December 2001
EPA-744-R-01-004a
Desktop Computer
Displays:
A Life-Cycle
Assessment
VOLUME 1
Maria Leet Socolof
Jonathan G. Overly
Lori E. Kincaid
Jack R. Geibig
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This document was produced by the University of Tennessee Center for Clean
Products and Clean Technologies under grant #82537401
from EPA's Design for the Environment Branch, Economics,
Exposure, & Technology Division, Office of Pollution
Prevention and Toxics.
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This report presents the results of a voluntary, cooperative project among the Design for
the Environment (DfE) Program in the Economics, Exposure, and Technology Division of the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, the
University of Tennessee (UT) Center for Clean Products and Clean Technologies, the electronics
industry, and other interested parties to develop a model and assess the life-cycle environmental
impacts of flat panel display (FPD) and cathode ray tube (CRT) technologies that can be used for
desktop computer displays. The DfE Computer Display Project (CDP) report provides a baseline
analysis and the opportunity to use the model as a stepping stone for further analyses and
improvement assessments for these technologies.
The DfE CDP uses life-cycle assessment (LCA) as an environmental evaluation tool that
looks at the full life cycle of the product from materials acquisition to manufacturing, use, and
final disposition. As defined by the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, there
are four major components of an LCA study: goal definition and scoping, life-cycle inventory,
impact assessment, and improvement assessment. The more recent International Standards
Organizations definition of LCA includes the same first three components, but replaces the
improvement assessment component of LCA with a life-cycle interpretation component. LCAs
are generally global and non-site specific in scope.
The DfE CDP analysis also incorporates some elements of the Cleaner Technologies
Substitutes Assessment (CTSA) methodology (Kincaid et al, 1996), which was developed under
the DfE Program to help businesses make environmentally informed choices and design for the
environment. The CTSA process involves comparative evaluations of the relative human and
ecological risk, energy and natural resource use, performance, and cost of substitute technologies,
processes, products, or materials.
This project focuses on the LCA, while including some CTSA-related analyses. It
performs the broad analysis of the LCA, which also incorporates many of the CTSA components
(e.g., risk, energy impacts, natural resource use) into the impact assessment. The analysis also
assesses more specific impacts for selected materials and acknowledges product cost and
performance, typical of a CTSA. As only selected materials are qualitatively evaluated for the
CTSA, this project is an LCA with a streamlined CTSA component.
LCAs evaluate the environmental impacts from each of the following major life-cycle
stages: raw materials extraction/acquisition; materials processing; product manufacture; product
use, maintenance, and repair; and final disposition/end-of-life. The inputs (e.g., resources and
energy) and outputs (e.g., products, emissions, and waste) within each life-cycle stage, as well as
the interaction between each stage (e.g., transportation) are evaluated to determine the
environmental impacts.
In this study and project report, the goal and scope of the CDP are the subject of
Chapter 1. The life-cycle inventory (LCI), which involves the quantification of raw material and
fuel inputs, and solid, liquid, and gaseous emissions and effluents, is the subject of Chapter 2.
The life-cycle impact assessment (LCIA) involves the translation of the environmental burdens
identified in the LCI into environmental impacts and is the subject of Chapter 3. The
improvement assessment or life-cycle interpretation is left to the electronics industry given the
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
results of this study. The report also includes a qualitative risk screening of selected materials to
represent the CTSA component of the report in Chapter 4. The summary and conclusions are
presented in Chapter 5.
I. GOAL DEFINITION AND SCOPE
Purpose and Need
The purpose of this study is two-fold: (1) to establish a scientific baseline that evaluates
the life-cycle environmental impacts of active matrix liquid crystal display (LCD) and cathode
ray tube (CRT) technologies for desktop computers, by combining LCA and CTSA
methodologies; and (2) to develop a model that can be used with updated data for future life-
cycle analyses. This study is designed to provide the electronics industry with information
needed to improve the environmental attributes of desktop computer displays. The evaluation
considers impacts related to material consumption, energy, air resources, water resources,
landfills, human toxicity, and ecological toxicity. It is intended to provide valuable data not
previously published, and an opportunity to use the model developed for this project in future
improvement evaluations that consider life-cycle impacts. It will also provide the industry and
consumers with valuable information to make environmentally informed decisions regarding
display technologies, and enable them to consider the relative environmental merits of a
technology along with its performance and cost. While there has been some work done on the
life-cycle environmental impacts of either CRTs or LCDs, there has not been a quantitative LCA
of both CRTs and LCDs.
At present, computer displays using CRTs dominate worldwide markets. The LCD, first
used predominately in notebook computers, is now moving into the desktop computer market.
CRTs use larger amounts of energy to operate than LCDs, and are associated with disposal
concerns due to leaded glass in the displays. LCDs may consume more energy during
manufacturing and contain small amounts of mercury. Given the expected market growth of
LCDs for computer displays, the various environmental concerns throughout the life cycle of the
computer displays, and the fact that the relative life-cycle environmental impacts of LCDs and
CRTs have not been scientifically established to date, there is a need for an environmental life-
cycle assessment of both of these types of desktop computer display technologies.
Targeted Audience and Use of the Study
The electronics industry is expected to be one of the primary users of the study results.
The study is intended to provide industry with an analysis that evaluates the life-cycle
environmental impacts of selected computer display technologies. Another result of the study is
an accounting of the relative environmental impacts of various components of the computer
displays, thus identifying opportunities for product improvements to reduce potential adverse
environmental impacts and costs. Since this study incorporates a more detailed health effects
component than in traditional LCAs, the electronics industry can use the tools and data to
evaluate the health, environmental, and energy implications of the technologies. With this
evaluation, the U.S. electronics industry may be more prepared to meet the demands of extended
product responsibility that are growing in popularity in the global marketplace, and better able to
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
meet competitive challenges in the world market. In addition, the results and model in this study
will provide a baseline LCA upon which alternative technologies can be evaluated. This will
allow for more expedited display-related LCA studies, which are growing in popularity by
industry and may be demanded by original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) or international
organizations.
EPA and interested members of the public can also benefit from the results of the project.
The project has provided a forum for industry and public stakeholders to work cooperatively, and
the results can be used by stakeholders as a scientific reference for the evaluated display
technologies. The results of the project could also be of value to other industries involved in
designing environmental improvements into the life cycle of consumer products.
Product System
The product system being analyzed in this study is a standard desktop computer display
that functions as a graphical interface between computer processing units and users. Besides the
CRT display, several FPD technologies were considered for inclusion in this study. Among the
FPD technologies that exist, the amorphous silicon (a:Si) thin-film transistor- (TFT) active
matrix LCD technology meets the requirements of the functional unit within the parameters of
this analysis and is assessed in this study.
The product system is the computer display itself and does not include the central
processing unit (CPU) of the computer that sends signals to operate the display. It is assumed
that the LCDs operate with an analog interface, and therefore are compatible with current CRT
CPUs as plug-and-play alternatives.
In an LCA, product systems are evaluated on a functionally equivalent basis. The
functional unit is used as the basis for the inventory and impact assessment to provide a reference
to which the inputs and outputs are related. For this project, the functional unit is one desktop
computer display over its lifespan, which meets the functional unit specifications presented in
Table ES-1. The CRT technology is the current industry standard for this product system.
Table ES-1. Functional unit specifications
Specification
display size a
diagonal viewing area a
viewing area dimensions
resolution
brightness
contrast ratio
color
Measure
17" (CRT); 15" (LCD)
15.9" (CRT); 15" (LCD)
12.8" x 9.5" (122 in2) (CRT); 12" x 9"
(108 in2) (LCD)
1024x768 color pixels
200 cd/m2
100:1
262,000 colors
a An LCD is manufactured such that its nearest equivalent to the 17" CRT display is the 15" LCD. This is because
the viewing area of a 17" CRT is about 15.9 inches and the viewing area of a 15" LCD is 15 inches. LCDs are not
manufactured to be exactly equivalent to the viewing area of the CRT.
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Assessment Boundaries
In a comprehensive cradle-to-grave analysis, the display system includes five life-cycle
stages: (1) raw materials extraction/acquisition; (2) materials processing; (3) product
manufacture; (4) product use, maintenance and repair; and (5) final disposition/end-of-life. Also
included are the activities that are required to affect movement between the stages (e.g.,
transportation).
The geographic boundaries of this assessment depend on the life-cycle stage. This LCA
focuses on the U.S. display market; therefore, the geographic boundary for the use and
disposition stages of displays is limited to the United States. The geographic boundaries for raw
material extraction, material processing, and product manufacture are worldwide (although actual
product manufacturing data were only collected from the United States, Japan, and Korea,
described in Chapter 2 of the report). While the geographic boundaries show where impacts
might occur for various life-cycle stages, traditional LCAs do not provide an actual spatial
relationship of impacts. That is, particular impacts cannot be attributed to a specific location.
Rather, impacts are generally presented on a global or regional scale.
Considering the temporal boundaries, this study addresses impacts from the life cycle of a
desktop computer display manufactured using 1997-2000 technology. The use and disposition
stages cover a period that represents the life of a display. The lifespan, labeled as the "effective"
life, is defined as the period of time the display is in use by primary, secondary, or even tertiary
users before reaching its final disposition. The effective life, used as the baseline scenario, is
estimated based on past and current use patterns of displays and represents a realistic estimate of
the lifespan. As the effective life is subject to many variables, including fluctuating market
trends, an alternative lifespan is presented in a sensitivity analysis. The alternative lifespan, or
"manufactured" life, defined as the designed durability of a display (e.g., the time a display or
key display component will operate before failing), is approximated based on the manufacturer's
estimated durability of the display.
Impacts from the infrastructure needed to support the manufacturing facilities (e.g.,
maintenance of manufacturing plants) are beyond the scope of this study. However, maintenance
of clean rooms used in the manufacturing of LCDs (and other components), which require
substantial amounts of energy, are considered part of the manufacturing process.
Impacts from the transportation and distribution of materials, products, and wastes
throughout the life-cycle of a display were originally included in the scope of the CDP LCA.
However, only a small part of the overall transport in the life of a monitor was either reported in
primary data collected for this project or available in secondary data. Inconsistencies between
primary and secondary transportation data sources and the overall poor quality of transport data
prevented an accurate assessment of the transportation inventory and impacts. Therefore,
transportation impacts were excluded from the analysis. Section 2.6 describes transport data
limitations and uncertainties in detail.
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
II. LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY (LCI)
General Methodology
An LCI is the identification and quantification of the material and resource inputs and
emission and product outputs from the unit processes in the life cycle of a product system. For
the DfE CDP, LCI inputs include materials used in the computer display product itself, ancillary
materials used in processing and manufacturing the displays, and energy and other resources
consumed in the manufacturing, use, or final disposition of the displays. Outputs include
products, air emissions, water effluents, and releases to land. Figures ES-1 and ES-2 show the
unit processes that are included in the scope of this project for the CRT and LCD life cycles,
respectively.
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
CRADLE-TO-GATE STAGES
(Upstream and Manufacturing)
Japanese electric grid
[linked to manufacturing processes (*) below; upstream processes have imbedded
electricity generation inventory data]
USE STAGE
END-OF-LIFE STAGE
U.S. electric grid
(linked to use & EOL processes below; fuel processes
and secondary EOL processes have imbedded
electricity generation inventory data)
Notes'.
LPG = liquified petroleum gas
HIPS = high impact polystyrene
ABS = acrylonitrile butadiene styrene
PC = polycarbonate
* Manufacturing stage processes
Key:
primary
data
secondary
data
Figure ES-1. CRT linked processes
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
CRADLE-TO-GATE STAGES
(Upstream and Manufacturing)
Japanese electric grid
[linked to manufacturing processes (*) below; upstream processes have imbedded
electricity generation inventory data]
polarizer mfg*
*
PET mfg
steel mfg
aluminum
mfg
Notes:
PMMA = poly(methyl methyacrylate)
PC = polycarbonate
PET = polyethylene terphthalate
LPG = liquified petroleum gas
* Manufacturing stage processes
USE STAGE
END-OF-LIFE STAGE
U.S. electric grid
(linked to use & EOL processes below; fuel
processes and secondary EOL processes have
imbedded electricity generation inventory data)
patterning
color filters on
glass*
printed wiring
board mfg*
Key:
primary
data
secondary
data
Figure ES-2. LCD linked processes
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Data were also collected on the final disposition of emissions outputs, such as whether
outputs are released directly to the environment, recycled, treated, and/or disposed. This
information helps determine which impacts will be calculated for a particular inventory item.
Methods for calculating impacts are discussed in Chapter 3, Life-cycle Impact Assessment.
Given the enormous amount of data involved in inventorying all of the inputs and outputs
for a product system, decision rules, based on the mass, environmental, energy, and functional
significance, were used to determine which materials or unit processes to include in the LCI.
Decision rules are designed to make data collection manageable while still representative of the
product system and its impacts. Data were collected from both primary and secondary sources.
Table ES-2 lists the types of data (primary or secondary) used for each life-cycle stage in the
CDP LCI. In general, greater emphasis was placed on collecting data and/or developing models
for the product manufacturing, use, and end-of-life life-cycle stages.
Table ES-2. Data types by life-cycle stage
Life-cycle stage
Upstream
(materials extraction and processing)
Product and component manufacturing
Use
Final disposition
(recycling and/or disposal)
Packaging, transportation, distribution
Data types
Secondary data.
Primary data, except secondary data used for frit.
Modeled using secondary data; maintenance and
included in the analysis.
Modeled using secondary data plus primary data
recycling facilities.
repair are not
from CRT
Not included.
In the CDP LCI, data were allocated to the functional unit (i.e., a desktop computer
display over its lifetime) as appropriate. The data that were collected for this study were either
obtained from questionnaires developed for this project (i.e., primary data) or from existing
databases (i.e., secondary data). LCI data were imported into a Life-Cycle Design Software Tool
developed by the UT Center for Clean Products and Clean Technologies with funding from the
EPA Office of Research and Development and Saturn Corporation. The UT Life-Cycle Design
Software Tool organizes data in such a way that each process inventory is independent.
Customized "profiles" (e.g., the manufacture of a CRT or the whole life-cycle of an LCD) can be
developed by linking processes.
LCI data quality was evaluated based on the following data quality indicators (DQIs): (1)
the source type (i.e., primary or secondary data sources); (2) the method in which the data were
obtained (i.e., measured, calculated, estimated); and (3) the time period for which the data are
representative. Any proprietary information required for the assessment was aggregated to
protect confidentiality.
A critical review process was maintained in the CDP LCA to help ensure that appropriate
methods were employed and study goals were met. A project Core Group and Technical Work
Group, both consisting of representatives from industry, academia, and government, including
EPA's DfE Work Group, provided critical reviews of the assessment. The Core Group served as
the project steering committee and was responsible for approving all major scoping assumptions
and decisions. The Technical Work Group and EPA's DfE Work Group provided technical
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
guidance and were given the opportunity to review all major project deliverables, including the
final LCA report.
Upstream Life-cycle Stage Methodology
The materials extraction and processing inventories for key materials were obtained from
a secondary LCI database developed by Ecobilan (1999). The U.S. electric grid inventory was
developed from secondary sources by UT. The U.S. electric grid inventory was then modified,
based on the distribution of fuels used in Japan, to develop the Japanese electric grid, which was
used where manufacturing occurs in Asia. Electricity consumed in the life-cycles of the monitors
was linked to the inventory of inputs and outputs from the U.S. or Japanese electric grid
inventories, as appropriate.
Manufacturing Stage Methodology
The inventories for the product manufacturing life-cycle stage were developed from
primary data collected from manufacturers in Asia and the United States. The manufacturing
processes included in the study, as well as the number of data sets for each process and the
country of origin of the data, are presented in Table ES-3. A total of 27 product manufacturing
questionnaires were collected for 11 different processes. Allocation of data to the functional unit
was conducted as necessary. Processes for which we collected more than one company's data
were averaged together.
The quality of the manufacturing stage data can be evaluated against two factors: (1) the
date of the data; and (2) the type of data (i.e., measured, calculated or estimated). The data
collection phase of this project began in 1997 and extended through 2000. Some processes are
more sensitive to production dates than others. Most processes included in this analysis are
mature technologies and are not expected to differ significantly between the years 1997 and
2000. However, an exception is LCD panel/module manufacturing, which is an evolving and
rapidly advancing process and has seen changes between these years. For the LCD panel and
module manufacturing process, most data were from 1998 and 1999.
Data quality indicators were developed based on whether data were measured, calculated,
or estimated, as reported in company data questionnaires. The weighted average of data
collected and their associated DQIs are as follows: for the CRT, 43% of the data were measured,
34% calculated, 13% estimated, and 10% were not classified. For the LCD, a similar distribution
shows 33% measured, 30% calculated, 23% estimated, and 14% not classified.
Product Use Life-cycle Stage Methodology
The baseline analysis in this project employs an effective life use stage scenario (the
actual amount of time a monitor is used, by one or multiple users, before it is disposed of,
recycled, or re-manufactured). A manufactured life scenario (the amount of time either an entire
monitor or a single component will last before reaching a point where the equipment no longer
functions, independent of user choice) is evaluated in a sensitivity analysis.
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Table ES-3. Location of companies and number of process data sets
Process
CRT monitor assembly
CRT (tube) manufacturing
CRT leaded glass manufacturing
CRT frit manufacturing
LCD monitor assembly
LCD panel and module manufacturing a
LCD - glass manufacturing
LCD - color filter patterning on front glass
LCD - liquid crystal manufacturing
LCD - polarizer manufacturing
LCD - backlight unit assembly
LCD - backlight light guide manufacturing
LCD - cold cathode fluorescent lamp (CCFL) manufacturing
PWB manufacturing (for CRT and LCD monitors)
Country of origin of data
(# of data sets)
Japan (2), U.S. (1)
Japan (2), U.S. (1)
Japan (1), U.S. (2)
generic secondary data from the U.S.
Japan (2)
Japan (5), Korea (2)
Japan and U.S. (1) b
Japan (1)
Japan (2)
Japan (1)
Japan (3)
Japan (1)
Japan (1)
generic secondary data from the U.S.
a The LCD panel consists of two glass panels patterned with transistors and color filters, liquid crystals inserted
between the panels, and associated row and column drivers. The LCD module consists of the panel, backlight unit,
and associated electronic boards for the entire panel, and the backlight.
The average of three data sets for CRT leaded glass manufacturing was modified to remove lead from the
inventory.
To develop the use stage inventory, energy use rates [e.g., kilowatts (kW)] were
combined with the time a desktop monitor is on during its lifespan (hours/life) to calculate the
total quantity of electrical energy consumed during the use life-cycle stage [e.g., kilowatthours
(kWh)/life]. This was then combined with the electric grid inventory of inputs and outputs per
kWh to make up the use stage inventory per monitor. The effective life scenario models the
actual quantity of hours that an average monitor spends in each of the two primary power
consumption modes (full-on and a lower power state) during its lifetime. Assumptions used to
calculate the kilowatthours per effective life are detailed in Section 2.4. The total electricity
consumption for each monitor was calculated to be 634 kWh/effective life (2,282 MJ/effective
life) for the CRT and 237 kWh/effective life (853 MJ/effective life) for the LCD.
End-of-life (EOL) Methodology
For the EOL analysis, a monitor is assumed to have reached EOL status when:
• it has served its useful life;
• is no longer functional; and/or
• is rendered unusable due to technological obsolescence.
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The major EOL dispositions considered in this analysis are as follows:
• recycling - including disassembly and materials recovery;
• landfilling - including hazardous [Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA),
Subtitle C] and non-hazardous (RCRA, Subtitle D) landfills;
• remanufacturing - including refurbishing or reconditioning (to make usable again); and
• incineration - waste to energy incineration.
The functional unit in this analysis is one monitor; therefore, the different EOL
dispositions were allocated as a probability of one monitor going to a certain EOL disposition.
Data were somewhat scarce on the percent of monitors going to each disposition, especially for
LCD monitors, which have not as yet reached EOL. After literature research and consultation
with the project's Technical Work Group, as well as various other industry experts, project
partners chose best estimates of disposition distributions (Table ES-4).
Table ES-4. Distribution of EOL disposition assumptions for the CRT and LCD
Disposition
Incineration
Recycling
Remanufacturing
Hazardous waste landfill
Solid waste landfill
CRT
15%
11%
3%
46%
25%
LCD
15%
15%
15%
5%
50%
Sources: NSC, 1999; EPA, 1998; CIA, 1997; EIA, 1999; Vorhees, 2000; TORNRC, 2001
Primary data were collected for CRT recycling from three companies. The data from
these companies represent facility operations ranging from October 1999 to February 2000. In
the absence of actual data for LCD recycling, data on a CRT shredding-and-materials-recovery
process was used to model LCD recycling.
Hazardous/solid waste landfilling and incineration were developed from secondary data
obtained from Ecobilan. Although data specific to landfilling and incineration operations for
monitors alone were not available, existing inventories were available for landfilling and
incinerating the following major monitor materials (by weight): steel, glass, plastic, and
aluminum. These inventories were combined, based on the approximate proportion of each
material in a CRT and an LCD, to create individual processes for landfilling and for incineration
(for each monitor type). The majority of the assembled monitors by weight is accounted for in
the overall incineration and landfilling processes.
Remanufacturing data were excluded from the assessment because no single set of
operations could be identified to adequately represent remanufacturing activities that could be
incorporated in our model.
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
LCI Limitations and Uncertainties
Several factors contribute to the overall quality of data for each life-cycle stage. For
example, the manufacturing stage includes several different processes that were collected from
several different companies. The quality of one data set from one company may be very different
from that of another company. Relative data quality estimates have been made for each life-cycle
stage, including electricity generation, which is included in the results of more than one life-cycle
stage (Table ES-7). The table also lists the major limitations associated with each life-cycle
stage.
Table ES-7. Relative data quality and major limitations
Life-cycle stage
Upstream
Manufacturing
Use
EOL
Electricity generation
Relative data quality
Moderate
Moderate to high
Moderate to high
Low to moderate
High
Major limitations
Used only secondary data, which has undetermined
quality and not originally collected for the purpose of
the CDP.
A few data points remain in question.
Assumptions regarding use patterns were made.
Used only secondary data for incineration and
landfilling processes; no data available for
remanufacturing process.
Used secondary data, however it was collected and
modeled for the CDP, resulting in a higher quality
rating despite use of secondary data.
Although the manufacturing stage was rated in Table ES-7 as having moderate to high
data quality, some of the few data points that remained in question had large effects on the results
and are therefore described below. Of the data collected from manufacturers, several attempts
were made to verify or eliminate outliers in the data; however, uncertainty in some data remained
due to large data ranges and outliers. Specific data with the greatest uncertainty include: (1) LCD
glass manufacturing data; (2) CRT and LCD glass manufacturing energy inputs; (3) the
distribution and amount of fuel/electricity inputs for LCD module manufacturing; and (4) the use
of a large amount of liquified natural gas (LNG) as an "ancillary material" in LCD module
manufacturing and not as a fuel.
Uncertainties in the LCD glass manufacturing data stem from the fact that no LCD glass
manufacturers were willing to supply inventory data. Therefore, the LCD glass manufacturing
inventory was derived from the CRT glass manufacturing data modified to exclude leaded
compounds from the inventory. Thus, the baseline analysis in this study assumes the energy use
per kilogram of CRT glass and LCD glass are equivalent, which is uncertain. In addition to the
uncertainty in the difference between energy used to manufacture CRT glass and LCD glass, the
energy reported to produce a kilogram of CRT glass varied greatly between the three data sets
received for this project, with the highest total energy value being about 150 times that of the
smallest value. Due to this large discrepancy and because there were not enough data sets to
evaluate the data for outliers, the glass energy data were evaluated in a sensitivity analysis. The
high glass energy use values were mostly a function of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) used as a
fuel.
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Other data for which large ranges were reported, and which could be important to the
results, are energy data from LCD panel/module manufacturing. Energy data provided by six
LCD panel/module manufacturers were highly variable in both the distribution of energy sources
and the total energy required to produce one LCD panel. The percent of energy from electricity
ranged from approximately 3% to 87%, and the total energy per panel ranged from 440 MJ to
7,000 MJ. The average energy use per panel was approximately 2,270 MJ, and the standard
deviation was about 2,910 MJ.
Given the wide variability in the data and large standard deviation, CDP researchers
evaluated these data for outliers. One data set was found to be a minor outlier and another was
found to be a major outlier. These outliers were excluded from the averages used in the baseline
analysis, but included in the averages used in a sensitivity analysis (see Section 2.7.3.3).
Finally, a large amount of LNG (194 kg, on average) was reported to be used as an
ancillary material (not a fuel) in LCD panel/module manufacturing. CDP researchers confirmed
this application of LNG and the amount with the company providing the data, but it is still
uncertain due to problems in communication (e.g., the language barrier). This data point
remained in the inventory data set for LCD manufacturing, and was assumed to indeed be an
ancillary material, and not a fuel. Keeping the LNG ancillary material in the inventory will not
affect the energy impact results, since LNG used as an ancillary material is only linked to the
production of that material, and not to the use of it as a fuel.
Baseline LCI Results
Tables ES-5 and ES-6 present the total quantity of inputs and outputs for each life-cycle
stage of the CRT and LCD based on input and output types.
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Table ES-5. CRT inventory by life-cycle stage
Inventory type
Upstream
Mfg
Use
EOL
Total
Units a
Inputs
Primary materials
Ancillary materials
Water
Fuels
Electricity
Total energy
1.58e+01
2.11e+00
5.54e+02
8.00e+00
7.32e+01
3.66e+02
4.21e+02
3.54e+00
1.14e+04
4.28e+02
1.29e+02
1.83e+04
2.19e+02
3.47e+00
1.14e+03
0
2.29e+03
2.29e+03
-3.32e+00
1.07e+01
-2.73e+01
-2.95e+00
2.29e-01
-1.28e+02
6.53e+02
1.98e+01
1.31e+04
4.33e+02
2.49e+03
2.08e+04
kg
kg
kg (or L)
kg
MJb
MJb
Outputs
Air pollutants
Wastewater
Water pollutants
Hazardous waste
Solid waste
Radioactive waste
Radioactivity
3.00e+01
1.70e+01
8.12e-01
4.89e+02
9.55e+00
4.39e-04
3.80e+07
1.83e+02
1.51e+03
2.01e+01
1.13e+02
8.12e+01
1.80e-04
3.78e+06
4.49e+02
0
7.02e-02
0
8.33e+01
2.28e-03
4.80e+07
2.47e+00
-3.65e+00
-6.18e-02
8.28e+00
-1.66e+00
2.29e-07
4.80e+03
6.64e+02
1.52e+03
2.09e+01
9.46e+00
1.72e+02
2.90e-03
8.98e+07
kg
kg (or L)
kg
kg
kg
kg
Bq
Per functional unit (i.e., one CRT monitor over its effective life).
b3.6MJ=lkWh
Table ES-6. LCD inventory by life-cycle stage
Inventory type
Upstream
Mfg
Use
EOL
Total
Units a
Inputs
Primary materials
Ancillary materials
Water
Fuels
Electricity
Total energy
2.35e+02
1.06e+00
2.63e+02
1.47e+01
3.46e+01
6.33e+02
4.92e+01
2.04e+02
2.15e+03
2.58e+01
3.16e+02
1.44e+03
8.01e+01
1.29e+00
4.25e+02
0
8.53e+02
8.53e+02
-2.19e+00
2.11e+00
-1.80e+01
-1.95e+00
1.62e-01
-8.44e+01
3.62e+02
2.08e+02
2.82e+03
3.86e+01
1.20e+03
2.84e+03
kg
kg
kg
kg(orL)
MJb
MJb
Outputs
Air pollutants
Wastewater
Water pollutants
Hazardous waste
Solid waste
Radioactive waste
Radioactivity
1.12e+02
8.57e+00
4.60e-01
6.72e-03
1.31e+01
2.21e+01
1.20e+07
6.48e+01
3.12e+03
1.23e+00
4.64e+00
1.26e+01
3.14e+03
1.02e+07
1.68e+02
0
2.62e-02
0
3.11e+01
3.11e+01
1.79e+07
1.30e+00
-2.41e+00
-4.09e-02
1.64e+00
-4.42e+00
-5.23e+00
3.40e+03
3.46e+02
3.13e+03
1.68e+00
6.29e+00
5.23e+01
3.19e+03
4.01e+07
kg
kg
kg(orL)
kg
kg
kg
Bq
Per functional unit (i.e., one LCD monitor over its effective life).
b3.6MJ=lkWh
ES-14
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The total inventory results for life-cycle inputs reveal that more primary materials,1 water,
fuels, electricity, and total energy (i.e., fuel energy plus electricity) are used throughout the CRT
life-cycle, while more ancillary materials are used throughout the LCD life-cycle. For the life-
cycle outputs, the CRT releases more air emissions; water pollutants; hazardous, solid, and
radioactive waste; and radioactivity than the LCD. The LCD releases more total wastewater than
the CRT. Complete inventory tables for each input and output type by life-cycle stage for the
CRT and LCD are provided in Appendix J.
For the CRT (Table ES-5), of the inputs measured in mass, the water inputs in the
manufacturing life-cycle stage constitute the majority of the inputs for the entire life cycle.
Water inputs from the LPG production process constitute almost 80% of the water inputs for all
life-cycle stages. In this inventory, the LPG is used in large quantities as a fuel in CRT glass
manufacturing. When considering which life-cycle stage contributes most to an inventory
category, the manufacturing stage has the largest inventory by mass for primary materials,
ancillary materials, water inputs, and fuel inputs. This is also due to the production of LPG as
needed for CRT glass production. Fuel inputs are dominated by the manufacturing stage and
electricity inputs are dominated by the use stage. The total energy (which is calculated by
converting the mass of the fuel into units of energy and combining the fuel energy with the
electrical energy) is dominated by the manufacturing life-cycle stage, again mostly due to the
large LPG fuel energy used in CRT glass production.
CRT outputs measured in mass include air emissions, wastewater, water pollutants, and
hazardous, solid, and radioactive waste. Wastewater, by mass (or volume), constitutes the
greatest output; however, total wastewater volume is not used to calculate water-related impacts.
Instead, individual water pollutants are used to calculate water-related impacts. Of the remaining
outputs measured in mass, which are used to calculate impacts (i.e., air emissions, and hazardous,
solid and radioactive waste), air emissions are the greatest contributor to outputs in mass. Note
that radioactivity is measured in Bequerels (Bq) and cannot be compared on the same scale.
Considering each CRT inventory type and their contributions by life-cycle stage, the mass
of wastewater and water pollutants are greatest in the manufacturing life-cycle stage (again due to
LPG consumption). The outputs of air emissions, hazardous waste, solid waste, radioactive
waste, and radioactivity all have the greatest contribution from the use stage.
For the CRT outputs, all the totals represented in Table ES-5 include outputs to all
dispositions. For example, water outputs sent offsite to treatment as well as those directly
discharged to surface waters are all included. Similarly, hazardous, solid and radioactive waste
outputs may be landfilled, treated, or recycled. The inventory shows these as totals; however,
when impacts are calculated, the dispositions dictate which inventory items will be used to
calculate impacts (Chapter 3).
For the LCD (Table ES-6), of the inputs measured in mass, the water inputs constitute the
majority of the inputs for the entire life cycle, and most of the water inputs are in the
manufacturing life-cycle stage. When considering which life-cycle stage contributes most to an
inventory category, the manufacturing stage has the largest inventory by mass for ancillary
materials, fuels, and water inputs. Primary material inputs are dominated by the upstream stages,
Note that the total mass of primary materials includes the inputs to each process, which may duplicate
materials used in processes subsequent to other processes. For example, the primary materials used in steel
production are added to the steel used as a primary material for monitor assembly.
ES-15
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
while electricity inputs are dominated by the use stage. The total energy is dominated by the
manufacturing life-cycle stage. Note that LPG production from glass manufacturing does not
dominate much of the LCD inventory as it did for the CRT, because of the smaller amount of
glass used in the LCD compared to the CRT.
Of the LCD outputs measured in mass (air emissions, wastewater, water pollutants and
hazardous, solid, and radioactive waste), wastewater constitutes the greatest output; however,
total wastewater volume alone is not used to calculate impacts. Of the remaining outputs
measured in mass, which are used to calculate impacts (i.e., air emissions, water pollutants, and
hazardous, solid and radioactive waste), air emissions are the greatest contributor to the outputs.
Note again, as mentioned for the CRT, that radioactivity is measured in Bequerels (Bq) and
cannot be compared on the same scale.
Considering each LCD output type and their contributions by life-cycle stage, the mass of
water pollutants is greatest in the manufacturing life-cycle stage, due to the fuel production
processes that support fuel consumption in the manufacturing processes being included in the
manufacturing life-cycle stage. Wastewater and hazardous waste outputs are greatest in the
manufacturing stage; air emissions, solid waste, radioactive waste, and radioactivity have the
greatest contribution from the use stage. As with the CRT, all the output totals represented in
Table ES-6 include outputs to all dispositions.
III. LIFE-CYCLE IMPACT ASSESSMENT (LCIA)
LCIA Methodology
LCIA involves the translation of the environmental burdens identified in the LCI into
environmental impacts. LCIA does not seek to determine actual impacts, but rather to link the
data gathered from the LCI to impact categories and to quantify the relative magnitude of
contribution to the impact category (Fava et al, 1993; Barnthouse et al, 1997). Further, impacts
in different impact categories are generally calculated based on differing scales and therefore
cannot be directly compared.
Within LCA, the LCI is a well established methodology; however, LCIA methods are less
well defined and continue to evolve (Barnthouse et al., 1997; Fava et al., 1993). For toxicity
impacts in particular, there are some methods being applied in practice (e.g., toxicity potentials,
critical volume, and direct valuation) (Guinee et a/., 1996; ILSI, 1996; Curran, 1996), while
others are in development. However, there is currently no general consensus among the LCA
community as to one method over another.
The UT LCIA methodology employed in this study calculates life-cycle impact category
indicators for a number of traditional impact categories, such as global warming, stratospheric
ozone depletion, photochemical smog, and energy consumption. Furthermore, the method
calculates relative category indicators for potential chronic human health, aquatic ecotoxicity,
and terrestrial ecotoxicity impacts in order to address project partner's interest in human and
ecological toxicity and to fill a common gap in LCIAs.
LCIAs generally classify the consumption and loading data from the inventory stage into
various impact categories (know as "classification"). "Characterization" methods are then used
to quantify the magnitude of the contribution that loading or consumption could have in
producing the associated impact. The impact categories included in the CDP LCIA are as
ES-16
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
follows: renewable resource use, nonrenewable materials use/depletion, energy use, solid waste
landfill use, hazardous waste landfill use, radioactive waste landfill use, global warming,
stratospheric ozone depletion, photochemical smog, acidification, air quality (particulate matter
loading), water eutrophication (nutrient enrichment), water quality (biological oxygen demand
[BOD] and total suspended solids [TSS]), radioactivity, chronic human health effects
(occupational and public), aesthetic impacts (odor), aquatic ecotoxicity, and terrestrial
ecotoxicity.
Classification of an inventory item into impact categories depends on whether the
inventory item is an input or output, what the disposition of the output is, and in some cases the
material properties of the inventory item. Outputs with direct release dispositions are classified
into impact categories for which impacts will be calculated in the characterization phase of the
LCIA. Outputs sent to treatment or recycle/reuse are considered inputs to treatment or
recycle/reuse processes and impacts are not calculated until direct releases from these processes
occur. Once impact categories for each inventory item are classified, life-cycle impact category
indicators are quantitatively estimated through the characterization step.
The characterization step of LCIA includes the conversion and aggregation of LCI results
to common units within an impact category. Different assessment tools are used to quantify the
magnitude of potential impacts, depending on the impact category. Three types of approaches
are used in the characterization method for the CDP:
• Loading - An impact score is based on the inventory amount (e.g., resource use).
• Equivalency - An impact score is based on the inventory amount weighed by a certain
effect, equivalent to a reference chemical [e.g., global warming impacts relative to carbon
dioxide (CO2)].
Full equivalency - all substances are addressed in a unified, technical model.
Partial equivalency - a subset of substances can be converted into equivalency
factors.
• Scoring of inherent properties - An impact score is based on the inventory amount
weighed by a score representing a certain effect for a specific material (e.g., toxicity
impacts are weighed using a toxicity scoring method).
The scoring of inherent properties method is employed for the human and ecological
toxicity impact categories, based on the CHEMS-1 method described by Swanson et al. (1997).
The scoring method provides a hazard value (HV) for each potentially toxic material, which is
then multiplied by the inventory amount to calculate the toxicity impact score.
Using the various approaches, the UT LCIA method calculates impact scores for each
inventory item for each applicable impact category. Impact scores are therefore based on either a
direct measure of the inventory amount or some modification (e.g., equivalency or scoring) of
that amount based on the potential effect the inventory item may have on a particular impact
category. The specific calculation methods for each impact category are detailed in Chapter 3.
Impact scores are then aggregated within each impact category to calculate the various life-cycle
impact category indicators.
ES-17
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
General LCIA Methodology Limitations and Uncertainties
The purpose of an LCIA is to evaluate the relative potential impacts of a product system
for various impact categories. There is no intent to measure the actual impacts or provide spatial
or temporal relationships linking the inventory to specific impacts. The LCIA is intended to
provide a screening-level evaluation of impacts. In addition to lacking temporal or spatial
relationships and providing only relative impacts, LCA is also limited by the availability and
quality of the inventory data. Data collection can be very time consuming and expensive.
Confidentiality issues may also inhibit the availability of primary data.
Uncertainties are inherent in each parameter used to calculate impacts. For example,
toxicity data require extrapolations from animals to humans and from high to low doses (for
chronic effects) and can have a high degree of uncertainty.
Uncertainties also are inherent in chemical ranking and scoring systems, such as the
scoring of inherent properties approach used for human health and ecotoxicity effects. In
particular, systems that do not consider the fate and transport of chemicals in the environment
can contribute to misclassifications of chemicals with respect to risk. Also, uncertainty is
introduced where it was assumed that all chronic endpoints are equivalent, which is likely not the
case. The human health and ecotoxicity impact characterization methods presented here are
screening tools that cannot substitute for more detailed risk characterization methods. However,
it should be noted that in LCA, chemical toxicity is often not considered at all. This
methodology is an attempt to consider chemical toxicity where it is often ignored.
Uncertainty in the inventory data depends on the responses to the data collection
questionnaires and other limitations identified during inventory data collection. These
uncertainties are carried into impact assessment. In this LCA, there was uncertainty in the
inventory data, which included but was not limited to the following:
• missing individual inventory items,
• missing processes or sets of data,
• measurement uncertainty,
• estimation uncertainty,
• allocation uncertainty/working with aggregated data, and
• unspeciated chemical data.
The goal definition and scoping process helped reduce the uncertainty from missing data,
although it is certain that some missing data still exist. As far as possible, the remaining
uncertainties were reduced primarily through quality assurance/quality control measures (e.g.,
performing systematic double-checks of all calculations on manipulated data).
Baseline LCIA Results
Table ES-8 presents the baseline CRT and LCD LCIA indicator results for each impact
category. Appendix M presents complete LCIA results by material, process, and life-cycle stage.
The indicator results presented in Table ES-8 are the result of the characterization step of LCIA
methodology where LCI results are converted to common units and aggregated within an impact
ES-18
-------
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
category. Note that the impact category indicator results are in a number of different units and
therefore can not be summed or compared across impact categories.
As shown in the table, under the baseline conditions the CRT indicators are greater than
the LCD indicators in the following categories: renewable resource use, nonrenewable resource
use, energy use, solid waste landfill use, hazardous waste landfill use, radioactive waste landfill
use, global warming, ozone depletion, photochemical smog, acidification, air particulates,
biological oxygen demand (BOD), total suspended solids (TSS), radioactivity, chronic public
health effects, chronic occupational health effects, aesthetics, and terrestrial toxicity. The LCD
indicators are greater than the CRT indicators in the following categories: water eutrophication
and aquatic toxicity. In addition, as noted in Table ES-8, if phased-out substances are removed
from the CRT and LCD inventories, the LCD ozone depletion indicator would exceed that of the
CRT. Details of each impact category and major contributors to the impacts in those categories
are presented in Chapter 3.
Summary of Top Contributors by Impact Category
Tables ES-9 and ES-10 summarize the top contributors to CRT and LCD life-cycle
impacts by impact category. As shown in Table ES-9, CRT impacts are largely driven by two
factors: (1) the large amount of LPG fuel used in CRT glass/frit manufacturing, and (2) the
relatively large amount of electricity consumed during the use stage. The LPG production
process yields the CRT's top contributor in eight of 20 impact categories. Most of this LPG is
used as a fuel source in CRT glass manufacturing in the glass/frit process group, which, in turn,
produces the top contributor to two of 20 impact categories. Thus, LPG used in the glass/frit
process group (primarily CRT glass manufacturing) is ultimately the key driver for CRT impacts
in ten categories. Similarly, outputs from electricity generation during the use stage result in the
Table ES-8. Baseline life-cycle impact category indicators"
Impact category
Renewable resource use
Nonrenewable resource use
Energy use
Solid waste landfill use
Hazardous waste landfill use
Radioactive waste landfill use
Global warming
Ozone depletion
Photochemical smog
Acidification
Air particulates
Water eutrophication
Water quality, BOD
Water quality, TSS
Radioactivity
Units per monitor
kg
kg
MJ
m3
m3
m3
kg-CO2 equivalents
kg-CFC- 1 1 equivalents
kg-ethene equivalents
kg-SO2 equivalents
kg
kg-phosphate equivalents
kg
kg
Bq
CRT
1.31E+04
6.68E+02
2.08E+04
1.67E-01
1.68E-02
1.81E-04
6.95E+02
2.05E-05b'c
1.71E-01
5.25E+00
3.01E-01
4.82E-02
1.95E-01
8.74E-01
3.85E+07d
LCD
2.80E+03
3.64E+02
2.84E+03
5.43E-02
3.61E-03
9.22E-05
5.93E+02
1.37E-05b
1.41E-01
2.96E+00
1.15E-01
4.96E-02
2.83E-02
6.15E-02
1.22E+07d
ES-19
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Table ES-8. Baseline life-cycle impact category indicators"
Impact category
Chronic health effects, occupational
Chronic health effects, public
Aesthetics (odor)
Aquatic toxicity
Terrestrial toxicity
Units per monitor
tox-kg
tox-kg
m3
tox-kg
tox-kg
CRT
9.34E+02
1.98E+03
7.58E+06
2.25E-01
1.97E+03
LCD
6.96E+02
9.02E+02
5.04E+06
5.19E+00
8.94E+02
a Bold indicates the larger value within an impact category when comparing the CRT and LCD.
Several of the substances included in this category were phased out of production by January 1, 1996. Excluding
phased out substances decreases the CRT ozone depletion indicator to 1.09E-05 kg CFC-11 equivalents per monitor
and the LCD ozone depletion indicator to 1.18E-05 kg CFC-11 equivalents per monitor. These ozone depletion
indicators are probably more representative of the CDP temporal boundaries and current operating practices. See
section 3.3.6 for details.
0 Although the CRT indicator appears larger than the LCD indicator, uncertainties in the inventory make it difficult
to determine which monitor has the greater value. Therefore, this value is not shown in bold.
Radioactivity impacts are being driven by radioactive releases from nuclear fuel reprocessing in France, which are
included in the electricity data in some of the upstream, materials processing data sets. See section 3.3.12 for details.
top contributor to seven CRT impact categories. Note that in 14 of the 20 impact categories, the
top contributor to CRT impacts is responsible for more than 50% of impacts.
LCD impacts are not as dominated by a few data points, but a few processes (LCD
monitor/module manufacturing and electricity generation in the use stage) are responsible for a
large percent of the impacts. As shown in Table ES-10, both of these processes result in the top
contributors to six LCD impact categories each. In addition, the process to produce LNG used as
an ancillary material in LCD monitor/module manufacturing is the top contributor to an
additional impact category (photochemical smog). Note that in 11 of the 20 impact categories,
the top contributor to LCD impacts is responsible for more than 50% of impacts.
As a number of the impact results for both monitor types, and for the CRT in particular,
are being driven by a few data points with relatively high uncertainty, sensitivity analyses of the
baseline results were also conducted.
Table ES-9. Summary of top contributors to CRT impacts by impact category
Impact category
Renewable resource
use
Nonrenewable
resource use
Energy use
Solid waste landfill
use
Top contributors
Life-cycle
stage
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Use
Process group
LPG production
LPG production
CRT glass/frit mfg.
U.S. electric grid
Material
water
Petroleum (in ground)
Liquefied petroleum
gas
Coal waste
Contribution
to impact
score
79%
56%
72%
38%
ES-20
-------
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Table ES-9. Summary of top contributors to CRT impacts by impact category
Impact category
Hazardous waste
landfill use
Radioactive waste
landfill use
Global warming
Ozone depletion
Photochemical smog
Acidification
Air particulates
Water eutrophication
Water quality, BOD
Water quality, TSS
Radioactivity
Chronic health effects,
occupational
Chronic health effects,
public
Aesthetics (odor)
Aquatic toxicity
Terrestrial toxicity
Top contributors
Life-cycle
stage
End-of-life
Use
Use
Use
Manufacturing
Use
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Materials
Processing
Manufacturing
Use
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Use
Process group
CRT landfilling
U.S. electric grid
U.S. electric grid
U.S. electric grid
LPG production
U.S. electric grid
LPG production
LPG production
LPG production
LPG production
Steel production, cold-
rolled, semi-finished
CRT glass/frit
manufacturing
U.S. electric grid
LPG production
CRT tube
manufacturing
U.S. electric grid
Material
EOL CRT monitor,
landfilled
Low-level radioactive
waste
Carbon dioxide
Bromomethane
Hydrocarbons,
unspeciated
Sulfur dioxide
PM
COD
BOD
Suspended solids
Plutonium-241
(isotope)
Liquefied petroleum
gas
Sulfur dioxide
Hydrogen sulfide
Phosphorus
(yellow or white)
Sulfur dioxide
Contribution
to impact
score
91%
61%
64%
49%
36%
47%
43%
72%
96%
97%
62%
78%
83%
94%
26%
83%
Table ES-10. Summary of top contributors to LCD impacts by impact category
Impact category
Renewable resource
use
Nonrenewable resource
use
Energy use
Solid waste landfill use
Hazardous waste
landfill use
Radioactive waste
landfill use
Top contributors
Life-cycle stage
Manufacturing
Materials
processing
Use
Use
End-of-life
Use
Process group
LCD monitor/module mfg.
Natural gas production
LCD monitor use
U.S. electric grid
LCD landfilling
U.S. electric grid
Material
Water
Natural gas
(in ground)
Electricity
Coal waste
EOL LCD
monitor,
landfilled
Low-level
radioactive waste
Contribution
to impact
score
38%
65%
30%
44%
97%
44%
ES-21
-------
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Table ES-10. Summary of top contributors to LCD impacts by impact category
Impact category
Global warming
Ozone depletion
Photochemical smog
Acidification
Air particulates
Water eutrophication
Water quality, BOD
Water quality, TSS
Radioactivity
Chronic health effects,
occupational
Chronic health effects,
public
Aesthetics (odor)
Aquatic toxicity
Terrestrial toxicity
Top contributors
Life-cycle stage
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Materials
processing
Use
Materials
processing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Materials
processing
Manufacturing
Use
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Use
Process group
LCD monitor/module mfg.
LCD panel components
manufacturing
Natural gas production
U.S. electric grid
Steel production, cold-
rolled, semi-finished
LCD monitor/module mfg.
LCD monitor/module mfg.
LPG production
Steel production, cold-
rolled, semi-finished
LCD monitor/module mfg.
U.S. electric grid
LPG production
LCD monitor/module mfg.
U.S. electric grid
Material
Sulfur
hexafluoride
HCFC-225cb
Nonmethane
hydrocarbons,
unspeciated
Sulfur dioxide
PM
Nitrogen
BOD
Suspended solids
Plutonium-241
(isotope)
Liquefied natural
gas
Sulfur dioxide
Hydrogen sulfide
Phosphorus
(yellow or white)
Sulfur dioxide
Contribution
to impact
score
29%
34%
45%
31%
45%
67%
61%
66%
96%
58%
68%
94%
98%
68%
Sensitivity Analyses
Due to assumptions and uncertainties in this LCA, as in any LCA, the following
sensitivity analyses of the baseline results were conducted: use stage manufactured life scenario,
modified glass energy assumptions, modified LCD module manufacturing energy assumptions,
and modified LCD EOL distribution assumptions. The sensitivity analyses were chosen because
they evaluated data with either the greatest uncertainties or with large uncertainty and major
contributors to the inventory results. Table ES-11 shows the different sensitivity analyses or
scenarios that are considered in the impact assessment results.
ES-22
-------
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Table ES-11. List of sensitivity analysis scenarios
Monitor
type
Sensitivity analysis scenario
Baseline analyses (for reference)
CRT
LCD
Effective life scenario with average glass energv inputs (all glass manufacturing energv data used)
Effective life scenario with average glass energv inputs (all glass manufacturing energv data used)
and outliers in the LCD module manufacturing energy data removed
Sensitivity analyses
CRT
LCD
CRT
LCD
LCD
LCD
Manufactured life scenario same as baseline except lifespan is based on manufactured life instead of
effective life, which results in some revised functional equivalency calculations
Manufactured life scenario same as baseline except lifespan is based on manufactured life, which
results in some revised functional equivalency calculations
Modified slass energy scenario same as baseline except comparativelv high glass manufacturing
energy inputs are removed
Modified glass energy scenario same as baseline except comparatively high glass manufacturing
energy inputs are removed
Modified LCD module energy scenario same as baseline except LCD monitor/ module manufacturing
energy outliers are included in the average
Modified LCD EOL scenario same as baseline except LCD EOL dispositions are modified
Based on the sensitivity analyses, it appears that CRT life-cycle impacts are highly
sensitive to the glass energy data, and less sensitive to the lifespan assumptions (lifespan
assumptions greatly affect the magnitude of CRT life-cycle impacts, but they do not greatly affect
the distribution of impacts among life-cycle stages). LCD impacts are less sensitive to the glass
energy data and in fact are not greatly affected by any of the sensitivity analysis scenarios, except
the longer lifespan under the manufactured life scenario.
Sensitivity results are also useful to interested members of the public who may be
evaluating the relative impacts of different monitor types and are interested in whether the CRT
or LCD has greater life-cycle impacts in any given impact category. Table ES-12 presents the
monitor type with greatest impacts by impact category and by scenario. This information helps
us determine whether major assumptions (e.g., the monitor lifespan and LCD EOL distribution
assumptions) or uncertain data (e.g., glass energy data and LCD monitor manufacturing energy)
are driving results. As shown in the table, the modified glass energy scenario is the only scenario
that significantly changes from the baseline. Under this scenario, life-cycle impact results in
seven categories reverse direction from the baseline assessment, such that the LCD has greater
impacts than the CRT. Therefore, under this scenario, a total of nine out of 20 categories are
greater for the LCD than the CRT, compared to two out of 20 categories under the baseline
scenario. The only other scenario that affects these results is the manufactured life scenario,
when impacts in the water eutrophication category are greater for the CRT than the LCD.
ES-23
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Table ES-12. Summary of CRT and LCD LCIA results
Impact category
Renewable resource use
Nonrenewable resource use
Energy use
Solid waste landfill use
Hazardous waste landfill use
Radioactive waste landfill use
Global warming
Ozone depletion
Photochemical smog
Acidification
Air particulates
Water eutrophication
Water quality, BOD
Water quality, TSS
Radioactivity
Chronic health effects, occupational
Chronic health effects, public
Aesthetics (odor)
Aquatic toxicity
Terrestrial toxicity
Monitor type with greatest impacts by scenario
Baseline
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
b
CRT
CRT
CRT
LCD
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
LCD
CRT
Manu-
factured
life
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
b
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
LCD
CRT
Modified
glass energy
CRT
LCD
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
LCD
b
LCD
CRT
CRT
LCD
LCD
LCD
CRT
LCD
CRT
LCD
LCD
CRT
Modified
LCD module
energy
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
b
CRT
CRT
CRT
LCD
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
LCD
CRT
Modified
LCD EOL
distribution"
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
b
CRT
CRT
CRT
LCD
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
LCD
CRT
a Based on a qualitative evaluation, not quantitative results.
b CRT impacts are greater than LCD impacts in this category when all data are included in the inventories, including
data for substances that have been phased out. However, LCD impacts are greater than CRT impacts when phased
out substances are removed from the inventories (see Section 3.3.6).
IV. QUALITATIVE RISK SCREENING OF SELECTED CHEMICALS
The scope of the DfE CDP included a streamlined Cleaner Technologies Substitutes
Assessment (CTSA) component to perform a qualitative risk screening of specific materials or
processes. Traditionally, the DfE Program has conducted CTSAs that perform detailed risk
characterizations of alternative chemical processes. The streamlined CTSA for the CDP takes a
more detailed look than the LCA at the toxic effects of chemicals used in a process, without
conducting a complete risk characterization typical of past CTSAs.
Within the human and environmental health effects impact categories of the LCIA, the
input and output amounts are used as surrogates for exposure. The additional CTSA-related
analyses are intended to better understand the potential exposures to those materials, during any
processes that use those materials, in order to try to better understand potential chemical risks.
Lead, mercury, and liquid crystals were selected by the CDP Core Group for further
analysis. These materials were selected for their known or suspected toxicity to humans and the
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
environment, or because they are of particular interest to industry or the U.S. EPA. The analysis
of each material summarized or evaluated the following key areas:
• Use of the materials in computer displays;
• Life-cycle inputs and outputs of the materials from computer displays;
• Life-cycle impacts associated with the material inputs and outputs;
• Potential exposures to the material including occupational, public, and ecological
exposures;
• Potential human health effects;
• U.S. environmental regulations for the material; and
• Alternatives to reduce the use of the material in computer displays.
The following are the conclusions drawn from the analyses of lead, mercury, and liquid crystal
use in the life cycle of both CRTs and LCDs.
Lead
Lead is found in glass components of CRTs, as well as in electronics components (printed
wiring boards and their components) of both CRTs and LCDs. It is also a top priority toxic
material at the U.S. EPA and the subject of electronics industry efforts to reduce or eliminate its
use. The following conclusions were drawn from a focused look at lead's role in the life cycle of
the computer display, and its effects on human health and the environment:
• Due to the much greater quantity of lead in the CRT than the LCD, lead-based life-cycle
impacts from the CRT ranged from moderately to significantly greater than those from
the LCD in every category, with the exception of solid waste landfill use. The most
significant difference was in non-renewable resource consumption, where the CRT
consumed over 40 thousand times the mass of non-renewable resources attributable to
lead over the course of its life cycle than those consumed by the LCD. Other categories
where CRTs had notably greater differences in impacts occurred in hazardous waste
landfill use, chronic public health effects, and terrestrial toxicity.
• Contributions of lead-based impacts are small relative to the total life-cycle impacts from
other materials in the CRT (e.g., glass, copper wire), with the greatest impacts from lead-
based CRT outputs occurring in the categories of non-renewable resources, aquatic
toxicity, and chronic public health effects (ranging from 0.1 to 0.2% of the overall impact
scores in each category).
• For workers, inhalation is the most likely route of exposure to lead which may result in
health concerns. General population exposure to lead is most likely to come from
incidental ingestion of lead in the soil, or ingestion of lead brought into the household on
workers clothing or on shoes. Studies have discovered potentially high concentrations of
lead in households within close proximity to certain facilities that use lead.
• Significant worker exposures to lead have been documented by existing studies of several
processes which contribute to the life-cycle of the computer displays (e.g., lead smelting).
These exposures have been as high as 90 times the OSHA recommended safety levels for
exposure to workers at lead smelters. The resulting occupational chronic health effects to
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
workers from lead exposure likely have been underestimated by the CDP LCIA
methodology, which uses material inputs, and not outputs, as surrogates for exposure.
• Lead and lead compounds pose serious chronic health hazards to humans who may
become over-exposed either in the workplace, or through the ambient environment. Lead
exposure is associated with a range of adverse human health effects, including effects on
the nervous system, reproductive and developmental problems, and cancer. Lead persists
in the environment, but is relatively immobile in water under most surface and
groundwater conditions.
• Alternatives are being developed, such as lead-free solders and glass components, that
will potentially minimize the future lead content in both CRTs and LCDs.
Mercury
Mercury is contained within the fluorescent tubes that provide the source of light in the
LCD. Mercury is also emitted from some fuel combustion processes, such as coal-fired
electricity generation processes, which contribute to the life-cycle impacts of both CRTs and
LCDs. EPA's concern with mercury and the potential for exposure during manufacturing and
end-of-life processes warranted a more detailed analysis of mercury in the CDP. The following
conclusions were drawn from a focused look at mercury's role in the life cycle of the computer
display, and its effects on human health and the environment:
• The mercury emitted from the generation of power consumed by the CRT (7.75 mg)
exceeds the entire amount of mercury emissions from the LCD, including both the
mercury used in LCD backlights (3.99 mg) and the mercury emissions from electricity
generation (3.22 mg). Although this was not expected because mercury is used
intentionally in an LCD, but not in a CRT, the results are not surprising since mercury
emissions from coal-fired power plants are known to be one of the largest anthropogenic
sources of mercury in the United States. Because the CRT consumes significantly more
electricity in the use stage than the LCD, its use stage emissions of mercury are
proportionately higher than those of the LCD.
• Contributions from mercury-based impacts are not significant relative to the total life-
cycle impacts from other materials (e.g., glass, copper wire) in the CRT or LCD, with the
greatest impacts from mercury-based outputs occurring in the aquatic toxicity category
(0.4% for CRTs, 0.01% for LCDs).
• Possible pathways of worker exposure during backlight fabrication include inhalation of
mercury vapors, and dermal exposure or ingestion of mercury on skin. The most likely
pathway for general population exposure is inhalation of mercury released into the air.
• Exposure data relevant to the manufacturing of mercury backlights were not available,
therefore specific conclusions about the potential magnitude of worker exposures could
not be made. Occupational chronic health effects to workers from mercury exposures
calculated during the impact assessment (3.99e-06 tox-kg for LCD, none for CRT) likely
have been underestimated by the CDP LCIA methodology, which uses material inputs as
surrogates for exposure.
• Mercury and mercury compounds pose serious chronic health hazards to humans who are
exposed. EPA has determined that mercury chloride and methyl mercury are possible
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
human carcinogens. Mercury poses serious chronic health hazards to humans, affecting
the nervous system, brain, and kidneys.
• Alternative backlights have been developed that not only eliminate mercury from the
light, but also improve on many of the optical characteristics of the displays. Current
development is focused on improving the energy efficiency of the alternative lights.
Liquid Crystals
Liquid crystals (LCs) are organic compounds responsible for generating the image in an
LCD. LCs are not present in CRTs. The toxicity of the LCs in LCDs has been alluded to in the
literature, yet there is very little known about the toxicity of these materials. By including LCs in
a more detailed analysis, this section attempted to better characterize any potential hazard and/or
potential exposure of LCs from the manufacturing, use, and disposal of LCD monitors. The
following conclusions were drawn from a focused look at LC's role in the life cycle of the
computer display, and its effects on human health and the environment.
• LCs are combined into mixtures of as many as 20 or more compounds selected from
hundreds of potential liquid crystal compounds. Because of the possible variations in
mixtures and the sheer number of compounds available, a select number of liquid crystals
were used to assess potential human health hazards.
• LCs do not appear to contribute significantly to any of the impact categories defined for
this study. The total score for LCD occupational impacts based on potential worker
exposure to LCs of 4.18 tox-grams, calculated using default toxicity values, represents
less than 0.01% of the total overall chronic occupational health effects impact score of
898 tox-kg for the functional unit of one LCD.
• Impacts were not calculated for LC releases in the CDP LCIA because data regarding LC
outputs were not available to the project. LCs are not used to fabricate CRTs and so
have no environmental impacts in the CRT life cycle.
• Occupational exposures to LCs during the fabrication of the LCD panels are not expected
to be significant. The enclosed nature of the chamber in which the LCDs are assembled,
combined with the equipment (e.g., gloves, aprons) worn by workers in a clean room
environment, are both expected to act to minimize exposures. Other occupational
exposures may exist that have not been identified.
• Toxicological testing by a manufacturer of LC substances and mixtures showed that
95.6% (562 of 588) of the liquid crystals tested displayed no acute toxic potential to
humans. Twenty-five of the remaining twenty-six chemicals had the potential to exhibit
harmful effects to humans, while the remaining crystal was classified as toxic (EU
classification) and thus was discontinued. An EPA review of toxicity data for the
confidential LC compounds was unable to identify any relevant toxicity information.
Insufficient toxicity data exist to assess the toxicity of specific LC compounds.
• Testing for mutagenic and carcinogenic effects by the supplier showed that 99.9% (614
out of 615) of the liquid crystal compounds tested displayed no mutagenic effects. The
remaining chemical that showed mutagenic potential was excluded from further
development. Additionally, mutagenicity testing often LC substances using mammalian
cells showed no suspicion of mutagenic potential.
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
V. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
The purpose of the CDP, as stated in Chapter 1, is to provide a scientific baseline of life-
cycle environmental impacts of CRTs and LCDs, and to develop a life-cycle model for future
analyses. The primary targeted audience is the electronics industry, for whom results may
provide insight into improvement opportunities in the life cycle of CRTs and/or LCDs. In
addition, the general public may also find results useful when considering environmental impacts
of each display type. This report, however, does not include direct comparative assertions or
improvement assessments based on the results. Alternatively, results and conclusions are
described in terms of the overall LCI versus the LCIA, and details of the impact assessment,
including the additional assessments of lead, mercury and liquid crystals, and the sensitivity
analyses. Major uncertainties, cost and performance considerations, suggestions for
improvement opportunities, and suggestions for further research are also provided.
LCI vs. LCIA
Inventory data provide information on how much material is being consumed in the life
cycle (i.e., inputs) and how much material is generated/released (i.e., outputs). The LCI alone,
however, does not always translate directly into impact categories that may be of interest.
Impacts are sometimes driven by materials other than the top inventory contributors. For
example, the top air emission for LCDs is carbon dioxide, however the greatest global warming
impact score is from SF6 in the LCD monitor/module manufacturing process.
Some impact categories associated with ancillary materials and water pollutant inventory
types had different outcomes in the LCI versus the LCIA. For example, the three impact
categories affected by the ancillary materials inventory had greater impacts for the CRT (Table
ES-8), although the ancillary material inventory had greater amounts of inputs for the LCD (see
Tables ES-5 and ES-6). In this case, both primary and ancillary materials contribute to the
impact categories, contributing to the differing results.
In addition, the LCD had greater inventory amounts of wastewater outputs than the CRT;
however, the impacts related to water releases are in some cases greater for the CRT than the
LCD. In the LCIA, the LCD has greater impacts for water eutrophication and aquatic toxicity,
but not for the two water quality categories (BOD and TSS), chronic health effects to the public,
nor terrestrial toxicity, all of which include water emissions in calculating the impact score.
These results show that the inventory results may not directly translate into impact results.
CRT and LCD Baseline LCIA Results
The LCIA results showed that the CRT has greater total life-cycle impact indicators than
the LCD in most of the impact categories (see Table ES-8). In the baseline scenario, the CRT
has greater impacts than the LCD in all but two impact categories (eutrophication and aquatic
toxicity). However, note that for the ozone depletion category, the LCIs for both the CRT and
LCD contain data for substances that were phased out of production by 1996 due to their ozone
depletion potential. Whether these emissions still occur in countries that were signatories to the
Montreal Protocol and its Amendments and Adjustments (such as the United States and Japan) is
not known, but considered to be unlikely. When phased-out substances are included in the
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
inventory, the CRT has greater ozone depletion impacts than the LCD. However, if phased-out
substances are removed from the inventories, the results are switched, with the LCD having
greater impacts.
When considering which life-cycle stage has greater impacts, the LCIA results showed
that the manufacturing life-cycle stage dominates impacts for most impact categories for both the
CRT and LCD. Table ES-13 lists the number of impact categories with the greatest impacts by
life-cycle stage.
A more detailed evaluation of lead, mercury and liquid crystals was completed in
Chapter 4. As expected, the CRT, which has lead in the glass, frit, and printed wiring boards
(PWBs), had greater impacts from lead than did the LCD, which only has lead in the PWBs.
Regarding mercury, there were greater inventories of mercury in the CRT life cycle than in the
LCD life cycle, despite the fact that only the LCD has mercury directly in the product. The
greater amount of mercury in the CRT life cycle is from the release of mercury and mercury
compounds from the generation of electricity. The CRT consumes significantly more electricity
in the use stage than the LCD. Liquid crystals are only found in LCDs, and therefore, there are
no associated impacts for the CRT. Little conclusive information was available on the liquid
crystal materials. A detailed literature search was conducted, however very little data were
available on the toxicity of these materials. Based on the limited toxicity data obtained, liquid
crystals currently do not appear to be a significant human health or environmental hazard in the
LCD life cycle. However, there were insufficient toxicity data available to make a definitive
conclusion about LC toxicity.
Table ES-13. Number of impact categories in each life-cycle stage with greatest impacts
among life-cycle stages (baseline scenario)
Monitor type
CRT
LCD
# of impact categories with greatest impacts among life-cycle stages
Upstream
3
3
Manufacturing
9
11
Use
6
4
EOL
2
2
CRT Results
For the CRT, many of the impacts were driven by a single material in the inventory. As
shown in Table ES-9, in 14 of the 20 impact categories, the top individual contributor to the
impacts was responsible for greater than 50 percent of the impacts. This shows that the CRT
data are highly sensitive to a few data points. Major conclusions from the CRT LCIA are as
follows:
• Energy used in glass manufacturing and associated production of LPG are driving the
baseline CRT results (they dominate ten impact categories, including overall life-cycle
energy use).
• The large amounts of fuel used as energy sources are driving occupational health effects.
Occupational impacts are calculated from inventory input amounts, and therefore there
may or may not actually be exposure to these fuels (e.g., they may be contained);
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
however, the results illustrate the potential for health effects, especially under spill or
upset conditions.
• The generation of electricity for the use stage dominates seven impact categories.
• Air emissions of sulfur dioxide from electricity generation (for the use life-cycle stage)
drive chronic public health effects, acidification, and terrestrial toxicity impacts. This
may be a concern, for example, in areas in nonattainment of regulated levels of sulfur
dioxide in the United States.
The use of LPG fuel in glass manufacturing dominated ten impact categories: two
directly from the LPG used in glass/frit manufacturing (energy use impacts and chronic
occupational health effects) and eight from LPG production (renewable resource use,
nonrenewable resource use, photochemical smog, air particulates, water eutrophication, BOD
water quality, TSS water quality, and aesthetics). In addition, impacts from the generation of
electricity during the use stage dominated seven impact categories: solid waste landfill use,
radioactive waste landfill use, global warming, ozone depletion, acidification, chronic public
health, and terrestrial toxicity. The CRT tube manufacturing process, which represents the most
functionally and physically (by mass) significant component of the CRT monitor, only dominated
one impact category (aquatic toxicity). Twenty-six percent of the aquatic toxicity score was from
phosphorus outputs from tube manufacturing, while most of the rest were from the materials
processing life-cycle stage. The remaining two impact categories (hazardous waste landfill use
and radioactivity) had greatest impacts from the landfilling of the assumed hazardous proportion
of CRT monitors, and the release of Plutonium-241 in steel production, respectively (Table
ES-9). The radioactivity impacts are driven by the radionuclide Pu-241, due to the electric grid
inventory included in the steel production secondary data set, which includes nuclear fuel
reprocessing.
The large amount of LPG reported for glass manufacturing was originally questioned
during the data collection and verification stage of this project. While no compelling reason
could justify removing the LPG data in the baseline case, a sensitivity analysis was conducted in
which the glass energy data were modified. Other sensitivity analyses were also conducted (i.e.,
manufactured life, modified LCD monitor manufacturing energy, and modified LCD EOL
distributions). However, the only scenario that substantially altered results was the modified
glass energy scenario (see Table ES-12). It is likely that the actual energy inputs to the glass
manufacturing process is somewhere between the baseline and modified glass scenarios. More
information is needed on energy used in glass manufacturing, which is driving CRT baseline
results.
The additional analyses for the CRT of lead and mercury also revealed that the use of lead
could present health risks, but the CDP method for calculating occupational impacts uses only
process inputs (not outputs) and may not adequately represent occupational exposures and risks.
Further refinement of the occupational impact analysis may be warranted.
Although there is no mercury in the CRT monitor, mercury emissions from electricity
generation in the CRT life cycle were greater (in mass) than the mercury used in the LCD.
Therefore, to reduce mercury emissions from the CRT life cycle, efforts to reduce electricity
consumption could be taken. Additionally, changes to the electric grid could also reduce
mercury emissions from the CRT life-cycle.
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
LCD Results
The LCD impact results were less sensitive to an individual input or output than the CRT
results, although in 11 of the 20 impact categories an individual input was still responsible for
greater than 50% of the total impacts. In general, the LCD results are less uncertain than the
CRT results. This is because most of the CRT results are being driven by either glass input data
or data from secondary sources, while LCD impacts are being driven more by data from primary
sources. Some results to note are as follows:
• The LCD monitor/module manufacturing process group had greatest impacts in six
impact categories (Table 3-58).
• Although the top contributor to the energy impact category was electricity consumed in
the use stage (30%), the overall energy impacts were greater from the manufacturing
stage than the use stage.
• In the glass energy sensitivity scenario, the use stage had greatest energy impacts,
although only by a small margin over the manufacturing stage (see Figure 3-26).
• Sulfur dioxide [emitted from electricity generation in the use stage, and constituting only
0.37% of the air emission inventory (see Table 2-49)] dominates the acidification, chronic
public health, and terrestrial toxicity impact categories (Table 3-58). The high public
health and terrestrial toxicity scores are due to its low non-cancer toxicity value and
resulting high hazard value (HV).
• Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) from LCD monitor/module manufacturing was the single
greatest contributor to the global warming impact score; however, carbon dioxide from
the use stage and the materials processing stage also contributed significantly to the
global warming impacts (Table 3-25).
• The glass energy inputs did not directly dominate any impact categories, as they did for
the CRT (due to the smaller mass of glass in the LCD); however, LPG production
(required for the glass energy fuel) dominated two categories: TSS water quality and
aesthetics (Table 3-58).
• LNG as an ancillary inventory material was questionably very large and had greatest
impacts in two categories: nonrenewable resource use and photochemical smog (Table 3-
58; shown there as "Natural Gas Production" due to that process being used as a surrogate
for LNG production).
The additional analyses of lead, mercury, and liquid crystals showed that the LCIA alone
is not adequate enough to determine all the potential impacts within the life-cycle of the LCD
monitors. Further, the LCIA method in this LCA used only process inputs as surrogates for
occupational exposure. If the occupational impacts methodology were refined, outputs into the
occupational environment should also be considered.
For mercury, which is found in the backlights of the LCD monitors, there is nearly the
same amount of mercury by mass emitted to the air during electricity generation as there is
mercury used to make the backlight unit. The mass of mercury input for backlights is only about
20% greater than the mercury air emissions from electricity generation (across all life-cycle
stages).
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Liquid crystals were also identified by the CDP Core Group as a material for which
additional information would be reviewed. The LCIA did not find the liquid crystals to be
significant contributors to any impact categories; however, this could partially be due to the lack
of information on them. The additional analysis revealed limited information; however,
qualitatively, it did not show significant potential risk.
CRT vs. LCD Sensitivity Analysis Results
The only sensitivity analysis to show significant difference in the results was the modified
glass energy scenario. In comparing the CRT and LCD, the CRT baseline scenario had greater
impacts than the LCD in all but two impact categories (eutrophication and aquatic toxicity) and
possibly three (ozone depletion). In the modified glass energy scenario, nine of the 20 categories
had greater impacts from the LCD life-cycle than the CRT. Energy use remained greater for the
CRT; however, nonrenewable resource use, global warming, photochemical smog,
eutrophication, BOD and TSS water quality, chronic occupational health effects, and aesthetics
all reversed such that the LCD had greater impacts than the CRT (Table ES-12). As stated
above, it is believed that a more true representation of the monitor life cycles lies somewhere
between the baseline and modified glass energy scenario. Further work is recommended in
clarifying and refining glass energy input information.
Uncertainties
As with any LCA, it is not uncommon for there to be uncertainty associated with such a
large data collection effort. The limitations and uncertainties associated with this LCA and
LCAs in general have been discussed elsewhere in the executive summary. Two of the largest
sources of uncertainty in this LCA that have a significant effect on the results are as follows:
• CRT and LCD glass manufacturing energy inputs (from primary data): The larger
amount of glass used in CRTs than LCDs results in the CRT having greater associated
uncertainty than the LCD results.
• Secondary data for upstream and fuel production processes: When any one material is
used in the life-cycle of either monitor in large quantities, the impacts associated with the
inputs and outputs from the production of that material may become significant. For
example, LPG and LNG production were both used in significant enough amounts to
influence some impact categories. Therefore, the uncertainty in the secondary data
becomes important. This highlights the need for a consistent, national (or international)
LCI database that is updated regularly.
Other uncertainties associated with individual data points had less effect on the overall
results than the uncertainties mentioned above. For manufacturers interested in conducting
improvement assessments, closer review of such uncertainties may be warranted.
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Another point that should be recognized in the overall LCA of CRTs and LCDs is that
CRTs are a more mature technology than LCDs. Changes in LCD manufacturing processes have
likely occurred during the development and publication of this report. Therefore, conclusions
must be carefully drawn when evaluating the mature CRT compared to the newer LCD
technology.
Cost and Performance Considerations
The focus of this study has been on the environmental effects associated with CRTs and
LCDs. The environmental attributes or burdens of a product are not expected to be considered
alone when evaluating the marketability and commercial success of a product. The cost and
performance of each monitor type are obviously critical components to a company's or
consumer's decisions of whether to produce or purchase a product. The report briefly addresses
direct retail costs of the monitors and electricity costs associated with the monitors; however, a
complete cost analysis, including all direct costs (e.g., material costs) and indirect costs (e.g.,
environmental costs to society) is beyond the scope of this report.
The average retail price of 1997-2000 model year monitors, collected from the
manufacturers who supplied data for this project, is $541 for the CRT and $1,450 for the LCD.
From these data, the LCD is approximately 2.7 times more costly. More recent data show that
prices have come down, and the difference in prices between the CRT and LCD has also been
reduced.
The costs from the use stage can be represented by the use stage electricity costs. Based
on the average cost of residential and commercial electricity in the United States, and the amount
of energy consumed per functional unit in the use stage (baseline scenario), the electricity costs
to consumers over the life of the monitors during the use stage are $48 for the CRT and $18 for
the LCD. In addition, the upstream and manufacturing costs of electricity in the baseline
scenario for the CRT are approximately $1.3/functional unit and $1.5/functional unit,
respectively; for the LCD they are $0.10/functional unit and $3.4/functional unit, respectively.
The LCA is defined such that the monitor assessments are performed on a functionally
equivalent basis. To the extent possible, data were collected on functionally equivalent monitors.
When companies were approached to participate in the study, they were informed of the
performance specification parameters within which the study boundaries were defined.
Therefore, it is assumed that they meet the specifications as presented in Table ES-1, and that
they perform relatively equivalently. From the primary data, the reported brightness of the CRT
was less than the LCD, otherwise, they are functionally similar.
Improvement Assessment Opportunities and Targeted Audience Uses of Report
To meet the primary objective of providing the display industry with data to perform
improvement assessments, the industry should look at the manufacturing life-cycle stage, while
recognizing the influences of the other stages. CRT improvement opportunities could include
improved energy efficiency during glass manufacturing and display use, as well as reductions in
lead content. LCD improvement opportunities could also include improved energy efficiency,
especially during manufacturing. Certain materials, such as SF6 and its contribution to global
warming, may also be of concern and an area to focus on in future improvement assessments.
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
In addition, any improvement assessment should consider how changes in one life-cycle
stage will affect impacts in other stages. For example, in Chapter 4 we saw that the mercury
inputs and outputs from the intentional use of mercury in an LCD backlight are less (by mass)
than the mercury emissions from the CRT use stage, due to the relative energy usage by the CRT
and the emissions of mercury from electricity generation. In this example, we can see that on a
pure mass basis, a product's energy efficiency is a key consideration and any changes in
manufacturing should consider if it will affect changes in use.
Another objective of this study was to provide an LCA model for future analyses.
Companies or individuals who have more current data for the CRT or LCD can apply them to the
model presented here. For example, changes in an individual process can be identified and
incorporated into the model. The other processes that are not expected to change significantly
can be left unchanged, and only limited data would need to be altered. This would reduce the
time and resources that would normally be required for a complete analysis.
Finally, those interested in comparing the results of the two monitors can apply their own
set of importance weights to each impact category to determine their individual decision. For
example, if energy impacts are much more important than aesthetics to a particular person, they
can weigh energy more heavily in concluding which monitor may have fewer environmental
impacts, while keeping in mind the data limitations and uncertainties, as well as cost and
performance considerations.
Suggestions for Future Research
Areas where future research could be conducted to refine and/or continue the use of the
results in this study are as follows:
• gather more information on energy use in glass manufacturing;
• develop consistent materials and fuel processing data in a national (or international) LCI
database that is updated regularly;
• refine and/or update some of the LCD manufacturing data (e.g., LNG data);
• collect more complete EOL data (e.g., remanufacturing data, and primary data for
incineration and landfilling) to determine better representation of the EOL impacts;
• conduct more research on the EOL options for LCDs;
• collect more detailed data on landfilling and other treatment processes, such as water
treatment where no impacts were calculated;
• update manufacturing data to meet more recent monitor model years;
• conduct a more focused analysis on selected areas for detailed improvement assessments;
and
• evaluate process changes or other alternatives against an "average 1997-2000 model year"
to evaluate impacts of changes or improvements over time.
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REFERENCES
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TORNRC (The Oak Ridge National Recycle Center). 2001. Personal communication with D.
McFarland and A. Bradley, TORNRC, and R. Dhingra, University of Tennessee, Center
for Clean Products and Clean Technologies. April.
Vorhees, G. 2000. Personal communication with G. Vorhees, Envirocycle, and M. L. Socolof,
University of Tennessee, Center for Clean Products and Clean Technologies. July.
ES-36
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1.1 BACKGROUND
Chapter 1
GOAL DEFINITION AND SCOPE
1.1 BACKGROUND
This report presents the results of a voluntary, cooperative project among the Design for
the Environment (DfE) Program in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Office of
Pollution Prevention and Toxics, the University of Tennessee (UT) Center for Clean Products
and Clean Technologies, the electronics industry, and other interested parties to develop a model
and assess the life-cycle environmental impacts of flat panel display (FPD) and cathode ray tube
(CRT) technologies that can be used for desktop computers. The DfE Computer Display Project
(CDP) analysis provides a baseline report and the opportunity to use the model as a stepping
stone for further analyses and improvement assessments for these technologies.
EPA's Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics established the DfE Program in 1992 to
encourage businesses to incorporate environmental concerns into their business decisions. DfE
industry projects are cooperative, joint efforts with trade associations, businesses, public-interest
groups, and academia to assist businesses in specific industries to identify and evaluate more
environmentally sound products, processes, and technologies. The DfE CDP partnership consists
of members of electronic industry trade associations, computer monitor and component
manufacturers, suppliers to the electronics industry, academic institutions, EPA, and a public
interest group. The direction and focus of this project was chosen by the project partners.
The DfE CDP uses life-cycle assessment (LCA) as an environmental evaluation tool,
which is increasingly being used by industry. LCA can be used to evaluate the environmental
effects of a product, process, or activity. An LCA looks at the full life cycle of the product from
materials acquisition to manufacturing, use, and final disposition. It is a comprehensive method
for evaluating the full environmental consequences of a product system. There are four major
components of an LCA study: goal definition and scoping, life-cycle inventory, impact
assessment, and improvement assessment. LCAs are generally global and non-site specific.
Under the DfE Program, the Cleaner Technologies Substitutes Assessment (CTSA)
methodology (Kincaid et al, 1996) was developed to generate information needed by businesses
to make environmentally informed choices and to design for the environment. The CTSA
process involves comparative evaluations of substitute technologies, processes, products, or
materials. Impact areas that are evaluated include human and ecological risk, energy and natural
resource use, performance, and cost.
Both evaluation tools have similar objectives; however, their applications generally
differ. A CTSA is more site specific and evaluates actual (predicted) impacts. For example,
techniques such as health risk assessment are incorporated into a CTSA. An LCA is more global
and generic in nature and generally would not incorporate site-specific parameters when
evaluating impacts. The LCA may also use surrogate measures to represent impacts instead of
predicting or measuring actual impacts.
This project focuses on the LCA, while including some CTSA-related analyses. It
performs the broad analysis of the LCA, which also incorporates many of the CTSA components
(e.g., risk, energy impacts, natural resource use) into the impact assessment. The analysis also
l-l
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1.1 BACKGROUND
assesses more specific impacts for selected materials and acknowledges product cost and
performance, typical of a CTSA. Because both methodologies require intensive data gathering
efforts and can be extensive undertakings, the scope must be carefully and clearly defined. As
only selected materials are evaluated for the CTSA, this project could be considered an LCA with
a streamlined CTSA component.
Life-cycle assessment (LCA) is a comprehensive method for evaluating the full
environmental consequences of a product system. Another related assessment strategy is life-
cycle design, which is a systems-oriented approach for designing more ecologically and
economically sustainable product systems. It integrates environmental requirements into the
earliest stages of design so total impacts caused by product systems can be reduced.
Environmental, performance, cost, cultural, and legal requirements are balanced (Curran, 1996).
Environmental impacts and health risks caused by product development are intended to be
reduced. This is very similar to design for environment (DfE) programs where environmental
issues are incorporated into a product system design process. DfE and life-cycle design have
similar objectives, although their origins differ. DfE was developed as an off-shoot of design for
X, where X could be any number of criteria (e.g., manufacturability, testability, reliability,
recyclability). In DfE, Xis environmental protection and sustainability.
The EPA DfE Program, whereof is also environmental protection and sustainability,
promotes risk reduction, pollution prevention, energy efficiency, and other resource conservation
measures through process choices at a facility level. EPA's DfE CTSA process also includes an
analysis of performance and cost. Typically, EPA's DfE Program focuses less on the entire life
cycle and more on evaluating technology or material substitutes to reduce environmental impacts.
This project combines the DfE Program's CTSA process (Kincaid et al, 1996) and the LCA
process, and thus resembles a life-cycle design approach.
LCAs evaluate the environmental impacts from each of the following major life-cycle
stages:
• Raw materials extraction/acquisition;
• Materials processing;
• Product manufacture;
• Product use, maintenance, and repair; and
• Final disposition/end-of-life.
Figure 1-1 briefly describes each of these stages for a computer display product system. The
inputs (e.g., resources and energy) and outputs (e.g., product and waste) within each life-cycle
stage, as well as the interaction between each stage (e.g., transportation) are evaluated to
determine the environmental impacts.
As defined by the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC), the
four major components of an LCA are: (1) goal definition and scoping; (2) inventory analysis;
(3) impact assessment; and (4) improvement assessment. More recently, the international
standard, ISO 14040: Environmental Management—Lifecycle Assessment—Principles and
Framework, has defined the four major components of an LCA as: (1) goal and scope; (2)
inventory analysis; (3) impact assessment; and (4) interpretation of results. The SETAC and
International Standards Organization (ISO) framework are essentially synonymous with respect
to the first three components, but differ somewhat with respect to the fourth component,
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1.1 BACKGROUND
improvement assessment or life cycle interpretation. Improvement assessment is the systematic
evaluation of opportunities for reducing the environmental impacts of a product, process, or
activity. Interpretation is the phase of LCA in which the findings from the inventory analyses
and the impact assessment are combined together, consistent with the defined goal and scope in
order to reach conclusions and recommendations. In this study and project report, the goal and
scope are the subject of Chapter 1. The inventory analysis and impact assessment are the
subjects of Chapters 2 and 3 respectively; and the improvement assessment or life-cycle
interpretation are left to the electronics industry given the results of this study. The life-cycle
inventory and impact assessment strategies are briefly described below.
INPUTS
LIFE-CYCLE STAGES
OUTPUTS
Materials
Energy
Resources
RAW MATERIALS EXTRACTION/ACQUISITION
Activities related to the acquisition of natural resources, including mining
non-renewable material, harvesting biomass, and transporting raw
materials to processing facilities.
MATERIALS PROCESSING
Processing natural resources by reaction, separation, purification, and
alteration steps in preparation for the manufacturing stage; and
transporting processed materials to product manufacturing facilities.
PRODUCT MANUFACTURE
Processing materials and assembling component parts to make a
computer display.
PRODUCT USE, MAINTENANCE, AND REPAIR
Displays are transported to and used by customers. Maintenance and
repair may be conducted either at the customer's location or taken back
to a service center or manufacturing facility.
FINAL DISPOSITION
At the end of its useful life, the display is retired. If reuse and recycle of
usable parts is feasible, the product can be transported to an appropriate
facility and disassembled. Parts and materials that are not recoverable
are then transported to appropriate facilities and treated (if required
or necessary) and/or disposed of.
Wastes
Products
Boundary
Figure 1-1. Life-cycle stages of a computer display
The life-cycle inventory (LCI) involves the quantification of raw material and fuel inputs,
and solid, liquid, and gaseous emissions and effluents. Traditional LCIs quantify pollutant
categories (e.g., volatile organic compounds [VOCs]) rather than particular chemicals. This
project also includes a more detailed evaluation of a few specific chemicals found in computer
displays (lead, mercury, and liquid crystals) to enable a more thorough evaluation of risk from
chemical exposure. The approach to the LCI in this study involves defining product components,
developing a bill of materials (BOM), and collecting inventory data on each life-cycle stage for
computer displays. Details of the LCI data gathering activities are provided in Chapter 2.
1-3
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1.2 INTRODUCTION
The life-cycle impact assessment (LCIA) involves the translation of the environmental
burdens identified in the LCI into environmental impacts. LCIA is typically a semi-quantitative
process involving characterization of burdens and assessment of their effects on human and
ecological health, as well as other effects such as smog formation and global warming. Details of
the LCIA methodology and results are presented in Chapter 3. This project has furthered the
development of LCIA methodology by including health effect concerns into the LCIA. This
study also qualitatively assesses exposure and chemical risk of selected chemicals in the life
cycles of the computer displays (Chapter 4).
1.2 INTRODUCTION
Goal and scope definition is the first phase of LCA and is important to the CTSA as well.
This phase is important because it determines why the LCA or CTSA is being conducted and its
intended use, as well as the system and data categories to be studied.
This chapter presents the goal and scope of the DfE CDP, including its purpose and goals,
previous research and market trends, descriptions of the product systems being evaluated, and the
boundaries used in this study. It incorporates scoping as it is recommended in both the LCA
(e.g., Curran, 1996; Fava et al, 1991; ISO, 1996) and CTSA processes (Kincaid et al, 1996).
1.2.1 Purpose
The purpose of this study is two-fold: (1) to establish a scientific baseline that evaluates
the life-cycle environmental impacts of flat panel displays (FPDs) and cathode ray tubes (CRTs)
for desktop computers, by combining LCA and CTSA methodologies; and (2) to develop a
model that can be used with updated data for future analyses. This study evaluates the newer
active matrix liquid crystal display (LCD) and the more traditional CRT technologies. The
evaluation considers impacts related to material consumption, energy, air resources, water
resources, landfills, human toxicity, and ecological toxicity. This study is designed to provide
the electronics industry with information needed to improve the environmental attributes of
desktop computer displays. It is intended to provide valuable data not previously published, and
an opportunity to use the model developed for this project in future improvement evaluations that
consider life-cycle impacts. It will also provide the industry and consumers with valuable
information to make environmentally informed decisions regarding display technologies, and
enable them to consider the relative environmental merits of a technology along with its
performance and cost.
1.2.2 Previous Research
While there has been some work done on the life-cycle environmental impacts of either
CRTs or LCDs, there has not been a quantitative LCA addressing both CRTs and LCDs. For
example, Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation (MCC) published an
Electronics Industry Environmental Roadmap (1994) that qualitatively discussed environmental
issues and priority needs for reducing impacts from computer CRTs and FPDs, but this project
did not, nor was it intended to, focus on all aspects of the displays' life cycles.
1-4
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1.2 INTRODUCTION
Some of the environmental impacts of CRTs (e.g., energy use, disposal of lead, and other
end-of-life issues such as recycling) have been identified but not quantified in previous work,
such as that done by EPA's Common Sense Initiative Computer and Electronics Subcommittee.
Atlantic Consulting completed a draft LCA of the personal computer (including a 15" monitor)
for the European Union's (EU) Eco-Label program (Atlantic Consulting and IPU, 1998).
Further, the New Jersey Institute of Technology conducted an LCA of television CRTs, which
have the same technology as the computer monitor CRT.
Studies on the environmental impacts of FPDs are much less prevalent. A University of
Michigan master's thesis (Koch, 1996) evaluated the environmental performance of an LCD
manufacturer. The thesis did not quantitatively assess environmental impacts from all life-cycle
stages, as would be done in an LCA. The EU Eco-Label Program also evaluated a portable
computer with a 13.3" LCD screen (Orango AB and Atlantic Consulting, 1999). The scope was
limited to energy consumption for the impact assessment, and it provided some inventories for
raw materials production. Human and ecological toxicity were excluded from the scope of the
portable computer analysis.
1.2.3 Market Trends
At present, computer displays using CRTs dominate worldwide markets. They provide a
rich, high-resolution display well suited to a wide range of user requirements. However, CRT
displays are bulky, use larger amounts of energy to operate than LCDs, and are associated with
disposal concerns due to the presence of lead in the glass. Color CRT monitors contain lead to
help shield the users from x-rays (x-ray attenuation) and can, under some circumstances, be
classified as a hazardous waste when disposed of. Newer technologies, collectively referred to as
FPDs, have captured significant market segments. FPDs exhibit desirable qualities such as
reduced size and weight and greater portability. Environmentally, they are expected to consume
less energy during use and do not use leaded glass. However, they may consume more energy
during manufacturing, contain small amounts of mercury, are more costly, and in the past have
had lower resolution and image quality than the CRT. The LCD, first used predominately in
notebook computers, is now moving into the desktop computer market. The 1998 worldwide
market for desktop computer monitors was 90 million units. The 1998 actual and 2001 projected
markets for desktop computer CRTs and LCDs are presented in Table 1-1. Market projections
anticipate that LCDs will capture sizable market share for desktop computer displays.
Table 1-1. Desktop display markets - actual for 1998 and projected for 2001
Technology
CRT
Worldwide
North America
LCD
Worldwide
North America
Number of displays (thousands of units)
1998
88,600
33,801
1,300
229
2001
119,100
42,609
14,300
3,787
Sources: DisplaySearch, 2001.
1-5
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1.2 INTRODUCTION
1.2.4 Need for the Project
Given the expected market growth of LCDs for computer displays, the various
environmental concerns throughout the life cycle of the computer displays, and the fact that the
relative life-cycle environmental impacts of LCDs and CRTs have not been scientifically
established to date, there is a need for a quantitative environmental life-cycle analysis of desktop
computer display technologies. Manufacturers can use these results or the model developed here
to identify areas for improvement concerning the environmental burdens. Further, as companies
or consumers are considering investing in certain displays, they can refer to the results of this
study to assist them in making environmentally informed decisions.
1.2.5 Targeted Audience and Use of the Study
The electronics industry is expected to be one of the primary users of the study results.
The study is intended to provide industry with an analysis that evaluates the life-cycle
environmental impacts of selected computer display technologies. Scientific verification of the
relative environmental impacts will allow industry to consider environmental concerns, along
with traditionally evaluated parameters of cost and performance, and to potentially redirect
efforts towards products and processes that reduce releases of toxic chemicals and reduce risks to
health and the environment. Given the results, the industry can then perform an improvement
assessment of the display technologies. This also allows the electronics industry to make
environmentally informed choices about display technologies when assessing and implementing
improvements such as changes in product, process, and activity design; raw material use;
industrial processing; consumer use; and waste management.
Another result of the study is an accounting of the relative environmental impacts of
various components of the computer displays, thus identifying opportunities for product
improvements to reduce potential adverse environmental impacts and costs. Identification of
impacts from the computer display technologies can also encourage industry to implement
pollution prevention options, such as development and demonstration projects, and technical
assistance and training. Since this study incorporates a more detailed health effects component
than in traditional LCAs, the electronics industry can use the tools and data to evaluate the
health, environmental, and energy implications of the technologies. With this evaluation, the
U.S. electronics industry may be more prepared to meet the demands of extended product
responsibility that are growing in popularity in the global marketplace, and better able to meet
competitive challenges in the world market. In addition, the results and model in this study will
provide a baseline LCA upon which alternative technologies can be evaluated. This will allow
for more expedited display-related LCA studies, which are growing in popularity by industry and
may be demanded by original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) or international organizations.
EPA and interested members of the public can also benefit from the results of the project.
The project has provided a forum for industry and public stakeholders to work cooperatively, and
the results can be used by stakeholders as a scientific reference for the evaluated display
technologies. The results of the project could also be of value to other industries involved in
designing environmental improvements into the life cycle of consumer products.
1-6
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1.3 PRODUCT SYSTEM
1.3 PRODUCT SYSTEM
1.3.1 Functional Unit
The product system being analyzed in this study is a standard desktop computer display
that functions as a graphical interface between computer processing units and users. The desktop
market was chosen to evaluate CRTs and FPDs because it represents a large market for CRTs
and an anticipated large market for some FPDs. Also, there are a limited number of technologies
that meet desktop specifications. Therefore, focusing on the desktop market will affect a
significant number of products, while keeping the scope of this project manageable.
The product system is the computer display itself and does not include the central
processing unit (CPU) of the computer that sends signals to operate the display. It is assumed
that the LCDs operate with an analog interface, and therefore are compatible with current CRT
CPUs as plug-and-play alternatives.
In an LCA, product systems are evaluated on a functionally equivalent basis. The
functional unit is used as the basis for the inventory and impact assessment to provide a reference
to which the inputs and outputs are related. For this project, the functional unit is one desktop
computer display over its lifespan. Data collected in this project have been normalized to a
display that meets the functional unit specifications, which are presented in Table 1-2. These
product performance specifications are assumed to meet the requirements of the system
functional unit in the predictable future (i.e., computer technology as predicted through the year
2001). The CRT technology is the current industry standard for this product system.
Table 1-2. Functional unit specifications
Specification
display size a
diagonal viewing area a
viewing area dimensions
resolution
brightness
contrast ratio
color
Measure
17" (CRT); 15" (LCD)
15.9" (CRT); 15" (LCD)
12.8" x 9.5" (122 in2) (CRT); 12" x 9"
(108 in2) (LCD)
1024x768 color pixels
200 cd/m2
100:1
262,000 colors
a An LCD is manufactured such that its nearest equivalent to the 17" CRT display is the 15" LCD. This is because
the viewing area of a 17" CRT is about 15.9 inches and the viewing area of a 15" LCD is 15 inches. LCDs are not
manufactured to be exactly equivalent to the viewing area of the CRT.
Besides the CRT display, several FPD technologies were considered for inclusion in this
study. Among the FPD technologies that exist, the amorphous silicon (a: Si) thin-film transistor-
(TFT) active matrix LCD technology meets the requirements of the functional unit within the
parameters of this analysis and is assessed in this study. Section 1.3.3.1 describes the LCD
technology further, and Appendix A briefly describes several FPD technologies and explains why
the non-LCD technologies are not considered for standard desktop computer uses as defined for
this study. The following subsections briefly describe both CRT and LCD technologies.
1-7
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1.3 PRODUCT SYSTEM
1.3.2 Cathode Ray Tube
1.3.2.1 CRT technology
CRT monitors are a mature technology and are the current industry standard for desktop
computer displays. The technology is the same as that for a television. CRT displays use high
voltages to accelerate electrons toward a luminescent material (phosphor) that is deposited on a
faceplate. The phosphor converts the kinetic energy of the electrons into light. In color CRTs,
the phosphors are patterned in dots or stripes of red, green, and blue phosphors. The electrons
are emitted from three cathodes in an electron gun assembly and pass through an apertured metal
"shadow mask" during their passage to the phosphor. Electrons from each cathode that are
directed at the wrong color phosphor are absorbed by the shadow mask. Pictures are created by
first focusing the electron beams into tiny spots, which are moved by deflecting the electron
beams electromagnetically with the "yoke." This system is extremely efficient in that it only
requires three video drivers and connections instead of the 2000 or so in the most common FPD
(MCC, 1994).
The high voltages used to accelerate the electrons must be insulated from the external
surfaces of the tube and the CRT must have excellent electrical insulating properties. The
decelerating electrons produce x-rays and the CRT must also be a good x-ray absorber. Leaded
glass surrounds the cathode ray tube to absorb the x-rays.
The major parts of the CRT display are the faceplate (glass panel), shadow mask (also
referred to as the aperture mask), a leaded glass funnel, and the electron gun with the deflection
yoke. Various connectors, wiring, an implosion band, printed wiring boards (PWBs), and the
casing comprise most of the rest of the display. Table 1-3 presents a more comprehensive list of
the CRT components and a list of the component materials identified from disassembling a
monitor, and additional research to identify the material makeup of some components (MCC,
1998).
1-8
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1.3 PRODUCT SYSTEM
Table 1-3. Preliminary list of CRT display components and materials
Tube
Faceplate assembly
Frit (lead solder glass)
Conductively
Implosion band
Component parts
Phosphor-coated faceplate
Internal electron shield *
Shadow mask assembly
Glass funnel
Conductive coating
Frit
Binder
Neck glass
Deflection yoke
Base & top neck, rings
Brass ring, brackets
Rubber gaskets
Screws, washers
Neck clamp
Insulating rings
Neck PWB
Glass panel (faceplate)
Phosphors
Photoresist
Black matrix coating (grille
dag)
Lacquer coating
Aluminum coating
Mask
Supports
— -»
-—>
____K
*•
*•
*•
K
K
K
^_
^
K
K
^
^_
K
K
^
^
K
K
^
^
>
Materials
Glass (1-2.5% PbO alkali/alkaline earth
aluminosilicate)
ZnS, Y2O2S (powders): Sn, Si, K, Cd
Polyvinyl alcohol
Aquadag**
Mixture of alcohol and plastics
Al
Al
Steel, Ni
CrNiFeandNiFe
Lead oxide, zinc borate (-70% PbO)
Leaded glass (-24% PbO)
Aquadag** (may also add iron oxide)
PbO, zinc oxide, boron oxide
Nitrocellulose binder, amyl acetate
Leaded glass (30% PbO alkali/alkaline earth silicate)
Cu, ferrite
Polystyrene
Brass
Rubber
Zn-plated steel
Steel
Polysulphone
Misc. electronics and resin board
Steel
1-9
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1.3 PRODUCT SYSTEM
Table 1-3. Preliminary list of CRT display components and materials
Component parts
Materials
Electron gun
Electrostatic field shaping electrodes
Cathodes
Glass pillars
Wire heater (filament heater)
Glass stem
Springs and washers
Gunmount (glass)
300/400 series steels (Fe, Ni, Cr)
Ni (coated with mixtures of Ba, Sr, CaCOS)
Borosilicate glass
Tungsten, aluminum oxide
Leaded glass (29% PbO alkali aluminosilicate)
Steel
Potassium aluminosilicate sintering
Powerboard
Main CRT PWB (includes power supply PWB, etc.)
Flyback transformer
Misc. electronics and resin board
Misc.: e.g., potting material (epoxy), steel, Cu
Casing
(chassis and base)
Polystyrene
Other misc.
parts
Brackets
Brackets
XY controls
Connectors
Screws
Brackets, anode connection
Shields (right, left, top, back)
Rubber feet
Anode cap
Insulator pad
Brass
Polystyrene
Polycarbonate
Al
Zn-plated steel
Silicone rubber
Rubber
Polyester
1-10
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1.3 PRODUCT SYSTEM
1.3.2.2 CRT manufacturing
The manufacturing process of the CRT (Figure 1-2) involves first preparing the glass
panel and shadow mask. The shadow mask is a steel panel with a mask pattern applied through
photolithography. The color phosphors and a black matrix coating (aquadag) are applied to the
faceplate, also using photolithography, which involves several steps and several chemicals that
etch the material into specific patterns. A lacquer coating is applied to the phosphor-coated glass
to smooth and seal the inside surface of the screen, and an aluminum coating is added to enhance
brightness and as a conductor to allow the use of voltages over 12 kilovolts without charging of
the phosphor screen. An electron shield (typically aluminum) is attached to the shadow mask
assembly to prevent stray electrons from reaching outside the screen area (EPA, 1995; MCC,
1994). This then comprises the faceplate assembly. The two major remaining parts are the
funnel and electron gun.
1-11
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1.3 PRODUCT SYSTEM
repeat 4 times
for different layers
color filter
formation
(photolithography)!
repeat 8 times
H
for different layers
TFT formation
(photolithography) |
(includes electrode
formation)
electrode
formation (ITO)
(photolithography)
apply polyimide
orientation film
(cyrstal alignmnent
layer) - application
and rubbing
1
1
k>
^
apply seal and
cure
k.
insert spacers
k>
inspect
-J
clean cirucit
boards
^
functional test
of glass panel
^
laminate front
and rear
polarizers
^
seal (UVor
oven cured)
^
insert liquid
crystal
^
merge plates
(apply UV cured
adhesive)
atta
colum
driv
i
ch
ers
k
manufacture driver
tabs (1C chips) and
driver input PWBs
test/operate
attach
backlight
assembly
i
k
k-
manufacture 1
backlight 1
assembly 1
(including PWB) 1
attach
controller PWB
1
L
manufacture
controller PWB
^
attach
PWB
t
manufacture
adjustment
PWB
k-
attach power
assembly
t
manufacture
power supply
PWB (and other
assembly parts)
k-
attach
base/stand
assembly
• Shadowed boxes represent processes with additional subprocess steps.
h
Bold outlined boxes represent processes shown in subsequent figures.
Figure 1-2. Traditional twisted nematic AMLCD manufacturing process
1-12
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1.3 PRODUCT SYSTEM
The leaded-glass funnel is washed and coated with a black coating (aquadag), which is a
good electrical conductor and a non-reflective surface. The funnel and faceplate assembly are
joined using frit (solder glass) that is approximately 70% lead oxide. The electron gun is an
assembly of glass and several metal parts that are heated to embed the metal in the glass. The
electron gun is then fused to the funnel neck. Finishing steps are conducted to complete the
manufacturing of the CRT (or "tube") (e.g., attaching a metal implosion band for implosion
protection and safety) and then the entire monitor is assembled with other necessary parts (e.g.,
the main and neck PWBs, power cord, casing).
1.3.3 Liquid Crystal Display
LCDs are used for various applications, with their largest market currently in notebook
computers. LCDs have been gaining a presence in the desktop computer display market and are
expected to continue to do so. Compared to the CRT, the LCD provides a more compact display,
as well as being of higher contrast, sunlight readable, more reliable, and more durable (i.e.,
requiring much less maintenance) (Koch and Keoleian, 1995). In general, the major functional
disadvantages have been that the resolution and quality of the image have not matched that of
CRTs. However, emerging technologies are expected to meet user requirements.
The two most common types of LCDs are passive matrix (PMLCD) and active matrix
(AMLCD). Brief descriptions of these and other LCD technologies are presented in Appendix A,
Table A-l. In 1998, AMLCDs constituted approximately 81% and PMLCDs 19% of computer
monitor LCD production (MCC, 1998). PMLCDs are used primarily for low-end products (e.g.,
cannot perform video applications); AMLCDs are used for high-end multimedia products and
better meet the specifications for standard desktop computers. PMLCDs are forecasted to decline
to less than one percent of the LCD desktop display market by 2002 (Young, 1998). Therefore,
this project's focus is on AMLCDs.
1.3.3.1 LCD technology
In general, an LCD is comprised of two glass plates surrounding a liquid crystal material
that filters external light. LCDs control the color and brightness of each pixel (picture element)
individually, rather than from one source, such as the electron gun in the CRT.
The most common type of AMLCD, and the one that meets the functional unit
specifications of this project, is the a: Si TFT AMLCD (see Appendix A, Table A-l for
descriptions of various types of AMLCDs). AMLCDs consist of driver tabs along the columns
and rows of the display glass and transparent parallel electrical lines across the glass arranged to
form a matrix. Each intersection of the matrix forms a pixel. The TFT AMLCD has a transistor
at each pixel which functions as an electronic switch to activate an individual pixel. This active
addressing technique allows for high contrast between the on and off states of a pixel.
Operation of the AMLCD is determined by how the liquid crystals are aligned when
activated by an electrical current. Traditional AMLCDs use a twisted nematic (TN) operating
principle of the liquid crystal, which is evaluated in this study. The orientation of the liquid
crystal molecules either allows or does not allow light from a backlight source to pass through the
display cell. When no electrical current is present, the liquid crystals align themselves parallel to
a polyimide orientation film (alignment layer) on the glass. When a current is applied, the liquid
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1.3 PRODUCT SYSTEM
crystals turn perpendicular to the glass. The combination of the alignment layer, electrical charge,
and polarizers that are laminated to the glass panels affect an on or off state of the LCD cell (see
Appendix B for further explanation; also see Castellano [1992] and OTA [1995]). The backlight
supplies the light source for the display and generally has four cold cathode fluorescent tubes that
contain small amounts of mercury vapor. Because the LCD technology essentially regulates
passage of a backlight through the display, LCDs are considered non-emitting display
technologies. CRTs, on the other hand, are emitting displays which emit electrons to illuminate
appropriate phosphors.
There is a variation of the a: Si TFT AMLCD technology called in-plane switching (IPS).
Compared to the traditional TN mode, IPS TFT allows for a wider viewing angle that is
comparable to the CRT. The traditional TN mechanism vertically twists the liquid crystals by
sending voltage through the display from electrodes that are on both the front and rear glass
panels. IPS mode twists the liquid crystals horizontally in response to a voltage applied by
electrodes on the rear glass only. The TN TFT uses indium-tin oxide (ITO) as the transparent
electrode on the front and rear glass panels. For the IPS TFT, no ITO is needed on the front glass
and the electrode on the rear glass is made of any of a number of other materials (e.g., Mo, Ta,
Al/Cr, MoW). Therefore, no ITO is used for the IPS mode. However, the IPS TFT display
demands an increase in the number of backlights to meet the brightness requirements for desktop
applications (DisplaySearch, 1998). Although this technology may be produced for displays that
meet this study's functional unit, the manufacturers of 15" AMLCDs that supplied data for this
study provided data only for traditional a:Si TFT AMLCDs. IPS was forecasted to have a 35%
market share of LCD desktop monitors in 2000 (Young, 1998) and therefore, studying IPS
technology may be an area for future research.
Based on the disassembly of an LCD monitor conducted by MCC, a summary of the
materials that are in an AMLCD are presented in Table 1-4 (MCC, 1998). The major components
of the AMLCD are the glass panel (which includes the transistors, electrodes, liquid crystals,
orientation film, polarizers, and row and column drivers), the backlight assembly (including the
cold cathode fluorescent tube, light guide, and associated electronics), other electronics (main
LCD controller), and the stand and cover. The remaining components and materials are listed in
Table 1-4. In this report we will also refer to the LCD "module" as a component. This is
comprised of the LCD panel, backlight unit, and main LCD controller. Module manufacturing as
a process modeled in this study includes the major process in LCD manufacturing, which is panel
manufacturing described below.
1-14
-------
1.3 PRODUCT SYSTEM
Table 1-4. LCD components and materials
LCD component parts
LCD assembly
Controller
(PWB)
Power supply
assembly
LCD glass panel
assembly
Plastic frame
Gaskets
Screws
Metal clip
Brightness enhancer
Cable assembly
AMLCD cell
Row/column driver tabs
Row/column driver PWBs
Connection flex
Glass
Thin film transistor (TFT)
Electrode
Polarizers
Orientation film (alignment layer)
Liquid crystals
Color filters
*•
*•
*•
*•
*•
*•
*•
^_
^
-
Misc. wires & connectors
^
.>
Housing
Screws
Insulator
Power switch
Power cord recepticle
Heat sink
Power supply PWB
K
Materials
Soda lime or borosilicate
Misc. (e.g., Si, Mo, Al, etc) *
Indium-tin oxide (ITO)
Iodine, cellulose triacetate-acrylic,
etc.
Polyimide
e.g., phenylcyclohexanes biphenyls
Resins
1C chip on polyimide
Misc. (Si, Cu, etc.)
Cu on film of polyimide
Polycarbonate, glass filled
Silicone rubber
Steel (Fe)
BeCu
Polyester
Misc. (Cu, plastic, etc.)
Misc. (Si, Cu, etc.)
Steel (Fe)
Polyester
ABS/Cu
Aluminum
Misc. (Si, Cu, etc.)
1-15
-------
1.3 PRODUCT SYSTEM
Table 1-4. LCD components and materials
LCD component parts
Backlight
assembly
Metal plate
Screws
Brass threaded stand off
Gasket
Nylon strain relief
Nylon clamp
Clear protector
Opaque diffuser
White reflector
Light pipe
Corner tape
Light assembly
Rear plate assembly
Backlight PWB
>•
>•
>•
>•
^
^
^
^
^
^
^
Cold cathode tube
Shock cushion
Cable assembly
Rear plate
Screws
Hold-down plate
Cable clamp
Plastic tube
Flat cable toroid
Caution label
^.
>•
>•
>•
>•
^.
^
^
^
>•
>•
Materials
Steel (Fe)
Brass
Foam rubber
Nylon
Plexiglas
Polyester
Polycarbonate
Aluminized mylar
Glass, phosphor, Hg
Silicone rubber
Insulated Cu
Steel (Fe)
Nylon
Polycarbonate
Hi-mu ferric
Paper
Misc. (Si, Cu, etc.)
1-16
-------
1.3 PRODUCT SYSTEM
Table 1-4. LCD components and materials
LCD component parts
Materials
Rear cover
assembly
Screws
Metal plate
BeCu fingers
Cloth mesh
Insulator
Rear cover
BeCu
Polyester
Plastic (ABS)
Base/stand
assembly
Brackets & washers
Axle & spring
Base weight
C-clip
Swivel bearing 1
Swivel bearing 2
Covers
Upright
Bushing
Rubber feet
Steel (Fe)
Stainless steel
Polyoxymethylene (acetal)
Plastic (ABS)
unsaturated polyester, glass filled
Nylon
Silicone rubber
Other misc.
parts
Screws
Power supply cover
Front bezel
Knob
Power switch
LED light pipe
Adjustment PWB
Cable clamp
Insulator
Steel (Fe)
ABS
Polycarbonate
Misc. (Si, Cu, etc.)
Nylon
Polyester
Source: MCC, 1998.
* Example of TFT materials: gate metal (Al or Cr), S;O2, SiN, a-Si/SiNx, a-Si, drain metal
1-17
-------
1.3 PRODUCT SYSTEM
1.3.3.2 LCD manufacturing
LCD technology uses a glass substrate (e.g., soda lime or borosilicate glass). Once the
glass is acquired, it must be cleaned, which is a critical step in reliable manufacturing. The
manufacturing techniques of the LCD are similar to the production of semiconductor chips,
which require energy intensive "clean rooms" for manufacturing. A conductor or semiconductor
is deposited on the glass substrate. Most FPDs require a transparent conductor (electrode) such
as ITO, which is usually deposited by a sputtering method. TFT devices in AMLCDs use
semiconducting materials (e.g., silicon, cadmium selenide) for transistors at each pixel. These
semiconducting materials can be prepared by vacuum evaporation, using either electron beam
evaporation, sputtering, or chemical vapor deposition. Electrode patterns are then formed by a
photolithographic process that begins with the coating of photoresist on the ITO or metal-coated
substrate.
The photoresist (photosensitive organic polymer) is then "developed" using liquid
organic chemicals. This is similar to the manufacture of silicon integrated circuits (ICs). The
ITO or metal is then etched to form electrodes. FPD manufacturing employs etchants (e.g.,
H3PO4/HNO3, HF/HC1, HC1O4, CF4/SF6) that differ from those used in silicon 1C manufacturing.
LCDs use alignment layers and iodine/dye based polarizers. AMLCDs use amorphous silicon,
silicon nitride, various oxides and metals. The silicon 1C manufacturing process of plasma-
enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) is used for some of these layers, as are more
conventional vacuum deposition techniques. Finally, various organic liquids (the liquid crystals)
are injected between the top and bottom substrate of LCDs (MCC, 1993).
The general process flow of AMLCD manufacturing is presented in Figure 1-3. The
photolithographic subprocess steps for the front and rear glass panels are presented in Figures 1-4
and 1-5. Various processes include sputtering, PECVD, photolithography, wet etching, reactive
ion etching (RIE), in-process testing, liquid crystal processing, and lamination among others.
The manufacturing process of IPS differs from traditional TN in that there are fewer
photolithography steps required since no ITO is patterned onto the front or rear glass plates.
Once the photolithographic processes are completed, the polyamide orientation film is
applied and rubbed on the glass. The front and rear glass substrates are merged and the liquid
crystals are inserted. Polarizers are laminated to the front and rear panels, completing the
"AMLCD cell" of the LCD glass panel assembly (see Table 1-4). The electronic components
that operate the AMLCD cell (i.e., the column and row driver tabs and wiring boards) are then
attached to the glass. This completes the LCD glass panel assembly. The other major
components of the LCD are then assembled. Adding the controller PWB and the backlight
assembly make up what may also be called the "LCD module." Finally, the power supply
assembly and the plastic cover and stand are added to make an assembled monitor.
In total, there are six PWBs needed for the LCD: controller, row driver, column driver,
backlight, power supply, and adjustment knob PWB. The major ones by size and function are
the larger controller and backlight PWBs, and the smaller column and row PWBs. These are
compared to the two major PWBs in the CRT: the main and neck PWBs (see Table 1-3).
1-18
-------
1.3 PRODUCT SYSTEM
repeat 4 times
for different layers
color filter
formation
(photolithography)!
repeat 8 times
H
for different layers
TFT formation
(photolithography) |
(includes electrode
formation)
electrode
formation (ITO)
(photolithography)
apply polyimide
orientation film
(cyrstal alignmnent
layer) - application
and rubbing
1
1
k.
^
apply seal and
cure
^
insert spacers
k.
inspect
^
clean cirucit
boards
^
functional test
of glass panel
^
laminate front
and rear
polarizers
^
seal (UV or
oven cured)
--
insert liquid
crystal
^
merge plates
(apply UV cured
adhesive)
attc
colum
driv
A
ch
ers
L
manufacture driver
tabs (1C chips) and
driver input PWBs
test/operate
attach
assembly
t
manufacture
backlight
assembly
(including PWB)
k-
attach
controller PWB
t
manufacture
controller PWB
k-
attach
adjustment
PWB
i
L
k-
manufacture 1
adjustment 1
PWB I
attach power
supply
assembly
I
k
k-
attach
base/stand
assembly
manufacture 1
power supply 1
PWB (and other 1
assembly parts) 1
• Shadowed boxes represent processes with additional subprocess steps.
• Bold outlined boxes represent processes shown in subsequent figures.
Figure 1-3. Traditional twisted nematic AMLCD manufacturing process
1-19
-------
1.3 PRODUCT SYSTEM
COl
^
— w
.OR FILTER FORMATION
Apply
color filters -
(1 ) black matrix (sputter)
(2) red (spin coat)
(3) green (spin coat)
(4) blue (spin coat)
^
— w
resist coat
(polyimide)
^
for e
^
expose
^
develop
(tetramethyl
ammonium
hydroxide
[TMAH])
^
clean/dry
clean and dry
^
^
wet etch
(1) halogen
plasma/solvent
(2) solvent
(3) solvent
(4) solvent
strip
photoresist
(1)TMAH
(2) N-methyl-2-
pyrrolidone (NMP)
(3) TMAH
(4) TMAH
^
ELECTRODE FORMATION
expose
^
develop
(TMAH)
^
clean/dry
^
wet etch
(HBr, HBr+CI2,
CH4+H2, HCI, or
HF 0.5% soln.)
to alignment layer application
(refer back to Fig. 1-4)
Figure 1-4. Front glass AMLCD manufacturing (photolithography)
1-20
-------
1.3 PRODUCT SYSTEM
repeat 8 times
for each layer
THIN-FILM TRANSISTOR (TFT) FORMATION - PHOTOLITHOGRAPHY
thin film deposition:
gate metal (Mo/AI/Cr, etc.)
(sputter/PECVD);
SiO2 (APCVD);
SiNx(PECVD);
n+a:Si(PECVD);
a:si/SiNx (PECVD)
SiNx(PECVD);
source/drain (sputter);
ITO (sputter)
etch back
clean
resist coat
(polyimide)
soft bake
expose
develop
(TMAH)
resist
etch deposited
materials:
gate metal;
Si materials;
source/drain;
ITO
(RIE or wet etch)
clean/remove
resist deposits
dehydration bake
clean
(UV ozone)
to alignment layer application
(refer back to Fig. 1-4) -
Figure 1-5. Rear glass AMLCD manufacturing (photolithography)
1-21
-------
1.3 PRODUCT SYSTEM
1.4 ASSESSMENT BOUNDARIES
1.4.1 Life-Cycle Stages and Unit Processes
In a comprehensive cradle-to-grave analysis, the display system includes five life-cycle
stages: (1) raw materials acquisition; (2) materials processing; (3) product manufacture; (4)
product use, maintenance and repair; and (5) final disposition/end-of-life. Also included are the
activities that are required to affect movement between the stages (e.g., transportation). The
major processes within the life cycles of CRTs and LCDs, which are modeled in this study, are
depicted in Figures 1-6 and 1-7, respectively. Details on collecting data for these processes are
presented in Chapter 2.
1.4.2 Spatial and Temporal Boundaries
The geographic boundaries of this assessment are shown in Table 1-5. This LCA will
focus on the U.S. display market; therefore, the geographic boundary for the use and disposition
stages of displays is limited to the United States. Raw materials acquisition and material
processing for materials used in the manufacture of computer displays are done throughout the
world. Product manufacturing is done predominately in Asia, although there are foreign-owned
desktop display manufacturers operating plants in the United States and other countries.
Therefore, for purposes of this study, the geographic boundaries for raw material extraction,
material processing, and product manufacture are worldwide.
Table 1-5. Geographic coverage for each life-cycle stage
Life-cycle stage
Raw materials acquisition
Material processing
Product manufacture
Use
Disposition
Geographic coverage
worldwidea
worldwide3
worldwide3
United States
United States
a In this study, worldwide boundaries were considered; however,
the actual geographic locations for LCI data are presented in
Chapter 2 (Sections 2.2 and 2.3).
While the geographic boundaries show where impacts might occur for various life-cycle
stages, traditional LCAs do not provide an actual spatial relationship of impacts. That is,
particular impacts cannot be attributed to a specific location. Rather, impacts are generally
presented on a global or regional scale.
1-22
-------
1.4 ASSESSMENT BOUNDARIES
RAW MATERIALS
ACQUISITION
Acquisition of raw
materials for major
materials manufactured
(combined with aterials
processing stage)
Materials/Energy/Resources*
MATERIALS
PROCESSING
PRODUCT
MANUFACTURING
PRODUCT USE
Use
(effective and
manufactured lives)
DISPOSITION
Products/Waste (emissions, effluents, solid waste)
Note: Arrows indicate flows between life-cycle stages. The arrows also represent transportation of materials required to get from one process to another.
* Electricity generation and fuel production (fuel oils, natural gas, and LPG) processes are not shown but were attached to those processes that consume energy resourcesthroughout the life-cycle
Figure 1-6. CRT Life-Cycle
1-23
-------
1.4 ASSESSMENT BOUNDARIES
Materials/Energy/Resources*
RAW MATERIALS
ACQUISITION
Acquisition of raw
materials for major
materials manufactured
(combined with aterials
processing stage)
MATERIALS
PROCESSING
I
PRODUCT
MANUFACTURING
CCFL (lamp)
Light guide
Backlight unit
Polarizer
Liquid crystals
LCD glass
Color filter
patterning (on front
glass)
LCD panel &
module
Printed wiring
boards
Monitor assembly
PRODUCT USE
Use
(effective and
manufactured lives)
DISPOSITION
Products/Waste (emissions, effluents, solid waste)
Note: Arrows indicate flows between life-cycle stages. The arrows also represent transportation of materials required to get from one process to another.
* Electricity generation and fuel production (fuel oils, natural gas, and LPG) processes are not shown but were attached to those processes that consume energy resourcesthroughout the life-cycle
Figure 1-7. LCD Life-Cycle
1-24
-------
1.4 ASSESSMENT BOUNDARIES
This study addresses impacts from the life cycle of a desktop computer display
manufactured using 1997-2000 technology. The use and disposition stages cover a period that
represents the life of a display. Two lifespans are considered: (1) the "effective" life, defined as
the period of time the display is in use by primary, secondary, or even tertiary users before
reaching its final disposition; and (2) the "manufactured" life, defined as the designed durability
of a display. The effective life is estimated based on past and current use patterns of displays and
represents a realistic estimate of the lifespan. Because the effective life is subject to many
variables, including fluctuating market trends, it is also necessary to evaluate the displays over
their manufactured life. The manufactured life is estimated based on the manufacturer's
estimated durability of the display. Because of quickly changing technologies in this industry,
the effective life has been shorter than the manufactured life. The effective life, which is
currently the more realistic scenario is used as the primary scenario in the final results presented
in this study. However, the manufactured life is presented as an alternative scenario.
It is assumed that parameters that may change with time, such as available landfill space,
will remain constant throughout the lifespan of the product system. If the lifespan is relatively
short (i.e., within a time frame where significant changes in landfill space would not occur), the
preceding assumption is reasonable. If resources become more scarce within the lifespan, this
assumption could underestimate the impacts.
1.4.3 General Exclusions
Impacts from the infrastructure needed to support the manufacturing facilities (e.g.,
maintenance of manufacturing plants) are beyond the scope of this study. However, maintenance
of clean rooms used in the manufacturing of LCDs (and other components), which require
substantial amounts of energy, are considered part of the manufacturing process.
1-25
-------
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
Atlantic Consulting and IPU. 1998. LCA Study of the Product Group Personal Computers in the
EU Ecolabel Scheme. LCA Study Version 1.11. January.
Castellano, J. 1992. Handbook of Display Technology. Stanford Resources, Inc., San Jose, CA.
Curran, M.A. 1996. Environmental Life-Cycle Assessment. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.
DisplaySearch. 2001. Personal communications with R. Young, Display Search, and J.G.
Overly, University of Tennessee, Center for Clean Products and Clean Technologies.
July.
DisplaySearch. 1998. DisplaySearch FPD Equipment and Materials Analysis and Forecast.
Austin, TX.
EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). 1995. EPA Office of Compliance Sector Notebook
Project - Profile of the Electronics and Computer Industry. EPA310-R-95-002. Office
of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance. Washington, DC. September.
Fava, J., R. Denison, R. Jones, B. Curran, M. Vigon, B. Selke, S. & J.A. Barnum. 1991.
Technical Framework for Life-Cycle Assessment. Society of Environmental Toxicology
and Chemistry & SETAC Foundation for Environmental Education, Inc. Washington,
DC.
FRC (Fuji Chimera Research). 1996. "The Future of Liquid Crystal and Related Display
Materials." Originally published in Japan by FRC and translated by InterLingua
Linguistic Services, Inc. Redondo Beach, CA. 1997.
ISO (International Standards Organization). 1996. ISO 14040, Environmental Management -
Life-cycle Assessment Principles and Framework. TC2071 SC 5N 77. International
Standards Organization, Paris.
Kincaid, L. et al. 1996. Cleaner Technologies Substitutes Assessment - A Methodology &
Resource Guide. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pollution Prevention
and Toxics. EPA 744-R-95-002. Washington, DC.
Koch, J. 1996. Evaluating Environmental Performance: A Case Study in the Flat Panel Display
Industry. University of Michigan, Natural Resources and Environment, Ann Arbor, MI.
April.
Koch, J. and G. Keoleian. 1995. "Evaluating Environmental Performance: A Case Study in the
Flat-Panel Display Industry." Proceedings of IEEE International Symposium on
Electronics and Environment, Orlando, May 1-3, pp. 158-165.
1-26
-------
REFERENCES
MCC (Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation). 1993. Environmental
Consciousness: A Strategic Competitiveness Issue for the Electronics and Computer
Industry. Austin, TX.
MCC. 1994. Environmental Industry Environmental Roadmap. Austin, TX.
MCC. 1998. Computer Display Industry and Technology Profile. EPA 744-R-98-005.
December.
NEC Corporation. 1998. "The LC Monitor Market as Predicted by a Monitor Manufacturer."
NEC Home Electronics, Inc. In Flat Panel Display 1998 Yearbook. Nikkei
Microdevices. Originally published by Nikkei Business Publicationa and translated by
InterLingua Linguistic Services, Inc., Redondo Beach, CA. 1997.
OTA (Office of Technology Assessment). 1995. Flat Panel Displays in Perspective. OTA-
ITC-631. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. September.
Orango A.B. and Atlantic Consulting. 1999. "EU Eco-Label for Portable Computers-Suggested
Criteria." Version 1.12. Gotebprg, Sweden. May 19, 1999.
SRI (Stanford Resources, Inc.). 1998. Web site available at:
http://www.stanford.resources.com/sr/main/homepage. April.
Young, R. 1998. Personal communications with R.Young, DisplaySearch, and M.L. Socolof,
University of Tennessee Center for Clean Products and Clean Technologies, June.
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2. LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY
Chapter 2
LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY
A life-cycle inventory (LCI) is the identification and quantification of the material and
resource inputs and emission and product outputs from the unit processes in the life cycle of a
product system (Figure 2-1). For the Design for the Environment (DfE) Computer Display
Project (CDP), LCI inputs include materials used in the computer display product itself, ancillary
materials used in processing and manufacturing of the displays, and energy and other resources
consumed in the manufacturing, use, or final disposition of the displays. Outputs include
primary products, co-products, air emissions, water effluents, and releases to land. Specific unit
processes for CRTs and LCDs are represented by the boxes in Figures 1-6 and 1-7, and each unit
process has inputs and outputs particular to that process. Figures 2-2 and 2-3 also show each unit
process for both the CRT and LCD life cycles, and graphically displays how they are linked to
subsequent processes. This figure will be referred to throughout this chapter in the discussion of
each life-cycle stage.
INPUTS:
Display materials
Ancillary materials'
Energy/resources •
OUTPUTS:
Unit Process
• Air emissions
• Water effluent
•^•Releases to land
Primary products
^•Co-products
Figure 2-1. Unit process inventory conceptual diagram
This chapter describes the methods for collecting LCI data in the DfE CDP, and presents
LCI results. Section 2.1 describes the general methodology for LCI data collection, while
Sections 2.2 through 2.6 present the specific methodologies, data sources, data quality,
limitations and uncertainties for each life-cycle stage. Section 2.7 then concludes with the
combined LCI data for each monitor type.
More specifically, Section 2.2 presents the LCI methodology for the materials extraction
and materials processing (i.e., "upstream") life-cycle stages, including electricity generation.
Electricity is used in several processes throughout each monitor's life-cycle, and the electricity
generating process is linked to the processes that use electricity. As a consequence, the inventory
results from electricity generation are reported as part of the associated life-cycle stage for the
process to which it is linked. For example, electricity used in manufacturing a product
component is included in the manufacturing stage inventory, while electricity used during the use
stage is included in the use stage inventory.
2-1
-------
2. LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY
CRADLE-TO-GATE STAGES
(Upstream and Manufacturing)
Japanese electric grid
[linked to manufacturing processes (*) below; upstream processes have imbedded
electricity generation inventory data]
Notes:
LPG = liquified petroleum gas
HIPS = high impact polystyrene
ABS = acrylonitrile butadiene styrene
PC = polycarbonate
* Manufacturing stage processes
USE STAGE
END-OF-LIFE STAGE
U.S. electric grid
(linked to use & EOL processes below; fuel processes
and secondary EOL processes have imbedded
electricity generation inventory data)
s »
landfilling of a
CRT
Key:
primary
data
secondary
data
Figure 2-2. CRT linked processes
2-2
-------
2. LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY
CRADLE-TO-GATE STAGES
(Upstream and Manufacturing)
Japanese electric grid
[linked to manufacturing processes (*) below; upstream processes have imbedded
electricity generation inventory data]
Notes:
PMMA = poly(methyl methyacrylate)
PC = polycarbonate
PET = polyethylene terphthalate
LPG = liquified petroleum gas
* Manufacturing stage processes
liquid crystal
mfg*
polarizer mfg*
4
PET mfg
USE STAGE
END-OF-LIFE STAGE
U.S. electric grid
(linked to use & EOL processes below; fuel
processes and secondary EOL processes have
imbedded electricity generation inventory data)
patterning
color filters on
glass*
printed wiring
board mfg*
Key:
primary
data
secondary
data
Figure 2-3. LCD linked processes
2-3
-------
2.1 GENERAL METHODOLOGY
Section 2.3 presents the LCI methods for the product manufacturing life-cycle inventory,
which was developed from primary data collected through questionnaires designed and sent to
manufacturers for this study. Sections 2.4 and 2.5 present the methods for developing the use
and end-of-life (EOL) life-cycle stage inventories, respectively. Transportation is another
important aspect of a product life-cycle that can cause environmental impacts. Information
related to the transport of materials, products, and wastes is presented in Section 2.6. As the final
section of Chapter 2, Section 2.7, summarizes and discusses the entire inventory data over the
life-cycles of the CRT and LCD computer monitors. Sensitivity analyses are also discussed in
Section 2.7.
2.1 GENERAL METHODOLOGY
This section describes the data categories evaluated in the CDP LCI, the decision rules
used to determine which materials extraction and materials processing life-cycle stages (e.g.,
"upstream" processes) to evaluate in the study, and data collection methods. It also describes
procedures for allocating inputs and outputs from a process to the product of interest (e.g., a
display or display component) when the process is used in the manufacture, recycle, or disposal
of more than one product type at the same facility. Finally, it describes the data management and
analysis software used for the project and methods for maintaining overall data quality and
critical review.
2.1.1 Data Categories
Table 2-1 describes the data categories for which inventory data were collected, including
material inputs, energy inputs, natural resource inputs, emission outputs, and product outputs.
Inventory data were normalized to mass per functional unit (in the case of material and resource
inputs and emission or material outputs), megajoules (MJ) per functional unit (in the case of
energy inputs), or the number of components per functional unit (in the case of display
components). As discussed in Section 1.3, the functional unit is one desktop computer display
over its lifespan.
Data that reflected production for one year of continuous processes were scaled to one
functional unit. Thus, excessive material or energy associated with startups, shutdowns, and
changeovers were assumed to be distributed over time. Consequently, any environmental and
exposure modeling associated with the impact assessment reflects continuous emissions such that
equilibrium concentrations may be assumed. If the reporting year was less than one year for any
inventory item, the analysis was adjusted as appropriate.
2-4
-------
2.1 GENERAL METHODOLOGY
Table 2-1. LCI data categories
Data Category
Description
Material inputs (kg per functional unit)
Primary materials
Ancillary (process)
materials
Actual materials that make up the final product for a particular process. These can be
individual materials or a combination of materials that comprise a component part.
Materials that are used in the processing of a product for a particular process. Process
materials from monitor manufacturing could include, for example, etchants used during
photolithography which are washed away and not part of the final product, but are
necessary to manufacture the product.
Energy inputs (MJ per functional unit)
Process energy
Precombustion energy
Transportation energy
Energy consumed by any process in the life-cycle.
The energy expended to extract, process, refine, and deliver a usable fuel for combustion.
Energy consumed in the transportation of the materials or products in the life cycle.
Natural resource inputs (kg per functional unit)
Non-renewable
resources
Renewable resources
(e.g., water)
Materials extracted from the ground that are non-renewable, or stock, resources (e.g.,
coal).
Water or other renewable, or flow, resources (e.g., limestone) are included in the analysis.
Renewable resource data values are presented in mass of water consumed for a particular
process.
Emissions outputs (kg per functional unit)
Air
Water
Solid wastes
Mass of a product or material that is considered a pollutant within each life-cycle stage.
Air outputs represent actual gaseous or particulate releases to the environment from a
point or diffuse source, after passing through emission control devices, if applicable.
Mass of a product or material that is considered a pollutant within each life-cycle stage.
Water outputs represent actual discharges to either surface or groundwater from point or
diffuse sources, after passing through any water treatment devices.
Mass of a product or material that is deposited in a landfill or deep well.
Represents actual disposal of either solids or liquids that are deposited either before or
after treatment (e.g., incineration, composting), recovery, or recycling processes.
Products (kg of material or number of components per functional unit)
Primary products
Co-products
Material or component outputs from a process that are received as input by a subsequent
unit process within the display life cycle.
Material outputs from a process that can be used, either with or without further
processing, that are not used as part of the final functional unit product.
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Data were also collected on the final disposition of emissions outputs, such as whether
outputs are recycled, treated, and/or disposed. This information helps determine what impacts
will be calculated for a particular inventory item. Methods for calculating impacts are discussed
in Chapter 3, Life-Cycle Impact Assessment. The dispositions used for this project are as
follows:
• air,
• surface water,
landfill,
• land (other than landfill),
• treatment,
• recycling/reuse, and
• deep well injection.
Given the enormous amount of data involved in inventorying all of the inputs and outputs
for a product system, life-cycle assessment (LCA) practitioners typically employ decision rules to
make the data collection manageable and representative of the product system and its impacts.
Section 2.1.2 discusses the decision rules used in the CDP LCI.
2.1.2 Decision Rules
In an LCA, the materials extraction and materials processing life-cycle stages (referred to
as "upstream" life-cycle stages) include processes for extracting raw materials from the earth and
processing those raw materials into the materials used in the manufacture of the product of
interest. Examples of upstream processes include the mining of iron ore and its processing with
other materials into steel sheet or the extraction of petroleum from underground reserves and its
conversion into plastic pellets. A continuing challenge for LCA practitioners is to collect all the
appropriate data for a product system, including data for these upstream processes as well as data
for product manufacturing, use, and disposal processes. In this project, decision rules as to what
inventories should be included as upstream processes in the overall modeled life-cycle are based
on the materials used to manufacture the computer monitors. Also, which component parts to
include in the model depends on these decision rules. In considering upstream materials, a
combination of several factors, including availability of existing data were considered. For
considering which component manufacturing processes to include, the decision rules, plus
manufacturers willingness to participate, factored into our overall scope of what was included in
the analysis.
To help determine which upstream processes to include in the CDP LCI, first the bill of
materials (BOM) of the component parts and the materials that make up those parts (Tables 1-3
and 1-4) was reviewed. The quantities of those materials identified by MCC can be found in
Industry Profile Document (MCC, 1998). Using the MCC BOM allowed work to begin on
selecting and collecting upstream data before the actual BOM from the manufacturing stage was
obtained from the project's primary data collection effort. Final decisions on which upstream
processes to include were based on the BOM developed from data collected from manufacturers.
Tables 2-2 and 2-3 list the BOMs of the primary material inputs from the manufacturing of the
CRT and LCD, respectively. The mass quantities given in the tables are the primary material
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inputs to the manufacturing process and would be equivalent to the amount of material in the
final product plus excess or waste materials. While this is not exactly equivalent to the mass of
each material that makes up a finished product, it does represent the mass of primary materials
used to manufacture the finished product at participating facilities. Details of how these data
were obtained are presented in Section 2.3, which describes the manufacturing stage inventory.
Table 2-2. Bill of primary material inputs for a 17" CRT monitor
Material/Component
Sub-component
Lead oxide glass
Steel
Plastics
Lead
Polycarbonate (PC)
Styrene-butadiene co-polymer
Polyethylene ether (PEE)
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS)
High-impact polystyrene (HIPS)
Triphenyl phosphate
Tricresyl phosphate
Phosphate ester
Printed wiring boards (PWB) and components
Cables/wires
Aluminum (heat sink)
Nickel alloy (invar)
CRT shield assembly
Ferrite
Deflection yoke assembly
Demagnetic coil
Video cable assembly
Power cord assembly
Electron gun
CRT magnet assembly
Audio cable assembly
Frit
Solder
Phosphors
Aquadag
Other (misc.)
TOTAL
Mass (kg) a
9.76
5.16
3.04
0.85
0.45
0.27
0.27
0.24
0.17
0.15
0.13
0.11
0.11
0.10
0.08
0.07
0.07
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.06
21.16
0.45
0.92
0.83
0.74
0.32
0.15
0.05
0.02
0.01
weight % of total inputs a
46.1%
24.4%
14.4%
4.00%
2.13%
1.29%
1.29%
1.14%
0.80%
0.71%
0.60%
0.54%
0.54%
0.47%
0.36%
0.34%
0.32%
0.13%
0.08%
0.07%
0.30%
100%
2.1%
4.36%
3.91%
3.47%
1.52%
0.71%
0.25%
0.11%
0.04%
a Based on the primary material inputs to the manufacturing process,
materials.
including material in the final product plus excess or waste
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Table 2-3. Bill of primary material inputs for a 15" LCD monitor
Material/Component
Steel
Plastics
Subcomponent
Polycarbonate (PC)
Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)
Styrene-butadiene copolymer
Polyethylene ether (PEE)
Triphenyl phosphate
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
Glass
Printed wiring boards (PWB) and components
Cables/wires
Aluminum (heat sink, transistor)
Solder (60% tin, 40% lead)
Color filter pigment
Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) (for polarizer)
Liquid crystals, for 15" LCD, unspecified b
Backlight lamp (cold cathode fluorescent lamp, CCFL)
| Mercury
Transistor metals, other (e.g., Mo, Ti, MoW)
Indium tin oxide (ITO) (electrode)
Polyimide alignment layer
Other (e.g., adhesives, spacers, misc.)
TOTAL
Mass (kg) a
2.53
1.78
0.59
0.37
0.23
0.13
0.04
0.04
0.01
0.0023
0.0019
0.0019
0.0005
0.0005
0.0031
5.73
0.52
0.45
0.36
0.30
0.09
0.06
3.99E-06
weight % of total inputs a
44.12%
30.98%
10.31%
6.52%
4.08%
2.34%
0.66%
0.65%
0.15%
0.04%
0.03%
0.03%
0.01%
0.01%
0.05%
100%
9.00%
7.80%
6.31%
5.23%
1.61%
1.03%
0.0001%
a Based on the primary material inputs to the manufacturing process, including material in the final product plus excess or waste
materials.
b This does not include all liquid crystals, as those specified as individual chemicals are in very small amounts and included in the
"other" category.
The decision rule process begins by assessing the materials and components in Tables 2-2
and 2-3 for the following attributes:
1. The mass (M) contribution of each component and material in the display. The mass is
important in order to account for the majority of materials and components that make up a
display, but also because the more significant the material or component by mass, the
more materials and resources may be required to manufacture the material or component
and thus it may have a significant environmental impact.
2. Materials that are of known or suspected environmental (Env) significance (e.g., toxic).
As this is an environmental life-cycle assessment, consideration of materials or
components that are known to or are suspected to exhibit an environmental hazard are
also included to the extent feasible.
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2.1 GENERAL METHODOLOGY
3. Materials that are known or suspected to have a large energy (E) contribution to the
systems energy requirements. Energy impacts are of great interest to the use and
manufacture of display monitors and, therefore, priorities were given to including
materials or components that are known to or suspected to consume large amounts of
energy.
4. Materials or components that are functionally (F) significant to the display.
"Functionally significant" is defined as important to the technically successful operation
of the display. For example, the liquid crystals in an AMLCD would be "functionally
significant" while screws, gaskets, or the plastic cover would not be.
5. Materials or components that are physically (P) unique in the CRT as compared to the
LCD and vice versa. The physical uniqueness of a material or component could be
identified by chemical makeup or by size. An example of the latter would be if the
plastic casing for the CRT and LCDs were made of the same material, but the CRT casing
had substantially more material by weight.
The priority scheme depicted in Figure 2-4 provides guidelines for applying the CDP
decision rules. Material or component inputs that account for more than five percent of the total
mass of a display technology were given top priority for data collection, as were those of known
or suspected environmental or energy significance and those that are functionally significant or
physically unique. Of less emphasis in trying to obtain data, but still included if possible, were
materials or components that are functionally significant but physically similar to those in the
other technologies, and those that were between 1 and 5% of the total mass of the display.
Recognizing the limitations of project resources, materials or components that account for less
than one percent of total mass or are not otherwise significant or unique were excluded a priori.
Based on this hierarchy and on review of the preliminary BOMs, Tables 2-4 and 2-5
present how components were rated based on the priority scheme, and which ones were included
in the analysis. If a material or component was included in the analysis as a separate process, it is
listed in the last column of Tables 2-4 and 2-5 by what life-cycle stage that process is in (i.e.,
upstream or manufacturing process). If a material or component was only included as part of
another process, and not as a separate process in the profile, the process in which that material or
component is found is provided in the last column.
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2.1 GENERAL METHODOLOGY
MATERIAL/COMPONENT INPUTS:
- >5% of total mass
environmental concern
- energy concern
functionally significant
- physically unique
- 1-5% of total mass
L- <1% of total mass,,
k- not otherwise
significant /Excluded from
unique*
analysis
Figure 2-4. Decision rule guidelines
*e.g., materials are excluded if they are not of known environmental significance (for example, toxic) or are not
physically unique.
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2.1 GENERAL METHODOLOGY
Table 2-4. Decision rule priorities and scope of analysis for the primary material inputs
of the 17" CRT monitor
Material/Component
Sub-component
Lead oxide glass
Steel
Plastics
Lead
Polycarbonate (PC)
Styrene-butadiene co-polymer
Polyethylene ether (PEE)
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS)
High-impact polystyrene (HIPS)
Triphenyl phosphate
Tricresyl phosphate
Phosphate ester
Printed wiring boards (PWB) and components
Cables/wires
Aluminum (heat sink)
Nickel alloy (invar)
CRT shield assembly
Ferrite
Deflection yoke assembly
Demagnetic coil
Video cable assembly
Power cord assembly
Electron gun
CRT magnet assembly
Audio cable assembly
Frit
Solder
Phosphors
Aquadag
Other (misc.)
Decision rule
M, F, P, E, Env
P, Env
M
—
M
M
M
M
none
none
P
P
M, E, Env
none
M (<5%), E
M (<5%), P
none
P
F,P
F,P
none
none
F, P
P
none
F, P, E, Env
Env
F, P
F, P
Included in analysis as:
manufacturing process
upstream process
upstream process
upstream process
upstream process
part of monitor assy, process
upstream process
upstream process
part of monitor assy, process
part of monitor assy, process
part of monitor assy, process
manufacturing process
part of monitor assy, process
upstream process
upstream process
part of monitor assy, process
upstream process
part of monitor assy, process
part of monitor assy, process
part of monitor assy, process
part of monitor assy, process
part of tube mfg. process
part of monitor assy, process
part of monitor assy, process
manufacturing process
part of monitor assy, process
part of tube mfg. process
part of tube mfg. process
miscellaneous
M = mass is greater than 1% of the total display weight; Env = environmental/toxic concern; E = energy concern;
F = functional (technological) importance; P = physically unique.
Note: The CRT processes included in the CDP LCA were presented in Figures 1-6 and 2-2.
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Table 2-5. Decision rule priorities and scope of analysis for the primary material inputs
of the 15" LCD monitor
Material/Component
Steel
Plastics
Sub-component
Polycarbonate (PC)
Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)
Styrene-butadiene co-polymer
Polyethylene ether (PEE)
Triphenyl phosphate
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
Glass
Printed wiring boards (PWB) and components
Cables/wires
Aluminum (heat sink, transistor)
Solder (60% tin, 40% lead)
Color filter pigment
Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) (for polarizer)
Liquid crystals, for 15" LCD
Backlight lamp (cold cathode fluorescent lamp)
Mercury
Transistor metals, other (e.g., Mo, Ti, MoW)
Indium tin oxide (ITO) (electrode)
Polyimide alignment layer
Other (e.g., adhesives, spacers, misc.)
Decision rule
M
—
M
M, P
M
M
M (<5%)
M (<5%), P
M
M, E, Env
M (<5%), E
Env
P
none
F, P, Env
F, P, Env
Env
F,P
F,P
F,P
Included in analysis as:
upstream process
upstream process
upstream process
upstream process
part of monitor assy, process
part of monitor assy, process
upstream process
manufacturing process
manufacturing process
part of monitor assy, process
upstream process
part of monitor assy. & module mfg.
processes
part of color filter patterning
part of polarizer mfg. process
manufacturing process
manufacturing process
part of backlight lamp process
part of module mfg. process
part of module mfg. process
part of module mfg. process
miscellaneous
M = mass is greater than 1% of the total display weight; Env = environmental/toxic concern; E = energy concern;
F = functional (technological) importance; P = physically unique.
Note: The LCD processes included in the CDP LCA were presented in Figures 1-7 and 2-3.
2.1.3 Data Collection and Data Sources
Data were collected from both primary and secondary sources. Primary data are directly
accessible, plant-specific, measured, modeled, or estimated data generated for the particular
project at hand. Secondary data are from literature sources or other LCAs, but are specific to
either a product, material, or process used in the manufacture of the product of interest.
Table 2-6 lists the types of data (primary or secondary) used for each life-cycle stage in
the CDP LCI. In general, greater emphasis was placed on collecting data and/or developing
models for product manufacturing, use, and end-of-life. Primary data were collected from
product and component manufacturers (in the U.S., Japan, and Korea), and CRT recyclers who
voluntarily agreed to participate in the project. When proprietary data were involved, the
University of Tennessee (UT) Center for Clean Products and Clean Technologies entered into
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confidentiality agreements with the affected company. In addition, to both protect confidentiality
and better represent the various manufacturing processes, data for particular processes that were
collected from more than one company, where possible, and aggregated. Attempts were made to
get at least two companies to contribute data for each particular process in the manufacturing
life-cycle stage, which resulted in some process datasets being the aggregate of multiple (2-7)
companies data. However, this was not feasible in every case and some datasets were simply the
data of one company. Details of the data aggregation methods are provided in Section 2.3.
Data for the use stage were modeled specifically for this project by UT researchers, but
were based on secondary data (i.e., secondary data were built upon to create the data used in the
inventory for the use life-cycle stage). Data associated with the electricity generation were also
based on secondary data, but modeled for this project. Transportation information (e.g.,
transportation mode and distances) were collected from the manufacturers that provided primary
data. These data were linked to secondary data inventories of fuel inputs and emissions outputs
for various types of transport vessels. Transportation data cover movement of materials and
components both into and out of a facility, but do not include transportation of packaging or
distribution of the finished display to the consumer. Finally, secondary data were used for
upstream processes. More details on each of these data collection efforts are provided in
subsequent sections of this chapter.
Table 2-6. Data types by life-cycle stage
Life-cycle stage
Upstream
(materials extraction and processing)
Product and component manufacturing
Use
Final disposition
(recycling and/or disposal)
Packaging, transportation, distribution
Data types
Secondary data.
Primary data, except secondary data used for frit.
Modeled using secondary data; maintenance and repair are not
included in the analysis.
Modeled using secondary data plus primary data from CRT
recycling facilities.
Primary data from product and component manufacturers for
transport mode and distance; secondary data for fuel inputs and
emissions outputs for the transport vessel. Packaging and
distribution not included.
In some instances, neither primary nor secondary data were available. For example,
CRTs are a much more mature technology than the LCD, and end-of-life (EOL) data are much
less prevalent for the LCD than for the CRT. Where primary and secondary data are lacking,
various assumptions and modeling serve as defaults.
2.1.4 Allocation Procedures
An allocation procedure is required when a process within a system shares a common
management structure, or where multiple products or co-products are produced. In the CDP LCI
allocation procedures are used when processes or services associated with the functional unit
(e.g., a desktop computer display over its lifetime) are used in more than one product line at the
same facility (e.g., notebook computers, televisions). For example, transistors are used in LCD
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2.1 GENERAL METHODOLOGY
desktop computer displays, but also in other LCD technologies, such as notebook computer
displays. If a facility uses a single process to manufacture transistors for both desktop and
notebook computer display, inputs and outputs are allocated among the product lines to avoid
over-estimating the environmental burdens associated with the product under evaluation.
The International Standards Organization (ISO, 1996) recommends that wherever
possible, allocation should be avoided or minimized. This may be achieved by sub-dividing the
unit process into two or more sub-processes, some of which can be excluded from the system
under study. In the example above, if a manufacturer of transistors supplied only desktop
computer LCD manufacturers, no allocation would be necessary from that manufacturer.
However, it is more likely that the transistor manufacturer would have a larger customer base,
including manufacturers of various products other than liquid crystal desktop computer displays.
This requires allocation of flows from the manufacturing of transistors for several products to
those associated only with desktop computer displays. As suggested by ISO, if sub-processes
within the transistor facility can be identified that distinguish between transistors manufactured
for LCDs and for other products, the latter sub-processes can be eliminated from the analysis,
thus reducing allocation procedures.
In this study allocation procedures are used as follows:
• Inventory data for utilities and services common to several processes are allocated to
reflect the relative use of the service. For example, fuel inputs and emission outputs from
electric utility generation are allocated to a display or display component according to the
actual or estimated electricity consumed during the manufacture, use, or final disposition
of the product. Similarly, fuel inputs and emission outputs from commercial transport of
a display component to a display assembler are allocated to the display component
according to the mass of the component, the distance traveled, and the fraction of the
transport vehicle's capacity occupied by the number of components shipped.
• Where a unit process produces co-products, the burdens associated with the unit process
are allocated to the co-product on a mass basis. In the transistor example above, burdens
are allocated according to the total mass of transistors used in desktop displays and the
mass used in notebook computers. Total mass can be calculated from sales records which
document the number of transistors delivered to different customers and measured mass
of a set number of transistors.
Allocation is also necessary when a single process produces both energy and products. In this
case, the inputs are partitioned among the energy and products, as appropriate, to avoid allocating
inapplicable chemical burdens to energy production. However, this scenario was not
encountered in the CDP LCI.
2.1.5 Data Management and Analysis Software
The data that were collected for this study were either obtained from questionnaires
developed for this project, from existing databases, or from primary or secondary data collected
by the UT Center for Clean Products and Clean Technologies. All these data were transferred to
spreadsheets, which were then imported into a Life-Cycle Design Software Tool developed by
the Center for Clean Products and Clean Technologies with funding from the EPA Office of
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2.1 GENERAL METHODOLOGY
Research and Development and Saturn Corporation. The software tool was developed to store
and organize life-cycle inventory data and to calculate life-cycle impacts for a product profile.
Written using Microsoft FoxPro programming software, the tool is designed to allow flexibility
in conducting life-cycle design and life-cycle assessment functions. It provides the means to
organize inventory data, investigate alternative scenarios, evaluate impacts, and assess data
quality.
The UT Life-Cycle Design Software Tool organizes data in such a way that each process
inventory is independent. Customized "profiles" (e.g., the manufacture of a CRT or the whole
life-cycle of an LCD) can be developed by linking processes together. The tool has the flexibility
to modify or replace any particular process within a profile to evaluate potential alternatives. The
data provided in this study may serve as a baseline to compare alternatives or modifications to
particular processes. The models developed for the life-cycles of the CRT and LCD in this study
can remain useful as many of the individual processes in the CRT and LCD life-cycles will likely
remain constant (e.g., steel manufacturing, plastics manufacturing). Changes to specific
processes can be made to conduct analyses of current or emerging process or technology changes.
