SPMR: Journal of AOAC International,
95(4), 2011,1347-1351
Number of Tests Needed for 95% Lower Confidence Bound on POO
Number at independent vsis
(calculated using a one sided confidence interval and the normal approximation to the binomial distribution)
CONCURRENT SESSION 2 | 33
-------
Hand Portable Biodetection Testing:
Instrument Pass/Fail Metrics
Pacific Northwest
^- Inclusivity Testing (n = 13)
• Test 3 replicates X 13 strains (39 tests total). If no failures, instrument passes.
• If one failure, test additional replicates to reach 53 total tests. If no additional
failures, instrument passes.
• If two failures, test additional replicates to reach 86 total tests. If no additional
failures, instrument passes.
• If three or more failures, instrument does not meet POD and testing is halted.
*• Exclusivity Testing (n = 18)
• Test 2 replicates X 18 strains (total of 36 tests). If no failures, instrument
passes.
• If one failure, test additional replicates to reach 53 total tests. If no additional
failures, instrument passes.
• If two failures, test additional replicates to reach 86 total tests. If no additional
failures, instrument passes.
• If three or more failures, instrument does not meet POD and testing is halted.
This test plan follows AOAC inclusivity, exclusivity and 95% confidence
for 0.95 POD guidelines, and requires only 75 to 172 tests per instrument
Totals do not include blank or positive controls
^
Hand Portable PCR Platform Test Results ^mc^hwe.^
PraaiSf Operated by BaMR Sinw 196!
Instrument Type of test
Inclusivity
FilmArray Exclusivity
Blank
Inclusivity
RAZOR Exclusivity
Blank
Inclusivity
1 Exclusivity
T-COR4 B|ank
Positive
Controls
# Analyses
39
36
IB
39
54
24
39
36
17
6
Positive
39
0
0
39
1
0
39
0
0
6
Negative
0
36
IB
0
53
24
0
36
17
0
Overall # of
Failed Tests
: t£ pass
: ppass
0
0
0
0
1
BioSeeq Plus Exclusivity
Blank
Inclusivity
POCKI 1
Blank
Positive
Controls
36
16
39
22
12
0
0
39
0
12
36
15
0
22
0
0
1
c>-
i — 'X
|| > Fail
^3 false negative
inclusivity samples
0 r\
0
0
L/ Fail
3 false positive
exclusivity samples
8
CONCURRENT SESSION 2 | 34
-------
Screening of Environmental Powders for Possiblep
Interference with Biodetection Technologies
Pacific Northwest
Environmental Test Materials
Bt powder (Dipel)
Powdered milk
Powdered infant formula
Powdered coffee creamer
Powdered sugar
Talcum powder
White flour
Baking soda
Goal: understand instrument performance, limitations, and cost/benefit of
assays/biodetection platforms
Test samples:
• Environmental material and potentially
interfering common powders (10 mg/test)
Screening Assays:
• General Protein: 20/20 Bioresponse (BioCheck)
and Indipro strips (Macherey-Nagel)
• Biochemical/ATP: Clean-Trace tests (3M),
Profile 1 (New Horizons Diagnostics)
• General DMA: Prime Alert (GenPrime)
• Pending:
• Protein: BioScreener (Field Forensics)
• Chemical/Spectroscopic: HazMat ID 360 (Smiths Detection)
• Immunoassays: RAID 8 (Alexeter) and Pro Strips (Advnt)
• PCR Assays: Razor, FilmArray, T-COR4, POCKIT, and BioSeeq PLUS
Outcome of these tests will help to formulate additional testing, including
studies with white powder + Ba and ricin mixtures using PNNL developed
test plan 9
Chalk dust (CaC03)
Chalk dust (MgC03)
Road dust
Corn starch
Baking powder
Kaolin
Borax
Brewer's yeast
MgS04(Epsom salt)
Powdered toothpaste
Popcorn salt
Acetaminophen
Instant pectin
Miralax
Environmental Powder Screening:
Protein Tests
Pacific Northwest
Class of Powder
Organic, Biological
Organic, Protein-
Containing
Organic, No Protein
Inorganic
Powder Type
Brewers Yeast Powder
Dioeldust
Milk Powder
Infant Formula
White flour
Coffee creamer (non-dairy)
Instant pectin
acetaminophen
Powdered Sugar
Corn starch
Polyethylene glycol 3300
Toothpaste powder with
Baking powder(aluminum
free)
antacid (calcium carbonate]
Baking soda
Epsom salt
gym chalk (magnesium
carbonate)
Borax
Talc
Road Dust
Kaolin
Salt
Indipro Protein Test
Positive (3)
Negative (3)
Positive (3)
Positive (3)
Positive [3]
Positive (3)
Positive (2/3)
Negative (3)
Negative (3)
Negative (3)
Negative (3)
Positive (3)
Positive (3)
Positive(S)
Positive (3)
Negative (3)
Posit ive(3)
Negative (3)
Negative (3)
Negative (3)
Negative (3)
Negative [3]
20/20 Protein Test
Positive (3)
Negative (3)
Positive (3)
Positive (3)
Positive (3)
Negative (3)
Negative (3)
Positive (3)
Negative (3)
Negative (3)
Negative (3)
Negative (3)
Negative (3)
Negative (3)
Negative (3)
Positive (2), Negative (1)
Positive (1), Negative (2)
Negative (3)
Negative (3)
Negative (3)
Negative (3)
Negative [3]
20/20 Acid-Base
Result
Neutral (3)
Neutral [3]
Slightly Acidic (3)
Slightly Acidic (3)
Neutral (3)
Neutral (3)
Neutral (3)
Neutral (3)
Neutral (3)
Neutral (3)
Neutral (3)
Basic (2), Slightly Basic (1)
Slightly Basic (3)
Neutral (1), Slightly Basic
(2)
Basic (3)
Slightly Acidic (2), Neutral
(1)
Basic (3)
Basic (3)
Neutral (3)
Neutral (3)
Neutral (3)
Neutral [3]
IV
CONCURRENT SESSION 2 | 35
-------
Environmental Powder Screening: >^
Class of Powder
Organic, Biological
Organic, Protein-
Containing
Organic, No Protein
Inorganic
Powder Type
Brewers Yeast Powder
Dipeldust
Milk Powder
Infant Formula
White flour
dairy)
Instant pectin
acetaminophen
Powdered Sugar
Corn starch
Polyethylene glycol 3300
Toothpaste powderwith
fluoride
Baking powder (aluminum
free)
antacid (calcium
carbonate)
Baking soda
Epsom salt
gym chalk (magnesium
carbonate)
Borax
Talc
Road Dust
Kaolin
Salt
Clean Trace ATP
(>300 is positive)
231508, 368570, 365886
87, 123, 110
2930, 2435, 3009
125, 120, 105
1720, 1853, 1615
78, 92, 70
6, 7,8
9,8,9
14, 11, 14
35,42,36
7,6,6
6, 8,8
275, 208, 338
16, 19, 16
4,5,8
7, 5,6
11, 11, 10
5,6,5
15, 13, 15
140, 150, 132
7,7,7
6,3,3
Profile 1 ATP
(> 10000 is positive)
108628, clogged
305817,296151,420386
clogged
clogged
clogged
clogged
7713, 8488, 605
35, 526, 134
1284, 33, 18
762, 136, 53
58, 62, 131
84, 138, 651
776, 696, 678
clogged
467, 597, 5976
277, 450, 540
265,867,497
218, 180, 14
687,371,887
300,352,497
170, 85, 61
Prime Alert DNA
(>1500 is positive)
13374, 13903, 9715
257, 213, 183
1007, 1109, 929
305, 370, 287
336, 351, 657
261, 693, 948
59,61,38
92, 72, 57
38,67,31
215, 118, 142
47, 29, 5
138, 175, 128
111, 115,41
436, 745, 234
49, 24, 21
52, 50, 55
327,271,76
19, 52, 33
146, 164, 235
211,228,262
420, 700, 790
71, 59, 30
11
Environmental Powder Screening:
Summary To Date
Pacific Northwest
Protein tests result in positives from many environmental powders:
• Protein test positives:
• Indipro: Brewer's yeast, milk powder, infant formula, white flour, gym chalk,
coffee creamer, instant pectin, toothpaste powder, baking powder, antacid, and
baking soda
• 20/20: Brewer's yeast, milk powder, infant formula, white flour, gym chalk,
acetaminophen, and Epsom salt
ATP and DNA tests result in only a few positives from environmental
powders; Dipel dust not positive in some cases (but expect positive)
• ATP test positives:
• Clean Trace: Brewer's yeast, milk powder, and white flour (note: Dipel not +)
• Profile 1: Brewer's yeast, Dipel dust;clogging problems with 5 powders
• Prime Alert DNA test positives:Br ewer's yeast (note: Dipel not +)
Next steps: Perform additional testing to understand test limitations
and value of the tests for sample screening and triage.
Testresults w ill provide key information for first responders
regarding the limitations of screening tests and
effect of powders on test outcome
f
CONCURRENT SESSION 2 | 36
-------
Future Testing:
Bacillus anthracis Spores and Ricin
Pacific Northwest
Goal: understand instrument performance, limitations, and
cost/benefit of assays/biodetection platforms
Test samples:
• Bacillus anthracis spores •
• BSL-2 and BSL-3
• 0.1 -10mg/test
• Ricin toxin
• 4 preparations of varying purity: crude prep to pure toxin
• 0.1 -10mg/test
Screening Assays:
General Protein: 20/20 kits, Indipro strips, and BioScreener
Biochemical: ATP/luminometer test: Clean Trace and Profile 1 tests
General DMA: Prime Alert
Chemical/Spectroscopic: HazMat ID 360 FTIR
Immunoassays: RAID 8 and Pro Strips
PCR Assays: RAZOR, FilmArray, T-COR4, POCKIT, and BioSeeq PLUS*
Outcome of these tests will help to formulate additional testing,
including LOD studies with powder + Ba and ricin mixtures
Testing Outcomes and Info Dissemination
Pacific Northwest
> PNNL laboratory testing
• Establish LOD, dynamic range, potential for false positive/negative results,
and impact of other substances such as common hoax powders
• Identify technology deficiencies/limitations prior to high cost/effort field testing
• Evaluate strategies for instrument use
• Develop objective information and guidance for selection and use of
biodetection technology
»»• Publish and disseminate information
• COTS biodetection instrument summary reports
• Peer-reviewed publications of COTS instrument testing
• Dissemination of PNNL Test Plan for future instrument
testing and transition
»
Tailing Guidance for
Hand Portable
Biodetection Instruments
Evaluation of the FilmArray* system for detection
of Bacillus anthracis, Francisella tularensis and
Yers!n!a pestis
Volume 114, Issue 4, pages 992-1000, April 2013
*
detection Technologies for
Firs! ResfKmders
CONCURRENT SESSION 2 | 37
-------
Evaluate Strategies for Instrument Use
Pacific Northwest
Assess limitations, ability to achieve probability of detection goal,
cost/benefit
• A few example strategies are listed below
Biodetection Strategy #1
Biodetection Strategy #2
^^^^^^^^^•^^H^^^^^^^^H
FTIR -> Protein Test -> Immunoassay
•^•VT^i^iV^i^iVT^i^iVT^iV
Biodetection Strategy #3
^^^.^^^^_3^^^k.J!>^^^^>H
Protein Test -> Immunoassay -> PCR
Each Strategy
= different
probability of
agent
detection
along with
specific costs
and limitations
for a given test
Summary of Path Forward
Continue technology foraging and instrument testing
Conduct additional Working Meeting with first responders in
2014 to report testing results, present instrument
use/guidelines and solicit stakeholder feedback
Provide information to end-users to assist in making more
informed decisions on equipment selection, improving
training and better understanding of equipment use and
limitations
Pacific Northwest
In partnership with Public Health and other
Agencies (APHL, LRN, CST, FBI, NIST,
Others), support field biodetection exercises
Support DHS and other agencies in the
implementation of key elements of the
Biothreat Field Response Mission Capability
CONCURRENT SESSION 2 | 38
-------
It Takes A Village
Pacific Northwest
Principle Investigator: Cindy Bruckner-Lea
Project Manager: Rachel Bartholomew
• rachel.bartholomew@pnnl.gov: 509-371-6906
Project Team:
Cheryl Baird
Heather Colburn
Janine Hutchison
Kris Jarman
Ann Lesperance
Terre Mercier
Richard Ozanich
Jessica Sanduskv
Timothy Straub '
Kristin Victry
Pamela Kinsey
DHS Program Manager: Anne Hultgren
This effort is funded by the Department of
Homeland Security Science and Technology
Directorate under Contract HSHQDC-08-X-00843.
CONCURRENT SESSION 2 | 39
-------
Wednesday, November 6, 2013
Concurrent Sessions 2
Radiological Agent Fate,
Transport, and Decontamination
CONCURRENT SESSION 2 | 40
-------
I S T
Radiostrontium and Radiocobalt in
Urban Building Materials and their
Wash-off by Rainwater
MASLOVA K.1, GUSAROV A.1, KONOPLEV A.1, LEE S.D.2,
POPOV V.1, STEPINA I.1
1RPA "Typhoon", Obninsk, Russia
2National Home/and Security Research Center, US EPA, USA
2013 US EPADecon Conference
Introduction (
s The previous experience from radiological
accidents, such as Chernobyl (1986) and
Fukushima (2011) shows that there can be a
hazard from contamination of the urban
environment by long-lived radionuclides such as
radiocesium, radiostrontium and radiocobalt.
o These radionuclides are also believed to be
potential agents that may be used in radiological
dispersal devices in acts of terrorism.
CONCURRENT SESSION 2 | 41
-------
Introduction (21
o Basically there are two main ways of decreasing the
contamination: natural attenuation and artificial
decontamination;
o The natural attenuation processes on urban materials
include radioactive decay, run-off, short-term and long-
term weathering;
o These weathering processes greatly depend on the
meteorological conditions. A better understanding of the
interactions of radionuclides with building materials
under varied atmospheric conditions will help increase
the effectiveness of artificial decontamination methods.
US EPA-ISTC Partner Project #4007 «Fate and transport of
radiocesium, radiostrontium and radiocobalton
urban building materials))
Objective:
To investigate and characterize the fate and transport
of water soluble radiocesium, radiostrontium and
radiocobalt particles deposited on common urban
building materials, especially concrete, brick, asphalt,
limestone, granite and components of drinking water
distribution systems (iron, copper and plastic pipes),
under various environmental conditions.
CONCURRENT SESSION 2 | 42
-------
Tasks of the Projec
1. Determination of the radioactive material migration profile through urban
building materials at various times and relative humidities. Wash-off of
radionuclides by rain from contaminated surfaces(this presentation);
2. Determination of sorption and desorption coefficients and distribution
coefficients of radionuclides in water-powdered building material system
(presentation of K. Maslova);
3. Identification of interaction mechanisms between target compounds and
urban materials and characterization of their interactions as a function
of time (presentation of K. Maslova);
4. Laboratory study of radiocesium, radiostrontium and radiocobalt
sorption/desorption on components of drinking water distribution
systems iron, plastic, copper and concrete pipes (presentation of I.
Stepina).
CONCURRENT SESSION 2 | 43
-------
Methodology for determining radionuclides dei
in building materials using layer-by-layer grinding
To determine RN depth distribution in the layer less than 0,1 mm the sample was
sanded;
The layer thickness (I, mm) was calculated from the sample weight before and after
sanding;
The activity of each layer was determined directly in the sandpaper rolled up and placed
into the holder for measurements using gamma-counter.
CONCURRENT SESSION 2 | 44
-------
Cs depth distribution in concrete for 30
nding on time of incubation
I HUH
Concrete
»1 day-1
1day-2
*7days-1
• 7days-2
»14days-1
• 14days-2
»28days-1
• 28days-2
0,2
0,4 0,6
hn, mm
0,8
The profiles are almost identical to each other. There is no dependence on
the time of incubation. Similar profiles of cesium were obtained for all
investigated materials at two relative humidities.
CONCURRENT SESSION 2 | 45
-------
IDay 30%RH
A TDay 30%RH
O 14Day 30%RH
O 28Day 30%RH
• IDay 87%RH
A TDay 87%RH
14Day 87%RH
28Day 87%RH
CONCURRENT SESSION 2 | 46
-------
Radionuclide penetration into building
materials was characterized in terms of
h90o/0 - depth where 90% of RN occurs.
For asphalt, limestone and concrete penetration depth does not
depend on a specific radionuclide, relative humidity and time of
contact of the radionuclide with building material.
A significant dependence of the penetration depth for different
radionuclides is seen for brick. While the median value h90o/0 for 85Sr
changes from 2.1 to 3.6, for 137Cs and 60Co this value changes from
0.7 to 0.9 mm.
The most pronounced differences in the penetration depths of
radionuclides are seen for granite. While for 85Srthe median values
h90o/0 are about 6.0-6.5 mm, for 137Cs and 60Co this value is practically
5 times lower and equals about 0.3-1.7 mm.
CONCURRENT SESSION 2 | 47
-------
Wash-off of radionuclides from building materials
Radionuclme wash-off from asphalt depending on RH and
interaction
30%RH 87%RH
X%RH 87% RH
t 25-
c 20-
30% RH 87% RH
Radionuclide wash-off from asphalt surface is significantly dependent on relative
humidity of the air:
• At RH 30% the radionuclide wash-off is weakly dependent on interaction time;
• At RH 87% the wash-off decreased by a factor of 1.5 for 85Sr and 137Cs and as
much as by a factor of 5 for 60Co, with the interaction time increasing from 1 to
28 days.
CONCURRENT SESSION 2 | 48
-------
Radionuclide wash-off: general co
3 At 20 °C and 30% RH the 137Cs and 60Co wash-off for asphalt
ranged from 32 to 44% and for granite from 13 to 27 %. The 85Sr
wash-off for asphalt was 76-80% and for granite 11 -22%.
3 For other materials the radionuclide wash-off was typically 2-6%.
3 Increasing the RH from 30 to 87 % affected wash-off of all
radionuclides for granite and asphalt and 137Cs for concrete and
brick.
3 The most pronounced RH effect was observed for 60Co behavior
in asphalt (60Co wash-off decreased from 29-45% to 2-5% when
RH increased from 30 to 87% for 28 days of incubation).
3 Temperature of incubation (5, 20 or 35 °C) did not affect
significantly the wash-off of radionuclides from the building
materials.
Thank you very much for your
attention!
Questions?
CONCURRENT SESSION 2 | 49
-------
Evaluation of Scalability Challenges for
Radiological Decontamination Technologies
in the Urban Environment
John Drake
National Homeland Security Research Center
Decontamination and Consequence Management
Research Triangle Park, NC
11/5/2013
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
If an ROD were to occur today, what
technologies could EPA use for recovery?
What technologies are available now and how well do
they work?
What constitutes a "wide-area applicable" decon
technology?
Are there technologies ready for wide-area deployment?
What would it take to adapt or "scale-up" other existing
technologies for the wide area?
11/20/2013
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
CONCURRENT SESSION 2 | 50
-------
What technologies are available and how well
do they work?
• 2006: Decon Technology Survey
• 2007: Developed decon efficacy testing methodology*
• 2008-present: Efficacy testing of commercially available
technologies**
•Coatings/gels (5 products)
•Liquids/foams (10 products)
•Mechanical methods (7 products)
Based on Radionuclide Detection and Decontamination Program, Broad Agency Announcement 03-
013, U.S. Department of Defense, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) , 2003
' Reports available at http://www.epa.gov/nhsrc/pubs.html
11/20/2013
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
What
s a wide-area applicable decon
technology?
Affected Area: greater than 100 m2
Speed: greater than 5 m2/hour
Availability: sufficient quantity, deliverable
Cost: affordable in needed quantities
Operational Feasibility: transport, utilities
required, skill level
Desired End State: minimally destructive,
secondary waste
11/20/2013
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
CONCURRENT SESSION 2 | 51
-------
Are there technologies ready for wide-area
deployment?
What would it take to adapt or "scale-up" other
Identify all existing technologies, down-select those with potential
for wide-area deployment
Evaluate feasibility and technical challenges to adapt or "scale-up"
these technologies for the wide area
Utilize expertise from EPA operational community, R&D, DOE
11/20/2013
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Identify universe of decon technologies
potentially applicable to the wide area
dentify Available
Rad Decon
Technologies
EPA Review
Team
Subject Matter Experts
Potential
Technologies for
Wide Area
11/20/2013
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
CONCURRENT SESSION 2 | 52
-------
Final "Short List" of potential technologies/challenges
Strippable Argonne
Coatings SuperGel
and Gels ALARM 146
(7 products) DeconGel
Liquids
Foams
(4 products)
Canadian UDF
EAI Rad-Release
TechXtract
Physical Abrasive blasting
Removal surface grinding
(10 products) vacuum
pressure washing
11/20/2013
Removal may be difficult
Wide-area spray not thoroughly tested
No efficacy data for some technologies
Secondary waste collection/disposition (media)
Some technologies are labor intensive
No efficacy data for some technologies
Secondary waste collection/disposition (blast
media, removed surface material)
Some technologies have low decon rate
Some technologies are labor intensive
Some technologies not tested against rad
Destructive to surface
Vacuum only effective for loose contamination
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 7
Potential R&D to address technical challenges
Coating removal may be difficult
Wide-area spray not thoroughly tested
Demonstrate on large scale
(non-radiological)
Secondary waste collection/disposition
Investigate effluent capture
mechanisms; demonstrate retrofits;
collaborate with vendors
Some technologies are labor intensive
Some technologies have low decon rate
Investigate potential design mods;
collaborate with vendors
No efficacy data for some
coatings/gels/liquids/foams
Some physical removal technologies not
tested against rad
11/20/2013 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Perform efficacy evaluation
(radiological testing)
CONCURRENT SESSION 2 | 53
-------
Conclusions:
No surface cleaning technology is
ready for wide area deployment, but
some are close
Large scale demonstration could
provide valuable assurance for
wide-area deployment (strippable
coatings, foams)
Effluent capture remains a primary
limitation (water/media blast,
abrasive surface removal)
Some potentially viable products still
need efficacy testing
11/20/2013
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
For additional information go to:
http://www.epa.gov/nhsrc/pubs.html
or contact
John Drake
drake.john@.epa.gov. (513)235-4273
Disclaimer: Reference herein to any specific commercial products,
process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or
otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement,
recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government. The
views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily
state or reflect those of the United States Government, and shall not
be used for advertising or product endorsement purposes.
11/20/2013
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
10
CONCURRENT SESSION 2 | 54
-------
Sorpt/on and Spec/at/on of /37Cs, 60Co ond 85Sr
in Building Materials
ISTC Project No. 4007
"Fate and Transport of Cesium, Strontium and Cobalt Particles on Urban Surfaces"
Katerina Mas/ova1, Step/Via I.1, Popov V.1,
KonoplevA.1, LeeS.DSfGusarovA1.
1RPA "Typhoon", Russia
2 US EPA, NC USA
U.S. EPA International Decontamination Research and Development Conference
5 - 7 November 2013
Durham, NC USA
OUTLINE
Parti
v' Building materials properties
^ Kinetics of 60Co, 85Sr and 137Cs sorption in building
materials by the batch method
v' Prediction of Kd "7Cs of building materials using
experimental values of Radiocesium Interception
Potentials(RIP) and K+ concentrations
Part 2
v' Sequential extraction methods and Ammonium extractions
<^ "7Cs, ^Co, 85Sr speciation as a function of time
CONCURRENT SESSION 2 | 55
-------
Building Materials
Crushing r=> Grinding i=> Sieving i
Brick
•«
H^^^F
Granite
"V
Limestone
Concrete
x-S;
Fraction
> <0.125mm
(Fine fraction)
Building
material
Concrete
Granite
Limestone
Asphalt
Brick
Porosity,
%
20.3±0.9
1.5+0.5
15.3±2.4
2.2±1.0
20.2S±0.25
Particle
density,
g/cm3
2.10±0.11
2.44±0.13
2.52±0.06
2.39±0.06
2.53±0.01
CEC,
cmol(+) /kg
6.4±0.5
5.9±0.6
3.3±0.4
8.8±0.4
6.9±0.1
pHKci
12.5
9.7
9.6
9.5
10.5
Organic C,
%
0.36±0.03
0.092±0.004
0.092±0.004
2.9±0.3
0.30±0.08
Kinetics of 60Co sorption by building materials"
using the batch method
A - granite; O - concrete; D
7-
6-
"!§? 5-
•0 4-
"S3.
X
S4°2.
•|
Q
0-
£^s— _,
..-I
,,;:;':'-- ^
i n
- 6r/c/c;
t>- asphalt; O - limestone;
20-
0 7 14 21 28
, 16-
t, day op
"Maslova et al.
/nurna/ nf pni/ifnnf
nonfat Dar/ina^fn/ih/ -/'
rt
S 12-
•D
S 8.
X
M"
4-
Q
T
1 C
9 1
1 i
I
o
^ > > D
0 7 14 21 2
>^ /on-/1?) "7 A _ pn ' y
CONCURRENT SESSION 2 | 56
-------
Kinetics of 85Sr sorption by building
materials* using the batch method
„ 30-
•I 20
14
t, day
..-•-o
yv
O - limestone; \/ - concrete; D - brick;
|>- asphalt; - granite;
28 100-
S 60-
-o
M" 40-
20-
0
*Mastova ef a/. o 7 14
Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 125 (2013) 74 - 80. t, day
Kinetics of 137Cs sorption in building materials* using
the batch method
D> - asphalt; - granite; O - concrete; O - limestone; D - brick;
14-,
12-
"M 1°-
-i
"S 8^
O
^H
X
4-
2-
0
21
28
7 14
t, day
"Maslova et al. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 125 (2013) 74 - 80.
CONCURRENT SESSION 2 | 57
-------
Radiocesium Interception Potentials
can be used to predict Kd 137Cs
RIP(M)
C
M
Where M is K+or NH4+
CM is the concentration
of a competing cation M
f>\
(2)
Trace Selectivity coefficient ofNH4+ to K+ exchange
on FES KC(K/N) is a parameter indicating leading
mechanism of Cs sorption
For illite
KC(K/N) = 5
RIP(K) and RIP(N) 137Cs of building materials
o
Building material
Asphalt
Limestone
Granite
Concrete
Brick
RIP(K)
suspension,
mM/kg
<0.125
280.5 ± 16.3
12.5 ±0.4
204.3 ±21.0
185.4 ±5.0
14.9 ±3.0
K,.(K/N)
<0.125
9.5
6.6
17.7
1.0
2.8
RIP(N)
suspension,
mM/kg
<0.125
29.5 ±0.6
1.9 ±0.3
11.5 ±0.9
195.4 ±1.5
5.4 ±0.6
De Prefer (1990)
New brick: RIP(K)=31-61 mM/kg
RIP(N)=18-37 mM/kg
Old brick: RIP(K)=380 mM/kg
RIP(N)=120 mM/kg
CONCURRENT SESSION 2 | 58
-------
Kd 137Cs for intact building materials predicted using
experimental values of RIP(K) and CK *
RIP(K)
(1)
CK as function of (mL : ms) fl)
Porosity .Pwate,
(1-Porosity)-p
-(3)
Building
material
Concrete
Granite
Limestone
Asphalt
Brick
mL: ms
dm3 /kg
for intact
samples
0.172
0.020
0.077
0.089
0.163
Predicted
CK, mM/dm3
for intact
samples
0.11 ±0.04
7.8 ±1.6
0.83 ±0.20
0.71 ±0.13
0.61 ±0.06
Predicted
Kd("7Cs),
dnrVkg
for intact
samples
1700 ± 600
26 ±5
15 ±4
390 ± 70
25 ±6
Suspension
1:50
Kd(»7Cs),
dnrVkg
for 1 day
1950 ± 27
2654 ± 131
950 ± 44
8316 ± 644
1180 ± 176
"Stepina etal. Radiochemistry, 2013. Vol. 55, No. 3, pp. 305-309.
Results summary
1. ""Co sorption by granite and concrete increases with time during 28 days.
0 For brick the 60Co K,, slowly decreases with time. There is no time
O dependence of the 60Co K,, for asphalt and limestone.
2. 85Sr sorption by asphalt and granite is decreasing of with time. 85Sr sorption
by brick, limestone and concrete increases approximately 1.5-2 times.
3. The Kd value of 137Cs increases with time. For asphalt and limestone K^ "7Cs
increases approximately 2 times during 28 days of interaction. There is no
time dependence of the "7Cs K^ for other materials.
4. Selective sorption of "7Cs ranges from 20 to 300 mlWkg in the order:
Brick > Granite > Asphalt > Limestone > Concrete.
5. Predicted Kd of 137Cs for intact samples is significantly lower than
experimental Kd values for suspension. This results could be applicable in
radionuclide transport models.
CONCURRENT SESSION 2 | 59
-------
Sequential extractions methods
Easily —
extractable
Strongly _
bound
Non
extractable
Title
* Ion-exchange
fraction
Fraction bound to
carbonates
Fraction bound to
oxides of Fe-Mn
Fraction bound to
the organic matter
Tessier (19791
1M CH COONa
0.04M
25% CH,COOH
0.02M HNO, +
30% K0,+
3.2 M~
CHjCOONHj
measured RN on
solid phase
Riise(1990)
0.04M
NH OHTHCI-
25% CH,COOH
30% H2O2 +
CH,COONH4
Total activity -
(F1+F2+F3+F4)
Bunzl(1997)
0.04M
NH OH HCI-
25% CH,COOH
30% H2O2 +
CH,COONH4
measured RN on
solid phase
Niesiobedzka(2000)
0.04M NH2OH*HCI-
25% CHjCOOH
30% H202 +
3,2MCH3COONH4
measured RN on solid
phase
Knox(2001)
0.25M
0.25M HCI
1M
25% CH,COOH
0.02M HNO3 +
30% H2O2
measured RN
on solid phase
Ammonium extraction was performed using 50 mL of 1 M
solution (pH=7), the suspension was shaken on a to-and-fro shaker at 20 °C.