Relatively quick life-cycle analyses can be conducted on future product or process
improvements, given the baseline data already available through this study.
2.1.6 Data Quality
LCI data quality can be evaluated based on the following data quality indicators (DQIs):
(1) the source type (i.e., primary or secondary data sources); (2) the method in which the data
were obtained (i.e., measured, calculated, estimated); and (3) the time period for which the data
are representative. LCI DQIs are discussed further in Life-Cycle Assessment Data Quality: A
Conceptual Framework (SETAC, 1994). CDP data quality for each life-cycle stage is discussed
in detail in Sections 2.3 through 2.6 and summarized below.
For the primary data collected in this project, participating companies reported the
method in which the data were obtained and the time period for which the data are representative.
Data from the 1997-2000 time period were sought, with the most recent data preferred.
Similarly, the time period of secondary data and method in which the data were originally
obtained was also recorded, where available. Secondary data cover a broader time period, with
data for most materials from the 1997 to 1998 time period, and data for most fuels from the 1983
to 1993 time period.
Anomalies and missing data are common hurdles in any data collecting exercise.
Anomalies are extreme values within a given data set. Any anomaly identified during the course
of this project that is germane to project results was highlighted for the project team and
investigated to determine its source (e.g., mis-reported values). If the anomaly could be traced to
an event inherently related to the process, it was left in the data set. If, however, the anomaly
could not be accounted for, it was removed from the data set. Specific anomalies highlighted by
the project team are discussed in Section 2.7, Summary of Life-Cycle Inventory Results.
We attempted to account for missing data by replacing it hierarchically. That is, if
specific primary data were missing, secondary data were used. Where neither primary nor
secondary data were available, such as data on the percent of LCD desktop displays recycled or
remanufactured, assumptions were made and a sensitivity analysis was performed. In the cases
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2.1 GENERAL METHODOLOGY
where no data were found or reasonable assumptions could not be made, these deficiencies are
reported.
Any proprietary information required for the assessment was subject to confidentiality
agreements between the Center for Clean Products and Clean Technologies and the participating
company. Proprietary data are presented as aggregated data to avoid revealing the source.
Further, any averaged process data obtained from fewer than three companies are also aggregated
to avoid revealing individual inventory items from individual companies.
2.1.7 Critical Review
Critical review is a technique to verify whether an LCA has met the requirements of the
study for methodology, data, and reporting, as defined in the goal definition and scoping phase.
A critical review process was maintained in the CDP LCA to help ensure that the following
criteria were met:
• the methods used to carry out assessments are consistent with the EPA, SETAC, and ISO
assessment guidelines;
• the methods used to carry out assessments are scientifically and technically valid within
the LCA framework;
• the data used are appropriate and reasonable in relation to the goals of the study;
• the interpretations reflect the limitations identified and the goals of the study; and
• the study results are transparent and consistent.
A project Core Group and Technical Work Group, both consisting of representatives
from industry, academia, and government, and EPA's DfE Work Group provided critical reviews
of the assessment. Members of these groups are listed in Appendix C, Critical Review. The Core
Group served as the project steering committee and was responsible for approving all major
scoping assumptions and decisions. The Technical Work Group and the DfE Work Group
provided technical guidance and reviews of all major project deliverables including the final
LCA report.
In addition to the critical review process, primary data collected were double-checked
with the original source to ensure that their data are presented accurately. Additional details on
the data verification process for primary data are presented in Sections 2.3 and 2.5.
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2.2 MATERIALS EXTRACTION & MATERIALS PROCESSING
2.2 MATERIALS EXTRACTION AND MATERIALS PROCESSING (UPSTREAM
LIFE-CYCLE STAGES)
2.2.1 Methodology
The inventories included in the materials extraction and materials processing (upstream)
life-cycle stages are those of the major primary materials found in the CRT or LCD monitor, as
well as major ancillary materials required to manufacture the monitors. Inventories for electricity
generation and fuels, which may be used in several life-cycle stages (e.g., to manufacture the
products or to use the products), are also presented.
The inventories for extraction and processing of major materials were obtained from
existing LCI databases. Electricity generation inventories were developed for this project from
secondary sources that describe the distribution of fuels for different electric grids and the fuel
inputs and emission outputs associated with different fuel types. The methodologies for
developing these inventories are summarized below.
2.2.1.1 Upstream materials processes
Materials for which upstream processes were included in the CRT and LCD life-cycles
were selected based on the decision rules described in Section 2.1.2, as well as the availability of
secondary data for those materials. An attempt was made to include materials with a mass
greater than or equal to one percent of the overall inputs to the product manufacture, or materials
that may contribute to a large amount of energy use or have environmental concern. Tables 2-4
and 2-5 in Section 2.1.2 listed the decision criteria for primary materials/components that are
included either as separate processes or as part of another process. The upstream materials
processes for which inventory data were obtained for this project are presented in Table 2-7.
To determine which source or sources of secondary data to use, nine LCI databases were
evaluated against 11 selection criteria in a technical memorandum presented to the project review
teams (see Appendix D). Based on this analysis the project team chose the Environmental
Information and Management Explorer (EIME) database and the Database for Environmental
Analysis and Management (DEAM), two life-cycle inventory databases developed by the
Ecobilan (Ecobalance) Group (Ecobilan, 1999). EIME was developed by Ecobilan specifically
for electronics and the electronics industry and covers many of the materials specific to the CDP,
while the DEAM database includes materials not covered by EIME. Combined, these databases
contain detailed inventories of materials extraction and processing activities for most of the
materials of interest in this project.
In the Ecobilan inventory for a particular material, the functional unit is a set mass of the
material. Inputs and outputs are therefore given in terms of mass or other appropriate unit per
unit mass of material. These data were imported into the UT Life-Cycle Design Software Tool
discussed in Section 2.1.5, where they were linked to the mass of material used in the
manufacture of a display monitor to develop inventories specific to the CDP. The associated
amounts of each material were presented in Tables 2-2 and 2-3 in Section 2.1.2. How these
materials are linked to other processes in the CRT and LCD profiles are shown in Figures 2-2
and 2-3 at the beginning of this chapter.
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2.2 MATERIALS EXTRACTION & MATERIALS PROCESSING
The materials inventories from Ecobilan also contain data for electricity generation, as
appropriate, and in some cases, for transportation. Electricity generation and transportation data
that were included in the Ecobilan inventories could not be separated from the inventory data for
materials extraction and conversion processes. Therefore, when electricity generation and
transport data were included in the Ecobilan inventories, the electricity and transport data
collected specifically for this project were not used with the upstream process data.
Table 2-7. Materials having upstream processes included in
the CDP LCA
Material
CRT
LCD
METALS
aluminum
ferrite
lead
nickel alloy (invar)
steel
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
POLYMERS
acrylonitrile-butadiene styrene (ABS)
high impact polystyrene (HIPS)
polycarbonate (PC)
polyethylene terphthalate (PET)
poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)
styrene-butadiene co-polymer
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
ANCILLARY MATERIALS
natural gas (used to represent LNG)
/
2.2.1.2 Electric grids
Electricity is used in several processes throughout the life-cycle of the CRT and LCD
monitors, and in some instances in large amounts. Therefore, the inventory for electricity
generation is included in the scope of this project.
As described in Chapter 1, Section 1.4.2, the geographic boundaries of this project are
worldwide for upstream and product manufacturing processes and limited to the United States
for the use and end-of-life stages. In addition, most CRT and LCD manufacturing is done in Asia
and most product manufacturing data collected in this study were from the United States or
Japan, except for two LCD manufacturing data sets collected from Korean manufacturers.
Therefore, the inventory associated with electricity generation during manufacturing was based
on either the Japanese or U.S. electric grids, depending on the particular process or component
being manufactured. Where data were obtained from more than one country for the same
process, only one electric grid inventory could be used for a single process. In these cases, the
Japanese electric grid was used since the majority of manufacturing data are from Japanese
companies. The inventory for electricity generated during use and EOL processing was based on
the U.S. electric grid.
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2.2 MATERIALS EXTRACTION & MATERIALS PROCESSING
The methodology and results for the electricity generation inventories are detailed in
Appendix E, which presents the electric grid technical memorandum prepared for this project.
The inventories were developed by first compiling U.S. inventory data for each of the major
generation categories or fuel types, including electricity generated from coal, gas, petroleum, and
nuclear fuels. These inventories were then combined with data on net electricity generation by
fuel type in the U.S. and Japanese electric grids (Table 2-8) to develop the country-wide electric
generation inventories. The inputs and outputs for the electricity generation inventories are
presented in terms of mass or radioactivity per kWh of electricity generated. Inventories were
not included for hydroelectric and renewable energy generation categories due to the scarcity of
data on inputs and outputs for these categories. In addition, renewables account for only a small
fraction of total U.S. electricity generation.
Table 2-8. Net electricity generation by fuel type
Fuel
Coal
Gas
Petroleum
Nuclear
Hydro
Other
Net electricity generation
United States (percent)
57
9
3
20
11
<1
Japan (percent)
18
20
21
31
9
1
Sources: U.S.: EIA, 1999a; Japan: EIA, 1997; FEPC, 1996.
Note that the Japanese grid inventory is based on the same fuel-specific inventories
developed for the U.S. grid, but uses the average distribution of fuels for the Japanese grid (EIA,
1997, FEPC, 1996). This introduces some uncertainty into the Japanese electric grid since
Japanese technologies, efficiencies, and pollution control techniques are likely to differ
somewhat from their U.S. counterparts. However, the U.S. fuel-specific inventories were used to
conserve project resources, rather than expending considerable effort on collecting inventory data
from Japanese utilities.
The electricity generation inventories presented in Appendix E are shown as separate
process inventories. However, in the overall analysis, they are linked to the manufacturing, use
and EOL life-cycle stages, as appropriate. That is, where electricity is used in a process in any of
those life-cycle stages, the inputs and outputs from generating the amount of electricity needed is
allocated to that process. Note that the U.S. and Japanese electricity generation inventories
developed for this project are not linked to the upstream life-cycle stages for materials used to
manufacture CRT and LCD desktop computer displays. Electricity generation data were already
included in the upstream material inventories received from Ecobilan.
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2.2 MATERIALS EXTRACTION & MATERIALS PROCESSING
2.2.1.3 Fuels
Several fuels are used in manufacturing and end-of-life processes during the life-cycle of the
CRT and LCD monitors, and in some instances in large amounts.1 Therefore, fuel production
inventories are included in the scope of this project. These inventories are included in the life-
cycle stage in which the fuels are actually consumed (e.g., product manufacturing or end-of-life)
instead of in the upstream (materials processing) life-cycle stage. The following fuel inventories
are included in both the CRT and LCD LCIs:
• natural gas (also used to represent LNG),
• liquified petroleum gas (LPG),
fuel oil #2 (distillate),
• fuel oil #6 (residual), and
• fuel oil #4 (average of residual and distillate).
Fuel inventories were obtained from Ecobilan. In the Ecobilan inventories, the functional
unit is a set mass of the material, with inputs and outputs given in terms of mass or other
appropriate unit per mass of material (product) produced. These data were imported into the UT
Life-Cycle Design software tool where they were linked to the mass of fuel used in different
processes in the life-cycle of a display. How the fuel processes are linked to other processes in
the CRT and LCD profiles was shown in Figures 2-2 and 2-3.
2.2.2 Data Sources and Data Quality
2.2.2.1 Upstream material and fuel processes
Table 2-9 summarizes data source and data quality information for the data received from
Ecobilan, which are all secondary data for the purposes of the CDP. In addition to information
about CDP data quality indicators (e.g., original source of data, year of data, method in which
data were obtained, and geographic boundaries), the table lists whether or not electricity
generation or transport data were included in the inventories. This information is important
because: (1) electricity generation and transportation data are not from the same sources and
therefore are not necessarily consistent among data sets; and (2) transportation data are not
included in several of the upstream processes, and are thus a data gap for those processes.
As revealed in Table 2-9, the Ecobilan data were derived from various sources, including
European data sources and U.S. data sources. In addition, the temporal boundaries of the data
vary, with some data being as recent as 1998 but others being from as early as 1975. Electricity
generation data are included in all of the inventories, but transportation data are only included in
six of 16 data sets. All of these factors create some inconsistencies among the data sets and
reduce the data quality when used for the purposes of the CDP. However, this is a common
difficulty with LCA, which often uses data from secondary sources for upstream processes to
avoid the tremendous amount of time and resources required to collect all the needed data.
Fuels are also used in the materials processing life-cycle stage, but fuel production processes should
already be accounted for in the materials inventories obtained from Ecobilan.
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2.2 MATERIALS EXTRACTION & MATERIALS PROCESSING
Table 2-9. Data sources and data quality for the Ecobilan inventories
Material
Electricity
generation
included?
Transport
included?
Year of
data
Original source b
METALS
aluminum
ferrite
lead
nickel-alloy (invar) c
steel
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
-
-
-
Y (nickel)
-
-
-
Unknown
1991 (nickel)
1975-1990 d
ETH
not provided
ETH
ETH
FOEFL, others d
POLYMERS
acrylonitrile-butadiene styrene (ABS)
high impact polystyrene (HIPS)
polycarbonate (PC)
polyethylene terphthalate (PET)
poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)
styrene-butadiene co-polymer f
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Ye
Ye
Ye
Ye
Ye
Ye
1997
1997
1997
1998
1997
1997
Boustead
Boustead
Boustead
Boustead
Boustead
Boustead
FUELS
natural gas
liquified petroleum gas (LPG)
fuel oil #2
fuel oil #6
fuel oil #4 g
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
1987-98
1983-93
1983-93
1983-93
1983-93
six sources cited
seven sources cited
seven sources cited
seven sources cited
seven sources cited
Y: yes, included in inventory.
— : not included in inventory.
a In general, the Ecobilan inventories provide descriptions of data quality but often do not report how data were collected (e.g.,
measured, estimated, etc.). Therefore, information on the data collection method is not presented here.
b Sources: ETH (EidgenOssische Technische Hochschule): Data from the ETH (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology)
(Ecobilan, 1999). FOEFL (Swiss Federal Office of Environment, Forests and Landscape): Data from the Eco-inventory of
Packaging published by the Swiss FOEFL; FOEFL is also known as BUWAL, the acronym in German (Ecobilan, 1999).
Boustead: LCI database developed by Boustead Consulting (Ecobilan, 1999).
In general, the geographic boundaries for different sources are as follows: (1) ETH and FOEFL data are from Europe; (2)
Boustead data are from Europe and/or the United States; and (3) miscellaneous sources may be European or U.S. data.
c The invar inventory is a combination of 36% of the nickel inventory and 64% of the ferrite inventory.
d The steel inventory was originally provided by Ecobilan without detailed documentation; however, DEAM data that were
received later have inventories for several steel production processes. The sources listed here are for the DEAM data.
6 Boustead addresses transportation; however, the extent to which it is included in a particular process inventory is uncertain.
f The styrene-butadiene process is the 50/50 average of the styrene and butadiene processes.
g The fuel oil #4 process is the 50/50 average of the fuel oil #2 and fuel oil #6 processes.
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2.2 MATERIALS EXTRACTION & MATERIALS PROCESSING
2.2.2.2 Electric grids
Several sources of data were consulted to generate the fuel-specific inventories that were
used to create the overall electricity generation inventories. Table 2-10 summarizes the data
sources and some of the data quality indicators for these inventories. Appendix E discusses the
data sources and data quality in detail.
As shown in Table 2-10, the electricity generation data were obtained primarily from
secondary sources and include data from the mid-1990s as well as data from an unknown time
frame. Most are based on measured data collected by the original source, although some are
estimated or the data collection method is unknown. Finally, most of the fuel-specific
inventories are based on U.S. data, indicating these data are probably less representative and thus
of lower quality when applied to the Japanese electric grid.
Table 2-10. Data sources and data quality indicators for the
electric generation inventories
Type of data
Net electricity
generation by fuel
Primary inputs
(Fuel)
Ancillary inputs
Air emissions
Water releases
Radioactive air and
water releases
Solid wastes
Source
U.S. Energy Information
Administration (EIA)
EIA
EIA, California Energy
Commission, utility contacts
Primarily AP-42 plus other
sources b
Oak Ridge National
Laboratory (ORNL) c
ORNLd
ORNLe
Year of publication
1997
1997
Varies
Varies, but mostly
AP-42 data from 1995
1994
1995
1994
Data collection
method
Measured
Measured
Varies a
Varies a
Unknown
Measured
Unknown
Geographic
boundaries
U.S. and
Japan
U.S.
U.S.
U.S.
U.S.
U.S.
U.S.
a Includes emission factors from measured and estimated data, plus data where data collection methods were not reported.
b AP-42 is the U.S. EPA's compilation of Air Pollutant Emissions Factors (EPA, 1996).
c Coal-fired water release data from ORNL report addressing the externalities of coal fuel cycles (ORNL, 1994).
d From ORNL report addressing the externalities of nuclear fuel cycles (ORNL, 1995).
6 Coal-fired solid waste data from ORNL report addressing the externalities of coal fuel cycles (ORNL, 1994); radioactive solid
waste data from ORNL report addressing the externalities of nuclear fuel cycles (ORNL, 1995).
2.2.3 Limitations And Uncertainties
The limitations and uncertainties associated with the upstream materials, fuels, and
electricity generation inventories are primarily due to the fact that these inventories were derived
from secondary sources and thus are not tailored to the specific goals and boundaries of the CDP.
Because the data are based on a limited number of facilities and have different geographic and
temporal boundaries, they are not necessarily representative of current industry practices or of
industry practices in the geographic and temporal boundaries defined for the CDP (see
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2.2 MATERIALS EXTRACTION & MATERIALS PROCESSING
Section 1.4). These are common limitations and uncertainties of LCA, which strives to evaluate
the life-cycle environmental impacts of entire product systems and is therefore limited by
resource constraints which do not allow the collection of original, measured data for every unit
process within a product life cycle. Despite these limitations and uncertainties inherent in LCA
methodology itself, LCA remains useful and, indeed is increasingly used by industry,
governments, and other stakeholders as part of a comprehensive decision-making process or to
understand broad or general environmental trade-offs.
2.2.3.1 Upstream material and fuel processes
Because they are derived from secondary sources, the upstream materials and fuels
inventories used in the CDP do not precisely meet the geographic and temporal boundaries
outlined for the CDP. Some data are from Europe, some from the United States, and some a
combination of both. The manufacturing data for this project were collected from companies in
the United States, Japan, and Korea (see Section 2.3), and the available upstream data may not
represent the exact location or type of processing represented in the upstream data inventories.
This is a limitation to using secondary data; however, the upstream data are only one portion of
the overall inventory of the product systems being evaluated, and the project partners chose to
focus on collecting primary data for the product manufacturing life-cycle stage, since those data
had not been previously compiled.
Another limitation of the upstream inventory data is the lack of transportation data for
some processes. These data become particularly important when, for example, raw materials are
uncommon and must be transported long distances for processing or when the particular transport
mode used for a particular material tends to have high environmental impacts. However, the
original data sources used in the Ecobilan inventories (see Table 2-9) are among the most used
LCI databases in the world (Ecobilan, 1999), which suggests the lack of transportation data for
upstream processes is not unique to the CDP LCI, but a common limitation of other LCIs as well.
2.2.3.2 Electricity generation data
The limitations to the electricity generation inventory data are provided in Appendix E,
Section 6. As another limitation, the Japanese grid was chosen when manufacturing data were
from more than one country. Appendix E also describes how the U.S. fuel-specific inventories
are applied to the Japanese grid, although technologies, efficiencies, etc. used in Japan are likely
to differ from those in the United States. Furthermore, U.S. fuel-specific inventories were
derived from secondary sources which did not necessarily meet our temporal boundaries, but did
meet geographic boundaries for the U.S. inventory.
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2.3 PRODUCT MANUFACTURING
2.3 PRODUCT MANUFACTURING
2.3.1 Methodology
2.3.1.1 Identification of processes and manufacturers
Through literature research and contacts with industry experts, the manufacturing
processes and the component parts of a CRT and an LCD computer monitor were identified. The
major manufacturing processes and components, in terms of resources used, and potential
importance to environmental impacts, were selected for inclusion in our primary data collection
effort.
Once the components and processes were chosen, companies who might supply
manufacturing data for the project needed to be identified. In order to identify those
manufacturers, the DfE project's Core and Technical Work Groups were consulted. These
groups consist of parties interested in the project results and willing to provide technical
assistance throughout the project, including identifying contacts in manufacturing facilities.
Manufacturing of CRTs, LCDs, and their component parts is done all over the world. Some
manufacturers are in the United States; however, most manufacturers of desktop computer
monitors and their components are in Asia. Where available, U.S. industry partners provided
contacts at U.S. as well as some Japanese manufacturing facilities and questionnaires were sent
to those contacts.
To assist in the collection of data in Asia, UT subcontracted with the Asian Technology
Information Program (ATIP) to identify company contacts, and to distribute and collect
questionnaires from Asian manufacturers. ATIP acted as a liaison between UT and Japanese and
Korean companies that participated in the study.
Participation in the study was completely voluntary. Companies were provided with the
goals of the study and the potential benefits of their participation. Once a company chose to
participate, they were sent data collection questionnaires to complete information about their
manufacturing process and to provide their inventory of process inputs and outputs. A copy of
the manufacturing data collection questionnaire that was developed for and used in this study is
provided in Appendix F.
The manufacturing processes for which primary data were collected are listed below. In
parenthesis are the number of individual data sets collected for each process:
CRT monitor:
• CRT monitor assembly (3)
• CRT (tube) manufacturing (3)
• CRT leaded glass manufacturing (3)
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2.3 PRODUCT MANUFACTURING
LCD monitor:
• LCD monitor assembly (2)
• LCD panel and module manufacturing (7)
• LCD glass manufacturing (I)2
• color filter patterning on front glass (1)
• liquid crystal manufacturing (2)
• polarizer manufacturing (1)
• backlight unit assembly (3)
• backlight light guide manufacturing (1)
• cold cathode fluorescent lamp (CCFL) manufacturing (1)
How these processes are linked to one another in the CRT and LCD life-cycles is presented in
Figures 2-2 and 2-3, respectively. The companies that provided data for the foregoing processes
are listed in Table 2-11.
Table 2-11. Companies that provided primary manufacturing data
for the CRT and/or LCD
Company
American Video Glass Company
T. Chatani and Co., Ltd.
Chisso Corporation
Eizo Nanao Corporation
Harison Electric Co., Ltd.
Hoshiden and Philips Display
Corporation
Hyundai Electronics Industries Co.,
Ltd.
liyama Electric Co., Ltd.
Matsushita Electric Industrial Co.,
Ltd.
Merck Japan Ltd.
Mitsubishi Electronic Co., Ltd.
Technology
CRT
LCD
LCD
CRT, LCD
LCD
LCD
LCD
CRT, LCD
LCD
LCD
LCD
Company
Nippon Denyo Co., Ltd.
Nippon Electric Glass Co., Ltd.
Polaroid Corporation
Samsung Electronics
Sharp Corporation
Sony Corporation (Japan)
Sony Electronics Inc. (U.S.)
Stanley Electric Co., Ltd.
Techneglas
Toppan Printing Co., Ltd.
Toshiba Display Technology Co., Ltd.
Technology
LCD
CRT
LCD
LCD
LCD
CRT
CRT
LCD
CRT
LCD
CRT, LCD
Another process that was included in the CRT manufacturing stage data was frit
manufacturing. We were not able to obtain primary data for this process; therefore, secondary
data were collected from EPA documentation and personal contacts (see Appendix G). An
inventory for printed wiring boards (PWBs) was also developed and included in the
manufacturing stage analysis. The PWB inventory is based on manufacturing of the electronic
boards, and does not include the components on the PWBs. The PWB data were obtained from
an industry representative who was able to provide general data not necessarily from one facility,
but from a combination of facilities, based on his experience (Sharp, 2000). More details about
PWB data collection are provided in Appendix G.
LCD glass manufacturing data were derived from the three sets of CRT leaded glass manufacturing data
(modified to remove lead from the inventory).
2^25
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2.3 PRODUCT MANUFACTURING
The manufacture of some components were not included in the scope of this study
because they were either deemed to be of less significance to the overall product inventories, or
data could not be obtained. However, all components were included as part of the final
assembled monitor even when individual manufacturing inventories were not. For the CRT, the
manufacture of the electron gun, deflection yoke, and phosphors were not included as separate
processes, and for the LCD, the transistor metals/materials, spacers, drivers/driver ICs, and color
filters were not included.
2.3.1.2 Data collection questionnaires
Data collection questionnaires were developed by the UT research team and approved by
the Technical Work Group to most efficiently collect inventory data needed for the LCA.
Appendix F provides a copy of the questionnaire given to product and component manufacturers.
The data that were collected include brief process descriptions; primary and ancillary material
inputs; utility inputs (e.g., electricity, fuels, water); air, water and waste outputs; product outputs;
and associated transportation. Quantities of inputs and outputs provided by companies were
converted to mass per unit of product. Transport of materials to and products or wastes from the
manufacturing facility were also reported. Details of the transportation analysis for this project
are presented in Section 2.6.
A total of 27 product manufacturing questionnaires were collected for 11 different
processes. The corresponding countries and the number of data sets from each country are listed
in Table 2-12.
Table 2-12. Location of companies and number of process data sets
Process
CRT monitor assembly
CRT (tube) manufacturing
CRT leaded glass manufacturing
CRT frit manufacturing
LCD monitor assembly
LCD panel and module manufacturing
LCD - glass manufacturing
LCD - color filter patterning on front glass
LCD - liquid crystal manufacturing
LCD - polarizer manufacturing
LCD - backlight unit assembly
LCD - backlight light guide manufacturing
LCD - cold cathode fluorescent lamp (CCFL) manufacturing
PWB manufacturing (for CRT and LCD monitors)
Country of origin of data
(# of data sets)
Japan (2), U.S. (1)
Japan (2), U.S. (1)
Japan (1), U.S. (2)
generic secondary data from the U.S.
Japan (2)
Japan (5), Korea (2)
Japan and U.S. (1)*
Japan (1)
Japan (2)
Japan (1)
Japan (3)
Japan (1)
Japan (1)
generic secondary data from the U.S.
! Average of three data sets for CRT leaded glass manufacturing modified to remove lead from the inventory.
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2.3 PRODUCT MANUFACTURING
2.3.1.3 Allocation
Data provided by manufacturers may need to be allocated to the products of interest (i.e.,
17" CRT or 15" LCD) in three situations:
• data are provided for more than the defined functional unit;
• data are provided on a rate basis instead of per functional unit (product); and
• data are provided for monitors/components of more than one size (i.e., not only 17" CRTs
or 15" LCDs).
In some cases, allocation was not required, as the inventory data collected were for one unit of
the product, defined as the functional unit. The three cases where allocation was necessary are
briefly described below.
In the first case, simple scaling was required when data were provided for all 17" CRT or
15" LCD monitors produced at a plant, as opposed to only one monitor. This simply requires
dividing the inventory mass by the number of monitors produced.
In the second case, data were provided over a certain amount of time. The inventory data
were then scaled to represent the functional unit. For example, if it was reported that x kilograms
of a material are used per year to produce one 17" or 15" monitor, and y number of products are
produced per year, then the amount of that material per functional unit is x/y.
In the third situation, allocation was also necessary for a company that manufactured
more than just the product or component of interest for this study. For example, a monitor
manufacturer may assemble various sized monitors, in addition to 15" LCDs or 17" CRTs.
Therefore it was necessary to allocate the process inventory to only our product of interest. We
used the difference in mass between the product of interest and other co-products and the
difference in the number of each product produced to allocate the inventory to the functional unit.
2.3.1.4 Aggregating manufacturing data
After one set of data from one company is allocated to one monitor, processes for which
we collected more than one company's data were averaged together. Once the inventory data for
a process were averaged, the electricity consumption from that process was linked to the
appropriate electric grid inventory (i.e., Japanese or U.S.). All the manufacturing processes were
linked to the Japanese grid, with the exception of frit and PWB manufacturing, both of which
were based on data collected in the United States. Where process data were represented by
companies in more than one country, the countries in which the majority of facilities were
located was used for the basis of which electric grid to use. An exception is the polarizer data,
which was from the United States, but the manufacturing was only a pilot plant and not
producing a product in the open market. Therefore, it was assumed that polarizer manufacturing,
as with most other LCD components, was done in Japan. Once each manufacturing process
inventory for each monitor type was complete (i.e., an averaged inventory with an associated
electric grid), each was aggregated with the rest of the manufacturing stage processes to comprise
the inventory for the manufacturing stage for a monitor. This manufacturing stage inventory was
then combined with the other life-cycle stages to represent the full LCI for each monitor type.
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2.3 PRODUCT MANUFACTURING
2.3.2 Data Sources and Data Quality
While manufacturers worldwide were offered the opportunity to participate in this
project, only manufacturing data from Japan, Korea, and the United States were collected. The
quality of the data can be evaluated against two factors: (1) the date of the data; and (2) the type
of data (i.e., measured, calculated or estimated). An understanding of how data were collected
and data verification steps should also be considered when evaluating the data quality. The data
collection phase of this project began in 1997 and extended through 2000. Some processes are
more sensitive to production dates than others. Most processes included in this analysis are
mature technologies and are not expected to differ significantly between the years 1997 and
2000. However, an exception is LCD panel manufacturing, which is an evolving and rapidly
advancing process and has seen changes between these years. The countries and dates from
which data for each process were obtained are presented in Table 2-13. For the LCD panel and
module manufacturing process, most data were from 1998 and 1999.
In the data collection questionnaires, companies identified whether the quantity of each
inventory item was a measured, calculated, or estimated value. These identifiers were referred to
as the "data quality indicator" (DQI) in the manufacturing questionnaire. The breakdown of
DQIs for the inventory items in the CRT and LCD processes are presented in Tables 2-14 and 2-
15, respectively. The last line in each table shows overall averages weighted by the number of
inventory items in each data set. For the CRT, 43% of the data were measured, 34% calculated,
13% estimated, and 10% were not classified. For the LCD, a similar distribution shows 33%
measured, 30% calculated, 23% estimated, and 14% not classified.
Table 2-13. Applicable years of primary data sets
Process
CRT monitor assembly
CRT (tube) manufacturing
CRT leaded glass manufacturing
LCD monitor assembly
LCD panel and module manufacturing
LCD - color filter patterning on front glass
LCD - glass manufacturing*
LCD - liquid crystal manufacturing
LCD - polarizer manufacturing
LCD - backlight unit assembly
LCD - backlight light guide manufacturing
LCD - cold cathode fluorescent lamp (CCFL)
manufacturing
# of data sets
o
J
•-)
J
3
2
7
1
1
2
1
3
1
1
Dates of inventory for each data set
1997, 1998-9, 1999
1997, 1998, 1998
1998, 2000, 2000
1998, 1999
1997-8, 1998, 1998, 1998-9, 1999, 1999,
1999-2000
1998
1998-2000
1998, 1998
1997
1998, 1999, 1999
1999
1998-9
! Primary data, but developed from the CRT glass manufacturing data.
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2.3 PRODUCT MANUFACTURING
Data quality can also be reviewed in terms of data collection methods. Much effort was
given to collecting primary data from manufacturers in this study. Questionnaires were sent out
and follow-up communication was conducted to verify data gaps or discrepancies. Twelve
companies were visited directly to clarify data and telephone or electronic communication
followed-up those and the remaining companies that were providing data for the study. Where
data could not be confirmed, additional literature research and discussions with other industry
experts were conducted.
Table 2-14. Data quality indicator percentages for the CRT processes
Process
CRT monitor assembly
Data set 1 (22 inventory items)
Data set 2 (1 1 inventory items)
Data set 3 (33 inventory items)
total inventory items = 66
CRT (tube) manufacturing
Data set 1 (69 inventory items)
Data set 2 (5 1 inventory items)
Data set 3 (83 inventory items)
total inventory items = 203
CRT leaded glass manufacturing
Data set 1 (43 inventory items)
Data set 2 (45 inventory items)
Data set 3 (2 inventory items)
total inventory items = 90
Overall weighted average for CRT
(359 items)
% of inventory items that are:
Measured
9%
9%
3%
wt. avg = 6%
91%
45%
21%
wt. avg = 51%
9%
91%
100%
wt. avg = 52%
43%
Calculated
64%
83%
0%
wt. avg = 35%
1%
55%
78%
wt. avg = 46%
3%
7%
0%
wt. avg = 5%
34%
Estimated
27%
0%
0%
wt. avg = 9%
4%
0%
1%
wt. avg = 2%
86%
0%
0%
wt. avg = 41%
13%
Not reported
0%
9%
97%
wt. avg = 50%
3%
0%
0%
wt. avg = 1%
2%
2%
0%
wt. avg = 2%
10%
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2.3 PRODUCT MANUFACTURING
Table 2-15. Data quality indicator percentages for the LCD processes
Process
LCD monitor assembly
Data set 1 (36 inventory items)
Data set 2 (10 inventory items)
total inventory items = 46
LCD panel and module manufacturing
Data set 1 (71 inventory items)
Data set 2 (39 inventory items)
Data set 3 (45 inventory items)
Data set 4 (139 inventory items)
Data set 5 (53 inventory items)
Data set 6 (86 inventory items)
Data set 7 (32 inventory items)
total inventory items = 465
LCD - glass manufacturing*
(83 inventory items)
LCD - color filter patterning on front glass
(29 inventory items)
LCD - liquid crystal manufacturing
Data set 1 (41 inventory items)
Data set 2 (6 inventory items)
total inventory items = 47
LCD - polarizer manufacturing
(30 inventory items)
LCD - backlight unit assembly
Data set 1 (20 inventory items)
Data set 2 (12 inventory items)
Data set 3 (12 inventory items)
total inventory items = 44
LCD - backlight light guide manufacturing
(5 inventory items)
LCD - cold cathode fluorescent lamp (CCFL)
manufacturing (36 inventory items)
Overall average for LCD (785 items)
% of inventory items that are:
Measured
5%
10%
wt. avg = 6%
80%
0%
40%
55%
43%
0%
0%
wt. avg = 3 7%
0%
97%
22%
0%
wt. avg = 19%
57%
0%
50%
0%
wt. avg = 14%
40%
58%
33%
Calculated
78%
80%
wt. avg = 78%
17%
100%
32%
38%
0%
0%
0%
wt. avg = 26%
0%
0%
64%
0%
wt. avg = 56%
17%
90%
0%
92%
wt. avg = 66%
40%
39%
30%
Estimated
17%
10%
wt. avg = 16%
0%
0%
17%
0%
36%
24%
97%
wt. avg = 17%
100%
3%
7%
0%
wt. avg = 6%
20%
0%
8%
8%
wt. avg = 4%
20%
0%
23%
Not reported
0%
0%
wt. avg = 0%
3%
0%
11%
7%
21%
76%
3%
wt. avg = 20%
0%
0%
7%
100%
wt. avg = 19%
6%
10%
42%
0%
wt. avg = 1 6%
0%
3%
14%
! Data based on CRT leaded glass manufacturing data.
2-30
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2.3 PRODUCT MANUFACTURING
2.3.3 Limitations and Uncertainties
The limitations and uncertainties associated with the manufacturing stage are related to
the following categories:
• the product system boundaries (scope),
• the data collection process, and
• the data.
Specific limitations/uncertainties for each of these categories are briefly described below.
2.3.3.1 Product system boundary uncertainties
The scope of the analysis included the major monitor components; however, it excluded
certain components, such as column and row driver ICs for the LCD and the electron gun for the
CRT. The components that were thought to possibly have an effect on the inventory were the
column and row drivers, as 1C manufacturing is known to be energy intensive and use various
process chemicals. Based on some back-of-the-envelope calculations, the exclusion of the
manufacturing of the column and row driver ICs is not expected to have a large impact on the
inventory or impact results due to the small size of the drivers. Therefore, it is assumed that the
exclusion of the column and row drivers will not have a significant impact on the study results.
The scope of the analysis in this study was also dependent on whether companies were
willing to provide data. LCD glass manufacturing data from a primary source are not included in
the inventory because no companies were willing to supply the data. For example, one
manufacturer chose not to provide data because LCD glass manufacturing technology is still
developing and is expected to improve from current low yields and high waste generation.
However, because glass is an important component by weight of the LCD, we chose to modify
the CRT glass manufacturing data to represent LCD glass manufacturing.
Both CRT and LCD glass are considered to be "specialty glasses" in the glass industry
and a limited number of companies produce these products. Consequently, there are limited
public data available on the production of these glasses. (One major difference between the CRT
glass and the LCD glass is that CRT glass contains lead oxide while LCD glass does not.)
Therefore, the primary data collected for this study for CRT glass manufacturing was modified
by removing inputs and outputs containing lead, and used to represent LCD glass manufacturing.
The remaining inputs and outputs were assumed to be the same per kilogram of glass produced.
Further research was conducted to confirm whether this was a valid assumption for the energy
used in production. Consultation with experts in the field revealed differing estimates between
energy used to produce a kilogram of CRT glass and a kilogram of LCD glass. Estimates ranged
from an equal amount of energy per kilogram for CRT and LCD glass production, to twice as
much energy per kilogram of LCD glass compared to CRT glass. With an assumption of equal
or greater energy use for the LCD (call that quantity of energy X), the proportion of that energy
(X) that is electrical energy and fuel energy was assumed to be the same as that given in the
primary data for CRT glass production (if the portion of energy X for the CRT was 30%
electrical and 70% fuel energy, those same proportions were used for the LCD's breakdown of
energy X).
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2.3 PRODUCT MANUFACTURING
Uncertainty in the differences between energy used for CRT versus LCD glass production
are related to production yield and melting point. The melting point of LCD glass is greater than
that of CRT glass; however, the difference in the production yield is uncertain compared to the
difference in melting point. The production yield for CRT and LCD depends on whether one
considers the surface area or the volume of the glass. LCD glass is a flat glass product and
excess glass is cut off the ends to obtain the final product. CRT glass manufacturing drops
molten glass into a mold and glass is not cut off of a flat piece of glass as in LCD production, but
excess glass may be produced during the molding process. Another factor in the difference in
energy used for CRT and LCD glass is that the LCD glass must meet high specification standards
for use as a substrate for the transistors to be patterned on the glass. Additional finishing steps
are required and the process is conducted in clean rooms (described in Section 1.3.3.2, LCD
manufacturing). The assumption that the same amount of energy is used for CRT glass and LCD
glass production takes into account each of these factors. The baseline analysis in this study
assumes the energy use per kilogram of LCD glass is equivalent to that of CRT glass. The
uncertainty associated with the glass manufacturing data is a limitation to the manufacturing
inventory data set. Additional limitations from the glass manufacturing data are discussed below
with other "data uncertainties" in Section 2.3.3.3.
2.3.3.2 Data collection process uncertainties
Limitations and uncertainties related to the data collection process include the fact that
companies were self-selected, which could lead to selection bias (e.g., those companies that are
more advanced in terms of environmental protection might be more willing to supply data than
those that are less progressive). Also, the data were supplied by companies whose vested interest
is to have their product look more desirable, which could result in biased data being provided.
However, multiple sets of data were obtained for this project, where possible, so that average
processes could be developed in an attempt to avoid biased data. The peer review process and
employment of the Core and Technical Work Groups as reviewers in this project is intended to
help reduce or identify any such bias. Further, several companies were visited and contacted for
verification of data.
Other data collection-process limitations resulted from the difficulty in obtaining and
verifying data over long distances (i.e., Japan and Korea to United States) as well as from the
language barrier. The use of ATIP as the Asian Liaison aided in reducing this limitation;
however, there were still language barriers that had to be overcome with ATIP, as well as
through direct communication with several companies.
2.3.3.3 Data uncertainties
Additional limitations to the manufacturing stage inventory are related to the data
themselves. Several attempts were made to verify or eliminate outliers in the data; however,
uncertainty in some data remained due to large data ranges and outliers. Specific data with the
greatest uncertainty include: (1) CRT glass manufacturing energy inputs (mentioned above in
Section 2.3.3.1); (2) the distribution of fuel/electricity inputs for LCD module manufacturing;
and (3) the use of a large amount of liquified natural gas (LNG) as an "ancillary material" and not
a fuel.
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2.3 PRODUCT MANUFACTURING
In addition to the uncertainty in the difference between energy used to manufacture CRT
glass and LCD glass, the energy reported to produce a kilogram of CRT glass varied greatly
between the data sets. Consultation with experts in the glass industry confirmed that the average
energy consumption derived from the primary data sets, although it appeared to be high, could be
possible. The total energy inputs per kilogram of glass from the primary data sets used in the
analysis, ranged over a factor of approximately 150 (i.e., the largest total energy value in the data
was about 150 times that of the smallest value). Due to this large discrepancy, the glass energy
data is the subject of sensitivity analyses in this study. The high energy use values were mostly a
function of liquified petroleum gas (LPG) used as a fuel.
Other data for which large ranges were found, and which could be important to the
results, are the energy use from LCD panel/module manufacturing. Energy data were provided
by six of the seven companies supplying LCD panel/module data. The percent of energy from
electricity ranged from approximately 3% to 87%. Three of the companies had the electrical
energy component contributing greater than 50% of the total energy use, and the other three
companies listed other fuels [e.g., LPG, LNG] as contributing greater than 50% to the total
energy use. Another large discrepancy was the total energy use for panel/module manufacturing.
Four of the six companies had energy use per panel between approximately 440 MJ/panel and
940 MJ/panel, while the two remaining companies had approximately 4,100 and 7,000 MJ/panel.
The average per panel was approximately 2,270 MJ/panel and the standard deviation was about
2,910 MJ/panel.
Given the wide variability in the data and large standard deviation, CDP researchers
evaluated the data for outliers by breaking the total energy data points into quartile ranges.
Minor outliers are then those within a certain range of multipliers beyond the middle 50% of the
distribution. That is, the interquartile range (IQR) (i.e., the range of values representing the
middle 50%) multiplied by 1.5 is the lower bound of the minor outlier and the IQR multiplied by
three is the upper bound. Anything beyond the IQR times three is a major outlier. Using this
approach, one data set was found to be a minor outlier and another was found to be a major
outlier. These outliers were excluded from the averages used in the baseline analysis, but
included in the averages used in a sensitivity analysis (see Section 2.7.3.3).
Finally, the average amount of LNG used as an ancillary material (not a fuel) in LCD
panel/module manufacturing was reported as 194 kg per functional unit. This data point
remained in the inventory data set for LCD manufacturing, and was assumed to indeed be an
ancillary material, and not a fuel. LNG was also reported as a fuel as a separate input
(approximately 3.22 kg/functional unit). Keeping the LNG ancillary material in the inventory
will not affect the energy impact results, since LNG used as an ancillary material is only linked to
the production of that material, and not to the use of it as a fuel. It will, however, affect upstream
impacts from the production of the material. Note that the natural gas process was used as a
surrogate for the production of LNG, as inventory data was not available for the latter.
2-33
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2.4 PRODUCT USE
2.4 PRODUCT USE
2.4.1 Methodology
The methods for developing the use stage inventory are presented in Appendix H and
summarized here. CRTs and LCDs use different mechanisms to produce images on screen,
which result in different energy use rates. These energy use rates (e.g., kW) can be combined
with the time a desktop monitor is on during its lifespan (hours/life) to calculate the total quantity
of electrical energy consumed during the use life-cycle stage (e.g., kWh/life). In this project, two
lifespan scenarios are considered:
• Effective life - the actual amount of time a monitor is used, by one or multiple users,
before it is disposed of, recycled, or re-manufactured. Reuse of a monitor by a
subsequent user is considered part of its effective life. Recycling, on the other hand, is
the reuse of parts or materials that require additional processing after disassembly, and it
is not considered part of the use stage.
• Manufactured life - the amount of time either an entire monitor or a single component
will last before reaching a point where the equipment no longer functions, independent of
user choices.
These two scenarios are considered in this project in order to account for potential
differences between how consumers currently use the equipment and how consumers could use
the equipment. Currently, consumers often replace monitors before they physically break down.
This behavior results in a lifespan that is not solely dependent on the monitor technology itself.
The manufactured life, on the other hand, is based on the technology and represents how
consumers could potentially use the equipment. If the lifespans are significantly different, the
difference could have a large impact on how the use stage compares to the other life-cycle stages
in this study. The baseline analyses in this project use the effective life scenario and the
manufactured life will be part of the sensitivity analyses.
2.4.1.1 Energy use rate
Most desktop monitors manufactured today are built to use several different power
consumption modes during normal operation. There are often up to four different power
consumption modes that can be used by a monitor in going from a state of active use to a state of
almost complete shut-down. These four modes, from greatest power consumption to least, are
typically entitled "full-on" or active use, "standby," "suspend," and "active-off." For this report,
manufacturers' data on these power modes were collected from company contacts and Internet
sites for 35 different 17" CRT monitors and 12 different 15" LCD monitors. The complete list of
these data is presented in Appendix H, Attachment A, Table Al.
For the purposes of this study, the power consumption modes have been categorized into
two modes: "full-on" and "low." The "low" power mode is an average of the three low power
modes typically provided by the manufacturers (i.e., standby, suspend, and active-off). These
three categories were averaged to create one "low" power consumption mode because hours per
use data (needed for calculations in this study) are only available for a "full-on" and a reduced
power mode. The low mode value for the CRT is the average of the three modal averages of
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2.4 PRODUCT USE
standby, suspend, and active-off. For the LCD, data on only two low-power modes (standby and
active-off) were provided by manufacturers (see Appendix H, Attachment A, Table A2), and
therefore, the low mode value is an average of those two modal averages. Table 2-16 presents
the average values for full-on and low power modes that were used for subsequent calculations in
this analysis.
Table 2-16. Average energy use rates a
Monitor type
17" CRT
15" LCD
Full-on power mode
[kilowatts (std. dev.)]
0.113 (0.015 SD)
0.040 (0.007 SD)
Low power mode b
[kilowatts (std. dev.)]
0.013 (0.005 SD)
0.006 (0.003 SD)
a See Appendix H, Attachment A, Table Al for source data.
b An average of company-reported values for standby, suspend and active-off (see Appendix H, Attachment A, Table Al).
Note: 1 kW = 1000 Watts = 1000 J/sec.
2.4.1.2 Effective life (baseline lifespan calculation)
The effective life scenario attempts to model the actual quantity of hours that an average
monitor spends in each of the two primary power consumption modes (full-on and a lower power
state) during its lifetime. The effective life of an average monitor is based on the following
information:
• the proportion of computers that are used in an office environment versus a home
environment, to account for different use rates in these two basic user environments;
• the amount of time in a year a typical monitor spends in full-on power mode and in a
lower power-consuming mode for both office and home environments; and
• the number of years a typical monitor is used during its lifespan for both office and home
environments, not including years in storage before a monitor is replaced or discarded (as
it is not consuming power during storage).
Under the effective life scenario, we assume there is no difference in the amount of time a
CRT or LCD monitor is operating. That is, the hours per life for the effective life calculation is
not technology-dependent. Therefore, the same set of hours-per-life values are used to calculate
the kWhs used per effective lifetime for a CRT and an LCD. The remainder of this section
discusses the data and methods used to calculate the hours-per-life values used in the effective
life scenario. More details are also provided in Appendix H.
Percentages of Office- and Home-Environment Users
Home and office users of computer equipment do not follow the same use patterns. Thus,
data are needed on the percent of users in each environment to determine the use pattern of an
"average" computer monitor. It is assumed that 65% of computers are in office environments
and 35% in home environments, based on data available through the Computer Industry Almanac
(CIA, 1997) and the Energy Information Administration (EIA, 1999b) (see Appendix H, Section
2.2.2.1 for more details).
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2.4 PRODUCT USE
Note that an "office" environment may be a school, hospital, or other commercial
environment, and the computers they use may follow widely varying degrees of use. For
example, computers (and thus monitors) in a school may only be used a few hours in a day, while
hospitals might operate theirs nearly constantly. For this study, it is assumed that on average,
typical office use patterns (to be presented below, and in Appendix H, Section 2.2.2.2) are
representative of all non-home environment users.
Operating Pattern (average hours in use per year)
In order to determine the amount of electricity consumed during a monitor's effective life,
we need to know the use operating patterns for both the office and home environments. The
"operating pattern" is defined here as the number of hours per year spent in each power mode.
The average number of hours per mode per year will be the weighted average of the two user
environments (i.e., 65% office, 35% home).
A literature search for computer monitor operating patterns was conducted for both office
and home environments and a summary of literature reviewed is presented in Appendix H,
Attachment A, Table A3. Based on the literature (Nordman et al, 1996, Fanara, 1999, EIA,
1999b) and other assumptions presented in Appendix H, Section 2.2.2.2, we assume the number
of hours per year that office and home monitors are used in each mode are as follows:
Office:
Full-on power mode: 1,095 hrs/yr
Low power mode: 2,263 hrs/yr
Total: 3,358 hrs/yr
• Home:
Full-on power mode: 522 hrs/hr
Low power mode: 793 hrs/yr
Total: 1,315 hrs/yr
Average Years Per Life
The number of years per life, multiplied by the operating patterns in hours per year (listed
above), will result in the hours per effective life. A monitor may be reused in multiple "lives"
before reaching its end-of-life. The end-of-life is defined as the point at which the monitor is no
longer used for its intended purpose in the physical form in which it was originally manufactured.
End-of-life options include indefinite storage (in which case it is not reused after storage),
de-manufacturing, recycling, or disposal. A monitor may be stored before being reused;
however, this storage time will not affect our use calculations since no electricity is required to
operate the monitor during this storage. After its first life as used by the original owner, a
monitor might be used by different people and with different PC systems in subsequent lives.
For data on the number of years of use that are in a monitor's lifetime, several sources of
information were reviewed (see Appendix H). Based on a recent study by the National Safety
Council (NSC, 1999), we assumed that a monitor is used for 4 years in its first life and 2.5 years
for its second or subsequent lives. The operating patterns (in hours/year) presented above are
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2.4 PRODUCT USE
assumed to be the same for all of the 6.5 years of the total effective life. However, in the lives
subsequent to the first life, the hours per year values are reduced by the fraction of monitors
assumed to be reused. Matthews et al. (1997) estimated that 45% of PCs are reused after a first
life; thus, the effective life operating pattern values in years of life after the first life are 45% of
the values in the first life.
Lifespan estimates from the National Safety Council (NSC, 1999) were specific to CRT
monitors; however, they were not specific to LCD desktop monitors. The NSC data did contain
estimates of a "Notebook PC," which were two to three years for the first life and one to two
years for the remaining lives; however, we expect that desktop LCD monitors will more closely
mirror the lifetime estimates of a desktop CRT monitor than that of a notebook PC.
Consequently, it was assumed that LCD desktop monitors also spend four years in their first life
and 2.5 years in their subsequent lives. Additionally, the NSC document did not attempt to
separate those computer systems or monitors that are used in an office versus a home
environment. Thus, it was assumed that the same years per life are realized for office and home
environments.
Effective Life Estimates (hours per life)
The data presented above are summarized in Table 2-17 and used to estimate the total
hours per effective life. The values for hours per year per power mode are assumed to be the
operating pattern throughout the first life (first four years). In the remaining lives, the annual
operating hours decrease to 45% of the hours in operation during each year in the first life, with
the remaining lives lasting a total of 2.5 years. Table 2-17 also presents the total hours per
effective life per mode, based on percentage in office and home environments. These values are
in bold in Table 2-17 (4,586 and 8,961 hrs per effective life) and will be multiplied by the energy
use rates per mode (presented in Table 2-16), to calculate the total energy consumption per
effective life for each monitor type.
Table 2-17. Effective life values
User
environment
Office
(65%)
Home
(35%)
Weighted
average c
Power
mode
Full-on
Low
Full-on
Low
Full-on
Low
First life
(4 years)
Operating
pattern (hr/yr)
1,095
2,263
523
793
—
—
Total
(hr/4 yrs)
4,380
9,052
2,092
3,172
—
—
Remaining lives
(2.5 years)
Operating
pattern (hr/yr) a
493
1,018
235
357
—
—
Total
(hrs/2.5 yrs)
1,233
2,545
588
893
—
—
Model totals b
(hr/effective life)
5,613
11,597
2,680
4,065
4,586
8,961
a The remaining lives operating pattern is 45% of first life operating pattern, based on 45% of monitors that are reused
(Matthews et al., 1997).
b Modal totals calculated as [(Total for first 4 years) + (Total for remaining 2.5 years)].
c The weighted averages shown for full-on and low power modes are based on the assumption that 65% of users operate in an
office environment and 35% operate in a home environment.
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2.4 PRODUCT USE
Effective Life Total Energy Consumption (kWh/life)
In order to calculate the total kWhs consumed, first, the energy use rates (kW) were
multiplied by the lifespans (hours per life) for each mode and each monitor type. They were then
summed for the two power modes to obtain a total kWh/life for each monitor type (Table 2-18).
Table 2-18. Effective life electricity consumption
Monitor
type
17" CRT
15" LCD
Power
mode
Full-on
Low
Total
Full-on
Low
Total
Energy use rate
(kW)
0.113
0.013
0.040
0.006
— -
EL calculated lifespan
(hours/life)
4,586
8,961
13,547
4,586
8,961
13,547
EL energy consumption
(kWh/life)
518
116
634
183
54
237
2.4.1.3 Manufactured life (alternative lifespan calculation)
Due to the uncertainty and assumptions associated with the effective life scenario, an
alternative scenario is also considered. The manufactured life is defined here as the length of
time a monitor is designed to operate effectively for the user. It is the number of hours a monitor
would function as manufactured, and is independent of user choices or actions. One way to
estimate this manufactured life is to use the mean-time-before-failure (MTBF) specification of a
monitor or its components. The CRT MTBF specification dictates the amount of time the
display must operate before it reaches its brightness "half-life," or the ability to produce 50% of
its initial, maximum brightness. The MTBF value, generally provided in total hours per life of a
monitor, is what most final manufacturers or assemblers of personal computer (PC) equipment,
including monitor assemblers, typically specify for a component. To meet the specification,
suppliers typically calculate the MTBF (a military-based specification) based on component data.
Suppliers' test results are usually called the "calculated" MTBF. The MTBF value also depends
on which combination of power modes are used during testing, which is referred to as the "duty
cycle" and each supplier may use a different duty cycle to test their component.
Additionally, monitor assemblers will often perform their own testing, typically entitled
"demonstrated" MTBF. The testing includes sequences where the monitor is "stressed" by
quickly switching back and forth from an all black picture to an all white one, or quickly
switching individual pixels either on and off or through multiple colors or black and white.
Manufacturers typically find that their demonstrated MTBF is on the order of twice as long as the
calculated MTBF (McConnaughey, 1999; Douglas, 1999). However, it should be noted that the
demonstrated MTBF is not a real-time testing method, as the testing data is used in a complex
equation to calculate that "demonstrated" value.
From review of the information obtained on CRT-based monitors (see Appendix H,
Attachment A, Table A2), it appears that the CRT (the tube) itself is the limiting component, or
the component that 99% of the time determines whether the entire monitor has reached its
end-of-life. Thus, from the limited information that was obtained on CRTs, and the limited
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2.4 PRODUCT USE
confidence that can be instilled in those data, an average of the two ranges obtained on the
estimated lifetime of CRTs (10,000 and 15,000 hours) was used as the CRT manufactured
lifetime (12,500 hours) (Goldwassar, 1999; Douglas, 1999).
For active matrix LCDs, the components that have the greatest potential to fail first are
the display panel itself (including the liquid crystals and thin-film transistors), backlights, driver
integrated circuit (1C) tabs, and other smaller components. The backlights and driver 1C tabs can
be field-replaced, thus their failure does not necessarily represent the end of the monitor's life.
However, failure of the liquid crystals or transistors, which would require replacement of the
display panel itself, would most likely mean that the monitor cannot be cost-effectively repaired.
The MTBFs of all these components appear to have a broad range. For example, different
backlight manufacturers reported from as few as 15,000 hours to as many as 50,000 hours
(Douglas, 1999; Tsuda, 1999; VP150, 1999). However, it appears that those components that are
not field-replaceable (e.g., the LCD panel) have MTBFs in the range of 40,000 to 50,000 hours
(Tsuda, 1999; Young, 1999). Thus in this study, the amount of time an LCD monitor would
operate during its manufactured life is assumed to be the average of the two non field-replaceable
values, or 45,000 hours. In order for a monitor to operate for 45,000 hours, any major
field-replaceable parts that have MTBFs less than 45,000 hours will need to be accounted for in
this LCA project. For example, assuming the backlights last on average 32,500 hours (the
average of the values obtained for backlights), more than one (approximately 1.4, on average)
would be needed for every panel during its lifetime. Therefore, in the final CDP LCA, the
manufacturing of extra backlights would need to be included in the inventory.
Little information is available on the duty cycles that component manufacturers use to test
components. Thus, it is assumed that the average duty cycle used in testing components is 50%
of the time tested in full-on mode and 50% in a lower power mode. Table 2-19 shows the values
that are used in this study for the hours per manufactured life for the CRT and LCD. Some
sensitivity analyses were done and presented in Socolof et al (2000).
Table 2-19. Manufactured life values
Monitor
type
17" CRT
15" LCD
Total hours
(hours/life)
12,500
45,000
Mode
Full-on
Low
Full-on
Low
Duty cycle
(% time spent in each mode during testing)
50%
50%
50%
50%
Hours per mode
(hours/life)
6,250
6,250
22,500
22,500
To calculate the manufactured life electricity consumption (kWh/life), the energy use rate
(kW) is multiplied by the lifespan (hours/life) for each monitor in each power mode (Table 2-20).
The LCD manufactured life (45,000 hours) is 3.6 times greater than the CRT manufactured life
(12,500 hours). In an LCA, comparisons are made based on functional equivalency. Therefore,
if one monitor will operate for a longer period of time than another, impacts should be based on
an equivalent use. Therefore, based on equivalent use periods, 3.6 CRTs would need to be
manufactured for every LCD. This will be incorporated into the profile analysis for the
comparative manufactured life LCA.
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2.4 PRODUCT USE
Table 2-20. Manufactured life electricity consumption
Monitor
type
17" CRT
15" LCD
Power
mode
Full-on
Low
Total
Full-on
Low
Total
Energy use rate
(kW)
0.113
0.013
—
0.040
0.006
ML calculated lifespan
(hours/life)
6,250
6,250
12,500
22,500
22,500
45,000
ML energy consumption
(kWh/life)
706
81
787
900
135
1,035
2.4.1.4 Effective life versus manufactured life
For the CRT monitor, the effective life total hours are 13,547 versus the manufactured
life total of 12,500. While this suggests that a CRT can be used longer than is physically
possible, it simply reveals our low confidence in these numbers and some of their supporting
values, with less confidence in the manufactured life data than the effective life estimates. A
more complete discussion of the data quality is presented in Section 2.4.2 and Appendix H.
Assumptions were required several times that could bias these numbers in either
direction; however, it is thought that the manufactured life estimate is most likely low based on
the other estimates for the overall CRT monitor (see Appendix H, Attachment A, Table A2).
However, there was no sound basis for assuming a lower value and thus the above hours per life
values were used. It should also be stated that while these numbers are different, they are within
an 8% error range of one another, and can be taken to be a near 1:1 ratio, indicating a similar
potential lifespan.
For LCDs, the comparison across lifespan scenarios is more consistent with what one
would expect, with the manufactured life value of 45,000 hours per life being much greater than
the effective life value of 13,547 hours per life. The effective life value reflects the assumption
that a user's use habits are not technology-dependent, and would seem to reveal that LCDs are
not being used as long as they can physically be (less than a third as long).
The difference between the effective and manufactured lives are important when
evaluating all the life-cycle stages for a particular monitor type. If the manufactured life is
significantly greater than the effective life, the use stage will have greater impacts, as compared
to other life-cycle stages. Therefore, it is important to focus on the lifetime scenario that is most
realistic, while still recognizing the potential impacts from another feasible lifespan scenario.
In this project, we will use the effective life as the primary basis for the use stage
inventory due to the fact that the effective life data are attempting to obtain a more realistic value
for electricity consumed per lifetime, and that we currently have greater confidence in those data
versus the manufactured life data. The manufactured life data will be used in one sense as a
sensitivity analysis and to discuss potential differences in the use stage impacts based on this
alternative lifetime scenario.
2-40
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2.4 PRODUCT USE
2.4.2 Data Sources and Data Quality
Source and quality information for the use stage data are detailed in Appendix H,
Table 11. We assigned four categories of data quality ratings: excellent, average, poor, and
unknown. In general, data assigned higher quality ratings were directly measured and represent
1998 data. As data required more calculation or estimation, or were found from a previous year,
the data quality rating was reduced.
The overall level of use stage data quality is between average and excellent (Appendix H,
Table 11). However, a distinct difference can be seen in the average data quality ratings given to
manufactured life data (average) and the effective life data (excellent). This implies that greater
confidence can be placed in the effective life data than in the manufactured life data.
Additionally, the energy use rate data appears to be of average quality.
2.4.3 Limitations and Uncertainties
Details of the limitations and uncertainties associated with the energy use rate, the
effective life, and the manufactured life estimates are presented in Appendix H, Section 5.
2-41
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2.5 END-OF-LIFE
2.5 END-OF-LIFE
2.5.1 Methodology
A Technical Memorandum, attached as Appendix I, was prepared for this project that
provides background on the EOL issues for the CRT and LCD. It also provides details on the
methodology used in this project for the EOL life-cycle inventory. This section summarizes the
salient points from that memorandum needed to understand the EOL methodology and results.
For the EOL analysis, a monitor is assumed to have reached EOL status when:
• it has served its useful life;
• is no longer functional; and/or
• is rendered unusable due to technological obsolescence.
Each of these situations is addressed by either the manufactured or effective lives (defined in
Section 2.4).
2.5.1.1 EOL disposition options
The major EOL dispositions considered in this analysis are as follows:
• recycling - including disassembly and materials recovery;
• landfilling - including hazardous (Subtitle C) and non-hazardous (Subtitle D) landfills;
• remanufacturing - including refurbishing or reconditioning (to make usable again); and
• incineration - waste to energy incineration.
See Appendix I for further descriptions of these dispositions. Note that reuse is considered part
of the use stage and not included as an EOL disposition.
The functional unit in this analysis is one monitor; therefore, the different EOL
dispositions were allocated as a probability of one monitor going to a certain EOL disposition.
Data were somewhat scarce on the percent of monitors going to each disposition, especially for
the LCD monitors. After literature research and consultation with the project's Technical Work
Group, as well as various other industry experts, project partners chose best estimates of
disposition distributions. Table 2-21 presents the assumptions used for the EOL life-cycle stage
dispositions for the CRT and LCD, respectively. An explanation of the assumptions and the
sources of the data are presented in Appendix I.
The values in Table 2-21 have been used in the baseline scenarios for the CRT and LCD
LCIs. To address the uncertainty in the LCD estimates, a sensitivity analysis was conducted
(which is discussed in Section 2.7.3).
2-42
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2.5 END-OF-LIFE
Table 2-21. Distribution of EOL disposition assumptions for the CRT and LCD
Disposition
Incineration
Recycling
Remanufacturing
Hazardous waste landfill
Solid waste landfill
CRT
15%
11%
3%
46%
25%
LCD
15%
15%
15%
5%
50%
Sources: NSC, 1999; EPA, 1998; Vorhees, 2000; CIA, 1997; EIA, 1999b
2.5.1.2 Data collection
Inventory data were needed for each of the EOL dispositions to be included in the life-
cycle profiles. Primary data were collected for CRT recycling from three companies.
Hazardous/solid waste landfilling and incineration were developed from secondary data obtained
from Ecobilan. In attempts made to obtain remanufacturing data, it was found that
remanufacturing processes span a wide range of activities, from as little as replacing button tops
to as extensive as testing and replacing PWBs or transformers. Given the broad range of
possibilities, no single set of operations could be identified to adequately represent
remanufacturing activities that could be incorporated in our model. Remanufacturing data were,
therefore, excluded from the assessment.
Recycling
Companies willing to provide CRT recycling data were given EOL questionnaires, which
are similar to the manufacturing questionnaires, but modified as appropriate for the EOL life-
cycle stage (see Appendix I). The questionnaires were used as a guide for collecting inventory
data. The companies agreed to provide inventory data through personal meetings and telephone
conversations rather than completing the detailed questionnaire. As a result, the most critical
data were identified by the research team to prioritize data needs, and all the details in the
questionnaire may not have been provided.
The three companies contacted were: (1) DMC Recycling; (2) A & B Recycling; and (3)
The Oak Ridge National Recycle Center (TORNRC). DMC shreds the complete monitor up and
separates the recovered materials into three major material streams: ferrous, silica-based, and
copper-based. The ferrous metals are sent to steel mills for recycling, while the other streams are
sent to lead and copper smelters, respectively. A & B Recycling performs a partial disassembly
of the casing and other materials outside the CRT. These materials (namely, HIPS, steel,
aluminum, and copper wiring) are sent for recycling, while the CRT itself is shipped to
Envirocycle (a CRT recycler in Pennsylvania), where the glass is recovered and sent for recycling
back into CRT glass, and the other materials are also recovered for recycling. TORNRC
conducts complete monitor disassembly (which includes the CRT recycling process similar to the
one performed at Envirocycle), and recovers the individual materials for subsequent recycling.
None of the recycling companies contacted have yet encountered end-of-life LCDs in any
appreciable quantities that would justify the development of a separate recycling process for
them. Whatever sporadic quantities of LCDs that they do receive (mainly notebook computer
2^43
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2.5 END-OF-LIFE
displays) are either sent for refurbishing/resale or are processed along with other electronic
equipment, by recovering different materials from them, such as metals, glass, plastics, etc. In
the absence of actual data for LCD recycling, the shredding-and-materials-recovery process
followed by DMC Recycling for CRTs was assumed to be suitable for recovering materials from
LCDs as well, and was therefore used to model LCD recycling.
Landfilling and Incineration
Generic secondary data were used for the incineration and landfilling processes because
when monitors are disposed of, they are combined with multiple waste streams, and data for
monitors alone are not readily available. Although data specific to landfilling and incineration
operations for monitors alone were not available, DEAM inventories from Ecobilan were
available for landfilling and incinerating the following major monitor materials (by weight):
steel, glass, plastic, and aluminum. These inventories were combined, based on the approximate
proportion of each material in a CRT and an LCD, to create individual processes for landfilling
and for incineration (for each monitor type). The proportions of these materials in a CRT and an
LCD, presented in Table 2-22, are estimates of the final assembled monitor based on the
manufacturing inventory data. Note that these proportions are slightly different from the
proportion of total inputs per functional unit presented in Section 2.1.2, Tables 2-2 and 2-3
because materials efficiency during production is not accounted for here (in Table 2-22). The
majority of the assembled monitors by weight is accounted for in the overall incineration and
landfilling processes, as seen in the totals in Table 2-22.
It should be noted that some of the DEAM inventories associated with incineration or
landfilling are for generic materials (i.e., glass, plastic), and may not accurately represent the
makeup of the material used in the monitors. For example, the glass is not leaded glass, and the
plastics may not represent the exact breakdown of plastics in the monitors being modeled in this
study (see Section 2.5.3, Limitations and Uncertainties for further discussion).
Table 2-22. Percent contribution of major materials in the final
product
Material
Glass
Steel
Plastic
Aluminum
Total
CRT
43% (9.48 kg)
30% (6.61 kg)
17% (3. 75 kg)
2% (0.44 1kg)
92% (22.043 kg)
LCD
9% (0.585 kg)
47% (3.055 kg)
40% (2.60 kg)
1% (0.065 kg)
97% (6.5 kg)
2.5.1.3 Assumptions
The assumptions used in the EOL life-cycle stage include the percentage breakdown of
each EOL disposition option (see Table 2-21), the breakdown of materials for the incineration
and landfilling inventories (Table 2-22), as well as those listed in Section 2.2 of Appendix I.
2-44
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2.5 END-OF-LIFE
2.5.2 Data Sources and Data Quality
Primary CRT recycling data collected were collected from three companies: A & B
Recycling, DMC Recycling, and TORNRC. Efforts were made to collect all data in the
questionnaires; however, priority was given to obtaining the inventory data. The companies,
preferring to provide data over the phone or during personal meetings, were able to provide the
inventory data required for the analyses in this study.
Specific DQIs, such as those reported for the manufacturing data (see Section 2.3.2,
Tables 2-14 and 2-15), were not obtained. The data from these companies represent facility
operations ranging from October 1999 to February 2000. Also, while the data obtained are from
three recycling facilities that may have different operations, the averaged inventory data are
intended to be representative of various recycling activities in the industry.
Data for the EOL life-cycle stage are a combination of primary data, for which we do not
have specific DQI, and secondary data, with limited data quality information. The overall data
quality for this life-cycle stage may therefore be limited, and in relative terms, is lower quality
than the manufacturing stage data.
Sources of data for EOL distribution assumptions include the National Safety Council
(NSC, 1999), EPA (1998), CIA (1997), EIA (1999b) and Vorhees (2000). These are discussed in
Appendix I.
2.5.3 Limitations and Uncertainties
Assumptions of the disposition percentages for CRTs and LCDs may not be truly
representative of actual dispositions. Recycling technologies are not yet standardized for the
sorting, separation, and processing of different types of CRT glass, metals, and plastics. The
methods currently employed by a few large-volume recyclers who have been in the CRT
recycling business for some years were used in this study and represent "state-of-the-art" in the
CRT recycling industry. The LCD recycling process used was based on a CRT recycling process
employed by one of the recycling companies contacted, as it was considered general enough to be
applicable to LCDs. In the future, when greater numbers of LCDs begin to arrive at recycling
facilities, more standardized processes for handling LCDs specifically might be developed.
Limitations for the incineration and landfilling inventories are that incineration and
landfilling of the materials were for generic materials and not specific to actually incinerating or
landfilling a CRT or LCD monitor. For the CRT, the glass incineration portion of the monitor is
for generic, non-leaded glass. The plastics are also generic plastics (mainly those used for
packaging that ultimately end up in municipal solid waste, such as HOPE, LDPE, and PET) and
may not account for the flame retardants that might be in the plastics, for example. Also, only a
few of the major materials by weight are included in the modeled CRT and LCD that are
incinerated (listed in Table 2-22).
2-45
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2.6 TRANSPORTATION
2.6 TRANSPORTATION
2.6.1 Methodology
Transportation of materials, products, and wastes throughout a product's life-cycle has
environmental impacts and should be included in a comprehensive LCA. However, complete
transportation data for all life-cycle stages is often difficult to obtain. Only six of the 16
upstream data sets used for this study explicitly stated that transportation was included. An
additional six upstream processes are assumed to have considered transportation (Table 2-9). In
the manufacturing stage, transportation data were collected in the questionnaires that were
distributed to manufacturers. Some transportation data were provided by manufacturers on
materials received by their facility and products and wastes shipped from their facility. Data
were not obtained on transportation during the use stage because distributing questionnaires and
collecting primary data for the use stage were not within the boundaries and scope of the LCA.
Consequently, individual consumer transport to pick up purchased monitors and to send to a
secondary user or to a recycling/disposal facility were not accounted for. Similarly, EOL data,
either from CRT recyclers, or secondary data for incineration and recycling did not include
transportation data. Therefore, the transportation data collected in this study may only represent
a small portion of the overall transport in the life of a monitor.
The manufacturing data collection questionnaires (Appendix F) provided space for
companies to identify transportation information for each material input, product output, or waste
output. The questionnaire asked for the distance traveled, mode of transport (i.e., vehicle type),
number of trips per year, and percent capacity of the vehicle containing a particular material of
interest. Given this information, the project researchers calculated the total distance traveled for
a transportation mode per functional unit.
In order to determine the environmental effects of transport, the total distance traveled
must be linked to an inventory associated with a transport mode on a per-distance-traveled basis.
Ecobilan 's DEAM data provided inventories for several vehicles either on a per-distance-
traveled basis or a per mass-load, per-distance-traveled basis. Given the maximum load of the
vehicle, the latter figures can also be used with the transportation data collected in the
manufacturing questionnaires to estimate the total distance traveled per mode per functional unit.
2.6.2 Questionnaire Results
In many cases, companies completing the questionnaires provided partial transportation
data. For the CRT processes, manufacturers supplied adequate transportation data for 66% of the
materials that are expected to have transportation data. For the LCD processes, 73% of the
materials had adequate transportation data to determine the total distance traveled per mode per
functional unit. Of the transportation data that were provided, Table 2-23 lists the distribution of
transport modes for the CRT and LCD manufacturers. To complete the LCI, transport data from
the questionnaires would have to be linked to vehicle inventories, which were available through
the DEAM data. However, the vehicle inventories were not linked to the questionnaire data
because the questionnaire asked for percent capacity, but did not couple that with the load
capacity of the vehicle. As a result, the data were inconsistent and could not accurately be used
in the overall product LCI.
2-46
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2.6 TRANSPORTATION
Table 2-23. Distribution of transport modes and total distances per mode
Transport mode
Large diesel truck
Small diesel or gas truck
Ocean
Rail
Air
Total
CRT
Distribution
of modes
61%
21%
16%
2%
0%
100%
Approx. normalized a
distance traveled per
functional unit
3km
<1 km
37km
<1 km
0
40km
LCD
Distribution
of modes
58%
35%
3%
2%
2%
100%
Approx. normalized*
distance traveled per
functional unit
3km
<1 km
<1 km
<1 km
52km
56km
a Normalized by the percent capacity of a vehicle carrying the material of interest.
Note: 1 km = 0.6215 miles.
In order to use the vehicle inventory data, it would have to be assumed that the load
capacity assumed by manufacturers when providing the percent capacity was consistent with that
in the DEAM vehicle inventory data. However, conducting a review of the DEAM data versus
the questionnaire data showed that this was not consistent. The greatest difference (based on
relatively crude averages of all the transport data provided) appeared to be for the ocean
transport, where the discrepancy was on the order of tens of millions of times different. The
other modes appeared to be between 22,000 to 660,000 times. These huge discrepancies puts the
linked transportation data into question, making it unreliable for use in this study. When the
transportation impacts were run in the analysis, and these factors applied, the transportation
impacts appeared to be small compared to the other life-cycle stages, but no real reliable
information can be gleaned from these data. Further work is needed in this area to understand
the true transportation impacts. For this report, the transportation-related inventories are not
included.
Transportation data that can be used from the questionnaires include the modes of
transport used and the total distances traveled per functional unit (by mode). These are presented
in Table 2-23. The "normalized" distance is the total distance traveled for each material
multiplied by the percent capacity of the vehicle that was carrying the particular material of
interest. This was done to allocate a portion of the vehicle (and thus a portion of the associated
inputs and outputs for transport in a particular vehicle) to the transport of the material of interest.
It should be noted that these percent capacities were assumptions made by the manufacturers who
completed the questionnaires and the percent capacity assumptions could have been
inconsistently interpreted. Not only are the distances modified to represent only the product of
interest, they are scaled to represent one functional unit (i.e., the material, product, or waste
associated with one monitor). Thus, the total normalized distance for the CRT is 40 kilometers
(km) per functional unit and 56 km per functional unit for the LCD. These numbers are
normalized with the intention of linking them to the individual vehicle inventories, but as stated
above, this has not been done due to data inconsistencies.
The most frequently used mode of transport for both the CRT and LCD is the large diesel
truck, followed by the small gas or diesel truck. However, the largest normalized distance
traveled for the CRT is via ocean transport and for the LCD is via air transport. Worth noting
again is that these distances were calculated by normalizing the capacity of the vehicle, as
assumed by the manufacturer. Although the transport data represent transport of several
2-47
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2.6 TRANSPORTATION
materials, products, and wastes into and out of manufacturing facilities, the majority of the
distances traveled are from the transport of the final assembled monitors. Of all the reported
transportation for the manufacturing stage, the distance traveled of a final assembled CRT
monitor via the ocean represents 80% of the total distance traveled. For the LCD, 90% of all
reported kilometers traveled are for transport of the final assembled LCD monitor via airplane.
Transport of the final assembled CRT monitor for all transport modes is 86% of all kilometers
traveled per functional unit. Similarly, for the final assembled LCD monitor, approximately 92%
of all manufacturing transportation reported is for the final assembled monitor.
2.6.3 Data Sources and Data Quality
Primary data were derived from manufacturing questionnaires and inventory data for
transport vehicles were available through DEAM data. However, inconsistencies between the
data made it impossible to accurately apply the DEAM inventories to the questionnaire data.
Therefore, the data quality is very low and complete transportation inventory data are excluded
from the analysis results.
2.6.4 Limitations and Uncertainties
Inconsistencies between data collected in questionnaires and DEAM data made it
impossible to use the transportation inventory data as part of the overall life-cycle. From rough
estimates based on data received, it is possible that the transportation impacts are not driving
overall life-cycle impacts, however, this would need to be investigated further to confirm such a
conclusion.
2-48
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2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
2.7.1 Baseline LCI
This section presents the baseline inventory data for the life-cycles of the CRT and LCD
monitors. The baseline scenario meets the following conditions:
• uses the effective life use stage scenario;
• uses the average value of all the energy inputs from the primary data for glass
manufacturing;
• assumes LCD glass manufacturing processes use the same amounts of energy as CRT
glass manufacturing per kilogram of glass produced;
• excludes two outliers from the average of the energy inputs in the LCD panel/module
manufacturing inventory;
• excludes transportation in the manufacturing stage, but includes any transportation
embedded in upstream data sets; and,
• includes the manufacturing process of materials used as fuels (e.g., natural gas, fuel oils)
in the life-cycle stage in which they are consumed instead of in the materials processing
stage. In cases where materials normally considered to be fuels are used as ancillary
materials their manufacturing processes are included with other upstream processes.
Inventory data presented here are used to calculate impacts in the impact assessment (Chapter 3),
which translates inventory items into impacts. Note that only limited conclusions can be made
based on the inventory alone.
Table 2-24 presents the total quantity of inputs and outputs for the entire life-cycles of the
CRT and LCD based on input and output types. Definitions of the input and output types were
presented in Table 2-1 in Section 2.1.1. Graphs depicting selected input and output types,
derived from the values in Table 2-24, are in Figures 2-5, 2-6, and 2-7. Complete inventory
tables for each input and output type by life-cycle stage for the CRT and LCD are provided in
Appendix J. The inventories presented in Appendix J list each individual input or output
alphabetically for a particular input or output type. The individual inputs or outputs may be the
sum of that material for several processes.
The total inventory results for life-cycle inputs reveal that more primary materials,3 water,
fuels, electricity, and total energy (i.e., fuel energy plus electricity) are used throughout the CRT
life-cycle while more ancillary materials are used throughout the LCD life-cycle. For the life-
cycle outputs, the CRT releases more air emissions; water pollutants; hazardous, solid, and
radioactive waste; and radioactivity than the LCD. The LCD releases more total wastewater than
the CRT. The data that comprise the inventory totals presented in Table 2-24 are listed in
Appendix J and broken down by life-cycle stage. Further details on the inventory are provided
for each monitor type below.
Note that the total mass of primary materials includes the inputs to each process, which may duplicate
materials used in processes subsequent to other processes. For example, the primary materials used in steel
production are added to the steel used as a primary material for monitor assembly.
2^49
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
Table 2-24. Total life-cycle inventory summary - baseline analysis
Inputs
Primary materials
Ancillary materials
Water
Fuels
Electricity
Total energy
CRT
6.53e+02
1.98e+01
1.31e+04
4.33e+02
2.49e+03
2.08e+04
LCD
3.63e+02
2.08e+02
2.82e+03
3.86e+01
1.20e+03
2.84e+03
Units
kg/functional unit
kg/functional unit
kg (or L)/functional unit
kg/functional unit
MJ*/functional unit
MJ*/functional unit
Outputs
Air pollutants
Wastewater
Water pollutants
Hazardous waste
Solid waste
Radioactive waste
Radioactivity
6.64e+02
1.52E+03
2.09E+01
9.46e+00
1.72e+02
2.90e-03
8.98e+07
3.46e+02
3.13e+03
1.68e+00
6.29e+00
5.23e+01
1.48e-03
4.01e+07
kg/functional unit
kg (or L)/fiinctional unit
kg/functional unit
kg/functional unit
kg/functional unit
kg/functional unit
Bq/functional unit
*3.6MJ=lkWh
Note: Bold indicates the larger value when comparing the CRT and LCD.
15000-,
3 10000-
«
c
= 5000 -
o
c
•3 n
653
0) °^~
"*
Material Inputs
• Primary materials nAncillary materials n Water • Fuels
13,100
20
2,820
433 363 208 | 1 39
1 '
CRT LCD
figure 2-5. Mass-based life-cycle inputs
2-50
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
^ 25000 -,
f 20000 -
| 15000 -
tj 10000 -
| 5000 -
i 0
_L
2,490
Energy Inputs
20,800
D Electricity n Total energy
1,200 2'840
CRT LCD
Figure 2-6. Energy-based life-cycle inputs
Material Outputs
D Air pollutants n Water pollutants Q Hazardous waste n Solid waste • Radioactive waste
(functional unit
N> -t*. O5 00
O O O O
3 O O O O
2 ^
664
346
172
1 21 9.5 0.0029 1 1.7 6.3 52 0.0015
CRT LCD
Figure 2-7. Mass-based life-cycle outputs
(excluding total wastewater)
2-51
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2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
2.7.1.1 CRT inventory results
The total CRT inventory presented in Table 2-24 and Figures 2-5, 2-6, and 2-7 show the
inventory from all life-cycle stages combined. The totals by life-cycle stage are presented in Table
2-25, Figures 2-8, 2-9, and 2-10.
Table 2-25. CRT inventory by life-cycle stage
Inventory type
Upstream
Mfg
Use
EOL
Total
Units a
Inputs
Primary materials
Ancillary materials
Water
Fuels
Electricity
Total energy
1.58e+01
2.11e+00
5.54e+02
??
7.32e+01
3.66e+02
4.21e+02
3.54e+00
1.14e+04
??
1.29e+02
1.83e+04
2.19e+02
3.47e+00
1.14e+03
??
2.29e+03
2.29e+03
-3.32e+00
1.07e+01
-2.73e+01
??
2.29e-01
-1.28e+02
6.53e+02
1.98e+01
1.31e+04
O.OOe+00
2.49e+03
2.08e+04
kg
kg
kg (or L)
kg
MJ
MJ
Outputs
Air pollutants
Wastewater
Water pollutants
Hazardous waste
Solid waste
Radioactive waste
Radioactivity
3.00e+01
1.70e+01
8.12e-01
??
9.55e+00
4.39e-04
3.80e+07
1.83e+02
1.51e+03
2.01e+01
??
8.12e+01
1.80e-04
3.78e+06
4.49e+02
0
7.02e-02
0
8.33e+01
2.28e-03
4.80e+07
2.47e+00
-3.65e+00
-6.18e-02
??
-1.66e+00
2.29e-07
4.80e+03
6.64e+02
1.52e+03
2.09e+01
9.46e+00
1.72e+02
2.90e-03
8.98e+07
kg
kg (or L)
kg
kg
kg
kg
Bq
a Per functional unit (i.e., one CRT monitor over its effective life).
2-52
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2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
CRT Material
Inputs
n Primary materials nAncillary materials o Water n Fuels
15000-1
§ 10000-
15
o 5000 •
4J
o
c n
=
•* -5000 •
1
16 21554 8 421 4
1,4C
0
1,140
428 219 3 5 Q „ _27
1 -3.3 -3.U'
Upstream Mfg Use EOL
Life-cycle stage
Figure 2-8. CRT Mass-based material inputs by life-cycle stage
« 20000 -,
= 15000 -
= 10000 -
3
*i—
T
5000 -
0
-5000 -I
CRT Energy Inputs
18,300
Electricity n Total energy*
73 366 129
2,290 2,290 -128
023
I I I
Upstream Mfg Use EOL
Life-cycle stage
'Total energy is the sum of electricity and fuel energy
Figure 2-9. CRT Energy-based inputs by life-cycle stage
CRT Outputs
I Air pollutants n Water pollutants Q Hazardous w aste Q Solid w aste Q Radioactive w aste
449
2.3E-07
3.070 2.3E-03 2.5,^,8.3-1.7
Mfg Use
Life-cycle stage
EOL
Figure 2-10. CRT mass-based outputs by life-cycle stage
2-53
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2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
Considering inputs, Figure 2-8 shows that of the inputs measured in mass, the water inputs
in the manufacturing life-cycle stage constitute the majority of the inputs by mass for the entire life
cycle. Water inputs from the LPG production process constitute almost 80% of the water inputs for
all life-cycle stages. In this inventory, the LPG is used in large quantities as a fuel in CRT glass
manufacturing. When considering which life-cycle stage contributes most to an inventory category,
the manufacturing stage has the largest inventory by mass for primary materials, ancillary materials,
water inputs, and fuel inputs. This is also due to the production of LPG as needed for CRT glass
production. Fuel inputs are dominated by the manufacturing stage and electricity inputs are
dominated by the use stage. The total energy (which is calculated by converting the mass of the fuel
into units of energy and combining the fuel energy with the electrical energy4) is dominated by the
manufacturing life-cycle stage, again mostly due to the large LPG fuel energy used in CRT glass
production (Figure 2-9).
Outputs measured in mass include air emissions, waste water, water pollutants and hazardous,
solid, and radioactive waste. Wastewater, by mass (or volume), constitutes the greatest output;
however, wastewater alone will not be used to calculate water-related impacts. Water pollutants are
also used to calculate water-related impacts. Of the remaining outputs measured in mass (i.e., air
emissions, and hazardous, solid and radioactive waste), which are shown on Figure 2-10, air
emissions are the greatest contributor to outputs in mass. Note that radioactivity is measured in
Bequerels (Bq) and cannot be compared on the same scale.
Considering each inventory type and their contributions by life-cycle stage, the mass of
wastewater and water pollutants are greatest in the manufacturing life-cycle stage (again due to LPG
consumption). The outputs of air emissions, hazardous waste, solid waste, radioactive waste, and
radioactivity all have the greatest contribution from the use stage.
For the outputs, all the totals represented in Table 2-25 include outputs to all dispositions.
For example, water outputs sent offsite to treatment as well as those directly discharged to surface
waters are all included. Similarly, hazardous, solid and radioactive waste outputs may be landfilled,
treated or recycled. The inventory shows these as totals; however, when impacts are calculated, the
dispositions dictate which inventory items will be used to calculate impacts (Chapter 3).
The tables and figures discussed above show the total inventories for particular input or
output types by life-cycle stage. Tables in Appendix J list each material that contributes to those
totals. Figures 2-11 through 2-23 show the total contribution by life-cycle stage, based on the entire
input/output type-specific tables in Appendix J. Summary tables for the CRT (Tables 2-26 through
2-34), developed from the Tables in Appendix J, show the top contributing inventory items to each
input or output type. Note that Table 2-28 includes input/output types that are classified together as
utilities: water, fuel, electricity and total energy.
Conversions and calculations of energy impacts are described in the LCIA methodology discussion in
Chapter 3.
2-54
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
±: SOD-,
c
3 400-
ra
300-
tj 200-
,= 100-
16
Upstream
CRT - Primary Materials
421
219
37
Mfg Use
Life-cycle stage
EOL
Figure 2-11. CRT primary material inputs by life-cycle stage
« 12 1
= 10-
g 8-
.2 6-
*J
O 4-
.5 2-I
"s* o
2.1
CRT - Ancillary Materials
3.5
3.5
Upstream
Mfg Use
Life-cycle stage
11
EOL
Figure 2-12. CRT ancillary material inputs by life-cycle stage
^ 500
§ 400
1 300-
° 200 -
1 100 ^
£ o
O)
•* -100-1
CRT - Fuels
8.0
4/:o
0 -3.0
1 In^trpam Mfri 1 IQP FOI
Life-cycle stage
Figure 2-13. CRT fuel inputs by life-cycle stage
2-55
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
CRT -Water Inputs
^ 15000
'E
.f 10000
n
£
.2 5000
"o
i o
M—
•* -5000
11,400
554
1
Upstream M1g
1,140
i
Use
-27
i
EOL
Life-cycle stage
Figure 2-14. CRT water inputs by life-cycle stage
CRT - Electricity
1= 2500 -,
— 2000-
= 1500-
•5 1000-
§ 500-
M-
~~) 0 - •
5
73 129
l
Upstream M1g
1
2,290
Use
0.23
EOL
Life-cycle stage
Figure 2-15. CRT electricity inputs by life-cycle stage
CRT - Total Energy
,_, 20000-
= 15000-
c 10000-
o
o 5000 -
1 o-
S -5000-
18,300
366
Upstream M1g
2,290
I
Use
-128
EOL
Life-cycle stage
Figure 2-16. CRT energy inputs by life-cycle stage
2-56
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
CRT - Air Pollutants
(all direct to atmosphere)
'E 500 -I
— 400-
fl!
C 300 -
O
••X 200-
u
C 100-
Hr n
••••, u -
O)
183
30
1 '
•* Upstream Mfg
449
2.5
1 '
Use EOL
Life -cycle stage
Figure 2-1 7. CRT air outputs by life-cycle stage
C
m 15001
c
.0 1000-
o .-s
c c 500 -
£ 3 17 0
RT- Wastewater
• To surface w ater Q To treatment
1,410
95 00
1
5 '
^> -500 -I Upstream Mfg. Use
Life -cycle stage
Figure 2-18. CRT wastewater outputs by
-3.7 0
EOL
life -cycle stage
CRT-Water Pollutants
] To surface n To treatment
'E 25i
3 20 -
1 15-
.0 10-
"3 5 -
3n
u
rr» -5 -
2.00E+01
8.12E-01QOOE+00
7 09F 09 7.02E-06
9.13E-02 O.OOE+070°2E~02 -6.18E-02
1 1.^ _ ±.-_ — ... K M£~. 1 l_ _ 1 — *^\l
Upstream Mfg Use EOL
Life-cycle stage
Figure 2-19. CRT waste pollutant outputs by life-cycle stage
2-57
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
CRT - Hazardous Waste
I To landfill QTo treatment nTo recycling/reuse
7.2
15 6 -
.1 4-
O)
2 -
0
0.05 0 0
Upstream
000
1.09
Use
EOL
Life-cycle stage
Figure 2-20. CRT hazardous waste outputs by life-cycle stage
CRT - Solid Waste
iTo landfill rjTo treatment BTo recycling/reuse
•£ 100 n
3
g 50 -
O
I '
M—
O) -50-I
74.0
83.3
5.98 3.57
4.2E-03
3.72 3.41
o.o o.o
6.83
Upstream Mfg Use
Life-cycle stage
Figure 2-21. CRT solid waste outputs by life-cycle stage
CRT - Radioactive Waste
(all to landfill)
§ 2.50E-03-,
•5 2.00E-03 -
g 1.50E-03-
;p 1.00E-03-
C 5.00E-04-
5 O.OOE+00
•a
2.28E-03
1.80E-04
2.29E-07
Upstream
Mfg Use
Life-cycle stage
EOL
Figure 2-22. CRT radioactive waste outputs by life-cycle stage
2-58
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
-^
| 6.00B-07 -I 3
15 4.00B-07 -
£
.O 2.00B-07 -
.U
o
S: -2.00B-07-
CT
m
CRT - Radioactivity
D To landfill n To treatment n To surface water n To air
7,900,000 47,600,000
n 144 000 3,750,000
.«»• o-^'0™ „
4,760
436,000 41
0 00
Upstream Mfg Use EOL
Life -cycle stage
Figure 2-23. CRT radioactivity outputs by life-cycle stage
CRT Primary Inputs
Beginning with the primary data inputs, Figure 2-11 shows that most primary materials
are from the manufacturing and use life-cycle stages. To better understand what some of the top
contributing materials are to those life-cycle stage totals, Table 2-26 shows the top 99% of the
materials contributing to the total CRT primary input inventory. As shown in Table 2-26, the
largest material contributor is petroleum, which is about 54% of all the primary CRT inputs. The
petroleum is mostly (>98%) from the LPG production process, which relates back to the LPG
needed as a fuel in glass production. The other major contributor to primary material inputs is
coal (-27%) which is used to produce electricity consumed in the use stage. More detail on the
processes that contribute greatest within the manufacturing stage will be presented below after
brief discussions of the life-cycle stage breakdowns for each inventory type. For the complete
list of primary materials in the CRT inventory, the total mass, and the mass contribution of each
life-cycle stage, see Appendix J-l, Table J-l.
CRT Ancillary Inputs
Observing Figure 2-12, the mass of ancillary CRT inputs in the EOL life-cycle stage was
greatest (11 kg/functional unit). The upstream stages had the lowest mass of ancillary inputs
compared to the other life-cycle stages. To better understand the materials contributing to those
totals, Table 2-27 shows that clay is the greatest contributor by mass at 41% of the total CRT
ancillary inputs. Clay is used predominately during EOL incineration and landfilling. See Table
J-2 in Appendix J for the complete list of ancillary materials in the CRT inventory.
2-59
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
Table 2-26. Top 99% of CRT nrimarv materials in
Material
Petroleum (in ground)
Coal, average (in ground)
Assembled CRT monitor
Natural gas
Cathode ray tube (CRT)
CRT glass, unspecified
Iron (Fe, ore)
Steel
Natural gas (in ground)
Sand
Recycled CRT Glass
Bauxite (A12O3, ore)
Iron scrap
Polycarbonate resin
PWB-laminate
Printed wiring board (PWB)
Styrene-butadiene copolymers
PPE
Upstream
1.32E+00
3.57E+00
0
0
0
0
6.90E+00
2.48E-06
8.41E-01
0
0
1.37E+00
9.46E-01
0
0
0
0
0
Mfg
3.72E+02
5.15E+00
0
1.47E+00
1.07E+01
9.76E+00
0
5.16E+00
3.27E+00
2.40E+00
2.06E+00
0
0
9.23E-01
8.47E-01
8.47E-01
8.27E-01
7.35E-01
Use
3.80E+00
1.79E+02
2.20E+01
1.40E+01
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
puts (kg/functional unit)
EOL
-1.52E+00
1.79E-02
0
-8.88E-02
0
0
0
0
-1.64E+00
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Total
3.75E+02
1.88E+02
2.20E+01
1.54E+01
1.07E+01
9.76E+00
6.90E+00
5.16E+00
2.47E+00
2.40E+00
2.06E+00
1.37E+00
9.46E-01
9.23E-01
8.47E-01
8.47E-01
8.27E-01
7.35E-01
% of total
54.17%
27.15%
3.38%
2.36%
1.64%
1.50%
1.06%
0.79%
0.38%
0.37%
0.32%
0.21%
0.14%
0.14%
0.13%
0.13%
0.13%
0.11%
See Appendix J for complete inventory table.
Table 2-27. Top 99% of CRT ancillary materials inputs (kg/functional unit)
Material
Clay (in ground)
Sand (in ground)
Limestone
Limestone (CaCO3, in ground)
Lime
Sodium chloride (NaCl, in ground or in
sea)
Sulfuric acid
Hydrochloric acid
Sodium hydroxide
Pyrite (FeS2, ore)
Nitric acid
Ferric chloride
Calcium Chloride
Calcium hydroxide
Hydrofluoric acid
Hydrogen peroxide
Ammonium hydroxide
Pumice
Ammonium chloride
Upstream
4.49e-03
5.85e-02
0
8.60e-01
0
7.61e-01
0
0
0
1.94e-01
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Mfg
0
2.74e-02
6.91e-02
1.08e+00
3.04e-02
1.26e-02
2.38e-01
2.36e-01
1.98e-01
0
1.44e-01
1.37e-01
1.27e-01
9.54e-02
8.65e-02
8.45e-02
7.90e-02
7.86e-02
7.76e-02
Use
0
0
2.41e+00
0
1.06e+00
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
EOL
8.19e+00
2.71e+00
2.41e-04
-2.39e-01
1.06e-04
-3.07e-05
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Total
8.19e+00
2.80e+00
2.48e+00
1.70e+00
1.09e+00
7.73e-01
2.38e-01
2.36e-01
1.98e-01
1.94e-01
1.44e-01
1.37e-01
1.27e-01
9.54e-02
8.65e-02
8.45e-02
7.90e-02
7.86e-02
7.76e-02
% of total
41.35%
14.13%
12.51%
8.58%
5.49%
3.90%
1.20%
1.19%
1.00%
0.98%
0.73%
0.69%
0.64%
0.48%
0.44%
0.43%
0.40%
0.40%
0.39%
2-60
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
Table 2-27. Top 99% of CRT ancillary materials inputs (kg/functional unit)
Material
Alkali cleaning agent
Iron (Fe, ore)
Potassium peroxymonosulfate
Sulfuric acid, aluminum salt
Alkali soda (to neutralize acid waste
water)
Polyethylene glycol
Bauxite (A12O3, ore)
Nitrogen
PWB-solder mask solids
Potassium hydroxide
Lubricant (unspecified)
Chlorine
Zinc (Zn, ore)
Aluminum Oxide
Oil (in ground)
Sodium Carbonate
Tin (Sn, ore)
Upstream
0
7.23e-02
0
0
0
0
1.10e-03
0
0
0
4.11e-02
0
3.79e-02
0
0
0
2.43e-02
Mfg
7.72e-02
0
7.06e-02
6.75e-02
5.45e-02
5.04e-02
4.47e-02
4.57e-02
4.37e-02
4.27e-02
0
4.03e-02
0
3.37e-02
0
3.22e-02
0
Use
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
EOL
0
3.41e-03
0
0
0
0
-1.14e-04
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.35e-02
0
0
Total
7.72e-02
7.57e-02
7.06e-02
6.75e-02
5.45e-02
5.04e-02
4.57e-02
4.57e-02
4.37e-02
4.27e-02
4.11e-02
4.03e-02
3.79e-02
3.37e-02
3.35e-02
3.22e-02
2.43e-02
% of total
0.39%
0.38%
0.36%
0.34%
0.28%
0.25%
0.23%
0.23%
0.22%
0.22%
0.21%
0.20%
0.19%
0.17%
0.17%
0.16%
0.12%
See Appendix J for complete inventory table.
CRT Utility Inputs
Utility inputs in the CRT life-cycle are presented in the inventory in Table 2-28 and
include fuel (kg/functional unit), electricity (MJ/functional unit), and water (kg or L/functional
unit) inputs. Figures 2-13, 2-14, and 2-15 show the total fuels, water, and electricity inputs,
respectively. The fuel and electricity inputs have also been combined into a total energy input
category, shown in Figure 2-16. This is also considered one of the impact categories of the LCIA
that will be presented in Chapter 3. Therefore, more details on how it is calculated are available
in Chapter 3. Briefly, the mass of the fuels are converted to units of energy and added to the
electrical energy quantities (in units of MJ).
2-61
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
Table 2-28. CRT utility inputs
Material Upstream
Mfg
Use
EOL
Total % of total
Fuels (kg/functional unit):
LPG
Natural gas (in ground)
Coal, average (in ground)
Petroleum (in ground)
Fuel oil #6
Fuel Oil #2
Natural gas
Coal, lignite (in ground)
LNG
Uranium (U, ore)
Fuel oil #4
Total fuels
0
2.76E+00
2.25E+00
2.02E+00
0
0
0
9.73E-01
0
1.21E-04
0
8.00E+00
3.51E+02
4.56E+01
1.36E+01
9.71E+00
3.68E+00
1.16E+00
2.44E+00
0
3.35E-01
2.29E-04
1.37E-01
4.28E+02
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.03E-03
-2.09E-01
-1.16E-02
-5.77E-02
0
0
-1.30E+00
0
0
-1.99E-07
-1.38E+00
-2.95E+00
3.51E+02
4.82E+01
1.58E+01
1.17E+01
3.68E+00
1.16E+00
1.14E+00
9.73E-01
3.35E-01
3.49E-04
-1.24E+00
4.33E+02
81.10%
11.14%
3.66%
2.70%
0.85%
0.27%
0.26%
0.22%
0.08%
<0.01%
-0.29%
100.00%
Electricity (MJ/functional unit):
Electricity
7.32E+01
1.29E+02
2.29E+03
2.29E-01
2.49E+03
Water (kg or L/functional unit):
Water
Total energy (fuels and electricity.
Energy
5.54E+02
1.14E+04
1.14E+03
-2.73E+01
1.31E+04
MJ/functional unit):
3.66E+02
1.83E+04
2.29E+03
-1.28E+02
2.08E+04
Table 2-28 shows that LPG used in the manufacturing stage dominates the fuel inputs.
LPG from the manufacturing stage is equal to about 81% of all the fuel inputs in the CRT life-
cycle. More detail into the process-specific contributions within the manufacturing stage will be
presented below at the end of this section. Electricity inputs, however, are dominated by the use
stage (-92% of all electricity throughout the CRT life-cycle). When fuel energy and electrical
energy are combined into a total energy input value, the overall energy from manufacturing
greatly exceeds that from the use stage (18,300 MJ/functional unit versus 2,290 MJ/functional
unit). This is depicted in Figure 2-16.
The other utility listed in Table 2-28 is water. Nearly 87% of the water inputs in the CRT
life-cycle are from the manufacturing processes; and nearly 80% are from LPG production alone.
The life-cycle stage contributing the next most is the use stage at 8.7%. This is from the water
used to generate electricity used during the use stage. The upstream stages only contribute about
4% to the total water inputs for the CRT life-cycle. Table J-3 in Appendix J provides the
complete list of inventory items for the CRT.
CRT Air Outputs
Air emissions from the CRT life cycle are dominated from the use stage as seen in
Figure 2-17. This indicates that most air emissions by mass are from the generation of electricity
used by consumers of the monitors. Nearly 68% of the total life-cycle air emissions by mass (or
450 kg/functional unit) are from the use stage. Carbon dioxide (CO2) alone constitutes 445
2-62
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
kg/functional unit (or about 66% of all air emissions by mass in the life-cycle and nearly 99% of
the use stage air emissions). Table 2-29 reveals the individual contribution of CO2 and other
inventory items that contribute to the top 99.99% of air emissions. (See Appendix J for complete
inventory table.) These are organized from the air emissions that are the largest contributors to
those that are the smaller contributors. Table J-4 in Appendix J shows the contribution of every
air emission in the inventory, organized alphabetically. The next largest air emissions, by life-
cycle stage, are emitted during the manufacturing stage, which contribute about 28% to the total
life-cycle air emissions. Almost 85% of that is air emissions from the LPG production process.
All the air emissions in the CRT inventory are designated as direct emissions to the ambient
environment.5
Table 2-29. Top 99.99% of CRT air pollutant emissions (kg/functional unit)
Material
Carbon dioxide
Sulfur dioxide
Nitrogen oxides
Methane
Sulfur oxides
Carbon monoxide
PM
Nonmethane hydrocarbons, remaining
unspeciated
Hydrocarbons, remaining unspeciated
Hydrochloric acid
Other organic s
PM-10
Nitrogen dioxide
Upstream
2.92e+01
3.37e-01
6.99e-03
6.40e-02
5.71e-03
4.18e-02
1.28e-01
9.97e-02
1.28e-02
2.39e-03
5.60e-04
0
5.76e-02
Mfg
1.79e+02
1.26e-01
6.95e-01
9.08e-01
8.20e-01
4.58e-01
1.31e-01
1.10e-01
1.58e-01
1.12e-02
7.83e-02
3.15e-03
0
Use
4.45e+02
2.49e+00
1.18e+00
6.45e-01
0
8.09e-02
0
0
0
1.08e-01
0
5.78e-02
0
EOL
2.59e+00
8.30e-04
-1.90e-02
-4.30e-02
-2.97e-02
-4.17e-03
-1.88e-02
-1.91e-03
-6.12e-04
-1.04e-03
-3.65e-03
4.78e-06
1.85e-03
Total
6.55e+02
2.96e+00
1.86e+00
1.57e+00
7.96e-01
5.76e-01
2.40e-01
2.08e-01
1.70e-01
1.20e-01
7.52e-02
6.09e-02
5.95e-02
% of total
98.68%
0.45%
0.28%
0.24%
0.12%
0.09%
0.04%
0.03%
0.03%
0.02%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
CRT Water Outputs
The volume (or mass) of wastewater released throughout the CRT life-cycle is
approximately 1,520 L (kg) per functional unit. Approximately 6% of that is sent to treatment as
opposed to direct discharge to surface water (Figure 2-18). The mass of chemical pollutants
within the wastewater streams was calculated separately. The total mass of these water
pollutants released, presented by life-cycle stage, is shown in Figure 2-19. The manufacturing
life-cycle stage contributes the greatest mass of water pollutants with approximately 20 kg per
functional unit. This is about 96% of all the water pollutants for the entire life-cycle. The
upstream stages have the second greatest mass of water pollutants at nearly 1 kg/functional unit
(just under 4%). The use and EOL stages are small contributors, with the EOL being negative
due to recovery processes within the EOL stage. Table 2-30 shows the major contributors to the
Note that some companies may not have reported inventory items associated with all output dispositions,
as only some dispositions are used for impact calculations. For example, outputs that are treated or recycled and not
directly released to the environment are not used in calculating impacts and may not have been reported. This could
be applicable to all output inventories.
2-63
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
water pollutant quantities, and reveals that sodium ion, chloride ions and dissolved solids
contribute nearly 85% of all the water pollutants to the entire life-cycle. Greater than 95% of the
sodium ion outputs are from LPG production and greater than 78% of the chloride ions are from
LPG production. As with other input/output types, LPG production used in glass manufacturing
has a large impact on the CRT inventory. For the complete inventory, listing water pollutants
alphabetically and subtotaled for each life-cycle stage, see Appendix J, Table J-5. Further details
on the manufacturing stage will be provided later.
Table 2-30. Top 99.9% of CRT water pollutant outputs (kg/functional unit)
Material
Sodium (+1)
Chloride ions
Dissolved solids
COD
Suspended solids
BOD
Waste oil
Dissolved solids
Sulfate ion (-4)
Sulfate ion (-4)
Ammonia ions
Metals, remaining
unspeciated
COD
Oil & grease
Nitrogen
Calcium (+2)
Carbonate ion
Phenol
Fluoride
Salts (unspecified)
Suspended solids
Fluorides (F-)
Disposition
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
treatment
treatment
surface water
surface water
surface water
treatment
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
treatment
surface water
Upstream
2.90e-01
4.29e-01
5.30e-03
l.OOe-02
7.72e-03
3.93e-04
3.65e-03
0
0
3.75e-02
3.54e-06
6.74e-04
0
0
4.46e-05
4.96e-03
4.83e-03
6.25e-05
1.89e-05
1.71e-03
0
9.63e-05
Mfg.
7.04e+00
6.48e+00
3.62e+00
1.60e+00
8.69e-01
1.95e-01
l.Ole-01
8.01e-02
1.09e-03
9.61e-04
2.76e-02
9.75e-03
8.33e-03
7.46e-03
7.18e-03
0
0
3.63e-03
3.45e-03
1.62e-03
1.29e-03
2.97e-03
Use
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.84e-02
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.78e-03
0
EOL
-3.08e-02
-2.39e-02
-8.77e-05
-3.94e-03
-2.11e-03
-4.65e-04
-3.13e-04
0
6.84e-06
-1.85e-06
-6.63e-05
-3.42e-05
0
0
0
0
0
-9.41e-06
0
-4.21e-06
1.78e-07
-7.72e-06
Total
7.30e+00
6.88e+00
3.62e+00
1.61e+00
8.74e-01
1.95e-01
1.04e-01
8.01e-02
6.95e-02
3.84e-02
2.75e-02
1.04e-02
8.33e-03
7.46e-03
7.23e-03
4.96e-03
4.83e-03
3.68e-03
3.47e-03
3.33e-03
3.07e-03
3.06e-03
% of total
34.94%
32.95%
17.36%
7.71%
4.19%
0.93%
0.50%
0.38%
0.33%
0.18%
0.13%
0.05%
0.04%
0.04%
0.03%
0.02%
0.02%
0.02%
0.02%
0.02%
0.01%
0.01%
CRT Hazardous Waste Outputs
The total mass of hazardous waste generated throughout the life-cycle of the CRT (Figure
2-20) is mostly from the amount of the monitor that is assumed to be placed in a hazardous waste
landfill (Table 2-31). This 7.2 kg is based on the proportion of monitors assumed to be
hazardous waste as determined in Section 2.5 (EOL) and is approximately 87% of the hazardous
waste generated in the EOL stage. Compared to the total mass of hazardous wastes produced
throughout the CRT life-cycle, the EOL stage contributes about 88%. The disposition of the
waste will be used to determine how impacts are calculated in Chapter 3. Figure 2-20 shows
what portion of hazardous wastes are reported as being landfilled, recycled/reused, or treated.
The amount of hazardous waste from the upstream and manufacturing stages are negligible, by
2-64
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2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
comparison. Table 2-31 and Table J-6 in Appendix J list the hazardous wastes and where each
hazardous waste is disposed.
Table 2-31. Top 99.9% of CRT hazardous waste outputs (kg/functional unit)
Material
EOL CRT monitor, landfilled
Hazardous waste
CRT glass, cullet
CRT glass, funnel
Transformer
PWB-waste cupric etchant
Printed wiring board (PWB)
General hazardous waste
PWB-solder dross
General hazardous waste
PWB-decontaminating debris
PWB-route dust
PWB-lead contaminated waste
oil
Chrome liquid waste (D007
waste)
Cinders from CRT glass mfg
(70% PbO)
Unspecified sludge
Unspecified sludge
CRT glass funnel EP dust (Pb)
(D008 waste)
Waste acid (mostly 3% HC1
solution)
Frit
Slag and ash
Broken CRT glass
Hydrofluoric acid
Disposition
landfill
landfill
R/R
R/R
R/R
R/R
R/R
treatment
R/R
landfill
treatment
R/R
treatment
R/R
landfill
R/R
landfill
R/R
R/R
landfill
landfill
landfill
landfill
Upstream
0
3.85E-04
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4.85E-02
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Mfg
0
6.15E-01
0
0
0
2.25E-01
0
1.24E-01
6.70E-02
0
1.55E-02
1.20E-02
1.16E-02
9.80E-03
8.26E-03
5.56E-03
5.22E-03
5.01E-03
3.93E-03
2.99E-03
2.47E-03
1.88E-03
1.78E-03
Use
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
EOL
7.20E+00
-1.50E-03
4.84E-01
2.29E-01
2.28E-01
0
1.46E-01
0
0
-9.61E-05
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Total
7.20E+00
6.14E-01
4.84E-01
2.29E-01
2.28E-01
2.25E-01
1.46E-01
1.24E-01
6.70E-02
4.84E-02
1.55E-02
1.20E-02
1.16E-02
9.80E-03
8.26E-03
5.56E-03
5.22E-03
5.01E-03
3.93E-03
2.99E-03
2.47E-03
1.88E-03
1.78E-03
% of total
76.1%
6.49%
5.12%
2.42%
2.41%
2.38%
1.54%
1.31%
0.71%
0.51%
0.16%
0.13%
0.12%
0.10%
0.09%
0.06%
0.06%
0.05%
0.04%
0.03%
0.03%
0.02%
0.02%
R/R: recycling/reuse.
See Appendix J for complete inventory table.
CRT Solid Waste Outputs
Figure 2-21 shows that both the manufacturing and use stages contribute significant
amounts of solid waste by mass to the CRT life-cycle. The majority of the solid waste is
landfilled. In terms of mass, the greatest contributor to the solid waste outputs for the CRT life-
cycle is coal waste that is a result of generating electricity (Table 2-32). Therefore, coal waste is
predominately in the use stage, which uses the most electricity, but also in the manufacturing
stage, and to a much lesser degree in the EOL stage. Note that the electricity generation
processes that support the secondary data used were derived from a different source (i.e.,
Ecobilan) and do not include coal waste as an output; however, the equally large amount of solid
waste generated from those processes is listed as "slag and ash" in the upstream and
manufacturing inventories. Overall, the top 80% of solid waste generated in the CRT life-cycle
is from coal waste, slag and ash, dust/sludge, and fly/bottom ash. Note that different inventories
2-65
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2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
used in this project have varying nomenclature and some of these solid wastes may indeed
overlap. Note also that the mass of a CRT monitor that is assumed to be landfilled at the EOL
(3.9 kg/functional unit) is only approximately 2% of the total mass of solid waste in the CRT
life-cycle. See Appendix J, Table J-7 for the complete CRT solid waste inventory.
Table 2-32. To
Material
Coal waste
Slag and ash
Dust/sludge
Fly /bottom ash
Unspecified solid waste
EOL CRT Monitor, landfilled
Unspecified solid waste
Unspecified solid waste
Unspecified waste
EOL CRT Monitor, incinerated
Iron scrap
EOL CRT Monitor, recycled
Broken CRT glass
Mixed industrial (waste)
Slag and ash
EOL CRT Monitor,
remanufactured
Mining waste
Mineral waste
Carbon Steel Scrap
flame retardant high-impact
polystyrene (HIPS)
Waste water treatment (WWT)
sludge
Ferric chloride
CRT glass, faceplate
p 99% of CRT solid waste out
Disposition
landfill
landfill
landfill
landfill
landfill
landfill
treatment
recycle/reuse
landfill
treatment
recycle/reuse
recycle/reuse
recycle/reuse
landfill
recycle/reuse
recycle/reuse
landfill
landfill
recycle/reuse
recycle/reuse
recycle/reuse
recycle/reuse
recycle/reuse
Upstream
0
9.65E-02
0
0
4.94E+00
0
0
3.07E+00
0
0
3.43E-01
0
0
4.87E-02
0
0
4.48E-01
4.42E-01
0
0
0
0
0
Mfg
1.46E+00
6.66E+01
5.64E-01
3.65E-01
0
0
3.66E+00
4.33E-01
3.38E+00
0
0
0
1.08E+00
l.OOE+00
6.85E-01
0
0
2.61E-03
0
0
3.72E-01
3.69E-01
0
>uts (kg/functional unit)
Use
5.09E+01
0
1.97E+01
1.27E+01
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
EOL
5.09E-03
-1.49E+01
1.97E-03
1.27E-03
-7.86E-01
3.91E+00
0
0
-1.49E-02
3.31E+00
2.50E+00
2.42E+00
0
-5.12E-04
-3.01E-03
6.60E-01
-1.90E-06
-6.76E-06
4.10E-01
4.03E-01
0
0
3.54E-01
Total
5.23E+01
5.18E+01
2.02E+01
1.31E+01
4.15E+00
3.91E+00
3.66E+00
3.50E+00
3.36E+00
3.31E+00
2.85E+00
2.42E+00
1.08E+00
1.05E+00
6.82E-01
6.60E-01
4.48E-01
4.44E-01
4.10E-01
4.03E-01
3.72E-01
3.69E-01
3.54E-01
%of
total
30.37%
30.06%
11.75%
7.59%
2.41%
2.27%
2.12%
2.03%
1.95%
1.92%
1.65%
1.40%
0.62%
0.61%
0.40%
0.38%
0.26%
0.26%
0.24%
0.23%
0.22%
0.21%
0.21%
CRT Radioactive Waste Outputs
Radioactive waste outputs in the CRT inventory are found only in the electricity
generation and cold-rolled steel production process. Therefore, radioactive wastes will be found
wherever electricity is used in a process in the CRT life-cycle. Only very small amounts
(approximately 0.003 kg/functional unit) of radioactive waste are generated over the entire life-
cycle of the CRT (Figure 2-22 and Table 2-33). As expected, the majority of this is linked to the
use stage, where most electricity is used in the CRT life-cycle. Low-level radioactive waste
(79%) and depleted uranium (20%) are most of the waste, with very small amounts of highly
radioactive waste and some unspecified radioactive waste in the inventory. The inventory of
radioactive waste outputs is small, and therefore, Table 2-33 lists all material outputs associated
with radioactive waste, in descending order of quantity. Table J-8 in Appendix J lists these in
alphabetical order.
2-66
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2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
Table 2-33. CRT radioactive waste outputs (kg/functional unit)
Material
Low-level radioactive waste
Uranium, depleted
Radioactive waste (unspecified)
Highly radioactive waste (Class C)
Total radioactive wastes
Disposition
landfill
landfill
landfill
landfill
Upstream
4.11E-04
0
1.88E-05
8.65E-06
4.39E-04
Mfg
1.38E-04
4.15E-05
0
0
1.80E-04
Use
1.76E-03
5.27E-04
0
0
2.28E-03
EOL
1.76E-07
5.27E-08
0
0
2.29E-07
Total
2.31E-03
5.69E-04
1.88E-05
8.65E-06
2.90E-03
%of
total
79.5%
19.6%
0.6%
0.3%
100.0%
CRT Radioactivity Outputs
Radioactivity is also inventoried in this project as isotopes that are released to the
environment. Radioactivity is measured in Bequerels and may be released to air, water, or land.
The quantity of radioactivity for each life-cycle stage and different dispositions is presented in
Figure 2-23. Table 2-34 shows the top 99.9% of the radioactivity outputs.
Table 2-34. Top 99.9% of CRT radioactivity outputs (Bq/functional unit)
Material
Molybdenum-99 (isotope)
Plutonium-241 (isotope)
Xenon- 133 (isotope)
Tritium-3 (isotope)
Plutonium-240 (isotope)
Cesium- 135 (isotope)
Radon-222 (isotope)
Plutonium-239 (isotope)
Xenon- 133 (isotope)
Tritium-3 (isotope)
Xenon- 133M (isotope)
Krypton-85 (isotope)
Disposition
treatment
landfill
air
treatment
landfill
landfill
air
landfill
treatment
air
air
air
Upstream
0
3.74e+07
2.43e+03
0
1.62e+05
1.46e+05
1.37e+05
1.14e+05
0
3.47e+02
0
1.73e+02
Mfg
3.72e+06
0
6.28e+03
2.20e+04
0
0
0
0
3.48e+03
2.95e+03
1.99e+04
2.08e+03
Use
4.73e+07
0
3.12e+05
2.80e+05
0
0
0
0
4.43e+04
3.74e+04
2.07e+04
2.65e+04
EOL
4.73e+03
0
3.12e+01
2.80e+01
0
0
0
0
4.43e+00
3.75e+00
2.07e+00
2.65e+00
Total
5.10e+07
3.74e+07
3.21e+05
3.02e+05
1.62e+05
1.46e+05
1.37e+05
1.14e+05
4.78e+04
4.07e+04
4.06e+04
2.87e+04
%of
total
56.75%
41.67%
0.36%
0.34%
0.18%
0.16%
0.15%
0.13%
0.05%
0.05%
0.05%
0.03%
See Appendix J for complete inventory table.
Radioactivity outputs are related to the generation of electricity and therefore the greatest
quantity of radioactivity is from the use stage, as expected. Table J-9 in Appendix J lists the
complete inventory.
CRT Manufacturing Stage
The inventory tables that show the specific materials (i.e., those in Appendix J and Tables
2-26 through 2-34) are the sums of the materials from one or more processes within a life-cycle
stage. To burrow down deeper into the data, the manufacturing stage inventory data are broken
down by process or group of processes. Groups of processes were combined when fewer than
three companies provided data for a process or when confidentiality agreements precluded
presenting individual process data. The manufacturing process groups are presented in Table
2-67
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
2-35. Also for confidentiality purposes, upstream and EOL data (derived from Ecobilan 's data)
were not broken down by process. Burrowing further into the contributing processes or process
groups is necessary for future manufacturing improvement assessments. Burrowing further into
process-specific data at the use stage is not necessary because electricity generation is the only
process in the use stage.
Table 2-35. CRT process groups
Process group
Monitor assembly
Tube
Glass/frit
PWB
Japanese grid
U.S. grid
Fuels
Process(es) included
monitor assembly
CRT (tube) manufacturing
CRT glass manufacturing, frit manufacturing
PWB manufacturing
electricity generation - Japanese electric grid
electricity generation - U.S. electric grid
production of fuel oils #2, #4 and #6, LPG, and natural gas
Tables 2-36 through 2-44 list the specific inventories for each process group in the
manufacturing stage for each input and output type. Figures 2-24 through 2-34 graph the total
inventories for each process group for each input and output type. It should be noted that the
input/output type that had the greatest contribution in the manufacturing stage compared to other
stages was fuel inputs, which also translated into total energy inputs being greatest in the
manufacturing stage. Nonetheless, for purposes of showing more detail in the manufacturing
stage and allowing for improvement assessments for manufacturers, the individual material
contributions for each manufacturing process group are presented below.
Of the total 421 kg of primary materials per functional unit in the manufacturing stage,
fuels production contributes the greatest (374 kg/functional unit), followed by monitor assembly
(20.1 kg/functional unit), and then tube manufacturing (11.9 kg/functional unit) (Figure 2-24).
The specific material contributions are presented in Table 2-36. Only small amounts of ancillary
materials are used in the CRT life cycle and the manufacturing stage only contributed a small
percentage of the overall ancillary materials in the life-cycle. However, within the manufacturing
life-cycle stage, fuels production and PWB manufacturing had the greatest amount of ancillary
materials (1.16 kg/functional unit each) (Figure 2-25).
2-68
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
Table 2-36. CRT manufacturing stage primary material inputs
Material
Process group
Monitor assembly
ABS resin
Aluminum (elemental)
Audio cable assembly
Cables/wires
Cables/wires
Cathode ray tube (CRT)
Connector
CRT magnet assembly
CRT shield assembly - ASTM A366/CC#2
Deflection Yoke assembly
Demagnetic coil - PU coated paper
Ferrite
Phosphate ester
Polycarbonate resin
Polystyrene (PS, high impact)
Power cord assembly
PPE
Printed wiring board (PWB)
Solder, unspecified
Steel
Styrene-butadiene copolymers
Tricresyl phosphate
Triphenyl phosphate
Video cable assembly
Total
Tube
Amyl acetate (mixed isomers)
Aquadag
Blue Phosphor (ZnS)
Blue Phosphor (ZnS.Ag.Al)
CRT glass, unspecified
Electron gun
Frit
Green Phosphor (ZnS)
Green Phosphor (ZnS.Cu.Al)
Nickel Alloy (invar)
Red Phosphor (Y2O2S)
Red Phosphor (Y2O2S.Eu)
Steel
Total
Quantity (kg/
(functional unit)
4.24e-01
3.60e-01
9.45e-02
6.12e-02
3.33e-01
1.07e+01
5.67e-02
7.56e-02
2.42e-01
1.51e-01
1.26e-01
1.70e-01
8.31e-03
9.23e-01
1.51e-01
1.13e-01
7.35e-01
8.47e-01
2.67e-02
3.45e+00
8.27e-01
2.30e-02
5.29e-02
1.13e-01
2.01e+01
1.20e-03
2.06e-02
3.84e-03
1.67e-03
9.76e+00
l.Ole-01
6.67e-02
3.34e-03
1.34e-03
2.72e-01
4.65e-03
1.33e-03
1.71e+00
1.19e+01
% of process
group total
2.11%
1.79%
0.47%
0.31%
1.66%
53.30%
0.28%
0.38%
1.21%
0.75%
0.63%
0.85%
0.04%
4.60%
0.75%
0.57%
3.66%
4.22%
0.13%
17.21%
4.13%
0.11%
0.26%
0.57%
100.00%
0.01%
0.17%
0.03%
0.01%
81.70%
0.84%
0.56%
0.03%
0.01%
2.28%
0.04%
0.01%
14.30%
100.00%
% of grand total
4.76%
2.84%
2-69
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
Table 2-36. CRT manufacturing stage primary material inputs
Material
Process group
Glass/frit
Barium Carbonate
Glass, unspecified
Lead
Potassium Carbonate
Recycled CRT Glass
Sand
Sodium Carbonate
Strontium Carbonate
Zircon Sand
Borax
Lead
Silica
Total
PWB
PWB-laminate
Solder (63% tin; 37% lead)
Total
Japanese grid
Coal, average (in ground)
Natural gas
Petroleum (in ground)
Uranium, yellowcake
Total
U.S. grid
Coal, average (in ground)
Natural gas
Petroleum (in ground)
Uranium, yellowcake
Total
Fuels
Petroleum (in ground)
Natural gas (in ground)
Total
Grand Total
Quantity (kg/
(functional unit)
2.97e-01
4.91e-02
4.47e-01
3.78e-01
2.06e+00
2.40e+00
4.88e-01
3.31e-01
5.43e-02
8.00e-03
4.67e-02
5.33e-03
6.56e+00
8.47e-01
5.08e-02
8.98e-01
2.28e+00
1.25e+00
1.29e+00
3.04e-04
4.82e+00
2.86e+00
2.23e-01
6.07e-02
7.74e-05
3.15e+00
3.70e+02
3.27e+00
3.74e+02
4.21e+02
% of process
group total
4.52%
0.75%
6.82%
5.76%
31.37%
36.57%
7.43%
5.05%
0.83%
0.12%
0.71%
0.08%
100.00%
94.35%
5.66%
100.00%
47.41%
25.89%
26.69%
0.01%
100.00%
90.97%
7.10%
1.93%
<0.01%
100.01%
99.12%
0.88%
100.00%
% of grand total
1.56%
0.21%
1.14%
0.75%
88.74%
100.00%
2-70
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2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
Table 2-37. CRT manufacturing stage ancillary material in
Material
Process group
Monitor assemblv
2,2,4-trimethylpentane
Cyclohexane
Fluorocarbon resin
Isopropyl alcohol
Surfactant, unspecified
Synthetic resin, unspecified
Total
Tube
Acetone
Acrylic Polymer, unspecified
Alkali cleaning agent
Alkali soda (to neutralize acid waste water)
Ammonia
Ammonium bifluoride
Ammonium Bichromate
Ammonium fluoride
Ammonium hydroxide
Ammonium Oxalate
Ammonium Oxalate Monohydrate
Boric acid
Calcium Chloride
Calcium hydroxide
Chlorine
Chromium (VI)
Dimethyl Formamide
Ferric chloride
HV Carbon (paste)
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrofluoric acid
Hydrogen peroxide
Isopentylacetate
Muratic Acid (drum)
Nitric acid
Nitrogen
Oxalic acid
Oxygen (Liquid)
Periodic Acid
Polyvinyl alcohol
Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone (PVP)
Sodium Bichromate
Sodium Bichromate Bihydrate (VI)
Quantity (kg/
(functional unit)
1.50e-04
1.88e-04
3.75e-05
1.94e-02
1.42e-04
8.53e-04
2.08e-02
3.17e-04
9.13e-03
7.72e-02
5.45e-02
1.19e-04
2.04e-03
3.50e-05
8.91e-04
1.41e-03
8.92e-05
3.16e-04
4.73e-03
1.27e-01
9.54e-02
4.03e-02
7.63e-05
4.36e-05
1.37e-01
1.14e-05
4.39e-02
7.39e-03
5.34e-02
1.74e-03
1.87e-03
8.17e-03
4.57e-02
5.35e-05
7.57e-03
2.26e-04
8.11e-03
2.41e-02
1.05e-04
3.10e-05
% of process
group total
0.72%
0.90%
0.18%
93.40%
0.68%
4.10%
4.79%
0.04%
1.02%
8.61%
6.08%
0.01%
0.23%
<0.01%
0.10%
0.16%
0.01%
0.04%
0.53%
14.18%
10.64%
4.50%
0.01%
<0.01%
15.32%
<0.01%
4.89%
0.82%
5.96%
0.19%
0.21%
0.91%
5.10%
0.01%
0.84%
0.03%
0.90%
2.69%
0.01%
<0.01%
puts
% of grand total
0.59%
2-71
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
Table 2-37. CRT manufacturing stage ancillary material in
Material
Process group
Sodium hydroxide
Sodium Hypochlorite
Sodium Metabisulfite
Sodium Persulfate
Sulfuric acid
Sulfuric acid, aluminum salt
Toluene
unspecified CRT process material
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Total
Glass/frit
Aluminum Oxide
Cerium Oxide
Chromium Oxide
Hydrofluoric acid
Pumice
Total
PWB
Ammonium chloride
Ammonium hydroxide
Formaldehyde
Glycol ethers
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrogen peroxide
Nitric acid
Polyethylene glycol
Potassium hydroxide
Potassium permanganate
Potassium peroxymonosulfate
PWB-solder mask solids
Sodium Carbonate
Sodium hydroxide
Sulfuric acid
Total
Japanese grid
Lime
Limestone
Total
U.S. grid
Lime
Limestone
Quantity (kg/
(functional unit)
3.52e-03
9.25e-05
4.67e-03
3.54e-04
5.58e-02
6.75e-02
4.80e-03
5.77e-03
4.80e-04
8.97e-01
3.37e-02
3.28e-03
5.62e-05
7.91e-02
7.86e-02
1.95e-01
7.76e-02
7.76e-02
6.60e-03
2.35e-02
1.92e-01
3.10e-02
1.36e-01
5.04e-02
4.27e-02
1.16e-03
7.06e-02
4.37e-02
3.22e-02
1.94e-01
1.83e-01
1.16e+00
1.35e-02
3.06e-02
4.41e-02
1.69e-02
3.85e-02
% of process
group total
0.39%
0.01%
0.52%
0.04%
6.23%
7.53%
0.54%
0.64%
0.05%
100.00%
17.30%
1.68%
0.03%
40.61%
40.37%
100.00%
6.68%
6.68%
0.57%
2.03%
16.51%
2.67%
11.70%
4.34%
3.68%
0.10%
6.08%
3.76%
2.77%
16.71%
15.72%
100.00%
30.57%
69.43%
100.00%
30.52%
69.48%
puts
% of grand total
25.36%
5.51%
32.84%
1.25%
2-72
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
Table 2-37. CRT manufacturing stage ancillary material in
Material
Process group
Total
Fuels
Bauxite (A12O3, ore)
Limestone (CaCOS, in ground)
Sand (in ground)
Sodium chloride (NaCl, in ground or in sea)
Total
Grand Total
Quantity (kg/
(functional unit)
5.53e-02
4.47e-02
1.08e+00
2.74e-02
1.26e-02
1.16e+00
3.54e+00
% of process
group total
100.00%
3.85%
92.71%
2.36%
1.08%
100.00%
puts
% of grand total
1.57%
32.89%
100.00%
2-73
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
Table 2-38. CRT manufacturing stage utility inputs
Material
Process group
Fuels (kg/functional unit):
Monitor assembly
Fuel oil #4
Tube
Fuel oil #6
LNG
Natural gas
Total
Glass/frit
Fuel oil #2
Liquified petroleum gas (LPG)
Natural gas
Total
PWB
Natural sas
Fuels
Coal, average (in ground)
Natural gas (in ground)
Petroleum (in ground)
Uranium (U, ore)
Total
Grand Total
Electricity (MJ/functional unit):
Monitor assembly
Tube
Glass/frit
PWB
Total
Water (kg or L/functional unit):
Monitor assembly
Tube
Glass/frit
PWB
Japanese grid
U.S. grid
Fuels
Total
Quantity
??
3.68e+00
3.35e-01
8.37e-01
4.86e+00
1.16e+00
3.51e+02
1.21e+00
3.53e+02
??
1.36e+01
4.56e+01
9.71e+00
2.29e-04
6.89e+01
4.27e+02
1.33e+01
3.19e+01
7.40e+01
l.OOe+01
1.29e+02
3.51e+01
8.11e+02
0
4.22e+01
4.43e+01
1.82e+01
1.05e+04
1.14e+04
% of process
group total
75.86%
6.91%
17.23%
100.00%
0.33%
99.33%
0.34%
100.00%
19.71%
66.20%
14.08%
<0.01%
100.01%
% of grand total
ERR
1.14%
82.72%
ERR
16.14%
100.00%
10.27%
24.68%
57.27%
7.77%
100.00%
0.31%
7.09%
0.00%
0.37%
0.39%
0.16%
91.69%
100.00%
Total energy (fuels and electricity, MJ/functional unit):
Monitor assembly
Tube
1.90e+01
2.37e+02
0.10%
1.29%
2-74
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
Table 2-38. CRT manufacturing stage utility inputs
Material
Process group
Glass/frit
PWB
Fuels
Total
Quantity
1.52e+04
2.74e+01
2.79e+03
1.83e+04
% of process
group total
% of grand total
83.23%
0.15%
15.22%
100.00%
2-75
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
Table 2-39. CRT manufacturing stage air emissions
Material
Process group
Tube
Carbon monoxide
Dimethyl Formamide
Nitrogen oxides
Nonmethane hydrocarbons, remaining unspeciated
Sulfur oxides
Toluene
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Total
Glass/frit
Barium
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Fluorides (F-)
Lead
Manganese
Nickel
Nitrogen oxides
PM
Sulfur oxides
Zinc (elemental)
Total
PWB
Formaldehyde
Japanese grid
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
2,3,7,8-TCDD
2,3,7,8-TCDF
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
2-Chloroacetophenone
2-Methylnaphthalene
5-Methyl chrysene
Acenaphthene
Acenaphthylene
Acetaldehyde
Acetophenone
Acrolein
Anthracene
Quantity (kg/
(functional unit)
1.70E-02
3.49E-05
2.17E-03
1.59E-04
9.96E-03
3.84E-03
3.84E-04
3.35E-02
9.33E-10
2.85E+00
1.64E-04
1.39E-07
1.43E-10
6.33E-10
2.93E-05
3.22E-07
4.67E-10
5.33E-10
4.47E-02
1.10E-04
5.08E-05
4.67E-09
2.90E+00
3.88E-05
6.46E-08
4.57E-08
1.68E-14
5.84E-14
3.19E-10
8.00E-09
2.38E-10
2.51E-11
4.32E-09
3.29E-10
6.52E-07
1.71E-08
3.31E-07
4.55E-10
% of process group
total
50.61%
0.10%
6.48%
0.47%
29.73%
11.46%
1.15%
100.00%
<0.01%
98.45%
0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
1.54%
<0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
1.57%
<0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
% of grand total
0.02%
1.59%
0.00%
2-76
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
Table 2-39. CRT manufacturing stage air emissions
Material
Process group
Antimony
Arsenic
Barium
Benzene
Benzo[a]anthracene
Benzo |a]pyrene
Benzo [b,j ,k]fluoranthene
Benzo [g,h,i]perylene
Benzyl chloride
Beryllium
Biphenyl
Bromoform
Bromomethane
Cadmium
Carbon dioxide
Carbon disulfide
Carbon monoxide
Chloride ions
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
Chromium (III)
Chromium (VI)
Chrysene
Cobalt
Copper
Cumene hydroperoxide
Cyanide (-1)
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
Dibenzo |a,h| anthracene
Dichloromethane
Dimethyl sulfate
Dioxins, remaining unspeciated
Ethyl Chloride
Ethylbenzene
Ethylene dibromide
Fluoranthene
Fluorene
Fluorides (F-)
Formaldehyde
Furans, remainins unspeciated
Quantity (kg/
(functional unit)
9.50E-07
7.01E-07
5.18E-07
1.52E-06
8.00E-10
4.35E-11
3.89E-10
4.30E-10
8.00E-07
3.23E-08
1.94E-09
4.46E-08
1.83E-07
1.41E-07
1.54E+01
1.49E-07
2.80E-03
6.14E-05
2.51E-08
6.74E-08
5.52E-07
1.34E-07
5.35E-10
1.18E-06
3.18E-07
6.06E-09
2.86E-06
8.34E-08
2.96E-10
3.31E-07
5.49E-08
7.46E-13
4.80E-08
1.19E-07
1.37E-09
1.75E-09
1.83E-09
6.60E-06
1.02E-05
1.19E-12
% of process group
total
0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
99.14%
0.01%
0.02%
O.01%
O.01%
O.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
O.01%
O.01%
O.01%
O.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
% of grand total
2-77
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
Table 2-39. CRT manufacturing stage air emissions
Material
Process group
Hexane
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrofluoric acid
Indeno( 1 ,2,3 -cd)pyrene
Isophorone
Lead (Pb, ore)
Magnesium
Manganese (Mn, ore)
Mercury
Methane
Methyl chloride
Methyl ethyl ketone
Methyl hydrazine
Methyl methacrylate
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Molybdenum
Naphthalene
Nickel
Nitrogen oxides
Nitrous oxide
o-xylene
Phenanthrene
Phenol
PM-10
Propionaldehyde
Pyrene
Selenium
Styrene
Sulfur dioxide
Tetrachloroethylene
TOCs, remaining unspeciated
Toluene
Vanadium
Vinyl acetate
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Zinc (elemental)
Total
U.S. grid
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
2,3,7,8-TCDD
Quantity (kg/
(functional unit)
7.66E-08
1.37E-03
1.71E-04
4.48E-10
6.63E-07
4.41E-07
1.26E-05
1.09E-06
1.18E-07
8.13E-05
6.06E-07
4.46E-07
1.94E-07
2.29E-08
3.99E-08
1.55E-07
2.21E-07
1.47E-05
4.07E-02
1.12E-04
1.93E-08
5.21E-09
1.83E-08
2.00E-03
4.34E-07
1.26E-09
1.61E-06
2.86E-08
8.62E-02
4.92E-08
1.97E-04
1.43E-06
5.71E-06
8.67E-09
4.23E-08
5.15E-06
1.55E-K)!