The extraction time was 1 hour and 24 hours.
w^~
IB7Cs speciation as a function of time
m
315
M
u Endiangeable H Carbnnatei
Easily extractab/e
Strongly bound
i Residual
Non
extractable
CONCURRENT SESSION 2 | 60
-------
60Co spec/ot/on os a function of time
fraction, % 60Q,
fraction,;*
100
90
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0-7 OJ
]
OL3 0.2
OJ9 0-7
.Exchangeable U Carbonates u Fe-Mn Oxides UOiEanic >J Residual
I ^^ I
I
Easily extractable
I
Strongly bound
Won
extractable
85Sr spec/at/on os a function of time
Fraction,* ^Sf
C100
"
an
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
g
2 a
7 «
1 •
s o
I S
I I
I S
5*
0
2 a
4 0
4 O
S 0
i a
i ^
2
S
• >x // ^/ /y //
H Exchangeable u Carbonates ,_ Fe-Wln Oxides -Organic u Residual
Eas//y extractable
Strongly bound
Won
extractable
CONCURRENT SESSION 2 | 61
-------
Ammonium extractions
•3r_2SD
"Co_ZS>
>»'Cs_2SD
Results summary
1. By 137Cs concentration in Strongly bound & non extractable fraction, the materials
form the following sequence: asphalt > concrete > granite > limestone > brick.
2. 85Sr sorption by all materials is a practically completely reversible. The
concentration of 60Co in the residual fraction, like for 85Sr, also did not exceed 1%.
3. For all radionuclides under study the CH3COONH4 solution is the most effective
agent for extracting the exchangeable fraction from all building materials. The
optimum extraction time for 137Cs is 24 hours, for 60Co - 24 hours and 85Sr- 1 hour.
4. With time the exchangeable fraction of radionuclides is decreasing in all materials,
the maximum fixation is seen for 37Cs. For 60Co and S5Sr, the changes in its
exchangeable fraction were insignificant. However, ""Co with time converted into
strongly bound fraction. >
CONCURRENT SESSION 2 | 62
-------
THANK YOU FOR
YOUR ATTENTION!
Method of RIP determination (wauters etai. 1996)
°
Sorbent equilibration with
100 mWl/L Ca2* & 0.5 mM/L K* or
0.5 mWl/L NH.* in solution
Sorption of 137Cs
from solution
Sorf>eef"7Cs RIP"7Cs
As =V.(C0-Ce) RIP(CM) = ^
CONCURRENT SESSION 2 | 63
-------
Limestone
k
Concrete
Experimental Method
1. Powdered materials were put into
centrifuges tubes
2. After the sorption period (7 or
28 days) it was washed by
deionized water and
centrifuged.
3. The extractions were
performed according to
Tessier procedure. After
each step the samples were
washed with deionized water
and centrifuged.
4. The amount of extracted
radionuclide in the supernatant
liquid was determined with
automated gamma-counter
Wizard 1480.
Tessier scheme
f1) Ion-exchange fraction:16 mL of 1 M solution of MgCI2, the suspension shaken on a to-
and-fro shaker at 20 °C during 1 hour.
(2) Fraction bound to carbonates/76 mL of 1 M solution of CH3COONa was added, brought
to pH = 5 with acetic acid (CH3COOH). The vials were shaken at 20 °C during 5 hours.
(3) Fraction bound to oxides of Fe-Mn: 40 ml of 0.04 M solution of NH2OH*HCI in 25%
acetic acid (CH3COOH). The tubes were kept during 6 hours in drier at temperature 96±3
°C, the samples were shaken occasionally (during 20 minutes every 2 hours).
(4) Fraction bound to the organic matter: 6 ml of 0.02 M solution of HNO3 and 10 mL of
27% solution of H2O2 (pH=2), kept at temperature 85±2 °C during 2 hours shaking the
samples occasionally. After that the tubes were added again with 6 ml of 27% solution of
H2O2 (pH=2) and kept for three hours at temperature 85±2 °C, shaking the samples
occasionally. After cooling, the solution was added with 10 ml of 3,2 M solution of
CH3COONH4 diluted with 20% solution of nitric acid (HNOJ and shaken during 30
minutes.
(5) Residual fraction: For determining the residual activity in the solid phase of the
materials the remaining samples were put in the vials (20 mL) and radionuclide activity
was measured in the solid phase.
CONCURRENT SESSION 2 | 64
-------
• .A. • Environment Environnement
I Canada Canada
Humic Acid-Based Sorbents
for Area Decontamination
A.V. Sosnov1, S.V. Sadovnikov1, Y. G. Putsykin2, A.A. Shapovalov2,
K Volchek3, W. Kuang3, P. Azmi3, and C.E. Brown3
'NPP OrCheMed, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
2Agrosyntez LLC, Moscow, Russia
'Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
2013 EPA International Decontamination Research and Development Conference
Research Triangle Park, NC, US
November 5-7, 2013
S&T Bases for Use Humic acids (HA) in
Decontamination Technics
1) Humic acids (HA) are main organic component of soil, lignate (brown
coal), leonardite, and peat
• brown coal is main raw material for preparation of low cost and cross functional
sorbents
2) Formulations of activated humic acids (AHA) can be used as
effective adsorbents for toxic chemical substances, such as:
cations of heavy metals
cations of radionuclides
hydrophobic and hydrophilic organic contaminants like CW, dioxins and pesticides
3) Humic acids is natural matrix for accumulation and living of soil
microorganisms for biological degradation of organic contaminants
• increasing HA concentration in soil leads to increased concentration and activity of
natural soil microorganisms to promote biodegradation
• there are formulations - stable concentrates of various microorganisms - promoters
of biodegradation based on HA matrix
Environment Environnement 2 f^nr n*j'A'
Canada Canada l_«lIMGel
CONCURRENT SESSION 2 | 65
-------
Origin and Structure of Humic Acids
Soil Organic Matter
Fulvic acids
Water soluble
! Humic substances
Soluble in base
Humin
Organic soluble
I
Fresh organic residue
r
LMW organic compounds
Humic acids
Resistant to soil microorganisms
Two theories of humic materials formation:
• Degradation pathway:
• Plant material —> Humin —> Humic Acid —> Fulvic Acid —> Small molecule
• Synthetic pathway:
• Plant material —* Small molecule —> Fulvic Acid —> Humic Acid —> Humin
Main natural sources of the HA:
• Leonardite - 50% - 70%, Brown coal - 30% - 50%
• Peat-15%-25%
• Sapropel- 15%-25%
• Soil - 0.5% - 10%
Environment
Canada
Envlronnement
Canada
Canada
Useful Properties of Humic and Fulvic
Acids
Humic acids:
• pH-dependent natural organic polymer compounds with essential inorganic component (a few
percent of inorganic minerals, e.g. Montmorillonite)
• CAS#1415-93-6, exact chemical structure is unknown
• regulation of soil properties:
— to improve thermal conditions and soil or substrate structure
— to enhance the ion - exchange capacity
— to stimulate living of microorganisms
• resistant to soil microorganisms up to pH < 10
• form insoluble salts with cations of heavy metals and radionuclides
• use for decontamination: irreversibly bind cations of heavy metals and radionuclides in soil,
greatly reduce their mobility in the environment, protect living water and living organisms
from contamination
Fulvic acids:
• natural organic polymer compounds
• soluble in acid and base
• use for soil decontamination: turns salts of heavy metals and radionuclides into soluble
forms that are absorbed by plants and no longer present in soil
Environment
Canada
Environnement
Canada
Canada'
CONCURRENT SESSION 2 | 66
-------
Unique Features of HA
Ability to form biocompatible nano-films on inorganic surfaces
• natural starting mechanism of soil formation from inorganic ground
• mechanism of soil fertilization use industrial HA products
Pollutant Microorganism
Organic
HA layer
Biocompatible nanofilm on inorganic surfaces
Ability to form soil particles as a living environment for useful microorganisms
Ability to adsorb inorganic cations, hydrophobic and hydrophilic organic
compound including contaminants
Hypothesis: HA are key organic component of soil to making vital functions of
microorganisms and plants
Canada
Environment
Canada
Envlronnement
Canada
Our Approach for Commercial
Purification and Activation of HA
Stage 1. General approach. Preparation of HA formulations for soil fertilization and
remediation. Low cost and non-toxic materials.
• HA extraction from raw materials
• HA hydration
Stage 2. General approach + know-how. Preparation of sorbents for heavy metals,
radionuclides, and cleaning products for wide industrial application incl. decontamination.
Low cost, non-toxic and easy-to-use natural sorbents.
• HA purification (general approach) and activation (partial know-how) remove of inorganic
micro particles and most of adsorbed inorganic compounds/cations)
Stage 3. Know-how. Preparation of high-purified HA sorbents for veterinary and medical
use, materials for chemical industry.
• HA purification against natural LMW organic compounds use microorganisms - decomposers
• Purified HA resistant to soil microorganisms under normal conditions
Stage 4. General approach + know-how. Preparation of sorbents with soil
microorganisms on HA matrix to enhance biodegradation of organic pollutants. This is
approach for R&D new stabilized formulations of microbiological preparations for
various applications.
Canada'
Environment
Canada
Environnement
Canada
CONCURRENT SESSION 2 | 67
-------
Unique Features of Purified HA Sorbents
Unique feature of highly purified HA sorbents is their self-structuring. Depend of
their origin HA form the original particles look like crystals or filaments.
Microstructures of highly purified HA illustrate their self-
structuring and ability to make nano-films on inorganic
surfaces, for example:
• roll of potassium humate
• 45-70 nm HA nanofilm on inorganic surface
Investigation of microstructures of highly purified HA in
water solutions is important for understanding of building
mechanism of soils, natural sorbents and creation of new
sorbents and biocompatible materials:
• our results demonstrate polydispersed particles of HA in water
solution with size 50-150 nm
• some publications demonstrate changes in forms and size particles of
HA in water solution depends on HA concentration, pH and ionic
force of the solution
Environment
Canada
Envlronnement
Canada
Canada
Suitability of HA-based Sorbents
Application of various HA formulations (results of our field tests see on site
http://aqrosintez.ru/):
• detoxification of soil contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls, benzopyrenes, dioxins,
pesticides etc., in concentrations up to 2-4% by weight of soil
detoxification of land contaminated with fuels, oil and gas condensate at pollution level up to
5% by weight of soil
Pollutant Microorganism
HA formulations enhance
biodegradation of organic
pollutants
rehabilitation of land-locked water reservoirs and waste waters contaminated with heavy
metals and radionuclides (precipitation of insoluble forms)
remediation of water contaminated with crude oil and its products
acceleration of waste in sewage processing plants
Environment Environnoment
Canada Canada
Canada'
CONCURRENT SESSION 2 | 68
-------
HA-based Sorbents for Heavy Metals
HA retention of heavy metal (HM) cations is a function of the initial metal
concentration and pH
(a)
(b),
[Pb] [mrrwfL)
(Cd)
[PbJ (mmol/L)
[Cd] (mmol/L)
Fig 2 »)Pt>n3«iiwabyHA ji pH 4 i! :.i ,uiJ pM HI k h) CJ nrtcnlisnhy HA Jt pll 4 1' > .mil pit '><•», c> t«JplKol'Mi*p«iikmi wiih Pb anil
lt\,
-------
HA-based Sorbents for Heavy Metals in
Greenhouse Tests
Phytotron (artificial light/climate room) conditions of the experiment:
• Light intensity - 8000 Lux/8 hours/day
• Temperature - 25-28°C
• Relative humidity - 40-50%
• Soil simulant - granulated perlite (doesn't absorb HM cations)
• Duration of the experiment period - 21 days
• Addition of HA formulations - 1.5% w/w perlite
Estimated parameters and examples of experiment:
• Dry weight of top of a plant (grains and beans) in control experiment and in experiment with HA
formulation;
• Metal concentration (ICP-MS) in dry mass of the plant in control experiment and in experiment
with HA formulation;
• Example (on the photo): effect of water soluble HA liquid formulations on beans growth in the
presence of chromium, lead and mercury (50 and 150 mg/kg perlite)
• Adsorption efficiency decreases in the row: Hg2+> Cd2+> Pb2+ > Cr3+ and Ni2+ > Zn2+ > Cu 2+ >
Fe3+
Environment Environnement
Canada Canada
Canada
HA Prevents Adsorption of Heavy Metals
by Plants
Cppm
Cereals (perlite)
Beans (perlite)
Beans (perlite + HA)
Cereals (perlite + HA)
013 45 Days after soil
contamination
Cadmium concentration (ppm) in top part of plants (beans and cereals) as a function of exposure time, in
the absence (upper curves) and presence (lower curves) of HA. Cd2+ in the soil: 50 mg/kg. Comparative
experiment by adding of water-soluble HA formulation in amounts of 1.5% by weight of perlite.
Environment
Canada
Environnement
Canada
Canada'
CONCURRENT SESSION 2 | 70
-------
HA-based Sorbents for Radionuclides
There is deficit of detailed and reliable information in the field of HA
application forsorption of radionuclides cations. The reasons for this
are:
• absence of purified Standard Samples of HA (activated) adsorbents for testing and
evaluation
• depends HA degree of purification, pH and technique on sorption capacity
• absence of validated methods
• high cost of the research
But:
• there is prototype technology - two-stage process for selective removal of
lanthanides: (1st) sorption of lanthanide cations on HA, (2nd) incineration of the
spent adsorbent and preparation of concentrated sample
• our experiments (ICP-MS) demonstrated adsorption > 10% (w/w) La3+ ion on
sample of activated HA
Environment Environnement
Canada Canada
Canada
Application of HA-based Adsorbents in
Area Mitigation and Decontamination
Mitigation and decontamination of terrain, highways, urban infrastructure,
buildings, equipment, and even humans and animals
Decontamination of proving grounds, construction and demolition waste,
landfills, etc.
Opportunity for the use of various conventional equipment:
• Fire trucks, street sweepers, etc.
Canada
CONCURRENT SESSION 2 | 71
-------
HA Product Development Strategy
R&D of new products based on
knowledge of HA properties
New chemical products based
on HA destruction and
modification
Development of new products and technologies based on HA
Emphasis on dual-use products (decontamination and household usage)
Product and technology commercialization
• ^| Environment Environnement
I •"• Canada
Canada
Canada
Scope of Current Research
Taskl
Task II
Task III
Task IV
• Selection of candidate adsorbents and their targeted
modification
• Bench-scale evaluation of their performance.
• Development of standard samples of HA adsorbents
for testing and evaluation
• Application of adsorbents for area mitigation after
radiological incidents
• Development of methods for environmental
remediation of contaminated sites.
Environment Environnement
Canada Canada
Canada
CONCURRENT SESSION 2 | 72
-------
Project Partners
Canada
United States
Russian
Federation
• Environment Canada
• Atomic Energy Canada Ltd.
• Royal Military College of Canada
• Allen Vanguard
• Ottawa Fire Services
• US EPA, National Homeland Security
Center
Research
• NPP "OrCheMed" Russian Academy of Sciences
• 4.1 Environment Environnement
I •"• Canada Canada
Canada
Acknowledgement
The research is funded in part by the Canadian
Safety and Security Program, Project CSSP-
2013-CP-1029
l+l
Environment
Canada
Environnement
Canada
Canada'
CONCURRENT SESSION 2 | 73
-------
Wednesday, November 6, 2013
Concurrent Sessions 3
Biological Agent
Fate and Transport
CONCURRENT SESSION 3 | 1
-------
Public Health
England
Re-Aerosolisation of Bacterial
Spores from Indoor Surfaces
Allan Bennett and Susan Macken Public Health England, Porton Down
Public Health
England
Introduction
• Study background
• Methodology
• Results
• Risk assessment
• Conclusions
CONCURRENT SESSION 3 | 2
-------
Public Health
England
Anthrax Investigations
• Unknown level of contamination on
flooring
Unknown potential for re-
aerosolisation from potentially
contaminated surfaces
High level respiratory protection
recommended on precautionary
principle
Made responses and remediation
more challenging and of longer
duration
Public Health
England
Other applications
Hospital and healthcare
environments
• Noroviruses, Clostridium difficile
• Dried human bodily fluids on flooring
Responses to laboratory
accidents
• Dropped flasks
What are the risks?
CONCURRENT SESSION 3 | 3
-------
Public Health
England
Study rationale
To quantify re-aerosolisation from two flooring materials, carpet and vinyl
To develop methods that could be used in further re-aerosolisation studies
To use information gained to allow risk assessments to be performed
Public Health
England
Aerosol Deposition
6. atrophaeus used
Several contaminating systems were
assessed
An artists airbrush was chosen to
contaminate surfaces
Fine dispersed contamination
Allowed a high level of contamination to be
achieved
CONCURRENT SESSION 3 | 4
-------
Public Health
England
Samplers Used
Sartorius MD8 used to measure total aerosols at Om
and 1m
Andersen Samplers used to measure particles size
distribution at Om and 1m
Surface samples taken after each experiment
Slit sampler used at 1.5m
Public Health
England
Study Methodology
Study carried on a strip of flooring
in a clean room
Walking defined as light, medium
or heavy
Ten replicates carried out at each
condition
Surface samples taken
Air vented between each run
CONCURRENT SESSION 3 | 5
-------
Public Health
England
Definition of Results
Since this is an artificial system an attempt has been made to define the
results in terms of a ratio of aerosol to surface contamination
This is defined as cfu.LVcfu.cm2
It is defined as our re-aerosolisation ratio %cm2/L
This represents the percentage of the material in one square centimetre
that ends up in a litre of air
Public Health
England
CONCURRENT SESSION 3 | 6
-------
Re-aerosolisation from carpet at
different heights
0.25%
• Sartorius
Om
Sartorius
1m
Casella
1.5m
or
0.00%
Light Medium Heavy
Activity type. Light n=8, Medium n=10, Heavy n=10
Public Health
England
^~
o
£
0
0
03
Lj_
c
o
to
"o
2
ro
OL
0.07%
0.06%
0.05%
0.04%
0.03%
0.02%
0.01%
0.00%
Particle size distribution from
carpet
i>7um
ca 6um
ca Sum
ca Sum
ica 1
<1um
light medium heavy
Activity type. Light n=8, Medium n=10, Heavy n=10
CONCURRENT SESSION 3 | 7
-------
Public Health
England
Public Health
England
0.0006%
a- 0.0005%
CN~
O
g_ 0.0004%
| 0.0003%
LJ-
C
'I 0.0002%
"o
| 0.0001%
K 0.0000%
Reaerosolisation from PVC at
different heights
• Sartorius Om
Sartorius 1m
Casella 1.5m
Light Heavy
Activity level. Light n=10, Heavy n=8
CONCURRENT SESSION 3 | 8
-------
Public Health
England
Particle Size Distribution from
PVC
0.00010%
£ 0.00008%
g,
O 0.00006%
o
£
c
.Q 0.00004%
0)
-------
Public Health
England
Surface Results
10,000
PVC Carpet
Flooring on which activity took place
Floor
sample
i Boot
Sample
Public Health
England
Risk Assessment
Analysis
Surface Maximum Aerosol Maximum Aerosol
Contamination Exposure on Exposure on PVC
102
Carpet (cfu/l)
0.1
0.0002
103
0.002
104
10
0.02
105
100
0.2
10s
1000
CONCURRENT SESSION 3 | 10
-------
Conclusions
A model system for the measurement of re-aerosolisation has been developed
An indication of the potential aerosolisation from two floorings has been
obtained
Many variables still need to be investigated
PVC flooring causes far less re-aerosolisation than carpets
Impact of variables on aerosolisation process:
• Operator: interpersonal differences, shoe type
• Contamination level
• Organism
• Flooring type
• Humidity/Temperature/Airflows
• Modelling
CONCURRENT SESSION 3 | 11
-------
Public Health
England
CONCURRENT SESSION 3 | 12
-------
Informing Response and Recovery
Decisions: The Scientific Program on
Reaerosolization and Exposure (SPORE),
Program Overview
CAPT Marshall S. Gray, Jr, CIH
EPA ORD NHSRC
6 November 2013
Homeland
^ Security
SPORE Summary
Purpose: Understand reaerosolization of Bacillus anthracis
to inform decisions that reduce risk to the public.
Interagency Collaborative:
> DHS S&T - Donald Bansleben, PhD; Matthew Moe
> HHSASPR-John Koerner.CIH
> HHSCDC -AngelaWeber
> DoD DTRA - Sari Paikoff, PhD
> EPA ORD NHSRC - CAPT Marshall Gray, CIH (Interagency
Lead)
CONCURRENT SESSION 3 | 13
-------
The Scientific Program on RaaenKoibation and Expos
Fesfa^ Siijett Mater &pet Hfeetni Dean*** U 201:
Federal Subject Matter Expert Review,
December 2012
32 subject matter experts
(SME) from partner
agencies
Challenged to identify top
gap in four focus areas:
I. Reaerosolization
2. Detection, Sampling, Analysis
3. Fate and Transport
4. Health Endpoints
Assigned to focus area
based on expertise
SC ENCE
Gap Prioritization
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-------
Final Identification of Gaps
The group as a whole identified four priority gaps overall:
I. Development of appropriate and validated air sample collection
methods for reaerosolized viable and inhalable spores. Standardization of
air sampling methods, including collection procedures, and validation of analytical
methods that would improve reliability and interpretability of potential airborne
exposure data.
2. Determination of reaerosolization through controlled, experimental
data generation, assessing the impact of various parameters (e.g.,
particle size, surface properties, charge, dissemination method, forces
[i.e., environmental, anthropogenic]).
3. Determination of suitable surrogates or simulants (e.g., non-pathogenic
spores, inert particles) for Ba spores, for use in lab and field studies based on
empirical reaerosolization data.
4. Determination of sampling and analytical methods, as well as sampling
strategies that would provide data with the most utility for an exposure
assessment.
Identified Potential Projects/Studies
SMEs were challenged to determine how to address the gaps, including
time and funding.
NOTE: The group emphasized
Examples of potential studies identified: that it is critical to first
I. Determine the predictability of reaerosolization to understand parameters
inform decisions to mitigate hazard/risk. influencing reaerosolization
2. Conduct a requirements study focused on the to establish data quality
development of an adequate air sampler. '
Current SPORE Research is addressing :
• Identification of non-pathogenic simulants for Bacillus anthrads (Ba)
Identification of outdoor urban surface types from which 60 may be prone to
reaerosolization
• Identify factors influencing reaerosolization (force, spore preparation, surface
properties)
• NOTE: Other interagency projects (CDC, DTRA) may assist in informing
gaps.
CONCURRENT SESSION 3 | 15
-------
.JSPORE Recommended Projects
Identify forces to initiate
fcaerosolizationfrom urban
irfaces, identify surrogates
forSa
bxistmg reaerosolization wind
tunnel (RWT) projects between
EPA/DHS/DPG
Through mid FY-14 Funded through FY-14
Surface treatment methods
to mitigate reaerosolization
"Translation Guide" of forces
causing reaerosolization
Temporal decay - how long
will reaerosolization occur
Washdown transport and
subsequent pooling / "hot
spot" identification
Fomite transport (how
spores transport on dirt /
debris)
Outdoor Test and Evaluation
Modification of RWT projects to FY 14 - 15
introduce surface Treatment
Evaluate forces caused by FY 1 4
human activity as compared to
RWT
Scale up from RWT FY15-17
TBD FY 14-15
Modification of RWT projects FY 15 - 16
and scale up
TBD (Limited by detection FY 1 6 - 1 8
sensitivity for reaerosolization
outdoors)
Unfunded - dependent
upon success of initial
test to ID surrogates
Unfunded
Unfunded - dependent
upon success of
surrogates -top priority
Unfunded - dependent
upon success of
surrogates
Unfunded - dependent
upon success of
surrogates
Unfunded - dependent
upon success of
surrogates
Disclaimer
Reference herein to any specific commercial products,
process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer,
or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its
endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United
States Government.The views and opinions of authors
expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of
the United States Government and shall not be used for
advertising or product endorsement purposes.
CONCURRENT SESSION 3 | 16
-------
Quantitative Analysis of Reaerosolization
Task I - SPORE
Russell W.Wiener, Ph.D.
EPA ORD NHSRC
6 November 2013
Homeland
Security
Disclaimer
Reference herein to any specific commercial products,
process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer,
or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its
endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United
States Government.The views and opinions of authors
expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of
the United States Government and shall not be used for
advertising or product endorsement purposes.
CONCURRENT SESSION 3 | 17
-------
SPORE Summary
Purpose:
Provide a quantitative assessment of the energy required to
reaerosolize Bacillus anthracis (Ba) and surrogate materials
Collaborators:
> EPA ORD NHSRC - Russell Wiener (lead), Marshall Gray,
Worth Calfee, Sang Don Lee
> DOD DPG -Jeffery Hogan, KarTsang
> DHS S&T - Donald Bansleben, Matthew Moe
> Alion Science and Technology - Laurie Brixey, Alfred Eisner
> Arcadis - DahmanTouati, Nicole Griffin
Identified Programmatic Gaps
Gap
Identification of
( 1 ) forces to initiate
reaerosolization from
urban surfaces
(2) surrogates for Bo
Potential Projects Duration Status
Existing EPA/DHS/DPG
reaerosolization wind
tunnel (RWT) projects
T-. . Funded
Through
. i r-^f i A through
mid FY- 14
CONCURRENT SESSION 3 | 18
-------
Key Questions for Better
Understanding Reaerosolization
> What are appropriate simulants for Bo?
> What level of force is required to reaerosolize
spores?
> Do bioagent preparations and release
mechanisms impact reaerosolization?
> What is necessary to quantify reaerosolization?
Experimental Focus
> Determine if Bo reaerosolizes
> Identify non-pathogenic simulants for Bo-Ames
> Identify the most important test surface
characteristics that affect Bo reaerosolization
> Identify the most important factors, such as
spore type, preparation, and method of
deposition, that affect Bo reaerosolization
CONCURRENT SESSION 3 | 19
-------
Initial Approach
Simulant for 80 reaerosolization in a wide-area urban release
Determine acceptability of
using irradiated spores
BSL-2 chamber testing -I
Strive agent (EPA)
1 Conduct BSL-2 chamber testing -1
irradiated vs. live agent (EPA) 1
Irradiated
Ba Sterne
VS.
Irradiated
Bf 97-27
VS.
Non-irradiated
Sf 97-27 and/or
flfik and/or
bar-coded Btk
IEquipnwnt transporter 1
» **•*'•<»» |
Conduct BSL-3 chamber testing - Ea live
{conducted for EPA at appropriate facil
e agent I
i'ityl
"•ducted after BSL-2 usc^j son-* tu
can B* performed in SSL-3
Study can eanwr«nc« mid-March
Current Approach
1 Determine rnoil afijwapriate 1
test surrogates (or 6a
^S*" H I""-"""""!
^^
•^
| Determine and evaluate test »urfaee« 1
Sclvcl $urfac*srgpr*senting urban
Evatu«1c sufices quantitatively
to determine precision of seted properties
g Jfl P y
S,gn,flc9n.*ffere™*9
l"'"""^"0"'"15'""!
IConduct f eieroso&zatien tests at DPG|
Vjlijalr DPG i«1ufi by repfccating
bir-coaed 91* resutw from EPA
Condua wee and dry reaerosaliution
Desipn, buikl and eharaeirtize RWT
(v«tOtity p-roti i- ttan and stop rm-i*-, i
Design, butht. an4 test parformance of
ait jet noi/fc anB Craverung system
(ve)oeily ami stabiftly)
Design build and (»j*l dtpoiition chambsr*
(deposition efficiency and tepeilabilily/
f\_
Ship to DPG
CONCURRENT SESSION 3 | 20
-------
RWT Concept Drawing
Jet nozzle Convergent
V section
Test surface ' ,•"'
Collection
filter
HEPA
filter
Fan
Flow, RH, and
temperature
controller
Compressor/
blower
The RWT is placed in an
environmental chamber
to control temperature
and relative humidity
Airflow
direction
1 ft
Potential Experimental Variable Features
for a Spore Reaerosolization Study
Feature
Spore type
Prep
'lomeration
Surface Structure
Concentration
Additives
Particle Properties
Potential Experimental Variables
6. anthrads Ames, 6. thuringiensis var kiirstaki (bar coded),
6. otrophoeus subspecies g/obigii
Wet powder, powder (milled paste), refined powder
Singles versus agglomerate, packing/surface density
Chemistry, geometry, electrostatic properties, hydrophilic/
hydrophobic, coating, roughness
Colony-forming unit per unit mass or volume, viable fraction
Mixers, buffers, reagents
10
CONCURRENT SESSION 3 | 21
-------
Potential Experimental Variable Features
for a Spore Reaerosolization Study
Test Surface Properties
Feature
Material
Intrinsic physical chemistry
urface roughness
et velocity
.tmospheric conditions
Potential Experimental Variables
Glass, concrete/cement, asphalt shingles
Chemical reactivity, hygroscopicity, wettability,
electrostatic properties, moisture content
Porosity, asperity height
Speed magnitude and direction, speed variability,
turbulence
Temperature, relative humidity
Length of time since spore deposited on surface
and time for jet to remove particle
Experimental Objectives
> Maximize number of data points collected by using a small wind tunnel
> Minimize common errors in reaerosolization experiments by measuring
and controlling variables
> Collect total reaerosolized matter to avoid sampling errors
> Use an air jet to provide a wide range of energies (detachment forces)
under controlled and repeatable conditions
> Test a variety of controlled surfaces similar to those found in the outdoor
urban environment
> Conduct highly controlled and reproducible experiments from which data
can be used for future non-dimensional analysis
12
CONCURRENT SESSION 3 | 22
-------
Wednesday, November 6, 2013
Concurrent Sessions 3
Chemical Agent Fate,
Persistence, and Transport
CONCURRENT SESSION 3 | 23
-------
Predictive modeling of transport processes at
environmental interfaces following chemical
contamination
James R. Hunt, Beaufort, NC
(formerly DC Berkeley)
Adam H. Love, Roux Associates, Inc., San Francisco
(formerly Johnson Wright Inc.)
US EPA Decontamination Conference, Nov. 2013
Goal:
Utilize experimental data to develop predictive models
Calibrate and then predict under different conditions
Approach:
Data determine modeling complexity
Illustrative examples:
Wind tunnel evaporation data for HD
Coupon evaporation data for HD, GB, and VX
Observation:
Need better integration of modeling and experimentation
CONCURRENT SESSION 3 | 24
-------
1. Edgewood 5 cm wind tunnel evaporation of HD
Air flow
Evaporation flux = kmt CHD°
t t t
absorbent
= MHD(t=0) -
13
2
1
0
HD on glass: 3a005
6\jl, 1.8m/s, 35°C
01234567
Time [hr]
Mass transfer model
MHD(t) = MHD(t = 0) - (kmtA)CgDt
Data from Brevett et al. (2008, ECBC)
Model Calibration of Lumped Parameter (k0 A0)
O |
x HD on Glass:
-. M 35°C, 1.8m/s, 6|jL
6 « w
I4
^
n
^a
•\
&
0 3a005
D 3a006
A 3a007
X 3a016
- -Fitted
0123456
Time [hr]
Data from Brevett et al. (2008, ECBC ]
CONCURRENT SESSION 3 | 25
-------
Scaling for Different Temperature (15, 35, 50°C), Wind (0.22,1.8,
3.6 m/s) and Agent Volume (1, 6, 9 ul)
•Temperature only controls vapor pressure
R 7\
•Velocity sets shear velocity, u*, and kmt ~ u
kj — k0-
u,,
•Initial drop volume, V, determines surface area
Ai = A° -
Predictions using lumped parameter kaA0 and scaling relationships:
2
ii*(ii.\~\ /i/.i
MHD(t} = MHDW- k0Ac
U'
MHD(t) = MHD(t=0)[l- t/tlife]
Model Testing at the Extremes
1.5
-1.0
00
0.5
0.0
HDon Glass
50°C, 3.6 m/s, 1
o 3c041
A 3c043
Prediction
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Time [hr]
Data from Brevettet al. (2008, ECBC)
CONCURRENT SESSION 3 | 26
-------
Model Testing at the Extremes
15
0
HDon Glass
15°C, 0.22 m/s, 9 uL
0
20 40
Time [hr]
60
Data from Brevettet al. (2008, ECBC)
Model Generalization of 54 Experimental Runs of HD on Glass
i.o
0.8 -
§0.6 -
:0.4 -
0.2 -
0.0
•V--«ra>i*..
'^Ifofe^.
•:..^;H^.
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
t/tlife
• [-00-] • [+00-] * [00-] • [00+-]
> [+0-] * [0+0-] * [++0-] • [+++-]
. [+-0-] [--] x [-+-] x [++-]
. [+.+.] . [..+.] . [.++.] _ Predicted
[+0+-]
[0.0.] [T,dd,U,RH]
CONCURRENT SESSION 3 | 27
-------
VX on Glass: 6 ul_, 1.8 m/s, 42°C
There are problems with experimental methods
8.0
5 10 15
Time [hr]
20 25
D 3k-033
O 3k-038
A 3k-031
O 3k-028
X 3L-032
+ 3L-037
— — Model Prediction
Data from Brevett et al. (2010, ECBC)
2. Agent Evaporation from Surfaces at LLNL
• Impermeable Surfaces:
Glass
Silanized Glass
Stainless Steel
Flexible HVAC metal duct
• Measured mass remaining
on coupons overtime, M|(t).
air
1200 !
1000
800
600
400
200
n
HD at 22°C
•
t
*
•
, ,
5 10
Time [hr]
• Glass • Stainless Steel • HVAC
15
CONCURRENT SESSION 3 | 28
-------
Model for agent evaporation from a shrinking hemi-sphere
dd(t)
* *•
= \c r °
^mt M
Mj(t)
Mi(t = 0)
Calibration of mass transfer model for HD at 22°C
J..VJ <
= 0.8
|
£0.6
I
10.4
|0.2
>
^0.0
*
^t
^r^
X
x
X
X
1 1 fy t X
0 5 W IS 20 2
Time [hr]
• glass
ss • hvac - - Calibration
CONCURRENT SESSION 3 | 29
-------
LLNL HD Results:
Calibration on 22°C Data and Prediction at 50°C
J. >
I0-8
o
A 0.6
Q
31
IE
^—
^0.2
0
0
*V 1
x* • 22°C
'•»-• • 50°C
s
Model
• xx
•s
— X
X
X
X
X
£ X
1 1 ' I A ' A A i A A
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.
t/t|,fe
GB evaporation at 22°C
J..U '
d 0.8
o"
A 0.6
CO
^
s°-4
BD
-------
VX Evaporation at 22°C
Data suggests VX removal by reaction
-L.U '
rn n O
4 0.6
5
^0.4
1 0.2
On
(
r -
A
.* \
\
\
\ •
i i i ""** -^^
) 50 100 150 2(
Time [hr]
• glass
• hvac
Reactive transport
model, k=0.04hr-l
)0
Summary:
• Liquid agent evaporation did not depend upon
impermeable surface type (glass, metal)
• Predictive models under laboratory conditions are good to
±50%forHD
• Data for other agents suggest
Presence of other chemicals
Transport limitations within residual drops
Reactivity
• Modeling and experimentation must be coupled
• Issues that were not addressed
• Liquid water
• Permeable, porous, polymeric surfaces
CONCURRENT SESSION 3 | 31
-------
Contact information:
James R. Hunt
121 Carrot Island Lane
Beaufort, NC 28516
hunt@ce.Berkelev.edu
phone: 9254512761
Adam H. Love
Roux Associates, Inc.
221 Main Street, Suite 1590
San Francisco, CA 94105
alove@rouxinc.com
phone: (415)967-6023
CONCURRENT SESSION 3 | 32
-------
Baltelie
Tna Bnafauosq/ tnnondkm
Adsorption and Desorption of
Chemical Warfare Agents
on Activated Carbons:
Impact of Temperature and Relative Humidity
Lukas Oudejans, Ph.D.
US Environmental Protection Agency
National Homeland Security Research Center
Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
Kent Hofacre, John Shaw, Anbo Wang
Battelle
West Jefferson, OH
2013 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
International Decontamination Research and Development Conference
Novembers-/, 2013
* Work conducted under EPA Contract EP-C-10-001 with Battelle.
* Battelle is a contractorto U.S. EPA and provided technical support for the work
described.
* Project management
>EPA: Lukas Oudejans
>Battelle: Kent Hofacre, John Shaw
* DISCLAIMER:
The United States Environmental Protection Agency through its Office of Research
and Development funded and managed the research described here. It has been
subjected to Agency's administrative review and approved for publication.
The views expressed in this presentation are those of the authors and do not
necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Agency. Mention of trade names or
commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
CONCURRENT SESSION 3 | 33
-------
Hot air decontamination has been proposed as a low cost
approach to remove chemical agent ("decontaminate") from a
facility through increased volatilization of the chemical agent
with temperature
Considered a valid option for more volatile
chemical warfare agents (CWAs)
• GB, HD;
• Not likely effective for VX (within 24 hr)
25 °C Vapor pressure
(mm Hg)
GB
GD
VX
2.9
0.4
0.08
0.0007
A maximum temperature for hot air decontamination has been
recommended of 55 °C (131 °F) based on incompatibility with
e.g. electrical wiring in facility at higher temperatures
Effluent air of hot air decon technologies must flow through
media like (metal impregnated) activated carbon beds that can
sorb CWA vapors
Absorption characteristics of CWAs on various carbons is
reasonably well established (e.g. filter cartridges on personal
protection equipment)
• Most data are either limited to room temperature or
associated with surrogate testing
• Evidence in literature that "obvious" surrogates do not
behave like their CWA counterpart
• Need also to consider impact of RH as water vapor could be
a competing vapor that affects the ability to absorb CWAs
CONCURRENT SESSION 3 | 34
-------
Questions to ask when implementing hot air decontamination:
»«» If carbon filters are present (e.g., in HVAC system), can they be
used safely (at higher T,RH) to capture CWAs?
»«» If no carbon is present in HVAC system or carbon needs to be
selected in e.g. negative air machines, what carbons are
suitable?
Objectives:
1. Determine the impact of temperature and relative humidity
(RH) on the ability of a carbon bed to absorb chemical agent
(absorption phase)
2. Determine if off gassing from carbon beds occurs once
absorption process ends (desorption phase) as when carbon
filters are being removed from service
Measurement of vapor breakthrough curves under various
environmental conditions:
\
60 80 100 120 140
Time (m In)
time period of interest
CONCURRENT SESSION 3 | 35
-------
Experimental Constrai-
working with CWAs
Duration of test
• Need to conduct experiments on relative short timescale (<1 day)
> Cannot use low CWA concentrations during absorbing phase
Need to limit amount of CWA being used
1. Carbon bed size
> As small in diameter as possible to reduce amount of carbon
Q ASTM Standard Guide for Gas-Phase Adsorption Testing of Activated
Carbon, D5160-95 (Reapproved 2008):
• Bed diameter at least 12x the largest carbon particle diameter
• A 4 cm bed diameter used
•S Meets criteria for carbons with mesh number >6
2. Carbon bed depth
> Representative of typical HVAC filter thickness: 2.5 cm [at onset of exp.]
> Amount of carbon to create 2.5 cm bed is 14-20 g, depending on carbon
Release of 1 L of GB (or HD) in office (2700 sq feet, 250 m2) or
(normal T,P); HVAC was shutdown shortly after release so
liquid still present in area
For GB: all liquid can evaporate; concentration (excluding
absorption or adsorption) may reach 1500 mg/m3
(IDLH is 0.1 mg/m3)
For HD: gaseous concentration reaches point where
saturation may occur: 500 mg/m3 concentration
(IDLH is 0.7 mg/m3)
CONCURRENT SESSION 3 | 36
-------
MINICAMS:
GC-FID/FDP
Adsorption Test H,O
Carbon Bed Trap
diameter: 4 cm
To challenge measurement
Upper bed pressure drop
Upper bed temperature
Lower bed temperature
Lower bed pressure drop
To downstream effluent measurement
CONCURRENT SESSION 3 | 37
-------
CWA challenge vapor generation:
- Bubbler
To Temperature
Controlled Chambe
- Syringe pump
Loading the carbon test cell with lonex™ 03-001 carbon (8x16 mesh):
(A) mesh screen in bottom cell piece and O-ring in the well at the top of the cell
(B)pre-weighed carbon loaded into bottom cell piece
(C)cell bottom with level and packed loaded carbon
(D) mesh screen on top of carbon bed
(E)top cell piece screwed on using locking ring
CONCURRENT SESSION 3 | 38
-------
• Carbon types/sizes
• GB, HD agent
• Environmental conditions (T and RH)
Fixed conditions:
• Nominal challenge concentrations GB: 1,500 mg/m3; HD: 500 mg/m3
• Nominal gas flow rate: 9.0 ± 0.2 LPM
- Face velocity: 12 cm/s (residence time of ~0.28 sec in 2.5 cm bed)
• Preconditioning of carbon bed prior to absorption test under same
T/RH conditions as actual test
- Equilibrium times determined prior to tests by measurement of carbon weight
gain with time
Test Matrix
Carbon
Type
ASZM-TEDA™
IONEX™ 03-001
ASZM-TEDA™
Vapure™ 612
ASZM-TEDA™
IONEX™ 03-001
ASZM-TEDA™
••
Mesh
6x16
8x16
12x30
6x12
6x16
8x16
12x30
•
Agent
GB
GB
GB
GB
HD
HD
HD
^
T/RH
25 /dry
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
^^
T/RH T/RH
55 /dry 55/ Humid
X
X X [50% RH]
X
X X [50% RH]
X X [20% RH]
1 *^&7 s)
& ^(^ fl
Bed depth
(cm)
2.5-3.5
3.5
2.5
3.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
mm
Agent
Delivery
Bubbler
Bubbler
Syringe
Bubbler
Syringe
Syringe
Syringe
Carbon characteristics:
ASZM-TEDA™ carbon, Calgon Carbon Corporation (Pittsburgh, PA). Coal based activated carbon impregnated with chemical
compounds containing copper, silver, zinc, molybdenum and triethylene diamine (TEDA)
lonex™ carbon, IONEX Research Corporation (LaFayette, CO), Cocoanut shell based activated carbon; not impregnated
Vapure™ 612 carbon, Norit (Marshall, TX). Coal based carbon; not impregnated
CONCURRENT SESSION 3 | 39
-------
Sarin (GB) results:
Results Sarin (GB)
Bed depth dependence
Carbon
Type / mass
ASZM-TEDA™
20.7-29.0 g
Mesh Agent
T/RH
25/dry
T/RH
55/dry
T/RH
55/Humid
6x16
C.B
Bed depth Agent Delivery
(cm)
2.5-3.5
Bubbler
GB challenge concentration: 1500mg/m3
0
I)50"
E
c 40-
1
S
0 20-
O
S 10-
i
.'
0
1
• 2.5cm
3.5cm
•
.ttU
»>»"
60
time (hr)
234
..'•
•
A *
A •
.V
r
;
•
120 180 240
ime
min)
time
01234
^5>
E,
1 30-
^
0 20-
m
O
1 10-
1
•
•
.
j i
/>/
1 •
•
;u
A* °
>" °
* A 0
* \
(hr)
56789
• n 2.5cm |
• o 3.0cm 1
• a 3.5cm |
0 120 240
time
wsAW
S-tfo*
360 480
min)
Absorption phase
Absorption + Desorption phase
CONCURRENT SESSION 3 | 40
-------
Carbon
Type / mass
Mesh Agent
T/RH
T/RH
;ONEX™ 03-001 8x16
18.8 g
GB
25/dry 55/dry
X X
T/RH
55/Humid
Bed depth Agent Delivery
(cm)
3.5
Bubbler
GB challenge concentration: 1500mg/m3
CD 10-
I
time (hr)
2345
• 25 °CJ
« 55°c|
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
time (min)
Absorption phase
Absorption + Desorption phase
Results Sarin (GB)
V^^B
Carbon Mesh Agent
Type / mass
IONEX™ 03-001 GB
18.8 g
T/RH
25 /dry
X
^^^U«
^^fi^^B^^^^^^^^^
T/RH T/RH Bed depth Agent Delivery
55 /dry 55/ Humid (cm)
X
GB challenge concentration: 1500mg/m3
3.5 Bubbler
time (hr)
0 4 8 12 16 20
§1.5.
O
I l.o-
O
m
QJ
1
•
"
•
Jf,
__^
fOlf
,
^
^
^
&
a 25 °c|
• o 55 °C|
) 200 400 600 800 1000 12
time (min
00
Desorption phase / 55 °C enlarged
CONCURRENT SESSION 3 | 41
-------
Results Sarin (GB)
~~^~~~^^^_
^•1
^^^^H
Carbon Mesh
Type / mass
•
ASZM-TEDA™ 12x30
17.3 g
M
•
Agent
GB
"^^ """"
aw
_ ,u L L., 7 S)
PP^v- vi^ii^:^
|^^^^^ %,™i^
T/RH T/RH T/RH Bed depth Agent Delivery
25 /dry 55 /dry 55/Humid (cm)
X X X[50%] 2.5 Syringe
GB challenge concentration: 1500mg/m3
time (hr
0.0 0.5 1.0
„— 0.8-
D) 0.7-
o
S 0.5-
8 0.4-
0
0 0.3-
2 0.2-
Ss
= 0.1-
•
..
1.5
D
25
55
cj
£J
1.9g GB absorbed:
0.1 g GB/g carbon
0 30 60
9
0
2.0 2.5
•
•
.
.
,
B B
120 150
time (min)
time (hr)
0 4 8 12 16 20
„— 0.8-
D) 0.7-
o
S 0.5-
8 0.4-
0 0.3-
2 0.2-
i
= 0.1-
Eoo
•
•
.
.
a
lAtam,
W^.
^^
"*^S
• o 25°CJ
W^l
»>
0 600 1200
time (min
Absorption phase
Absorption + Desorption phase
Results Sarin (GB)
Carbon Mesh Agent T/RH
Type / mass 25 / dry
ASZM-TEDA™ 12x1
173 g
m GB x
^^^1
S^W^B^B^^^^^
T/RH T/RH Bed depth Agent Delivery
55 /dry 55/Humid (cm)
X X[50%] 2.5 Syringe
GB challenge concentration: 1500mg/m3
0.040-
„— 0.035-
I1 0.030-
o 0.025-
I 0.020-
° 0.015-
O 0.010-
| 0.005-
m o.ooo-
time (hr)
) 4 8 12 16 20
B
• B
• cm
'•
i'
«**«
• D 25 °C
° 55 °C
WiiBjffig
DHSBMK
600 12
00
time (min)
High Humidity result:
HF formation at 55 °C / 50% RH.
No breakthrough curve measured
Desorption phase / 55 °C enlarged
CONCURRENT SESSION 3 | 42
-------
Carbon
type
Vapure™ 612
Mesh
6x12
Agent
GB
T/RH
25/dry
T/RH
55/dry
T/RH
55/Humid
Bed depth
(cm)
3.5
GB challenge concentration: 1500mg/m3
Agent Delivery
Bubbler
480 720 960
time (min)
Absorption phase
Absorption + Desorption phase
Sulfur mustard (HD) results:
CONCURRENT SESSION 3 | 43
-------
Carbon
Type / mass
ASZM-TEDA™
20.7 g
Mesh Agent T/RH T/RH
25/dry 55/dry
T/ RH
55/Humid
Bed depth Agent Delivery
(cm)
6x3.6
HD
2.5
Syringe
HD challenge concentration: 500mg/m3
time (hr)
0123456
f,4-
|3-
e
I
a2'
i
1
IE
m o
..'••"
L
—
• 25 °c|
...
,^
>
.--
._..H
.
•
^^ Irregular HD del very
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
time min)
time (hr)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
1*
I3-
1
82-
I
§
LL!
^
i
/
r
.
/
u
*
\
\
mas*
•»
14 16 18 20 22 24
• " 25 °C
\
KmM
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
time min
Absorption phase
Absorption + Desorption phase
Carbon
Type / mass
Mesh Agent T/RH T/RH
25/dry 55/dry
;C.»ffi'X™ 03-001 8x16
13.7 g
HD
T/RH
55/ Humid
X [50% RH]
Bed depth Agent Delivery
(cm)
2.5
Syringe
HD challenge concentration: 500mg/m3
time (hr)
01234567
Q
I
-g 0.1-
§
25 C|
55 °C
0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420
time (min)
time (hr)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
time (min)
Absorption phase Absorption + Desorption phase
55 C / 50% RH test was not completed due to excessive (water vapor) condensation
in flow controllers after 260 min (effluent < 0.025 mg/m3) O no breakthrough
CONCURRENT SESSION 3 | 44
-------
Carbon
Type / mass
ASZM-TEDA™
17.3 g
Mesh
12x30
Agent
HD
T/RH
25/dry
T/RH
55/dry
T/ RH
55/Humid
X [20% RH]
Bed depth
(cm)
Agent Delivery
Syringe
HD challenge concentration: 500mg/m3
time (hr)
0123456
Effluent HD Concentration (mg/m3)
P P P P
• 25
• 55
• 55
°C
°C
°C, 20% RH
1.8g HD absorbed;
0.11 g HD /g carbon (25 °C)
»,„.,.. 1
0 60 120 180 240 300
time (min)
360
time (hr
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Effluent HD Concentration (mg/m3)
P P P P
n 25 °C
• o 55 °C
* A 55 °c, 20% Rh
I
',.
!:,
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
time (min)
Absorption phase
Absorption + Desorption phase
Results (HD)
Carbon Mesh Agent T/RH
Type / mass 25 / dry
ASZM-TEDA™ 12x30 HD X
17.3 g
W^^^^^^&Y
^^^^
T/RH T/RH
55 /dry 55/Humid
X X [20% RH]
Bed depth Agent Delivery
(cm)
2.5 Syringe
HD challenge concentration: 500mg/m3
Before
After
> Discoloration only observed for HD; picture following 25 °C / dry test.
> Thiodiglycol byproduct observed, indicative of HD hydrolysis
CONCURRENT SESSION 3 | 45
-------
> As expected, absorptive capacity increases with carbon depth /amount (GB)
> Mesh size (diameter carbon particle) impacts breakthrough times
(GB, ASZM TEDA)
> The absorbing characteristics forsarin, GB:
DO NOT deteriorate with increase in temperature for IONEX™ 03-001
DO deteriorate with increase in temperature for ASZM-TEDA™ 12x30
DO deteriorate with increase in temperature for Vapure™ 612
> Absorbing characteristics sulfur mustard, HD
DO deteriorate marginally with temperature for IONEX™ 03-001
DO NOT change with temperature for ASZM-TEDA™ 12x30
on timescale measured (no breakthrough observed)
> Higher humidity (GB) results in HF formation; not further investigated
GB:
> Desorption (under same conditions as absorption without agent) at
higher temperature leads to an increased release of absorbed GB on
IONEX™ 8x16 carbon and Vapure™ 612
> This GB release / offgassing appears less for ASZM-TEDA™ 12x30
carbon, however, the peak concentration was lower compared to other
carbon tested (at the high temperature)
> High humidity results in hydrogen fluoride (HF) formation that needs
to be addressed
HD:
> Desorption characteristics of HD do not change with temperature on
lonex™ 03-001
> No HD desorption observed for ASZM-TEDA™ 12x30 on timescale
studied
CONCURRENT SESSION 3 | 46
-------
Thursday, November 7, 2013
Concurrent Sessions 4
Biological Agent
Persistence
CONCURRENT SESSION 4 | 1
-------
Baneiie
The Business *>/ [ttAOVS
&EPA
,.
tiroiiinsfital Protection
PERSISTENCE OF VEGETATIVE BACILLUS
ANTHRACIS (AMES)
Thomas Kelly, Andrew Lastivka, and Morgan Wendling, Battelle
Joseph Wood, U.S. EPA National Homeland Security Research
Center
EPA International Decontamination Research and Development
Conference
Research Triangle Park, NC November 5-7, 2013
Acknowledgements and Disclaimer
Work conducted under EPA Contract EP-C-10-001 with
Battelle.
> Battelle is a contractor to U.S. EPA and provided technical support for
the work described.
/For intellectual input to project direction
EPA: Worth Calfee, Shawn Ryan, Leroy Mickelsen
Battelle: Young W. Choi
/ Disclaimer
> Reference herein to any specific commercial products, process, or service by
trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily
constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the
United States Government. The views and opinions of authors expressed
herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States
Government, and shall not be used for advertising or product endorsement
purposes.
CONCURRENT SESSION 4 | 2
-------
Why Should We Care about Vegetative B, anthracis?
Germinants may be used to convert B. anthracis spores to
vegetative cells, facilitating possible decontamination with
the use of non-sporicidal techniques
^ Vegetative B. anthracis may die off on its own without the
use of decontaminants
>What environmental conditions and materials contribute to its
persistence or lack thereof?
Production of Vegetative B. anthracis (Ames)
8 10 12
Hours of Growth
14
05
16
CONCURRENT SESSION 4 | 3
-------
Highly Pure Vegetative B. anthracis (Ames) at 10-Hour End Point
Non-UV Persistence Testing
Four coupon materials
Topsoil, glass, bare pine wood, concrete
•/ Tests to Date
1 to 120 hours duration
36% to 75% RH
> 1 to 4 materials at a time
> Ambient lab temperature
/Persistence determined by extracting, plating, and
enumerating B. anthracis (Ames) from test coupons
Comparison to cell inoculation onto coupons
>Heat shocked every sample to confirm presence of only cells and no
spores
CONCURRENT SESSION 4 | 4
-------
Persistence on topsoil over 1 hour at 36% RH, ambient temperature
Topsoil
Glass
Wood
Concrete
Persistence on glass increases with higher humidity
(1 hour at 36% and 75% RH)
Topsoil
CONCURRENT SESSION 4 | 5
-------
Persistence on topsoil over 1 hour increases slightly with higher
humidity
Relative Humidity, %
46
Persistence on topsoil coupons over 120 hours
120
CONCURRENT SESSION 4 | 6
-------
UV Exposure (simulated sunlight) Testing
Persistence of vegetative B. anthracis under UV exposure
ontopsoilat = 60 %RH
120 hours with Low UV-A/UV-B ratio
120 hours with High UV-A/UV-B ratio
Low UV Ratio:
> 100 uW/cm2 UV-A (320 - 400 nm)
> 44 uW/cm2 UV-B (290 - 320 nm)
High UV Ratio
> 1,785 uW/cm2 UV-A
44 uW/cm2 UV-B
UV Exposure Test Procedures
CONCURRENT SESSION 4 | 7
-------
Low UV-A/B Exposure Impact on Persistence on Topsoil
High UV-A/B ratio does not enhance B. anthracis (Ames)
inactivation on topsoil
Time, Hours
40 60
UV Exposed Low UV-A/B Ratio
UV Exposed High UV-A/B Ratio
\
CONCURRENT SESSION 4 | 8
-------
How reproducible are persistence results for vegetative B.
anthracis (Ames) in topsoil?
Compare log reduction over time in three tests:
Test 1: Test coupons in 120 hr topsoil persistence test (No UV)
> Test 2: Control (non-exposed) coupons in 120 hr topsoil test with Low
UV-A/B
> Test 3: Control (non-exposed) coupons in 120 hr topsoil test with
High UV-A/B
Persistence on topsoil in three comparable tests
CONCURRENT SESSION 4 | 9
-------
Persistence in replicate runs is reproducible within about 1 Log
Test 2
Test 3
Itol
•HLog
3 4
Log Reduction, Test 1
Preliminary Conclusions
s Vegetative B. anthracis (Ames):
Persistence the greatest on topsoil, for up to 120 hours,
at ambient lab temperature and RH
Persists < 1 hrwood, concrete; < 8 hrs on glass
/ Exposure to simulated sunlight (UV-A/B) reduces
persistence on topsoil only slightly
> May not be significant
Higher RH enhances persistence
Heat shocking of all samples showed that vegetative 6.
anthracis (Ames) either die off or persist, but do not
sporulate
Batteiie
Tot Business.'/ Innova
&EPA
CONCURRENT SESSION 4 | 10
-------
Thursday, November 7, 2013
Concurrent Sessions 4
Water and Waste
Water Management
CONCURRENT SESSION 4 | 11
-------
UK capability to manage contaminated
water
Dr Carmel Ramwell, Dr Paul Robb, Dr Nigel
Cook (Fera)
Dr Hasmitta Stewart, Dr Tony Arkell (GDS)
2013 EPA International Decontamination Research and Development Conference
Why contaminated water?
Part of a suite of investigative work
CONCURRENT SESSION 4 | 12
-------
Contaminated water
x<*
Contaminated water treatment
Chemical & biological agents
Decontaminants
To what extent can different processes treat
these challenges
What processes exist & where - STW and
WTW
Theory vs Practice
CONCURRENT SESSION 4 | 13
-------
Water companies & sewerage
undertakers
WATER UK
The UK Water Industry
Water Treatment Works -
Processes
fera
WCIT-
invaluable!
Disinfection
byproducts.
Source: WCIT
CONCURRENT SESSION 4 | 14
-------
x<*
What WTW processes are
where?
Treatment processes tailored to catchment
Land Use
legree of urbanisation
Industrial activities
Existing water protection zones *
Inventory of point discharges
Sewage outfalls
Industrial-Discharges
Aquifer characteristics
Recharge area, flow rate, flow direction,
activities
Water Safet
Plan
ponseto surface
fera,//
Ground water
Groundwater relatively clean
Lower standard of treatment processes
WTW less likely to be able,to treat
contaminated water
Impact likely to be delayed, so time to implement
mitigation
Technology exists for treating contaminated
groundwater
• Legacy of contaminated land from industries
CONCURRENT SESSION 4 | 15
-------
Summary - WTW
Know what processes likely to treat which
lemicals ^tttfftd
fe have the technology
Water Co. know processes at any individual"
works
26 different Co. - no data harmonisation
Need detaile J information of actual capacity
at works to identify any areas at risk
Sewage Treatment Works
Activated sludge
Few data on the fate of agents in activated
sludge
• EMPA < 30% degraded
• Bacillus spp. exists in sewage
• Unlikely to be an effect of sludge on Biological agents
Extrapolate from other chem/bio 'classes'
CONCURRENT SESSION 4 | 16
-------
Chemical dissipation in STW
PAHs
Benzene
Napthalene
Anthracene
Fluoranthene
Lindane
Isoproturon
Diuron
Chlorpyrifbs
Chlorfenvinphos
Source: Seriki et al (2008)
83-99
85-95
32-80
66-97
45-80
0% (30mg/L)
to 83% (3.4 hJg/L)
Volatilisation
Sorption
Biodegradation
Water soluble
Low sorption potential
Volatile
fera
Industrial Wastewater
Treatment Works
Tried & tested methods for chemical and
Pharmaceuticals
• Supercritical wet oxidation
• Wet air oxidation (prior to conventional sewage treatment)
• Activated carbon
• Nanofiltration and reverse osmosis - expensive
• Chemical hydrolysis - pilot study required
Technology exists to treat chemical
contaminated water by STW, but....
CONCURRENT SESSION 4 | 17
-------
Do decontaminants have an
impact?
• On microflora in sludge
Hypochlorite
Chlorine dioxide
Hydrogen peroxide
Ozone
Peraceticacid
Sodium hydroxide
< 6 kg CI2 /103 kg sludge / day
10 mg CIO2/g dry sludge
<2.5mgCI02/gTSS
< 20 mg O3/g TSS
< 80 g PAA/kg dissolved solids
Already used to maintain the efficacy of
activated sludge.