3.06E-08
5.73E-08
2.05E-14
% of process group
total
0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.26%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.56%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
100.00%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
% of grand total
8.50%
2-78
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
Table 2-39. CRT manufacturing stage air emissions
Material
Process group
2,3,7,8-TCDF
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
2-Chloroacetophenone
2-Methylnaphthalene
5-Methyl chrysene
Acenaphthene
Acenaphthylene
Acetaldehyde
Acetophenone
Acrolein
Anthracene
Antimony
Arsenic
Barium
Benzene
Benzo[a]anthracene
Benzo |a]pyrene
Benzo [b,j ,klfluoranthene
Benzo [g,h,i]perylene
Benzyl chloride
Beryllium
Biphenyl
Bromoform
Bromometliane
Cadmium
Carbon dioxide
Carbon disulfide
Carbon monoxide
Chloride ions
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
Chromium (III)
Chromium (VI)
Chrysene
Cobalt
Copper
Cumene
Cyanide (-1)
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
Dibenzo [a,h] anthracene
Dichloromethane
Quantity (kg/
(functional unit)
7.30E-14
4.01E-10
l.OOE-08
4.26E-11
3.15E-11
9.06E-10
3.60E-10
8.16E-07
2.15E-08
4.15E-07
3.11E-10
6.96E-08
5.99E-07
3.28E-08
1.86E-06
1.48E-10
5.44E-11
1.70E-10
5.75E-11
l.OOE-06
3.05E-08
2.43E-09
5.58E-08
2.29E-07
7.69E-08
7.10E+00
1.86E-07
1.29E-03
2.90E-06
3.15E-08
8.45E-08
3.88E-07
1.15E-07
1.63E-10
1.94E-07
1.59E-08
7.59E-09
3.58E-06
1.04E-07
1.40E-11
4.15E-07
% of process group
total
0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
98.98%
O.01%
0.02%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
% of grand total
2-79
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
Table 2-39. CRT manufacturing stage air emissions
Material
Process group
Dimethyl sulfate
Dioxins, remaining unspeciated
Ethyl Chloride
Ethylbenzene
Ethylene dibromide
Fluoranthene
Fluorene
Fluoride
Formaldehyde
Furans, remaining unspeciated
Hexane
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrofluoric acid
Indeno( 1 ,2,3 -cd)pyrene
Isophorone
Lead
Magnesium
Manganese
Mercury
Methane
Methyl chloride
Methyl ethyl ketone
Methyl hydrazine
Methyl methacrylate
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Molybdenum
Naphthalene
Nickel
Nitrogen oxides
Nitrous oxide
o-xylene
Phenanthrene
Phenol
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
PM-10
Propionaldehyde
Pyrene
Selenium
Styrene
Sulfur dioxide
Tetrachloroethvlene
Quantity (kg/
(functional unit)
6.87E-08
9.33E-13
6.01E-08
1.35E-07
1.72E-09
1.07E-09
1.34E-09
3.12E-07
1.35E-06
1.49E-12
9.59E-08
1.72E-03
2.15E-04
1.05E-10
8.30E-07
2.04E-07
1.57E-05
7.28E-07
1.20E-07
1.03E-02
7.59E-07
5.58E-07
2.43E-07
2.86E-08
5.01E-08
9.32E-09
2.92E-08
1.09E-06
1.88E-02
5.42E-05
9.11E-10
4.00E-09
2.29E-08
7.91E-08
9.22E-04
5.44E-07
5.32E-10
1.87E-06
3.58E-08
3.98E-02
6.16E-08
% of process group
total
0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.02%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.14%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.26%
O.01%
O.01%
O.01%
O.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.56%
0.01%
% of grand total
2-80
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
Table 2-39. CRT manufacturing stage air emissions
Material
Process group
TOCs, remaining unspeciated
Toluene
Vanadium
Vinyl acetate
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Zinc (elemental)
Total
Fuels
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
2-Chloroacetophenone
2-Methylnaphthalene
3 -Methy Icholanthrene
5-Methyl chrysene
Acenaphthene
Acenaphthylene
Acetaldehyde
Acetophenone
Acrolein
Aldehydes
Aluminum (elemental)
Ammonia
Anthracene
Antimony
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Arsenic
Barium
Benzene
Benzo [alanthracene
Benzo |a]pyrene
Benzo [b,j ,k]fluoranthene
Benzo [blfluoranthene
Benzo |g,h,ilperylene
Benzo |Y|fluoranthene
Benzyl chloride
Beryllium
Biphenyl
Bromoform
Bromomethane
Quantity (kg/
(functional unit)
9.19E-05
4.06E-07
2.81E-07
1.09E-08
5.30E-08
2.43E-07
7.17E400
1.36E-07
2.71E-07
3.06E-07
1.90E-09
4.75E-08
6.11E-09
4.59E-10
1.49E-10
5.31E-09
2.17E-09
3.86E-06
1.02E-07
1.97E-06
1.52E-03
1.98E-05
2.35E-03
2.12E-09
6.36E-07
5.29E-08
1.41E-05
3.33E-07
1.57E-02
1.27E-09
6.94E-10
7.46E-10
5.07E-10
5.63E-10
5.07E-10
4.75E-06
1.42E-06
1.15E-08
2.64E-07
1.08E-06
% of process group
total
0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
0.01%
100.00%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
% of grand total
3.93%
2-81
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
Table 2-39. CRT manufacturing stage air emissions
Material
Process group
Butane
Cadmium
Calcium
Carbon dioxide
Carbon disulfide
Carbon monoxide
Chloride ions
Chlorine
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
Chromium (III)
Chromium (VI)
Chrysene
Cobalt
Copper
Cumene
Cyanide (-1)
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
Dibenzo [a,h] anthracene
Dichloromethane
Dimethyl sulfate
Dimethylbenzanthracene
Dioxins, remaining unspeciated
Ethane
Ethyl Chloride
Ethylbenzene
Ethylene dibromide
Fluoranthene
Fluorene
Fluorides (F-)
Formaldehyde
Furans, remaining unspeciated
Halogenated hydrocarbons (unspecified)
HALON-1301
Hexane
Hydrocarbons, remaining unspeciated
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrofluoric acid
Hydrogen sulfide
Indeno( 1,2,3 -cd)py rene
Iron
Quantity (kg/
(functional unit)
5.35E-04
8.20E-07
1.72E-05
1.54E+02
8.81E-07
4.36E-01
3.39E-05
5.84E-09
1.49E-07
4.00E-07
2.13E-05
2.13E-05
1.22E-09
2.54E-06
1.57E-06
3.59E-08
1.69E-05
4.95E-07
3.61E-10
1.97E-06
3.25E-07
3.82E-09
1.10E-10
7.90E-04
2.85E-07
6.44E-07
8.14E-09
5.74E-09
7.03E-09
3.84E-06
1.19E-03
5.11E-10
2.94E-13
5.11E-10
4.59E-04
1.58E-01
8.14E-03
1.02E-03
3.11E-03
9.43E-10
3.83E-05
% of process group
total
0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
97.92%
<0.01%
0.28%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
O.01%
O.01%
O.01%
O.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
O.01%
O.01%
O.01%
O.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
O.01%
O.01%
O.01%
O.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.10%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
% of grand total
2-82
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
Table 2-39. CRT manufacturing stage air emissions
Material
Process group
Isophorone
Lead
Magnesium
Manganese
Mercury
Metals, remaining unspeciated
Methane
Methyl chloride
Methyl ethyl ketone
Methyl hydrazine
Methyl methacrylate
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Molybdenum
Naphthalene
Nickel
Nitrogen oxides
Nitrous oxide
Nonmethane hydrocarbons, remaining unspeciated
n-Propane
Other organics
o-xylene
Pentane
Phenanthrene
Phenol
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
PM
PM-10
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Propionaldehyde
Pyrene
Selenium
Silicon
Sodium
Styrene
Sulfur oxides
Tetrachloroethylene
Toluene
Vanadium
Quantity (kg/
(functional unit)
3.93E-06
1.25E-05
7.46E-05
2.26E-05
8.81E-07
3.16E-07
8.98E-01
3.59E-06
2.64E-06
1.15E-06
1.36E-07
2.37E-07
1.97E-06
3.54E-07
1.24E-04
5.88E-01
1.64E-02
1.10E-01
1.69E-06
7.83E-02
1.11E-06
6.62E-04
2.30E-08
1.08E-07
1.25E-05
1.31E-01
2.28E-04
5.87E-11
2.58E-06
3.65E-09
9.47E-06
1.72E-05
1.02E-04
1.69E-07
8.10E-01
2.92E-07
3.81E-06
2.68E-04
% of process group
total
0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
0.01%
0.57%
0.01%
0.01%
O.01%
O.01%
O.01%
O.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.37%
0.01%
0.07%
O.01%
0.05%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
O.01%
0.08%
O.01%
O.01%
0.01%
O.01%
O.01%
O.01%
O.01%
0.01%
0.52%
0.01%
O.01%
O.01%
% of grand total
2-83
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
Table 2-39. CRT manufacturing stage air emissions
Material
Process group
Vinyl acetate
Zinc (elemental)
Total
Grand Total
Quantity (kg/
(functional unit)
5.15E-08
1.02E-05
1.57E+02
1.83E-KJ2
% of process group
total
0.01%
O.01%
100.00%
% of grand total
85.96%
100.00%
2-84
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
Table 2-40. CRT manufacturing stage water outputs (wastewaters and pollutants)
Material
Process group
Disposition
Quantity (kg/
functional unit)
% of process group
total
% of grand
total
WASTEWATER STREAMS
Tube
Wastewater stream
Wastewater stream
Total
Glass/frit
Wastewater stream
PWB
Wastewater stream
Fuels
Wastewater stream
Grand Total
treatment
surface water
surface water
treatment
surface water
5.26e+01
4.81e+02
5.33e+02
3.62e+01
4.22e+01
8.94e+02
1.51e+03
9.87%
90.13%
100.00%
35.42%
2.40%
2.80%
59.38%
100.00%
WASTEWATER POLLUTANTS
Tube
BOD
Chromium ore
Chromium ore
COD
COD
Copper
Cyanide (-1)
Dissolved solids
Fluoride
Fluoride
Iron
Lead
Lead
Manganese
Molybdenum
Nickel
Nitrogen
Oil & grease
Phosphate as P2O5
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Suspended solids
Suspended solids
Zinc (elemental)
Zinc (elemental)
Total
Glass/frit
BOD
surface water
surface water
treatment
surface water
treatment
surface water
surface water
treatment
surface water
treatment
surface water
surface water
treatment
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
treatment
surface water
treatment
surface water
6.39e-03
1.02e-05
1.03e-06
7.22e-03
8.33e-03
1.80e-06
6.06e-07
8.01e-02
3.45e-03
3.51e-04
1.65e-04
3.01e-06
1.03e-06
3.60e-06
1.20e-07
7.93e-05
7.18e-03
2.41e-04
1.21e-06
5.05e-05
4.63e-03
1.28e-03
1.39e-05
1.03e-06
1.20e-01
8.20e-06
5.34%
<0.01%
<0.01%
6.04%
6.97%
0.01%
0.01%
67.03%
2.89%
0.29%
0.14%
O.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.07%
6.01%
0.20%
O.01%
0.04%
3.87%
1.07%
0.01%
0.01%
100.00%
0.01%
2.51%
2-85
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
Table 2-40. CRT manufacturing stage water outputs (wastewaters and pollutants)
Material
Process group
Chloride ions
Chromium
COD
Dissolved solids
Fluorides (F-)
Iron
Lead
Nickel
Nitrates/nitrites
Oil & grease
Suspended solids
Total
PWB
Copper (+1 & +2)
Lead cmpds
Total
Japanese grid
Sulfate ion (-4)
Suspended solids
Total
U.S. grid
Sulfate ion (-4)
Suspended solids
Total
Fuels
Acids (H+)
Adsorbable organic halides
Aluminum (+3)
Ammonia ions
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Barium cmpds
BOD
Cadmium cmpds
Chloride ions
Chromium (III)
Chromium (VI)
COD
Copper (+1 & +2)
Cyanide (-1)
Dissolved organics
Dissolved solids
Fluorides (F-)
Disposition
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
treatment
treatment
surface water
surface water
treatment
treatment
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
Quantity (kg/
functional unit)
l.Ole+00
8.20e-08
8.20e-06
3.62e+00
2.93e-03
2.77e-03
4.34e-05
8.20e-08
3.95e-06
7.22e-03
7.23e-03
4.65e+00
9.71e-05
1.62e-05
1.13e-04
8.72e-04
2.27e-05
8.94e-04
1.09e-03
2.84e-05
1.12e-03
2.50e-09
2.27e-15
8.62e-10
l.Ole-07
5.33e-13
1.71e-12
1.21e-06
1.78e-15
3.56e-05
3.31e-10
3.31e-10
9.80e-06
3.55e-14
2.49e-15
6.62e-09
2.21e-07
1.80e-08
% of process group
total
21.73%
<0.01%
<0.01%
77.84%
0.06%
0.06%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.16%
0.16%
100.00%
85.71%
14.29%
100.00%
97.46%
2.54%
100.00%
97.46%
2.54%
100.00%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.10%
O.01%
O.01%
1.22%
0.01%
36.07%
0.01%
0.01%
9.92%
O.01%
O.01%
O.01%
0.22%
0.02%
% of grand
total
97.45%
0.00%
0.02%
0.02%
2-86
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
Table 2-40. CRT manufacturing stage water outputs (wastewaters and pollutants)
Material
Process group
Halogenated matter (organic)
Hydrocarbons, remaining unspeciated
Iron (+2 & +3)
Lead cmpds
Mercury compounds
Metals, remaining unspeciated
Nickel cmpds
Nitrate
Other nitrogen
Phenol
Phosphates
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Salts (unspecified)
Sodium (+1)
Sulfate ion (-4)
Sulfide
Suspended solids
TOCs
Toluene
Waste oil
Zinc (+2)
Total
Grand Total
Disposition
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
Quantity (kg/
functional unit)
7.11e-16
2.61e-09
3.79e-ll
7.11e-15
8.17e-18
6.27e-08
3.55e-15
4.53e-09
9.59e-14
2.21e-08
2.02e-ll
8.53e-15
9.83e-09
4.59e-05
4.26e-09
1.38e-09
5.19e-06
5.33e-12
7.82e-14
6.26e-07
1.58e-10
9.88e-05
4.77e+00
% of process group
total
0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
0.06%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.02%
O.01%
O.01%
O.01%
46.44%
0.01%
0.01%
5.26%
O.01%
O.01%
0.63%
0.01%
100.00%
% of grand
total
0.00%
100.00%
2-87
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
Table 2-41. CRT manufacturing stage hazardous waste outputs (kg/functional unit)
Material
Process group
Tube
Frit
Lead sulfate cake
Silica coat waste
Slag and ash
Slurry scrap (chromium-based)
Spent solvent, unspecified
Unspecified sludge
Unspecified sludge
Waste oxygenated solvents
Waste water treatment (WWT) filters
Total
Glass/frit
Barium debris (D008 waste)
Broken CRT glass
Chrome debris (D007 waste)
Chrome liquid waste (D007 waste)
cinders from CRT glass mfg (70% PbO)
CRT glass faceplate EP dust (Pb) (D008
waste)
CRT glass funnel EP dust (Pb) (D008
waste)
Hazardous sludge (Pb) (D008)
Hydrofluoric acid
Lead contaminated grit (D008 waste)
Lead debris (D008 waste)
sludge from CRT glass mfg (1% PbO)
Waste acid (mostly 3% HC1 solution)
Waste Batch (Ba, Pb) (D008 waste)
Waste finishing sludge (Pb) (D008
waste)
Total
PWB
General Hazardous Waste
PWB -Decontaminating debris
PWB -Lead contaminated waste oil
PWB-Route dust
PWB-Solder dross
PWB-Waste cupric etchant
Total
Fuels
Hazardous waste
Disposition
landfill
landfill
treatment
landfill
landfill
treatment
landfill
recycling/reuse
treatment
landfill
landfill
landfill
treatment
recycling/reuse
landfill
landfill
recycling/reuse
landfill
landfill
landfill
landfill
landfill
recycling/reuse
landfill
landfill
treatment
treatment
treatment
recycling/reuse
recycling/reuse
recycling/reuse
landfill
Quantity (kg/
functional unit)
2.99e-03
2.67e-05
2.86e-04
2.47e-03
8.62e-04
2.75e-04
5.22e-03
5.56e-03
9.48e-05
3.40e-04
1.81e-02
2.14e-04
1.88e-03
1.47e-04
9.80e-03
8.26e-03
1.03e-03
5.01e-03
1.52e-03
1.78e-03
3.46e-05
2.14e-04
8.77e-04
3.93e-03
1.41e-03
2.56e-04
3.64e-02
1.24e-01
1.55e-02
1.16e-02
1.20e-02
6.70e-02
2.25e-01
4.55e-01
6.15e-01
% of process
group total
15.58%
0.14%
1.49%
12.90%
4.50%
1.43%
27.26%
29.03%
0.49%
1.78%
100.00%
0.59%
5.17%
0.41%
26.95%
22.71%
2.83%
13.78%
4.17%
4.89%
0.10%
0.59%
2.41%
10.81%
3.89%
0.70%
100.00%
27.26%
3.41%
2.56%
2.64%
14.72%
49.42%
100.00%
% of grand
total
1.61%
3.23%
40.49%
54.67%
2-88
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
Table 2-41. CRT manufacturing stage hazardous waste outputs (kg/functional unit)
Material
Process group
Grand Total
Disposition
Quantity (kg/
functional unit)
1.12e+00
% of process
group total
% of grand
total
100.00%
2-89
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
Table 2-42. CRT manufacturing stage solid waste outputs (kg/functional unit)
Material
Process group
Monitor Assembly
Broken CRT glass
Cables/wires
Printed wiring board (PWB)
Waste plastics from CRT monitor
Total
Tube
Broken CRT glass
Ferric chloride
Sludge (aquadag)
Sludge (phosphor)
Spent solvents
(toluene,xylene,dimethyl
formamide,isopropyl alcohol)
Unspecified sludge
Waste alkali (cleaning caustic and
alkali soda effluent)
Waste metals, unspecified
Waste oil
Waste oil
Waste Plastic (packing material)
Waste Plastic (styrene foam)
Waste water treatment (WWT) sludge
Waste water treatment (WWT) sludge
Wastepaper
Wood, average
Total
Glass/frit
abrasive sludge
acid absorbent
blasting media
Cobalt nitrate
CRT glass, faceplate
Diesel fuel
Dust
Nickel nitrate
Oily rags & filter media
Oily rags & filter media
parts cleaner solvent
Plating process sludge
Potassium Carbonate
sludge (calcium fluoride, CaF2)
Disposition
recycling/reuse
recycling/reuse
recycling/reuse
recycling/reuse
recycling/reuse
recycling/reuse
landfill
landfill
recycling/reuse
recycling/reuse
recycling/reuse
recycling/reuse
recycling/reuse
treatment
treatment
recycling/reuse
landfill
recycling/reuse
recycling/reuse
landfill
recycling/reuse
landfill
landfill
treatment
landfill
treatment
treatment
treatment
landfill
recycling/reuse
recycling/reuse
landfill
landfill
recycling/reuse
Quantity(kg/
functional unit)
3.82e-01
8.86e-03
3.70e-02
8.09e-02
5.09e-01
6.94e-01
3.69e-01
2.22e-03
4.31e-03
4.17e-02
1.26e-01
2.12e-02
8.79e-02
1.43e-03
2.55e-03
3.01e-02
3.77e-03
8.43e-02
3.72e-01
8.34e-03
4.94e-03
1.85e+00
4.21e-02
8.13e-05
3.66e-04
6.10e-05
2.43e-02
4.07e-05
3.43e-03
6.10e-05
3.25e-04
4.07e-05
8.13e-05
3.28e-04
3.30e-03
1.75e-02
% of process group
total
75.07%
1.74%
7.28%
15.91%
100.00%
37.43%
19.93%
0.12%
0.23%
2.25%
6.78%
1.15%
4.74%
0.08%
0.14%
1.63%
0.20%
4.55%
20.06%
0.45%
0.27%
100.00%
11.34%
0.02%
0.10%
0.02%
6.54%
0.01%
0.92%
0.02%
0.09%
0.01%
0.02%
0.09%
0.89%
4.72%
% of grand
total
0.63%
2.28%
2-90
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
Table 2-42. CRT manufacturing stage solid waste outputs (kg/functional unit)
Material
Process group
Sodium Carbonate
Unspecified sludge
Waste alkali, unspecified
Waste oil
Waste refractory
Waste water treatment (WWT) sludge
PM
Total
PWB
PWB-Drill dust
Unspecified solid waste
Unspecified solid waste
Total
Japanese grid
Coal waste
Dust/sludge
Fly/bottom ash
Total
U.S. grid
Coal waste
Dust/sludge
Fly/bottom ash
Total
Fuels
Aluminum scrap
Aluminum scrap, Wabash 319
Bauxite residues
FGD sludge
Mineral waste
Mixed industrial (waste)
Non toxic chemical waste
(unspecified)
Slag and ash
Slag and ash
Unspecified solid waste (incinerated)
Unspecified waste
Total
Grand Total
Disposition
landfill
landfill
treatment
treatment
landfill
landfill
landfill
landfill
recycling/reuse
treatment
landfill
landfill
landfill
landfill
landfill
landfill
recycling/reuse
recycling/reuse
landfill
landfill
landfill
landfill
landfill
landfill
recycling/reuse
treatment
landfill
Quantity(kg/
functional unit)
3.29e-03
7.69e-03
4.21e-05
6.54e-03
2.44e-03
2.59e-01
5.33e-04
3.72e-01
1.49e-02
4.33e-01
3.66e+00
4.11e+00
6.48e-01
2.50e-01
1.62e-01
1.06e+00
8.12e-01
3.14e-01
2.03e-01
1.33e+00
1.82e-04
5.08e-07
1.21e-02
2.14e-01
2.61e-03
l.OOe+00
6.11e-04
6.66e+01
6.85e-01
1.33e-02
3.38e+00
7.19e+01
8.12e+01
% of process group
total
0.89%
2.07%
0.01%
1.76%
0.66%
69.68%
0.14%
100.00%
0.36%
10.53%
89.11%
100.00%
61.12%
23.59%
15.28%
100.00%
61.10%
23.63%
15.27%
100.00%
<0.01%
<0.01%
0.02%
0.30%
0.01%
1.39%
0.01%
92.62%
0.95%
0.02%
4.70%
100.04%
% of grand
total
0.46%
5.06%
1.31%
1.64%
88.62%
100.00%
2-91
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
Table 2-43. CRT manufacturing stage radioactive waste outputs
Material
Process group
Japanese grid
Low-level radioactive waste
Uranium, depleted
Total
U.S. grid
Low-level radioactive waste
Uranium, depleted
Total
Grand Total
Disposition
landfill
landfill
landfill
landfill
Quantity (kg/
functional unit)
1.10e-04
3.31e-05
1.43e-04
2.80e-05
8.41e-06
3.65e-05
1.80e-04
% of process
group total
76.93%
23.07%
100.00%
76.93%
23.07%
100.00%
% of grand total
79.72%
20.28%
100.00%
2-92
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
Table 2-44. CRT manufacturing stage radioactivity outputs
Material
Process group
Japanese grid
Antimony- 124 (isotope)
Antimony- 125 (isotope)
Argon-41 (isotope)
Barium-140 (isotope)
Bromine-89 (isotope)
Bromine-90 (isotope)
Cesium- 134 (isotope)
Cesium- 134 (isotope)
Cesium- 137 (isotope)
Cesium- 137 (isotope)
Chromium-51 (isotope)
Chromium-51 (isotope)
Cobalt-57 (isotope)
Cobalt-57 (isotope)
Cobalt-58 (isotope)
Cobalt-58 (isotope)
Cobalt-60 (isotope)
Cobalt-80 (isotope)
Iodine-131 (isotope)
Iodine-131 (isotope)
Iodine- 132 (isotope)
Iodine- 132 (isotope)
Iodine-133 (isotope)
Iodine-133 (isotope)
Iodine- 134 (isotope)
Iodine-135 (isotope)
Iodine-135 (isotope)
Iron-55 (isotope)
Iron-59 (isotope)
Krypton-85 (isotope)
Krypton-85M (isotope)
Krypton-85M (isotope)
Krypton-87 (isotope)
Krypton-88 (isotope)
Lanthanum- 140 (isotope)
Manganese-54 (isotope)
Manganese-54 (isotope)
Molybdenum-99 (isotope)
Niobium-95 (isotope)
Niobium-95 (isotope)
Rubidium-88 (isotope)
Disposition
treatment
treatment
air
treatment
air
air
air
treatment
air
treatment
air
treatment
air
treatment
air
treatment
air
treatment
air
treatment
air
treatment
air
treatment
air
air
treatment
treatment
treatment
air
air
treatment
air
air
treatment
air
treatment
treatment
air
treatment
air
Quantity (Bq/
functional unit)
4.95e-01
1.97e+00
l.OOe+03
3.67e-02
1.16e-04
4.72e-05
3.18e-03
1.32e+00
2.40e-02
1.99e+00
6.29e-02
2.39e+00
1.69e-04
5.78e-02
2.16e-03
2.35e+01
1.62e-02
6.17e+00
7.58e-02
1.10e+00
1.54e-02
4.17e-01
7.03e+01
4.72e-01
7.98e-02
4.01e-03
3.38e-01
5.62e+00
2.886-01
1.66e+03
8.06e+01
1.49e+00
3.006+01
1.41e+02
3.93e-02
8.92e-04
1.57e+00
2.97e+06
3.54e-05
4.05e-01
3.29e-01
% of process group
total
<0.01%
<0.01%
0.03%
<0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.06%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
98.42%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
% of grand
total
2-93
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
Table 2-44. CRT manufacturing stage radioactivity outputs
Material
Process group
Ruthenium- 103 (isotope)
Silver-llOM (isotope)
Silver-llOM (isotope)
Sodium-24 (isotope)
Strontium-89 (isotope)
Strontium-90 (isotope)
Strontium-95 (isotope)
Sulfur- 136 (isotope)
Technetium-99M (isotope)
Technetium-99M (isotope)
Tin-113 (isotope)
Tritium-3 (isotope)
Tritium-3 (isotope)
Xenon-13 1M (isotope)
Xenon-13 1M (isotope)
Xenon- 13 3 (isotope)
Xenon- 13 3 (isotope)
Xenon-133M (isotope)
Xenon-133M (isotope)
Xenon-13 5 (isotope)
Xenon-13 5 (isotope)
Xenon-135M (isotope)
Xenon-13 8 (isotope)
Zinc-85 (isotope)
Zirconium-95 (isotope)
Total
U.S. grid
Antimony- 124 (isotope)
Antimony-125 (isotope)
Argon-41 (isotope)
Barium- 140 (isotope)
Bromine-89 (isotope)
Bromine-90 (isotope)
Cesium- 134 (isotope)
Cesium- 134 (isotope)
Cesium- 136 (isotope)
Cesium- 137 (isotope)
Cesium-137 (isotope)
Chromium-51 (isotope)
Chromium-51 (isotope)
Cobalt-57 (isotope)
Cobalt-57 (isotope)
Disposition
treatment
air
treatment
treatment
treatment
treatment
treatment
treatment
air
treatment
treatment
air
treatment
air
treatment
air
treatment
air
treatment
air
treatment
air
air
treatment
air
treatment
treatment
air
treatment
air
air
air
treatment
treatment
air
treatment
air
treatment
air
treatment
Quantity (Bq/
functional unit)
4.95e-02
1.06e-06
5.78e-01
8.80e-02
9.51e-02
2.24e-02
2.46e-01
5.30e-02
4.75e-06
3.45e-02
5.46e-02
2.35e+03
1.76e+04
1.36e+02
1.81e+01
1.30e+03
2.78e+03
1.96e+04
2.28e+01
7.39e+02
2.07e+01
1.41e+01
4.68e+01
2.65e-02
9.16e-05
3.01e+06
1.26e-01
5.02e-01
2.55e+02
9.33e-03
2.95e-05
1.20e-05
8.09e-04
3.37e-01
1.44e-02
6.11e-03
5.06e-01
1.60e-02
6.07e-01
4.30e-05
1.47e-02
% of process group
total
0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.08%
0.58%
0.01%
0.01%
0.04%
0.09%
0.65%
O.01%
0.02%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
O.01%
100.00%
0.01%
0.01%
0.03%
O.01%
0.01%
O.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
% of grand
total
79.70%
2-94
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
Table 2-44. CRT manufacturing stage radioactivity outputs
Material
Process group
Cobalt-58 (isotope)
Cobalt-58 (isotope)
Cobalt-60 (isotope)
Cobalt-80 (isotope)
Iodine-131 (isotope)
Iodine-131 (isotope)
Iodine- 132 (isotope)
Iodine- 132 (isotope)
Iodine- 133 (isotope)
Iodine-133 (isotope)
Iodine- 134 (isotope)
Iodine- 135 (isotope)
Iodine-135 (isotope)
Iron-55 (isotope)
Iron-59 (isotope)
Krypton-85 (isotope)
Krypton-85M (isotope)
Krypton-85M (isotope)
Krypton-87 (isotope)
Krypton-88 (isotope)
Lanthanum- 140 (isotope)
Manganese-54 (isotope)
Manganese-54 (isotope)
Molybdenum-99 (isotope)
Niobium-95 (isotope)
Niobium-95 (isotope)
Rubidium-88 (isotope)
Ruthenium- 103 (isotope)
Silver- 110M (isotope)
Silver- 110M (isotope)
Sodium-24 (isotope)
Strontium-89 (isotope)
Strontium-90 (isotope)
Strontium-95 (isotope)
Sulfur- 136 (isotope)
Technetium-99M (isotope)
Technetium-99M (isotope)
Tin-113 (isotope)
Tritium-3 (isotope)
Tritium-3 (isotope)
Xenon-13 1M (isotope)
Xenon-13 1M (isotope)
Disposition
air
treatment
air
treatment
air
treatment
air
treatment
air
treatment
air
air
treatment
treatment
treatment
air
air
treatment
air
air
treatment
air
treatment
treatment
air
treatment
air
treatment
air
treatment
treatment
treatment
treatment
treatment
treatment
air
treatment
treatment
air
treatment
air
treatment
Quantity (Bq/
functional unit)
5.49e+01
5.98e+00
4.13e-03
1.57e+00
1.93e-02
2.80e-01
3.92e-03
1.06e-01
1.79e+01
1.20e-01
2.03e-02
1.02e-03
8.60e-02
1.43e+00
7.34e-02
4.23e+02
2.05e+01
3.78e-01
7.62e+00
3.58e+01
9.99e-03
2.27e-04
4.00e-01
7.55e+05
9.01e-06
1.036-01
8.37e-02
1.26e-02
2.69e-07
1.476-01
2.24e-02
2.42e-02
5.69e-03
6.27e-02
1.35e-02
1.21e-06
8.77e-03
1.39e-02
5.98e+02
4.47e+03
3.45e+01
4.60e+00
% of process group
total
0.01%
O.01%
O.01%
O.01%
O.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.06%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
98.41%
O.01%
O.01%
O.01%
O.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.08%
0.58%
0.01%
O.01%
% of grand
total
2-95
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
Table 2-44. CRT manufacturing stage radioactivity outputs
Material
Process group
Xenon- 13 3 (isotope)
Xenon- 13 3 (isotope)
Xenon-133M (isotope)
Xenon-133M (isotope)
Xenon- 13 5 (isotope)
Xenon-135M (isotope)
Xenon-138 (isotope)
Zinc-85 (isotope)
Zirconium-95 (isotope)
Total
Fuels
Radioactive substance (unspecified)
Radioactive substance (unspecified)
Total
Grand Total
Disposition
air
treatment
air
treatment
treatment
air
air
treatment
air
air
surface water
Quantity (Bq/
functional unit)
4.98e+03
7.07e+02
3.31e+02
5.79e+00
5.27e+00
3.59e+00
1.19e+01
6.75e-03
2.33e-05
7.67e+05
9.19e+02
8.52e+00
9.27e+02
3.78e+06
% of process group
total
0.65%
0.09%
0.04%
<0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
100.00%
99.08%
0.92%
100.00%
% of grand
total
20.27%
0.02%
100.00%
2-96
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
~ 400
5 350
To 300'
c 250
0 200
0 150-
= 100-
sg 50-
^ 0-
CRT Manufacturing - Primary Materials Inputs
374
20-1 11.9 7.0 0.9 4.8 3.1
Monitor Tube Glass/frit PWB Japanese US grid Fuels
assembly grid
CRT mfg process groups
Figure 2-24. CRT manufacturing primary inputs
CRT Manufacturing -Ancillary Materials Inputs
.*;
3
~n
o
O) 0
0.02
nqn
0.19
1.16
0.04 0.06
1.16
Monitor
asserrbly
Tube
Glass/frit
FWB
Japanese
grid
US grid
CRT mfg process groups
Figure 2-25. CRT manufacturing ancillary inputs
Fuels
CRT Manufacturing - Fuel Inputs
+; 400 -I
'c 350 -
— 300-
c 250
.9. 200 -
O 150
D 100
O) 50
-^ 0
0.1 4.9
ooo
68.9
0.4 0.0 0.0 I I
Monitor
assembly
Tube
Glass/frit
PWB
Japanese
grid
US grid
CRT mfg process groups
Figure 2-26. CRT manufacturing fuel inputs
Fuels
2-97
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
80
.° 40-
+*
o
20-1
0
13
Monitor
asserrbly
CRT Manufacturing - Electricity Inputs
74
32
10
0
0
Tube
Glass/frit
FWB
Japanese
grid
US grid
CRT mfg process groups
Figure 2-27. CRT manufacturing electricity inputs
Fuels
+J
'E
3
"5
o
o
c
J^
O)
J*:
CRT Manufacturing - Water Inputs
12000 -I
10000 -
8000-
6000-
4000-
2000-
0-
81 1
35 0 42 44 18
0,500
Monitor Tube Glass/frit FWB Japanese US grid Fuels
asserrbly grid
CRT mfg process groups
Figure 2-28. CRT manufacturing water inputs
:H 16000-,
| 14000-
— 12000-
c 10000-
.2 8000
o 6000 -
5 4000
^ 2000
^ 0
CRT Manufacturing -Total Energy
15,200
19 237
2,790
2/00 I
Monitor
assembly
Tube
Glass/frit
FWB
Japanese
grid
US grid
CRT mfg process groups
Figure 2-29. CRT manufacturing energy inputs
Fuels
2-98
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
.•H 200 -I
| 15°-
.° -mo-
ts
| 50-
*-
°> n
jtf U H
CRT Manufacturing -Air Emissions
157
0 0.03 2.9 3.9E-05 16 7-2
Monitor Tube Glass/frit FWB Japanese US grid Fuels
assembly grid
CRT mfg process groups
Figure 2-30. CRT manufacturing air emissions
.•£ 1000 -I
3
ona
800-
GOO-
'S 400 -
I 200-
kg
CRT Manufacturing -Waste water Outputs
533
894
36
42
0
Monitor
assembly
Tube
Glass/frit
FWB
Japanese
grid
US grid
Fuels
CRT mfg process groups
Figure 2-31. CRT manufacturing waste water outputs
.*; 5n
c
- 4-
I
"o
c
5 H
* o
CRT Manufacturing - Water Pollutant Outputs
4.7EtOO
O.OEtOO 1 -2E-01
1.1E-04 8.9E-04 1.1E-03 9.9E-05
Monitor
assembly
Tube
Glass/frit
FWB
Japanese
grid
US grid
CRT mfg process groups
Figure 2-32. CRT manufacturing water pollutant outputs
Fuels
2-99
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
.•s 0-8 -i
— 0.6-
g 0.5-
.2 0.4
O 0.3
| 0.2
*: 0.1
& 0.0
CRT Manufacturing - Hazardous Waste Outputs
4
O.OEtOO 1.9E-02 3.6E-02
.6E-0
e
1
O.OEtOO O.OEtOO
.2E-0
1
Monitor
assembly
Tube
Japanese
grid
US grid
Glass/frit FWB
CRT mfg process groups
Figure 2-33. CRT manufacturing hazardous waste outputs
Fuels
+- 80-,
'= 70-
f 60-
g 50-
.9. 40-
O 30-
| 20-
0
CRT Manufacturing - Solid Waste Outputs
71.9
0.5
1.9
0.4
41
1.1
1.3
Monitor
assembly
Tube
Glass/frit
FWB
Japanese
grid
US grid
CRT mfg process groups
Figure 2-34. CRT manufacturing solid waste outputs
Fuels
Among the utility inputs, both fuels and electricity were greatest in the glass/frit
manufacturing processes (Figures 2-26 and 2-27). The fuels, especially, are dominated by the
glass/frit process group, representing 83% of the mass of all the fuels in the manufacturing life-
cycle stage. It is LPG in this inventory that clearly dominates the fuel inputs at about 351
kg/functional unit (99% of the glass/frit fuel inputs) (Table 2-38). Water inputs are greatest in
the fuel production processes, contributing 1,050 kg (or liter)/functional unit (Figure 2-28).
Total energy use from manufacturing is shown in Figure 2-29. The glass/frit manufacturing
process group contributes the greatest to the total energy impacts in the manufacturing stage. A
sensitivity analysis will be conducted on the glass data and more details are provided in
Section 2.7.3.
For outputs from the manufacturing stage, the mass of air emissions are dominated by
fuel production (Figure 2-30). Individual material (pollutant) contributions for each process
group are presented in Table 2-39. Wastewater outputs (i.e., the volume or mass of wastewater
released) are also greatest from the fuel production processes (Figure 2-31; Table 2-40);
2-100
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
however, the mass of chemical pollutants in the wastewater is greatest from the glass/frit
manufacturing process group (4.65 kg/functional unit) out of the total manufacturing stage mass
of pollutants, which is 4.77 kg/functional unit (Figure 2-32; Table 2-40).
Hazardous wastes from the CRT manufacturing stage were a small portion of the overall
hazardous wastes generated by mass. Nonetheless, for purposes of future manufacturing stage
improvement assessments, Table 2-41 presents the individual material contributions for each
manufacturing process group; and Figure 2-33 shows that fuels production contributes the most
(0.62 kg/functional unit) hazardous waste to the manufacturing stage. Manufacturing solid
wastes are not as small a portion of the total mass of solid wastes throughout the CRT life-cycle
(42%) as hazardous wastes are, as was depicted in Figure 2-21. Fuels production is the greatest
contributor to manufacturing-generated solid wastes (71.9 kg/functional unit), followed by PWB
manufacturing (4.1 kg/functional unit) (Figure 2-34 and Table 2-43).
Radioactive waste and radioactivity are directly related to the electricity generation
process and therefore, only the Japanese and U.S. electric grid processes generate these outputs
(some small radioactivity outputs are generated by fuels production processes) in the
manufacturing stage. (These outputs also occur in upstream processes that have an electric grid
included in the inventory.) Tables 2-44 and 2-45 show that more radioactive wastes and
radioactivity are from the Japanese grid. This is a result of more manuf acturing processes as
modeled in this project being in Japan.
2.7.1.2 LCD inventory results
The LCD inventory is presented similar to the CRT inventory above. The total LCD
inventory presented in Table 2-24 and Figures 2-5, 2-6, and 2-7 shows the inventory from all
life-cycle stages combined. The totals by life-cycle stage are presented in Table 2-45, Figure 2-
35, Figure 2-36, and Figure 2-37.
Table 2-45. LCD inventory by life-cycle stage
Inventory type
Upstream
Mfg
Use
EOL
Total
Units*
Inputs
Primary materials
Ancillary materials
Water
Fuels
Electricity
Total energy
2.35e+02
1.06e+00
2.63e+02
??
3.46e+01
6.33e+02
4.92e+01
2.04e+02
2.15e+03
??
3.16e+02
1.44e+03
S.Ole+Ol
1.29e+00
4.25e+02
??
8.53e+02
8.53e+02
-2.19e+00
2.11e+00
-l.SOe+Ol
??
1.62e-01
-8.446+01
3.62e+02
2.08e+02
2.82e+03
O.OOe+00
1.20e+03
2.84e+03
kg
kg
kg
kg(orL)
MJ
MJ
Outputs
Air pollutants
Wastewater
Water pollutants
Hazardous waste
Solid waste
Radioactive waste
Radioactivity
1.12e+02
8.57e+00
4.60e-01
6.72e-03
1.31e+01
2.21e+01
1.20e+07
6.48e+01
3.12e+03
1.23e+00
4.64e+00
1.26e+01
3.14e+03
1.02e+07
1.68e+02
0
2.62e-02
0
3.11e+01
3.116+01
1.79e+07
1.30e+00
-2.41e+00
-4.09e-02
1.64e+00
-4.42e+00
-5.23e+00
3.40e+03
3.46e+02
3.13e+03
1.68e+00
6.29e+00
5.23e+01
3.19e+03
4.01e+07
kg
kg
kg(orL)
kg
kg
kg
Bq
*Per functional unit (i.e., one LCD monitor over its effective life)
2-101
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
LCD Materials Inputs
n Primary materials nAncillary materials n Fuels n Water
.- 2500 -,
| 2000 -
TO 1500 -
0 1000 -
tj 500-
§ 0
0) -500 -
^
2,150
263 204
0-3C ZOO
., ., 14.7 49.7 25.?
[ 11'1 1 1 c 1
n 425
80-1 o.orn 8-9 Z1
-2.0
Upstream Mfg Use EOL -18.0
Life-cycle stage
Figure 2-35. LCD mass-based material inputs by life-cycle stage
.•s 2000-,
c
_f 1500-
| 1000-1
'•§ 500 -
c
5 o
-500 -
34.6
Upstream
LCD Energy Inputs
H Bectricity n Total energy
1,440
316
853 853
Mfg Use
Life-cycle stage
0.2
EOL -84.4
Figure 2-36. LCD energy-based inputs by life-cycle stage
LCD Inventory Outputs
n Air pollutants n Water pollutants n Hazardous w aste n Solid w aste • Radioactive w aste
5> -50-1
168
Upstream
Mfg Use
Life-cycle stage
Figure 2-37. LCD mass-based material outputs by life-cycle stage
2-102
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
Considering inputs, Figure 2-35 shows that of the inputs measured in mass, the water
inputs constitute the majority of the inputs by mass for the entire life cycle, and most of the
water inputs are in the manufacturing life-cycle stage. Details on each inventory type are
provided below. When considering which life-cycle stage contributes most to an inventory
category, the manufacturing stage has the largest inventory by mass for ancillary materials, fuels,
and water inputs. Primary material inputs are dominated by the upstream stages while electricity
inputs are dominated by the use stage. The total energy is dominated by the manufacturing life-
cycle stage (Figure 2-36). Note that LPG production from glass manufacturing does not
dominate much of the LCD inventory as it did for the CRT because of the smaller amount of
glass used in the LCD compared to the CRT.
Of the outputs measured in mass (air emissions, wastewater, water pollutants and
hazardous, solid, and radioactive waste), wastewater constitutes the greatest output (Table 2-46);
however, wastewater alone is not used to calculate impacts. Instead, water pollutants are used to
calculate impacts and therefore listed separately in the inventory. Of the remaining outputs
measured in mass (i.e., air emissions, water pollutants and hazardous, solid and radioactive
waste), which are shown in Figure 2-37, air emissions are the greatest contributor to the outputs.
Note again, as mentioned for the CRT, that radioactivity is measured in Bequerels (Bq) and
cannot be compared on the same scale.
Considering each output type and their contributions by life-cycle stage, the mass of
water pollutants is greatest in the manufacturing life-cycle stage, due to the fuel production
processes that support fuel consumption in the manufacturing processes being included in the
manufacturing life-cycle stage. Wastewater and hazardous waste outputs are greatest in the
manufacturing stage; air emissions, solid waste, radioactive waste, and radioactivity have the
greatest contribution from the use stage. As with the CRT, all the output totals represented in
Table 2-45 include outputs to all dispositions.
The tables and figures discussed above show the total inventories for particular input or
output types by life-cycle stage. Tables in Appendix J list each material that contributes to those
totals. Figures 2-38 through 2-50 show the total contribution by life-cycle stage, based on the
entire input/output type-specific tables in Appendix J. Summary tables for the LCD (Tables 2-
46 through 2-54), developed from the Tables in Appendix J, show the top contributing inventory
items to each input or output type. Note that Table 2-48 includes input/output types that are
classified together as utilities: water, fuel, electricity and total energy.
LCD Primary Inputs
Figure 2-38 shows that most LCD primary materials by mass are from the upstream life-
cycle stages. The top 99.9% of the materials contributing to the total LCD primary input
inventory are shown in Table 2-46. The largest material contributors are natural gas, coal and
petroleum (a combined 89% of all the primary LCD inputs), which are used to generate
electricity consumed throughout the life-cycle of the monitor. Most of the electricity consumed
in the LCD life-cycle is in the manufacturing and use stages, as was seen in Figure 2-36.
However, most of the natural gas primary material reported in the materials processing stage
(229 kg/functional unit) is not used to generate electricity, but is an ancillary material in the LCD
monitor/module manufacturing process. More detail on the processes that contribute greatest
within the manufacturing stage will be presented after brief discussions of the life-cycle stage
breakdowns for each inventory type. For the complete list of primary materials in the LCD
2-103
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
inventory, the total mass, and the mass contribution of each life-cycle stage, see Appendix J,
Table J-10.
250 -,
c 200 -
re 150-
c
.2. 100-1
c 50-1
,E
o
o.
235
LCD - Primary Materials
80
50
-2.2
-50-1 Upstream Mfg Use EOL
Life-cycle stage
Figure 2-38. LCD primary material inputs by life-cycle stage
1 250
.f 200-
re
= 150-^
O
'•5 100-1
5 50-
1" o
1.1
LCD -Ancillary Materials
204
1.3
2.1
Upstream
Mlg Use
Life-cycle stage
EOL
Figure 2-39. LCD ancillary material inputs by life-cycle stage
2-104
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
/functional unit
-^ -^ NJ NJ GO
D Gn o Gn o Gn o
O) "
* -5\
15
LCD - Fuels
26
Upstream Mlg
Li
Figure 2-40. LCD
0.0 -2.0
i i [ | i
Use EOL
fe -cycle stage
fuel inputs by life-cycle stage
J/functional unit
W J^ CD 00 O
= 88888
LCD - Electricity
853
316
34.6 0.2
1 1 1 1
Upstream Mfg Use EOL
Life -cycle stage
Figure 2-41. LCD electricity inputs by life-cycle stage
^ 2000
i 1500
c 1000
O
tj 500
I o
-500-I
LCD -Total Energy
633
1,440
853
-84
Upstream Mlg Use EOL
Life-cycle stage
Figure 2-42. LCD energy inputs by life-cycle stage
2-105
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
re
2500-I
2000-
1500-
1000-
500-
-500-1
LCD-Water Inputs
263
1 1
Z, IOU
425
1 -'°
i i i i
1 ln«;trpam Mfn 1 I«:P FDI
Life-cycle stage
Figure 2-43. LCD water inputs by life-cycle stage
C 200 n
75
c
.2 100-
+J
o
LCD-Air Pollutants
To treatment
D To air
0.0
112
1.4E-04
65
0.0
1 00
o.o 13
Upstream Mfg Use
Life-cycle stage
Figure 2-44. LCD air outputs by life-cycle stage
EOL
~ 3000 i
= 2500-
g 2000 -
.2 1500-
1 1000-
,= 500-
"~T 0 •
0) -500 -
LC
8.6 0
ID - Wastewater Outputs
2,524
D To surf ace water
n To treatment
597
1 o o -Z4 o
1 1 1 1
1 l^«*^.««« RA£n 1 l«« ^/"\l
Upstream
Mfg Use
Life-cycle stage
EOL
Figure 2-45. LCD wastewater outputs by life-cycle stage
2-106
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
LCD -Water Pollutants
'E
f 1 -
re
c
.2 1 -
o
i o-
^>
•* -1 -i
0.46
0.00
i
Upstream
1.11
°'13 0.00 0.03
i i
Mfg Use
Life-cycle stage
• To surface w ater
n To treatment
.0.04 4.97E-06
EOL
i
Figure 2-46. LCD water pollutant outputs by life-cycle stage
= 4n
15 3 •
§ 2-
2
LCD - Hazardous Waste
iTo landfill rjTo recycling/reuse rjTo treatment nTo land (other)
o
o o o o
o o o o
0)
0
0
00
CO
CO
o o o o o
o o o o o
CD
o o o
o o o
Upstream
Mfg Use
Life-cycle stage
EOL
Rgure 2-47. LCD hazardous waste outputs by life-cycle stage
2-107
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
Functional unit
->• NJ CO -ts.
D O O O O
O)
* -10 J
LCD -Sohd Waste DTo landfill
nTo recycling/reuse
31.1 nTo treatment
10.2
/M 59
2.9 46E.04 44 2.3 J.025 0.030 0.3 _g g 1.95
Upstream Mfg Use EOT
Life-cycle stage
Figure 2-48. LCD solid waste outputs by life-cycle stage
c 1.E-03-,
— 8.E-04-
ra
g 6.E-04-
+= 4.E-04-
§ 2.E-04-
•~ n F+nn -
LCD - Radioactive Waste
(all to landfill)
8.5E-04
4.9E-04
1.4E-04
I I
1.6E-07
1 1 1 1
Upstream Mfg Use EOL
Life-cycle stage
Figure 2-49. LCD radioactive waste outputs by life-cycle stage
*- 2.E+07 -i
i 2.E+07 •
"to
= 1.E+07-
o
o 5.E+06 -
£
LCD - Radioactivity £
LU
|^ CO
°, °
O) LU
OOO O QO O O
LULULLJ LU LLJLLJ LU LU
Oi-OO O T-CN O O
OCOM- o T-CN o o
O T— ^- O ^-(J) O O
D To landfill
n To treatment
n To surface w ater
n To air
"^ o CO CN •<-
0 0 0 0 0
+ + + ' +
UJ LU LU ^ LU
CO o Is- S- CO
CD 0 CO . 0)
^ 0 CO V CN
m -5.E+06-I Upstream Mlg Use EOL
Life-cycle stage
Figure 2-50. LCD radioactivity outputs by life-cycle stage
2-108
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
Table 2-46. Top 99.9% of LCD
Material
Natural gas (in ground)
Coal, average (in ground)
Petroleum (in ground)
Natural gas
Assembled LCD monitor
Iron (Fe, ore)
Steel
Assembled 15" LCD backlight unit
LCD module
Polycarbonate resin
Bauxite (A12O3, ore)
Iron scrap
LCD glass
Poly(methyl methacrylate)
15" LCD light guide
PWB -laminate
Printed wiring board (PWB)
Styrene-butadiene copolymers
PPE
Cables/wires
LCD front glass (with color filters)
Aluminum (elemental)
Sand
Recycled LCD glass
Upstream
2.29E+02
1.72E+00
7.09E-01
0
0
3.26E+00
0
0
0
0
0
4.63E-01
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
primary material inputs (kg/functional unit)
Mfg
5.16E+00
8.03E+00
2.23E+01
4.22E+00
0
0
2.53E+00
1.48E+00
1.18E+00
5.16E-01
5.09E-01
0
4.52E-01
3.83E-01
3.74E-01
3.74E-01
3.74E-01
3.62E-01
3.00E-01
2.34E-01
1.78E-01
1.34E-01
1.11E-01
9.54E-02
Use
0
6.69E+01
1.42E+00
5.22E+00
6.50E+00
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
EOL
-1.08E+00
1.27E-02
-l.OOE+00
-5.75E-02
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Total
2.33E+02
7.67E+01
2.34E+01
9.39E+00
6.50E+00
3.26E+00
2.53E+00
1.48E+00
1.18E+00
5.16E-01
5.09E-01
4.63E-01
4.52E-01
3.83E-01
3.74E-01
3.74E-01
3.74E-01
3.62E-01
3.00E-01
2.34E-01
1.78E-01
1.34E-01
1.11E-01
9.54E-02
% of total
64.25%
21.15%
6.45%
2.59%
1.79%
0.90%
0.70%
0.41%
0.33%
0.14%
0.14%
0.13%
0.12%
0.11%
0.10%
0.10%
0.10%
0.10%
0.08%
0.06%
0.05%
0.04%
0.03%
0.03%
LCD Ancillary Inputs
As presented in Figure 2-39, the greatest mass of ancillary LCD inputs is in the
manufacturing life-cycle stage at approximately 204 kg/functional unit. Table 2-47 shows that
liquified natural gas (LNG) contributes about 93% to this total. It is in the LCD module/monitor
manufacturing process where this large amount of LNG was reported as an ancillary material (to
be discussed below). Note that this is separate from LNG reported as a fuel, and LNG as an
ancillary material is not used to calculate energy impacts in the LCIA. Following LNG is
nitrogen at about 3% and clay at less than 1% of the total ancillary materials by mass. Excluding
LNG from the inventory, nitrogen constitutes about 50% and clay 14% of the total ancillary
materials in the LCD life-cycle. The contributions from the manufacturing stage will be
discussed in further detail below. See Table J-l 1 in Appendix J for the complete list of ancillary
materials in the LCD inventory.
2-109
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
Table 2-47. Top 99% of LCD ancillary material inputs (kg/functional unit)
Material
LNG
Nitrogen
Clay (in ground)
Limestone
Sand (in ground)
Sodium hydroxide
Hydrogen
Lime
Sodium chloride (NaCl, in ground or sea)
Limestone (CaCO3, in ground)
Isopropyl alcohol
Sulfuric acid
Upstream
0
0
1.30e-03
0
9.55e-03
0
0
0
4.37e-01
5.07e-01
0
0
Mfg
1.94e+02
6.02e+00
0
l.OSe-01
1.32e-03
4.45e-01
4.44e-01
4.74e-02
6.08e-04
5.49e-02
3.49e-01
3.25e-01
Use
0
0
0
8.99e-01
0
0
0
3.95e-01
0
0
0
0
EOL
0
0
1.69e+00
1.71e-04
5.60e-01
0
0
7.49e-05
1.08e-05
-1.55e-01
0
0
Total
1.94e+02
6.02e+00
1.69e+00
l.Ole+00
5.71e-01
4.45e-01
4.44e-01
4.42e-01
4.38e-01
4.06e-01
3.49e-01
3.25e-01
% of total
93.19%
2.89%
0.81%
0.48%
0.27%
0.21%
0.21%
0.21%
0.21%
0.20%
0.17%
0.16%
LCD Utility Inputs
Utility inputs in the LCD life-cycle are presented in Table 2-48 and include fuel
(kg/functional unit), electricity (MJ/functional unit), water inputs (kg or L/functional unit), and
total energy (MJ/functional unit; a combination of fuel and electricity inputs). Table 2-48 and
Figure 2-40 show that most fuels (26 kg/functional unit) are used in the manufacturing stage.
This represents 67% of the total fuels. LPG (16.8 kg/functional unit) dominates the total fuel
inputs at 44% of all the fuels in the LCD life-cycle. More detail as to the breakdown by process
within the manufacturing stage will be presented below after each input/output type is discussed.
Electricity inputs are dominated by the use stage (853 MJ/functional unit), followed by
the manufacturing stage (316 MJ/functional unit) (see Figure 2-41). When fuel energy and
electrical energy are combined into a total energy input value, the overall energy from
manufacturing exceeds that from the use stage (1,440 MJ/functional unit versus 853
MJ/functional unit). This is also depicted in Figure 2-42.
The other utility considered in Table 2-48 is water (Figure 2-43). Approximately 76%
(2,150 L/functional unit) of the water inputs in the LCD life-cycle are from the manufacturing
processes. The life-cycle stage contributing the next most to water inputs is the use stage at 15%
(425 L/functional unit). The upstream contributes about 9% (263 L/functional unit). Table J-12
in Appendix J provides the complete list of inventory items for the LCD.
2-110
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
Table 2-48. LCD utility inputs
Material
Upstream
Mfg
Use
EOL
Total
% of total
Fuels (kg/functional unit):
LPG
Natural gas (in ground)
LNG
Coal, average (in ground)
Petroleum (in ground)
Kerosene
Coal, lignite (in ground)
Natural gas
Steam
Fuel oil #6
Fuel oil #2
Uranium (U, ore)
Fuel oil #4
Total fuels
0
1.03E+01
0
2.49E+00
1.52E+00
0
4.10E-01
0
0
0
0
7.86E-05
0
1.47E+01
1.68E+01
2.41E+00
3.22E+00
6.86E-01
4.84E-01
4.65E-01
0
1.16E+00
1.45E-01
1.25E-01
5.42E-02
1.15E-05
2.11E-01
2.58e+01
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.38E-03
-1.38E-01
0
-7.66e-03
-3.81e-02
0
0
-8.61E-01
0
0
0
0
-9.09e-01
-1.95E+00
1.68E+01
1.26E+01
3.22E+00
3.17E+00
1.96e+00
4.65e-01
4.10e-01
S.Ole-Ol
1.456-01
1.25e-01
5.42e-02
9.01e-05
-6.996-01
3.86e+01
43.63%
32.66%
8.34%
8.21%
5.08%
1.21%
1.06%
0.78%
0.37%
0.33%
0.14%
<0.01%
-1.81%
100.00%
Electricity (MJ/functional unit):
Electricity
3.46e+01
3.16e+02
8.53e+02
1.62e-01
1.20e+03
Water (kg or L/functional unit):
Water
Total energy (fuels and electricity,
Energy
2.63E+02
2.15E+03
4.25E+02
-1.80E+01
2.82e+03
MJ/functional unit):
6.33E+02
1.44E+03
8.53E+02
-8.44E+01
2.84E+03
LCD Air Outputs
Air emissions from the LCD life-cycle are greatest (by mass) in the use stage as seen in
Figure 2-44. This indicates that most air emissions by mass are from the generation of electricity
used by consumers of the monitors. Forty-nine percent of the total life-cycle air emissions by
mass (or about 168 kg/functional unit) are from the use stage. Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions
from the use stage alone constitute about 166 kg/functional unit, or almost 48% of all air
emissions by mass in the life-cycle and nearly 99% of the use stage air emissions. The
remaining air emissions that contribute to the top 99.99% of air emissions are presented in Table
2-49 and the complete list of air emissions are presented alphabetically in Table J-13 in
Appendix J. The appendix also provides life-cycle stage subtotals. The next largest air
emissions, by life-cycle stage, are emitted during the upstream stages, which contribute about
32% to the total life-cycle air emissions. All the air emissions in the inventory except for
ethylacetate and methyl ethyl ketone from the manufacturing stage (a combined 1.36 x 10"4
kg/functional unit) were reported as being emitted directly to the air (see Appendix J, Table J-
13). Only those materials directly released to the air are used to calculate impacts. This will be
discussed further in Chapter 3.
2-111
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
Table 2-49. Top 99.99% of LCD air emissions (kg/functional unit)
Material
Carbon dioxide
Methane
Nitrogen oxides
Sulfur dioxide
Tetramethyl ammonium
Other organics
Carbon monoxide
Nitrogen fluoride
Nonmethane hydrocarbons
Hydrochloric acid
Benzene
PM
Ammonia
Phosphine
Hydrofluoric acid
Sulfur oxides
Unspecified LCD process
Cr-etchant, unspecified
Nitrogen dioxide
PM-10
Isopropyl alcohol
Hydrocarbons, remaining
Al-etchant unspecified
Disposition
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Upstream
1.07e+02
3.54e+00
6.56e-01
4.63e-02
0
4.45e-01
3.74e-01
0
2.07e-01
1.50e-03
8.85e-02
9.16e-02
1.12e-02
0
2.27e-04
2.57e-02
0
0
3.08e-02
3.45e-07
0
9.30e-03
0
Mfg
6.22e+01
1.22e-01
7.62e-01
2.95e-01
6.43e-01
1.35e-02
3.85e-02
2.45e-01
8.87e-03
6.58e-02
2.70e-03
6.99e-03
6.26e-02
6.26e-02
5.27e-02
4.07e-02
4.49e-02
4.12e-02
0
6.85e-03
1.78e-02
7.75e-03
1.37e-02
Use
1.66e+02
2.41e-01
4.39e-01
9.30e-01
0
0
3.02e-02
0
0
4.02e-02
4.36e-05
0
0
0
5.02e-03
0
0
0
0
2.16e-02
0
0
0
EOL
1.39e+00
-2.82e-02
-1.36e-02
2.96e-04
0
-2.41e-03
-3.45e-03
0
-1.26e-03
-6.88e-04
-4.82e-04
-1.246-02
-6.95e-05
0
-1.476-04
-1.93e-02
0
0
4.46e-04
3.43e-06
0
-6.51e-04
0
Total
3.36e+02
3.87e+00
1.84e+00
1.27e+00
6.43e-01
4.56e-01
4.39e-01
2.45e-01
2.15e-01
1.076-01
9.07e-02
8.62e-02
7.37e-02
6.26e-02
5.78e-02
4.71e-02
4.49e-02
4.12e-02
3.12e-02
2.84e-02
1.78e-02
1.64e-02
1.37e-02
% of total
97.18%
1.12%
0.53%
0.37%
0.19%
0.13%
0.13%
0.07%
0.06%
0.03%
0.03%
0.02%
0.02%
0.02%
0.02%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
LCD Water Outputs
The volume (or mass) of wastewater released throughout the LCD life-cycle is
approximately 3,128 L (kg) per functional unit. Approximately 19% of that is sent to treatment
as opposed to direct discharge to surface water (81%; Figure 2-45). The mass of chemical
pollutants within the wastewater streams were calculated separately from the total wastewater
volume. The total mass of water pollutants released, presented by life-cycle stage are shown in
Figure 2-46. Of the small amount of water pollutants released, the manufacturing life-cycle
stage contributes the greatest with approximately 1.23 kg per functional unit. This is about 73%
of all the water pollutants for the entire life-cycle. The upstream stages have the second greatest
mass of water pollutants at nearly 0.46 kg/functional unit (27%). The use and EOL stages are
small contributors, with the EOL being negative due to recovery processes within the EOL stage.
To see the top 99% contributors to the water pollutant quantities, Table 2-50 reveals that
chloride and sodium ions contribute nearly 61% to all the water pollutants in the life-cycle,
mostly from the manufacturing and upstream stages. For the complete inventory, listing water
pollutants alphabetically and by life-cycle stage, see Appendix J, Table J-14. Further details on
the manufacturing stage will be provided later.
2-112
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
Table 2-50. To
) 99% of LCD water pollutant outputs (kg/functional unit)
Material
Chloride ions
Sodium (+1)
Dissolved solids
COD
Nitrogen
Suspended solids
BOD
COD
BOD
Sulfate ion (-4)
Sulfate ion (-4)
Fluorides (F-)
Nitrogen
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Waste oil
Suspended solids
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Colon bacillus (bacteria in
large intestine)
Oil & grease
Disposition
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
treatment
treatment
surface water
surface water
treatment
surface water
treatment
treatment
surface water
treatment
surface water
surface water
treatment
Upstream
2.33e-01
1.73e-01
3.21e-03
7.67e-03
1.44e-05
4.98e-03
0
0
7.72e-04
2.40e-02
0
5.14e-05
0
0
1.75e-03
0
1.92e-06
0
0
Mfg
3.12e-01
3.41e-01
1.756-01
8.20e-02
7.98e-02
5.80e-02
5.74e-02
3.90e-02
2.79e-02
2.94e-03
1.32e-04
1.29e-02
1.26e-02
6.91e-03
4.87e-03
5.60e-03
4.33e-03
3.89e-03
3.61e-03
Use
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.55e-02
0
0
0
0
6.65e-04
0
0
0
EOL
-1.58e-02
-2.03e-02
-5.69e-05
-2.69e-03
0
-1.44e-03
0
0
-3.18e-04
-1.20e-06
4.84e-06
-5.01e-06
0
0
-2.06e-04
1.26e-07
0
0
0
Total
5.29e-01
4.94e-01
1.786-01
8.70e-02
7.98e-02
6.15e-02
5.74e-02
3.90e-02
2.83e-02
2.69e-02
2.57e-02
1.30e-02
1.26e-02
6.91e-03
6.41e-03
6.26e-03
4.33e-03
3.89e-03
3.61e-03
% of total
31.53%
29.42%
10.63%
5.18%
4.76%
3.66%
3.42%
2.33%
1.69%
1.60%
1.53%
0.77%
0.75%
0.41%
0.38%
0.37%
0.26%
0.23%
0.21%
LCD Hazardous Waste Outputs
The total mass of hazardous waste generated throughout the life-cycle of the LCD is
about 6.29 kg/functional unit. Figure 2-47 shows that this is mostly from the manufacturing
stage, which contributes 4.64 kg/functional unit, or almost 74%. The EOL stage hazardous
waste outputs equal 1.64 kg/functional unit, or 26%. The disposition of the waste will be used to
determine how impacts are calculated in Chapter 3. Only hazardous wastes sent to landfills are
directly calculated as impacts, which will be presented and discussed in Chapter 3. Figure 2-47
shows what portion of hazardous wastes are landfilled, recycled/reused, treated or otherwise
land-applied. Nearly all of the hazardous waste in the manufacturing stage (-99%) is
recycled/reused or treated. Less than 1% of the hazardous waste from the manufacturing stage is
landfilled. Nearly all the hazardous waste from the EOL stage is landfilled. Table 2-51 shows
the top contributors to the LCD life-cycle. Note that multiple entries of a material are due to
different dispositions for that material. See Table J-15 in Appendix J for the complete
alphabetical inventory of hazardous waste outputs. Additional detail on the manufacturing stage
are presented below.
2-113
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
Table 2-51. Top 99% of LCD hazardous waste outputs (kg/functional unit)
Material
Isopropyl alcohol
EOL LCD Monitor, landfilled
Waste acid (mainly HF)
Thinner, unspecified
Remover, unspecified
Sodium sulfate
Isopropyl alcohol
Tetramethyl ammonium
hydroxide
Waste acid (mainly HF)
PWB-Waste cupric etchant
Remover, unspecified
Hazardous waste, unspecified
Rinse, unspecified
Spent solvent (non-halogenated)
Hazardous waste, unspecified
Waste acids, unspecified
Unspecified sludge
PWB-Solder dross
Acetone
Waste solvent (photoresist)
Waste solvent (photoresist)
Spent solvent (with halogenated
materials)
Phosphoric acid
Disposition
treatment
landfill
recycling/reuse
treatment
treatment
recycling/reuse
recycling/reuse
recycling/reuse
treatment
recycling/reuse
recycling/reuse
treatment
recycling/reuse
treatment
landfill
recycling/reuse
land (other than
landfill)
recycling/reuse
treatment
treatment
recycling/reuse
treatment
landfill
Upstream
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.72E-03
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Mfg
1.91E+00
0
5.69E-01
5.40E-01
3.03E-01
2.44E-01
1.69E-01
1.42E-01
1.36E-01
9.93E-02
8.84E-02
6.16E-02
4.67E-02
4.66E-02
2.97E-02
3.24E-02
3.09E-02
2.96E-02
2.77E-02
2.17E-02
2.05E-02
1.55E-02
1.44E-02
Use
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
EOL
0
1.64E+00
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1.05E-03
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Total
1.91E+00
1.64E+00
5.69E-01
5.40E-01
3.03E-01
2.44E-01
1.69E-01
1.42E-01
1.36E-01
9.93E-02
8.84E-02
6.16E-02
4.67E-02
4.66E-02
3.54E-02
3.24E-02
3.09E-02
2.96E-02
2.77E-02
2.17E-02
2.05E-02
1.55E-02
1.44E-02
%of
total
30.41%
26.13%
9.04%
8.57%
4.81%
3.89%
2.69%
2.26%
2.15%
1.58%
1.40%
0.98%
0.74%
0.74%
0.56%
0.52%
0.49%
0.47%
0.44%
0.35%
0.33%
0.25%
0.23%
LCD Solid Waste Outputs
Figure 2-48 shows that the use stage contributes the most amount (31 kg/functional unit)
of solid waste by mass to the LCD life-cycle, and 100% of that waste is landfilled. The
manufacturing stage contributes 12.6 kg/functional unit. In terms of mass, the greatest material
contributors to the solid waste outputs for the LCD life-cycle are coal waste (-41%), followed by
dust/sludge (16%). Most of this is from the generation of electricity in the use stage (Table 2-
52). Note also that the mass of an LCD monitor that is assumed to be landfilled (0.89
kg/functional unit) is 1.7% of the total mass of solid waste in the LCD life-cycle. See Appendix
J, Table J-16 for the complete LCD solid waste inventory. The manufacturing stage breakdown
will be discussed at the end of this section.
2-114
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2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
Table 2-52. Top 99% of LCD solid waste outputs (kg/functional unit)
Material
Coal waste
Dust/sludge
Fly /bottom ash
Unspecified solid waste
Slag and ash
Unspecified solid waste
Unspecified solid waste
Iron scrap
EOL LCD Monitor,
incinerated
EOL LCD Monitor, recycled
EOL LCD Monitor,
remanufactured
EOL LCD Monitor, landfilled
Unspecified sludge
Waste LCD glass
Unspecified waste
CARBON STEEL SCRAP
Waste plastic from LCD
modules
Polycarbonate
Waste alkali, unspecified
Waste acid (containing F and
detergents)
Waste LCD glass
Mineral waste
Mining waste
Slag and ash
Waste acids, unspecified
Mixed industrial (waste)
Waste alkali (color filter
developer, unspecified)
Disposition
landfill
landfill
landfill
landfill
recycle/reuse
recycle/reuse
treatment
recycle/reuse
treatment
recycle/reuse
recycle/reuse
landfill
recycle/reuse
recycle/reuse
recycle/reuse
recycle/reuse
treatment
recycle/reuse
recycle/reuse
landfill
landfill
landfill
landfill
landfill
treatment
landfill
recycle/reuse
Upstream
0
0
0
2.40E+00
8.02E+00
1.50E+00
0
1.67E-01
0
0
0
0
0
0
4.05E-01
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.20E-01
1.41E-01
8.19E-02
0
4.34E-02
0
Mfg
2.28E+00
8.80E-01
5.70E-01
0
3.40E+00
2.11E-01
1.63E+00
0
0
0
0
0
8.46E-01
7.20E-01
1.72E-01
0
4.03E-01
0
3.23E-01
2.70E-01
2.63E-01
1.26E-04
0
3.49E-02
1.05E-01
4.83E-02
8.91E-02
Use
1.90E+01
7.34E+00
4.75E+00
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
EOL
3.60E-03
1.39E-03
9.01E-04
-5.10E-01
-9.67E+00
0
0
1.10E+00
9.75E-01
9.75E-01
9.75E-01
8.94E-01
0
0
-9.83E-03
4.58E-01
0
3.90E-01
0
0
0
-4.46E-06
-1.23E-06
-1.99E-03
0
-1.35E-03
0
Total
2.13E+01
8.23E+00
5.32E+00
1.89E+00
1.75E+00
1.71E+00
1.63E+00
1.27E+00
9.75E-01
9.75E-01
9.75E-01
8.94E-01
8.46E-01
7.20E-01
5.67E-01
4.58E-01
4.03E-01
3.90E-01
3.23E-01
2.70E-01
2.63E-01
2.21E-01
1.41E-01
1.15E-01
1.05E-01
9.04E-02
8.91E-02
%of
total
40.64%
15.72%
10.16%
3.62%
3.35%
3.27%
3.11%
2.42%
1.86%
1.86%
1.86%
1.71%
1.62%
1.38%
1.08%
0.88%
0.77%
0.75%
0.62%
0.52%
0.50%
0.42%
0.27%
0.22%
0.20%
0.17%
0.17%
LCD Radioactive Waste Outputs
Radioactive waste outputs in the LCD inventory are limited to the electricity generation
and steel production processes, with steel production processes accounting for only about 9% of
the total. Therefore, radioactive wastes will be found wherever electricity is used in a process in
the LCD life-cycle. Only very small amounts (approximately 0.0015 kg/functional unit) of
radioactive waste are generated over the entire life-cycle of the LCD (Figure 2-49 and Table 2-
53). As expected, the majority of this is linked to the use stage, where most electricity is used in
the LCD life-cycle, followed by the manufacturing stage. Low-level radioactive waste (78%)
and depleted uranium (21%) are most of the waste, with negligible amounts of highly radioactive
waste and unspecified radioactive waste. The inventory of radioactive waste outputs is small,
2-115
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
and therefore, Table 2-53 lists all material outputs associated with radioactive waste, in
descending order of quantity. Table J-17 in Appendix J lists these in alphabetical order.
Table 2-53. LCD radioactive waste outputs (kg/functional unit)
Material
Low-level radioactive waste
Uranium, depleted
Radioactive waste (unspecified)
Highly radioactive waste (Class C)
Total radioactive wastes
Disposition
landfill
landfill
landfill
landfill
Upstream
1.28E-04
0
5.77E-06
2.72E-06
1.37E-04
Mfg
3.74E-04
1.12E-04
0
0
4.87E-04
Use
6.56E-04
1.97E-04
0
0
8.52E-04
EOL
1.24E-07
3.73E-08
0
0
1.62E-07
Total
1.16E-03
3.09E-04
5.77E-06
2.72E-06
1.48E-03
%of
total
78.49%
20.93%
0.39%
0.18%
100.00%
LCD Radioactivity Outputs
Radioactivity is also inventoried in this project as isotopes that are released to the
environment. Radioactivity is measured in Bequerels and may be released to air, water, or land,
or may also be treated. The quantity of radioactivity for each life-cycle stage and different
dispositions are presented in Figure 2-50. Table 2-54 shows the top contributors to the total
radioactivity outputs. Radioactivity outputs are associated with the generation of electricity and,
therefore, the greatest quantity of radioactivity is from the use stage. Appendix J, Table J-18
lists the complete inventory.
Table 2-54. Top 99.9% of LCD radioactivity outputs (Bq/functional unit)
Material
Molybdenum-99 (isotope)
Plutonium-241 (isotope)
Tritium-3 (isotope)
Xenon- 13 3 (isotope)
Xenon-133M (isotope)
Plutonium-240 (isotope)
Cesium-135 (isotope)
Radon-222 (isotope)
Plutonium-239 (isotope)
Xenon- 13 3 (isotope)
Tritium-3 (isotope)
Krypton-85 (isotope)
Disposition
treatment
landfill
treatment
air
air
landfill
landfill
air
landfill
treatment
air
air
Upstream
0
1.18e+07
0
7.63e+02
0
5.08e+04
4.59e+04
4.30e+04
3.57e+04
0
1.09e+02
5.45e+01
Mfg.
l.Ole+07
0
5.96e+04
4.98e+03
6.59e+04
0
0
0
0
9.43e+03
7.98e+03
5.64e+03
Use
1.76e+07
0
1.04e+05
1.16e+05
7.73e+03
0
0
0
0
1.65e+04
1.40e+04
9.88e+03
EOL
3.35e+03
0
1.98e+01
2.21e+01
1.47e+00
0
0
0
0
3.13e+00
2.65e+00
1.88e+00
Total
2.77e+07
1. 18e+07
1.64e+05
1.22e+05
7.36e+04
5.08e+04
4.59e+04
4.30e+04
3.57e+04
2.60e+04
2.21e+04
1.56e+04
% of total
69.09%
29.33%
0.41%
0.30%
0.18%
0.13%
0.11%
0.11%
0.09%
0.06%
0.05%
0.04%
2-116
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2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
LCD Manufacturing Stage
The inventory tables that show the specific materials in each inventory (i.e., those in
Appendix J and Tables 2-46 through 2-54) are the sums of the materials from one or more
processes within a life-cycle stage. To burrow down deeper into the data, the manufacturing
stage inventory data are broken down by process or group of processes. Similar to the CRT
analysis, groups of processes were combined where fewer than three companies provided data
for a process or where confidentiality agreements precluded presenting individual process data
(Table 2-55). Burrowing further into the contributing processes or process groups is necessary
for future manufacturing improvement assessments.
Table 2-55. LCD process groups
Process group
Monitor/module
Panel components
LCD glass
Backlight
PWB
Japanese grid
U.S. grid
Fuels
Process(es) included
panel/module manufacturing, monitor assembly
polarizer manufacturing, patterning color filters on glass, liquid crystal manufacturing
LCD glass manufacturing
backlight unit assembly, backlight light guide, cold cathode fluorescent lamp manufacturing
PWB manufacturing
electricity generation - Japanese electric grid
electricity generation - U.S. electric grid
production of fuel oils #2, #4 and #6, LPG, and natural gas
Tables 2-56 through 2-64 list the specific inventories for each process group in the
manufacturing stage for each input and output type. Figures 2-51 through 2-61 graph the total
inventories for each process group for each input and output type. As revealed in Table 2-45,
ancillary material inputs, fuels, water and total energy inputs all were greatest in the
manufacturing stage. Similarly, wastewater, water pollutant and hazardous waste outputs were
also greatest in the manufacturing stage. Similar to the discussion for CRTs, the manufacturing
stage inventories by process group, for all input and output types, are presented here to reveal
more specifics about the inventory and to allow manufacturers to conduct improvement
assessments.
2-117
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2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
Table 2-56. LCD manufacturing stage primary material inputs
Material
Process Group
Module/Monitor
1,4-butanolide
1 -methyl-2-pyrrolidinone
2-(2-butoxyethoxy)-ethanol acetate
AINd
Aluminum (elemental)
Assembled 15" LCD backlight unit
Cables/wires
Glycol ethers
Indium tin oxide
LCD front glass (with color filters)
LCD glass
LCD material (confidential)
LCD module
LCD spacers, unspecified
Liquid crystals, for 15" LCD
Mild fiber
Molybdenum
MoW
Polarizer
Polycarbonate resin
Polyimide alignment layer, unspecified
PPE
Printed wiring board (PWB)
Solder (60% tin, 40% lead)
Steel
Styrene-butadiene copolymers
Titanium
Triallyl isocyanurate
Triphenyl phosphate
Unspecified LCD material
Total
Panel Components
3,4,5-trifluorobromobenzene
3 ,4-difluorobromobenzene
4-4(-propylcyclohexyl)cyclohexanone
4-bromophenol
4-ethylphenol
4-pentylphenol
4-propionylphenol
LCD glass
Pigment color resist, unspecified
Quantity (kg/
functional unit)
4.06e-04
4.06e-04
8.08e-06
2.97e-05
l.Ole-01
1.48e+00
2.30e-01
4.06e-04
5.26e-04
1.78e-01
2.16e-01
3.11e-04
l.lSe+00
1.69e-05
1.24e-03
7.34e-07
1.78e-04
9.09e-04
4.07e-02
4.01e-01
4.86e-04
3.00e-01
3.74e-01
3.81e-02
2.50e+00
3.62e-01
1.33e-04
1.54e-05
9.25e-02
1.19e-04
7.50e+00
2.64e-04
3.65e-04
2.18e-04
3.27e-04
7.00e-05
3.42e-04
1.94e-04
2.36e-01
3.72e-02
% of process
group total
0.01%
0.04%
<0.01%
<0.01%
1.34%
19.67%
3.07%
0.01%
0.01%
2.38%
2.88%
<0.01%
15.78%
0.01%
0.02%
0.01%
O.01%
0.01%
0.54%
5.35%
0.01%
4.00%
4.98%
0.51%
33.38%
4.82%
O.01%
0.01%
1.23%
0.01%
100.00%
0.08%
0.04%
0.07%
0.10%
0.02%
0.11%
0.06%
74.75%
11.80%
% of grand total
15.26%
2-118
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2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
Table 2-56. LCD manufacturing stage primary material inputs
Material
Process Group
Polyester adhesive
Polyethylene terephthalate
Polyvinyl alcohol
Total
Glass mfg
Barium Carbonate
Glass, unspecified
Potassium Carbonate
Recycled LCD glass
Sand
Sodium Carbonate
Strontium Carbonate
Zircon Sand
Total
Backlight
15" LCD light guide
Aluminum (elemental)
Argon
Backlight lamp (CCFL)
Cables/wires
Glass, unspecified
Mercury
Metals, remaining unspeciated
Neon
Poly(methyl methacrylate)
Polycarbonate resin
Polyethylene terephthalate
Rubber, unspecified
Steel
Total
PWB
PWB-laminate
Solder (63% tin; 37% lead)
Total
Japanese Grid
Coal, average (in ground)
Natural gas
Petroleum (in ground)
Uranium, yellowcake
Total
U.S. Grid
Coal, average (in ground)
Quantity (kg/
functional unit)
6.25e-04
3.14e-02
8.61e-03
3.16e-01
1.37e-02
2.28e-03
1.75e-02
9.54e-02
l.lle-01
2.26e-02
1.53e-02
2.51e-03
2.81e-01
3.74e-01
3.35e-02
3.53e-05
1.94e-03
3.43e-03
4.14e-02
3.99e-06
6.81e-04
6.31e-05
3.83e-01
1.14e-01
2.74e-02
6.01e-04
2.52e-02
1.01e-H)0
3.74e-01
2.24e-02
3.96e-01
7.69e+00
4.20e+00
4.33e+00
1.02e-03
1.62e+01
3.47e-01
% of process
group total
0.20%
9.96%
2.73%
100.00%
4.90%
0.23%
6.24%
34.00%
39.64%
8.05%
5.47%
0.90%
99.42%
37.18%
3.35%
0.01%
0.19%
0.34%
4.11%
<0.01%
0.07%
0.01%
38.12%
11.38%
2.72%
0.06%
2.50%
100.04%
94.35%
5.66%
100.00%
47.41%
25.89%
26.69%
0.01%
100.00%
90.97%
% of grand total
0.64%
0.57%
2.04%
0.81%
32.96%
2-119
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2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
Table 2-56. LCD manufacturing stage primary material inputs
Material
Process Group
Natural gas
Petroleum (in ground)
Uranium, yellowcake
Total
Fuel Production
Natural gas (in ground)
Petroleum (in ground)
Total
Grand Total
Quantity (kg/
functional unit)
2.71e-02
7.36e-03
9.39e-06
3.82e-01
5.16e+00
1.79e+01
2.31e+01
4.92e+01
% of process
group total
7.10%
1.93%
<0.01%
100.01%
22.33%
77.67%
100.00%
% of grand total
0.78%
46.94%
100.00%
2-120
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2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
Table 2-57. LCD manufacturing stage ancillary material inputs
Material
Process Group
Module/Monitor
1,4-butanolide
1 -Methoxy-2-propanol
2-(2-butoxyethoxy)-ethanol
2,2,4-trimethylpentane
2-ethoxyl ethylacetate
Acetic acid
Acetone
Al-etchant, unspecified
Aluminum sulfate
Ammonia
Ammonium bifluoride
Ammonium fluoride
Ammonium hydroxide
Argon
Calcium hydroxide
Carbon dioxide
Chlorine
Cleaner, unspecified
Cresol-formaldehyde resin
Cr-etchant, unspecified
Cyclohexane
Dimethylsulfoxide
Ethanol
Ethanol amine
Ferric chloride
Fluorocarbon resin
Flux, unspecified
Glycol ethers
Helium
Hexamethyldisilizane
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrofluoric acid
Hydrogen
Hydrogen peroxide
Isopropyl alcohol
ITO etchant, unspecified
Krypton
LNG
Methyl ethyl ketone
Monosilane
N-Butvlacetate
Quantity(kg/
functional unit)
4.04e-05
1.10e-02
3.04e-02
1.52e-05
1.78e-03
6.40e-03
1.03e-02
5.88e-03
1.056-01
1.55e-02
2.36e-03
1.14e-02
5.15e-06
7.87e-03
1.396-01
3.74e-05
1.55e-02
1.47e-04
8.29e-04
1.77e-02
2.03e-05
6.63e-02
1.35e-02
7.85e-02
8.92e-03
3.38e-06
7.35e-05
2.12e-02
6.18e-04
2.58e-04
4.31e-02
4.21e-02
4.44e-01
1.47e-04
3.49e-01
2.94e-03
2.58e-05
1.94e+02
7.35e-06
1.12e-03
3.83e-02
% of process
group total
6.91%
100.00%
0.02%
<0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.05%
0.01%
O.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.07%
0.01%
0.01%
O.01%
O.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.03%
0.01%
0.04%
O.01%
O.01%
O.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.02%
0.02%
0.22%
O.01%
0.17%
0.01%
0.01%
95.80%
O.01%
O.01%
0.02%
% of grand total
2-121
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2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
Table 2-57. LCD manufacturing stage ancillary material inputs
Material
Process Group
Nitric acid
Nitrogen
Nitrogen fluoride
Nitrous oxide
Oxygen
Perfluoromethane
Phosphine
Phosphoric acid
Photoresist, unspecified
Polyaluminum chloride
Polyethylene mono(nonylphenyl) ether glycol
Polyimide, unspecified
Propylene glycol
Propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate
Rinse, unspecified
Sodium dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate
Sodium hydroxide
Solder, unspecified
Sulfur hexafluoride
Sulfuric acid
Surfactant, unspecified
Synthetic resin, unspecified
Tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide
Unspecified LCD process material
Water
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Total
Panel Components
Acetone
Borax
Carbon dioxide
Cyclohexane
Developing solution, unspecified
Diluent, unspecified
Ethanol
Ethylacetate
Exfoliation liquid, unspecified
HCFC-225ca
HCFC-225cb
Heptane
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrogen
Quantity(kg/
functional unit)
1.24e-02
5.90e+00
1.08e-01
1.36e-03
7.75e-03
1.29e-03
2.69e-02
3.95e-02
1.38e-02
6.40e-03
3.40e-04
2.94e-05
4.46e-03
1.56e-02
5.27e-02
4.06e-06
3.59e-01
7.35e-05
1.62e-02
2.29e-01
1.09e-04
6.57e-04
1.29e-01
2.58e-02
6.88e-02
1.57e-03
2.03e+02
1.03e-02
9.13e-05
4.82e-03
3.89e-03
4.00e-02
8.27e-03
1.17e-02
9.68e-04
1.43e-02
1.37e-04
1.37e-04
1.03e-02
1.74e-03
3.14e-06
% of process
group total
0.01%
2.91%
0.05%
<0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
0.01%
0.02%
0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
0.01%
0.03%
<0.01%
0.18%
<0.01%
0.01%
0.11%
<0.01%
<0.01%
0.06%
0.01%
0.03%
<0.01%
206.91%
3.19%
0.01%
1.50%
1.21%
12.45%
2.57%
3.65%
0.30%
4.44%
0.04%
0.04%
3.19%
0.54%
0.01%
% of grand total
99.48%
2-122
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2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
Table 2-57. LCD manufacturing stage ancillary material inputs
Material
Process Group
Methyl ethyl ketone
Nitric acid second cerium ammonium
Nitrogen
Orthoboric acid
Perchloric acid
Photoresist, unspecified
Polyethylene terephthalate
Sulfuric acid
Tetrahydrofuran
Toluene
Total
LCD Glass
Aluminum Oxide
Cerium Oxide
Chromium Oxide
Hydrofluoric acid
Pumice
Total
Backlight
Diethyl ether
Ethanol
Process material for backlight assembly
Unspecified ancillary material
Total
PWB
Ammonium chloride
Ammonium hydroxide
Formaldehyde
Glycol ethers
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrogen peroxide
Nitric acid
Polyethylene glycol
Potassium hydroxide
Potassium permanganate
Potassium peroxymonosulfate
PWB -solder mask solids
Sodium Carbonate
Sodium hydroxide
Sulfuric acid
Total
Japanese Grid
Quantity(kg/
functional unit)
4.84e-04
1.13e-02
1.17e-01
7.30e-04
3.82e-03
2.94e-03
3.20e-02
1.58e-02
3.82e-03
2.75e-02
3.22e-01
1.56e-03
1.52e-04
2.60e-06
3.66e-03
3.64e-03
9.02e-03
9.28e-05
4.63e-05
7.03e-05
4.19e-04
6.28e-04
3.42e-02
3.42e-02
2.91e-03
1.04e-02
8.46e-02
1.37e-02
5.99e-02
2.23e-02
1.88e-02
5.14e-04
3.12e-02
1.93e-02
1.42e-02
8.56e-02
8.05e-02
5.12e-01
% of process
group total
0.15%
3.51%
36.27%
0.23%
1.19%
0.91%
9.93%
4.91%
1.19%
8.56%
99.99%
17.30%
1.68%
0.03%
40.61%
40.37%
100.00%
14.78%
7.36%
11.19%
66.67%
100.00%
6.68%
3.42%
0.57%
2.03%
16.51%
2.67%
11.70%
4.34%
3.68%
0.10%
6.08%
3.76%
2.77%
16.71%
15.72%
96.74%
% of grand total
0.16%
0.00%
0.00%
0.25%
2-123
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
Table 2-57. LCD manufacturing stage ancillary material inputs
Material
Process Group
Lime
Limestone
Total
U.S. Grid
Lime
Limestone
Total
Fuel Production
Bauxite (A12O3, ore)
Limestone (CaCO3, in ground)
Sand (in ground)
Sodium chloride (NaCl, in ground or in sea)
Total
Grand Total
Quantity(kg/
functional unit)
4.53e-02
1.03e-01
1.48e-01
2.05e-03
4.66e-03
6.71e-03
2.16e-03
5.49e-02
1.32e-03
6.08e-04
5.90e-02
2.04e+02
% of process
group total
30.57%
69.43%
100.00%
30.52%
69.48%
100.00%
3.66%
93.07%
2.24%
1.03%
100.00%
% of grand total
0.07%
0.00%
0.03%
100.00%
2-124
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
Table 2-58. LCD manufacturing stage utility inputs
Material
Process group
Fuels (kg/functional unit):
Monitor/Module
Fuel oil #4
Kerosene
LNG
Liquified petroleum gas (LPG)
Natural gas
Total
Panel Components
Kerosene
Natural gas
Steam ( 100 psig)
Fuel oil #2
Fuel oil #6
Natural gas
Total
LCD glass
Fuel oil #2
Liquified petroleum gas (LPG)
Natural gas
Total
Backlight
LNG
Natural gas
Total
PWB
Natural gas
Fuels
Coal, average (in ground)
Natural gas (in ground)
Petroleum (in ground)
Uranium (U, ore)
Total
Grand Total
Electricity (MJ/functional unit):
Monitor/Module
Panel Components
LCD glass
Backlight
PWB
Total
Quantity
2.11e-01
2.98e-01
3.22e+00
5.83e-01
8.48e-01
5.16e-H)0
1.68e-01
1.18e-07
1.45e-01
4.07e-04
1.25e-01
8.64e-02
5.25e-01
5.38e-02
1.626+01
5.63e-02
1.64e+01
4.17e-06
4.17e-06
8.33e-06
??
6.86e-01
2.41e+00
4.84e-01
1.15e-05
3.58e+00
2.56e+01
2.59e+02
4.64e+01
2.20e+00
4.46e+00
4.43e+00
3.16e+02
% of process
group total
4.09%
5.77%
62.40%
11.30%
16.44%
95.91%
31.97%
0.01%
27.56%
0.08%
23.91%
16.47%
68.03%
0.33%
99.33%
0.34%
100.00%
50.00%
50.00%
200.00%
19.19%
67.27%
13.54%
0.01%
100.00%
% of grand total
20.13%
2.05%
63.87%
0.00%
ERR
13.96%
100.00%
81.80%
14.70%
0.70%
1.41%
1.40%
100.00%
2-125
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
Table 2-58. LCD manufacturing stage utility inputs
Material
Process group
Water (kg or L/functional unit):
Monitor/Module
Panel Components
LCD glass
Backlight
PWB
Japanese electric grid
U.S. electric grid
Fuels
Total
Quantity
1.08e+03
2.08e+02
1.62e+00
1.92e+02
1.86e+01
1.49e+02
2.20e+00
5.07e+02
2.15e+03
% of process
group total
% of grand total
49.96%
9.66%
0.08%
8.91%
0.86%
6.91%
0.10%
23.53%
100.00%
Total energy (fuels and electricity, MJ/functional unit):
Monitor/Module
Panel Components
LCD glass
Backlight
PWB
Fuels
Total
5.08e+02
6.29e+01
7.05e+02
4.46e+00
1.216+01
1.45e+02
1.44e+03
35.36%
4.38%
49.03%
0.31%
0.84%
10.09%
100.00%
2-126
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
Table 2-59. LCD manufacturing stage air outputs
Material
Process Group
Module/Monitor
Acetic acid
Acetone
Al-etchant, unspecified
Ammonia
Argon
Carbon dioxide
Cr-etchant, unspecified
Cyclohexane
Diethylene glycol
Hexamethyldisilizane
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrofluoric acid
Hydrogen
Isopropyl alcohol
ITO etchant, unspecified
Monosilane
N-bromoacetamide
Nitric acid
Nitrogen fluoride
Nitrogen oxides
Phosphine
Phosphoric acid
PM
Polyimide, unspecified
Sulfur hexafluoride
Sulfur oxides
Tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide
Unspecified LCD process material
Total
Panel Components
Carbon dioxide
Ethylacetate
HCFC-225ca
HCFC-225cb
Heptane
Hydrochloric acid
Methyl ethyl ketone
Nitrogen oxides
Nonmethane hydrocarbons, remaining unspeciated
PM
Toluene
Quantity (kg/
functional unit)
1.36e-03
1.86e-04
1.37e-02
6.23e-02
5.80e-03
2.16e-03
4.12e-02
4.85e-05
9.69e-05
1.37e-06
6.06e-02
5.21e-02
1.33e-04
1.78e-02
6.86e-03
1.54e-03
9.18e-03
2.69e-04
2.45e-01
5.48e-01
6.26e-02
4.85e-05
l.lOe-05
1.40e-04
7.30e-03
1.12e-03
6.43e-01
4.49e-02
1.83e+00
4.82e-03
2.44e-06
1.40e-04
1.40e-04
7.77e-05
7.32e-06
1.35e-04
4.11e-04
7.77e-05
2.74e-05
5.44e-05
% of process
group total
0.07%
0.02%
0.75%
3.41%
0.32%
0.12%
2.25%
0.01%
0.01%
<0.01%
3.31%
2.85%
0.01%
0.97%
0.38%
0.08%
0.50%
0.01%
13.43%
30.00%
3.43%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.40%
0.06%
35.16%
2.46%
100.00%
81.79%
O.01%
2.37%
2.37%
1.32%
0.12%
2.29%
6.98%
1.32%
0.47%
0.92%
% of grand
total
2.82%
2-127
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
Table 2-59. LCD manufacturing stage air outputs
Material
Process Group
Total
LCD Glass
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Chromium
Nitrogen oxides
PM
Sulfur oxides
Total
Backlight
Diethyl ether
Ethanol
Nitrogen oxides
Process material for backlight assembly
Total
PWB
Formaldehyde
Japanese Grid
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
2,3,7,8-TCDD
2,3,7,8-TCDF
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
2-Chloroacetophenone
2-Methylnaphthalene
5-Methyl chrysene
Acenaphthene
Acenaphthylene
Acetaldehyde
Acetophenone
Acrolein
Anthracene
Antimony
Arsenic
Barium
Benzene
Benzo [a] anthracene
Benzo |a]pyrene
Benzo [b,j,k]fluoranthene
Benzo |g,h,ilperylene
Benzyl chloride
Beryllium
Quantity (kg/
functional unit)
5.89e-03
1.30e-01
2.07e-07
6.40e-09
2.04e-03
5.06e-06
2.36e-06
1.32e-01
9.26e-05
4.63e-05
2.95e-02
7.03e-05
2.97e-02
1.71e-05
2.17e-07
1.54e-07
5.65e-14
1.96e-13
1.07e-09
2.69e-08
S.OOe-10
8.466-11
1.45e-08
l.lle-09
2.19e-06
5.77e-08
l.lle-06
1.53e-09
3.20e-06
2.36e-06
1.74e-06
5.13e-06
2.69e-09
1.46e-10
1.31e-09
1.45e-09
2.69e-06
1.09e-07
% of process
group total
100.00%
98.45%
0.01%
0.01%
1.55%
O.01%
O.01%
100.03%
0.31%
0.16%
99.29%
0.24%
100.00%
0.01%
0.01%
O.01%
O.01%
O.01%
O.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
O.01%
O.01%
O.01%
O.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
O.01%
O.01%
O.01%
O.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
% of grand
total
0.01%
0.20%
0.05%
0.00%
2-128
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
Table 2-59. LCD manufacturing stage air outputs
Material
Process Group
Biphenyl
Bromoform
Bromomethane
Cadmium
Carbon dioxide
Carbon disulfide
Carbon monoxide
Chloride ions
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
Chromium (III)
Chromium (VI)
Chrysene
Cobalt
Copper
Cumene hydroperoxide
Cyanide (-1)
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
Dibenzo [a,h] anthracene
Dichloromethane
Dimethyl sulfate
Dioxins, remaining unspeciated
Ethyl Chloride
Ethylbenzene
Ethylene dibromide
Fluoranthene
Fluorene
Fluorides (F-)
Formaldehyde
Furans, remaining unspeciated
Hexane
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrofluoric acid
Indeno( 1 ,2,3 -cd)pyrene
Isophorone
Lead (Pb, ore)
Magnesium
Manganese (Mn, ore)
Mercury
Methane
Methyl chloride
Quantity (kg/
functional unit)
6.53e-09
1.50e-07
6.15e-07
4.74e-07
5.18e+01
5.00e-07
9.43e-03
2.07e-04
8.46e-08
2.27e-07
1.86e-06
4.51e-07
1. 80e-09
3.98e-06
1.07e-06
2.04e-08
9.61e-06
2.81e-07
9.95e-10
l.lle-06
1.85e-07
2.51e-12
1.61e-07
3.99e-07
4.61e-09
5.88e-09
6.15e-09
2.22e-05
3.43e-05
4.00e-12
2.58e-07
4.61e-03
5.77e-04
1.51e-09
2.23e-06
1.48e-06
4.23e-05
3.67e-06
3.97e-07
2.73e-04
2.04e-06
% of process
group total
0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
99.14%
<0.01%
0.02%
0.01%
0.01%
O.01%
O.01%
O.01%
O.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
O.01%
O.01%
O.01%
O.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
% of grand
total
2-129
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
Table 2-59. LCD manufacturing stage air outputs
Material
Process Group
Methyl ethyl ketone
Methyl hydrazine
Methyl methacrylate
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Molybdenum
Naphthalene
Nickel
Nitrogen oxides
Nitrous oxide
o-xylene
Phenanthrene
Phenol
PM-10
Propionaldehyde
Pyrene
Selenium
Styrene
Sulfur dioxide
Tetrachloroethylene
TOCs, remaining unspeciated
Toluene
Vanadium
Vinyl acetate
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Zinc (elemental)
Total
U.S. Grid
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
2,3,7,8-TCDD
2,3,7,8-TCDF
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
2-Chloroacetophenone
2-Methylnaphthalene
5-Methyl chrysene
Acenaphthene
Acenaphthylene
Acetaldehyde
Acetophenone
Quantity (kg/
functional unit)
1.50e-06
6.54e-07
7.69e-08
1.34e-07
5.20e-07
7.44e-07
4.95e-05
1.37e-01
3.76e-04
6.49e-08
1.75e-08
6.15e-08
6.72e-03
1.46e-06
4.24e-09
5.40e-06
9.61e-08
2.90e-01
1.65e-07
6.63e-04
4.81e-06
1.92e-05
2.92e-08
1.42e-07
1.73e-05
5.22e+01
3.71e-09
6.95e-09
2.48e-15
8.86e-15
4.86e-ll
1.22e-09
5.16e-12
3.82e-12
1.10e-10
4.37e-ll
9.90e-08
2.60e-09
% of process
group total
0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
0.26%
<0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
0.01%
<0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.56%
O.01%
O.01%
O.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
100.84%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
% of grand
total
80.58%
2-130
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
Table 2-59. LCD manufacturing stage air outputs
Material
Process Group
Acrolein
Anthracene
Antimony
Arsenic
Barium
Benzene
Benzo[a]anthracene
Benzo[a]pyrene
Benzo [b j ,k]fluoranthene
Benzo [g,h,i]perylene
Benzyl chloride
Beryllium
Biphenyl
Bromoform
Bromomethane
Cadmium
Carbon dioxide
Carbon disulfide
Carbon monoxide
Chloride ions
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
Chromium (III)
Chromium (VI)
Chrysene
Cobalt
Copper
Cumene
Cyanide (-1)
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
Dibenzo [a,h] anthracene
Dichloromethane
Dimethyl sulfate
Dioxins, remaining unspeciated
Ethyl Chloride
Ethylbenzene
Ethylene dibromide
Fluoranthene
Fluorene
Quantity (kg/
functional unit)
5.04e-08
3.77e-ll
8.45e-09
7.26e-08
3.98e-09
2.26e-07
1.80e-ll
6.60e-12
2.06e-ll
6.98e-12
1.22e-07
3.69e-09
2.95e-10
6.77e-09
2.78e-08
9.33e-09
8.61e-01
2.26e-08
1.57e-04
3.52e-07
3.82e-09
1.02e-08
4.71e-08
1.40e-08
1.986-11
2.35e-08
1.93e-09
9.20e-10
4.34e-07
1.27e-08
1.69e-12
5.04e-08
8.33e-09
1.13e-13
7.29e-09
1.64e-08
2.08e-10
1.30e-10
1.63e-10
% of process
group total
0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
98.98%
O.01%
0.02%
O.01%
O.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
O.01%
O.01%
O.01%
O.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
% of grand
total
2-131
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
Table 2-59. LCD manufacturing stage air outputs
Material
Process Group
Fluoride
Formaldehyde
Furans, remaining unspeciated
Hexane
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrofluoric acid
Indeno( 1 ,2,3 -cd)pyrene
Isophorone
Lead
Magnesium
Manganese
Mercury
Methane
Methyl chloride
Methyl ethyl ketone
Methyl hydrazine
Methyl methacrylate
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Molybdenum
Naphthalene
Nickel
Nitrogen oxides
Nitrous oxide
o-xylene
Phenanthrene
Phenol
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
PM-10
Propionaldehyde
Pyrene
Selenium
Styrene
Sulfur dioxide
Tetrachloroethylene
TOCs, remaining unspeciated
Toluene
Vanadium
Vinyl acetate
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Quantity (kg/
functional unit)
3.78e-08
1.64e-07
1.80e-13
1.16e-08
2.08e-04
2.60e-05
1.28e-ll
l.Ole-07
2.47e-08
1.91e-06
8.83e-08
1.45e-08
1.25e-03
9.20e-08
6.77e-08
2.95e-08
3.47e-09
6.08e-09
1.13e-09
3.54e-09
1.33e-07
2.28e-03
6.58e-06
1.10e-10
4.85e-10
2.78e-09
9.59e-09
1.12e-04
6.60e-08
6.456-11
2.26e-07
4.34e-09
4.83e-03
7.47e-09
1.12e-05
4.92e-08
3.41e-08
1.32e-09
6.42e-09
% of process
group total
0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
0.02%
<0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.14%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.26%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
O.01%
O.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.56%
O.01%
O.01%
O.01%
O.01%
0.01%
0.01%
% of grand
total
2-132
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
Table 2-59. LCD manufacturing stage air outputs
Material
Process Group
Zinc (elemental)
Total
Fuel Production
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
2-Chloroacetophenone
3 -Methy Icholanthrene
5-Methyl chrysene
Acenaphthene
Acenaphthylene
Acetaldehyde
Acetophenone
Acrolein
Aldehydes
Aluminum (elemental)
Ammonia
Anthracene
Antimony
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Arsenic
Barium
Benzene
Benzo [a] anthracene
Benzo[a]pyrene
Benzo [b,j ,k]fluoranthene
Benzo [b]fluoranthene
Benzo [g,h,i]perylene
Benzo [kjfluoranthene
Benzyl chloride
Beryllium
Biphenyl
Bromoform
Bromomethane
Butane
Cadmium
Calcium
Carbon dioxide
Quantity (kg/
functional unit)
2.95e-08
8.70e-01
6.91e-09
1.38e-08
1.89e-08
9.68e-ll
2.42e-09
2.84e-ll
7.60e-12
2.77e-10
1.16e-10
1.97e-07
5.18e-09
l.OOe-07
8.98e-05
9.59e-07
3.53e-04
1.15e-10
1.15e-10
2.55e-09
7.13e-07
1.77e-08
2.70e-03
6.97e-ll
3.846-11
3.80e-ll
3.096-11
3.21e-ll
3.096-11
2.42e-07
7.31e-08
5.88e-10
1.35e-08
5.53e-08
3.31e-05
4.18e-08
8.31e-07
9.44e+00
% of process
group total
0.01%
100.83%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
O.01%
O.01%
O.01%
O.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.03%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
97.19%
% of grand
total
1.34%
2-133
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
Table 2-59. LCD manufacturing stage air outputs
Material
Process Group
Carbon disulfide
Carbon monoxide
Chloride ions
Chlorine
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
Chromium (III)
Chromium (VI)
Chrysene
Cobalt
Copper
Cumene
Cyanide (-1)
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
Dibenzo [a,h] anthracene
Dichloromethane
Dimethyl sulfate
Dimethylbenzanthracene
Dioxins, remaining unspeciated
Ethane
Ethyl Chloride
Ethylbenzene
Ethylene dibromide
Fluoranthene
Fluorene
Fluorides (F-)
Formaldehyde
Furans, remaining unspeciated
Halogenated hydrocarbons (unspecified)
HALON-1301
Hexane
Hydrocarbons, remaining unspeciated
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrofluoric acid
Hydrogen sulfide
Indeno( 1 ,2,3 -cd)pyrene
Iron
Isophorone
Lead
Quantity (kg/
functional unit)
4.49e-08
2.89e-02
1.75e-06
l.Ole-09
7.60e-09
2.04e-08
1.05e-06
1.05e-06
6.70e-ll
1.27e-07
7.98e-08
1.83e-09
8.64e-07
2.52e-08
2.18e-ll
l.OOe-07
1.66e-08
2.36e-10
5.60e-12
4.88e-05
1.45e-08
3.28e-08
4.15e-10
3.01e-10
3.66e-10
1.98e-07
5.78e-05
2.60e-ll
1.42e-14
2.47e-ll
2.84e-05
7.75e-03
4.15e-04
5.18e-05
1.51e-04
5.31e-ll
1.85e-06
2.00e-07
6.39e-07
% of process
group total
0.01%
0.30%
<0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.08%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
% of grand
total
2-134
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
Table 2-59. LCD manufacturing stage air outputs
Material
Process Group
Magnesium
Manganese
Mercury
Metals, remaining unspeciated
Methane
Methyl chloride
Methyl ethyl ketone
Methyl hydrazine
Methyl methacrylate
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Molybdenum
Naphthalene
Nickel
Nitrogen oxides
Nitrous oxide
Nonmethane hydrocarbons, remaining unspeciated
n-Propane
Other organics
o-xylene
Pentane
Phenanthrene
Phenol
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
PM
PM-10
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Propionaldehyde
Pyrene
Selenium
Silicon
Sodium
Styrene
Sulfur oxides
Tetrachloroethylene
Toluene
Vanadium
Vinyl acetate
Zinc (elemental)
Total
Quantity (kg/
functional unit)
3.80e-06
1.15e-06
4.55e-08
1.60e-08
1.20e-01
1.83e-07
1.35e-07
5.88e-08
6.91e-09
1.21e-08
9.92e-08
1.98e-08
6.06e-06
4.27e-02
8.13e-04
8.79e-03
8.67e-08
1.35e-02
1.59e-07
4.10e-05
1.22e-09
5.53e-09
6.10e-07
6.95e-03
l.lle-05
2.84e-12
1.31e-07
2.00e-10
4.81e-07
8.31e-07
4.92e-06
8.64e-09
3.96e-02
1.49e-08
2.63e-07
1.30e-05
2.63e-09
6.04e-07
9.72e+00
% of process
group total
0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
1.24%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
O.01%
O.01%
O.01%
O.01%
0.44%
0.01%
0.09%
0.01%
0.14%
O.01%
O.01%
O.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.07%
0.01%
O.01%
O.01%
O.01%
O.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.41%
O.01%
O.01%
O.01%
O.01%
0.01%
101.01%
% of grand
total
15.00%
2-135
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
Table 2-59. LCD manufacturing stage air outputs
Material
Process Group
Grand Total
Quantity (kg/
functional unit)
6.48e-K)l
% of process
group total
% of grand
total
100.00%
2-136
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
Table 2-60. LCD manufacturing stage water outputs
Material
Process Group
WASTEWATER STREAMS
Module/monitor
Panel components
LCD glass
Backlight
PWB
Fuels
Total
WATER POLLUTANTS
Module/monitor
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Antimony
Arsenic
BOD
BOD
Boron
Cadmium
Chromium
Chromium (VI)
COD
COD
Colon bacillus (bacteria in large intestine)
Copper
Cyanide (-1)
Cyanide (-1)
Dissolved solids
Fluorides (F-)
Fluorides (F-)
Hexane
Iron
Lead
Manganese
Mercury
Nickel
Nitrogen
Nitrogen
Oil & grease
Oil & grease
Organic phosphorus, unspecified
Phenol
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Disposition
both
both
surface water
both
treatment
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
treatment
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
treatment
surface water
surface water
surface water
treatment
surface water
surface water
treatment
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
treatment
surface water
treatment
surface water
surface water
surface water
treatment
Quantity (kg/
functional unit)
2.87e+03
3.53e-01
1.67e+00
1.92e+02
1.86e+01
4.33e+01
3.12e+03
2.29e-08
1.14e-07
1.14e-07
1.74e-02
5.05e-02
4.58e-06
1.14e-07
8.84e-06
2.29e-07
2.68e-03
3.90e-02
3.89e-03
9.18e-07
3.66e-06
6.67e-07
7.55e-03
1.28e-02
2.40e-04
5.88e-04
2.63e-06
6.17e-06
2.29e-07
9.69e-08
2.29e-07
7.93e-02
1.16e-02
2.02e-04
3.53e-03
2.29e-07
2.29e-07
4.31e-03
6.91e-03
% of process
group total
<0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
6.69%
19.41%
O.01%
O.01%
O.01%
O.01%
1.03%
14.99%
1.50%
O.01%
O.01%
O.01%
2.90%
4.91%
0.09%
0.23%
0.01%
O.01%
O.01%
O.01%
O.01%
30.45%
4.45%
0.08%
1.35%
0.01%
O.01%
1.65%
2.65%
% of grand total
91.80%
0.01%
0.05%
6.15%
0.60%
1.39%
100.00%
2-137
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
Table 2-60. LCD manufacturing stage water outputs
Material
Process Group
Polychlorinated biphenyls
Suspended solids
Suspended solids
Tetrachloroethylene
Tin
Trichloroethylene
Zinc (elemental)
Total
Panel components
BOD
BOD
Borax
COD
Hydrochloric acid
Nitrogen
Orthoboric acid
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Suspended solids
Total
LCD glass
BOD
Chloride ions
Chromium
COD
Dissolved solids
Fluorides (F-)
Iron
Lead
Nickel
Nitrate
Oil & grease
Suspended solids
Total
Backlight
BOD
Iron
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Nitrogen
Oil & grease
Suspended solids
Disposition
surface water
surface water
treatment
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
treatment
treatment
surface water
treatment
surface water
treatment
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
treatment
treatment
treatment
treatment
treatment
treatment
treatment
treatment
Quantity (kg/
functional unit)
1.14e-08
1.55e-02
4.26e-03
2.29e-08
4.58e-07
2.29e-08
2.63e-06
2.60e-01
1.34e-03
3.89e-03
1.31e-06
2.21e-03
3.29e-06
5.71e-04
1.31e-06
2.48e-05
6.46e-04
8.69e-03
3.80e-07
4.68e-02
3.80e-09
3.80e-07
1.68e-01
1.36e-04
1.28e-04
2.01e-06
3.80e-09
1.83e-07
3.34e-04
3.35e-04
2.15e-01
3.00e-03
8.33e-05
8.33e-07
8.33e-08
3.33e-06
l.OOe-03
8.33e-05
1.33e-03
% of process
group total
0.01%
5.96%
1.64%
<0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
100.21%
15.44%
44.73%
0.02%
25.45%
0.04%
6.58%
0.02%
0.29%
7.43%
100.00%
0.01%
21.73%
0.01%
0.01%
77.84%
0.06%
0.06%
O.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.16%
0.16%
100.00%
54.50%
1.51%
0.02%
O.01%
0.06%
18.17%
1.51%
24.22%
% of grand total
21.11%
0.70%
17.46%
2-138
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
Table 2-60. LCD manufacturing stage water outputs
Material
Process Group
Total
PWB
Copper (+1 & +2)
Lead cmpds
Total
Japanese grid
Sulfate ion (-4)
Suspended solids
Total
U.S. grid
Sulfate ion (-4)
Suspended solids
Total
Fuels
Acids (H+)
Adsorbable organic halides
Aluminum (+3)
Ammonia ions
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Barium cmpds
BOD
Cadmium cmpds
Chloride ions
Chromium (III)
Chromium (VI)
COD
Copper (+1 & +2)
Cyanide (-1)
Dissolved organics
Dissolved solids
Fluorides (F-)
Halogenated matter (organic)
Hydrocarbons, remaining unspeciated
Iron (+2 & +3)
Lead cmpds
Mercury compounds
Metals, remaining unspeciated
Nickel cmpds
Nitrate
Other nitrogen
Phenol
Phosphates
Disposition
treatment
treatment
surface water
surface water
treatment
treatment
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
Quantity (kg/
functional unit)
5.50e-03
4.28e-05
7.14e-06
5.00e-05
2.93e-03
7.63e-05
3.01e-03
1.32e-04
3.45e-06
1.36e-04
1.76e-08
1.82e-ll
6.88e-06
1.33e-03
4.25e-09
1.36e-08
9.12e-03
1.42e-ll
2.65e-01
3.49e-09
3.49e-09
7.71e-02
2.84e-10
1.99e-ll
4.67e-08
2.01e-05
1.76e-06
5.67e-12
1.70e-05
1.73e-08
5.676-11
6.52e-14
4.72e-04
2.84e-ll
2.97e-06
7.66e-10
1.75e-04
2.83e-08
% of process
group total
100.00%
85.71%
14.29%
100.00%
97.46%
2.54%
100.00%
97.46%
2.54%
100.00%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.18%
O.01%
O.01%
1.23%
0.01%
35.77%
0.01%
O.01%
10.42%
O.01%
O.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
O.01%
O.01%
O.01%
O.01%
0.06%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.02%
O.01%
% of grand total
0.45%
0.00%
0.24%
0.01%
2-139
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
Table 2-60. LCD manufacturing stage water outputs
Material
Process Group
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Salts (unspecified)
Sodium (+1)
Sulfate ion (-4)
Sulfide
Suspended solids
TOCs
Toluene
Waste oil
Zinc (+2)
Total
Grand Total
Disposition
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
Quantity (kg/
functional unit)
6.81e-ll
7.84e-05
3.41e-01
4.36e-06
9.86e-09
4.14e-02
4.25e-08
6.24e-10
4.87e-03
1.40e-09
7.40e-01
1.23e-H)0
% of process
group total
0.01%
0.01%
46.05%
<0.01%
<0.01%
5.59%
0.01%
0.01%
0.66%
O.01%
100.27%
% of grand total
60.02%
100.00%
2-140
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
Table 2-61. LCD manufacturing stage hazardous waste outputs
Material
Process Group
Monitor/module
Mercury
Waste metals, unspecified
Waste acids, unspecified
Waste acid (mainly HF)
Waste acid (mainly HF)
Unspecified sludge
Thinner, unspecified
Tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide
Sodium sulfate
Rinse, unspecified
Remover, unspecified
Remover, unspecified
Phosphoric acid
Nitric acid
Isopropyl alcohol
Isopropyl alcohol
Ferric chloride
Acetone
Acetic acid
Total
Panel components
Spent solvents (F003 waste)
Flammable liquids (F003 waste)
Acid waste (D002 waste)
Spent solvent (with halogenated
materials)
Spent solvent (non-halogenated)
HCFC-225cb
HCFC-225ca
Waste solvent (photoresist)
Waste solvent (photoresist)
Waste acid (chrome mixed acid)
Total
LCD glass
Waste Batch (Ba, Pb) (D008 waste)
Waste acid (mostly 3% HC1 solution)
Hydrofluoric acid
Chrome liquid waste (D007 waste)
Chrome debris (D007 waste)
Barium debris (D008 waste)
Total
Disposition
recycling/reuse
recycling/reuse
recycling/reuse
recycling/reuse
treatment
land (other than landfill)
treatment
recycling/reuse
recycling/reuse
recycling/reuse
recycling/reuse
treatment
landfill
landfill
recycling/reuse
treatment
recycling/reuse
treatment
landfill
treatment
treatment
treatment
treatment
treatment
recycling/reuse
recycling/reuse
recycling/reuse
treatment
recycling/reuse
landfill
recycling/reuse
landfill
recycling/reuse
treatment
landfill
Quantity (kg/
functional unit)
2.00e-06
1.17e-03
3.24e-02
5.69e-01
1.36e-01
3.09e-02
5.40e-01
1.426-01
2.44e-01
4.67e-02
8.84e-02
3.03e-01
1.44e-02
3.43e-04
1.69e-01
1.91e+00
1.37e-02
2.77e-02
4.46e-03
4.28e+00
2.74e-04
9.13e-04
1.19e-03
1.55e-02
4.66e-02
3.11e-05
3.11e-05
2.05e-02
2.17e-02
7.18e-03
1.14e-01
6.55e-05
1.82e-04
8.24e-05
4.54e-04
6.83e-06
9.91e-06
8.01e-04
% of process
group total
<0.01%
0.03%
0.76%
13.30%
3.17%
0.72%
12.62%
3.33%
5.72%
1.09%
2.07%
7.08%
0.34%
0.01%
3.95%
44.75%
0.32%
0.65%
0.10%
100.00%
0.24%
0.80%
1.04%
13.63%
40.89%
0.03%
0.03%
18.00%
19.05%
6.29%
100.00%
8.18%
22.74%
10.29%
56.70%
0.85%
1.24%
100.00%
% of grand
total
92.11%
2.46%
0.02%
2-141
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
Table 2-61. LCD manufacturing stage hazardous waste outputs
Material
Process Group
Backlight
Hazardous waste, unspecified
Hazardous waste, unspecified
Waste glass, with mercury
Waste CCFL, with mercury
Waste CCFL, with lead
Silver
Chromium
Total
PWB
PWB- Waste cupric etchant
PWB-Solder dross
PWB-Route dust
PWB-Lead contaminated waste oil
PWB-Decontaminating debris
Hazardous waste, unspecified
Total
Fuels
Hazardous waste, unspecified
Grand Total
Disposition
recycling/reuse
treatment
landfill
treatment
treatment
landfill
landfill
recycling/reuse
recycling/reuse
recycling/reuse
treatment
treatment
treatment
landfill
Quantity (kg/
functional unit)
1.42e-02
6.80e-03
1.05e-10
8.17e-10
8.17e-08
2.72e-09
1.52e-06
2.11e-02
9.93e-02
2.96e-02
5.31e-03
5.14e-03
6.85e-03
5.48e-02
2.01e-01
2.97e-02
4.64e+00
% of process
group total
67.68%
32.31%
<0.01%
<0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
100.00%
49.42%
14.72%
2.64%
2.56%
3.41%
27.26%
100.00%
% of grand
total
0.45%
4.33%
0.64%
100.00%
2-142
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
Table 2-62. LCD manufacturing stage solid waste outputs
Material
Process Group
Monitor/module
Isopropyl alcohol
LCD panel waste
Printed wiring board (PWB)
Remover, unspecified
Unspecified sludge
Unspecified sludge
Unspecified solid waste
Waste acid (containing F and detergents)
Waste acids, unspecified
Waste alkali, unspecified
Waste LCD glass
Waste LCD glass
Waste metals, unspecified
Waste oil
Waste plastic from LCD modules
Waste plastic from LCD modules
Waste plastics from LCD monitor
Total
Panel components
Isopropyl alcohol
Polyester resin
Unspecified solid waste
Used silica gel
Waste alkali (color filter developer,
unspecified)
Waste LCD glass
Total
LCD glass
abrasive sludge
acid absorbent
blasting media
Cinders from LCD glass mfg
Cobalt nitrate
Diesel fuel
Dust
LCD glass EP dust
LCD glass EP dust
LCD glass, unspecified
Nickel nitrate
Oily rags & filter media
Oily rags & filter media
Disposition
treatment
landfill
landfill
treatment
recycling/reuse
treatment
recycling/reuse
landfill
treatment
recycling/reuse
landfill
recycling/reuse
recycling/reuse
treatment
recycling/reuse
treatment
landfill
recycling/reuse
recycling/reuse
treatment
landfill
recycling/reuse
landfill
recycling/reuse
landfill
landfill
landfill
treatment
treatment
treatment
landfill
recycling/reuse
landfill
treatment
landfill
recycling/reuse
Quantity (kg/
functional unit)
1.03e-02
2.43e-02
7.50e-03
3.09e-02
8.46e-01
5.73e-02
2.02e-02
2.70e-01
l.OSe-Ol
3.23e-01
2.06e-01
7.20e-01
2.93e-03
1.61e-02
7.40e-02
4.03e-01
4.05e-02
3.16e+00
2.53e-02
3.20e-02
1.10e-02
6.22e-04
8.91e-02
5.74e-02
2.15e-01
1.95e-03
3.77e-06
1.70e-05
3.83e-04
2.83e-06
1.88e-06
1.59e-04
4.77e-05
2.32e-04
1.13e-03
2.83e-06
1.51e-05
1.88e-06
% of process
group total
0.33%
0.77%
0.24%
0.98%
26.79%
1.82%
0.64%
8.56%
3.32%
10.24%
6.52%
22.80%
0.09%
0.51%
2.35%
12.77%
1.28%
100.00%
11.75%
14.84%
5.09%
0.29%
41.37%
26.66%
100.00%
32.61%
0.06%
0.28%
6.40%
0.05%
0.03%
2.65%
0.80%
3.88%
18.83%
0.05%
0.25%
0.03%
% of grand total
25.07%
1.71%
2-143
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
Table 2-62. LCD manufacturing stage solid waste outputs
Material
Process Group
parts cleaner solvent
Plating process sludge
Potassium Carbonate
sludge (calcium fluoride, CaF2)
Sludge from LCD glass mfg
Sodium Carbonate
Unspecified sludge
Waste alkali, unspecified
Waste LCD glass
Waste oil
Waste refractory
Total
Backlight
Broken CCFL
Cardboard
Polyethylene, foamed
Polyethylene/polypropylene waste
Unspecified nonhazardous waste
Waste backlight casing (PC)
Waste backlight light guide (PMMA)
Total
PWB
PWB-Drill dust
Unspecified solid waste
Unspecified solid waste
Total
Japanese grid
Coal waste
Dust/sludge
Fly/bottom ash
Total
U.S. grid
Coal waste
Dust/sludge
Fly/bottom ash
Total
Fuels
Aluminum scrap
Aluminum scrap, Wabash 319
Bauxite residues
FGD sludge
Mineral waste
Disposition
recycling/reuse
landfill
landfill
recycling/reuse
landfill
landfill
landfill
treatment
landfill
treatment
landfill
landfill
treatment
treatment
treatment
recycling/reuse
landfill
landfill
landfill
recycling/reuse
treatment
landfill
landfill
landfill
landfill
landfill
landfill
recycling/reuse
recycling/reuse
landfill
landfill
landfill
Quantity (kg/
functional unit)
3.77e-06
1.52e-05
1.53e-04
8.13e-04
4.06e-05
1.53e-04
3.56e-04
1.95e-06
8.70e-05
3.03e-04
1.13e-04
5.98e-03
2.69e-07
1.82e-05
9.99e-04
2.72e-03
1.26e-04
1.46e-05
1.52e-03
5.40e-03
6.59e-03
1.91e-01
1.62e+00
1.81e+00
2.18e+00
8.42e-01
5.45e-01
3.57e+00
9.85e-02
3.81e-02
2.46e-02
1.61e-01
8.77e-06
2.37e-08
5.87e-04
1.09e-02
1.26e-04
% of process
group total
0.06%
0.25%
2.55%
13.59%
0.68%
2.55%
5.95%
0.03%
1.45%
5.07%
1.89%
100.00%
0.01%
0.34%
18.50%
50.45%
2.32%
0.27%
28.12%
100.00%
0.36%
10.53%
89.11%
100.00%
61.12%
23.59%
15.28%
100.00%
61.10%
23.63%
15.27%
100.00%
0.01%
0.01%
0.02%
0.30%
O.01%
% of grand total
0.05%
0.04%
14.40%
28.34%
1.28%
2-144
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
Table 2-62. LCD manufacturing stage solid waste outputs
Material
Process Group
Mixed industrial (waste)
Non toxic chemical waste (unspecified)
Slag and ash
Slag and ash
Unspecified solid waste (incinerated)
Unspecified waste
Total
Grand Total
Disposition
landfill
landfill
landfill
recycling/reuse
treatment
landfill
Quantity (kg/
functional unit)
4.83e-02
2.95e-05
3.40e+00
3.49e-02
6.44e-04
1.72e-01
3.66e+00
1.26e+01
% of process
group total
1.32%
<0.01%
92.69%
0.95%
0.02%
4.70%
100.00%
% of grand total
29.10%
100.00%
Table 2-63. LCD manufacturing stage radioactive waste outputs
Material
Process Group
Japanese grid
Low-level radioactive waste
Uranium, depleted
Total
U.S. grid
Low-level radioactive waste
Uranium, depleted
Total
Grand Total
Disposition
landfill
landfill
landfill
landfill
Quantity (kg/
functional unit)
3.71e-04
l.lle-04
4.82e-04
3.40e-06
1.02e-06
4.42e-06
4.87e-04
% of process
group total
76.93%
23.07%
100.00%
76.93%
23.07%
100.00%
% of grand total
99.09%
0.91%
100.00%
2-145
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
Table 2-64. LCD manufacturing stage radioactivity outputs
Material
Process Group
Japanese grid
Antimony- 124 (isotope)
Antimony- 125 (isotope)
Argon-41 (isotope)
Barium-140 (isotope)
Bromine-89 (isotope)
Bromine-90 (isotope)
Cesium- 134 (isotope)
Cesium- 134 (isotope)
Cesium- 137 (isotope)
Cesium- 137 (isotope)
Chromium-51 (isotope)
Chromium-51 (isotope)
Cobalt-57 (isotope)
Cobalt-57 (isotope)
Cobalt-58 (isotope)
Cobalt-58 (isotope)
Cobalt-60 (isotope)
Cobalt-80 (isotope)
Iodine-131 (isotope)
Iodine-131 (isotope)
Iodine- 132 (isotope)
Iodine- 132 (isotope)
Iodine-133 (isotope)
Iodine-133 (isotope)
Iodine- 134 (isotope)
Iodine- 135 (isotope)
Iodine-135 (isotope)
Iron-55 (isotope)
Iron-59 (isotope)
Krypton-85 (isotope)
Krypton-85M (isotope)
Krypton-85M (isotope)
Krypton-87 (isotope)
Krypton-88 (isotope)
Lanthanum- 140 (isotope)
Manganese-54 (isotope)
Manganese-54 (isotope)
Molybdenum-99 (isotope)
Niobium-95 (isotope)
Niobium-95 (isotope)
Rubidium-88 (isotope)
Disposition
treatment
treatment
air
treatment
air
air
air
treatment
air
treatment
air
treatment
air
treatment
air
treatment
air
treatment
air
treatment
air
treatment
air
treatment
air
air
treatment
treatment
treatment
air
air
treatment
air
air
treatment
air
treatment
treatment
air
treatment
air
Quantity (Bq/
functional unit)
1.67e+00
6.63e+00
3.37e+03
1.23e-01
3.90e-04
1.59e-04
1.07e-02
4.45e+00
8.08e-02
6.69e+00
2.11e-01
8.02e+00
5.68e-04
1.94e-01
7.26e-03
7.90e+01
5.46e-02
2.07e+01
2.55e-01
3.70e+00
5.18e-02
1.40e+00
2.37e+02
1.59e+00
2.686-01
1.35e-02
1.14e+00
1.89e+01
9.70e-01
5.59e+03
2.71e+02
5.00e+00
l.Ole+02
4.73e+02
1.326-01
3.00e-03
5.29e+00
9.98e+06
1.19e-04
1.36e+00
l.lle+00
% of process
group total
<0.01%
<0.01%
0.03%
<0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
O.01%
O.01%
O.01%
O.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.06%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
98.42%
O.01%
O.01%
O.01%
% of grand total
2-146
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
Table 2-64. LCD manufacturing stage radioactivity outputs
Material
Process Group
Ruthenium- 103 (isotope)
Silver-llOM (isotope)
Silver-llOM (isotope)
Sodium-24 (isotope)
Strontium-89 (isotope)
Strontium-90 (isotope)
Strontium-95 (isotope)
Sulfur- 136 (isotope)
Technetium-99M (isotope)
Technetium-99M (isotope)
Tin-113 (isotope)
Tritium-3 (isotope)
Tritium-3 (isotope)
Xenon-13 1M (isotope)
Xenon-13 1M (isotope)
Xenon- 13 3 (isotope)
Xenon- 13 3 (isotope)
Xenon-133M (isotope)
Xenon-133M (isotope)
Xenon- 13 5 (isotope)
Xenon- 13 5 (isotope)
Xenon-135M (isotope)
Xenon- 13 8 (isotope)
Zinc-85 (isotope)
Zirconium-95 (isotope)
Total
U.S. grid
Antimony- 124 (isotope)
Antimony- 125 (isotope)
Argon-41 (isotope)
Barium-140 (isotope)
Bromine-89 (isotope)
Bromine-90 (isotope)
Cesium- 134 (isotope)
Cesium- 134 (isotope)
Cesium- 136 (isotope)
Cesium- 137 (isotope)
Cesium-137 (isotope)
Chromium-51 (isotope)
Chromium-51 (isotope)
Cobalt-57 (isotope)
Cobalt-57 (isotope)
Disposition
treatment
air
treatment
treatment
treatment
treatment
treatment
treatment
air
treatment
treatment
air
treatment
air
treatment
air
treatment
air
treatment
air
treatment
air
air
treatment
air
treatment
treatment
air
treatment
air
air
air
treatment
treatment
air
treatment
air
treatment
air
treatment
Quantity (Bq/
functional unit)
1.67e-01
3.56e-06
1.94e+00
2.96e-01
3.20e-01
7.52e-02
8.29e-01
1.78e-01
1.60e-05
1.16e-01
1.84e-01
7.90e+03
5.91e+04
4.56e+02
6.08e+01
4.37e+03
9.34e+03
6.58e+04
7.65e+01
2.48e+03
6.97e+01
4.74e+01
1.57e+02
8.92e-02
3.08e-04
l.Ole+07
1.53e-02
6.09e-02
3.09e+01
1.13e-03
3.58e-06
1.45e-06
9.82e-05
4.09e-02
1.75e-03
7.41e-04
6.13e-02
1.94e-03
7.36e-02
5.21e-06
1.78e-03
% of process
group total
0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
0.08%
0.58%
<0.01%
0.01%
0.04%
0.09%
0.65%
O.01%
0.02%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
O.01%
100.00%
0.01%
0.01%
0.03%
O.01%
O.01%
O.01%
O.01%
O.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
% of grand total
99.09%
2-147
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
Table 2-64. LCD manufacturing stage radioactivity outputs
Material
Process Group
Cobalt-58 (isotope)
Cobalt-58 (isotope)
Cobalt-60 (isotope)
Cobalt-80 (isotope)
Iodine-131 (isotope)
Iodine-131 (isotope)
Iodine- 132 (isotope)
Iodine- 132 (isotope)
Iodine-133 (isotope)
Iodine-133 (isotope)
Iodine- 134 (isotope)
Iodine-135 (isotope)
Iodine-135 (isotope)
Iron-55 (isotope)
Iron-59 (isotope)
Krypton-85 (isotope)
Krypton-85M (isotope)
Krypton-85M (isotope)
Krypton-87 (isotope)
Krypton-88 (isotope)
Lanthanum- 140 (isotope)
Manganese-54 (isotope)
Manganese-54 (isotope)
Molybdenum-99 (isotope)
Niobium-95 (isotope)
Niobium-95 (isotope)
Rubidium-88 (isotope)
Ruthenium- 103 (isotope)
Silver- 110M (isotope)
Silver- 110M (isotope)
Sodium-24 (isotope)
Strontium-89 (isotope)
Strontium-90 (isotope)
Strontium-95 (isotope)
Sulfur- 136 (isotope)
Technetium-99M (isotope)
Technetium-99M (isotope)
Tin-113 (isotope)
Tritium-3 (isotope)
Tritium-3 (isotope)
Xenon-13 1M (isotope)
Xenon-13 1M (isotope)
Disposition
air
treatment
air
treatment
air
treatment
air
treatment
air
treatment
air
air
treatment
treatment
treatment
air
air
treatment
air
air
treatment
air
treatment
treatment
air
treatment
air
treatment
air
treatment
treatment
treatment
treatment
treatment
treatment
air
treatment
treatment
air
treatment
air
treatment
Quantity (Bq/
functional unit)
6.65e+00
7.25e-01
5.01e-04
1.90e-01
2.34e-03
3.39e-02
4.75e-04
1.28e-02
2.17e+00
1.45e-02
2.46e-03
1.24e-04
1.04e-02
1.73e-01
8.90e-03
5.13e+01
2.48e+00
4.58e-02
9.25e-01
4.34e+00
1.21e-03
2.75e-05
4.85e-02
9.15e+04
1.09e-06
1.25e-02
1.02e-02
1.53e-03
3.26e-08
1.78e-02
2.72e-03
2.93e-03
6.90e-04
7.60e-03
1.64e-03
1.47e-07
1.06e-03
1.68e-03
7.25e+01
5.42e+02
4.18e+00
5.58e-01
% of process
group total
0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
<0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.06%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
98.41%
O.01%
O.01%
O.01%
O.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.08%
0.58%
0.01%
O.01%
% of grand total
2-148
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
Table 2-64. LCD manufacturing stage radioactivity outputs
Material
Process Group
Xenon- 13 3 (isotope)
Xenon- 13 3 (isotope)
Xenon-133M (isotope)
Xenon-133M (isotope)
Xenon- 13 5 (isotope)
Xenon- 13 5 (isotope)
Xenon-135M (isotope)
Xenon- 13 8 (isotope)
Zinc-85 (isotope)
Zirconium-95 (isotope)
Total
Fuels
Radioactive substance (unspecified)
Radioactive substance (unspecified)
Total
Grand Total
Disposition
air
treatment
air
treatment
air
treatment
air
air
treatment
air
air
surface water
Quantity (Bq/
functional unit)
6.04e+02
8.57e+01
4.01e+01
7.02e-01
2.28e+01
6.39e-01
4.35e-01
1.44e+00
8.18e-04
2.82e-06
9.30e+04
4.44e+01
4.116-01
4.48e+01
1.02e+07
% of process
group total
0.65%
0.09%
0.04%
<0.01%
0.02%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
0.01%
O.01%
100.00%
99.08%
0.92%
100.00%
% of grand total
0.91%
0.00%
100.00%
2-149
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
LCD manufacturing - primary material
~ 25-,
f 20-
TO
§ 15'
£ in- 7.50
0 101
,= 5 • 0.32 0.28 0.40
Bl t 1 8 1
II !| | I *
8
LCD mfg. process group
Figure 2-51. LCD manufacturing primary
inputs
16.2
0.38
23.1
Q) "D (/)
$ -o '°> 1
a'§> S
ra
— j
material inputs
LCD manufacturing
±j 250 -, 203
"re 150 -
o IOC-
'S 50 • 0.322
^3 v ' '
*™ ° "5 ^
_§^ "c ^ "oj ^
i i | §.
E
o
o
Figure 2-52
0.009
LCD glass
LCD
- ancillary material inputs
0.001 0.512 0.148 0.007
•£ m
m
Q
O
_i
8.3E-06 3-58
0.17 0.00 0.00 | 1
I I
^ CD 0 "D (/)
D) § S '£. "0
= n_ ¥ "0 ^ =!
1 a'& S
m ro
LCD mfg. process group
Figure 2-53. LCD manufacturing fuel inputs
2-150
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
LCD
.•H 300 -, 259
C
3
1 200-
0
C 100-
£
^ n
46.4
I I
t 0 m
£3 c
'c "° 0
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
LCD manufacturing - air emissions
x 60 1
§ 50 -
TO 40 -
5 30 -
c 20 -
1 10-
* 0 -I
52.2
0.03
1-8 5.9E-03 0.13 1.7E-05
0.87
t ^ CO ~D (/)
I! i! I f ! B ! 1
Q- p- O 00 jo
8 ~" LCD mfg. process group
Figure 2-59. LCD manufacturing water pollutant outputs
2-152
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
LCD
+- 5 1
1 4-
c 3 -
O
t> 2-
B)
•* o -
4
manufacturing - hazardous waste outputs
.3E+00
1.1E-01
^ — -2
1= "a "aj a)
0 ° C £
2 E £ |
8
Figure
8.0E-04
ra
D)
Q
O
2-60. LCD
2.1E-02
D)
O
ra
CD
LCD mfg.
2.0E-01 o.OE+00 O.OE+00
CD 0) T3
§ W '1=
Q. c ^ ™
ra
process group
3.0E-02
CO
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
Of the total 49 kg of primary materials per functional unit in the manufacturing stage, the
fuels production contributes the greatest (23.1 kg/functional unit), followed by the Japanese
electric grid (16.2 kg/functional unit) (Figure 2-51 and Table 2-56). Nearly all (203 out of 204
kg/functional unit) of the ancillary materials used during manufacturing are from the
monitor/module process group (Figure 2-52 and Table 2-57). Liquified natural gas (LNG)
constitutes about 96% (194 kg/functional unit) of the total ancillary materials in the
monitor/module process group. As stated earlier, this is not used to calculate energy impacts.
Of the utility inputs, electricity and water inputs were greatest in the monitor/module
manufacturing processes; fuels were greatest in the LCD glass manufacturing process group
(Figures 2-53, 2-54, and 2-55). Sixty-three percent of the fuel inputs are from the LCD glass
manufacturing process group. Within that group, the use of LPG clearly dominates at about 16.2
kg/functional unit (over 99% of the LCD glass fuel inputs) (Table 2-58).6 The monitor/module
manufacturing fuel inputs are about 20% of the total manufacturing fuel inputs (5.2 kg/functional
unit). About 259 MJ/functional unit of electricity in the LCD manufacturing stage are from the
monitor/module processes7, or 82% of all manufacturing electricity (Figure 2-54). The total
energy, which converts fuel mass into energy and adds that to the electrical energy, is greatest in
the LCD glass manufacturing processes and contributes 705 MJ/functional unit to the 1,440
MJ/functional unit in the manufacturing stage (Figure 2-56). Water inputs are most significant
in the monitor/module manufacturing process, contributing 1,080 kg (or liter)/functional unit
(Figure 2-55), which is 50% of all the manufacturing water inputs. The fuels production and
panel components process groups contribute about 24% and 10% to the water manufacturing
inputs, respectively.
For outputs from the manufacturing stage, the mass of air emissions are dominated by the
generation of electricity (Figure 2-57). Individual material (pollutant) contributions for each
process group are presented in Table 2-59. Wastewater outputs (i.e., the volume or mass of
wastewater released) are greatest for the monitor/module manufacturing processes (92%)
(Figure 2-58), but only 21% of the chemical pollutants in the wastewater streams come from
those processes (Figure 2-59). Table 2-60 shows the individual contributions from each
material.
Hazardous wastes from the LCD manufacturing stage dominated over other life-cycle
stages, and within the manufacturing stage, the monitor/module processes had the greatest
hazardous waste outputs by mass (4.3 kg/functional unit) (Figure 2-60). The greatest
contributors by mass are isopropyl alcohol (a total of 2.1 kg/functional unit, or 49% of all wastes
from the monitor/module manufacturing processes) (Table 2-61). These wastes, however, are
recycled and although they are a large portion of the inventory, they will not affect the impact
assessment (to be presented in Chapter 3) as they are not directly released to the environment.
Solid wastes generated during the manufacturing stage were only about 21% of the
overall solid wastes generated throughout the LCD life-cycle, as was shown earlier in
Note: An industry participant questioned the large fuel contribution reported here; however, further
discussions with industry supported that no valid reason could justify removing these data. Glass energy inputs are
evaluated in a sensitivity analysis (see Section 2.7.3 and 3.4).
7 This amount of electricity is consistent with the industry participant that expressed doubt in the large fuel
energy contribution and subsequent overall energy use amount in module manufacturing.
2-154
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
Figure 2-48. Within the manufacturing stage, the fuels production, Japanese grid and
monitor/module manufacturing process groups are all major contributors to the solid waste
outputs (Figure 2-61). The individual material contributions are provided in Table 2-62.
Radioactive waste and radioactivity are directly related to the electricity generation
process and therefore, only the Japanese and U.S. electric grid processes generate these outputs
in the manufacturing stage. Tables 2-63 and 2-64 show that more radioactive wastes and
radioactivity are from the Japanese electric grid. This is a result of more manufacturing
processes being in Japan, as modeled in this project, as well as the greater fraction of nuclear
power in the Japanese electric grid.
2.7.2 Relative Data Quality
Sections 2.2 through 2.6 (and associated appendices) discuss the data quality and data
limitations for each life-cycle stage. Several factors contribute to the overall quality for an entire
life-cycle stage. For example, the manufacturing stage includes several different processes that
were collected from several different companies. The quality of one data set from one company
may be very different from that of another company. Relative data quality estimates have been
made for each life-cycle stage, including electricity generation, which is included in more than
one life-cycle stage (Table 2-65). In addition, transportation data quality is listed in Table 2-65,
although it has been excluded from the analysis due to the very low data quality.
Table 2-65. Relative data quality
Life-cycle stage
Upstream
Manufacturing
Use
EOL
Electricity generation
Transportation
Relative data quality
Moderate
Moderate to high
Moderate to high
Low to moderate
High
Very low
2.7.3 Sensitivity Analyses
The inventory results presented above in Section 2.7.1 are the "baseline" results in this
study. The baseline scenario includes the parameters/assumptions presented in the
methodologies for the effective life scenario. However, due to assumptions and uncertainties in
this LCA, as in any LCA, sensitivity analyses on the baseline results have been conducted. Four
areas have been identified where sensitivity analyses were most warranted:
• use stage lifespan assumptions;
• glass manufacturing energy inputs;
• LCD monitor/module manufacturing energy inputs, and
• LCD EOL disposition assumptions.
Selected sensitivity analyses were chosen based on the data with either the greatest uncertainties
or with a large uncertainty and a major contributor to the inventory results. The matrix in Table
2-155
-------
2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
2-66 shows the different sensitivity analyses or scenarios that are considered in the impact
assessment results. Discussions of the sensitivity analyses for manufactured life (use stage),
glass manufacturing energy inputs, LCD monitor manufacturing energy inputs, and LCD EOL
inventories follow in this section. Complete inventories of each sensitivity analysis scenario are
not presented; however, the effects determined in the LCIA results of the sensitivity analyses are
shown in Chapter 3 (see Section 3.4).
Table 2-66. List of sensitivity analysis scenarios
Monitor
type
Sensitivity analysis scenario
Baseline analyses (for reference)
CRT
LCD
Effective life scenario with average glass energy inputs (all glass manufacturing energy data used)
Effective life scenario with average glass energy inputs (all glass manufacturing energy data used)
and outliers in the LCD module manufacturing energy data removed
Sensitivity analyses
CRT
LCD
CRT
LCD
LCD
LCD
Manufactured life scenario same as baseline except lifespan is based on manufactured life instead of
effective life, which results in some revised functional equivalency calculations (see Section 2.7.3. 1
below)
Manufactured life scenario same as baseline except lifespan is based on manufactured life, which
results in some revised functional equivalency calculations (see Section 2.7.3. 1 below)
Modified glass energy scenario same as baseline except comparatively high glass manufacturing
energy inputs are removed
Modified glass energy scenario same as baseline except comparatively high glass manufacturing
energy inputs are removed
Modified LCD module energy scenario same as baseline except LCD monitor/ module
manufacturing energy outliers are included in the average
Modifed LCD EOL scenario same as baseline except LCD EOL dispositions are modified
2.7.3.1 Manufactured life scenario
To address uncertainties in the use stage lifespan assumptions, we applied the
manufacturing life scenario to the CRT and LCD life-cycle profiles. (See Section 2.4 for a
discussion of the product use stage and the differences in the "effective life" versus
"manufactured life" life span assumptions.) Recall that the LCD manufactured life (45,000
hours) is 3.6 times greater than the CRT manufactured life (12,500 hours). In an LCA,
comparisons are made based on functional equivalency. Therefore, if one monitor will operate
for a longer period of time than another, impacts should be based on an equivalent use. Thus,
based on equivalent use periods, under the manufactured life scenario 3.6 CRTs would need to
be manufactured for every LCD. This was incorporated into the profile analysis for the
comparative manufactured life LCA. Similarly, on average, 1.4 LCD backlights (which can be
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2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
cost-effectively replaced) will be needed during the manufactured lifetime of an LCD monitor.
This was also incorporated into the profile. Thus, the following modifications were made:
change the CRT electricity input in the use stage from 635 kWh (2,286 MJ) to 788 kWh
(2,837 MJ);8
• change the LCD electricity input in the use stage from 237 kWh (853 MJ) to 1,035 kWh
(3,726 MJ);
• increase the manufacturing of CRTs by a factor of 3.6 to account for the functional
equivalency of CRTs and LCDs. This was done by increasing the functional unit (22 kg
CRT monitor) by a factor of 3.6, which equates to manufacturing 3.6 times more CRTs
than in the baseline case; and
• increase the manufacturing of the LCD backlight lamp by a factor of 1.4 to account for
the functional equivalency of LCDs and CRTs. This was done by increasing the
backlight lamp mass (0.0023 kg), which is an input to the backlight unit assembly
process, by a factor of 1.4.
Note that functional equivalency modification requires that the manufactured life scenario results
be used only when comparing the CRT and LCD. These results cannot be accurately used to
compare EL to ML for CRT or LCD. LCIA results of the sensitivity analysis are presented in
Chapter 3.
2.7.3.2 Modified glass energy scenario
In the second case, the energy input values for CRT glass manufacturing (and
consequently LCD glass manufacturing) were considered uncertain due to the large discrepancy
in fuel and electricity values among the individual data sets. The baseline case uses the average
of the data supplied and confirmed by the companies who supplied the data. However, because
one set of data was significantly higher, that one set of data was removed from the profile for the
sensitivity analysis. (A statistical evaluation of the glass manufacturing data for outliers could
not be conducted because there were not enough data sets.)
In the baseline scenario, the averaged primary data from manufacturers of total energy to
produce a kilogram of CRT or LCD glass was 1,560 MJ (433 kWh) of energy, with only 0.3% of
that as electrical energy. The sensitivity analysis scenario assumes 16.3 MJ (4.5 kWh) per
kilogram of glass produced, with approximately 30% as electrical energy. The majority of the
fuel energy in the baseline scenario was from LPG. The energy consumption values can be
compared to estimates for the entire glass industry, which includes the more prevalent general
flat glass, as well as speciality glasses, such as CRT and LCD glass. In a report of the Glass
Technology Roadmap Workshop (Energetics Inc. 1997), it was estimated that in practice, about
1.1 MJ of energy are required to melt a kilogram of glass; and electrical energy contributes
approximately 13% of the total process energy requirements from glass production, as reported
in 1994. Although this does not translate into energy requirements for CRT or LCD glass, it
suggests the baseline data collected for this analysis may be inflated. Therefore, the sensitivity
This represents the electricity use for a 12,500 hour life span. This figure is then multiplied by a factor of
3.6 in the functional equivalency calculations (see third bullet, below).
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2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
analysis uses revised energy input values for glass production, but it is also not known whether
these values represent the true energy requirements for CRT and LCD glass production. The
sensitivity analysis is considered a lower bound of energy requirements for monitor glass
production.
2.7.3.3 Modified LCD module energy scenario
LCD monitor/module manufacturing energy was another area of relatively large
uncertainty and variability in the inventory data. The CDP received seven sets of LCD
monitor/module manufacturing data from five companies in Japan and two in Korea. Of these,
the manufacturing energy data from one company in Korea was incomplete and could not be
used. For the remaining six data sets, total energy inputs ranged from 330 MJ to 7,310 MJ, with
a mean and standard deviation of 2,269 MJ and 2,906 MJ, respectively. Given the wide
variability in the data and large standard deviation, CDP researchers evaluated the data for
outliers by breaking the total energy data points into quartile ranges. Minor outliers are then
those within a certain range of multipliers beyond the middle 50 percent of the distribution. That
is, the interquartile range (IQR) (i.e., the range of values representing the middle 50 percent)
multiplied by 1.5 is the lower bound of the minor outlier and the IQR times three is the upper
bound of the minor outlier. Anything beyond IQR times three is a major outlier. Using this
approach, one data set was found to be a minor outlier and another was found to be a major
outlier. These outliers were excluded from the averages used in the baseline analysis, but
included in the averages used in the LCD monitor/module manufacturing energy sensitivity
analysis.
Table 2-67 summarizes the energy inputs for the LCD monitor/module manufacturing
process group under the baseline and modified LCD module energy scenarios. Note that total
energy inputs are approximately 4.5 times lower under the baseline scenario. However, because
of the different types of energy (fuel and electricity) employed by different manufacturers, the
mean electric energy is higher for the baseline than the modified energy scenario.
2.7.3.4 LCD End-of-life dispositions
Finally, because very few desktop LCDs have reached their end of life, and usually only
if they have been damaged in some way, very little is known about the percentage of LCDs that
are remanufactured, recycled, landfilled or incinerated. In the baseline scenario, it was assumed
that a certain proportion of monitors go to each EOL disposition. As the functional unit in this
study is one monitor, we used those proportions to represent the probability that one monitor
would go to the respective disposition. To address uncertainties in the allocation of disposition
percentages, a sensitivity analysis was conducted with a different set of final disposition
numbers. Details and assumptions for the sensitivity analysis are provided in Appendix I. Table
2-68 presents the distribution of LCD EOL dispositions assumed under the baseline and modifed
EOL dispositions scenarios. LCIA results for the sensitivity analysis are presented in
Section 3.4.
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2.7 SUMMARY OF LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY RESULTS
Table 2-67. Energy inputs to the LCD monitor/module manufacturing process group
under the baseline and modified energy scenarios
Total energy
(MJper
monitor)
Electric energy
(MJ per
monitor)
Fuel energy
(MJ per
monitor)
% electric
energy
% fuel energy
Baseline (excludes two outlier data sets from the means used in the inventory)
Range
Mean
Standard
deviation
333 to 934
508
284
199 to 359
259
68
48 to 695
249
300
25 to 88
60
27
12 to 75
40
27
Modified Energy (includes two outlier data sets in the means used in the inventory)
Range
Mean
Standard
deviation
333 to 7,317
2,274
2,906
125 to 359
222
79
48 to 7, 146
2052
2,956
2 to 88
10
36
12 to 98
90
36
Table 2-68. Distribution of LCD EOL dispositions in the baseline and
modified EOL scenarios
Disposition
Incineration
Recycling
Remanufacturing
Hazardous waste landfill
Solid waste landfill
Baseline
15%
15%
15%
5%
50%
Modified
15%
0%
40%
5%
40%
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REFERENCES
REFERENCES
Bocko, P. 2000. Personal communication with P. Bocko, Corning Incorporated and M.L.
Socolof, University of Tennessee Center for Clean Products and Clean Technologies.
Octobers.
CIA (Computer Industry Almanac, Inc.). 1997. Computer Industry Almanac. Arlington
Heights, IL.
Douglas, D. 1999. Personal communication with D. Douglas and E. Korman, Dell, and J.G.
Overly, University of Tennessee Center for Clean Products and Clean Technologies.
March.
Ecobilan. 1999. DEAM, life-cycle inventory database developed by the Ecobilan Group,
copyright 1999.
El A (Energy Information Administration). 1997. Country Energy Data Report for 1997. Web
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EIA. 1999a. Electric Power Monthly, February 1999 (With Data for November 1998).
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EIA. 1999b. "1997 Residential Energy Consumption Survey," Housing Characteristics report.
Web site available at http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/consumption/reports.html (under
'Residential Households').
Energetics, Incorporated. 1997. Report of the Glass Technology Roadmap Workshop, April 24-
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Incorporated, Fort Motor Company, Pilkington Libbey-Owens-Ford, Praxair, Inc., and
Techneglas, Incorporated. Columbia, Maryland.
EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). 1996. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors
(AP-42), Fifth Edition, Volume I. AP-42. January.
EPA. 1998. "Characterization of Municipal Solid Waste in the United States: 1997 Update."
Report No. EPA530-R-98-007.
Fanara, A. 1999. Personal communication with A. Fanara, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) Energy Star Program, and J.G. Overly, University of Tennessee Center
for Clean Products and Clean Technologies. July.
FEPC (Federation of Electric Power Companies). 1996. "Electricity Review Japan: The FEPC."
Web site available at http://www.fepc or jp/erj/data 03.html (1996 data).
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Monitors." Web site available at
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ISO (International Standards Organization). 1996. ISO 14040, Environmental Management -
Life-cycle Assessment Principles and Framework. TC 2071 SC 5N 77. International
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Lapp, J.C. 2000. Personal communication with J.C. Lapp, Corning Incorporated, and M.L.
Socolof, University of Tennessee, Center for Clean Products and Clean Technologies.
October 11 and October 23.
Matthews, H. S., et al. 1991. "Disposition and End-of-Life Options for Personal Computers."
Green Design Initiative Technical Report #97-10. Carnegie Mellon University,
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McConnaughey, M. 1999. Personal communication with M. McConnaughey, ViewSonic, and
J.G. Overly, University of Tennessee, Center for Clean Products and Clean Technologies.
March.
MCC (Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation). 1998. Computer Display
Industry and Technology Profile. EPA 744-R-98-005. December.
Nordman, B., M. A. Piette and K. Kinney. 1996. "Measured Energy Savings and Performance
of Power-Managed Personal Computers and Monitors." Presented at the American
Council for an Energy Efficient Economy Summer Study, Pacific Grove, CA.
LBL-38057, UC-1600. August.
NSC (National Safety Council). 1999. Electronic Product Recovery and Recycling Baseline
Report: Recycling of Selected Electronic Products in the United States. Washington,
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ORNL (Oak Ridge National Laboratory). 1994. Report 3: Estimating Externalities of Coal
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ORNL. 1995. ReportS: Estimating Externalities of Nuclear Fuel Cycles. Oak Ridge, TN.
April.
SET AC (Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry). 1994. Life-Cycle Assessment
Data Quality: A Conceptual Framework. SET AC and SET AC Foundation for
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Sharp, J. 2000. Personal communication with J. Sharp, Teredyne Corp., J.G. Overly,
University of Tennessee, Center for Clean Products and Clean Technologies, and M.L.
Socolof, University of Tennessee, Center for Clean Products and Clean Technologies.
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Environment Computer Display Project." International Symposium on Electronics and
the Environment, The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
Computer Society Conference Record, May 8-10, San Francisco, CA.
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McFarland and A. Bradley, TORNRC, and R. Dhingra, University of Tennessee, Center
for Clean Products and Clean Technologies. April.
Tsuda, D. 1999. Personal communication with D. Tsuda, Environmental Technologies and
Strategies Department, Apple Computer, Inc., and M.L. Socolof, University of
Tennessee, Center for Clean Products and Clean Technologies. July.
Vorhees, G. 2000. Personal communication with G. Vorhees, Envirocycle, and M.L. Socolof,
University of Tennessee, Center for Clean Products and Clean Technologies. July.
Young, R. 1999. Personal communication with R. Young, Display Search, and M.L. Socolof,
University of Tennessee, Center for Clean Products and Clean Technologies. August.
VP150. 1998. Viewsonic VP150 17" monitor specifications sheet.
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University of Tennessee, Center for Clean Products and Clean Technologies. October 27.
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3.1 METHODOLOGY
Chapter 3
LIFE-CYCLE IMPACT ASSESSMENT
Within LCA, the LCI is a well established methodology; however, LCIA methods are
less well defined and continue to evolve (Barnthouse et a/., 1997; Fava et a/., 1993). For toxicity
impacts in particular, there are some methods being applied in practice (e.g., toxicity potentials,
critical volume, and direct valuation) (Guinee etal., 1996; ILSI, 1996; Curran, 1996), while
others are in development. However, there is currently no general consensus among the LCA
community as to one method over another. LCIA sophistication has also been discussed in
efforts to determine the appropriate level of analytical sophistication for various types of
decision making requirements (Bare etal., 1999) or one that adequately addresses toxicity
impacts.
Section 3.1 of this chapter presents the University of Tennessee (UT) LCIA
methodology, which takes a more detailed approach to chemical toxicity impacts than some
methods currently being used. Section 3.1 also discusses data sources, data quality, and the
limitations and uncertainties in the LCIA methodology. The UT methodology calculates life-
cycle impact category indicators for a number of impact categories, including several traditional
LCA impact categories (e.g., global warming, stratospheric ozone depletion, photochemical
smog, and energy consumption). Furthermore, the method calculates relative category indicators
for potential chronic human health, aquatic ecotoxicity, and terrestrial ecotoxicity impacts in
order to address interest in human and ecological toxicity and to fill a common gap in LCIAs.
Work conducted for Saturn Corporation and the EPA Office of Research and Development by
the UT Center for Clean Products and Clean Technologies has provided the basis for much of
this methodology (Swanson, 2001).
Section 3.2 of this chapter describes the data management and analysis software used to
calculate LCIA results. Section 3.3 presents the baseline LCIA results for both the CRT and the
LCD. Baseline results are presented by impact category and include a discussion of the specific
limitations and uncertainties in each category. Section 3.4 presents sensitivity analyses of the
baseline results.
3.1 METHODOLOGY
In its simplest form, LCIA is the evaluation of potential impacts to any system as a result
of some action. LCIAs generally classify the consumption and loading data from the inventory
stage to various impact categories. Characterization methods are then used to quantify the
magnitude of the contribution that loading or consumption could have in producing the
associated impact. LCIA does not seek to determine actual impacts, but rather to link the data
gathered from the LCI to impact categories and to quantify the relative magnitude of
contribution to the impact category (Fava et a/., 1993; Barnthouse et a/., 1997). Further, impacts
in different impact categories are generally calculated based on differing scales and therefore
cannot be directly compared.
Conceptually, there are three major phases of LCIA, as defined by the Society of
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) (Fava et a/., 1993):
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3.1 METHODOLOGY
• Classification - The process of assignment and initial aggregation of data from inventory
studies to impact categories (e.g., greenhouse gases or ozone depletion compounds).
• Characterization - The analysis and estimation of the magnitudes of potential impacts
for each impact category, derived through application of specific impact assessment
tools. In the CDP, "impact scores" are calculated for inventory items that have been
classified into various impact categories and then aggregated into life-cycle impact
category indicators.
• Valuation - The assignment of relative values or weights to different impacts and their
integration across impact categories to allow decision makers to assimilate and consider
the full range of relevant impact scores across impact categories.
The international standard for life cycle impact assessment, ISO 14042, considers
classification and characterization to be mandatory elements of LCIA. Valuation or weighting is
an optional element to be included depending on the goals and scope of the study. The CDP
addresses the first two LCIA steps and leaves the valuation step to industry or others. In
addition, further qualitative risk screening of selected materials is conducted beyond the
traditional LCIA "characterization" phase in Chapter 4. The methodologies for life-cycle impact
classification and characterization are described in Sections 3.1.1 and 3.1.2, respectively.
Sections 3.1.3 and 3.1.4 address data sources and data quality, and limitations and uncertainties
associated with the LCIA methodology.
3.1.1 Classification
In the first step of classification, impact categories of interest are identified in the scoping
phase of the LCA. The categories to be included in the CDP LCIA are listed below:
• Natural Resource Impacts
renewable resource use
nonrenewable materials use/depletion
energy use
solid waste landfill use
hazardous waste landfill use
radioactive waste landfill use
• Abiotic Ecosystem Impacts
global warming
stratospheric ozone depletion
photochemical smog
acidification
air quality (particulate matter loading)
water eutrophication (nutrient enrichment)
water quality (biological oxygen demand [BOD] and total suspended solids
[TSS])
radioactivity
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3.1 METHODOLOGY
• Potential Human Health and Ecotoxicity Impacts
chronic human health effects (occupational and public)
aesthetic impacts (odor)
aquatic ecotoxicity
terrestrial ecotoxicity
The second step of classification is assigning inventory inputs or outputs to applicable
impact categories. Classification depends on whether the inventory item is an input or output,
what the disposition of the output is, and in some cases the material properties for a particular
inventory item. Figure 3-1 shows a conceptual model of classification for the CDP. Table 3-1
presents the inventory types and material properties used to define which impact category will be
applicable to an inventory item. One inventory item may have multiple properties and therefore
would have multiple impacts. For example, methane is both a global warming gas and has the
potential to create photochemical oxidants (smog formation).
Output inventory items from a process may have varying dispositions, such as direct
release (to air, water or land), treatment, or recycle/reuse. Outputs with direct release
dispositions are classified into impact categories for which impacts will be calculated in the
characterization phase of the LCIA. Outputs sent to treatment are considered inputs to a
treatment process and impacts are not calculated until direct releases from that process occur.
Similarly, outputs to recycle/reuse are considered inputs to previous processes and impacts are
not directly calculated for outputs that go to recycle/reuse. Figure 3-1 graphically depicts the
relationships between inventory type, dispositions, and impact categories. Note that a product is
also an output of a process; however, product outputs are not used to calculate any impacts.
Once impact categories for each inventory item are classified, life-cycle impact category
indicators are quantitatively estimated through the characterization step.
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3.1 METHODOLOGY
Inventory
data type
Disposition
General
impact
categories
Chemical
properties
Specific
impact
categories'
Resource/
energy use
Certain chemibal properties
(e.g., greennouse
indicate Which
gases will have a
specific irjipact
global warming
categories
impact score)
will be calculated
(see Table 3-1).
* Equations for calculating impact scores for each impact category are provided in Sect. 3.1.2.
** Excluded from the scope of the CDP; however, included in the UT Life-Cycle Design Toolkit.
Note, radioactivity (not depicted in this figure) is classified for radioactive isotope outputs to air, water or landfill.
Figure 3-1. Impact classification conceptual model
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3.1 METHODOLOGY
Table 3-1. Inventory types and properties for classifying inventory items
into impact categories
Inventory Type
Input
Output
Chemical/Material Properties
Impact Category
Natural Resource Impacts
material, water
material, fuel
electricity, fuel
—
—
—
—
—
solid waste to
landfill
hazardous waste to
landfill
radioactive waste
to landfill
renewable
nonrenewable
energy
RCRA a - defined nonhazardous waste (or
other country -specific definitions)
RCRA a - defined hazardous waste
(or other country-specific definitions)
radioactive waste
renewable resource use
nonrenewable resource
use/depletion
energy use
solid waste landfill use
hazardous waste landfill use
radioactive waste landfill use
Abiotic Ecosystem Impacts
....
....
—
—
— -
—
— -
— -
—
air
air
air
air
air
water
water
water
radioactivity to air,
water, or land
global warming gases
ozone depleting substances
substances that can be photochemically
oxidized
substances that react to form hydrogen
ions (H+)
airparticulates (PM10, TSP) a
substances that contain available nitrogen
or phosphorus
BODa
TSSa
radioactive substance (isotope)
global warming
stratospheric ozone depletion
photochemical smog
acidification
air quality (air particulates)
water eutrophication (nutrient
enrichment)
water quality: BOD
water quality: TSS
radioactivity
Human Health and Ecotoxicity
material
—
— -
— -
—
air, water
air
water
air, water
toxic material
toxic material
odorous material
toxic material
toxic material
chronic human health effects -
occupational
chronic human health effects -
public
aesthetic impacts (odor)
aquatic ecotoxicity
terrestrial ecotoxicity
a Acronyms: Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA); paniculate matter with average aerodynamic
diameter less than 10 micrometers (PM10); total suspended particulates (TSP); biological oxygen demand (BOD); total
suspended solids (TSS).
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3.1 METHODOLOGY
3.1.2 Characterization
The characterization step of LCIA includes the conversion and aggregation of LCI results
to common units within an impact category. Different assessment tools are used to quantify the
magnitude of potential impacts, depending on the impact category. Three types of approaches
are used in the characterization method for the CDP:
• Loading - An impact score is based on the inventory amount.
• Equivalency - An impact score is based on the inventory amount weighed by a certain
effect, equivalent to a reference chemical.
Full equivalency - all substances are addressed in a unified, technical model.
Partial equivalency - a subset of substances can be converted into equivalency
factors.
• Scoring of inherent properties - An impact score is based on the inventory amount
weighed by a score representing a certain effect for a specific material (e.g., toxicity
impacts are weighed using a toxicity scoring method).
Table 3-2 lists the characterization approach used with each impact category. The
loading approach either uses the direct inventory amount to represent the impact or slightly
modifies the inventory amount to change the units into a meaningful loading estimate. Two
examples are nonrenewable resource depletion and landfill use. Use of nonrenewable resources
are directly estimated as the mass (loading) of that material consumed (input amount). Use of
landfill space applies the mass loading of an output of hazardous, nonhazardous, or radioactive
waste and converts that loading into a volume to estimate the amount of landfill space consumed.
The equivalency method uses equivalency factors that exist for certain impact categories.