Research
Research
Already used to control pH of influent
Conditions not tested at full scale!
Impact of decontaminants
Extreme pH can degrade infrastructure
pH is monitored - but ability to acidify influent?
Production of disinfection byproducts
Use of decon in open environment could
release existing pollutants
fera,//
CONCURRENT SESSION 4 | 18
-------
Potential Issues
x<*
How much chlorine/chlorite can be:
• Stored on site
• Administered
Alkaline decon can reduce the efficacy of Cl
• On-site monitoring could correct Cl levels
Alkalinity can increase the production of THMs.
Data gaps
fera,//
The dose is key!
• Contaminant & decon
Volume of decon/firewater us
Is decon neutralised in-pipe?
Magnitude of biologicals for establishm
Impact on other treatment processes
Impact on population dynamics
CONCURRENT SESSION 4 | 19
-------
EPA Water Security Division (WSD): Update
on Water Decontamination Activities
11/20/2013
2013 EPA International Decontamination
Research and Development Conference
11/7/2013
Marissa Lynch
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
EPA Homeland Security Roles
Decontamination Website
Available Products
On-going Projects
Upcoming Projects
Supporting Research by EPA's Homeland
Security Research Program
11/20/2013
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
CONCURRENT SESSION 4 | 20
-------
EPA Homeland Security Roles
Protecting drinking water and wastewater infrastructure
Indoor and outdoor clean-up following an attack, natural
disaster, industrial accident, etc.
• can use millions of gallons of water
• can result in even more contaminated wastewater
Development of a nationwide laboratory network
Reducing vulnerability of chemical & hazardous materials
Cyber security
Water Security Projects
Homeland Security
Multi Use -—* Catastrophes: Natural
^ Disasters, Accidents, etc.
"" "Normal" Operations
Many homeland security-related practices also have
other uses.
• Decontamination approaches for use after intentional
contamination might also be useful after natural disasters and
industrial accidents
• Accessibility to laboratory networks
can also support routine monitoring
operations
11/20/2013 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
CONCURRENT SESSION 4 | 21
-------
Decontamination Websit
• Provides background on
decontamination activities
during remediation and WSD's
mission and priorities for
decontamination
' Includes Guidance Documents
and Additional References tab
with links to key documents
and tools for the Water
Sector
Includes Laboratory Resources tab with links to
Laboratory Compendium, WLA, WLA Response Plan,
ERLN and ICLN
http://water.epa.gov/infrastructure/watersecuritv/emerplan/decon/index.cfm
EPA Homeland Security Roles
Decontamination Website
Available Products
On-going Projects
Upcoming Projects
Supporting Research by EPA's Homeland
Security Research Program
11/20/2013
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
CONCURRENT SESSION 4 | 22
-------
CIPAC Strategic Plan
• 2008 CIPAC
Recommendations and
Strategic Plan report
• Identified 16 priority issues
• Included 35
recommendations for
addressing the issues
• Identified potential lead
entities to address and act on
the recommendations.
http://www.nawc.org/uploads/documents-and-
publications/documents/document Ca7f0ed5-0dfe-40ed-afc1-a92a8beb3988.pdf
11/20/2013 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 7
RECOMMENDATIONS AND
PROPOSED STRATEGIC PLAN
WATER SECTOR DECONTAMINATION PRIORITIES
FINAL REPORT
Serves as a reference to
assist utility actions related to
the containment, treatment
and/or disposal of large
amounts of water from a
contamination event
Use as a preparedness tool
f* l-t-fc* ux.MM.t-
VJrLJ y\*£2r*"^
Containment and Disposal of
Large Amounts of Contaminated Water:
A Support Guide for Water Utilities
http://water.epa.gov/infrastructure/watersecurity/emerplan/upload/
epa817b12002.pdf
11/20/2013
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
8
CONCURRENT SESSION 4 | 23
-------
What is included in the
Disposal Guide?
Decision-making
flowcharts for containment,
treatment, and disposal of
contaminated water
Options for containment,
treatment, disposal,
storage and transportation
of water
Information on 69 CBR
contaminants of concern to
the water sector
11/20/2013 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Recorded webcasts on the disposal
guide available on the
decontamination website
Provide direction on use of
disposal guide through example
scenarios
10
CONCURRENT SESSION 4 | 24
-------
Laboratory Resources for Water Sector to
Support Decontamination Activities
Factsheet to help utilities identify
laboratory resources during a
contamination event
Includes a flowchart with key
process steps in identifying
appropriate laboratory support
http://water.epa.gov/infrastructure/waters
ecuritv/wla/upload/epa817f12003.pdf
11
How Can Water Utilities Obtain Critical
Assets to Support Decontamination
Activities?
A Factsheet for utilities for
identification of critical assets
during pre-incident planning and
in response to a contamination
event
Includes a flowchart
demonstrating the general
coordination between Local,
State, and Federal Levels
12
CONCURRENT SESSION 4 | 25
-------
How Can Water Utilities Obtain Critical
Assets to Support Decontamination
Activities?
What is a critical asset?
• Personal protective equipment
• Sampling teams with up-to-date
environmental technique training
• Qualified analytical laboratory personnel
• Fate and transport modeling and sampling-
design experts
• Data management and documentation
specialists
• Decontamination teams capable of verifying
decontamination, treating contaminated
water, and decontaminating sites or items
• Chemicals for treatment
EPA Homeland Security Roles
Decontamination Website
Available Products
On-going Projects
Upcoming Projects
Supporting research by EPA's Homeland
Security Research Program
11/20/2013
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
14
CONCURRENT SESSION 4 | 26
-------
Report on Progress of
2008 CIPAC Recommendations
Water Sector Decontamination
Priorities
Critical Infrastructure
Partnership Advisory Council
(CIPAC) Decontamination
Workgroup
Strategic Plan - October 2008
• Priority Issues (16)
• Recommendations (35)
11/20/2013
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
15
Report on Progress of
2008 CIPAC Recommendations
Presents a current status of the work conducted on
each recommendation
All lead agencies contacted and asked a standard set
of questions such as:
- How would you rate the implementation status
of Recommendation X in the CIPAC report?
• Complete / In progress / Not started
- What progress has been made toward
addressing Recommendation X ?
- What products or other outputs have been
developed that are relevant to
Recommendation X?
11/20/2013
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Report on Progress of 2008
Recommendations and
Proposed Strategic Plan
WATIB SECTOR [MCDNIAMINATION PRIORITItS
CONCURRENT SESSION 4 | 27
-------
Report on Progress of
2008 CIPAC Recommendations
Agencies include:
• EPAOWandNHSRC
• Department of Homeland Security
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
• US Army Corps of Engineers
• Occupational Safety and Health Administration
• American Water Works Association
• Association of State Drinking Water Administrators
• National Association of Clean Water Agencies
• Water Environment Federation
• Water Sector Coordinating Council
11/20/2013
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
17
Decontamination Decision-making
Frameworks
DRAFT PRODUCT
|KA HHH Pjjfl
11/20/2013
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
18
CONCURRENT SESSION 4 | 28
-------
Decontamination Decision-making
Frameworks
Highlight the critical steps to be taken during
the remediation and cleanup for a CBR incident
impacting the water sector
Recovery
Notification
Initial Response
Characterization
Decontamination
Clearance
Restoration
Re-occupancy
11/20/2013
19
Prepared draft flowcharts and
interactive PDF for the
Decision-Making Frameworks
Includes roles and
responsibilities
Next step: Undergo
Workgroup review
11/20/2013
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
20
CONCURRENT SESSION 4 | 29
-------
Decontamination Frameworks
11/20/2013
DRAFT
PRODUCT
21
DRAFT Interactive Decontamination
Frameworks (contr)-
DRAFT PRODUCT
How to use these frameworks..
These frameworks will walk you through alt major steps and key
decisions in the cleanup process (Characterrzatron steps 1-15,
Decontamination steps 1-17). Simply click through the Iran i
reviewing information and accessing linked resources, as needed Use
the detailed Information presented in the frameworks to help coordinate
and complete each step of the remcdiationyeteanup process. A list of
acronyms and resources can be accessed by the blue buttons below-
Yooca •• "--gress usingthecheekb;
your overall progress, view the checklist at the end of these frameworks
CK access the summary by the blue button below.
11/20/2013
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
22
CONCURRENT SESSION 4 | 30
-------
DRAFT Interactive
Decontamination FrameworJ
1.
Gather information collected during initial
response
A. Obtain and evaluate information collected during Initial Response and
any additional contaminant characterization activities
IC/DWPA/EPA/DPH/Labs
B. Conduct, interpret, and compare contamination models (trace analysis)
or calculations IC/DWPA/EPA/DPH/Lab$
C. As determination of site-specific characteristics progresses (i.e., variables
originally unknown become known), continual!/ reassess modeling results
against site*specific characteristics
D, Identify data gaps requiring additional characterization activities
Chetk tf completed
D
D
D
D
ADVANCE TO THE
NEXTSTEP
11/20/2013
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
23
EPA Homeland Security Roles
Decontamination Website
Available Products
On-going Projects
Upcoming Projects
Supporting Research by EPA's Homeland
Security Research Program
11/20/2013
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
24
CONCURRENT SESSION 4 | 31
-------
WSD Upcoming Projects
Additional webcasts leveraging
decontamination decision-making frameworks
Decontamination training and tabletop
exercises
Update of WCIT with decontamination
information
Coordination with: 2013 Water Laboratory
Alliance (WLA) Summit
EPA Homeland Security Roles
Decontamination Website
Available Products
On-going Projects
Upcoming Projects
Supporting Research by EPA's
Homeland Security Research Program
11/20/2013
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
26
CONCURRENT SESSION 4 | 32
-------
EPA Research to Support
Water Systems
Tr©at water
. = Flushing Locations
f • = Contaminated Nodes
Marissa Lynch, U.S. EPA
Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water
Phone: 202-564-2761
E-Mail: Lynch.Marissa@epa.gov
Water security website:
http://www.epa.gov/watersecuritv/
Decontamination website:
http://water.epa.gov/infrastructure/watersecuritv/emerplan/decon/index.cfm
Research website:
http://www.epa.gov/nhsrc
11/20/2013
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
28
CONCURRENT SESSION 4 | 33
-------
Thursday, November 7, 2013
Concurrent Sessions 4
Chemical Agent
Decontamination
CONCURRENT SESSION 4 | 34
-------
Developing Decontamination Tools
and Approaches to Address Indoor
Pesticide Contamination from
Improper Bed Bug Treatments
2013 International Decontamination
Research and Development Conference
November 7th, 2013
Pesticide Misapplication/Remediation Project
-Improper pesticide use indoors is a ongoing problem resulting in:
- adverse health effects,
-occupant displacement from dwelling,
- property damage and contamination,
-litigation.
-Responding agencies need effective methods and tools to evaluate and
remediate indoor settings.
CONCURRENT SESSION 4 | 35
-------
Research
Developing Remediation Tools and Approaches
to Address Indoor Contamination from the Misuse
of Pesticides for Bed Bug Control
Transdisciplinary Project Team*
• Region 5, Pesticides Section - Amy Mysz
• Office of Research and Development
• Homeland Security Research Center - Emily Snyder, Lukas Oudejans,
Paul Lemieux, Timothy Boe
• National Exposure Research Laboratory (NERD - Daniel Stout. James
Starr, Haluk Ozkaynak, Kristin Isaacs
• National Risk Management Research Laboratory-Dennis Tabor
• Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response
• Office of Emergency Management, Consequence
Management Advisory Team - Jeanelle Martinez
* Technical Support from NERL's Scott Clifton and ARCADIS's Barbara
Wyrzykowska
Project Goals
1) Develop sampling and modeling approaches to
evaluate surface residues
- to determine if surface residues left after
decontamination are below a health-based
threshold value
2) Develop surface threshold values
- to determine if remediation is needed
3) Determine efficacy of decontaminants on
surfaces contaminated with pesticides
- using decontaminants developed for cleaning
chemical warfare agents on surfaces
CONCURRENT SESSION 4 | 36
-------
Goal 1: Sampling and Extraction Methods to
Evaluate Surface Residues
• Provides a standard surface sampling methodology
for malathion and carbaryl contaminated surfaces
AHHS HARD SURFACE SAMPLING PROCEDURES
FOR PESTICIDES
Sample collection kits consisted of:
-Nitrile gloves
-two, 6-mL vials of IPA (wetting
agent)
-two, 4 in X 4 in surgical gauze
sponges (solvent extracted in
Hexane and DCM)
-aluminum template (929 cm2 X 2 =
1858 cm2)
CONCURRENT SESSION 4 | 37
-------
WIPE PROCEDURE
-A single wetted wipe was used per sample location.
-Two sample locations were wiped at each home.
-Samples were aggregated into a single collection jar.
Sampling and Extraction Methods to Evaluate
Surface Residues
Issues:
-Methods developed were not validated for malathion
and carbaryl.
-The methods were developed for trace level analysis.
-Cheap, validated, standardized, materials available.
-Formulations need to be considered.
-Surface influence on sampling efficiency.
CONCURRENT SESSION 4 | 38
-------
Wipe Sampling, Extraction, and Analysis Results
Recoveries of Malathion From Stainless Steel Surfaces
Using Three Wetted Wipes
Malathion Wipe 1
• Malathion Wipe 2
• Malathion Wipe 3
• Total Recovered
Recoveries of Carbaryl From Stainless Steel Surfaces
Using Three Wetted Wipes
• Carbaryl Wipe 1
• Carbaryl Wipe 2
• Carbaryl Wipe 3
• Total Recovered
Recoveries of Malathion from Resilient Tile Flooring
Using Three Wetted Wipes
HI
• MalathonWipel
Malathion Wipe 2
• Malathion Wipe 3
• Total Recovered
Recoveries of Carbaryl from Resilient Tile Flooring
Using Three Wetted Wipes
• Carbaryl Wipe 1
Carbaryl Wipe 2
• Carbaryl Wipe 3
• Total Recovered
1 mg
-Surfaces fortified with standard solutions prepared from pure chemical.
-Wetting agent was isopropanol.
-Three similarly wetted wipes.
Goal 2: Develop Risk-Based
Surface Screening Values
Developing a strategy to calculate a site-specific
threshold concentration value using a multimedia
chemical fate and exposure model (SHEDS-Lite)
with a simple interface that utilizes user-provided
wipe sampling data
CONCURRENT SESSION 4 | 39
-------
SHEDS-Fugacity/SHEDS-Lite
Fugacity-based, compartmental, source-to-concentration module
(SHEDS-Fugacity) predicts concentrations of chemical in various
environmental media
Measured wipe sample concentrations can be used as initial conditions
for SHEDS-Fugacity; predicted distributions of air and surface
concentrations within the home at subsequent points in time can be
calculated based on chemical properties and housing characteristics (e.g.
estimated air exchange rates, home volumes, room surface areas etc.)
Exposure distributions can be calculated from media concentrations
using probabilistic SHEDS-Lite methods; exposures are based on
inhaling contaminated air and touching contaminating surfaces.
The general probabilitistic SHEDS methodologies are described in the
SHEDS-Multimedia documentation at
http://www.epa.gov/heasd/research/sheds.html. SHEDS-Lite is a
reduced version of SHEDS-Multimedia that is currently in development.
Preliminary Input GUI for Stochastic Human Exposure and
Dose Simulation (SHEDS)-lite Application
Stochastic Human Exposure and Dose Simulation (SHEDS) Lite
(Si
Grarral Information
1ta*M«rtwhMK«l!MMNratfbr: 0 :
:£«*.rhMtogr(MQ
^u-teofrMW
Kown Inlixmitiun
ON»
©m
CONCURRENT SESSION 4 | 40
-------
Challenges with Application of SHEDS-
lite to Pesticide Misuse Application
• Tool did not have an existing GUI
• Difficult to balance input needs versus realistic
expectations for level of detail available
• Difficult to evaluate model because sampling
data frequently lacks the metadata that is
needed (location, was sample taken in area
where pesticide applied) for this evaluation
GOAL 3: WHAT IS THE EFFICACY
OF DECONTAMINANTS ON
SURFACES CONTAMINATED
WITH PESTICIDES?
CONCURRENT SESSION 4 | 41
-------
Decontamination Testing Laboratory-Scale
• Test 2-4 decontaminants for use against
malathion, carbaryl, fipronil,
permethrin, and deltamethrin* deposited
on building materials (plywood,
stainless steel, vinyl flooring)
• Test 1 decontaminant against malathion
and carbaryl commercially available
formulations
• Analyze for efficacy and toxic by-
products
*Standard solutions prepared from pure chemical.
Decontamination Testing Laboratory-Scale
Approach
Contaminated 3 test coupons, 2
positive controls, and 1 procedural
blank per pesticide-decontaminant
pair decontaminant.
— Test coupons - decon applied and
allowed to sit for 18 hours then
extracted.
- Positive controls set for 18 hours
prior to extraction.
— one 10 |iL droplet of 4 mg/mL
malathion or 24 mg/mL carbaryl in
hexane applied per coupon
(simulates misapplication cases)
A laboratory blank coupon (1 per
matrix point) was included.
Coupons extracted through
sonication in hexane (50 mL)
Used GC-MS for malathion analysis
Carbaryl extracts reconstituted to
H2O:Methanol, 3:7 (V:V) for
LC/MS/MS analysis
Parameter
Condition
Conditions for LC MS/MS Analysis
Parameter
Mobile Phase
Ion pair
(Q1/Q3)
5 mM ammonium acetate in
water: MeOH, 3:7.
Run time =7 minutes
Column flow
rate and
injection
volume
lonization
Mode
400 ul/min, 5.0 ul
Electrospray
Negative Ion
219.26/145.04
CONCURRENT SESSION 4 | 42
-------
Laboratory Scale Malathion Results
Results : Observe much
larger variability in
efficacy for the permeable
surface which is expected
Laboratory-Scale Results
Decontamination of Carbaryl via Easy Decon® DF-
200
Plywood
Vinyl
CONCURRENT SESSION 4 | 43
-------
Issues - Laboratory Scale Surface
Decontamination Studies
• Larger
variability in
decon data
for carbaryl
on SS than
malathion
• Could be a
solubility
issue
Stainless Steel
EasyDECON®DF200
Sterile*® UltraKh
Conclusions
Wipe sampling, extraction, and analysis
- Wipe sampling efficiencies vary as a function of concentration for
malathion and carbaryl therefore it will be difficult to do quantitative
efficacy studies at the pilot scale.
- As implemented in this project multiple wipes are required.
Risk based surface clean up values
- SHEDS-lite combined with fugacity module will result in ability to
estimate expected concentrations.
- The GUI interface tailored to model with user provided input and easy
interface.
Decontamination studies
- Some of the tested decontaminants were efficacious (best performer
varied by surface)
- Not clear that reapplication significantly improves efficacy (for
carbaryl appears to help for some decontaminant-surface combination)
- Surface type plays a role in efficiency of agent to degrade target
pesticides (stainless steel and vinyl easier to decon than plywood).
- Malathion was easier to decontaminate than carbaryl - could be a
solubility issue
CONCURRENT SESSION 4 | 44
-------
Future Work -
Pilot Scale Decontamination Testing
• Larger pilot-scale testing - efficacy assessed using
residues via surface wipe sampling
• Will be done for malathion and carbaryl
commercially available formulations on two
surfaces for one decontaminant
• Qualitatively assess effects on building materials
through visual inspection
Disclaimer
Reference herein to any specific commercial
products, process, or service by trade name,
trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not
necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement,
recommendation, or favoring by the United States
Government. The views and opinions of authors
expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect
those of the United States Government, and shall
not be used for advertising or product
endorsement purposes.
CONCURRENT SESSION 4 | 45
-------
Batreiie
The Business (.I/Innovation
&EPA
Agency
CHALLENGES IN LEWISITE
DECONTAMINATION STUDIES
Harry Stone*, Emily Snydert, Lukas Oudejanst, Sarah
Perkins*, and Autumn Smiley*
*Battelle
tll.S. EPA, National Homeland Security Research Center
Overview
Purpose
• Lewisite and Byproducts
Extraction and Analysis
• Approaches and Results
Summary
Note: Presentation reports the current project status and includes
preliminary data that have not been through a full quality assurance review.
CONCURRENT SESSION 4 | 46
-------
Purpose and Introduction of Agent
Develop a method for extraction and analysis of Lewisite that can
be used to evaluate decontamination efficacy
Arsenic Trichloride
+ Acetylene
AsCI3 + C2H2
Lewisite 3 (L3) ' Lewisite 2 (L2)
C6HeAsCI3 ! C4_H2AsCI_3
Common Degradation Byproducts
Lewisite (L1)
C2H2AsCI3
Hydrolyzt
+H2O
CVAA
CICH-CHAs(OH)2
Oxidize,
+H2O2
CVAOA
CICH=CHAs=O(OH)2
Lewisite 3 (L3) t
C6H6AsCI3
1
^^^ Dehydrate,
^^*^s^ /-/ n
Lewisite Oxide
CICH=CHAs=O
Lewisite 2 (L2)
C4H2AsCI3
Hydrolyze,
+H2O
(CICH=CH)2AsOH
1 1
Dehydrate,
-H2O
[(CICH=CH)2As]O !
CONCURRENT SESSION 4 | 47
-------
Extraction and Analysis
Coupons: 1.5x3.5 cm
Sealed concrete
Wood flooring
• Galvanized metal ductwork
Glass
Spike: 1 |jl_ drop per coupon
Extraction:
10 ml toluene, hexane, or acetone
shake by hand 5-10 sec
sonicate (40 - 60 kHz) 10 min
Quantify chemical agents in extract
GC/MS(L1, L2, L3)
Cool on-column GC/MS (L1, L2, L3)
Derivatize with butanethiol; GC/MS [(CICH=CHAs(SR)2; (CICH=CH)2AsSR]
LC/MS (CVAOA; CVAA)
Common Degradation Byproducts
Lewisite (L1) Lewisite 3 (L3)
C2H2AsCI3 C6H6AsCI3
(
CVAA
CICH=CHAs(OH)2 *^>.
Lewisite 2 (L2)
C4H2AsCI3
CICH=CH)2AsOH
CVAOA
CICH=CHAs=O(OH)2
Lewisite Oxide
CICH=CHAs=O
[(CICH=CH)2As]O
Yellow: Detected using cool on-column GC/MS
Blue: Detected using LC/MS
CONCURRENT SESSION 4 | 48
-------
Cool On-Column Inlet (GC/MS)
Syringe
Barrel
Spring
Cap
Column
.
No incompatible metal
components
Avoids heat-induced
degradation of Lewisite
Spring
Needle
Column:
30 m
0.25 mm ID
0.33 urn film
thickness
Cool On-Column GC/MS Calibration
L1 Regression Curve
r- 40000000
o
m ro
0) 0) 20000000
^ <
*•• ^-" 10000000
0) 0
1— .mnnnnnn '
R2 = 0.9898 ^^^~~~^
^ — -"^"^
^
) 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 2(
1
)0
L1 Concentration (ug/mL)
L2 Regression Curve
CL ^— ^,
0) 0)
P> n
R2 = 0.9892 -^--- •^l
^
^ — "
^
25 50 75 100 125 150
L1 Concentration (ug/mL)
175
200
CONCURRENT SESSION 4 | 49
-------
% Recovery of L1 Analyzed By Cool
On-Column GC/MS
160% -
140% -
Percent of Expected
103% 107%
96%
15 30 50 75 100 150 200
Expected L1 Concentration, jjg/mL
Extraction Efficiencies by Material and Solvent
100%
90%
100%
Glass
i Concrete
i Metal
i Wood
Mean
Ace
%RSD
tone
Mean
Hex
%RSD
ane
Mean
Toll
%RSD
ene
CONCURRENT SESSION 4 | 50
-------
Derivatives with Butanethiol
Lewisite (L1)
C2H2AsCI3
Lewisite 3 (L3)
C6H6AsCI3
Lewisite 2 (L2)
C4H2AsCI3
Dehvatize, +RSH
CICH=CHAs(SR)2 (CICH=CH)2AsSR
CVAA
CICH=CHAs(OH)2
\
(CICH=CH)2AsOH
Lewisite Oxide
CICH=CHAs=O
: [(CICH=CH)2As]O
CVAOA
CICH=CHAs=O(OH)2
Yellow: Derivatized products for L1 and L2
Pink: Can be derivatized but is not soluble in solvent
Derivatized Lewisite Calibration (GC/MS)
L1 Regression Curve - Low
(2.5ug/mL- 51ug/mL)
50000000
5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0 55.0
L1 Concentration (ug/mL)
L2 Regression Curve - Low
i/) 250000 -
O 200000 -
Q. ^-*
CD
-------
% Recovery of Derivatized L1 Using GC/MS
2.5 5.0 10 15 30
L1 Expected Concentration, [jg/mL
51
Recoveries and MDL* for
Derivatized Lewisite
Sample Source Average ^Recovered, %RSD MDLi Mg/m|_
Solution (no extraction)
Extracted from Glass
Extracted from Wood
78
77
43
7
6
17
1.3
1.1
1.7
*MDL was calculated following the single concentration design estimator
(40 CFR Part 136, Appendix B [1984]):
• Standard deviations of replicate measurements were calculated
• MDL = Student's t-value appropriate for a 99% confidence level
and standard deviation estimate with n-1
CONCURRENT SESSION 4 | 52
-------
CVAOA Measured by LC/MS
CVAOA Concentration vs. Maximum
Spectrum, Counts per Second
160000
140000
120000
0.100000
60000
40000
20000
0
R2 = 0.9957
100 200 300 400 500
ng/mL
Common Degradation Byproducts
Lewisite (L1)
C2H2AsCI3
Lewisite 3 (L3)
C6H6AsCI3
CVAA
CICH=CHAs(OH)2
(CICH=CH)2AsOH
Lewisite Oxide
CICH=CHAs=O
[(CICH=CH)2As]O
CVAOA
CICH=CHAs=O(OH)2
CONCURRENT SESSION 4 | 53
-------
Future Work - Decontamination and
Arsenic Removal Studies
Determine decontamination efficacies of four solutions for
decontamination of identified surfaces contaminated with
Lewisite
- Water
- Hydrogen peroxide solution
- Bleach
- EasyDECON® solution
Evaluate arsenic removal methods with and without
residual decontaminant present
Use a combination of derivatization followed by GC/MS and
LC/MS for residuals and byproduct detection
Summary
Extraction efficiency for L1 varied by material and solvent
combination
High recoveries of L1 were achieved from glass
Low extraction efficiencies may be due to physical factors
and/or chemical change
Cool on-column GC/MS measured L1 and L2; can be
combined with derivatization and GC/MS to distinguish L1
and L2 from hydrolysis byproducts, e.g., CVAA
LC/MS can detect CVAA and CVAOA
Methods are sufficient to extract Lewisite and detect L1 and
byproducts at 2.5 ug/mL in extract samples
CONCURRENT SESSION 4 | 54
-------
Acknowledgment and Disclaimer
These are preliminary data that have not been through a full quality assurance
review.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, through its Office of Research and
Development, funded and managed this investigation through Contract No. EP-C-
11-038 Task Order 0007 with Battelle. This document has been subjected to the
Agency's review and has been approved for presentation. Note that approval does
not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views of the Agency.
Mention of trade names or commercial products in this document or in the
methods referenced in this document does not constitute endorsement or
recommendation for use.
Questions concerning this presentation or its application should be addressed to
Lukas Oudejans, National Homeland Security Research Center, Office of
Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 109TW
Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, 919-541-2973.