Equivalency factors are values that provide a relative measure or weighting that relate an
inventory output amount to some impact category relative to a certain chemical. For example, to
relate an atmospheric release to the global warming impact category, chemical-specific global
warming potential (GWP) equivalency factors are used. GWPs are a measure of the possible
warming effect on the earth's surface arising from the emission of a gas relative to carbon
dioxide (CO2). They are based on atmospheric lifetimes and radiative forcing of different
greenhouse gases.
The scoring of inherent properties method is applied to impact categories that may have
different effects for the same amount of various chemicals, but for which equivalency factors do
not exist or are not widely accepted. The scores are meant to normalize the inventory data to
provide measures of potential impacts. Scoring methods are employed for the human and
ecological toxicity impact categories, based on the CHEMS-1 method described by Swanson et
al. (1997), and presented below. The scoring method provides a hazard value (HV) for each
potentially toxic material, which is then multiplied by the inventory amount to calculate the
toxicity impact score. The aesthetics category directly applies an inherent chemical property
(i.e., odor threshold concentration), but does not convert that value into a relative score, or HV.
Using the various approaches, the UT LCIA method calculates impact scores for each
inventory item for each applicable impact category. Impact scores are therefore based on either
a direct measure of the inventory amount or some modification (e.g., equivalency or scoring) of
3-6
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3.1 METHODOLOGY
that amount based on the potential effect the inventory item may have on a particular impact
category. Impact scores are then aggregated within each impact category to calculate the
various life-cycle impact category indicators.
Inventory amounts are identified on a functional unit basis and then used to calculate
impact scores. For each inventory item, an individual score is calculated for each applicable
impact category. The equations presented in the subsections that follow calculate impacts for
individual inventory items that could later be aggregated as defined by the user. Impact scores
represent relative and incremental changes rather than absolute effects or threshold levels.
Table 3-2. LCIA characterization approaches for the CDP
Impact Category
Characterization Approach
Natural Resource Impacts
Renewable resource use
Nonrenewable materials use/depletion
Energy use
Solid waste landfill use
Hazardous waste landfill use
Radioactive waste landfill use
loading
loading
loading
loading
loading
loading
Abiotic Ecosystem Impacts
Global warming
Stratospheric ozone depletion
Photochemical smog
Acidification
Air quality (paniculate matter)
Water eutrophication (nutrient enrichment)
Water quality (BOD, TSS)
Radioactivity
equivalency (full)
equivalency (full)
equivalency (partial)
equivalency (full)
loading
equivalency (partial)
loading
loading
Human Health and Ecotoxicity
Chronic human health effects - occupational
Chronic human health effects - public
Aesthetic impacts (odor)
Aquatic ecotoxicity
Terrestrial ecotoxicity
scoring of inherent properties
scoring of inherent properties
application of inherent properties
scoring of inherent properties
scoring of inherent properties
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3.1 METHODOLOGY
3.1.2.1 Renewable and nonrenewable resource use
Natural resources are materials that are found in nature in their basic form rather than
being manufactured (e.g., water, minerals, petroleum and wood). Renewable (or flow)
resources, which are those that can be regenerated, are typically biotic resources (e.g., forest
products, other plants or animals) and water. Nonrenewable (or stock) resources are abiotic,
such as mineral ore or fossil fuels. Both of these natural resource impacts are calculated using
the loading approach. Renewable and nonrenewable resource consumption impacts use direct
consumption values (i.e., material mass) from the inventory.
Renewable resource impact scores are based on the following process inputs in the LCI:
primary, ancillary, water, and fuel inputs of renewable materials. To calculate the loading-based
impact scores, the following equation is used:
(ISRR),=[AmtRRX(l-RC)],
where:
ISm equals the impact score for use of renewable resource /' (kg) per functional unit;
Amtm equals the inventory input amount of renewable resource /' (kg) per functional
unit; and
RC equals the fraction recycled content (post industrial and post consumer) of
resource /'.
In the CDP LCI, most manufacturers that provided primary data did not report recycled
content nor was the recycled content available for material inventories from secondary sources.
Therefore, to calculate the impact score for use of renewable resources the recycled content (RC)
was assumed to be zero.
Depletion of materials, which results from the extraction of renewable resources faster
than they are renewed, may occur but is not specifically modeled or identified in the renewable
resource impact score. For the nonrenewable materials use/depletion category, depletion of
materials results from the extraction of nonrenewable resources. Nonrenewable resource impact
scores are based on the amount of primary, ancillary, and fuel inputs of nonrenewable materials.
To calculate the loading-based impact scores the following equation is used:
where:
ISNRR equals the impact score for use of nonrenewable resource /' (NRR) (kg) per
functional unit;
AmtmR equals the inventory input amount of nonrenewable resource /' (kg) per functional unit;
and
RC equals the fraction recycled content (post industrial and post consumer) of
resource /'.
Due to the lack of data on the recycled content of nonrenewable resources, RC was assumed to
be zero.
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3.1.2.2 Energy use
General energy consumption is used as an indicator of potential environmental impacts
from the entire energy generation cycle. Energy use impact scores are based on fuel and
electricity inputs. The impact category indicator is the sum of electrical energy inputs and fuel
energy inputs. Fuel inputs are converted from mass to energy units using the fuel's heat value
(H) and the density (D), presented in Appendix K, Table K-l. The impact score is calculated by:
(ISjs), = AmtEl or [Amtpx (H / D)],
where:
ISE equals the impact score for energy use (MJ) per functional unit;
AmtE equals the inventory input amount of electrical energy used (MJ) per functional
unit;
Amtp equals the inventory input amount of fuel used (kg) per functional unit;
H equals the heat value of fuel /' (MJ/L); and
D equals the density of fuel/'(kg/L).
This category addresses energy use only. The emissions from energy production are outputs
from the energy production process and are classified to applicable impact categories, depending
on the disposition and chemical properties of the outputs (see Classification Section 3.1.1).
3.1.2.3 Landfill use
Landfill impacts are calculated using solid, hazardous, or radioactive waste outputs to
land as volume of landfill space consumed. Solid waste landfill use pertains to the use of
suitable and designated landfill space as a natural resource where municipal waste or
construction debris is accepted. A solid waste landfill impact score is calculated using solid
waste outputs disposed of in a solid waste (nonhazardous) landfill. Impact characterization is
based on the volume of solid waste, determined from the inventory mass amount of waste and
material density of each specific solid waste type:
(ISswi), = (Amtsw/D),
where:
ISSWL equals the impact score for solid waste landfill (SWL) use for waste /' (m3) per
functional unit;
Amtsw equals the inventory output amount of solid waste /' (kg) per functional unit; and
D equals density of waste /' (kg/m3).
Hazardous waste landfill use pertains to the use of suitable and designated landfill space
as a natural resource where hazardous waste, as designated and regulated under the Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act, is accepted. For non-US activities, equivalent hazardous or
special waste landfills are considered for this impact category. Impact scores are characterized
from hazardous waste outputs with a disposition of landfill. Impact characterization is based on
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the volume of hazardous waste, determined from the inventory mass amount of waste and
material density of each specific hazardous waste type:
(fSam}t = (AmtHW/D)1
where:
ISHWL equals the impact score for hazardous waste landfill (HWL) use for waste /' (m3)
per functional unit;
AmtHW equals the inventory output amount of hazardous waste /' (kg) per functional unit;
and
D equals density of waste /' (kg/m3).
Radioactive waste pertains to the suitable and designated landfill space as a natural
resource that accepts radioactive waste. Impacts are characterized from radioactive waste
outputs with a disposition of landfill. Impact characterization is based on the volume of
radioactive waste, determined from the inventory mass amount of waste and material density of
each specific waste.
(ISRwL>, = (AmtRW/D)l
where:
ISRWL equals the impact score for radioactive waste landfill (RWL) use for waste /' (m3)
per functional unit;
AmtRW equals the inventory output amount of radioactive waste /' (kg) per functional unit;
and
D equals density of waste /' (kg/m3).
3.1.2.4 Global warming impacts
The build up CO2 and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere may generate a
"greenhouse effect" of rising temperature and climate change. Global warming potential (GWP)
refers to the warming (relative to CO2) that chemicals contribute to this effect by trapping the
earth's heat. The impact scores for global warming (global climate change) effects are
calculated using the mass of a global warming gas released to air modified by a GWP
equivalency factor. The GWP equivalency factor is an estimate of a chemical's atmospheric
lifetime and radiative forcing that may contribute to global climate change compared to the
reference chemical CO2. Therefore, GWPs are in units of CO2 equivalents. GWPs have been
published for known global warming chemicals within differing time horizons. The LCIA
methodology being presented in this memorandum uses GWPs having effects in the 100-year
time horizon. Although LCA does not necessarily have a temporal component of the inventory,
these impacts are expected to be far enough into the future that releases occurring throughout the
life cycle of a computer monitor would be within the 100-year time frame. Appendix K, Table
K-2 presents a current list of GWPs as identified by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC) (Houghton et al., 1996). Global warming impact scores are calculated for any
chemicals in the LCI that are found in Appendix K, Table K-2. The equation to calculate the
impact score for an individual chemical is as follows:
(ISGW), = (EFGWP
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where:
ISGW equals the global warming impact score for greenhouse gas chemical / (kg CO2
equivalents) per functional unit;
EFGWP equals the GWP equivalency factor for greenhouse gas chemical /' (CO2
equivalents, 100 year time horizon) (Appendix K, Table K-2); and
Amt^Q equals the inventory output amount of greenhouse gas chemical /' released to air
(kg) per functional unit.
3.1.2.5 Stratospheric ozone depletion
The stratospheric ozone layer filters out harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun.
Chemicals such as chlorofluorocarbons, if released to the atmosphere, may result in ozone-
destroying chemical reactions. Stratospheric ozone depletion refers to the release of chemicals
that may contribute to this effect. Impact scores are based on the identity and amount of ozone
depleting chemicals released to air. Currently identified ozone depleting chemicals are those
with ozone depletion potentials (ODPs), which measure the change in the ozone column in the
equilibrium state of a substance compared to the reference chemical chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)-
11 (Heijungs et al, 1992; CAAA, 1990). The list of ODPs that are used in this methodology are
provided in Appendix K, Table K-3. The individual chemical impact score for stratospheric
ozone depletion impacts is based on the ODP and inventory amount of the chemical:
(ISoo): = (EFODPxAmtODC>l
where:
ISOD equals the ozone depletion impact score for chemical / (kg CFC-11 equivalents)
per functional unit;
EFODP equals the ODP equivalency factor for chemical /' (CFC-11 equivalents)
(Appendix K, Table K-3); and
AmtODC equals the amount of ozone depleting chemical /' released to air (kg) per
functional unit.
3.1.2.6 Photochemical smog
Photochemical oxidants are produced in the atmosphere from sunlight reacting with
hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides. At higher concentrations they may cause or aggravate health
problems, plant toxicity, and deterioration of certain materials. Photochemical oxidant creation
potential (POCP) refers to the release of chemicals that may contribute to this effect. The POCP
is based on simulated trajectories of tropospheric ozone production with and without volatile
organic carbons (VOCs) present. The POCP is a measure of a specific chemical compared to the
reference chemical ethene (Heijungs et a/., 1992). The list of chemicals with POCPs to be used
in this methodology are presented in Appendix K, Table K-4. As shown in Table 3-2,
photochemical smog impacts are based on partial equivalency because some chemicals cannot be
converted into POCP equivalency factors. For example, nitrogen oxides do not have a POCP.
However, VOCs are assumed to be the limiting factor and if VOCs are present, there is a
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potential impact. Impact scores are based on the identity and amount of chemicals with POCP
equivalency factors released to the air and the chemical-specific equivalency factor:
(ISPOCP), = (EFpocpxAmtpoc),
where:
ISPOCp equals the photochemical smog impact score for chemical /' (kg ethene
equivalents) per functional unit;
EFpocp equals the POCP equivalency factor for chemical / (ethene equivalents)
(Appendix K, Table K-4); and
Amtpoc equals the amount of smog-creating chemical / released to the air (kg) per
functional unit.
3.1.2.7 Acidification
This refers to the release of chemicals that may contribute to the formation of acid
precipitation. Impact characterization is based on the amount of a chemical released to air that
would cause acidification and the acidification potentials (AP) equivalency factor for that
chemical. The AP equivalency factor is the number of hydrogen ions that can theoretically be
formed per mass unit of the pollutant being released compared to sulfur dioxide (SO2) (Heijungs
et al, 1992; Hauschild and Wenzel, 1997). Appendix K, Table K-5 lists the AP values that will
be used as the basis of calculating acidification impacts. The impact score is calculated by:
(ISAP), = (EFApXAmtAC>1
where:
ISAP equals the impact score for acidification for chemical /' (kg SO2 equivalents) per
functional unit;
EFAP equals the AP equivalency factor for chemical / (SO2 equivalents) (Appendix K,
Table K-5); and
AmtAC equals the amount of acidification chemical /' released to the air (kg) per
functional unit.
3.1.2.8 Air particulates
This refers to the release and build up of particulate matter primarily from combustion
processes. Impact scores are based on particulate release amounts [particulate matter with
average aerodynamic diameter less than 10 micrometers (PM10)] to the air. This size of
particulate matter is most damaging to the respiratory system. Impact characterization is simply
based on the inventory amount of parti culates released to air. This loading impact score is
calculated by:
ISPM = AmtPM
where:
ISPM equals impact score for particulates (kg PM10) per functional unit, and
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AmtPM equals the inventory output amount of parti culate release (PM10) to the air (kg)
per functional unit.
In this equation, PM10 is used to estimate impacts. However, if only total suspended particulates
(TSP) data are available, these data may be used. Note that using TSP data is an overestimation
of PM10 which only refers to the fraction of particulates in the size range below 10 micrometers.
A common conversion factor (TSP to PM10) is not available because the fraction of PM10 varies
depending on the type of particulates.
3.1.2.9 Water eutrophication
Eutrophication (nutrient enrichment) impacts to water are based on the identity and
concentrations of eutrophication chemicals released to surface water after treatment.
Equivalency factors for eutrophication have been developed assuming nitrogen (N) and
phosphorus (P) are the two major limiting nutrients of importance to eutrophication. Therefore,
the partial equivalencies are based on the ratio of N to P in the average composition of algae
(C106H263O110N16P) compared to the reference compound phosphate (PO43") (Heijungs et a/.,
1992; Lindfors et a/., 1995). If the wastewater stream is first sent to a publicly owned treatment
works (POTW), treatment is considered as a separate process and the impact score would be
based on releases from the POTW to surface waters. Impact characterization is based on
eutrophication potentials (EP) (Appendix K, Table K-6) and the inventory amount:
(ISEUTR), = (EFEPxAmtEO>,
where:
ISEUTR equals the impact score for regional water quality impacts from chemical /' (kg
phosphate equivalents) per functional unit;
EFEP equals the EP equivalency factor for chemical /' (phosphate equivalents)
(Appendix K, Table K-6); and
AmtEC equals the inventory output mass (kg) of chemical /' per functional unit of
eutrophication chemical in a wastewater stream released to surface water after
any treatment, if applicable.
3. 1.2. 10 Water quality
Water quality impacts are characterized as surface water impacts due to releases of
wastes causing oxygen depletion and increased turbidity. Two water quality impact scores are
calculated based on the biological oxygen demand (BOD) and total suspended solids (TSS) in
the wastewater streams released to surface water. The impact scores are based on releases to
surface water following any treatment. Using a loading characterization approach, impact
characterization is based on the amount of BOD and TSS in a wastewater stream. The water
quality score equations for each are presented below:
(ISBOD), =
and
(ISTSS), = (AmtTSS),
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where:
ISBOD equals the impact score for BOD water quality impacts for waste stream / (kg) per
functional unit;
AmtBOD equals the inventory output amount of BOD in wastewater stream / released to
surface waters (kg) per functional unit;
ISTSS equals the impact score for TSS water quality impacts for waste stream /' (kg) per
functional unit; and
AmtTSS equals the inventory amount of TSS in wastewater stream /' released to surface
waters (kg) per functional unit.
3.1.2.11 Radioactivity
Radioactivity inventoried as the quantity of an isotope released to the environment is
considered in the radioactivity impact category. These outputs, such as those from the
generation of nuclear energy, can be air, water, or land releases. The radioactivity impact is a
direct loading score measured in Bequerels of radioactivity, and calculated as follows:
(ISrJt = (AmtrJ,
where:
ISrad equals the impact score for radioactivity of isotope /' (Bq) per functional unit; and
Amtrad equals the inventory amount of radioactivity of isotope /' (Bq) per functional unit.
While this impact category uses a loading approach, further refinement of this impact score
calculation in the future could use radioactivity dose conversion factors, which convert
radioactivity quantities (e.g., Bq) into human doses equivalents (e.g., sievert or rem).
3.1.2.12 Potential human health impacts
Human health impacts are defined in the context of life-cycle assessment as relative
measures of potential adverse health effects to humans. Human health impact categories
included in the scope of this LCA are chronic (repeated dose) effects, which include
noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic effects, and aesthetics (although not a health effect per se,
aesthetics pertains to human welfare). Chronic human health effects to both workers and the
public are considered. Quantitative measures of consumer impacts are not included in this LCIA
methodology because there are no direct outputs quantified in the LCI from the use stage of a
computer monitor. The CDP does, however, quantify indirect outputs from energy consumption
(i.e., pollutants released from energy production). In addition, Appendix L qualitatively
discusses direct consumer impacts, such as electromagnetic radiation or eye strain.
The chemical characteristic that classifies inventory items to the human health effects
(and ecotoxicity) categories is toxicity. Toxic chemicals were identified by searching lists of
toxic chemicals [e.g., Toxic Release Inventory (TRI)] and if needed, toxicity databases [e.g.,
Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB)], and Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical
Substances (RTECS), or other literature. Upon review by the EPA DfE Workgroup (see
Appendix C), several materials in the CDP inventory were excluded from the toxic list if they
are generally accepted as nontoxic. The EPA DfE Workgroup also reviewed the list of
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chemicals that were included in this project as potentially toxic. The list of potentially toxic
chemicals is provided in Appendix K, Table K-8, and chemicals that were excluded from the
toxic list that appear in the CDP inventory are presented in Appendix K, Table K-9.
Human (and ecological) toxicity impact scores are calculated based on a chemical
scoring method modified from CHEMS-1 found in Swanson et al. (1997). To calculate impact
scores, chemical-specific inventory data are required. Any chemical that is assumed to be
potentially toxic is given a toxicity impact score. If toxicity data are unavailable for a chemical,
a mean default toxicity score is given. This is described in further detail below. Ecological
toxicity is presented in Section 3.1.2.13.
Chronic human health effects are potential human health effects occurring from repeated
exposure to toxic agents over a relatively long period of time (i.e., years). These effects could
include carcinogenicity, reproductive toxicity, developmental effects, neurotoxicity,
immunotoxicity, behavioral effects, sensitization, radiation effects, chronic effects to other
specific organs or body systems (e.g., blood, cardiovascular, respiratory, kidney and liver
effects). Impact categories for chronic health effects are divided into worker and public impacts.
Occupational impact scores are based on inventory inputs and public impact scores are based on
inventory outputs.
Chronic occupational health effects
This refers to potential health effects to workers, including cancer, from long-term
repeated exposure to toxic or carcinogenic agents in an occupational setting. For possible
occupational impacts, the identity and amounts of materials/constituents as input to a process are
used. The inputs represent potential exposures and we could assume that a worker would
continue to work at a facility and incur exposures over time. However, the inventory is based on
manufacturing one monitor and does not truly represent chronic exposure. Therefore, the
chronic health effects impact score is more a ranking of the potential of a chemical to cause
chronic effects than a prediction of actual effects.
Chronic occupational health effects scores are based on the identity of toxic chemicals
(or chemical ingredients) found in primary and ancillary inputs from materials processing and
manufacturing life-cycle stages. The distinction between pure chemicals and mixtures is made
implicitly, if possible, by specifying component ingredients of mixtures in the inventory.
The chronic human health impact scores are calculated using hazard values (HVs) for
carcinogenic and for noncarcinogenic effects. The former HV uses cancer slope factors or
cancer weight of evidence (WOE) classifications assigned by EPA and/or the International
Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) when no slope factor exists. If both an oral and
inhalation slope factor exist, the slope factor representing the larger hazard is chosen. Where no
slope factor is available for a chemical, but there is a WOE classification, the WOE is used to
designate default hazard values as follows: EPA WOE Groups D (not classifiable) and E
(noncarcinogen) and IARC Groups 3 (not classifiable) and 4 (probably not carcinogenic) are
given a hazard value of zero. All other WOE classifications (known, probable, and possible
human carcinogen) are given a default HV of 1 (representative of a mean slope factor) (Table 3-
3). Similarly, materials for which no cancer data exist, but are designated as potentially toxic,
are also given a default value of 1.
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Table 3-3. Hazard values for carcinogenicity weight-of-evidence
if no slope factor is available
EPA
Classification
Group A
Group Bl
Group B2
Group C
Group D
Group E
IARC
Classification
Group 1
Group 2A
N/A
Group 2B
Group 3
Group 4
Description
known human carcinogen
Probable human carcinogen (limited human data)
Probable human carcinogen (from animal data)
Possible human carcinogen
Not classifiable
Noncarcinogenic or probably not carcinogenic
Hazard
Value
1
1
1
1
0
0
N/A: not applicable.
The cancer hazard value for chronic occupational health effects is the greater of the
following:
oral: (HVCA\-
oral
oralSFt
ora/SF „
inhalation: (HV.
CA
inhalation
inhalation SF{
inhalation SF_,,
where:
oral SFt
oralSFmean
T-fV
•" ' CAinhalation
inhalation SFi
inhalation SF'
equals the cancer oral hazard value for chemical /' (unitless);
equals the cancer oral slope factor for chemical /' (mg/kg-day);
equals the geometric mean cancer slope factor of all available slope
factors (0.71 mg/kg-day);
equals the cancer inhalation hazard value for chemical / (unitless);
equals the cancer inhalation slope factor for chemical /' (mg/kg-day)"1; and
equals the geometric mean cancer inhalation slope factor of all available
inhalation slope factors (1.70 mg/kg-day)"1.
The oral and inhalation slope factor mean values are the geometric means of a set of chemical
data presented in Appendix K, Table K-10.
The noncarcinogen HV is based on either no-observed-adverse-effect levels (NOAELs)
or lowest-observed-adverse-effect levels (LOAELs). The noncarcinogen HV is the greater of the
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\l(oral NOAEL)
oral: (HV '
1 l/(oralNOAELmean)
inhalation and oral HV:
\l(inhal NOAEL)
inhalation: (HVNC ). =
\l(inhalNOAELJ
where:
HVNCoral equals the noncarcinogen oral hazard value for chemical /' (unitless);
oralNOAEL i equals the oral NOAEL for chemical /' (mg/kg-day);
oralNOAEL mean equals the geometric mean oral NOAEL of all available oral NOAELs
(11. 88 mg/kg-day);
HVNC inhaiation equals the noncarcinogen inhalation hazard value for chemical /' (unitless);
inhalNOAEL t equals the inhalation NOAEL for chemical /' (mg/m3); and
inhalNOAEL mean equals the geometric mean inhalation NOAEL of all available inhalation
NOAELs (68.67 mg/kg-day).
The oral and inhalation NOAEL mean values are the geometric means of a set of chemical data
presented in Appendix K, Table K-8. If LOAEL data are available instead of NOAEL data, the
LOAEL divided by 10 is used to substitute for the NOAEL. The most sensitive endpoint is used
if there are multiple data for one chemical.
The sum of the carcinogen and noncarcinogen HVs for a particular chemical is multiplied
by the applicable inventory input to calculate the impact score:
), = f(H
CA
where:
ISCHO equals the impact score for chronic occupational health effects for chemical /'
(tox-kg) per functional unit;
HVCA equals the hazard value for carcinogenicity for chemical /';
HVNC equals the hazard value for chronic noncancer effects for chemical /'; and
AmtTCinput equals the amount of toxic inventory input (kg) per functional unit for chemical /'.
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Chronic public health effects
For chronic public health effects, the impact score represents a surrogate for potential
health effects to residents living near a facility, including cancer, from long-term repeated
exposure to toxic or carcinogenic agents. Impact scores are based on the identity and amount of
toxic chemical outputs with dispositions to air and water.1 As stated above, inventory items do
not truly represent long-term exposure; instead, impacts are relative toxicity weightings of the
inventory.
The scores for impacts to the public differ from the occupational impacts in that
inventory outputs are used as opposed to inventory inputs. Note that this basic screening level
scoring does not incorporate the fate and transport of the chemicals. The chronic public health
effects impact score is calculated as follows:
where:
ISCHP equals the impact score for chronic human health effects to the public for
chemical /' (tox-kg) per functional unit; and
AmtTCoutput equals the amount of toxic inventory output of chemical /' to air and water (kg) per
functional unit.
Aesthetic impacts (odor)
This refers to impacts that detract from the quality of the local environment from a
human perspective. Characterization in this project is based on odor. Impact scores are based on
the identity and amount of odor-causing chemicals (Heijungs et a/., 1992; EPA 1992), released
to the air and their odor threshold value (OTV) (Heijungs et a/., 1992) (Appendix K, Table K-7).
This approach does not score chemicals as is done for toxic chemicals. The OTV is specific to a
chemical, but does not use an equivalency factor that is based on a reference chemical or a
hazard value based on a mean OTV. In this case, the OTV is a concentration which, when
divided into the mass output of a chemical, results in an impact score in units of volume of
malodorous air:
(ISAS), = (Amtoc/OTV),
where:
ISAS equals the aesthetics impact score for chemical /' (m3 malodorous air) per
functional unit;
Amtoc equals the amount of odor-causing output for chemical / released to air (mg) per
functional unit; and
OTV equals the odor threshold value for chemical /' (mg/m3) (Appendix K, Table K-
10).
1 Disposition could be to groundwater. For example, a landfill model could have releases that go to
groundwater.
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Note that this impact assessment methodology determines the volume of malodorous air created
if there is no dilution. In reality, many of the air releases reported in the LCI may occur at
concentrations below the chemical's odor threshold.
3.1.2.13 Ecotoxicity
Ecotoxicity refers to effects of chemical outputs on nonhuman living organisms. Impact
categories include ecotoxicity impacts to aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems.
Aquatic toxicity
Toxicity measures for fish are used to represent potential adverse effects to organisms
living in the aquatic environment from exposure to a toxic chemical. Impact scores are based on
the identity and amount of toxic chemicals as outputs to surface water. Impact characterization
is based on CHEMS-1 acute and chronic hazard values for fish (Swanson etal., 1997) combined
with the inventory amount. Both acute and chronic impacts are combined into the aquatic
toxicity term. The hazard values (HVs) for acute and chronic toxicity are based on LC50 and
NOAEL toxicity data, respectively, mostly from toxicity tests in fathead minnows (Pimephales
promelas) (Swanson et a/., 1997). The acute fish HV is calculated by:
\ =
'i
FA
where:
HVPA equals the hazard value for acute fish toxicity for chemical /' (unitless);
LC50i equals the lethal concentration to 50% of the exposed fish population for
chemical /'; and
LC50mean equals the geometric mean LC50 of available fish LC50 values in Appendix K,
TableK-8(23.45mg/L).
The chronic fish HV is calculated by:
l/NOAEL.
(HVFC\ =
WOAELmean
where:
HVPC equals the hazard value for chronic fish toxicity for chemical /';
NOAELt equals the no observed adverse affect level for fish for chemical /'; and
NOAELmean equals the geometric mean NOAEL of available fish NOAEL values in
Appendix K, Table K-7 (3.90 mg/L).
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The aquatic toxicity impact score is calculated as follows:
(ISAQ), = f(HVFA+HVpc)xAmtjCou,patiVateJi
where:
ISAQ equals the impact score for aquatic ecotoxicity for chemical /' (tox-kg) per
functional unit; and
AmtTCoutput^ater equals the toxic inventory output amount of chemical / to water (kg) per
functional unit.
Terrestrial toxicity
Toxicity measures for mammals (primarily rodents) are used to represent potential
adverse effects to organisms living in the terrestrial environment from exposure to a toxic
chemical. Impact scores are based on the identity and amount of toxic chemicals as outputs to
air and surface water. Impact characterization is based on chronic toxicity hazard values
combined with the inventory amount. The terrestrial toxicity impact score is based on the same
noncancer chronic data used for human health because underlying data are from the same
mammal studies (see Section 2. 1.2.12 for the HVNC term). The cancer hazard value was not
included in the terrestrial impact score as it is based on ranking for potential human
carcinogenicity. The terrestrial toxicity impact score is as follows:
(ISTER), = (HVNC xAmtTCoutpJ,
where:
ISTER equals the impact score for terrestrial toxicity for chemical /' (tox-kg) per
functional unit; and
AmtTCoutput equals the toxic inventory output amount of chemical / (kg) per functional unit.
3 . 1 .2. 14 Summary of impact score equations
Table 3-4 summarizes the impact categories, associated impact score equations, and the
input or output data required for calculating natural resource impacts. Each of these
characterization equations are loading estimates.
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Table 3-4. Summary of natural resources impact scoring
Impact Category
Use of renewable
resources
Use/depletion of
nonrenewable
materials
Energy use, general
energy consumption
Solid waste landfill
use
Hazardous waste
landfill use
Radioactive waste
landfill use
Impact Score Approach
18^= AmtRRxa-RC)
18^= AmtNERxCl-RC)
ISE = AmtE or (AmtF x H/D)
!SSwL =Amtsw/D
ISnwL =AmtHW/D
ISRWL = AmtRW / D
Data Required from Inventory
(per functional unit)
Inputs
Material mass (kg)
(e.g., water)
Material mass (kg)
Energy (MJ)
(electricity, fuel)
none
none
none
Outputs
none
none
none
solid waste mass (kg) and
density (i.e., volume, m3)
hazardous waste mass (kg)
and density (i.e., volume,
m3)
radioactive waste mass (kg)
and density (i.e., volume,
m3)
Abbreviations: RC = recycled content; H = heat value of fuel /'; D = density of fuel /'.
The term abiotic ecosystem refers to the nonliving environment that supports living
systems. Table 3-5 presents the impact categories, impact score equations, and inventory data
requirements for abiotic environmental impacts to atmospheric resources.
Table 3-5. Summary of atmospheric resource impact scoring
Impact Category
Global warming
Stratospheric ozone
depletion
Photochemical smog
Acidification
Air quality (particulate
matter)
Impact Score Approach
I^GW ~~ ErGWp x AmtGG
l^co ~~ -k-Tcop x AmtQDC
I^POCP "E-bpocp x Amtpoc
!SAP = EFAp x AmtAC
I^PM ~~ AmtPM
Data Required from Inventory
(per functional unit)
Inputs
none
none
none
none
none
Outputs
amount of each greenhouse gas
chemical released to air
amount of each ozone depleting
chemical released to air
amount of each smog -creating
chemical released to air
amount of each acidification
chemical released to air
amount of particulates: PM10or
TSP released to air a
a Assumes PM10 and TSP are equal; however, using TSP will overestimate PM10.
Table 3-6 presents the impact categories, impact score equations, and required inventory
data for abiotic environmental impacts to water resources.
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Table 3-6. Summary of water resource impact scoring
Impact Category
Water eutrophication
Water quality (BOD)
Water quality (TSS)
Impact Score Approach
l^EUTR ~~ ErEP X AmtEC
!SBOD ~~ AmtBOD
I^TSS ~~ AmtTSS
Data Required from Inventory
(per functional unit)
Inputs
none
none
none
Outputs
amount of each eutrophication chemical
released to water
amount of BOD in each wastewater
stream released to surface water
amount of suspended solids (TSS) in
each wastewater stream released to
surface water
Table 3-7 summarizes the human health and ecotoxicity impact scoring approaches. The
impact categories, impact score equations, the type of inventory data, and the chemical
properties required to calculate impact scores are presented. The human health effects and
ecotoxicity impact scores are based on the scoring of inherent properties approach to
characterization.
Table 3-7. Summary of human health and ecotoxicity impact scoring
Impact
Category
Chronic human
health effects -
occupational
Chronic human
health effects -
public
Aesthetic
impacts (odor)
Aquatic toxicity
Terrestrial
toxicity
Impact Score Equations
ISCHO = (HVCA + HVNC)x
AmtTCmput
ISCHP = (HVCA + HVNC)x
AmtTCoutput
ISAS = Amtoc/OTV
ISAQ =(HVFA + HVFC)x
AmtjQOUtpUt)Water
!STER ~~ "• *NC x AmtTCoutput
Data Required from Inventory
(per functional unit)
Inputs
mass of each
primary and
ancillary toxic
chemical
none
none
none
none
Outputs
none
mass of each toxic
chemical released to
air and surface water
mass of odorous
chemicals released to
air
mass of each toxic
chemical released to
surface water
mass of each toxic
chemical
released to air or
surface water
Chemical
Properties Data
Required
WOE or SF
and/or mammal
NOAEL or
LOAEL
WOE or SF
and/or mammal
NOAEL or
LOAEL
human odor
threshold values
fish LC50 and/or
fish NOAEL
mammal
NOAEL
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3.1 METHODOLOGY
3.1.2.15 Aggregation of impact scores
Individual impact scores are calculated for inventory items for a certain impact category
and can be aggregated by inventory item (e.g., a certain chemical), process, life-cycle stage, or
entire product profile. For example, global warming impacts can be calculated for one inventory
item (e.g., CO2 releases), for one process that could include contributions from several inventory
items (e.g., electricity generation), for a life-cycle stage that may consist of several process steps
(e.g., product manufacturing), or for an entire profile (e.g., a CRT desktop monitor over its life).
The following example illustrates how impacts are calculated. If two toxic chemicals
[e.g., toluene and benzo(a)pyrene] are included in a waterborne release to surface water from
Process A, impact scores would be calculated for the following impact categories (based on the
classification shown in Table 3-1):
• Chronic public health effects;
• Aquatic toxicity; and
• Terrestrial toxicity.
Despite the output types being waterborne releases, the water eutrophication and water
quality impact categories are not applicable here because the chemical properties criteria in
Table 3-1 are not met. That is, these chemicals do not contain N or P and are not themselves
wastewater streams.
Using chronic public health effects as an example, impact scores are then calculated for
each chemical as follows:
->CHP:toluene
CHP :benzo(a)pyrene
(HVCA:toluene + HVNC:toluene) x AmtTCoutput:toluene
ne + HVNC:benz0(a)pyrene) x AmtTCoutput:benz0(a)pyr,
Table 3-8 presents toxicity data for the example chemicals from Appendix K, Table K-
Using benzo(a)pyrene as an example, the hazard values are calculated as follows:
Table 3-8. Toxicity data used in example calculations
Chemical
Toluene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Cancer
Weight of
evidence
D,3
B2, 2A
Slope factor (SF)
(mg/kg-day)1
none
3.P
7.3C
Chronic noncancer effects
Oral
(mg/kg-day)
100b
no data
Inhalation
(mg/m3)
411. lb
no data
a inhalation SF
bNOAEL
c oral SF
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3.1 METHODOLOGY
Cancer effects:
oral: (HVC
C
oralSF.
HV,
CAoral:benzo(a)pyrene
7.3 (ing/kg-day)"1 - 0.71 (mg/kg-day)'1
10.3
inhalation: (HVCA ). = -
inhalation SF,
lnh inhalation
HV
n v CAinhalation:benzo(a)pyrene
= 3.1 (mg/kg-day)"1 -M.7 (mg/kg-day)"1
= 1.82
Thus, the cancer HV is 10.3, the greater of the two values.
Noncancer effects:
Since no data are available for noncancer effects, a default HV of one is assigned,
representative of mean toxicity.
Total HV:
Thus the total hazard value for benzo(a)pyrene is given by:
HV
^ benzo(a)pyreni
:o(a)pyrene
= HVCA + HVNC
= 10.3 + 1
= 11.3
Similarly, the HV for toluene is found to be 0.12. Given the following hypothetical output
amounts:
Ami
TC-O:TOLUENE
= 1.3 kg of toluene per functional unit
AmtTC.0.BENZO(A)pYRENE =0.1 kg of benzo(a)pyrene per functional unit
the resulting impact scores are as follows:
ISCHp-w:TOLUENE =0.12x1.3 =0.16 tox-kg of toluene per functional unit
ISCHp-w:BENzo(A)FYRENE = 11-3x0.1 = 1.13 tox-kg of benzo(a)pyrene per functional unit
3-24
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3.1 METHODOLOGY
If these were the only outputs from Process A relevant to chronic public health effects, the total
impact score for this impact category for Process A would be:
TS = TS + TS
10CHP:PROCESS_A 1OCHP-W:TOLUENE 1OCHP-W:BENZO(A)PYRENE
= 0.16+1.13
= 1.29 tox-kg per functional unit for Process A.
If the product system Y contained three processes altogether (Processes A, B, and C), and the
impact scores for Process B and C were 2.5 and 3.0, respectively, impact scores would be added
together to yield a total impact score for the product system relevant to chronic public health
effects:
TS = TS + TS + TS
10CHP:PROFILE_Y 1OCHP:PROCESS_A 1OCHP:PROCESS_B 1OCHP:PROCESS_C
= 1.29+ 2.5+"3.0
= 6.8 tox-kg per functional unit for Profile Y.
An environmental profile would then be the sum of all the processes within that profile for each
impact category.
3.1.3 Data Sources and Data Quality
Data that are used to calculate impacts are from: (1) equivalency factors or parameters
used to identify hazard values; and (2) LCI items. Equivalency factors and data used to develop
hazard values, which have been presented in this methodology, include GWP, ODP, POCP, AP,
EP, WOE, SF, mammalian LOAEL/NOAEL, OTV, fish LC50, and fish NOAEL. Published lists
of the chemical-specific parameter values exist for GWP, ODP, POCP, AP, EP and OTV (see
Appendix K). The other parameters may exist for a large number of chemicals and several data
sources must be searched to identify the appropriate parameter values. Priority is given to peer-
reviewed databases (e.g., HEAST, IRIS, HSDB), then other databases (e.g., RTECS), other
studies or literature, and finally estimation methods [e.g., structure-activity relationships (SARs)
or quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs)]. The specific toxicity data that are used
in the CDP are presented in Appendix K, Table K-8. The sources of each parameter presented in
this report, and the basis for their values, are presented in Table 3-9. Data quality is affected by
the type of data source (e.g., primary versus secondary data), the currency of the data, and the
accuracy and precision of the data, and will depend on the source. The sources and quality of the
LCI data used to calculate impact scores were discussed in Chapter 2. Data sources and data
quality for each impact category are discussed further in Section 3.3, Baseline LCIA Results.
3.1.4 Limitations and Uncertainties
This section summarizes some of the limitations and uncertainties in LCIA methodology,
in general. Specific limitations and uncertainties in each impact category are discussed in
Section 3.3 with the baseline LCIA results.
The purpose of an LCIA is to evaluate the relative potential impacts of a product system
for various impact categories. There is no intent to measure the actual impacts or provide spatial
or temporal relationships linking the inventory to specific impacts. The LCIA is intended to
3^25
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3.1 METHODOLOGY
provide a screening-level evaluation of impacts. More detailed characterization of exposure and
toxicity has been conducted on selected materials for the CDP in Chapter 4.
Table 3-9. Data sources for equivalency factors and hazard values
Parameter
Global warming potential (GWP)
Ozone depletion potential (ODP)
Photochemical oxidant creation
potential (POCP)
Acidification potential (AP)
Nutrient enrichment/eutrophication
potential (EP)
Weight-of-evidence (WOE)
Slope factor (SF)
Mammalian: Lowest observed
adverse effect level / No observed
adverse effect level
(LOAEL/NOAEL)
Fish lethal concentration to 50% of
the exposed population (LC50)
FishNOAEL
Odor threshold value (OTV)
Basis of Parameter Values
atmospheric lifetimes and radiative forcing
compared to CO2
the change in the ozone column in the
equilibrium state of a substance compared to
CFC-11
simulated trajectories of ozone production with
and without VOCs present compared to ethene
number of hydrogen ions that can theoretically
be formed per mass unit of the pollutant being
released compared to SO2
ratio of N to P in the average composition of
algae (C10(iH263O110N1(iP) compared to
phosphate (PO43")
classification of carcinogenicity by EPA or
IARC based on human and/or animal toxicity
data
measure of an individual's excess risk or
increased likelihood of developing cancer if
exposed to a chemical, based on dose-response
data
mammalian (primarily rodent) toxicity studies
fish (primarily fathead minnow) toxicity
studies
fish (primarily fathead minnow) toxicity
studies
measured odor thresholds in humans
Source
Houghtone/a/., 1996
Heijungse/a/., 1992;
CAAA, 1990
Heijungse/a/., 1992
Heijungsrfa/., 1992;
Hauschild and Wenzel,
1997
Heijungsrfa/., 1992;
Lindforse/a/., 1995
EPA, 1999; IARC, 1998
IRIS and HEAST as cited
in Risk Assessment
Information System
(RAIS) online database
IRIS, HEAST and various
literature sources provided
by EPA contractor
Various literature sources
and Ecotox database
Literature sources and
Ecotox database
EPA, 1992
In addition to lacking temporal or spatial relationships and providing only relative
impacts, LCA is also limited by the availability and quality of the inventory data. Data
collection can be very time consuming and expensive. Confidentiality issues may also inhibit
the availability of primary data.
Uncertainties are inherent in each parameter described in Table 3-9 and the reader is
referred to each source for more information on associated uncertainties. For example, toxicity
data require extrapolations from animals to humans and from high to low doses (for chronic
effects) and can have a high degree of uncertainty.
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3.1 METHODOLOGY
Uncertainties also are inherent in chemical ranking and scoring systems, such as the
scoring of inherent properties approach used for human health and ecotoxicity effects. In
particular, systems that do not consider the fate and transport of chemicals in the environment
can contribute to misclassifications of chemicals with respect to risk. Also, uncertainty is
introduced where it was assumed that all chronic endpoints are equivalent, which is likely not the
case. In addition, when LOAELs were not available but NOAELs were, a factor often was
applied to the NOAEL to estimate the LOAEL, introducing uncertainty. The human health and
ecotoxicity impact characterization methods presented here are screening tools that cannot
substitute for more detailed risk characterization methods. However, it should be noted that in
LCA, chemical toxicity is often not considered at all. This methodology is an attempt to
consider chemical toxicity where it is often ignored.
Uncertainty in the inventory data depends on the responses to the data collection
questionnaires and other limitations identified during inventory data collection. These
uncertainties are carried into impact assessment. In this LCA, there was uncertainty in the
inventory data, which included but was not limited to the following:
• missing individual inventory items,
• missing processes or sets of data,
• measurement uncertainty,
• estimation uncertainty,
• allocation uncertainty/working with aggregated data, and
• unspeciated chemical data.
The goal definition and scoping process helped reduce the uncertainty from missing data,
although it is certain that some (missing data) still exist. As far as possible, the remaining
uncertainties were reduced primarily through quality assurance/quality control measures (e.g.,
performing systematic double-checks of all calculations on manipulated data). The limitations
and uncertainties in the inventory data were discussed further in Chapter 2.
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3.2 DATA MANAGEMENT AND ANALYSIS SOFTWARE
3.2 DATA MANAGEMENT AND ANALYSIS SOFTWARE
The inventory and chemical characteristics data for the CDP are stored in a database
within a software package developed by UT, using the Microsoft Visual FoxPro application
programming language, under a cooperative agreement with the EPA Office of Research and
Development. The software package calculates impact scores based on the stored inventory and
chemical data and on the appropriate formulas for each impact category, as presented in
Section 3.1.
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3.3 BASELINE LCIA RESULTS
3.3 BASELINE LCIA RESULTS
This section presents the baseline LCIA results calculated using the impact assessment
methodology presented in Section 3.1. As noted in the section on baseline LCI results (Section
2.7.1), the baseline scenario meets the following conditions:
• uses the effective life use stage scenario (e.g., use stage calculations are based on the
actual amount of time a monitor is used by one or multiple users before it reaches its final
disposition);
• uses the average value of all the energy inputs from the primary data for glass
manufacturing;
• removes two outliers from the primary data for energy inputs during LCD panel/module
manufacturing and then uses the average of the remaining energy inputs;
• excludes transportation in the manufacturing stage, but includes any transportation
embedded in upstream data sets;
• includes the manufacturing processes of materials used as fuels (e.g., natural gas, fuel oil)
in the manufacturing stage instead of in the upstream, materials processing stage. In
cases where materials normally considered to be fuels are used as ancillary materials,
their manufacturing processes are included with other upstream processes; and
• assumes LCD glass manufacturing processes use the same amounts of energy as CRT
glass manufacturing per kilogram of glass produced.
Section 3.3.1 summarizes the baseline life cycle impact category indicators for both the
CRT and LCD. Sections 3.3.2 through 3.3.14 present a breakdown of the impact category
indicators by life-cycle stage, list the materials that contribute 99% of the total for both monitor
types, and discuss limitations and uncertainties in each impact category. Each of the tables in
this report shows the top contributors to the impacts because the complete tables, which are
provided in Appendix J, are often lengthy. Section 3.3.15 summarizes the top contributors to
each impact category, and Appendix M presents complete LCIA results.
3.3.1 Summary of Baseline LCIA Results
Table 3-10 presents the baseline CRT and LCD LCIA indicator results for each impact
category, calculated using the impact assessment methodology presented in Section 3.1. The
indicator results presented in the table are the result of the characterization step of LCIA
methodology where LCI results are converted to common units and aggregated within an impact
category. Note that the impact category indicator results are in a number of different units and
therefore can not be summed or compared across impact categories. Note also that the CDP
LCIA methodology does not perform the optional LCIA steps of normalization (calculating the
magnitude of category indicator results relative to a reference value), grouping (sorting and
possibly ranking of indicators), or weighting (converting and possibly aggregating indicator
results across impact categories). Ranking and weighting, in particular, are subjective steps that
depend on the values of the different individuals, organizations, or societies performing the
analysis. Since the CDP involves a variety of stakeholders from different geographic regions
and with different values, these more subjective steps were intentionally excluded from the CDP
LCIA methodology.
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3.3 BASELINE LCIA RESULTS
Table 3-10. Baseline life-cycle impact category indicators3
Impact category
Renewable resource use
Nonrenewable resource use
Energy use
Solid waste landfill use
Hazardous waste landfill use
Radioactive waste landfill use
Global warming
Ozone depletion
Photochemical smog
Acidification
Air particulates
Water eutrophication
Water quality, BOD
Water quality, TSS
Radioactivity
Chronic health effects, occupational
Chronic health effects, public
Aesthetics (odor)
Aquatic toxicity
Terrestrial toxicity
Units per monitor
kg
kg
MJ
m3
m3
m3
kg-CO2 equivalents
kg-CFC-11 equivalents
kg-ethene equivalents
kg-SO2 equivalents
kg
kg-phosphate equivalents
kg
kg
Bq
tox-kg
tox-kg
m3
tox-kg
tox-kg
CRT
1.31E+04
6.68E+02
2.08E+04
1.67E-01
1.68E-02
1.81E-04
6.95E+02
2.05E-05b>c
1.71E-01
5.25E+00
3.01E-01
4.82E-02
1.95E-01
8.74E-01
3.85E+07d
9.34E+02
1.98E+03
7.58E+06
2.25E-01
1.97E+03
LCD
2.80E+03
3.64E+02
2.84E+03
5.43E-02
3.61E-03
9.22E-05
5.93E+02
1.37E-05b
1.41E-01
2.96E+00
1.15E-01
4.96E-02
2.83E-02
6.15E-02
1.22E+07d
6.96E+02
9.02E+02
5.04E+06
5.19E-HM)
8.94E+02
a Bold indicates the larger value within an impact category when comparing the CRT and LCD.
b Several of the substances included in this category were phased out of production by January 1, 1996. Excluding
phased out substances decreases the CRT ozone depletion indicator to 1.09E-05 kg CFC-11 equivalents per monitor
and the LCD ozone depletion indicator to 1.18E-05 kg CFC-11 equivalents per monitor. These ozone depletion
indicators are probably more representative of the CDP temporal boundaries and current operating practices. See
Section 3.3.6 for details.
c Although the CRT indicator appears larger than the LCD indicator, uncertainties in the inventory make it difficult
to determine which monitor has the greater value. Therefore, this value is not shown in bold.
Radioactivity impacts are being driven by radioactive releases from nuclear fuel reprocessing in France, which are
included in the electricity data in some of the upstream, materials processing data sets. See Section 3.3.12 for details.
As shown in the table, under the baseline conditions the CRT indicators are greater than
the LCD indicators in the following categories: renewable resource use, nonrenewable resource
use, energy use, solid waste landfill use, hazardous waste landfill use, radioactive waste landfill
use, global warming, photochemical smog, acidification, air particulates, biological oxygen
demand (BOD), total suspended solids (TSS), radioactivity, chronic public health effects, chronic
occupational health effects, aesthetics, and terrestrial toxicity. The LCD indicators are greater
than the CRT indicators in the following categories: water eutrophication and aquatic toxicity. In
addition, as noted in Table 3-10, the CRT ozone depletion indicator is greater than that of the
LCD when phased out substances are left in the CRT and LCD inventories. However, if phased
3-30
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3.3 BASELINE LCIA RESULTS
out substances are removed from the CRT and LCD inventories, the LCD ozone depletion
indicator would exceed that of the CRT.
A number of the impact results for both monitor types, and for the CRT in particular, are
being driven by a few data points with relatively high uncertainty. Therefore, sensitivity
analyses of the baseline results are presented in Section 3.4.
3.3.2 Renewable and Nonrenewable Resource Use
3.3.2.1 Renewable resource use
Figure 3-2 presents the CRT and LCD impact category indicators for renewable resource
use by life-cycle stage, based on the impact assessment methodology presented in Section
3.1.2.1. Tables M-l and M-2 in Appendix M present complete renewable resource results for
the CRT and LCD, respectively. A renewable resource is one that is being replenished at a rate
greater than or equal to its rate of depletion. Note that several of the resources listed in the
Appendix and in the tables that follow are not renewable or can not be replenished, per se, but
are considered renewable since they can be restored or are present in nearly infinite, non-
depletable amounts. For example, water is typically considered a renewable resource since it can
be restored to potable quality and is therefore being "replenished" at a rate greater than or equal
to its rate of depletion. However, current trends toward shortages of potable water suggest that
water might be more appropriately classified as a nonrenewable resource.
^ 10,000 -
'E
3
c 6,000 -
o
o
c
;2 2,000 -
"3)
j*:
-2,000 -
Renewable resource use
n Upstream
• Mfg
~~
556
[ ~~|
111,500 nUse
DEOL
2,130
1,140 , ,
1 -17 264 426 -16
CRT Monitor type LCD
Figure 3-2. Renewable resource use impacts by life-cycle stage
3-31
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3.3 BASELINE LCIA RESULTS
As shown in Figure 3-2, the baseline life-cycle impact category indicator for renewable
resource use is 13,100 kg per monitor for the CRT and 2,800 kg per monitor for the LCD. Both
the CRT and LCD renewable resource use results are dominated by the manufacturing life-cycle
stage, with manufacturing accounting for 87% and 76% of the CRT and LCD totals,
respectively.
Table 3-11 presents the life-cycle inventory items that contribute to the top 99% of the
CRT renewable resource use total. It also lists the LCI data type (primary, secondary, or
model/secondary). As shown in Table 3-11, water used in the production of LPG clearly
dominates the CRT renewable resource use impact score. LPG is primarily used as an energy
source in CRT glass manufacturing, indicating that the glass/frit process group is ultimately the
greatest contributor to the CRT renewable resource use impact score. Other significant
contributors include water used to produce electricity in the United States during the use of the
monitor, water used in CRT tube manufacturing, and water used in the production of steel. The
LCI data for LPG production and steel manufacturing are from secondary sources, while the LCI
data for the U.S. electric grid are based on the model developed by the CDP for the amount of
electricity consumed by a CRT during use combined with data from secondary sources on the
inputs and outputs from U.S. power plants. CRT tube manufacturing LCI data are primary data
collected by the CDP.
Table 3-11. Top 99% of the CRT renewable resource use impact score
Life-cycle stage
Manufacturing
Use
Manufacturing
Materials processing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Process group
LPG production
U.S. electric grid
CRT tube manufacturing
Steel production, cold-rolled,
semi-finished
Japanese electric grid
PWB manufacturing
Material
Water
Water
Water
Water
Water
Water
LCI data
type
Secondary
Model/secondary
Primary
Secondary
Model/secondary
Primary
Contribution to
impact score*
79%
8.7%
6.2%
3.6%
0.34%
0.32%
* Column may not add to 99% due to rounding.
Table 3-12 presents the inventory items contributing to the top 99% of the LCD
renewable resource use total and the LCI data types (primary, secondary, or model/secondary).
As shown in the table, water used in LCD module/monitor manufacturing is the greatest
contributor to the LCD renewable resource use impact score. Other significant contributors
include water used in the production of LPG, water used by the U.S. electric grid during the use
life-cycle stage, and water used in steel production. It is LCD glass manufacturing that
consumes the LPG responsible for the high LCD renewable resource use score. The LCI data for
LCD module manufacturing are primary data collected by the CDP. LPG production and steel
manufacturing are from secondary sources, while the LCI data for the U.S electric grid are based
on the model developed by the CDP for the amount of electricity consumed by an LCD during
the use stage combined with data from secondary sources.
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3.3 BASELINE LCIA RESULTS
Table 3-12. Top 99% of the LCD renewable resource use impact score
Life-cycle stage
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Use
Materials processing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Process group
LCD module/monitor mfg.
LPG production
U.S. electric grid
Steel production
(cold-rolled, semi-finished)
LCD panel components
Backlight
Japanese electric grid
PWB Manufacturing
Material
Water
Water
Water
Water
Water
Water
Water
Water
LCI data
type
Primary
Secondary
Model/secondary
Secondary
Primary
Primary
Model/secondary
Primary
Contribution to
impact score*
38%
18%
15%
8.2%
6.4%
6.8%
5.3%
0.66%
* Column may not add to 99% due to rounding.
3.3.2.2 Nonrenewable resource use
Figure 3-3 presents the CRT and LCD impact category indicators for nonrenewable
resource use by life-cycle stage, based on the impact assessment methodology presented in
Section 3.1.2.1. Tables M-3 and M-4 in Appendix M present complete nonrenewable resource
results for the CRT and LCD, respectively. The total nonrenewable resource use indicator was
668 kg per monitor for the CRT and 364 kg per monitor for the LCD. As shown in Figure 3-3,
the CRT nonrenewable resource use results are dominated by the manufacturing life-cycle stage,
which contributed 68% of the total. The LCD nonrenewable resource use score is dominated by
the upstream materials processing stages, which contributed 69% of the total.
Nonrenewable resource use
500 n
+. 400 -
'c
- 300 -
TO
O onn
4-*
o
§ 100 -
it
O)
•* 0 -
-100 -
_L
n Upstream
• Mfg
451 DUse
DEOL
250
74
43
-3.5 I I -2.3
CRT Monitor type LCD
Figure 3-3. Nonrenewable resource use impacts by life-cycle
stage
3-33
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3.3 BASELINE LCIA RESULTS
Table 3-13 presents the inventory items contributing to the top 99% of the CRT
nonrenewable resource use impact score. It also lists the LCI data type (primary, secondary, or
model/secondary). Similar to the renewable resource use LCIA results, the LPG production
process, which mainly supports the CRT glass manufacturing process, clearly dominates the
CRT nonrenewable resource use impact score. Petroleum used to make LPG is the non-
renewable resource being consumed by the LPG production process in the greatest amounts,
followed by natural gas, and coal. Note that the LPG actually consumed during CRT glass
manufacturing does not appear in the nonrenewable resource use results. This is because it was
accounted for in the nonrenewable resource use score for the LPG production process when it
was extracted from the ground.
Fuels (coal and natural gas) consumed by the U.S. electric grid during monitor use are
also among the greatest contributors to the CRT nonrenewable resource use impact scores. The
LCI data for LPG production are from secondary sources, while the LCI data for the U.S. electric
grid are based on the model developed by the CDP for the amount of electricity consumed by a
CRT during use combined with data from secondary sources on the inputs and outputs from U.S.
power plants.
Table 3-13. Top 99% of the CRT nonrenewable resource use impact score
Life-cycle stage
Manufacturing
Use
Manufacturing
Use
Manufacturing
Materials processing
Materials processing
Manufacturing
Use
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Materials processing
Manufacturing
Materials processing
Manufacturing
Process group
LPG production
U.S. electric grid
LPG production
U.S. electric grid
LPG production
Steel production, cold-
rolled, semi-finished
Steel production, cold-
rolled, semi-finished
Fuel oil #6 production
U.S. electric grid
Natural gas production
U.S. electric grid
Japanese electric grid
Aluminum production
Japanese electric grid
Polycarbonate
production
Japanese electric grid
Material*
Petroleum (in ground)
Coal, average (in ground)
Natural gas (in ground)
Natural gas
Coal, average (in ground)
Iron Ore
Coal, average (in ground)
Petroleum (in ground)
Petroleum (in ground)
Natural gas (in ground)
Coal, average (in ground)
Coal, average (in ground)
Bauxite
Petroleum (in ground)
Natural gas (in ground)
Natural gas
LCI data
type
Secondary
Model/secondary
Secondary
Model/secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Model/secondary
Secondary
Model/secondary
Model/secondary
Secondary
Model/secondary
Secondary
Model/secondary
Contribution
to impact
score*
56%
27%
6.7%
2.1%
2.0%
0.99%
0.60%
0.58%
0.57%
0.51%
0.43%
0.34%
0.20%
0.19%
0.19%
0.19%
* Column may not add to 99% due to rounding.
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3.3 BASELINE LCIA RESULTS
Table 3-14 presents the inventory items contributing to the top 99% of the LCD non-
renewable resource use impact score. In this case, the impact score is dominated by the natural
gas extracted to produce natural gas in the upstream, materials processing life-cycle stage.
Liquified natural gas (LNG) from this production process is used as an ancillary material in the
LCD module/monitor manufacturing process group, indicating LCD module/monitor
manufacturing is ultimately responsible for this non-renewable resource use. However, only one
of the seven companies that provided data for the LCD module/monitor manufacturing process
group reported this use of LNG. Note that the actual use of LNG in the LCD
module/manufacturing process group does not appear in the nonrenewable resource results.
Similar to the LPG results discussed above for the CRT, this is because it has been accounted for
in the natural gas production process results.
Other primary contributors to this impact score include coal used to produce electricity
for the U.S. electric grid, and petroleum used to produce LPG. The LCI data for all of the
primary contributors to the LCD non-renewable resource use score were either from secondary
sources or CDP models combined with secondary sources.
Table 3-14. Top 99% of the LCD nonrenewable resource use impact score
Life-cycle stage
Materials processing
Use
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Use
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Materials processing
Manufacturing
Materials processing
Materials processing
Use
Process group
Natural gas production
U.S. electric grid
LPG production
Japanese electric grid
Natural gas production
U.S. electric grid
Japanese electric grid
Japanese electric grid
Steel production (cold-
rolled, semi-finished)
LPG production
Steel production (cold-
rolled, semi-finished)
Natural gas production
U.S. electric grid
Material
Natural gas (in ground)
Coal, average (in ground)
Petroleum (in ground)
Coal, average (in ground)
Natural gas (in ground)
Natural gas
Petroleum (in ground)
Natural gas
Iron ore
Natural gas (in ground)
Coal (in ground)
Coal (in ground)
Petroleum (in ground)
LCI data
type
Secondary
Model/secondary
Secondary
Model/secondary
Secondary
Model/secondary
Model/secondary
Model/secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Model/secondary
Contribution
to impact
score*
65%
18%
4.9%
2.1%
1.5%
1.4%
1.2%
1.2%
0.89%
0.59%
0.54%
0.45%
0.39%
*Column may not add to 99% due to rounding
3.3.2.3 Limitations and uncertainties
The renewable and nonrenewable resource use results presented here are based on the
mass of a material consumed. Depletion of renewable materials, which results from the
extraction of renewable resources faster than they are renewed, may occur but is not specifically
modeled or identified in the renewable resource impact scores. This may be particularly
important for water, which, while considered a renewable resource, is in shorter and shorter
supply as world population grows and more of the world's water resources become degraded.
For the nonrenewable materials use category, depletion of materials results from the extraction
3-35
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3.3 BASELINE LCIA RESULTS
of nonrenewable resources. However, the impact scores do not directly relate consumption rates
to the earth's ability to sustain that consumption.
The CRT and LCD impact scores for renewable resource use, and the CRT impact score
for nonrenewable resources use, are being driven by the fuels consumed during CRT or LCD
glass manufacturing. However, as discussed in Section 2.3.3.3, there is a high degree of
variability in the three sets of CRT glass manufacturing energy data received by the CDP.
Furthermore, as discussed in Section 2.3.3.1, LCD glass manufacturing data were developed
from the CRT data because no companies were willing to supply the LCD data. Therefore, glass
energy use inputs are uncertain for both the CRT and the LCD and were the subject of a
sensitivity analysis, discussed in Section 3.4.
The LCD impact score for nonrenewable resource use is being driven by LNG used as an
ancillary material during LCD module/monitor manufacturing. However, only one LCD
module/monitor manufacturer reported using LNG as an ancillary material, which was
confirmed by CDP researchers in follow-up communications. Given the fact that only one of
seven manufacturers reported the ancillary use of LNG, the LCD nonrenewable resource use
indicator may not be representative of the industry as a whole. If we remove this application of
LNG from the LCD inventory, the LCD nonrenewable resource result is reduced by 66%, from
364 kg per monitor to 125 kg per monitor.
Inventory data for most of the materials contributing 99% of the CRT and LCD impact
scores come from secondary sources, and were not developed specifically for the CDP. The
limitations and uncertainties associated with secondary data sources are summarized in Section
2.2.2. Table 3-15 looks more closely at the LPG and natural gas production geographic and
temporal boundaries. These are the production processes that are driving a large part of the CRT
and LCD resources use indicators. As shown in the table, most of the LPG and natural gas
production data are for the United States, although the LPG data set includes some data from
other countries. Both data sets rely on several different sources and have different temporal
boundaries. In particular, LPG production data are less recent, and may not accurately reflect
current production practices. All of these factors create some inconsistencies among the data
sets and reduce the data quality when used for the purposes of the CDP. However, this is a
common difficulty with LCA, which often uses data from secondary sources to avoid the
tremendous amount of time and resources required to collect all the needed data.
Table 3-15. LPG and natural gas production geographic and temporal boundaries
Production Process
LPG production
Natural gas production
Location
Mainly U.S., but includes some
other countries
U.S.
Source
Seven sources cited
Six sources cited
Year
1983 to 1993
1987 to 1998
3-36
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3.3 BASELINE LCIA RESULTS
3.3.3 Energy Use
Figure 3-4 presents the CRT and LCD impact results for energy use by life-cycle stage,
based on the impact assessment methodology presented in Section 3.1.2.2. Tables M-5 and M-6
in Appendix M list complete energy use results for the CRT and LCD, respectively. The total
indicator for this impact category was 20,800 MJ per monitor for the CRT, and 2,840 MJ per
monitor for the LCD.
CRTs generally are assumed to have greater life-cycle energy use impacts than the LCDs
due to the high energy requirements in the use stage. This is borne out by the results in
Figure 3-4, which show that CRT energy consumption during use is roughly 2.7 times that of the
LCD. However, contrary to expectations, CRT energy use impacts are driven by the
manufacturing life-cycle stage, which contributes about 88% of the total score. The use stage,
which was expected to be responsible for a large amount of energy consumption impacts, only
contributes about 11% of the total score. LCD energy consumption impacts are also largest in
the manufacturing life-cycle stage which accounts for almost 51% of the impacts in this
category. Both the use and upstream (materials processing) life-cycle stages are also significant
contributors to LCD life-cycle energy use, accounting for 30 and 22%, respectively. Note that
the sum of the upstream, manufacturing, and use life-cycle stages is greater than 100% due to an
energy credit for incineration with energy recovery at the end of a monitor's useful life.
20,000 n
*J
§ 15,000
c 10,000
o
o 5,000
*: n
==> °
-5,000
366
Fnp rnv
cneiyy
n Upstream
• Mfg
18,300 DUse
rjEOL
2'29° _128 633 L440 853 _84
CRT LCD
Monitor type
Figure 3-4. Energy impacts by life-cycle stage
3.3.3.1 Major contributors to the CRT energy use results
Table 3-16 presents the life-cycle inventory items contributing to the top 99% of the CRT
energy use results and the LCI data type (primary, secondary, or model/secondary). As shown in
the table, LPG used in the glass/frit process group, primarily from CRT glass manufacturing,
clearly dominates the CRT energy use result, followed by electricity consumed during use of a
CRT monitor, and natural gas, petroleum, and coal consumed during LPG production. Since
LPG is used primarily as an energy source during CRT glass manufacturing, most of the sum of
the glass/frit manufacturing and LPG production energy use impacts—roughly 87% of the CRT
life-cycle energy use impacts—can be attributed to the CRT glass manufacturing process.
3-37
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3.3 BASELINE LCIA RESULTS
Table 3-16. Top 99% of the CRT energy use impact score
Life-cycle stage
Manufacturing
Use
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Materials processing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Process group
Glass/frit manufacturing
CRT monitor use
LPG production
LPG production
LPG production
CRT tube manufacturing
Glass/frit manufacturing
Glass/frit manufacturing
Glass/frit manufacturing
CRT tube manufacturing
Polycarbonate production
LPG production
CRT tube manufacturing
Glass/frit manufacturing
Material
Liquified petroleum gas
Electricity
Natural gas (in ground)
Petroleum (in ground)
Coal, average (in ground)
Fuel oil #6
Natural gas
Fuel oil # 2
Electricity
Natural gas
Natural gas (in ground)
Uranium (U, ore)
Electricity
Electricity
LCI data
type
Primary
Model/secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Primary
Primary
Primary
Primary
Primary
Secondary
Secondary
Primary
Primary
Contribution
to impact
score*
72%
11%
10%
2.0%
1.4%
0.72%
0.26%
0.24%
0.23%
0.18%
0.16%
0.16%
0.15%
0.13%
*Column may not add to 99% due to rounding.
3.3.3.2 Major contributors to the LCD energy use results
Table 3-17 lists the inventory items contributing to the top 99% of the LCD life-cycle
energy use results. Electricity consumed during use of the LCD monitor by the consumer is the
single largest contributor to LCD energy use impacts, closely followed by LPG utilized to
produce LCD glass. Other major contributors include natural gas consumed during natural gas
production, electricity and LNG used as a fuel during LCD monitor/module manufacturing, and
natural gas consumed during LPG production. Note that the LNG used as an ancillary material
in LCD module/monitor manufacturing is not included in the LCD energy use impact
calculations since it is not used as a source of energy. However, natural gas used as an energy
source to produce the LNG is included (the third item listed in the table).
3-38
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3.3 BASELINE LCIA RESULTS
Table 3-17. Top 99% of the LCD energy use impact score
Life-cycle stage
Use
Manufacturing
Materials processing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Materials processing
Materials processing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Materials processing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Materials processing
Materials processing
Materials processing
Materials processing
Manufacturing
Materials processing
Materials processing
Manufacturing
Materials processing
Materials processing
Process group
LCD monitor use
LCD glass manufacturing
Natural gas production
LCD module/monitor mfg.
LCD module/monitor mfg.
LPG production
LCD panel components
LCD module/monitor mfg.
Natural gas production
Natural gas production
LCD module/monitor mfg.
LPG production
Polycarbonate production
LPG production
LCD module/monitor mfg.
PMMA sheet production
PMMA sheet production
Steel production
(cold-rolled, semi-finished)
Steel production
(cold-rolled, semi-finished)
Natural gas production
PMMA sheet production
Steel production
(cold-rolled, semi-finished)
LCD module/monitor mfg.
Styrene-butadiene copolymer
production
Aluminum production
Material
Electricity
Liquified petroleum gas
Natural gas (in ground)
Electricity
Liquified natural gas
Natural gas (in ground)
Electricity
Natural gas
Coal (in ground)
Petroleum (in ground)
Liquified petroleum gas
Petroleum (in ground)
Natural gas (in ground)
Coal (in ground)
Kerosene
Petroleum (in ground)
Natural gas (in ground)
Petroleum (in ground)
Natural gas (in ground)
Natural gas (in ground)
Electricity
Electricity
Fuel oil # 4
Natural gas (in ground)
Coal (in ground)
LCI data
type
Model/
secondary
Primary
Secondary
Primary
Primary
Secondary
Primary
Primary
Secondary
Secondary
Primary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Primary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Primary
Secondary
Secondary
Contribution
to impact
score*
30%
25%
14%
8.9%
5.8%
3.4%
1.4%
1.3%
1.3%
0.89%
0.88%
0.69%
0.67%
0.51%
0.46%
0.42%
0.41%
0.36%
0.35%
0.32%
0.32%
0.31%
0.31%
0.29%
0.29%
*Corumn may not add to 99% due to rounding.
3.3.3.3 Limitations and uncertainties
Some of the limitations and uncertainties in the energy use indicators are similar to those
in the renewable and nonrenewable resource use categories. First, as discussed in Section
3.3.1.1, the energy data for both CRT and LCD glass manufacturing are uncertain due to the
variability in the primary glass data received by the CDP from three glass manufacturers. Glass
manufacturing energy data are the subject of a sensitivity analysis in Section 3.4. Second, data
for LPG production and natural gas production, which are among the largest contributors to the
energy use indicators, are from secondary sources and are therefore subject to the limitations and
3-39
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3.3 BASELINE LCIA RESULTS
uncertainties associated with secondary data (see Section 2.2.2 and 3.3.1.1). Not counting the
use stage data, note that about 14% of the CRT energy use impacts shown in Table 3-16, above,
are from secondary sources, compared to about 24% of the LCD energy use impacts
(Table 3-17).
The amount of electricity consumed during use of a monitor was modeled by the CDP
from secondary sources on the amount of electricity consumed during different power modes and
the amount of time a monitor spends in each mode. Data quality for the effective life scenario
(the baseline scenario presented here) is considered to be excellent, based on the source and
quality information detailed in Appendix H and discussed in Sections 2.4.2 and 2.4.3.
3.3.4 Landfill Use
3.3.4.1 Solid waste landfill use
Figure 3-5 presents the CRT and LCD LCIA results for the solid waste landfill use
impact category, based on the impact assessment methodology presented in Section 3.1.2.3.
Tables
M-7 and M-8 in Appendix M present complete results for the CRT and LCD, respectively. Life-
cycle solid waste landfill use was 0.17m3 for the CRT and 0.054 m3 for the LCD. The solid
waste landfill indicators for both monitor types are dominated by waste disposal during the use
stage—which contributes 59% of the total for the CRT and 68% for the LCD—primarily from
wastes generated as a by-product of electricity production. Both monitor types have negative
solid waste impact scores during the end-of-life stage. This is due to an energy credit from
incineration processes, which offsets some of the solid waste impacts from electricity generation.
+J
'1 8.00E-02
"re
o
'"S 3.00E-02
c
s2
fO
-2.00E-02
5.64E
1.23E-02
-02
£
9.91E-02
Jolid waste • Upstream
• Mfg
QUse
DEOL
3.70E-02
1.07E-02
1.10E-02
CRT LCD
Monitor type
Figure 3-5. Solid waste impacts by life-cycle stage
Table 3-18 presents the materials that contribute to the top 99% of the CRT solid waste
landfill use impact score. Note that the material contributions actually add to greater than 100%
due to the energy credit from incineration processes, discussed above. Coal waste from U.S.
electricity production is the single largest contributor to CRT impacts in this impact category,
followed by slag and ash from LPG production, and dust/sludge and fly bottom ash from U.S.
3-40
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3.3 BASELINE LCIA RESULTS
electricity production. Electricity is used to power the monitor during the use stage, while LPG
is primarily used in the production of CRT glass during manufacturing. LPG production also
results in an unspecified solid waste that contributes 4.5% of the CRT solid waste impact score,
while the CRT glass/frit process group generates a wastewater treatment sludge that contributes
5% of the score. Thus, the CRT glass/frit process group contributes about 30% of the CRT solid
waste impact score, either directly (as a result of the glass manufacturing process itself) or
indirectly (from LPG production). Other processes that are significant contributors include steel
production and the landfilling of a CRT at the end of its effective life. The latter value is based
on the assumption that 25% of CRTs that have reached their end of life are disposed of in a solid
waste landfill (see Section 2.5 and Appendix I).
Table 3-18. Top 99% of the CRT solid waste landfill use impact score
Life-cycle stage
Use
Manufacturing
Use
Use
Materials processing
End-of-Life
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Process group
U.S. electric grid
LPG production
U.S. electric grid
U.S. electric grid
Steel production, cold-
rolled, semi-finished
CRT landfilling
LPG production
CRT glass/frit mfg.
Material
Coal waste
Slag and ash
Dust/sludge
Fly bottom ash
Unspecified solid waste
EOL CRT monitor, landfilled
Unspecified waste
Waste water treatment sludge
LCI data
type
Model/secondary
Secondary
Model/secondary
Model/secondary
Secondary
Primary
Secondary
Primary
Contribution
to impact
score*
38%
21%
12%
10%
6.6%
5.0%
4.5%
4.4%
* Column adds to greater than 100% due to a credit from incineration with energy recovery during the EOL life-cycle
stage.
CRT glass manufacturing data were collected specifically for the CDP, while data for
other process groups were either modeled by the CDP from secondary sources (e.g., U.S. electric
grid data) or are entirely from secondary sources (e.g., LPG and steel production data). The
mass and volume of CRT materials that are landfilled were developed for the CDP based on the
mass reported in each inventory data set (collected as primary data) and the density of CRT
materials assumed to be disposed of in a solid waste landfill. Note that the upstream inventories,
which were derived from secondary sources (i.e., Ecobilan), include electricity generation within
the materials manufacturing processes. These inventories do not include coal waste as an output,
but list "slag and ash" as an output. The different inventories used in this project have varying
nomenclature and some of the solid waste materials listed in the table may indeed overlap.
Table 3-19 presents the materials that contribute to the top 99% of the LCD solid waste
landfill use results. Like the CRT solid waste results, the material contributions in the table are
actually greater than 100% due to some negative values at end-of-life from an incinerator energy
credit. Coal waste, dust/sludge, and fly/bottom ash from U.S. electricity during the use stage
dominate the LCD solid waste impacts, contributing 68% of the impact score. Other significant
contributors include the following: (1) an unspecified solid waste from producing steel used in
the manufacture of the monitor, (2) slag and ash generated during the production of natural gas
which is then used by one LCD module/monitor manufacturer as an ancillary material (LNG)
during LCD module/monitor manufacture, (3) a wastewater treatment sludge from LCD
3-41
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3.3 BASELINE LCIA RESULTS
module/monitor manufacturing, (4) coal waste from the generation of electricity in Japan during
manufacturing, and (5) landfilling of non-hazardous or non-recovered components of the LCD at
the end of its effective life. The latter value is based on the assumption that 50% of LCDs are
sent to a solid waste landfill at the end of their effective lives.
Table 3-19. Top 99% of the LCD solid waste landfill use impact score
Life-cycle stage
Use
Use
Use
Materials processing
Materials processing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
End-of-Life
Process group
U.S. electric grid
U.S. electric grid
U.S. electric grid
Steel production, cold-
rolled, semi-finished
Natural gas production
LCD monitor/module
mfg.
Japanese electric grid
LCD landfilling
Material
Coal waste
Dust/sludge
Fly /bottom ash
Unspecified solid waste
Slag and ash
Waste water treatment
sludge
Coal waste
EOL LCD monitor,
landfilled
LCI data
type
Model/secondary
Model/secondary
Model/secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Primary
Model/secondary
Primary
Contribution
to impact
score*
44%
13%
11%
9.9%
7.7%
5.6%
5.0%
3.5%
*Column adds to greater than 100% due to a credit from incineration with energy recovery during the EOL life-cycle
stage.
LCI data for LCD monitor/module manufacturing were collected by the CDP, and LCD
solid waste disposal volumes were estimated by the CDP based on the amounts and density of
LCD materials assumed to be disposed of in a solid waste landfill. Like the CRT, data for other
process groups either were modeled by the CDP from secondary data sources or came from
secondary sources. As discussed above for the CRT, the materials processing inventories from
secondary sources (i.e., Ecobilan) include electricity generation within the materials
manufacturing processes. The different inventories used in this project have varying
nomenclature and some of the solid waste materials listed in the table may indeed overlap.
3.3.4.2 Hazardous waste landfill use
Figure 3-6 presents the CRT and LCD LCIA results for the hazardous waste landfill use
impact category, based on the impact assessment methodology presented in Section 3.1.2.3.
Tables M-9 and M-10 (see Appendix M) present complete hazardous waste landfill use results
for the CRT and LCD, respectively. Hazardous waste landfill use impacts are characterized
from hazardous waste outputs with a disposition of landfill, which includes about 83% of the
9.46 kg of hazardous waste/functional unit generated by the CRT life cycle and about 27% of the
6.3 kg/functional unit generated by the LCD life cycle. This consumes approximately 0.017 m3
of hazardous waste landfill space for the CRT and 0.036 m3 for the LCD, based on the mass and
densities of the various materials. The results for both monitor types are dominated by monitor
disposal at the end of its effective life. Approximately 46% of CRTs and 5% of LCDs are
assumed to be landfilled as hazardous waste (see Section 2.5 and Appendix I).
3-42
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3.3 BASELINE LCIA RESULTS
~ 1.80E-02n
3
|S 1.20E-02-
O
c 6.00E-03 -
O.OOE+00
Hazardous waste
1.53E-02
1.41E-03
1.09E-04 O.OOE-I-OO
3.49E-03
1.07E-04 „ ,
1.50E-05 OOOEfOO
CRT
LCD
Monitor type
Figure 3-6. Hazardous waste impacts by life-cycle stage
Table 3-20 presents the materials that contribute to the top 99% of the CRT hazardous
waste landfill use results. About 91% of the total hazardous waste landfill space consumed
throughout the life-cycle of the CRT is from the amount of the monitor that is assumed to be
disposed of as hazardous waste. The next largest contributor is an unspecified hazardous waste
from LPG production. Most of this LPG is used to manufacture CRT glass. CRT outputs to a
hazardous waste landfill at the end-of-life were estimated by the CDP. The LPG inventory is
from secondary sources.
Table 3-20. Top 99% of the CRT hazardous waste landfill use impact score
Life-cycle stage
End-of-Life
Manufacturing
Process group
CRT landfilling
LPG production
Material
EOL CRT monitor, landfilled
Hazardous waste
LCI data
type
Primary
Secondary
Contribution to
impact score
91%
8.1%
Table 3-21 lists the top contributors to the LCD hazardous waste landfill use results.
LCD results are also dominated by landfilling of the LCD monitor at the end of its effective life,
even though only 5% of LCDs are assumed to be landfilled. Other significant contributors
include an unspecified hazardous waste from LPG production, and acetic acid from LCD
monitor/module manufacturing. LPG is used in the manufacture of LCD glass. LCD outputs to
a hazardous waste landfill at the end-of-life were estimated by the CDP. The LPG inventory is
from secondary sources.
Table 3-21. Top 99% of the LCD hazardous waste landfill use im
jact score
Life-cycle
stage
End-of-Life
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Process group
LCD landfilling
LPG production
LCD monitor/module mfg.
Material
EOL LCD monitor, landfilled
Hazardous waste
Acetic acid
LCI data
type
Primary
Secondary
Primary
Contribution to
impact score
97%
1.8%
0.88%
3-43
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3.3 BASELINE LCIA RESULTS
3.3.4.3 Radioactive waste landfill use
Figure 3-7 presents the CRT and LCD LCIA results for the radioactive waste landfill use
impact category, based on the impact assessment methodology presented in Section 3.1.2.3.
Tables M-l 1 and M-12 in Appendix M present complete results for the CRT and LCD,
respectively. Life-cycle radioactive waste landfill use indicators for the CRT are 1.81E-04 m3
per monitor for the CRT and 9.22E-05 m3 per monitor for the LCD. As shown in the figure,
CRT radioactive waste landfill impacts are dominated by radioactive waste disposal in the use
stage, which contributes about 79% of the total impacts. This result is to be expected, given the
relatively large amount of electricity consumed by a CRT during use and the associated
radioactive waste from nuclear power plants. The use stage also contributes the greatest amount
of LCD impacts (58%), but the manufacturing stage is also a significant contributor (33%) due to
electricity consumed during manufacturing. LCD manufacturing electricity is linked to the
Japanese electric grid, which derives 31% of its power from nuclear sources. By comparison,
about 20% of the U.S. electric grid is powered by nuclear sources.
•1 1.50E-04-,
3
g 1.00E-04
O
?
£ O.UUb-UO
3
^ O.OOE+00
2.7
Radioactive waste • Upstream
• Mfg
1.43E-04 DUse
4E-05 1 12E-05
I
I
DEOL
5.32E-05
.U4L-UJ
1.43E-08 8.55E-06 | | 101E-08
| | |
1 '
CRT LCD
Monitor type
Figure 3-7. Radioactive waste impacts by life-cycle stage
Table 3-22 lists the materials that contribute to the top 99% of the CRT radioactive waste
landfill use score and the LCI data type. Note that the LCI data for all of the materials in the
table are from secondary sources or models. Low-level radioactive waste and depleted uranium
from the U.S. electric grid are the radioactive materials being landfilled in the greatest quantities,
followed by low-level radioactive waste from the production of steel used in the monitor. The
latter radioactive waste is a byproduct of electricity production used in the manufacture of steel.
It should be noted that the electricity generation data utilized in the steel inventory are from
France (Glazebrook, 2001), where a large percentage of electricity is derived from nuclear
sources. Therefore, these emissions may not be representative of emissions from steel production
in some parts of Asia or in the United States. This issue is discussed further in the section on
limitations and uncertainties, below.
3-44
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3.3 BASELINE LCIA RESULTS
Table 3-22. Top 99% of the CRT radioactive waste landfill use impact score
Life-cycle stage
Use
Use
Materials processing
Manufacturing
Materials processing
Materials processing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Process group
U.S. electric grid
U.S. electric grid
Steel production, cold-
rolled, semi-finished
Japanese electric grid
Invar
Ferrite manufacturing
Japanese electric grid
U.S. electric grid
Material
Low-level radioactive waste
Uranium, depleted
Low-level radioactive waste
Low-level radioactive waste
Low-level radioactive waste
Low-level radioactive waste
Uranium, depleted
Low-level radioactive waste
LCI data
type
Model/secondary
Model/secondary
Secondary
Model/secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Model/secondary
Model/secondary
Contribution
to impact
score*
61%
18%
9.0%
3.8%
2.6%
2.5%
1.1%
0.97%
*Corumn may not add to 99% due to rounding.
Other significant contributors to the CRT radioactive waste score include low-level
radioactive waste from electricity used in Japan during manufacturing, and low-level radioactive
waste from invar and fertile manufacturing. Invar is an alloy of nickel and iron. Like the steel
data discussed above, the invar and fertile manufacturing data also include emissions from
electricity production. Finally, low-level radioactive waste from U.S. electricity consumed during
the manufacturing stage contributes slightly less than 1% of the CRT radioactive waste landfill
use impacts. The frit and PWB manufacturing processes consume this electricity. These are the
only CRT components linked to the U.S. grid.
Table 3-23 lists the materials that contribute to the top 99% of the LCD radioactive waste
landfill use results and the LCI data type. Note that LCI data for all of the primary contributors to
this impact category are from secondary sources or modeled from secondary sources. Together,
low-level radioactive waste and depleted uranium disposal from electricity consumed during use
of the monitor account for about 57% of the LCD radioactive waste landfill use indicator,
followed by low-level radioactive waste and depleted uranium disposal from electricity used
during manufacturing (roughly 32%). Waste disposal from steel production is also a significant
contributor at 8.7%. Like the CRT data discussed above, these emissions occur from electricity
production in France and may not be representative of U.S. or some Asian practices.
Table 3-23. Top 99% of the LCD radioactive waste disposal impact score
Life-cycle stage
Use
Manufacturing
Use
Materials processing
Manufacturing
Process group
U.S. electric grid
Japanese electric grid
U.S. electric grid
Steel production, cold-
rolled, semi-finished
Japanese electric grid
Material
Low-level radioactive waste
Low-level radioactive waste
Uranium, depleted
Low-level radioactive waste
Uranium, depleted
LCI data
type
Model/secondary
Model/secondary
Model/secondary
Secondary
Model/secondary
Contribution
to impact
score*
44%
25%
13%
8.7%
7.5%
*Column may not add to 99% due to rounding.
3-45
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3.3 BASELINE LCIA RESULTS
3.3.4.4 Limitations and uncertainties
Landfill use pertains to the use of suitable and designated landfill space as a natural
resource where the specified type of waste (solid, hazardous, or radioactive) is accepted.
Landfill use impacts are characterized from solid, hazardous, or radioactive waste outputs with a
disposition of landfill. Impact characterization is based on the volume of waste determined from
the inventory mass amount of waste and materials density of each specific waste. Note that
different countries may have different landfill designations for the final disposition of similar
waste streams (e.g., a waste considered hazardous in the U.S. may be accepted in a solid waste
landfill elsewhere). However, where possible, equivalent landfills (e.g., special waste landfills
and hazardous waste landfills) were considered for these impact categories.
CRT and LCD impact results for the solid and radioactive waste landfill use categories
were driven almost entirely by waste outputs reported in inventories from secondary sources.
These inventories were not developed specifically for the CDP and therefore are subject to the
limitations and uncertainties associated with secondary data (see Section 2.2.2 and 3.3.2). In
particular, radioactive waste disposal from some of the upstream materials processing data may
not be representative of conditions in the U.S. or parts of Asia. These data include emissions
from electricity production within the materials inventory, which are the primary source of
radioactive waste streams. For example, steel production data include the French electric grid,
where a large percentage of the power supply comes from nuclear power plants. In addition,
some of the upstream data may not be representative of current conditions, with steel production
data covering the period from 1975 to 1990 and invar production data being from 1991.
CRT and LCD impact results for the hazardous waste landfill use category were
dominated by monitor disposal at the end of their effective lives. Hazardous waste landfill
disposal volumes were estimated based on the percent of monitors with hazardous waste
landfilling as their final disposition, the monitor mass, and the material densities. However, data
on the percentage of CRTs that are landfilled are not separated into hazardous and non-
hazardous landfilling processes. Therefore, these percentages were estimated by the CDP, as
described in Appendix I. Even less is known about the final disposition of LCDs, particulary
since very few LCD desktop monitors have reached the end of their effective lives (and then,
only if they have been damaged in some way). Therefore, the effect of different LCD EOL
dispositions was evaluated in a sensitivity analysis (see Section 3.4.)
3.3.5 Global Warming
Figure 3-8 presents the CRT and LCD LCIA results for the global warming impact
category, based on the impact assessment methodology presented in Section 3.1. Tables M-13
and M-14 in Appendix M list complete global warming results for the CRT and LCD,
respectively. The life-cycle global warming indicators for the CRT and LCD were 695 and 593
kg of CO2 equivalents per monitor, respectively. The CRT global warming indicators are driven
by the use life-cycle stage, which contributes about 66% of the total. The manufacturing stage,
which contributed 88% of the CRT energy consumption impacts, only contributes about 29% of
the total global warming score. LCD global warming impacts, on the other hand, have the
greatest contribution from the manufacturing life-cycle stage, which accounts for about 40% of
the potential impacts in this category. Both the upstream (materials processing) and use
3-46
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3.3 BASELINE LCIA RESULTS
life-cycle stages are also significant contributors to the LCD global warming results, accounting
for 31% and 29% of the total, respectively.
500 -i
kg-CO2-equiv.
functional uni
-^ NJ GO -t*
0000
D 0 0 0 0
Global warming • Upstream
• Mfg
459 DUse
203
DEOL
240
18°
\tu 171
1.3 0.57
CRT LCD
Monitor type
Figure 3-8. Global warming impacts by life-cycle stage
One might expect the distribution of global warming impacts across life-cycle stages to
mirror those of energy consumption, as CO2 is generally a large emission from electricity
generation. However, as discussed in Section 3.3.3, CRT energy impacts are greatest in the
manufacturing stage due to the large amounts of energy used to manufacture glass. Since the
energy used in glass manufacturing is not only from electricity, but more so from other fuels
(LPG, natural gas, and fuel oil), there is not a direct correlation between CRT global warming
impacts and CRT energy impacts.
The distribution of LCD global warming impacts across life-cycle stages does mirror the
distribution of LCD energy use impacts discussed in Section 3.3.3. However, as discussed
below, the manufacturing stage global warming impacts for the LCD are being driven more by
the use of sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) in LCD monitor/module manufacturing than by the use of
electricity.
3.3.5.1 Major contributors to the CRT global warming results
Table 3-24 presents the life-cycle inventory items contributing to the top 99% of the CRT
global warming results and the LCI data type (primary, secondary, or model/secondary). As
shown in the table, CRT global warming impacts are dominated by CO2 emissions from
electricity generation during use of the monitor, followed by CO2 and methane emissions from
producing LPG used as fuel in the CRT glass/frit process group. Together these three emissions
contribute almost 89% of the CRT life-cycle global warming score. Carbon dioxide and
methane emissions from a number of other processes also add to the CRT global warming score,
as does nitrous oxide emissions from the LPG production process. It is likely that most of the
CO2 emissions from the materials processing life-cycle stage can be attributed to emissions from
electricity generation or fuel combustion. As discussed in Section 2.2.2.1, the upstream
materials processing inventories used in this study include data from electricity generation.
3-47
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3.3 BASELINE LCIA RESULTS
Note that almost all of the LCI data for global warming emissions are from secondary
sources. This is because the CRT global warming results are dominated by CO2 emissions from
electricity generation, and electric grid data were either developed by the CDP from secondary
sources or already included in the upstream, materials processing inventories from secondary
sources.
Table 3-24. Top 99% of the CRT global warming impact score
Life-cycle stage
Use
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Use
Materials processing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Materials processing
Materials processing
End-of-Life
Manufacturing
Materials processing
Materials processing
Process group
U.S. electric grid
LPG production
LPG production
Japanese electric grid
U.S. electric grid
Steel production, cold-rolled,
semi-finished
U.S. electric grid
LPG production
Polycarbonate production
Aluminum production
CRT incineration
CRT glass/frit mfg.
Invar
Styrene-butadiene copolymer
production
Material
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide
Methane
Carbon dioxide
Methane
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide
Nitrous oxide
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide
LCI data
type
Model/secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Model/secondary
Model/secondary
Secondary
Model/secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Primary
Secondary
Secondary
Contribution
to impact
score*
64%
22%
2.5%
2.2%
1.9%
1.9%
1.0%
0.72%
0.66%
0.52%
0.51%
0.40%
0.33%
0.24%
*Column may not add to 99% due to rounding.
3.3.5.2 Major contributors to the LCD global warming results
Table 3-25 presents the life-cycle inventory items contributing to the top 99% of the LCD
global warming results and the LCI data type (primary, secondary, or model/secondary). Sulfur
hexafluoride used in LCD module manufacturing is the single largest contributor to LCD global
warming impacts, followed by CO2 emissions from electricity generation during the use stage,
CO2 and methane emissions from natural gas production, and CO2 emissions from the generation
of electricity used during manufacturing in Japan.
3-48
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3.3 BASELINE LCIA RESULTS
Table 3-25. Top 99% of the LCD global warming impact score
Life-cycle stage
Manufacturing
Use
Materials processing
Materials processing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Materials processing
Use
Materials processing
Materials processing
Manufacturing
End-of-Life
Process group
LCD monitor/module mfg.
U.S. electric grid
Natural gas production
Natural gas production
Japanese electric grid
LPG production
Steel production, cold-
rolled, semi-finished
U.S. electric grid
PMMA sheet production
Polycarbonate production
Natural gas production
LCD incineration
Material
Sulfur hexafluoride
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide
Methane
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide
Methane
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide
LCI data
type
Primary
Model/secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Model/secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Model/secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Contribution to
impact score*
29%
28%
16%
12%
8.7%
1.2%
1.1%
0.85%
0.45%
0.43%
0.35%
0.35%
*Corumn may not add to 99% due to rounding.
Sulfur hexafluoride is a potent global warming gas, with a global warming potential
(GWP) equivalancy factor of 23,900 CO2 equivalents (see Table K-2 in Appendix K). It is used
as an etchant in a dry-etching process of amorphus silicon and SiNx films. The CO2 and
methane emissions from natural gas production can be attributed to the use of LNG as an
ancillary material in LCD monitor/module manufacturing. However, as discussed in the section
on non-renewable resource use (Section 3.3.2), only one LCD module manufacturer reported this
use of LNG.
Carbon dioxide emissions (and, in one case, methane emissions) round out the remainder
of the primary contributors to the LCD global warming indicator. Most of the carbon dioxide
emissions occur from upstream processes and are due to electricity generation. With the
exception of the SF6 data, the LCI data for all of the top LCD global warming emissions are from
secondary sources. Sulfur hexaflouride emissions data were developed by the CDP based on an
emissions factor (0.45) applied to SF6 inputs reported by LCD monitor/module manufacturers.
The emissions factor is from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change publication, Good
Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories
(Penman etal, 2000.)
3.3.5.3 Limitations and uncertainties
Global warming potential (GWP) refers to the warming that emissions of certain gases
may contribute by building up in the atmosphere and trapping the earth's heat. As discussed in
Section 3.1.2.4, the LCIA methodology for global warming impacts uses published GWP
equivalency factors having effects in the 100-year time horizon. These effects are expected to be
far enough into the future that releases occurring throughout the life cycle of a computer monitor
would be within the 100-year timeframe.
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3.3 BASELINE LCIA RESULTS
The effects of the buildup of global warming gases in the atmosphere is still the subject
of scientific debate, but in 1995 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (TPCC),
representing the consensus of most climate scientists worldwide, concluded that"... the balance
of evidence...suggests that there is a discernible human influence on global climate (IPCC,
1995)." Other than the limitations and uncertainties inherent in predicting future effects, most of
the limitations and uncertainties in the CRT and LCD global warming results have to do with the
LCI data on greenhouse gas emissions, which occur primarily from electricity generation
processes.
As noted above, the U.S. and Japan electric grid inventories used in the CDP were
developed by the CDP, and electric grids used with upstream processes are embedded in the
upstream inventories. U.S. electric grid emissions of CO2 are based on data in the EPA
publication, National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Report, 1997 (EPA, 1998), which were
the best data available when the electric grid inventory data was developed and are expected to
be reasonably accurate. However, the Japanese electric grid inventory was derived from the U.S.
inventory based on the mix of fuels used in Japan. Because Japanese power plants may employ
different pollution control devices, use fuels of different quality, or other factors, their
greenhouse gas emissions could actually be higher or lower than those reported in the inventory.
Similarly, the electric grid inventories embedded in upstream, materials processing
inventories may have differing geographic and temporal boundaries or may be representative of
older technologies. Therefore, actual emissions of greenhouse gases could be higher or lower
than reported. This is a common limitation of LCAs, which must often rely on secondary data
sources to avoid the considerable time and resources required to collect primary data for every
process.
3.3.6 Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
Figure 3-9 presents the CRT and LCD LCIA results for the stratospheric ozone depletion
impact category by life-cycle stage, based on the impact assessment methodology presented in
Section 3.1.2.5. Note that most of the CRT ozone depletion impacts occur from the use stage
(50%) and the upstream, materials processing stages (45%), while most of the LCD ozone
depletion impacts occur from the manufacturing stage (63%). As will be shown later, this is
important because upstream and use stage data are primarily from secondary data sources,
whereas manufacturing data were collected by the CDP. Tables M-15 and M-16 in
Appendix M list complete stratospheric ozone depletion results for the CRT and LCD,
respectively.
3-50
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3.3 BASELINE LCIA RESULTS
^ 3.00E-05 n
.> *-
=. '| 2.00E-05 -
0) _
' re
T- c 1 OOE-05 -
0 'J=
LL <->
9c n OOF+OO
O) «-
-1. OOE-05 -
uzone depletion B upstream
• Mfg
QUse
DEOL
9.30E-06 1.03E-05 8.63E-06
1 08b-06 3.83E-06
1 .oob-Uo
-1.69E-07 ' -1.11E-07
CRT LCD
Monitor type
Figure 3-9. Ozone depletion impacts by life-cycle stage
The ozone depletion impact category indicator was 2.05E-05 kg of CFC-11 equivalents
per monitor for the CRT and 1.37E-05 kg of CFC-11 equivalents per monitor for the LCD.
However, for both the CRT and the LCD, many of the materials contributing to this impact
category are listed as Class I ozone depleting substances in Title VI of the 1990 Clean Air Act
Amendments, and therefore were required to be phased out of U.S. production by January 1,
1996. Production of these substances was also phased out in other developed countries under the
Montreal Protocol and its Amendments and Adjustments, but continues today in some
developing countries. An exception is bromomethane, which is a Class I substance that will not
be completely phased out of production until 2005 (EPA, 200la).
For a few of the phased out substances, a significant amount of inventory remained after
production was phased out. However, most of these inventories are now exhausted, and Class I
ozone depleting substances are rarely used by manufacturers in developed countries. If we
delete the phased out substances from the CRT and LCD inventories, the CRT ozone depletion
indicator is reduced 47% from 2.05E-05 to 1.09E-05 kg of CFC-11 equivalents per monitor, and
the LCD result is reduced 14% from 1.37E-05 to 1.18E-05 kg of CFC-11 equivalents per
monitor. These latter values are probably more representative of the temporal boundaries for
primary data collected in the CDP LCA. Thus, when all data are included in the ozone depletion
calculations, the CRT has a greater ozone depletion impact score than the LCD, but the results
are switched (LCD greater than CRT) when phased out substances are removed from the
inventory.
3.3.6.1 Major contributors to the CRT ozone depletion results
Table 3-26 lists the materials that contribute to the top 99% of the CRT life-cycle ozone
depletion impact score and the LCI data type. Bromomethane emissions from electricity
generated in the use stage are the single largest contributor to the CRT ozone depletion indicator,
accounting for almost half of the total score. Most of the other materials in the table are emitted
from materials production processes in the upstream, materials processing life-cycle stage.
Exceptions are bromomethane emissions from the LPG production process (used to produce
3-51
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3.3 BASELINE LCIA RESULTS
LPG for the glass/frit process group), 1,1,1-trichloroethane emissions from electricity generation
in the use stage, and bromomethane emissions from electricity used in manufacturing.
Table 3-26. Top 99% of the CRT stratospheric ozone depletion impact score
Life-cycle stage
Use
Materials processing
Materials processing
Materials processing
Manufacturing
Materials processing
Materials processing
Use
Manufacturing
Process group
U.S. electric grid
ABS production
Aluminum production
Invar
LPG production
Lead
Steel production, cold-
rolled, semi-finished
U.S. electric grid
U.S. electric grid
Material
Bromomethaneb
HALON-1301b
HALON-1301b
HALON-1301b
Bromomethaneb
HALON-1301b
HALON-1301b
l,l,l-Trichloroethaneb
Bromomethaneb
LCI data
type
Model/secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Model/secondary
Model/secondary
Contribution to
impact score3
49%
20%
14%
5.9%
3.7%
2.6%
2.0%
1.1%
0.78%
a Column may not add to 99% due to rounding.
b Class I substance as listed in Title VI of the Clean Air Act Amendments.
Note that all of the materials listed in Table 3-26 are Class I ozone depleting substances.
As discussed above, all of these substances except bromomethane were phased out of production
by January 1, 1996. Note also that all of the LCI data for the materials in the table are from
secondary sources. For both of these reasons, the LCI data for the materials in the table are
highly uncertain. This is discussed further under limitations and uncertainties, below.
3.3.6.2 Major contributors to the LCD ozone depletion results
Table 3-27 lists the top contributors to the LCD life-cycle stratospheric ozone depletion
indicator and the LCI data type. Together HCFC-225cb and HCFC 225ca used in the LCD panel
components process group account for 59% of the LCD ozone depletion indicator. Note that
HCFC 225cb and HCFC 225ca are Class II ozone depleting substances that are not scheduled for
phaseout until 2015. [Under U.S. regulations and the Montreal Protocol and its Amendments and
Adjustments these substances can not be produced or imported after 2015, except for use as
refrigerants in equipment manufactured before January 1, 2020 (EPA, 200lb).] Also note that
the impact scores for these materials are based on primary LCI data collected from
manufacturers. Therefore, these data are considered to be more reliable than data for Phase I
substances from secondary sources.
3-52
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3.3 BASELINE LCIA RESULTS
Table 3-27. Top 99% of the LCD stratospheric ozone depletion use impact score
Life-cycle stage
Manufacturing
Use
Manufacturing
Materials processing
Manufacturing
Materials processing
Process group
LCD panel components
U.S. electric grid
LCD panel components
Aluminum production
(virgin)
Japanese electric grid
Steel production, cold-
rolled, semi-finished
Material
HCFC-225cbb
Bromomethane0
HCFC-225cab
HALON-1301C
Bromomethane0
HALON-1301C
LCI data
type
Primary
Model/secondary
Primary
Secondary
Model/secondary
Secondary
Contribution to
impact score3
34%
27%
25%
7.8%
3.1%
1.4%
a Column may not add to 99% due to rounding.
b Class II substance as listed in Title VI of the Clean Air Act Amendments.
0 Class I substance as listed in Title VI of the Clean Air Act Amendments.
Other significant contributors to the LCD ozone depletion score include bromomethane
emissions from electricity generation in the United States and Japan, and halon emissions from
upstream, materials processing stages. As noted above in the discussion of CRT ozone depletion
results, the halons were phased out of production in 1996, which suggests that these data are not
representative of current conditions. Bromomethane is still being produced, but bromomethane
emissions data are also uncertain as will be discussed in the section on limitations and
uncertainties, below.
3.3.6.3 Limitations and uncertainties
Both the CRT and LCD life-cycle stratospheric ozone depletion results are highly
uncertain due to the inclusion of a number of Class I ozone depleting substances in inventories
from secondary sources. As discussed above, except for bromomethane, developed countries
that are parties to the Montreal Protocol and its Amendments and Adjustments phased out the
production of Class I substances by 1996. To better assess the uncertainties in these results,
Table 3-28 lists the geographic and temporal boundaries for the life-cycle inventories of the
process groups listed in tables 3-26 and 3-27, above.
3-53
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3.3 BASELINE LCIA RESULTS
Table 3-28. Geographic and temporal boundaries of inventories contributing to the CRT
and/or LCD ozone depletion indicator results
Process group
ABS production
Aluminum production
Invar production
Japanese electric grid
LCD panel components
Lead production
LPG production
Steel production
U.S. electric srid
Geographic boundaries
Germany, Italy, Netherlands
Not provided
Multiple countries
U.S. and Japan8
Japan
Not provided
Mainly U.S.
Multiple countries
U.S.
Temporal boundaries
1997
Not provided
1991 (nickel), Not provided (lead)
1993b
1998
Not provided
1983-1993
1975-1990
1993b
a Based on the U.S. electric grid inventory modified to account for the fuel mix used in Japan.
b Date of stack tests from which bromomethane emission factor was developed (from EPA Web site: Emission
Factor Documentation for AP-42 Section 1.1: Bituminous and Subbituminous Coal Combustion.
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/ch01/bgdocs/b01s01.pdf.)
The most recent data are for LCD panel components manufacturing, which are primary
data collected from manufacturers in Japan by the CDP and expected to be of better quality than
older data from secondary sources. Data for ABS production are also fairly recent, dating from
1997. However, the temporal boundaries for most of the data are either not listed in the
inventories, or pre-date the Class I substance production phase out. In addition, most of the data
are from Europe and/or the United States, where very few Class I ozone depleting substances are
currently used. Thus, we suspect that emissions of Class I substances reported in the inventories
no longer occur, indicating that the CRT and LCD life-cycle impact results should be reduced to
2.05E-05 kg of CFC-11 equivalents per monitor for the CRT, and 1.37E-05 kg of CFC-11
equivalents per monitor for the LCD.
Bromomethane is a Class I ozone depleting substance that has not yet been phased out of
production and is emitted during coal combustion to produce electricity. Bromoethane
emissions from electricity production are estimated from an emission factor reported in AP-42,
the EPA compilation of air pollutant emission factors (EPA, 1996). EPA (1996) provides an
emission factor rating that is, "an overall assessment of how good a factor is, based on both the
quality of the test(s) or information that is the source of the factor and on how well the factor
represents the emission source." The bromomethane emissions factor rating is "D," or below
average, indicating CDP data quality for bromomethane emissions from electricity generation is
also below average.
In conclusion, it appears that most of the Class I substance emissions data are highly
uncertain or of below average quality. Manufacturing data collected by the CDP, which includes
emissions of Class II substances, are of better quality and expected to be more representative of
current conditions. When all data are included in the ozone depletion calculations, the CRT has
a greater ozone depletion impact score than the LCD. However, if we remove phased out
substances from the inventory, the results are switched with the LCD having a greater score in
this category than the CRT.
3-54
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3.3 BASELINE LCIA RESULTS
3.3.7 Photochemical Smog
Figure 3-10 presents the CRT and LCD LCIA results for the photochemical smog impact
category by life-cycle stage. These results were calculated using the impact assessment
methodology presented in Section 3.1.2.6. Tables M-17 and M-18 in Appendix M list complete
results for the CRT and LCD, respectively. One 17" CRT monitor produces 0.171 kg of ethene
equivalents throughout its life cycle, while a functionally equivalent 15" LCD monitor produces
0.141 of ethene equivalents. The CRT photochemical smog impact score is dominated by
emissions during the manufacturing stage (71% of total); the LCD impact score is dominated by
emissions during the upstream, materials processing stages (91% of total). However, as
discussed below, it is fossil fuel production processes that emit the majority of smog forming
emissions during the life-cycle of either monitor type. Both the CRT and LCD receive a slight
credit on emissions of smog forming chemicals at the end of their effective lives due to energy
recovery from incineration processes.
0.200 n
.> ~ 0.150
o- =
a> « 0.100
(I) C
5 := 0 050 -
£ °
tt) 5 o 000
0) «-
^ -0.050
Smog formation n Upstream
• Mfg
DUse
0.121 0.129 DEOL
0.047
| 0.005 .0.002 U'UIZ_ o.002 -°-001
CRT LCD
Monitor type
Figure 3-10. Smog formation impacts by life-cycle stage
3.3.7.1 Major contributors to the CRT photochemical smog results
Table 3-29 lists the materials that contribute to the top 99% of the CRT photochemical
smog indicator result. The LPG production process alone, which emits various unspeciated
hydrocarbons, benzene, aldehydes, ethane, and formaldehyde, accounts for almost 67% of CRT
photochemical smog impacts. As noted earlier in the discussion of other impact category
indicators, most of this LPG is used as a fuel source in CRT glass manufacturing. However,
CRT glass energy data reported in the three data sets received by the CDP were highly variable
and therefore the subject of a sensitivity analysis (see Section 3.4).
Other materials responsible for more than 1% of the CRT photochemical smog score
include the following: (1) hydrocarbon (methane and nonmethane) emissions associated with
steel production, (2) methane emissions from electricity generation during the use stage,
(3) toluene emissions from CRT tube manufacturing, (4) nonmethane hydrocarbon emissions
associated with ABS production, and (5) nonmethane hydrocarbon emissions associated with
polycarbonate production. Note that the inventory for each upstream material (e.g., steel
3-55
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3.3 BASELINE LCIA RESULTS
production, ABS production, etc.) contains data from the raw materials extraction, materials
manufacture, and (usually) electricity generation processes. Therefore, hydrocarbon emissions
associated with steel production, for example, could be from one of many individual processes,
such as the steel production process itself, from fuels consumed during the mining of ore, or
from the combustion of fuels as an energy source during steel manufacturing.
Table 3-29. Top 99% of the CRT photochemical smog impact score
Life-cycle stage
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Materials processing
Manufacturing
Use
Materials processing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Materials processing
Materials processing
Materials processing
Manufacturing
Materials processing
Manufacturing
Materials processing
Materials processing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Materials processing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Process group
LPG production
LPG production
Steel production, cold-
rolled, semi-finished
LPG production
U.S. electric grid
Steel production, cold-
rolled, semi-finished
LPG production
CRT tube mfg.
ABS production
Polycarbonate
production
Aluminum production
Natural gas production
ABS production
LPG production
Stryene-butadiene
copolymer production
Invar
Fuel oil #6 production
LPG production
Lead
Fuel oil #6 production
Natural gas production
LPG production
CRT tube mfg.
LPG production
Material
Hydrocarbons, unspeciated
Nonmethane hydrocarbons,
unspeciated
Nonmethane hydrocarbons,
unspeciated
Methane
Methane
Hydrocarbons, unspeciated
Benzene
Toluene
Nonmethane hydrocarbons,
unspeciated
Nonmethane hydrocarbons,
unspeciated
Nonmethane hydrocarbons,
unspeciated
Nonmethane hydrocarbons,
unspeciated
Nonmethane hydrocarbons,
unspeciated
Aldehydes
Hydrocarbons, remaining
unspeciated
Nonmethane hydrocarbons,
unspeciated
Hydrocarbons, unspeciated
Formaldehyde
Nonmethane hydrocarbons,
unspeciated
Nonmethane hydrocarbons,
unspeciated
Methane
Ethane
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Pentane
LCI data
type
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Model/secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Primary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Primary
Secondary
Contribution
to impact
score*
36%
25%
19%
3.4%
2.6%
2.0%
1.6%
1.3%
1.3%
1.1%
0.86%
0.53%
0.41%
0.39%
0.39%
0.32%
0.31%
0.29%
0.21%
0.21%
0.21%
0.18%
0.17%
0.16%
3-56
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3.3 BASELINE LCIA RESULTS
Table 3-29. Top 99% of the CRT photochemical smog impact score
Life-cycle stage
Manufacturing
Process group
Natural gas production
Material
Benzene
LCI data
type
Secondary
Contribution
to impact
score*
0.14%
*Corumn may not add to 99% due to rounding.
3.3.7.2 Major contributors to the LCD photochemical smog results
Table 3-30 lists the materials that contribute to the top 99% of the LCD life-cycle
photochemical smog results. LCD results are dominated by unspeciated hydrocarbon emissions,
methane emissions, and benzene emissions from natural gas production in the materials
processing life-cycle stage, which together account for about 75% of the total. This natural gas
is used as an ancillary material by one LCD monitor/module manufacturer. Other LCD
monitor/module manufacturers reported using LNG as a fuel, but not as an ancillary number. A
number of other materials and processes contribute more than 1% of the total LCD
photochemical smog score, most notably unspeciated, nonmethane hydrocarbon emissions
associated with steel production. As noted above under the CRT results, the latter hydrocarbon
emissions could occur from any one of various processes (e.g., ore mining, steel production,
electricity generation, etc.) wrapped into the steel production inventory.
Table 3-30. Top 99% of the LCD photochemical smog impact score
Life-cycle stage
Materials processing
Materials processing
Materials processing
Materials processing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Materials processing
Materials processing
Use
Manufacturing
Materials processing
Materials processing
Manufacturing
Process group
Natural gas production
Natural gas production
Natural gas production
Steel production, cold-
rolled, semi-finished
LCD monitor/module
mfg.
LPG production
LPG production
Natural gas production
Steel production, cold-
rolled, semi-finished
U.S. electric grid
Natural gas production
PMMA sheet production
Polycarbonate production
Natural gas production
Material
Nonmethane
hydrocarbons, unspeciated
Methane
Benzene
Nonmethane
hydrocarbons, unspeciated
Isopropyl alcohol
Hydrocarbons, unspeciated
Nonmethane
hydrocarbons, unspeciated
Hydrocarbons, unspeciated
Hydrocarbons, unspeciated
Methane
Nonmethane
hydrocarbons, unspeciated
Nonmethane
hydrocarbons, unspeciated
Nonmethane
hydrocarbons, unspeciated
Methane
LCI data
type
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Primary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Model/secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Contribution
to impact
score*
45%
17%
12%
11%
2.5%
2.1%
1.4%
1.2%
1.2%
1.2%
1.0%
0.87%
0.73%
0.39%
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3.3 BASELINE LCIA RESULTS
Table 3-30. Top 99% of the LCD photochemical smog impact score
Life-cycle stage
Materials processing
Materials processing
Process group
Aluminum production
PET resin production
Material
Nonmethane
hydrocarbons, unspeciated
Nonmethane
hydrocarbons, unspeciated
LCI data
type
Secondary
Secondary
Contribution
to impact
score*
0.39%
0.36%
*Corumn may not add to 99% due to rounding.
3.3.7.3 Limitations and uncertainties
Photochemical smog indicators are calculated using the mass of a chemical released to air
per functional unit and the chemical-specific partial equivalency factor. The equivalency factor
is a measure of the chemical's photochemical oxidant creation potential (POCP) compared to the
reference chemical ethylene. As noted in Section 3.1.2.6, photochemical smog impacts are
based on partial equivalency because some chemicals cannot be converted into POCP
equivalency factors (e.g., nitrogen oxide). The inability to develop equivalency factors for some
chemicals is a limitation of the photochemical smog impact assessment methodology.
The CRT impact score for photochemical smog formation is being driven by the process
for producing the large amount of LPG used in CRT glass manufacture. However, as discussed
in Section 2.3.3.3 and previous subsections of this Section 3.3, the three sets of glass
manufacturing energy data received by the CDP were highly variable, making the average glass
energy inputs used in the baseline analysis uncertain. Therefore, the emissions of smog forming
chemicals from LPG production, which are based on the glass LPG inputs, are also uncertain.
CRT glass energy inputs were subjected to a sensitivity analysis. Sensitivity results are
discussed in Section 3.4.
The LCD impact score for photochemical smog formation is being driven by the natural
gas production process to produce the large amount of LNG used as an ancillary material during
LCD monitor/module manufacturing. However, as discussed earlier, only one LCD
monitor/module manufacturer reported this use of LNG, which indicates the average LNG inputs
used in the LCD inventory may be unduly high. Therefore, the mass of smog forming chemical
emissions from the natural gas production process, which are based on the amount of ancillary
LNG inputs, may also by unduly high.
The majority of the CRT and LCD photochemical smog results are based on life-cycle
inventories from secondary sources and are therefore subject to the limitations and uncertainties
associated with secondary data, discussed previously. In particular, see Section 3.3.1.1 for a
detailed discussion of limitations and uncertainties in the LPG and natural gas production data.
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3.3 BASELINE LCIA RESULTS
3.3.8 Acidification
Figure 3.11 presents the CRT and LCD LCIA results for the acidification impact
category, based on the impact assessment methodology presented in Section 3.1.2.7. Tables M-
19 and M-20 in Appendix M list complete results for the CRT and LCD, respectively. The life-
cycle acidification impact indicator result is 5.25 kg of SO2 equivalents per monitor for the CRT
and 2.96 kg of SO2 equivalents per monitor for the LCD. As might be expected, acidification
impacts are greatest in the use stage for both monitor types, due to the emissions of SOX and NOX
from U.S. power plants. Use stage impacts are more dominant for the CRT (65% of life-cycle
acidification impacts) than the LCD (43%) due to the relatively large amount of power
consumed during use by the less energy-efficient CRT.
Arirlifiratirm
-: x 5.000 -
> c
'5 =
of
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3.3 BASELINE LCIA RESULTS
Table 3-31. Top 99% of the CRT acidification impact score
Life-cycle stage
Use
Use
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Materials processing
Use
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Materials processing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Use
Materials processing
Materials processing
Manufacturing
Materials processing
Manufacturing
Process group
U.S. electric grid
U.S. electric grid
LPG production
LPG production
Invar
U.S. electric grid
Japanese electric grid
U.S. electric grid
Steel production, cold-
rolled, semi-finished
CRT glass/frit
manufacturing
Japanese electric grid
U.S. electric grid
Aluminum production
Polycarbonate production
U.S. electric grid
Polycarbonate production
LPG production
Material
Sulfur dioxide
Nitrogen oxides
Sulfur oxides
Nitrogen oxides
Sulfur dioxide
Hydrochloric acid
Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur dioxide
Nitrogen oxides
Nitrogen oxides
Hydrofluoric acid
Sulfur dioxide
Nitrogen dioxide
Nitrogen oxides
Sulfur dioxide
Nitrous oxide
LCI data
type
Model/secondary
Model/secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Model/secondary
Secondary
Model/secondary
Secondary
Primary
Model/secondary
Model/secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Model/secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Contribution
to impact
score*
47%
16%
15%
7.6%
4.8%
1.8%
1.6%
0.76%
0.73%
0.59%
0.54%
0.41%
0.40%
0.26%
0.25%
0.23%
0.22%
*Corumn may not add to 99% due to rounding.
3.3.8.2 Major contributors to the LCD acidification impact results
Table 3-32 lists the materials responsible for the top 99% of the LCD acidification impact
results and the LCI data type. Sulfur dioxide emissions from the U.S. electric grid during the use
stage are the greatest contributor at 31%, followed by NOX from natural gas production in the
materials processing stage. The latter process produces natural gas used by one LCD
monitor/module manufacturer as an ancillary material, indicating the LCD monitor/module
manufacturing process group is ultimately responsible for this contribution to the impact score.
However, as noted previously, only one LCD monitor/module manufacturer reported the
ancillary use of LNG. Other LCD monitor/module manufacturers reported using LNG as a fuel,
but not as an ancillary material. NOX, ammonia, hydrofluoric acid, and hydrochloric acid
emissions from LCD monitor/module manufacturing contribute another 22% of the LCD
acidification impact score. LCD monitor/module manufacturing data were collected directly by
the CDP from manufacturers in Asia.
NOX emissions from the U.S. electric grid during the use stage, and SOX and NOX
emissions from the Japanese electric grid during manufacturing are also among the top
contributors to the LCD acidification results. LCI data for these process groups were developed
by the CDP from secondary sources.
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3.3 BASELINE LCIA RESULTS
Table 3-32. Top 99% to the LCD acidification impact score
Life-cycle stage
Use
Materials processing
Manufacturing
Use
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Use
Manufacturing
Materials processing
Materials processing
Manufacturing
Materials processing
Materials processing
Manufacturing
Use
Process group
U.S. electric grid
Natural gas prod.
LCD monitor/module mfg.
U.S. electric grid
Japanese electric grid
LCD monitor/module mfg.
Japanese electric grid
LCD monitor/module mfg.
LCD monitor/module mfg.
LPG production
U.S. electric grid
LCD backlight
Natural gas production
Natural gas production
LPG production
Steel production, cold-rolled,
semi-finished
PMMA sheet production
Natural gas production
U.S. electric gird
Material
Sulfur dioxide
Nitrogen oxides
Nitrogen oxides
Nitrogen oxides
Sulfur dioxide
Ammonia
Nitrogen oxides
Hydrofluoric acid
Hydrochloric acid
Sulfur oxides
Hydrochloric acid
Nitrogen oxides
Ammonia
Sulfur oxides
Nitrogen oxides
Sulfur oxides
Sulfur oxides
Nitrogen oxides
Hydrofluoric acid
LCI data
type
Model/secondary
Secondary
Primary
Model/secondary
Model/secondary
Primary
Model/secondary
Primary
Primary
Secondary
Model/secondary
Primary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Model/secondary
Contribution
to impact
score*
31%
15%
13%
10%
9.8%
4.0%
3.2%
2.8%
1.8%
1.3%
1.2%
0.70%
0.69%
0.65%
0.65%
0.64%
0.44%
0.35%
0.27%
*Corumn may not add to 99% due to rounding.
3.3.8.3 Limitations and uncertainties
Acidification impact characterization is a function of the mass of an acid-forming
chemical emitted to air and the acidification potential (AP) equivalency factor for that chemical.
The AP equivalency factor is the number of hydrogen ions that can theoretically be formed per
mass unit of the pollutant being released compared to SO2. This is a full equivalency approach
to impact characterization where all substances are addressed in a unified, technical model,
which lends more certainty to the characterization results than partial equivalency factors
discussed with regard to photochemical smog (Section 3.3.7).
For the CRT, and less so for the LCD, impact results are being driven primarily by SO2
and NOX emissions from U.S. power plants during use of the monitor by the consumer. As
discussed in Section 3.3.5 and noted above, the U.S. and Japanese electric grid inventories were
developed by the CDP from secondary sources. U.S. electric grid emissions of the criteria
pollutants, including SO2 and NOX, are based on data in the EPA publication, National Air
Quality and Emissions Trends Report, 1997 (EPA, 1998), which were the best data available
when the electric grid inventory data was developed and are expected to be reasonably accurate.
However, the Japanese electric grid inventory was derived from the U.S. inventory based on the
mix of fuels used in Japan. Because Japanese power plants may employ different pollution
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3.3 BASELINE LCIA RESULTS
control devices, use fuels of different quality, or other factors, their emissions could actually be
higher or lower than those reported in the inventory.
LCI data for many of the other primary contributors to the CRT acidification impact
category are from existing LCI databases. The limitations and uncertainties associated with
these data have been discussed extensively in other subsections of this chapter and pertain here.
On the other hand, LCI data for many of the other primary contributors to the LCD acidification
indicator results were collected directly by the CDP from manufacturers in Asia. These data are
considered to be of better quality since they were collected to meet the goals, objectives and
temporal and spatial boundaries of the CDP.
3.3.9 Air Particulates
Figure 3-12 presents the CRT and LCD LCIA results for the air particulates impact
category by life-cycle stage, based on the impact assessment methodology presented in Section
3.1.2.8. Tables M-21 and M-22 in Appendix M list complete air parti culates results for the CRT
and LCD, respectively.
0.160 n
.*;
§ 0.120-
c 0.080 -
o
o 0.040 -
c
it 0 000
Ul
-0.040 -
Particulates B Upstream
• Mfg
0.128 °'134 DUse
0.092 D EuL
0.058 I
0.014 °'022
| 1
I ' |
CRT -0019 LCD -°-012
Monitor type
Figure 3-12. Particulates impacts by life-cycle stage
The life-cycle air particulates indicator is 0.30 kg of air particulates per monitor for the
CRT and 0.115 kg of air particulates per monitor for the LCD. Recall from Section 3.1.2.8 that
air particulates impact results are ideally based on release amounts of particulate matter with
average aerodynamic diameter less than 10 micrometers (PM10) to the air. This is the size of
particulate matter that is most damaging to the respiratory system. However, as will be shown
later in this section, a significant portion of the particulate emissions data for both monitor types
do not specify a particulate size. This makes it more difficult to draw conclusions about the
relative life-cycle air particulate impacts of the CRT and LCD.
The manufacturing and upstream materials processing stages have almost equal
contribution to CRT air particulate impacts, at 45% of the total for the manufacturing stage and
43% of the total for the upstream stages. LCD impacts, on the other hand, are dominated by
particulate emissions during the upstream, materials processing stages, which contribute 80% of
the total score. Both technologies receive a substantial reduction in life-cycle air particulate
3-62
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3.3 BASELINE LCIA RESULTS
impacts at EOL due to an energy credit from incineration with energy recovery. The energy
credit, which is from incineration with energy recovery, is applied to electric power production
where it offsets some particulate emissions that would otherwise occur from electrical power
production.
3.3.9.1 Major contributors to the CRT air particulates impact results
Table 3-33 lists the materials that contribute to the top 99% of the CRT air particulates
impact score and their LCI data type. PM emissions from LPG production are the single largest
contributor to the overall score, at 43% of the total. This LPG is primarily an energy source in
CRT glass manufacturing, indicating the glass/frit process group is the ultimate source of these
air particulate emissions. As noted previously, CRT glass energy inputs are the subject of a
sensitivity analysis, discussed in Section 3.4.
Other major contributors to the CRT air particulates impact results are PM emissions
from the steel production process group, PM10 emissions from the U.S. electric grid during the
use stage, and PM emissions from aluminum production processes. Note that the inventories for
steel and aluminum production combine data from the raw materials extraction, materials
manufacture, and electricity generation processes. The PM emissions reported for the material
production process group could be from any one of these individual processes, but particulate
matter emissions are most often associated with combustion processes.
Table 3-33. Top 99% of the CRT air particulates impact score
Life-cycle stage
Manufacturing
Materials processing
Use
Materials processing
Process group
LPG production
Steel production, cold-rolled,
semi-finished
U.S. electric grid
Aluminum production
Material
PM
PM
PM-10
PM
LCI data
type
Secondary
Secondary
Model/secondary
Secondary
Contribution to
impact score*
43%
35%
19%
3.0%
*Column adds to greater than 99% due to an offset of emissions from incineration with energy recovery at EOL.
As shown in Table 3-33, the impact scores associated with the LPG, steel, and aluminum
production process groups—82% of CRT air particulates impacts—are based on emissions of
PM instead of emissions of PM10. This could be a matter of different terminology used in the
secondary data sets for these process groups (that is, PM is used to represent PM10), or it could
represent a broader class of particulate emissions, of which PM10 emissions would be a subset. If
the latter case is true, it is likely that CRT air particulate impacts are overstated.
3.3.9.2 Major contributors to the LCD air particulates impact results
Table 3-34 lists the materials that contribute to the top 99% of the LCD air particulates
impact score and their LCI data type. PM emissions from steel production are the largest
contributor to the overall score, followed by PM emissions from natural gas production. Natural
gas from this process supplies the LNG used as an ancillary material by one LCD
monitor/module manufacturer.
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3.3 BASELINE LCIA RESULTS
Other major contributors to the LCD air participates impact results are PM10 emissions
from the U.S. electric grid during the use stage and from the Japanese electric grid during
manufacturing, and PM emissions from LPG production. LPG from the latter process supplies
energy to the LCD glass manufacturing process.
Table 3-34. Top 99% of the LCD air particulates impact score
Life-cycle stage
Materials processing
Materials processing
Use
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Process group
Steel production, cold-rolled,
semi-finished
Natural gas production
U.S. electric grid
Japanese electric grid
LPG production
Material
PM
PM
PM-10
PM-10
PM
LCI data
type
Secondary
Secondary
Model/secondary
Model/secondary
Secondary
Contribution to
impact score*
45%
25%
19%
5.9%
5.4%
*Column adds to greater than 99% due to an offset of emissions from incineration with energy recovery at EOL.
As shown in Table 3-34, the impact scores associated with the steel, natural gas, and LPG
production process groups—roughly 75% of LCD air particulates impacts—are based on
emissions of PM instead of emissions of PM10. As with the CRT, air particulate impacts should
be based on PM10 emissions, indicating LCD air paniculate impacts may be overstated.
3.3.9.3 Limitations and uncertainties
The CDP LCIA methodology for air particulates is based on emissions of PM10to air,
which is the size of parti culate matter that is most damaging to the respiratory system. However,
as noted in Tables 3-33 and 3-34, the majority of the CRT and LCD impacts were calculated
from emissions of "PM" rather than PM10. This could be a matter of different terminology used
in the secondary data sets for these process groups, or it could represent a broader class of
parti culate emissions, of which PM10 emissions would be a subset. If the latter case is true, it is
likely that both the CRT and LCD air particulate impacts are overstated.
The LCI data for all of the major contributors to both the CRT and LCD were either
developed by the CDP from secondary sources (e.g., the U.S. and Japanese electric grids) or are
from secondary LCI data sets (e.g., the fuel and upstream materials production processes). The
limitations and uncertainties associated with these data have been discussed in other subsections
of this chapter and pertain here. Note that U.S. electric grid emissions of the criteria pollutant
PM10 are based on data in the EPA publication, National Air Quality and Emissions Trends
Report, 1997 (EPA, December, 1998, EPA/454/R-98-016), and are expected to be reasonably
accurate.
Finally, the amount of LPG used to produce CRT glass, which is ultimately driving the
CRT air particulates results, is also uncertain due to the large variability in CRT glass energy
inputs received from glass manufacturers. See Section 3.4 for a sensitivity analysis of CRT glass
energy inputs.
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3.3 BASELINE LCIA RESULTS
3.3.10 Water Eutrophication
Figure 3-13 presents the CRT and LCD LCIA results for the water eutrophication impact
category by life-cycle stage, based on the impact assessment methodology presented in Section
3.1.2.9. Tables M-23 and M-24 in Appendix M are complete results for the CRT and LCD,
respectively.
-= 5.00E-02 n
>
'= s 4.00E-02
v c
% .f 3.00E-02
jS = 2.00E-02
Q.
w t3 1 .OOE-02
o c
•5 3 n nnp+nn
5* -1. OOE-02
7.22E-04
176E-02
1
Eutrophication
0 6.10E-04
4.90E-0;
Q Upstream
? BMfg
Q Use
DEOL
0
-1.10E-04 ' TK-iizrv;
CRT LCD -7.51 E-05
Monitor type
Figure 3-13. Eutrophication impacts by life-cycle stage
The life-cycle water eutrophi cation indicators are 0.048 kg of phosphate equivalents for
the CRT and 0.050 kg of phosphate equivalents for the LCD. Results for both the CRT and LCD
are completely dominated by emissions from the manufacturing stage, which accounts for 99%
of the indicator for both technologies. Both technologies have negative scores at the end-of-life
due to incineration with energy recovery. The energy recovery offsets some of the water
emissions from the electricity generation inventory included in the incineration data set.
3.3.10.1 Major contributors to the CRT water eutrophication impact results
Table 3-35 lists the materials that contribute to the top 99% of the CRT water
eutrophication results. Together, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonia ions from the
LPG production process group account for about 91% of the total score. Most of the LPG from
this process is used as an energy source in CRT glass manufacturing (see Section 3.4 for the
sensitivity analysis of CRT glass energy inputs). Emissions of nitrogen, COD and phosphorus
from the CRT tube manufacturing process group contribute about seven percent of the CRT
water eutrophication impacts. COD and other nitrogen emissions from steel production are the
remaining top contributors to the CRT eutrophication score. LPG and steel production data are
from secondary sources, while the CRT tube manufacturing outputs are primary data collected
by the CDP.
3-65
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3.3 BASELINE LCIA RESULTS
Table 3-35. Top 99% of the CRT water eutrophication impact score
Life-cycle stage
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Materials processing
Materials processing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Process group
LPG production
LPG production
CRT tube manufacturing
Steel production, cold-rolled,
semi-finished
Steel production, cold-rolled,
semi-finished
CRT tube manufacturing
CRT tube manufacturing
Material
COD
Ammonia ions
Nitrogen
Other nitrogen
COD
COD
Phosphorus (yellow
or white)
LCI data
type
Secondary
Secondary
Primary
Secondary
Secondary
Primary
Primary
Contribution to
impact score*
72%
19%
6.3%
0.37%
0.33%
0.33%
0.32%
*Corumn may not add to 99% due to rounding.
3.3.10.2 Major contributors to the LCD water eutrophication impact results
Table 3-36 lists the materials that contribute to the top 99% of the LCD water
eutrophication results. Like the CRT, the LCD water eutrophication indicator is driven by
emissions from a single process group, in this case, LCD monitor/module manufacturing.
Together, emissions of nitrogen and phosphorus from that process account for 94% of the total
score. The LPG production process is the next largest contributor to the LCD water
eutrophication score, where water releases of COD and ammonia ions account for more than 4%
of the total.
Table 3-36. Top 99% to the LCD water eutrophication impact score
Life-cycle stage
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Materials processing
Process group
LCD monitor/module mfg.
LCD monitor/module mfg.
LPG production
LPG production
LCD panel components
PMMA sheet production
Material
Nitrogen
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
COD
Ammonia ions
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Ammonia
LCI data
type
Primary
Primary
Secondary
Secondary
Primary
Secondary
Contribution
to impact
score*
67%
27%
3.4%
0.88%
0.48%
0.40%
*Column may not add to 99% due to rounding.
3.3.10.3 Limitations and uncertainties
Eutrophication (nutrient enrichment) impacts are calculated from the mass of a chemical
released directly to surface water and the chemical's eutrophication potential (EP). The EP is a
partial equivalency factor derived from the ratio of nitrogen and phosphorus in the average
composition of algae compared to the reference compound phosphate (see Section 3.1.2.9). As a
partial equivalency approach, only a subset of substances can be converted into equivalency
3-66
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3.3 BASELINE LCIA RESULTS
factors, which is a limitation of this LCIA methodology. However, the methodology does take
into account nitrogen and phosphorus, which are the two major limiting nutrients of importance
to eutrophication.
CRT water eutrophication results are dominated by LCI data from secondary sources, and
are therefore subject to the limitations and uncertainties associated with secondary data.
Furthermore, these results are ultimately due to the large amount of LPG reported to be used as a
fuel in LPG glass production. Because of the large degree of variability in glass energy data
received from three CRT glass manufacturers, CRT glass energy inputs are also uncertain and
the subject of a sensitivity analysis (see Section 3.4). LCD results, on the other hand, are driven
almost entirely by primary LCI data from the manufacturing life-cycle stage, which were
collected to meet the goals, objectives, and temporal and geographic boundaries of the CDP and
are therefore considered to be of better quality.
3.3.11 Water Quality
3.3.11.1 Biological oxygen demand (BOD)
Figure 3-14 presents the CRT and LCD LCIA results for the BOD water quality impacts
category by life-cycle stage, based on the impact assessment methodology presented in Section
3.1.2.10. Complete results are listed in Tables M-25 (CRT) and M-26 (LCD) in Appendix M.
2.00E-01 n
.*;
§ 1.50E-01 •]
c 1.OOE-01 -I
O
tj 5.00E-02 -
c
3
1.95E-01
,
O)
100E+00
-5.00E-02 J
3.93E-04
O.OOE+00 7.72E-04
-4.65E-04
CRT
2.79E-02
O.OOE+00
LCD
Monitor type
Figure 3-14. BOD impacts by life-cycle stage
-3.18E-04
During the life-cycle of a 17" CRT monitor, 0.195 kg of BOD are released to surface
water. The life-cycle of a functionally equivalent 15" LCD results in 0.0283 kg of BOD surface
water releases. As shown in Figure 3-14, BOD impacts for both monitor types are driven by
surface water releases in the manufacturing stage, which contribute 100% of CRT impacts and
99% of LCD impacts. Note that small BOD impacts also occur in the upstream, materials
processing life-cycle stage for both monitor types. These are almost entirely offset by negative
BOD values at end of life due to the offset of electric grid emissions when the monitors are
incinerated with energy recovery. Note also that there are no BOD emissions from the U.S.
electric grid during the use stage. The incineration inventory is a secondary data set that
3-67
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3.3 BASELINE LCIA RESULTS
contains a different electric grid inventory than the U.S. electric grid inventory developed by the
CDP.
Table 3-37 lists the materials responsible for the top 99% of the CRT BOD impacts.
CRT impacts in this category are driven by BOD releases from the LPG production process,
most of which is used to make LPG employed as fuel in CRT glass manufacturing. BOD
releases from CRT tube manufacturing also contribute a small percentage to the total score.
Table 3-37. Top 99% of the CRT BOD impact score
Life-cycle stage
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Process group
LPG production
CRT tube manufacturing
Material
BOD
BOD
LCI data
type
Secondary
Primary
Contribution to
impact score
96%
3.3%
Table 3-38 lists the materials that contribute to the top 99% of the LCD BOD impacts. As
shown in the table, LCD impacts are slightly more distributed among processes than CRT
impacts, with BOD releases from four processes or process groups making up the list of top
contributors. Note that BOD releases from LPG production (most of which is used to make LPG
for LCD glass manufacturing) are much less for the LCD than the CRT, even though the LCD
glass manufacturing inventory was derived from the CRT glass manufacturing inventory. This is
because the CRT contains approximately ten times more glass than the LCD.
Table 3-38. Top 99% of the LCD BOD impact score
Life-cycle stage
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Materials processing
Process group
LCD monitor/module mfg.
LPG production
LCD panel components
Natural gas production
Material
BOD
BOD
BOD
BOD
LCI data
type
Primary
Secondary
Primary
Secondary
Contribution to
impact score
61%
32%
4.7%
0.99%
3.3.11.2 Total suspended solids (TSS^)
Figure 3-15 presents the CRT and LCD LCIA results for the TSS water quality impacts
category by life-cycle stage, based on the impact assessment methodology presented in Section
3.1.2.10. Tables M-27 and M-28 in Appendix M list complete results for the CRT and LCD,
respectively.
The life-cycle TSS impact indicator is 0.874 kg of TSS for the CRT and 0.0615 kg of
TSS for the LCD. TSS impacts for both monitor types are driven by the manufacturing stage,
where 99 and 94% of impacts occur for the CRT and LCD, respectively. TSS impacts also occur
in the upstream, materials processing life-cycle stage for both monitor types. Both technologies
receive a credit on TSS impacts at EOL due to an offset of electric grid emissions when the
monitors are incinerated with energy recovery.
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3.3 BASELINE LCIA RESULTS
*J 1 .OOE+00 n
3 8.00E-01 -
.2 4.00E-01 -
c 2.00E-01 -
5 n OOF+OO
•* -2.00E-01 -
TSS Q Upstream
• Mfg
8.69E-01 DUse
QEOL
5.80E-02
7.72E-03 1 o. OOE+00 4.98E-03 0. OOE+00
-2 11E-03 -1.44E-03
CRT LCD
Monitor type
Figure 3-15. TSS impacts by life-cycle stage
Table 3-39 presents the major contributors to the CRT TSS indicator and lists the LCI
data type. As with many other impact categories, the LPG production process is the single
largest contributor to the CRT TSS indicator, accounting for 97% of the total score. Most of the
LPG from this process is used as a fuel to produce CRT glass, but CRT energy inputs are
uncertain and evaluated in a sensitivity analysis in Section 3.4. TSS surface water releases from
the CRT glass/frit process group, CRT tube manufacturing, and fuel oil #6 production are also
top contributors to the CRT TSS score. However, the contribution of these processes or process
groups is small compared to that of the LPG production process.
Table 3-39. Top 99% of the CRT TSS impact score
Life-cycle stage
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Process group
LPG production
CRT glass/frit mfg.
CRT tube manufacturing
Fuel oil # 6 production
Material
Suspended solids
Suspended solids
Suspended solids
Suspended solids
LCI data
type
Secondary
Primary
Primary
Secondary
Contribution to
impact score
97%
0.83%
0.53%
0.33%
Table 3-40 presents the top contributors to the LCD TSS impact score. Like the CRT
results discussed above, TSS surface water releases from the LPG production process are
responsible for the majority of LCD TSS impacts. LPG from this production process is used to
produce LCD glass. Note that the actual mass of TSS releases from the LCD-related process is
much smaller than those from the CRT-related process. This is because the LCD only uses about
10% as much glass as the CRT. TSS releases from the LCD monitor/module process group also
account for a sizeable percentage of LCD TSS impacts.
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3.3 BASELINE LCIA RESULTS
Table 3-40. Top 99% of the LCD TSS impact score
Life-cycle stage
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Materials processing
Materials processing
Materials processing
Materials processing
Manufacturing
Process group
LPG production
LCD monitor/module mfg.
PMMA sheet production
Natural gas production
Steel production, cold-rolled,
semi-finished
Aluminum production
(all virgin)
LCD panel components
Material
Suspended solids
Suspended solids
Suspended solids
Suspended solids
Suspended solids
Suspended solids
Suspended solids
LCI data
type
Secondary
Primary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Primary
Contribution to
impact score*
66%
25%
2.2%
2.0%
1.6%
1.1%
1.0%
*Corumn may not add to 99% due to rounding.
Limitations and uncertainties
Both BOD and TSS indicators are calculated using a loading approach (i.e., the impact
score is based on the inventory amounts) and are therefore highly sensitive to inventory data
quality. CRT impact results are driven almost entirely by the LPG production inventory (a
secondary data set) and are therefore subject to the limitations and uncertainties associated with
secondary data. In particular, see Section 3.3.2.3 for a detailed discussion of LPG production
data quality. In addition, note that LPG production impacts are almost all due to the large
amount of LPG reported to be used as a fuel in CRT glass manufacturing. As note previously,
CRT glass energy inputs are uncertain and are evaluated in a sensitivity analysis (see
Section 3.4).
LCD impact results, on the other hand, are driven by LCI data from both primary and
secondary sources and are therefore considered to be of somewhat better quality than the CRT
results. However, a significant percentage of LCD water quality impacts also come from the
large amount of LPG used as a fuel input to LCD glass manufacturing. These energy inputs are
also uncertain and are evaluated in the sensitivity analysis in Section 3.4.
3.3.12 Radioactivity
Figure 3-16 presents the CRT and LCD LCIA results for the radioactivity impact
category by life-cycle stage, based on the impact assessment methodology presented in Section
3.1.2.11. Complete CRT and LCD results are presented in Tables M-29 and M-30 in Appendix
M, respectively.
The life-cycle radioactivity indicator is 38.5 million Bequerels (Bq) for the CRT and 12.2
million Bq for the LCD. Radioactivity impacts are driven by radioactive emissions from the
upstream, materials processing stage for both monitor types, which contributes 99% of CRT life-
cycle impacts and 98% of LCD life-cycle impacts. This result was unforeseen, since one might
expect the majority of radioactive emissions to occur from the use stage, due to electricity
generation at nuclear power plants. As it turns out, radioactivity impacts are being driven by data
for nuclear fuel reprocessing that are included in the electric grid inventories for the steel, invar
(an alloy of nickel and ferrite), and ferrite production process groups.
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3.3 BASELINE LCIA RESULTS
Radioactivity
:| 40,000,000 n
•5 30,000,000 -
c
.2 20,000,000 -
tj
§ 10,000,000-
38,000,000
12,000,000
35,000 436<00° 41
92.2 163'°°° 29
CRT
LCD
Monitor type
Figure 3-16. Radioactivity impacts by life-cycle stage
The LCIs for steel, invar, and ferrite were obtained from two databases developed by the
former Ecobilan Group, an LC A consulting firm that was previously headquartered in France
(see Section 2.2.1.1 for a discussion of how these databases were selected). Per Ecobilan, the
ferrite inventory contains older data that may include radioactive emissions from electricity use.
For the steel and nickel inventories, the source of both is site data in Europe, with the radioactive
emissions coming from electricity in Europe, where nuclear fuel is reprocessed. In fact, the
electricity data are from France for both materials, and France is one of the few countries
(including Japan and the United Kingdom) that reprocesses nuclear fuel (Glazebrook, 2001).
Therefore, the radioactivity impacts calculated from these inventories are more representative of
impacts from countries that reprocess nuclear fuel than impacts from countries that do not.
To further illustrate this point, Tables 3-41 and 3-42 lists the materials and process
groups that contribute to the top 99% of the CRT and LCD radioactivity indicator results,
respectively. As shown in the tables, radioactivity impacts for both monitor types are driven by
releases of plutonium-241 from steel (both monitor types), invar (CRT), and ferrite (CRT)
production. Plutonium-241 is a byproduct of fuel reprocessing. Xenon -133 releases from the
U.S. electric grid contribute slightly to the LCD radioactivity impacts and to a lesser degree to
the CRT total impacts. Note that the actual amount of radioactivity from Xenon-133 is greater
for the CRT than the LCD, but contributes a smaller percent of total impacts.
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3.3 BASELINE LCIA RESULTS
Table 3-41. Top 99% of the CRT radioactivity impact score
Life-cycle stage
Materials processing
Materials processing
Materials processing
Use
Materials processing
Materials processing
Process group
Steel production, cold-
rolled, semi-finished
Invar
Ferrite
U.S. electric grid
Steel production, cold-
rolled, semi-finished
Steel production, cold-
rolled, semi-finished
Material
Plutonium-241 (isotope)
Plutonium-241 (isotope)
Plutonium-241 (isotope)
Xenon-133 (isotope)
Plutonium-240 (isotope)
Cesium-135 (isotope)
LCI data
type
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Model/secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Contribution
to impact
score*
62%
18%
17%
0.81%
0.27%
0.24%
*Corumn may not add to 99% due to rounding.
Table 3-42. Top 99% of the LCD radioactivity impact score
Life-cycle stage
Materials processing
Use
Manufacturing
Materials processing
Materials processing
Process group
Steel production, cold-
rolled, semi-finished
U.S. electric grid
Japanese electric grid
Steel production, cold-
rolled, semi-finished
Steel production, cold-
rolled, semi-finished
Material
Plutonium-241 (isotope)
Xenon-133 (isotope)
Xenon-133M (isotope)
Plutonium-240 (isotope)
Cesium-135 (isotope)
LCI data
type
Secondary
Model/secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Contribution
to impact
score*
96%
0.95%
0.54%
0.42%
0.38%
*Column may not add to 99% due to rounding.
Most of the radioactivity impacts are based on LCI data from secondary sources and are
therefore subject to the limitations and uncertainties in secondary data, discussed previously. In
addition, because radioactivity impacts are being driven by radioactive emissions from fuel
reprocessing in France, they may not be representative of radioactivity impacts elsewhere.
However, most of the CRT and LCD primary manufacturing data were collected from companies
in Japan, where fuel reprocessing also occurs. For example, if Japanese CRT and LCD monitor
and/or components manufacturers purchase steel from Japanese steel mills, the radioactivity
emissions from electricity used to manufacture the steel could be similar. Japan ranked second
in worldwide steel production in 2000 behind Mainland China, and third in 1999 behind
Mainland China and the United States (IISI, 2001).
Note that the Japanese electric grid, which is linked to CRT and LCD production
inventories, was developed from the U.S. electric grid inventory and therefore does not account
for radioactive emissions from fuel reprocessing. This means that radioactive impacts from
Japanese manufacturing processes that consume electricity are understated. For example,
electricity used in the CRT glass/frit process group was the ninth largest contributor to the CRT
energy use score, but the inventory for this process group does not account for fuel reprocessing
emissions.
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3.3 BASELINE LCIA RESULTS
3.3.13 Potential Human Health Impacts
As discussed in Section 3.1.2.12, human health impacts included in the scope of this
LCA are chronic (repeated dose) effects, including non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic effects to
both workers and the public, and aesthetics. (Although not a health effect per se, aesthetics
pertains to human welfare.)
Chronic health effect (cancer and noncancer) impacts are calculated using the scoring of
inherent properties approach where an impact score is based on the inventory amount weighed
by a hazard value (HV). The HV represents the chronic toxicity of a specific material (see Table
K-8 in Appendix K for a list of toxicity values used to calculate hazard values). In this manner
the inventory amount (the toxic chemical input amount for occupational health effects, and the
output amount for public health effects) is used as a surrogate for exposure, while the hazard
value represents the inherent toxicity of the chemical for chronic exposure.
The CDP human health effects LCIA methodology does not consider the fate and
transport of a toxic chemical in the environment, nor does it evaluate the potential for actual
exposures to occur. LCI data do not have the temporal and spatial specificity needed to estimate
potential dose rates, for example, nor do they contain information on engineering controls used
in an occupational setting to reduce exposure. [It should be noted that more sophisticated
models for evaluating human health effects in an LCA framework are being developed that use a
multimedia fate, multi-pathway human exposure, and toxicological potency approach (Bare,
1999). However, such models are less comprehensive in terms of the number of chemicals for
which there are data.] The limitations and uncertainties in the health effects scores are discussed
further below, following the presentation of results.
3.3.13.1 Chronic occupational health effects
Figure 3-17 presents the CRT and LCD LCIA results by life-cycle stage for the chronic
occupational health effects impact category, based on the impact assessment methodology
presented in Section 3.1.2.12. Complete CRT and LCD results are presented in Tables M-31 and
M-32 in Appendix M.
•1 9.00E+02 n
re 6.00E+02 -
o
'•5 3.00E+02 -
c
Chronic occupational
9.00E+02
n Upstream
• Mfg
O)
O.OOE+00
0 -3.00E+02 -
7.32E-01
6
3.56E+01
-2.83E+00 3.59E-01
.84E+02
DEOL
1.33E+01
-1.94E+00
CRT LCD
Monitor type
Figure 3-17. Chronic occupational impacts by life-cycle stage
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3.3 BASELINE LCIA RESULTS
The life-cycle chronic occupational health effects indicator is 934 tox-kg per functional
unit for the CRT, and 696 tox-kg per functional unit for the LCD. As shown in the figure, the
total score is dominated by toxic chemical inputs to the manufacturing stage, which account for
98% and 96% of CRT and LCD impacts in this category, respectively. This result was expected
since inputs to the other life-cycle stages tend to be raw materials (e.g., ores, coal, etc., for the
materials processing and use life-cycle stages) or finished products (e.g., the monitors
themselves for the EOL stage) that are not classified as toxic materials (see Table K-9 in
Appendix K for a 1
list of materials excluded from the toxic classification). Both the CRT and LCD receive negative
chronic occupational health effects scores at end of life due to the offset of electric grid
emissions when the monitors are incinerated with energy recovery.
Table 3-43 lists the materials responsible for the top 99% of the CRT chronic
occupational health effects score and the LCI data type. LCI data for most of the top
contributors are primary data collected from manufacturers by the CDP. In general, these data
are expected to be of better quality (for the purposes of the CDP) than data from secondary
sources, since they were collected to meet the goals and scope of the CDP.
Table 3-43. Top 99% of the CRT chronic occupational health effects score
Life-cycle stage
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Use
Manufacturing
Use
Manufacturing
Process group
CRT glass/frit mfg.
PWB manufacturing
CRT tube manufacturing
U.S. electric grid
CRT glass/frit mfg.
U.S. electric grid
CRT tube manufacturing
Material
Liquified petroleum gas
Sulfuric acid
Sulfuric acid
Natural gas
Barium carbonate
Petroleum (in ground)
Fuel oil # 6
LCI data
type
Primary
Primary
Primary
Model/secondary
Primary
Model/secondary
Primary
Contribution
to impact
score*
75%
13%
4.1%
3.0%
1.8%
0.81%
0.79%
*Column may not add to 99% due to rounding.
LPG inputs to the glass/frit process group, primarily from CRT glass manufacturing,
contribute 75% of the CRT impacts in this category. The high impact score for LPG is mainly
due to the large amount of LPG inputs to the glass/frit process group (351 kg/functional unit),
which results in a high score when multiplied by the HV. No toxicity data were available for
LPG. Therefore, it was assigned default HVs of one for both cancer and noncancer effects (total
HV=2), representative of mean cancer and noncancer toxicity values. As noted previously, glass
manufacturing energy data are uncertain and therefore evaluated in a sensitivity analysis (see
Section 3.4).
Sulfuric acid used in PWB manufacturing is the next greatest contributor to the CRT
chronic occupational health effects results (13%) followed by sulfuric acid used in CRT tube
manufacturing (4.1%). The sulfuric acid HV is based on an inhalation NOAEL of 0.1 mg/m3,
which is significantly lower (and therefore more toxic) than the geometric mean inhalation
NOAEL of 68.7 mg/m3. Consequently, sulfuric acid impacts are driven more by its inherent
toxicity for noncancer effects than the input amounts (0.18 kg per functional unit for PWB
manufacturing and 0.056 kg per functional unit for CRT tube manufacturing). Sulfuric acid has
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3.3 BASELINE LCIA RESULTS
no cancer slope factor and an IARC weight of evidence (WOE) classification of 3 (not
classifiable for carcinogenicity), and therefore received an HV of zero for cancer effects.
Natural gas and petroleum used as fuels in the U.S. electric grid, barium carbonate used
in the CRT glass/frit process group and fuel oil #6 used to manufacture the CRT tube round out
the top contributors to the CRT chronic occupational health effects score. Barium carbonate has
no cancer slope factor and an EPA cancer WOE of D (not classifiable), and therefore has an HV
of zero for cancer effects. However, its oral NOAEL is 0.21 mg/kg-day compared to the
geometric mean oral NOAEL of 11.9 mg/kg-day, which results in an HV of 57 for noncancer
effects. Therefore, like sulfuric acid, the barium carbonate impacts are driven more by its
inherent toxicity than the input amount (0.297 kg per functional unit). No specific toxicity data
were available for natural gas, petroleum, or fuel oil #6; consequently they were assigned a
default HV of one for both cancer and noncancer effects (total HV=2).