Batreiie ^EP
flic iJiisiiiL-s* i>y In tujv.it ion
CONCURRENT SESSION 4 | 55
-------
Advanced Absorbent Wipes for
personnel and personal equipment
decontamination
Dr Stuart Notman
Outline
• Brief introduction and overall aim
• Experimental methods
• Flat surface experimental results
• Complex surface experimental results
Ministry
I of Defence
CONCURRENT SESSION 4 | 56
-------
Introduction
• Number of technologies have the potential to be used as CWA
decontaminants for personnel and personal equipment
- Wipes
- Powders
- Lotions
• Patent literature shows that industry has invested heavily to
develop Commercial-Off-The-Self (COTS) wipes
- Personal care
- Household cleaning
- Industrial cleaning
AIM - Determine whether or not modern textile technology could be
used as an alternative to fullers' earth
Ministry
I of Defence
Methods
Rotary wiping rig developed
Wipe turned through 180°
Aluminium plates, silicone (skin simulant)
Contamination density 10 g/m2
Evaluated decontamination efficacy using
- 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8x 180° turns
- Blot and 1 - 8 x 180 ° turns
- Blot
Decontamination efficacy determined from
the amount of agent remaining on the plate
CONCURRENT SESSION 4 | 57
-------
Analytical methods
• Methyl Salicylate (MS) (a sulfur mustard
(HD) simulant)
- Solvent extracts analysed by UV-vis
spectroscopy or GC-FID
- 0.5 %w/w Tinopal added to MS to use
an image analysis technique
• HD, GD and VX
- Solvent extracts analysed by GC-FPD
Wipes
Personal care
Household cleaning
Industrial cleaning
Specialist materials
Ministry
I of Defence
6
10
11
6
FE pad and FE powder in a puffer bottle
CONCURRENT SESSION 4 | 58
-------
Initial evaluation of six wipes
Six wipes -three personal care wipes and three industrial
cleaning wipes
Selected based on the wipes capacity for absorbing water
Rotary motion had little effect on performance of selected wipes
Order of performance (MS) CRW>PB, SEW,VF>ODF,SF
100
98
92
90
i"Dry
Wet
CRW VF PB SEW ODF SF
Ministry
I of Defence
100
£95 -
90 -
Agent evaluation of six wipes
Chemical agent HD
Wipes not as effective against HD as MS
Order of performance CRW>VF>PB, SEW, SF>ODF
HD MS
I
8 85
80
I
I Dry
Wet
CRW VF PB SEW ODF SF CRW VF PB SEW ODF SF
CONCURRENT SESSION 4 | 59
-------
Wipe screening
Image analysis method used to screen wipes
IQX 180° turn data
ir ge -
s
i
94 -
Q 92 -
nn -
I
j
• Personal
• Household
T •!&! cleaninc
• Specialist
: 03 05 W I— Q- ,
W§5°*J
"-1- W CL '
: I- r? <
Wipes
Development of decontamination process
Aluminium plates contaminated with MS were used to
investigate the affect of different variables on decon efficacy
Localised saturation can effect efficiency - using two wipes
one to blot and a second to wipe - significant improvement
- Length of blot for the first wipe was also significant
The effect of pressure is dependent on material of
construction and on contaminant
Addition of solvent to dry wipes apparent improvements were
not significant
Drying out wet wipes showed mixed results
Drop size had no significant effect on performance of CRW
Ministry
I of Defence
CONCURRENT SESSION 4 | 60
-------
Agent experiments
Procedure used - blot 10 s and wipe with
clean pad 8x 180° turns
To compare performance of the materials
- Pads of wipes - dimensions of FE pad
8 wipes compared to the FE pad - removal of
CWAfrom flat aluminium plates
Ministry
I of Defence
Agent experiments
HD
- FE pad removed 99.9895 % of 10 g/m2 challenge
- 4 candidate wipes removed HD to below the Limit of
Quantification (LoQ) 99.9997 %
- 3 wipes were not evaluated using nerve agent
GD
- FE pad removed 99.76 % of 10 g/m2 challenge
- 3 candidate wipes removed GD to below LoQ 99.997 %
VX
- FE pad removed 99.75 % of 10 g/m2 challenge
- Only a microfibre cloth performed better than the FE pad
99.89%
CONCURRENT SESSION 4 | 61
-------
Geometrically complex strfa< ;e
Personal equipment list
- Range of equipment
- Types of materials
To be able to compare performance of the
different wipes
- Aluminium plate
- Manual wiping
Contamination densities
- 3g/m2
- 10g/m2
Geometrically complex surface
• Removal method required for contaminated FE powder
• At the lower contamination density the FE powder and paint
brush was found to be the best option
Removal method
Paint brush
FEpad
EPeC
Decon Efficacy (%)
84.3
63.9
74.4
S.E.
4.1
8.8
4.7
Dosing single channel
Decontaminant
EPeC
FE powder* Paint
brush
Channel width (mm)
1
2
1
2
Decon Efficacy (%}
37.4
83.9
86.7
98.1
S.E.
9.4
2.6
4.8
0.5
CONCURRENT SESSION 4 | 62
-------
Geometrically complex surface
10 g/m2 contamination density
Decontaminant
EPeC
FE powder + EPeC
Decon Efficacy (%)
85.8
46.8
S.E.
1.23
0.12
Performance of the dual technology option reduced
Silicone skin simulant
Asilicone polymer was used as a skin simulant
For decon of the silicone it was found that the blot/wipe process
was not any better than a blot process
For 10 g/m2 contamination density the EPeC wipe out performed
the FE pad at removing HD from the surface
100
97
Blot
Blot + wipe
EPeC
FE pad
Ministry
I of Defence
CONCURRENT SESSION 4 | 63
-------
Conclusions
We have:
• Developed a selection of processes to identify COTS wipe(s)
that are suitable for surface decontamination
• Identified important factors for decontamination of a non-
absorbent surface - blot wipe method
• Identified a wipe that performs as well as an FE pad at removing
HD, GD and VX from a flat surface
• Developed a complex surface that can be used in assessing
decontamination effectiveness relevant to personal equipment
Questions ?
Ministry
I of Defence
CONCURRENT SESSION 4 | 64
-------
[d s 11]
CONCURRENT SESSION 4 | 65
-------
Thursday, November 7, 2013
General Session 4
Low Tech/Self Help
GENERAL SESSION 4 | 1
-------
I Assessment of ROD Contamination
Removal From Laundering Soft Porous
and Bulky Materials
2073 U.S. EPA Decontamination Research and
Development Conference, November 2013
Emily Snyder, John Cardarelli, John Drake, Kathy Hall, and Jeff Szabo
(U.S. Environmental Protection Agency)
Karen Riggs and Elizabeth Hanft (Battelle)
Michael Lindberg (Battelle Pacific Northwest Division)
Baneiie
7/TC Business o/lmmvatU:
Background
Radiation contamination is possible public threat:
Release of radiological dispersal device (ROD)
Accident at nuclear reactor facilities
Protection strategies focus on preventing those
who live and work
in contaminated
areas from being
unnecessarily
exposed to radiation
GENERAL SESSION 4 | 2
-------
Existing Guidance
• Current recommendation for
handling radioactively
contaminated clothing - take off
clothing and bag*
Outside the exclusion zone
cleaning activities, such as
laundering, will occur
• Washing clothing and other soft
porous items may help people
living outside of exclusion zone
reduce their exposure to radiation
*CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Emergency
Preparedness and Response [online]. Available at:
-bt.cdc.crov/radiation/contamination.asp.
Previous Work Objectives
Identify and demonstrate methods for:
Deposition of cesium chloride (Cs-137)
on material swatches
Measuring activity of swatches
before and after deposition
Measuring residual activity of
washing machine used to
launder contaminated material
swatches
GENERAL SESSION 4 | 3
-------
Previous Work Objectives
Determine efficacy of washing to remove
radioactive contamination from soft porous
materials
^Examine fate of radioactive contamination
after washing regular clothing under typical
conditions
In wastewater
• Within the washing
machine
Previous Work - Method Demonstration
Cs-137 Application on
Material Swatches
Consistent across replicate
swatches (cotton and
polyester) - 3% RSD
Consistent across two BEGe
detectors - 2% RSD
BEGe Swatch Detection Limit
0.000185 |jCi (20 min
counting time)
GENERAL SESSION 4 | 4
-------
Previous Work - Results
Laundering of Contaminated Swatches
.... Wash/Rinse Average* Percent Average*
Temperature Removal Decontamination Factor
Cotton Hot/Cold 94% ±0.46% 18
Cotton Cold/Cold 96% ±0.97% 25
Polyester Cold/Cold 97% ±0.28% 30
Cotton** Cold/Cold 92% 12
Material Balance
Material Wash/Rinse
*Five replicates
-Without detergent ^^ ^CM
Cotton Cold/Cold
Polyester Cold/Cold
V
Average
Material
Balance
96%
92%
95%
Current Research Objectives
Build on previous work by using
developed methods
Determine efficacy of washing to remove
radioactive contamination from soft porous
and bulky materials
/Look at expanded conditions
Repeat washing
Bulky materials ^
GENERAL SESSION 4 | 5
-------
Materials and Equipment
Material Swatches
Pre-washed soft porous and bulky materials^
• 15 cm x 15 cm
Cotton and polyester
30 cm x 30 cm
Cotton towels
Comforter (cotton exterior)
Cs-137
• Strong gamma emitter
Likely candidate for ROD
Isotope associated with nuclear accidents
Cesium chloride solution
Activity detectors
Broad energy germanium (BEGe)
• High purity germanium (HPGe) system
Materials and Equipment (Cont'd)
Washing Machine
Front loading, low volume
Liquid Tide® HE detergent
Setup for wastewater collection
Installed inside radiological
containment laboratory
GENERAL SESSION 4 | 6
-------
Experimental Procedures
Material Swatch Contamination
Activity measured before and after spiking
Approximately <200 pCi before spiking
(swatch background)
Each test and positive control swatch spiked
with ~2 uCi of Cs-137 before laundering
Test Matrix
teria
Polyester
Cotton
Cotton
Polyester
Bulky Cotton Towel
Bulky Cotton
Comforter
Wash/Rinse
Swatch Size Temperature
6 in x 6 in Cold/Cold
6 in x 6 in Hot/Cold
6 in x 6 in
6 in x 6 in
12 in x 12 in
12 in x 12 in
Hot/Cold
Cold/Cold
Cold/Cold
Cold/Cold
Oth
Conditions
No detergent
No detergent
Include other
clothing;
Rewash other
clothing
Include other
clothing
Detergent
&
Detergent
Quality control samples were laundered with each load
# ofTest
Swatches
GENERAL SESSION 4 | 7
-------
Quality Control Samples
Positive control - swatch spiked with
Cs-137, and not washed
Procedural blank - swatch not spiked with
Cs-137, and washed with each test swatch
Machine blanks - swatch not spiked with
Cs-137, washed between loads with
contaminated test swatches
Experimental Results
/Background measurements on
co-laundered clothing
Not spiked with Cs-137
Laundered with polyester
material
No background radioactive
contamination found
• Detection limit varies based
on counting time and geometry
Background Measurements
Clothing Item Activity (jlCi)
Jeans <6.0E-03
T-shirts
-------
Experimental Results - QC Samples
Positive Controls
Contaminated and handled in same manner as Cs-137
spiked test swatches; processed through all procedures
except washing (drying after contamination,
measurement of radioactivity before and after run load)
Positive Control Sample Prior Activity (jlCi)
Polyester ND/WC* 1.9
Cotton ND/WC 1.9
Cotton WC 2.0
Polyester WC 2.0
Cotton Comforter 2 .0
Cotton Towel 1.8
•ND/WC - No Detergent/With Clothing
9
± 0.10
± 0.10
± 0.10
± 0.10
± 0.14
± 0.13
Post Activity (^Ci)
1.9 ±
1.9 ±
1.9 ±
1.9 ±
2.0 ±
1.9 ±
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.15
0.14
Experimental Results - QC Samples
Procedural Blanks
Not spiked with Cs-137
Washed with each Cs-137 spiked test swatch
All post-laundering activities well below
2 jaCi spike level
Highest values seen in cotton towel swatches
which had an average activity of 0.0309 |j,Ci
GENERAL SESSION 4 | 9
-------
Experimental Results - QC Samples
Machine blanks
Not spiked with Cs-137; washed in separate loads
run between loads with Cs-137 spiked test
swatches
• Activity <0.00311 uCi
Residual contamination in washing machine
Previous research
After 21 loads - 0.070 |jCi
After 40 loads - 0.460 |jCi
Current research
After 43 loads - 0.855 |jCi
Experimental Results
Laundering of Contaminated Swatches
aterial
Polyester
Cotton
Cotton
Polyester
Cotton Comforter
Cotton Towel
*Five replicates
Wash/Rinse
Temperature Other Conditions
Cold/Cold
Hot/Cold
Hot/Cold
Cold/Cold
Cold/Cold
Cold/Cold
No Detergent
No Detergent
Other Clothing
Other Clothing
None
None
Average
Decontamination
Factor
17
11
22
36
35
7.5
Average*
Percent
Ren
94%
91%
95%
97%
94%
68%
GENERAL SESSION 4 | 10
-------
Experimental Results
Activity of Washing Machine Wastewater
^Hl
Average Activity Average Total
Material
Polyester
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton"
Polyester
Cotton Comforter
Cotton Towel
Wash/Rinse
Temperature
Cold/Cold
Hot/Cold
Hot/Cold
Hot/Cold
Cold/Cold
Cold/Cold
Cold/Cold
for 5 Individual
Washes
(pCi/mL)
83+/-1.9
84+/-1.9
65 +/-2.1
12+/-0.7
57+/-2.0
66 +/-2.1
34+/-1.5
Activity/
Load
(pCi)a
1.7
1.6
1.2
0.19
1.1
1.4
0.76
aBased on 20 L collected
bRewashed cotton
Experimental Results
Material Balance
Pre-Wash
Test Swatch
Post-Wash
Test Swatch and Co-Laundered
Procedural Blank Clothing
Wash/Rinse
*
Material
Polyester
Cotton
Cotton3
Polyester
Cotton
Comforter"
Cotton Towels"
Temperatur
Cold/Cold
Hot Cold
Hot/Cold
Cold/Cold
Cold/Cold
Cold/Cold
Washing Machine
Average Mat
Other Conditions
No Detergent
No Detergent
Other Clothing
Wastewater
Other Clothing
None
None
Balance
94%
91%
100%
99%
-
77%
74%
included rewashed cotton, blncluded remainder of towel and comforter whose activities
were not measured
GENERAL SESSION 4 | 11
-------
Conclusions
These additional experiments confirm earlier results
that suggest laundering potentially contaminated
clothing might assist people living outside of an
exclusion zone in reducing their exposure to
radiation
decrease in washing efficacy
appears to result from laundering
without Tide HE
^Laundering removed more than
90% of the Cs-137 from all
material swatches studied except
the cotton towel
Conclusions (cont'd)
second washing improved contamination removal on
cotton material swatches
majority of removed contamination transfers from
material swatches to wastewater
^Laundering contaminated material swatches with
noncontaminated clothing resulted in approximately
30% of the Cs-1 37 ending up in the previously
noncontaminated material
^Future research might consider
potential risks associated with drying
clothing that has been contaminated
and washed
GENERAL SESSION 4 | 12
-------
Disclaimer
The United States Environmental Protection Agency
through its Office of Research and Development funded
and managed the research described here. It has been
subjected to Agency's administrative review and approved
for publication. The views expressed in this presentation
are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the
views or policies of the Agency. Mention of trade names
or commercial products does not constitute endorsement
or recommendation for use.
GENERAL SESSION 4 | 13
-------
&EPA
Evaluation of Compressed Air Dusting and
Vacuuming for Radiological Decontamination
of Sensitive Equipment
Ryan James and Ryan Stowe, Battelle
John Drake and Emily Snyder,
EPA National Homeland Security Research Center
EPA Decontamination Conference
Research Triangle Park, NC
November 7, 2013
oEPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Disclaimer and Funding
Acknowledgements
DHS's Federal Emergency Management Agency funded this
project through its Nuclear Incident Response Team Program.
The United States Environmental Protection Agency through its
Office of Research and Development funded and managed the
research described here performed under Contract No. EP-C-10-
001 with Battelle. It has been subjected to Agency's
administrative review and approved for publication. The views
expressed in this presentation are those of the authors and do not
necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Agency. Mention of
trade names or commercial products does not constitute
endorsement or recommendation for use.
GENERAL SESSION 4 | 14
-------
Improvised Nuclear Device (IND) Scenarios
Possibility of IND attacks
comes with the reality of
fallout/contamination
-Need for immediate recovery
tools
-Need to minimize dose to 1st
responders
What decontamination
approaches would be
used?
How effective are they?
oEPA
United Statas
Environmental Protection
Agency
Urban Surface Decontamination
Decontamination of urban building material surfaces using
physical and chemical decontamination technologies
Urban surface coupons used for RAD decon testing
Decon testing using test stand at INL
Example RAD decon technology (DeconGel 1108)
RAD decontamination testing of Wash Aid
GENERAL SESSION 4 | 15
-------
Sensitive Equipment Decontamination
Some types of sensitive equipment necessary for
1st responders in a rescue/recovery scenario
> Pulse oximeter
> Handheld radio
> Cell phone
> Numeric keypad
(simulating a
computer)
> Responder bag
> Automated external
defibrillator (AED)
Representative types of sensitive equipment
oEPA
United Statas
Environmental Protection
Agency
Decontamination Technologies
High efficiency participate air
(HEPA) vacuum (VAC)
- Omega HEPA Vacuum, Atrix
International Inc., Burnsville, MN
- 99 cubic feet per minute
- 110 volt power
- Carrying case for disposable
canister and accessories
Compressed air duster (CAD)
- Ultra Duster, AW Distributing, lnc.:
San Francisco, CA
- 10 ounce can
- Contains difluoroethane
VAC with accessories
Compressed air duster
GENERAL SESSION 4 | 16
-------
United States
Environmental Prelection
Agency
Technical Approach
Generating Fallout Particles
Particles must be generated that are similar in size and
chemical composition to actual fallout
-Attempted to simulate the particle size distribution
used in Oak Ridge Isotope Generation (ORIGEN)
(based upon Nevada Test Site Data) in the
radiologically tagged simulated fallout material
(RTSFM)
Default PSD for Fallout Model. (Oak Ridge National Laboratory)
oEPA
United Statas
Environmental Protection
Agency
Technical
Radiologically tagged simulated fallout
material (RTSFM)
-Three particle sizes (<150 urn, 150 to 250 urn
>250 pm) allows studying efficacy as function
of particle size; similar to fallout sizes
- Similar to work done in by EPA / Defense
Research and Development Canada
- Each size contaminated with different
contaminant: cesium (<150 urn), cobalt
(150 to 250 urn), and strontium (>250 urn);
selected for detectability
Contamination method
-Spike aqueous radionuclide into sized sand,
mix well, dry
Detection
-ORTEC PopTop Portable Gamma Detector
J^^^^
Collage of particle contamination steps
GENERAL SESSION 4 | 17
-------
United Slates
Environmental Protection
Experimental Design
Contaminate sensitive equipment
-Target activity of > 0.6 |jCi (ranged from 1 to
1 0 g per sample to ensure detectability
-Distribute particles evenly across surface
of equipment
-Transported in static-free bags to
minimize loss of particles from surfaces
Measure pre-decontamination
activities
-100 second measurements of
contaminated samples to ensure
detectability in shortest feasible time (90
samples)
-200 second measurement of post-decon
activity to measure removal in reasonable
time
Insertion of contaminated handheld radio into bag
Pre-decon activity measurement
oEPA
United Statas
Environmental Protection
Agency
Experimental Design
VAC canister located
outside of glove bag;
hose inserted with
opening sealed around
hose
Glove bag vented to
prevent glove bag
collapse
VAC used to prevent
gross contamination
during CAD
decontamination
Glove bag in hood prepared for testing
Ongoing decontamination test with QA oversight
GENERAL SESSION 4 | 18
-------
Experimental Design
Decontaminate in glove bag
with VAC and CAD
VAC moved across surface
of equipment first in one
direction, rotated 90 degrees,
and repeated
CAD - initial "gentle" back
and forth flow across surface
with capture into bag
Completed decon with "full-
flow" across full surface
Pulse oximeter readied for CAD decontamination
oEPA
United Statas
Environmental Protection
Agency
Experimental Design
Post-decontamination measurement
Sensitive equipment samples stored individually in bags and storage bins after contamination and before
decontamination; as well as after decontamination and before post-decontamination measurement
"Map" to ensure consistent placement
of equipment for gamma spectroscopy
Responder bag during activity measurement
GENERAL SESSION 4 | 19
-------
ncy
Visual Decontamination Efficacy
Example contaminated numeric keypad
example contaminated AED
Example decontaminated numeric keypad
Example decontaminated AED
oEPA
United Statas
Environmantel Protection
Agency
Vacuum Removal
100
Particle Size
Large
• Medium
Small
Pulse Handheld Cell Phone Numeric Responder
Oximeter Radio Keypad Bag
Sensitive Equipment Types
AED
GENERAL SESSION 4 | 20
-------
Compressed Air Duster Removal
Particle Size
Large
• Medium
• Small
Pulse Handheld Cell Phone Numeric Responder
Oximeter Radio Keypad Bag
Sensitive Equipment Types
AED
oEPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Removal Results
Vacuum (% removal ±SD)
Large
Medium
Small
Pulse
Oximeter
>95
>94
>96
Handheld
Radio
>95
>94
>95
Cell
Phone
>95
>92
>95
Numeric
Keypad
75 ±8
67 ±9
64 ±9
Responder
Bag
>95
>92
>94
AED
>99
>98
>99
Compressed Air Duster (% removal ±SD)
CAD
Large
Medium
Small
Pulse
Oximeter
>96
>94
>95
Handheld
Radio
93 ± 1
91 ± 1
93 ± 1
Cell
Phone
>96
>94
>95
Numeric
Keypad
69 ±6
63 ±8
64 ±9
Responder
Bag
93 ±2
>92
93 ± 1
AED
>98
>98
>98
GENERAL SESSION 4 | 21
-------
United Slates
Environmental Protection
Agency
Conclusions
VAC and CAD highly effective across several
different technologies
Except for keypads, average removal was
greater than 90%
Keypads (with open space below keys) had ~
60-75% removal
No significant difference between particle size
percent removal
VAC has HEPA filter to enhance personal
protection
CAD has tendency to spread contamination
GENERAL SESSION 4 | 22
-------
Efficacy of Sporicidal Wipes
on Select Surfaces
Kathryn Meyer, Ph.D.
Jenia Tufts, M. Worth Calfee, Lukas Oudejans
Environmental Protection Agency
National Homeland Security Research Center
Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
Several wipes are registered with the EPA as effective against
Clostridium difficile spores
- immersion or suspension based carrier test
No quantitative efficacy data with Bacillus anthracis or its surrogate(s)
Current tests don't reflect the activity of these wipes in practice:
- contact time
- prescribed wiping action
- size of "target" area
Iff/ OAK RIDGE INSTITUTE FOR
Ira SCIENCE AND EDUCATION
;'55 Managed by CPAU fo Dee
GENERAL SESSION 4 | 23
-------
• Can these wipes be used to surface treat anthrax "hotspots"?
• Could these wipes transfer spores between locations?
• Are the prescribed times for inactivation of C. difficile
applicable for a B. anthracis surrogate?
• OAK RIDGE INSTITUTE FOR
SCIENCE AND EDUCATION
2-phase Efficacy Testing ^jAf^MM
^
1st phase:
Small scale -
glass Petri dishes
• Wet (liquid) spores
• Surface: 150 mm glass Petri
dish
• All wipes tested
Pi
^^ %~/
Xi^mo^X
2nd phase:
Large scale -
14" x 14" material coupons
• Aerosolized (dry) spores
• Surfaces: stainless steel, glass,
composite epoxy, drywall,
low-density polyethylene
• Only top 3 performing wipes
GENERAL SESSION 4 | 24
-------
2 approaches
- Small-scale
- Large-scale
7 Decontaminant Wipes
Clorox Germicidal
- Sard-Cloth Bleach Germicidal
- Dispatch Hospital Cleaner
Steriplex SD
- Lysol Disinfecting
- Clorox Disinfecting
pH-adjusted Bleach wetted wipe
5 Materials
Glass
- Painted drywall
- Stainless steel
- Low-density polyethylene
- Composite epoxy
'
Sporicidal
Disinfecting
m
Product
Clorox
Healthcare™
Bleach Germicidal
Wipe
Sani-Cloth®
Disposable Wipe
Dispatch®
Hospital Cleaner
Towels with
Bleach
Steriplex® SD
Wipe
Lysol®
Disinfecting Wipe
Clorox®
Disinfecting Wipe
Vendor
Clorox®
Professional
Products Co.
Professional
International, Inc.
Clorox®
Products Co.
SteriScience, Inc.
Reckitt Benckiser
North America
Professional
Active
Ingredients
Sodium
hypochlorite
hypochlorite
Sodium
hypochlorite
Hydrogen
peroxide,
peracetic acid
Alkyl
dimethyl benzyl
ammonium
chloride
Alkyl
dimethyl benzyl
ammonium
chloride
Components
Sodium hypochlorite 0.1-1.0%,
sodium metasilicate 0.1-1.0%,
sodium hydroxide 0.1-1.0%
Trisodium phosphate
hypochlorite <1%
Sodium hydroxide <0.2%,
sodium hypochlorite <1.0%
Two separate component
A: silver 0.015%, ethanol 10%
B: hydrogen peroxide 22%,
peracetic acid 15%,
acetic acid 15%
Alkyl (C14 50%, C1240%, C16
10%) dimethyl benzyl ammonium
chloride 0.1-1.0%
Alkyl (C14 60%, C12 5%,
C 16 30%, CIS 5%)
dimethyl benzyl ammonium
chloride 0.145%, alkyl (C14 32%,
C12 68%) dimethyl ethylbenzyl
ammonium chloride 0.145%
EPA
Registration
67619-12
9480-8
56392-8
84545-*
777-1 14
5813-58
Time (min)
3
4
5
5
10
4
OAK RIDGE INSTITUTE FOR
SCIENCE AND EDUCATION
GENERAL SESSION 4 | 25
-------
Spores of Bacillus atrophaeus (Bg) used as surrogate
Coupon loading
2 x 106 spores / coupon (150 mm Petri dish)
2 x 107 spores / coupon (14" x 14")
Efficacy determined by "log reduction"
- 3 replicate positive control coupons
- 5 replicate test coupons
- surface sample + wipe sample used for total log reduction (Task 1)
• OAK RIDGE INSTITUTE FOR
SCIENCE AND EDUCATION
Small scale protocol: ASTM WK32908
1. Inoculate plates with 5 spots of 10 ul each. Allow to dry between 30-90 minutes.
2. Fold towelette in half; rotate towelette 90° and fold in half again. Target final
dimensions: ~ 2" x 2".
GENERAL SESSION 4 | 26
-------
Small scale protocol: ASTM WK32908
3. Wipe surface of sterile Petri plate in 2 passes (1st-outside ->in, 2nd-inside ->out).
Keep surface wet according to time prescribed by manufacturer. Save towelette(s) in
40 ml of appropriate neutralizer (wipe extract).
4. Immediately after the contact time has been reached, add 20 mL of appropriate
neutralizer.
• OAK RIDGE INSTITUTE FOR
SCIENCE AND EDUCATION
Small scale protocol: ASTM WK32908
Using cell scraper, scrape spots 3x with back and forth motions (6 total). Rotate
plate -90° , and repeat scraping.
5. Gently swirl to mix. Transfer to a sterile conical tube.
GENERAL SESSION 4 | 27
-------
Small scale protocol: ASTM WK32908
6. Add an additional 20 mL of the appropriate neutralizer to the Petri plate, swirl to mix
and pool with mixture in conical tube from previous step (surface extract).
7. Plate both the sample extract and wipe extract to enumerate spore counts and determine
log reduction.
• OAK RIDGE INSTITUTE FOR
SCIENCE AND EDUCATION
!
Surface Log Reduction
nn
/ / .»
f f
GENERAL SESSION 4 | 28
-------
Decontamination efficacy test results (± 95% CD for wipes tested.
Total Log Reduction
I 6
i *•
r
>%
a 3 '
Decon Eff
3 — M
-H
T
—
T T
-
• OAK RIDGE INSTITUTE FOR
SCIENCE AND EDUCATION
Ranking
i
4
5
6
Test Wipe
Dispatch®
Clorox® Germicidal
Sani-Cloth®
pH-amended bleach wetted wipe
Clorox® Disinfecting
Steriplex® SD
Lysol®
Log Reduction
> 6.09 ±0.12
> 6.05 ±0.30
> 6. 12 ±,0.11
6.23 ±0.17*
0.01 ±0.18
<0§
<0§
_ irvlicates no viable spores were recovered following treatment with the wipe.
¥ One CPU observed on one filter plate sample during analysis, four of five samples resulted in no
viable spores recovered.
§ Amount of spores recovered exceeds amount recovered from positive controls.
GENERAL SESSION 4 | 29
-------
1. Inoculate coupon using an MDI through aerosol deposition apparatus (ADA). Allow
spores to settle for —18-24 hrs.
2. Fold towelette 2 times. Wipe surface of sterile coupon using sporicidal towelette.
With each of the 3 wipe directions, fold towelette inward each time before use. Save
towelette in 40 ml of appropriate neutralizer (wipe extract).
• OAK RIDGE INSTITUTE FOR
SCIFNCE AND EDUCATION
Large scale protocol: 14" x 14" coupon
3. Immediately after the contact time has been reached, sample surface using moistened
gauze (surface extract) according to the CDC gauze procedure and same wiping
pattern as before. ----~ -
\
4. Extract spores from both wipe and surface samples using appropriate neutralizing
solution.
5. Plate both the sample extract and wipe extract to enumerate spore counts and
determine log reduction.
GENERAL SESSION 4 | 30
-------
Decontamination efficacy test results (± 95% CD for wipes tested.
Glass
Decontamination efficacy test results (± 95% CD for wipes tested.
Painted drywall
I 7
1!
I-
GENERAL SESSION 4 | 31
-------
Sani-Cloth® Dispatch*
!«*»"•«««
bleach
Test material
Stainless Steel
Glass
Composite
Epoxy
Painted Drywall 7.24 ± 0.23¥ >7.34 ± 0.05 5.71 ± 1.59 3.28 ± 0.10
Low-Density
Polyethylene
> indicates no viable spores were recovered following treatment with the wipe.
¥ Less than 10 CPU observed during surface and wipe sample analysis of all 5 replicates.
• OAK RIDGE INSTITUTE FOR
SCIENCE AND EDUCATION
Bacillus spore removal/inactivation efficacy varies considerably
by active ingredient
- cloth material/wipe design
Commercially available disinfecting wipes showed no sporicidal
or sporistatic activity
Comparison of small-scale and large-scale shows log reduction
differences for p-AB wetted wipes
- wipe wetness vs. area
GENERAL SESSION 4 | 32
-------
Reference herein to any specific commercial products, process, or
service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not
necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or
favoring by the United States Government. The views and opinions of
authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the
United States Government, and shall not be used for advertising or
product endorsement purposes.
DCMD
Worth Calfee
Lukas Oudejans
Jenia Tufts
Office of Emergency
Managment
Marissa Mullins
Michael Ottlinger
OSC Region 4
Benjamin Franco
Office of Pesticide Programs
Stephen Tomasino
Iff/ OAK RIDGE INSTITUTE FOR
Ira SCIENCE AND EDUCATION
;'55 Managed by CPAU la Dee
GENERAL SESSION 4 | 33
-------
&EPA
Inactivation of Bacillus Spores in
Decontamination Wash Down Wastewater using
Chlorine Bleach Solution
Vicente J. Gallardo, US EPA
EPA International Decontamination Research and Development
Conference,
Research Triangle Park, NC
November 7, 2013
oEPA
United Stales
Environmental Protection
Agency
Problem statement.