Table 3-44 lists the materials that contribute to the top 99% of the LCD chronic
occupational health effects score. Like the CRT, LCI data for most of the top contributors are
primary data collected from manufacturers by the CDP, and are therefore expected to be of
generally better quality (for the purposes of the CDP) than data from secondary sources.
Table 3-44. Top 99% of the LCD chronic occupational health effects score
Life-cycle stage
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Use
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Process group
LCD monitor/module mfg.
LCD monitor/module mfg.
PWB manufacturing
LCD glass manufacturing
LCD monitor/module mfg.
LCD panel components
U.S. electric grid
LCD monitor/module mfg.
LCD monitor/module mfg.
Material
Liquified natural gas
Sulfuric acid
Sulfuric acid
Liquified petroleum gas
Phosphine
Sulfuric acid
Natural gas
Dimethylsulfoxide
Ethanolamine
LCI data
type
Primary
Primary
Primary
Primary
Primary
Primary
Model/secondary
Primary
Primary
Contribution to
impact score*
57%
23%
8.0%
4.7%
1.8%
1.6%
1.5%
1.1%
0.62%
*Column may not add to 99% due to rounding.
As shown in the table, LCD impacts in this category are dominated by LNG used in LCD
monitor/module manufacturing. The high impact score for LNG is primarily due to the large
amount of ancillary LNG inputs (194 kg/functional unit) in the LCD monitor/module
manufacturing inventory, which results in a high score when multiplied by the HV. No toxicity
data were available for LNG. Therefore, it was assigned a default, mean HV of one for both
cancer and noncancer effects (total HV=2). As noted previously, only one of seven LCD
module/monitor manufacturers reported using LNG as an ancillary material. Therefore, the total
score for LCD chronic occupational health effects may not be representative of the industry as a
whole. If we remove this application of LNG from the LCD inventory, the LCD occupational
health effects result is reduced by 58 percent, from 683 tox-kg per monitor to 288 tox-kg per
monitor. Note, however that other LCD monitor/module manufacturers did report using LNG as
a fuel.
Sulfuric acid used in three process groups (LCD module/monitor manufacturing, PWB
manufacturing, and LCD panel components) accounts for another 33% of the LCD chronic
occupational health effects score. As discussed above for the CRT, sulfuric acid has a relatively
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3.3 BASELINE LCIA RESULTS
low toxicity value, and therefore a high HV, which results in a high impact score for a small
input amount. The LCD module/monitor manufacturing process group has the highest impact
score for sulfuric acid because it has the greatest input amount (0.229 kg per functional unit).
The remaining top contributors to the LCD chronic occupational health effects score are
LPG used in LCD glass manufacturing; and phosphine, dimethylsulfoxide, and ethanolamine
used in LCD monitor/module manufacturing; and natural gas used as a fuel by the U.S. electric
grid. As discussed earlier, LCD glass energy inputs are uncertain and evaluated in a sensitivity
analysis in Section 3.4. The LPG score is based on default HVs (representative of the geometric
mean toxicity values) for both cancer and noncancer effects, since no toxicity data were
available for LPG.
The phosphine score is driven by its low oral NOAEL value (0.026 mg/kg-day), which is
significantly lower than the geometric mean value of 68.7 mg-kg-day. Thus, due to its
inherently high toxicity, a relatively small input of phosphine (in this case, 0.027 kg per
functional unit) results in a relatively high chronic occupational health effects score. No slope
factors or cancer WOE classifications were found for phosphine, indicating a default HV of one
was used, which is far outweighed by the non-cancer hazard value.
Dimethylsulfoxide is less toxic than phosphine (oral LOAEL =1.0 mg/kg-day), but has a
greater input amount (0.066 kg per functional unit). However, phosphine's greater toxicity
outweighs the greater input amount for dimethylsulfoxide, resulting in a higher impact score for
phosphine.
No specific toxicity data were available for natural gas; consequently it was assigned a
default HV of one for both cancer and noncancer effects (total HV=2).
3.3.13.2 Chronic public health effects
Figure 3-18 presents the CRT and LCD LCIA scores by life-cycle stage for the chronic
public health effects category, based on the impact assessment methodology presented in Section
3.1.2.12. Complete results are presented in Tables M-33 and M-34 in Appendix M, respectively.
The life-cycle chronic public health effects score is 1,980 tox-kg per functional unit for
the CRT and 902 tox-kg per functional unit for the LCD. As shown in the figure, the CRT score
is dominated by toxic chemical outputs from electricity generation in the use stage, which
§ 1.80E+03
"re
O 1.20E+03
o
i 6.00E+02
)
O
100E+00
Chronic public health
1.65E+03
2.28E+02
9.77E+01
6.17E+02
1.74E-01
2.35E+02
5.01 E+01
CRT
-6.30E-02
LCD
Monitor type
Figure 3-18. Chronic public health impacts by life-cycle stage
3-76
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3.3 BASELINE LCIA RESULTS
account for almost 84% of CRT impacts in this category. To a lesser degree, LCD chronic
public health effect impacts are also driven by emissions from electricity generation in the use
stage, which account for more than 68% of the total. Note that the ratio of CRT to LCD use
stage public health impacts is the same as the ratio of CRT to LCD use stage electricity
consumption (634 kWh/life for the CRT to 237 kWh/life for the LCD).
The materials processing stage contributes almost 12% of CRT chronic public health
effect impacts and almost six percent of LCD impacts. The manufacturing life-cycle stage is
responsible for five and 26% of CRT and LCD impacts in this category, respectively. Both
monitors receive very small public chronic health effects scores at end of life. This is because
most public health effect impacts from CRT and LCD recycling and disposal processes are offset
by a credit on electric grid emissions when the monitors are incinerated with energy recovery.
Table 3-45 presents the materials that contribute to the top 99% of the CRT chronic
public health effects score. As shown in the table, SO2 emissions from a number of different
process groups almost completely dominate CRT impacts in this category, accounting for more
than 98% of the total. All of the SO2 LCI data shown in the table are either from secondary data
sets not developed specifically for the CDP, or from the electric grid inventories developed from
secondary sources for this project. Sulfur dioxide has a relatively high HV based on an
inhalation NOAEL of 0.104 mg/m3, compared to the geometric mean inhalation NOAEL of 68.7
mg/m3. In addition, from a mass loading perspective, SO2 emissions were the second largest
contributor to CRT life-cycle air pollutant emissions, exceeded only by emissions of carbon
dioxide (CO2). Carbon dioxide is not classified as toxic, and therefore does not contribute to the
human health effects scores.
Table 3-45. Top 99% of the CRT chronic public health effects score
Life-cycle stage
Use
Materials processing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Materials processing
Materials processing
Materials processing
Manufacturing
Materials processing
Process group
U.S. electric grid
Invar
Japanese electric grid
U.S. electric grid
Steel production, cold-
rolled, semi-finished
Aluminum production
Polycarbonate production
LPG production
Lead production
Material
Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Sulfur dioxide
LCI data
type
Model/secondary
Secondary
Model/secondary
Model/secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Contribution to
impact score*
83%
8.3%
2.9%
1.3%
1.3%
0.70%
0.40%
0.29%
0.23%
*Column may not add to 99% due to rounding.
Most of the sulfur dioxide emissions that contribute to the CRT chronic public health
effects score are from the combustion of fossil fuels used to generate electricity. For example,
the electricity required to power the monitor during the use stage accounts for the vast majority
of SO2 emissions and 83% of the CRT chronic public health effects score. Sulfur dioxide
emissions from electricity consumed in the United States and Japan during the manufacturing
life-cycle stage account for another 4.2% of the total score. Much of the SO2 emissions reported
3-77
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3.3 BASELINE LCIA RESULTS
in secondary data sets for the materials processing life-cycle stage may also be from electricity
generation since many of these data also contain an electric grid inventory.
Table 3-46 lists the materials that contribute to the top 99% of the LCD chronic public
health effects score and the LCI data type. LCD impacts in this category are also dominated by
SO2 emissions, which are responsible for roughly 93% of impacts. Like the CRT, most of these
emissions occur from electricity generation, either during the use stage (68%) or manufacturing
(21%). As noted previously, SO2 has a relatively high HV due to its low toxicity value
(inhalation NOAEL = 0.104 mg/m3). Similar to the CRT, from a mass loading perspective, SO2
emissions were the second largest contributor to LCD life-cycle air pollutant emissions,
exceeded only by emissions of CO2.
Table 3-46. Top 99% of the LCD chronic public health effects score
Life-cycle stage
Use
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Materials processing
Materials processing
Materials processing
Materials processing
Materials processing
Materials processing
Materials processing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Process group
U.S. electric grid
Japanese electric grid
LCD monitor/module mfg.
Steel production, cold-
rolled, semi-finished
PMMA sheet production
Natural gas production
Natural gas production
Aluminum production
Natural gas production
Polycarbonate production
LCD monitor/module mfg.
U.S. electric grid
Material
Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur dioxide
Phosphine
Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur dioxide
Methane
Benzene
Sulfur dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Sulfur dioxide
Phosphorus
(yellow or white)
Sulfur dioxide
LCI data
type
Model/secondary
Model/secondary
Primary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Primary
Model/secondary
Contribution to
impact score*
68%
21%
3.2%
1.4%
0.96%
0.78%
0.59%
0.57%
0.53%
0.49%
0.38%
0.35%
*Column may not add to 99% due to rounding.
Other top contributors to the LCD chronic public health effects score include phosphine
and phosphorus from LCD monitor/module manufacturing, and methane, benzene, and carbon
monoxide from natural gas production. As noted above in the section on chronic occupational
health effects, the phosphine score is driven by its low oral NOAEL value (0.026 mg/kg-day),
which is significantly lower than the geometric mean value of 68.7 mg-kg-day, resulting in a
high HV. Thus, a relatively small output of phosphine (in this case, air emissions of 0.063 kg
per functional unit) results in a relatively high chronic public health effects score.
The benzene and phosphorus chronic health effects scores are also driven more by their
toxicity than the output amounts. Benzene is a known human carcinogen (EPA WOE Class A)
that also causes noncancer health effects. The HV for benzene is based on its oral slope factor
[0.055 (mg/kg-day)"1] and its inhalation NOAEL for noncancer effects (1.15 mg/m3), which
together result in a high HV. (Benzene also has an inhalation slope factor and an oral NOAEL
value, but these yield lower hazard values when compared to the geometric mean values.)
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3.3 BASELINE LCIA RESULTS
Phosphorus has an EPA WOE classification of D (not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity),
but has a low oral NOAEL value (0.015 mg/kg-day), which also gives it a high HV.
No toxicity data were available for methane. Therefore, it received a default HV of one
for both cancer and noncancer effects (HV=2 total). The HV for carbon monoxide is based on
an inhalation LOAEL of 55 mg/m3.
3.3.13.3 Chronic public health effect scores modified to exclude sulfur dioxide
Because the chronic public health effects scores for both the CRT and the LCD are
dominated by SO2 emissions, a secondary analysis was run to identify the top contributors to
public health impacts when SO2 emissions are excluded from the inventories. Results of this
analysis may be more useful to manufacturers seeking to identify problematic toxic chemicals
within their own manufacturing processes.
Figure 3-19 presents the CRT and LCD chronic public health effects scores by life-cycle
stage when SO2 emissions are excluded from the inventories. Under this scenario, the CRT
score is reduced almost 99% from 1980 tox-kg to 26 tox-kg per functional unit, and the LCD
score is reduced about 93% from 902 tox-kg to 61 tox-kg per functional unit. Note that these
scores should not be used to evaluate which monitor type has higher overall impacts in this
category, but they are useful for identifying life-cycle improvement opportunities that were
previously obscured by SO2 impacts.
Chronic public health (without SO2)
*- 60 0 n
c
3
c
o
•5 20 0
|
"5> oo
X
0 -20.0 J
40
20
1 5
c r*
6. 1 Q oy
1 1
n Upstream
• Mfg
DUse
DEOL
9 -3
-096
CRT LCD
Monitor type
Figure 3-19. Chronic public health im pacts (without SO2)
by life-cycle stage
With SO2 emissions removed from the inventories, chronic public health effect impacts
are highest in the manufacturing life-cycle stage for both the CRT (56% of impacts) and the
LCD (65% of impacts). The use stage is the next largest contributor for the CRT (22%), and the
materials processing stage in the next largest contributor for the LCD (32%). As will be shown
below, use stage impacts are significant for the CRT, even when SO2 emissions are excluded,
because of the CRT's relatively high electricity consumption during use by the consumer and the
associated emissions of pollutants from U.S. power plants.
Table 3-47 presents the materials that contribute greater than one percent of CRT impacts
when SO2 emissions are excluded from the CRT inventory. Under this scenario, CRT chronic
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3.3 BASELINE LCIA RESULTS
public health impacts are still being driven by emissions of criteria air pollutants,2 including
carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur oxides (assuming that SO2 emissions comprise a
large part of the sulfur oxide emissions shown in the table). As shown in the table, emissions of
these three pollutants or pollutant categories are responsible for some 48% of CRT chronic
public health impacts when pure SO2 emissions are excluded from the CRT inventory. Note that
the majority of these emissions occur from the LPG production process, and most of this LPG is
used as a fuel in CRT glass manufacturing. CRT glass manufacturing energy inputs are
uncertain and evaluated in a sensitivity analysis (See Section 3.4). Other significant contributors
include arsenic from lead production, methane from LPG production and the U.S. electric grid
inventory, vanadium and benzene from LPG production, and titanium tetrachloride from
aluminum production.
Table 3-47. Materials contributing greater than 1% of the CRT chronic
public health effects score (without SO2)
Life-cycle stage
Manufacturing
Use
Materials processing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Use
Manufacturing
Use
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Materials processing
Manufacturing
Use
Use
Materials processing
Process group
LPG production
U.S. electric grid
Lead
LPG production
LPG production
U.S. electric grid
LPG production
U.S. electric grid
LPG production
LPG production
Aluminum production
(virgin)
CRT glass/frit mfg.
U.S. electric grid
U.S. electric grid
Steel Prod., cold-rolled,
semi-finished
Material
Carbon monoxide
Nitrogen oxides
Arsenic
Methane
Sulfur oxides
Methane
Nitrogen oxides
Carbon monoxide
Vanadium
Benzene
Titanium tetrachloride
Fluorides (F-)
Arsenic
Hydrochloric acid
Carbon monoxide
LCI data
type
Secondary
Modeled/secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Modeled/secondary
Secondary
Modeled/secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Primary
Modeled/secondary
Modeled/secondary
Secondary
Contribution
to impact
score
22.35%
9.12%
8.55%
6.50%
6.21%
4.99%
4.44%
4.23%
4.05%
3.32%
2.79%
2.27%
2.16%
1.91%
1.16%
Table 3-48 presents the materials that contribute greater than one percent of LCD impacts
when SO2 emissions are excluded from the LCD inventory. Under this scenario, phosphine
emissions from LCD monitor/module manufacturing are the dominant factor in the LCD chronic
public health effects score, contributing 47% of the total. Other significant contributors include
methane, benzene, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides from natural gas production, and
phosphorus, fluorides, tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide, and nitrogen oxides from LCD
monitor/module manufacturing. Recall that the LCD monitor/module manufacturing process
The criteria air pollutants are those for which U.S. National Ambient Air Quality Standards have been
adopted. They are carbon monoxide, lead, nitrogen oxides, ozone, paniculate matter, and sulfur dioxide.
3-80
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3.3 BASELINE LCIA RESULTS
consumes the majority of the natural gas made in the natural gas production process, where LNG
is used as an ancillary material. However, only one of the seven LCD monitor/module
manufacturers that provided inventory data to the CDP reported the ancillary use of LNG. Other
LCD monitor/module manufactures did report the use of LNG as a fuel.
Table 3-48. Materials contributing greater than 1% of the LCD chronic
public health effects score (without SO2)
Life-cycle stage
Manufacturing
Materials processing
Materials processing
Materials processing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Materials processing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Use
Process group
LCD monitor/module mfg.
Natural gas production
Natural gas production
Natural gas production
LCD monitor/module mfg.
LCD monitor/module mfg.
Natural gas production
LCD monitor/module mfg.
LCD monitor/module mfg.
U.S. electric grid
Material
Phosphine
Methane
Benzene
Carbon monoxide
Phosphorus (yellow or
white)
Fluorides (F-)
Nitrogen oxides
Tetramethyl
ammonium hydroxide
Nitrogen oxides
Nitrogen oxides
LCI data
type
Primary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Primary
Primary
Secondary
Primary
Primary
Modeled/secondary
Contribution
to impact
score
46.7%
11.4%
8.61%
7.81%
5.56%
4.15%
2.12%
2.09%
1.78%
1.43%
3.3.13.4 Limitations and uncertainties: chronic human health effects
Most of the limitations and uncertainties in the chronic human health effects results
presented here can be grouped into three categories:
1. Structural or modeling limitations and uncertainties associated with the accuracy of the
toxic chemical classification method and the chemical scoring approach used to
characterize human health effects.
2. Toxicity data limitations and uncertainties associated with the availability and accuracy
of toxicity data to represent potential human health effects.
3. LCI data limitations and uncertainties associated with the accuracy and
representativeness of the inventory data.
Each of these are discussed below.
Structural or modeling limitations and uncertainty. The chemical scoring method used
in the human health effects impact characterization is a screening tool to identify chemicals of
potential concern, not to predict actual effects or characterize risk. A major limitation in the
method is that it only measures relative toxicity, combined with inventory amount. It does not
take chemical fate, transformation, or degradation into account. In addition, it uses a simple
surrogate value (i.e., inventory amount) to evaluate the potential for exposure, when actual
exposure potential involves many more factors, some of which are chemical-specific. Other
sources of uncertainty include possible omissions by the CDP researchers in the impact
classification process (e.g., potentially toxic chemicals not classified as such) or
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3.3 BASELINE LCIA RESULTS
misrepresentation of chemicals in the impact characterization method itself (e.g.,
misrepresenting a chemical as a small contributor to total impacts, because of missing or
inaccurate toxicity data). Some of these limitations and uncertainties may also be considered
limits in the toxicity data which are discussed further below.
It should also be noted, however, that because LCA involves analyzing many processes
over the entire life cycle of a product, a comprehensive, quantitative risk assessment of each
chemical input or output can not be done. Rather, LCA develops relative impacts that often lack
temporal or spatial specificity, but can be used to identify materials for more detailed evaluation.
More detailed assessments of the toxicity and potential exposures to selected materials are
performed in Chapter 4.
Toxicity data limitations and uncertainties. Major uncertainties in the impact assessment
for potentially toxic chemicals result from missing toxicity data and from limitations of the
available toxicity data. Uncertainties in the human health hazard data (as typically encountered
in a hazard assessment) include the following:
• Using dose-response data from laboratory animals to represent potential effects in
humans.
• Using data from homogeneous populations of laboratory animals or healthy human
populations to represent the potential effects on the general human populations, with a
wide range of sensitivities.
• Using dose-response data from high dose toxicity studies to represent potential effects
that may occur at low levels.
• Using data from short-term studies to represent the potential effects of long-term
exposures.
• Assuming a linear dose-response relationship.
• Possibly increased or decreased toxicity resulting from chemical interactions.
Regarding uncertainties resulting from missing toxicity data, there is uncertainty
associated with using a default HV (i.e., assuming average toxicity for that measure when a
chemical could be either more or less toxic than average). However, the use of neutral default
values for missing data reduces the bias that typically favors chemicals with little available
information. Use of a data-neutral default value to fill data gaps is consistent with principles for
chemical ranking and scoring (Swanson and Socha, 1997). Of the 273 chemicals classified as
potentially toxic in the CDP LCA, 156 (57%) had no toxicity data for carcinogenic effects and
128 (47%) had no data for noncarcinogenic effects. Ninety-seven chemicals (36%) had no
human health toxicity data whatsoever.
LCI data limitations and uncertainty. Limitations and uncertainties in the LCI data have
been discussed previously and are generally related to: (1) uncertainties in data from secondary
sources that may not be representative of the geographic and temporal boundaries of this LCA,
and (2) uncertainties in a few of the primary data points collected specifically for this project.
With regard to the latter, glass manufacturing energy inputs are particularly uncertain despite
numerous attempts to resolve the uncertainty, but are responsible for a significant portion of
CRT human health impacts. Glass manufacturing energy inputs are evaluated in a sensitivity
analysis in Section 3.4. The amount of LNGused as an ancillary material in LCD
monitor/module manufacturing is also uncertain (also despite attempts to resolve questions
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3.3 BASELINE LCIA RESULTS
regarding the data), but this material contributes a significant portion of LCD occupational health
impacts. As noted previously, removing this application of LNG from the LCD monitor/module
manufacturing inventory would reduce the LCD chronic occupational health effects score by
68%.
3.3.13.5 Aesthetic impacts (odor)
Figure 3-20 presents the CRT and LCD LCIA results for the aesthetic impacts (odor)
category, based on the impact assessment methodology presented in Section 3.1.2.12. Complete
results for the CRT and LCD are presented in Tables M-35 and M-36 in Appendix M,
respectively. The life-cycle aesthetic (odor) impact result is 7.58 million m3 malodorous air per
functional unit for the CRT and 5.04 million m3 malodorous air per functional unit for the LCD.
As shown in the figure, this impact category indicator is dominated by air emissions in the
manufacturing stage for both the CRT (96% of total) and the LCD (98% of total). Both monitor
types receive relatively minor contributions in the use and materials processing life-cycle stages,
and negative values at end of life. Negative values are due to the offset of electric power plant
emissions from incineration with energy recovery.
'E 7,000,000
re 5,000,000
o
+= 3,000,000
c
s2 1,000,000
?5
£ -1,000,000 J
129,000
Odor n Upstream
• Mfg
7,280,000 rjUse
4,930,000 nEOL
I I
201 '°°° 74,900
| -34,100 61,600 | | ' -23,000
CRT LCD
Monitor type
Figure 3-20. Odor impacts by life-cycle stage
Major Contributors to the CRT Aesthetics (Odor) Result
Table 3-49 lists the materials that contribute to the top 99% of the CRT aesthetic impacts
result and the LCI data type. Air emissions of hydrogen sulfide from LPG production in the
manufacturing life-cycle stage dominate the CRT odor impacts, contributing 94% of the total
score. Hydrogen sulfide impacts are calculated based on an odor threshold value (OTV) of
0.00043 mg/m3. [See Table K-7 in Appendix K for a list of OTVs used to calculate aesthetic
(odor) impacts.] As noted previously, most of the LPG produced by this process is used as a fuel
in CRT glass manufacturing, but glass manufacturing energy inputs are uncertain. The next
largest contributor to the CRT is acetaldehyde emitted from the U.S. electric grid during the use
stage. Acetaldehyde has a lower OTV (0.00027 mg/m3) than LPG, and is also emitted in smaller
quantities. Emissions of hydrogen sulfide from fuel oil #6 production, steel production, and
ABS production are the remaining top contributors to the CRT aesthetic impacts score. LCI data
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3.3 BASELINE LCIA RESULTS
for all of the top contributors are either from secondary data sets or developed by CDP
researchers from secondary sources.
Table 3-49. Top 99% of the CRT aesthetic (
Life-cycle stage
Manufacturing
Use
Manufacturing
Materials processing
Materials processing
Process group
LPG production
U.S. electric grid
Fuel oil #6 production
Steel production, cold-
rolled, semi-finished
ABS production
Material
Hydrogen sulfide
Acetaldehyde
Hydrogen sulfide
Hydrogen sulfide
Hydrogen sulfide
LCI data
type
Secondary
Model/secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Contribution to
impact score*
94%
2.5%
0.98%
0.42%
0.31%
odor) impacts score
*Column may not add to 99% due to rounding.
Major Contributors to the LCD Aesthetics (Odor) Result
Table 3-50 presents the materials that contribute to the top 99% of the LCD aesthetics
impact score and the LCI data type. LCD impacts are dominated by air emissions of phosphine
from LCD monitor/module manufacturing, which contribute 89% of the total score. OTVs
reported for phosphine range from 0.014 to 2.8 mg/m3. The lower, more sensitive value (0.014
mg/m3) was used to calculate impacts.
Table 3-50. Top 99% of the LCD aesthetic (odor) impacts score
Life-cycle stage
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Use
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Process group
LCD monitor/module mfg.
LPG production
U.S. electric grid
LCD monitor/module mfg.
LCD monitor/module mfg.
Material
Phosphine
Hydrogen sulfide
Acetaldehyde
Ammonia
Acetic acid
LCI data
type
Primary
Secondary
Model/secondary
Primary
Primary
Contribution to
impact score*
89%
6.8%
1.4%
1.2%
0.44%
*Column may not add to 99% due to rounding.
Other significant contributors include hydrogen sulfide from LPG production,
acetaldehyde from the U.S. electric grid, and ammonia and acetic acid from LCD
module/monitor manufacturing. Most of the LPG made in the LPG production process is used
as a fuel in LCD glass manufacturing, indicating this process is ultimately responsible for LPG
production impacts. However, LCD glass energy inputs are uncertain and evaluated in a
sensitivity analysis (Section 3.4). LCD monitor/module manufacturing data were collected
directly from manufacturers by the CDP, while the LPG production inventory was obtained from
Ecobilan. The U.S. electric grid inventory was developed by CDP researchers from secondary
sources.
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3.3 BASELINE LCIA RESULTS
Limitations and Uncertainties
Aesthetic (odor) impact scores are based on the identity and amount of odor-causing
chemicals (Heijungs etal., 1992; EPA, 1992), released to the air divided by their chemical-
specific OTVs. An OTV is the lowest concentration of a substance in air that can be smelled
based on a standardized test. Limitations and uncertainties in the aesthetics impact score stem
from structural or model uncertainty (whether or not odor thresholds will actually be exceeded),
OTV data uncertainty (how well published OTVs represent the odor threshold of different
populations), and LCI data uncertainty.
The aesthetics impact score calculates the mass of malodorous air that could result if a
chemical release occurs in a finite volume of air. It does not predict whether actual odor impacts
will occur. This is because LCI data do not describe the time rate of release or whether dilution
and mixing with ambient air will dilute the concentration of a pollutant to below its odor
threshold. In addition, odor thresholds are highly variable because of the differing ability of
individuals to detect odors. Therefore, the impact scores may not account for odors perceived by
the most sensitive populations or may overstate impacts perceived by less sensitive populations.
Finally, the aesthetic impact scores are subject to the limitations and uncertainties in the LCI
data, since they are calculated from air emissions data in the inventories. The limitations and
uncertainties in LCI data were discussed in Section 2.2.2.2, and have been discussed extensively
with LCIA results for other impact categories, above.
3.3.14 Ecotoxicity
Ecotoxicity refers to effects of chemical outputs on non-human living organisms. As
discussed in Section 3.1.2.13, ecotoxicity impact categories included in the scope of this LCA
include impacts to aquatic and terrestrial organisms.
Ecotoxicity impacts are calculated using the scoring of inherent properties approach
where an impact score is based on the inventory amount weighed by a hazard value (HV). The
HV represents the toxicity of a specific material to aquatic or terrestrial organisms (see
Table K-8 in Appendix K for a list of toxicity values used to calculate hazard values). Aquatic
HVs are based on acute and chronic toxicity values for fish, while terrestrial HVs are based on
chronic noncancer toxicity values for mammals, usually rodents. Similar to the chronic human
health impacts discussed in Section 3.3.13, the inventory amount (the toxic chemical outputs to
water for aquatic toxicity effects, and the outputs to air and water for terrestrial toxicity effects)
is used as a surrogate for exposure, while the hazard value represents the inherent toxicity of the
substance.
Also like the human health effects methodology, the CDP ecotoxicity LCIA methodology
does not consider the fate and transport of a toxic chemical in the environment, nor does it
evaluate the potential for actual exposures to occur. In addition, the methodology is limited in
that it does not consider toxicity data from all types of aquatic or terrestrial species, but rather
focuses on a few selected species for which more toxicity data are available. The limitations and
uncertainties in the ecotoxicity scores are discussed further below, following the presentation of
results.
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3.3 BASELINE LCIA RESULTS
3.3.14.1 Aquati c toxi city
Figure 3-21 presents the CRT and LCD LCIA results for the aquatic toxi city impact
category, based on the impact assessment methodology presented in Section 3.1.2.13. Complete
results for the CRT and LCD are presented in Tables M-37 and M-38 in Appendix M,
respectively.
Aquatic ecotoxicity
§ 6.00E+00 n
To
§ 4.00E+00
?
o
i 2.00E+00
I
O.OOE+00
5.12E+00
8.93E-02
1.36E-01 O.OOE+00
O.OOE+00
Monitor type
Figure 3-21. Aquatic ecotoxicity impacts by life-cycle stage
The life-cycle aquatic toxicity indicator is 0.22 tox-kg per functional unit for the CRT
and 5.19 tox-kg per functional unit for the LCD. As shown in the figure, the CRT aquatic
toxicity indicator is driven by water releases in the materials processing stage (64% of total),
while the LCD aquatic toxicity indicator is completely dominated by water releases in the
manufacturing stage (99% of total). Both monitor types receive zero scores in the use stage and
small, negative values at end of life. Negative values are due to the offset of electric power plant
emissions from incineration with energy recovery.
Table 3-51 lists the materials that contribute to the top 99% of the CRT aquatic toxicity
impact score and the LCI data type. As shown in the table, CRT aquatic toxicity impacts are
broadly distributed across a number of different process groups, with most of the top
contributors responsible for less than five percent of the impacts. Most of the LCI data from
which the scores were calculated are from secondary data sets, although a substantial fraction are
from primary data collected to meet the goals and scope of the CDP LCA. Water releases of
phosphorus from CRT tube manufacturing represents the single largest contributor to the CRT
aquatic toxicity score, accounting for 26% of the total. Aquatic toxicity impacts for phosphorus
are driven more by its inherent acute toxicity than the output amount. The phosphorus acute HV
is calculated from a fish LC50 of 0.020 mg/L, which is significantly more toxic than the
geometric mean value of 23.5 mg/L.
The only other specific outputs that contribute more than five percent of the CRT aquatic
toxicity score are water discharges of aluminum ions (valence = +3) and copper ions (valence =
+1 and +2) from aluminum production. The aluminum HV is calculated from an LC50 value of
36 mg/L and a NOAEL value of 3.6 mg/L, which are within an order of magnitude of the
geometric mean values of 23.5 mg/L and 3.9 mg/L. Copper, on the other hand, is much more
toxic to fish, with an LC50 value of 0.014mg/L and a NOAEL value of 0.004 mg/L. The
3-86
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3.3 BASELINE LCIA RESULTS
aluminum aquatic toxicity score exceeds that of copper because it is discharged in much greater
quantities.
Table 3-51. Top 99% of the CRT aquatic toxicity impact score
Life-cycle stage
Manufacturing
Materials processing
Materials processing
Materials processing
Materials processing
Materials processing
Materials processing
Manufacturing
Materials processing
Materials processing
Materials processing
Materials processing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Materials processing
Manufacturing
Materials processing
Manufacturing
Materials processing
Materials processing
Materials processing
Materials processing
Materials processing
Materials processing
Materials processing
Materials processing
Materials processing
Materials processing
Materials processing
Materials processing
Materials processing
Process group
CRT tube manufacturing
Aluminum production
Aluminum production
Invar
Invar
Invar
Lead
CRT tube manufacturing
Ferrite manufacturing
Aluminum production
ABS production
Lead
CRT glass/frit mfg.
CRT tube manufacturing
CRT tube manufacturing
Steel production, cold-
rolled, semi-finished
LPG production
Steel production, cold-
rolled, semi-finished
LPG production
Lead
Polycarbonate production
Steel production, cold-
rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite manufacturing
Aluminum production
ABS production
Invar
Ferrite manufacturing
ABS production
Styrene-butadiene
copolymer production
Aluminum production
Polycarbonate production
Aluminum production
Material
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Aluminum (+3)
Copper (+1 & +2)
Copper (+1 & +2)
Aluminum (+3)
Zinc (+2)
Aluminum (+3)
Fluoride
Zinc (+2)
Zinc (+2)
Ammonia
Copper (+1 & +2)
Fluorides (F-)
Zinc (elemental)
Copper
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Phenol
Ammonia
Aluminum (+3)
Zinc (+2)
Copper (+1 & +2)
Copper (+1 & +2)
Aluminum (+3)
Barium sulfate
Aluminum (+3)
Ammonia
Copper (+1 & +2)
Copper (+1 & +2)
Copper (+1 & +2)
Titanium tetrachloride
Mercury compounds
Strontium (Sr II)
LCI data
type
Primary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Primary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Primary
Primary
Primary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Contribution
to impact
score*
26%
12%
9.5%
5.0%
4.4%
4.0%
3.6%
3.1%
3.0%
2.9%
2.7%
2.7%
2.6%
2.3%
2.1%
2.0%
1.9%
1.2%
1.1%
0.82%
0.54%
0.45%
0.43%
0.40%
0.39%
0.36%
0.31%
0.25%
0.24%
0.20%
0.19%
0.14%
3-87
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3.3 BASELINE LCIA RESULTS
Table 3-51. Top 99% of the CRT aquatic toxicity impact score
Life-cycle stage
Materials processing
Materials processing
Materials processing
Materials processing
Materials processing
Materials processing
Materials processing
Materials processing
Materials processing
Materials processing
Materials processing
Process group
Steel production, cold-
rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite manufacturing
Lead
Steel production, cold-
rolled, semi-finished
ABS production
Steel production, cold-
rolled, semi-finished
Styrene-butadiene
copolymer production
Steel production, cold-
rolled, semi-finished
Aluminum production
Polycarbonate production
Invar
Material
Aluminum (+3)
Ammonia
Barium sulfate
Nitrogen dixode
Mercury compounds
Zinc (+2)
Mercury compounds
Fluorides (F-)
Lead compounds
Zinc (+2)
Strontium (Sr II)
LCI data
type
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Contribution
to impact
score*
0.12%
0.12%
0.10%
0.088%
0.088%
0.087%
0.086%
0.086%
0.076%
0.076%
0.074%
*Corumn may not add to 99% due to rounding.
Table 3-52 lists the materials that contribute to the top 99% of the LCD aquatic toxicity
impact score and the LCI data type. Unlike the CRT, LCD impacts in this category are not
distributed across a number of different process groups, but dominated by phosphorus emissions
from a single process group, LCD monitor/module manufacturing. Phosphorus releases from
LCD monitor/module manufacturing are several orders of magnitude higher than phosphorus
releases from CRT tube manufacturing (the greatest contributor to the CRT aquatic toxicity
impact score). However, the LCD aquatic toxicity score for phosphorus is still driven by the
inherent acute toxicity of phosphorus, rather than the release amount.
Other top contributors to LCD impacts in this category include ammonia releases from
PMMA sheet production, and phosphorus emissions from LCD panel components
manufacturing. No toxicity data were available for ammonia. Consequently, it was assigned a
default HV of two, representative of mean acute and chronic fish toxicity values.
Table 3-52. Top 99% of the LCD aquatic toxicity impact score
Life-cycle stage
Manufacturing
Materials processing
Manufacturing
Process group
LCD monitor/module mfg.
PMMA sheet production
LCD panel components
Material
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Ammonia
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
LCI data
type
Primary
Secondary
Primary
Contribution
to impact
score
98%
0.63%
0.56%
3-88
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3.3 BASELINE LCIA RESULTS
3.3.14.2 Terrestrial ecotoxicity
Figure 3-22 presents the CRT and LCD LCIA results for the terrestrial toxicity impact
category, based on the impact assessment methodology presented in Section 3.1.2.13. Complete
results for the CRT and LCD are presented in Tables M-39 and M-40 in Appendix M,
respectively.
§ 1 .80E+03
To
§ 1 .20E+03
?
o
i 6.00E+02
x O.OOE+00
O
Terrestrial ecotoxicity
165E+03
2.28E+02
9.46E+01
6.16E+02
2.88E-01
2.33E+02
4.54E+01
1.46E-02
CRT
LCD
Monitor type
Figure 3-22. Terrestrial ecotoxicity impacts by life-cycle stage
The life-cycle terrestrial toxicity indicator is 1,970 tox-kg per functional unit for the CRT
and 894 tox-kg per functional unit for the LCD. As shown in the figure, the CRT result is
dominated by toxic chemical outputs from electricity generation in the use stage, which account
for almost 84% of CRT impacts in this category. To a lesser degree, LCD terrestrial toxicity
impacts are also driven by emissions from electricity generation in the use stage, which account
for more than 69% of the total.
The materials processing stage contributes about 12% of CRT terrestrial toxicity impacts
and about five percent of LCD impacts. The manufacturing life-cycle stage is responsible for
five and 26% of CRT and LCD impacts in this category, respectively. Both monitors receive
very small terrestrial toxicity scores at end of life. This is because most terrestrial toxicity
impacts from CRT and LCD recycling and disposal processes are offset by a credit on electric
grid emissions when the monitors are incinerated with energy recovery.
The terrestrial toxicity impact results are almost identical to the chronic public health
effects results presented previously (see Section 3.3.13). Recall that human health and terrestrial
toxicity impacts are calculated using the same noncancer toxicity values (and the same inventory
data), with the main difference being that toxicity data on carcinogenic effects are excluded from
the terrestrial toxicity impact calculations. However, human health and terrestrial toxicity
impacts are almost identical because: (1) impacts in both categories are dominated by emissions
of sulfur dioxide from electricity generation (see Tables 3-53 and 3-54 below for top contributors
to the CRT and LCD terrestrial toxicity impacts), and (2) sulfur dioxide has a high hazard value
for noncancer effects and a hazard value of zero for cancer effects.
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3.3 BASELINE LCIA RESULTS
Table 3-53 presents the materials that contribute to the top 99% of the CRT terrestrial
toxicity impact score. As already noted, SO2 emissions from a number of different process
groups almost completely dominate CRT impacts in this category, accounting for slightly less
than 99% of the total. Most of these emissions are from the combustion of fossil fuels to
generate electricity. All of the SO2 LCI data are either from secondary data sets not developed
specifically for the CDP or from the electric grid inventories developed from secondary sources
for this project. Sulfur dioxide has a relatively high HV, based on an inhalation NOAEL of
0.104 mg/m3 and the geometric mean inhalation NOAEL of 68.7 mg/m3. In addition, as noted in
the section on human health effects (3.3.13), from a mass loading perspective (i.e., based on the
inventory alone), SO2 emissions were the second largest contributor to CRT life-cycle air
pollutant emissions, exceeded only by emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2). Carbon dioxide is not
classified as toxic, and therefore did not contribute to the terrestrial toxicity impact category.
Table 3-53. Top 99% of the CRT terrestrial toxicity impact score
Life-cycle stage
Use
Materials processing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Materials processing
Materials processing
Materials processing
Manufacturing
Process group
U.S. electric grid
Invar
Japanese electric grid
U.S. electric grid
Steel production, cold-
rolled, semi-finished
Aluminum production
Polycarbonate production
LPG production
Material
Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur dioxide
Carbon monoxide
LCI data
type
Model/secondary
Secondary
Model/secondary
Model/secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Contribution to
impact score*
83%
8.4%
2.9%
1.3%
1.3%
0.70%
0.40%
0.27%
* Column may not add to 99% due to rounding.
Table 3-54 lists the materials that contribute to the top 99% of the LCD terrestrial
toxicity impact score and the LCI data type. LCD impacts in this category are also dominated by
SO2 emissions, which are responsible for roughly 92% of impacts. Like the CRT, most of these
emissions occur from electricity generation, either during the use stage (68%) or manufacturing
(21%). As noted previously, SO2 has a relatively high HV, due to its low toxicity value
(inhalation NOAEL = 0.104 mg/m3). Similar to the CRT, from a mass loading perspective (i.e.,
based on the inventory alone), SO2 emissions were the second largest contributor to LCD life-
cycle air pollutant emissions, exceeded only by emissions of CO2.
Other top contributors to the LCD terrestrial toxicity score include phosphine and
phosphorus from LCD monitor/module manufacturing, and carbon monoxide and methane from
natural gas production. As noted above in the section on chronic occupational health effects, the
phosphine, phosphorus, and benzene scores are driven more by their inherent toxicity than their
output amounts.
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3.3 BASELINE LCIA RESULTS
Table 3-54. Top 99% of the LCD terrestrial toxicity impact score
Life-cycle stage
Use
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Materials processing
Materials processing
Materials processing
Materials processing
Materials processing
Materials processing
Materials processing
Manufacturing
Process group
U.S. electric grid
Japanese electric grid
LCD monitor/module mfg.
Steel production, cold-
rolled, semi-finished
PMMA sheet production
Natural gas production
Aluminum production
Natural gas production
Polycarbonate production
Natural gas production
LCD monitor/module mfg.
Material
Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur dioxide
Phosphine
Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur dioxide
Benzene
Sulfur dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Sulfur dioxide
Methane
Phosphorus
(yellow or white)
LCI data
type
Model/secondary
Model/secondary
Primary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Primary
Contribution
to impact
score
68%
21%
3.2%
1.4%
0.96%
0.59%
0.57%
0.50%
0.50%
0.39%
0.38%
3.3.14.3 Terrestrial toxicity impact scores modified to exclude sulfur dioxide
Because the terrestrial toxicity impact scores for both the CRT and the LCD are
dominated by SO2 emissions, a secondary analysis was run to identify the top contributors to
these impacts when SO2 emissions are excluded from the inventories. Results of this analysis
may be more useful to manufacturers seeking to identify problematic toxic chemicals within
their own manufacturing processes.
Figure 3-23 presents the CRT and LCD terrestrial toxicity impact scores by life-cycle
stage when SO2 emissions are excluded from the inventories. Under this scenario, the CRT
score is reduced almost 99% from 1,970 tox-kg to 21 tox-kg per functional unit, and the LCD
score is reduced about 94%, from 894 tox-kg to 54 tox-kg per functional unit. Note that these
scores should not be used to evaluate which monitor type has higher overall impacts in this
category, but they are useful for identifying life-cycle improvement opportunities that were
previously obscured by SO2 impacts.
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Terrestrial ecotoxicity (without SO2)
60.0
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3.3 BASELINE LCIA RESULTS
Table 3-55. Materials contributing greater than 1% of the CRT
terrestrial toxicity impact score (without SO2)
Life-cycle stage
Manufacturing
Materials processing
Use
Manufacturing
Use
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Materials processing
Use
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Use
Use
Materials processing
Materials processing
Manufacturing
Materials processing
Manufacturing
Process group
LPG production
Lead
U.S. electric grid
LPG production
U.S. electric grid
LPG Production
LPG production
LPG production
Aluminum production
(all virgin)
U.S. electric grid
CRT glass/frit mfg.
LPG production
U.S. electric grid
U.S. electric grid
Steel Prod., cold-rolled,
semi-finished
Invar
CRT tube manufacturing
Lead
LPG production
Material
Carbon monoxide
Arsenic
Nitrogen oxides
Vanadium
Carbon monoxide
Benzene
Methane
Sulfur oxides
Titanium tetrachloride
Methane
Fluorides (F-)
Nitrogen oxides
Arsenic
Hydrochloric acid
Carbon monoxide
Titanium tetrachloride
Carbon monoxide
Titanium tetrachloride
Arsenic
LCI data
type
Secondary
Secondary
Model/secondary
Secondary
Model/secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Model/secondary
Primary
Secondary
Model/secondary
Model/secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Primary
Secondary
Secondary
Contribution
to impact
score
26%
11%
5.7%
5.1%
4.9%
4.2%
4.1%
3.9%
3.5%
3.1%
2.8%
2.8%
2.7%
2.4%
1.4%
1.2%
1.0%
1.0%
1.0%
Table 3-56 presents the materials that contribute greater than one percent of LCD
terrestrial toxicity impacts when SO2 emissions are excluded from the LCD inventory. As with
the LCD modified chronic human health results discussed in Section 3.3.13, when SO2 emissions
are excluded, phosphine emissions from LCD monitor/module manufacturing are the dominant
factor in the LCD terrestrial toxicity score, contributing 53% of the total. Other significant
contributors include benzene, carbon monoxide, methane, and nitrogen oxides from natural gas
production, and phosphorus, fluorides, tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide, and nitrogen oxides
from LCD monitor/module manufacturing. Recall that the LCD monitor/module manufacturing
process consumes the majority of the natural gas made in the natural gas production process,
where LNG is used as an ancillary material. However, only one of the seven LCD
monitor/module manufacturers that provided inventory data to the CDP reported the ancillary
use of LNG. Other manufacturers reported using LNG as a fuel.
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Table 3-56. Materials contributing greater than 1% of the LCD
terrestrial toxicity impact score (without SO2)
Life-cycle stage
Manufacturing
Materials processing
Materials processing
Materials processing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Materials processing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Process group
LCD module/monitor mfg.
Natural gas production
Natural gas production
Natural gas production
LCD module/monitor mfg.
LCD module/monitor mfg.
Natural gas production
LCD module/monitor mfg.
LCD module/monitor mfg.
Material
Phosphine
Benzene
Carbon monoxide
Methane
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Fluorides (F-)
Nitrogen oxides
Tetramethyl ammonium
hydroxide
Nitrogen oxides
LCI data
type
Primary
Secondary
Secondary
Secondary
Primary
Primary
Secondary
Primary
Primary
Contribution
to impact
score
53%
9.8%
8.2%
6.5%
6.3%
4.7%
1.2%
1.2%
1.0%
3.3.14.4 Limitations and uncertainties
Most of the limitations and uncertainties in the ecotoxicity results are similar to the
limitations and uncertainties in the human health effects scores. The reader is referred to Section
3.3.13 for a full discussion of these limitation and uncertainties. In summary, they can be
grouped into three categories:
1. Structural or modeling limitations and uncertainties associated with the accuracy of the
toxic chemical classification method and the chemical scoring approach used to
characterize human health effects.
2. Toxicity data limitations and uncertainties associated with the availability and accuracy
of toxicity data to represent ecotoxicity.
3. LCI data limitations and uncertainties associated with the accuracy and
representativeness of the inventory data.
With regard to toxicity data, other limitations and uncertainties in the ecotoxicity results
are related to the use of surrogates to assess toxicity to all species within an impact category.
For example, the aquatic toxicity category uses fish (usually the fathead minnow) as a surrogate
to assess toxicity to all aquatic organisms, but it has been well-established in the ecotoxicology
literature that fish are not the most sensitive test species to all or most industrial chemicals. In
fact, invertebrates (daphnids) or algae (Selenastrum) often are more sensitive to particular
chemicals than fish (Smrchek, 1999). Similarly, the terrestrial toxicity category uses mammals,
primarily rodents, as a surrogate to assess toxicity to all terrestrial organisms. Terrestrial plants
and soil organisms (insects, earthworms, etc.) are not considered, but both of these may be more
sensitive than mammals.
Because there are difficulties in comparing test endpoints for different types of
organisms, and because there is a very limited toxicity database for some of the other organisms,
the LCIA methodology employed in this study uses fish as a surrogate for aquatic toxicity and
mammals as a surrogate for terrestrial ecotoxicity. This helps to reduce data gaps and the
difficulties in comparing test endpoints for different types of organisms. Furthermore, we
believe this approach to be acceptable for a study, such as the CDP LCA, that gives relative
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3.3 BASELINE LCIA RESULTS
ranking of impacts from different chemicals or process groups instead of absolute values.
However, it should be noted that this approach can result in an underestimation of the absolute
ecotoxicity and hazards of chemicals.
With regard to LCI data limitations not discussed previously, it should be noted that the
CRT and LCD LCAs do not address spills or other accidental releases that could have significant
adverse effects on aquatic or terrestrial organisms. This is a common limitation of LCA, which
is often too labor-intensive to address different operational scenarios across the product life
cycle.
3.3.15 Summary of Top Contributors by Impact Category
Tables 3-57 and 3-58 summarize the top contributors to CRT and LCD life-cycle impacts
by impact category. As shown in Table 3-57, CRT impacts are largely driven by two factors: (1)
the large amount of LPG fuel used in CRT glass/frit manufacturing, and (2) the relatively large
amount of electricity consumed during the use stage. The LPG production process yields the
CRT's top contributor in eight of 20 impact categories. Most of this LPG is used as a fuel source
in CRT glass manufacturing in the glass/frit process group, which, in turn, produces the top
contributor to two of 20 impact categories. Thus, LPG used in the glass/frit process group
(primarily CRT glass manufacturing) is ultimately the key driver for CRT impacts in ten
categories. Similarly, outputs from electricity generation during the use stage result in the top
contributor to seven CRT impact categories. Note that in 14 of the 20 impact categories, the top
contributor to CRT impacts is responsible for more than 50% of impacts.
Both the glass manufacturing energy and the use stage lifespan (which determines the
amount of electricity generated during the use stage) are evaluated in a sensitivity analysis in
Section 3.4. In the modified glass energy sensitivity analysis, LPG inputs are greatly reduced
and impacts are therefore reduced, but in the modified lifespan (manufactured life) sensitivity
analysis, the number of hours a monitor is in use is increased. Thus, CRT impacts are increased.
LCD impacts are not as dominated by a few data points, but a few processes (LCD
monitor/module manufacturing and electricity generation in the use stage) are responsible for a
large percent of the impacts. As shown in Table 3-58, both of these processes result in the top
contributors to six LCD impact categories each. In addition, the process to produce LNG used as
an ancillary material in LCD monitor/module manufacturing is the top contributor to an
additional impact category (photochemical smog). Note that in 11 of the 20 impact categories,
the top contributor to LCD impacts is responsible for more than 50% of impacts.
Like the CRT, both the glass energy inputs and use stage lifespan of the LCD are
evaluated in a sensitivity analysis in Section 3.4. LCD monitor/module manufacturing energy
and LCD EOL dispositions are also evaluated. LCD monitor/module manufacturing energy was
selected for a sensitivity analysis because of the high degree of variability seen in data provided
by manufacturers. The impacts presented in the baseline scenario are calculated with energy
outliers removed from the average, but the outliers are included in the sensitivity analysis. This
results in higher electricity consumption but lower fuel consumption, which, in turn, causes
reduced impacts in some categories and increased impacts in others. Note that the LNG used as
an ancillary material in LCD monitor/module manufacturing is not affected by the sensitivity
analysis since it only focuses on materials used as an energy source.
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3.3 BASELINE LCIA RESULTS
Table 3-57. Summary of top contributors to CRT impacts by impact category
Impact category
Renewable resource
use
Nonrenewable
resource use
Energy use
Solid waste landfill
use
Hazardous waste
landfill use
Radioactive waste
landfill use
Global warming
Ozone depletion
Photochemical smog
Acidification
Air particulates
Water eutrophication
Water quality, BOD
Water quality, TSS
Radioactivity
Chronic health effects,
occupational
Chronic health effects,
public
Aesthetics (odor)
Aquatic toxicity
Terrestrial toxicitv
Top contributors
Life-cycle
stage
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Use
End-of-life
Use
Use
Use
Manufacturing
Use
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Materials
Processing
Manufacturing
Use
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Use
Process group
LPG production
LPG production
CRT glass/frit mfg.
U.S. electric grid
CRT landfilling
U.S. electric grid
U.S. electric grid
U.S. electric grid
LPG production
U.S. electric grid
LPG production
LPG production
LPG production
LPG production
Steel production, cold-
rolled, semi-finished
CRT glass/frit
manufacturing
U.S. electric grid
LPG production
CRT tube
manufacturing
U.S. electric grid
Material
water
Petroleum (in ground)
Liquefied petroleum
gas
Coal waste
EOL CRT monitor,
landfilled
Low-level radioactive
waste
Carbon dioxide
Bromomethane
Hydrocarbons,
unspeciated
Sulfur dioxide
PM
COD
BOD
Suspended solids
Plutonium-241
(isotope)
Liquefied petroleum
gas
Sulfur dioxide
Hydrogen sulfide
Phosphorus
(yellow or white)
Sulfur dioxide
Contribution
to impact
score
79%
56%
72%
38%
91%
61%
64%
49%
36%
47%
43%
72%
96%
97%
62%
78%
83%
94%
26%
83%
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3.3 BASELINE LCIA RESULTS
Table 3-58. Summary of top contributors to LCD impacts by impact category
Impact category
Renewable resource
use
Nonrenewable resource
use
Energy use
Solid waste landfill use
Hazardous waste
landfill use
Radioactive waste
landfill use
Global warming
Ozone depletion
Photochemical smog
Acidification
Air particulates
Water eutrophication
Water quality, BOD
Water quality, TSS
Radioactivity
Chronic health effects,
occupational
Chronic health effects,
public
Aesthetics (odor)
Aquatic toxicity
Terrestrial toxicitv
Top contributors
Life-cycle stage
Manufacturing
Materials
processing
Use
Use
End-of-life
Use
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Materials
processing
Use
Materials
processing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Materials
processing
Manufacturing
Use
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Use
Process group
LCD monitor/module mfg.
Natural gas production
LCD monitor use
U.S. electric grid
LCD landfilling
U.S. electric grid
LCD monitor/module mfg.
LCD panel components
manufacturing
Natural gas production
U.S. electric grid
Steel production, cold-
rolled, semi-finished
LCD monitor/module mfg.
LCD monitor/module mfg.
LPG production
Steel production, cold-
rolled, semi-finished
LCD monitor/module mfg.
U.S. electric grid
LPG production
LCD monitor/module mfg.
U.S. electric srid
Material
Water
Natural gas
(in ground)
Electricity
Coal waste
EOL LCD
monitor,
landfilled
Low-level
radioactive waste
Sulfur
hexafluoride
HCFC-225cb
Nonmethane
hydrocarbons,
unspeciated
Sulfur dioxide
PM
Nitrogen
BOD
Suspended solids
Plutonium-241
(isotope)
Liquefied natural
gas
Sulfur dioxide
Hydrogen sulfide
Phosphorus
(yellow or white)
Sulfur dioxide
Contribution
to impact
score
38%
65%
30%
44%
97%
44%
29%
34%
45%
31%
45%
67%
61%
66%
96%
58%
68%
94%
98%
68%
3-97
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3.4 SENSITIVITY ANALYSES
3.4 SENSITIVITY ANALYSES
Due to assumptions and uncertainties in this LCA, as in any LCA, several sensitivity
analyses of the baseline results were conducted. Section 2.7.3 described how areas for
sensitivity analyses (scenarios) were selected, and the modifications made to the baseline
inventory. Sections 3.4.1 through 3.4.4 recap these modifications and present sensitivity
analysis results. Section 3.4.5 summarizes the effects of different scenarios on CRT and LCD
impacts.
3.4.1 Manufactured Life Scenario
Due to the uncertainty and assumptions associated with the baseline use stage lifespan
(effective life) scenario, a "manufactured life" scenario was also considered. Recall that the
manufactured life is defined as the length of time a monitor is designed to operate effectively,
while the effective life is defined as the actual amount of time a monitor is used, by one or
multiple users, before it reaches its final disposition. The manufactured life is the number of
hours a monitor would function as manufactured, and is independent of user choices or actions.
Section 2.4.1.3 presented a detailed discussion of how the manufactured life was determined, and
is summarized below.
The manufactured life of both monitor types was estimated using the
mean-time-before-failure (MTBF) specifications of the monitor and its components. From
review of MTBF information obtained on CRT-based monitors (see Appendix H, Attachment A,
Table A2), it appears that the CRT tube itself is the component that 99% of the time determines
whether the entire monitor has reached its end-of-life. Thus, an average of the two ranges
obtained on the estimated lifetime of CRT tubes (10,000 and 15,000 hours) was used as the CRT
manufactured lifetime (12,500 hours).
For active matrix LCDs, the components that have the greatest potential to fail first are
the display panel itself (including the liquid crystals and thin-film transistors), backlights, driver
integrated circuit (1C) tabs, and other smaller components. The backlights and driver 1C tabs can
be field-replaced, thus their failure does not necessarily represent the end of the monitor's life.
However, failure of the liquid crystals or transistors, which would require replacement of the
display panel itself, would most likely mean that the monitor cannot be cost-effectively repaired.
Thus, in this study, the amount of time an LCD monitor would operate during its manufactured
life is assumed to be the average of the non field-replaceable values, or 45,000 hours. In order
for a monitor to operate for 45,000 hours, any major field-replaceable parts that have MTBFs
less than 45,000 hours are accounted for in the inventory. For example, assuming the backlights
last on average 32,500 hours (the average of the values obtained for backlights), approximately
1.4 backlights on average would be needed for every panel during its 45,000 hour lifetime.
To calculate the manufactured life electricity consumption (kWh/life), the energy use rate
(kW) was multiplied by the lifespan (hours/life) for each monitor in each power mode (see Table
2-20 in Section 2.4.1.3). The LCD manufactured life (45,000 hours) is 3.6 times greater than the
CRT manufactured life (12,500 hours). In an LCA, comparisons are made based on functional
equivalency. Therefore, if one monitor will operate for a longer period of time than another,
impacts should be based on an equivalent use. Thus, based on equivalent use periods, 3.6 CRTs
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3.4 SENSITIVITY ANALYSES
would need to be manufactured for every LCD. This was incorporated into the profile analysis
for the manufactured life LCA. To apply the manufactured life scenario to the CRT and LCD
life-cycle profiles, the following modifications were made to the baseline (effective life)
scenario:
• change the CRT electricity input in the use stage from 635 kWh (2,286 MJ) to 788 kWh
(2,837 MJ);3
change the LCD electricity input in the use stage from 237 kWh (853 MJ) to 1,035 kWh
(3,726 MJ);
• increase the manufacturing of CRTs by a factor of 3.6 to account for the functional
equivalency of CRTs and LCDs. This was done by increasing the functional unit by a
factor of 3.6, which equates to manufacturing, using, and recycling or disposing of 3.6
times more CRTs than in the baseline case; and
• increase the manufacturing of the LCD backlight lamp by a factor of 1.4 to account for
the functional equivalency of LCDs and CRTs. This was done by increasing the
backlight lamp mass (0.0023 kg) by a factor of 1.4, which in turn results in an increase in
inputs and outputs associated with manufacturing the backlilght.
Table 3-59 presents the CRT and LCD life-cycle results by impact category for the
baseline and manufactured life scenarios. It also presents the percent change from the baseline
to the manufactured life scenario for both monitor types. Note that the manufactured life results
are most useful for evaluating the CRT and LCD together, not for comparing the CRT or LCD
baseline (effective life) results to its manufactured life results. This is because the CRT and
LCD manufactured life results are functionally equivalent, but the CRT to CRT and LCD to
LCD effective life and manufactured life scenarios are not. The baseline for both monitor types
represents impacts from manufacture and final disposition of one monitor. The CRT
manufactured life scenario represents impacts from 3.6 CRT monitors and the LCD
manufactured life scenario represents impacts from one LCD monitor and 1.4 backlights.
However, the percent change figures are presented to better understand how the manufactured
life scenario affects overall results.
3 This represents the electricity use for a 12,500 hour life span. This figure is then multiplied by a factor of
3.6 in the functional equivalency calculations (see third bullet, below).
3^99
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3.4 SENSITIVITY ANALYSES
Table 3-59. Baseline and sensitivity analysis results—manufactured life
Impact category
Renewable resource use
Nonrenewable resource use
Energy use
Solid waste landfill use
Hazardous waste landfill use
Radioactive waste landfill use
Global warming
Ozone depletion
Photochemical smog
Acidification
Air particulates
Water eutrophication
BOD
TSS
Radioactivity
Chronic health effects,
occupational
Chronic health effects, public
Aesthetics (odor)
Aquatic toxicity
Terrestrial toxicity
Units/ Monitor
kg
kg
MJ
m3
m3
m3
kg-CO2 eq.s
kg-CFC-11 eq.s
kg-ethene eq.s
kg-SO2 eq.s
kg
kg-phosphate
eq.s
kg
kg
Bq
tox-kg
tox-kg
m3
tox-kg
tox-kg
CRT
Baseline
1.31e+04
6.68e+02
2.08e+04
1.67e-01
1.68e-02
2.00e-04
6.95e+02
2.05e-05
1.71e-01
5.25e+00
3.01e-01
4.82e-02
1.95e-01
8.75e-01
3.85e+07
9.34e+02
1.98e+03
7.58e+06
2.25e-01
1.97e+03
Manu-
factured
4.83e+04
2.58e+03
7.70e+04
6.866-01
6.05e-02
8.00e-04
2.90e+03
8.27e-05
6.20e-01
2.19e+01
1.13e+00
1.74e-01a
7.02e-01
3.15e+00
1.14e+08
3.39e+03
8.56e+03
2.74e+07
S.lOe-Ol
8.54e+03
%
change
268%
286%
270%
312%
260%
328%
317%
304%
262%
317%
277%
260%
260%
260%
197%
263%
333%
262%
260%
333%
LCD
Baseline
2.80e+03
3.64e+02
2.84e+03
5.43e-02
3.60e-03
l.OOe-04
5.93e+02
1.37e-05
1.416-01
2.96e+00
1.156-01
4.96e-02
2.83e-02
6.15e-02
1.22e+07
6.96e+02
9.02e+02
5.04e+06
5.19e+00
8.94e+02
Manu-
factured
4.30e+03
6.12e+02
5.71e+03
1.79e-01
3.60e-03
3.00e-04
1.17e+03
2.66e-05
1.476-01
7.29e+00
1.876-01
4.96e-02
2.83e-02
6.15e-02
1.28e+07
7.41e+02
2.98e+03
5.30e+06
5.19e+00
2.97e+03
%
change
53.5%
68.0%
101%
230%
0.00%
194%
97.3%
94.1%
4.22%
146%
63.4%
0.02%
0.02%
0.02%
4.49%
6.47%
230%
5.00%
0.02%
232%
Bold indicates impact category
indicator is now greater than the
indicator that reversed direction from the baseline scenario such that the CRT
LCD.
As shown in Table 3-59, under the manufactured life scenario CRT impacts exceed those
of the LCD in every impact category except aquatic toxicity. CRT impacts were expected to be
greater than those of the LCD in most impact categories for the following reasons:
• Under the baseline scenario CRT impacts exceeded those of the LCD in every category
but water eutrophication and aquatic toxicity.
• The manufactured life scenario assumes more CRTs are manufactured than LCDs during
the manufactured life lifespan, which results in greater impacts.
• The manufactured life use stage is longer than the baseline, effective life use stage, and
the CRT consumes more electricity during use than the LCD.
By looking at the percent change in impact scores from the baseline to manufactured life
for a monitor type we can better understand which aspect of the life-cycle is driving impacts.
For example, CRT impacts increased by roughly 260% in several impact categories, which is the
increase from manufacturing or disposing of an additional 2.6 monitors. Energy impacts
increased by more than 260% due to the additional increase in electricity consumption during
use. The CRT chronic public human health effects category increased by some 330%. This is
explained by the increase in SO2 emissions in the use stage and the high HV for SO2, which has a
3-100
-------
3.4 SENSITIVITY ANALYSES
proportionately greater effect on overall impacts than increased outputs of other pollutants with
lower HVs in other life-cycle stages.
LCD impacts increased only slightly from the baseline to the manufactured life scenario
in some impact categories, but increased up to 230% in others. Most of the LCD impact
categories with less than one percent increase are for impacts related to water discharges (e.g.,
water eutrophication, aquatic toxicity, etc.). This is because the most significant change to the
LCD inventory from the baseline to the manufactured life scenario was in the use stage, and few
water discharges are reported in the U.S. electric grid inventory. On the other hand, the chronic
public health effects and terrestrial toxicity impact categories show the greatest increase. These
results are driven by air emissions of SO2 from U.S. power production, which increased
significantly with the longer lifespan.
To further illustrate how the longer lifespan (and additional manufacturing requirements,
mainly for the CRT) in the manufactured life scenario is affecting impacts, Figures 3-24 and 3-
25 compare the energy impacts and public chronic health effects, respectively, of both monitor
types under the baseline and manufactured life scenarios. As shown in Figure 3-24, CRT energy
impacts are still dominated by the manufacturing stage in the manufactured life scenario. This is
mainly due to the large amount of LPG used to manufacture 3.6 sets of CRT glass. On the other
hand, LCD energy impacts during the use stage exceeded those in manufacturing by a factor of
about 2.6 in the baseline scenario, but are ten times greater in the manufactured life scenario.
This is due to the longer lifespan for a single LCD in the manufactured life scenario.
3 Energy use impacts
w
7.00E+04 -,
^ 6.00E+04 -
'§ 5.00E+04 -
"s 4.00E+04 -
.2 3.00E+04 -
| 2.00E+04 -
£5 l.OOE+04 -
^ O.OOE+00 -
-l.OOE+04 -
>0
$1 1? ill?
in!i ^K?
Baseline Manu. Life
Scenario
CRT
fj Upstream
• Mfg.
DUse
rjEOL
8 m ^
Ml? ?« ^ I
1 3 «l ^5
2 °° S 2 °o
Baseline Manu. Life
LCD
Figure 3-24. Energy use: baseline and manufactured life sensitivity results
Figure 3-25 shows that CRT chronic public health impacts are similarly distributed in the
baseline and manufactured life scenarios. However, a greater percentage of LCD chronic health
impacts are in the use stage under the manufactured life scenario than the baseline due to the
longer use stage.
3-101
-------
3.4 SENSITIVITY ANALYSES
Chronic public health effects rj Upstream
8.00E+03 -,
3 6.00E+03 -
.0 4.00E+03 -
5
J 2.00E+03 -
"^ O.OOE+00 -
o
W o
00 +
-------
3.4 SENSITIVITY ANALYSES
the inputs and outputs from fuel production and electricity generation processes affect each of
the impact categories evaluated in this study.
Table 3-60 shows the baseline impact results and the revised impact results based on the
modified glass energy inputs. The overall life-cycle impact results are highly sensitive to the
energy consumption values from glass manufacturing. Under the modified glass energy
scenario, the nonrenewable resource use, global warming, photochemical smog, BOD, TSS,
chronic occupational health effects, and odor impact categories reversed direction such that the
LCD had greater impacts within each impact category than the CRT in the overall life cycle.
Note that the percent change in CRT results in most impact categories is much greater than that
of the corresponding LCD results. This is because the CRT uses approximately ten times more
glass than the LCD and therefore, the CRT results are much more sensitive to the glass
manufacturing data than are the LCD results.
Table 3-60. Baseline and sensitivity analysis results — modified glass energy
Impact category
Renewable resource use
Nonrenewable resource use
Energy use
Solid waste landfill use
Hazardous waste landfill use
Radioactive waste landfill use
Global warming
Ozone depletion15
Photochemical smog
Acidification
Air particulates
Water eutrophication
BOD
TSS
Radioactivity
Chronic health effects, public
Chronic health effects,
occupational
Aesthetics (odor)
Aquatic toxicity
Terrestrial toxicity
Units/Monitor
kg
kg
MJ
m3
m3
m3
kg-CO2 eq.s
kg-CFC-11 eq.s
kg-ethene eq.s
kg-SO2 eq.s
kg
kg-phosphate eq.s
kg
kg
Bq
tox-kg
tox-kg
m3
tox-kg
tox-kg
CRT
Baseline
1.31e+04
6.68e+02
2.08e+04
1.67e-01
1.68e-02
2.00e-04
6.95e+02
2.05e-05
1.71e-01
5.25e+00
S.Ole-Ol
4.82e-02
1.95e-01
8.75e-01
3.85e+07
1.98e+03
9.34e+02
7.58e+06
2.25e-01
1.97e+03
Glass
energy
2.67e+03
2.35e+02
3.02e+03
1.236-01
1.54e-02
2.00e-04
5.23e+02
1.97e-05
5.59e-02
4.02e+00
1.72e-01
4.10e-03
7.00e-03
2.06e-02
3.16e+07
1.97e+03
2.30e+02
1.09e+04
2.18e-01
1.97e+03
%
change
-79.6%
-64.8%
-85.5%
-26.0%
-8.13%
0.12%
-24.8%
-3.75%
-67.3%
-23.4%
-42.9%
-91.5%
-96.4%
-97.6%
-17.9%
-0.56%
-75.4%
-99.9%
-3.07%
-0.42%
LCD
Baseline
2.80e+03
3.64e+02
2.84e+03
5.43e-02
3.60e-03
l.OOe-04
5.93e+02
1.37e-05
1.41e-01
2.96e+00
1.15e-01
4.96e-02
2.83e-02
6.15e-02
1.22e+07
9.02e+02
6.96e+02
5.04e+06
5.19e+00
8.94e+02
Glass
energy3
2.43e+03
3.49e+02
2.04e+03
5.27e-02
3.60e-03
l.OOe-04
5.87e+02
1.37e-05
1.37e-01
2.92e+00
1.10e-01
4.80e-02
2.16e-02
3.09e-02
1.22e+07
9.01e+02
6.63e+02
4.79e+06
5.19e+00
8.94e+02
%
change
-13.4%
-4.14%
-28.0%
-2.82%
-1.35%
0.01%
-1.01%
-0.18%
-2.84%
-1.45%
-3.97%
-3.17%
-23.8%
-49.7%
0.00%
-0.02%
-4.74%
-4.99%
0.01%
-0.01%
a Bold indicates impact category indicator that reversed direction from the baseline scenario such that the LCD
indicator is now greater than the CRT.
b LCD impacts in this category are greater than CRT impacts when phased out substances are removed from the
inventories (see Section 3.3.6).
The energy impacts for the baseline and modified glass energy scenarios are presented in
Figure 3-26. In the baseline scenario, over 18,000 MJ of energy were consumed per CRT
monitor during manufacturing. Almost 83% of this was from the glass/frit process group,
mainly from glass manufacturing energy alone. When the glass energy inputs are reduced under
the modified scenario, total energy use in the CRT manufacturing stage decreases some 97% to
just under 500 MJ, and the use stage dominates the overall life-cycle energy impacts at
3-103
-------
3.4 SENSITIVITY ANALYSES
approximately 2,300 MJ per functional unit (i.e., per monitor). The 97% decrease in
manufacturing stage energy use is due to the reduced glass manufacturing fuel inputs and the
consequent reduction in energy inputs to the fuel production process.
^ Energy use impacts
w
2.00E+04 n S
| 1.50E+04 -
C l.OOE+04 -
1 5.00E+03 -
H? O.OOE+00 -
-5.00E+03 -
1 0 OONo^;^ cn^oooo ^ \6
m 1 1 1 rr^ 1 1 i ^n
n Up stream
• Mfg.
QUse
QEOL
] 8.53E+02
-8.44E+01
Baseline Mod.Gass Energy Baseline Mod. Glass Energy
CRT 0 . LCD
Scenario
Figure 3-26. Energy impacts: baseline and modified glass energy
sensitivity results
The modified glass energy scenario has a lesser, but still significant, effect on the
distribution of LCD energy impacts across life-cycle stages. Under the sensitivity scenario, the
LCD manufacturing stage energy consumption is reduced 55% from 1,440 MJ per monitor to
about 640 MJ per monitor, and the use stage becomes the biggest energy consumer at about 850
MJ per monitor.
Global warming is one of the impact categories in which the CRT has the greater impacts
than the LCD under the baseline scenario, but the LCD has the greater impacts under the
sensitivity analysis. Figure 3-27 shows the global warming impacts for both monitor types under
the baseline and modified glass energy scenarios. Under the latter scenario, CRT global
warming impacts in the manufacturing stage are reduced some 85%, but LCD impacts are only
reduced 2.5%. Again, this illustrates the greater sensitivity of CRT impact results to glass
energy inputs. Also, as discussed in Section 3.3.5, a large part of LCD global warming impacts
are driven by sulfur hexafluoride emissions from LCD monitor/module manufacturing, which are
unaffected by the revised glass energy scenario.
3-104
-------
3.4 SENSITIVITY ANALYSES
^ 5.00E+02 n
'3
13
.3 3.00E+02 -
"5
§ 2.00E+02 -
I
-« l.OOE+02 -
H
O
** 0 OOE+00
?
«
9
s _
+
w
"
m 1
,— J
1 1
g Global warming
r+T
-------
3.4 SENSITIVITY ANALYSES
occupational health effects) increase by more than 10%. As expected, life-cycle energy impacts
are the most affected by this sensitivity analysis, due to the increased fuel consumption during
manufacturing. However, under this scenario, none of the impact category results reversed
direction from the baseline such that the LCD now has greater impacts than the CRT or vice
versa, where the baseline LCD impacts were greater than the CRT.
Table 3-61. Baseline and sensitivity analysis results—LCD modified module energy
Impact category
Renewable resource use
Nonrenewable resource use
Energy use
Solid waste landfill use
Hazardous waste landfill use
Radioactive waste landfill use
Global warming
Ozone depletion"
Photochemical smog
Acidification
Air particulates
Water eutrophication
BOD
TSS
Radioactivity
Chronic health effects,
occupational
Chronic health effects, public
Aesthetics (odor)
Aquatic toxicity
Terrestrial toxicity
Units/Monitor
kg
kg
MJ
m3
m3
m3
kg-CO2 eq.s
kg-CFC-lleq.s
kg-ethene eq.s
kg-SO2 eq.s
kg
kg-phosphate eq.s
kg
kg
Bq
tox-kg
tox-kg
m3
tox-kg
tox-kg
CRT
Baseline
1.31e+04
6.68e+02
2.08e+04
1.67e-01
1.68e-02
2.00e-04
6.95e+02
2.05e-05
1.71e-01
5.25e+00
3.01e-01
4.82e-02
1.95e-01
8.75e-01
3.85e+07
9.34e+02
1.98e+03
7.58e+06
2.25e-01
1.97e+03
LCD
Baseline
2.80e+03
3.64e+02
2.84e+03
5.43e-02
3.60e-03
l.OOe-04
5.93e+02
1.37e-05
1.41e-01
2.96e+00
1.15e-01
4.96e-02
2.83e-02
6.15e-02
1.22e+07
6.96e+02
9.02e+02
5.04e+06
5.19e+00
8.94e+02
Mod. energy
2.78e+03
4.06e+02
4.68e+03
5.47e-02
3.60e-03
l.OOe-04
6.17e+02
1.37e-05
1.61e-01
3.00e+00
1.19e-01
4.96e-02
2.83e-02
6.13e-02
1.22e+07
7.66e+02
8.82e+02
5.04e+06
5.19e+00
8.74e+02
% change
-0.69%
11.4%
64.9%
0.74%
-0.01%
-3.88%
4.05%
-0.26%
13.7%
1.48%
3.85%
0.00%
-0.12%
-0.30%
-0.09%
10.1%
-2.14%
0.01%
0.02%
-2.25%
a LCD impacts in this category are greater than CRT impacts when phased out substances are removed from the
inventories (see Section 3.3.6).
Figure 3-28 presents the LCD baseline and sensitivity analysis results for the energy use
impact category, the category with the greatest percent change from the baseline to the modified
LCD module energy scenario. Under this scenario, LCD energy use impacts in the
manufacturing stage increased almost 230% from 1,440 MJ per functional unit to 3,280 MJ per
functional unit. However, total life-cycle energy use impacts increased only 65%. This
sensitivity analysis did not affect consumption rates outside of the manufacturing stage.
3-106
-------
3.4 SENSITIVITY ANALYSES
3.50E+03 n
^ 3.00E+03 -
§ 2.50E+03 -
1 2.00E+03 -
•-B 1.50E+03 -
u
§ l.OOE+03 -
^ 5.00E+02 -
0 OOE+00
-5.00E+02 -
LCD energy use impacts
1.44E+03 8.53E+02
6.33E+02 1 6.33E+02
| -8.44E+01
i.28E+02
Q Upstream
• Mfg.
QUse
QEOL
8.53E+02
-8.44E+01
Baseline Modified Module Energy
Figure 3-28. Energy use: LCD baseline and modified module energy sensitivity
results
Figure 3-29 shows the effects of the sensitivity analysis on LCD chronic occupational
health effects, another impact category with a relatively large percentage change. As shown in
the figure, the manufacturing stage impact score in this category increased about ten percent,
from 684 tox-kg per monitor to 755 tox-kg per monitor, due to the increase in fuel inputs. The
chronic occupational health effect impacts were less sensitive than energy impacts because
health effects results are calculated using a scoring approach that considers the inherent toxicity
of a chemical instead of a simple loading approach (as is used for energy impacts). No toxicity
data were available for LNG, the input with the greatest change in quantity. Therefore, the LNG
HV is representative of a mean toxicity value.
LCD chronic occupational effects
^ 8.00E+02 -,
'3
3 6.00E+02 -
et
.1 4.00E+02 -
-*^
u
a 2.00E+02 -
u
•* 0. OOE+00 -
H
O
"" -2.00E+02 J
3.59E-01
5.84E+02
Base
3.62E-03
3.59E-01
7.55E+02
fj Upstream
• Mfg.
QUse
DEOL
3.62E-03
-1.94E+00 ' -1.94E+00
line Modified Module energy
Figure 3-29. Chronic occupational effects: LCD baseline and modified module energy
sensitivity results
3-107
-------
3.4 SENSITIVITY ANALYSES
3.4.4 Modified LCD EOL Dispositions Scenario
Finally, because very few desktop LCDs have reached their end of life, and usually only
if they have been damaged in some way, very little is known about the EOL disposition of
LCDs. In the baseline scenario it was assumed that a certain percent of EOL LCDs are
incinerated, recycled, remanufactured, landfilled as solid waste, and landfilled as hazardous
waste. (See Section 2.7.3 and Appendix I for an explanation of how EOL disposition percentages
were determined.) To address uncertainties in the allocation of disposition percentages, this
sensitivity analysis qualitatively evaluates a different set of final disposition numbers, as follows:
• change percent recycled from 15% to 0%,
• change percent remanufactured from 15% to 40%,
• change percent landfilled (solid waste) from 50% to 40%.
• do not change fraction incinerated (15%) or fraction sent to a hazardous waste landfill
Thus, under the modified EOL disposition scenario, recycling and solid waste landfilling
impacts would decrease, remanufacturing impacts would increase, and incineration and
hazardous waste landfilling impacts would not change. However, in attempts made to obtain
remanufacturing data, it was found that remanufacturing processes spanned a wide range of
activities, from as little as replacing button tops to as extensive as testing and replacing PWBs or
transformers. Given the broad range of possibilities, and because few desktop LCDs have
reached their end of life, no single set of operations could be identified to adequately represent
remanufacturing activities that could be incorporated in our model. Remanufacturing data were,
therefore, excluded from the assessment.
As shown in the baseline LCIA results (Section 3.3), LCD EOL dispositions have little
effect on overall life-cycle impacts under the baseline scenario. In fact, the only impact
categories in which an EOL process was a top contributor to overall impacts were the hazardous
waste landfill use impact category, where the portion of a monitor landfilled contributed 97% of
impacts, and the solid waste landfill use category, where the portion of a monitor landfilled
contributed 3.5% of impacts. As noted above, hazardous waste landfill use impacts would not
change under the modified LCD EOL dispositions scenario, but solid waste landfill impacts
would be expected to decrease slightly. In a preliminary quantitative analysis of this scenario,
LCD life-cycle solid waste landfill impacts were found to decrease less than one percent, and
life-cycle impacts in other impact categories decreased less than 0.1%. Thus, the modified LCD
EOL dispositions scenario would have only a minor effect on LCD life-cycle impacts and would
not change comparative CRT and LCD results.
3.4.5 Summary of CRT and LCD Sensitivity Analysis Results
The results of the sensitivity analyses are useful to manufacturers who want to
understand how uncertainty in the inventory affects impacts. This information can be used to
identify areas for additional study or potential improvement opportunities. As discussed in
Sections 3.4.1 through 3.4.2, it appears that CRT life-cycle impacts are highly sensitive to the
glass energy data, and less sensitive to the lifespan assumptions (lifespan assumptions greatly
3-108
-------
3.4 SENSITIVITY ANALYSES
affect the magnitude of CRT life-cycle impacts, but they do not greatly affect the distribution of
impacts among life-cycle stage). LCD impacts are less sensitive to the glass energy data and in
fact are not greatly affected by any of the sensitivity analysis scenarios, except the longer
lifespan under the manufactured life scenario.
Sensitivity results are also useful to interested members of the public who may be
evaluating the relative impacts of different monitor types and are interested in whether the CRT
or LCD has greater life-cycle impacts in any given impact category. Table 3-62 presents the
monitor type with greatest impacts by impact category and by scenario. This information helps
us determine whether major assumptions (e.g., the monitor lifespan and LCD EOL distribution
assumptions) or uncertain data (e.g., glass energy data and LCD monitor manufacturing energy)
are driving results. As shown in the table, the modified glass energy scenario is the only
scenario that significantly changes the results from the baseline CRT and LCD comparative
results. Under this scenario, life-cycle impact results in seven categories reverse direction from
the baseline assessment, such that the LCD has greater impacts than the CRT. Therefore, under
this scenario, a total of nine out of 20 categories are greater for the LCD than the CRT, compared
to two out of 20 categories under the baseline scenario. The only other scenario that affects
these results is the manufactured life scenario, when impacts in the water eutrophication
category are greater for the CRT than the LCD.
Table 3-62. Summary of CRT and LCD LCIA results
Impact category
Renewable resource use
Nonrenewable resource use
Energy use
SW landfill use
HW landfill use
RW landfill use
Global warming
Ozone depletion b
Photochemical smog
Acidification
Air particulates
Water eutrophication
Water quality, BOD
Water quality, TSS
Radioactivity
Chronic health effects,
occupational
Chronic health effects, public
Aesthetics (odor)
Monitor type with greatest impacts by scenario
Baseline
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
LCD
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
Manu-
factured
life
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
b b
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
Modified
glass
energy
CRT
LCD
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
LCD
b b
LCD
CRT
CRT
LCD
LCD
LCD
CRT
LCD
CRT
LCD
Modified
LCD
module
energy
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
LCD
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
Modifed
LCD EOL
distribution"
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
LCD
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
3-109
-------
3.4 SENSITIVITY ANALYSES
Table 3-62. Summary of CRT and LCD LCIA results
Impact category
Aquatic toxicity
Terrestrial toxicity
Monitor type with greatest impacts by scenario
Baseline
LCD
CRT
Manu-
factured
life
LCD
CRT
Modified
glass
energy
LCD
CRT
Modified
LCD
module
energy
LCD
CRT
Modifed
LCD EOL
distribution3
LCD
CRT
a Based on a qualitative evaluation, not quantitative results.
b CRT impacts are greater than LCD impacts in this category when all data are included in the inventories, including
data for substances that have been phased out. However, LCD impacts are greater than CRT impacts when phased
out substances are removed from the inventories (see Section 3.3.6).
3-110
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Roenning, T. Ekvall. 1995. Nordic Guidelines on Life-Cycle Assessment. Copenhagen:
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4. QUALITATIVE RISK SCREENING OF SELECTED MATERIALS
Chapter 4
QUALITATIVE RISK SCREENING OF SELECTED MATERIALS
The scope of the DfE CDP, as presented in Chapter 1, was to first conduct an
environmental life-cycle assessment (LCA) to evaluate a generic 17" CRT and 15" LCD desktop
computer display, followed by a streamlined Cleaner Technologies Substitutes Assessment
(CTSA), which would target specific materials or processes that warrant further evaluation.
Traditionally, the DfE Program has conducted CTSAs that perform detailed risk
characterizations of alternative chemical processes. The streamlined CTSA for the CDP takes a
more detailed look than the LCA at the toxic effects of chemicals used in a process, without
conducting a complete risk characterization typical of past CTSAs.
In order to provide meaningful and timely results, the CDP Core group agreed to select a
few materials that are of interest to EPA and industry and conduct analyses concurrently with the
LCA, instead of conducting a CTSA on selected materials or processes after the LCA results
were presented. The LCA identifies material inputs and outputs and then characterizes them in a
life-cycle impact assessment (LCIA). In the human and environmental health effects impact
categories, these input and output amounts are used as surrogates for exposure. For the selected
materials, the additional CTSA-related analyses are intended to better understand the potential
exposures to selected materials, during any processes that use thee materials, in order to try to
better understand potential chemical risks.
The materials that were selected for further analysis were lead, mercury, and liquid
crystals. The justification for choosing these materials, and a brief description of the scope are
provided below:
• Lead: Lead is a top priority toxic material at the U.S. EPA. Lead is found in glass
components of CRTs, as well as in electronics components (printed wiring boards and
their components) of both CRTs and LCDs. The electronics industry is also concerned
with lead and continues to take steps to reduce the use of lead in electronics products.
Lead has been extensively studied for its toxic effects and has been addressed elsewhere
with regard to CRTs and electronics (ATSDR, 1999). Therefore, within the scope of the
CDP, lead is recognized as a material of concern, but extensive evaluation beyond the
LCA is not conducted. Some discussion of the potential for exposure is included in this
chapter, but it references existing studies for further information.
• Mercury: Another top priority toxic material at the U.S. EPA is mercury. The
fluorescent tubes that provide the source of light in the LCD contain mercury. Although
very small amounts of mercury are found in the LCD backlights, EPA's concern with
mercury and the potential for exposure during manufacturing and end-of-life processes
are reasons why a more detailed analysis of mercury is warranted in the CDP. In
addition, mercury is emitted from some fuel combustion processes, such as coal-fired
electricity generation processes, and there is interest in the relative magnitude of mercury
emissions from these sources as compared to the magnitude of mercury emissions from
its intentional use in LCD backlights. Another reason for including mercury is to begin to
do an improvement assessment, because there appear to be potential alternatives to
backlights with mercury.
4-1
-------
4. QUALITATIVE RISK SCREENING OF SELECTED MATERIALS
• Liquid crystals: The toxicity of the liquid crystals in LCDs has been alluded to in the
literature and there is a need to better understand the toxicity of these materials as well as
provide the appropriate context of potential exposure and any associated risk. For
example, during normal use of a display, no exposure would be expected. Liquid crystals
are generally organic materials in broad categories such as polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (e.g., phenylcyclohexanes, biphenyls) (EIAJ, 1996). By including liquid
crystals in a more detailed analysis, this chapter attempts to better characterize any
potential hazard and/or potential exposure of liquid crystals from the manufacturing, use,
and disposal of LCD monitors.
Choosing these three materials as a priority does not presume that these are the only
materials of importance and worthy of additional analyses. The results of the LCI and LCIA in
Chapters 2 and 3 provide more information on where to focus additional analysis efforts or
improvements. Chapter 5 also identifies some potential improvement opportunities.
Sections 4.1 through 4.3 present the qualitative risk screening of lead, mercury, and liquid
crystals, respectively. Subsections in each section briefly describe the following:
• The use of the materials in computer displays: These subsections describe how the
materials are used in computer displays and give information on the mass used in
particular applications.
• Life-cycle inputs and outputs of the materials from computer displays: The life-cycle
assessment approach not only focuses on the material contained within the product, but
also emphasizes the environmental impacts of material inputs and outputs from every
life-cycle stage. These subsections summarize the life-cycle inputs and outputs of the
materials found in the CDP life-cycle inventories (LCIs).
• Life-cycle impacts associated with the material inputs and outputs: As discussed in
Chapter 3, life-cycle impact assessment (LCIA) is a screening-level evaluation of
potential impacts to any system (e.g., the environment) as a result of some action (e.g., a
chemical release). In the LCIA, life-cycle inventory data were classified into various
impact categories (e.g., greenhouse gases or ozone depletion) based on the characteristics
of the inventory item. Characterization methods were then used to quantify the
magnitude of the contribution the emission or consumption of the inventory item could
have in producing the associated impact. The result is expressed as an impact score
which has been calculated using specific impact assessment tools. These subsections
summarize the CDP LCIA results for lead, mercury, and liquid crystal inputs and outputs.
• Potential exposures to the material including occupational, public, and ecological
exposures: Toxic materials may pose a threat to human health anytime there is the
potential for human exposure throughout the life cycle of a computer display. Exposure
occurs anytime a chemical or physical agent comes into contact with an organism, be it
human or ecological. The magnitude of exposure depends on the concentration of the
chemical at the contact point, and the duration and frequency of the exposure. The
concentration of the chemical at the contact point is influenced by several factors,
including the type, quantity, and disposition (e.g., airborne, surface water) of the initial
release, and the subsequent environmental fate of the chemical (the ultimate disposition
of the chemical as it is transported through the environment). Note that exposure is often
defined in terms of exposure pathways. An exposure pathway describes the route a
4-2
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4. QUALITATIVE RISK SCREENING OF SELECTED MATERIALS
contaminant travels from its source to an individual. A complete exposure pathway
consists of the source and mechanism of release, transport medium, point of potential
human contact, and the exposure route (e.g., inhalation, ingestion, dermal contact). These
subsections focus on identifying potential exposures for three groups: workers in facilities
using the chemicals (occupational exposures), the general public, who may be exposed to
releases of the chemicals into the ambient environment, and ecological populations.
While a quantitative exposure assessment is beyond the scope of this study, a qualitative
discussion of potential pathways of exposure is presented for each of the groups listed
above.
Potential human health effects: Human health effects can include acute effects from
short-term exposure, as well as chronic effects from repeated, long-term exposure. To be
consistent with the scope of the LCIA, these subsections focus on chronic effects,
including noncancer and cancer effects, unless no chronic toxicity data are available.
U.S. environmental regulations for the material: These subsections briefly summarize
U.S. environmental regulations that may affect facilities that manufacture materials for
the computer display or are otherwise affected by the life cycle of computer displays (e.g.,
disposal facilities). They do not summarize environmental regulations from other
countries where displays or display components are manufactured, which may differ
significantly from U.S. regulations.
Alternatives to reduce the use of the material in computer displays: These subsections
identify alternatives that can substitute for a material, or, in some cases, source reduction
methods to reduce the use of a material. The discussion of alternatives presented here is
not a rigorous evaluation of their performance, cost, and environmental attributes, but
rather a summary of the current knowledge base that may be useful for manufacturers
seeking to identify improvement opportunities.
In Section 4.4, summary information and conclusions are presented.
4-3
-------
4.1 LEAD
4.1 LEAD
Lead and/or lead compounds are present in both CRTs and LCDs. Because lead and lead-
containing compounds have long been known to pose a threat to both human health and the
environment, this section presents a more detailed look at the use of lead in computer displays
and its effects on human health and the environment.
4.1.1 Lead in Computer Displays
Lead is a significant material in current CRTs, accounting for up to 8% of the overall
composition of the CRT by weight (Menad, 1999), with a 17" monitor containing as much as
1.12 kg of lead (Monchamp et. al., 2001). Lead is used in several parts of the CRT monitor,
including the funnel and neck glass, the sealing frit, as solder on printed wiring boards (PWBs)
within the monitor, and sometimes in the front panel glass of the CRT. Lead is not as prevalent
in LCDs, only being found on PWBs.
Lead, in the form of lead oxide, lines the inner surface of both the neck and funnel glass
of the CRT, or may in some cases be contained within the glass itself. The lead oxide layer acts
as a shield, protecting users from x-ray emissions given off by the electron gun. The lead oxide
layer can comprise as much as 28% by weight of the funnel (Lee et al, 2000) and 32% of the
neck (Menad, 1999).
The sealing frit, which is used to make a vacuum-tight connection between the funnel and
the front panel, is comprised of as much as 80% lead oxide (Busio and Steigelmann, 2000). The
lead oxide is mixed with boric oxide and zinc oxide, along with several other compounds, into a
paste. The glass frit paste is applied as a bead around the top of edge of the funnel and allowed
to dry. The front panel is then attached to the funnel and fired using a belt furnace for 30 to 60
minutes at typical temperatures of 450°C (Busio and Steigelmann, 2000). The lead, boric, and
zinc oxides devitrify to form large crystals which give strength to the frit seal (Techneglas, 2001).
Recent research has been directed at either reducing the lead content of the frit or reducing the
energy required to fuse the frit.
Printed wiring boards found in both LCDs and CRTs primarily use a lead-based solder as
a surface finish and to attach electrical components to the circuit board. Solder is typically
comprised of 37-40% lead. Depending on the type of component, parts can be applied using a
solder paste which is subsequently melted, or by passing the boards over a wave of molten
solder. Data collected for the life-cycle inventory indicates that a 17" monitor has approximately
51 grams of solder, or just under 19.8 grams of lead, while a 15" LCD panel contains nearly 22.4
grams of solder, or just about 8.5 grams of lead. Several lead-free solder alternatives are
currently being tested and are in limited use. Solder is the only significant source of lead in
LCDs.
The CRT panel glass itself may also contain a small percentage of lead oxide, typically
ranging up to 4% by weight (Lee et al., 2000). The lead acts as a stabilizer for the glass during
its formation, and also serves to keep the glass from browning. Lead-free CRT panel glasses are
currently being produced successfully.
A list of the lead-containing parts that make up a computer display, along with the
quantity of lead and percentage of lead in each part, is presented in Table 4-1.
4-4
-------
4.1 LEAD
Table 4-1. Computer display parts that contain lead
Part
Funnel
Front panel
Neck
Frit
PWBs (total)
PWBs (total)
Display type
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
LCD
Quantity
(Kgr
0.91
0.18
0.012
0.026
0.051
0.043
% Lead content of part
(by weight)
22-28% b'c
0-4 b'c
26-32 b'c
70-80 b'c'd
N/A
N/A
a Quantity of lead in a 17" monitor (Monchamp et. al., 2001).
b Menad, 1999.
cLeee?. al., 2000.
dBusio and Steigelmann, 2000.
N/A= Not applicable
4.1.2 Life-Cycle Inventory Inputs and Outputs of Lead for Computer Displays
Data on lead and lead-containing materials were collected and compiled as part of the
life-cycle inventory. Material inputs containing lead included primary materials (e.g., lead-based
solder) which end up as part of the product, as well as from ancillary materials (e.g., lead
consumed during the production of steel used to make CRT parts) which are consumed as part of
the manufacturing process or other supporting processes, such as energy production. The data
were aggregated by material from individual processes and are presented by life-cycle stage for
both CRTs and LCDs in Tables 4-2 and 4-3 below. More detailed material input data, which
include the processes for each input and the quantity of lead released, are included in
Appendix N.
Table 4-2. CRT lead-containing inputs by life-cycle stage
Life-cycle stage
Materials processing
Materials processing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Input
Lead (Pb, ore)
Lead (Pb, ore)
Frit
Lead
Printed wiring board (PWB)
Solder (63% tin; 37% lead)
Solder, unspecified - (CRT Assembly)
Quantity
6.50E-05
4.96E-01
6.67E-02
4.94E-01
8.47E-01
5.08E-02
2.67E-02
Units
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
ks
Type
Ancillary material
Primary material
Primary material
Primary material
Primary material
Primary material
Primary material
4-5
-------
4.1 LEAD
Table 4-3. LCD lead-containing inputs by life-cycle stage
Life-cycle stage
Materials processing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Input
Lead (Pb, ore)
Printed wiring board (PWB)
Solder (60% tin, 40% lead)
Solder (63% tin; 37% lead)
Solder, unspecified
Quantity
2.47E-05
3.74E-01
3.81E-02
2.24E-02
7.35E-05
Units
kg
kg
kg
kg
ks
Type
Ancillary material
Primary material
Primary material
Primary material
Ancillary material
Material inputs can be raw materials such as lead ore, or output materials from a previous
process or life-cycle stage. For example, small quantities of lead extracted from lead ore are
sometimes used as additives in the production of several materials including ferrite, steel, and
invar. Once extracted, lead is an input material to the manufacturing processes of several CRT
components including CRT glass manufacturing and the manufacturing of the sealing frit paste,
which then is an input for the CRT tube manufacturing process. Similarly, lead is used to
produce solder which is then used to produce PWBs used in LCDs and CRTs.
Releases of lead and lead-based materials into the environment occur throughout the
entire life cycle of the computer display. Environmental releases include airborne, waterborne,
solid waste, and radioactive emissions of lead isotopes associated with nuclear fuel reprocessing.
Similar to the inputs, emissions data were aggregated by the material released from individual
processes and then reported by life-cycle stage. The lead or lead-based material released, the
quantity of the release, the type of release (e.g., waterborne), and the ultimate disposition of the
release all contribute to the environmental impacts.
The life-cycle outputs containing lead for both CRTs and LCDs are shown in Tables 4-4
and 4-5, respectively. More detailed data on lead and lead-based outputs for each process are
presented in Appendix N.
4-6
-------
4.1 LEAD
Table 4-4. Life-cycle lead outputs to the environment from CRTs
Life-cycle
stage
Materials
processing
Materials
processing
Materials
processing
Materials
processing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Use
End-of-life
End-of-life
End-of-life
Output
Lead
Lead
Lead compounds
Lead-210 (isotope)
Broken CRT glass
Broken CRT glass
Cinders from CRT glass mfg (70% PbO)
CRT glass faceplate EP dust (Pb) (D008
waste)
CRT glass funnel EP dust (Pb) (D008
waste)
Frit
Hazardous sludge (Pb) (D008)
Lead
Lead
Lead
Lead (Pb, ore)
Lead compounds
Lead compounds
Lead contaminated grit (D008 waste)
Lead debris (D008 waste)
Lead sulfate cake
Printed wiring board (PWB)
PWB-Solder dross
Sludge from CRT glass mfg (1% PbO)
Waste batch (Ba, Pb) (D008 waste)
Waste finishing sludge (Pb) (D008 waste)
Lead
Lead
Lead compounds
Printed wiring board (PWB)
Quantity
1.66E-03
2.29E-08
1.59E-05
1.02E+00
1.88E-03
1.08E+00
8.26E-03
1.03E-03
5.01E-03
2.99E-03
1.52E-03
1.03E-06
1.30E-05
4.64E-05
4.41E-07
1.62E-05
1.17E-09
3.46E-05
2.14E-04
2.67E-05
3.70E-02
6.70E-02
8.77E-04
1.41E-03
2.56E-04
1.27E-05
1.42E-05
1.60E-09
1.46E-01
Units
kg
kg
kg
Bq
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
Type
Airborne
Solid waste
Waterborne
Radioactivity
Hazardous waste
Solid waste
Hazardous waste
Hazardous waste
Hazardous waste
Hazardous waste
Hazardous waste
Waterborne
Airborne
Waterborne
Airborne
Waterborne
Waterborne
Hazardous waste
Hazardous waste
Hazardous waste
Solid waste
Hazardous waste
Hazardous waste
Hazardous waste
Hazardous waste
Airborne
Airborne
Waterborne
Hazardous waste
Disposition
Air
Landfill
Surface water
Air
Landfill
R/R
Landfill
Landfill
R/R
Landfill
Landfill
Treatment
Air
Surface water
Air
Treatment
Surface water
Landfill
Landfill
Landfill
R/R
R/R
Landfill
Landfill
Landfill
Air
Air
Surface water
R/R
R/R = recycling/reuse
4-7
-------
4.1 LEAD
Table 4-5. Life-cycle lead outputs to the environment from LCDs
Life-cycle stage
Materials processing
Materials processing
Materials processing
Materials processing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Use
End-of-life
End-of-life
Outputs
Lead
Lead
Lead compounds
Lead-210 (isotope)
Lead
Lead
Lead (Pb, ore)
Lead compounds
Lead compounds
Printed wiring board (PWB)
PWB-Lead contaminated waste oil
PWB-Solder dross
Waste batch (Ba, Pb) (D008 waste)
Waste CCFL, with lead
Lead
Lead
Lead compounds
Quantity
3.13E-06
5.42E-09
3.68E-06
3.21E-01
8.84E-06
8.33E-07
1.48E-06
5.67E-11
7.14E-06
7.50E-03
5.14E-03
2.96E-02
6.55E-05
8.17E-08
4.76E-06
4.76E-06
4.98E-10
Units
kg
kg
kg
Bq
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
ks
Type
Airborne
Solid waste
Waterborne
Radioactivity
Airborne
Waterborne
Airborne
Waterborne
Waterborne
Solid waste
Hazardous waste
Hazardous waste
Hazardous waste
Hazardous waste
Airborne
Airborne
Waterborne
Disposition
Air
Landfill
Surface water
Air
Air
Treatment
Air
Surface water
Treatment
Landfill
Treatment
Recycling/
reuse
Landfill
Treatment
Air
Air
Surface water
4.1.3 Computer Display Life-Cycle Impacts for Lead
The life-cycle impacts of lead, lead compounds, and materials containing lead (e.g., lead-
based solder on printed wiring boards) calculated for CRTs and LCDs during the LCIA are
summarized in Tables 4-6 and 4-7 respectively. Impact scores in the table are expressed in units
specific to each impact category (see Chapter 3.1 for a discussion of impact category units and
weighting). The total impact score for each category resulting from lead and lead-based
materials is presented at the bottom of each table.
4-8
-------
4.1 LEAD
Table 4-6. Summary of Lead Impact Scores for CRTs
Life-cycle
stage
Materials
processing
Manufacturing
Use
End-of-life
Material
Lead
Lead (Pb, ore)
Lead compounds
Lead-2 1 0 (isotope)
Broken CRT glass
Cinders from CRT glass mfg (70%
PbO)
CRT glass faceplate EP dust (Pb)
(D008 waste)
Frit
Hazardous sludge (Pb) (D008)
Lead
Lead compounds
Lead contaminated grit (D008
waste)
Lead debris (D008 waste)
Lead sulfate cake
Sludge from CRT glass mfg (1%
PbO)
Waste Batch (Ba, Pb) (D008 waste)
Waste finishing sludge (Pb) (D008
waste)
Lead
Lead
Lead compounds
Total Impact Scores By Category
Impact Scores by Category
Non-
renewable
resource
(kg)
0
4.96e-01
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4.94e-01
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
9.89e-01
Hazardous
waste
landfill use
(m3)
0
0
0
0
6.22E-07
6.88E-06
2.15E-06
3.04E-06
1.38E-06
0
0
2.99E-09
1.85E-08
3.03E-08
6.45E-07
1.22E-07
2.32E-07
0
0
0
1.52E-05
Solid waste
landfill use
(m3)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Radio-
activity
(Bq)
0
0
0
1.02E+00
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.02E+00
Chronic
health
effects-
public
(tox-kg)
3.31e-03
0
3.17E-05
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.19e-04
2.35E-09
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.55E-05
2.85E-05
3.19E-09
3.52e-03
Chronic
health
effects-
occupational
(tox-kg)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
9.88e-01
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
9.88e-01
Aquatic
toxicity
(tox-kg)
0
0
3.10e-04
0
0
0
0
0
0
9.3E-05
2.3E-08
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.1E-08
4.00e-04
Terrestrial
toxicity
(tox-kg)
1.66e-03
0
1.59E-05
0
0
0
0
0
0
5.94E-05
1.17E-09
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.27E-05
1.42E-05
1.6E-09
1.80e-03
4-9
-------
4.1 LEAD
Table 4-7. Summary of lead impact scores for LCDs
Life-cycle
stage
Materials
processing
Manufacturing
Use
End-of Life
Material
Lead
Lead (Pb, ore)
Lead compounds
Lead-210 (isotope)
Lead
Lead compounds
Printed wiring board (PWB)
Waste Batch (Ba, Pb) (D008
waste)
Lead
Lead
Lead compounds
Total Impact Scores By Category
Impact scores by category
Non-
renewable
resource
(kg)
0
2.47E-05
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.47E-05
Hazardous
waste
landfill use
(m3)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5.67E-09
0
0
0
5.67E-09
Solid waste
landfill use
(m3)
0
0
0
0
0
0
9.38E-06
0
0
0
0
9.38E-06
Radio-
activity
(Bq)
0
0
0
3.21E-01
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.21e-01
Chronic
health
effects-
public
(tox-kg)
6.26E-06
0
7.36E-06
0
1.77E-05
1.13E-10
0
0
9.52E-06
9.52E-06
9.95E-10
5.03E-05
Chronic
health
effects-
occupational
(tox-kg)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Aquatic
toxicity
(tox-kg)
0
0
7.25E-05
0
1.64E-05
1.12E-09
0
0
0
0
9.80E-09
8.9E-05
Terrestrial
toxicity
(tox-kg)
3.13E-06
0
3.68E-06
0
8.84E-06
5.67E-11
0
0
4.76E-06
4.76E-06
4.98E-10
2.52E-05
4-10
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4.1 LEAD
Impact scores for some lead-based inputs and outputs shown in Tables 4-2 though 4-5
were not calculated if the type and disposition of the input or release was not expected to
contribute to any of the impact categories. For example, a waterborne release of lead with a
disposition going to treatment assumed that lead was not yet released to the environment where
impacts could occur, and therefore no impacts were calculated. However, since inventory data
for subsequent disposal processes could not be obtained, it was assumed the lead (or other
inventory item) had been removed to a level such that the subsequent release of treated
wastewater would not contribute significantly to the impact. Similarly, impact scores were not
calculated for releases going to recycling/reuse or for product outputs.
Lead-based impacts from the CRT ranged from moderately to significantly greater
than those from the LCD in every category, with the exception of solid waste landfill use. The
most significant difference was in non-renewable resource consumption, where the CRT (989
grams) consumed over 40 thousand times the mass of non-renewable resources over the course
of its life cycle than those consumed by the LCD (0.025 grams). Hazardous waste landfill use is
another significant difference, with lead-based life-cycle outputs from CRTs using over 2,600
times the space of the lead-based outputs from LCDs. However, the absolute volume of waste
from the CRT is still a relatively small volume (1.50 cm3). Other categories where CRTs had
notably greater impacts as a result of lead include the chronic public health effects and terrestrial
toxicity impact categories.
Based on the CDP LCIA methodology, chronic occupational health effect impacts were
only calculated for lead inputs (excluding lead ore) to processes in the computer display life
cycle. Only the manufacturing life-cycle stage had lead inputs from which impacts were
calculated as shown in Table 4-6. The overall impact scores (0.988 tox-kg for CRT, none for
LCD) likely underestimate the chronic occupational impacts for lead because they do not
consider chronic occupational impacts from other processes such as the mining, smelting, and
refining of the lead, which are known to pose potential occupational exposures (see Section
4.1.4). For a more detailed discussion of how chronic occupational health effect impacts were
calculated, refer to Section 3.1.2.12.
The contribution of lead-based impacts for each computer display technology to the
overall impacts for each individual impact category is shown in Table 4-8. Values in the table
are expressed in the percent contribution the material made to the overall impact score for all
materials (e.g., mercury, fuel oil, glass) for each category. The percent contributions give an
indication of the importance of lead-based impacts relative to the life-cycle impacts from other
materials or outputs from the computer display.
4-11
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4.1 LEAD
Table 4-8. Summary of percent contributions from lead-based materials
to individual impact categories
Impact category
Non-renewable resource
Hazardous waste landfill use
Solid waste landfill use
Radioactivity
Chronic health effects- public
Chronic health effects- occupational
Aquatic toxicity
Terrestrial toxicity
CRT
1.48E-01 %
8.99E-02 %
NA
2.70E-08 %
1.80E-04 %
1.10E-01%
1.96E-01 %
8.90E-05 %
LCD
6.78E-06 %
1.57E-04%
1.73E-02%
2.63E-06 %
5.58E-06 %
N/A
1.71E-03 %
2.82E-06 %
N/A= Not applicable
It can be seen from Table 4-8 that the contributions of lead-based impacts are not
significant relative to the total impacts from other materials (e.g., glass, copper wire, electronic
components) in each category. Impacts from lead-based CRT outputs in the categories of
nonrenewable resources, aquatic toxicity, and chronic public health effects are all range from
0.1-0.2% of the overall impact scores in each category.
4.1.4 Exposure Summary
Lead may pose a threat to human health anytime there is the potential for human
exposure to the lead throughout the life cycle of a computer display. Exposure occurs anytime a
chemical or physical agent, in this case lead or lead compounds, comes into contact with an
organism, be it human or ecological. This section qualitatively identifies potential
exposures for three groups: occupational workers in facilities using lead (occupational
exposures), the general population living nearby these facilities which may be exposed to lead
releases into the ambient environment, and ecological populations in the area surrounding a
facility.
4.1.4.1 Occupational exposures
Workers are typically exposed to far greater concentrations of chemicals for longer
periods of time than other populations. Worker exposures to lead can be especially serious given
the overall toxicity of lead and lead compounds. As a result, both employers and government
agencies have adopted recommendations or requirements for employers who wish to limit
worker exposures.
Occupational exposures can occur anytime a worker comes into contact with lead,
whether it be through dermal (skin) contact with a part containing lead (e.g., lead oxide coating
on glass funnel), through the inhalation of lead particulates dispersed into the air, or through the
inadvertent ingestion of lead. Many of the primary and support processes required to
manufacture computer displays have lead in the workplace, and correspondingly, the potential
for worker exposure. The processes associated with lead inputs and outputs throughout the
computer displays' life cycles are presented in Tables N-l through N-4 in Appendix N. It is
important to note that while this list gives an indication of where likely lead exposures may
occur, it is not exhaustive. Many processes and subprocesses may be contained within a process
listed, each of which may pose its own potential for occupational lead exposures.
4-12
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4.1 LEAD
Exposures to lead are more likely to occur during the extraction, manufacturing, and
disposal life-cycle stages of a computer display. During the use of the computer display,
potential exposures to lead are unlikely as the components containing the lead are contained
within the outside shell of the computer display, limiting the opportunity for contact with
consumers. Table 4-9 presents some typical pathways leading to the occupational exposure of
workers to lead over the life cycle of a computer display.
Table 4-9. Potential occupational exposure pathways for lead over the
life cycle of a computer display
Exposure route
Inhalation
Dermal
Ingestion
Transport
media
Air
Air
Air
Direct contact
Direct contact
Air
Example mechanisms of exposure
Lead fumes resulting from the vaporization of lead during smelting
Lead oxide dust released to the air during lead frit manufacturing
Lead aerosols created during the aeration of tin/lead solder plating baths
during PWB production
Handling of leaded CRT glass funnels prior to assembly
Consumption of food eaten with lead-contaminated hands (or drinking,
smoking, etc)
Ingestion of lead contaminated soil particles which become airborne
during lead mining
Workers may be exposed to airborne lead concentrations through the release of lead dust,
fumes, or aerosols into the workplace. The lead is transported by the air, where it is inhaled into
the lungs and then absorbed into the bloodstream. The greatest potential for high-level
occupational exposure is during lead smelting and refining, where lead is vaporized during high
temperature heating resulting in the release of lead fumes and small respirable particles of lead
(EPA, 1986). Lead concentrations in air at three primary lead smelters were found to range from
80-2,900 |ig/m3, peaking at a level 58 times the OSHA recommended guidance level of 50 |ig/m3
(HSDB, 2001). Another study found that during the smelting and refining of lead, mean
concentrations of lead in air reached as high as 4,470 |ig/m3, nearly 90 times the OSHA guidance
level (Fu and Bofetta, 1995). Exposures to lead dust may also occur during lead mining, frit
manufacturing, CRT glass manufacturing, or processes in which metallic lead is heated in the
presence of air. Exposures to lead fumes are only possible during high temperature operations
(above 500°C), such as welding or spray coating of metals with molten lead (Sittig, 1985).
Dermal exposures can take place anytime lead or materials containing lead are physically
handled by workers. Opportunities for dermal exposures to lead are numerous in processes
throughout the computer display life-cycle, as many processes involve lead or parts containing
lead, especially in CRT manufacturing. Lead can be transferred to the skin of workers through
contact with lead-containing materials and parts. Dermal exposures may also occur during
cleaning and maintenance of equipment used to smelt, refine, or apply lead in a molten state
(e.g., solder wave machinery for PWBs) or in areas with large airborne lead concentrations that
may settle out onto work surfaces directly contacted by workers.
4-13
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4.1 LEAD
The contribution of dermal exposures to the overall lead body burden is uncertain. It is believed
that most forms of lead are unable to readily penetrate the skin, allowing only a small amount of
lead to enter the bloodstream. (ATSDR, 1999). Alkyl lead compounds, which are the known
exception, are primarily used as additives in gasoline and are not used directly in computer
display manufacturing (Bress and Bidanset, 1991; ATSDR, 1999). Therefore, dermal exposures
to inorganic lead compounds are not expected to be as significant as the inhalation or ingestion
routes of exposure (EPA, 1986).
Along with inhalation, ingestion of lead-bearing dust and fumes is a major route of
exposure in lead smelting and refining industries (EPA, 1986). Airborne dust particles of lead
can eventually settle onto skin, equipment, clothing, and work surfaces, where they may be
subsequently transferred to the mouth and become ingested. Airborne particles may also be
inhaled and swallowed, directly when greater than 5 micrometers in size (ATSDR, 1999). Once
ingested, the amount of lead that reaches the bloodstream through the stomach depends on a
number of factors, such as the age of the subject, length of time since last meal, and how well the
lead was able to dissolve in the stomach. Studies have found that roughly 6% of the lead
ingested will absorb into the blood stream of an adult who has recently eaten (within the last
day), while upwards of 60-80% was absorbed in adults who had not recently eaten (ATSDR,
1999).
Lead exposures of workers are frequently measured by biological testing (e.g., blood lead
levels, urinary lead levels) rather than monitoring the workplace for lead concentrations, making
occupational data on lead exposures often not readily available (EPA, 1986). For a discussion of
blood lead levels, corresponding effects, and recommended exposure guidelines, refer to Section
4.1.5 of this chapter.
Blood-lead levels have been reported in studies of workers for several industries relevant
to computer display manufacturing. For example, workers occupationally exposed to lead during
glass production were tested to determine their blood lead levels. Workers were divided into
groups based on work activities and blood samples were collected at the end of each shift.
Concentrations of lead in the blood ranged from 70 to 680 ug/1, with median values ranging from
170 to 340 ug/m3, depending on the worker group. Data on types and rates of exposure were not
identified (Ludersdorf et al, 1987). Another study found that workers producing ceramic coated
capacitors and resistors using leaded glass were exposed to occupational lead levels ranging from
61 to 1,700 ug/m3. Blood lead levels ranged from 16 to 135 ug/dL in these same workers,
greatly exceeding the OSHA recommended level of 50 ug/m3 (Kaye et al, 1987).
The presence of lead in the workplace does not mean that occupational exposures are
unavoidable. Worker exposures to lead can be reduced or even eliminated through the use of
personal protective equipment, sound operating practices, or through advanced machinery that
protects workers from exposure (e.g., an enclosed and vented wave solder machine). To
determine actual worker exposures to lead, a complete exposure assessment specific to each
manufacturing process would be required.
4.1.4.2 General population
The general population living nearby a manufacturing facility using lead may potentially
be exposed to lead emissions from the facility into the surrounding ambient environment. The
likelihood and quantity of the potential exposure is dependent on the type and quantity of release,
the receiving media, the local environmental conditions, and the fate and transport characteristics
4-14
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4.1 LEAD
of the release. General population exposure to lead is most likely to occur through ingestion of
lead contaminated food, water, and soil, as well as through inhalation of lead particulates in the
ambient air (EPA, 1986).
Lead released into the ambient air will typically be in the form of lead particulate matter,
which is eventually removed from ambient air through washout by precipitation (rain or snow) or
through gravitational settling. Estimates indicate that the majority of lead released into the
environment is dispersed into the atmosphere (EPA, 1980). With a relatively small mass mean
diameter of 0.55 um (HSDB, 2001), lead-containing particles can stay aloft for up to 64 hours
and travel 1600 km, though they are more likely to be deposited within 10 km of the emission
source (HSDB, 2001). General populations living near a source of lead emissions may encounter
the lead while it is still airborne, leading to potential inhalation exposure. The direct inhalation
of lead accounts for only a small part of the overall lead exposure to nearby populations,
although the reentrainment of lead-contaminated soil is a common route of exposure (ATSDR,
1999).
Ingestion of lead is the most significant route of exposure for general populations
(ATSDR, 1999). Particulates removed from the air are deposited into the soil, surface water, and
onto local vegetation, where they may be ingested by nearby residents. Grains, vegetables, and
fruits grown in close proximity to a source of lead emissions may contain lead which has been
absorbed from contaminated soil through the root system. Lead also has the ability to
bioaccumulate in the soft tissues of fish and wildlife, which are then consumed by sportsmen and
their families.
Incidental ingestion of soil, which may occur while eating or smoking with soil-coated
hands or when soil becomes reentrained and swallowed directly, often results in the largest lead
exposures to residents living near emission sources. Lead-contaminated soil can also enter the
home by being tracked into the house or carried home from the workplace on clothing, where it
can come into contact with eating surfaces or food and become ingested. A study measuring lead
in the home found mean lead levels as high as 22,191 ug/g in homes located within 1.6 km of a
lead smelting facility, and mean levels of 2,687 ug/g in homes of workers at the smelting facility,
irrespective of distance from the plant (ATSDR, 1999). One study found that once lead is
swallowed, up to 50% of the lead is released from the contaminated soil into the stomach after
only 10 minutes (HSDB, 2001).
Lead may also be released directly to surface water or indirectly to groundwater through
the leaching of lead from landfills. Life-cycle inventory releases to surface water include 464
grams of lead and 159 grams of lead compounds per CRT. Surface water may also become
contaminated through soil deposition or through surface water run-off from contaminated soil.
Groundwater lead contamination from the leaching of lead-contaminated debris from solid- or
hazardous waste disposal sites is unlikely to be significant due to the relative insolubility of lead
(HSDB, 2001). Lead released to both surface waters and groundwater will typically remain
insoluble, forming precipitates and settling into the sediment of the lake or stream. However,
very little lead is typically found in U.S. waters which are used to supply the public with drinking
water, due to strict governmental regulations (0.005 ppm lead) (ATSDR, 1999).
4-15
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4.1 LEAD
4.1.4.3 Ecological populations
Inorganic lead typically does not pose a significant health threat to fish and wildlife
populations, except at extremely high concentrations. Once introduced into surface waters, the
levels of soluble lead depend on the pH of the water and the dissolved salt content. At neutral
pH, inorganic lead typically does not remain soluble in water at high concentrations, forming a
precipitate that ultimately deposits in the sediment. However, as the alkalinity and pH decrease,
the relative soluble concentrations of lead may become higher.
Toxic substances such as lead are capable of concentrating in the tissues of fish and
wildlife. The bioconcentration of lead in fish is low-to-moderate in most species, with a
bioconcentration factor (BCF) of 42 an 45 being reported for two fresh water fish species1.
However, BCFs for certain other species, such as blue mussles (4,985), eastern oysters (1,000+)
and 4 types of fresh water invertebrate species (range of 499 to 1,700), were much higher (EPA,
1999).
4.1.5 Human Health Effects
Lead has been classified by EPA as a persistent biaccumulative toxic (PBT) chemical
(EPA, 200Ib). PBT pollutants are highly toxic, long-lasting substances that can build up in the
food chain to levels that are harmful to human and ecosystem health. Lead's ability to persist in
the environment without breaking down, along with its tendency to bioaccumulate, poses adverse
health effects to birds and mammals at the top of the food chain, along with anyone who
consumes them for food. Lead and lead-based compounds have been associated with a range of
adverse human health effects, including effects on the nervous system, reproductive and
developmental problems, and cancer.
4.1.5.1 Chronic effects (noncancer)
Lead is toxic to human health regardless of the form (Gosselin, 1984). It is one of the
most hazardous of the toxic compounds because the dose of lead is cumulative over a lifetime,
and the health effects are many and severe. Lead has been known to cause hematological,
gastrointestinal, and neurological dysfunction in adults and children. Chronic exposures have
also caused hypertension and reproductive impairment in both men and women, as well as
slowed development in children (Sittig, 1985).
Adverse effects, other than cancer or mutations, are generally assumed to have a dose or
exposure threshold. A reference dose (RfD) is an estimate of the daily exposure through
ingestion to the human population that is likely to be without an appreciable risk of noncancer
detrimental effects during a lifetime. Likewise, a reference concentration (RfC) represents an
estimate of the daily inhalation exposure to the human population that is likely to be without an
appreciable risk of noncancer detrimental effects during a lifetime.
Because of the relative toxicity of lead and the cumulative nature of lead doses, a safe
level of human exposure has yet to be identified by researchers, preventing EPA from
Bioconcentration is defined by EPA as the non-dietary accumulation of chemicals in aquatic organisms
(U.S. EPA, 1999).
4-16
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4.1 LEAD
establishing a RfD or RfC for inorganic lead (ATSDR, 1999). Instead, lead exposure is
determined by using exposure biokinetic models that relate exposure levels to an estimated blood
lead level, which is then compared to actual blood lead levels where adverse effects are known to
occur2. For example, increased blood pressure has been observed in adults with a blood-lead
level as low as 7 ug/dL (ACGIH, 1991). Lead concentrations in excess of 60 ug/lOOg blood
have been associated with neuropathy, gastrointestinal disturbances, and anemia, while workers
with blood-lead levels between 50-70 ug/100 g to have shown decreased neural response
(ACGIH, 1991).
As a guideline, a blood-lead level of concern for adult workers of 30 ug/dL has been
established by both the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and ACGIH. A
guideline of 10 ug/m3 (for a child) has been set by the Center for Disease Control (CDC) for
general population exposures to lead in the ambient environment. A summary of human health
effect guidelines for lead is presented in Table 4-10.
Table 4-10. Human health effect regulations and guidelines for lead
Type
Agency /Category
Regulatory level
Workplace exposures to lead
Worker blood-lead
target/action levels
Pregnant worker:
fetal blood-lead
target/action levels
Workplace air
exposure limit
OSHA, Adults who "wish to bear children"
OSHA, Blood-lead level of concern
OSHA, Medical removal
ACGIH, Biological Exposure Index (BEI) Blood-lead level of
concern (ACGIH, 1998)
NIOSH, level to be maintained through air concentrations
OSHA
CDC
OSHA Permissible exposure limit (PEL)
NIOSH Recommended exposure limit (REL) (NIOSH, 1997)
ACGIH TLV TWA (ACGIH, 1998)
30 ug/dL
40 ug/dL
50 ug/dL
30 ug/dL
60ng/100g
30ng/100g
10 ng/dLa
50 \ig/m3
100 \ig/m3
50 \ig/m3
Ambient environment exposures to lead
Blood-lead
target/action levels for
child
CDC
OSHA
World Health Organization blood-lead level of concern
10 ug/m3 a
30|ig/100g
20 ug/dL
a CDC considers children to have an elevated level of lead if the amount of lead in the blood is at least 10 |ig/dL.
Medical evaluation and environmental remediation should be done for all children with blood-lead levels greater
than 20 |ig/dL. Medical treatment may be necessary for children with a blood-lead concentration above 45 |ig/dL
(RTI, 1999).
Notes: ACGIH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists; NIOSH: National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health; TWA: Time weighted average; TLV: Threshold limit value
In order to estimate blood-lead levels, worker exposure levels based on releases reported in the inventory
would be required. However, without information pertaining to the exposure conditions (which is unavailable to this
study) and fate and transport of the releases, worker exposure cannot be calculated.
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4.1 LEAD
4.1.5.2 Carcinogenicity
The potential for a chemical to cause cancer is evaluated by weight-of-evidence
classifications, specific to the rating organization, which are typically determined by laboratory
or epidemiological studies. Lead and inorganic lead-based compounds have been classified by
the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as possible human carcinogens (Group
2B), based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in animals (IARC, 1987). Lead has also
been classified as an A3 carcinogen (confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to
humans) by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH, 1998).
The U.S. EPA has given lead a weight-of-evidence classification of B2, indicating lead is a
probable human carcinogen and a confirmed animal carcinogen (IRIS, 1999). There is currently
no established cancer slope factor for lead, which could be used to estimate cancer risk from an
exposure amount.
4.1.6 Environmental Regulations for Lead
Apart from the regulations and recommendations regarding worker safety presented in the
previous section, lead is regulated in a number of ways. This section presents a brief summary of
the U.S. regulations for lead and lead compounds expected to impact facilities that manufacture
materials for the computer display. It should be noted that many of the parts and materials which
go into the manufacture of computer displays are manufactured in countries outside the U.S.,
with their own lead regulations which may differ significantly from those discussed below.
Air emissions of lead are regulated under the Clean Air Act (CAA) of 1970 and the
amendments to the CAA of 1977 and 1990. Under the CAA, lead is regulated as a hazardous air
pollutant (HAP), which is by definition a chemical that is generally known or suspected to cause
serious health problems. Stationary source categories involved in the life cycle of a computer
display that must meet new source performance standards include primary and secondary lead
smelters, glass manufacturing plants, and metallic mineral processing plants (EPA, 1977; EPA,
1980a; ATSDR, 1999). A National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) was also
established for lead, requiring that the concentration of lead in air that the public breathes be no
higher than 1.5 ug/m3 averaged over 3 months [40 CFR 50.12].
Lead releases to surface water are regulated under the Clean Water and Effluent
Guidelines and Standards promulgated under the Clean Water Act of 1977. Lead is identified as
a priority pollutant [40 CFR 401.15], requiring the limitation of lead concentrations in pollutant
discharges from point sources. The regulations also set standards of performance for new point
sources, as well as pretreatment standards for both new and established sources. Regulated point
source categories include lead smelters, steam electric power generation, glass manufacturers,
and aluminum production and others, all of which contribute to the life-cycle impacts of a
computer display. New point sources of lead contamination must also apply for National
Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permits which will establish effluent limits for
sources of lead discharge.
To protect the population from a contaminated water supply, toxic substances in drinking
water are regulated under the Safe Drinking Water Act of 1986. A federal drinking water
standard of 15 ug/L has been established for lead.
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4.1 LEAD
EPA also regulates lead content in hazardous and solid wastes under the Resource Conservation
and Recovery Act (RCRA). A solid waste containing lead or lead compounds may be considered
a D008 characteristic hazardous waste if, when subjected to a Toxicity Characteristic Leachate
Procedure (TCLP) test, the extract exceeds 5.0 mg/L [40 CFR 261.24] for lead. Other lead-
contaminated wastes may be considered hazardous if specifically listed in 40 CFR 261.30-33,
unless specifically excluded. Listed wastes from specific sources which contribute to the
manufacture of computer displays include emission control dust from steel production and from
lead smelting (K061 and K069 respectively), waste leaching solution of control dust from
secondary lead smelting (K100), and spent baths and residues from electroplating operations
containing cyanide (F006), which are sometimes used in PWB manufacturing. Specific sources
of hazardous wastes, whether characteristic or listed wastes, are subject to handling, storage, and
disposal restrictions detailed in the code of federal regulations.
Manufacturers who emit lead are required to report the quantity of the emissions under
the Community Right-to-Know Act. EPA has recently reduced the reportable quantity threshold
for lead from 10,000 Ibs per year to 100 Ibs per year of lead.
4.1.7 Alternatives to Lead Use in Computer Displays
Because of increasing pressure through regulation and market forces, attempts to reduce
or eliminate lead in electronics have become popular. Several countries are considering or have
already passed restrictions on the use and disposal of lead, prompting many companies to
establish aggressive timelines for reducing or eliminating lead in their products. Several
opportunities to eliminate or reduce the amount of lead used in a computer display are being
aggressively researched. Two options being researched extensively are the development of a
reduced lead frit, and lead-free solders for PWB manufacturing and assembly.
Although not large in mass in a monitor, frit glass is 70 to 80% lead by weight. Lead is
one component of a mixture that crystalizes under intense heat, providing strength to the
vacuum-tight frit seal. An alternative lead-free frit glass has been developed that is based on tin
and zinc oxides, along with phosphate (Busio and Steigelmann, 2000). The lead-free glass is
inherently mechanically weak, requiring large amounts of ceramic fillers (A12O3) to be added to
improve the mechanical strength of the seal. It also requires the addition of vitreous silica
particles to match the thermal expansion requirements of the CRT glass. The resulting mixture
requires a firing cycle approaching 450°C, which is typical of frit glasses. A drawback is that the
frit glasses stay vitreous during the typical 30-60 minute furnace dwell time. However, initial
evidence suggests that the fired frit seal remains rigid during the pumping step, which occurs at
350°C. Although comprehensive test results are not yet available, the high-temperature stability
and rigidity of the lead-free frit glass is currently being tested under vacuum (Busio and
Steigelmann, 2000).
Lead-free solders have been the subject of industry research for some time. Driven by
renewed regulatory attention and by recent corporate commitments to reduce or eliminate lead
from their product lines, alternatives to lead-based solder are garnering increased attention.
Alternative lead-free solders include tin in combination with one or more of the following
metals: silver, copper, bismuth, germanium, and antimony. Several companies, including Sony,
Toshiba, Hitachi, and Ford Motor Company, have either already begun to implement electronics
production using a lead-free solder alternative, or have announced plans to do so. Though still a
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4.1 LEAD
relatively new and untested technology, initial testing has shown that alternatives are capable of
producing quality component connections, though they have a narrower operating window and
require higher temperatures to apply (Keenan and Kellett, 2001).
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4.2 MERCURY
4.2 MERCURY
Mercury is not only used in the manufacturing of LCDs, but also is emitted from a
number of processes over the life cycle of both LCDs and CRTs. Because of mercury's toxicity
to both humans and the environment, this section presents a more detailed look at the uses and
impacts of mercury, and its potential for causing harm as a result of the manufacture, use, and
disposal of computer displays.
4.2.1 Mercury in Computer Displays
Mercury is an important material in the construction of cold cathode fluorescent lamps
(CCFLs) that are used to backlight the LCD. A typical LCD utilizes a minimum of two CCFLs,
and can use as many as eight in larger displays. The CCFL consists of a glass tube filled with a
small amount of rare gas (typically argon) and a few drops of mercury. Metal electrodes built
into the ends of the tube conduct electric current to the inside gas, vaporizing a portion of the
mercury which then becomes excited, emitting light in the ultraviolet spectrum. Fluorescent
phosphors, which coat the inside of the glass tube, convert the ultraviolet emissions from the
mercury gas into visible white light. The phosphors are responsible for nearly all of the visible
light from the lamp, with the visible mercury spectrum contributing only a little to the lamps
output (Srivastava and Sommerer, 1998). No mercury is contained directly within the CRT.
Although a great deal of mercury is obtained by CCFLs, there also is a small source of
mercury generated by the infrequent breakage of mercury lamps in the photolithographic
exposure systems used to make both the CRT and LCD. Mercury filters are used in some water
cooled exposure table equipment to catch the mercury from lamp explosions or trap it in water
cooling baths. In air cooled lamp usage, the proximity of aluminum metal gives sites for
amalgam formation and a number of clean-up procedures are used. Unbroken lamps are returned
to the lamp manufacturer for recycling or disposal (Donofrio and Eckel, 1999).
Mercury may also be emitted from several processes required to manufacture, operate,
and dispose of both CRTs and LCDs. For example, electricity generated from the combustion of
coal results in the emission of mercury contained within the fuel. Other processes potentially
responsible for mercury emissions include mercury ore processing, non-ferrous metal production,
and the recycling of LCDs at the end of their useful life. The amount of mercury released
through these incidental mercury emissions is comparable to the amount of mercury used as a
direct material in the manufacture of LCD backlights.
4.2.2 Life-Cycle Inputs and Emissions of Mercury for Computer Displays
Data on mercury and mercury-containing materials were collected and compiled as part of
the life-cycle inventory. Material inputs containing mercury include primary materials (e.g.,
CCFLs) which end up as part of the product, as well as ancillary materials (e.g., fossil fuels
containing mercury) which are consumed as part of the manufacturing process or other
supporting processes (e.g., energy production). The data were aggregated by material from
individual processes and are presented by life-cycle stage for LCDs in Table 4-11. More detailed
material input data, which include the processes that use each input and the quantity of mercury
releases, are included in Appendix N.
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4.2 MERCURY
Table 4-11. Life-cycle stage mercury inputs for LCDs
Life-cycle stage
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Inputs
Mercury
Backlight lamp (CCFL)
Quantity
3.99e-06
1.94E-03a
Units
kg
ks
Type
Primary material
Product
a Quantity of release shown represents entire mass of input material. Mercury may only comprise a fraction of the
total mass of material shown.
Mercury is not listed as an input in the life-cycle inventory for CRTs. However, mercury
is contained in raw material inputs (e.g., mercury contaminants in fossil fuels burned to produce
energy) into processes such as non-ferrous metal production and energy production for both
LCDs and CRTs. Though mercury inputs exist, they occur in upstream manufacturing processes
where input data did not contain detailed composition data for fuel inputs.
Releases of mercury and mercury-containing materials into the environment occur
throughout the entire life cycle of the computer display. Environmental releases include
airborne, waterborne, solid waste, and hazardous waste emissions. Similar to the inputs,
emissions data were aggregated by the material released from individual processes and then
reported by life-cycle stage. The mercury and mercury-containing material released, the quantity
of the release, the type of release (e.g., waterborne), and the ultimate disposition of the release all
affect the nature and type of environmental impacts.
The total life-cycle outputs/emissions containing mercury for both CRTs and LCDs are
organized by output type and shown in Tables 4-12 and 4-13, respectively. More detailed data
on mercury and mercury-containing outputs for each process are presented in Appendix N.
Table 4-12. Life-cycle stage mercury outputs from CRTs
Life-cycle stage
Materials processing
Materials processing
Materials processing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Use
End-of-life
End-of-life
Outputs
Mercury
Mercury
Mercury compounds
Mercury
Mercury compounds
Mercury
Mercury
Mercury compounds
Quantity
3.00E-06
1.42E-10a
9.68E-07
1.12E-06
1.35E-12
7.51E-06
-1.15E-07
4.33E-11
Units
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
ks
Type
Airborne
Solid waste
Waterborne
Airborne
Waterborne
Airborne
Airborne
Waterborne
Disposition
Air
Landfill
Surface Water
Air
Surface Water
Air
Air
Surface Water
a Quantity of release shown represents entire mass of waste disposed. Mercury may only comprise a fraction of the
total mass of waste shown.
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4.2 MERCURY
Table 4-13. Life-cycle stage mercury outputs from LCDs
Life-cycle stage
Materials processing
Materials processing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Use
End-of-life
End-of-life
Outputs
Mercury
Mercury compounds
Broken CCFL
Mercury
Mercury compounds
Waste CCFL, with mercury
Waste glass, with mercury
Wastewater stream, from
CCFL mfg.
Mercury
Mercury
Mercury compounds
Quantity
9.44E-07
5.82E-07
2.69E-07a
2.64E-06
6.52E-14
8.17E-10a
1.05E-10a
167
2.80E-06
-8.64E-08
1.62E-11
Units
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
ks
Type
Airborne
Waterborne
Solid waste
Waterborne
Waterborne
Hazardous waste
Hazardous waste
Waterborne
Airborne
Airborne
Waterborne
Disposition
Air
Surface Water
Landfill
Treatment
Surface Water
Treatment
Landfill
Treatment
Air
Air
Surface Water
a Quantity of release shown for solid waste and hazardous waste represents entire mass of waste disposed. Mercury
may only comprise a fraction of the total mass of waste shown.
Mercury is released into the environment in many forms, but is most typically an airborne
release. The largest air emissions of mercury result from the generation of electricity from fossil
fuel burning. For LCDs, there is nearly the same amount of mercury emitted to the air from
energy production (3.22 mg) as the mass of mercury used in the fabrication of an LCD (3.99 mg).
In fact, the amount of mercury emitted to the air from electricity generation for CRTs (7.75 mg)
is greater than the entire amount of mercury from both the fabrication and energy production for
an LCD. Other airborne releases include the processing of ores such as lead, and the production
of several raw materials such as aluminum, polycarbonate, and steel.
4.2.3 Computer Display Life-Cycle Impacts for Mercury
The life-cycle impacts of mercury, mercury-based compounds, and materials containing
mercury (e.g., waste glass from broken CCFLs) calculated for CRTs and LCDs during the LCIA
are summarized in Tables 4-14 and 4-15, respectively. Impact scores in the table are expressed
in units specific to each impact category (see Chapter 3.1 for a discussion of impact category
units and weighting). The total impact score for each category resulting from mercury and
mercury-based materials is presented at the bottom of each table.
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4.2 MERCURY
Table 4-14. Summary of mercury-based impact scores by impact category for CRTs
Life-cycle
stage
Materials processing
Materials processing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Use
End-of-life
End-of-life
Material
Mercury
Mercury compounds
Mercury
Mercury compounds
Mercury
Mercury
Mercury compounds
Total Impact Scores by Category
Impact scores by category
Hazardous
waste landfill
use
(m3)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Solid waste
landfill use
(m3)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Chronic
health effects-
public
(tox-kg)
3.00E-06
5.11E-04
1.12E-06
7.13E-10
7.51E-06
-1.15E-07
2.29E-08
5.22E-04
Chronic health
effects-
occupational
(tox-kg)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Aquatic
toxicity
(tox-kg)
0
9.02E-04
0
1.26E-09
0
0
4.04E-08
9.02E-04
Terrestrial
toxicity
(tox-kg)
3.00E-06
5.10E-04
1.12E-06
7.11E-10
7.51E-06
-1.15E-07
2.28E-08
5.21E-04
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4.2 MERCURY
Table 4-15. Summary of mercury-based impact scores by impact category for LCDs
Life-cycle
stage
Materials
processing
Materials
processing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Use
End of Life
End of Life
Material
Mercury
Mercury compounds
Broken CCFL
Mercury
Mercury compounds
Waste glass, with
mercury
Mercury
Mercury
Mercury compounds
Total Impact Scores by Category
Impact scores by category
Hazardous
waste landfill
use"
(m3)
0
0
0
0
0
7.73E-15
0
0
0
7.73E-15
Solid waste
landfill use a
(m3)
0
0
1.98E-11
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.98E-11
Chronic health
effects-public
(tox-kg)
9.44E-07
3.07E-04
0
5.54E-07
3.44E-11
0
2.80E-06
-8.64E-08
8.53E-09
3.11E-04
Chronic health
effects-
occupational
(tox-kg)
0
0
0
3.99E-06
0
0
0
0
0
3.99E-06
Aquatic toxicity
(tox-kg)
1.82E-07
5.42E-04
0
1.9387E-07
6.08E-11
0
0
0
1.51E-08
5.43E-04
Terrestrial
toxicity
(tox-kg)
9.44E-07
3.07E-04
0
5.54E-07
3.44E-11
0
2.80E-06
-8.64E-08
8.52E-09
3.11E-04
1 Percentages of impacts shown for solid and hazardous wastes are based on the entire mass of material disposed, not necessarily on the amount of mercury. As
such, the percentage over-estimates the impact of mercury to either the solid or hazardous waste landfill use.
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4.2 MERCURY
Impact scores for some mercury-based inputs and outputs shown in Tables 4-11 through
4-13 were not calculated if the type and disposition of the input or release was not expected to
contribute to any of the impact categories. For example, a waterborne release of mercury with a
disposition going to treatment assumes that the mercury was treated prior to being released to the
environment. However, since inventory data for subsequent treatment/disposal processes could
not be obtained, it was assumed the mercury (or other inventory item) had been removed to a
level such that the subsequent release of treated wastewater would not contribute significantly to
aquatic toxicity impacts. Similarly, impact scores were not calculated for releases going to
recycling/reuse or for those designated as a product.
The life-cycle mercury-based outputs from LCDs had a broader affect on the environment
than those from CRTs, impacting a wider group of impact categories. Impacts to both solid and
hazardous waste landfill use, as well as to the chronic health effects of workers, all directly result
from the use of mercury in the LCD backlights. No mercury is required for the fabrication of a
CRT. Although the quantities are not large (see Tables 4-11 through 4-13), they cannot be
discounted, given the toxicity of mercury to both human health and the environment.
Chronic occupational toxicity impacts were only calculated for mercury inputs to
processes in the CDP. The overall impact scores (3.99E-06 tox-kg for LCD, none for CRT)
likely underestimate the chronic occupational impacts for mercury, because they are based on
inputs only and do not consider chronic occupational impacts from outputs in other processes
such as aluminum production or fluorescent lamp recycling, which may result in emissions of
mercury that originate within the workplace.
The contribution of mercury-based impacts for each computer display technology to the
overall impacts for each individual impact category is shown in Table 4-16. Values in the table
are expressed in the percent contribution the material made to the overall impact score for all
materials (e.g., liquid crystals, fuel oil, glass) for each category. The percent contributions give
an indication of the importance of mercury-based impacts relative to the life-cycle impacts from
other materials or outputs from the computer display.
Table 4-16. Summary of percent contributions from mercury-based materials to
individual impact categories
Impact category
Hazardous waste landfill use
Solid waste landfill use
Chronic health effects- public
Chronic health effects- occupational
Aquatic toxicity
Terrestrial toxicity
CRT
N/A
N/A
2.64E-05
N/A
4.01E-01
2.64E-05
LCD
NA
3.65E-08
3.45E-05
5.80E-07
1.05E-02
3.48E-05
N/A = Not applicable
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The results from Table 4-14 and 4-15 indicate that the mercury impacts from a CRT
exceed the impacts from an LCD in categories common to both technologies. This was not
expected, because mercury is used intentionally in an LCD, but not in a CRT. However, the
results are not surprising because mercury emissions from coal-fired power plants are known to
be one of the largest anthropogenic sources of mercury in the United States. Because the CRT
consumes significantly more electricity in the use stage than the LCD, its use stage emissions of
mercury are proportionately higher than those of the LCD. In fact, the mercury emitted from the
generation of power consumed by the CRT exceeds the entire amount of mercury emissions from
the LCD, including both the mercury used in LCD backlights and the mercury emissions from
electricity generation in the use stage that can be attributed to the LCD.
The impacts resulting from mercury and mercury-based materials do not appear to be
significant relative to the total impacts of all of the computer display materials (e.g., liquid
crystals, lead solder), as shown in Table 4-16. The largest contribution is 0.4% of the total
aquatic toxicity impacts for CRTs, and 0.01% of the total aquatic toxicity impacts for LCDs.
Impacts to other categories from both LCDs and CRTs were minimal.
4.2.4 Exposure Summary
Mercury may pose a threat to human health anytime there is the potential for human
exposure throughout the life cycle of a computer display. Exposure occurs anytime a chemical or
physical agent, in this case mercury or mercury compounds, come into contact with an organism,
be it human or ecological. This section qualitatively identifies potential exposures for workers in
facilities using mercury (occupational exposures), the general public, who may be exposed to
mercury releases into the ambient environment, and the ecological population.
4.2.4.1 Occupational exposures
About 4 mg of elemental mercury (combined total of all mercury contained within the
backlights) is used to manufacture the fluorescent backlight for the LCD backlight unit assembly.
Workers manufacturing the backlights may be exposed to the mercury used for these lights. This
study found no information on the specific manufacturing processes that are used to make CCFLs
or the specific worker exposures that could occur, but did find manufacturing information for
generic fluorescent lamps. We assume the processes are similar and have included a brief
discussion of the fluorescent lamp manufacturing process and potential sources of worker
exposure, below.
In fluorescent lamp manufacturing, pre-cut bulbs are washed, dried, and coated with a
liquid phosphor emulsion that deposits a film on the inside of the bulb. Mount assemblies are
then fused to each end of the bulb and the bulb is transferred to an exhaust machine. The bulb is
then exhausted and mercury is injected into the bulb. Some of the mercury combines with the
emulsion on the interior of the bulb where it remains over the life of the bulb. The glass bulb is
then filled with an inert gas and sealed (EPA, 1997).
During the lamp manufacturing process, emissions of mercury can occur from transfer
and parts repair during mercury handling, by the mercury injection operation, and from broken
lamps, spills, and waste materials. Workers can be exposed to mercury from any of these
sources, but mercury air levels can be reduced by process modifications, containment, ventilated
inclosures, local exhaust ventilation, and temperature control (EPA, 1997).
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4.2 MERCURY
There were no other inputs of mercury reported in the LCD life-cycle inventory, and none
were reported in the CRT life cycle. Workers may also be exposed to inorganic mercury in the
fluorescent backlights when processing LCDs at the end-of-life. Family members of workers
may be exposed as well, from a worker's clothing or shoes if they are contaminated with mercury
and brought home.
The processes associated with LCI mercury inputs and releases are presented in
supplemental tables in Appendix N. It is important to note that while this list gives an indication
of where likely mercury exposures may occur, it is not exhaustive. Many processes and
subprocesses may be contained within a process listed, each of which may pose its own potential
for occupational mercury exposures.
4.2.4.2 General population exposures
Mercury is a persistent biaccumulative toxic (PBT) chemical, as designated by EPA
(EPA, 200Ib). PBT pollutants are highly toxic, long-lasting substances that can build-up in the
food chain to levels that are harmful to human and ecosystem health. The general public may be
exposed to metallic mercury that is not safely contained (although it is unlikely that the backlight
would break to release mercury during normal LCD use) or to methylmercury-contaminated
foods. Mercury also can be passed from a pregnant woman to developing child through the
placenta, and from a mother to nursing infant through breast milk.
Most of the mercury released to the environment throughout the CRT and LCD life cycles
results from electricity generation required for use, manufacturing, and materials processing life-
cycle stages. A total of approximately 4 mg of mercury and mercury compounds are released to
air for an LCD, and approximately 12 mg are released to air for a CRT. Mercury is naturally
present in coal and becomes airborne when coal is burned to generate electricity. Airborne
mercury can stay in the atmosphere for up to a year, and can travel thousands of miles (EPA,
200 la). EPA modeling suggests that "a substantial fraction" of the mercury released to air by
utilities is dispersed "well beyond the local area" due to the fine particulate nature of the
emissions and tall stacks (EPA, 1998). Mercury in the atmosphere moves to land and water by
settling out with particles and being washed out by rain (dry and wet deposition). It may be
deposited directly to water or be carried by runoff to a lake, stream, or ocean. In the LCIs, in
addition to the air releases of mercury, 0.6 mg of mercury and mercury compounds are released
directly to surface water in the LCD life cycle, and 1 mg in the life cycle of the CRT. Ultimately,
at the end of life, the 4 mg of mercury in the LCD backlight will most likely be released to the
environment during LCD recycling or disposal processes.
Surface water is the environmental medium of most concern for mercury. In a surface
water environment, inorganic mercury can be transformed into methylmercury, a form which
readily bioaccumulates in fish (inorganic mercury does not tend to bioaccumulate). An EPA
study of mercury supports a "plausible link" between releases of mercury from industrial and
combustion sources and methylmercury found in fish3 (EPA, 200 Ic). Methylmercury
The mercury released to the environment from the CRT and LCD life cycles are only part of the overall
burden of mercury released to the environment from coal-fired power plants for all uses of electricity. The
proportion of mercury in fish that is due to coal-fired power generation is not known. In addition, there are other
natural and anthropogenic sources of mercury to the environment.
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4.2 MERCURY
concentrations at the top of the food chain (such as in predatory fish or fish-eating animals) can
be thousands or even millions of times greater than that in the surface water itself (EPA, 2000a).
The most important mercury exposures to the general public result from eating fish that
are contaminated with methylmercury. The populations of most concern are children and women
of child-bearing age (the developing fetus may be the most sensitive to the effects of
methylmercury). Also of concern are people whose diet largely depends on fish, such as with
some native cultures. The overall amount of exposure to mercury from eating fish depends on
both the concentration of mercury in the fish, and on the amount offish a person regularly eats.
Fish advisories due to methylmercury contamination have been issued by EPA4, 39 states, and
some tribes, providing consumption limits for certain species offish (EPA, 2000a, 200 Ic).
Freshwater fish are most affected, but some saltwater fish have also been found to be
contaminated with methylmercury. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued a fish
consumption advisory for pregnant women, nursing mothers, and small children to avoid eating
certain large saltwater fish (shark, swordfish, king mackerel, and tilefish), and to limit overall
weekly fish consumption, due to methylmercury contamination (FDA, 2001).
4.2.4.3 Exposure and effects to ecological populations
In addition to the fish themselves being contaminated, wildlife that eat fish also may be at
risk from exposure to methylmercury. Species of concern include loons, eagles, mink, otter,
wood stork, and the endangered Florida panther. Adverse effects of mercury to wildlife include
death, reproduced reproductive success, impaired growth and development, and behavioral
abnormalities. Levels have been measured in some individual wild animals that are comparable
to those levels seen to cause harmful effects in laboratory tests with the same species (EPA,
200Ic). Ambient water criteria have been developed by EPA under the CWA. Criteria for the
protection of aquatic life for mercury are presented in Table 4-17.
"EPA is issuing a national advisory concerning risks associated with mercury in freshwater fish caught by
friends and family. The groups most vulnerable to the effects of mercury pollution include: women who are pregnant
or may become pregnant, nursing mothers, and young children. To protect against the risks of mercury in fish caught
in fresh waters, EPA is recommending that these groups limit fish consumption to one meal per week for adults (6
ounces of cooked fish, 8 ounces of uncooked fish) and one meal per week for young children (2 ounces cooked fish
or 3 ounces of uncooked fish)." - EPA Office of Water, January 2001
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4.2 MERCURY
Table 4-17. EPA water quality criteria for mercury
Type of criteria
Criteria value (fig/L)
Notes
For protection of aquatic life
Freshwater Criteria Maximum Concentration
(CMC)
Freshwater Criterion Continuous
Concentration (CCC)
Saltwater Criteria Maximum Concentration
(CMC)
Saltwater Criterion Continuous Concentration
(CCC)
1.4a
0.77 a
1.8a
0.94 a
the acute limit for the priority
pollutant in freshwater
the chronic limit for the priority
pollutant in freshwater
the acute limit for the priority
pollutant in saltwater
the chronic limit for the priority
pollutant in saltwater
Source: Water Quality Criteria and Standards, EPA Office of Water. Revised: 06/21/2001
http://oaspub.epa.gov/wqsdatabase/epa.rep_parameter; report for mercury
a Criteria for metals are expressed in terms of the dissolved metal in the water column. This recommended water
quality criterion was derived from data for inorganic mercury (II), but is applied here to total mercury. If a
substantial portion of the mercury in the water column is methylmercury, this criterion will probably be under-
protective (EPA is updating the ambient water quality criteria on methylmercury.) In addition, even though
inorganic mercury is converted to methylmercury and methylmercury bioaccumulates to a great extent, this criterion
does not account for uptake via the food chain because sufficient data were not available when the criterion was
derived.
4.2.5 Human Health Effects
Mercury affects the nervous system, brain, and kidneys. Effects on the nervous system
vary depending on the form of mercury. Inorganic mercury salts, for instance, do not enter the
brain as readily as elemental mercury or methylmercury. Symptoms of mercury effecting the
brain and nervous system include personality changes, tremors, changes in vision such as
narrowing of the visual field, deafness, loss of muscle coordination, loss of sensation, and
problems with memory (ATSDR, 1999).
The fetus, infants, and young children are especially susceptible to the effects of mercury
on the nervous system. As mentioned above, mercury (especially methylmercury in food) can be
passed from a pregnant woman to the unborn developing child, and from a mother to a nursing
infant through breast milk. The developmental effects of mercury vary in severity depending on
the amount of exposure. Children exposed in this way may show small decreases in IQ or may
be slower to walk and talk. More severe effects might include brain damage with mental
retardation, blindness, muscle weakness or seizures, and inability to speak (ATSDR, 1999).
Mercury accumulates in the kidneys and all forms of mercury can cause kidney damage at
higher exposures (ATSDR, 1999). Short term exposure (hours) to high levels of mercury vapor,
as might occur through an accidental spill in the workplace, include damage to the lining of the
mouth, irritated lungs and airways, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, increased blood pressure or heart
rate, skin rashes, and eye irritation. Skin contact may cause an allergic reaction (skin rashes) in
some people (ATSDR, 1999).
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4.2 MERCURY
4.2.5.1 Chronic effects (noncancer)
A reference dose (RfD) is an estimate (with uncertainty spanning perhaps an order of
magnitude) of the daily exposure through ingestion to the human population (including sensitive
subgroups) that is likely to be without an appreciable risk of deleterious noncancer effects during
a lifetime (in mg/kg-day). Similarly, a reference concentration (RfC) is an estimate (with
uncertainty spanning perhaps an order of magnitude) of the daily inhalation exposure to the
human population (including sensitive subgroups) that is likely to be without an appreciable risk
of deleterious noncancer effects during a lifetime (in mg/m3) (Barnes and Dourson, 1988). RfDs
and RfCs established by EPA for mercury and mercury compounds are presented in Table 4-18.
Table 4-18. Chronic toxicity reference values for mercury and mercury compounds
Form of mercury"
Elemental mercury
(Hg)
Methylmercury
(CH3Hg+)
Mercuric chloride
(HgCl)
Ingestion: reference
dose (RfD) (mg/kg-
day)b
not available
0.0001
0.0003
Inhalation: reference
concentration (RfC)
(mg/m3)'
0.0003
not available
not available
Notes, Source
Based on hand tremor, memory
disturbances, and other effects seen in
human occupational inhalation studies
(IRIS, 2001).
Based on developmental
neuropsychological impairment seen
in human epidemiological studies
(IRIS, 2001).
Based on autoimmune effects in rats
(IRIS, 2001).
a Forms of mercury for which EPA has established an RfD or RfC
b milligrams per kilogram of body weight per day for oral exposure (ingestion)
c milligrams per cubic meter of air, assuming continuous inhalation exposure for a 70-kg adult
4.2.5.2 Carcinogenicity
EPA has determined that mercury chloride and methylmercury are Possible Human
Carcinogens (cancer weight of evidence [WOE] classification C) based on limited evidence of
carcinogenicity in animals and inadequate or lack of human data. Elemental mercury is classified
by EPA as Not Classifiable as to Human Carcinogenicity (WOE class D) based on inadequate or
no evidence of carcinogenicity (IRIS, 2001).
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4.2.6 Environmental Regulations for Mercury
This section presents a brief summary of the U.S. regulations for mercury and mercury
compounds that may affect facilities that manufacture materials for the computer display or are
otherwise affected by the life cycle of computer displays. It should be noted that many of the
parts that go into the computer display are manufactured in other countries with their own
regulations which may differ significantly from those presented below.
Air emissions of mercury are regulated under the CAA of 1970 and the amendments of
1977 and 1990. Under the CAA, mercury is regulated as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP), which
is by definition a chemical that is either known or is suspected to cause serious health problems
for humans. EPA established National Emission Standards for HAPs (NESHAPs) for mercury
emissions based on risk under the pre-1990 version of the Clean Air Act. These NESHAPS [40
CFR 61 Subpart E] cover three source categories: ore processing facilities, mercury cell chlor-
alkali plants, and sewage sludge driers. Specific source requirements are specified for, among
other things, municipal waste combusters, hazardous waste combusters, and mercury ore
processing facilities. These source requirements could take the form of either a NESHAP or a
maximum achievable control technology (MACT) requirement.
OSHA has established standards for protecting worker health through the maintenance of
a safe working environment. The OSHA permissible exposure limit (PEL) for workplace
exposure to mercury is 0.1 mg/m3 (8-hour time weighted average). NIOSH has also established
recommended exposure limits (RELs) for several mercury compounds including a REL of 0.05
mg/m3 for mercury vapor.
Mercury emissions to surface water are regulated under the CWA, which lists mercury as
a priority pollutant [40CFR 401.15], requiring the limitation of mercury in point source
discharges. For mercury discharges, CWA regulations specify technology-based effluent limits
for classes and categories of industries (see 40 CFR 401, 403, Appendix B), and describe the
rights of states to establish effluent limits more stringent than technology-based standards.
Technology-based standards are listed for the following specific industries and point sources
involved in computer display manufacturing: nonferrous metals production, including primary
precious metals and mercury (40 CFR 250); secondary mercury (40 CFR 421.200); steam electric
power generation (40 CFR 423- Appendix A); and mercury ore mining (40 CFR 440.40). The
CWA also requires that new and existing points sources of mercury obtain a NPDES permit,
which will establish effluent limits for mercury discharges to surface waters.
To protect human health and preserve the nations drinking water supply, EPA has been
tasked by the SDWA to establish safe drinking water standards for toxic chemicals. In
accordance with the SDWA, EPA has established a safe drinking water standard for mercury of
2 ug/L.
The release or disposal of solid or hazardous waste containing mercury is regulated under
RCRA, which outlines specific classification and disposal requirements for products and wastes
that contain mercury. Mercury is both a characteristic and a listed waste under RCRA. A solid
waste containing mercury may be considered a D009 characteristic hazardous waste if, when
subjected to a TCLP test, the extract exceeds 0.2 mg/L [40 CFR 261.24] for mercury. Other
mercury-contaminated wastes may be considered hazardous if they are specifically listed in 40
CFR 261.30-33, unless they are specifically excluded. Listed wastes for mercury include
leachate resulting from the disposal of more than one restricted waste classified as hazardous
(F039), and wastewater treatment sludge and brine purification muds resulting from the mercury
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4.2 MERCURY
cell process in chlorine production (K106 and K071 respectively). Hazardous wastes are subject
to land disposal restrictions requiring that wastes be treated to below regulatory threshold levels
before they may be land-disposed.
In order to reduce the amount of hazardous waste in a landfill, EPA established the
Universal Waste Rule (UWR) in 1995. The rule was intended to encourage the recycling and
proper disposal of common hazardous waste components found in municipal waste streams, and
reduce the regulatory burden on businesses who produce these wastes. The rule allows for less
stringent standards for storing, transporting, and collecting wastes. However, the waste must
comply with full hazardous waste requirements for final recycling, treatment, or disposal.
Batteries and fluorescent lamps are included in the rule.
EPA also has regulated the air emissions of mercury from hazardous waste combustion
and from industrial boilers and furnaces under RCRA. EPA has issued new standards for
mercury emissions from these sources.
In December 2000, EPA announced plans to require coal-fired power plants to cut their
emissions of mercury. EPA plans to propose the regulations by 2003, with final rules in place by
2004 (EPA, 2000a). More recently, in April 2001 the Bush administration sought to dismiss an
electric industry lawsuit that would stop the EPA from regulating mercury and other toxic air
pollutants (Doggett, 2001).
Manufacturer's who emit mercury are required to report the quantity of the emissions
under the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to Know-Act (EPCRA). EPA has
established a reportable quantity threshold of 10 pounds for a facility that manufactures,
processes, or otherwise uses mercury. A similar threshold of 10 pounds exists for facilities that
manufacture, process, or otherwise use mercury compounds. Data that has been reported by
facilities for mercury is made available to the public through the publication of the Toxics
Release Inventory (TRI).
4.2.7 Alternatives to Mercury Use in LCDs
In an effort to minimize or even eliminate the quantity of mercury used during the
fabrication of LCDs, manufacturers have begun to develop mercury-free alternatives to mercury
vapor backlights. One such alternative is a flat lamp which is filled with inert gas xenon in place
of the typical mercury vapor lamps. The lamp has the appearance of a large white tile about one
centimeter in thickness. Its dimensions are the exact same as the screen itself, illuminating the
image evenly, hence eliminating the need for complex optical systems to distribute the light. The
new lamp is capable of emitting enough light to make the monitor twice as bright, making it
possible to use the screen during daylight, while also extending the viewing angle (OSRAM,
1998).
The new lamps generate light in a fashion similar to conventional backlight lamps. An
electrical current passed through a gas discharge produces ultra-violet light which is then
converted to visible light by phosphors. Unlike mercury gas which causes 'greying' in the
phosphors over time, the xenon gas does not affect the phosphors, extending the life of the lamp.
The lights have an average lifetime of up to 50,000 hours compared to only about 20,000 hours
for the conventional mercury backlights, extending the life of computer LCD displays before they
have to be replaced (OSRAM, 1998).
A drawback of the lamps, and the current subject of research is the reduced energy
efficiency of the new mercury-free lamps. The luminous efficiency of the new mercury-free
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4.2 MERCURY
lamp is only about half of the efficiency of a conventional backlight, due to less efficient
conversion of the UV light to visible light by the phosphors (OSRAM, 1998).
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4.3 LIQUID CRYSTALS
4.3 LIQUID CRYSTALS
One of the most significant differences between the two computer displays is the use of
liquid crystals in the LCD to generate an image. The toxicity of liquid crystals in LCDs has been
alluded to in literature indicating the potential for human health concerns. Because of relative
lack of information about these compounds, this section provides a more detailed look a liquid
crystals to better understand their potential impacts on human and ecological populations,
4.3.1 Liquid Crystals in Computer Displays
Liquid crystals (LCs) are organic compounds with the optical and structural properties of
crystals, but with the mechanical features of fluids. There are hundreds of LC compounds that
may be used in an LCD, each with different physical and optical characteristics. They are
typically classified by molecular weight, with low molecular weight LCs typically used for LCD
computer displays. LCs are not required for the fabrication of CRTs.
LCs are responsible for forming and transmitting the image produced by an LCD. The
LC portion of an LCD typically consists of as many as 20 different LC substances, mixed
together to form a white, opaque liquid that flows easily (Merck, 1999). The mixture consists of
elongated molecules that are held together at their ends by polar forces and aligned in the same
direction. The molecules move together in a series of flexible molecular chains, with each chain
influencing the alignment of other chains. By exposing the molecular chains to electric fields,
the alignment of the chains, and by extension their ability to transmit light, can be manipulated
(SEMI, 1995).
LCDs are fabricated using a complex multi-step process in a clean room (refer to Chapter
1 for a more detailed description of the fabrication process). Once the front and back layers have
been manufactured and assembled into a display cell, the LC is ready to be added. The
assembled display cells are placed into a vacuum chamber containing a reservoir of the LC
mixture, and the chamber is evacuated. A corner of the empty display cell is lowered into the LC
mixture using a remote control. Nitrogen gas is then introduced into the evacuated chamber to
bring the pressure up to approximately 1 atmosphere, exerting pressure on the surface of the LC
mixture, forcing it up into the display cell (SEMI, 1995). Approximately 0.6 mg of LC is
required for every square centimeter of panel surface (Merck, 1999). The display cell is sealed
once the LC fully penetrates the cell.
4.3.2 Life-Cycle Inputs and Outputs of Liquid Crystals for Computer Displays
Data on LC compounds were collected and compiled as part of the life-cycle inventory.
The data were aggregated by material from individual processes and presented by life-cycle stage
for LCDs in Table 4-19.
The individual LC compounds identified in Table 4-19 formed the ingredients of the
liquid crystal mixture used in the LCD. These compounds, used in varying quantities, are mixed
together in a liquid crystal manufacturing process to develop a mixture with the desired optical
characteristics for the LCD. While the above inputs illustrate the quantities of individual LC
compounds found in the LCD evaluated in this LCA, LC mixtures found in other LCDs could be
comprised of up to 20 or more liquid crystal compounds selected from the hundreds of
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4.3 LIQUID CRYSTALS
compounds currently available for use in LCDs. A small quantity of the liquid crystal mixture
(1.2 grams) is then used in the fabrication of the LCD.
Table 4-19. Life-cycle stage liquid crystal inputs
Life-cycle stage
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Inputs a
Liquid crystal A
Liquid crystal B
Liquid crystal C
Liquid crystal D
Liquid crystal E
Liquid crystal F
Liquid crystal G
Liquid crystal mixture, for 15" LCD
Quantity
0.26
0.37
0.22
0.33
0.070
0.34
0.19
1.2
Units
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
Type
Primary material
Primary material
Primary material
Primary material
Primary material
Primary material
Primary material
Primary material
a Identities of liquid crystal compounds have been masked to protect the confidentiality of the compound names.
Life-cycle inventory data indicate that LCs are primarily released at the time of the
product's final disposition. Although other outputs of liquid crystals surely exist, they are likely
minimal and were not identified in the life-cycle inventory collected for LCDs. Evaporative LC
emissions during the manufacturing and mixture formulation processes are minimal due to the
typically low vapor pressures of LC compounds (Becker, 2001). Releases resulting from broken
or defective LCDs during manufacture are also likely to be small because of the strong adhesives
forces between LCs and the polymer film covering the outer layer of the displays (Becker, 2001).
However, small amounts of LC compounds were observed to present in the waste of one LCD
manufacturing facility during data collection (Overly, 2001). Because data were not provided
from manufacturers on manufacturing releases, and no data were available for releases at end-of-
life, it is difficult to definitively quantify the releases or their significance to the environment.
4.3.3 LCD Life-Cycle Impacts of Liquid Crystals
The life-cycle impacts of LC compounds calculated for LCDs during the LCIA are
summarized in Tables 4-20. Impact values in the table are expressed in units specific to each
impact category (see Chapter 3.1 for a discussion of impact category units and weighting). The
total impact score for each category from LCs is presented at the bottom of the table.
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4.3 LIQUID CRYSTALS
Table 4-20. Summary of LCD liquid crystal impacts
Life-cycle
stage
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Material
Liquid crystal A
Liquid crystal B
Liquid crystal C
Liquid crystal D
Liquid crystal E
Liquid crystal F
Liquid crystal G
Total category impact score
Chronic health effects- occupational
(tox-kg)
5.29E-04
4.35E-04
3.89E-04
1.40E-04
6.84E-04
6.53E-04
7.31E-04
3.56E-03
Impact scores have been calculated based on the inventory item, release type, and its
reported disposition. Occupational impacts to workers as a result of LC inputs are shown in the
Table 4-20. Impacts were not calculated for LCs which end up as part of the product because
users of the product are not expected to become exposed to the LC compounds during the typical
operation of the LCD. In addition, because releases of LCs to the environment were not provided
by the manufacturers in the LCI, potential impacts resulting from these releases were also not
assessed in this project. LCs are not used to fabricate CRTs and so have no environmental
impacts in the CRT life cycle.
LCs do not appear to contribute significantly to any of the impact categories defined for
this study. The total score for occupational impacts based on potential worker exposure to LCs
of 4.18 tox-grams represents less than 0.01% of the total overall chronic occupational health
effects impact score of 898 tox-kg for the functional unit of one LCD.
4.3.4 Exposure Summary
Like any materials classified as potentially toxic, LCs have the potential to pose a threat
to human health anytime there is the potential for human or ecological exposure throughout the
life cycle of a LCD. Exposure occurs anytime a chemical or physical agent, in this case LC
compounds, come into contact with an organism, be it human or ecological. This section
qualitatively identifies potential exposures for workers in facilities using LCs (occupational
exposures), the general public, who may be exposed to LC releases into the ambient
environment, and the ecological population.
4.3.4.1 Occupational exposures
Occupational exposures to LCs during the fabrication of the LCD panels are not expected
to be significant. LCD panels are fabricated in a clean room environment. The previously
assembled but empty display cells are placed into a vacuum chamber containing a reservoir of the
LC mixture, and lowered into the LC mixture using a remote control. Approximately 1.2 grams
of LC compounds are used to develop the LCD panel. The enclosed nature of the chamber
combined with the equipment (e.g., gloves, aprons) worn by workers in a clean room
environment may both act to minimize exposures.
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4.3 LIQUID CRYSTALS
However, the potential for other occupational exposures still exist. Workers could
become exposed to LCs during other manufacturing process steps, such as during the formulation
of the LC mixture (approximately 1.8 grams from Table 4-31), the handling and disposal of
broken or defective panels, or during the recycling or disposal of an LCD at the end of its useful
life. Because of the physical nature of the LCs (e.g., they are not volatile), typical worker
exposures are likely to be through dermal or ingestion (e.g., accidentally ingesting LC present on
a workers hands) routes. Worker exposure to LCs via dermal exposure is expected to be minimal
for workers who wear gloves while handling LCs.
4.3.4.2 General population
Because of the enclosed nature of the LCD panel, it is unlikely that consumers could
become exposed to LC compounds contained within the display through normal usage. LCs may
be released into the environment should the panel become fractured, either through accident or
through final disposal. No other releases of LC compounds into the environment were identified
by the LCI data collected for the LCD, making it difficult to assess any possible exposures to
nearby populations.
4.3.4.3 Ecological populations
Potential exposure to ecological populations could typically only occur through the
migration of LCs through the environment after being released during manufacturing or disposal
(either at LCD end-of-life, during disposal of broken or damaged panels during manufacturing, or
during disposal of containers or equipment contaminated with LCs). The potential for transport
of the LC through the environment is dependent on the identity of the chemical compound. The
number of choices of LC compounds along with the unavailability of data on disposal quantities
make it difficult to accurately assess the potential exposures which might result.
4.3.5 Human Health Effects
There are at least ten meaningful groups of liquid crystal compounds representing several
hundred LC substances. Each of these substances is chemically unique, each having the potential
to affect human health. Because of the number of LC compounds potentially present in the LCD,
it is not possible to provide a comprehensive review of the human health effects of the universe
of liquid crystal substances. However, a review of a small sample of LC compounds, those
which appeared in the project LCI collected for the LCD, was conducted by EPA and the results
presented below.
Toxicological testing of LC substances and mixtures was conducted by three
manufacturers responsible for roughly 90% of LC production. Testing of their chemical products
included testing for acute toxicity effects, and effects on skin and eyes. Results of the testing
indicated that of 588 LC substances tested, only twenty-five LC compounds had an LD505 less
LD50 represents the dose of chemical which is lethal to 50% of the test population. By comparison, the
LD50 for sodium chloride (table salt) is 3,000 mg/kg of body weight.
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4.3 LIQUID CRYSTALS
than 2,000 mg/kg of body weight (classified as exhibiting harmful effects to humans by the
European Union), and only one had a LD50 of less than 200 (classified as toxic by the European
Union). The remaining 562 LC substances did not have any acute toxic potential. Of the twenty-
five harmful LCs, only twenty-two substances are produced and all are present at less than 10%
concentration by weight, meaning that the resulting LC mixtures are not expected to exhibit
harmful properties to humans (Becker, 2000). The remaining three harmful chemicals along with
the lone toxic chemical were discontinued and excluded from further development. Several
compounds, but still a minority, were found to be skin or eye irritants (Merck, 1999).
4.3.5.1 Chronic effects (noncancer)
EPA conducted a review of existing toxicological data for the LC substances listed in
Table 4-31. The review failed to identify a RFD, RFC, NOAEL, or LOAEL for any of the LC
substances shown. This typically indicates that insufficient testing of these chemical compounds
has been performed to accurately determine their potential for chronic human effects.
4.3.5.2 Carcinogenicity and mutagenicity
An EPA review of toxicological studies for the liquid crystals identified in the life-cycle
inventory for LCDs failed to identify an existing slope factor for any of the LC compounds. A
lack of carcinogenicity data usually does not indicate that a compound is not carcinogenic, but
only that sufficient testing to ascertain carcinogenicity has yet to be performed.
Toxicological testing of LC substances for mutagenic effects was conducted by three
manufacturers responsible for roughly 90% of LC production. In a bacterial mutagenicity test of
615 LC substances, one LC compound showed mutagenic potential, with the remaining
compounds displaying no mutagenic effects. The lone chemical that failed the test was excluded
from further development and was never marketed (Becker, 2000). Additionally, 10 LC
compounds representing each of the significant groups of LCs, underwent mutagenicity testing
using mammalian cells. None of the tests indicated mutagenic activity. Based on both sets of
data, the manufacturer concluded that there does not appear to be a suspicion of mutagenic
potential in the liquid crystals it produces (Merck, 1999).
4.3.6 Environmental Regulations for Liquid Crystals
No regulations exist specifically for liquid crystals compounds. However, regulations
may exist for individual liquid crystal compounds. Because of the number of possible LC
compounds available for use in a LCD, a comprehensive review of U.S. regulations could not be
provided.
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4.4 CONCLUSIONS
4.4 CONCLUSIONS
The purpose of this chapter was to provide a more detailed analysis of a few select
materials of interest to EPA and industry that was intended to better understand the potential
exposures and chemical risks to both human and ecological populations. The materials selected
for further analysis included lead, mercury, and liquid crystals, each selected for its known or
suspected toxicity to humans and the environment, or because they are of particular interest to
indsutry or the U.S. EPA. The analysis of each material summarized or evaluated the following
key areas:
• Use of the materials in computer displays;
• Life-cycle inputs and outputs of the materials from computer displays;
• Life-cycle impacts associated with the material inputs and outputs;
• Potential exposures to the material including occupational, public, and ecological
exposures;
• Potential human health effects;
• U.S. environmental regulations for the material; and
• Alternatives to reduce the use of the material in computer displays.
The following are the conclusions drawn from the analyses of lead, mercury, and liquid crystal
use in the life cycle of both CRTs and LCDs.
4.4.1 Lead
Lead is found in glass components of CRTs, as well as in electronics components (printed
wiring boards and their components) of both CRTs and LCDs. It is also a top priority toxic
material at the U.S. EPA and the subject of electronics industry efforts to reduce or eliminate its
use. The following conclusions were drawn from a focused look at lead's role in the life cycle of
the computer display, and its effects on human health and the environment:
• Due to the much greater quantity of lead in the CRT than the LCD, lead-based life-cycle
impacts from the CRT ranged from moderately to significantly greater than those from
the LCD in every category, with the exception of solid waste landfill use. The most
significant difference was in non-renewable resource consumption, where the CRT
consumed over 40 thousand times the mass of non-renewable resources over the course of
its life cycle than those consumed by the LCD. Other categories where CRTs had notably
greater differences in impacts occurred in hazardous waste landfill use, chronic public
health effects, and terrestrial toxicity.
• Contributions of lead-based impacts are small relative to the total life-cycle impacts from
other materials in the CRT (e.g., glass, copper wire), with the greatest impacts from lead-
based CRT outputs occurring in the categories of non-renewable resources, aquatic
toxicity, and chronic public health effects (ranging from 0.1 to 0.2% of the overall impact
scores in each category).
• For workers, inhalation is the most likely route of exposure to lead which may result in
health concerns. General population exposure to lead is most likely to come from
incidental ingestion of lead in the soil, or ingestion of lead brought into the household on
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4.4 CONCLUSIONS
workers clothing or on shoes. Studies have discovered potentially high concentrations of
lead in households within close proximity to certain facilities that use lead.
• Significant worker exposures to lead have been documented by existing studies of several
processes which contribute to the life-cycle of the computer displays (e.g., lead smelting).
These exposures have been as high as 90 times the OSHA recommended safety levels for
exposure to workers at lead smelters. The resulting occupational chronic health effects to
workers from lead exposure likely have been underestimated by the CDP LCIA
methodology, which uses material inputs, and not outputs, as surrogates for exposure.
• Lead and lead compounds pose serious chronic health hazards to humans who may
become over-exposed either in the workplace, or through the ambient environment. Lead
exposure is associated with a range of adverse human health effects, including effects on
the nervous system, reproductive and developmental problems, and cancer. Lead persists
in the environment, but is relatively immobile in water under most surface and
groundwater conditions.
• Alternatives are being developed, such as lead-free solders and glass components, that
will potentially minimize the future lead content in both CRTs and LCDs.
4.4.2 Mercury
Mercury is contained within the fluorescent tubes that provide the source of light in the
LCD. Mercury is also emitted from some fuel combustion processes, such as coal-fired
electricity generation processes, which contribute to the life-cycle impacts of both CRTs and
LCDs. EPA's concern with mercury and the potential for exposure during manufacturing and
end-of-life processes warranted a more detailed analysis of mercury in the CDP. The following
conclusions were drawn from a focused look at mercury's role in the life cycle of the computer
display, and its effects on human health and the environment:
• The mercury emitted from the generation of power consumed by the CRT (7.75 mg)
exceeds the entire amount of mercury emissions from the LCD, including both the
mercury used in LCD backlights (3.99 mg) and the mercury emissions from electricity
generation (3.22 mg). Although this was not expected because mercury is used
intentionally in an LCD, but not in a CRT, the results are not surprising since mercury
emissions from coal-fired power plants are known to be one of the largest anthropogenic
sources of mercury in the United States. Because the CRT consumes significantly more
electricity in the use stage than the LCD, its use stage emissions of mercury are
proportionately higher than those of the LCD.
• Contributions from mercury-based impacts are not significant relative to the total life-
cycle impacts from other materials (e.g., glass, copper wire) in the CRT or LCD, with the
greatest impacts from mercury-based outputs occurring in the aquatic toxicity category
(0.4% for CRTs, 0.01% for LCDs)
• Possible pathways of worker exposure during backlight fabrication include inhalation of
mercury vapors, and dermal exposure or ingestion of mercury on skin. The most likely
pathway for general population exposure is inhalation of mercury released into the air.
• Exposure data relevant to the manufacturing of mercury backlights were not available,
therefore specific conclusions about the potential magnitude of worker exposures could
not be made. Occupational chronic health effects to workers from mercury exposures
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4.4 CONCLUSIONS
calculated during the impact assessment (3.99e-06 tox-kg for LCD, none for CRT) likely
have been underestimated by the CDP LCIA methodology, which uses material inputs as
surrogates for exposure.
Mercury and mercury compounds pose serious chronic health hazards to humans who are
exposed. EPA has determined that mercury chloride and methylmercury are possible
human carcinogens. Mercury poses serious chronic health hazards to humans, affecting
the nervous system, brain, and kidneys.
Alternative backlights have been developed that not only eliminate mercury from the
light, but also improve on many of the optical characteristics of the displays. Current
development is focused on improving the energy efficiency of the alternative lights.
4.4.3 Liquid Crystals
Liquid crystals are organic compounds responsible for generating the image in an LCD.
LCs are not present in CRTs. The toxicity of the LCs in LCDs has been alluded to in the
literature, yet there is very little known about the toxicity of these materials. By including LCs in
a more detailed analysis, this section attempted to better characterize any potential hazard and/or
potential exposure of LCs from the manufacturing, use, and disposal of LCD monitors. The
following conclusions were drawn from a focused look at LCs role in the life cycle of the
computer display, and its effects on human health and the environment.
• LCs are combined into mixtures of as many as 20 or more compounds selected from
hundreds of potential liquid crystal compounds. Because of the possible variations in
mixtures and the sheer number of compounds available, a select number of liquid crystals
were used to assess potential human health hazards.
• LCs do not appear to contribute significantly to any of the impact categories defined for
this study. The total score for LCD occupational impacts based on potential worker
exposure to LCs of 4.18 tox-grams, calculated using default toxicity values, represents
less than 0.01% of the total overall chronic occupational health effects impact score of
898 tox-kg for the functional unit of one LCD.
• Impacts were not calculated for LC releases in the CDP LCIA because data regarding LC
outputs were not available to the project. LCs are not used to fabricate CRTs and so
have no environmental impacts in the CRT life cycle.
• Occupational exposures to LCs during the fabrication of the LCD panels are not expected
to be significant. The enclosed nature of the chamber in which the LCDs are assembled,
combined with the equipment (e.g., gloves, aprons) worn by workers in a clean room
environment, are both expected to act to minimize exposures. Other occupational
exposures may exist that have not been identified.
• Toxicological testing by a manufacturer of LC substances and mixtures showed that
95.6% (562 of 588) of the liquid crystals tested displayed no acute toxic potential to
humans. Twenty-five of the remaining twenty-six chemicals had the potential to exhibit
harmful effects to humans, while the remaining crystal was classified as toxic (EU
classification) and thus was discontinued. An EPA review of toxicity data for the
confidential LC compounds was unable to identify any relevant toxicity information.
Insufficient toxicity data exist to assess the toxicity of specific LC compounds.
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4.4 CONCLUSIONS
Testing for mutagenic and carcinogenic effects by the supplier showed that 99.9% (614
out of 615) of the liquid crystal compounds tested displayed no mutagenic effects. The
remaining chemical that showed mutagenic potential was excluded from further
development. Additionally, mutagenicity testing often LC substances using mammalian
cells showed no suspicion of mutagenic potential.
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Lee, C., Chang, S., Wang, K., and Wen, L. 2000. "Management of Scrap Computer Recycling in
Taiwan." Journal of Hazardous Materials. A73: 209-220.
Menad, N. 1999. "Cathode Ray Tube Recycling." Resources, Conservation, and Recycling.
26: 143-154.
MERCK. 1999. "Toxicological Investigations of Liquid Crystals." Presented at 28th Freiburger
Arbeitstagung. March 24-26.
Monchamp, A., Evans, H., Nardone, J., Wood, S., Proch, E., Wagner, T. 2001. "Cathode Ray
Tube Manufacturing and Recycling: Analysis of Industry Survey." Electronic Industries
Alliance. Spring.
Musson, S., Jang, Y., Townsend, T., and Chung, I.. 2000. "Characterization of Lead Leachability
from Cathode Ray Tubes Using the Toxicity Characteristic Leachate Procedure."
Environmental Science and Technology. 34: 4376-4381.
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health). 1997. NIOSH Pocket Guide to
Chemical Hazards. Publication No. 97-140. U.S. Government Printing Office.
Washington D.C.
OSRAM. 1998. "The World's First Mercury-Free Flat Lamp." Web site available at:
http://www.osram.com/txt/aktuell/planone.htm. July 13.
Sittig, M. 1985. Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens. 2nd ed.
Noyes Data Corporation, Park Ridge, NJ.
Srivastava, A.M. and Sommerer, T.J. 1998. "Fluorescent Lamp Phosphers." Electrochemical
Society Interface. Summer.
Techneglas, Incorporated. "Frit Facts: A Brief Technological Summary of Televison Solder
Glass for CRT Technicians, Engineers, and Managers", downloadable fact sheet.
http://www.techneglas.com.
4-46
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5.1 LCI vs. LCIA
Chapter 5
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
The purpose of the CDP, as stated in Chapter 1, is to provide a scientific baseline of life-
cycle environmental impacts of CRTs and LCDs, help manufacturers identify areas to focus
improvement assessment activities, and to develop a life-cycle model for future analyses. The
primary targeted audience is the electronics industry, for whom results may provide insight into
improvement opportunities in the life cycle of CRTs and/or LCDs. In addition, the general
public may also find results useful when considering environmental impacts of each display type.
This chapter briefly summarizes the results and draws conclusions based on those results. This
report, however, does not include direct comparative assertions or improvement assessments
based on the results. Alternatively, results and conclusions are described in terms of the overall
LCI versus the LCIA, and details of the impact assessment, including the additional assessments
of lead, mercury and liquid crystals, and the sensitivity analyses. Major uncertainties, cost and
performance considerations, suggestions for improvement opportunities, and suggestions for
further research are also provided.
5.1 LCI vs. LCIA
In this LCA, a life-cycle inventory (LCI) was compiled from many data sources,
including both primary and secondary data sources. The primary data were obtained from
component and monitor manufacturers of CRTs and LCDs. In an LCA, inventory data provide
information on how much material is being consumed in the life cycle (i.e., inputs) and how
much material is generated/released (i.e., outputs). The LCI results of this report are detailed in
Chapter 2. The LCI provides inventory data grouped by inventory type (e.g., primary material,
energy, air emission, solid waste).
The LCI alone, however, does not always translate directly into impact categories that
may be of interest. That is, a given amount of one material may have different impacts (for a
certain impact category) than the same amount of another material. Furthermore, some materials
may affect more than one impact category. For example, an air emission could affect air
acidification as well as being toxic to humans breathing it. Therefore, a life-cycle impact
assessment (LCIA) is conducted to reveal potential impacts in several impact categories. In this
CDP LCIA, described in detail in Chapter 3, impacts are sometimes driven by materials other
than the top inventory contributors. For example, the top air emission for LCDs is carbon
dioxide (Table 2-49), however the greatest global warming impact score is from SF6 in the LCD
monitor/module manufacturing process (Table 3-25).
To illustrate that the inventory results may not directly translate into impact results, the
first two columns in Table 5-1 show which monitor has greater inventory amounts for each
inventory type in the LCI, and the last two columns show which monitor has greater impact
scores for each impact category in the LCIA. The impact categories that are affected by each
inventory type are in the same rows as the associated inventory type. As seen in Table 5-1, some
impact categories associated with ancillary material and water pollutant inventory types had
opposing outcomes in the LCI versus the LCIA. For example, the three impact categories
affected by the ancillary material inventory had greater impacts for the CRT, although the
5-1
-------
5.1 LCI vs. LCIA
ancillary material inventory had greater amounts of inputs for the LCD. In this case, both
primary and ancillary materials contribute to the impact categories, causing differing results.
Considering the wastewater outputs, which are greater for the LCD than the CRT, the
impacts related to water releases are in some cases greater for the CRT than the LCD. Note that
although the wastewater volume is greater for the LCD, the total mass of water pollutants in the
LCI is greater for the CRT (see Table 2-24). In the LCIA, the LCD has greater impacts for water
eutrophication and aquatic toxicity, but not for the two water quality categories (BOD and TSS),
chronic health effects to the public, nor terrestrial toxicity, all of which include water emissions
in calculating the impact score.
Table 5-1. Baseline LCI vs. LCIA: monitor with greater inventory amount and impact
Baseline life-cycle inventory (LCI)
Inventory type
Primary materials
Ancillary materials
Water inputs
Fuel inputs
Electricity inputs
Total energy inputs
Air pollutant outputs
Monitor with
greater
inventory
results
CRT
LCD
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
Baseline life-cycle impact assessment (LCIA)
Potential impact category(ies)
associated with inventory type
Renewable resource use
Nonrenewable resource use
Chronic health effects, occupational
Renewable resource use
Nonrenewable resource use
Chronic health effects, occupational
Renewable resource use
Energy use
Chronic health effects, occupational
Energy use
Energy use
Global warming
Ozone depletion
Photochemical smog
Acidification
Air particulates
Chronic health effects, public
Aesthetics (odor)
Terrestrial toxicity
Monitor with
greater
impact results
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
a
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
5-2
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5.1 LCI vs. LCIA
Table 5-1. Baseline LCI vs. LCIA: monitor with greater inventory amount and impact
Baseline life-cycle inventory (LCI)
Inventory type
Wastewater outputs
Water pollutant outputs
Hazardous waste outputs
Solid waste outputs
Radioactive waste outputs
Radioactivity outputs
Monitor with
greater
inventory
results
LCD
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
Baseline life-cycle impact assessment (LCIA)
Potential impact category(ies)
associated with inventory type
none
Water eutrophication
Water quality, BOD
Water quality, TSS
Chronic health effects, public
Aquatic toxicity
Terrestrial toxicity
Hazardous waste landfill use
Solid waste landfill use
Radioactive waste landfill use
Radioactivity
Monitor with
greater
impact results
NA
LCD
CRT
CRT
CRT
LCD
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
CRT
a The LCIs for both the CRT and LCD contain data for substances that were phased out of production by 1996 due
to their ozone depletion potential. Whether these emissions still occur in countries that were signatories to the
Montreal Protocol and its Amendments and Adjustments (such as the United States and Japan) is not known, but
considered to be unlikely. When phased-out substances are included in the inventory, the CRT has greater ozone
depletion impacts than the LCD. However, if phased-out substances are removed from the inventories, the results
are switched, with the LCD having greater impacts.
5-3
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5.2 LCIA RESULTS
5.2 LCIA RESULTS
5.2.1 CRT and LCD Baseline Results
The LCIA results, presented in detail in Chapter 3, showed that the CRT has greater total
life-cycle impact indicators in most of the impact categories (see Table 3-10). In the baseline
scenario, the CRT has greater impacts than the LCD in all but two impact categories
(eutrophication and aquatic toxicity). However, note that for the ozone depletion category, the
LCIs for both the CRT and LCD contain data for substances that were phased out of production
by 1996 due to their ozone depletion potential. Whether these emissions still occur in countries
that were signatories to the Montreal Protocol and its Amendments and Adjustments (such as the
United States and Japan) is not known, but considered to be unlikely. When phased-out
substances are included in the inventory, the CRT has greater ozone depletion impacts than the
LCD. However, if phased-out substances are removed from the inventories, the results are
switched, with the LCD having greater impacts.
When considering which life-cycle stage has greater impacts, the LCIA results showed
that the manufacturing life-cycle stage dominates impacts for most impact categories for both the
CRT and LCD (refer to Section 3.3). Table 5-2 summarizes which life-cycle stages have the
greatest impacts for each impact category for the CRT and LCD. As shown in Table 5-2, the
CRT has nine and the LCD has 11 impact categories with greatest impacts from the
manufacturing life-cycle stage. Only six categories (solid waste landfill use, global warming,
ozone depletion, acidification, air particulates, and chronic public health) have greatest impacts
from the CRT use stage, and four categories (solid waste landfill use, acidification, air
particulates, and chronic public health) have greatest impacts from the LCD use stage. The CRT
has three categories with greatest impacts from the upstream life-cycle stage and the LCD has
three. The end-of-life (EOL) life-cycle stage is greatest for the same two impact categories for
both the CRT and LCD (hazardous waste landfill use and radioactive waste landfill use). Note
that the EOL stage impacts are generally very small contributors to the overall impacts. This is
likely because of the small inventories associated with the EOL processes, but also may be a
function of the incomplete and/or secondary data for the EOL (i.e., no remanufacturing data, and
secondary data not completely specific to the monitors evaluated in this study).
A more detailed evaluation of lead, mercury, and liquid crystals was completed in
Chapter 4. As expected, the CRT, which has lead in the glass, frit, and printed wiring boards
(PWBs), has greater impacts from lead than did the LCD, which only has lead in the PWBs.
Regarding mercury, there were greater inventories of mercury in the CRT life cycle than in the
LCD life cycle, despite the fact that only the LCD has mercury directly in the product. The
greater amount of mercury is from the release of mercury and mercury compounds from the
generation of electricity. And as the CRT life cycle uses more electricity than the LCD, there
was a greater quantity of mercury releases reported for the CRT than the LCD. Liquid crystals
are only found in LCDs, and therefore, there are no associated impacts for the CRT. Little
conclusive information was available on the liquid crystal materials. A detailed literature search
was conducted, however very little data were available on the toxicity of these materials. Based
on the limited toxicity data obtained, liquid crystals currently do not appear to be a significant
human health or environmental hazard in the LCD life cycle. However, there were insufficient
toxicity data available to make a definitive conclusion about liquid crystal toxicity.
5-4
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5.2 LCIA RESULTS
Table 5-2. Monitor
and
type with greatest impacts for each life-cycle stage
impact category (baseline scenario)
Impact category
Renewable resource use
Nonrenewable resource use
Energy use
Solid waste landfill use
Hazardous waste landfill use
Radioactive waste landfill use
Global warming
Ozone depletion
Photochemical smog
Acidification
Air particulates
Water eutrophication
Water quality, BOD
Water quality, TSS
Radioactivity
Chronic health effects, occupational
Chronic health effects, public
Aesthetics (odor)
Aquatic toxicity
Terrestrial toxicity
TOTALS
Monitor type with greatest impacts
Upstream
LCD
LCD
CRT
CRT, LCD
CRT
CRT=3
LCD=3
Manufacturing
CRT
CRT, LCD
CRT, LCD
LCD
LCD
CRT
LCD
CRT, LCD
CRT, LCD
CRT, LCD
CRT, LCD
LCD
CRT, LCD
CRT=9
LCD=11
Use
CRT, LCD
CRT
CRT
CRT, LCD
CRT, LCD
CRT, LCD
CRT=6
LCD=4
EOL
CRT, LCD
CRT, LCD
CRT=2
LCD=2
5.2.2 CRT Results
For the CRT, many of the impacts were driven by a single material in the inventory. As
stated in Section 3.3.15 and shown in Table 3-57, in 14 of the 20 impact categories, the top
individual contributor to the impacts was responsible for greater than 50% of the impacts. This
shows that the CRT data are highly sensitive to a few data points. Major conclusions from the
CRT LCIA are as follows:
• Energy used in glass manufacturing and associated production of LPG are driving the
baseline CRT results (they dominate ten impact categories, including overall life-cycle
energy use).
5-5
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5.2 LCIA RESULTS
• The large amounts of fuel used as energy sources are driving occupational health effects.
Occupational impacts are calculated from inventory input amounts, and therefore there
may or may not actually be exposure to these fuels (e.g., they may be contained);
however, the results illustrate the potential for health effects, especially under spill or
upset conditions.
• The generation of electricity for the use stage dominates seven impact categories.
• Air emissions of sulfur dioxide from electricity generation (for the use life-cycle stage)
drive chronic public health effects, acidification, and terrestrial toxicity impacts. This
may be a concern, for example, in areas in nonattainment of regulated levels of sulfur
dioxide in the United States.
The use of LPG fuel in glass manufacturing dominated ten impact categories: two
directly from the LPG used in glass/frit manufacturing (energy use impacts and chronic
occupational health effects) and eight from LPG production (renewable resource use,
nonrenewable resource use, photochemical smog, air particulates, water eutrophication, BOD
water quality, TSS water quality, and aesthetics). In addition, impacts from the generation of
electricity during the use stage dominated seven impact categories: solid waste landfill use,
radioactive waste landfill use, global warming, ozone depletion, acidification, chronic public
health, and terrestrial toxicity. The CRT tube manufacturing process, which represents the most
functionally and physically (by mass) significant component of the CRT monitor, only dominated
one impact category (aquatic toxicity). Twenty-six percent of the aquatic toxicity score was from
phosphorus outputs from tube manufacturing, while most of the rest were from the materials
processing life-cycle stage. The remaining two impact categories (hazardous waste landfill use
and radioactivity) had greatest impacts from the landfilling of the assumed hazardous proportion
of CRT monitors, and the release of Plutonium-241 in steel production, respectively
(Table 3-57). The radioactivity impacts are driven by the radionuclide Pu-241, due to the electric
grid inventory included in the steel production secondary data set, which includes nuclear fuel
reprocessing.
The large amount of LPG reported for glass manufacturing was originally questioned
during the data collection and verification stage of this project. While no compelling reason
could justify removing the LPG data in the baseline case, a sensitivity analysis was conducted in
which the glass energy data were modified. Other sensitivity analyses were also conducted (i.e.,
manufactured life, modified LCD monitor manufacturing energy, and modified LCD EOL
distributions). However, the only scenario that substantially altered the comparative results was
the modified glass energy scenario (see Table 3-62 and Section 3.4.5).
The overall energy in the baseline scenario was nearly seven times greater than that in the
modified scenario (from 20,800 MJ to 3,020 MJ), and the amount of LPG dropped to zero, while
other energy sources increased. The basis for the modified data was removing the energy inputs
from one suspect data set. As a result, the CRT modified glass energy scenario had greater
energy use impacts in the use stage than in the manufacturing stage for the CRT. The amount of
LPG used in glass manufacturing in the baseline scenario is 351 kg/monitor of LPG, which alone
5-6
-------
5.2 LCIA RESULTS
costs about $71.1 This is a significant amount of the cost of a complete CRT monitor (the range
of a few currently selling 17" CRTs is $158-316, and the average cost from primary data
collected in the CDP was $541, which are presented in Section 5.4). Therefore, it is likely that
the actual energy inputs to the glass manufacturing process is somewhere between the baseline
and modified glass scenarios. In conclusion, more information is needed on energy used in glass
manufacturing, which is driving CRT baseline results.
The additional analyses for the CRT of lead and mercury also revealed that the use of lead
could present health risks, but the method of using only inputs to evaluate occupational impacts
(see Section 3.1.2.13) may not adequately represent occupational exposures and risks. Further
refinement of the occupational impact analysis may be warranted.
Although there is no mercury in the CRT monitor, mercury emissions from electricity
generation in the CRT life cycle were greater (in mass) than the mercury used in the LCD.
Therefore, to reduce mercury emissions from the CRT life cycle, efforts to reduce electricity
consumption could be taken. Additionally, changes to the electric grid could also reduce
mercury emissions from the CRT life-cycle.
5.2.3 LCD Results
The LCD impact results were less sensitive to an individual input or output than the CRT
results, although in 11 of the 20 impact categories an individual input was still responsible for
greater than 50% of the total impacts (Table 3-58). In general, the LCD results are less uncertain
than the CRT results. This is because most of the CRT results are being driven by either glass
input data or data from secondary sources, while LCD impacts are being driven more by data
from primary sources. Some results to note are as follows:
• The LCD monitor/module manufacturing process group had greatest impacts in six
impact categories (Table 3-58).
• Although the top contributor to the energy impact category was electricity consumed in
the use stage (30%), the overall energy impacts were greater from the manufacturing
stage than the use stage.
• In the glass energy sensitivity scenario, the use stage had greatest energy impacts,
although only by a small margin over the manufacturing stage (see Figure 3-26).
• Sulfur dioxide [emitted from electricity generation for the use stage, and constituting only
0.37% of the air emission inventory (see Table 2-49)] dominates the acidification, chronic
public health, and terrestrial toxicity impact categories (Table 3-58). The high public
health and terrestrial toxicity scores are due to its low non-cancer toxicity value and
resulting high hazard value (HV).
• Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) from LCD monitor/module manufacturing was the single
greatest contributor to the global warming impact score; however, carbon dioxide from
the use stage and the materials processing stage also contributed significantly to the
global warming impacts (Table 3-25).
1 Based on a "daily market price" on August 29, 2001, of $0.4160/gallon of LPG
(http://www.americanpowernet.com/pub_energy/futures.html). For 351 kg/functional unit in the CRT manufacturing
life-cycle stage, the cost is about $71 per functional unit (i.e., one monitor), assuming a density of LPG of 2.053
kg/gallon. For the LCD, the 16.8 kg/functional unit of LPG would cost about $3.40 per monitor.
-------
5.2 LCIA RESULTS
• The glass energy inputs did not directly dominate any impact categories, as they did for
the CRT (due to the smaller mass of glass in the LCD); however, LPG production
(required for the glass energy fuel) dominated two categories: TSS water quality and
aesthetics (Table 3-58).
• LNG as an ancillary inventory material was questionably very large and had greatest
impacts in two categories: nonrenewable resource use and photochemical smog
(Table 3-58; shown there as "Natural Gas Production" due to that process being used as a
surrogate for LNG production).
The additional analyses of lead, mercury, and liquid crystals showed that the LCIA alone
is not adequate enough to determine all the potential impacts within the life-cycle of the LCD
monitors. Similar to the conclusion for the CRT, lead-based occupational impacts would require
further refinement of the LCIA methodology. The LCIA method in this LCA used inputs as
surrogates for occupational exposure. There are outputs, within the occupational setting, that
should also be considered.
For mercury, which is found in the backlights of the LCD monitors, there is nearly the
same amount of mercury by mass emitted to the air during electricity generation as there is
mercury used to make the backlight unit. The mass of mercury input for backlights is only about
20% greater than the mercury air emissions from electricity generation (across all life-cycle
stages).
Liquid crystals were also identified by the CDP Core Group as a material for which
additional information would be reviewed. The LCIA did not find the liquid crystals to be
significant contributors to any impact categories; however, this could partially be due to the lack
of information on them. The additional analysis also revealed limited information, but
qualitatively, did not show significant potential risk.
5.2.4 CRT vs. LCD Sensitivity Analysis Results
The only sensitivity analysis to show significant difference in the results was the modified
glass energy scenario. In comparing the CRT and LCD, the CRT baseline scenario had greater
impacts than the LCD in all but two impact categories (eutrophication and aquatic toxicity) and
possibly three (ozone depletion). In the modified glass energy scenario, nine of the 20 categories
had greater impacts from the LCD life-cycle than the CRT. Energy use remained greater for the
CRT; however, nonrenewable resource use, global warming, photochemical smog,
eutrophication, BOD and TSS water quality, chronic occupational health effects, and aesthetics
all reversed such that the LCD had greater impacts than the CRT (Table 3-62). As stated above,
it is believed that a more true representation of the monitor life cycles lies somewhere between
the baseline and modified glass energy scenario. Further work is recommended in clarifying and
refining glass energy input information.
5-8
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5.3 UNCERTAINTIES
5.3 UNCERTAINTIES
As with any LCA, it is not uncommon for there to be uncertainty associated with such a
large data collection effort. Two of the largest sources of uncertainty in this LCA that have a
significant effect on the results are as follows:
• CRT and LCD glass manufacturing energy inputs (from primary data): The larger
amount of glass used in CRTs than LCDs results in the CRT having greater associated
uncertainty than the LCD results.
• Secondary data for upstream and fuel production processes: When any one material is
used in the life-cycle of either monitor in large quantities, the impacts associated with the
inputs and outputs from the production of that material may become significant. For
example, LPG and LNG production were both used in significant enough amounts to
influence some impact categories. Therefore, the uncertainty in the secondary data
becomes important. This highlights the need for a consistent, national (or international)
LCI database that is updated regularly.
Other uncertainties associated with individual data points collected from primary data
sources may be found in the data for this analysis. However, they had less effect on the overall
results than the uncertainties mentioned above. For manufacturers interested in conducting
improvement assessments, closer review of such uncertainties may be warranted.
Other uncertainties in the LCA pertain to uncertainties inherent in LCIA methodology.
The purpose of an LCIA is to evaluate the relative potential impacts of a product system for
various impact categories. There is no intent to measure the actual impacts or provide spatial or
temporal relationships linking the inventory to specific impacts. Uncertainties are inherent in
each impact category, and the reader is referred to the baseline LCIA results in Section 3.3 for a
detailed discussion of uncertainties by impact category.
Another point that should be recognized in the overall comparison of CRTs and LCDs is
that CRTs are a more mature technology than LCDs. Changes in LCD manufacturing processes
have likely occurred during the development and publication of this report. Therefore,
comparisons must be carefully drawn when evaluating the mature CRT to the newer LCD
technology.
5-9
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5.4 COST AND PERFORMANCE CONSIDERATIONS
5.4 COST AND PERFORMANCE CONSIDERATIONS
The focus of this study has been on the environmental effects associated with CRTs and
LCDs. The environmental attributes or burdens of a product are not expected to be considered
alone when evaluating the marketability and commercial success of a product. The cost and
performance of each monitor type are obviously critical components to a company's or
consumer's decisions of whether to produce or purchase a product. This section briefly
addresses a few direct costs associated with the monitors. A complete cost analysis, including all
direct costs (e.g., material costs) and indirect costs (e.g., environmental costs to society) are
beyond the scope of this report. Direct retail costs of the monitors and electricity costs are
presented herein.
The average retail price of 1997-2000 model year monitors, collected from the
manufacturers who supplied data for this project, as well as the performance information, are
presented in Table 5-3. Costs collected from current monitors on the market are presented in
Table 5-4. From Table 5-3, which represents primary data collected on the actual monitors
included in this study, the LCD is approximately 2.7 times more costly. More recent data show
that prices have come down, and the difference in prices between the CRT and LCD has also
been reduced.
Table 5-3. Primary cost and performance data collected from manufacturers for the CDP
Monitor
CRT monitor
(functional unit
aggregate)
LCD monitor
(functional unit
aggregate)
Display
Size
(inches)
17
15
Resolution
(pixels)
1024x768
1024x768
Brightness
range
(cd/m2)
86-154
200-300
Contrast ratio
range
200:1-300:1
Number of
Colors
"Full color"
"Full color"
Average cost
from primary
data
(US$)
$541
$1,450
— Not reported or not applicable.
A complete cost analysis would require assessing the costs from each life-cycle stage.
The costs presented above are retail costs that presumably represent the manufacturing costs, but
probably not external environmental costs, for example. The costs from the use stage can be
represented by the electricity costs during the use stage. The average cost of residential and
commercial electricity in the United States is approximately $0.021/MJ,2 and the CRT and LCD
monitors use about 2,290 and 853 MJ/functional unit, respectively, in the use stage baseline
scenario, which assumes a total of 13,547 hours per life over a period of 6.5 years (see Section
2.4.1.2). Therefore, the electricity costs to consumers during the use stages are $48 for the CRT
and $18 for the LCD. The amount of electricity consumed and the associated cost of that
electricity for each life-cycle stage in the baseline scenario are presented in Table 5-5.
This number was calculated from a value found at the following Web address:
www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/ esr/tl 1 .txt.
5-10
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5.4 COST AND PERFORMANCE CONSIDERATIONS
Table 5-4. Cost and performance data for some currently selling CRTs and LCDs"
Monitor
Display
Size
(inches)
Resolution
(pixels)
Brightness
(cd/m2)
Contrast ratio
Number of
Colors
2001 Cost
($US)
CRTs
Monitor 1
Monitor 2
Monitor 3
17/16
17/16.1
17/16
1280x1040
1280x1040
1600x1200
—
— -
—
—
"High contrast, anti-static,
anti-glare coating."
—
—
— -
—
$158
$171
$316
LCDs
Monitor 1
Monitor 2 *
Monitor 3
Monitor 4 *
Monitor 5
15.1
15.1
15.1
15.1
15
1024x768
1024x768
1024x768
1024x768
1024x768
—
200
200 c
200
210C
200:1
250:1
200:1 c
250:1
350:1
16.7 million
16.7 million
1 6+ million
16.7 million
—
$349
$400
$439
$499
$554
" All information from Vol. EC23 of the eCOST.com catalog, except where noted otherwise.
* Data from the manufacturer's Web site except for prices, which where obtained from http://www.cdw.com on
8/29/01.
c Data are from the manufacturer's Web site.
— Not reported or not applicable.
Table 5-5. Life-cycle electricity costs (baseline scenario)
Life-cycle stage
Upstream
Manufacturing
Use
EOL
Total
CRT
Electricity use
(MJ/functional
unit)
(see Table J-3)
73.2
129
2,290
0.229
2,492
unit cost
($/MJ)
0.012"
0.012"
0.021 *
0.012"
—
Cost
($US)
$1.3
$1.5
$48
$0.003
$51
LCD
Electricity use
(MJ/functional
unit)
(see Table J-12)
8.55
278
853
0
1,140
unit cost
($/MJ)
0.012"
0.012"
0.021 *
0.012"
Cost
(SUS)
$0.10
$3.4
$18
0
$22
" 1999 U.S. average cost of electricity for the industrial sector is $0.0443/kWh. Assuming 3.6 MJ/kWh,
($0.0443/kWh)/(3.6 MJ/kWh) = $0.012/MJ. Source: www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/esr/tll.txt. Note that the
use of the U.S. average cost is simply to compare costs among life-cycle stages, although the actual costs would be
mostly from Asia.
b 1999 U.S. average cost of electricity for the residential and commercial sectors is $0.0771/kWh. Assuming 3.6
MJ/kWh, ($0.0771/kWh)/(3.6 MJ/kWh) = $0.021/MJ. Source: www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/esr/tll.txt.
5-11
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5.4 COST AND PERFORMANCE CONSIDERATIONS
The LCA is defined such that the monitor assessments are performed on a functionally
equivalent basis. To the extent possible, data were collected on functionally equivalent monitors.
The data presented in Table 5-3 are the range of specifications provided by the monitor
assemblers, but not necessarily from the manufacturers of all of the component parts. Therefore,
we are unsure if the specifications provided by the monitor assemblers also represent those of the
component parts, since the component parts manufacturers did not consistently supply
performance data as requested in the data collection questionnaire used in this study. However,
when companies were approached to participate in the study, they were informed of the
performance specification parameters within which the study boundaries were defined.
Therefore, it is assumed that they meet the specifications as presented in Chapter 1 (Table 1-2)
and in Table 5-3 and they perform relatively equivalently. In the primary data, the reported
brightness of the CRT was less than the LCD, otherwise, they are functionally similar.
5-12
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5.5 IMPROVEMENT ASSESSMENT OPPORTUNITIES & TARGETED AUDIENCE USES OF REPORT
5.5 IMPROVEMENT ASSESSMENT OPPORTUNITIES AND TARGETED
AUDIENCE USES OF REPORT
To meet the primary objective of providing the display industry with data to perform
improvement assessments, the industry should look at the manufacturing life-cycle stage, while
recognizing the influences of the other stages. CRT improvement opportunities could include
improved energy efficiency during glass manufacturing and display use, as well as reductions in
lead content. LCD improvement opportunities could also include improved energy efficiency,
especially during manufacturing. Certain materials, such as SF6 and its contribution to global
warming, may also be of concern and an area to focus on in future improvement assessments.
In addition, any improvement assessment should consider how changes in one life-cycle
stage will affect impacts in other stages. For example, in Chapter 4 we saw that the mercury
inputs and outputs from the intentional use of mercury in an LCD backlight are less than (by
mass) the mercury emissions from the CRT use stage, due to the relatively high energy usage by
the CRT and the emissions of mercury from electricity generation. In this example, we can see
that on a pure mass basis, a product's energy efficiency is a key consideration and any changes in
manufacturing should consider if it will affect changes in use. However, this project did not
conduct a quantitative risk assessment to determine where the greatest potential for mercury
exposure (and therefore risk) might occur. Consequently, we cannot definitively say whether it is
better to have a potentially less energy-efficient backlight that does not contain mercury or a
more energy-efficient backlight that does. Nonetheless, this analysis highlights the life-cycle
trade-offs that must be considered in an improvement assessment.
Another objective of this study was to provide an LCA model for future analyses.
Companies or individuals who have more current data for the CRT or LCD can apply them to the
model presented here. For example, changes in an individual process can be identified and
incorporated into the model. The other processes that are not expected to change significantly
can be left unchanged, and only limited data would need to be altered. This would reduce the
time and resources that would normally be required for a complete analysis.
Finally, those interested in comparing the results of the two monitors can apply their own
set of importance weights to each impact category to determine their individual decision. For
example, if energy impacts are much more important than aesthetics to a particular person, they
can weigh energy more heavily in concluding which monitor may have fewer environmental
impacts, while keeping in mind the data limitations and uncertainties, as well as cost and
performance considerations.
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5.6 SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH
5.6 SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH
Areas where future research could be conducted to refine and/or continue the use of the
results in this study are as follows:
• gather more information on energy use in glass manufacturing;
• develop consistent materials and fuel processing data in a national (or international) LCI
database that is updated regularly;
• refine and/or update some of the LCD manufacturing data (e.g., LNG data);
• collect more complete EOL data (e.g., remanufacturing data, and primary data for
incineration and landfilling) to determine better representation of the EOL impacts;
• conduct more research on EOL options for LCDs;
• collect more detailed data on landfilling and other treatment processes, such as water
treatment where no impacts were calculated;
• update manufacturing data to meet more recent monitor model years;
• conduct a more focused analysis on selected areas for detailed improvement assessments;
and
• evaluate process changes or other alternatives against an "average 1997-2000 model year"
to evaluate impacts of changes or improvements over time.
5-14
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APPENDIX A
APPENDIX A
FLAT PANEL DISPLAY TECHNOLOGIES
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APPENDIX A
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APPENDIX A
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APPENDIX A
FLAT PANEL DISPLAY TECHNOLOGIES
1. Background
Flat panel displays (FPDs) are increasingly gaining a presence in the computer display
market. They provide, for example, a more compact display as used in laptop computers and are
viable substitutes for cathode ray tube (CRT) displays. Other advantages over the CRT are
higher contrast, sunlight readable, more reliable, and more durable (i.e., require much less
maintenance) Koch and Keoleian, 1995). In general, the major disadvantages have been that the
resolution and quality of the image did not match that of CRTs. Several different types of FPD
technologies have been demonstrated and are in use to varying degrees. The major categories are
liquid crystal displays (LCD), plasma display panels (PDP), electroluminescent (EL), field
emission displays (FED), vacuum fluorescent displays (VFD), digital micromirror devices
(DMD), and light emitting diodes (LED). Table A-l briefly describes each FPD technology.
Although each technology has its own performance characteristics and is manufactured using
different materials and processes, most are generally comprised of two glass plates surrounding a
material that filters external light or emits its own light. These technologies use manufacturing
techniques more similar to the production of semiconductor chips than televisions. Most FPDs
control the color and brightness of each pixel (picture element) individually, rather than from one
source, such as the electron gun in the CRT. The different types of electronic information
display devices and how they are categorized are depicted in Fig. A-l.
1.1 Elimination of FPD Technologies from this Study
While there are several types of FPDs, two LCD technologies will be included in this
LCA, based on their applicability to be used as substitutes in the computer display market. LCDs
comprise approximately 87% of the FPD market (OTA, 1995). Currently, the largest market for
FPDs is in notebook computers and CRTs monopolize the desktop computer market. However,
FPDs are already moving into the desktop computer market. The LCD technology that best
meets the purpose and needs of this study is the amorphous-silicon thin film-transitor (a: Si TFT)
active matrix LCD (AMLCD). There are two variations of the a: Si TFT AMLCD that are
expected to dominate the desktop monitor market for LCDs: the traditional twisted nematic (TN)
mode and the in-plane switching (IPS) mode. Table A-l describes these technologies. Various
subtechnologies of LCDs are presented in Fig. A-2. The IPS mode is a non-nematic amorphous
silicon AMLCD. Note that all the subtechnologies listed in Fig A-2 are not described here; the
purpose is simply to show the complexity of different types of LCDs.
The PDP technology could be incorporated into the desktop computer market, especially
if computers and televisions begin to merge. However, plasma technology is generally designed
for large screens, and does not meet the specifications (e.g., diagonal size) of the functional unit
defined for this project. Therefore, PDP technology will not be included in the scope of this
project. FED and EL technologies are targeted toward military, medical, and high-end
commercial products because they possess particular characteristics (such as size, durability, and
high image quality) for those niche markets. Because these other FPD technologies are a small
fraction of the market, not targeted toward the desktop computer market, and/or do not meet the
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APPENDIX A
specifications of our functional unit, they are not included within the scope of this project. Table
A-l presents brief descriptions of various FPD technologies and whether or not they are included
in this LCA.
Table A-l. Flat panel display technologies
Technology
Description
Applicability to Project
Liquid Crystal
Displays (LCD)
A liquid crystal material, acting like a shutter,
blocks, dims, or passes light unobstructed,
depending on the magnitude of the electric
field across the material (OTA, 1995). A
backlight provides the light source.
Included in this study. Descriptions of the
subtechnologies and whether or not they
are included in the study are presented
below.
(1) Passive matrix
(PMLCD)
Liquid crystal (LC) material is sandwiched
between two glass plates, which contain
parallel sets of transparent electrical lines
(electrodes) in a row and column configuration
to form a matrix. Every intersection forms a
pixel, and the voltage across the pixel causes
the LC molecules to align and determines the
shade of that pixel (OTA, 1995).
Traditionally for low-end applications
(e.g., calculators, wrist watches). Higher
end applications use a super-twisted
nematic (STN)1 construction. The liquid
crystal material is twisted between 180 and
270 degrees which improves the contrast
between the "on" and "off states, resulting
in a clearer display than with the twisted
nematic (twisted only 90 degrees) (OTA,
1995; MCC, 1997). However, cost and
performance issues limit this technology
from wide application in the desktop
market and therefore, it will not be
evaluated in this study.
(2) Active matrix
(AMLCD)
Similar to the PMLCD except an electronic
switch at every pixel provides faster switching
and more shades. The addressing mechanism
eliminates the viewing angle and brightness
problems suffered by PMLCD. Requires more
backlight than PMLCD due to the additional
switching devices on the glass (at each pixel).
Various switching types are listed below:
Provides vivid color graphics in portable
computer and television screens (OTA,
1995). This technology meets the
functional unit specifications in this study.
Specific subcategories are described
below.
modulating methods for LCD technologies include twisted nematic (TN), super-twisted
, and film-compensated STN (OTA, 1995), The STN is the current
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APPENDIX A
Table A-l. Flat panel display technologies
Technology
Description
Applicability to Project
AMLCD Switch Types:
(2a) Thin-film transistor (TFT):
The transistor acts as a valve allowing current
to flow to the pixel when a signal is applied.
The transistors are made of various materials
including: amorphous silicon (a:Si),
polycrystalline silicon (p:Si), non-Si[CdSe]
(Castellano, 1992). Two different TFT light
modulating modes are twisted nematic (TN)
and in-plane switching (IPS) (DisplaySearch
1998). In comparison to the TN mode, the
IPS mode requires more backlight but fewer
manufacturing steps.
The current standard AMLCD switching
mechanism for computer displays is a:Si
TFT. Polycrystalline Si is not suitable for
larger than about 5" displays. Both the TN
and IPS a:Si TFT AMLCD technologies
are analyzed in this project.
(2b) Diode matrix:
The diode acts as a check valve. When
closed, it allows current to flow to the pixel
charging it. When opened, the pixel is
disconnected and the charge is maintained
until the next frame (Castellano, 1992).
The diodes are found to short easily and
must be connected in series to achieve long
life usability. The diode displays are also
limited in size smaller than that of the
functional unit.
(2c) Metal-insulator metal (MIM):
The MIM is a diode type switch using metal-
insulated-metal fabrication techniques (OTA,
1995).
Temperature sensitive, which creates gray
scale nonuniformities. They are also size
limited like other diode type displays and
therefore not included in this study.
(3) Active addressed
LCD
Hybrid of passive and active matrix. The
pixels are addressed using signals sent to the
column and row as determined using an
algorithm encoded into an integrated circuit
(1C). The 1C drives each row of pixels more
or less continuously and drives multiple rows
at one time (OTA, 1995)
Employed in notebook and desktop
monitors > 12.1". However, they need
special drivers (OTA, 1995), have slow
response times, and their contrast worsens
as panel size increases (Young, 1998).
Therefore, this technology does not meet
the specifications of the functional unit and
is excluded from evaluation in this study.
(4) Plasma-addressed
liquid crystal (PALC)
The pixel is addressed using row electrodes,
which send the signal, and column gas
channels, which conduct a current when
ionized (OTA, 1995).
PALC displays are in development to be
used as large low cost displays. Production
of the displays have not yet occurred and
they are not included in this study.
(5) Ferroelectric
LCDs (FLCD or
FELCD)
The pixel is addressed using positive or
negatives pulses to orient the crystals. The
positive pulse allows light to pass (light state)
and the negative pulse causes the blockage of
light (dark state) (Castellano, 1992). A
ferroelectric liquid crystal is bistable and holds
it polarization when an electric field is applied
and removed (Peddie, 1994). They are also
called surface stabilized ferroelectric (SSF)
LCD.
Has high resolution with very good
brightness, but limited color palette
(Peddie, 1994). Limited color palette does
not meet color specification of functional
unit.
A-3
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APPENDIX A
Table A-l. Flat panel display technologies
Technology
Description
Applicability to Project
Plasma Display
Panels (POP)
An inert gas (e.g., He, Ne, Ar) trapped
between the glass plates emits light when an
electric current is passed through the matrix of
lines on the glass. Glow discharge occurs
when ionized gas undergoes recombination.
lonization of atoms occurs (electrons are
removed), then electrons are recombined to
release energy in the form of light. Full color
plasma displays use phosphors that glow when
illuminated by the gas (OTA, 1995).
Established technology. Good for large
screens (e.g., wall-mounted televisions),
but are heavier and require more power
than LCDs (OTA, 1995). Designed for
large screens and are larger displays than
specified for desktop applications.
Therefore, not included in this study.
Electroluminescent
Displays (EL)
A phosphor film between glass plates emits
light when an electric field is created across
the film (OTA, 1995). EL uses a
polycrystalline phosphor (similar to LED
technology which is also an electroluminescent
emitter, but uses a single crystal semi-
conductor). ELs are doped (as a
semiconductor) with specific impurities to
provide energy states that lie slightly below
those of mobile electrons and slightly above
those of electrons bound to atoms. Impurity
states are used to provide initial and final
states in emitting transitions (Peddie, 1994).
Also referred to as thin-film EL (TFEL).
Variations: AC thin-film EL (AC-TFEL),
active matrix EL (AMEL), DC EL, organic
EL.
Lightweight and durable. Used in
emergency rooms, on factory floors, and in
commercial transportation vehicles (OTA,
1995). Problems found in the power
consumption and controlling of gray levels.
Targeted toward military, medical, and
high-end commercial products, therefore
not included in the scope of this project.
Field Emission
Displays (FED)
Flat CRT with hundreds of cathodes (emitters)
per pixel (form of cathodeluminescent
display); eliminates single scanning electron
beam of the CRT. Uses a flat cold (i.e., room
temperature) cathode to emit electrons.
Electrons are emitted from one side of the
display and energize colored phosphors on the
other side (OTA, 1995; Peddie, 1994).
Not commercially available, but
anticipated to fill many display needs
(OTA, 1995). Could potentially apply in
all LCD and CRT applications. High
image quality as with CRT, but less bulky
and less power use than with CRT. A
number of roadblocks to this technology
taking over the AMLCD market include
proven manufacturing processes (problems
found in the reliability and reproducibility
of the devices), efficient low-voltage
phosphors, and high voltage drivers. The
technology is targeted toward military,
medical and high-end commercial products
and not included in current study.
Vacuum Fluorescent
Displays (VFD)
Form of cathodeluminescent display that
employs a flat vacuum tube, a filament wire, a
control grid structure, and a phosphor-coated
anode. Can operate at low voltages since very
thin layers of highly efficient phosphors are
coated directly onto each transparent anode
(Peddie, 1994).
VFDs offer high brightness, wide viewing
angle, multi-color capability and
mechanical reliability. Used in low
information content applications (e.g.,
VCRs, microwaves, audio equipment,
automobile instrument panels, etc.). No
significant uses seen for computer displays
(Peddie, 1994).
A-4
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APPENDIX A
Table A-l. Flat panel display technologies
Technology
Description
Applicability to Project
Digital Micromirror
Devices (DMD)
Miniature array of tiny mirrors built on a
semiconductor chip. The DMD is used in a
projector that shines light on the mirror array.
Depending on the position of a given mirror,
that pixel in the display reflects light either
onto a lens that projects it onto a screen
(resulting in a light pixel) or away from the
lens (resulting in a dark pixel) (OTA, 1995).
Just beginning to be used mainly as
projection devices and has not been
developed for use that would match the
functional unit (OTA, 1995).
Light Emitting
Diodes (LED)
The LED device is essentially a semiconductor
diode, emitting light when a forward bias
voltage is applied to a p-n
junction. The light intensity is proportional to
the bias current and the color dependent on the
material used. The p-n junction is formed in a
III-V group material, such as aluminum,
gallium, indium, phosphorous,
antimony, or arsenic.
For low information display applications,
which makes it not capable of meeting the
requirements of the functional unit. Color,
power, and cost limitations prevent the
emergence into the high information
display market (Castellano, 1992).
Electrochromic
display
Open-circuit memory using liquid electrolytes
(Peddie, 1994, p. 214). Non-emitter (as
LCDs), as opposed to emitters (e.g., EL, FED,
POP).
Outstanding contrast and normal and wide
viewing angles; open-circuit memory.
Complex and costly involving liquid
electrolytes, poor resolution, poor cycle
life, lack of multicolor capability, etc. Not
suitable for computer displays in past;
however, new technology may be
promising (Peddie, 1994).
Light Emitting
Polymers
Developing technology (Holton, 1997).
Developing technology.
A-5
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APPENDIX A
Electronic Information Displays
Projection
Direct-view
Off-screen
Cathode-
ray tube
Light Cathode-ray Flat-panel Coherent Non-coherent
valve tube (CRT)
Emitter
Non-emitter
Luminescence
Incandescence
Electroluminescence
Cathodoluminescence
(CL)
Polycrystalline Single
phosphor crystal
semiconductor
Electroluminescence Light-
(EL) emitting
diode (LED)
Direct-
view
discharge fllament
(GD)
Indirect-
view
filament
quid
allinity
.C)
Col
oidal
suspension
(CS)
Electr
mec
(
(EM)
Vacuum
fluorescence
(VFD)
Flat CRT/
field emission
display
(FED)
Electrochromism Electroactive
(EC) solid
(ES)
Plasma display
panel (POP)
Figure A-l. Classification of Electronic Information Displays. Source: Adapted from Tannas 1985.
A-6
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APPENDIX A
Liquid Crystal Displays!
Hematic
Direct
Bi-stabt«
Multiplexed
Twisted-Hematic FE
Guest Host
Dynamic Sacttering
Nodulated TN
Polymer Dispersed
Active Matrix
Standard TNFE
ECS
OKI
Silicon
Amorphous Si
poly Si
Deposited
Recrystallized
Bulk (MOS)
Smectlc A
ThermaUeUetrlc
Electro-conic
Smectlc C
Ferroelectric SSftc
Guest Host
Plasm Addressed
Figure A-2. LCD subtechnologies. Source: Catellano 1992.
A-7
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APPENDIX B
APPENDIX B
DESCRIPTIONS OF LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD) TECHNOLOGY AND
AMORPHOUS SILICON THIN-FILM TRANSISTOR (a:Si TFT) TECHNOLOGY
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APPENDIX B
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APPENDIX B
PRINCIPLES Of LCD TBCHMOLOOT
WHATIS
AllQUID
PRINCIPLES
OF LCD
LCD
PRODUCTION
AMOHPHCRUS
•StTFT
DIRECT VUTW
MONITORS
In this section, we will explain everything ranging from the properties oi'liquid crystal molecules to the basic principle of
display technology by using TN type liquid crystals as an example.
TJie parallel arrangement of liquid crystal molecules along grooves
When coming into contact with grooved surface in a fixed direction, liquid crystal molecules line up parallel along the
grooves.
I®
Natural Mate
Molecules are arranged in a
loosely ordered fashion with their
long axes parallel.
When coming into contact with
a finely grooved surface
(alignment layer).
Molecules line up
parallel along
grooves.
When liquid crystals are sandwiched between upper and lower plates, they line-up with grooves pointing in
directions 'a' and 'b,' respectively
The molecules along the upper plate point in direction 'a1 and
those along the lower plate in direction T>,' thus forcing the
liquid crystals into a twisted structural arrangement.
(figure shows a 90-degree twist)
(TN type liquid crystal)
Light travels through the spacing of the molecular arrangement
The light also "twists" as it passes through the twisted liquid crystals
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APPENDIX B
Light passes through liquid crystals, following the direction in which
(he molecules are arranged. When the molecule arrangement is twisted
90 degrees as shown in the figure, the light also twists 90 degrees as it
passes through the liquid crystals.
Liaht bends 90 degrees as it follows the twist of the molecules
Molecules rearrange themselves when voltage is applied
When voltage is applied to the liquid crystal structure, the twisted light passes straight through.
Voliafl e
"
The molecules in liquid crystals are easily rearranged by
applying voltage or another external force. When voltage is
applied, molecules rearrange themselves vertically (along
with the electric field) andlight passes straight through
along the arrangement of molecules.
Blocking light with two polarizing filters
When voltage is applied to a combination of two polarizing filters and twisted liquid crystal, it becomes a LCD display.
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APPENDIX B
Light passes when two polarizing filters are arranged wiih polarizing axes as shown above, left.
Light is blocked when two polarizing filters are arranged with polarizing axes as shown above, right.
TN type LCDs
A combination of polarizing filters and twisted liquid crystal creates a liquid crystal display.
Light
Voltage
When two polarizing niters are arranged
along perpendicular polarizing xxes, light
entering from above is re-directed 90
degrees along the helix arrangement of the
liquid crystal molecules so that it passes
through the lower filter.
When voltage is applied, the liquid crystal
molecules straighten out of their helix
pattern and stop redirecting the angle of the
light, thereby preventing light from passing
through the lower filter.
This Sgure depicts die principle behind typical twisted nematic (TN) liquid crystal displays. In a TN type LCD, liquid
crystals in which the molecules form a 90-degree twisted helix, are sandwiched between two polarizing filters. When no
voltage is applied, light passes; when voltage is applied, light is blocked and the screen appears black. In other words, the
voltage acts as a trigger causing the liquid crystals to function like the shutter of a camera.
LCD
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APPENDIX B
TKT TECHMOLOOY
WHAT ES
AUOUID
-py
PRINCIPLES
OF LCD
At.VSHfHCS.US
•SSTFT
PROJECTORS
PANELS AND
BIRECTVtEW
MQNirans
Active matrix LCDs, which are typically used in products such as LCD projectors, are controlled by a s\vitchin° element
known as a thin-film transistor or thin-tilm diode placed at each pixel.
The fundamental concept was revealed in 1961 by RCA of America, a U.S. company, but basic research only be»an in
the 1970's.Amorphous Si TFT LCDs introduced in 1979 and 1980 have become the mainstream for today's active matrix
displays. These units place an active element at each pixel, and taking advantage of the non-linearity of the active
element, are able to apply sufficient drive-voltage margin to the liquid crystal itself, even with the increase in the number
of scan lines.
As shown in Figure 1, TFT LCDs that use amorphous Si thin-film transistors (TFTs) as the active elements are becoming
the mainstream today, and lull-color displays achieving contrast ratios of 100:1 and which compare favorablv to CRTs
are being developed.
Color fitter
Polarizer
The driver electronics tor TFT LCDs consist of
data-line drive circuitry that applies display signals
Molecules J° the data lines (source drivers) and scanning line
Source <^r've circi'try that applies scanning signals to the
, Busline gate lines (gate drivers). A signal control circuit to
control these operations and a power supply circuit
complete the system.
Liquid crystal materials used in TFT LCDs are TN
'O/iantalion (twisted neraatic) liquid crystals, but despite the
gin, fact that pixel counts have increased and a drive
element is placed at each pixel, we have still been
able to rapidly increase the contrast, viewing angle,
and image quality of these displays.
busline
Backlighting
Figure 1 Construction of TFT LCD
However, manufacturing technologies to fabricate several hundred thousand such elements onto the surface of a large
screen are extremely problematic, and the fundamental approach developed in 1987 is still being used today.
In 1988, Sharp developed a 14-inch TFT color TV, and with this development of a futuristic wall-mount TV, TFT LCDs
created the foundation tor manufacture and introduction of large-screen color displays.
Remitter discovered liquid crystals almost 100 years ago, and today, bolstered by customer needs and the new and
special technologies and materials that a manufacturer can offer to meet those needs, liquid crystals have made huge
strides.
At this opportunity, we would, to make the whole world aware of the potential of LCDs, and as new manufacturers enter
the market, become the trigger that raises this awareness to new levels.
In the evolution of LCD display manufacturing, the burden of undertaking aggressive development of application
products has been considerable. In addition to notebook and sub-notebook PCs that have been the mainstream
applications for LCDs in the past, there has been significant growth in areas which take advantage of the unique
characteristics of LCD displays, such as compact size, thin profile, and low power consumption to create products which
could not be produced using CRTs, such as LCD TVs, ViewCams, new portable information tools, etc. In addition, for
large projection TVs, it has now become possible to develop products that are more compact and lighter in weight than
conventional CRT-based models, and LCDs are rapidly becoming the mainstream display device in this field.
In this way, LCD displays have expanded into application areas mat were once niches belonging solely to CRTs, and me
development of numerous key technologies that have the potential to further expand their application product areas
continues.
Thanks to the development ot'TFT LCD displays and the synergistic evolution (spiral evolution) with LCD application
devices and equipment, such as PC notebooks and computer monitors, A/V equipment, car navigation systems, game
devices, etc., we can anticipate the growth of new demand-generating products. LCDs have emerged as the likely winner
among flat-panel displays for the new information-oriented society. As we approach the dawn of the multimedia era
which will see the convergence of video, computers, and communications, a critical need is emerging for innovations in
displays that link man and machine through our sense of sight.
The driving force behind LCD manufacturing are recently developed amorphous-Si TFT LCD technologies which
represent breakthroughs in the areas of 1) higher aperture ratios, 2) wider viewing angles, and 3) EMI (electromagnetic
interference) reduction, as well as low-temperature polycrystalline Si TFT LCD display technologies. Thanks to these
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APPENDIX B
breakthroughs, a new direction has emerged in 1996 which will make the best use of these key technologies in LCD
applications. For example, higher aperture ratio technologies are being used in LCD displays intended for PC notebooks.
wider viewing angle and lower EMI technologies are being used in LCDs destined for LCD monitors, and
low-temperature poiycrystalline Si TFT LCD technologies are being used as super-fine dot-pitch light valves for
high-definition projection TV systems.
In the future, promising new technologies can be expected to spawn the next generation of new LCD application
products based on high-performance LCD display systems ("systems-on-panel") that takes null advantage of integrated
drive and control circuitry.
tco
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APPENDIX B
References
Sharp. 1998. Information found on a Web page from Sharp USA. Web site available at:
.
B-6
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APPENDIX C
APPENDIX C
CRITICAL REVIEW
-------
APPENDIX C
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APPENDIX C
APPENDIX C
CRITICAL REVIEW
Table C-l. Computer Display Project Core Group* and Technical Work Group Members
Contact
Salla Ahonen
Heather Bowman
Reggie Caudill
Bob Donofrio
Holly Evans
Co-Chair, Core Group
Bruce Gnade
Tony Hainault
Kathy Hart*
Co-Chair, Core Group
Edwin Henderson*
David Isaacs*
former Co-Chair, Core Group
Mikko Jalas
Tim Jarvis
Greg Keoleian
Lori Kincaid*
J. Ray Kirby
Jonathan Koch
David Lear
Clare Lindsay
John Lott
Jeff Lowry
Carole McCarthy
Timothy Mann
Organization
Environmental Issues, Nokia Research Center,
Nokia
Electronics Industry Alliance
New Jersey Inst. of Tech. Research Center
Display Device Consultants
Electronics Industry Alliance
DARPA
Minnesota Office of Environmental Assistance
US EPA, Office of Prevention Pesticides and
Toxic Substances
US EPA, Office of Prevention Pesticides and
Toxic Substances a
Electronics Industry Alliance a
Environmental Issues, Nokia Research Center,
Nokia
The SemiCycle Foundation
U. of Michigan, School of Natural Resources and
the Env.
Univ. of TN
Center for Clean Products and Clean
Technologies
IBM
GE Power Systems
Compaq Computer Corp.
U.S. EPA, Office of Solid Waste
DuPont Electronic Materials
Techneglas
McCarthy Environmental Consulting
IBM
Location
Helsinki, Finland
Arlington, VA
Newark, NJ
Ann Arbor, MI
Arlington, VA
Arlington, VA
St. Paul, MN
Washington, DC
Washington, DC
Arlington, VA
Helsinki, Finland
Austin, TX
Ann Arbor, MI
Knoxville, TN
Research Triangle
Park, NC
Schenectady, NY
Houston, TX
Arlington, VA
Research Triangle
Park, NC
Columbus, OH
Duxbury, MA
Loganville, GA
C-l
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APPENDIX C
Table C-l. Computer Display Project Core Group* and Technical Work Group Members
Contact
Frank Marella
Co-Chair, Technical Work
Group
John Mathews
Jay Mathewson
Colleen Mizuki*
Amanda Monchamp
Rick Nolan
Bob Pinnel*
Greg Pitts*
Gene Proch
Gloria Schuldt
Eileen Sheehan
Dipti Singh*
Co-chair, Technical Work
Group
Doug Smith
Ted Smith*
David Spengler*
Maria Socolof*
Dan Steele
Larry Stone
Butch Teglas (Delmer F.)
Valerie Thomas
David Thompson
Donna Timmons
Dani Tsuda*
Lucian Turk
Laura Turbini
Victoria Wheeler
Organization
Sharp Electronics Corporation
Envirocycle
Eastman Kodak Co.
Microelectronic & Computer Technology
Corporation a
Electronics Industry Alliance a
Motorola
U.S. Display Consortium
Microelectronic & Computer Technology
Corporation a
Corning Asahi
Microelectronic & Computer Technology
Corporation a
U.S. EPA, P2 Team, Region 9
US EPA, Office of Prevention Pesticides and
Toxic Substances
Sony Electronics Inc.
Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition
Digital Equipment Corporation
Univ. of Tennessee
Center for Clean Products & Clean Technologies
Motorola MD FPD 10
ESIH and Chemical Operations Flat Panel
Display Division
Compaq Computer Corp.
Philips Consumer Electronics
Princeton Univ. Ctr. For Energy & Env. Studies
Matsushita Electronic Corporation of America
Eastman Kodak Co.
Apple Computer Inc.
Dell Computer
Georgia Institute of Technology
Eastman Kodak Co.
Location
Mahwah, NJ
Hallstead, PA
Rochester, NY
Austin, TX
Arlington, VA
Austin, TX
San Jose, CA
Austin, TX
Austin, TX
San Francisco, CA
Washington, DC
San Diego, CA
San Jose, CA
Maynard, MA
Knoxville, TN
Tempe, AZ
Houston, TX
Knoxville, TN
Princeton, NJ
Secaucus, NJ
Rochester, NY
Cupertino, CA
Austin, TX
Atlanta, GA
Rochester, NY
C-2
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APPENDIX C
Table C-l. Computer Display Project Core Group* and Technical Work Group Members
Contact
Ross Young
former Co-Chair,
Technical Work Group
Organization
Display Search
Location
Austin, TX
* Core Group members (subset of Technical Work Group)
a Affiliation at time of involvement in project.
Table C-2. U.S. EPA Design for the Environment Workgroup Members for the
Computer Display Project
Name
Andrea Blaschka
Susan Dillman
Franklyn Hall
Kathy Hart
Karen Hogan
Susan Krueger
Fred Metz
Dipti Singh
Jerry Smrchek
Division/Branch
Risk Assessment Division/Existing Chemicals Assessment Branch
National Program Chemicals Division/Technical Branch
Economic, Exposure, and Technology Division/Chemical Engineering Branch
Economics, Exposure, and Technology Division/Design for the Environment
Risk Assessment Division/Science Support Branch
Economics, Exposure, and Technology Division/Economic and Policy Analysis
Branch
Economics, Exposure, and Technology Division/Industrial Chemistry Branch
Economics, Exposure, and Technology Division/Design for the Environment
Risk Assessment Division/Existing Chemicals Assessment Branch
C-3
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APPENDIX D
APPENDIX D
TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM:
Life-Cycle Inventory Approach for Materials Extraction and
Materials Processing Life-Cycle Stages
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APPENDIX D
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APPENDIX D
APPENDIX D
TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM:
Life-Cycle Inventory Approach for Materials Extraction and
Materials Processing Life-Cycle Stages
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Design for the Environment Program
Computer Display Project (CDP) is conducting an environmental life-cycle assessment (LCA)
that will evaluate the relative environmental impacts of cathode ray tubes (CRT) and liquid
crystal display (LCD) computer monitors. The major life-cycle stages of a product system
include materials extraction, materials processing, product manufacturing, product use, and final
product disposition (end-of-life). An LCA evaluates the relative environmental impacts of a
product system and is defined in greater detail in Chapter 1 of the main report. An LCA
generally consists of four phases: goal definition and scoping, life-cycle inventory (LCI), life-
cycle impact assessment (LCIA), and life-cycle improvement assessment.
The activity of quantifying the inputs (e.g., materials, utilities) and outputs (e.g.,
emissions, wastes) of a product system is the LCI phase of an LCA. A product system is made
up of the multiple processes that help produce, use, or dispose of the product. Each process
typically has an inventory that consists of inputs and outputs for each process. Therefore, an LCI
of a product system consists of several inventories for processes throughout the life-cycle of the
product. This technical memorandum (TM) addresses the LCIs related to two major life-cycle
stages: materials extraction and materials processing, which together will be referred to as the
life-cycle stages that are "upstream" of the product manufacturing stage. Ideally, transportation
associated with those stages is also included. This TM will describe the approach to choosing
the upstream data from secondary sources that will be included in the CDP analysis.
1.2 Purpose and Scope of this Technical Memorandum
The purpose of this TM is to present the approach for obtaining process-specific
inventory data related to extraction and processing of the materials needed to produce a CRT and
LCD computer monitor. Collecting these upstream inventory data can involve dozens of
upstream processes because there are dozens of materials used to produce CRTs and LCDs.
Therefore, decision rules are typically used to limit which materials to include in the scope of the
LCA, and existing data from secondary sources are generally relied upon. For inventories related
to materials extraction and materials processing, various databases with input and output LCI
data exist for materials commonly used in industry. The existence of these inventories, and the
limited resources available for collecting primary inventory data for the entire life cycle, result in
the use of secondary data for upstream processes. In the CDP, more emphasis will be given to
collecting primary data for product manufacturing and end-of-life processes. This TM identifies
initial materials considered for inclusion in the upstream life-cycle stages. Actual material lists
from the inventories collected from the primary data collection efforts were not available until
D-l
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APPENDIX D
after data collection had to begin for the upstream processes. Therefore, initial materials were
identified to help determine which secondary data to obtain. Once actual materials from the
manufacturing stage inventory were identified, the selected secondary data source was checked
for the appropriate data sets to be included in the study. This TM addresses the initial steps for
choosing which upstream data source to use, by identifying and prioritizing several data sources.
The remainder of this TM will present a brief summary of results, the methodology for selecting
secondary upstream data for the CDP, detailed results in terms of preferred data sources, and the
limitations to using the upstream data for the CDP.
2. RESULTS SUMMARY
Based on initial material lists and project decision rules, approximately 40 materials
(including some material groups) were initially identified as materials for which upstream data
inventories should be included in the CDP LCA. Nine data sources (i.e., studies and/or
databases) were evaluated to determine which upstream data would be used for these and other
materials that might be identified in the CDP. Two databases were disregarded because the data
are not or will not be available to the public. The remaining seven were reviewed for their
applicability to the CDP. Complete inventory data for all currently identified CDP materials
were not available from any one of the databases/studies alone. Therefore, a hierarchy of
preferred data has been chosen for upstream data from secondary sources. The most preferred
data is that from the Environmental Information and Management Explorer (EIME) database
developed by Ecobilan (Ecobalance), a company based in France.
EIME is an LCA software package that specializes in electronics and the electronics
industry and currently includes 18, with forthcoming updates expected to bring it to 21 materials
specific to the CDP. The database is immediately available, and although it is relatively
expensive, it may be attainable at a negotiated price (Glazebrook 1999). The EIME data do not
fulfill all the CDP's upstream data requirements and therefore, other databases will be needed.
Twelve materials were not found in any of the databases and may require additional research
from secondary or primary sources to complete the CDP product system inventories. It appears,
however, that EIME, supplemented with Ecobalance's Database for Environmental Analysis and
Management (DEAM) will cover most materials needed in the CDP.
3. METHODOLOGY
The method for determining the upstream data that will be used for the CDP depends on
which materials need to be included in the upstream evaluation and what existing databases are
currently available for those materials. This section consists of three subsections that present the
following: (1) how the preliminary list of materials were identified; (2) which data sources were
considered for use as CDP upstream inventory data; and (3) the selection criteria for choosing
which upstream data to include in the CDP.
3.1 Materials Selection
The first step to selecting upstream data sources is to identify what materials are of
interest to the project. Primary data collected from manufacturing facilities will provide a list of
upstream materials to consider in the upstream stages. However, the materials inventory from
D-2
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APPENDIX D
the CDP product manufacturing stage was not yet complete when upstream data collection
needed to begin to meet project time and budget constraints. Therefore, a preliminary list of
materials used to manufacture the monitors was identified by disassembling a CRT and LCD and
by reviewing the literature on manufacturing processes. The list was then slightly reduced based
on decision rules to limit the scope of the project. This preliminary list is then used to help
choose preferred sources of upstream data for materials of interest in the CDP. The following
subsections describe the bills of materials of the LCD and CRT, the decision rules applied to the
bills of materials, and the list of selected materials for upstream data collection.
3.1.1 Bills of Materials
A 15" CRT and a 15" LCD desktop monitor were disassembled, to the extent they could
be manually separated, into their component parts/materials and each of these parts was weighed
using Mettler analytical balances. A 17" CRT (the CDP functional unit) was not available for
disassembly and therefore it is assumed that the percent contribution of materials in the 15" CRT
and the 17" CRT are equivalent, which is an adequate assumption for the purposes of identifying
major product materials.
Primary (also referred to as "product") materials are defined as those that become part of
the final assembled monitor. Bills of materials of the CRT and LCD monitors were compiled to
quantify the mass contribution of each primary material and component in each monitor. Where
individual materials could not be discerned, component parts consisting of multiple materials
were identified and weighed. These bills of materials are presented in the CDP's Industry and
Technology Profile Document (MCC 1998). The material makeup of some component parts
[e.g., thin-film transistors (TFTs) on LCD glass substrate or phosphors on CRT glass substrate]
were identified from published literature (i.e., secondary sources) (O'Mara 1993, DisplaySearch
1998, FCR 1996, MCC 1993, ECT 1980). Simultaneous and subsequent work on the CDP
involved obtaining more details on the makeup of certain component parts from manufacturers
(i.e., primary sources) through data collection questionnaires.
The next step was to identify common ancillary (also referred to as "process") materials
used in product manufacturing, which were found from secondary sources (O'Mara 1993,
DisplaySearch 1998, FCR 1996, MCC 1993, ECT 1980) and reviewed by industry experts.
These ancillary materials were added to the primary bills of materials for consideration in the
LCA (MCC 1998). Additional ancillary materials were identified from primary sources during
concurrent manufacturing data collection activities.
3.1.2 Decision Rules
Due to the complexity of the CRT and LCD monitors, and for any LCA, the boundaries
of the analysis must be clearly defined. Thus, the following decision rules for choosing the
materials to be evaluated were developed and applied to the primary and ancillary bills of
materials. Three major categories of decision criteria were used to select materials for detailed
analysis in the LCA: (1) mass contribution; (2) potential environmental and/or energy
significance; and (3) technological importance. A priority hierarchy was developed (Figure 1)
using a combination of these criteria.
D-3
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APPENDIX D
MATERIAL/COMPONENT INPUTS:
- >5% of total mass
environmental concern
- energy concern
functionally significant
- physically unique
-1-5% of total mass
i- <1% of total mass^
L- not otherwise
significant /Excluded from
.or unique.
analysis
Figure 1. Decision rule hierarchy
The first criterion is applied by including materials that constitute greater than or equal to
1% of the monitor by mass. Materials constituting more than 5% will be given greater emphasis
in the LCA. Mass is a simple measure by which to select important materials for consideration
in the LCA because in many cases, the larger the material, the greater the impact. This is true for
resource consumption impacts which are equivalent to the amount of material used. However,
other impact categories may not be equivalent to the amount of material consumed, and simply
eliminating materials based on mass alone may exclude important impacts from an
environmental life-cycle perspective. Therefore, under the second criterion, materials were also
included if they have a potential environmental/health impact (e.g., they may be toxic) or use
large amounts of energy to produce. The environmental criterion decision rule refers to materials
that may pose risks to the public, occupational workers, or the ecosystem from manufacturing,
use, or disposal of the material. The primary and ancillary materials were reviewed by a team of
experts at the University of Tennessee and were compared to regulatory lists and other sources
(Klaassen et al. 1986, EPA 1998, ChemFinder 1998, SRC 1998) to identify materials with known
or potential environmental concerns. When impacts are calculated in the LCIA, a more rigorous
review of toxicity data and environmental parameters will be conducted to provide quantitative
impact measures.
The third decision rule criterion applies to materials that are critical to the technology
(e.g., LCD TFT materials or the CRT phosphors). This is intended to ensure that other materials
of potential importance are not overlooked in the LCA. Furthermore, because the LCA will be
comparative in nature, greater emphasis will be placed on materials that are physically unique to
a display technology.
For the materials meeting the top tier of the decision rule hierarchy (Figure 1) in the CDP,
attempts are made to obtain secondary data for those upstream material processes. Materials in
the middle segment of the triangular hierarchy scheme are given lower priority, but included, if
D-4
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APPENDIX D
available. Finally, the last segment of the triangle would contain materials excluded from the
analysis.
3.1.3 Material Selection Results
The materials identified here are for selecting which materials require the collection of
input and output inventory data from materials extraction, materials processing, and associated
transportation, collectively referred to as the "upstream" life-cycle stages. The inventories from
each of these life-cycle stages are then used to calculate impacts of the various impact categories
considered in the analysis.
The total masses of the CRT and LCD that were disassembled were approximately 12.8
kg and 5.15 kg, respectively. The printed wiring boards (PWBs) and their components were
excluded from these weights and from the following materials analysis because they are treated
as complex display components not broken down by individual materials. The CRT consists of
approximately 17 primary materials and the LCD is comprised of about 23 primary materials
(MCC 1998). The major primary materials by weight (>1%) in the CRT and LCD are listed in
Table 1 with their corresponding components. Figures 2 and 3 depict the percent contribution of
each of those materials to the overall monitor. For the CRT, eight materials were greater than or
equal to 1% and only three [glass, steel, and high impact polystyrene (HIPS)] were greater than
5% of the weight of the monitor. The LCD had seven materials greater than or equal to 1%, five
of which were greater than 5% [steel, polycarbonate, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS),
polyester, and glass]. The items in bold in Table 1 represent the materials that are >5% for both
the CRT and LCD. Other primary materials to be included in the LCA, based on the
environment and technology decision rules, are presented in Table 2. The primary materials that
were excluded due to mass are presented in Table 3.
Ancillary materials, such as those required for photolithography, are used in greater
quantities for LCDs than CRTs. Preliminary literature searches (O'Mara 1993, DisplaySearch
1998, FCR 1996, MCC 1993, ECT 1980) found four ancillary materials for CRTs and 12 for
LCDs (MCC 1998). The latter portion of Table 2 presents the ancillary materials that are
included for either technological or environmental importance. The mass criterion for ancillary
materials will be identified through responses to data collection questionnaires distributed to
manufacturers participating in the project. Table 3 shows the ancillary materials that were
preliminarily excluded based on environmental and technical criteria because mass data for
ancillary materials are not yet available.
Table 1. Primary materials comprising >1% by mass of a CRT or LCD monitor and
associated componentsa
Material
ABS
Aluminum (Al)
Copper (Cu)
P'f^rritf^-mQ crnf^t
Associated component(s)
CRT
Aluminum shielding, power
board heat sink, connectors
Deflection yoke
T^f^flf^ntinn \/nVf^
LCD
Base/stand
Power supply heat sink, TFT
metal
D-5
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APPENDIX D
Table 1. Primary materials comprising >1% by mass of a CRT or LCD monitor and
associated componentsa
Material
Glass (e.g., borosilicate) b
Glass (lead oxide)
Lead (Pb) c
Plexiglas
Polycarbonate
Polyester
Polystyrene, high-impact
(HIPS)
Silicone
Steel
Associated component(s)
CRT
Panel, funnel, neck, frit
Funnel & neck glass, frit
Casing
Potting material in flyback
transformer
Base, right, left & back shields;
shadow mask
LCD
LCP panel
Backlight clear protector
Backlight light pipe
Power supply & rear cover
insulators
Base/stand weight & brackets,
backlight plates, rear cover metal
plate, power supply housing
a See Figures 2 and 3 for material percent contributions to total mass of monitor, excluding PWBs.
b Includes materials that could not be easily separated from the glass (e.g., frit, phosphors, transistors) and subtracts the
estimated lead content of the glass for the CRT.
c The mass of lead was estimated from the total mass of the different glass components and approximate lead levels in the CRT
glass components (MCC 1994). On average, approximately 10% of the total mass of CRT glass was assumed to be lead.
NOTE: Materials in bold are >5% of the monitor by weight.
total mass = 5. 15 kg
»^
Fig.
39%
V^
\ \
\
17%
5%
—2%
3%
4%
2. CRT product materials
decision rule
n
u
n
n
n
n
n
n
Glass (39%)
Steel (27%)
HIPS (17%)
Pb (4%)
Ferrite-magnet (3%)
Cu (2%)
Al (2%)
Silicone (1%)
Other (excluded)
meeting mass
47%
14%
14%
total mass = 12.8 kg
3%
Steel (47%)
PC (14%)
ABS(11%)
Polyester (9%)
Glass (1%)
Plexiglas (1%)
Al(1%)
Other (excluded)
Fig. 3. LCD product materials meeting mass
decision rule
D-6
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APPENDIX D
Table 2. Primary and ancillary materials or components meeting technology (T),
environment (Env), or energy (E) criteria
Materials
Associated components or process
CRT
LCD
Decision
criteria
CRT
LCD
Primary materials
Aluminum oxide (A12O3)
Aquadag
Beryllium (Be)
Bismuth oxide
Color filters (acryl epoxy resins)
Divinylbenzene resin
Frit (lead solder glass)
Indium-tin oxide (ITO)
Liquid crystals (e.g., polycyclic
aromatic halogenated
hydrocarbons, cyanobiphenyl,
phenylcyclohexane compounds)
Mercury
Nickel
Phosphors (e.g., ZnS, Y2O2)
Polyimide
TFT metals (e.g., Al, Cr, Mo, W)
TFT silicon materials (e.g., SiO2,
SiNx, doped Si)
Tungsten (W)
Electron gun wire heater
Faceplate black matrix
coating
Shadow mask back
coating
Glass solder joints
Electron gun cathodes
Illuminating material
Electron gun wire heater
Be-Cu metal clips
Front panel glass color
filters
Spacers in AMLCD cell
Electrode
Light-modulating material
Cold cathode fluorescent
tube in backlight
AMLCD cell alignment
layer
Transistor
Transistor
Transistor
Env
T
Env
Env, E
T, Env
T, Env
T, Env
Env
T
Env
T
T, Env
Env
T
T, Env
T
T, Env
Ancillary materials
Boron trichloride (BC13)
Carbon tetrafluoride (CF4)
Carbon trifluoride (CHF3)
Chloride (C12)
Ferric chloride (FeCl3)
Hydrochloric acid (HC1)
Isopropyl alcohol (IP A)
N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP)
Polyvinyl alcohol
Qnlfiir li^YQflimriHf1 f^sp1 ^
Photolithographic etchant
(shadow mask)
Photolithographic
application of phosphors
Photolithographic etchant
Photolithographic etchant
Photolithographic etchant
Photolithographic etchant
Photolithographic etchant
Glass cleaner
Photolithographic
developer
PI-intnlitlinfrrQr^l-Mr* f^tnliQnt
Env
Env
Env
Env
Env
Env
Env
Env
Env
T^m/
D-7
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APPENDIX D
Table 2. Primary and ancillary materials or components meeting technology (T),
environment (Env), or energy (E) criteria
Materials
Tetramethyl ammonium
hydroxide (TMAH)
Associated components or process
CRT
LCD
Photolithographic
developer
Decision
criteria
CRT
LCD
Env
The materials identified for inclusion in the CDP (Tables 1 and 2) are then prioritized
based on the decision rule hierarchy triangle. Those materials that are either: (1) >5% by mass;
or (2) of environmental/energy concern, fit into the top priority of the upstream data collection
effort. Those materials that are either: (1) between 1-5% by mass; or (2) functionally important
and/or physically unique, fit into a lower priority of upstream data collection, but are still
included in the project. Those materials that are less than 1% by mass and do not meet the other
criteria listed above are excluded from the analysis. Currently, the materials falling into each
segment of the decision rule hierarchy are listed in Table 4.
Table 3. Materials excluded from analysis
Material
Associated component/application
CRT
LCD
Primary materials
Aluminized mylar
Brass
Foam rubber
Nylon
Paper
Polysulphone
Silicone rubber
Brass ring on neck assembly
Insulating rings on neck
assembly
Corner tape on backlight assembly
Brass threaded standoff in backlight assembly
Foam gasket in backlight assembly
Cable clamp, strain relief in backlight
assembly, clamp in backlight, bushing in
base/stand assembly
Caution label on rear plate assembly
Gaskets in LCD panel assembly, shock
cushion in light assembly, rubber feet in
base/stand assembly
Ancillary materials
Nitrocellulose
binder
Amyl acetate
O2
N2
Iodine
For frit application
For frit application
Metal etchant
Metal etchant
Polarizer coating
D-8
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APPENDIX D
For the top priority materials, we obtained upstream inventory data from secondary
sources where available. If no secondary sources were available, we attempted to collect primary
data or conduct further research from the literature. For materials in the middle tier, we
attempted to collect secondary data but gave less emphasis on including them if too many
resources were required. The top tier consists of materials greater than 5% by mass and all the
materials in Table 2. Each material in Table 2 was added to the list of materials for either
environmental or technological reasons and all except tungsten (W) were unique to a technology.
However, tungsten is also included in the top tier for potential environmental concern. As a
result, all the materials in Table 2 are of potential environmental concern and/or are both
functionally important and physically unique (see Figure 1).
Table 4. Summary table of preliminary CDP materials in priority hierarchy
Top tier
Middle tier
Lowest tier (excluded)
Steel, CRT glass, HIPS,
Polycarbonate, ABS, Polyester,
LCD glass, lead, A12O3,
Aquadag, Be, Bismuth oxide,
Acryl epoxy resins (color filters),
Divinylbenzene resin, Frit, ITO,
Liquid crystals, Hg, Ni,
Phosphors, Polyimide, TFT
metals, TFT silicon materials,
W, BC13, CF4, CHF3, C12, FeCl3,
HCI, IP A, NMP, Polyvinyl
alcohol, SF6, TMAH
Ferrite-magnet, Silicone,
Plexiglas, Al, Cu
Aluminized mylar, Brass, Foam
rubber, Nylon, Paper,
Polysulphone, Silicone rubber,
Nitrocellulose binder, Amyl
acetate, N2, O2, Iodine
3.2 Data Sources Evaluated
In order to identify upstream inventory data to be used for the CDP, nine different data
sources (databases or studies) were evaluated. The following nine were chosen based on UT's
experience in LCA, which included a comprehensive review of LCA databases (Menke et al.
1996), and from the scoping process for this project:
• American Plastics Council (APC)
The APC is a major trade association for the U.S. plastics industry. APC is comprised of
24 of the leading plastics manufacturers in the United States with many members having
a strong global market presence. APC's membership represents 80% of the U.S. resin
production capacity (APC 1999). APC has collected LCI data that are expected to be
released in 1999 for polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), high impact polystyrene
(HIPS), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) resins and
polyurethane precursors (Hentges 1999). Data are mostly vintage 1991 or 1993 and cover
production in North America (Hentges 1999). Additional inventories from APC have not
yet been identified, although they are presumed to exist.
D-9
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APPENDIX D
Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe (APME)
APME is an industry body that has published inventory data on olefins, polystyrene (PS),
PE, PP, PVC, PET and polymethanes (APME 1999), as well as ABS, Plexiglas,
polycarbonate, polyester, and polyimide (Karlsson 1999).
Boustead
Dr. Ian Boustead is a well known LCA practitioner who developed the Boustead model
and database that allows users to produce LCIs of complete systems. Boustead's focus
areas are aerosols, automotive products, beverage containers, building materials, and the
plastics industry. The organization is based in the United Kingdom (Boustead 1999).
BUWAL
BUWAL is the Swiss Agency for the Environment, Forests and Landscape (BUWAL
1999). They have several published reports on LCA. BUWAL 250 is an English version
of their LCI database of several common industrial materials.
Environmental Information and Management Explorer (EIME)
This software design tool was developed by the Ecobilan group in conjunction with IBM,
Alcatel, Legrand, Schneider, and Thompson. Ecobilan was founded in 1990 and has
offices in Europe and in the United States (Ecobilan 1999). Version 1.4 of EIME has
been released and the embedded database contains 170 modules on the most commonly
used materials and subcomponents of the electronic and electric industry (EIME 1999).
Industrial DEsign MATerials (IDEMAT)
Dr. J.A.M. Remmerswaal and J. Rombouts of the Delft University of Technology's
Section for Environmental Product Development produced this software with a database
of LCI data for various industrial materials. There is a student version that was released
in 1995 that is available to the public at no cost, but the availability and cost of the
complete version is yet undetermined by UT. This evaluation focuses on the student
version that was available to UT.
New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT) Report
NJIT's "Lifecycle Assessment of Television CRTs," (Caudill 1998) report is not a
database of upstream inventory data per se, however, it is a preliminary LCA that
includes LCI data for a CRT and therefore it was considered for use in the CDP as an
upstream data source.
Personal Computer (PC) Ecolabel Report
This study was developed by Atlantic Consulting and IPU (Institute for Product
Development of the Technical University of Denmark) for the Ecolabel Unit of the
European Commission (AC and IPU 1998). The purpose of the report was to study
personal computers so that an ecolabel could possibly be established. Similar to the NJIT
report, this is an LCA with inventory data applicable to the CDP, but it is not a traditional
database of upstream inventory data. Analysis of the inventory in the PC Ecolabel Report
for the purposes of the CDP was based on Version 1.11 of the report downloaded from
their website in January of 1998.
United States Automotive Materials Partnership (USAMP)
Formed in June 1993, this partnership set out to conduct vehicle-oriented research and
development in materials and materials processing to improve the competitiveness of the
U.S. auto industry (USAMP 1999). The USAMP is conducting joint research to further
the development of lightweight materials for improved automotive fuel economy. The
major technology groups being studied are polymer composites, light metals (including
D-10
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APPENDIX D
aluminum, magnesium, etc.), engineered plastics, cast iron, steel and ceramics (USAMP
1999). The aluminum, plastics, steel and automotive industries are participating in a
collaborative LCI project to produce a quantitative database of information regarding all
the resources used to make, operate and dispose of a generic 3200-pound vehicle
(USAMP 1999).
3.3 Selection Criteria
For choosing which upstream data to use for the CDP, the following 11 criteria were
considered. Descriptions of each criterion and what is preferred for that category are presented
below:
1. Geographic boundaries - Describes whether the data are representative of Europe
and/or the United States. In general, U.S. data are preferred for this project, assuming most of
the materials for the monitors are extracted and processed in the U.S. However, because some of
the CDP manufacturing is in Asia, materials may originate from non-U.S. locations/countries.
2. Origin of data - Describes whether or not the data originate from primary or secondary
sources. Primary sources that are clearly identified are preferred.
3. Currency of data - This refers to the dates that represent the actual inventory data.
More recent data are preferred. If the date of the inventory data is not known, the date the
database was released is considered.
4. Public availability - Data are categorized as either public or private. Publicly available
data can be considered for the CDP.
5. When available - This describes whether or not the data are currently available and if
not, when they are expected to be available. Immediately available means the data are available
from the appropriate company or individual; however, more time may be required for UT to
obtain the data. Also provided under this criterion will be whether UT currently has some of the
data applicable to the CDP. Immediately available is preferred and further consideration is given
to data that UT already has in house.
6. Cost - Due to limited resources, cost is an important factor for determining which
upstream data should be obtained for the CDP. However, if possible, negotiations for or
donations of data can be pursued as this is a collaborative project with industry and other
stakeholders. Least costly data are preferred.
7. Upstream life-cycle stages - Which upstream life-cycle stages are included from each
data source are identified, if possible. In some cases, the databases or reports address more than
only upstream stages and other stages included will also be noted under this criterion. In the
results of this analysis, we will present the names of the life-cycle stages as they are labeled in
each respective data source. However, such labels may not be consistent with the specific
D-ll
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APPENDIX D
terminology used in this report. For use in the CDP, we prefer data sources that include materials
extraction, materials processing, and associated transportation.
8. Aggregation of data - This describes whether or not the data from the various life-cycle
stages are aggregated into one set of inventory numbers or how the data are aggregated. With
less aggregation, the CDP will better be able to predict impacts particular to a specific life-cycle
stage. Therefore, less aggregation is preferred. For some of the reports considered in this
analysis, processes may also be aggregated for an entire product or component and therefore it is
difficult to separate out the inventory for one particular material. The advantage of material-
specific LCI databases is that the data are not aggregated into a larger component or product.
9. Input/output categories - This lists which categories of inputs and outputs are included
in the database or report (e.g., non-renewable resources, fuel and energy inputs, water use, air
emissions, water effluents, solid/hazardous wastes). Ideally, the input and output categories
would match those defined for the CDP that will be used to calculate the impacts. The LCIA TM
(Socolof 1999) describes the impact categories and how the inventory data will be used to
calculate impacts. Also of interest is whether the outputs within each category are chemical
specific. The more speciated the chemicals, the more desirable the data. In some cases, chemical
groups or categories of chemicals are provided. The CDP LCIA methodology requires chemical-
speciated data to calculate most impacts.
10. Data quality indicators - If the data source provides an indication of its data quality, this
will help determine the data quality of the CDP. In several cases, we were not able to discern
whether there were data quality indicators for a particular data set. If the data source provides
some indication of data quality, this can then be incorporated into the CDP's data quality
indicators for the upstream data.
11. CDP materials included - These are the materials that have been identified in Set. 3.1.3,
which constitute the initial list of materials of interest in the CDP. They were cross-referenced
with each data source under consideration. Preferred data sources are those with the greatest
number of materials of interest to the CDP.
Each database or report was reviewed based on available information, and in some cases,
limited information was available. This exercise was not intended to be a comprehensive review
of each database, because we were not able to purchase each source. It was intended to be a
cursory review of available data sources to assist in the decision of which inventory data to
obtain and include in the CDP for the upstream life-cycle stages. When we could not obtain a
database, our review was based on information available on company websites, other available
literature on the database, personal contacts with company representatives, or third parties who
have had experience with using a particular database.
Based on all this information, preferred data sources were identified. All factors were
considered, including expected data quality and cost. The first most important criterion was
whether the data source included many of the materials of interest to the CDP. Although
additional materials may be identified during the concurrent CDP data collection efforts, we
expect that the majority of materials of interest have already been identified.
D-12
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APPENDIX D
4. RESULTS
Using the CDP decision rules, we initially identified approximately 40 materials
(including some material groups) for which upstream data inventories should be included in the
CDP LCA (Sect. 3.1.3). Nine data sources were evaluated to determine which upstream data
would be used for these and other materials that might be identified. Tables 5 and 6 present a
comparison of the data sources evaluated. Table 5 lists the first ten criteria presented in Sect.
3.3, which are related to the type of data provided, availability of the data, and cost. Table 6
cross-references the materials of interest in the CDP to the materials found in the various data
sources (the 11th criterion in Sect. 3.3). Together this information was used to identify which
data are preferred for use in the CDP as upstream inventory data. Brief discussions of each data
source and a final conclusion are presented below.
Referring to Table 5, APC data are not yet available and it is uncertain if they will be
available as scheduled, as they were expected to be released in previous years but were not.
Therefore, APC is not considered further in this analysis. USAMP inventory data, which were
intended only for participating organizations is not a publicly available data set. Therefore,
USAMP as a source of upstream data for the CDP is also excluded from further analysis. The
remaining seven data sources are evaluated by analyzing Tables 5 and 6.
The eleven criteria described above (Sect. 3.3) can be condensed into three major areas:
Cost;
• Data quality; and
Applicability to CDP.
Each source will be described in terms of these criteria, without giving a particular weight to any
one over another. Note that the "data quality" criterion is a combination of the origin of the data,
the currency of the data, the upstream life-cycle stages included, data quality indicators, and to
some extent, the geographic boundaries of the data (see Table 5). The "applicability to the CDP"
criterion depends on which upstream life-cycle stages are included, how the data are aggregated,
what input and output categories are included (including whether or not the output data are
speciated), whether data quality indicators are provided, and which materials of interest to the
CDP are included.
D-13
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APPENDIX D
Table 5. Selected criteria of upstream data sources
Geographic
boundaries
Origin of
data
Currency
of data
Public
availability
When
available
Cost
Upstream
life-cycle
stages
APC
U.S.
Unknown
1990s
Public
Expected to
be released
in 1999
No cost
Unknown
APME
Europe
Primary
1990s
(varies per
material)
Public
Immediate
(UT has 2
applicable
materials)
No cost
Raw
material
extraction,
material
processing,
transport
Boustead
Europe
Primary
Unknown
Public
Immediate
~$10,000
Process
operations
(including
fuel
production)
and transport
operations
BUWAL 250
Europe
Secondary
1996
Public
Immediate (UT
has 6
applicable
materials)
~$250
Pre-
combustion,
combustion +
processes,
transports
EIME
U.S. & Europe
Majority is
primary, some
secondary
1990s (varies)
Public
Immediate
~$7,500; >
$5,700 for
universities
(Negotiable)
Extraction,
processing,
transportation
IDEMAT
Netherlands &
Europe
Unknown
Second Student
version, released
in 1995
Public (student
version); unknown
for complete
version
Immediate (UT
has 9 applicable
materials;
unknown if
complete version
can be obtained)
No cost, unknown
for complete
version
Production, which
includes
transportation
when noted, and
not clear if
extraction included
NJIT LCA
U.S.
Secondary
1970s - 1990s
Public
Interim report
immediately
available (UT has
copy)
No cost
Material extraction
and material
synthesis
PC Ecolabel
Europe
Secondary
Not completely
determined, but
most appear to be
1990s
Public
Version 1.11
immediately
available (UT has
copy)
Version 1.11 no
cost; ~$75 for
final report
Material
production,
manufacturing,
transport, use, EOL
UP AMP
U.S.
Unknown
1990s
Public
Not
available
to public
Not
available
to public
Unknown
D-14
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APPENDIX D
APPENDIX D
Table 5. Selected criteria of upstream data sources
Aggregation
of data
Input/
Output
categories
APC
Unknown
Unknown
APME
Some data
presented as
process-
specific
e.g., fuel
production,
transport,
process)
Energy,
primary
fuels, and
raw material
inputs; air,
water, and
solid waste
emissions;
outputs
mostly
unspecified
Boustead
Often
classified
into several
processes:
fuel
production,
fuel use,
transport
operations,
process
operations
Gross
energy,
primary fuels
&
feedstocks:
raw
materials;
water use;
air, water
solid waste
emissions;
outputs
provided as
chemical
categories
and several
speciated
chemicals
BUWAL 250
Aggregated as
"LCI" or
"energy
consumption,"
latter
subclassified
(e.g., final
energy source,
energy supply,
final process
energy,
transport)
Commercial
fuels resources,
feedstock
resources,
materials used
in final stage,
main product,
co-products,
usable wastes,
waste
treatment;
outputs
provided as
chemical
categories and
as some
speciated
chemicals
EIME
Aggregated
over all
upstream life-
cycle stages for
each module
(material) into
impact
categories,
system
administration
can access LCI
data separately
Natural
resources,
energy, water
inputs; air,
water,
hazardous
waste outputs;
outputs
relatively well
speciated
IDEMAT
Each material
aggregated for all
life-cycle stages
for the following
categories:
processes, thermal
energy, electrical
energy, and
transports
Material inputs
(including water),
energy inputs; air,
water, and solid
outputs; mostly
unspeciated
outputs
NJIT LCA
Process specific;
sometimes a few
subprocesses are
aggregated
Raw material and
energy inputs; solid,
air, and waterborne
waste outputs;
outputs as chemical
categories and some
speciation
PC Ecolabel
Aggregated by
major computer
components (e.g.,
monitor) for each
life-cycle stage,
not process or
material specific
Resource
consumption (raw
materials), air
emissions, water
emissions, and
waste; includes
chemical
categories, but also
very well speciated
UP AMP
Unknown
Unknown
D-15
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APPENDIX D
Table 5. Selected criteria of upstream data sources
Data
quality
indicators
APC
Unknown
APME
All
calculations
were
referred
back to
participatin
g companies
before
being used
Boustead
Not
provided, but
data quality
believed to
be
moderately
good (above
average as
compared to
other
available
sources)
BUWAL 250
Unknown
EIME
Provides high,
medium, and
low measures
of reliability of
the data
IDEMAT
Unknown
NJIT LCA
Data were gathered
on each material,
carefully citing
notes and references
which document the
original sources
PC Ecolabel
Unknown
UP AMP
Unknown
Key:
APC = American Plastics Council
APME = Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe
EIME = Environmental Information and Management Explorer
IDEMAT = Industrial DEsign MATerials
NJIT = New Jersey Institute of Technology
USAMP = U.S. Automotive Materials Partnership
D-16
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APPENDIX D
4.1 Data Source Reviews
APME data are European-based, of moderate quality, and available for free. However,
the data are mostly limited to materials of interest to the plastics industry and therefore only
apply to 7 materials of interest to the CDP. The materials covered by APME constitute 17% of
the product weight of the CRT described in Figure 2 and 49% of weight of the LCD in Figure 3.
The Boustead data are very expensive, of moderate quality, and include several materials
of interest for the CDP, including most of the major product materials by weight of the CRTs and
LCDs (55% and 85%, respectively, see Table 6). The significant material missing for the CRT
is the leaded glass, which is approximately 39% of the mass of the monitor. The Boustead data
include two of the ancillary materials that have been identified for the CDP, but do not include
several of the other materials identified for potential environmental concern. The Boustead data
are moderately equipped with speciated chemical data as required for the CDP. Data are
aggregated for all upstream stages, but are also available as some individual upstream inventories
(e.g., transport operations, process operations). Although data quality indicators are not provided
by Boustead for the data, the Center for Clean Products and Clean Technologies assesses it as
above average based on comparisons with other databases reviewed.
Table 6. Cross-reference of preliminary CDP materials and
potential upstream data sources
APME
Boustead
BUWAL
250
EIME4
IDEMAT 8
NJIT
PC
Ecolabel
Primary Materials
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
ABS
Aluminum
Aluminum oxide
Aquadag
Beryllium
Bismuth oxide
Color filters (acryl epoxy
resins)
Copper
Chromium (TFT metal)
Divinylbenzene resin
Ferrite-magnet
Frit
Glass, borosilicate (LCD)
Glass, lead oxide (CRT)
Indium-tin oxide - ITO
Lead
Liquid crystals
Mercury
Molybdenum (TFT metal)
Nickel
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
mining
chromite ore
Y2
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y (APME)
Y
Y (BUWAL)
Y5
Y
(Y)
Y6
(Y)
Y
Y
(Y)
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y(C)9
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y(C)
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
D-17
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APPENDIX D
Table 6. Cross-reference of preliminary CDP materials and
potential upstream data sources
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
Phosphors: e.g., ZnS, Y2O2
Plexiglas [polymerization of
methyl ester (methyl
methacrylate)]
Polyimide
Polycarbonate
Polyester
Polystyrene-HIPS
Silicon TFT materials: e.g.,
SiNx, SiO2
Silicone
Steel
Tungsten (TFT metal)
APME
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Boustead
Y
Y
Y
BUWAL
250
Y
Y
EIME4
Y (APME)
Y (APME)
Y (APME)
Y (APME)
Y (APME)
Y
Y
Y(BUWAL)
IDEMAT 8
Y
Y(C)
Y
Y(C)
Y(C)
Y
NJIT
Y
Y
Y
PC
Ecolabel
Y
Y11
Y
Y
Ancillary Materials
31
32
1 1
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
Boron trichloride
Carbon tetrafluoride
Chlorine
Ferric chloride
Hydrochloric acid
Isopropyl alcohol
N-methyl pyrrolidone
Polyvinyl alcohol
Surfur hexafluoride
Tetramethyl ammonium
hydroxide
Totals
% contribution of CRT primary
materials >= 1% by mass '
% contribution of LCD primary
materials >= by mass '
7
17
49
Y
Y
12 3
55
85
Y
6
46
57
Y
18(21)7
56
88 (97) 7
12(17)10
25 (52) 10
38 (96) 10
8
91
76
12
94
76
1. The percent mass contribution of the primary materials were summed to identify the total percent of the monitor by mass that
is covered by each data source.
2. Inventory data are available for iron, which is assumed to represent ferrite-magnet.
3. The tally of chemicals for Boustead excludes mining chromite ore for chromium.
4. Cells with a Y and the name of a data source [e.g., "Y (APME)" ] indicate the data source that EIME obtained that particular
inventory from, if that source is included elsewhere in this table. "(Y)" represents materials that are expected in EIME's
forthcoming update.
5. "Epoxy resins" assumed to be for color filters (acryl epoxy resins).
6. The EIME database does not have ferrite-magnet listed, but it does have ferrites MnZn as a mateiral inventory.
7. The first value represents the current EIME dataset and the value in parenthesis indicates materials expected in the
forthcoming update.
8. The student version of IDEMAT was the source investigated. "C" (for "complete") indicates cases where IDEMAT has the
inventory on a given material only in the complete version.
9. Bismuth
10. The first value is for the student version and the value in parthenthesis is for the complete version.
11. The study only listed polystyrene (PS) and did not indicate if it was high-impact polystyrene (HIPS).
D-18
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APPENDIX D
BUWAL 250 is a relatively inexpensive database that is also European data and believed
to be from secondary sources. Therefore, the data quality is marginal and its applicability to the
CDP is also relatively low as it only appears to cover the least number of materials of interest.
Some chemical speciation is provided as output data and the inventories are aggregated over the
upstream processes.
EIME appears to be the best candidate for the purposes of the CDP as it is targeted
specifically for the electronics industry and includes many of the materials of interest to the CDP
(Table 6). The current version includes 18 materials and, with forthcoming updates to the
database, there are expected to be 21 materials covered (Karlsson 1999), representing 56% of the
materials by mass of the CRT and 97% of the LCD. The low CRT percent is again due to the
lack of leaded glass, which is 39% of the CRT. These data also include important materials not
included in the weight criterion such as liquid crystals, lead, silicon materials, and color filters.
Each of these, with the exception of lead are not found in any other data sources reviewed. The
EIME inventory output data appear to be relatively well speciated, but the inventory data in
general cannot be separated into each upstream life-cycle stage. The data quality is adequate as
some data are from the U.S. and from primary sources. The data specific to the electronics
components are from the five industrial partners and their suppliers, while some of the other
common industrial materials were obtained from other LCI databases (EIME 1999). The cost is
relatively high; however it covers the cost of the entire life-cycle software tool. Discussions with
Ecobilan representatives have revealed their willingness to negotiate for the use of some material
inventory data, provided we supply our results to them in a desirable format. Alternatively, we
would be required to purchase the entire software package to obtain the desired inventory data.
The student version of IDEMAT is another free set of data that is European-based. The
true quality of the data is not yet well determined by UT. Several (12) CDP materials are
included in the student version, and it is believed that 17 would be covered with the complete
version. IDEMAT has a few materials, metals in particular, that are not found in any of the other
data sources reviewed.
The NJIT LCA report provides only eight material inventories relevant to the CDP;
however, because it is an LCA of a television with a CRT, it includes leaded glass, which is not
commonly found in existing databases. Some of the inventory data, which are U.S.-based, are
from relatively old secondary sources (circa 1970). Furthermore, not all outputs are quantified.
The report includes two upstream life-cycle stages: materials extraction and "materials synthesis"
(referred to as "materials processing" in the CDP). Transportation within these upstream stages
is not included. Data are easily identified per material, and some chemical speciation is included.
This report does not provide sufficient amount of upstream data to be used exclusively, but given
that it is available at no cost, it may supplement missing data (e.g., leaded glass).
The PC Ecolabel LCA is a report that includes 12 of the materials of interest in the CDP
in its study and has very well speciated output data. UT has obtained a copy of Version 1.11 at
no charge. It is based on European data and of undetermined quality. This was a study that was
intended to present results of the life-cycle impacts of a PC and is not intended to be a database
of material inventories. UT chose to evaluate this as a potential source for upstream data because
of the relevant subject matter of the LCA. And although it covers several materials of interest,
the inventory data cannot be separated into individual material inventories. Data are presented
for different life-cycle stages, but not provided on a material basis. Therefore, this report could
be helpful for checking our final results of the LCA, but not for providing upstream inventories
of specific materials.
D-19
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APPENDIX D
4.2 Conclusion
To identify the priorities for using upstream data, we would prefer to use as much data
from one source as possible to help ensure consistency and thus improve the data quality of the
results of the CDP. We have selected to target EIME as the primary source of upstream data.
However, what is seen from the information in Table 6 is that no one data source will completely
encompass the product materials of the CDP. Twelve of the 40 materials were not covered by
any data source. EIME includes the greatest number, yet even including the expected updates to
EIME, ten primary materials and nine ancillary materials are not covered by EIME. Four of the
ten primary materials and eight of the nine ancillary materials were not covered by any other data
sources. Six materials that are not in EIME are believed to be in other data sources. These
include the following: beryllium, bismuth oxide, frit, leaded glass, mercury, and tungsten.
Beryllium and tungsten are in the student version of IDEMAT and bismuth and mercury are in
the complete version of IDEMAT. The NJIT and PC Ecolabel studies include leaded glass and
the PC Ecolabel study also includes frit. The NJIT report, however, does not quantify the outputs
from leaded glass production. Furthermore, because the PC Ecolabel study's inventory is
aggregated over the whole monitor, individual inventory data cannot be produced for the specific
materials. Therefore, IDEMAT data and the quantified inputs from the NJIT report may help
supplement the EIME data.
Subsequent work for the CDP revealed that Ecobalance also had DEAM data available
that supplemented the EIME data, both of which were listed as upstream data sources for this
project. Procuring EIME requires negotiations with Ecobilan for a reduced price. This will
begin subsequent to the final approval of this TM by EPA and the CDP Core and Technical
Work Groups. In the event we cannot procure the EIME data for a reduced price, we will try to
rely on the no cost options of APME, IDEMAT and NJIT data. Together, these three data
sources cover 17 materials with the IDEMAT student version or 20 with the complete version.
Relying on several material inventories from each of the three sources will reduce consistency in
our upstream data and thus reduce the data quality in the CDP. For materials not included in the
data sources obtained, UT will attempt to find the data from primary or secondary sources.
5. LIMITATIONS AND UNCERTAINTIES
Information on the different databases were from personal communications, websites, and
in some cases, review of selected inventories obtained for a database. Copies of the NJIT and
Ecolabel reports were available for review. This evaluation of upstream sources was not
intended to be a comprehensive assessment of each data source, but instead a cursory review to
evaluate which data to pursue. Therefore, there remain uncertainties to the information presented
in this TM, but it is believed that adequate information was available to make recommendations
in this report.
Using secondary data will also have an effect on the limitations of the CDP results.
Using secondary data that are not tailored to the specific goals and boundaries of a project limits
the quality of the data. However, due to the large data collection efforts in the LCA, priorities are
given to collecting data. Thus, secondary sources have been chosen for upstream inventories and
primary sources will be approached for monitor and component manufacturing data, as well as
some end-of-life processes.
D-20
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APPENDIX D
Once the upstream data are incorporated into the CDP, limitations in those databases will
be transferred to limitations in the CDP. Furthermore, the use of more than one database (e.g.,
EIME supplemented by NJIT and IDEMAT) will reduce consistency in our upstream data and
thus somewhat reduce the data quality in the CDP. However, it should be noted that the
upstream data are only one portion of the overall inventory of the product systems being
evaluated.
D-21
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APPENDIX D
ABS
APC
APME
BUWAL
CDP
CRT
DEAM
EIME
IDEMAT
IPA
IPU
HIPS
LCA
LCD
LCI
LCIA
LDPE
NJIT
NMP
PC
PS
PE
PET
PP
PVC
PWB
TFT
TM
TMAH
USAMP
ACRONYMS/ABBREVIATIONS
Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene
American Plastics Council
Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe
The Swiss Agency for the Environment, Forests and Landscape
Computer Display Project
Cathode ray tube
Database for environmental Analysis and Management
Environmental Information and Management Explorer
Industrial DEsign MATerials
Isopropyl alcohol
Institute for Product Development of the Technical University of Denmark
High impact polystyrene
Life-cycle assessment
Liquid crystal display
Life-cycle inventory
Life-cycle impact assessment
Low density polyethylene
New Jersey Institute of Technology
N-methyl pyrrolidone
Personal computer
Polystyrene
Polyethylene
Polyethylene terephthalate
Polypropylene
Polyvinyl chloride
Printed wiring board
Thin-film transistor
Technical memorandum
Tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide
United States Automotive Materials Partnership
D-22
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APPENDIX D
REFERENCES
APC (American Plastics Council). 1999. Web site available at
http://www.ameriplas.org/apcorg/about_apc/about_apc.html.
APME (Association of Plastic Manufacturers in Europe). 1999. Web site entitled, "Life Cycle
Assessment (LCA). A Guide to Approaches, Experiences and Information Sources,"
under heading, "Sort by Organisation Name," available at
http://tiger.eea.eu.int/projects/EnvMaST/lca/kap451 .htm.
AC (Atlantic Consulting) and IPU (Institute for Product Development of the Technical
University of Denmark). 1998. LCA Study of the Product Group Personal Computers in
the EU Ecolabel Scheme, Version 1.11. January.
Boustead. 1999. Web site entitled, "Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). A Guide to Approaches,
Experiences and Information Sources," under heading, "Sort by Organisation Name,"
available at http://tiger.eea.eu.int/projects/EnvMaST/lca/kap451 .htm.
BUWAL. 1999. Web site entitled, "Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). A Guide to Approaches,
Experiences and Information Sources," under heading, "Sort by Organisation Name,"
available at http://tiger.eea.eu.int/projects/EnvMaST/lca/kap451 .htm.
Caudill, R. J. 1998. Interim Report from the Multi-lifecycle Engineering and Manufacturing
Program: Lifecycle Assessment of Television CRTs. Multi-lifecycle Engineering Research
Center, New Jersey Institute of Technology. Newark, NJ. May 20.
ChemFinder. 1998. CS ChemFinder web site available at chemfinder/camsoft.com, downloaded
December, 1998.
DisplaySearch. 1998. DisplaySearch FPD Equipment and Materials Analysis and Forecast.
Austin, TX. June.
Ecobilan. 1999. Web site entitled, "Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). A Guide to Approaches,
Experiences and Information Sources," under heading, "Sort by Organisation Name,"
available at http://tiger.eea.eu.int/projects/EnvMaST/lca/kap451 .htm.
ETC. 1980. Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 3rd Edition, vol. 11, 1980, p. 847.
EIME. 1999. Web site available athttp://www.ecobalance.com/software/eime/eime_ovr.htm.
EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). 1998. Web site available at http://www.epa.gov,
downloaded December.
FCR (Fuji Chimera Research). 1996. The Future of Liquid Crystal and Related Display
Materials, p. 12, translated by InterLingua Linguistic Services, Inc. Redondo Beach, CA
1997.
D-23
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APPENDIX D
Glazebrook, B. 1999. Personal communication with B. Glazebrook, Ecobilan (Ecobalance), and
M. L. Socolof, University of Tennessee. May.
IDEMAT. 1995. Delft University of Technology, Industrial DEsign MATerials software.
Hentges, S. 1999. Personal communication with S. Hentges, American Plastics Council, and L.
Lasher, University of Tennessee. February 1.
Karlsson, M. 1999. Personal communication with M. Karlsson, IBM Engineering Center for
Environmentally Conscious Products, and M. L. Socolof, University of Tennessee.
March 1 and July 8.
Klaassen, C. D., M. O. Amdur, and J. Doull. 1986. Casarett andDoull's Toxicology The Basic
Science of Poisons, 3rd Edition. Macmillan Publishing Co., New York, NY.
Menke, D., G. A. Davis, and B. W. Vignon 1996. Evaluation of Life-Cycle Assessment Tools.
University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN. August 30.
MCC (Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation). 1993. Environmental
Consciousness: A Strategic Competitiveness Issue for the Electronics and Computer
Industry. Austin, TX.
MCC. 1994. Electronics Industry Environmental Roadmap. Austin, TX
MCC. 1998. Computer Display Industry and Technology Profile. EPA 744-R-98-005.
O'Mara, W. C. 1993. "Liquid Crystal Flat Panel Displays." Manufacturing Science and
Technology. New York, NY.
Socolof, M. L. 1999. Draft Technical Memorandum Life-Cycle Impact Assessment
Methodology for the Computer Display Project. University of Tennessee. March 25.
SRC (Syracuse Research Corporation). 1998. Web site available at esc.syrres.com, downloaded
December.
US AMP (United States Automotive Materials Partnership). 1999. Web site available at
http ://www.uscar. org/index.htm.
D-24
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APPENDIX E
APPENDIX E
TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM:
Electrical Energy Grid Life-Cycle Inventories for the CDP
-------
APPENDIX E
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APPENDIX E
APPENDIX E
TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM:
Electrical Energy Grid Life-Cycle Inventories for the CDP
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Design for the Environment (DfE)
Program Computer Display Project (CDP) is conducting a combined Cleaner Technologies
Substitutes Assessment (CTSA) and life-cycle assessment (LCA) to evaluate the relative
environmental impacts, cost, and performance of cathode ray tube (CRT) and active matrix liquid
crystal display (AMLCD) desktop computer monitors. Initially the project is conducting an LCA
to determine the relative potential environmental impacts of the monitors, including impacts
from materials extraction, materials processing, manufacturing (monitor and components), use,
and end-of-life disposition. Transportation information is also included within and between each
stage.
LCA has four major components:
1. goal definition and scoping,
2. life-cycle inventory (LCI),
3. life-cycle impact assessment (LCIA), and
4. improvement assessment.
The LCI is a collection of inputs (materials, energy, and other resources) and outputs (products,
wastes and emissions) for processes throughout the product's life cycle. The LCIA characterizes
the potential relative impacts of these inputs and outputs per functional unit, where the functional
unit is defined in this project as one monitor over its lifetime. Improvement assessment is the
component where those who are in the position to make changes in either the design or
manufacture of the product review the results and decide on ways to implement environmental
improvements.
The focus of this technical memorandum (TM) is on the LCI component of the LCA.
Established LCI methodology accounts for electricity requirements throughout the life cycle of a
product system. Wherever electricity is used in a process in the product system, the LCI typically
includes the inputs and outputs from the generation of that electricity. This TM presents the
input and output inventory data that are used to calculate the impacts from electricity generation
for the CDP. The inventory data were developed by the University of Tennessee Center for
Clean Products and Clean Technologies (CCPCT) from existing data for the various fuels (e.g.,
coal, petroleum) used by electric utilities around the United States. Two inventories illustrate the
amount of materials consumed (inputs) and pollutants released (outputs) to generate one
kilowatthour (kWh) of electricity, based on the average U.S. and the average Japanese electrical
grids. The data are presented in units of grams of material input or emission output per kWh
(g/kWh) in almost all cases, excluding radioactive emissions which are presented in Becquerels
E-l
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APPENDIX E
per kWh [Bq/kWh, where a Becquerel is the Systeme Internationale (SI) unit for radioactivity].
All of the inputs and outputs in the electric grid inventories have been multiplied by the
electricity consumption rate for each process in the product system where electricity is used.
These input and output data are not used with LCI data collected from secondary sources that
already include inputs and outputs from electricity generation. The two electric grid inventory
data sets presented in this TM are for the average U.S. electrical grid and the average Japanese
electric grid.
1.2 Boundaries of the Analysis
In addition to the geographic boundary (i.e., U.S. and Japanese data only), the boundaries
of the data presented in this TM are defined by the generation categories included in the analysis
(e.g., coal, nuclear) and the life-cycle stages evaluated for the various generation categories (e.g.,
extraction, generation). A U.S. electric grid inventory was developed first and the Japanese grid
inventory is simply a modification of the U.S. inventory, which applies the average Japanese
electric grid to the input and output data found for the United States. This will not account for
any effects of different control technologies used in Japan compared to the United States. The
majority of this TM focuses on collecting U.S. data, and mentions when the Japanese grid is
applied.
Table 1 presents the electricity generation categories, associated fuels types, percent
breakdown for U.S. electricity generation in 1997 and whether or not that category is included in
this inventory. (While 1998 is the target year for the overall CDP, this TM was targeted for 1997
as almost no data could be obtained that was relative to 1998.) Coal is the dominant generation
category and fuel type in the U.S., accounting for over 55 percent of 1997 electricity production.
Non-renewable fuels (coal, gas, petroleum, and uranium) plus water (for hydroelectric plants)
together provide greater than 99 percent of U.S. electricity. Table 1 also lists the average
Japanese breakdown of fuels.
Table 1. Fuel Types Used to Generate Electricity in U.S. and Japan in 1997
Generation
Category
Coal
Gas
Petroleum
Nuclear
Hydro
Renewables
Fuel
Coal
Gas
Petroleum
Uranium
Water
Wind, biomass,
heat from sun,
heat from earth
Total
U.S. Generation
% Breakdown
57.23%
9.07%
2.53%
20.14%
10.79%
0.24%
100%
Japanese
% Breakdown
18%
20%
21%
31%
9%
1%
100%
Included in Electric
Grid Analysis?
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Sources: EIA 1999a, EIA 1997.
Individual input and output inventories were developed for each of the generation
categories listed in Table 1, except hydro and renewables. Hydroelectric facilities, which
constitute nearly 11% of the U.S. electric grid, were excluded due to the scarcity of data on
hydroelectric inputs and outputs. Known impacts of hydroelectric facilities primarily relate to
E-2
-------
APPENDIX E
reservoir formation, which includes habitat destruction and its concurrent effects on biodiversity,
and the generation of the greenhouse gases methane and carbon dioxide from the flooding of
wetlands during and after reservoir formation. Habitat destruction is not included as an impact
category per se within the CDP LCIA methodology (see Chapter 3 of main report), but global
warming is included. Furthermore, EPA has concluded there is currently no adequate basis for
estimating the emissions and sinks from the flooding of wetlands (EPA 1998a).
Renewables were excluded because they accounted for only a small fraction (0.24%) of
total U.S. electricity production in 1997. In addition, little or no data exist on material inputs and
pollutant outputs for renewable electricity generation processes.
The following life-cycle stages are associated with electricity generation:
• Extraction of ores and fluids from the earth and any necessary transportation to the initial
processing point (Materials Extraction);
• Initial and secondary processing of those ores/fluids into usable fuels, and the associated
transportation between processing points and to the generating stations (Materials
Processing);
• Combustion or use of the fuel and the onsite control of pollutants, and transmission and
distribution of the generated electricity to the points of use (Manufacturing);
NOTE: This description excludes the process flows of renewable energy sources.
Little or no data were available for the extraction and initial and secondary processing of
ores and fluids into fuels, except for some data for coal extraction and processing. Therefore,
most of the electrical grid input and output data presented in this TM only include the
manufacturing life-cycle stage (generation and transmission and distribution of electricity) as
shown in Table 2.
Table 2. Fuel Life-Cycle Substages Captured in Electric Grid LCI Data
Life-Cycle Substages
Extraction
Transport to Initial Processing
Initial Processing
Transport to secondary processing
Secondary processing
Transport to generating stations
Electricity generation
Transmission and Distribution
Coal
P
N
P
NA
NA
N
I
I
Gas
N
N
N
NA
NA
N
I
I
Petroleum
N
N
N
NA
NA
N
I
I
Uranium
N
N
N
N
N
N
I
I
I = Included in inventory; P = Partially included in inventory; N = Not included in inventory; NA = Not applicable.
It should also be noted that this electric grid inventory relates only to utility-based
generation. Electric power generation in the Unites States can be broken down into two main
categories: utility and nonutility. In simplified terms, most electricity generating entities that are
not classified as utilities fall in the nonutility category, and include many cogeneration facilities
and small and independent power producers. About 65% of nonutility production is attributed to
E-3
-------
APPENDIX E
the manufacturing sector (EIA 1998a), and nonutility production as a whole constitutes just over
10% of the total power produced by the electric power industry. The inputs and outputs of
nonutility electricity production are excluded here due to a lack of detailed data on the associated
emissions and wastes.
1.3 Organization of the TM
The remainder of this document provides supporting information on the development of
the electric grid data. It is organized into six sections: results summary, methodology, fuel-
specific results, data sources and quality, limitations and conclusions. Supporting tables are
presented as necessary in the Appendices.
2. RESULTS SUMMARY
Table 3 a presents the primary and ancillary materials consumed and products and
environmental burdens produced during the generation of 1 kilowatthour (kWh) in the United
States, based on the national 1997 generation percent breakdown (see Table 1). Similarly, Table
3b presents the inventory for the Japanese grid. All inputs and outputs listed in Tables 3 a and b
are presented on a per kWh basis.
Section 3 of this TM discusses the methods used to calculate the nationwide U.S. electric
grid inventory data. Spreadsheets were used to organize and manipulate all of the inventory data,
and those spreadsheets are shown in Attachments A through E and contain supporting data
source, assumptions, and limitations information.