Large quantities of wash water can be generated during
remediation of areas contaminated with Bacillus
anthracis (B. anthracis) spores.
How can the water be treated and disposed of in a
simple and effective manner?
I Office of Research and Development
I Homeland Security Research Program
GENERAL SESSION 4 | 34
-------
United Ststos
Environmental Protection
Agency
Example:
U.S. Capitol Building Cleanup (2001-2002)
• B. anthracis spores in 7 of 26
buildings
• 14,235 gallons of wash water
• Wash water Sources:
-Personnel decon
-Equipment/vehicle decon
-May contain B. anthracis spores
• Inactivation protocol used
-Steam sterilization at Fort Detrick,
MD and then disposal at on-site
treatment plant
oEPA
United Statss
Environ ma ntal Protection
Agency
US National Response Team
Quick Reference Guide
Recommended method for inactivating 6. anthracis in
wash water generated from personnel decontamination
For a given volume of wash water
• Add 10% (by volume) of both household bleach and white
vinegar
-e.g., 80 liters water, 10 liters bleach, 10 liters of vinegar
• Allows for on-site treatment
• Vinegar added to lower pH to ~7
1 hour contact time
GENERAL SESSION 4 | 35
-------
Purpose of Study
Evaluate recommended procedure using real world wash
water generated from simulated decontamination activities.
-Procedure originally developed for surface
decontamination (e.g., counter tops)
-Had not been evaluated in water with particulate and
organic matter
• Presence of particulate/organic matter may lower
amount of disinfectant available for inactivation
-Evaluate in multiple types of wash water
-Evaluate using a surrogate for B. anthracis
• B. atrophaeus spp. globigii (Bg)
-Bg is more resistant to chlorine than B. anthracis
-Easily identifiable in wash water matrices
Agency
oEPA
United Stales
Environmental Protection ^^ • • B •••* B
Chlorine Basics
• Source of chlorine: household bleach e.g., Clorox®
•Active ingredient: sodium hypochlorite (NaOCI)
• Bleach used in study contained 6 % NaOCI
• 100% bleach = 6% NaOCI = 6 g NaOCI/100 g solution
60,000 mg NaOCI/liter« 60,000 mg CI2/liter
6% NaOCI # 6% bleach
• 10% bleach solution
• 90 liters of water + 10 liters of bleach
• Yields 6,000 mg NaOCI/liter or 0.6% NaOCI
• Newer bleach formulations contain higher amounts of
NaOCI
GENERAL SESSION 4 | 36
-------
United States
Environ me nial Protection
Agency
Chlorine Basics (cont.)
• pH of bleach: 11-12
• Lowering pH of bleach solution to -7 increases germicidal
properties
-pH = 7, hypochlorous acid is more favored
• -75% of chlorine species is in form of hypochlorous
acid; 25% in form of sodium hypochlorite
-Mixture is -60 - 200 times more germicidal
• Vinegar is added to produce a pH of - 7
-Lowering pH too much can yield chlorine gas
Disinfection Basics
Chick-Watson model is assumed
•log10[Bg]i-log10[Bg]t = ACt
• A = Coefficient of specific lethality
• C = disinfectant concentration
• t = contact time
• (log10[Bg]| - log10[Bg]t) known as log reduction.
• e.g., starting spore concentration 107,
•final spore concentration 102
• Iog10[107] - Iog10[102] = 5, or a 5 log reduction or
99.999% reduction
GENERAL SESSION 4 | 37
-------
Disinfection Basics (cont.)
Plot of log reduction versus Ct should be a straight line
• (Ct = disinfectant concentration x contact time)
For a given value of Ct, can predict log reduction
In water treatment, typical log reduction goal: 2 - 4 log
reduction of pathogens, e.g., Giardia cysts, enteric
viruses
For this study, goal was to evaluate process for a 6 log
reduction (99.9999% reduction)
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Experimental Approach
Generate water from various decontamination activities
• Mock decontamination of personnel in personal
protective equipment (PPE)
• Washing of floors and other lab surfaces
• Tap water
• Tap water with added hardness
• Car wash/rinse water
• Storm water
• Evaluate at two temperatures: 20 and 4 ° C
• Wash water typically contained a detergent
GENERAL SESSION 4 | 38
-------
United States
Environ mental Protection
Agency
Experimental Approach (cont.)
• Added known amount of spores to a volume of wash water
• Target spore amount was enough to show >6 log reduction
•Add disinfectant, measure viable spores with time
• Disinfectant reaction halted by adding quenching agent
• Evaluated effect of prolonged contact between spores and
particulate matter in wash water
oEPA
United Stales
Environmental Protection
Agency
Early Results with Bleach and Vinegar
Complete inactivation (greater than 5 log removal) in
~1 minute.
Conclusion: more rigorous than needed
Try using lower amounts of bleach and eliminating
vinegar
• Simplifies procedure
• If wash water has buffering agents, then more
difficult to add correct amount of vinegar
• Results in a less hazardous procedure
• Minimizes potential of chlorine gas formation
GENERAL SESSION 4 | 39
-------
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
o
14
•o
-------
Inactivation of Bg Spores in 5% bleach
**
Wash Water
Time for 6
log kill
PH
initial
PH
final
COD
mg/L
TSS
mg/L
Alka-
linity
mg/L
Floor wash water (with 1% Alconox®)
11 9.2 9.5 3,530 318 4473
Floor wash water (with 1% Alconox
and added hardness)
Car wash/rinse water (w/1% Dawn
PPE wash water with 1% Alconox ®
PPE wash water with 1% Alconox® and
added hardness
8| 10.0| 7,097| 3241 185
3s| 4030
•
9| 8.9| 3,0611
Stormwater runoff
t Extrapolated value; did not achieve £ 6 log removal
Blue highlighted data indicates colder (4° C) temperature
oEPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Time for 6 log kill vs. pH of Bleach/Wastewater Solution
(error bars represent +/- 1 standard error)
on
^
e: yn
0
t560
D
•D
0) en
0
CD
0
H
m
n -
X
$ ©
I
f 1
© ©S
8.5 9 9.5 10 10.5
PH
O4°C
O20°C
Office of Research and Development
Homeland Security Research Program
GENERAL SESSION 4 | 41
-------
United States
Environ mental Protection
Agency
Other Findings
• Level of chlorine did not change over length of inactivation
test
• Prolonged contact time between spores and wash water did
not influence time needed for 6 log reduction
oEPA
United Stales
Environmental Protection
Conclusions
110% bleach + 10% vinegar (NRT protocol) is highly
effective for inactivating Bg spores
• May be more rigorous than needed
•Adjusting pH will be challenging if wash water has
significant buffering capacity
• Potential for chlorine gas formation can be a concern
• 5% bleach with no vinegar is effective for inactivating Bg
spores in wash waters tested
• Colder temperatures will require longer times
1 Chlorine demand from wash water constituents was not
observed
GENERAL SESSION 4 | 42
-------
Conclusions (cont.)
Prolonged contact time between spores and wash water
did not influence time needed for 6 log reduction
Inactivation efficiency varied among wash waters tested
pH of the chlorine/wash water solution varied
• May influence length of time required for 6 log
removal
No strong correlation between inactivation efficiency and
other water quality parameters was observed
oEPA
United Stales
Environmental Protection
Agency
Journal article that summarizes earlier work:
Muhammad, Nur; Gallardo, Vicente J.; Schupp, Donald, E.;
Krishnan, Radha; Minamyer, K. Scott; Rice, Eugene, W. 2013.
Inactivation of Bacillus Spores in Decontamination Wash Down
Wastewater using Chlorine Bleach Solution. Canadian Journal of
Civil Engineering
GENERAL SESSION 4 | 43
-------
United States
Environ me nial Protection
Agency
Acknowledgements
The Shaw Group, A CB&I company, contractor for EPA
-Nur Muhammad
-Don Schupp
-Radha Krishnan
US EPA
-Gene Rice, EPA
-Scott Minaymer, EPA
-Leroy Mickelsen, EPA
-Kevin Rhame, EPA
-Rich Rupert, EPA
-Dino Mattorano, EPA
DISCLAIMER: The U.S. EPA through its Office of Research and Development funded the
research described in this presentation. It has been reviewed by the Agency but does not
necessarily reflect the Agency's views. No official endorsement should be inferred. EPA
does not endorse the purchase or sale of any commercial products or services.
GENERAL SESSION 4 | 44
-------
Thursday, November 7, 2013
Concurrent Sessions 5
Biological Agent
Decontamination
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 1
-------
&EPA
United Sta.__
Environmental Proieciion
Agencv
Decontamination of Soil Contaminated
with Bacillus anthracis spores
Joseph Wood (EPA)
Morgan Wendling, Andrew Lastivka,
Young Choi, James Rogers (Battelle)
Presented at US EPA Decontamination Research Conference, Research Triangle Park, NC, November 5-7, 2013
^^m Office of Research and Development
^^^^^H National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
United Slate;
Environmental Protection
Agencv
vvEPA
Acknowledgements and Disclaimer
Acknowledgements
-Leroy Mickelson, Dino Mattorano, Craig Ramsey
Disclaimer: Reference herein to any specific commercial products, process, or service by trade name,
trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement,
recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government. The views and opinions of authors
expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government, and shall not be
used for advertising or product endorsement purposes.
I Office of Research and Development
| National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 2
-------
&EPA
United Sta.__
Environmental Proieciion
Agencv
Outline
Background
Decon techs evaluated
Methods
Results
References
Lessons learned
I Office of Research and Development
| National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
&EPA
United State
Environmental Protection
Agencv
Background
Remediation efforts could be extensive following an aerosol
release of Bacillus anthracis (B.a.) spores in an urban area and
will challenge the capabilities of government agencies and
decontamination contractors.
In such a scenario, many types of materials and environments
may need to be decontaminated, including soils.
Soil materials remain one of the most difficult materials to
decontaminate.
I Office of Research and Development
| National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 3
-------
&EPA
Decon Technologies Evaluated
Chlorine dioxide (CI02) gas
Aqueous CI02 solution
pH-amended (acidified) bleach
Sodium persulfate activated
with hydrogen peroxide
Methyl bromide
Metam sodium
'Ttmp/HHcMrcfct
Cliii III Biological Safety Cabinet
I Office of Research and Development
| National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
&EPA
Decon Techs Evaluated (cont.)
• Tests were conducted with varying operational parameters to
assess and improve their effect on decontamination efficacy
• Variables tested depended on decon tech., but included:
-contact time
-number of applications
-decontaminant concentration
-temperature, relative humidity (RH)
-soil depth
I Office of Research and Development
| National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 4
-------
&EPA
United Sta.__
Environmental Proieciion
Agencv
Methods
B.a. (Ames strain)
Bacillus subtilis (B.s.;
ATCC 19659)
•Topsoil
•Arizona Test Dust
(AZTD)
I Office of Research and Development
| National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
&EPA
United State
Environmental Protection
Agencv
Soil Inoculation:
Methods (cont.)
1.5 in glass jars filled with sterile soil
to a depth of 1 cm
Samples inoculated with ~1x108CFU
of viable B. a. or B. s. spores using
100 uL liquid suspension
Samples allowed to dry in Class III
BSC overnight at ambient
temperature and %RH
Positive controls recovered; test
samples exposed to decontaminant
I Office of Research and Development
| National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 5
-------
United Sta.__
Environmental Protection
Agencv
oEPA
al
Microbiological Assays and Methods
Extraction
Serial dilution and plating
Incubation
Colonies enumerated and the CFU/mL determined
Decontamination efficacy quantified in terms of log reduction
(LR)
L i
i Office of Research and Development
| National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
&EPA
United State
Environmental Protection
Agencv
Results - CIO, Gas
Nearly all AZTD samples completely decontaminated
Greater than 6 LR for topsoil at 1 cm depth, 2 hour, both RH
levels
2 cm topsoil much
more difficult to decon
3000 ppm CIO , 2 cm topsoil
2 Hours 3 Hours 4 Hours - 2 Hoors 3 Hours 4 Hours
Contact time
I Office of Research and Development
| National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 6
-------
&EPA
United Sta.__
Environmental Proieciion
Agencv
Results - Aqueous CIO2
Top Soil
BT,,,:-;>.I P. _,
• Top soil -B.su b
3WCppm. I20\4apps 4000ppm.UO',4apps
Test Condition
I Office of Research and Development
| National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
&EPA
United State
Environmental Protection
Agencv
Results - Amended Bleach
pH-Amended Ultra Clorox" Germicidal Bleach
^Dny(S)
Topsoil
Hour (4)
AlTD
I Hour C)
AZTD
Contact Time (= of applications)
SoUTypt
I Office of Research and Development
| National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 7
-------
&EPA
United StL.__
Environmental Proieciion
Agency
Results - Sodium Persulfate
Klozur™ on Topsoil
-Day (6)T 7 Day (3)| "Day (3): 7 Day (2)t 7Day (1)
Contact Time (= of applications)
t = The decontaminantwas applied every 60 minutes until the total number of applications were reached.
t =The decontaminant was applied on days 0, 2 and 4.
I Office of Research and Development
| National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
12
&EPA
United State
Environmental Protection
Agency
Results - Sodium Persulfate
Klozur™ on Arizona Test Dust
7Day(3)t 7 Day (3); ~Day(:)t
Contact Time (# of applications)
7Dny(l)
t = The decontaminant was applied every 60 minutes until the total number of applications were reached.
t =The decontaminantwas applied on days 0, 2 and 4.
I Office of Research and Development
| National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 8
-------
&EPA
United Sta.__
Environmental Proieciion
Agencv
Results - Methyl Bromide
MeBr on Topsoil
• B anlluiicis
• B. sub tills
361)*
(100)
36 h
(ISO)
36h 24h
(140) (212}
Contact Time (ing L)
* = 2 mL sterile filtered water added to each sample prior to inoculation.
t = samples dried in oven prior to inoculation.
I Office of Research and Development
| National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
14
&EPA
United State
Environmental Protection
Agencv
Results - Methyl Bromide
MeBr on Arizona Test Dust
IB. mitlnacis
IB- sul'tilis
36 h
(100)
36h*
(100)
36 h
(180)
3611 24 h
(140) (2121
Contact Time (ing L)
* = 2 mL SFW added to each sample prior to inoculation.
t = samples dried in oven prior to inoculation.
I Office of Research and Development
| National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
15
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 9
-------
&EPA
United Slat. _
Environmental Protection
Agenev
Results - Metam Sodium
Metam Sodium on Topsoil*
IB. anthracte
ts snbtilis
5 Day 5 Day
(ODay) (ODay)
7 Day
~ Day
Day 14Day 7 Day 14Day
Day}§ (2SDay)T (7Day)t (-SDay)t
Contact Time (Aeration Time)
* 2rrL SFW added to all samples prior to inoculation
f 1 ml_ SFW added prior to addition of metam sodium
t 2 ml_ SFW added prior to addition of metam sodium
§ 3 ml_ SFW added prior to addition of metam sodium
I Office of Research and Development
| National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
16
&EPA
United State
Environmental Protection
Agencv
Results - Metam Sodium
Metam Sodium on Arizona Test Dust*
5D,iy
(ODay)
5Day
(ODay)
1 Day
PDay>T
7 Day 14Day
"Day)§ (28
Contact Time (Aeration Time)
7 Day
("Day);
7Day 14 Day
(7Day)T CSDaylT
* 2mL SFW added to all samples prior to inoculation
t 1 ml_ SFW added prior to addition of metam sodium
t 2 mL SFW added prior to addition of metam sodium
§ 3 ml_ SFW added prior to addition of metam sodium
I Office of Research and Development
| National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 10
-------
&EPA
United Sta.__
Environmental Proieciion
Agencv
References
Poster presented at American Society of Microbiology 2013
meeting
EPA reports
I Office of Research and Development
| National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
&EPA
United State
Environmental Protection
Agency
Lessons Learned
Decon efficacy: > 6 LR forB.a. obtained with all decontaminants studied, on
both soil types, except pH-amended bleach and aqueous CIO2
Surrogate: B.s. not inactivated to a higher degree than B.a. in any tests.
8.s. too conservative a surrogate when using MeBr
Soil Type: AZTD generally easier to decon, but depends on decontaminant
(e.g. sodium persulfate efficacy for B.a. similar for both soil types)
Soil depth: In tests with CIO2 gas, increasing soil depth significantly
impacted efficacy. Further research needed to asses impact of soil depth
I Office of Research and Development
| National Homeland Security Research Center, Decontamination and Consequence Management Division
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 11
-------
Study objectives
Determine the soil respiration rates for nine
chlorine dioxide formulations
- Strategic Resource Optimization (SRO) - liquid
- ICA Trinova - granule formulations
Determine the sporicidal efficacy of nine chlorine
dioxide formulations
- Liquid suspension of Bacillus subtilis spores
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 12
-------
Chlorine dioxide description
Chlorine dioxide (C1O2) is a synthetic, green-yellowish gas
Chlorine dioxide is a small, volatile and very reactive molecule
Chlorine dioxide is an oxidant, or oxidizing agent, sold as a general
use disinfectant
In diluted, watery solutions chlorine dioxide forms a free radical
Chlorine dioxide is an unstable gas that dissociates into chlorine gas
(C12), oxygen gas (O2) and heat.
Chlorine dioxide is photo-oxidized by sunlight, and degrades very
rapidly
The end-products of chlorine dioxide reactions are chloride (Cl~),
chlorite (CIO) and chlorate (C1CV).
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 13
-------
Chlorine dioxide treatments
Treatment number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
C1O2 description
Granule
Granule
Granule
Gas sachets
Gas sachets
Gas sachets
EB - liquid
EB-liquid
EB-liquid
Autoclaved soil —
Negative control
Autoclaved soil + B.
subtilis spores
Untreated control -
Positive control
Rate (g/tube)
1.5
15
15
3gofA
6gofA
9gofA
600 ppm at 300 ml/tube
600 ppm at 600 ml/tube
600 ppm at 900 ml/tube
Na
Na
Na
Bisulfate rate (g/tube)
6
60
0
3gofB
6 sol 1!
9gofB
Na
Na
Na
Na
Na
Na
Methods
Soil columns
1 Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) tubes
• resistant to C1O2
Soil column size - 12" long and 4" inside diameter
- soil column - filled up to 4 cm from tube top
- each tube was capped ^
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 14
-------
Soil Preparation
Potting soil mixed with play sand
- Mixed at a 75 to 25 parts per volume ratio
- Potting soil - Fafard - 4-MP
- Canadian sphagnum peat moss, processed
pine bark, vermiculite, and perlite mix.
- Very high organic matter in soil mix
Potting soil properties
)H EC OM Sand Silt Clav Textur
mmhos
/cm
6.1
6.1
6.1
0.4
0.4
0.3
11.6
10.4
27.8
1 (%) I^H^B^I
82
78
78
0
3
4
18
19
18
Sandy Loam
Sandy Loam
Sandy Loam
Sandy Clay
6.2
0.4
76
24
Loam
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 15
-------
Bacillus subtilis efficacy methods
Bacillus subtilis culture
• MicroChem lab - American Type Culture
Collection
B. subtilis spores prepared as a liquid
suspension
Spores were refrigerated to maintain
suspension in their spore stage
133 ml of B. Subtilis added immediately after
the C1O2 application
Measurements
Soil respiration
- Measure carbon dioxide flux rate
- Respiration a function of microbial population
and soil decomposition
Bacillus subtilis sporicidal efficacy
- Add spore suspension
- Collect soil at two
soil depths (0 - 6cm)
- Assay samples for viable
spore counts
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 16
-------
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 17
-------
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 18
-------
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 19
-------
||105 10000000-
£ 3 [1055844.
£ 01057483
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 20
-------
5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0
Viable spores(logio CFU/gin)
Soil respiration and sporicidal efficacy
comparison — 60 - 64 DAT
Soil respiration
- TriNova granule (1.5g) - 67% reduction
- TriNova granule (15g) - 35% reduction
- SRO EB (900 ml/tube) - 21% reduction
B. subtilis sporicidal efficacy
- TriNova granule (15g) - 24 - 28% reduction
- SRO EB (900 ml/tube) - 16 - 20% reduction
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 21
-------
Soil and oxidant factors
Chlorine dioxide factors
- Distribute C1O2 evenly across the entire depth
of soil in tubes
- Estimate C1O2 rates needed to overcome soil
organic matter reactivity
Soil factors
- Include soil temperature and moisture with
respiration data
- Maintain soil at 10 - 20% soil moisture to
encourage microbial recovery
Future studies
Select target pests that do not require Epermits
Test soil probe/tube application methods at soil
depths down to one meter
• Place pest sachets at selected soil depths -
12, 24, and 36" deep in soil
• Use C1O2 application probes to place C1O2
at selected vertical and horizontal distances
from pest sachet in soil - 2, 4, 6, 8" from
sachet
• Estimate C1O2 soil placement and distance
effects on pest toxicity levels
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 22
-------
Future studies
Repeat applications for both liquid and granular
applications in greenhouse soil columns
• Repeat apply for 3 - 6 times in 14 days
• Measure soil respiration rates over time to
estimate the microbial toxicity effects of
each soil application
• Measure long term (1-3 months) C1O2
toxicity effects on soil respiration
Test drip irrigation field methods
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 23
-------
DAHLGREN
Test method development to evaluate
hot, humid air decontamination of
materials contaminated with B. anthracis
ASterne and B. thuringiensis Al Hakam
Alice A. Young
Naval Surface Warfare Center - Dahlgren
November 7, 2013
Distribution Statement A: Approved for Public Release. Distribution is Unlimited
Objective
Objective:
Develop a technology using the synergistic action of heat,
humidity and time as a biological decontaminant(s) for
sensitive equipment without degradation of the functionality
of that equipment. Test the limits of decontamination
technology.
Example of a Need:
There are no/limited sporicidal decontaminants that can be
used on aircraft interior and/or sensitive equipment
U.S. Navy ships use hypochlorite despite >$1 trillion annual
cost due to corrosion in the U.S.
Distribution Statement A: Approved for Public Release. Distribution is Unlimited
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 24
-------
Spores - Healthy, Bleach, Heat-Killed
DAHLGREN
i
K ; . CR
ic
-------
MHtQREN
Isolating spores as an
independent variable
Single spore preparation method developed for both test strains
Quantity and Quality Objectives for Test Material
• Threshold titer of 108 spores per mL1
• At least 90% phase-bright spores
• Heat resistance at 65C for 30 minutes
• Demonstrate Uniform spore size with Coulter analysis
Strain
(Number of Independent
Preparations)
B. anthracis ASterne (12)
B. thuringiensis Al Hakam (14)
Titer (spores mL ')
Before Processing
(65° C,30min)
4.8xl08 ± 3.0xl08
8.2xl08 ± l.SxlO8
Titer (spores mL ')
After Processing
(65° C,30min)
4.3xl09 ± l.lxlO9
4.9xl09 ± 1.7xl09
Phase-Bright
Spores (%)
97.6 ± 1.6
98.0 ± 1.8
Distribution Statement A: Approved for Public Release. Distribution is Unlimited
Isolating B. anthracis ASterne
spores as an independent variable
Species -B. anthracis ASterne
10/1 9/201 OAAY
10/26/2010AAY
11/09/201 OAAY
11/09/201 OZAM
11/23/201 OZAM
12/03/201 OAAY
12/07/201 OZAM
12/14/2010TB/AAY
12/14/2010DM
12/14/2010ZAM
1 2/21/201 0-200 TB/AAY
12/2 1/201 OZAM
Combined
Number
35,157
46,257
30,800
26,921
26,345
35,211
41,881
38,027
38,408
32,498
30,127
34,198
833,044
Spherical D ameter (urn)
Mean
1.10±0.14
1.16 ±0.26
1.13±0.14
1.11±0.20
1.12±0.19
1.16±0.18
1.14±0.15
1.12±0.15
1.14±0.15
1.13±0.14
1.14 + 0.15
1.12±0.14
1.14±0.18
Median
1.09
1.13
1.12
1.10
1.11
1.14
1.13
. 1
. 3
2
. 3
. 1
1.12
Mode
1.09
1.12
1.11
1.09
1.09
1.13
1.14
. 1
. 1
. 1
2
. 0
1.12
Distribution Statement A: Approved for Public Release. Distribution is Unlimited
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 26
-------
DAHLGREN
Isolating B. thuringiensis Al Hakam
spores as an independent variable
Species — B. thuringiensis
Al Hakam
1 0/1 9/20 10AAY
10/26/2010AAY
1 1/02/2010 AAY
11/02/2010ZAM
11/09/2010 AAY
11/09/2010ZAM
11/16/2010ZAM
12/03/2010AAY
12/07/2010ZAM
12/14/2010TB/AAY
12/14/20 10 DM
12/14/2010 ZAM
12/21/2010 TB/ AAY
12/21/2010-200 TB/AAY
Combined
Number
76,998
9,264
12,468
86,499
101,021
71,097
47,690
27,918
24,181
75,728
74,948
43,160
1,560,000
Spherical Diameter (urn)
Mean
1.23±0.17
1.43 ±0.71
1.45 ±0.71
1.22±0.14
1.21±0.17
1.22±0.17
1.53±0.11
1.48±0.64
1.63±0.93
1.20±0.15
1.21±0.16
1.43 + 0.57
1.20±0.17
1.26±0.38
1.28+0.38
Median
1.20
1.25
1.26
1.20
1.18
1.19
1.29
1.27
1.30
1.18
1.19
1.24
1.18
1.16
1.20
Mode
1 19
1.18
1.19
1.19
1.19
1.18
1.20
1.19
1.19
1.19
1.19
1.19
1 19
1.13
1.19
4QW
BOB
;: "
.-,"
1500
TWO
uo
Distribution Statement A: Approved for Public Release. Distribution is Unlimited
Validation of Temperature/RH
0.2um Filtered Cap
InnerWall
of
Environmental
Chamber
^__
y \r'"E
s> /
Exterior of Environmental
Ch a rn b e r
Hygrorneter^herrno meter
Distribution Statement A: Approved for Public Release. Distribution is Unlimited
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 27
-------
Step-by-Step Decontamination Method
DAHLGREN
n
V
l M«liur»lo» 1
hour, sre
a
v
i
i
0 s
II--II,
I
.00,1 IW» l»°»l 100UL IK
V
PI«(F in LFU Thlln 30 M
Distribution Statement A: Approved for Public Release. Distribution is Unlimited
Biological Experimental Design
Dried Spores
Coupon Type Test
APC
Wiring
Insulation
InsulFab
Anti-skid
Nylon
Plastic
10
10
10
10
10
10
Total
RT
10
10
10
10
10
10
Wet Spores
Test
0
0
0
0
0
10
RT
0
0
0
0
0
10
Number for
Each Test Run
20
20
20
20
20
40
140
Distribution Statement A: Approved for Public Release. Distribution is Unlimited
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 28
-------
DAHLGREN
Design of Experiments
77.90,7
60,90,1
0*
i
H
1
ehi
in 11
\
\
60. 75, 4
* -
live ^k
idity ^k
^63,75,7
0,60,7
63.90.4
'.. 63. 75. 4
m
\ 63.60.4
*6S,75, 1
\
\
77,75,4
• '
77.90.1
\
60,60,1 Temperature
Distribution Statement A: Approved for Public Release. Distribution is Unlimited
B. anthracis ASterne
- 1st & 2nd Iteration of DOE
nidity(RH) and time of dec
90% RH 90% RH
1 day 4 days
60% RH
1 day
60% RH
4 days
APC
APC
APC
Nyion
Nylon
Nyion
Insulfab
Insulfab
Insulfab
Anti-skidpatches
Anti-skidpatches
Anti-skidpatches
Plastic
Plastic
Plastic
Wet
Wet
140
170
155
Distribution Statement A: Approved for Public Release. Distribution is Unlimited
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 29
-------
Hot Humid Air Decontamination
DAHLGREN
Log odds of inactivatfon for Bacillus anthracis on AFTC
90% LCL for log odds of inactivation (or Bacillus anthracls on AFTC
2D contour plots for B. anthracis ASterne on ARC at 48 hours of treatment with hot humid air. The
solid contour lines are log odds of inactivation. The shaded area on the upper right represents a
log reduction of greater than or equal to 6 logs of the fitted equation. The left plot shows average
values. The right plot shows the 90% lower confidence limit for the average.
Distribution Statement A: Approved for Public Release. Distribution is Unlimited 13
Hot Humid Air Decontamination
Log odds of inactivation for Bacillus anthracis on AFTC
90% LCL for log odds of inactivation for Bacillus anthracis on AFTC
Temperature {' C)
(Time = 4 days)
2D contour plots for B. anthracis ASterne on ARC at 4 days of treatment with hot humid air. The
solid contour lines are log odds of inactivation. The shaded area on the upper right represents a
log reduction of greater than or equal to 6 logs of the fitted equation. The left plot shows average
values. The right plot shows the 90% lower confidence limit for the average.
Distribution Statement A: Approved for Public Release. Distribution is Unlimited 14
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 30
-------
Hot Humid Air Decontamination
DAHLGREN
Log odds of inactlvation for Bacillus anthracis on AFTC
90% LCL for log odds of inactivation for Bacillus anthracis on AFTC
r
i,
8-
Temperature (° C)
(TirSe = 7 days)
Temperature (° C)
(Tlrfie = 7 days)
2D contour plots for B. anthracis ASterne on ARC at 7 days of treatment with hot humid air. The
solid contour lines are log odds of inactivation. The shaded area on the upper right represents a
log reduction of greater than or equal to 6 logs of the fitted equation. The left plot shows average
values. The right plot shows the 90% lower confidence limit for the average.
Distribution Statement A: Approved for Public Release. Distribution is Unlimited 15
Next Step
Laboratory-Grade - High purity spores
• Testing completed
• Isolation of spores as an independent variable
Field-Grade - Spores + dirt debris
• Currently being tested
Crude Preparation or Organic Burden-Grade - Spores + food
debris (prime example is agar)
• Currently preparing to test
Need:
• Compare laboratory-grade spores to spores with each of the additives, in order to
determine impact of debris and additives for neutralization;
• Many potential options, so must be selective
Distribution Statement A: Approved for Public Release. Distribution is Unlimited 16
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 31
-------
MHtQREN
Acknowledgements
• DTRA - Dr. Charles Bass, Dr. Glenn Lawson, Mark Morgan
• NSWC-Dahlgren - Dr. Tony Buhr,
Alice Young, Claire Wells, Zach Minter,
Dr. Derrell McPherson, Chris Hooban
Dr. John Crigler,Ed Prokop III - Statisticians
• Materials
Tim Provens and Bill Culhane at Wright-Patterson AFB
Distribution Statement A: Approved for Public Release. Distribution is Unlimited
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 32
-------
Sandia
National
Laboratories
SAND2013-9345
Aerosol Delivery of Liquid Decontaminants:
A Novel Approach for Decontamination of
Complex Interior Spaces
Presented by:
MarkD. Tucker, Ph.D.
Sandia National Laboratories
Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-program laboratory managed and operated by Sandia
Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Corporation, for the U.S. Department of
Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.
Decontamination of complex interior spaces is difficult
Decontaminant Selection
Complex S
Interior Spaces /
Objective
Develop approach
for aerosol
delivery of
decontaminants
Liquids
Oxidants, enzymes,
solvents
Advantage: Agent-specific,
can be non-corrosive
Disadvantage: difficult to
reach all surfaces
Gases
CIO2, Ozone,
EtO
Vapors
VHP, mVHP
Aerosols
Oxidants, enzymes,
solvents
Advantage: Can reach all surfaces
Disadvantage: all known gases
are toxic and/or corrosive
Advantage: Can reach all surfaces
under certain conditions
Disadvantage: too corrosive for
many interior spaces
Advantage: Agent-specific, can be
non-corrosive; enhanced reactivity
Disadvantage: need controlled
conditions to reach all surfaces
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 33
-------
Sandia has conducted a series of three projects
focused on the aerosol deployment
of liquid decontaminants
• Aerosolized Activated Hydrogen Peroxide Project (AAHP)
- DTRA-funded
- Deployment of modified DF-200
• Rapid Germination LORD Project
- 2 step process for anthrax spores
- Deployment of rapid germination formulation followed by mild "kill"
formulation
• Aerosol Deployment Project (in progress)
- Collaboration with Boeing (funded by DTRA)
- Deployment of any liquid decontaminant based on specific
chemical or biological agent
Use of the space charge effect can significantly
enhance aerosol transport and surface coverage
Airborne charged droplets in a
space
Charged droplets forced to surfaces
by space charges
© 0©
0©0©
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© 0©
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>V«
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Q ©
© ©0©
For uniform deposition on exposed and hidden surfaces we need:
• Droplet size small enough to remain airborne during convection to hidden surfaces
• High enough droplet charge (charge to mass ratio) to make electrostatic forces
dominant
• High enough droplet concentration to provide sufficient space charge to drive
deposition
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 34
-------
Through modeling and initial experiments, a set of
technical objectives for this approach were developed
Required droplet size (diameter): nominally 1 to 5 urn
Required charge: nominally > 10 mC/liter
Required surface coverage: 5 mg/cm2in 24 hours
Required input concentration: nominally > 5 g/m3
Work then progressed to an investigation of various aerosol
generators and charging mechanisms to determine if they could
meet the technical objectives
Aerosol Hardware Tested (Droplet size, charge,
and concentration)
Electrostatic spray nozzles
Nebulizers
Ultrasonic devices
Electro-spray systems
Other proprietary devices
The fundamental aerosol generation
capabilities and parameters for a number of
commercial-off-the-shelf and emerging
devices were evaluated
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 35
-------
Surface Coverage and Droplet Penetration Testing
Coupon Placement
8 coupons on the walls.
2 coupons on the ceiling and 2 coupons
Test Chamber (Plan View)
2 coupons on top of the platforms
supporting the hamster tubes.
2 additional coupons at various positions
in the chamber.
Hamster Tube Apparatus
The tube apparatus contained 27 pre-
weighed sorbent pads
The tube was 5.1 cm high by 68.5 cm
long.
Surface Coverage and Droplet Penetration Testing
Test Protocol
• Mount sorbent pads in various
locations in a test chamber
• Generate aerosol droplets of
Sandia DF-200 for various time
periods using the selected device
• Remove pads from chamber for
weighing to determine aerosol
deposition (i.e., B/T ratio)
• Air with the aerosol from the test
chamber was pulled through the
tube with a fan (i.e., turbulent
conditions existed in the test
chamber)
• Vary aerosol generation parameters
(charge, concentration, droplet size)
to achieve best results
Deposition on Bottom Surface
Deposition on Top Surface
Objective: Achieve a B/T
ratio of 1 in all spaces
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 36
-------
A rotary atomizer was found to be the best
device for dispersal of liquid decontaminants
Rotary atomizer for
aerosol delivery of
decontaminants
Test chamber
Advantages of this technology include: 1) Droplet size (~3-5 urn), 2) Ability to
charge droplets, and 3) Uses a mechanical process to create droplets and
does not require large volume of air.
Example of experimental results using the
rotary atomizer aerosol generation device
Deposition of DF-200 in HTA, Trial 3,
10.0
o
'w 1 0
SO- 0)
• • o a A •
»"ii»»t
» ° »
•Top
• Bottom
1 Left
• Right
TubeB
A
0. 1
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24
Downstream distance (inches)
10.0
£=
g
w1 0
"3
S£
0.1
Deposition of DF-200 in HTA, Trial 4, Tube B
* : l
•Top
• Bottom
'Left
• Right
« * : » .
2
3 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24
Downstream distance (inches)
Aerosol generation conditions (i.e., charge and concentration)
were varied until nearly uniform deposition was achieved on all
surface orientations and down the length of the hamster tubes
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 37
-------
Following the selection of an aerosol
generation device, we investigated
decontamination methods using the device
Application of a modified DF-200 formulation (for both CW
and BW agent surrogates)
Application of a two-step decontamination process for
bacterial spores
- Aerosol dispersal of a germination solution
- Aerosol dispersal of a mild "kill" solution
Application of other liquid decontaminants for both CWA
and BWA decontamination (collaboration with Boeing - in
progress)
- Peracetic acid
- Enzymatic
Decontaminant: Modified Sandia DF-200
Demonstrated efficacy against CW agents (DoD testing)
Demonstrated efficacy against BW agents (DoD testing)
DF-200: An aqueous-
based formulation
containing ~3.5%
hydrogen peroxide
MDF-200 (MREF) MDF-200 EasyDECON300 EasyDECON-200
(Dahlgren) (MREF) (Dahlgren)
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 38
-------
Protocol for Bio-Efficacy Tests
Test Parameters
• Bacillus globigii spores on stainless steel biological
indicators were used (spore loading: 106)
• A constant DF-200 flow rate to the proprietary aerosol-
generation device was used
• The trials ran for 120 minutes or 240 minutes
• The exhaust flow was set at 75 CFM
• Only the droplet charge was changed between runs
• Timed samples were collected
• Samples were neutralized with thiosulfate when collected
Bio-Efficacy Test Results with DF-200
Sample
Description
Bio-Efficacy Trial
38 j 39
40
Process Data
Charge (KV|
Aerosol Concentration
mg/rn3
Level 1 j Level 2
207.8 | 76.8
Level 3
39.6
Log CPU Results
47-56
1-12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
27-16
Controls (Avg. of 10)
Wall Samples
Top Sample, Stand A
Bottom Sample, Stand A
Top Sample, Stand B
Bottom Sample, Stand B
Timed Sample (30 min)
Timed Sample (60 min)
Timed Sample (90 min)
Timed Sample (120 min)
Timed Sample (150 min)
Hamster Tube Samples
6.32 J 6.28
o Jo
3.42 | 4.07
0 j 2.64
3.39 [ 3.01
5.14 1 3.31
4.20 j 5.70
0 J 4.15
0 1 0
0 JO
o Jo
0 1 0**
6.23
0
0
0
0
0
5.69
4.27
4.00
3.44
0
0
*Colony Forming Units
**One out of 20 Hamster tube samples showed very
mild growth.
Conclusions
• Nearly uniform coverage can be
achieved with certain droplet
parameters (size, charge,
concentration)
— Spatially (droplet penetration)
— On all surface orientations
• Excellent kill rates can be achieved
even in confined spaces using DF-200
— Required surface coverage is ~100 times
less than foam applications
• Changes in parameters significantly
effects results
— Size, charge, concentration
— Only a few conditions have been
examined
— Many additional conditions are possible
and should be examined
• This method can potentially work with
other types of liquid decontaminants
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 39
-------
We have investigated a non-toxic, low-corrosivity
decontamination method to kill highly resistant bacterial
spores in complex interior spaces
• A chemical solution that triggers the germination process in bacterial spores
and causes those spores to rapidly and completely change to much less-
resistant vegetative cells that can be easily killed.
• Vegetative cells are then exposed to mild chemicals (e.g., low concentrations of
hydrogen peroxide, quaternary ammonium compounds, alcohols, aldehydes,
etc.) or natural elements (e.g., heat, humidity, ultraviolet light, etc.) for complete
and rapid kill.
Bacierlar Spore
VeflcyyUvcCeli
Activation
and
Germination
To kill spores...
* 15% Hydrogen Peroxttfe
* 10% Bleach
• Chlorine Dioaicte
* ParaformakJehyd*
• Efiy ens Oxide
V
To hill veg«ullve cells...
• 1% Hydrogen Peroxfde
• 05°, Bieacn
• Alcolol
• Qusts
Aggressive fumigation
formulations are
currently needed
because bacterial
spores are extremely
resistant.
Initial Test Results
Our process employs a novel germination solution consisting of low-
cost, non-toxic and non-corrosive chemicals.
We have tested both direct surface application and charged-aerosol
delivery of the solutions.
Germination Solution
(QS)
PBS (Control]
None
None
5%ofGSMixinDIH2O
10% of GS Mix in Dl H,0
15%ofGSMixinDIH:0
20% of GS Mix in Dl H,0
25%ofGSMixinDIH:0
30%of GSMixinDIH-0
Kill Solution
(KS)
None
3% H;O,
6% H,O,
3% H,O;
3% H,O;
3% H,O;
3% H,O;
3% H,O;
3% H-O;
Time Exposed
GS
&0min
60min
&0min
SOmin
&0min
60min
Time Exposed
KS
60 min
60 min
60 min
60 min
60 min
60 min
60 min
60 min
Log CPU's
Remaining
6,27
6.41
6.42
2.55
2.22
1.99
1.59
0
C
Kill of Bacillus cereus
spores (an anthrax
surrogate) with and
without the addition of
a germination solution
(CPU's = colony
forming units).
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 40
-------
Coupon Placement for Bio-Efficacy Tests
Coupon Placement
Test Chamber (Plan View)
8 coupons on the walls.
2 coupons on the ceiling and 2
coupons on the floor.
2 coupons on top of the
platforms supporting the hamster
tubes.
2 additional coupons at various
positions in the chamber.
8 timed samples not in the
line-of-sight of the aerosol (bio-
tests).
1 0 coupons in each hamster tube
(bio-tests).
10 coupon controls (bio-tests)
X: -AT
Y: 91"
Z:9"
9
X: -48, -48'
: Y: 43, 43"
Z: 39, -39"
TubeB x.42.
X: 16" Y. gj,,
Y: 73" z- 9"
9C" Z: 6"
X: 16, 16, 16, 16" ' - 1 Access
Y: 65, 65, 65, 68" ''' - I Door
Z:5-4--48-48" I 2T, Timed
Samples
The aerosol cup was placed 5" ~ 1
from the front wall and 48"
from the floor. The exhaust f~\
n was set at about 75 CFM. X: 48, 48" .
Y: 43, 43"
Z: 39, -39"
- X: -26. -26"
|-| Y: 22, 22"
- Z: 0, -1"
"l
; X: -16, -16"
" Y: 18,20"
Tube A Z:48,-48"
V- 4?" X: "I6" V 1-1"
X. -42 y» X: 42
Y: -5" Y: 14" Aerosol Applicator y -5"
Z: 2" Z: l" zj> 5 Z: 2"
.1
Summary of rapid germination results
Red = germinated spores
Blue = ungerminated spores
Green = spores that germinated and were killed
Red = spores that germinated and were not killed
Blue = ungerminated spores
Total Spores Germinated / Killed
» 3 S I I $ I I II I I I
i11\ \ \\ 11 n 11
I! s f 1 *s' Ia
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 41
-------
Our current project (in collaboration with
Boeing) is using a modified rotary atomizer
Faster rotational speeds enables
smaller droplet sizes.
Higher and more variable droplet
charging has been achieved.
Decon of both chemical and biological
warfare agent surrogates is being
evaluated.
• Steriplex® SD for BW
• DF-200forCW
Coupons are contaminated via aerosol
deposition (not liquid deposition).
Decon on multiple materials and coupon
shapes is being evaluated
(representative of aircraft materials).
Evaluation of deposition patterns on
material coupons in various orientations.
Conclusions
A device has been identified and tested that can
give nearly uniform coverage of liquid
decontaminants on surfaces in interior spaces.
Two approaches have been evaluated: Direct
application of decontaminants and a two-step
approach utilizing a germination solution.
Preliminary methods have been tested that
demonstrate high rates of decontamination of BW
and CW surrogates.
Not decontaminant specific.
Could potentially be used for many types of
complex spaces: Aircraft, subway cars,
emergency vehicles, etc.
Could potentially be used in conjunction with
other processes (e.g., prior to hot air
decontamination).
Aerosols can also be used for cloud knockdown.
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 42
-------
Acknowledgements
Funding Organization: U.S. Department of Defense, Defense Threat
Reduction Agency (DTRA)
Additional Funding: U.S. Department of Energy, Laboratory Directed
Research and Development (LORD)
Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA): The
Boeing Corporation and Illinois Tool Works- Ransberg Division
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 43
-------
Thursday, November 7, 2013
Concurrent Sessions 5
Water and Waste
Water Management
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 44
-------
Selected Projects of EPA's Homeland Security
Research Program for Water and Wastewater
Treatment and Decontamination
Matthew Magnuson
2013 EPA International Decontamination Research
and Development Conference
11/7/2013
The U.S. EPA through its Office of Research and Development
funded the research described in this presentation. It has
been reviewed by the Agency but does not necessarily reflect
the Agency's views. No official endorsement should be
inferred. EPA does not endorse the purchase or sale of any
commercial products or services.
ADVANCING
OUR NATION'S
SECURITY
THROUGH
SCIENCE
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 45
-------
EPA Homeland Security Roles
and Water Research
Overview of management and
treatment of copious amounts of
CBR contaminated water and
wastewater residuals
Overview of decontamination and
restoration of critical water and
wastewater infrastructure
EPA Homeland Security Roles
Protecting drinking water and wastewater infrastructure
Indoor and outdoor clean-up following an attack, natural
disaster, industrial accidents, etc.
- can use millions of gallons of water
-can result in even more contaminated wastewater
Development of a nationwide laboratory network
Reducing vulnerability of chemical & hazardous materials
Cyber security
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 46
-------
Water Security Projects
Multi Use
Homeland Security
Catastrophes: Natural
Disasters, Accidents, etc.
"Normal" Operations
For example, decontamination approaches
for use after intentional contamination might
also be useful after natural disasters and
industrial accidents, as well as routine
system maintenance.
Research to Support Water Systems
Make water systems more resilient
Mitigate impacts of contamination
Detect contamination
Treat water
Decontaminate infrastructure
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 47
-------
New experimental facility
Water Security Test Bed
Distribution system from aged ductile iron pipe
with connectors, valves, pumps, hydrants, tanks, etc.
Investigate chem, bio, and rad detectors,
decontaminants, and decon procedures
100x500 ft under
construction at
Idaho National Lab
Office of Research and Development
Homeland Security Research Program
EPA Homeland Security Roles and
Water Research
Overview of management and
treatment of copious amounts of
CBR contaminated water and
wastewater residuals
Overview of decontamination and
restoration of critical water and
wastewater infrastructure
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 48
-------
Selected Projects
Irreversible wash aid additive for Cs-137 contamination
- See Mike Kaminski's talk later in this session
Inactivation of Bacillus spores in decontamination
wash down wastewater using chlorine bleach solution
- If you missed it, see proceedings for Vince Gallardo, 9:15AM Nov. 7
Inactivation of bacterial bioterrorism agents in water
Investigation of advanced oxidation processes (AOP)
for treatment and disposal of contaminated water prior
to release into public sewer (collection) systems
Fate of organophosphates (OPs) in municipal
wastewater treatment systems
9
Irreversible wash aid additive for Cs-137 contamination
- See Mike Kaminski's talk later in this session
Inactivation of Bacillus spores in decontamination
wash down wastewater using chlorine bleach solution
- If you missed it, see proceedings for Vince Gallardo, 9:15AM Nov. 7
Inactivation of bacterial bioterrorism agents in water
Investigation of advanced oxidation processes (AOP)
for treatment and disposal of contaminated water prior
to release into public sewer (collection) systems
Fate of organophosphates (OPs) in municipal
wastewater treatment systems.
10
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 49
-------
Inactivation of bacterial bioterrorism
agents in water i ««,« I
-&EFVX.
Objectives: Study the
effectiveness of
inactivation methods of
vegetative and spore
forms of bacterial
bioterrorism agents,
including:
• Bacillus anthracis Ames
and Sterne
• Brucella melitensis
• Burkholderia mallei
• Burkholderia
pseudomallei
• Francisella tularensis
• Yersinia pestis
Inactivation of Bacterial Bioterrorism Agents in Water:
Summary of Seven Studies
WTRQOLJCTION
til «0-j-.lui«« jMxrt*J tamtd
it* w« *w qj***t &
UWlflXUKN
http://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si public file download.cfm?p download id=511103
Irreversible wash aid additive for Cs-137 contamination
- See Mike Kaminski's talk later in this session
Inactivation of Bacillus spores in decontamination
wash down wastewater using chlorine bleach solution
- If you missed it, see proceedings for Vince Gallardo, 9:15AM Nov. 7
Inactivation of bacterial bioterrorism agents in water
Investigation of advanced oxidation processes (AOP)
for treatment and disposal of contaminated water prior
to release into public sewer (collection) systems
Fate of organophosphates (OPs) in municipal
wastewater treatment systems.
12
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 50
-------
Problem: How to deal with decon waste water, which can
represent significant waste management challenges
- Incinerate water?
- Haul thousands/millions/billions of gallons long distances to
specialty facility?
- Drain disposal to local wastewater plant?
Objectives: Investigate Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP)
for dealing with large volumes of decon wash water and
contaminated water and wastewater to enable drain
disposal.
Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP
13
• Generate hydroxyl radicals with over twice the oxidizing
power of chlorine.
• "Green" - no chlorinated by-products.
• Several AOP technologies suitable for field use
hydroxyl radical
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 51
-------
Development of Technical Appro
Workshop with wastewater industry
considered requirements for
wastewater treatment plant
acceptance of AOP-treated
contaminated water
- Biological treatment processes not
compromised
- Receiving waters not affected
- Infrastructure not affected
What tests are needed?
- Monitoring the effectiveness of
AOPs in real-time
- Verification of degradation of target
contaminants
- Protect the microbial community of
the biological treatment process
- Prevent environmental toxicity to
receiving water organisms
XWERF
Expert Workshop on Toxicity Testing of Water
Undergoing Advanced Oxidation Processes Prior to
Discharge
Project NO. WERF3W11
Workshop Summary Report
RKtarch Foundation
Lar. Su-:* }•: 13
, VA 22314-1177
15
Technical Approach
Investigate different AOP technologies for the treatment
and disposal of drinking water contaminated with toxic
chemicals into public sewer (collection) systems
Perform toxicity tests for wastewater plant organisms
and receiving waters
Designed experiments so results will be useful in
assessing impacts of an incident and selecting effective
methods for handling contaminated water or
wastewater.
16
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 52
-------
AOP Technologies
Ozone/peroxide
2 03 + H202 -> 2 OH- + 3 02
Boron-doped diode electrode
water + electricity -» OH» + others
UV/peroxide
H202 + light -» 2 OH
Mercury lamp
system
light emitting diode
system
17
Nitrification Inhibition testing
- Nitrifying bacteria in mixed liquor sample
exposed to test samples
- Rate of decrease of ammonia measured
- Indicator of toxicity to wastewater
biological treatment
Microtox Toxicity Test
- Luminescent marine bacteria
- Indicator of eco-toxicity for the possibility
of discharge
18
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 53
-------
Selected Projects
Irreversible wash aid additive for Cs-137
contamination
- See Mike Kaminski's talk later in this session
Inactivation of Bacillus spores in decontamination
wash down wastewater using chlorine bleach solution
- If you missed it, see proceedings for Vince Gallardo, 9:15AM Nov. 7
Inactivation of bacterial bioterrorism agents in water
Investigation of advanced oxidation processes (AOP)
for treatment and disposal of contaminated water prior
to release into public sewer (collection) systems
Fate of organophosphates (OPs) in municipal
wastewater treatment systems.
19
Problem: OPs, including pesticides and nerve agents, could
enter waste water treatment plant (WWTP) during decon
operations. If not degraded or removed, they may enter the
environment or drinking water supplies through effluent
discharge and in land applied sludge.
Objectives: Examine experimentally the capability of
municipal WWTP activated sludge to degrade and remove
OP compounds in bench-scale studies
20
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 54
-------
OP Nerve Agent Exposures
Iran-Iraq War
Aum Shinrikyo
- Matsumoto Sarin Attack
- Tokyo Subway Attack
US Soldiers in Iraq
Civilians in Syria
21
SWgo loaimort
22
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 55
-------
Lab-scale sequencing batch
reactors to simulate u
pH Control
Aerator
i
ReactorVessel
Effluent
V
Waste Sludge
23
EPA Homeland Security Roles and
Water Research
Overview of management and
treatment of copious amounts of CBR
contaminated water and wastewater
residuals
Overview of decontamination and
restoration of critical water and
wastewater infrastructure
24
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 56
-------
Selected Projects
State of science review of water system decon.
- See Jeff Szabo's talk later in this session
Persistence and removal of CBR contaminants from
drinking water pipes studied with USEPA's pipe
decontamination experimental design (PDED).
Impact of CBR contaminated sediments on flushing
and decontamination of drinking water storage
facilities.
Decision support tools for responding to water
distribution incidents.
25
Selected Projects
State of science review of water system decon.
- See Jeff Szabo's talk later in this session
Persistence and removal of CBR contaminants from
drinking water pipes studied with USEPA's pipe
decontamination experimental design (PDED).
Impact of CBR contaminated sediments on flushing
and decontamination of drinking water storage
facilities.
Decision support tools for responding to water
distribution incidents.
26
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 57
-------
Problem: Drinking water pipes can sorb contaminants that
are introduced either accidentally or by some purposeful
means.
Objectives: Provide data to help decision makers develop a
decontamination strategy for contaminated pipe materials
Design for realistic studies of persistence and decontamination
- Can be implemented in reproducible fashion across laboratories and for
various contaminants and pipe materials
- Conditions within operational drinking water pipes are simulated in annual
reactors (ARs)
- ARs contain coupons of pipe materials: copper, PVC, cast-iron, and mortar
lined ductile iron
- Decontamination methods: flushing and hyperchlorination.
annular reactor
coupon
28
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 58
-------
Selected Projects
State of science review of water system decon.
- See Jeff Szabo's talk later in this session
Persistence and removal of CBR contaminants from
drinking water pipes studied with USEPA's pipe
decontamination experimental design (PDED).
Impact of CBR contaminated sediments on flushing
and decontamination of drinking water storage
facilities.
Decision support tools for responding to water
distribution incidents.
29
Problem: Sediments in drinking water tanks can adsorb
and act as reservoirs for toxic substances introduced either
accidentally or by some purposeful means.
Objectives: Results useful for assessing impacts of an
incident and selecting effective methods for handling
contaminated sediments and decontaminating the tanks.
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 59
-------
Tank cleaning company collecting sediments
Lab contaminant
adherence studies
Sediments from different tanks can vary a lot!
31
Selected Projects
State of science review of water system decon.
- See Jeff Szabo's talk later in this session
Persistence and removal of CBR contaminants from
drinking water pipes studied with USEPA's pipe
decontamination experimental design (PDED).
Impact of CBR contaminated sediments on flushing
and decontamination of drinking water storage
facilities.
Decision support tools for responding to water
distribution incidents.
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 60
-------
Water Security Toolkit (WST)
Objective: Integrate a suite of cutting-edge, automated
modeling, simulation, and optimization tools into a user
friendly software tool in order to support rapid and
effective water utility decision making
WST helps identify:
- Best sensor locations to detect contamination
- Origin of contamination in network
- Best sampling locations to confirm contamination or clean-up
- Tanks and/or areas that need to be isolated
- Best injection location of chlorine or other decontaminating agents
to neutralize and/or inactivate contaminant
- Region of system that needs public notification
- Best hydrants to flush out contaminated water
33
Plan for response to natural disasters and terrorist
attacks and compare response actions
- Develop consequence management plans
- Inform large-scale exercises/training
Plan for response to traditional utility challenges (pipe
breaks, water quality problems, ...)
- Evaluate implications of different response strategies
Optimize and implement response actions in real-time
- Use data from event detection software, sensor stations, field
investigations
Incorporate software tools to create real-time situational
awareness tool (future vision)
34
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 61
-------
Argonne National Lab
- Mike Kaminski, Ph.D.
- Carol Mertz, Ph.D.
Battelle
- Ryan James, Ph.D.
- Elizabeth Hanft
- Mark Benotti, Ph.D.
• US Air Force Institute of Technology
- Maj. LeeAnn Racz, Ph.D.
- Lt. Allen Janeckso, M.S.
- Maj. Edward Walters, M.S.
- Dr. Michael Miller
- Dr. Michael Grimaila
- Maj Tho Iran, Capt
- Kelsey Duckworth, Capt
- Michael Spencer, Capt
- John Richwine, Capt
- Christopher Bates, Capt
Research Institute of Hygiene, Toxicology, and
Occupational Pathology, Volgograd, Russia
- Elena P. Vekhter
- Igor E. Pildus
- Elena A. Demenkova
Water Environment Research Foundation
- Amit Pramanik, Ph.D., BCEEM
- Daniel M. Weltering, Ph.D.
Environmental Protection Agency (NHSRC)
- Scott Minamyer
- Steve Clark
- Gene Rice, Ph.D.
- John Hall
- Vince Gallardo
- Jeff Szabo, Ph.D.
- Terra Haxton, Ph.D.
- Regan Murray, Ph.D.
35
Thank you!
Matthew Magnuson, Ph.D.
Chemist/Acting Associate Director
Water Infrastructure Protection Division
magnuson.matthew@epa.gov, 513-569-7321
Cincinnati, OH
htpp://www.epa.gov/nhrsc
Disclaimer: The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency funded, partially funded, managed, and/or
collaborated in the research described in this presentation. It has been subject to an administrative review but
does not necessarily reflect the views of the Agency. No official endorsement should be inferred. EPA does
not endorse the purchase or sale of any commercial or non-commercial products or services.
36
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 62
-------
United Steles
NHSRC Drinking Water Infrastructure
Decontamination Overview
Jeff Szabo
EPA's Homeland Security Research Program
November/, 2013
I Office of Research and Development
I National Homeland Security Research Centei
www.epa.gov/nhsrc
Presentation Overview
Summary of the decon scoping
report
The current state of NHSRC's
drinking water decontamination
research
Future NHSRC decontamination
research with the Water Security
Test Bed
I Office of Research and Development
| National Homeland Security Research Center
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 63
-------
Decon Literature Review
and Summary Report
Decontamination of Drinking
Water Infrastructure: A literature
review and summary
Publications from EPA represent
the majority of research in some
areas
Provides data for decontamination
resources
Reference key to literature
Gap analysis to guide research
• ' 6- *> o,
^Jb
. Pw"
adhesion
"W. dtjUadm
rtbl
Lf
I Office of Research and Development
I National Homeland Security Research Center
svEFW
United S
Environmental Protection
Agency
Report Considerations
Chemical: inorganics (As, Hg), petroleum products, toxins, CWA,
Pharmaceuticals, organics (chlordane, chloropyrifos, parathion, sodium
fluoroacetate and p-dichlorobenzene)
Biological: spore forming bacteria, vegetative bacteria, viruses
Radionuclide: cesium, strontium, cobalt
Infrastructure materials: unlined iron (corroded), cement-mortar lined iron,
PVC (plastic), copper
- Other materials were included if compelling data was identified
Type of experimental system: how representative of reality is it?
I Office of Research and Development
I National Homeland Security Research Center
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 64
-------
United Stales
Bench Scale Devices
Flow cells
CDC reactors
Biofilm annual reactors
Stagnant water pipe
Homemade designs
I Office of Research and Development
I National Homeland Security Research Center
Pilot Scale Water Infrastructure Testing
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 65
-------
Chemical
Agents
Report Results Summary
•Chemical agents are the broadest category with the least drinking water data
•Data available for inorganics (Hg, As), organics (including chlordane) and gasoline
•No useful data found on Pharmaceuticals, toxins and CWA (no data found)
•Validated chemical sampling methods from surfaces is needed
Biological
Agents
•Bacillus spores are persistent, HOCI effectiveness was limited, CIO2 is promising.