E-4
-------
APPENDIX E
Table 3a. U.S. Electricity Generation Inventory [inputs and outputs per kWh (3.6 MJ)]
Material | Quantity
Units | Input/output
Input/output type | Disposition
PRIMARY INPUTS
Coal, avg. (in ground)
Natural gas
Petroleum (in ground)
Uranium, yellowcake
2.83E+02
2.20E+01
5.99E+00
7.64E-03
G
G
G
G
Input
Input
Input
Input
Primary material
Primary material
Primary material
Primary material
ANCILLARY INPUTS
Lime
Limestone
Water
1.67E+00
3.79E+00
1.79E+03
G
G
G
Input
Input
Input
Ancillary material
Ancillary material
Water
PRODUCT
Electricity
l.OOE+00
KWH | Output | Energy
AIR EMISSIONS
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
2,3,7,8-TCDD
2,3,7,8-TCDF
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
2-Chloroacetophenone
2-Methylnaphthalene
5-Methyl chrysene
Acenaphthene
Acenaphthylene
Acetaldehyde
Acetophenone
Acrolein
Anthracene
Antimony
Arsenic
Barium
Benzene
Benzo [a]anthracene
Benzo[a]pyrene
Benzo [b,j ,k] fluoranthene
Benzo [g,h,i]perylene
Benzyl chloride
Beryllium
Biphenyl
Bromoform
Bromomethane
Cadmium
3.02E-06
5.65E-06
2.02E-12
7.20E-12
3.96E-08
9.89E-07
4.20E-09
3.11E-09
8.94E-08
3.55E-08
8.05E-05
2.12E-06
4.10E-05
3.07E-08
6.87E-06
5.91E-05
3.24E-06
1.84E-04
1.46E-08
5.37E-09
1.68E-08
5.68E-09
9.89E-05
3.01E-06
2.40E-07
5.51E-06
2.26E-05
7.59E-06
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
E-5
-------
APPENDIX E
Table 3a. U.S. Electricity Generation Inventory [inputs and outputs per kWh (3.6 MJ)]
Material
Carbon dioxide
Carbon disulfide
Carbon monoxide
Chloride ions
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
Chromium (III)
Chromium (VI)
Chrysene
Cobalt
Copper
Cumene
Cyanide (-1)
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
Dibenzo [a,h] anthracene
Dichloromethane
Dimethyl sulfate
Dioxins, remaining unspeciated
Ethyl Chloride
Ethylbenzene
Ethylene dibromide
Fluoranthene
Fluorene
Fluoride
Formaldehyde
Furans, remaining unspeciated
Hexane
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrofluoric acid
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
Isophorone
Lead
Magnesium
Manganese
Mercury
Methane
Methyl chloride
Methyl ethyl ketone
Methyl hydrazine
Methyl methacrylate
Quantity
7.00E+02
1.84E-05
1.27E-01
2.86E-04
3.11E-06
8.33E-06
3.83E-05
1.14E-05
1.61E-08
1.91E-05
1.57E-06
7.49E-07
3.53E-04
1.03E-05
1.38E-09
4.10E-05
6.78E-06
9.21E-11
5.93E-06
1.33E-05
1.70E-07
1.06E-07
1.32E-07
3.08E-05
1.33E-04
1.47E-10
9.46E-06
1.70E-01
2.12E-02
1.04E-08
8.19E-05
2.01E-05
1.55E-03
7.18E-05
1.18E-05
1.02E+00
7.49E-05
5.51E-05
2.40E-05
2.83E-06
Units
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
Input/output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Input/output type
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Disposition
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
E-6
-------
APPENDIX E
Table 3a. U.S. Electricity Generation Inventory [inputs and outputs per kWh (3.6 MJ)]
Material
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Molybdenum
Naphthalene
Nickel
Nitrogen oxides
Nitrous oxide
o-xylene
PM-10
Phenanthrene
Phenol
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Propionaldehyde
Pyrene
Selenium
Styrene
Sulfur dioxide
TOCs, remaining unspeciated
Tetrachloroethylene
Toluene
Vanadium
Vinyl acetate
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Zinc (elemental)
Quantity
4.94E-06
9.20E-07
2.88E-06
1.08E-04
1.85E+00
5.35E-03
8.99E-08
9.10E-02
3.95E-07
2.26E-06
7.80E-06
5.37E-05
5.25E-08
1.84E-04
3.53E-06
3.93E+00
9.07E-03
6.07E-06
4.00E-05
2.77E-05
1.07E-06
5.23E-06
2.40E-05
Units
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
Input/output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Input/output type
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Disposition
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
WATER RELEASES
Sulfate ion (-4)
Suspended solids
1.08E-01
2.80E-03
G
G
Output
Output
Waterborne
Waterborne
surface water
surface water
E-7
-------
APPENDIX E
Table 3a. U.S. Electricity Generation Inventory [inputs and outputs per kWh (3.6 MJ)]
Material Quantity
Units | Input/output
Input/output type | Disposition
WASTE
Coal waste
Dust/sludge
Fly /bottom ash
Low-level radioactive waste
Uranium, depleted
8.01E+01
3.10E+01
2.00E+01
2.77E-03
8.30E-04
G
G
G
G
G
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Solid waste
Solid waste
Solid waste
Radioactive waste
Radioactive waste
landfill
landfill
landfill
landfill
landfill
RADIOACTIVE AIR EMISSIONS
Argon-41 (isotope)
Bromine-89 (isotope)
Bromine-90 (isotope)
Cesium- 134 (isotope)
Cesium- 137 (isotope)
Chromium-51 (isotope)
Cobalt-57 (isotope)
Cobalt-58 (isotope)
Cobalt-60 (isotope)
Iodine- 131 (isotope)
Iodine- 132 (isotope)
Iodine- 133 (isotope)
Iodine- 134 (isotope)
Iodine-135 (isotope)
Krypton-85 (isotope)
Krypton-85M (isotope)
Krypton-87 (isotope)
Krypton-88 (isotope)
Manganese- 5 4 (isotope)
Niobium-95 (isotope)
Rubidium-88 (isotope)
Silver- 1 1 OM (isotope)
Technetium-99M (isotope)
Tritium-3 (isotope)
Xenon-131M (isotope)
Xenon- 133 (isotope)
Xenon- 133M (isotope)
Xenon-135 (isotope)
Xenon-135M (isotope)
Xenon-138 (isotope)
2.51E+01
2.91E-06
1.18E-06
7.99E-05
6.02E-04
1.58E-03
4.24E-06
5.41E+00
4.07E-04
1.90E-03
3.86E-04
1.76E+00
2.00E-03
1.01E-04
4.17E+01
2.02E+00
7.52E-01
3.53E+00
2.24E-05
8.89E-07
8.26E-03
2.65E-08
1.19E-07
5.90E+01
3.40E+00
4.91E+02
3.26E+01
1.85E+01
3.54E-01
1.17E+00
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
E-8
-------
APPENDIX E
Table 3a. U.S. Electricity Generation Inventory [inputs and outputs per kWh (3.6 MJ)]
Material
Zirconium-95 (isotope)
Quantity
2.30E-06
Units
Bq
Input/output
Output
Input/output type
Radioactivity
Disposition
air
RADIOACTIVE WATER RELEASES
Antimony- 124 (isotope)
Antimony- 125 (isotope)
Barium- 140 (isotope)
Cesium- 134 (isotope)
Cesium- 136 (isotope)
Cesium- 137 (isotope)
Chromium-51 (isotope)
Cobalt-57 (isotope)
Cobalt-58 (isotope)
Cobalt-80 (isotope)
Iodine- 131 (isotope)
Iodine- 132 (isotope)
Iodine- 133 (isotope)
Iodine-135 (isotope)
Iron-55 (isotope)
Iron-59 (isotope)
Krypton-85M (isotope)
Lanthanum- 140 (isotope)
Manganese-54 (isotope)
Molybdenum-99 (isotope)
Niobium-95 (isotope)
Ruthenium- 103 (isotope)
Silver- 110M (isotope)
Sodium-24 (isotope)
Strontium-89 (isotope)
Strontium-90 (isotope)
Strontium-95 (isotope)
Sulfur-136 (isotope)
Technetium-99M (isotope)
Tin-113 (isotope)
Tritium-3 (isotope)
Xenon- 13 1M (isotope)
Xenon- 133 (isotope)
Xenon-133M (isotope)
Xenon-135 (isotope)
1.24E-02
4.95E-02
9.21E-04
3.32E-02
3.84E-14
4.99E-02
5.98E-02
1.45E-03
5.90E-01
1.55E-01
2.76E-02
1.05E-02
1.18E-02
8.49E-03
1.41E-01
7.24E-03
3.73E-02
9.86E-04
3.94E-02
7.44E+04
1.02E-02
1.24E-03
1.45E-02
2.21E-03
2.39E-03
5.61E-04
6.18E-03
1.33E-03
8.66E-04
1.37E-03
4.41E+02
4.54E-01
6.97E+01
5.71E-01
5.20E-01
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
E-9
-------
APPENDIX E
Table 3a. U.S. Electricity Generation Inventory [inputs and outputs per kWh (3.6 MJ)]
Material
Zinc-85 (isotope)
Quantity
6.65E-04
Units
Bq
Input/output
Output
Input/output type
Radioactivity
Disposition
surface water
Table 3b. Japanese Electricity Generation Inventory [inputs and outputs per kWh (3.6 MJ)]
Material | Quantity
Units | Input/output | Input/output type
Disposition
PRIMARY INPUTS
Coal, avg. (in ground)
Natural gas
Petroleum (in ground)
Uranium, yellowcake
8.88E+01
4.85E+01
5.00E+01
1.18E-02
G
G
G
G
Input
Input
Input
Input
Primary material
Primary material
Primary material
Primary material
ANCILLARY INPUTS
Lime
Limestone
Water
5.24E-01
1.19E+00
1.72E+03
G
G
G
Input
Input
Input
Ancillary material
Ancillary material
Water
PRODUCT
Electricity
l.OOE+00
KWH | Output | Energy
AIR EMISSIONS
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
2,3,7,8-TCDD
2,3,7,8-TCDF
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
2-Chloroacetophenone
2-Methylnaphthalene
5-Methyl chrysene
Acenaphthene
Acenaphthylene
Acetaldehyde
Acetophenone
Acrolein
Anthracene
Antimony
Arsenic
Barium
Benzene
B enzo [a] anthracene
Benzo[a]pyrene
B enzo [b ,j , k] fluoranthene
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene
Benzyl chloride
Beryllium
2.51E-06
1.78E-06
6.53E-13
2.27E-12
1.24E-08
3.11E-07
9.24E-09
9.77E-10
1.68E-07
1.28E-08
2.53E-05
6.66E-07
1.29E-05
1.77E-08
3.69E-05
2.72E-05
2.01E-05
5.92E-05
3.11E-08
1.69E-09
1.51E-08
1.67E-08
3.11E-05
1.26E-06
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
E-10
-------
APPENDIX E
Table 3b. Japanese Electricity Generation Inventory [inputs and outputs per kWh (3.6 MJ)]
Material
Biphenyl
Bromoform
Bromomethane
Cadmium
Carbon dioxide
Carbon disulfide
Carbon monoxide
Chloride ions
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
Chromium (III)
Chromium (VI)
Chrysene
Cobalt
Copper
Cumene hydroperoxide
Cyanide (-1)
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
Dibenzo [a,h] anthracene
Dichloromethane
Dimethyl sulfate
Dioxins, remaining unspeciated
Ethyl Chloride
Ethylbenzene
Ethylene dibromide
Fluoranthene
Fluorene
Fluorides (F-)
Formaldehyde
Furans, remaining unspeciated
Hexane
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrofluoric acid
Indeno(l ,2,3-cd)pyrene
Isophorone
Lead (Pb, ore)
Magnesium
Manganese (Mn, ore)
Mercury
Quantity
7.55E-08
1.73E-06
7.11E-06
5.48E-06
5.98E+02
5.78E-06
1.09E-01
2.39E-03
9.77E-07
2.62E-06
2.15E-05
5.22E-06
2.08E-08
4.60E-05
1.24E-05
2.35E-07
1.11E-04
3.24E-06
1.15E-08
1.29E-05
2.13E-06
2.90E-11
1.87E-06
4.61E-06
5.33E-08
6.79E-08
7.11E-08
2.57E-04
3.97E-04
4.62E-11
2.98E-06
5.33E-02
6.66E-03
1.74E-08
2.58E-05
1.71E-05
4.89E-04
4.24E-05
4.59E-06
Units
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
Input/output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Input/output type
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Disposition
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
E-ll
-------
APPENDIX E
Table 3b. Japanese Electricity Generation Inventory [inputs and outputs per kWh (3.6 MJ)]
Material
Methane
Methyl chloride
Methyl ethyl ketone
Methyl hydrazine
Methyl methacrylate
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Molybdenum
Naphthalene
Nickel
Nitrogen oxides
Nitrous oxide
o-xylene
Phenanthrene
Phenol
PM-10
Propionaldehyde
Pyrene
Selenium
Styrene
Sulfur dioxide
Tetrachloroethylene
TOCs, remaining unspeciated
Toluene
Vanadium
Vinyl acetate
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Zinc (elemental)
Quantity
3.16E-03
2.35E-05
1.73E-05
7.55E-06
8.88E-07
1.55E-06
6.01E-06
8.60E-06
5.72E-04
1.58E+00
4.34E-03
7.50E-07
2.02E-07
7.11E-07
7.77E-02
1.69E-05
4.90E-08
6.25E-05
1.11E-06
3.35E+00
1.91E-06
7.66E-03
5.56E-05
2.22E-04
3.37E-07
1.64E-06
2.00E-04
Units
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
Input/output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Input/output type
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Disposition
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
WATER RELEASES
Sulfate ion (-4)
Suspended solids
3.39E-02
8.82E-04
G
G
Output
Output
Waterborne
Waterborne
surface water
surface water
WASTE
Coal waste
Dust/sludge
Fly/bottom ash
Low-level radioactive waste
Uranium, depleted
2.52E+01
9.73E+00
6.30E+00
4.29E-03
1.29E-03
G
G
G
G
G
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Solid waste
Solid waste
Solid waste
Radioactive waste
Radioactive waste
landfill
landfill
landfill
landfill
landfill
RADIOACTIVE AIR EMISSIONS
Argon-41 (isotope)
Bromine-89 (isotope)
3.89E+01
4.50E-06
Bq
Bq
Output
Output
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
air
air
E-12
-------
APPENDIX E
Table 3b. Japanese Electricity Generation Inventory [inputs and outputs per kWh (3.6 MJ)]
Material
Bromine-90 (isotope)
Cesium- 134 (isotope)
Cesium- 137 (isotope)
Chromium-51 (isotope)
Cobalt-57 (isotope)
Cobalt-58 (isotope)
Cobalt-60 (isotope)
Iodine- 131 (isotope)
Iodine- 132 (isotope)
Iodine- 133 (isotope)
Iodine- 134 (isotope)
Iodine-135 (isotope)
Krypton-85 (isotope)
Krypton-85M (isotope)
Krypton-87 (isotope)
Krypton-88 (isotope)
Manganese- 5 4 (isotope)
Niobium-95 (isotope)
Rubidium-88 (isotope)
Silver- 1 1 OM (isotope)
Technetium-99M (isotope)
Tritium-3 (isotope)
Xenon-131M (isotope)
Xenon- 133 (isotope)
Xenon- 133 (isotope)
Xenon- 133M (isotope)
Xenon-135 (isotope)
Xenon-135M (isotope)
Xenon-138 (isotope)
Zirconium-95 (isotope)
Quantity
1.83E-06
1.24E-04
9.33E-04
2.44E-03
6.57E-06
8.38E-05
6.31E-04
2.95E-03
5.99E-04
2.73E+00
3.10E-03
1.56E-04
6.46E+01
3.13E+00
1.17E+00
5.47E+00
3.47E-05
1.38E-06
1.28E-02
4.11E-08
1.85E-07
9.13E+01
5.27E+00
5.05E+01
5.05E+01
7.60E+02
2.87E+01
5.48E-01
1.82E+00
3.56E-06
Units
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Input/output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Input/output type
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Disposition
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
RADIOACTIVE WATER RELEASES
Antimony- 124 (isotope)
Antimony- 125 (isotope)
Barium- 140 (isotope)
Cesium- 134 (isotope)
Cessium-137 (isotope
Chromium-51 (isotope)
Cobalt-57 (isotope)
Cobalt-58 (isotope)
1.92E-02
7.67E-02
1.43E-03
5.15E-02
7.73E-02
9.27E-02
2.24E-03
9.13E-01
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
E-13
-------
APPENDIX E
Table 3b. Japanese Electricity Generation Inventory [inputs and outputs per kWh (3.6 MJ)]
Material
Cobalt-80 (isotope)
Iodine- 131 (isotope)
Iodine- 132 (isotope)
Iodine- 133 (isotope)
Iodine-135 (isotope)
Iron-55 (isotope)
Iron-59 (isotope)
Krypton-85M (isotope)
Lanthanum- 140 (isotope)
Manganese- 5 4 (isotope)
Molybdenum-99 (isotope)
Niobium-95 (isotope)
Ruthenium- 103 (isotope)
Silver- 1 10M (isotope)
Sodium-24 (isotope)
Strontium-89 (isotope)
Strontium-90 (isotope)
Strontium-95 (isotope)
Sulfur-136 (isotope)
Technetium-99M (isotope)
Tin- 113 (isotope)
Tritium-3 (isotope)
Xenon-131M (isotope)
Xenon- 133M (isotope)
Xenon-135 (isotope)
Zinc-85 (isotope)
Quantity
2.40E-01
4.28E-02
1.62E-02
1.83E-02
1.31E-02
2.18E-01
1.12E-02
5.77E-02
1.53E-03
6.11E-02
1.15E+05
1.57E-02
1.92E-03
2.24E-02
3.42E-03
3.70E-03
8.69E-04
9.57E-03
2.06E-03
1.34E-03
2.12E-03
6.83E+02
7.02E-01
8.84E-01
8.05E-01
1.03E-03
Units
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Bq
Input/output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Output
Input/output type
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Disposition
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
E-14
-------
APPENDIX E
3.
METHODOLOGY
The U.S.-wide inventory was developed by first compiling inventory data for each of the
major generation (fuel-specific) categories used to produce electricity in the U.S., and then
creating the U.S.-wide inventory from the fuel-specific inventories. The creation of the U.S.-
wide data from the fuel-specific inventories required two particular sets of information: 1997
fuel consumption data and 1997 fuel-specific net electricity generation data (see Table 4). In the
majority of cases, one or more pieces of information from these two data sets was needed to
convert each input or output into the units of grams per kWh (excluding the radionuclides which
were converted to Becquerels per kWh).
Table 4. 1997 U.S. Electricity Utility Summary Statistics
Fuel"
Coal
Gas
Petroleum
Nuclear
Hydro b
Renewables b
Total
1997 Fuel
Consumption
900,361,000
2,968,453
5,256,132
48,700,000
-
-
Units
short tons/yr
million ft3/yr
thousand gal/yr
Ibs U3O8/yr
-
-
1997 Net Electricity
Generation
1,787,806,000,000
283,625,000,000
77,753,000,000
628,644,000,000
337,233,000,000
7,462,000,000
3,122,522,000,000
1997 Generation %
Breakdown
57.23%
9.07%
2.53%
20.14%
10.79%
0.24%
100%
Source: EIA 1999a.
a This breakdown exludes nonutility electricity genration (non and Independent Power Producers (NPPs or IPPs),
which typically contribute about 11% of the U.S. total (EIA 1999).
b Hydro and renewables were exluded from the calculation of inputs and outputs.
Data on the inputs and outputs for electricity generation were obtained from available
sources; when multiple sources of the same type of data were found, those data believed to have
the highest quality were utilized (Section 5 addresses data quality). Most data obtained were
fuel-specific, however some of the data found were already aggregated to the U.S.-wide level,
and thus did not need converting from the fuel-specific values. Thus, for some input/output
categories, few calculations were necessary; for others, more complex equations were required to
calculate the final input or output data.
As stated earlier in this TM, the final electric grid inventory data (in units of grams/net
kWh, for example) will be multiplied by energy use values throughout the life cycle (in units of
point-of-use kWhs/functional unit). The two kWhs referred to are different, with the difference
being net generated kWhs versus point-of-use kWhs. Due to losses that are associated with
moving electrical energy from a point of generation to a point of use, known as 'transmission and
distribution (TD) losses,' these must be accounted for in the calculations. It was found in the
research for this TM that for 1997 the nationwide TD losses were on the order of 8% of net
generation (EIA 1999b). Therefore, to make the kWhs equivalent, the net generation was
divided by a TD factor of 1.08 to effectively convert the net kWhs to point-of-use kWhs. The net
kWhs are divided by the 1.08 TD factor in all the equations shown in this TM.
E-15
-------
APPENDIX E
The following subsections provide the methodology used and basic equations utilized to
create the U.S. -wide inventory from the fuel-specific input and output values.
3.1 Inputs
3.1.1 Primary Materials
Primary materials are typically considered in LCA to be those materials that become part
of the final product of the process being modeled. For the process of electricity generation, the
fuels used to produce the electrical energy are usually considered to be the only 'primary'
materials. Thus, for the U.S. and Japanese electric grid inventory data, the primary materials
include coal, gas, petroleum and uranium. The U.S. nationwide total quantities of these fuels
consumed by utilities in 1997 was obtained from the Energy Information Administration (EIA
1999a for coal, gas and petroleum; EIA 1998b for uranium). The Japanese data were obtained
from the EIA's Country Energy Data Report (EIA 1997). Note that the primary material for
nuclear-based electricity generation is referred to as "yellowcake," which is the most common
physical state on which uranium consumption is based. Yellowcake is a yellowish-brown
powder that is the product of the initial milling process that follows mining. The input data were
provided on a nationwide basis, thus the equation needed to calculate each fuel's use rate in
grams per kWh is shown below:
UR
•faeli Qen Eq.l
_ net
TD
where,
~ nationwide input use rate per unit of electricity for fuel i, where the four
fuels are coal, gas, petroleum and uranium (grams/kWh),
, = annual consumption rate for fuel i (mass or volume/yr; converted to grams
using density as necessary, see Attachment E, Table E5),
= net annual nationwide electricity generation (kWh/yr), and
TD = nationwide average transmission and distribution losses factor (percent).
In calculating the primary material consumption rates for each fuel, material densities and
conversion factors for mass, volume and energy were utilized where needed, depending on
whether the units of consumption were in mass or volume (see Attachment E, Table E5).
3.1.2 Ancillary Materials
Ancillary materials are considered to be those materials that help the process function or
work, yet do not become part of the final product. In generating electricity, all materials used,
except the fuel itself, are typically considered to be ancillary materials. The ancillary materials
accounted for in the U.S. electric grid inventory data are limestone and lime which are sulfur
E-16
-------
APPENDIX E
dioxide removal system catalysts typically used in coal firing, and cooling water which is
consumed in generating electricity from all fuel types.
The limestone and lime values were derived by utilizing data from approximately five
different sources, primarily the EIA, the Acid Rain database and direct contact with utility
employees. In short, individual lime and limestone annual consumption rates were developed in
units of pounds per year for each plant in the U.S. that utilizes a lime- or limestone-based flue
gas desulfurization (FGD) system, and then those values were added to obtain the total poundage
or tonnage consumed annually in the U.S. (tons per year). At that point, Equation 1 could be
used (calculating only for coal) to obtain the quantity of lime or limestone consumed in grams
per kWh generated. Cooling water consumption in units of gallons per kWh was obtained from
the California Energy Commission (CEC 1979; cited in Paul Gipe's Wind Energy Comes of Age,
John Wiley & Sons, 1995). Since cooling water is consumed during electricity generation for
each of the fuel types followed in this inventory data set, one equation was used to calculate the
nationwide average cooling water requirements:
I (Conwater x Gen)
fudi
UR = — -
water Gennet
TD
where,
Urwater = nationwide input use rate per unit of electricity for water (grams/kWh),
Conwater = average consumption rate per unit of electricity for water for fuel i, where
the four fuels are coal, gas, petroleum and uranium (gallons/kWh;
converted to grams using density, see Attachment E, Table E5),
Gen = net annual electricity generation rate for fuel i (kWh/yr),
Gen^., = net annual nationwide electricity generation (kWh/yr), and
TD = nationwide average transmission and distribution losses factor (percent).
3.2 Outputs
3.2.1 Air Emissions
Several sources of air emissions data where evaluated in compiling the electric grid
inventory data. The evaluation revealed that AP-42 (EPA 1996) data are the most complete
source of speciated air emissions data that are easily accessible and do not require a substantial
investment to obtain. Thus, AP-42 data were used as the foundation for the air emissions
estimates. ('AP-42' is the EPA's emission factors data set that addresses the type and quantity of
air pollutants that result from over 200 major industries, point sources and mobile sources.)
The evaluation also revealed a few sources of higher quality data for some pollutants, and
in those cases, that information was used to either augment or replace the AP-42 factors.
Specifically, the air pollutant release rates for criteria pollutants were obtained from the EPA
(1998b) on a nationwide annual basis and used instead of the AP-42 factors for those pollutants
(the values covered all fossil fuel-based generation categories and were in units of pounds per
year). The criteria pollutants include carbon dioxide (CO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides
E-17
-------
APPENDIX E
), carbon monoxide (CO), lead (Pb) and participate matter ten micrometers or less in
diameter (PM-10), and the following equation was used to obtain the emission rates for these
pollutants in units of grams/kWh:
Rel
air-criteria i
air-criteria i ~ Crf>n Ea. 3
^-"^"- *
TD
where,
RRair_criteria. = nationwide release rate per unit of electricity for criteria pollutant i
(grams/kWh),
Relair_criteriaj = annual release rate for criteria pollutant i (Ibs/yr),
Gen^., = net annual nationwide electricity generation (kWh/yr), and
TD = nationwide average transmission and distribution losses factor
(percent).
Nuclear power plants produce electricity without combusting fuel, thus no criteria
pollutants are emitted to the local air environment during nuclear power production. However,
nuclear-based electricity generation does produce some airborne radionuclides, which are
addressed in Section 3.2.4. No airborne releases from nuclear-based generation are addressed
here.
The air pollutants accounted for in this inventory calculated from AP-42 air emission
factors are shown in Table 5. Of these air emission factors, Table 5 shows the number of
pollutants in each category, what fuels AP-42 has release data for, and whether the AP-42 data
reflects controlled or uncontrolled release of those pollutants.
The equation used to calculate the nationwide emissions of these non-criteria pollutants is
Equation 4. The equation shows a summation of three release and consumption rates, which was
adjusted for the number of fuels from which the pollutants were listed in AP-42 (shown in Table
5).
For all of the pollutants in Table 5, AP-42 lists only one emission factor per pollutant per
fuel (for example, pounds of benzene released per ton of coal burned). Thus, each factor
represents a combined emissions estimate for the various technologies used to fire each fuel.
In augmenting the AP-42 data, it was also determined that the nationwide methane (CH4)
air releases generated during coal mining (EPA 1998c) are significant, and were added to the
emissions estimates of CH4 from coal and petroleum combustion. These emissions were
presented in units of nationwide cubic feet of methane released per year.
E-18
-------
APPENDIX E
Table 5. Air Pollutant Information from AP-42
Pollutant Category/Pollutant
Speciated organic compounds
Trace metals
Polycryclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Dioxins & furans
Methane
Nitrous oxide
Hydrogen chloride
Hydrogen fluoride
Total organic compounds
Total nonmethane organic compounds
# of factors
provided
37
13
16
16
1
1
1
1
1
1
Fuels from Which Pollutants Were
Listed in AP-42
Coal
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Gas
•
•
•
•
Petroleum
•
•
•
•
•
•
Controlled/
Uncontrolled
Controlled
Controlled
Controlled
Controlled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Uncontrolled
Source: EPA 1996.
air - other j
3 ,
£'
z=l
rj T
^ I air- other j
Gennet
TD
Con]
' fueli
Eq.4
where,
Rr
^^^ air-other y
R^air-othery
Con
TD
nationwide release rate for each pollutant7 (grams/kWh),
release rate per unit of fuel for each air pollutant7 from fossil fuel i (coal
Ibs/ton, gas - Ibs/million cubic feet, petroleum - Ibs/thousand gallons),
annual consumption rate of fuel i (coal - tons/yr, gas - million cubic
feet/yr, petroleum - thousand gallons/yr),
net annual nationwide electricity generation (kWh/yr), and
nationwide average transmission and distribution losses factor (percent).
3.2.2 Solid Wastes
For the U.S. electric grid inventory data, two types of solid waste exist: coal-fired
generation nonhazardous solid wastes and nuclear-based generation radioactive solid wastes.
[The term 'solid waste' as it is used in this report applies to the Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act (RCRA) definition which is defined in the U.S. Federal Code of Regulations (40
CFR 261).] For coal-fired generation, the solid wastes values were obtained from a 1994 Oak
Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) report entitled "Estimating Externalities of Coal Fuel
Cycles," and were provided in units of tons of waste produced per gigawatthour (GWh)
generated. The calculation needed to obtain the nationwide releases is as follows:
E-19
-------
APPENDIX E
RR^,,j, =
solid i*Gencoal
^soiid i Gen^ E9- s
TD
where,
RRsolidj = nationwide release rate per unit of electricity for solid waste i from coal-
fired generation (grams/kWh),
Relsoiidz ~ release rate per unit of electricity for solid waste i from coal-fired
generation (tons/GWh),
Gencoal — net annual electricity generation rate for coal (MWh/yr),
Gen^., — net annual nationwide electricity generation (kWh/yr), and
TD = nationwide average transmission and distribution losses factor (percent).
For the two nuclear-based generation wastes quantified, spent fuel and low-level
radioactive waste (LLRW), two data sources were utilized. The spent fuel data information was
obtained from the EIA in units of pounds per year and the LLRW data from an expert in the
nuclear electricity generation industry (Loiselle 1998) in units of cubic feet per year (see
Attachment E, Table E5 for LLRW conversion factor). The calculation used to derive the
quantity of both nuclear wastes generated in units of grams per kWh was similar to Equations 1
and 3, and is shown below:
Gen
_, _ nuclear i
CT/V —
nuclear i CrfTJ Eo, 6
net
TD
where,
nuclear; ~ nationwide generation rate per unit of electricity for nuclear waste i
(grams/kWh),
^, = nationwide annual generation rate for nuclear waste i (spent fuel - Ibs/yr,
LLRW - ftVyr; converted to grams using density as necessary, see
Attachment E, Table E5),
= net annual nationwide electricity generation (kWh/yr), and
TD = nationwide average transmission and distribution losses factor (percent).
3.2.3 Water Releases
Water release information was obtained on coal-fired generation. Radioactive water
release information is presented in Section 3.2.4. Information on only three water pollutants was
obtained (ORNL 1994). Data were in units of tons/GWh, and thus used an equation like
Equation 5 to calculate the nationwide release per unit of electricity generated:
E-20
-------
APPENDIX E
Gennet Eq.7
TD
where,
RRwater, — nationwide release rate per unit of electricity for water pollutant i from
coal-fired generation (grams/kWh),
Relwater, — release rate per unit of electricity for water pollutant i from coal-fired
generation (tons/GWh),
Gencoal = net annual electricity generation rate for coal (MWh/yr),
Ger^g, = net annual nationwide electricity generation (kWh/yr), and
TD = nationwide average transmission and distribution losses factor (percent).
3.2.4 Radionuclides
During the operation of nuclear electricity generation facilities, both airborne and
waterborne radioactive releases are generated that are not directly related to a facility's capacity
to generate power (kWs) or to the quantity of power it generates over time (kWhs). Data were
obtained on the radioactive releases of many nuclear facilities in the U.S. from an ORNL report
which addressed the externalities of nuclear fuel cycles (ORNL 1995). This report presented
averaged release rate information for 31 airborne and 35 waterborne radioactive releases, which
were from direct measurements at many U.S.-based nuclear facilities, all of which were
presented in units of Curies per year. Although the releases where found not to relate directly to
power generation or power generating capacity, some scale was needed to convert the quantity of
release from multiple facilities to a quantity of release for all the facilities in use in the U.S.
Therefore, due to a lack of any other identifiable scaling mechanism, the quantity of power
generated was utilized. The Curies per year value for each radioactive release was first converted
into Curies per MWh by dividing by the number of MWhs generated by the average facility
identified in the report. Then the values were converted into units of Becquerels per kWh. The
following equation was utilized for converting airborne and waterborne radionuclides to the
nationwide grid:
RR
radionuclide i nuclear
radionudide i ~ Crf>n Ea. 8
^J^rl
TD
where,
uciide, = nationwide release rate per unit of electricity for radionuclide i
(Becquerels/kWh),
nuciide i ~ averaged release rate per unit of electricity for radionuclide i
(Curies/MWh),
ga,. = annual electricity generation rate for nuclear (MWh/yr),
= net annual nationwide electricity generation (kWh/yr), and
TD = nationwide average transmission and distribution losses factor (percent).
E-21
-------
APPENDIX E
4.
FUEL-SPECIFIC RESULTS
Tables 6 through 9 present the inputs and outputs from each of the individual fuel
inventories. The data in those tables were aggregated into the U.S.-wide average data for
electricity generation (Table 3 a) and Japanese average data (Table 3b). Additionally, the
spreadsheets from which Tables 6 through 9 were derived are shown in Attachments A through E
and provide some additional information about each inventory.
Table 6. Inputs and Outputs for Coal-Fired Electricity Generation in the United States3
Material/pollutant [Quantity
Unit
INPUTS
Primary Materials
Coal
9.00E+08
tons/yr
Ancillary Materials
Limestone
Lime
Cooling water
1.21E+07
5.31E+06
4.90E-01
tons/yr
tons/yr
gal/kWh
OUTPUTS
Air Emissions
Methane
Nitrous oxide
Hydrogen chloride
Hydrogen fluoride
TOC
TNMOC
4.00E-02
3.00E-02
1.20E+00
1.50E-01
3.00E-01
6.00E-02
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
SPECIATED ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Acetaldehyde
Acetophenone
Acrolein
Benzene
Benzyl chloride
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
(DEHP)
Bromoform
Carbon disulfide
2-Chloroacetophenone
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
Cumene
Cyanide
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
Dimethyl sulfate
Ethyl benzene
5.70E-04
1.50E-05
2.90E-04
1.30E-03
7.00E-04
7.30E-05
3.90E-05
1.30E-04
7.00E-06
2.20E-05
5.90E-05
5.30E-06
2.50E-03
2.80E-07
4.80E-05
9.40E-05
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Material/pollutant [Quantity
Unit
OUTPUTS (continued)
Air Emissions (continued)
TRACE METALS (continued)
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium
Chromium (VI)
Cobalt
Magnesium
Manganese
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
2.10E-05
5.10E-05
2.60E-04
7.90E-05
l.OOE-04
1.10E-02
4.90E-04
8.30E-05
2.80E-04
1.30E-03
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAHs)
Biphenyl
Acenaphthene
Acenaphthylene
Anthracene
Benzo(a)anthracene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(b,j ,k)fiuoranthene
Benzo(g,h,i)perylene
Chrysene
Fluoranthene
Fluorene
Indeno(l ,2,3-cd)pyrene
Naphthalene
Phenanthrene
Pyrene
5-Methyl chrysene
1.70E-06
5.10E-07
2.50E-07
2.10E-07
8.00E-08
3.80E-08
1.10E-07
2.70E-08
l.OOE-07
7.10E-07
9.10E-07
6.10E-08
1.30E-05
2.70E-06
3.30E-07
2.20E-08
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
DIOXINS & FURANS
2,3,7,8-TCDD
Total TCDD
Total PeCDD
1.43E-11
9.28E-11
4.47E-11
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
E-22
-------
APPENDIX E
Table 6. Inputs and Out
Material/pollutant
Ethyl chloride
Ethylene dichloride
Ethylene dibromide
Formaldehyde
Hexane
Isophorone
Methyl bromide
Methyl chloride
Methyl ethyl ketone
Methyl hydrazine
Methyl methacrylate
Methyl tert butyl ether
Methylene chloride
Phenol
Propionaldehyde
Tetrachloroethylene
Toluene
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
Styrene
Xylenes
Vinyl acetate
>uts for Coal-Fired Electricity Generation in the United States3
Quantity
4.20E-05
4.00E-05
1.20E-06
2.40E-04
6.70E-05
5.80E-04
1.60E-04
5.30E-04
3.90E-04
1.70E-04
2.00E-05
3.50E-05
2.90E-04
1.60E-05
3.80E-04
4.30E-05
2.40E-04
2.00E-05
2.50E-05
3.70E-05
7.60E-06
Unit
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
TRACE METALS
Antimony
1.80E-05 libs/ton
Material/pollutant
Total HxCDD
Total HpCDD
Total OCDD
Total PCDDd
2,3,7,8-TCDF
Total TCDF
Total PeCDF
Total HxCDF
Total HpCDF
Total OCDF
Total PCDFd
Quantity
2.87E-11
8.34E-11
4.16E-10
6.66E-10
5.10E-11
4.04E-10
3.53E-10
1.92E-10
7.68E-11
6.63E-11
1.09E-09
Unit
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
Ibs/ton
COAL MINE METHANE EMISSIONS
Methane
1.52E+11
ftVyr
Solid Wastes
Dust/sludge
Coal waste
Fly/bottom ash
5.51E+01
1.43E+02
3.57E+01
tons/GWh
tons/GWh
tons/GWh
Water Releases
Dissolver
Suspended solids
Sulfate
2.78E-01
5.00E-03
1.92E-01
tons/GWh
tons/GWh
tons/GWh
1 All inputs and outputs have been left in their original units of measure.
E-23
-------
APPENDIX E
Table 7. Inputs and Outputs for Gas-Fired Electricity Generation in the United States
Material/pollutant [Quantity
Unit
INPUTS
Primary Material
Gas
3.00E+12
yr 3/yr
Ancillary Material
Water
2.50E-01
gal/kWh
OUTPUTS
Air Emissions
Nitrous oxide
Filterable PM
Condensible PM
TOC
2.20E+00
1.50E+00
1.50E+00
1.70E+00
Ibs/Mft3
Ibs/Mft3
Ibs/Mft3
Ibs/Mft3
SPECIATED ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Fluoranthene
Formaldehyde
2-Methylnaphthalene
3.01E-06
1.55E-01
9.02E-06
Ibs/Mft3
Ibs/Mft3
Ibs/Mft3
Pollutant [Quantity
Unit
OUTPUTS (continued)
Air Emissions (continued)
SPECIATED ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
Naphthalene
Phenanthrene
Pyrene
Toluene
2.40E-04
l.OOE-05
5.01E-06
2.20E-03
Ibs/Mft3
Ibs/Mft3
Ibs/Mft3
Ibs/Mft3
TRACE METALS
Arsenic
Barium
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Manganese
Molybdenum
Nickel
Vanadium
2.30E-04
2.40E-03
1.10E-03
1.20E-04
2.51E-04
3.81E-04
5.81E-04
3.61E-03
3.21E-03
Ibs/Mft3
Ibs/Mft3
Ibs/Mft3
Ibs/Mft3
Ibs/Mft3
Ibs/Mft3
Ibs/Mft3
Ibs/Mft3
Ibs/Mft3
a All inputs and outputs have been left in their original units of measure.
Table 8. Inputs and Outputs for Petroleum-Fired Electricity Generation in the U.S.
Material/Pollutant (Quantity
Unit
INPUTS
Primary Material
Petroleum
Ancillary Material
Water
4.30E-01
gal/kWh
OUTPUTS
Air Emissions
Methane
Nitrous oxide
TOC
TNMOC
2.66E-01
1.10E-01
9.93E-01
7.26E-01
Ibs/kgal
Ibs/kgal
Ibs/kgal
Ibs/kgal
SPECIATED ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Acenaphthene
Acenaphthylene
Anthracene
Benzene
Benz(a)anthracene
B enzo(b ,k) fluoranthene
Benzo(g,h,i)perylene
2.11E-05
2.53E-07
1.22E-06
2.14E-04
4.01E-06
1.48E-06
2.26E-06
Ibs/kgal
Ibs/kgal
Ibs/kgal
Ibs/kgal
Ibs/kgal
Ibs/kgal
Ibs/kgal
Pollutant
Quantity) Unit
OUTPUTS (continued)
Air Emissions (continued
SPECIATED ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (continued)
OCDD
Phenanthrene
Pyrene
Toluene
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane
o-xylene
3.10E-09
1.05E-05
4.25E-06
6.20E-03
2.36E-04
1.09E-04
Ibs/kgal
Ibs/kgal
Ibs/kgal
Ibs/kgal
Ibs/kgal
Ibs/kgal
TRACE METALS
Antimony
Arsenic
Barium
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chloride
Chromium
Chromium (VI)
Cobalt
Copper
Fluoride
5.25E-03
1.28E-03
2.57E-03
4.71E-05
4.67E-04
3.47E-01
1.28E-03
2.48E-04
6.02E-03
1.76E-03
3.73E-02
Ibs/kgal
Ibs/kgal
Ibs/kgal
Ibs/kgal
Ibs/kgal
Ibs/kgal
Ibs/kgal
Ibs/kgal
Ibs/kgal
Ibs/kgal
Ibs/kgal
E-24
-------
APPENDIX E
Table 8. Inputs and Outputs for Petroleum-Fired Electricity Generation in the U.S.
Material/Pollutant
Chrysene
Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene
Ethylbenzene
Fluoranthene
Fluorene
Formaldehyde
Indo( 1 ,2,3-cd)pyrene
Naphthalene
Quantity
2.38E-06
1.67E-06
6.36E-05
4.84E-06
4.47E-06
3.30E-02
2.14E-06
1.13E-03
Unit
Ibs/kgal
Ibs/kgal
Ibs/kgal
Ibs/kgal
Ibs/kgal
Ibs/kgal
Ibs/kgal
Ibs/kgal
Pollutant
Manganese
Mercury
Molybdenum
Nickel
Phosphorous
Selenium
Vanadium
Zinc
Quantity
2.94E-03
1.31E-04
7.87E-04
8.09E-02
9.46E-03
6.83E-04
3.18E-02
2.91E-02
Unit
Ibs/kgal
Ibs/kgal
Ibs/kgal
Ibs/kgal
Ibs/kgal
Ibs/kgal
Ibs/kgal
Ibs/kgal
1 All inputs and outputs have been left in their original units of measure.
Table 9. Inputs and Outputs for Nuclear-Based Electricity Generation in the U.S.
Material/pollutant | Quantity
Unit
INPUTS
Primary Material
Uranium oxide
("yellowcake")
4.87E+07
Ibs/yr
Ancillary Material
Water
6.20E-01
gal/kWh
OUTPUTS
Solid Wastes
Spent fuel
LLRW
5.29E+06
2.21E+05
Ibs/yr
ftVyr
Airborne Radionuclide Emissions
T-3
Ar-41
Cr-51
Mn-54
Co-57
Co-58
Co-60
Kr-85
Kr-85M
Kr-87
Rb-88
Kr-88
Br-89
Br-90
Nb-95
Zr-95
Tc-99M
7.33E-06
3.13E-06
1.96E-10
2.78E-12
5.27E-13
6.73E-12
5.06E-11
5.18E-06
2.51E-07
9.35E-08
1.03E-09
4.39E-07
3.62E-13
1.47E-13
1.11E-13
2.86E-13
1.48E-14
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Pollutant | Quantity | Unit
OUTPUTS (continued)
Waterborne Radionuclide Emissions (continued)
Xe-135M
Cs-137
Xe-138
4.40E-08
7.49E-11
1.46E-07
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Waterborne Radionuclide Emissions
T-3
Na-24
Cr-51
Mn-54
Fe-55
Co-57
Co-58
Fe-59
Co-80
Zn-85
Kr-85M
Sr-89
Sr-90
Nb-95
Sr-95
Mo-99
Tc-99M
Ru-103
Ag-llOM
Sn-113
Sb-124
Sb-125
1-131
Xe-131M
5.48E-05
2.75E-10
7.44E-09
4.90E-09
1.75E-08
1.80E-10
7.33E-08
9.00E-10
1.92E-08
8.27E-11
4.63E-09
2.97E-10
6.97E-11
1.26E-09
7.68E-10
9.25E-03
1.08E-10
1.54E-10
1.80E-09
1.70E-10
1.54E-09
6.15E-09
3.43E-09
5.64E-08
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
E-25
-------
APPENDIX E
Table 9. Inputs and Outputs for Nuclear-Based Electricity Generation in the U.S.
Material/pollutant
Ag-llOM
1-131
Xe-131M
1-132
Xe-133
1-133
Xe-133M
Cs-134
1-134
Xe-135
1-135
Quantity
3.30E-15
2.37E-10
4.23E-07
4.80E-11
6.10E-05
2.19E-07
4.06E-06
9.93E-12
2.49E-10
2.30E-06
1.25E-11
Unit
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Pollutant
1-132
Xe-133
1-133
Xe-133M
Cs-134
1-135
Xe-135
s-136
Cs-137
Ba-140
La- 140
Quantity
1.30E-09
8.66E-06
1.47E-09
7.10E-08
4.13E-09
1.06E-09
6.46E-08
1.65E-10
6.20E-09
1.14E-10
1.23E-10
Unit
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
a All inputs and outputs have been left in their original units of measure.
Table 10 presents the number of inventory data points for each fuel type by input or
output category. As can easily be seen, most of the fuel-specific inventories are dominated by air
pollution data. Of the main categories of air pollutants considered, the following breakdown lists
those emissions that are the biggest contributors (have the largest emission rates in overall
quantity) to each part of each fuel inventory:
• Coal - Cyanide (speciated organic compounds), magnesium (metal), naphthalene
[polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)] and the total octochlorodibenzo-p-dioxins
(dioxins and furans)
• Gas - Formaldehyde (speciated organic compound), nickel (metal)
• Petroleum - Formaldehyde (speciated organic compound), chloride (metal)
• Nuclear - Xenon-133 (airborne radionuclide), molybdenum-99 (waterborne
radionuclide)
Note that in Tables 6 through 9, the units for the inputs and outputs were left as originally
found in their source. All fuel-specific inputs and outputs (excluding radioactive releases) were
converted to the units desired for the U.S.-wide electric grid of grams/kWh during aggregation
into that inventory data set.
Table 10. Number of Inputs & Outputs Within Each Inventory
Inputs & Outputs
Primary materials
Ancillary materials
Air releases
Water releases
Solid & hazardous wastes
Total
Coal
1
3
89
3
3
99
Gas
1
1
29
-
-
31
Petroleum
1
1
51
-
-
53
Nuclear
1
1
31
35
2
70
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APPENDIX E
5. DATA SOURCES & QUALITY
Source and quality information for the data presented in this TM are detailed in Table 11.
In general, data assigned higher quality ratings were directly measured and represent 1997 data.
As data required more calculation or estimation, or were from a previous year, data quality was
reduced. Additional comments about data source and quality are in the following subsections.
5.1 Nonfuel specific data
The criteria pollutant air emission values used in this inventory all came from the
National Air Quality & Emissions Trends Report, 1997. While this report does state that the
values supplied are "estimates of the amount and kinds of pollutants being emitted ... based upon
best available engineering calculations," (EPA 1998b) the EPA used measured air emission rates
where feasible, and thus these data were given 'Average' data quality ratings.
5.2 Coal
As the leading electricity-producing fuel in the U.S., coal has accounted for between 40%
and 60% of the kWh produced by utilities in the national grid since the 1930s (NEI 1997). In
1997, coal-fired generation accounted for just over 57% of all utility-generated electricity.
Of the coal inventory data, the coal quantity used annually and the methane generated
from coal mining were both directly measured data for 1997 and thus were given 'Excellent' data
quality ratings. The data for speciated air emissions that came from AP-42 were deemed 'Poor,'
due primarily to the following two facets of the data. First, in averaging the data quality ratings
that the EPA applies to their AP-42 factors, an average rating of approximately 3 is calculated,
indicating by their own standards an 'average' rating. (EPA's data quality ratings are A, B, C, D
and E, where, for example, A, C and E represent 'Excellent,' 'Average' and 'Poor' respectively.
This alphabetically based system was temporarily converted into a numerical system of 1 through
5 where 1 corresponds to A and 5 corresponds to E to calculate the required averages.) Second,
the bulk of the AP-42 data was dated January 1995; updates were included several times since
then (two in 1996 and one in 1998), however, each update included only small changes to the
whole AP-42 emission factor data set.
The cooling water use (for all fuels) and the solid waste and water release data for coal
were assigned a data quality rating of 'Unknown' due to a lack of information on the original
data source.
E-27
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APPENDIX E
Table 11. Data Sources and Quality Information for the U.S. Electric Grid Inventories
I/O
Type"
Data
Data Source/
Reference
Data Source Comments
Data
Quality b
Data Quality Explanation
NONFUEL SPECIFIC
AR
Criteria pollutants
EPA 1998b
Although the EPA uses measured data wherever feasible in
calculating the emissions included in this report, much data
required estimating to effectively model the national totals for
certain pollutant categories.
Average
Although the bulk of the data used in this analysis were measured,
some estimates were required to obtain emissions information
from particular industries before aggregating to obtain the U.S.-
wide totals.
COAL
PM
AM
AM
SW&
WR
AR
AR
Coal
Limestone and lime
Cooling water
All
All noncriteria pollutants
Methane from coal
mining
EIA 1998c
EIA 1997
CEC 1979
ORNL 1994
EPA 1996
EPA 1998c
Measured; required for regulatory recording purposes.
The primary data used in calculating the limestone and lime
usage were measured, however approximately six sources of
information were accessed to obtain the necessary information to
derive final factors.
Only source located in which cooling water requirements were
detailed for the main electricity generation categories.
Original source of data in the ORNL 1 994 report was Meridian
Corporation 1989, however, could not be located.
AP-42 factors have a self-assigned 'Average1 to 'Poor' quality
rating.
Measured; reported for regulatory recording purposes.
Excellent
Average
Unknown
Unknown
Poor
Excellent
Measurements provide the highest quality data.
Of the sources referenced for this calculation, three utilized
measured data, while the remaining utilized average or poor
quality data. Thus, the overall rating is 'Average.'
CEC did not list its data sources.
Original data document could not be found.
Given 'Poor' rating for several reasons, including primarily that 1 )
overall AP-42 self-assigned ratings are 'Average' and 2) data
applies to 1995.
Measurements provide the highest quality data.
GAS & PETROLEUM
PM
AM
AR
Gas and petroleum
Cooling water
All noncriteria pollutants
EIA 1998c
CEC 1979
EPA 1996
Measured; required for regulatory recording purposes.
Only source located in which cooling water requirements were
detailed for the main electricity generation categories.
AP-42 factors have a self-assigned 'Poor' quality rating for gas
and 'Average' to 'Poor' quality rating for petroleum.
Excellent
Unknown
Poor
Measurements provide the highest quality data.
CEC did not list its data sources.
Given 'Poor' rating for several reasons, including primarily that 1 )
overall AP-42 self-assigned ratings are 'Average' and 2) data
applies to 1995.
URANIUM
PM
AM
SW
SW
RR
RR
Uranium
Cooling water
Spent fuel
LLRW
Airborne radionuclides
Waterborne radionuclides
EIA 1998b
CEC 1979
EIA 1996
Loiselle 1998
ORNL 1995
ORNL 1995
Measured data, yet had to scale using an unproven scaling
mechanism.
Only source located in which cooling water requirements were
detailed for the main electricity generation categories.
Estimates the quantity of spent fuel that will be generated in the
US in 1997, using measured historical records and knowledge of
what facilities will be changing operating patterns in future years
(from 1996 perspective).
Estimated by an industry expert.
Averaged measured data from nuclear generation facilities.
Averaged measured data from nuclear generation facilities.
Average
Unknown
Excellent
Average
Excellent
Excellent
Measurements provide the highest quality data, yet the scaling
mechanism utilized introduces potential error.
CEC did not list its data sources.
Although not directly measured, use of recently measured data
along with in-depth knowledge of future industry changes to
project value earns an 'Excellent' rating.
Lack of any measured data gives way to an 'Average' rating.
Measurements provide the highest quality data.
Measurements provide the highest quality data.
" Input/Output (I/O) types: PM = primary material, AM = ancillary material, SW = solid waste, AR = airborne release, WR = water release,
RR = radioactive release.
b The data quality ratings given were assigned to one of the following four data quality categories: Excellent, Average, Poor and Unknown.
E-28
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APPENDIX E
5.3 Gas & Petroleum
Each of these data sets utilize the EIA's Electric Power Annual for the primary fuel
consumption estimates and AP-42 data for the air emissions. The EIA data were given
'Excellent' data quality marks as these data are reported as direct measurements and applicable to
1997. The air emissions were given a quality rating of 'Poor' for the same two reasons the coal
inventory data AP-42 estimates were given that rating.
5.4 Uranium
For the nuclear-related inputs and outputs, the largest category of input or output type
information was radionuclide emissions. The radionuclide emission information contained in the
report was obtained by averaging radionuclide emissions data from 36 different pressurized water
reactors (PWRs) across the U.S. (out of just over 110 nuclear reactors total in the U.S.). As
discussed previously, the emissions were not found to directly correlate to electricity generation
(kWh) or generating capacity (kW), but "were more likely affected by random events within the
reactor, such as fuel pin cladding failures, leaks in the primary coolant loop and steam-generator
tube leaks" (ORNL 1995). Thus, all factors considered, the overall data quality rating for these
emissions was deemed 'Average.' The mass of uranium consumed annually was given the
'Excellent' rating as this information is measured through reporting supplied to the EIA and
applicable to 1997.
Of the remaining inputs and outputs, most received higher quality ratings except for the
cooling water values which received the 'Unknown' rating due to a lack of information on the
original data source.
6. DATA LIMITATIONS
Several limitations of the U.S. electrical energy grid inventory data relate to the exclusion
of either entire generation categories (e.g., hydro) or life-cycle substages (see Table 2). For
example, no data are readily available for the life-cycle substages of ore and fuel transportation
and preliminary ore or fuel processing. Examples of ore and fuel transportation and processing
burdens for which insufficient data are available include the emissions generated during the
processing of crude oil to produce fuel oils Nos. 6 and 2, and the energy use and wastes
generated during the processing of uranium ore into fuel pellets.
With regard to the exclusion of entire generation categories, the renewable and
hydroelectric generating categories have not been included in this U.S.-wide inventory.
Renewables accounted for only about 0.24% of the total electricity generated in the U.S. in 1997,
and are expected to have greatly reduced impacts when compared to the other fuel types.
Hydropower was omitted, as stated previously, due to the scarcity of data on hydroelectric inputs
and outputs, and also that the CDP LCIA methodology does not account directly for the effects of
habitat destruction (expected to be one of the largest impacts from hydroelectric generation once
quantified).
Other limitations of the data are related to the use of AP-42 emissions factors, primarily
due to the fact that EPA's own ratings of their factors are, at best, 'Average' (see discussion in
Section 5.2). Other data limitations include the small number of sources from which much of the
E-29
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APPENDIX E
data have been obtained. Not necessarily as much a limitation of the data as a limitation in the
sources of the data, this is still an area for quality improvement. Also, as noted previously,
nonutility electricity generation in the U.S. is excluded from this inventory, and accounts for
about 11% of the total electricity generated annually.
There are some implications that can be derived from the limitations mentioned here on
the U.S.-wide electric grid inventory data. These implications include the following:
• Since there are currently no other sources of detailed air emission information like AP-42,
there is no way of knowing just how accurate their estimates are (possibly predicting a
bias in one direction or the other). It appears that the reason that the EPA's quality
ratings of their AP-42 data tend toward 'Average' is that in quite a few cases, emissions
test were run on only a small number of boilers. Without a larger body of data on which
to base the emission factors, it is not known how the use of these factors biases the
results.
• The exclusion of the inputs and outputs from materials extraction, the initial and
secondary materials processing stages, and the associated transportation for several fuel
types (see Table 2) will underestimate the total inventory from electricity generation.
Especially when considering the massive amount of processing that is required to develop
the uranium fuel pellets that are used in nuclear generation, this may be the largest
influence of all the biases for this inventory. (It should also be noted that these
processing steps for developing uranium pellets are extremely energy intensive, thus
decreasing the efficiency of not only the nuclear electricity generation process, but also
the whole grid's overall efficiency as well.)
• The exclusion of the hydropower and renewable generation types should have little effect
on the U.S.-wide electric grid inventory data because the renewables are a minimal
percentage of the total generation, and hydropower involves no combustion and thus
would have minimal impacts.
• The exclusion of the nonutility-type generation brings two major issues forward. First,
nonutilities use cogeneration the majority of the time to produce electricity (EIA 1997).
Cogeneration utilizes two cycles to produce electrical energy and another form of usable
energy (typically steam) thereby increasing the overall efficiency of the energy conversion
process. Second, renewables (including hydropower) and gas make up 76% of the energy
generation type for nonutilities, two of the lesser polluting types of electricity generation.
These two factors should combine to, for the average kWh, decrease not only the quantity
of raw materials needed as inputs but also the amount of air emissions generated as
outputs for the inventory.
Finally, the Japanese inventory is limited by having been derived from the U.S. fuel-specific
inventories and may not accurately represent electricity production operations in Japan.
Overall, with some implications inferring an underestimate in the inventory and some
inferring an overestimate, it is uncertain which way the inventory may be biased. To a certain
extent, the lessened impacts from the exclusion of nonutility electricity production data seem to
offset the exclusion of the processing and transportation life-cycles substages data. However, the
E-30
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APPENDIX E
exclusion of this relevant data hampers the effort to build a completely accurate and
representative electric grid inventory.
7. CONCLUSIONS
The U.S. electric grid inventory data presented in this TM will be used to determine the
environmental burdens that result from energy consumption in the U.S. using the CDP LCIA
methodology. To summarize the work done in this analysis and its use within the CDP, the
following is presented:
• The fuel-specific inventories for each of the four primary generation categories used in
the average electric grid were compiled from a variety of sources, and then the fuel-
specific inventories were combined using a generation-based weighted average to develop
the U.S.-wide and Japanese electrical energy grid inventories of material inputs and
pollutant outputs in units of grams of input or output per kWh consumed (except for
radioactive materials which were placed in units of Becquerels/kWh).
• The U.S.-wide electrical energy grid inventory data are used in the CDP to calculate
material inputs and pollutant outputs from electricity consumed during some
manufacturing, use, and final disposal of computer displays.
• The Japanese electrical energy grid inventory data are used in the CDP to calculate
material inputs and pollutant outputs from electricity consumed during the manufacturing
of monitors in Asia.
• The electrical energy grid data are not used for upstream life-cycle stages (i.e., extraction
of materials, materials processing) as these are being obtained from secondary sources
which already have included the inputs and outputs from energy consumption.
Once the data have been gathered for all of the CDP processes of interest and the inputs
and outputs for each of these processes have been analyzed from a life-cycle perspective, the
results will help identify how important the impacts of energy consumption are throughout a
monitor's life-cycle.
E-31
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APPENDIX E
CCPCT
CEC
CH4
CO
CO2
DOE
EIA
EPA
FGD
GWh
HC1
HF
kWh
LCA
LCI
LLRW
MW
Mwh
N2O
NOX
ORNL
PAH
Pb
PM-10
PWR
SO2
TNMOC
TOC
TRI
U308
UT
ACRONYMS/ABBREVIATIONS
Center for Clean Products and Clean Technologies
California Energy Commission
Methane
Carbon monoxide
Carbon dioxide
Department of Energy
Energy Information Administration
Environmental Protection Agency
Flue Gas Desulfurization
Gigawatthour
Hydrogen chloride
Hydrogen fluoride
kilowatthour
Life-cycle assessment
Life-cycle inventory
Low-level radioactive waste
Megawatt
Megawatthour
Nitrous oxide
Oxides of nitrogen
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Lead
Particulate matter 10 microns or less in diameter
Pressurized Water Reactor
Sulfur dioxide
Total nonmethane organic carbon
Total organic carbon
Toxic Release Inventory
Uranium oxide
University of Tennessee
E-32
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APPENDIX E
REFERENCES
CEC (California Energy Commission). 1979. Technical Assessment Manual, Vol. 1, Electricity
Generation, p. A-4.
CFR (Code of Federal Regulations). 1995. Title 40: Protection of Environment, Part 261,
Section 2 - Definition of Solid Waste. June.
EIA (Energy Information Administration). 1996. Nuclear Power Generation and Fuel Cycle
Report 1996, Volume II, DOE/EIA-0436(96). October.
EIA. 1997. Electric Power Annual 1996, Volume II, DOE/EIA-0348(96)/2. November.
EIA. 1997. Country Energy Data Report for 1997. Web site available at
http://www.eia.doe.gov.
EIA. 1998a. Electric Power Annual 1997, Volume II, DOE/EIA-0348(97)/2. October.
EIA. 1998b. Uranium Industry Annual 1997, DOE/EIA-0478(97). April.
EIA. 1998c. Electric Power Annual 1997', Volume I, DOE/EIA-0348(97)/1. June.
EIA. 1999a. Electric Power Monthly, February 1999 (With Data for November 1998),
DOE/EIA-0226(99/02).
EIA. 1999b. Short Term Energy Outlook, September 1999 (an EIA document published online),
Web site available at http://www.eia.doe.gov/pubs/forecasting/steo/sep99/a8tab.pdf.
September.
EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). 1996. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors
(AP-42), Fifth Edition, Volume I. AP-42. January.
EPA. 1998a. Inventory of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks, 1990 - 1996, EPA/236-R-98-
006, March. {Annex Q}
EPA. 1998b. National Air Quality & Emissions Trends Report, 1997, EPA/454/R-98-016.
December.
EPA. 1998c. From the Excel spreadsheet "Coal_Inv_Sheet" of the Coalbed Methane Outreach
Program, as provided by the Program's primary contact Karl Schultz.
Loiselle, V. 1998. Personal communication with V. Loiselle, Past Chairman of the Association
of Radioactive Metal Recyclers, and J. Overly, University of Tennessee, Center for Clean
Products and Clean Technologies. May.
E-33
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APPENDIX E
NEI (Nuclear Energy Institute). 1997. Nuclear Energy's Clean Air Benefits: A Legacy of
Greenhouse Gas Reductions and Fossil Fuel Conservation in America. Washington,
D.C. October.
ORNL (Oak Ridge National Laboratory). 1994. Report 3: Estimating Externalities of Coal
Fuel Cycles. Oak Ridge, TN. September.
ORNL. 1995. Report 8: Estimating Externalities of Nuclear Fuel Cycles. Oak Ridge, TN.
April.
E-34
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APPENDIX E
ATTACHMENT A. COAL INFORMATION WORKSPACE
Table Al. Mining Related Outputs - Methane Air Emissions
Pollutant
Quantity [a]
Units
Converted Quantity [b] Units
Outputs
Methane
169,906 | million ft 3/yr
1.52E+05 | million ft 3/yr
[a] Value pertains to methane emissions related to all coal mined nation-wide in U.S. (EPA 1998a).
[b] This value represents methane emissions from coal mined exclusively for electricity generation. It is calculated
based on the knowledge that 89.6% of the coal mined in the U.S. in 1997 was for electricity generation, thus the toal
methane emissions are multiplied by 89.6% to obtain the emissions from electricity generation alone.
(EIA web page: http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/coal/cia/summary/cia_sum.html, 1997).
Table A2. Generation Related Inputs and Outputs - Excluding Air Emissions
Material/Pollutant
Quantity
Units
Converted Quantity
Units
Inputs
Ancillary Materials
Water [a]
Limestone [b]
Lime [b]
0.49
12,091,817
5,310,548
gallons/kWh
tons/yr
tons/yr
Outputs
SOLID WASTES [c]
Dust/sludge
Coal waste
Fly /bottom ash
55.143
142.857
35.714
tons/GWh
tons/GWh
tons/GWh
1.10E+02
2.86E+02
7.14E+01
Ibs/MWh
Ibs/MWh
Ibs/MWh
WASTEWATER EMISSIONS [c]
Dissolver
Suspended solids
Sulfate
0.278
0.005
0.192
tons/GWh
tons/GWh
tons/GWh
5.56E-01
l.OOE-02
3.84E-01
Ibs/MWh
Ibs/MWh
Ibs/MWh
[a] CEC (1979).
[b] Primary data used to calculate these values from EIA (1997); however, data were modified to derive nationwide
average.
[c] ORNL (1994).
E-35
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APPENDIX E
Table A3. Generation Related Outputs - Air Emissions [a]
Pollutant
Quantity
(Ibs/ton of coal)
EPA's Factor Raging [b]
Outputs
Miscellaneous Compounds [c]
Methane
Nitrous oxide
Hydrogen chloride
Hydrogen fluoride
Total organic compounds
Total nonmethane organic compounds
0.04
0.03
1.2
0.15
0.3
0.06
B
B
B
B
E
B
Speciated Organic Compounds [d], [e]
Acetaldehyde
Acetophenone
Acrolein
Benzene
Benzyl chloride
Bis(2-ethyhexyl)pththalate(DEHP)
Bromoform
Carbon disulfide
2-Chloroacetophenone
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
Cumene
Cyanide
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
Dimethyl sulfate
Ethyl benzene
Ethyl chloride
Ethylene dichloride
Ethylene dibromide
Formaldehyde
Hexane
Isophorone
Methyl bromide
Methyl chloride
Methyl ethyl ketone
Methyl hydrazine
Methyl methacrylate
Methyl tert butyl ether
Methylene chloride
5.70E-04
1.50E-05
2.90E-04
1.30E-03
7.00E-04
7.30E-05
3.90E-05
1.30E-04
7.00E-06
2.20E-05
5.90E-05
5.30E-06
2.50E-03
2.80E-07
4.80E-05
9.40E-05
4.20E-05
4.00E-05
1.20E-06
2.40E-04
6.70E-05
5.80E-04
1.60E-04
5.30E-04
3.90E-04
1.70E-04
2.00E-05
3.50E-05
2.90E-04
C
D
D
A
D
D
E
D
E
D
E
E
D
D
E
D
D
E
E
A
D
D
D
D
D
E
E
E
D
E-36
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APPENDIX E
Table A3. Generation Related Outputs - Air Emissions [a]
Pollutant
Phenol
Propionaldehyde
Tetrachloroethylene
Toluene
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Styrene
Xylenes
Vinyl acetate
Quantity
(Ibs/ton of coal)
1.60E-05
3.80E-04
4.30E-05
2.40E-04
2.00E-05
2.50E-05
3.70E-05
7.60E-06
EPA's Factor Raging [b]
D
D
D
A
E
D
C
E
Trace Metals [d], [e]
Antimony
Arsenic
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium
Chromium (VI)
Cobalt
Magnesium
Manganese
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
1.80E-05
4.10E-04
2.10E-05
5.10E-05
2.60E-04
7.90E-05
l.OOE-04
1.10E-02
4.90E-04
8.30E-05
2.80E-04
1.30E-03
A
A
A
A
A
D
A
A
A
A
A
A
Poly cyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons [d], [e]
Biphenyl
Acenaphthene
Acenaphthylene
Anthracene
Benmzo(a)anthracne
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(b,j ,k)fluoranthene
Benzo(g,h,i)perylene
Chrysene
Fluoranthene
Fluorene
Indeno( 1 ,2,3-cd)pyrene
Naphthalene
Phenanthrene
Pyrene
5-Methyl chrysens
1.70E-06
5.10E-07
2.50E-07
2.10E-07
8.00E-08
3.80E-08
1.10E-07
2.70E-08
l.OOE-07
7.10E-07
9.10E-07
6.10E-08
1.30E-05
2.70E-06
3.30E-07
2.20E-08
D
B
B
B
B
D
D
D
C
B
B
C
C
B
B
D
Dioxins & Furans [d], [f]
E-37
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APPENDIX E
Table A3. Generation Related Outputs - Air Emissions [a]
Pollutant
2,3,7,8-TCDD
Total TCDD
Total PeCDD
Total HxCDD
Total HpCDD
Total OCDD
Total PCDDd
2,3,7,8-TCDF
Total TCDF
Total PeCDF
Total HxCDF
Total HpCDF
Total OCDF
Total PCDFd
TOTAL PCDD/PCDF
Quantity
(Ibs/ton of coal)
1.43E-11
9.28E-11
4.47E-11
2.87E-11
8.34E-11
4.16E-10
6.66E-10
5.10E-11
4.04E-10
3.53E-10
1.92E-10
7.68E-11
6.63E-11
1.09E-09
1.76E-09
EPA's Factor Raging [b]
E
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
[a] All the air emissions presented here are from EPA's AP-42 factors (EPA 1996).
[b] "EPA's AP-42 emissions factor rating is an overall assessment of how good a factor is, based on both the quality
of the test(s) or information that is the source of the factor and on how well the factor represents the emission
source." (EPA 1996) EPA's factor ratings are as follows:
A = Excellent; B = Above Average; C = Average; D = Below Average; and E = Poor.
[c] Due to a lack of data on firing configurations for all U.S. boilers, the pulverized coal (PC), dry, wall-fired boiler
firing configuration (the most common configuration in the U.S.) was chosen as the representative configuration.
Additionally, the factors for methane, nitrous oxide,, total organic compounds and total nonmethane organic
compounds are for uncontrolled emissions, while the values for hydrogen chloride and hydrogen fluoride are for
controlled and uncontrolled emissions (measurements were taken from different facilities were some had control
equipment and others did not).
[d] These are all controlled factors.
[e] Apply to bituminous, subbituminous and ignite coal types. Even though these factors apply only to these three
coal types, the emission factors are applied to all coal types. This was done for two reasons: 1) because no factors
were given for the remaining coal types; and 2) those remaining coal types do generate some of these emissions, and
it would have been erroneous to consider then 'pollutant-free."
[fj Apply to bituminous and subbituminous coal types. Even though these factors apply only to these two coal types,
the emission factors are applied to all coal types. This was done for two reasons: 1) because no factors were given
for the remaining coal types; and 2) those remaining coal types do generate some of these emissions, and it would
have been erroneous to consider them 'pollutant-free.'
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APPENDIX E
ATTACHMENT B. GAS INFORMATION WORKSPACE
Table Bl. Generation Related Inputs
Material
Quantity
Units
Inputs
Ancillary Materials
Water [a]
0.25
gallons/kWh
[a] CEC (1979). The value listed under 'Combined Cycle' in the reference was used for gas-fired generation since the majority
of combined cycle units's top cycle is fired by gas.
Table B2. Generation Related Outputs
Pollutant
Quantity
(Ibs/million ft3 of gas)
EPA's factor rating [b]
Outputs
AIR EMISSIONS [a]
Miscellaneous Compounds [c]
Nitrous oxide
Total organic compounds
2.2
1.7
C
C
Speciated Organic Compounds [d]
Fluoranthene
Formaldehyde
2-Methylnaphthalene
Naphthalene
Phenanthrene
Pyrene
Toluene
3.10E-06
1.55E-01
9.02E-06
2.40E-04
l.OOE-05
5.10E-06
2.20E-03
E
C
E
E
E
E
E
Trace Metals [e]
Arsenic
Barium
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Manganese
Molybdenum
Nickel
Vanadium
2.30E-04
2.40E-03
1.10E-03
1.20E-04
2.51E-04
3.81E-04
5.81E-04
3.61E-03
3.21E-03
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
[a] All outputs for gas-fired generation are air emissions and are from the EPA's AP-42 emission factors (EPA
1996).
[b] "EPA's AP-42 emissions factor rating is an overall assessment of how good a factor is, based on both the quality
of the test(s) or information that is the source of the factor and how well the factor represents the emission source
(EPA 1996). EPA's factor ratings are as follows: A = Excellent; B = Above Average; C = Average; D = Below
Average; and E = Poor.
[c] Factors are for uncontrolled combustion.
[d] Each of the seven factors provided are for controlled and uncontrolled combustion.
[e] Factors are for controlled combustion.
E-39
-------
APPENDIX E
ATTACHMENT C. PETROLEUM INFORMATION WORKSPACE
Table Cl. Generation Related Inputs
Material
Inputs
ANCILLARY MATERIALS
Water [a]
Quantity
0.43
Units
gallons/kWh
[a] CEC (1979).
Table C2. Generation Related Outputs
Pollutant
Quantity
(Ibs/thousand
gallons of oil)
Fuel Oil #6
EPA's
factor
rating [b]
Quantity
(Ibs/thousand
gallons of oil)
Fuel Oil #2
EPA's
factor
rating [b]
Quantity
(Ibs/thousand
gallons of oil)
EPA's
factor
rating [b]
Average Factors
Outputs
AIR EMISSIONS [a]
Miscellaneous Compounds [c]
Methane
Nitrous oxide
Total organic compounds
Total nonmethane
organic compounds
0.28
0.11
1.04
0.76
A
B
A
A
0.052
0.11
0.252
0.2
A
B
A
A
2.66E-01
1.10E-01
9.93E-01
7.26E-01
A
B
A
A
Speciated Organic Compounds [d]
Acenaphthene
Acenaphthylene
Anthracene
Benzene
Benz(a)anthracene
Benzo(b,k) fluoranthene
Benzo(g,h,i)perylene
Chrysene
Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene
Ethylbenzene
Fluoranthene
Fluorene
Formaldehyde
Indo(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
Naphthalene
OCDD
Phenanthrene
Pyrene
Toluene
2.11E-05
2.53E-07
1.22E-06
2.14E-04
4.01E-06
1.48E-06
2.26E-06
2.38E-06
1.67E-06
6.36E-05
4.84E-06
4.47E-06
3.30E-02
2.14E-06
1.13E-03
3.10E-09
1.05E-05
4.25E-06
6.20E-03
C
D
C
C
C
c
c
c
D
E
C
C
C
c
c
E
C
c
D
2.11E-05
2.53E-07
1.22E-06
2.14E-04
4.01E-06
1.48E-06
2.26E-06
2.38E-06
1.67E-06
6.36E-05
4.84E-06
4.47E-06
3.30E-02
2.14E-06
1.13E-03
3.10E-09
1.05E-05
4.25E-06
6.20E-03
C
D
C
C
C
c
c
c
D
E
C
C
C
c
c
E
C
c
D
E-40
-------
APPENDIX E
Table C2. Generation Related Outputs
Pollutant
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
o-xylene
Quantity
(Ibs/thousand
gallons of oil)
Fuel Oil #6
2.36E-04
1.09E-04
EPA's
factor
rating [b]
E
E
Quantity
(Ibs/thousand
gallons of oil)
Fuel Oil #2
EPA's
factor
rating [b]
Quantity
(Ibs/thousand
gallons of oil)
EPA's
factor
rating [b]
Average Factors
2.36E-04
1.09E-04
E
E
Trace Metals [e]
Antimony
Arsenic
Barium
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chloride
Chromium
Chromium (VI)
Cobalt
Copper
Fluoride
Manganese
Mercury
Molybdenum
Nickel
Phosphorous
Selenium
Vanadium
Zinc
5.25E-03
1.32E-03
2.57E-03
2.78E-05
3.98E-04
3.47E-01
8.45E-04
2.48E-04
6.02E-03
1.76E-03
3.73E-02
3.00E-03
1.13E-04
7.87E-04
8.45E-02
9.46E-03
6.83E-04
3.18E-02
2.91E-02
E
C
D
C
C
D
C
C
D
C
D
C
C
D
C
D
C
D
D
5.88E-04
3.50E-04
1.54E-03
8.05E-03
1.96E-03
4.20E-04
2.38E-02
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
5.25E-03
1.28E-03
2.57E-03
4.71E-05
4.67E-04
3.47E-01
1.28E-03
2.48E-04
6.02E-03
1.76E-03
3.73E-02
2.94E-03
1.31E-04
7.87E-04
8.09E-02
9.46E-03
6.83E-04
3.18E-02
2.91E-02
E
C
D
C
C
D
C
C
D
C
D
C
C
D
C
D
C
D
D
[a] All outputs for oil-fired generation are air emissions and are from the EPA's AP-42 emission factors (EPA 1996).
[b] "EPA's AP-42 emissions factor rating is an overall assessment of how good a factor is, based on both the quality
of the test(s) or information that is the source of the factor and on how well the factor represents the emission source"
(EPA 1996). EPA's factor ratings are as follows: A = Excellent; B = Above Average; C = Average; D = Below
Average; and E = Poor.
[c] Factors are for uncontrolled combustion of all pollutants, except for N2O. No information was provided as to the
control of N2O emissions.
[d] No information was provided as to the control of these pollutants. No emission factors were presented for fuel
oil #2, thus, the factors for #6 were considered the same for #2. Even though one could assume that fuel oil #2
should have smaller quantities of pollutants to contribute per equivalent volume than fuel oil #6 (due to #6 being a
residual oil and # 2 being a distillate), some of the results from the trace metals table contradict that assumption, thus
substantiating this action.
[e] No information was provided as to the control of these pollutants. Where no fuel oil #2 emission factor was
given, the factor for fuel oil #6 was used for both fuel oils. Even though one could assume that fuel oil #2 should
have smaller quantities of pollutants to contribute per equivalent volume than fuel oil #6, some of the results from
this table (where factors were reported for both fuel oils) contradict that assumption, thus substantiating this action.
E-41
-------
APPENDIX E
Table C3. Miscellaneous Calculation Information
Type of petroleum used at utilities [a]
AP-42 heat values for fuel oils [fj
Quantity
Unit
Fuel Oil #6
94
152,000
%
btu/gal
Quantity [Unit
Fuel Oil #2
6
140,000
%
but/gal
[a] Source: EIA's "Cost & Quality of Fuels for Electric Utility Plants 1997.'
[b] EPA (1996).
E-42
-------
APPENDIX E
ATTACHMENT D. NUCLEAR INFORMATION WORKSPACE
Table Dl. Generation Related Inputs and Outputs - Excluding Radionuclide Emissions
Material/Pollutant
Quantity
Units
Converted Quantity
Units
Inputs
PRIMARY MATERIALS
Uranium oxide [a]
48,700,000 |lbs/yr
—
—
ANCILLARY MATERIALS
Water [b]
0.62
gallons/kWh
—
—
Outputs
SOLID/HAZARDOUS WASTES
Uranium (spent fuel generated) [c]
Low-level radioactive waste [d]
2,400
220,500
metric tons/yr
cubic feet/yr
5.29E+06
—
Ibs/yr
—
[a] Known as 'yellowcake,' this post-milling uranium product is sent to conversion facilities (EIA 1998b).
[b] CEC (1979).
[c] EIA (1996); Table 18.
[d] Loisell (1998).
Table D2. Generation Related Outputs - Radionuclide Emissions
Isotope
Quantity
Units
Converted Quantity
Units [d]
Outputs [a], [b], [c]
AIRBORNE RADIONUCLIDE EMISSIONS
T-3
Ar-41
Cr-51
Mn-54
Co-57
Co-58
Co-60
Kr-85
Kr-85M
Kr-87
Rb-88
Kr-88
Br-89
Br-90
Nb-95
Zr-95
Tc-99M
Ag-llOM
1-131
5.98E+01
2.55E+01
1.60E-03
2.27E-05
4.30E-06
5.49E-05
4.13E-04
4.23E+01
2.05E+00
7.63E-01
8.38E-03
3.58E+00
2.95E-06
1.20E-06
9.02E-07
2.33E-06
1.21E-07
2.69E-08
1.93E-03
Curie s/yr
Curie s/yr
Curie s/yr
Curie s/yr
Curie s/yr
Curie s/yr
Curie s/yr
Curie s/yr
Curie s/yr
Curie s/yr
Curies/yr
Curies/yr
Curies/yr
Curies/yr
Curies/yr
Curies/yr
Curies/yr
Curies/yr
Curies/yr
7.33E-06
3.13E-06
1.96E-10
2.78E-12
5.27E-13
6.73E-12
5.06E-11
5.18E-06
2.51E-07
9.35E-08
1.03E-09
4.39E-07
3.62E-13
1.47E-13
1.11E-13
2.86E-13
1.48E-14
3.30E-15
2.37E-10
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
E-43
-------
APPENDIX E
Table D2. Generation Related Outputs - Radionuclide Emissions
Isotope
Xe-131M
1-132
Xe-133
1-133
Xe-133M
Cs-134
1-134
Xe-135
1-135
Xe-135M
Cs-137
Xe-138
T-3
Na-24
Cr-51
Mn-54
Fe-55
Co-57
Co-58
Fe-59
Co-80
Zn-85
Kr-85M
Sr-89
Sr-90
Nb-95
Sr-95
Mo-99
Tc-99M
Ru-103
Ag-llOM
Sn-113
Sb-124
Sb-125
1-131
Xe-131M
1-132
Xe-133
1-133
Quantity
3.45E+00
3.92E-04
4.98E+02
1.79E+00
3.31E+01
8.10E-05
2.03E-03
1.88E+01
1.02E-04
3.59E-01
6.11E-04
1.19E+00
4.47E+02
2.24E-03
6.07E-02
4.00E-02
1.43E-01
1.47E-03
5.98E-01
7.34E-03
1.57E-01
6.75E-04
3.78E-02
2.42E-03
5.69E-04
1.03E-02
6.27E-03
7.55E+04
8.78E-04
1.26E-03
1.47E-02
1.39E-03
1.26E-02
5.02E-02
2.80E-02
4.60E-01
1.06E-02
7.07E+01
1.20E-02
Units
Curie s/yr
Curie s/yr
Curie s/yr
Curie s/yr
Curie s/yr
Curie s/yr
Curie s/yr
Curie s/yr
Curie s/yr
Curie s/yr
Curie s/yr
Curie s/yr
Curie s/yr
Curie s/yr
Curie s/yr
Curie s/yr
Curie s/yr
Curie s/yr
Curie s/yr
Curie s/yr
Curies/yr
Curies/yr
Curies/yr
Curies/yr
Curies/yr
Curies/yr
Curies/yr
Curies/yr
Curies/yr
Curies/yr
Curies/yr
Curies/yr
Curies/yr
Curies/yr
Curies/yr
Curies/yr
Curies/yr
Curies/yr
Curies/yr
Converted Quantity
4.23E-07
4.80E-11
6.10E-05
2.19E-07
4.06E-06
9.93E-12
2.49E-10
2.30E-06
1.25E-11
4.40E-08
7.49E-11
1.46E-07
5.48E-05
2.75E-10
7.44E-09
4.90E-09
1.75E-08
1.80E-10
7.33E-08
9.00E-10
1.92E-08
8.27E-11
4.63E-09
2.97E-10
6.97E-11
1.26E-09
7.68E-10
9.25E-03
LOSE- 10
1.54E-10
1.80E-09
1.70E-10
1.54E-09
6.15E-09
3.43E-09
5.64E-08
1.30E-09
8.66E-06
1.47E-09
Units [d]
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
E-44
-------
APPENDIX E
Table D2. Generation Related Outputs - Radionuclide Emissions
Isotope
Xe-133M
Cs-134
1-135
Xe-135
s-136
Cs-137
Ba-140
La- 140
Quantity
5.79E-01
3.37E-02
8.61E-03
5.27E-01
1.35E-03
5.06E-02
9.34E-04
l.OOE-03
Units
Curie s/yr
Curie s/yr
Curie s/yr
Curie s/yr
Curie s/yr
Curie s/yr
Curie s/yr
Curie s/yr
Converted Quantity
7.10E-08
4.13E-09
1.06E-09
6.46E-08
1.65E-10
6.20E-09
1.14E-10
1.23E-10
Units [d]
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
Curies/MWh
[a] ORNL (1995).
[b] There were 111 operating commercial nuclear power stations in the U.S. in 1995, of which 75 were PWRs
(presssurized-water reactors) and 36 were BWRs (boiling-water reactors). Of the PWRs, 52 were designed by
Westinghouse; the remaining 23 were designed by either ABB or Babcock & Wilcox. From the available data, the
authors chose to use data from all Westinghouse PWRs with greater than 800 MWS capacity (36 facilities) in
attempts to gather consistent data for
their calculations on transport and dose-effects for their reference PWR.
[c] "These emissions are characterisitc of normal (nonaccident) emissions, and did not appear to readily correlate to
MWhs produced or reactor capacity. Amounts produced are more likely affected by random events within reactor,
such as fuel pin cladding failures, leaks in the primary coolant loop, steam-generator tube leaks, etc." (ORNL 1995,
pp. 6-35 & 6-36).
[d] The units of Curies/MWh were derived by dividing the Curies/yr values by the number of MWhs produced
annually in the virtual facility discussed in the source for this information (8,160,000 MWh/yr).
E-45
-------
APPENDIX E
ATTACHMENT E. SUMMARY INFORMATION WORKSPACE
Notes:
• In the tables in this Appendix, "US kWh" is utilized to identify values that are representative of an average U.S.
kWhin!997.
• Unless stated otherwise, the sources for the data presented here are detailed in Attachments A through D.
Table El. Generation Related Inputs and Outputs - Excluding Air Emissions
Material/Pollutant
Quantity
Units
Converted Quantity
Units
Inputs
PRIMARY MATERIALS
Coal
Gas
Petroleum
Uranium (yellow cake)
900,361,000
2,968,453,000,000
5,256,132,000
48,700,000
tons/yr
ft3/yr
agal/yr
Ibs/yr
2.83E+02
2.20E+01
5.99E+00
7.64E-03
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
ANCILLARY MATERIALS
Limestone
Lime
Water
12,091,817
5,310,548
11,426,836,328,400
tons/yr
tons/yr
Ibs/yr
3.79E+00
1.67E+00
1.79E+03
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
Outputs
SOLID WASTES
Dust/sludge
Coal waste
Fly/bottom ash
Uranium (spent fuel
generated)
LLRW
197,169,972,516
510,801,203,484
127,699,406,968
1.83E-06
6.10E-06
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/kWh
Ibs/kWh
3.09E+01
8.01E+01
2.00E+01
8.30E-04
2.77E-03
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
WATER RELEASES
Dissolver
Suspended solids
Sulfate
994,020,136
17,878,060
686,517,504
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
1.56E-01
2.80E-03
1.08E-01
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
E-46
-------
APPENDIX E
Table E2. Generation Related Outputs - Air Emissions
Pollutant [Quantity
Units
Converted Quantity
Units
Outputs
Criteria Pollutants [a]
Carbon dioxide
Nitrogen oxides
Sulfur dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Lead
Particulate matter (10 microns or
less)
2,231,433,058
6,178,000
13,082,000
406,000
64
290,000
tons/yr
tons/yr
tons/yr
tons/yr
tons/yr
tons/yr
6.48E+02
1.79E+00
3.80E+00
1.18E-01
1.86E-05
8.43E-02
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
Uncategorized Pollutants
Methane (includes coal mining
releases)
Nitrous oxide
Hydrogen chloride
Hydrogen fluoride
Total organic compounds
Total nonmethane organic
compounds
6,473,160,931
34,119,601
1,080,433,200
135,054,150
280,372,537
57,839,714
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
1.02E+00
5.35E-03
1.70E-01
2.12E-02
4.40E-02
9.07E-03
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
Speciated Organic Compounds
Acetaldehyde
Acetophenone
Acrolein
Benzene
B enzo(b , k) fluoranthene
Benzyl chloride
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate(DEHP)
Bromoform
2-Chloroacetophenone
Carbon disulfide
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
Cumene
Cyanide
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene
Dimethyl sulfate
Ethyl benzene
Ethyl chloride
Ethylene dichloride
Ethylene dibromide
513,206
13,505
261,105
1,171,594
8
630,253
65,726
35114.079
6302.527
117046.93
19807.942
53121.299
4771.9133
2250902.5
252.10108
8.77774044
43217.328
84968.224
37815.162
36014.44
1080.4332
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
8.05E-05
2.12E-06
4.10E-05
1.84E-04
1.22E-09
9.89E-05
1.03E-05
5.51E-06
9.89E-07
1.84E-05
3.11E-06
8.33E-06
7.49E-07
3.53E-04
3.96E-08
1.38E-09
6.78E-06
1.33E-05
5.93E-06
5.65E-06
1.70E-07
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
E-47
-------
APPENDIX E
Table E2. Generation Related Outputs - Air Emissions
Pollutant
Formaldehyde
Hexane
Indo( 1 ,2,3-cd)pyrene
Isophorone
2-Methylnaphthalene
Methyl bromide
Methyl chloride
Methyl ethyl ketone
Methyl hydrazine
Methyl methacrylate
Methyl tert butyl ether
Methylene chloride
OCDD
Phenol
Propionaldehyde
Tetrachloroethylene
Toluene
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Styrene
Xylenes
o-xylene
Vinyl acetate
Quantity
849649.211
60324.187
11.24812248
522209.38
26.77544606
144057.76
477191.33
351140.79
153061.37
18007.22
31512.635
261104.69
0.016294009
14405.776
342137.18
38715.523
255205.255
19247.66715
22509.025
33313.357
572.918388
6842.7436
Units
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Converted Quantity
1.33E-04
9.46E-06
1.76E-09
8.19E-05
4.20E-09
2.26E-05
7.49E-05
5.51E-05
2.40E-05
2.83E-06
4.94E-06
4.10E-05
2.56E-12
2.26E-06
5.37E-05
6.07E-06
4.00E-05
3.02E-06
3.53E-06
5.23E-06
8.99E-08
1.07E-06
Units
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
Trace Metals
Antimony
Arsenic
Barium
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chloride
Chromium
Chromium (VI)
Cobalt
Copper
Fluoride
Magnesium
Manganese
Mercury
Molybdenum
Nickel
Phosphorous
43,801
376,538
20,633
19,155
48,371
1,823,878
244,073
72,432
122,034
9,996
196,054
9,903,971
457,748
75,421
5,861
687,818
49,723
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
6.87E-06
5.91E-05
3.24E-06
3.01E-06
7.59E-06
2.86E-04
3.83E-05
1.14E-05
1.91E-05
1.57E-06
3.08E-05
1.55E-03
7.18E-05
1.18E-05
9.20E-07
1.08E-04
7.80E-06
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
E-48
-------
APPENDIX E
Table E2. Generation Related Outputs - Air Emissions
Pollutant
Selenium
Vanadium
Zinc
Quantity
1,174,059
176,674
152,953
Units
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Converted Quantity
1.84E-04
2.77E-05
2.40E-05
Units
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)
Biphenyl
Acenaphthene
Acenaphthylene
Anthracene
Benzo(a)anthracene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(b,j ,k)fluoranthene
Benzo(g,h,i)perylene
Chrysene
Fluoranthene
Fluorene
Indeno(l ,2,3-cd)pyrene
Naphthalene
Phenanthrene
Pyrene
5-Methyl chrysene
1,531
459
225
189
72
34
99
24
90
639
819
55
11,705
2,431
297
20
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
2.40E-07
8.94E-08
3.55E-08
3.07E-08
1.46E-08
5.37E-09
1.55E-08
5.68E-09
1.61E-08
1.06E-07
1.32E-07
8.62E-09
2.88E-06
3.95E-07
5.25E-08
3.11E-09
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
Dioxins & Furans
2,3,7,8-TCDD
Total TCDD
Total PeCDD
Total HxCDD
Total HpCDD
Total OCDD
Total PCDDd
2,3,7,8-TCDF
Total TCDF
Total PeCDF
Total HxCDF
Total HpCDF
Total OCDF
Total PCDFd
TOTAL PCDD/PCDF
0.012875162
0.083553501
0.040246137
0.025840361
0.075090107
0.374550176
0.599640426
0.045918411
0.363745844
0.317827433
0.172869312
0.069147725
0.059693934
0.98139349
1.58463536
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
Ibs/yr
2.02E-12
1.31E-11
6.31E-12
4.05E-12
1.18E-11
6.13E-11
9.41E-11
7.20E-12
5.71E-11
4.99E-11
2.71E-11
LOSE- 11
9.37E-12
1.54E-10
2.49E-10
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
grams/US kWh
[a] The criteria pollutants were not multiplied by the transmission and distribution factor due to their being reported
totals for the electric industry.
E-49
-------
APPENDIX E
Table E3. Generation Related Outputs - Radionuclides
Isotope | Quantity
Units
Converted Quality
Units
Outputs
Airborne Radionuclides
T-3
Ar-41
Cr-51
Mn-54
Co-57
Co-58
Co-60
Kr-85
Kr-85M
Kr-87
Rb-88
Kr-88
Br-89
Br-90
Nb-95
Zr-95
Tc-99M
Ag-llOM
1-131
Xe-131M
1-132
Xe-133
1-133
Xe-133M
Cs-134
1-134
Xe-135
1-135
Xe-135M
Cs-137
Xe-138
4606.974412
1964.5125
0.123263529
0.001748801
0.000331271
0.00422948
0.031817399
3258.779559
157.9313971
58.78129559
0.645592735
275.8021471
0.000227267
9.24476E-05
6.94898E-05
0.000179503
9.3218E-06
2.07237E-06
0.148686632
265.7869853
0.030199565
38365.77353
137.9010735
2550.014265
0.006240216
0.156390603
1448.346471
0.00785805
27.65725441
0.04707126
91.67725
Curie s/yr
Curie s/yr
Curie s/yr
Curie s/yr
Curie s/yr
Curie s/yr
Curie s/yr
Curie s/yr
Curie s/yr
Curie s/yr
Curies/yr
Curies/yr
Curies/yr
Curies/yr
Curies/yr
Curies/yr
Curies/yr
Curies/yr
Curies/yr
Curies/yr
Curies/yr
Curies/yr
Curies/yr
Curies/yr
Curies/yr
Curies/yr
Curies/yr
Curies/yr
Curies/yr
Curies/yr
Curies/yr
5.90E+01
2.51E+01
1.58E-03
2.24E-05
4.24E-06
5.41E-05
4.07E-04
4.17E+01
2.02E+00
7.52E-01
8.26E-03
3.53E+00
2.91E-06
1.18E-06
8.89E-07
2.30E-06
1.19E-07
2.65E-08
1.90E-03
3.40E+00
3.86E-04
4.91E+02
1.76E+00
3.26E+01
7.99E-05
2.00E-03
1.85E+01
1.01E-04
3.54E-01
6.02E-04
1.17E+00
Becquerels/US kWh
Becquerels/US kWh
Becquerels/US kWh
Becquerels/US kWh
Becquerels/US kWh
Becquerels/US kWh
Becquerels/US kWh
Becquerels/US kWh
Becquerels/US kWh
Becquerels/US kWh
Becquerels/US kWh
Becquerels/US kWh
Becquerels/US kWh
Becquerels/US kWh
Becquerels/US kWh
Becquerels/US kWh
Becquerels/US kWh
Becquerels/US kWh
Becquerels/US kWh
Becquerels/US kWh
Becquerels/US kWh
Becquerels/US kWh
Becquerels/US kWh
Becquerels/US kWh
Becquerels/US kWh
Becquerels/US kWh
Becquerels/US kWh
Becquerels/US kWh
Becquerels/US kWh
Becquerels/US kWh
Becquerels/US kWh
Waterborne Radionuclides
T-3
Na-24
Cr-51
Mn-54
Fe-55
Co-57
Co-58
Fe-59
34436.74853
0.172568941
4.676310147
3.081588235
11.01667794
0.113248368
46.06974412
0.565471441
Curies/yr
Curies/yr
Curies/yr
Curies/yr
Curies/yr
Curies/yr
Curies/yr
Curies/yr
4.41E+02
2.21E-03
5.98E-02
3.94E-02
1.41E-01
1.45E-03
5.90E-01
7.24E-03
Becquerels/US kWh
Becquerels/US kWh
Becquerels/US kWh
Becquerels/US kWh
Becquerels/US kWh
Becquerels/US kWh
Becquerels/US kWh
Becquerels/US kWh
E-50
-------
APPENDIX E
Table E3. Generation Related Outputs - Radionuclides
Isotope
Co-80
Zn-85
Kr-85M
Sr-89
Sr-90
Nb-95
Sr-95
Mo-99
Tc-99M
Ru-103
Ag-llOM
Sn-113
Sb-124
Sb-125
1-131
Xe-131M
1-132
Xe-133
1-133
Xe-133M
Cs-134
1-135
Xe-135
s-136
Cs-137
Ba-140
La- 140
Quantity
12.09523382
0.052001801
2.912100882
0.186436088
0.043835593
0.793508971
0.483038956
5816497.794
0.067640862
0.097070029
1.132483676
0.107085191
0.970700294
3.867393235
2.157111765
35.43826471
0.816620882
5446.707206
0.924476471
44.60598971
2.596238088
0.663311868
40.599925
0.104003603
3.898209118
0.071955085
0.077039706
Units
Curie s/yr
Curie s/yr
Curie s/yr
Curie s/yr
Curie s/yr
Curie s/yr
Curies/yr
Curies/yr
Curies/yr
Curies/yr
Curies/yr
Curies/yr
Curies/yr
Curies/yr
Curies/yr
Curies/yr
Curies/yr
Curies/yr
Curies/yr
Curies/yr
Curies/yr
Curies/yr
Curies/yr
Curies/yr
Curies/yr
Curies/yr
Curies/yr
Converted Quality
1.55E-01
6.65E-04
3.73E-02
2.39E-03
5.61E-04
1.02E-02
6.18E-03
7.44E+04
8.66E-04
1.24E-03
1.45E-02
1.37E-03
1.24E-02
4.95E-02
2.76E-02
4.54E-01
1.05E-02
6.97E+01
1.18E-02
5.71E-01
3.32E-02
8.49E-03
5.20E-01
1.33E-03
4.99E-02
9.21E-04
9.86E-04
Units
Becquerels/US kWh
Becquerels/US kWh
Becquerels/US kWh
Becquerels/US kWh
Becquerels/US kWh
Becquerels/US kWh
Becquerels/US kWh
Becquerels/US kWh
Becquerels/US kWh
Becquerels/US kWh
Becquerels/US kWh
Becquerels/US kWh
Becquerels/US kWh
Becquerels/US kWh
Becquerels/US kWh
Becquerels/US kWh
Becquerels/US kWh
Becquerels/US kWh
Becquerels/US kWh
Becquerels/US kWh
Becquerels/US kWh
Becquerels/US kWh
Becquerels/US kWh
Becquerels/US kWh
Becquerels/US kWh
Becquerels/US kWh
Becquerels/US kWh
E-51
-------
APPENDIX E
Table E4. Net Generation Information
Generation type [a]
Coal
Gas
Petroleum
Nuclear
Hydro [b]
Renewables [b]
Total
Net Generation
(MWh/yr)
1,787,806,000
283,625,000
77,753,000
628,644,000
337,233,000
7,462,000
3,122,522,000
%
57.255%
9.083%
2.490%
20.133%
10.800%
0.239%
100.000%
[a] This breakdown excludes nonutility electricity generation (Non and Independent Power Producers (NPPs or
IPPs)), which typically contribute about 11% of the U.S. total (EIA 1999).
[b] Hydro and renewables were excluded from the calculation of inputs and outputs.
Table E5. Conversion Factors
Universal factor
Water
Coal [a]
Gas [b]
Petroleum
Nuclear
Nuclear (LLRW)
Transmission & distribution [c]
1 pound =
1 gallon =
1 pound =
a cubic foot =
1 gallon =
1 Curie =
1 cubic foot =
1 kWh out requires =
453.59
8.34
10,275
0.0473
7.26
3.70E+10
80
1.08
grams
pounds
btu
pounds
pounds
Becquerals
pounds
kWhs in
[a] Source: EIA's "Cost & Quality of Fuels for Electric Utility Plants 1997," Table ES-4.
[b] Calculated by the CCPCT with reference information from "Perry's Chemical Engineer's Handbook, 6th
Edition."
[c] Source: EIA's Short-Term Energy Outlook," Table A8.
E-52
-------
APPENDIX F
APPENDIX F
MANUFACTURING DATA COLLECTION QUESTIONNAIRE
-------
APPENDIX F
this page intentionally left blank
-------
ur
DESIGN FOR THE ENVIRONMENT COMPUTER DISPLAY PROJECT
Life-Cycle Inventory (LCI) Data Collection Questionnaire
US. EPA
Introduction
The Design for the Environment (DfE) Program in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics has begun a
voluntary, cooperative project with the electronics industry to assess the life-cycle environmental impacts of cathode ray lube (CRT) and liquid crystal display
(LCD) desktop monitors. The DfE Program conducts comparative analyses of alternative products or processes to provide businesses with data to make
environmentally informed choices about product or process improvements. The DfE Program has DO regulatory or enforcement agenda and was established to
act as a partner with industry to promote pollution prevention. This environmental life-cycle assessment will address human and ecological risk, energy and
natural resource use, performance, and cost of various display technologies. The University of Tennessee (UT) Center for Clean Products and Clean
Technologies is conducting the life-cycle inventory (LCI), which is the data collection phase of a life-cycle assessment, with technical assistance from the
Asian Technology Information Program. Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation, the Electronics Industry Alliance, and other partners.
Boundaries
A life-cycle assessment considers impacts from materials acquisition, material manufacturing, product manufacturing, use, and final disposition of a product.
The LCI data are intended to be used to evaluate relative environmental impacts over the entire life-cycle of a product, including transport between life-cycle
stages. In this project, the product is either a color CRT or LCD monitor. Therefore, data associated with the materials and processes used directly in the
manufacturing, use, and disposition of the product are relevant to the LCI and requested in this questionnaire. You will not need to include materials or energy
not directly used in the production of the monitor or its components (e.g., general building heating and air conditioning).
Product focus
This project will evaluate CRT and LCD (twisted nematic and
in-plane switching) technologies, based on 1998 production for
a 17" CRT and a 15" LCD desktop monitor, with the following
approximate specifications:
1024x768 resolution 200 cd/m2 brightness
100:1 contrast ratio 262,000 colors
INPUTS:
Primary materials
Ancillary materials
Utilities
Manufacturing
Process
OUTPUTS:
Products
Air emissions
Releases to land
Water effluont
Fig. I. Manufacturing process inventory conceptual template
Inventory data
We are asking you for data on a particular "product of interest"
that you manufacture, which is defined as a material, component, or subassembly that is part of the product focus defined above. The inputs and outputs data
(Fig. 1) that you provide will be aggregated in the LCI to quantify the overall inputs and outputs of a CRT and LCD. Additionally, transportation information
is requested in the inventory.
Generic Data Collection Form - p. i
F-l
-------
APPENDIX F
Data sources
Much of the requested information can be drawn from existing sources, including, but not limited to the following:
1. Purchase and production records
2. Bills and invoices
3. Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)
4. Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) forms
5. Audit and analysis results (e.g., wastewaler discharge analyses)
6. Local, state, and federal reporting forms (e.g., hazardous waste manifests)
7. Local, slate, and federal permits
8. Monthly utility billing records
How the data will be used
UT will aggregate the inventory data and tally the averaue inputs and outputs for the different monitors. Information gathered by this questionnaire will
be used to develop environmental profiles based on inputs and outputs for each stage in the manufacture of displays. The profiles will be used to
evaluate environmental impacts from each product. Cost data will also be collected and presented along with environmental results. The environmental
profiles can be used to encourage product design changes for product improvement. UT will aggregate data and ensure that data associated with
particular companies remain anonymous to the EPA. UT can enter into confidentiality agreements where proprietary data are concerned. Please
understand that accurate and representative information from you is critical for the success of this project.
Results of project
The results are intended to provide industry with an analysis of the life-cycle environmental impacts, cost, and performance of CRT and LCD computer
monitors. Results will help identify areas for product and process improvement as related to risk and environmental impact (e.g., identifying material
use inefficiencies) and will identify impacts from various life-cycle stages of the product systems. Use of the results will also help meet growing global
demands of extended product responsibility.
Benefits of involvement
Your input will allow for your interests to be considered in the project development and data collection. By supplying data, the results will partially
reflect your operations and, therefore, the results will be directly relevant to your interests. The project will allow you to directly apply results to your
manufacturing process and identify areas for improvement. You will also be recognized as working voluntarily and cooperatively with the U.S. EPA.
Deadline
We are attempting to obtain all completed questionnaires before October 29, 1999.
Your cooperation and assistance are greatly appreciated.
For any questions, please contact Maria Leet Socolof at 423-974-9526, or Jonathan G. Overly at 423-974-3625,
at the University of Tennessee, 311 Conference Center Bldg., Knoxville, TN 37996-4134. Fax: 423-974-1838.
For more project details, see the Project Fact Sheet, DJE Website <\vww.epa.gov/dfe>, or the Draft Final Goal Definition and Scoping Document.
Generic l);il;i ColleclionTorm - p. ii
F-2
-------
APPENDIX F
INSTRUCTIONS
I. Please be sure lo read the introductory lex! on each page before filling mil the questionnaire.
2. The data you supply in the tables should represent inputs and outputs associated only with the "product of interest" (i.e., materials, component!) or
subasscmblics you manufacture that are cither part of, or that are itself, the desktop monitor as defined on p. i under Product focus). If
quantities provided are not specific to the "product of interest," please explain how they differ in the comments section at the bottom of the appropriate table.
3. Where supporting information is available as independent documents, reports or calculations, please provide them as attachments with reference to the associated
page(s) or table(s) in this questionnaire.
4. If you have more than one product of interest to this project, please duplicate this questionnaire and fill out one questionnaire for each product.
5. If there is not adequate room on a page to supply your data (including comments), please copy the appropriate page and attach il to this packet.
6. The ensuing pages refer to the four indices shown below to detail specific information about the data. Additional information is provided below as required.
Data Quality Indicators Index: These indicators will be used lo assess the level of data quality in this questionnaire. Please report a DQl for the numerical value
requested in each table on the following pages. The first category, Measured, pertains to a value that is a directly measured quantity. The second category,
Calculated, refers to a value that required one or more calculations lo obtain. The third category, Estimated, refers to a value that required a knowledgable employee's
professional judgement to estimate. Lastly, the fourth category, Assumed, should be used only when a number had to be guessed.
Hazardous and Nonhazardous Waste Management Methods Index: These methods are applicable to both hazardous and nonhazardous wastes (Tables 7a and 7b).
Please give the appropriate abbreviation in the Management Method column on p. 7 where requested. Depending on whether the management method is on or offsite,
please indicate by specifying "on" or "ofT" in the appropriate column on p. 7.
For Tables 2, 3a, 3b, 4, 7a, and 7b:
Transportation Modes Index
A - Large tmck (18-wheeler), dicset
B - Small truck, diesel
'C - Small tnrck, gasoline
D - Rail, diesel
E - Barge, diesel
F - Ocean freighter, diesel
G - Other (please specify in comments section)
For Tables 3a, 3b, 4, 5. 6a, 7a, and 7b:
Data Quality Indicators Index
M
C
E
A
- Measured
- Calculated
- Estimated
- Assumed
For Tables 7a and Tb:
For Table 6b:
Waslcwaler Treatment/Disposal Methods Index
A - Direct discharge to surface water
B - Discharge to ofTsile wastewater treatment facility
C - Underground injection
D - Surface impoundment (e.g., settling pond)
E - Direct discharge lo land
F - Other (please specify in comments section)
Hazardous and Nonhazardous Waste Management Methods Index
RU - Reused
R - Recycled
- Landfilled
- Incinerated - volume reduction
- Incinerated - energy conversion
- Solidified/stabilized
- Deep well injected
- Other (please specify in comments section)
L
Iv
le
S
D
O
IF YOU HAVE QUESTIONS, PLEASE CONTACT EITHER:
Maria L. Socolof (Project Manager):
Phone: 423-974-9526
Fax: 423-974-1838
Email: socolofinl@ulk.etlu
OR
Jonathan O. Overly (Project Engineer):
Phone: 423-974-3625
Fax: 423-974-1838
Hmail: jgoverly@utk.e
-------
APPENDIX F
OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET STATEMENT
The public reporting and recordkeeping burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 8 hours per response. Harden menus the total time, effort, or financial
esourccs expended by persons to generate, maintain, retain, or disclose or provide information to or for a Federal agency. Hie burden for this collection includes the time needed
to review instructions; search data sources; complete and review the collection of information; and transmit or otherwise disclose the information. An agency may not conduct or
sponsor, and a person is not required to respond to a collection of information unless it displays a currently valid OMB control number. The OMB control number for this
collection is 2070-0152. ,
Send comments on Hie Agency's need for this information, the accuracy of the provided burden estimates, and any suggested methods for minimizing respondent burden, including
through the use of automated collection techniques to the Director, OPPE Regulatory Information Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2136), 401 M Street, S.W.,
Washington, DC 20460. Include Ihe OMB control number in any correspondence.
1. FACILITY & CONTACT INFORMATION
Table I. Facility Information Contact Information
I. Company name: 5a. Prepared by: Date:
2. Facility name: . __ 5b. Title:
3. Facility address (location): 5c. Phone number: EX':
_____________________ -'*'• '?ax n"|||ocr:
5e. Email address:
4. Products manufactured onsite:
Generic Data Collection Form
F-4
-------
APPENDIX F
2- PRODUCT OF INTEREST INFORMATION
Table 2.
NOTE: If the product of interest is an assembled monitor, please send an Owner's Manual to us at the address shown at the bottom of page ii.
1. Product of interest: 6. Energy consumption information (fill out only if 1
2.
3.
4.
5.
8.
9.
1)
11
1L
4)
5)
10.
1 998 annual production
(e.g., units, kg, Ibs):
Facility's percent global market
share for product of interest:
Product of interest
unit weight:
1998 product of interest
retail unit price:
Brief description of the main operations/subprocesses
required to manufacture the product of interest:
monitor):
- Active use:
- Standby:
- Suspend:
- Active off:
lie product of interest is an assembled
watts
watts
watts
watts
7. Performance specifications (fill out only if the product of interest is an assembled monitor):
- Maximum resolution:
- Colors (at max. reso.):
- Contrast ratio:
- Brightness:
cd/m'
Product transport information. In this table, please list the lop five locations (by quantity) to which you send the product of interest. You may supply one-way distances in lieu of location's.
See Transportation Modes Index on p. iii for modes abbreviations. Percent capacity represents what percent of the transport vehicle's total load was carrying the products of interest
Location (City, Stale, Country) Distance
Percent of production Mode Number oft
rips annually Percent capacity
Does your facility receive any relumed products from your customers? If so, is the
product recycled in some way or disposed? Please explain:
Generic Data Collection Fonn - p. 2
F-5
-------
APPENDIX F
3. PRIMARY & ANCILLARY INPUTS
I. Primary &. Ancillary Materials: Primary materials, are defined as those materials that become part of the fiival product. Ancillary materials are those material inputs that assist production,
yet do not become part of the final product. Please include (he trade name and the generic name of each material where applicable.
2. CAS H or MSDS: Please either supply the chemical CAS (Chemical Abstract Service) number or attach a material "MSDS" to this document.
3. Annual quantity/units &. Density/units: Please specify (lie amount of material consumed in 1998. Please use the units of mass-per-year (e.g., kg/yr, Ib/yr). If you specify units of volume
in lieu of mass, please provide the density. (
4. Data quality indicators: See the Data Quality Indicators Index on p. iii for abbreviations. Please supply the DQI for the annual quantity value given.
5. Recycled content: Please specify the recycled content of each material identified. For example, 60/40/0 would represent a material Umt has 60% virgin material, 40% pre-consumer
recycled and 0% post-consumer recycled content. Enter N/A (not applicable) for all components that are assemblies.
6. Transportation information: See the Transportation Modes Index on p. iii for mode abbreviations. Please specify (lie one-way transportation distance, or the location from where the material
is shipped, and the number of trips made to your facility on an annual basis. % capacity represents what percent of the transport vehicle's total load was carrying the materials of interest.
Table 3a.
Primary Materials
EXAMPLE: 'GIITX resin (polypropylene resin)
).
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Primary material comments:
Table 3b.
Ancillary Materials
EXAMPLE: Petroleum naphtha (cleaning solvtnl)
I.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Ancillary material comments:
CAS#
or MSDS2
MS&S
Annual
Quantity1
450.600
Units
kg/yr
Density3
i i
Units
<-ii^S.
DQI
4
M
Recycled
Content
60/40/0 "
Transportation Information (Receiving)
Dist. or Location
\ JSdkm • ,
Mode
/<
# trips
~24,
% cap.
46".
CAS#
or MSDS1
803)-&4'
Annual
Quantity1
tio
Units
lilet&fyr
Density1
' 0.0
Transportation Information (Receiving)
Dlst. or Location
st.'iZtiK.tio °,
Mode
'-a;.
# (rips
'"f,3
% c»p.
10$
OciKtic OnU Collection Form - p. 3
F-6
-------
APPENDIX F
4. UTILITY INPUTS
1. Annual Quantity/units: Please specify the amount of each utility consumed in 1998. If possible, please exclude nonprocess-related consumption. If not possible, please include
a comment that nonprocess-related consumption is included.
2 Data quality indicators: See the Data Quality Indicators Index on p. iii for abbreviations. Please supply the DQI for the annual quantity value given.
3^ Transportation information: See the Transportation Modes Index 6n p. iii for mode abbreviations. Please specify the one-way transportation distance, or the location from where the fuel
is shipped, and the number of trips made to your facility on an annual basis. % capacity represents what percent of the transport vehicle's total load was carrying the materials of interest.
4. Individual Utility Notes:
The quantity of electricity should reflect only (hat used toward manufacturing the product ofinterest (identified on p. 2). One approach would be to start with your facility's total annual
electrical energy consumption, estimate and remove nonprocess-related consumption, then estimate what portion of the remaining consumption is related to the specific operations
ofinterest (if you manufacture more than one product). Please include consumption in all systems that use electricity for process-related purposes. Some examples include compressed
air, chilled water, water deionization and IIVAC consumption where clean or controlled environments are utilized.
Natural gas and LNG:
Please exclude all use for space heating or other nonprocess-related uses. If you choose to use units other than MCF (thousand cubic feet), please utilize only units of energy
content or volume (e.g., mmBTU, therm, CCF)
Fuel oils: . , _
Please use units of either volume or energy content (e.g., liters, cubic meters. mmBTU, MJ). Additionally, if the fuel oil is delivered by pipeline, enter "pipeline in the Transportation
Information space; if not delivered by pipeline, please include the associated transportation information.
AH waters (e.g., delonized, city):
Please include all waters received onsite. Please indicate consumption in units of mass or volume.
Table 4.
Liquified natural gas (LNG)
6.
Fuel oil - type H6 (includes residual)
10.
II.
12.
13
Fuel oil - type H2 (includes distillate and diesel)
Fuel oil - type 04
Propane
Water
Annual
MCF
Units
tiers
iters
liters
liters
liters
DQI
Transportation Information (Receiving)
Utility comments:
Generic Data Cotlei-tion Fonn - p. 4
F-7
-------
APPENDIX F
5. AIR EMISSIONS
1 Air emissions: The emissions listed in the table below are some of the more common ones found in air release inventories; if you have information on other specific emissions, please
include that information in the space provided. If you have any reporting forms or other air emission records for 1998, please attach copies to this questionnaire. Also, if you have information
on slack as well as fugitive emissions, please copy this page and place each set of emissions on a different page. The energy consumed in any equipment used onsite to treat air emissions
should be included in the utilities values on p. 4. »
2. Annual quantity/units: Please specify the amount of air emissions generated in 1998. If you do not have 1998 emissions data, use the next closest year's data you have and specify
what year's data you are supplying in the comment section below. Please use units of mass-per-year (e.g., kg/yr, Ib/yr).
3. Data quality indicators: See the Data Quality Indicators Index on p. iii for abbreviations. Please supply (he DQI for the annual quantity value given.
Table 5.
Air Emissions
Total participates
['articulates < 10 microns (PM-10)
Sulfur oxides (SOx)
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Carbon monoxide
Carbon dioxide
Methane
Benzene
Toluene
Xylenes
Naphthalene
Total nonmclhaiie VOCs
Other speciated hydrocarbon emissions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12
,
CAS
number
630-08-0
124-38-9
74-82-8
71-43-2
108-88-3
1330-20-7
91-20-3
Annual
Quantity1
Units
—
DQI
j
fable 5 (continued).
Air Emissions
Ammonia
Arsenic
Chromium
Copper
^ead
Manganese
Mercury
Nickel
Other emissions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Air emission comments:
CAS
number
7664^11-7
7440-38-2
7440^17-3
7440-50-8
7439-92-1
7439-96-5
7439-98-7
7440-02-0
Annual
Quantity1
Unils
DQI
)
enetB: D«l« Collection Form
p. 5
F-8
-------
APPENDIX F
I.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6. WASTEWATER RELEASES & CONSTITUENTS
Annual quantity/units: Please specify the amount of wastewater(s) generated in 1998. Please use units of mass-per-year (e.g., kg/yr, Ib/yr). If multiple streams exist, please copy this
page and fill it out for each stream.
Data quality indicators: See the Data Quality Indicators Index on p. iii for abbreviations. Please include one DQI for the annual wastewater stream quantity value supplied, and one DQI
for the wastcwaler constituents information supplied. If more thin one DQI is applicable to the wastewater constituents data, please clarify this in the comment section.
Waslewaler constituents: Please let us know what type of values you are supplying (e.g., daily maximums, monthly averages, annual averages). Additionally, if you have any reporting
forms of other wastewaler constituent records for the 1998, please attach them to this questionnaire. The energy consumed in any equipment used onsite to treat wastewater
releases should be included in the utilities values on p. 4,
Concentration/units: Please specify the concentration of wastewater constituents generated in 1 998. Please utilize the units of mass-per- volume (e.g., nig/liter, Ib/gal).
Wastewaler treatment/disposal f WW T/D) method: See the Wastewater Treatment/Disposal Methods Index on p. iii for method abbreviations.
Table 6a.
Wastcwatcr Stream
Annual
Quantity1
Units
Table 6b.
Waslcwilcr Consliliicnls
Dissolved solids
Suspended solids
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)
Oil & grease
Hydrochloric acid
Sulfuric acid
Other acids (please specify):
1.
2.
Phosphorus
Phosphates
Sulfates
Fluorides
Cyanide
Chloride
Chromium
Iron
Aluminum
Nickel
CAS
number
•
_™
7647-01-0
7664-93-9
7723-14-0
744(M7-3
7439-89-6
7429-90-5
7440-02-0
Concen-
tration
Units
WWT/D
Method
DQI for Wastetralcr Annual Quantity2
DQI for Wastewater
Constituents
Table 6b (continued).
Wastcwalcr Constituents
Mercury
Lead
Nitrogen
Zinc
Tin
Ferrous sulfale
Ammonia
Nitrates
Pesticides
Other constituents:
I.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
CAS
number
7439-98-7
7439-92-1
7727-37-9
7440-66-6
7440-31-5
7720-78-7
7664-41-7
.
Concen-
tration*
Units
\VW T/D
Method
Wastewater comments:
Generic DitU Collection Fonn - p. fi
F-9
-------
APPENDIX F
7. HAZARDOUS & NONIIAZARDOUS WASTES
1. Hazardous wastes and EPA hazardous waste numbers: Please list your waste streams that are considered hazardous by the U.S. EPA. Include the hazardous waste codes for any
hazardous waste you include.
2. Annual Quantity/units & Density/units: Please specify the amount of waste generated in 1998. Use units of mass-per-year (e.g., kg/yr, Ib/yr). Please also provide the density for each waste.
3. Data quality indicators: See the Data Quality Indicators Index on p. iii for abbreviations. Please supply the DQI for the anmtal quantity value given.
4. Management method: See the Management Methods Index on p. iii for abbreviations. If none are applicable, please indicate other and use the comments section to expound.
5. Transportation information: See die Transportation Modes Index on p. iii for mode abbreviations. Please specify the one-way transportation distance, or the location to where the waste
is shipped, and the number of trips made from your facility on an annual basis. % capacity represents what percent of the transport vehicle's total load was carrying the wastes of interest.
Table 7a. EPA II»Z-
Hazardous Wastes' Watte #'
EXAMPLE: Spent solvent (toluene) F00$
1
_2._
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Annual
Quantity2
20,000
Units
kg/yr
Density2
ft*
Units
kg/liter
DQI
i
w*
Mgmt.
method
4 le
On or
offslte?
^•off'
Transportation Information (Shipping)
Dist. or Location
'' Indianapolis, It)
Mode
A
# trips
24
"/, cap.
40 ,
Hazardous waste comments:
Table 7b.
Nonhaiardous Wastes
EXAMPLE: Waste liieilai chips '• '
1
JL
3.
4.
5.
6
7.
Annual
Quantity2
' $2,000
Units
kg/yr
Density1
1,009
Units
kg/iti3
DQI
j
C
Mgmt.
method
R
On or
offslte?
•or >
Transportation Information (Shipping)
Dist. or Location
225 km
Mode
A
it trijis
'••'3 •
% cap.
100
Nonhazardous waste comments: •
Clencric Data Collection Form - p. 7
F-10
-------
APPENDIX G
APPENDIX G
SUPPLEMENTAL MANUFACTURING DATA INFORMATION
-------
APPENDIX G
this page intentionally left blank
-------
APPENDIX G
APPENDIX G
SUPPLEMENTAL MANUFACTURING DATA INFORMATION
G-l. Frit Manufacturing Data Collection
No manufacturers were willing to supply complete frit manufacturing data as primary
data for this study. Inventory data for the frit manufacturing process were obtained from
secondary sources and from communications with industry representatives. Input data were
derived from personal communication with an industry representative (Peer 2000) and output
data were compiled from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) AP-42 publication
(Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors) (EPA 1997). The AP-42 data are provided for
one ton of feed material, and it was assumed that the material efficiency is 100%, such that for
each mass quantity of raw material input, the same mass quantity of frit is produced.
Limitations to these data are that a complete inventory, with all the information asked in
the questionnaire for other manufacturing processes in this study, was not obtained. Personal
communications were made to provide information on the major inputs to the process, based on a
conversation taken place in June, 2000. The output data are based on a 1997 EPA publication.
The publication date of the output data remains within the range of dates of primary data
obtained in this study. Further, the frit manufacturing process is expected to be a relatively
mature technology (compared to some LCD-related technologies), and 1997 data are expected to
be representative of the monitors being studied in this project.
G-2. Printed Wiring Boards (PWBs) and Electronic Component Manufacturing Data
Collection
Each display technology requires electronic printed wiring boards (PWBs) and their
associated components such as integrated circuit (1C) chips, resistors, capacitors to operate the
displays, independent of the computer's central processing unit. Therefore, the display PWBs
and components are within the bounds of the analysis.
PWB and semiconductor (1C) manufacturing are highly energy and resource intensive
processes. In purely a comparative analysis, we could consider eliminating the PWBs from the
analysis since both the CRT and LCD display technologies use PWBs. However, the number of
PWBs (4 major ones for LCDs and 2 for CRTs) and their makeup differ between the two
technologies. For example, the AMLCD controller has more active parts because its addressing
system is more complicated than the CRT. Therefore, exclusion of the PWB manufacturing
process was chosen to be included in the scope of this project. In addition, beyond the goal of a
comparative analysis between CRT and LCD, this study is intended to provide baseline data for
each individual technology such that improvement assessments can be considered when
evaluating the entire life cycle of a particular monitor. This provides another reason to include
PWB manufacturing in the scope. However, due to the importance of collecting primary data for
the other major display components (e.g., CRT tube and LCD panel/module manufacturing), a
lower priority was given to obtaining PWB data.
G-l
-------
APPENDIX G
Given the lower priority for PWB and component data collection, questionnaires were not
sent to multiple PWB and component manufacturers. Alternatively, data were obtained from an
industry contact knowledgeable in PWB manufacturing (Sharp 2000). PWB component
manufacturing data were not obtained; however, materials use as well as energy consumption
from manufacturing PWB components are expected to be small in comparison to the overall
manufacturing requirements for the CRT and LCD monitors; therefore, lack of PWB component
manufacturing data is not expected to have a significant impact on the results.
G-2
-------
APPENDIX G
REFERENCES
EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). 1997. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors
(AP-42). Fifth Edition, Volume I. June.
Peer, J. 2000. Personal communication with J. Peer, Techneglas, and J. G. Overly, University of
Tennessee, Center for Clean Products and Clean Technologies. June.
Sharp, J. 2000. Personal communication with J. Sharp, Teredyne Corp.; J. G. Overly and M.
Socolof, University of Tennessee, Center for Clean Products and Clean Technologies.
August.
G-3
-------
this page intentionally left blank
-------
APPENDIX H
APPENDIX H
TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM:
Use Life-Cycle Stage Approach
-------
APPENDIX H
this page intentionally left blank
-------
APPENDIX H
APPENDIX H
TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM:
Use Life-Cycle Stage Approach
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
As part of the Environmental Protection Agency's Design for the Environment Program
(DfE) Computer Display Project (CDP), the University of Tennessee Center for Clean Products
and Clean Technologies is conducting an environmental life-cycle assessment (LCA) of 17"
cathode ray tube (CRT) and 15" active matrix liquid crystal display (LCD) computer monitors.
Chapter 1 of this report provides further details about the scope and boundaries of this project.
As typically defined in LCA, the five main life-cycle stages of any product are as follows:
• Materials Extraction;
• Materials Processing;
• Product Manufacture;
• Product Use, Maintenance and Repair; and
• End-of-Life.
This technical memorandum (TM) presents the CDP's approach to developing the
inventory that will be used to assess the environmental and health impacts from the use life-cycle
stage of computer monitors. Maintenance and repair are not included within the boundaries of
this analysis because they are expected to be minor contributors to environmental impacts
compared to use and other life-cycle stages.
The purpose of this TM is to present the approach for developing the inventory of inputs
and outputs associated with the actual use of the monitors. The final use-stage inventory will
consist of electricity consumption from use as well as the indirect inputs and outputs from the
generation of that electricity. The focus of this TM is on identifying the amount of electricity
consumed during use. The inventory from electricity generation is presented in Appendix E.
The final use-stage inventory combines these two sets of data and will be presented as part of the
final LCI in Section 2.7 and Appendix J of this report.
In addition to energy consumption, other environmental or health issues have been
associated with the use of computer monitors, including eye strain, ergonomics, and exposure to
electric and magnetic fields. However, quantitative methods for assessing these impacts within
the project LCA framework are not available. Thus, these impacts will be addressed qualitatively
in the final LCA report for the project.
H-l
-------
APPENDIX H
1.2 Calculating Energy Consumption During the Use Stage
CRTs and LCDs use different mechanisms to produce images on screen, which result in
different energy use rates. These energy use rates can be combined with the number of hours a
desktop monitor is on during its lifespan to calculate the total quantity of electrical energy
consumed during the use life-cycle stage. In this project, two lifespan scenarios are considered:
• Manufactured life - the amount of time either an entire monitor or a single component
will last before reaching a point where the equipment no longer functions, independent of
user choices.
• Effective life - the actual amount of time a monitor is used, by one or multiple users,
before it is disposed of, recycled, or re-manufactured. Reuse of a monitor by a
subsequent user is considered part of its effective life. Recycling, on the other hand, is
the reuse of parts or materials that require additional processing after disassembly and it
is not considered part of the use stage.
These two scenarios are considered in this project in order to account for potential
differences between how consumers currently use the equipment and how consumers could use
the equipment. Currently, consumers often replace monitors before they physically break down.
This behavior results in a lifespan that is not dependent on the monitor technology itself. The
manufactured life, on the other hand, is based on the technology and represents how consumers
could potentially use the equipment. If the lifespans are significantly different, the difference
could have a large impact on how the use stage compares to the other life-cycle stages in this
study. The remainder of this TM is broken down into the following sections: Methodology,
Preliminary Results, Data Sources and Quality, Limitations and Uncertainties, and Discussion
and Conclusions.
2. METHODOLOGY
As discussed in the previous section, calculating electrical energy consumption during the
life of an electrical component requires two main pieces of information: the component's energy
use rate (typically in watts or kilowatts) and the amount of time the component can or does spend
in use (in hours per life).
Once energy use rates and hours per life in each mode are known, they can be multiplied
to derive the total number of kilowatthours (kWh) consumed during the lifetime of a monitor
according to the following general equation where " mode 7" indicates the power consumption
mode of a monitor (i.e., full-on or low, discussed further in Sect. 2.1). This basic equation will
be used to calculate the total kWhs consumed over the manufactured and effective lives for
LCDs and CRTs.
2
E
ikW consumed in mode i\ x I spent in mode i
\ > \ -!•/• r
life
kWh
life
H-2
-------
APPENDIX H
Section 2.1 presents information on the various energy use rates that exist for the project
functional units in different power modes. Section 2.2 presents the methodology for calculating
hours per life under the manufactured and effective life scenarios.
2.1 Energy Use Rate
Most desktop monitors manufactured today are built to use several different power
consumption modes during normal operation. There are often up to four different power
consumption modes that can be used by a monitor in going from a state of active use to a state of
almost complete shut-down. These four modes, from greatest power consumption to least, are
typically entitled 'full-on' or active use, 'standby,' 'suspend' and 'active-off For this TM,
manufacturers' data on these power modes were collected from company contacts and Internet
sites for 35 different 17" CRT monitors and 12 different 15" LCD monitors. The complete list of
these data is presented in Attachment A, Table Al.
For the purposes of this TM, the power consumption modes have been categorized into
two modes: 'full-on' and 'low.' The 'low' power mode is an average of the three low power
modes typically provided by the manufacturers (i.e., standby, suspend, and active-off). These
three categories were averaged to create one 'low' power consumption mode because hours per
use data (needed for calculations in this TM) are only available for a 'full-on' and a reduced
power mode. The low mode value for the CRT is the average of the three modal averages of
standby, suspend and active-off. For the LCD, data on only two low-power modes (standby and
active-off) were provided by manufacturers (see Attachment A, Table A2), and therefore, the low
mode value is an average of those two modal averages. Table 1 presents the average values for
full-on and low power modes that were used for subsequent calculations in this TM.
Table 1. Average Energy Use Rates
Monitor Type
17" CRT
15" LCD
Full-on Power Mode
(W)
112
39.7
(kW)
0.113
0.040
Low Power Mode b
(W)
13.1
6.44
(kW)
0.013
0.006
a See Attachment A, Table Al for source data.
b An average of company-reported values for standby, suspend and active-off (see Attachment A, Table Al).
2.2 Calculating Lifespan
As stated previously, lifespan calculations in this TM are based on two different
scenarios: manufactured life and effective life. Sects. 2.2.1 and 2.2.2 present the methodology
and data needed to calculate energy use under each of these two scenarios, respectively. Sect.
2.2.2 is further divided into discussions of office versus home use patterns, the amount of time a
monitor is operating in each power mode, and the number of years the monitor is operating in its
lifetime. These results will be combined with data from the energy use rate calculations in Sect.
2.1 to obtain the energy consumption per life for each scenario and for each monitor.
H-3
-------
APPENDIX H
2.2.1 Scenario #1: Manufactured Life
The manufactured life is defined here as the length of time a monitor is designed to
operate effectively for the user. It is the number of hours a monitor would function as
manufactured, and is independent of user choices or actions. One way to estimate this
manufactured life is to use the mean-time-before-failure (MTBF) specification of a monitor or its
components. The CRT MTBF specification dictates the amount of time the display must operate
before it reaches its brightness 'half-life,' or the ability to produce 50% of its initial, maximum
brightness. The MTBF value, generally provided in total hours per life of a monitor, is what
most final manufacturers or assemblers of personal computer (PC) equipment, including monitor
assemblers, typically specify for a component. To meet the specification, suppliers typically
calculate the MTBF (a military-based specification) based on component data. Suppliers' test
results are usually called the 'calculated' MTBF. The MTBF value also depends on which
combination of power modes are used during testing, which is referred to as the 'duty cycle' and
each supplier may use a different duty cycle to test their component.
Additionally, monitor assemblers will often perform their own testing, typically entitled
'demonstrated' MTBF. The testing includes sequences where the monitor is 'stressed' by quickly
switching back and forth from an all black picture to an all white one, or quickly switching
individual pixels either on and off or through multiple colors or black and white. Manufacturers
typically find that their demonstrated MTBF is on the order of twice as long as the calculated
MTBF (McConnaughey 1999, Douglas 1999). However, it should be noted that the
demonstrated MTBF is not a real-time testing method, as the testing data is used in a complex
equation to calculate that 'demonstrated' value.
From review of the information obtained on CRT-based monitors (see Attachment A,
Table A2), it appears that the CRT itself is the limiting component, or the component that 99% of
the time determines whether the entire monitor has reached its end-of-life. Thus, from the
limited information that was obtained on CRTs, and the limited confidence that can be instilled
in that data, an average of the two ranges obtained on the estimated lifetime of CRTs (10,000 -
15,000 hours) was used as the CRT manufactured lifetime (12,500 hours) (Goldwassar 1999,
Douglas 1999).
For active matrix LCDs, the components that have the greatest potential to fail first are
the display panel itself (including the liquid crystals and thin-film transistors), backlights, driver
integrated circuit (1C) tabs, and other smaller components. The backlights and driver 1C tabs can
be field-replaced, thus their failure does not necessarily represent the end of the monitor's life.
However, failure of the liquid crystals or transistors, which would require replacement of the
display panel itself, would most likely mean that the monitor cannot be cost-effectively repaired.
The MTBFs of all these components appear to have a broad range. For example, different
backlight manufacturers reported from as few as 15,000 hours to as many as 50,000 hours
(Douglas 1999, Tsuda 1999, VP150 1999). However, it appears that those components that are
not field-replaceable (e.g., the LCD panel) have MTBFs in the range of 40,000 - 50,000 hours
(Tsuda 1999, Young 1999). Thus in this TM, the amount of time an LCD monitor would operate
during its manufactured life is assumed to be the average of the two non field-replaceable values,
or 45,000 hours. In order for a monitor to operate for 45,000 hours, any major field-replaceable
parts that have MTBFs less than 45,000 hours will need to accounted for in this LCA project.
For example, assuming the backlights last on average 32,500 hours (the average of the values
H-4
-------
APPENDIX H
obtained for backlights), two would be needed for every panel during its lifetime. Therefore, in
the final CDP LCA, the manufacturing of these type of components would need to be included in
the inventory.
Little information is available on the duty cycles that component manufacturers use to test
components. Thus, it is assumed that the average duty cycle utilized in testing components is
50% of the time tested in full-on mode and 50% in a lower power mode. Table 2 shows the
values that are used in this TM for the hours per manufactured life for the CRT and LCD. The
LCD manufactured life (45,000 hours) is 3.6 times greater than the CRT manufactured life
(12,500 hours). Therefore, based on equivalent use periods, 3.6 CRTs would need to be
manufactured for every single LCD.
Table 2. Manufactured Life Values
Monitor
Type
17" CRT
15" LCD
Total Hours
(hours/life)
12,500
45,000
Mode
Full-on
Low
Full-on
Low
Duty Cycle
(% time spent in each mode
during testing)
50%
50%
50%
50%
Hours per Mode
(hours/life)
6,250
6,250
22,500
22,500
2.2.2 Scenario #2: Effective Life
The effective life scenario attempts to model the actual quantity of hours that an average
monitor spends in each of the two primary power consumption modes (full-on and a lower power
state) during its lifetime. The effective life of an average monitor is based on the following
information:
• The proportion of computers that are used in an office environment versus a home
environment, to account for different use rates in these two basic user environments;
• The amount of time in a year a typical monitor spends in full-on power mode and in a
lower power-consuming mode for both office and home environments; and
• The number of years a typical monitor is used during its lifespan for both office and home
environments, not including years in storage before a monitor is replaced or discarded (as
it is not consuming power during storage).
Under this lifespan scenario, we assume there is no difference in the amount of time a
CRT or LCD monitor is operating. That is, the hours per life for the effective life calculation is
not technology-dependent. Therefore, the same set of hours-per-life values are used to calculate
the kWhs used per effective lifetime for a CRT and an LCD. The remainder of this section
discusses the data and methods used to calculate the final hours-per-life values used in the
effective life scenario. In order to obtain these final values, we need to determine the percentage
of office versus home environment users, the annual use operating patterns in the office and
home environments (hours/year) within each power mode, and the number of years a monitor is
in operation during life. The following three subsections address these data needs.
H-5
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APPENDIX H
2.2.2.1 Percentages of Office- and Home-Environment Users
Home and office users of computer equipment do not follow the same use patterns. Thus,
data are needed on the percent of users in each environment to determine the use pattern of an
"average" computer monitor. The most recent data available for both home and office users are
for 1997. The Computer Industry Almanac for 1997 reports an estimated 117 million total
computers were in use in the United States in 1997 (CIA 1997). In addition, the 1997
Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS) reports that 43 million PCS were used in
homes in 1997 (EIA 1999). Therefore, assuming the remaining non-household computer
monitors are all in office environments, there would be approximately 74 million computers
being used in office environments.
Note that an 'office' environment may be a school, hospital, or other commercial
environment, and the computers they use may follow widely varying degrees of use. For
example, computers (and thus monitors) in a school may only be used a few hours in a day, while
hospitals might operate theirs nearly constantly. For this TM, it is assumed that on average,
typical office use patterns (to be presented in Sect. 2.2.2.2) are representative of all non-home
environment users.
The 1997 RECS also reported that 6% of the 43 million household computers were used
to telecommute (EIA 1999), which equals approximately 2.6 million computers. The use pattern
of a telecommuter is assumed to resemble more closely an office environment than a home
environment; therefore, the number of office environment monitors is assumed to total 76.6
million. Therefore, for purposes of calculations in this TM, the percentage breakdown of office
and home environment monitors in the United States is as follows:
Office: (74 million + 2.6 million) / 117 million = 65%
Home: (43 million - 2.6 million) / 117 million = 35%.
H-6
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APPENDIX H
2.2.2.2 Operating Pattern (Average Hours in Use Per Year )
In order to determine the amount of electricity consumed during a monitor's effective life,
we need to know the use operating patterns for both the office and home environments. The
'operating pattern' is defined here as the number of hours per year spent in each power mode.
The average number of hours per mode per year will be the weighted average of the two user
environments (i.e., 65% office, 35% home).
A literature search for computer monitor operating patterns was conducted for both office
and home environments and a summary of literature reviewed is presented in Attachment A,
Table A3. For data on office environment operating patterns, the most relevant and complete
information found was from work performed by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL)
presented in a report entitled "Measured Energy Savings and Performance of Power-Managed
Personal Computers and Monitors" (Nordman et al. 1996). Their definition of the standard
operating pattern was based on earlier work performed by LBNL that studied electricity use by
office equipment in commercial buildings, and referenced multiple studies on the use of office
equipment, some having sample sizes as large as several hundred systems. Table 3 presents the
standard office operating pattern for three different types of days (workday, weekend day and
absence day), based on Nordman et al. (1996). Note that Nordman et al. "...first distinguish
between weekdays and weekend days, with the latter including only Saturdays and Sundays.
Then, any weekday which has less than half an hour of on-time (full-on or low power) is
considered an absence day; the rest of the weekdays are workdays." Therefore, absence days may
include some hours in operation. Also, some individuals may leave their computers on while out
of the office, also resulting in hours in operation while the user is out of the office.
Table 3. Standard Office Operating Pattern"
Type of Day
Workday (hr/day)
Weekend Day (hr/day)
Absence Day (hr/day)
Average Dayb (hr/day)
Standard Office Operating Pattern
On
Full-on
4.1
0.0
0.0
2.3
Low
8.4
4.8
4.8
6.9
Total
12.5
4.8
4.8
9.2
Off
11.5
19.2
19.2
14.8
Source: Adapted from Nordman et al. 1996, based on percentage of time in each mode.
a Based on the assumption that all monitors take advantage of low power modes.
b To calculate the average day, an average week is assumed to consist of 4 workdays, 2 weekend days, and 1
absence day per week. Average monitor usage per day weighs each average day by the number of each day type in a
week.
H-7
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APPENDIX H
Using the hours per day for the three basic day types, we created an average annual day
for the purposes of eventually obtaining an annual average. To calculate the average day, we
assumed that a typical week of computer use in the year contains 4 workdays, 2 weekend days,
and 1 absence day. By including 1 absence day in the typical week, the calculation results in 52
days annually that are days of no active computer system use, and are intended to include the
following: holidays, sick days, vacations, work travel and days when computers are not needed
for work or are not in use in the office.
LBNL's operating patterns do not appear to take into account whether or not a monitor is
actually taking advantage of the various power savings modes. In their 1996 study, Nordman et
al. found that only one-third of the monitors were set up to recognize time-based indicators that
power down a part of the monitor or part of the PC that sends information to the monitor. More
recently, a representative of the EPA Energy Star Program estimated that approximately 90 -
95% of those monitors manufactured and sold in tandem with a PC in 1998 were pre-set up to
take advantage of the multiple power consumption modes of the monitor, without any setup by
the user (Fanara 1999). However, monitors are also sold individually, and no statistics were
found on how many are sold that way and what percent of those are able to work with a PC's
energy savings systems without assistance from the user. For the purposes of this TM, we
assume that 90% of the monitors manufactured in 1998 and in use today are set up to recognize
the power management signaling either from the monitor itself or from the PC to which they are
connected. The lower end of the 90 - 95% range was chosen to recognize that monitors sold
separately were not accounted for, and also, from an environmental impact perspective, it is
conservative to assume a lower percent, which means less use of power saving features and
greater energy consumption.
It should also be noted that this 90/10 split takes several assumptions into account,
including but not limited to the percentage of users who alter or change their PC's and/or
monitor's energy-saving settings, the percentage of users who know how to alter or change their
PC's and/or monitor's energy-savings settings and the number of small-sized companies that
build PC systems and whether or not they configure their systems to be able to take advantage of
energy-savings settings 'out-of-the-box.' Because our confidence in this percentage split is not
high, we will perform a sensitivity analysis of different percentage breakdowns of using low
power modes versus not using them (50/50, 75/25, and 100/0; presented in Sect. 3.3).
This 90/10 split of using versus not using the power saving modes is implemented in the
calculations by adjusting the average amount of hours per day a monitor spends in each mode for
the effective life calculations (see Table 3). Thus, 10% of the value of each number in the 'Low'
column of Table 3 was removed and added to the 'Full-on' value in that same row, to account for
those that cannot go into a lower power-saving mode. Table 4 presents the adjusted figures for
hours per day and presents the annual average values by multiplying the average day values by
365 days. The average day is calculated in Table 4 the same way it was calculated in Table 3.
H-8
-------
APPENDIX H
Table 4. Adjusted Office Operating Pattern"
Type of Day
Workday (hr/day)
Weekend Day (hr/day)
Absence Day (hr/day)
Average Dayb (hr/day)
Annual Average (hr/yr)
Percent on time spent in each mode
Adjusted Office Operating Pattern
On
Full-on
4.9
0.48
0.48
3.0
1,095
33%
Low
7.6
4.3
4.3
6.2
2,263
67%
Total
12.5
4.8
4.8
9.2
3,358
100%
Off
11.5
19.2
19.2
14.8
5,402
a Values in Table 3 have been adjusted based on the assumption that 90% of monitors can take advantage of low
power modes. Therefore, 10% of the hours in low mode in Table 4 were added to the full-on column and subtracted
from the low column in this table.
b To calculate the average day, an average week is assumed to consist of 4 workdays, 2 weekend days, and 1 absence
day per week. Average monitor usage per day weighs each average day by the number of each day type in a week.
For the home environment operating patterns, the most relevant and complete information
was found in the RECS report (EIA 1999). The survey contained data on the use of computers in
the home and how many hours per week the users have their computer on, without distinguishing
power mode. Table 5 reveals the information obtained from the RECS report and breaks that
data down to calculate a daily average and then an annual average operating pattern (i.e., the total
number of hours of on time in one year).
Table 5. RECS Home Operating Pattern Breakdown
Use Frequency Category
Less than 2 hours per week
2 to 1 5 hours per week
1 6 to 40 hours per week
On all the time
Totals
U.S. Households with Computers
(EIA 1999)
(millions of
households)
8.2
17.4
6.7
3.3
35.6
(% of
households)
23.0%
48.9%
18.8%
9.3%
100.0%
Average Hours in
Use for Each
Category
(hours/week)
1
8.5
28
168
Daily Average (hours per day)
Annual Average (hours per year)
Average
Household Use"
(hours/week)
0.2
4.2
5.3
15.6
25.2
3.6
1,315
Note: Totals may not be additive due to independent rounding.
a These values are the product of the fraction of households in each category and the average hours per week in each
category.
H-9
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APPENDIX H
Data on the amount of time a home-environment monitor is in full-on versus a lower
power mode was not provided in the RECS, nor was such data found elsewhere. Thus, lacking
any other information, we have chosen to use the percentage breakdown found in the
office-environment data for the home-environment data in this TM (see the bottom row of Table
4). These percentages are applied to the total 1,315 hours/year for home-environment use to
estimate the amount of time in each mode. In addition, the 90/10 split of equipment that
can/cannot go into lower power saving modes was applied to these values to determine the actual
expected number of hours per year per mode for the home environment. In Table 6, the hours
per year values for each power mode are shown. In order to determine these hours spent in each
mode, the total number of hours spent on annually (1,315 hours/year) was first split by the 90/10
factor into equipment that can and cannot save energy categories. Then, the resulting 1,183
hours/year was split by the office-environment data on the percent of time spent in each mode,
resulting in 390 hours annually in full-on mode and 793 hours annually in a lower power mode.
The remaining 132 hours/year that cannot go into an energy saving mode, was included in the
'Full-on' row. The two values for each row are then added to obtain the total hours annually in a
home environment that a monitor would spend in each power mode.
Lastly, Table 7 shows the final values obtained for the effective life calculations, as
presented in this section, for hours per year per mode for office- and home-environment users.
Table 6. Splitting the Home Operating Pattern Data into the Two Power Modes
Power
Mode
Full-on
Low
Total
Percent of Time in
Each Mode
(from office- environment data)
33%
67%
100%
Time Operating in Each Mode
(hours/year)
90% That Can
Save Energy
390
793
1,183
10% That Cannot
Save Energy
132
0
132
Total
522
793
1,315
Table 7. Summary of Operating Patterns for Effective Life Calculations
User
Environment
Office
Home
Time Operating in Each Environment
(hours/year)
Full-On Power Mode
1,095
522
Low Power Mode
2,263
793
Total
3,358
1,315
2.2.2.3 Average Years Per Life
The third set of values required for the calculation of hours per effective life is the
number of years of use in the life of a monitor. The number of years per effective life, multiplied
by the operating patterns in hours per year (presented in Table 7), will result in the hours per
effective life.
A monitor may be reused in multiple 'lives' before reaching its end-of-life. The
end-of-life is defined as the point at which the monitor is no longer used for its intended purpose
in the physical form in which it was originally manufactured. End-of-life options include
H-10
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APPENDIX H
indefinite storage (in which case it is not reused after storage), de-manufacturing, recycling, or
disposal. A monitor may be stored before being reused; however, this storage time will not affect
our use calculations since no electricity is required to operate the monitor during this storage.
After its first life as used by the original owner, a monitor might be used by different people and
with different PC systems in subsequent lives.
For data on the number of years of use that are in a monitor's lifetime, several sources of
information were reviewed. Two particular studies provided relevant data on the number of
years per life (Matthews et al. 1997, NSC 1999). A study by Matthews et al. (1997), which was
an update to a study originally performed in 1991, concluded that after a first life of 5 years,
approximately 45% of all PC systems are reused, while the remaining 55% either go directly to
recycling or landfilling (10%) or are stored and then recycled or landfilled (45%). Their study
only addressed PC systems as a whole and did not break down the lifetimes of individual
components. Additionally, they concluded that the period over which the systems are reused is 3
years.
In a recently completed study for the National Safety Council (NSC 1999), researchers
interviewed more than 30 major manufacturers and resellers of CRT computer monitors and
other computer components. NSC found that a CRT monitor's first life lasts approximately 4
years, while the total lifespan is on the order of 6 - 7 years. Since the NSC study contains results
that pertain specifically to monitors, and provides the most recent data, its results are used in this
TM. The values that are used for calculations in this section are 4 years for the first life of use,
and 2.5 years for the second and subsequent lives of use. The operating pattern for monitors in
all the years over its effective life (6.5 years) are assumed to be the same as presented in Sect.
2.2.2.2 (Table 7). However, in the lives subsequent to the first life, the hours per year values are
reduced by the fraction of monitors assumed to be reused. Matthews et al. (1997) estimated that
45% of PCS are reused after a first life; thus, the effective life operating pattern values in years of
life after the first life are 45% of the values in the first life (which were presented in Table 7).
While the NSC data singled out CRT monitors in their lifespan estimates, they did not
single out desktop LCD monitors. Their data did contain estimates of a 'Notebook PC,' which
were 2-3 years for the first life and 1-2 years for the remaining lives, however, we expect that
desktop LCD monitors will more closely mirror the lifetime estimates of a desktop CRT monitor
than that of a notebook PC. Consequently, it was assumed that LCD desktop monitors also
spend 4 years in their first life and 2.5 years in their subsequent lives. Additionally, the NSC
document did not attempt to separate those computer systems or monitors that are used in an
office versus a home environment. Thus, it was assumed that the same years per life are realized
for office and home environments.
H-ll
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APPENDIX H
2.2.2.4 Summary of Effective Life Values (Hours per Life)
Data presented throughout Sect. 2.2.2 that are needed to estimate the hours per effective
life, are shown in Table 8. The values for hours per year per power mode, calculated in Sect.
2.2.2.2 and presented in Table 7 are assumed to be the operating pattern throughout the first life
(first four years). In the remaining lives, the annual operating hours decreases to 45% of the
hours in operation during each year in the first life, with the remaining lives lasting a total of 2.5
years (see Sect. 2.2.2.3). Table 8 also presents the total hours per effective life per mode, based
on percentage in office and home environments. These values are in bold in Table 8 (4,586 and
8,961 hrs per effective life) and will be used with the energy use rates per mode (presented in
Sect. 2.1, Table 1), to calculate the total energy consumption per effective life for each monitor
type.
Table 8. Effective Life Values
User
Environment
OFFICE
(65%)
HOME
(35%)
WEIGHTED
AVERAGE0
Power
Mode
Full-on
Low
Full-on
Low
Full-on
Low
First Life
(4 years)
Operating
Pattern
(hr/yr)
1,095
2,263
522
793
—
—
Total
(hr/4 yrs)
4,380
9,052
2,088
3,172
—
—
Remaining Lives
(2.5 years)
Operating
Pattern
(hr/yr)a
493
1,018
235
357
—
—
Total
(hrs/2.5 yrs)
1,233
2,545
588
893
—
—
Model Totals'"
(hr/effective
life)
5,613
11,597
2,676
4,065
4,585
8,961
a The remaining lives operating pattern is 45% of first life operating pattern, based on 45% of monitors that are
reused (Matthews et al. 1997).
b Modal totals calculated as [(Total for first 4 years) + (Total for remaining 2.5 years)].
c The weighted averages shown for full-on and low power modes are based on the assumption that 65% of users
operate in an office environment and 35% operate in a home environment.
3.
PRELIMINARY RESULTS
In order to calculate the total kWhs consumed per manufactured life and effective life,
values from Sects. 2.1 and 2.2 were combined as shown in Tables 9A and 9B. First, the energy
use rates (kW) were multiplied by the lifespans (hours per life) for each mode and each monitor
type. They were then summed for the two power modes to obtain a total kWh/life for each
monitor type. In an LCA, comparisons are made based on functional equivalency. Therefore, if
one monitor will operate for a longer period of time than another, as in the manufactured life
scenario, overall life-cycle impacts should be based on an equivalent use. Thus, because the
manufactured life of an LCD is 3.6 times greater than a CRT (see Sect. 2.2.1), in the final
analysis, the CRT manufacturing process inventories must be multiplied by 3.6 to retain a
functionally equivalent basis for the CRT and LCD monitor comparison. Since the effective life
calculation is not technology-dependent, both monitor types operate for the same number of
H-12
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APPENDIX H
hours in the effective life (see Table 8) and thus they are considered functionally equivalent and
no modification to the overall life-cycle analysis is necessary.
Table 9A. Manufactured Life (ML) Electricity Consumption
Monitor
Type
17" CRT
15"LCD
Power
Mode
Full-on
Low
Total
Full-on
Low
Total
Energy Use Rate
(kW)
0.113
0.013
0.040
0.006
ML Calculated Lifespan
(hours/life)
6,250
6,250
12,500
22,500
22,500
45,000
ML Energy Consumption
(kWh/life)
706
81
787
900
135
1,035
Table 9B. Effective Life (EL) Electricity Consumption
Monitor
Type
17" CRT
15"LCD
Power
Mode
Full-on
Low
Total
Full-on
Low
Total
Energy Use Rate
(kW)
0.113
0.013
0.040
0.006
— -
EL Calculated Lifespan
(hours/life)
4,585
8,961
13,547
4,585
8,961
13,547
EL Energy Consumption
(kWh/life)
518
116
634
183
54
237
3.1 Comparing Lifespans: Manufactured Life to Effective Life
Since the energy use rates are the same across both lifespan scenarios for CRTs and
LCDs, we can compare the calculated lifespans of the manufactured and effective lives (hours
per life). For the CRT monitor, the manufactured life total hours are 12,500 versus the effective
life total of 13,547. While this does seem to suggest that a CRT can be used longer than is
physically possible, what this brings out is the lower confidence we have in these numbers and
some of their supporting values, with less confidence in the manufactured life data. Assumptions
were required several times that could bias these numbers in either direction, however it is
thought that most likely the manufactured life estimate is low based on the other estimates for the
overall CRT monitor (see Attachment A, Table A2). However, there was no sound basis for
assuming a lower value and thus the above hours per life values were used. It should also be
stated that while these numbers are different, they are within an 8% error range of one another,
and can be taken to be a near 1:1 ratio, indicating a similar potential lifespan.
For LCDs, the comparison across lifespan scenarios looks more like what one would
expect, with the manufactured life value of 45,000 hours per life being much greater than the
effective life value of 13,547 hours per life. The effective life value reflects the assumption that
a user's use habits are not technology-dependent, and would seem to reveal that LCDs are not
being used as long as they can physically be (less than a third as long).
H-13
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APPENDIX H
The difference between the manufactured and effective lives are important when
evaluating all the life-cycle stages for a particular monitor type. If the manufactured life is
significantly greater than the effective life, the use stage will have greater impacts, as compared
to other life-cycle stages. Therefore, it is important to focus on the lifetime scenario that is most
realistic, while still recognizing the potential impacts from another feasible lifespan scenario.
In the final LCA for this project, we will use the effective life as the primary basis for the
use stage inventory due to the fact that the effective life data are attempting to obtain a more
realistic value for kWhs consumed per lifetime, and that we currently have greater confidence in
those data versus the manufactured life data. The manufactured life data will be used to discuss
potential differences in the use stage impacts based on this alternative lifetime scenario.
3.2 Sensitivity Analysis
Finally, in an effort to provide some sensitivity analysis to the final values, the
assumption used in the effective life calculation that 10% of the computers manufactured in 1998
and currently in use are not able to take advantage of lower power-saving modes (a 90/10 split)
was adjusted to three different splits, with all the other assumptions and calculations kept
unchanged (50/50, 75/25 and 100/0, respectively in each case those that are able to go into power
saving modes and those that are not). Table 10 presents the results of the sensitivity analysis for
each of the four power-saving functionality scenarios.
Table 10. Sensitivity Analysis of Effective Life Results
Monitor Type
17" CRT
15" LCD
Power
Mode
Full-on
Low
Total
Full-on
Low
Total
(kWh/life)
(kWh/life)
% that Can / % that Cannot
Take Advantage of Power-Saving Features
50/50
969
64
1,033
343
30
373
75/25
689
97
786
244
45
289
90/10
518
116
634
183
54
237
100/0
408
129
537
145
60
205
The data in Table 10 reveal that the final electrical energy consumption values for the
CRT would increase by 63% with a 50/50 split and decrease by 15% with a 100/0 split (from the
90/10 split assumption). Similarly for the LCD, the results would increase by 57% or decrease
by 14%. Varying the use of power-saving features results in variations in the total amount of
energy consumed for LCDs and CRTs, but does not vary the ratio of LCD to CRT energy use.
Therefore, these variations will affect the magnitude of the use stage impacts for effective life
scenarios when compared to other life-cycle stages, but will not affect the comparison of LCD to
CRT. Additional sensitivity analyses are available in Socolof et al. (2000).
H-14
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APPENDIX H
4. DATA SOURCES AND QUALITY
Source and quality information for the data utilized in this TM are detailed in Table 11.
Four categories of data quality ratings were assigned: excellent, average, poor, and unknown. In
general, data assigned higher quality ratings were directly measured and represent 1998 data. As
data required more calculation or estimation, or were found from a previous year, the data quality
rating was reduced.
In general, the overall level of data quality is between average and excellent. However, a
distinct difference can be seen in the average data quality ratings given to manufactured life data
(average) and the effective life data (excellent). This infers that greater confidence can be placed
in the effective life data than in the manufactured life data. Additionally, the energy use rate data
appears to be of average.
H-15
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APPENDIX H
Table 11. Data Sources and Quality Information for the Use Life-Span Stage TM
Data
Data
Source/References
Data Source Comments
Data
Quality a
Data Quality Explanation
ENERGY USE RATE
Various monitor
manufacturer's energy
use rate data
Web sites in most
cases; E-mail from
manufacturer in
remaining cases.
It was assumed that the data provided by
manufacturers on the Web sites were high-
quality data in that the data should be
measured and directly applicable to the
equipment for which the information is
provided. However, the search for
information did not separate information
obtained by performance level of the
monitors.
Average
It was not possible to determine in what year each
individual monitor was manufactured; however, it is
assumed that each monitor is on the order of several
months to 2 years old when promoted for sale. Thus it
is estimated that the average date of the information
obtained is probably relative to approximately 1997.
Adding that the data was not sorted by performance
level, this data was given a data quality rating of
Average.
MANUFACTURED LIFE (Only those sources utilized to derive values are discussed here.)
Discussion of CRT
lifespan
Discussion of CRT and
LCD lifespans
Discussion of LCD
lifespan
Discussion of LCD
lifespan
Discussion of CRT and
LCD lifespans
17" CRT monitor
specifications sheet
McConnaughey
1999
Douglas 1999
Ritsko 1999
Tsuda 1999
Young 1999
VP150 1998
Professional opinion provides good
insights into potential ranges for certain
components, however is still an opinion
and not scientific data.
See above comment.
See above comment.
See above comment.
See above comment.
As technical data on one specific CRT
monitor the information is expected to be
at least testing quality data or better.
Average
Average
Average
Average
Average
Excellent
As a computer manufacturing company employee, it is
expected that they are a quality source of information
on this topic; however, information is still an opinion
and not scientific data, thus an Average data quality
rating was assigned.
See above comment.
See above comment.
See above comment.
As the leader of a group that closely follows the trends
in the LCD market and produces monthly reports on
technology and market trends, it is expected that they
are a quality source of information on this topic,
however, information is still an opinion and not
scientific data, thus an Average data quality rating was
used.
As direct manufacturer information applicable to 1998,
this data is given an Excellent data quality rating.
H-16
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APPENDIX H
Table 11. Data Sources and Quality Information for the Use Life-Span Stage TM
Data
Data
Source/References
Data Source Comments
Data
Quality a
Data Quality Explanation
EFFECTIVE LIFE
Number of PCS in use in
the U.S.
Percent of PCS in the
home that are used in an
office-like environment
Number of PCs in use in
the home
Office PC use pattern
Home PC use pattern
Number of years PCS are
used in 1st life and 2nd
and subsequent lives
Number of PCS that are
used in their 2nd and
subsequent lives
CIA 1997
RECS 1999
RECS 1999
Nordman 1996
RECS 1999
NSC 1999
Matthews 1997
Authors have much experience in
obtaining and collecting computer
statistics in U.S. and other countries; have
been publishing this book since 1986.