•Effective decon methods for spores could also be used for vegetative bacteria
•Little data available for viruses
•Specific disinfectants (CIO2, PAA, ozone, etc.) should be explored further
Radiological
Agents
•Most data comes from bench scale experiments or the nuclear industry
•Cs, Srand Co persistence data on cement-mortar and PVC is needed
•More research with real radionuclides is needed
•Decontamination of Co with acidification was effective
•Cs, Sr less persistent than Co, decon with low pH and competing ions proposed
I National Homeland Security Research Center
The future of the decon scoping report
**
The report identifies gaps in the current literature with respect to
contaminant-infrastructure persistence data that is not available
Suggestions for future decontamination work are presented in areas
where persistence is observed
The report will be updated and reissued periodically as new data is
published
EPA/NHSRC will perform research to fill those gaps
-We hope others will too
What kind of work will NHSRC focus on in the future?
I Office of Research and Development
| National Homeland Security Research Center
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 66
-------
United Stales
Water Security Test Bed (WSTB)
Located at Idaho National Lab (INL)
The WSTB is composed of used 8-inch drinking pipe and is roughly
oriented in the shape of a loop with a cross in the middle
- NHSRC's research focus is drinking water contamination
- The WSTB can support a broad range of drinking water related
research
The goal of this presentation is:
- Describe the WSTB features and what it will look like in the future
- Inform you about NHSRC's planned work
- Promote collaborative research efforts
I Office of Research and Development
I National Homeland Security Research Center
United Stales
Where did the pipe come from?
Drinking water pipe that was in
service from the early 1970's
until a few years ago
The pipe was in good condition
when it was excavated
The pipe was partially filled
with water, but no major leaks
were found
I Office of Research and Development
| National Homeland Security Research Center
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 67
-------
United Stales
Pipe material of construction
Cement-mortar lined ductile
iron
Some pipes are corroded
where the lining was worn or
broken
Four and eight-inch diameter
pipes were excavated.
I Office of Research and Development
I National Homeland Security Research Center
What will the WSTB look like?
The pipe will be positioned in a
rough loop with lines crossing in
the middle
Pipe will be constrained (braced)
Service connections will installed
Water will be pressurized (40 psi)
Pipe will be elevated and leak
containment will be installed
Pumps will circulate the water
(1 ft/sec)
Water will empty into a flush \
tank for collection, sampling, pre-
treatment and disposal
Water supply is chlorinated
ground water
I Office of Research and Development
I National Homeland Security Research Center
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 68
-------
PBF-632
(BOTE)
Tented
-• F '. . 'iTI-'l - E.-
f 1 „.
jjfell Pump House !£ ^Tt^
Sampling interior pipe surfaces
Many of the samples from the
WSTB will be water samples
Interior pipe wall samples will
also be available
We may have coupon samples in
multiple locations around the
WSTB
Coupon extraction procedure will
be adapted from pilot scale
decontamination studies at EPA
7-S-?
Kt - '
,-i i. • - ,-i *.-C*.'!-.i
I Office of Research and Development
| National Homeland Security Research Center
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 69
-------
Water Sampling
United Stales
Water samples will be common during
contamination/decontamination
experiments
For biological samples, we will use the
water sample concentrator
- Uses ultrafiltration to concentrate
microorganisms
-Field portable
- Easy and cheap to use
-Built at INL
I Office of Research and Development
I National Homeland Security Research Center
<>EPA Flushing hydrants and sensors
United Stales
The WSTB will be equipped with
two fire hydrants, one with
automatic flushing
Sensors will include:
- Standard water quality sensors
(chlorine, pH, turbidity)
-S::CAN water security panel
(light-spectrum based)
- Hydrant pressure sensors
- Hydrant RFID tamper alarms
- Flow meters (standard and
specialized)
- Event detection algorithms
(CANARY and S::CAN)
I Office of Research and Development
| National Homeland Security Research Center
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 70
-------
&EPA Utility room and bathroom
United
Cnviror
Atencv
Utility room (top picture, bottom
floor) will contain:
-Hose bib
-Utility sink
- Hot water heater (tank and on-
demand)
-Washer/dryer connection
-Water meters
Bathroom (bottom picture, top
floor) will contain:
- Shower, sink and toilet
-Vinyl, tile, carpet and wood
flooring
- Exhaust fan
-Tented enclosure for a decon
line
I Office of Research and Development
I National Homeland Security Research Center
ff-H
--------a
I Vinyl
Hardwood
UL.
Future Plans
• Tracer experiments are planned for late summer 2014
• Contamination and decontamination experiments in late summer/early
autumn 2014
-Bacillus spores and chlorine dioxide will be tested first
- Surrogate radionuclide experiments are planned for 2015
-Chemical experiments are planned for 2016 (organophosphate or
hydrocarbon)
• Contamination/decontamination experimental protocol will be modeled on
our pilot scale work at the Test and Evaluation facility.
• Detection of contaminants with water quality sensors and testing the
triggering of novel flushing fire hydrants (summer/autumn 2014)
• Exposure during showering and household plumbing studies (autumn 2014)
Office of Research and Development ,„
National Homeland Security Research Center
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 71
-------
Environmental Protection
Future Plans
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems
-A functioning SCADA system similar to what is in place at a water
utility will be installed
- City of Idaho Falls water department is providing technical assistance
Cybersecurity
-Are water utilities in the United States aware of the vulnerabilities in
their SCADA systems?
-What commercial tools are available to help protect utility SCADA
systems from unwanted intrusion?
I Office of Research and Development
I National Homeland Security Research Center
svEFW
Disclaimer
United S
Environmental Protection
Agency
This publication has been reviewed in accordance with U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency policy and approved for publication.
Although this text was reviewed by EPA staff and approved for
publication it does not necessarily reflect EPA policy.
Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute
endorsement or recommendation for use.
With respect to this document, neither the United States Government nor
any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied,
including the warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular
purpose, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy,
completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product or
process disclosed or represents that its use would not infringe privately
owned rights.
I Office of Research and Development
I National Homeland Security Research Center
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 72
-------
Questions?
Project Coordinator
Steve Clark
202-564-3784
clark.stephen@epa.gov
Decontamination
Jeff Szabo
513-487-2823
szabo.jeff@epa.gov
Sensors/Hydrants
John Hall
513-487-2814
hall.john@epa.gov
Showering Studies
Sarah Taft
513-569-7037
taft.sarah@epa.gov
I Office of Research and Development
I National Homeland Security Research Center
PBF 632 AREA PLAN
£,£"« '."-ME-
•H"°
—
TlBj. nun in
Si " / ••'•'•*^\^
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 73
-------
ArggnneJ*
Demonstration of Unit Operations for the
Irreversible Wash Aid Additive for Cs-137
Contamination
Michael Kaminski,1 Matthew Magnuson,2 JackSchwalbach,3 Dennis Barkenmeyer4
'Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory
2U.S. EPA National Homeland Security Research Center, Cincinnati, OH
3Separmatic Filter Systems, Menomonee Falls, Wl
"HESCO Bastion Environmental, Inc., Hammond, Louisiana
V: ENERGY
Irreversible Wash Aid Additive for Cesium
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 74
-------
Decontamination Using Wash Aid
Spray decontamination of (Chemical agent resistant
coatings (CARC )materials using deionized water
(Control) and wash aid formulation
%RE DF %RE DF %RE
89.4 17.9 93.4 25.1 95.75
89.7 27.0 96.24 38.7 97.34
70.7 98.58 160 99.37
212 99.4 540 99.78
133 99.25
432 99.73
115 99
244 99.59
31.1 96.52 54.0 98.15
71.1 98.59 168 99.39
DF=decontamination factor
RE=Removal percentage
wetCsrtap wetC&ISalt dry Cs/tap
Cs contamination/decon wash |100mL/min)
wet CsJSalt dry Cs/tap dry Cs/Salt
Cs contamination/decon wash (100mL/min)
Salt and Sequestering Agents - Kinetics and Equilibrium
8 * S
f ^
X
No salt present!
90 •
A -^ Q
1 10 100 1000 10000
Time (mini)
OCSI
Illl IP
Verm icu file
SiO2
i Ctiabajite
1000 10000
Salt Concentration (M)
-f—
g <
1 60 '-
|
3 at
*
>
1 0
0 X
, ? -Q
X
A
X
O.OOGl 0.001
Salt (M)
- 125 mg/mL
-lOOmg/mL
- 75 mg/raL
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 75
-------
Wash Aid Formulated On-Site and Distributed
Sell-E dueling Master Sire I
2013 EPA Decontamination Research and Development Conferen.
Rapidly Deployable Barriers and Earth
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 76
-------
HESCO Barriers Deployed
•I
2013 EPA Decontamination Research and Development Conference
Construction of the Barrier and Spread of
Sequestering Agents
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 77
-------
Decontamination and Wash Collection
Slurry Filtration
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 78
-------
Filter Skid
2013 EPA Decontamination Research and Development Conference
Solid-Liquid Separators
LAKOS centrifugal separator
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 79
-------
Removal and Disposal
•^
The Nautilus Bag™ and the Truck Bag ™ for
transporting radioactive packages by Strategic
Packaging Systems LLC.
Conclusions and Lessons Learned from
Demonstration
We completed the demonstration without complication.
The materials arrived as planned and the various partners were well-
coordinated under the guidance of Briese and Associates.
We were able to show the set-up of the system, demonstrate its operations,
and assess the additional operations for removal of materials and clean-up of
the site.
From this experience, there were several lessons learned from this
demonstration.
- Logistics
• Just how do you coordinate and train individuals needed to transport the berm and fill
materials and assemble them in a hazardous and radiation area?
• Where exactly do you set up the berms and how much water is needed to accomplish the
mitigation goal?
• Given the limited footprint in the affected zone, where do you assemblethe support
equipment (salt and surfactant storage, pumps, filtration trucks, front-loaders, bladder
tanks, collapsible tanks, fire trucks, etc.)?
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 80
-------
Conclusions and Lessons Learned from
Demonstration
- Logistics (continued)
• Do you permit units to set-up in a radioactively-contaminated zone or do you
wash the staging area first and then proceed with mitigation operations at the
target zone?
• Next, it was clear that a more detailed system for reuse of wash water needed to
be drafted. This system would need to include monitors to check the water
quality before reuse to ensure the absence of radioactivity.
- Separations
• Slurry intake was not controlled leading to a highly variable solids concentration
at the inlet to the LAKOS separator. As a result, the solids concentration was too
high in the discharge from the LAKOS (the feed into the Separmatic pressurized,
bag filter unit).
• Extremely high slurry concentrations begs for a series of LAKOS units.
• Another option is to consider leaving the clay in the reservoir since it settles
readily by gravity and simply pull the supernatant wash into the filtration units
or collect the wash water in a series of drain tiles. Then, after drawing most of
the water you could suction the concentrated slurry into a receiving truck for
removal.
Acknowledgments
Work supported by Technical Support Working Group.
The U.S. EPA through its Office of Research and Development funded in part the
research described in this presentation. It has been reviewed by the Agency but
does not necessarily reflect the Agency's views. No official endorsement should
be inferred. EPA does not endorse the purchase or sale of any commercial
products or services.
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 81
-------
m
Radiocesium, radiostrontium and
radiocobalt sorption/desorption on
components of drinking water
distribution systems
KonoplevA.1, Popov V.1, Stepina I.1, Szabo J.2
1RPA «Typhoon», Russian Federation
2U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, USA
EPA International Decontamination Research
and Development Conference, North Carolina, Durham
November 5-7, 2013
Possible contamination ways:
•Accidents at nuclear power stations
•Leaks from radioactive wastes storage
•Acts of terrorism
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 82
-------
Objective
investigation the fate of dissolved
radiocesium, radiostrontium and
radiocobalt deposited on components of
drinking water distribution systems for
developing effective decontamination
techniques and strategies
Materials (pipes)
o
.
Concrete lined
pipe
Iron
Plastic
Copper
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 83
-------
The experimental setup: closed chemical reactor
The experimental setup: open chemical reactor
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 84
-------
Experimental results with a closed
chemical reactor
The kinetics of 137Cs sorption
o°
O - plastic, A- copper, O- iron, |> - concrete lined iron
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 85
-------
Scheme 1 for desorption experiments
1. Experiments with 137Cs :
Sequential desorption by: tap water, tartaric acid
2. Experiments with 60Co :
Sequential desorption by : tap water, tartaric acid,
EDTA, acetic-ammonium buffer
3. Experiments with 85Sr
Sequential desorption by: tap water, tartaric acid
Desorption of 137Cs
Pipe
Plastic
Iron
Concrete
lined iron
Copper
Replica-
tion
1
1
1
1
2
Sorption, %
2.9
29
(90.5\
8.3
5.5
Desorption
by water, %
2.5
7.5
7.1
4.3
1.7
Desorption by
tartaric acid, %
-
8.4
12.7
-
Values of 137Cs sorption and sequential desorption, % of applied
radioactivity
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 86
-------
The kinetics of 60Co sorption
0.0-
O - plastic, A- copper, O- iron, t> - concrete lined iron
Desorption of60Co
Pipe
Plastic
Concrete
lined iron
Copper
Repli-
cation
1
2
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
1
Sorption,
(§)
/P*\
( 96 1
\94.4/
9.8
Desorption
by water, %
1.6
_
1.8
0.64
-
5.9
-
3.2
Desorption
by tartaric
acid, %
91.8
_
_
-
58.6
53.4
-
-
Desorption
by EDTA, %
-
_
83
79
30.6
-
70.1
-
Desorption
by acetic-
ammonium
buffer, %
-
_
0.7
-
-
-
1.8
-
Values of ^Co sorption and sequential desorption, % of applied
radioactivity
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 87
-------
The kinetics of 85Sr sorption
0.0-l-r
t, day
O - plastic, A- copper, O- iron, t> - concrete lined iron
Desorption of85Sr
Pipe
Plastic
Iron
Concrete
lined iron
Copper
Replica
tion
1
1
1
2
1
2
Sorption, %
11.1
\80.4J
5.9
4.3
Desorption by
water, %
-
4.6
2.4
-
Desorption by
tartaric acid,
%
-
68.5
7.6
-
Values of S5Sr sorption and sequential desorption, % of applied
radioactivity
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 88
-------
Scheme 2 for desorption experiments
1. Experiments with 85Sr:
Sequential desorption by: EDTA, KCI, NH4CI, CaCI2
acetic-ammonium buffer
2. Experiments with 137Cs
Sequential desorption by : EDTA, CaCI2, KCI,
NH4CI, acetic-ammonium buffer
Desorption of85Sr (scheme 2)
Pipe
Concrete
lined iron
Sorption
82.2
Desorption
by EDTA,
%
(23.2J
Desorption
by KCI, %
8.3
Desorption
by NH4Cl,
7
Desorption
by CaCl2, %
0.5
Desorption
by acetic-
ammonium
buffer, %
0
Values of S5Sr sorption and sequential desorption, % of applied
radioactivity
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 89
-------
Desorption of 137Cs (scheme 2)
Pipe
Concrete
lined iron
Sorption
%
88.7
Desorption
by EDTA,
o/
23
Desorption
by CaCl2,
o/
6.9
Desorption
byKCl, %
\5°J
Desorption
by NHjCl,
o/
9.9
Desorption
by acetic-
ammonium
buffer, %
1.4
Values of 137Cs sorption and sequential desorption, % of applied
radioactivity
Experimental results with a open
chemical reactor
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 90
-------
The values of 60Co surface distribution coefficients Ks and
60Co desorption in the open chemical reactor experiments
/V^l
o
Pipe
Plastic
Iron
Iron Concrete
KS,CM
0.39
8.23
(27.19)
Desorption by 0.1 MEDIA,
% ofsorbed activity
80.5
100
77.6
cms
As is the activity of the sorbed radionuclide, Bq; Cln is the specific activity of
radionuclide in the source solution, Bq/cm3; S is the inner surface of the pipe,
cm2.
Additional experiments
1. Determination of 85Sr sorption on the components of
closed chemical reactor without a pipe
Results: the activity of initial 85Sr solution decreased by 17%
for the 5 days . It was shown that reduction in activity is
due to 85Sr sorption on the colloids formed in the solution
and precipitated on the walls of the container.
2. Determination of radionuclides sorption by the plastic
container (open chemical reactor)
Results:
the 137Cs sorption by the container didn't occur for the 18
days of experiment
the activity of initial 60Co solution decreased by 96% for the
4 days of experiment
The 85Sr sorption by plastic container didn't exceed 25% of
applied radioactivity for the 11 days of experiment
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 91
-------
Conclusions
1. Sorption of radionuclides by pipes (closed
chemical reactor):
•the 137Cs sorption is decreased in number of:
concrete lined pipe (91%) > iron pipe (30%) > plastic
and copper pipe (3-8%)
•60Co is sorbed by iron and plastic pipes almost
completely (95-98%). The 60Co sorption by copper
pipe was low
•85Sr is sorbed by iron pipes significantly (80-93%).
The 85Sr sorption by copper and plastic pipes was
low
Conclusions
2. Desorption of radionuclides (closed chemical reactor):
•For 137Cs decontamination from concrete lined pipe the
most effective reagent is 1 M KCI solution, from iron
pipe- 0.1 M tartaric acid.
•For 60Co decontamination from iron and concrete lined
pipe the most effective reagent is 0.1 M EDTA, from
plastic pipe- 0.1 M tartaric acid.
•For 85Sr decontamination from iron pipe the most
effective reagent is 0.1 M tartaric acid, from concrete
lined pipe- 0.1 M EDTA and 0.2 M acetic- ammonium
buffer
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 92
-------
Conclusions
3. Radionuclide sorption and desorption (open
chemical reactor):
60Co is well sorbed by the iron pipe with concrete
coating. For plastic pipe and the iron pipe without
coating the 60Co surface distribution coefficients
were lower. Using 0.1 M EDTA solution as a
desorbing agent was effective for all types of pipes.
THANK YOU FOR
YOUR ATTENTION!
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 | 93
-------
Thursday, November 7, 2013
General Session 5
Foreign Animal
Disease Research
GENERAL SESSION 5 | 1
-------
Decontamination of Agricultural
Facilities Following a
Bioterrorism Attack or Disease
Outbreak: Learning from Outbreaks of
Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Virginia
Gary A. Flory
http://garyflory.com
Gary.Flory@deq.virginia.gov
2013 U.S. ERA International Decontamination Research and Development
Conference
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, U.S.
5 - 7 November, 201 3
d
Virginia Poultry Disease Taskforce
d
Virginia Catastrophic Livestock
Mortality Taskforce
d
Virginia Agroterrorism Task Force
d
Virginia Pandemic Flu Working
Group
d
Texas VM A, One Health Taskforce
GENERAL SESSION 5 | 2
-------
Virginia's Experience with Al
1983-69 flocks, H5N2
1999-1 flock, H5N2
2002- !97flocks,H7N2
2007- I flock, H5N2
2007- I flock,H5NI
Avian influenza
STRIKES
Virginia poultry
farms
Project Stages:
Managing Mortality,
Bedding and Feed
Removing Organic
Residues
Cleaning &
Disinfection
GENERAL SESSION 5 | 3
-------
GENERAL SESSION 5 | 4
-------
Moving from Infected to Disinfected
-j*^."'"'. Dispose of the infected carcasses
Apply insecticide, close the barns and maintain 100° F for
72 hours
Leave undisturbed for 21 days
«d Remove all residuals such as manure and feed
Wash all surfaces with soap and water
• Disassemble equipment as necessary
Disinfection of premises
| Test for disease agent
GENERAL SESSION 5 | 5
-------
Lessons Learned and their
Relevance to an Agroterrorism
Attack or other Foreign Animal
Disease Outbreak
GENERAL SESSION 5 | 6
-------
GENERAL SESSION 5 | 7
-------
GENERAL SESSION 5 | 8
-------
GENERAL SESSION 5 | 9
-------
GENERAL SESSION 5 | 10
-------
•*> »™«
t^trzSsySE
GENERAL SESSION 5 | 11
-------
Let's collaborate!
Gary A. Flory
Gary.Flory@deq.virginia.gov
http://garyflory.com
Linked H
GENERAL SESSION 5 | 12
-------
Animal Disease Outbreak
Emergency Response
Michael L. Mayes
Project Manager
NC Department of Agriculture & Consumer Services
Raleigh, NC
The Project
Large scale Foreign Animal Disease
(FAD) Outbreak response
Disposal = Logistical issues
- Transporting
- Permitting
- Disposal Capacities
GENERAL SESSION 5 | 13
-------
The Project
Large scale Foreign Animal Disease
(FAD) Outbreak response
- USDA-APHIS / DHS funded grant
-Address response capability gaps
The Project
Large scale Foreign Animal Disease
(FAD) Outbreak response
NCDA&CS
West Texas
A&M
University
GENERAL SESSION 5 | 14
-------
The Project
Large scale Foreign Animal Disease
(FAD) Outbreak response
Lead
NCDA&CS
Focus Area
Swine & Dairy
West Texas A&M Beef Cattle
University
The Project
Large scale Foreign Animal Disease
(FAD) Outbreak response
Lead
NCDA&CS
Other Partner States
{Iowa
Minnesota
California
Wisconsin
West Texas
A&M
University
r Kansas
Oklahoma
Colorado
New Mexico
GENERAL SESSION 5 | 15
-------
The Project
Large scale Foreign Animal Disease
(FAD) Outbreak response
Lead
NCDA&CS
West Texas
A&M
University
Iowa
Minnesota
California
Wisconsin
Kansas
Oklahoma
Colorado
New Mexico
Comprehensive
Final
Report
National Best Practices
• Transporting
• Permitting
• Disposal Capacities
GENERAL SESSION 5 | 16
-------
Transport Parameters
Regulations
- CFR 49 Transportation
- CFR 9 Animals and Animal Products
- Individual State Regulations
Transport Parameters
Types of Vehicles
- Regular render haul?
-Requirements
•S Leak-proof
S Air-flow reduced/restricted
S P re-treated
- Other types of transport
GENERAL SESSION 5 | 17
-------
Movement Permit Parameters
• Permit Requirements
- Mandatory information
- State approval authority
- How will it be tracked
Disposal Capacity Parameters
• Disposal Capacity
- Where
- How
-Authority
GENERAL SESSION 5 | 18
-------
Final Report
Peer Reviewed
-Transport, Permit, Disposal
- Consolidate with W. Texas A&M
- Report submitted as
Recommended Actions
Disposal Calculator
• User inputs
- Amount of material (or
number of carcasses)
- Select Disposal Locations
(or input new one)
- Select type of vehicle (or
input new one)
• Outputs
- Amount displayed in Ibs
and tons
- Is linked to a map
service and....
- Displays number of
trips
GENERAL SESSION 5 | 19
-------
Conclusion
Large Scale Foreign Animal Disease
(FAD)
Logistical infrastructure impacts
Mike Mayes
NCDA&CS Emergency Programs Division
michael.mayes@ncagr.gov
919-807-4309
GENERAL SESSION 5 | 20
-------
Combustion of Contaminated
Livestock in a Pilot-Scale Air Curtain
Burner
P. Lemieux, J. Wood, W. Calfee
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, RTP, NC
B. Hall
ARCADIS, Durham, NC
Background
Question to be Answered
Approach
Facility
Test Conditions
Results
Conclusions
GENERAL SESSION 5 | 21
-------
Air Curtain Burners
- General Design
• Open-topped
• Generator/blower
• Fixed plenum pointed
downward
• Biomass as aux. fuel
- Primary Uses
• Storm debris
• Animal carcasses
- Monitoring Approach
• Opacity of Offgas
Question to be Answered
Can ACB air pollutant emissions be used as a
conservative indicator of pathogen
destruction (i.e., if ACB emissions deteriorate
to unacceptable level, is pathogen destruction
still being achieved)?
GENERAL SESSION 5 | 22
-------
Feed rate at which point
emissions are unacceptably
high
Still Achieving
Destruction of Pathogens?
Feed Rate of Animal Carcasses at Constant Biomass Feed Rate
Pilot-Scale ACB Description
GENERAL SESSION 5 | 23
-------
Curtain
Air
Burn Hut
Baghouse HEPA ID
Filter Fan
Feed Material
Wood
- 2 x 2's cut into 1 -foot lengths
- 25 Ib/hr
Poultry
- Whole cornish game hens
- Fed at varying time intervals (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 min)
Inoculum
- 1E6 spores of G. stearothermophilus in 10 ml
PBS
- 1 ml of inoculum per bird
GENERAL SESSION 5 | 24
-------
Testing Approach
Scoping tests to identify appropriate baseline
conditions (wood, poultry feed rate)
Tests to identify near-failure conditions at
which the ACB still operated, but emissions
were significantly higher than baseline
Tests at baseline conditions (wood:poultry «
2:1) with wood/poultry (1 bird/10 min)
Tests at near-failure conditions (wood:poultry
« 0.66:1) with wood/poultry (1 bird/4 min)
ACB firebox
- Temperatures
ACB bottom ash residue
- Spores (grab sample)
- Ash and bones analyzed separately
Burn Hut inside floor sweepings
- Spores (grab sample)
Burn Hut inside wall
- Spores (wipe sample)
Burn Hut exhaust duct
- Temperature
- 02, C02, CO, HC, PM, VOC, PAH
- Spores (SKC Biosampler)
GENERAL SESSION 5 | 25
-------
Initiate gas monitors; wait for stabilization
Initiate wood feed; wait for stabilization
Initiate poultry feed
Initiate extractive sampling procedures
Feed wood/poultry for test duration as per QAPP
Cease extractive sampling
Cease poultry feed
Continue wood feed for 1 hr
Cease wood feed; wait overnight
Recover ash, floor sweepings, wipe samples
Decontaminate Burn Hut with Spor-Klenz®
Resulte: Feed with Varying
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
\*5
; 2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
9:00
* Birds •Wood
10:12
11:24 12:36
Time
13:48
15:00
GENERAL SESSION 5 | 26
-------
Results: CO and THC from
Varying Poultry Feed Rate
1200
1000
9:00
— HC —CO
10:12
11:24 12:36
Time
13:48
15:00
Results: Temperatures from
Varying Poultry Feed Rate
1200
— Bottom (Non-Plenum Side)—Middle (Non-Plenum Side)
Top (Non-Plenum Side) —Bottom (Plenum Side)
—Middle (Plenum Side) —Top (Plenum Side)
Outlet Duct Burn Hut
Baghouse Inlet
9:00
10:12
11:24 12:36
Time
13:48
15:00
GENERAL SESSION 5 | 27
-------
Results: Average
Temperatures
Wood + 1 Bird/4 min • Wood + 1 Bird/10 min • Wood Only
Baghouse Inlet Temp (°C)
Burn Hut Temp (°C)
Outlet Duct Temp (°C)
Top (Plenum Side) Temp (°C)
Middle (Plenum Side) Temp (°C)
Bottom (Plenum Side) Temp (°C)
Top (Non-Plenum Side) Temp (°C)
Middle (Non-Plenum Side) Temp (°C)
Bottom (Non-Plenum Side) Temp (°C)
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Temperature (°C)
Results: Average CO and
THC
Wood + 1 Bird/2 min
Wood + 1 Bird/4 min
Wood + 1 Bird/6 min
Wood + 1 Bird/8 min
Wood + 1 Bird/10 min
Wood Only
IHC(ppm)
ICO (ppm)
100 200 300 400 500 600
Concentration (ppm)
GENERAL SESSION 5 | 28
-------
Results: Estimated
Emission Factors
Condition CO HC PM Z PAH CO THC PM Z PAH
(ppm) (ppm) (mg/m3) (ug/m3) (mg/kg (mg/kg (mg/kg (ug/kg
total total total total
fuel) fuel) fuel) fuel)
Wood + 1
Bird/10
55 12 NA NA 11,500 3,900 NA NA
140 45 19 499 18,300 9,200 2,200 57,200
Wood + 1
Bird/4
401 231 45 1623 33,900 30,700 3,300 119,900
Results: Emissions of
Scores
Viable spores not detected in the air emissions in any
test
Small amounts of viable spores detected in residual
poultry bones (1 of 8 tests)
Small amounts of viable spores detected in floor
sweepings at low poultry feed rate condition (2 of 4
tests) and high poultry feed rate condition (1 of 4
tests)
Viable spores not detected in the residual ash in any
test
Viable spores not detected in any of the post-
combustion wipe samples of Burn Hut walls
GENERAL SESSION 5 | 29
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Results: Positive and Negative
Controls
Positive Control 1: Injection of inoculum directly into
Burn Hut exhaust duct (no combustion)
- Viable spores found on wall wipe samples
- 149% recovery of spores in SKC Biosampler
Positive Control 2: Injection of inoculum directly into
Burn Hut (no combustion)
- Viable spores found on wall wipe samples
- 96% recovery of spores in SKC Biosampler
Positive Control 3: Injection of inoculum directly into
Burn Hut exhaust duct (with combustion)
- No viable spores found on wall wipe samples
- 43% recovery of spores in SKC Biosampler
No observable difference between the residual viable
spore results at the two test conditions
- No measureable viable spores in the exhaust gases,
residual bottom ash, or on the post-combustion wall wipe
samples
- Floor sweeping samples showed positive spore counts on
occasional samples, but no statistically quantifiable
difference
Within limitations of the experiments, no measurable
quantities of viable spores released from combustion
of inoculated poultry even at poultry feed rates that
resulted in pollutant emissions at least a factor of five
higher than the baseline ACB emissions
GENERAL SESSION 5 | 30
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Potential Future Work
Increase inoculum concentration to achieve
better quantitation levels of residual spores
Investigation into use of alternate auxiliary
fuels for ACB (e.g., coal)
Evaluate viral surrogates
Evaluation of different carcass feedstock
Full-scale testing in the field
Reference herein to any specific commercial
products, process, or service by trade name,
trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does
not necessarily constitute or imply its
endorsement, recommendation, or favoring
by the United States Government. The views
and opinions of authors expressed herein do
not necessarily state or reflect those of the
United States Government, and shall not be
used for advertising or product endorsement
purposes
GENERAL SESSION 5 | 31
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United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
PRESORTED STANDARD
POSTAGE & FEES PAID
EPA
PERMIT NO. G-35
Office of Research and Development (8101R)
Washington, DC 20460
Official Business
Penalty for Private Use
$300
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