"The Residential Energy Consumption
Survey provides national... information
about U.S. households and their energy
usage. The 1997 survey collected data
from a statistically selected sample of
5,902 households that were interviewed in
their homes."
See previous comment on RECS.
Used multiple sources of previous data
covering many samples of PCs, as well as
their own research, to derive their
equipment usage pattern.
See previous comment on RECS.
"This study presents the results of the first
large-scale survey (which covered the
years 1997 and 1998) and analysis of end-
of-life electronic product recycling and
reuse in the U.S. Data were collected
from 123 firms."
Performed a study in 1 99 1 , watched as the
computer market changed over 16 years,
then reviewed the original study finding
the weak spots there. Reperformed study
in 1997 making learned changes to the
analysis format and using newer data
(1997).
Excellent
Excellent
Excellent
Average
Excellent
Excellent
Average
From review of the available information on the authors
and data sources for the data that go into the Computer
Industry Almanac, the data quality rating of Excellent
is given. Even though data is from 1996, the authors
used that data and recent trends information to predict
1997 values, and it is expected that the 1997 values are
not significantly different than the 1998 values.
While these data are 1997 data, it is assumed that the
energy usage patterns of home dwellers has not
changed significantly between 1997 and 1998.
See previous comment on RECS.
Their data was manipulated slightly to account for a
greater number of affectors on typical usage patterns.
By manipulating their data the data quality is slightly
reduced, thus data quality rating of Average was
assigned.
See previous comment on RECS.
Due to the applicable time frame and the body of
companies who participated, these data were given data
quality rating of Excellent.
While changes were made to the second study as
weaker parts of previous study were uncovered, still
extrapolated individual recycling firm data to obtain
some base data for their estimates. While data is
primarily relative to the 1997 time frame, which is very
close to our year of interest of 1998, still chose data
quality rating of Average due to amount of data
manipulation that was required to obtain values.
1 The data were assigned to one of the following four data quality categories: Excellent, Average, Poor, and Unknown.
H-17
-------
APPENDIX H
5. LIMITATIONS & UNCERTAINTIES
This section is subdivided into three subsections, with each addressing the limitations and
uncertainties of the energy use rate, manufactured life and effective life calculations.
5.1 Energy Use Rate
The energy use rates utilized in this TM were not from a systematic study of the energy
use rates of all applicable monitors, only those for which information was located on the World
Wide Web. Also, it was difficult to pinpoint the exact date from which much of the data came
(see the data quality explanation of those data in Table 11). To successfully and effectively take
advantage of the data on each of the three lower power modes, it would have been necessary to
have hours per life data for each of the three power modes as well as for manufactured and
effective lives. No sources of data, for either lifespan, separated hours per life estimates into
three distinct low power modes. While this does induce error, it is expected that averaging those
categories to estimate the total amount of time that a monitor spends in all the lower power
modes would only have a minor effect on the final energy use rate values. The effect of
averaging these categories probably overestimates the total amount of electrical energy that is
consumed during lower-power mode use. This is so because those that are left on for significant
periods of time (overnight, over a two-day weekend, or over an extended stay) most likely are
reaching their lowest power mode within the first 1-2 hours and staying there for the duration of
the away time.
When this information was obtained from the World Wide Web, the data were simply
separated into one of the two large categories of 17" CRT and 15" LCD desktop monitors. Thus,
since it is fairly common that one type of monitor manufacturer will make several different
models with varying performance characteristics with one size range, a limitation of this data is
that it is not sorted by performance characteristics. Additionally, the data obtained from these
Web sites are most likely maximums, and were stated as such in several cases. However, if some
manufacturers did not state that the reported values were maximums, then our averages are
slightly high.
5.2 Manufactured Life
Only a very limited amount of information was obtained with which to make the
assumptions made in this TM about manufactured life. The primary uncertainties relate not only
to the assumption of the MTBF lifespan of the monitors, but also to the testing duty cycle which
was completely estimated. With the lack of any high quality data, the confidence in the
manufactured life calculations is low.
H-18
-------
APPENDIX H
5.3 Effective Life
Several assumptions were made to calculate the effective life data set. They include the
following:
• 90% of monitors are able to go into lower power consumption modes;
• Atypical workplace computers (e.g., those used in hospitals and schools) balance to fit the
office-like use environment established in this TM;
• Atypical (average) office use environment week consists of 4 'weekdays,' 1 'absence day'
and 2 'weekend days,' where the absence day accounts for holidays, sick days,
work-related travel days, vacations and days of no use of the work computer;
• The percent of time a monitor spends in full-on versus lower power modes in a home
environment is the same as in an office environment;
• Used the office environment split of the total on time that equipment spends in full-on
versus a lower power mode for the home environment split of total on time;
• LCD desktop monitor lifetimes are more similar to desktop CRT monitors than notebook
PC displays; and
• The same number of years of use per life exist for office and home environments.
While the above assumptions do introduce error, the magnitude of the error is unknown.
Some assumptions may have a greater effect on the final values than others. For example, it may
be concluded that the assumption that the average office PC system usage pattern is fairly
accurate, while the assumption about atypical workplace computers could potentially contain
significant error in either direction of the assumed value. Table 10 showed the effects on the
results from varying the use of energy saving features. If several of these assumptions are biased
in the same direction (either all underestimating or overestimating the results), then the effective
life results have the potential to be significantly under or overestimated.
6. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
The information presented in this TM are used to calculate the environmental burdens
generated during the use life-cycle stage of the monitors. That information is then compared to
those burdens that occur in the other four life-cycle stages of materials extraction, materials
processing, manufacturing and end-of-life. To calculate the environmental burdens from the use
life-cycle stage, the results of this TM — the values for each monitor's electrical energy
consumption over its lifetime in kWhs — are multiplied by each of the inputs and outputs from
the electricity generation process.
H-19
-------
APPENDIX H
ACRONYMS & ABBREVIATIONS
CDP Computer Display Project
CRT Cathode ray tube
DfE Design for the Environment
DOE Department of Energy
DPMS Display Power Management Signaling
EIA Energy Information Administration
1C Integrated circuit
kW Kilowatt
kWh Kilowatthour
LBNL Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
LCA Life-cycle assessment
LCD Liquid crystal display
LCI Life-cycle inventory
MTBF Mean-time-before-failure
PC Personal computer
RECS Residential Energy Consumption Survey
TM Technical memorandum
W Watt
H-20
-------
APPENDIX H
REFERENCES
Atlantic Consulting. 1998. "LCA Study, EU Ecolabels for Personal Computers." January.
CIA (Computer Industry Almanac, Inc.). 1997. Computer Industry Almanac. Arlington
Heights, IL.
CCPCT (Center for Clean Products and Clean Technologies). 1999. The Calculated Averages
of Energy Use Data Found from Multiple Computer Manufacturers' Web Sites.
Chan, A., et al. 1997. "The Role of Computers in Energy Consumption on Campus." A class
research paper from The University of Toronto. Available from the Web site:
http://server.esc.cquest.utoronto.ca/env/env421h/energy/computers.html.
Douglas, D. 1999. Personal communication with D. Douglas and E. Korman, Dell, and J.
Overly, University of Tennessee, Center for Clean Products and Clean Technologies.
March.
EIA (Energy Information Administration). 1999. 1997 Residential Energy Consumption Survey,
Housing Characteristics report. Web site available at:
http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/consumption/reports.html (under "Residential
Households").
EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). 1999. Energy Star-Labeled Office Equipment with
Computer Specifications. Web site available at:
http://www.epa.gov/appdstar/esoe/pcsum.html.
Fanara. 1999. Personal communication with Fanara, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
Energy Star Program, and J.G. Overly, University of Tennessee, Center for Clean
Products and Clean Technologies. July.
Goldberg, L. 1998. "The Advent of "Green" Computer Design." Computer Magazine.
September.
Goldwasser, S.M. 1999. "Notes on the Troubleshooting and Repair of Computer and Video
Monitors." Web site available at:
http://plop.phys. cwru.edu/repairfaq/REP AIR/F_monfaq.html.
Jung, L.B. 1999. "The Conundrum of Computer Recycling." Resource Recycling. May.
Koch, J. 1996. "Evaluating Environmental Performance: A Case Study in the Flat Panel
Display Industry." Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Master of Science at the University of Michigan. April.
H-21
-------
APPENDIX H
Maginnovision. 1998. Information found on a Web page from Maginnovision. Website
available at: http://www.maginnovision.com.
Matthews, H. S., et al 1997'. Disposition and End-of-Life Options for Personal Computers.
Green Design Initiative Technical Report #97-10, Carnegie Mellon University,
Pittsburgh, PA. July.
McConnaughey, M. 1999. Personal communication with M. McConnaughey, ViewSconic, and
J. Overly, University of Tennessee, Center for Clean Products and Clean Technologies.
March.
Miseli, J. 1999. "Hidden Cost Savings of Flat Panel Displays." Display Manufacturing
Technology Conference Digest of Technical Papers, San Jose, CA. February.
NSC (National Safety Council). 1999. Electronic Product Recovery and Recycling Baseline
Report: Recycling of Selected Electronic Products in the United States, Washington,
D.C. May.
Nordman, Bruce, M.A. Piette and K. Kinney. 1996. Measured Energy Savings and Performance
of Power-Managed Personal Computers and Monitors. Presented at the American
Council for an Energy Efficient Economy Summer Study, Pacific Grove, CA,
LBL-38057,UC-1600. August.
Philips. 1998. c!995 Typhon 19" high resolution digital autoscan monitor (CRT) fact page.
Web site available at: http://www.fimi.philips.com/product/graphic/cl995.html.
Planetmac. 1999. Information found on a Web page from PlanetMac. Web site available at:
http://planetmac.com/Frames/catalog/monitors/gdml962.html.
Ritsko, J. 1999. Personal communication with J. Ritsko, FPD Technologies, IBM, and J.
Overly, University of Tennessee, Center for Clean Products and Clean Technologies.
March.
Socolof, M.L., J.G. Overly, L.E. Kincaid, D. Singh and K.M. Hart. 2000. "Preliminary Life-
Cycle Assessment Results for the Design for the Environment Computer Display
Project." Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) International
Symposium on Electronics and the Environment, San Francisco, CA. May.
Tekawa, M., S. Miyamoto and A. Inaba. 1997. "Life Cycle Assessment: An Approach to
Environmental Friendly PCs." Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment, San Francisco, CA. May.
Tsuda, D. 1999. Personal communication with D. Tsuda, Apple Computer, and J. Overly,
University of Tennessee, Center for Clean Products and Clean Technologies. July.
H-22
-------
APPENDIX H
Young, R. 1999. Personal communication with R. Young, Display Search, and J. Overly,
University of Tennessee, Center for Clean Products and Clean Technologies. August.
VP150. 1998. Viewsonic VP150 17" monitor specifications sheet.
H-23
-------
APPENDIX H
Attachment A to Appendix H
Supporting Tables
H-24
-------
APPENDIX H
this page intentionally left blank
H-25
-------
APPENDIX H
Table A-l. CRT & LCD Monitor Energy Consumption Values
CRTs
Company
Apple
Compaq
(& Digital)
EIZO
Hitachi
LG
MAG
Mitsubishi
NEC
Panasonic
Philips
Sony
Toshiba
ViewSonic
Model
Color Sync
Multiple Scan 720
V75
P75
71C
71P
FlexScan TX-C7
FlexScan FX-C5
SuperScan Elite 641
SuperScan Pro 620
Studioworks 74i
77M
XJ707
XJ717
XJ700T
DJ707 AV
Diamond 87TXM
Diamond Pro 700
Diamond Plus 72
Diamond Plus 70
Multisync A700
Multisync E700
Multisync M700
Multisync P750
PanaSyncSl?
PanaMediaPMl?
107S
107MB
107B
CPD-200ES
CPD-200GS
TekBright 700P
PT775
EA771B
G773
Size
(inches)
17.0
17.0
17.0
17.0
17.0
17.0
17.0
17.0
17.0
17.0
17.0
17.0
17.0
17.0
17.0
17.0
17.0
17.0
17.0
17.0
17.0
17.0
17.0
17.0
17.0
17.0
17.0
17.0
17.0
17.0
17.0
17.0
17.0
17.0
17.0
VIS"
(inches)
16.1
16.0
16.0
16.0
15.7
16.0
15.8
15.6
15.9
15.9
16.0
15.9
16.0
16.0
16.0
16.0
15.6
15.6
15.6
15.6
16.0
16.0
15.9
15.9
16.0
16.0
16.0
15.8
16.0
16.0
16.0
CRT Averages:
Standard deviations:
Energy Consumption (watts)
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
Full-on
125
120
115
115
110
120
140
95
135
115
100
130
120
120
120
120
120
110
105
95
85
95
120
125
110
130
80
85
85
120
120
100
130
130
110
113.00
15.35
CRT Standby, Suspend and Active Off average:
Standard deviation:
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
Standby b
60
15
15
12
10
15
15
15
15
10
15
15
100
95
90
80
15
20
15
15
17.31
11.61
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
Suspend
15
15
15
10
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
20
15.00
2.13
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
<
Act. Off
5
5
8
8
5
5
8
8
8
5
8
5
5
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
5
5
5
8
8
6.85
1.49
13.05
5.08
Comments/Assumptions
Due to the significant difference in the Mitsubishi "Standby"
power mode category values and those supplied by other
manufacturers, these values were omitted from the average
"Standby" power mode calculation.
NEC representative contacted through support phone number
stated that the energy saver mode power consumption is
usually rated at 8 watts or less for all monitors. Due to range
similarities, assumed that this rating falls into the 'Active Off
power mode consumption category.
The company Web site stated "typical" or "nominal" for the
associated power consumption values.
Web site indicated 110 watts maximum, 1 00 watts nominal.
The company Web site stated "typical" or "nominal" for the
associated power consumption values.
H-26
-------
APPENDIX H
Table Al. CRT & LCD Monitor Enersv Consumi
LCDs
Company
Apple
Batron
Compaq
Digital
EIZO
LG
Mitsubishi
NEC
Samsung
Sharp
Sony
ViewSonic
Model
Studio Display
FM-17TX11
TFT500
51P
FlexScan L34
500LC
LCD50
LCD1510
500TFT
Super-V
CDP-L150
VP150
Size/VIS •
(inches)
15.1
15.0
15.0
15.0
15.0
15.1
15.0
15.0
15.0
15.0
15.0
15.0
LCD Averages:
Standard deviations:
Energy Consumption (watts)
<
<
<
<
Full-on
35
35
50
40
30
40
45
50
45
36
35
35
39.67
6.50
LCD Standby, Suspend and Active Off average:
Standard deviation:
<
<
Standby*
10
8
15
5
8
8
4
2.6
7.58
3.89
Suspend
<
<
<
Act. Off
8
8
5
5
8
5
2
4
2.6
5.29
2.29
6.44
3.09
)tion Values (continued)
Comments/Assumptions
Received data through phone support (800.354.9000).
Received data via E-mail. The Samsung E-mail received stated that in
full power on mode, the power consumption was a maximum of 45
watts and a nominal of 36 watts.
Received data via E-mail. Full-on category value noted as "typical."
a VIS = Viewable Image Size.
b The 'Standby' energy consumption category includes listings noted as "Power Save Mode 1."
Notes: The energy consumption data shown in this table were taken from the Web sites of the retailers during 1998 unless otherwise noted. The energy consumption ratings for
these monitors showed various information. Sometimes the less than (<) symbol proceeded some or all values, sometimes the addendum note 'maximum' was included and
sometimes only the values themselves were reported.
H-27
-------
APPENDIX H
Table A2. CRT and LCD Monitor MTBF Values & Manufactured Life Comments
MTBF Values for the:
CRT
Monitor
CRT
Only
LCD
Monitor
(thousand hours)
30-60
50-100
75
50
86
80
10-15
10-15
(50-
backlights)
Source
Goldwasser
1999
McConnaughe
y 1999
Philips 1998
Maginnovision
1998
PlanetMac
1999
Douglas 1999
Koch 1996
Comments from Sources
- "Most manufacturers will quote an MTBF of somewhere in the 30,000 to 60,000 hour range,
EXCLUSIVE of the CRT. The typical CRT, without an extended-life cathode, is usually good for 10,000
to 15,000 hours before it reaches half its initial brightness."
- "CRT Life: The life of a monitor is determined by the life of the CRT. The CRT is by far the most
expensive single part and it is usually not worth repairing a monitor in which the CRT requires
replacement. The brightness half-life of
a CRT is usually about 10-15k hours of on time independent of what is being displayed on the screen."
- "In a CRT monitor, the shortest-lived component BY FAR is the CRT itself, and it ages (more properly,
the cathode is aging) as long as the heater is on and the tube is under bias (i.e., receiving voltage). Most
monitors don't get around to turning the heater down or off until they enter the Display Power
Management Signaling (DPMS) "suspend" or "off' modes. (And no, screen-savers do NOT help here -
the tube is still on and the cathode is aging.)
- "In a CRT display, the CRT itself is usually the limiting factor in this (life), and in THAT specific case
we usually
speak of "mean time to half-bright" instead, since it's rare for a CRT to simply die once it's past its early
operating life. Mean-time-to-half-bright is just what it says: how long, on average, can you operate the
tube before the brightness
drops to half its initial level for a given set of operating conditions. (Brightness is ALWAYS slow(ly)
decreasing throughout the tube's life, due to the aging of the cathode and the phosphor.) For most tubes
with standard cathodes, this will be in the neighborhood of 10,000-15,000 hours."
Mr. McConnaughey stated that each of the subsystems of a monitor has different components that must
meet different MTBF (Mean Time Before Failure) testing. Before testing, manufacturers typically
calculate what the expected MTBF should be, and then test it to obtain the demonstrated MTBF. A rule
of thumb is 50,000 hours calculated and over 100,000 hours demonstrated.
"MTBF: >75,000 h (according to MIL-HDBK 217E) at 25 degrees Celsius (excl. CRT)"
"The average MTBF (Mean Time Before Failure) for MAG InnoVision monitors is 50,000 hours,
excluding the CRT."
Mean Time Before Failure = 86,000 hours.
Phone conversation with David Douglas at Dell in Texas. David took plenty of time to discuss MTBF, and
relayed that while Dell requires suppliers of CRT components (EXCLUDING THE CRT) to meet a
MTBF specification of 80,000 hours, Dell performs testing (a type of 'demonstrated' MTBF - is a torture
test) that typically yields at least twice the specification value in total time the equipment can operate.
With that said, David then agreed that the CRT is the component that determines a CRT-based monitor's
lifetime and that it is rare that a CRT lasts anywhere near that long, with most failing in the 10,000-
15,000 hours/life range. David noted that CRT semiconductors are the next component that can fail. In
LCDs, components containing silicon are most likely to fail first, with most manufacturers quoting
backlights that will last 50,000 hours.
Didn't supply any other data other than that they assumed 10,000 hours as the lifespan of the LCD
monitor.
H-28
-------
APPENDIX H
APPENDIX H
Table A2. CRT and LCD Monitor MTBF Values & Manufactured Life Comments
MTBF Values for the:
CRT
Monitor
CRT
Only
LCD
Monitor
(thousand hours)
50: 15 for
backlights
40
(50-
backlights)
(10-40 - silicon
driver chips)
Source
Tsuda 1999
Young 1999
VP150 1998
Ritsko 1999
Comments from Sources
Mr. Tsuda (Apple Computers) stated that the specs don't typically change for different size LCD
monitors for specific components. MTBFs for flat panel displays are about 50,000 hours, except for the
backlights which have MTBFs of about 15,000 hours. Most components can be fixed or replaced easily by
trained technicians. Testing they perform is with maximum brightness, full white pattern; worst pattern
for LCD is 1 pixel On/1 pixel Off.
Through a conversation with Ross Young, Ross spoke of a note a gentlemen had sent him wherein they
assumed a useful life for an LCD of 84 months and a CRT of 36 months. Additionally, it was noted that
an LCD panel was assumed to have a life of around 40,000 hours, and this could increase if DPMS screen
savers were implemented.
Light Source: long life, 50,000 hrs. (typ)
Liquid crystals and thin-film transistors (TFTs) don't typically wear out, yet the amorphous silicon
transistors are less reliable than the single transistors. Also, the driver (silicon) chips could be an item
that might show wear, however, the chips that go in FPDs are fairly typical, use low voltages and should
run between 10,000 and 40,000 hours.
References:
Douglas, D. 1999. Personal communication with David Douglas and Eric Korman of Dell. March.
Goldwasser, S.M. 1999. "Notes on the Troubleshooting and Repair of Computer and Video Monitors." Web site available at:
http://plop.phys.cwru.edu/repairfaq/REPAIR/F_monfaq.html.
Koch, J. 1996. "Evaluating Environmental Performance: A Case Study in the Flat Panel Display Industry." Submitted in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in the University of Michigan. April.
Maginnovision. 1998. Information found on a Web page from Maginnovision, available at: http://www.maginnovision.com.
McConnaughey, M. 1999. Personal communication with Mark McConnaughey, VP of Technology and Sourcing at ViewSonic. March.
Philips. 1998. c!995 Typhon 19"high resolution digital autoscan monitor (CRT) fact page. Web site available at:
http://www.fimi.philips.com/product/graphic/cl995.html.
Planetmac. 1999. Information found on a Web page from PlanetMac, available at: http://planetmac.com/Frames/catalog/monitors/gdml962.html.
Ritsko, J. 1999. Personal communication with John Ritsko, Manager, FPD Technologies at IBM. March.
Tsuda, D. 1999. Personal communication with Dani Tsuda with the Environmental Technologies and Strategies Department at Apple. July.
Young, R. 1999. Personal communication with Ross Young, founder and President of Display Search. August.
VP150. 1998. Viewsonic VP150 17" CRT monitor specifications sheet.
H-29
-------
APPENDIX H
Table A3. Use Stage Data Information, Estimates and Assumptions from Reviewed Sources
Author
Jung 1999
Matthews 1997
NSC 1999
Operating Circumstances/Lifetime Data
"The estimated useful life for a PC in a business environment is only two to three years, while home
computers users typically use their equipment for three to five years."
First research group to attempt to model the time effort factor of storage of computer equipment
during the Use
life-cycle stage. In doing so, came up with a breakdown of options (shown below). Additionally, after
calculating the destinations and percent averages from their numbers, 26% of end-of-life equipment is
landfilled after 8.06 years in use and storage (and possible reuse), and 74% is recycled after 8.49 years
in use, storage and possible reuse.
Initial lifetime of PCs: 5 years
Lifetime of reused PC: 3 years
Lifetime of stockpiled PC: 3 years
Calculating through the above numbers for 100
computers reveals the following breakdown:
Landfilled after 5 years
Landfilled after 8 years
Landfilled after 11 years
Landfilled totals
% at end of 1st life reused:
% at end of 1st life recycled:
% at end of 1st life stockpiled:
% at end of 1st life landfilled:
% reused recycled:
% reused stockpiled:
% reused landfilled:
% stored recycled:
% stored landfilled:
(# out of 100)
5
15.5
5.5
26
Average numbers of years to landfilling of PC:
Recycled after 5 years
Recycled after 8 years
Recycled after 11 years
Recycled totals
5
52
17
74
Average number of years to recycling of PC:
"The lifespan estimates used in this study were developed through interviews with more
than 30
major manufacturers and resellers. Major computer manufacturers were consulted to
determine the lifespan of electronic equipment. Because manufacturers know when their
products were fabricated and many also have recycling facilities, these firms are qualified
to make an educated lifespan estimate. Resellers and nonprofit organizations were asked
to estimate the reusable life or 'second life' by product and processor type. These inputs
were used to develop estimates of the first life
(the amount of time a product is useful to its original owner) and the total lifespan (period
from manufacturers to disposal) for each electronic product."
CRT computer
Notebook PC
First life
4
2-3
45%
5%
45%
5%
40%
50%
10%
75%
25%
(time)
25
124
60.5
209.5
8.06
25
416
187
628
8.49
Total life
6-7
4
Power Consumption rate/Power Management
H-30
-------
APPENDIX H
Table A3. Use Stage Data Information, Estimates and Assumptions from Reviewed Sources
Author
Chan 1997
EIA 1997
Operating Circumstances/Lifetime Data
This class report from a University of Toronto group of 4 people contains several worthwhile pieces of
information. The data presented comprise responses from 180 people (130 administrative, teaching and
research staff and 50 residents). Class covered 1996/1997; data were gathered during the class.
Hours of computer use by staff
Percentage of computers with energy-saving features
installed or activated
Respondents who update their knowledge of
computer energy-saving features
Idling time of office and residential computers that
are turned on
Respondents who turn off their computer when they
are away for a period (period is 45 min. or longer)
Staff who shut down their computers at the end of
the day
Percent of office computers left on during weekends
< 4 hrs/dy
5-8 hrs/dy
9 or > hrs/dy
have features
no knowledge of features
don't have features installed or
do not
do
no response
less than 2 hrs
3-5 hrs.
6 hrs or more
never do
sometimes do
always do
no control
always
sometimes
never
no control
always
sometimes
never
no control/no response
7%
52%
41%
52%
35%
13%
75%
19%
6%
66%
22%
12%
70%
21%
7%
25%
70%
9%
19%
2%
22%
8%
67%
3%
The EIA's results from the Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS) provides some good data on
Hours PC turned on each week
How PC is used
less than 2 hrs
2 to 15 hrs
16 to 40 hrs
On all the time
15 hrs a week or less
16 hrs a week or more
Personal use only
8.2
17.4
6.7
3.3
26.5
10.0
4.8
Power Consumption rate/Power Management
H-31
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APPENDIX H
Table A3. Use Stage Data Information, Estimates and Assumptions from Reviewed Sources
Author
CIA 1998
EPA 1999
Koch 1997
Goldberg 1998
Miseli 1999
Tekawa 1997
Atlantic 1998
Philips 1998
Nordman 1996
Operating Circumstances/Lifetime Data
Business use only
Used for both
2.1
3.1
Additionally, RECS calculated that lion computers were in use in U.S. households in 1997. Other data
from the RECS included "6% of the households that used PCs used that computer to tele-commute."
Estimate that 117 million computers were in use in the U.S. in 1997.
Have the EnergyStar compliance monitor specifications.
Low-power state:
Default times:
First low-power mode
< = 15 watts
15-30 minutes
Assumed 10,000 hours/lifetime for the LCDs in the study.
Second
<=8W
< 70 min.
Article reported that Walt Rosenberg, Compaq's director of environmental affairs, stated that today's
machines
have a useful life of two-to-three years.
Did not separate office from home user. Assumed units operate 50% of the time (annually) around the
clock. Stated that "True life of a CRT or LCD is defined for the case when it runs continually at full
intensity," adding
that true life for CRT is about 1.25 years and for LCD is about 2.9 years. Doubled each of those true life
values for his calculations.
Assumed personal users time frame of 2 hr/dy, 365 dy/yr for 5 years, and office users time frame of 8
hr/dy, 247 dy/yr for 7 years. Assumed a ratio of personal to office user of 4.6.
They estimated that a PC's lifetime is 3 years. Then they stated that they were modeling only the first
lifetime of a PC; they acknowledged other lifetimes but decided not to attempt to model them. They also
estimated that the PC is turned on 8 hrs per day, 230 days per yr, altogether running for 5,520 hrs during
its lifetime.
MTBF of 75,000 hrs for a 19" C1995 Typhoon high resolution CRT monitor excluding the CRT.
In this document, Lawrence Berkley National Laboratory (LBNL) details results from several audits they
performed determining the state of power consumption and power management in certain computers and
monitors
Standard % of time in each mode by day type, by
operating pattern
Workday
Weekend day
Absence day
Weekdays average
All days average
Full-on
17%
0%
0%
13%
10%
Low
35%
20%
20%
45%
35%
Power Consumption rate/Power Management
Assumed 90W for a CRT and SOW for an LCD.
Don't state the actual numbers they used, but do say
they took the mean of the minimum and maximum
power consumption ratings.
They assumed that the monitor consumes power at a
rate of
100W, and that the "base case PC has no energy savings
facilities."
Power consumption: 120W typ. (140 W max)
The LBNL document provided results from a audit of 70
monitors and their setup and use of energy saving power
modes. Their primary conclusions were that only
approximately one-third of all monitors were
"accomplishing power management." The following is a
breakdown of some of what they found:
- 34 apparently meet Energy Star requirements
- 30 were 'universal,' (able to initiate power mgmt two
ways)
- 30 were left on at time of audit (12 in suspend mode)
This document also contained data on the actual power
consumed by 3-17" monitors over a 4-6 week period,
broken down by power consumption mode, and the
results are shown below:
Monitor #1: Full-on = 91 watts; Low = 7 watts
Monitor #2: Full-on = 84 watts; Low = 3 watts
Monitor #3: Full-on= 85 watts; Low = 4 watts
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APPENDIX H
Table A3. Use Stage Data Information, Estimates and Assumptions from Reviewed Sources
Author
Operating Circumstances/Lifetime Data
Power Consumption rate/Power Management
CCPCT 1998
The University of Tennessee CCPCT reviewed the
available CRT and LCD energy consumption information
(mostly via the WWW) and produced the energy
consumption breakdown shown at left by energy
consuming state. The units are all watts.
CRT
LCD
Full-on:
Standby:
Active off:
Full-on:
Standby:
Active-off:
113.29
17.18
6.85
40.00
7.58
5.70
References (not listed in the main References list):
Atlantic Consulting. 1998. "LCA study, EU Ecolables for Personal Computers." January.
CCPCT (Center for Clean Products and Clean Technologies). 1999. Calculated averages of energy use data found from multiple computer manufacturers's
Web sites.
Chan, A., et al. 1997. "The role of Computers in Energy Consumption on Campus." A class research paper from the University of Toronto. Obtained
copy from the Internet at: http://server.esc.cquest.utoronto.ca/env/env421h/energy/computers.html.
EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). 1999. Energy Star-labeled office equipment with computer specifications. Web site available at: http://www.epa.gov/appdstar/esoe/pcsum.html.
Goldberg, L. 1998. "The Advent of "Green" Computer Design." Computer Magazine. September.
Jung, L.B. 1999. "The Conundrum of Computer Recycling." Resource Recycling. May.
Koch, J. 1996. "Evaluating Environmental Performance: A Case Study in the Flat Panel Display Industry." Submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of Master of Science in the University of Michigan. April.
Matthews, H.S., et al. 1997. "Disposition and End-of-Life Options for Personal Computers." Report available online from:
june http://www.ce.cmu.edu/GreenDesign/comprec/index.html.
Miseli, J. 1999. "Hidden Cost Savings of Flat Panel Displays." Display Manufacturing Technology Conference Digest of Technical Papers,
San Jose, CA. February.
Philips. 1998. c!995 Typhon 19" high resolution digital autoscan monitor (CRT) fact page. Web site available at: http://www/fimi/philips.com/product/graphic/cl995.html.
Tekawa, M., S. Miyamoto and A. Inaba. 1997. "Life Cycle Assessment, An Approach to Environmentally Friendly PCs." Institute of Electrical
and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment. San Francisco, CA. May.
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APPENDIX I
APPENDIX I
TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM:
End-of-Life Approach for the DfE Computer Display Project
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APPENDIX I
APPENDIX I
TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM:
End-of-Life Approach for the DfE Computer Display Project
I. INTRODUCTION
The Computer Display Project, sponsored by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) as part of its Design for the Environment (DfE) program, is investigating the life-cycle
impacts of cathode ray tube (CRT) displays and liquid crystal displays (LCDs) for use in desktop
computers.
A meaningful comparison of the two technologies from the environmental perspective
can be made only if the life-cycle impacts associated with various stages, namely, raw material
extraction, materials processing, manufacture, use, and end-of-life (EOL), are evaluated. The
functional units being compared are the 17-inch CRT display monitor and the 15-inch active
matrix liquid crystal display (AMLCD) monitor. The two are considered to be functionally
equivalent with respect to the viewing area available to the user. EOL issues are of growing
interest to manufacturers nowadays due to Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) concerns
(Fishbein 1998) and the consequent higher expectations from manufacturers for influencing the
ultimate fate of their products.
The purpose of this memorandum is to describe the approach for evaluating the EOL
life-cycle stages of CRTs and AMLCDs for the Computer Display Project. This approach
includes:
(1) developing scenarios to represent reasonable EOL alternatives; and
(2) collecting life-cycle inventory (LCI) data for the EOL alternatives.
1.1 Background
Estimates from 1998 revealed that more than 20 million personal computer central
processing units (CPU) became obsolete in that year (NSC 1999). Earlier estimates indicated
that approximately 10 million television sets and 12 million computer monitors reach the end of
their useful lives each year (MCC 1996). Assuming that one monitor became obsolete for every
CPU in 1998, and since LCDs have not been in existence long enough to have attained
"end-of-life" (EOL) status in sufficiently large numbers, it is expected that approximately 20
million CRTs are retired annually. There is not much information available on the disposition
options for LCDs.
The major existing EOL environmental concern associated with CRTs is disposal of
leaded glass. LCDs, on the other hand, do not contain any leaded glass and are much lighter in
weight, but contain other materials of concern, such as mercury used in the backlights.
1-1
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APPENDIX I
1.1.1 CRT EOL Issues
According to practices followed by leading CRT recyclers such as Envirocycle
(Envirocycle 1999), the material of greatest value recovered from CRTs is leaded glass (which is
also the major component by weight), followed by small quantities of metals. Also, whenever
the incoming EOL product is a complete computer monitor, some plastics and metals can be
recovered from its outer casing and other parts.
The closed loop recycling of leaded glass involves recovering and processing the material
for use as cullet in the manufacture of new CRTs. CRT manufacturers will use the cullet if it
meets quality standards and is of the same chemistry and type as required by them in their
manufacturing operations. Thus, effective recycling of post-consumer CRT glass requires very
careful sorting and separation into various types, followed by decontamination (removal of
coatings). Resmelting (for lead recovery) and downcycling (into other glass applications) are
some of the other "open loop recycling" alternatives. In 1997 and 1998, CRT computer monitor
recycling was done for 1.3 million units (46 million pounds) and 1.5 million units (51 million
pounds), respectively (NSC, 1999).
1.1.2 Regulations Regarding CRT Disposal
Color CRTs may fail the EPA Toxicity Characteristic Leachate Procedure (TCLP) test,
and therefore may be classified as hazardous waste under current EPA regulations. Some experts
believe that this classification poses barriers to the effective recycling of CRTs, on account of
special permits and transportation requirements for handling hazardous waste (EPA-CSI 1999).
However, EPA has implemented a glass-to-glass recycling exception.
In order to landfill CRTs in accordance with EPA regulations, they must be dismantled,
and the glass crushed and stabilized by micro-encapsulation in cement. However, this method
has some drawbacks. Crushing increases surface area and, consequently, the potential to leach
lead. Though cement encapsulation is the required method, it has been found that cement
disintegrates faster than glass (MCC 1994).
To encourage recycling, some states have developed new initiatives that will ease some of
the regulatory barriers. Massachusetts, for example, has proposed to specifically exempt "intact"
CRTs from being classified as hazardous waste and simultaneously banned them from disposal
in municipal landfills and combustion facilities (MDEP 1999). These measures could promote
the recycling of CRTs by making the process of handling and transportation much easier, and the
paperwork less cumbersome.
1.1.3 LCD EOL Issues
Currently, no infrastructure or established process exists for recycling LCDs specifically.
Of the small numbers of LCDs that have reached the EOL stage (predominantly as notebook
computers), a much smaller number is likely to have reached recycling facilities. No specific
details are available on the materials recovered from them as they are expected to have been
processed along with other electronic products, with some valuable and/or potentially recyclable
materials removed. The following components and materials of potential reuse or recycling
value found in LCDs have been identified by MCC (MCC 1994):
1-2
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APPENDIX I
• Thin film transistors (TFTs).
• Color filters.
• Glass.
The toxicity potential of heavy metals is of concern in the EOL stage. The heavy metals
found in the LCD monitors are identified in the main body of this LCA report. This study will
consider the presence of heavy metals or other materials of potential concern in the wastes and
emissions generated.
1.2 EOL Disposition Options
In the past, landfilling has been the prevalent method for the disposition of post-use
computer monitors (i.e., those re-used after being resold or donated). However, with increasing
awareness of potentially harmful life-cycle environmental impacts, dwindling natural resources,
government regulations against disposal of toxic substances in landfills, and the consequent
development of markets for recycled components and materials, more options are now available
for the disposition of post-use computer monitors. They are briefly described below.
1.2.1 Reuse
Reuse, often as a result of reselling, involves continued use of the monitor for the purpose
for which it was built, and is considered to occur within its originally intended useful life. Reuse
does not usually entail major repairs or modifications, and is a preferred EOL option because the
original materials contained in it are put to use for an extended period of time, thus conserving
valuable natural resources (energy and raw materials) needed to manufacture new monitors or to
dispose of discarded ones. However, reuse could result in reduced energy efficiency during the
use stage as monitor manufacturers continually strive to improve the energy efficiency of their
products.
1.2.2 Remanufacturing
Remanufacturing is a viable option for monitors that are no longer functional but could be
refurbished (upgraded or restored to working conditions) at a cost lower than that of
manufacturing a new monitor, to be sold again in domestic or foreign markets.1 Here again,
energy and raw materials are conserved, though some new parts/components may be required.
Another important benefit of remanufacturing is solid waste reduction, achieved by diverting the
monitor materials away from the landfill. Remanufacturing processes span a wide range of
activities, from as little as replacing button tops to as extensive as testing and replacing PCBs or
transformers.
In addition to cost, the arrival of new technology is another factor that inhibits remanufacturing. In such
cases, remanufacturers seek to find markets where products based on old technology are still in demand.
1-3
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APPENDIX I
1.2.3 Recycling
Recycling involves recovering the individual materials from EOL monitors, to be used in
the production of new monitors (closed-loop recycling) or in other products (open-loop
recycling). Identification, sorting, cleaning, and further processing (e.g., smelting) are often
required before the recovered materials can be used again. Though materials recycling involves
several processing steps, it results in the conservation of energy and raw materials, and diversion
of materials that would otherwise have been landfilled, through the creation of new, desirable
products that are in-line with current market demand.
1.2.4 Waste-to-Energy (WTE) Incineration
A portion of municipal solid waste (MSW) is routinely sent to incinerators or municipal
waste-to-energy (WTE) facilities for energy recovery. The quantity of ash (bottom ash and fly
ash) left over is a small fraction, around 25% (EPA 1998) of the original waste input, and can be
disposed of either as non-hazardous or hazardous waste, depending on whether it passes the
TCLP test or not. The obvious benefits are reduced solid waste and the energy produced, which
is often counted as a credit in life-cycle energy calculations.2
1.2.5 Landfilling
Landfilling solid waste in Subtitle C (for hazardous) or D (for non-hazardous) landfills is
the least preferred option, since all the other options have some expected environmental benefits.
The disposal of waste in Subtitle C landfills is usually the most undesirable, as it often involves
treatment to immobilize the hazardous materials before they can be landfilled, thus increasing the
quantity and cost of disposal. Also, hazardous waste sites have the potential to turn into high
liability ("Superfund") sites. Some states have regulatory activities that might not accept
monitors in Subtitle D landfills.
2. METHODOLOGY
This section outlines key assumptions, defines conceptual models proposed for
determining the flow of materials through the EOL processes, and highlights some important
issues pertaining to CRTs and LCDs.
The major steps are listed below:
• Assumptions about the distribution of EOL options were made.
• Data were collected for various disposition options using existing inventory reports and
inventory questionnaires sent to recyclers.
• Data were normalized to the functional unit and included as the EOL inventories.
The energy used in different life-cycle stages is summed up to arrive at the total energy used in the life
cycle of the product. In case of WTE incineration, where energy is recovered instead of being used up, it is treated
as a negative value and subtracted from the total.
1-4
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APPENDIX I
2.1 EOL Conceptual Models
A monitor is assumed to have reached EOL status when:
• It has served its useful life and/or is no longer functional.
• Technological obsolescence renders it unusable.
The EOL options for CRT and LCD monitors are graphically depicted in Figure 1. Estimates of
the percent distribution of monitors going to each EOL option are presented below. As the
functional unit in this study is one monitor over its lifetime, the percentages are used as
probabilities for the EOL disposition of a particular monitor.
End-of-life
CRT/LCD
Monitor
Disassembly/
Materials Recovery
Closed/Open
Loop Recycling
. Usable Materials to
Manufacturing
Remanufacturing
Haz.
Landfill
Subtitle C
Non-Haz.
Landfill
Subtitle D
WTE
Incineration
Ash
Residue
Energy
Recovery
To Manufacturing
Figure 1. Conceptual Model Showing End-of-Life Disposition Options
for CRT and LCD Monitors
1-5
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APPENDIX I
2.2.1 CRT
The National Safety Council (NSC 1999) reported that 11% of all personal computer
CPUs are recycled. Assuming one monitor is recycled with every CPU, and assuming these
represent CRTs, we assume 11% of CRTs go to recycling. The NSC report also stated that 3%
of personal computers are "refurbished and resold or donated." We thus used 3% as an estimate
of the CRT monitors that are remanufactured, although we recognize this might be an
overestimate, as we do not know if those resold and donated are also remanufactured. Given that
this is a small percentage, this error is not expected to have a large effect. Further data are
lacking on the percent of monitors being incinerated or going to landfills. To estimate the
percent incinerated, we used the percent of all municipal solid waste in the United States being
incinerated, which is estimated at 15% (EPA 1998). Summing the percents for recycling, re-
manufacturing, and incineration equals 29%. This leaves 71% that is assumed to be landfilled.
In the life-cycle analysis in this study, only one landfilling process is modeled, which is assumed
to represent both hazardous waste and solid waste landfilling. The landfilling process is derived
from Ecobalance data and is a combination of four major materials in a CRT (glass, steel, plastic,
and aluminum), based on the proportion of each of those materials in the CRT. The inventories
for each material are of generic materials (not necessarily the precise materials in the CRT). For
example, the glass is generic glass, and not leaded glass, and the plastics are generic "plastic" and
may not represent the exact plastics in the CRT.
Although the percentage of monitors that are landfilled are not separated into hazardous
and non-hazardous waste landfilling processes, we have still attempted to estimate the proportion
of CRTs that go to each landfill. Due to a lack of data, we assumed as a best estimate that the
percent of monitors that are in households are equivalent to the percent of landfilled monitors
that would be disposed of in a solid waste (Subtitle D) landfill and the percent of monitors that
are in businesses would be disposed of in a hazardous waste (subtitle C) landfill. As presented in
the Use Stage discussion in the main body of this report (Section 2.4.1.2), 35% of monitors are in
households and 65% are in office and other environments. Therefore, of the 71% of monitors
assumed to going to landfills, 25% are assumed to be sent to solid waste landfills and 46% to
hazardous waste landfills. To summarize, the EOL dispositions assumed for the CRT are as
follows:
• Incineration: 15%
• Recycling: 11%
• Remanufacturing: 3%
• Hazardous waste landfill: 46%
Solid waste landfill: 25%
2.2.1 LCD
Data were even more lacking for the EOL dispositions of LCDs. The same 15% of
municipal solid waste incinerated in the United States was assumed for LCD incineration as it
was for the CRT. An individual in the monitor recycling business estimated that no more than
5% of LCDs are sent to hazardous waste landfills and that essentially none are currently being
recycled (Vorhees 2000). Given this limited data, the remaining 80% needed to be split between
1-6
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APPENDIX I
solid waste landfilling and remanufacturing. Given no other data, we assumed half of the
remaining 80% goes to solid waste landfills and half to remanufacturing. Assuming that 40% are
remanufactured is likely an overestimate; however, no supporting data were available to modify
this estimate. Therefore, in the baseline analysis of this study, the following percentages have
been used:
• Incineration: 15%
• Recycling: 15%
• Remanufacturing: 15%
• Hazardous waste landfill: 5%
Solid waste landfill: 50%
Sensitivity analyses have been conducted to determine the effects of these assumptions on
the results and are discussed in Chapters 2 (LCI) and 3 (LCIA) of the main report.
2.2 Assumptions
In developing the EOL model for CRT and LCD monitors, it was necessary to make several
assumptions. In addition to the percent distributions presented above, the following assumptions
apply to the EOL data:
• Reuse and resale are not included in the EOL scenarios modeled as these events are
considered to occur within the originally intended useful life of the monitor.
• The monitors currently in storage are not considered to have reached EOL yet and have,
therefore, been excluded from the EOL model. Moreover, they are assumed not to have
environmental impacts while in storage, and maintenance of storage space is assumed to
the beyond the scope of this study.
• Only waste-to-energy incineration is modeled because there is very limited straight
incineration (without energy recovery) being done in the U.S. at present. In fact, the 1996
total U.S. WTE design capacity was 100,355 tons per day, with 110 WTE facilities in
operation. In contrast, the capacity for incineration without energy recovery was only
2,451 tons per day, with a total of 19 facilities in operation. In general, WTE has become
the prevalent method for MSW combustion since the 1980s (EPA 1998).
1-7
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APPENDIX I
REFERENCES
CIA (Computer Industry Almanac). 1999. Web site available:
http://www.c-i-a.com/19961225.htm. April 30.
Denison, R. 1996. "Environmental Life-Cycle Comparisons of Recycling, Landfilling, and
Incineration." R.A. Denison, Environmental Defense Fund.
EIA (Energy Information Administration). 1999. Web site availble:
http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/recs/recs97/appusage.htmWpcusage. April 30
Envirocycle. 1999. Web site available: http://www.enviroinc.com/. March 8.
EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). 1998. "Characterization of Municipal Solid Waste in
the United States: 1997 update." U.S. EPA Office of Solid Waste, Report No.
EPA530-R-98-007. Prepared by Franklin Associates. May.
EPA. 1998. "Characterization of Municipal Solid Waste in the United Sates: 1997 Update."
Report No. EPA 530-R-98-007.
EPA. 1999. EPA website 4/26/99. http://www.epa.gov/ooaujeag/taskforce/isspprl.htm
EPA-CSI. 1999. U.S. EPA's CSI web pages 4/26/99.
http://www.epa.gov/csi/computer/accomp6.htm
Fishbein, B.K. 1998. "EPR: What Does It Mean? Where Is It Headed?" Pollution Prevention
Review. 8 (4): 43-55. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. October.
Laboratory Network. 1999. Web site available:
http://news.laboratorynetwork.com/regulatory-news/1998121 l-6948.html. April 26.
MCC (Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation). 1994. Electronics Industry
Environmental Roadmap. Chapter 7.
MCC. 1996. "1996 Electronics Industry Environmental Roadmap." June.
MDEP (Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection). 1999. Web site available at:
http://www.state.ma.us/dep/bwp/dswm/files/crtq&a.htm. March 12.
NSC (National Safety Council). 1999. Electronic Product Recovery and Recycling Baseline
Report: Recycling of Selected Electronic Products in the United States. Washington, DC,
National Safety Council. May.
RTI (Research Triangle Institute). 1999. Personal Communication with K. Weitz. "EOL
Management Options for MSW." February.
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APPENDIX I
Scott, M.H., F.C. McMichael, C.T. Hendrickson, and D J. Hart. 1997. "Disposition and
End-of-Life Options for Personal Computers." Green Design Initiative Technical Report
#97-10, Carnegie Mellon University.
Tufts University. 1996. "Life Cycle Assessment of the Disposal of Household Electronics." A
Capstone Thesis Project for M.S. in Civil and Environmental Engineering, submitted by
D. McKenna, K. Powers, and S. Reagan, p. 5-6. August.
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APPENDIX I
ATTACHMENT A TO APPENDIX EOL:
EOL QUESTIONNAIRE
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APPENDIX I
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APPENDIX I
ur
DESIGN FOR THE ENVIRONMENT COMPUTER DISPLAY PROJECT
Life-Cycle Inventory (LCI) Data Collection Questionnaire for the End-of-Life Stage
U.S.EPA
Introduction
The Design for the Environment (DfE) Program in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics has
begun a voluntary, cooperative project with the electronics industry to assess the life-cycle environmental impacts of cathode ray tube (CRT) and liquid
crystal display (LCD) desktop monitors. The DfE Program conducts comparative analyses of alternative products or processes to provide businesses
with data to make environmentally informed choices about product or process improvements. The DfE Program has no regulatory or enforcement
agenda and was established to act as a partner with industry to promote pollution prevention. This environmental life-cycle assessment will address
human and ecological risk, energy and natural resource use, performance, and cost of various display technologies. The University of Tennessee (UT)
Center for Clean Products and Clean Technologies is conducting the life-cycle inventory (LCI), which is the data collection phase of a life-cycle
assessment, with technical assistance from Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation, the Electronics Industry Alliance, and other
partners.
Boundaries
A life-cycle assessment considers impacts from materials acquisition, material manufacturing, product manufacturing, use, and final disposition of a
product. The LCI data are intended to be used to evaluate relative environmental impacts over the entire life-cycle of a product, including transport
between life-cycle stages. In this project, the product is either a color CRT or LCD monitor. Therefore, data associated with the materials and
processes used directly in the manufacturing, use, and disposition of the product are relevant to the LCI and requested in this questionnaire. Please
include only materials or energy directly used in the disassembly, remanufacturing, recycling, or disposal of the monitor or its components (e.g., do not
include general building heating and air conditioning).
INPUTS:
Primary materials
Ancillary materials
Utilities
Product focus
This project focuses on 17" CRT and 15" LCD desktop monitors. We will
appreciate your providing data specifically on these sizes, to the extent
possible.
Inventory data
We are asking you for data on CRT and LCD desktop monitors that you either
remanufacture, or disassemble and recover, reuse, or recycle components and
materials from. The inputs and outputs data (Fig. 1) mat you provide will be aggregated in the LCI to quantify the overall inputs and outputs of a CRT
and LCD. Additionally, transportation information is requested in the inventory.
OUTPUTS:
Products
Air emissions
Releases to land
Water effluent
Fig. 1. End-of-Lifc process inventory conceptual template
EOL Data Collection Form - p. i
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APPENDIX I
Data sources
Much of the requested information can be drawn from existing sources, including, but not limited to the following:
1. Purchase and production records
2, Bills and invoices
3. Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)
4. Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) forms
5i Audit and analysis results (e.g., wastewater discharge analyses)
6. Local, state, and federal reporting forms (e.g., hazardous waste manifests)
7. Local, state, and federal permits
8. Monthly utility billing records
How the data will be used
UT will collect inventory data and tally the inputs and outputs for the different monitors. Information gathered by these questionnaires will be used to
develop environmental profiles based on inputs and outputs for each stage in the life cycle of displays. The profiles will be used to evaluate
environmental impacts from each product. Cost data will also be collected and presented along with environmental results. The environmental profiles
can be used to encourage product design changes for product improvement. UT will aggregate data and ensure that data associated with particular
companies remain anonymous to the EPA. UT can enter into confidentiality agreements where proprietary data are concerned. Please understand that
accurate and representative information from you is critical for the success of this project.
Results of project
The results are intended to provide industry with an analysis of the life-cycle environmental impacts, cost, and performance of CRT and LCD computer
monitors. Results will help identify areas for product and process improvement as related to risk and environmental impact (e.g., identifying material
use inefficiencies) and will identify impacts from various life-cycle stages of the product systems. Use of the results will also help meet growing global
demands of extended product responsibility.
Benefits of involvement
Your input will allow for your interests to be considered in the project development and data collection. By supplying data, the results will partially
reflect your operations and, therefore, the results will be directly relevant to your interests. The project will allow you to directly apply results to your
own processes and identify areas for improvement. You will also be recognized as working voluntarily and cooperatively with the U.S. EPA.
Deadline
Please complete this form and return it to us at the address below by September 30,1999. If this is not possible, please contact Maria Leet Socolof at
423-974-9526 or at the addresses below to discuss alternative dates.
Your cooperation and assistance are greatly appreciated.
For any questions, please contact Maria Leet Socolof at 423-974-9526, or Rajive Dhingra at 423-974-8752,
at the University of Tennessee, 311 Conference Center Bldg., Knoxville, TN 37996-4134.
For more project details, see the Project Fact Sheet, DfE Website , or the
Draft Final Goal Definition and Scoping Document.
EOL Data Collection Form - p. ii
1-14
-------
APPENDIX I
INSTRUCTIONS
1. Please be sure to read the introductory text on each page before filling out the questionnaire.
2. The data yon supply in the tables should represent inputs and outputs associated only with the "product of interest" (i.e., materials, components or
subassemblies that are either part of, or that are Itself, the desktop monitor as defined on p. I under Product focus). If quantities provided are not
specific to the "product of interest," please explain how they differ in the comments section at the bottom of the appropriate table.
3. Where supporting information is available as independent documents, reports or calculations, please provide them as attachments with reference to the associated
page(s) or tab!e(s) in this questionnaire.
4. If you have more than one product of interest to this project, please duplicate this questionnaire and fill out one questionnaire for each product.
5. If there is not adequate room on a page to supply your data (including comments), please copy the appropriate page and attach it to this packet.
6. The ensuing pages refer to the four indices shown below to detail specific information about the data. Additional information is provided below as required.
Data Quality Indicators Index: These indicators will be used to assess the level of data quality in this questionnaire. Please report a DQI for the numerical value
requested in each table on the following pages. The first category. Measured, pertains to a value that is a directly measured quantity. The second category,
Calculated, refers to a value that required one or more calculations to obtain. The third category, Estimated, refers to a value that required a knowledgable employee's
professional judgement to estimate. Lastly, the fourth category, Assumed, should be used only when a number had to be guessed.
Ha/ardons and Nonha^ardmis Wasle Management Methods Index: These methods are applicable to both hazardous and nonhazardous wastes (Tables 8a and 8b).
Please give the appropriate abbreviation in the Management Method column on p. 8 where requested. Depending on whether the management method is on or offsite,
please indicate by specifying "on" or "ofT" in the appropriate column on p. 8.
For Tables 2, 3a, 3b, 4, 5, 8a, and 8b:
Transportation Modes Index
A - Large truck (I8-wheelcr), diesel
B - Small truck, diesel
C - Small truck, gasoline
D - Rail, diesel
E - Barge, diesel
F - Ocean freighter, diesel
G - Other (please specify in comments section)
For Table 7b:
VVastewater Treatment/Disposal Methods Index
A - Direct discharge to surface water
B - Discharge to offsite wastewater treatment facility
C - Underground injection
D - Surface impoundment (e.g., settling pond)
E - Direct discharge to land
F - Other (please specify in comments section)
For Tables 3a, 3b, 4, 5, 6, 7a, 8a and 8b:
Data Quality Indicators Index
ISt - Measured
C - Calculated
K - Estimated
A - Assumed
For Tables 8a and 8b:
Hazardous and Nonhazardous Waste Management Methods Index
RU - Reused
R - Recycled
L - Landfilled
Iv - Incinerated - volume reduction
le - Incinerated - energy conversion
S - Solidified/stabilized
D - Deep well injected
O - Other {please specify in comments section)
IF YOU HAVE QUESTIONS, PLEASE CONTACT EITHER:
Maria L. Socotof (Project Manager):
Phone: 423-974-9526
Email: socolofml@utk edu
OR
Rajive Dhingra (Project Engineer):
Phone: 423-974-8752
Email: rdhingra@utk.edu
EOt, O«« Collection Form - p Hi
1-15
-------
APPENDIX I
1. FACILITY & CONTACT INFORMATION
Table 1. Facility Information Contact Information
1. Company name: . 5a. Prepared by: Date:
2. Facility name: 5b. Title:
3 Facility address (location): ^ 5c. Phone number: Ext.:
5d. Fax number:
5e. Email address:
4. Products handled onsite:
EOL Data Collection Form - p. 1
1-16
-------
APPENDIX I
2. PRODUCT OF INTEREST INFORMATION
Table 2.
1. Product of interest:
2. No. of monitors processed annually
(e.g., units, kg, Ibs):
3. Facility's percent global market
share for handling product of interest:
4. Product of interest
unit weight:
5. Brief description of the main operations/subprocesses
required to process the product of interest:
E.g., End-'of-Life CRT/LCD desktop monitor
6. Product transport information. In this table, please list the top five locations (by quantity) from where you receive the product of interest. See Transportation Modes Index on p. iii for
modes' abbreviations. Percent capacity represents what percent of the transport vehicle's total load was carrying the products of interest.
Location (City, State)
1)
Mode
Number of trips annually
Percent capacity
EOL Data Collection Form - p. 2
1-17
-------
APPENDIX I
3. PRIMARY & ANCILLARY INPUTS
1. Primary & Ancillary Materials: Primary materials are defined as those materials that become part of a product output. Ancillary materials are those material inputs that assist in a process,
yet do not become part of the final product Please include the trade name and the generic name of each material where applicable.
2. CAS H or MSDS: Please include either the CAS (Chemical Abstract Service) number of each material (fill in the blank with the number), or state "MSDS" and append a copy to this document
3. Annual quantity/units & Density/units: Please specify the amount of material consumed annually. Please use the units of mass-per-year (e.g., kg/yr, Ib/yr). If you specify units of volume
in lieu of mass, please provide the density.
4. Data quality indicators: See the Data Quality Indicators Index on p. iii for abbreviations. Please supply the DQI for the annual quantity value given.
5. Recycled content: Please specify the recycled content of each material identified For example, 60/40/0 would represent a material that has 50% virgin material, 40% pre-consumer
recycled and 0% post-consumer recycled content. Enter N/A (not applicable) for alt components that are assemblies.
6. Transportation information: See the Transportation Modes Index on p. iii for mode abbreviations. Please specify where the material is coming from (location) and the number of trips made
to your facility on an annual basis. % capacity represents what percent of the transport vehicle's total load was carrying the materials of interest.
Table 3a.
Primary Materials
1
2.
3
4.
5.
6.
7
Primary material comments:
Table 3b.
Ancillary Materials'
I.
2.
3.
4
5.
6
7.
Ancillary material comments:
CAS#
or MSDS2
Annual
Quantity3
Units
Density3
Units
DQI
4
Recycled
Content5
Transportation Information (Receiving)
Location
Mode
ft trips
% cup.
CAS#
or MSDS1
Annual
Quantity*
Units
Density3
Units
DQI
4
Recycled
Content5
Transportation Information (Receiving)
Location
Mode
# trips
% cap.
EOL Data Collection Fonn - p. 3
1-18
-------
APPENDIX I
4. UTILITY INPUTS
I, Appwl quantity/unite: Please specify the amount of each utility consumed annually. If possible, please exclude nonprocess-related consumption, if not possible, please include
a comment that nonprocess-related consumption is included.
2, Data quality indicators: See the Dala Quality Indicators Index on p. Hi for abbreviations. Please supply the DQI for the annual quantity value given.
3 Transportation information: See the Transportation Modes Index on p. iii for mode abbreviations. Please specify where the fuel is coining from (Location) and the number of trips made
to your facility on an annual basis. Percent capacity represents what percent of the transport vehicle's total toad was carrying the fuel of interest.
4. Individual Utility Notes
Electricity:
The quantity of electricity should reflect only that used toward manufacturing the product of interest (identified on p. 2). One approach would be to start with your facility's total annual
electrical energy consumption, estimate and remove nonprocess-related consumption, then estimate what portion of the remaining consumption is related to the specific operations
of interest (if you manufacture more than one product). Please include consumption in all systems that use electricity for process-related purposes. Some examples include compressed
air, chilled water, water deionizatton and HVAC consumption where clean or controlled environments are utilized.
Natural gas and LNG:
Please exclude all use for space heating or other nonprocess-related uses. If you choose to use units other than MCF (thousand cubic feet), please utilize only units of energy
content or volume (e.g., mmBTU, therm, CCF).
Fuel oils:
Please use units of either volume or energy content (e.g , liters, cubic meters, mmBTU, MJ). Additionally, if the fuel oil is delivered by pipeline, enter "pipeline14 in the Transportation
Information space; if not delivered by pipeline, please include the associated transportation information.
All waters (e.g., d*ionized, city):
Please include all waters received onsite for process-related tises. Please indicate consumption in units of mass or volume.
Table 4.
Utilities
Electricity
Natural gas
Liquified natural gas (LNG)
Fuel oil - type tf2 (includes distillate and diesel)
Fuel oil - type »4
Annual
Quantity'
Units
MCF
MCF
liters
liters
DQI2
Transportation Information (Receiving)
Fuel oil - type #6 (includes residual)
liters
Other petroleum-based fuel
liters
Water
liters
13.
Ut jl| ty cornmepts:
EOL Data Collection Form
p. «
1-19
-------
APPENDIX I
5. PRODUCT OUTPUTS
1 Product Outputs: Product outputs we defined as uscablc products, materials, components or sub-assemblies.
2. CAS 0 or rv(SDS (if applicable): Please include either the CAS (Chemical Abstract Service) number of each material (fill in the blank with the number), or state "MSDS" and append
a copy to this document.
3. Annual quantity/units & Density/units: Please specify the amount of material produced annually. Please use the units of mass-per-year (eg., kgfyr, Ib/yr) If you specify units of volume
in lieu of mass, please provide the density.
4 pattquality indicators: See the Data Quality Indicators Index on p. iii for abbreviations. Please supply the DQI for the annual quantity value given
5 Recycled content f If known): Please specify the recycled content of each material identified. For example, 60/40/0 would represent a material that has 60% virgin material, 40% pre-consumer
recycled and 0% post-consumer recycled content Enter N/A (not applicable) for alt components that are assemblies.
g "Transportation information. See the Transportation Modes Index on p. iit for mode abbreviations. Please specify where the material is being sent (location) and the number of trips made
on an annual basis. % capacity represents what percent of the transport vehicle's total load was carrying the materials of interest.
Table 5,
Product Outputs
1,
2,
3.
4.
5.
6
7.
product output QornrncBis:
CASS
or MSDS1
Annual
Quantity*
Units
Density1
Units
DQI
4
Recycled
Content*
Transportation Information (Shipping)
Location
Mode
# trips
% cap.
EOL Data Collection Form • p. $
1-20
-------
APPENDIX I
6. AIR EMISSIONS
1. Air emissions: The emissions listed in the table below are some of the more common ones found in air release inventories; if you have information on other specific emissions, please
include that information in the space provided. If you have any recent reporting forms or other nir emission records, please attach copies to this questionnaire. Also, if you have information
on slack* as weli as fugitive* emissions, please copy this page and place each set of emissions on a difTerenl page. The energy consumed in any equipment used onsite to ireat air emissions
should be included in the utilities values on p. 4.
Stack emissions* are releases to air that occur through confined air streams, such as stacks, vents, ducts, or pipes.
Fugitive emissions* are all releases to air that are not released through a confined air stream. Fugitive emissions include equipment leaks, evaporative losses from surface
impoundments and spills, and releases from building ventilation systems.
2. Annual quantity/units: Please specify the amount of air emissions generated annually. Please use units of mass-per-year (e.g.. kg/yr, Ib/yr).
3. Data quality indicators: See the Data Quality Indicators Index on p. iil for abbreviations. Please supply the DQI for the annual quantity value given.
Table 6.
Air Emissions
Total particulars
Particulates < 10 microns (PM-IO)
Sulfur oxides (SOx)
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Carbon monoxide
Carbon dioxide
Methane
Benzene
Toluene
Xylenes
Naphthalene
Total nonmethane VOCs
Other speciated hydrocarbon emissions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
CAS
number
630-08-0
124-38-9
74-82-8
71-43-2
108-88-3
1330-20-7
91-20-3
••1
Annual
Quantity1
••
Units
•i
DQI
i
-
Table 6 (continued).
Air Emissions
Ammonia
Arsenic
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Manganese
vlercury
Nickel
^Mher emissions:
I.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Air emission cQm,me.n,ts;
CAS
number
7664-41-7
7440-38-2
7440-47-3
7440-50-8
7439-92-1
7439-96-5
7439-98-7
7440-02-0
Annual
Quantity*
RfflHM^
Units
sBBsBlBsisK
DQI
3
EOL Data Collection Form - p. 6
1-21
-------
APPENDIX I
7. WASTEWATER RELEASES & CONSTITUENTS
I. Annual quantity/units: Please specify the amount of wastewater(s) generated annually. Please use units of mass-per-year (e.g , kg/yr, Ib/yr). If multiple streams exist, please copy this
page and fill it out for each stream.
2. Data quality JrKlfca*0!'51 See the Data Quality Indicators Index on p. Hi for abbreviations. Please iinetude one DQ1 for the annual wastewater stream quantity value supplied, and one DQ1
for the wastewater constituents information supplied. If more than one DQE is applicable to the wastewater constituents data, please clarify this in the comment section.
3, Waslewater constituents: Please let us know what type of values you are supplying (e.g., daily maximums, monthly averages, annual averages). Additionally, if you have any recent
reporting forms or other waste-water constituent records, please attach them to this questionnaire. The energy consumed in any equipment used onsite to treat wastewater
releases should be included in the utilities values on p. 4.
4. Concentration/units: Please specify the concentration of wastewater constituents generated annually. Please utilize the units of mass-per-volume (e.g., mg/liter, Ib/gal).
5. Wastewater treatment/disposal (WW T/D1 rnethod: See the Wastewater Treatment/Disposal Methods Index on p. iii for method abbreviations.
Table 7«.
Wmtewafer Stream
Annual
Quantity*
Units
Table 7b.
Wastewater Constituents3
Dissolved solids
Suspended solids
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)
Oil & grease
Hydrochloric acid
Sulfuric acid
CAS
number
7647-01-0
7664-93-9
Concen-
tration4
Units
WW T/D
Method
s
•••••^••••BBnnBH
Other acids (please specify): PHIIBHHWHBHHi^M^^^BHBl
1.
2.
Phosphorus
Pho
iphates
Sul fates
rides
Cyanide
Chloride
Chromium
ron
Aluminum
Nickel
7723-14-O
_„..
.....
7440-47-3
7439-89-6
7429-90-5
7440-02-0
DQI for WastewHtcr Annual Quantity2
DQI for Wasttwater
Constituents
Table 6b (continued).
Wastewater Constituents1
Mercury
Lead
Nitrogen
Zinc
Tin
Ferrous sulfate
Ammonia
Nitrates
Pesticides
Other constituents:
1,
2.
3.
4.
5
6
Wastewater cornrnents:
CAS
number
7439-98-7
7439-92-1
7727-37-9
7440-66-6
7440-31-5
772O-78-7
7664-41-7
Concen-
tration
•Ml
Units
sSoSBSS^^St
...
WWT/D
Method
5
^SB^^^S
EOL Data Collection Form
1-22
-------
APPENDIX I
8. HAZARDOUS & NONIIAZARDOUS WASTES
1. Hazardous wastes and EPA hazardous waste numbers: Please list your waste streams that are considered hazardous by the U.S. EPA. Include the hazardous waste codes for any
hazardous waste you include.
2, Annual quantity/units & Density/units: Please specify the amount of waste generated annually. Use units of mass-per-year (e.g., kg/yr, Ib/yr). Please also provide the density for each waste.
3. Data quality indicators: See the Data Quality Indicators Index on p. iii for abbreviations. Please supply the DQI for the annual quantity value given.
4. Management method: See the Management Methods Index on p. iii for abbreviations. If none are applicable, please indicate other and use the comments section to expound.
5, Transportation information: See the Transportation Modes Index on p. iii for abbreviations. Please specify where the waste is sent (location) and the number of trips made from your facility
on an annual basis. % capacity represents what percent of the transport vehicle's total load was carrying the waste of interest.
Table 8a.
Hazardous AVastes1
EXAMPLE: Spent solvent (toluene)
\.
2,
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Hazardous waste comments:
EPA liar..
Waste »'
^005
Annual
Quantity2
20,000
Units
kg/yr
Density1
0.9
Units
kg/liter
DQI
3
M
Mgmf.
method4
/«
On or
offsite?
off
Transportation Information (Shipping)
Location
Indianapolis, IN
Mode
A
# trips
24
% cap.
40
Table 8b.
Nonhazardoui Wastes
EXAMPLE: Wane metal chips
I.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Nonhazardous waste comments:
Annual
Quantity1
22,000
Units
kg/yr
Density2
1,000
Units
kg/m3
DQI
3
C
Mgmt.
method
R
On or
offsite?
off"
Transportation Information (Shipping)5
Location
*• Seottsdate, AZ,"
Mode
A
H trips
2
% cup.
100
EOL Data Collection Form
p. 8
1-23
-------
this page intentionally left blank
-------
APPENDIX J
APPENDIX J
LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY TABLES
-------
APPENDIX J
this page intentionally left blank
-------
APPENDIX J
APPENDIX J
LIFE-CYCLE INVENTORY TABLES
Table J-l.
Material
ABS resin
Aluminum (elemental)
Amyl acetate (mixed isomers)
Aquadag
Assembled CRT monitor
Audio cable assembly
Barium Carbonate
Bauxite (A12O3, ore)
Blue Phosphor (ZnS)
Blue Phosphor (ZnS.Ag.Al)
Borax
Cables/wires
Cathode ray tube (CRT)
Coal, average (in ground)
Connector
CRT glass, unspecified
CRT magnet assembly
CRT shield assembly - ASTM A366/CC#2
Deflection Yoke assembly
Demagnetic coil - PU coated paper
Electron gun
Ferrite
Frit
Fuel oil #4
Glass, unspecified
Green Phosphor (ZnS)
Green Phosphor (ZnS.Cu.Al)
Iron (Fe, ore)
Iron ore
Iron scrap
Lead
Lead (Pb, ore)
Natural gas
Natural gas (in ground)
Nickel (Ni, ore)
Nickel Alloy (invar)
Petroleum (in ground)
Phosphate ester
Polycarbonate resin
Polystyrene (PS, high impact)
Potassium Carbonate
Power cord assembly
PPE
Printed wiring board (PWB)
PWB-laminate
CRT primary
Upstream
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.37E+00
0
0
0
0
0
3.57E+00
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.90E+00
2.37E-01
9.46E-01
0
4.96E-01
0
8.41E-01
9.80E-02
0
1.32E+00
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
materials
Mfg
4.24E-01
3.60E-01
1.20E-03
2.06E-02
0
9.45E-02
2.97E-01
0
3.84E-03
1.67E-03
8.00E-03
3.94E-01
1.07E+01
5.15E+00
5.67E-02
9.76E+00
7.56E-02
2.42E-01
1.51E-01
1.26E-01
1.01E-01
1.70E-01
6.67E-02
0
4.91E-02
3.34E-03
1.34E-03
0
0
0
4.94E-01
0
1.47E+00
3.27E+00
0
2.72E-01
3.72E+02
8.31E-03
9.23E-01
1.51E-01
3.78E-01
1.13E-01
7.35E-01
8.47E-01
8.47E-01
(kg/functional unit)
Use
0
0
0
0
2.20E+01
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.79E+02
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.40E+01
0
0
0
3.80E+00
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
EOL
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.79E-02
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-9.53E-02
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-8.88E-02
-1.64E+00
0
0
-1.52E+00
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Total
4.24E-01
3.60E-01
1.20E-03
2.06E-02
2.20E+01
9.45E-02
2.97E-01
1.37E+00
3.84E-03
1.67E-03
8.00E-03
3.94E-01
1.07E+01
1.88E+02
5.67E-02
9.76E+00
7.56E-02
2.42E-01
1.51E-01
1.26E-01
1.01E-01
1.70E-01
6.67E-02
-9.53E-02
4.91E-02
3.34E-03
1.34E-03
6.90E+00
2.37E-01
9.46E-01
4.94E-01
4.96E-01
1.54E+01
2.47E+00
9.80E-02
2.72E-01
3.75E+02
8.31E-03
9.23E-01
1.51E-01
3.78E-01
1.13E-01
7.35E-01
8.47E-01
8.47E-01
% or Fraction of
Total
0.0649%
0.0552%
0.0002%
0.0032%
3.3765%
0.0145%
0.0455%
0.2096%
0.0006%
0.0003%
0.0012%
0.0604%
1.6381%
28.8170%
0.0087%
1.4950%
0.0116%
0.0370%
0.0232%
0.0193%
0.0154%
0.0261%
0.0102%
-0.0146%
0.0075%
0.0005%
0.0002%
1.0567%
0.0363%
0.1449%
0.0757%
0.0759%
2.3551%
0.3786%
0.0150%
0.0417%
57.5016%
0.0013%
0.1415%
0.0232%
0.0579%
0.0174%
0.1126%
0.1298%
0.1298%
J-l
-------
APPENDIX J
Table J-l. CRT primary materials (kg/functional unit)
Material
Recycled CRT Glass
Red Phosphor (Y2O2S)
Red Phosphor (Y2O2S.Eu)
Sand
Sand (in ground)
Silica
Sodium Carbonate
Sodium chloride (NaCl, in ground or in sea)
Solder (63% tin; 37% lead)
Solder, unspecified
Steel
Strontium Carbonate
Styrene-butadiene copolymers
Sulfur
Tricresyl phosphate
Triphenyl phosphate
Uranium, yellowcake
Video cable assembly
Zircon Sand
Total Primary Inputs
Upstream
0
0
0
0
2.42E-05
0
0
3.17E-04
0
0
2.48E-06
0
0
1.03E-05
0
0
0
0
0
1.58E+01
Mfg
2.06E+00
4.65E-03
1.33E-03
2.40E+00
0
5.33E-03
4.88E-01
0
5.08E-02
2.67E-02
5.16E+00
3.31E-01
8.27E-01
0
2.30E-02
5.29E-02
3.81E-04
1.13E-01
5.43E-02
4.21E+02
Use
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4.85E-03
0
0
2.19E+02
EOL
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4.85E-07
0
0
-3.32E+00
Total % or Fraction of
Total
2.06E+00
4.65E-03
1.33E-03
2.40E+00
2.42E-05
5.33E-03
4.88E-01
3.17E-04
5.08E-02
2.67E-02
5.16E+00
3.31E-01
8.27E-01
1.03E-05
2.30E-02
5.29E-02
5.23E-03
1.13E-01
5.43E-02
6.53e+02
0.3155%
0.0007%
0.0002%
0.3678%
3.71E-08
0.0008%
0.0747%
4.85E-07
0.0078%
0.0041%
0.7907%
0.0508%
0.1268%
1.58E-08
0.0035%
0.0081%
0.0008%
0.0174%
0.0083%
100.00%
J-2
-------
APPENDIX J
Table J-2. CRT ancillary materials (kg/functional unit)
Material
2,2,4-trimethylpentane
Acetone
Acrylic Polymer, unspecified
Alkali cleaning agent
Alkali soda (to neutralize acid waste water)
Aluminum Oxide
Aluminum sulfate
Ammonia
Ammonium bifluoride
Ammonium chloride
Ammonium Dichromate
Ammonium fluoride
Ammonium hydroxide
Ammonium Oxalate
Ammonium Oxalate Monohydrate
Barium sulfate
Barium sulfate (BaSO4, in ground)
Bauxite
Bauxite (A12O3, ore)
Bentonite (in ground)
Borax
Boric acid
Calcium Chloride
Calcium hydroxide
Calcium sulfate
Calcium sulfate (CaSO4, ore)
Cerium Oxide
Chlorine
Chromium (VI)
Chromium ore
Chromium Oxide
Clay (in ground)
Coal, average (in ground)
Copper (Cu, ore)
Cyclohexane
Deoiling agent (unspecified)
Dimethyl Formamide
Dioctyl Sebacate
Dolomite
Dolomite (in ground)
Etoxy Naphtol Sulphonic Acid (ENSA)
Explosive (unspecified)
Ferric chloride
Fluorocarbon resin
Fluorspar (CaF2, ore)
Formaldehyde
Glycol ethers
Gravel/Sand
Upstream
0
0
0
0
0
0
7.41e-04
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.68e-03
1.10e-03
6.31e-04
1.10e-03
2.48e-03
5.20e-07
0
0
0
6.08e-05
2.30e-05
0
0
0
1.09e-07
0
4.49e-03
0
8.67e-04
0
1.33e-03
0
2.32e-04
1.43e-10
1. 60e-05
9.96e-05
3.12e-04
0
0
1.69e-06
0
0
6.82e-03
Mfg
1.50e-04
3.17e-04
9.13e-03
7.72e-02
5.45e-02
3.37e-02
0
1.19e-04
2.04e-03
7.76e-02
3.50e-05
8.91e-04
7.90e-02
8.92e-05
3.16e-04
0
0
0
4.47e-02
0
0
4.73e-03
1.27e-01
9.54e-02
0
0
3.28e-03
4.03e-02
7.63e-05
0
5.62e-05
0
0
0
1.88e-04
0
4.36e-05
0
0
0
0
0
1.37e-01
3.756-05
0
6.60e-03
2.35e-02
0
Use
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
EOL
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1.14e-04
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
8.19e+00
3.06e-03
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Total
1. 50e-04
3.17e-04
9.13e-03
7.72e-02
5.45e-02
3.37e-02
7.41e-04
1.19e-04
2.04e-03
7.76e-02
3.50e-05
8.91e-04
7.90e-02
8.92e-05
3.16e-04
2.68e-03
1.10e-03
6.31e-04
4.57e-02
2.48e-03
5.20e-07
4.73e-03
1.27e-01
9.54e-02
6.08e-05
2.30e-05
3.28e-03
4.03e-02
7.63e-05
1.09e-07
5.62e-05
8.19e+00
3.06e-03
8.67e-04
1.88e-04
1.33e-03
4.36e-05
2.32e-04
1.43e-10
1. 60e-05
9.96e-05
3.12e-04
1.376-01
3.75e-05
1.69e-06
6.60e-03
2.35e-02
6.82e-03
% or Fraction
of Total
7.59e-06
1.60e-05
4.61e-04
3.90e-03
2.75e-03
1.70e-03
3.74e-05
6.03e-06
1.03e-04
3.92e-03
1.76e-06
4.50e-05
3.99e-03
4.50e-06
1. 60e-05
1.35e-04
5.55e-05
3.18e-05
2.31e-03
1.25e-04
2.62e-08
2.39e-04
6.42e-03
4.81e-03
3.07e-06
1.16e-06
1.65e-04
2.04e-03
3.85e-06
5.51e-09
2.83e-06
41.35%
1.55e-04
4.37e-05
9.48e-06
6.72e-05
2.20e-06
1.17e-05
7.24e-12
8.05e-07
5.03e-06
1.57e-05
6.93e-03
1.89e-06
8.55e-08
3.33e-04
1.19e-03
3.44e-04
J-3
-------
APPENDIX J
Table J-2. CRT ancillary materials (kg/functional unit)
Material
HV Carbon (paste)
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrofluoric acid
Hydrogen peroxide
Iron (Fe, ore)
Iron ore
Iron sulfate (FeSO4, ore)
Isopentylacetate
Isopropyl alcohol
Lead (Pb, ore)
Lime
Limestone
Limestone (CaCOS, in ground)
Lubricant (unspecified)
Magnesium
Maize
Manganese (Mn, ore)
Muratic Acid (drum)
Natural gas (in ground)
Nickel (Ni, ore)
Nitric acid
Nitrogen
Oil (in ground)
Olivine
Olivine ore
Oxalic acid
Oxygen (Liquid)
Periodic Acid
Phenolsulphonic Acid
Polyethylene glycol
Polyvinyl alcohol
Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone (PVP)
Potassium chloride (KC1, as K2O, in ground)
Potassium hydroxide
Potassium permanganate
Potassium peroxymonosulfate
Potatoes
Pumice
PWB-solder mask solids
Pyrite (FeS2, ore)
Raw materials (unspecified)
Sand (in ground)
Silver (Ag, ore)
Sodium Carbonate
Sodium chloride
Sodium chloride (NaCl, in ground or in sea)
Sodium Dichromate
Sodium Dichromate Dihydrate (VI)
Upstream
0
0
0
0
7.23e-02
1.27e-04
2.56e-05
0
0
6.50e-05
0
0
8.60e-01
4.11e-02
5.08e-04
1.14e-04
6.35e-08
0
0
2.45e-08
0
0
0
1.08e-10
1.24e-05
0
0
0
3.12e-03
0
0
0
1.92e-03
0
0
0
3.06e-05
0
0
1.94e-01
8.16e-03
5.85e-02
2.75e-09
0
0
7.61e-01
2.63e-04
0
Mfg
1.14e-05
2.36e-01
8.65e-02
8.45e-02
0
0
0
1.74e-03
1.94e-02
0
3.04e-02
6.91e-02
1.08e+00
0
0
0
0
1.87e-03
0
0
1.44e-01
4.57e-02
0
0
0
5.35e-05
7.57e-03
2.26e-04
0
5.04e-02
8.11e-03
2.41e-02
0
4.27e-02
1.16e-03
7.06e-02
0
7.86e-02
4.37e-02
0
0
2.74e-02
0
3.22e-02
0
1.26e-02
1. 05e-04
3.10e-05
Use
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.06e+00
2.41e+00
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
EOL
0
0
0
0
3.41e-03
0
0
0
0
0
1.06e-04
2.41e-04
-2.39e-01
0
0
0
0
0
4.52e-03
0
0
0
3.35e-02
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.71e+00
0
0
1.556-04
-3.07e-05
0
0
Total
1.14e-05
2.36e-01
8.65e-02
8.45e-02
7.57e-02
1.27e-04
2.56e-05
1.74e-03
1.94e-02
6.50e-05
1.09e+00
2.48e+00
1. 70e+00
4.11e-02
5.08e-04
1.14e-04
6.35e-08
1.87e-03
4.52e-03
2.45e-08
1.44e-01
4.57e-02
3.35e-02
1.08e-10
1.24e-05
5.35e-05
7.576-03
2.26e-04
3.12e-03
5.04e-02
8.11e-03
2.41e-02
1.92e-03
4.27e-02
1.16e-03
7.06e-02
3.06e-05
7.86e-02
4.37e-02
1.94e-01
8.16e-03
2.80e+00
2.75e-09
3.22e-02
1.55e-04
7.73e-01
3.68e-04
3.10e-05
% or Fraction
of Total
5.75e-07
1.19%
4.36e-03
4.26e-03
3.82e-03
6.41e-06
1.29e-06
8.80e-05
9.80e-04
3.28e-06
5.49%
12.51%
8.58%
2.07e-03
2.56e-05
5.74e-06
3.21e-09
9.41e-05
2.28e-04
1.24e-09
7.26e-03
2.31e-03
1.69e-03
5.43e-12
6.27e-07
2.70e-06
3.82e-04
1.14e-05
1.57e-04
2.55e-03
4.09e-04
1.22e-03
9.69e-05
2.15e-03
5.87e-05
3.56e-03
1.54e-06
3.97e-03
2.20e-03
9.77e-03
4.12e-04
14.13%
1.39e-10
1.63e-03
7.80e-06
3.90%
1.86e-05
1.56e-06
J-4
-------
APPENDIX J
Table J-2.
Material
Sodium hydroxide
Sodium Hypochlorite
Sodium Metabisulfite
Sodium Persulfate
Sulfur
Sulfur (S, in ground)
Sulfuric acid
Sulfuric acid, aluminum salt
Surfactant, unspecified
Synthetic resin, unspecified
Talcum (ore)
Tin (Sn, ore)
Toluene
unspecified CRT process material
Uranium (U, ore)
Wastepaper
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Zinc (Zn, ore)
Total ancillary materials
CRT ancillary materials (kg/functional unit)
Upstream
0
0
0
0
3.28e-03
5.39e-03
0
0
0
0
8.89e-03
2.43e-02
0
0
0
1.70e-03
0
3.79e-02
2.11e+00
Mfg
1.98e-01
9.25e-05
4.67e-03
3.54e-04
0
0
2.38e-01
6.75e-02
1.42e-04
8.53e-04
0
0
4.80e-03
5.77e-03
0
0
4.80e-04
0
3.54e+00
Use
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.47e+00
EOL
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4.16e-08
0
0
0
1.07e+01
Total
1.98e-01
9.25e-05
4.67e-03
3.54e-04
3.28e-03
5.39e-03
2.38e-01
6.75e-02
1.42e-04
8.53e-04
8.89e-03
2.43e-02
4.80e-03
5.77e-03
4.16e-08
1.70e-03
4.80e-04
3.79e-02
1.98e+01
% or Fraction
of Total
9.97e-03
4.67e-06
2.36e-04
1.79e-05
1.66e-04
2.72e-04
1.20%
3.41e-03
7.17e-06
4.30e-05
4.49e-04
1.23e-03
2.42e-04
2.91e-04
2.10e-09
8.59e-05
2.42e-05
1.91e-03
100.00%
J-5
-------
APPENDIX J
Table J-3. CRT utility inputs
Material
Fuels (kg/functional unit):
Fuel Oil #2 (distillate)
Fuel oil #4 (avg. of #2 + #6)
Fuel oil #6 (residual)
LNG
LPG
Natural gas
Coal, average (in ground)
Coal, lignite (in ground)
Natural gas (in ground)
Petroleum (in ground)
Uranium (U, ore)
Electricity (MJ/functional unit):
Electricity
Water (kg or L/functional unit):
Water
Total energy (fuels and electricity
Energy
Upstream
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.25e+00
9.73e-01
2.76e+00
2.02e+00
1.21e-04
Total fuels 8.00e+00
7.32e+01
5.54e+02
, MJ/functional unit):
3.66e+02
Mfg
1.16e+00
1.37e-01
3.68e+00
3.35e-01
3.51e+02
2.44e+00
1.36e+01
0
4.56e+01
9.71e+00
2.29e-04
4.28e+02
1.29e+02
1.14e+04
1.83e+04
Use
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.29e+03
1.14e+03
2.29e+03
EOL
0
-1.38e+00
0
0
3.03e-03
-1.30e+00
-1.16e-02
0
-2.096-01
-5.77e-02
-1.99e-07
-2.95e+00
2.29e-01
-2.73e+01
-1.28e+02
Total
1.16e+00
-1.24e+00
3.68e+00
3.35e-01
3.51e+02
1.14e+00
1.58e+01
9.73e-01
4.82e+01
1.17e+01
3.49e-04
4.33e+02
2.49e+03
1.31e+04
2.08e+04
% or Fraction of
Total
0.27%
-0.29%
0.85%
0.08%
81.10%
0.26%
3.66%
0.22%
11.14%
2.70%
8.06E-07
100.00%
J-6
-------
APPENDIX J
Table
Material
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1 ,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
2,3,7,8-TCDD
2,3,7,8-TCDF
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
2-Chloroacetophenone
2-Methylnaphthalene
3 -Methy Icholanthrene
5 -Methyl chrysene
Acenaphthene
Acenaphthylene
Acetaldehyde
Acetic acid
Acetone
Acetophenone
Acetylene
Acrolein
Adsorbable organic halides
Alcohols
Aldehydes
Alkane (unspecified)
Alkenes
Alkyne (unspecified)
Aluminum (elemental)
Ammonia
Anthracene
Antimony
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Arsenic
Barium
Benzaldehyde
Benzene
Benzo[a]anthracene
Benzo[a]pyrene
Benzo[b,j,k]fluoranthene
Benzo[b]fluoranthene
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene
B enzo [k] fluoranthene
Benzyl chloride
Beryllium
Biphenyl
Boron
Bromine
Bromium (Br)
Bromoform
Bromomethane
J-4. CRT air pollutant emissions (kg/functional unit)
Upstream
0
3.38e-07
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.16e-06
1.86e-05
2.14e-06
0
3.64e-05
2.38e-ll
1.14e-16
7.89e-06
1.13e-04
3.37e-04
6.21e-05
4.10e-06
3.35e-04
4.36e-04
0
4.36e-07
3.73e-04
1.53e-04
5.18e-06
1.26e-ll
6.17e-05
0
1.35e-06
0
0
0
0
0
7.37e-08
0
7.51e-05
3.80e-06
7.09e-07
0
0
Mfg
2.31e-07
3.74e-07
0
3.06e-07
3.73e-14
1.31e-13
2.62e-09
6.55e-08
6.39e-09
4.59e-10
2.06e-10
1.05e-08
2.86e-09
5.33e-06
0
0
1.40e-07
0
2.71e-06
0
0
1.52e-03
0
0
0
1.98e-05
2.35e-03
2.88e-09
1.66e-06
5.29e-08
1.54e-05
8.85e-07
0
1.58e-02
2.21e-09
7.92e-10
1.30e-09
5.07e-10
1.05e-09
5.07e-10
6.55e-06
1.49e-06
1.59e-08
0
0
0
3.65e-07
1. 50e-06
Use
1.92e-06
3.59e-06
0
0
1.28e-12
4.57e-12
2.51e-08
6.28e-07
2.67e-09
0
1.97e-09
5.68e-08
2.26e-08
S.lle-05
0
0
1.35e-06
0
2.60e-05
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.21e-10
3.59e-06
0
3.756-05
2.06e-06
0
1.17e-04
9.27e-09
3.41e-09
1.06e-08
0
3.60e-09
0
6.28e-05
1.91e-06
1.52e-07
0
0
0
3.50e-06
1.43e-05
EOL
-3.01e-08
-5.756-08
0
-2.26e-09
1.28e-16
4.58e-16
-4.22e-10
-1.46e-10
-5.376-11
-4.04e-12
-3.326-11
-7.77e-10
-3.81e-10
-8.59e-07
0
0
-2.26e-08
0
-4.37e-07
0
0
-1.63e-04
0
0
0
-8.66e-08
-1.06e-04
-3.22e-10
-6.55e-08
-1.37e-10
-2.64e-06
-2.45e-08
0
-7.31e-04
-1.25e-10
-6.066-11
-1.66e-10
-4.23e-12
-4.366-11
-4.23e-12
-1.06e-06
-3.06e-07
-2.56e-09
0
0
0
-5.88e-08
-2.41e-07
Total
2.12e-06
3.90e-06
3.38e-07
3.03e-07
1.32e-12
4.71e-12
2.73e-08
6.93e-07
9.01e-09
4.54e-10
2.15e-09
6.65e-08
2.50e-08
5.78e-05
1.86e-05
2.14e-06
1.46e-06
3.64e-05
2.83e-05
1.14e-16
7.89e-06
1.47e-03
3.37e-04
6.21e-05
4.10e-06
3.55e-04
2.68e-03
2.68e-09
5.61e-06
3.73e-04
2.03e-04
8.10e-06
1.26e-ll
1.52e-02
1.14e-08
1.35e-06
1.18e-08
5.03e-10
4.61e-09
5.03e-10
6.83e-05
3.16e-06
1.66e-07
7.51e-05
3.80e-06
7.09e-07
3.80e-06
1.56e-05
% or Fraction
of Total
3.19e-09
5.88e-09
5.09e-10
4.576-10
1.99e-15
7.09e-15
4.116-11
1.04e-09
1.36e-ll
6.84e-13
3.23e-12
l.OOe-10
3.776-11
8.70e-08
2.80e-08
3.22e-09
2.20e-09
5.48e-08
4.26e-08
1.71e-19
1.19e-08
2.21e-06
5.07e-07
9.35e-08
6.18e-09
5.34e-07
4.04e-06
4.04e-12
8.45e-09
5.61e-07
3.06e-07
1.22e-08
1.90e-14
2.29e-05
1.716-11
2.03e-09
1.776-11
7.58e-13
6.94e-12
7.58e-13
1.03e-07
4.76e-09
2.50e-10
1.13e-07
5.72e-09
1.07e-09
5.73e-09
2.35e-08
J-7
-------
APPENDIX J
Table J-4
Material
Butane
Butene
Cadmium
Calcium
Carbon
Carbon dioxide
Carbon disulfide
Carbon monoxide
Carbon tetrachloride
CFC-13
Chloride ions
Chlorine
Chloroacetophenone
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
Chromium
Chromium (III)
Chromium (VI)
Chrysene
Cobalt
Copper
Cumene
Cumene hydroperoxide
Cyanide (-1)
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
Dibenzo [a,h] anthracene
Dichlorobenzene (mixed isomers)
Dichlorodifluoromethane
Dichloromethane
Dimethyl Formamide
Dimethyl sulfate
Dimethylbenzanthracene
Dioxins, remaining unspeciated
Ethane
Ethanethiol
Ethanol
Ethyl Chloride
Ethylbenzene
Ethylene
Ethylene dibromide
Fluoranthene
Fluorene
Fluoride
Fluorides (F-)
Fluorine
Formaldehyde
Furans, remaining unspeciated
Halogenated hydrocarbons (unspecified)
. CRT air pollutant emissions (kg/functional unit)
Upstream
4.16e-05
3.56e-07
6.60e-06
3.01e-04
3.64e-07
2.92e+01
0
4.18e-02
0
5.04e-10
3.06e-04
1.09e-06
0
0
0
0
7.72e-07
7.72e-07
0
1.01 e-06
4.71e-05
0
0
1.34e-07
0
0
0
8.02e-10
0
0
0
0
2.79e-13
5.59e-04
6.74e-07
9.49e-06
0
2.25e-06
4.48e-04
0
0
0
2.12e-07
6.70e-07
8.94e-10
2.04e-05
0
2.27e-06
Mfg
5.35e-04
0
1.04e-06
1.72e-05
0
1.79e+02
1.22e-06
4.58e-01
0
0
9.83e-05
5.84e-09
0
2.06e-07
5.52e-07
1.39e-07
2.22e-05
2.15e-05
1.91e-09
3.92e-06
1.91e-06
4.35e-08
6.06e-09
2.34e-05
6.83e-07
6.71e-10
0
0
2.71e-06
3.49e-05
4.49e-07
3.82e-09
l.lle-10
7.90e-04
0
0
3.93e-07
8.97e-07
0
1.12e-08
8.56e-09
1.02e-08
3.12e-07
3.98e-05
0
1.24e-03
5.13e-10
2.94e-13
Use
0
0
4.82e-06
0
0
4.45e+02
1.176-05
8.09e-02
0
0
1.82e-04
0
0
1.97e-06
5.29e-06
0
2.45e-09
7.21e-06
1.02e-08
1.22e-05
9.96e-07
4.756-07
0
2.24e-04
6.55e-06
8.74e-10
0
0
2.60e-05
0
4.30e-06
0
5.846-11
0
0
3.77e-06
8.46e-06
0
1.08e-07
6.71e-08
8.39e-08
1.95e-05
0
0
8.46e-05
9.32e-ll
0
EOL
-4.72e-06
0
-6.37e-08
-7.51e-08
0
2.59e+00
-1.96e-07
-4.17e-03
2.84e-09
0
-2.54e-06
-2.72e-10
-1.04e-08
-3.32e-08
-8.61e-08
0
-2.14e-06
-2.14e-06
-1.55e-10
-2.01e-07
-2.54e-08
-7.99e-09
0
-3.77e-06
-1.10e-07
-2.826-12
-4.36e-10
0
-4.33e-07
0
-7.24e-08
-3.396-11
2.11e-10
-6.97e-06
0
0
-6.33e-08
-1.32e-07
0
-1.81e-09
-1.08e-09
-1.38e-09
1.95e-09
-3.15e-07
0
-8.83e-06
-1.14e-10
-7.586-16
Total
5.72e-04
3.56e-07
1.24e-05
3.18e-04
3.64e-07
6.55e+02
1.27e-05
5.76e-01
2.84e-09
5.04e-10
5.83e-04
1.10e-06
-1.04e-08
2.15e-06
5.76e-06
1.39e-07
2.09e-05
2.74e-05
1.20e-08
1.69e-05
5.00e-05
5.11e-07
6.06e-09
2.44e-04
7.12e-06
1.54e-09
-4.36e-10
8.02e-10
2.83e-05
3.49e-05
4.68e-06
3.79e-09
3.81e-10
1.34e-03
6.74e-07
9.49e-06
4.10e-06
1.15e-05
4.48e-04
1.17e-07
7.46e-08
9.28e-08
2.01e-05
4.01e-05
8.94e-10
1.33e-03
4.92e-10
2.27e-06
% or Fraction
of Total
8.61e-07
5.37e-10
1.87e-08
4.80e-07
5.49e-10
98.68%
1.91e-08
8.68e-04
4.27e-12
7.58e-13
8.78e-07
1.65e-09
-1.57e-ll
3.23e-09
8.67e-09
2.09e-10
3.14e-08
4.12e-08
1.80e-ll
2.54e-08
7.52e-08
7.69e-10
9.12e-12
3.67e-07
1.07e-08
2.32e-12
-6.56e-13
1.21e-12
4.26e-08
5.25e-08
7.05e-09
5.70e-12
5.73e-13
2.02e-06
l.Ole-09
1.43e-08
6.17e-09
1.73e-08
6.75e-07
1.76e-10
1.12e-10
1.40e-10
3.02e-08
6.04e-08
1.35e-12
2.01e-06
7.41e-13
3.41e-09
J-8
-------
APPENDIX J
Table J-4. CRT air pollutant emissions (kg/functional unit)
Material
Halogenated matter (unspecified)
HALON-1301
HCFC-22
Heptane
Hexane
HFC-125
Hydrocarbons, remaining unspeciated
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrofluoric acid
Hydrogen
Hydrogen cyanide
Hydrogen sulfide
Indeno(l ,2,3-cd)pyrene
Iodine
Iron
Isophorone
Isopropylpropionate
Lanthanum
Lead
Lead (Pb, ore)
Magnesium
Manganese
Manganese (Mn, ore)
Mercaptans
Mercury
Metals, remaining unspeciated
Methane
Methanol
Methyl chloride
Methyl ethyl ketone
Methyl hydrazine
Methyl methacrylate
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Molybdenum
Naphthalene
Nickel
Nitrogen dioxide
Nitrogen oxides
Nitrous oxide
Nonmethane hydrocarbons, remaining
unspeciated
n-Propane
Other organics
o-xylene
Pentachlorobenzene
Pentachlorophenol
Pentane
Perfluoroethane
Perfluoromethane
Upstream
1.86e-ll
5.81e-07
2.66e-09
1.54e-05
6.97e-06
4.54e-09
1.28e-02
2.39e-03
5.54e-04
2.96e-04
1.54e-10
4.49e-05
0
9.41e-07
2.36e-04
0
4.01e-10
8.40e-08
1.66e-03
0
1.57e-04
1.96e-06
0
2.07e-07
3.00e-06
1.21e-04
6.40e-02
6.73e-06
0
0
0
0
0
4.61e-07
1.49e-08
4.13e-05
5.76e-02
6.99e-03
9.47e-04
9.97e-02
1. 50e-04
5.60e-04
0
1.93e-15
3.12e-16
3.47e-05
1.44e-05
1.30e-04
Mfg
0
5.11e-10
0
0
4.59e-04
0
1.58e-01
1.12e-02
1.40e-03
0
0
3.11e-03
1. 50e-09
0
3.83e-05
5.43e-06
0
0
1.30e-05
4.41e-07
1.03e-04
2.33e-05
1.09e-06
0
1.12e-06
3.16e-07
9.08e-01
0
4.96e-06
3.65e-06
1.59e-06
1.87e-07
3.27e-07
2.13e-06
6.04e-07
1.39e-04
0
6.95e-01
1.66e-02
1.10e-01
1.69e-06
7.83e-02
1.13e-06
0
0
6.62e-04
0
0
Use
0
0
0
0
6.01e-06
0
0
1.08e-01
1.35e-02
0
0
0
6.59e-09
0
0
5.20e-05
0
0
1.27e-05
0
9.86e-04
4.56e-05
0
0
7.51e-06
0
6.45e-01
0
4.75e-05
3.50e-05
1.52e-05
1.79e-06
3.14e-06
5.84e-07
1.83e-06
6.85e-05
0
1.18e+00
3.40e-03
0
0
0
5.71e-08
0
0
0
0
0
EOL
0
-1.33e-12
0
0
-4.15e-06
0
-6.12e-04
-1.04e-03
-2.26e-04
0
0
-1.31e-05
-9.626-11
0
-1.67e-07
-8.74e-07
0
0
1.42e-05
0
-1.66e-05
-4.99e-06
0
0
-1.15e-07
-1.086-09
-4.30e-02
0
-7.99e-07
-5.88e-07
-2.56e-07
-3.02e-08
-5.28e-08
-2.06e-08
-2.92e-08
-4.59e-06
1.85e-03
-1.90e-02
-l.lle-03
-1.91e-03
-3.70e-07
-3.65e-03
-3.79e-08
0
0
-5.84e-06
0
0
Total
1.86e-ll
5.82e-07
2.66e-09
1.54e-05
4.68e-04
4.54e-09
1.70e-01
1.20e-01
1.52e-02
2.96e-04
1.54e-10
3.14e-03
7.99e-09
9.41e-07
2.74e-04
5.66e-05
4.01e-10
8.40e-08
1. 70e-03
4.41e-07
1.23e-03
6.59e-05
1.09e-06
2.07e-07
1.156-05
1.22e-04
1.57e+00
6.73e-06
5.17e-05
3.80e-05
1.66e-05
1.95e-06
3.41e-06
3.15e-06
2.42e-06
2.45e-04
5.95e-02
1.86e+00
1.98e-02
2.08e-01
1. 51e-04
7.52e-02
1. 15e-06
1.93e-15
3.12e-16
6.91e-04
1.44e-05
1.30e-04
% or Fraction
of Total
2.79e-14
8.76e-10
4.01e-12
2.33e-08
7.05e-07
6.84e-12
2.57e-04
1.81e-04
2.29e-05
4.46e-07
2.32e-13
4.73e-06
1.206-11
1.42e-09
4.13e-07
8.52e-08
6.04e-13
1.27e-10
2.55e-06
6.64e-10
1.85e-06
9.93e-08
1.64e-09
3.12e-10
1.73e-08
1.83e-07
2.37e-03
l.Ole-08
7.78e-08
5.73e-08
2.50e-08
2.94e-09
5.14e-09
4.75e-09
3.64e-09
3.68e-07
8.96e-05
2.80e-03
2.99e-05
3.13e-04
2.27e-07
1.13e-04
1.73e-09
2.91e-18
4.71e-19
1.04e-06
2.17e-08
1.95e-07
J-9
-------
APPENDIX J
Table J-4. CRT air pollutant emissions (kg/functional unit)
Material
Phenanthrene
Phenol
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Phosphorus pentoxide
PM
PM-10
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Potassium
Propionaldehyde
Propionic acid
Propylene
Pyrene
Scandium
Selenium
Silicon
Sodium
Strontium
Styrene
Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur oxides
Sulfuric acid
Tars (unspecified)
Tetrachloroethylene
Thallium
Thorium
Tin
Titanium
TOCs, remaining unspeciated
Toluene
Trichloroethylene
Trichlorofluoromethane
Uranium
Vanadium
Vinyl acetate
Vinyl chloride
VOCs, remaining unspeciated
Waste metals, unspecified
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Zinc (elemental)
Zirconium
Total air pollutants
Upstream
0
2.93e-06
1.91e-06
8.18e-10
1.28e-01
0
1.87e-05
4.90e-05
4.61e-13
2.03e-10
3.77e-05
0
2.04e-08
4.69e-07
1.06e-03
2.88e-05
5.83e-06
0
3.37e-01
5.71e-03
8.81e-07
9.87e-13
0
1.39e-08
4.51e-08
2.62e-08
l.OOe-05
0
2.17e-05
0
8.27e-09
4.43e-08
6.77e-05
0
0
1.10e-03
1.456-05
3.65e-05
5.84e-04
2.14e-08
3.00e+01
Mfg
3.22e-08
1. 50e-07
1.26e-05
0
1.31e-01
3.15e-03
5.87e-ll
0
3.55e-06
0
0
5.44e-09
0
1.29e-05
1.72e-05
1.02e-04
0
2.34e-07
1.26e-01
8.20e-01
0
0
4.02e-07
0
0
0
0
2.89e-04
3.84e-03
0
0
0
2.74e-04
7.11e-08
0
0
0
3.84e-04
1.56e-05
0
1.83e+02
Use
2.51e-07
1.43e-06
4.95e-06
0
0
5.78e-02
0
0
3.41e-05
0
0
3.33e-08
0
1.17e-04
0
0
0
2.24e-06
2.49e+00
0
0
0
3.86e-06
0
0
0
0
5.76e-03
2.54e-05
0
0
0
1.76e-05
6.82e-07
0
0
0
3.32e-06
1.52e-05
0
4.49e+02
EOL
-4.11e-09
-2.41e-08
-1.20e-07
0
-1.88e-02
4.78e-06
-1.52e-13
0
-5.73e-07
0
0
-5.09e-10
0
-1.96e-06
-7.51e-08
_4.45e-07
0
-3.77e-08
8.30e-04
-2.97e-02
0
0
-6.20e-08
0
0
0
0
5.76e-07
-3.87e-07
2.84e-09
0
0
-1.39e-06
-1.15e-08
5.67e-09
0
0
-6.94e-09
-2.78e-07
0
2.47e+00
Total
2.79e-07
4.49e-06
1.94e-05
8.18e-10
2.40e-01
6.09e-02
1.87e-05
4.90e-05
3.71e-05
2.03e-10
3.776-05
3.82e-08
2.04e-08
1.28e-04
1.08e-03
1.30e-04
5.83e-06
2.44e-06
2.96e+00
7.96e-01
8.81e-07
9.87e-13
4.20e-06
1.39e-08
4.51e-08
2.62e-08
l.OOe-05
6.05e-03
3.89e-03
2.84e-09
8.27e-09
4.43e-08
3.57e-04
7.41e-07
5.67e-09
1.10e-03
1.456-05
4.24e-04
6.15e-04
2.14e-08
6.64e+02
% or Fraction
of Total
4.20e-10
6.77e-09
2.92e-08
1.23e-12
3.62e-04
9.17e-05
2.82e-08
7.37e-08
5.58e-08
3.06e-13
5.68e-08
5.76e-ll
3.08e-ll
1.93e-07
1.62e-06
1.96e-07
8.78e-09
3.67e-09
4.45e-03
1.20e-03
1.33e-09
1.49e-15
6.32e-09
2.106-11
6.79e-ll
3.946-11
1.51e-08
9.11e-06
5.86e-06
4.27e-12
1.25e-ll
6.676-11
5.38e-07
1.12e-09
8.54e-12
1.65e-06
2.18e-08
6.38e-07
9.26e-07
3.236-11
100.00%
J-10
-------
APPENDIX J
Table J-5. CRT water
Material
WASTEWATER STREAMS
Wastewater stream
Wastewater stream
Total wastewater streams
WATER POLLUTANTS
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Acetic acid
Acids (H+)
Adsorbable organic halides
Alcohols
Aldehydes
Alkane (unspecified)
Alkenes
Aluminum (+3)
Aluminum hydroxide
Ammonia
Ammonia ions
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Arsenic cmpds
Barium cmpds
Barium sulfate
Benzene
BOD
Boric acid
Boron (B III)
Cadmium cmpds
Calcium (+2)
Carbon tetrachloride
Carbonate ion
Cesium (+2)
Chloride ions
Chlorine
Chloroform
Chromium
Chromium (III)
Chromium (VI)
Chromium ore
Chromium ore
Cobalt (Co I, Co II, Co III)
COD
COD
Copper
Copper (+1 & +2)
Copper (+1 & +2)
Cyanide (-1)
Dichloromethane
Dissolved organic matter (chlorinated)
Dissolved organics
Disposition
surface water
treatment
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
treatment
surface water
surface water
treatment
surface water
surface water
treatment
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
Upstream
1.70e+01
0
1.70e+01
1.70e-13
0
1.49e-09
1.52e-04
1.04e-05
1.19e-07
3.10e-09
6.77e-06
5.27e-07
2.74e-03
1.39e-09
1.86e-04
3.54e-06
3.00e-05
5.47e-06
3.53e-04
6.71e-04
7.40e-06
3.93e-04
1.77e-06
1.75e-06
5.59e-07
4.96e-03
0
4.83e-03
1.93e-08
4.29e-01
8.94e-07
1.756-11
8.20e-08
2.73e-05
4.68e-07
0
0
2.45e-06
l.OOe-02
0
0
1.61e-05
0
1.85e-06
5.02e-08
2.27e-06
5.54e-04
outputs (kg/functional unit)
Mfg
1.41e+03
9.48e+01
1.51e+03
0
0
0
1.03e-07
3.76e-10
0
0
0
0
1.43e-04
0
0
2.76e-02
8.81e-08
0
2.82e-07
0
0
1.956-01
0
0
2.94e-10
0
0
0
0
6.48e+00
0
0
0
3.77e-08
3.77e-08
1.02e-05
1.03e-06
0
1.60e+00
8.33e-03
1.80e-06
5.87e-09
9.71e-05
6.06e-07
0
0
2.71e-07
Use
0
0
O.OOe+00
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
EOL
-3.65e+00
0
-3.65e+00
0
8.41e-ll
0
-4.78e-09
-9.75e-13
0
0
0
0
-3.70e-07
0
-4.05e-06
-6.63e-05
-2.28e-10
1.35e-08
4.03e-07
0
8.41e-ll
_4.65e-04
0
0
8.03e-10
0
8.41e-ll
0
0
-2.39e-02
0
8.41e-ll
0
1.32e-08
1.32e-08
0
0
0
-3.94e-03
0
0
-1.52e-ll
0
-1.07e-12
1.35e-10
0
-1.26e-08
Total
1.42e+03
9.48e+01
1.52e+03
1.70e-13
8.416-11
1.49e-09
1.53e-04
1.04e-05
1.19e-07
3.10e-09
6.77e-06
5.27e-07
2.89e-03
1.39e-09
1.81e-04
2.75e-02
3.01e-05
5.48e-06
3.53e-04
6.71e-04
7.40e-06
1.95e-01
1.77e-06
1.75e-06
5.60e-07
4.96e-03
8.41e-ll
4.83e-03
1.93e-08
6.88e+00
8.94e-07
1.02e-10
8.20e-08
2.74e-05
5.19e-07
1.02e-05
1.03e-06
2.45e-06
1.616+00
8.33e-03
1.80e-06
1.61e-05
9.71e-05
2.46e-06
5.03e-08
2.27e-06
5.556-04
% or Fraction
of Total
93.76%
6.24%
100.00%
8.15e-15
4.03e-12
7.16e-ll
7.30e-06
4.97e-07
5.71e-09
1.48e-10
3.24e-07
2.52e-08
1.38e-04
6.65e-ll
8.69e-06
1.32e-03
1.44e-06
2.63e-07
1.69e-05
3.21e-05
3.54e-07
9.34e-03
8.49e-08
8.39e-08
2.68e-08
2.38e-04
4.03e-12
2.31e-04
9.24e-10
32.95%
4.28e-08
4.87e-12
3.93e-09
1.31e-06
2.49e-08
4.90e-07
4.95e-08
1.17e-07
7.71%
3.99e-04
8.63e-08
7.70e-07
4.65e-06
1.18e-07
2.41e-09
1.08e-07
2.66e-05
J-ll
-------
APPENDIX J
Table J-5. CRT water
Material
Dissolved solids
Dissolved solids
Edetic acid (EDTA)
Ethylbenzene
Fluoride
Fluoride
Fluorides (F-)
Formaldehyde
Halogenated matter (organic)
Hexachloroethane
Hydrazine
Hydrocarbons, remaining unspeciated
Hypochlorite
Hypochlorous acid
Iodide (-1)
Iron
Iron (+2 & +3)
Lead
Lead
Lead cmpds
Lead cmpds
Lithium salts
Magnesium (+2)
Manganese
Manganese cmpds
Mercury compounds
Metals, remaining unspeciated
Molybdenum
Molybdenum (Mo II, Mo III, Mo IV,
Mo V, Mo VI)
Morpholine
Nickel
Nickel (+2)
Nickel cmpds
Nitrate
Nitrates/nitrites
Nitrites
Nitrogen
Nitrogen dioxide
Oil & grease
Other nitrogen
Other organics
Oxalic acid
o-xylene
Phenol
Phosphate (PO43-)
Phosphate as P2O5
Phosphates
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Disposition
surface water
treatment
surface water
surface water
surface water
treatment
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
treatment
surface water
treatment
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
Upstream
5.30e-03
0
3.01e-09
6.70e-07
1.89e-05
0
9.63e-05
2.20e-13
2.71e-10
3.09e-17
1.38e-09
1.58e-04
5.26e-09
5.26e-09
3.23e-06
0
1.76e-03
0
0
1.59e-05
0
1.55e-10
2.68e-03
0
1.02e-04
9.68e-07
6.74e-04
0
8.27e-06
1.46e-08
0
6.69e-07
1.75e-05
9.24e-05
2.29e-05
1.91e-06
4.46e-05
6.20e-04
0
5.28e-04
3.98e-05
6.02e-09
0
6.25e-05
1.75e-04
0
3.36e-05
3.94e-06
outputs (kg/functional unit)
Mfg
3.62e+00
8.01e-02
0
0
3.45e-03
3.51e-04
2.97e-03
0
1.17e-10
0
0
3.52e-04
0
0
0
2.93e-03
3.55e-07
4.64e-05
1.03e-06
1.17e-09
1.62e-05
0
0
3.60e-06
0
1.35e-12
9.75e-03
1.20e-07
<)
0
7.94e-05
0
5.87e-10
6.10e-05
3.95e-06
0
7.18e-03
0
7.46e-03
1.59e-08
0
0
0
3.63e-03
0
1.21e-06
5.85e-07
5.05e-05
Use
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
EOL
-8.77e-05
0
0
3.04e-10
0
0
-7.72e-06
0
-3.05e-13
0
0
-4.25e-07
0
0
0
0
-1.57e-08
0
0
1.60e-09
0
0
0
0
0
4.336-11
-3.42e-05
0
<)
0
0
0
-1.52e-12
-1.96e-06
0
0
0
0
0
-4.116-11
0
0
7.84e-10
-9.41e-06
0
0
6.93e-09
0
Total
3.62e+00
8.01e-02
3.01e-09
6.71e-07
3.47e-03
3.51e-04
3.06e-03
2.20e-13
3.88e-10
3.09e-17
1.38e-09
5.09e-04
5.26e-09
5.26e-09
3.23e-06
2.93e-03
1.76e-03
4.64e-05
1.03e-06
1.59e-05
1.62e-05
1.55e-10
2.68e-03
3.60e-06
1.02e-04
9.68e-07
1.04e-02
1.20e-07
8.27e-06
1.46e-08
7.94e-05
6.69e-07
1.75e-05
1.51e-04
2.69e-05
1.91e-06
7.23e-03
6.20e-04
7.46e-03
5.28e-04
3.98e-05
6.02e-09
7.84e-10
3.68e-03
1.756-04
1.21e-06
3.42e-05
5.44e-05
% or Fraction
of Total
17.36%
3.84e-03
1.44e-10
3.21e-08
1.66e-04
1.68e-05
1.46e-04
1.05e-14
1.86e-ll
1.48e-18
6.62e-ll
2.44e-05
2.52e-10
2.52e-10
1.54e-07
1.40e-04
8.42e-05
2.22e-06
4.95e-08
7.59e-07
7.75e-07
7.40e-12
1.28e-04
1.73e-07
4.88e-06
4.63e-08
4.98e-04
5.77e-09
3.96e-07
7.01e-10
3.80e-06
3.20e-08
8.38e-07
7.25e-06
1.29e-06
9.15e-08
3.46e-04
2.97e-05
3.57e-04
2.53e-05
1.90e-06
2.88e-10
3.76e-ll
1.76e-04
8.39e-06
5.80e-08
1.64e-06
2.61e-06
J-12
-------
APPENDIX J
Table J-5. CRT water
Material
Phosphorus pentoxide
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Potassium (+1)
Rubidium ion (Rb+)
Salts (unspecified)
Sand
Saponifiable oils and fats
Selenium
Silver compounds
Sodium
Sodium (+1)
Strontium (Sr II)
Sulfate ion (-4)
Sulfate ion (-4)
Sulfide
Sulfites
Sulfur
Suspended solids
Suspended solids
Tars (unspecified)
Tetrachloroethylene
Tin (Sn++, Sn4+)
Titanium tetrachloride
TOCs
Toluene
Trichloroethylene
Triethylene glycol
Vanadium (V3+, V5+)
Vinyl chloride
VOCs, remaining unspeciated
Waste metals, unspecified
Waste oil
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Zinc (+2)
Zinc (elemental)
Zinc (elemental)
Total water pollutants
Disposition
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
treatment
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
treatment
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
treatment
Upstream
2.45e-08
7.88e-06
1.12e-03
1.93e-07
1.71e-03
1.80e-08
2.38e-04
1.34e-05
1.16e-08
9.07e-05
2.90e-01
3.73e-04
3.75e-02
0
3.99e-06
1.73e-06
3.326-11
7.72e-03
0
1.53e-14
7.61e-14
1.35e-04
1.59e-04
2.85e-03
8.52e-06
4.68e-12
l.OOe-05
1.42e-05
0
6.75e-06
2.14e-04
3.65e-03
2.17e-05
6.66e-05
0
0
8.12e-01
outputs (kg/functional unit)
Mfg
0
1.41e-09
0
0
1.62e-03
0
0
0
0
0
7.04e+00
0
9.61e-04
1.09e-03
5.97e-08
0
0
8.69e-01
1.29e-03
0
0
0
0
8.81e-07
1.29e-08
0
0
0
0
0
0
l.Ole-01
0
1.23e-08
1.39e-05
1.03e-06
2.01e+01
Use
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.84e-02
0
0
0
0
1.78e-03
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
7.02e-02
EOL
0
-3.66e-12
0
0
-4.21e-06
0
0
8.15e-ll
2.55e-09
0
-3.08e-02
0
-1.85e-06
6.84e-06
-2.64e-09
0
0
-2.11e-03
1.78e-07
0
8.41e-ll
0
0
-2.28e-09
2.90e-09
8.41e-ll
0
0
1.69e-10
0
0
-3.13e-04
7.31e-10
-3.17e-10
0
0
-6.18e-02
Total
2.45e-08
7.88e-06
1.12e-03
1.93e-07
3.33e-03
1.80e-08
2.38e-04
1.34e-05
1.41e-08
9.07e-05
7.30e+00
3.73e-04
3.84e-02
6.95e-02
4.05e-06
1.73e-06
3.326-11
8.74e-01
3.07e-03
1.53e-14
8.42e-ll
1.35e-04
1.59e-04
2.86e-03
8.54e-06
8.88e-ll
l.OOe-05
1.42e-05
1.69e-10
6.75e-06
2.14e-04
1.04e-01
2.17e-05
6.66e-05
1.39e-05
1.03e-06
2.09e+01
% or Fraction
of Total
1.18e-09
3.776-07
5.38e-05
9.26e-09
1.59e-04
8.62e-10
1.14e-05
6.44e-07
6.78e-10
4.34e-06
34.94%
1.79e-05
1.84e-03
3.33e-03
1.94e-07
8.27e-08
1.59e-12
4.19%
1.47e-04
7.34e-16
4.03e-12
6.45e-06
7.60e-06
1.37e-04
4.09e-07
4.25e-12
4.81e-07
6.78e-07
8.07e-12
3.23e-07
1.03e-05
4.98e-03
1.04e-06
3.19e-06
6.64e-07
4.95e-08
100.00%
J-13
-------
APPENDIX J
Table J-6. CRT hazardous waste out nuts (kp/functional unifl
Material
Barium debris (D008 waste)
Broken CRT glass
Carbon and filmer waste
Chrome debris (D007 waste)
Chrome liquid waste (D007 waste)
cinders from CRT glass mfg (70% PbO)
CRT glass faceplate EP dust (Pb) (D008 waste)
CRT glass funnel EP dust (Pb) (D008 waste)
CRT glass, cullet
CRT glass, funnel
EOL CRT Monitor, landfilled
Frit
General Hazardous Waste
General Hazardous Waste
Hazardous sludge (Pb) (D008)
Hazardous waste
Hydrofluoric acid
Lead contaminated grit (D008 waste)
Lead debris (D008 waste)
Lead sulfate cake
Printed wiring board (PWB)
PWB-Decontaminating debris
PWB-Lead contaminated waste oil
PWB-Route dust
PWB-Solder dross
PWB-Waste cupric etchant
Silica coat waste
Slag and ash
sludge from CRT glass mfg (1% PbO)
Slurry scrap (chromium-based)
Spent solvent, unspecified
Transformer
Unspecified sludge
Unspecified sludge
Waste acid (mostly 3% HC1 solution)
Waste Batch (Ba, Pb) (D008 waste)
Waste finishing sludge (Pb) (D008 waste)
Waste oxygenated solvents
Waste water treatment (WWT) filters
Total hazardous waste
Disposition
landfill
landfill
landfill
treatment
recycling/reuse
landfill
landfill
recycling/reuse
recycling/reuse
recycling/reuse
landfill
landfill
landfill
treatment
landfill
landfill
landfill
landfill
landfill
landfill
recycling/reuse
treatment
treatment
recycling/reuse
recycling/reuse
recycling/reuse
treatment
landfill
landfill
landfill
treatment
recycling/reuse
landfill
recycling/reuse
recycling/reuse
landfill
landfill
treatment
landfill
Upstream
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4.85E-02
0
0
3.85E-04
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4.89E-02
"Mfg
2.14E-04
1.88E-03
1.03E-03
1.47E-04
9.80E-03
8.26E-03
1.03E-03
5.01E-03
0
0
0
2.99E-03
0
1.24E-01
1.52E-03
6.15E-01
1.78E-03
3.46E-05
2.14E-04
2.67E-05
0
1.55E-02
1.16E-02
1.20E-02
6.70E-02
2.25E-01
2.86E-04
2.47E-03
8.77E-04
8.62E-04
2.75E-04
0
5.22E-03
5.56E-03
3.93E-03
1.41E-03
2.56E-04
9.48E-05
3.40E-04
1.13E+00
Use
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
O.OOE+00
EOL
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4.84E-01
2.29E-01
7.20E+00
0
-9.61E-05
0
0
-1.50E-03
0
0
0
0
1.46E-01
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.28E-01
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
8.28E+00
Total
2.14E-04
1.88E-03
1.03E-03
1.47E-04
9.80E-03
8.26E-03
1.03E-03
5.01E-03
4.84E-01
2.29E-01
7.20E+00
2.99E-03
4.84E-02
1.24E-01
1.52E-03
6.14E-01
1.78E-03
3.46E-05
2.14E-04
2.67E-05
1.46E-01
1.55E-02
1.16E-02
1.20E-02
6.70E-02
2.25E-01
2.86E-04
2.47E-03
8.77E-04
8.62E-04
2.75E-04
2.28E-01
5.22E-03
5.56E-03
3.93E-03
1.41E-03
2.56E-04
9.48E-05
3.40E-04
9.46E+00
% or Fraction
of Total
2.26E-05
1.99E-04
1.09E-04
1.56E-05
1.04E-03
8.73E-04
1.09E-04
5.30E-04
5.12%
2.42%
76.11%
3.16E-04
5.12E-03
1.31E-02
1.60E-04
6.49%
1.88E-04
3.65E-06
2.26E-05
2.82E-06
1.54E-02
1.64E-03
1.23E-03
1.27E-03
7.09E-03
2.38%
3.02E-05
2.61E-04
9.28E-05
9.12E-05
2.90E-05
2.41%
5.52E-04
5.88E-04
4.16E-04
1.50E-04
2.70E-05
l.OOE-05
3.60E-05
100.00%
J-14
-------
APPENDIX J
Table J-7. CRT solid
Material
abrasive sludge
acid absorbent
Aluminum (elemental)
Aluminum scrap
Aluminum scrap, Wabash 319
Arsenic
Bauxite residues
blasting media
Broken CRT glass
Cables/wires
Cadmium
Calcium
Carbon
Carbon Steel Scrap
Cardboard
Chromium (III)
Chromium (VI)
Coal waste
Cobalt
Cobalt nitrate
Copper
Copper scrap
CRT glass, faceplate
CRT glass, faceplate
Diesel fuel
Dust
Dust/sludge
EOL CRT Monitor, incinerated
EOL CRT Monitor, landfilled
EOL CRT Monitor, recycled
EOL CRT Monitor, remanufactured
Ferric chloride
FGD sludge
flame retardant high-impact polystyrene (HIPS)
Fly/bottom ash
Iron
Iron scrap
Lead
Manganese
Mercury
Mineral waste
Mining waste
Mixed industrial (waste)
Nickel
Nickel nitrate
Nitrogen
Non mineral waste (inert)
Non toxic chemical waste (unspecified)
Disposition
recycling/reuse
landfill
landfill
recycling/reuse
recycling/reuse
landfill
landfill
landfill
recycling/reuse
recycling/reuse
landfill
landfill
landfill
recycling/reuse
recycling/reuse
landfill
landfill
landfill
landfill
treatment
landfill
recycling/reuse
landfill
recycling/reuse
treatment
treatment
landfill
treatment
landfill
recycling/reuse
recycling/reuse
recycling/reuse
landfill
recycling/reuse
landfill
landfill
recycling/reuse
landfill
landfill
landfill
landfill
landfill
landfill
landfill
treatment
landfill
landfill
landfill
waste out nuts (ke/functional unit)
Upstream
0
0
5.68E-05
0
0
2.27E-08
0
0
0
0
1.65E-09
2.27E-04
1.75E-04
0
9.81E-05
1.42E-07
1.42E-07
0
l.OOE-09
0
5.01E-09
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.14E-04
3.43E-01
2.29E-08
2.27E-06
1.42E-10
4.42E-01
4.48E-01
4.87E-02
7.50E-09
0
4.23E-08
2.95E-05
4.07E-03
Mfg
4.21E-02
8.13E-05
0
1.82E-04
5.08E-07
0
1.21E-02
3.66E-04
1.08E+00
8.86E-03
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.46E+00
0
6.10E-05
0
0
2.43E-02
0
4.07E-05
3.43E-03
5.64E-01
0
0
0
0
3.69E-01
2.14E-01
0
3.65E-01
0
0
0
0
0
2.61E-03
0
l.OOE+00
0
6.10E-05
0
0
6.11E-04
Use
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5.09E+01
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.97E+01
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.27E+01
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
EOL
0
0
0
1.10E-01
0
0
-2.96E-05
0
0
0
0
0
0
4.10E-01
0
0
0
5.09E-03
0
0
0
6.67E-02
0
3.54E-01
0
0
1.97E-03
3.31E+00
3.91E+00
2.42E+00
6.60E-01
0
-9.24E-04
4.03E-01
1.27E-03
0
2.50E+00
0
0
0
-6.76E-06
-1.90E-06
-5.12E-04
0
0
0
0
-1.58E-06
Total
4.21E-02
8.13E-05
5.68E-05
1.10E-01
5.08E-07
2.27E-08
1.21E-02
3.66E-04
1.08E+00
8.86E-03
1.65E-09
2.27E-04
1.75E-04
4.10E-01
9.81E-05
1.42E-07
1.42E-07
5.23E+01
l.OOE-09
6.10E-05
5.01E-09
6.67E-02
2.43E-02
3.54E-01
4.07E-05
3.43E-03
2.02E+01
3.31E+00
3.91E+00
2.42E+00
6.60E-01
3.69E-01
2.14E-01
4.03E-01
1.31E+01
1.14E-04
2.85E+00
2.29E-08
2.27E-06
1.42E-10
4.44E-01
4.48E-01
1.05E+00
7.50E-09
6.10E-05
4.23E-08
2.95E-05
4.68E-03
% or Fraction
of Total
2.44E-04
4.72E-07
3.29E-07
6.37E-04
2.95E-09
1.32E-10
7.03E-05
2.12E-06
0.62%
5.14E-05
9.59E-12
1.32E-06
1.01E-06
0.24%
5.69E-07
8.23E-10
8.23E-10
30.37%
5.81E-12
3.54E-07
2.91E-11
3.87E-04
1.41E-04
0.21%
2.36E-07
1.99E-05
11.75%
1.92%
2.27%
1.40%
0.38%
0.21%
0.12%
0.23%
7.59%
6.59E-07
1.65%
1.33E-10
1.32E-08
8.21E-13
0.26%
0.26%
0.61%
4.35E-11
3.54E-07
2.45E-10
1.71E-07
2.71E-05
J-15
-------
APPENDIX J
Table J-7. CRT solid
Material
Oily rags & filter media
Oily rags & filter media
parts cleaner solvent
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Plating process sludge
PM
Potassium Carbonate
Printed wiring board (PWB)
PWB-Drill dust
Sewage sludge (unspecified)
Slag and ash
Slag and ash
Sludge (aquadag)
sludge (calcium fluoride, CaF2)
Sludge (phosphor)
Sodium Carbonate
Spent solvents (toluene,xylene, dimethyl
formamide,isopropyl alcohol)
Stannous sludge
Steel scrap (tinplated)
Sulfur
Unspecified sludge
Unspecified sludge
Unspecified solid waste
Unspecified solid waste
Unspecified solid waste
Unspecified solid waste (incinerated)
Unspecified waste
Unspecified waste
Waste alkali (cleaning caustic and alkali soda
effluent)
Waste alkali, unspecified
Waste metals, unspecified
Waste oil
Waste oil
Waste oil
Waste Plastic (packing material)
Waste Plastic (styrene foam)
Waste plastics from CRT monitor
Waste refractory
Waste water treatment (WWT) sludge
Waste water treatment (WWT) sludge
Wastepaper
Wood, average
Zinc (elemental)
Total solid waste
Disposition
landfill
recycling/reuse
recycling/reuse
landfill
landfill
landfill
landfill
recycling/reuse
landfill
landfill
landfill
recycling/reuse
landfill
recycling/reuse
landfill
landfill
recycling/reuse
recycling/reuse
recycling/reuse
landfill
landfill
recycling/reuse
landfill
recycling/reuse
treatment
treatment
landfill
recycling/reuse
recycling/reuse
treatment
recycling/reuse
landfill
recycling/reuse
treatment
treatment
recycling/reuse
recycling/reuse
landfill
landfill
recycling/reuse
recycling/reuse
landfill
landfill
waste out nuts (ke/functional unit)
Upstream
0
0
0
2.90E-06
0
0
0
0
0
6.64E-05
9.65E-02
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.64E-04
1.58E-01
2.55E-05
0
0
4.94E+00
3.07E+00
0
4.24E-03
0
0
0
0
0
8.15E-05
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
9.01E-07
9.55E+00
Mfg
3.25E-04
4.07E-05
8.13E-05
0
3.28E-04
5.33E-04
3.30E-03
3.70E-02
1.49E-02
0
6.66E+01
6.85E-01
2.22E-03
1.75E-02
4.31E-03
3.29E-03
4.17E-02
0
0
0
7.69E-03
1.26E-01
0
4.33E-01
3.66E+00
1.33E-02
3.38E+00
0
2.12E-02
4.21E-05
8.79E-02
0
1.43E-03
9.09E-03
3.01E-02
3.77E-03
8.09E-02
2.44E-03
3.43E-01
3.72E-01
8.34E-03
4.94E-03
0
8.12E+01
Use
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
8.33E+01
EOL
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1.49E+01
-3.01E-03
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-7.86E-01
0
0
-5.82E-05
-1.49E-02
-8.90E-02
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1.66E+00
Total
3.25E-04
4.07E-05
8.13E-05
2.90E-06
3.28E-04
5.33E-04
3.30E-03
3.70E-02
1.49E-02
6.64E-05
5.18E+01
6.82E-01
2.22E-03
1.75E-02
4.31E-03
3.29E-03
4.17E-02
6.64E-04
1.58E-01
2.55E-05
7.69E-03
1.26E-01
4.15E+00
3.50E+00
3.66E+00
1.75E-02
3.36E+00
-8.90E-02
2.12E-02
4.21E-05
8.79E-02
8.15E-05
1.43E-03
9.09E-03
3.01E-02
3.77E-03
8.09E-02
2.44E-03
3.43E-01
3.72E-01
8.34E-03
4.94E-03
9.01E-07
1.72E+02
% or Fraction
of Total
1.89E-06
2.36E-07
4.72E-07
1.68E-08
1.90E-06
3.09E-06
1.91E-05
2.15E-04
8.67E-05
3.85E-07
30.06%
0.40%
1.29E-05
1.02E-04
2.50E-05
1.91E-05
2.42E-04
3.85E-06
9.15E-04
1.48E-07
4.46E-05
7.29E-04
2.41%
2.03%
2.12%
1.01E-04
1.95%
-5.17E-04
1.23E-04
2.44E-07
5.10E-04
4.73E-07
8.29E-06
5.28E-05
1.75E-04
2.19E-05
4.70E-04
1.42E-05
0.20%
0.22%
4.84E-05
2.87E-05
5.23E-09
100.00%
J-16
-------
APPENDIX J
Table J-8. CRT radioactive waste outputs (kg/functional unit)
Material
Highly radioactive waste (Class C)
Low-level radioactive waste
Radioactive waste (unspecified)
Uranium, depleted
Total radioactive waste
Disposition
landfill
landfill
landfill
landfill
Upstream
8.65e-06
4.11e-04
1.88e-05
0
4.39e-04
Mfg
0
1.38e-04
0
4.15e-05
1.80e-04
Use
0
1.76e-03
0
5.27e-04
2.28e-03
EOL
0
1.76e-07
0
5.27e-08
2.29e-07
Total
8.65e-06
2.31e-03
1.88e-05
5.69e-04
2.90e-03
% or Fraction
of Total
2.98e-03
79.47%
6.46e-03
19.59%
100.00%
J-17
-------
APPENDIX J
Table J-9. CRT radioactivity outputs (Bq/functional
Material
Americium-241 (isotope)
Americium-243 (isotope)
Antimony- 124 (isotope)
Antimony- 124 (isotope)
Antimony-125 (isotope)
Argon-41 (isotope)
Barium- 140 (isotope)
Bromine-89 (isotope)
Bromine-90 (isotope)
Carbon- 14 (isotope)
Cesium- 134 (isotope)
Cesium- 134 (isotope)
Cesium- 134 (isotope)
Cesium-135 (isotope)
Cesium- 136 (isotope)
Cesium- 137 (isotope)
Cesium- 137 (isotope)
Cesium- 137 (isotope)
Cesium- 137 (isotope)
Chromium- 51 (isotope)
Chromium- 51 (isotope)
Cobalt-57 (isotope)
Cobalt-57 (isotope)
Cobalt-58 (isotope)
Cobalt-58 (isotope)
Cobalt-58 (isotope)
Cobalt-60 (isotope)
Cobalt-60 (isotope)
Cobalt-80 (isotope)
Curium-244 (isotope)
Curium-245 (isotope)
Iodine- 129 (isotope)
Iodine-131 (isotope)
Iodine- 131 (isotope)
Iodine-131 (isotope)
Iodine-132 (isotope)
Iodine-132 (isotope)
Iodine-133 (isotope)
Iodine-133 (isotope)
Iodine-134 (isotope)
Iodine- 135 (isotope)
Iodine- 135 (isotope)
Iron-55 (isotope)
Iron-59 (isotope)
Krypton-85 (isotope)
Krypton-85M (isotope)
Krypton-85M (isotope)
Disposition
landfill
landfill
surface water
treatment
treatment
air
treatment
air
air
air
air
surface water
treatment
landfill
treatment
air
landfill
surface water
treatment
air
treatment
air
treatment
air
surface water
treatment
air
surface water
treatment
landfill
landfill
landfill
air
surface water
treatment
air
treatment
air
treatment
air
air
treatment
treatment
treatment
air
air
treatment
Upstream
3.00e+02
6.53e+00
6.75e-02
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.97e+01
1.14e-03
5.94e-02
0
1.46e+05
0
1.14e-03
4.09e-01
8.71e-02
0
0
0
0
0
1.14e-03
1.95e-01
0
1.14e-03
1.22e-01
0
6.08e+02
6.78e-02
9.58e-03
6.67e-03
7.40e-03
0
0
0
1.30e-02
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.73e+02
0
0
Mfg
0
0
0
6.21e-01
2.47e+00
1.26e+03
4.60e-02
1.45e-04
5.91e-05
0
3.99e-03
0
1.66e+00
0
1.44e-02
3.01e-02
0
0
2.49e+00
7.89e-02
2.99e+00
2.12e-04
7.25e-02
5.49e+01
0
2.95e+01
2.04e-02
0
7.74e+00
0
0
0
9.51e-02
0
1.38e+00
1.93e-02
5.22e-01
8.82e+01
5.91e-01
l.OOe-01
5.03e-03
4.24e-01
7.05e+00
3.62e-01
2.08e+03
l.Ole+02
1.86e+00
Use
0
0
0
7.89e+00
3.14e+01
1. 60e+04
5.85e-01
1.85e-03
7.51e-04
0
5.07e-02
0
2.116+01
0
9.03e-01
3.83e-01
0
0
3.17e+01
l.OOe+00
3.80e+01
2.69e-03
9.20e-01
3.44e+03
0
3.74e+02
2.59e-01
0
9.83e+01
0
0
0
1.21e+00
0
1.75e+01
2.45e-01
6.64e+00
1.12e+03
7.51e+00
1.27e+00
6.39e-02
5.39e+00
8.95e+01
4.60e+00
2.65e+04
1.28e+03
2.37e+01
EOL
0
0
0
7.89e-04
3.14e-03
1. 60e+00
5.85e-05
1.85e-07
7.52e-08
0
5.07e-06
0
2.11e-03
0
9.04e-05
3.83e-05
0
0
3.17e-03
l.OOe-04
3.80e-03
2.69e-07
9.21e-05
3.44e-01
0
3.75e-02
2.59e-05
0
9.83e-03
0
0
0
1.21e-04
0
1.75e-03
2.46e-05
6.64e-04
1.12e-01
7.52e-04
1.27e-04
6.39e-06
5.39e-04
8.96e-03
4.60e-04
2.65e+00
1.28e-01
2.37e-03
unit)
Total
3.00e+02
6.53e+00
6.75e-02
8.51e+00
3.39e+01
1.72e+04
6.31e-01
1.99e-03
8.10e-04
2.97e+01
5.58e-02
5.94e-02
2.28e+01
1.46e+05
9.18e-01
4.14e-01
4.09e-01
8.71e-02
3.42e+01
1.08e+00
4.10e+01
2.90e-03
9.93e-01
3.49e+03
1.95e-01
4.04e+02
2.80e-01
1.22e-01
1.06e+02
6.08e+02
6.78e-02
9.58e-03
1.31e+00
7.40e-03
1.89e+01
2.65e-01
7.16e+00
1.21e+03
8.10e+00
1.37e+00
6.89e-02
5.82e+00
9.66e+01
4.96e+00
2.87e+04
1.38e+03
2.55e+01
% or Fraction
of Total
3.34e-06
7.26e-08
7.52e-10
9.47e-08
3.77e-07
1.92e-04
7.02e-09
2.22e-ll
9.02e-12
3.31e-07
6.22e-10
6.61e-10
2.53e-07
1.63e-03
1.02e-08
4.61e-09
4.55e-09
9.69e-10
3.80e-07
1.20e-08
4.56e-07
3.23e-ll
l.lle-08
3.89e-05
2.17e-09
4.50e-06
3.12e-09
1.36e-09
1.18e-06
6.77e-06
7.55e-10
1.07e-10
1.46e-08
8.24e-ll
2.10e-07
2.95e-09
7.97e-08
1.35e-05
9.02e-08
1.53e-08
7.67e-10
6.47e-08
1.07e-06
5.52e-08
3.20e-04
1.54e-05
2.84e-07
J-18
-------
APPENDIX J
Table J-9. CRT radioactivity outputs (Bq/functional
Material
Krypton-87 (isotope)
Krypton-88 (isotope)
Lanthanum- 140 (isotope)
Lead-210 (isotope)
Manganese-54 (isotope)
Manganese-54 (isotope)
Manganese-54 (isotope)
Molybdenum-99 (isotope)
Neptunium-237 (isotope)
Niobium-95 (isotope)
Niobium-95 (isotope)
Palladium- 107 (isotope)
Plutonium-239 (isotope)
Plutonium-240 (isotope)
Plutonium-24 1 (isotope)
Plutonium-242 (isotope)
Polonium-2 1 0 (isotope)
Potassium-40 (isotope)
Protactinium-234 (isotope)
Protactinium-234 (isotope)
Radioactive aerosols and halogenes
(unspecified)
radioactive gas (unspecified)
Radioactive substance (unspecified)
Radioactive substance (unspecified)
Radium-222 (isotope)
Radium-224 (isotope)
Radium-226 (isotope)
Radium-226 (isotope)
Radium-226 (isotope)
Radium-228 (isotope)
Radium-228 (isotope)
Radon-220 (isotope)
Radon-222 (isotope)
Rubidium-88 (isotope)
Ruthenium- 103 (isotope)
Samarium-151 (isotope)
Selenium-79 (isotope)
Silver- 1 10M (isotope)
Silver- 1 10M (isotope)
Silver- 110M (isotope)
Sodium-24 (isotope)
Strontium-89 (isotope)
Strontium-90 (isotope)
Strontium-90 (isotope)
Strontium-95 (isotope)
Sulfur- 136 (isotope)
Disposition
air
air
treatment
air
air
surface water
treatment
treatment
landfill
air
treatment
landfill
landfill
landfill
landfill
landfill
air
air
air
surface water
air
air
air
surface water
air
surface water
air
landfill
surface water
air
surface water
air
air
air
treatment
landfill
landfill
air
surface water
treatment
treatment
treatment
landfill
treatment
treatment
treatment
Upstream
0
0
0
1.02e+00
0
9.76e-03
0
0
9.39e+01
0
0
3.30e-02
1.14e+05
1.62e+05
3.74e+07
6.10e+02
1.76e+00
2.73e-01
1.61e-02
2.98e-01
8.95e-02
2.86e+03
8.69e+02
1.61e+01
1.04e+01
9.67e-01
1.37e+00
6.35e+02
5.73e+02
1.35e-01
1.93e+00
3.17e+00
1.37e+05
0
0
1.35e+02
l.OSe-Ol
0
2.93e-01
0
0
0
2.18e+04
0
0
0
Mfg
3.76e+01
1.76e+02
4.93e-02
0
1.12e-03
0
1.97e+00
3.72e+06
0
4.45e-05
5.08e-01
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
<)
0
9.19e+02
8.52e+00
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4.13e-01
6.21e-02
0
0
1.33e-06
0
7.25e-01
1.10e-01
1.19e-01
0
2.80e-02
3.09e-01
6.65e-02
Use
4.78e+02
2.24e+03
6.26e-01
0
1.42e-02
0
2.50e+01
4.73e+07
0
5.65e-04
6.45e+00
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
<)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5.25e+00
7.89e-01
0
0
1.68e-05
0
9.20e+00
1.40e+00
1.52e+00
0
3.56e-01
3.93e+00
8.45e-01
EOL
4.78e-02
2.24e-01
6.26e-05
0
1.42e-06
0
2.51e-03
4.73e+03
0
5.65e-08
6.45e-04
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
<)
0
-2.38e+00
-2.21e-02
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5.25e-04
7.89e-05
0
0
1.68e-09
0
9.21e-04
1.40e-04
1.52e-04
0
3.56e-05
3.93e-04
8.46e-05
unit)
Total
5.15e+02
2.42e+03
6.75e-01
1.02e+00
1.53e-02
9.76e-03
2.70e+01
5.10e+07
9.39e+01
6.09e-04
6.96e+00
3.30e-02
1.14e+05
1.62e+05
3.74e+07
6.10e+02
1.76e+00
2.73e-01
1.61e-02
2.98e-01
8.95e-02
2.86e+03
1.79e+03
2.46e+01
1.04e+01
9.67e-01
1.37e+00
6.35e+02
5.73e+02
1.35e-01
1.93e+00
3.17e+00
1.37e+05
5.66e+00
8.51e-01
1.35e+02
1.05e-01
1.82e-05
2.93e-01
9.93e+00
1.51e+00
1.63e+00
2.18e+04
3.84e-01
4.23e+00
9.12e-01
% or Fraction
of Total
5.74e-06
2.69e-05
7.52e-09
1.14e-08
1.71e-10
1.09e-10
3.01e-07
56.75%
1.05e-06
6.78e-12
7.74e-08
3.67e-10
1.26e-03
1.80e-03
41.67%
6.79e-06
1.96e-08
3.04e-09
1.79e-10
3.32e-09
9.96e-10
3.18e-05
1.99e-05
2.73e-07
1.16e-07
1.08e-08
1.53e-08
7.07e-06
6.38e-06
1. 50e-09
2.15e-08
3.53e-08
1.52e-03
6.30e-08
9.47e-09
1.50e-06
1.17e-09
2.02e-13
3.26e-09
l.lle-07
1.68e-08
1.82e-08
2.43e-04
4.28e-09
4.71e-08
l.Ole-08
J-19
-------
APPENDIX J
Table J-9. CRT radioactivity outputs (Bq/functional
Material
Technetium-99M (isotope)
Technetium-99M (isotope)
Technetium-99M (isotope)
Thorium-228 (isotope)
Thorium-228 (isotope)
Thorium-230 (isotope)
Thorium-230 (isotope)
Thorium-230 (isotope)
Thorium-232 (isotope)
Thorium-234 (isotope)
Thorium-234 (isotope)
Tin-113 (isotope)
Tin- 126 (isotope)
Tritium-3 (isotope)
Tritium-3 (isotope)
Tritium-3 (isotope)
Uranium-234 (isotope)
Uranium-234 (isotope)
Uranium-234 (isotope)
Uranium-235 (isotope)
Uranium-235 (isotope)
Uranium-235 (isotope)
Uranium-238 (isotope)
Uranium-238 (isotope)
Uranium-238 (isotope)
Xenon- 1 3 1 M (isotope)
Xenon- 1 3 1 M (isotope)
Xenon-133 (isotope)
Xenon-133 (isotope)
Xenon-133M (isotope)
Xenon-133M (isotope)
Xenon- 135 (isotope)
Xenon- 135 (isotope)
Xenon-135M (isotope)
Xenon-138 (isotope)
Zinc-85 (isotope)
Zirconium-93 (isotope)
Zirconium-95 (isotope)
Total radioactivity outputs
Disposition
air
landfill
treatment
air
surface water
air
landfill
surface water
air
air
surface water
treatment
landfill
air
surface water
treatment
air
landfill
surface water
air
landfill
surface water
air
landfill
surface water
air
treatment
air
treatment
air
treatment
air
treatment
air
air
treatment
landfill
air
Upstream
0
4.46e+00
0
1.14e-01
3.87e+00
2.33e-01
6.35e+02
2.79e+01
7.28e-02
1.61 e-02
2.98e-01
0
1.84e-01
3.47e+02
3.56e+03
0
4.07e-01
4.82e+02
9.84e+00
3.04e-03
8.69e+00
4.27e-01
6.69e-01
1.35e+02
9.23e+00
0
0
2.43e+03
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5.87e-01
0
3.80e+07
Mfg
5.96e-06
0
4.33e-02
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.85e-02
0
2.95e+03
0
2.20e+04
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.70e+02
2.27e+01
6.28e+03
3.48e+03
1.99e+04
2.85e+01
9.27e+02
2.60e+01
1.77e+01
5.87e+01
3.33e-02
0
1. 15e-04
3.78e+06
Use
7.57e-05
0
5.50e-01
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
8.70e-01
0
3.74e+04
0
2.80e+05
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.16e+03
2.88e+02
3.12e+05
4.43e+04
2.07e+04
3.62e+02
1.18e+04
3.30e+02
2.25e+02
7.45e+02
4.23e-01
0
1.46e-03
4.80e+07
EOL
7.58e-09
0
5.50e-05
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
8.71e-05
0
3.75e+00
0
2.80e+01
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.16e-01
2.88e-02
3.12e+01
4.43e+00
2.07e+00
3.63e-02
1.18e+00
3.30e-02
2.25e-02
7.45e-02
4.23e-05
0
1.46e-07
4.80e+03
unit)
Total
8.17e-05
4.46e+00
5.93e-01
1.14e-01
3.87e+00
2.33e-01
6.35e+02
2.79e+01
7.28e-02
1.61 e-02
2.98e-01
9.39e-01
1.84e-01
4.07e+04
3.56e+03
3.02e+05
4.07e-01
4.82e+02
9.84e+00
3.04e-03
8.69e+00
4.27e-01
6.69e-01
1.35e+02
9.23e+00
2.33e+03
3.11e+02
3.21e+05
4.78e+04
4.06e+04
3.91e+02
1.27e+04
3.56e+02
2.42e+02
8.04e+02
4.56e-01
5.87e-01
1.57e-03
8.98e+07
% or Fraction
of Total
9.10e-13
4.97e-08
6.60e-09
1.27e-09
4.30e-08
2.59e-09
7.07e-06
3.10e-07
8.10e-10
1.79e-10
3.32e-09
1.04e-08
2.05e-09
4.53e-04
3.96e-05
3.36e-03
4.53e-09
5.36e-06
1.10e-07
3.386-11
9.67e-08
4.75e-09
7.44e-09
1. 50e-06
1.03e-07
2.59e-05
3.46e-06
3.57e-03
5.31e-04
4.52e-04
4.35e-06
1.41e-04
3.96e-06
2.70e-06
8.95e-06
5.07e-09
6.53e-09
1.75e-ll
100.00%
J-20
-------
APPENDIX J
Table J-10. LCD primary material inputs (kg/functional unit)
Material
1 ,4-butanolide
15" LCD light guide
1 -methyl-2-pyrrolidinone
2-(2-butoxyethoxy)-ethanol acetate
3 ,4, 5-trifluorobromobenzene
3 ,4-difluorobromobenzene
4-4(-propylcyclohexyl)cyclohexanone
4-bromophenol
4-ethylphenol
4-pentylphenol
4-propionylphenol
AINd
Aluminum (elemental)
Argon
Assembled 15" LCD backlight unit
Assembled LCD monitor
Backlight lamp (CCFL)
Barium Carbonate
Bauxite (A12O3, ore)
Cables/wires
Coal, average (in ground)
Fuel oil #4
Glass, unspecified
Glycol ethers
Indium tin oxide
Iron (Fe, ore)
Iron scrap
LCD front glass (with color filters)
LCD glass
LCD material (confidential)
LCD module
LCD spacers, unspecified
Liquid crystals, for 15" LCD
Mercury
Metals, remaining unspeciated
Mild fiber
Molybdenum
MoW
Natural gas
Natural gas (in ground)
Neon
Petroleum (in ground)
Pigment color resist, unspecified
Polarizer
Poly(methyl methacrylate)
Polycarbonate resin
Polyester adhesive
Polyethylene terephthalate
Upstream
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.72E+00
0
0
0
0
3.26E+00
4.63E-01
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.29E+02
0
7.09E-01
0
0
0
0
0
0
Mfg
4.06e-04
3.74e-01
4.06e-04
8.08e-06
2.64e-04
3.65e-04
2.18e-04
3.27e-04
7.00e-05
3.42e-04
1.94e-04
2.97e-05
1.34e-01
3.53e-05
1.48e+00
0
1.94e-03
1.37e-02
5.09e-01
2.34e-01
8.03E+00
0
4.37E-02
4.06E-04
5.26E-04
0
0
1.78E-01
4.52E-01
3.11E-04
1.18E+00
1.69E-05
1.24E-03
3.99E-06
6.81E-04
7.34E-07
1.78E-04
9.09E-04
4.22E+00
5.16E+00
6.31E-05
2.23E+01
3.72E-02
4.07E-02
3.83E-01
5.16E-01
6.25E-04
5.88E-02
Use
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.50E+00
0
0
0
0
6.69E+01
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5.22E+00
0
0
1.42E+00
0
0
0
0
0
0
EOL
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.27E-02
-6.18E-02
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-5.75E-02
-1.08E+00
0
-l.OOE+00
0
0
0
0
0
0
Total
4.06E-04
3.74E-01
4.06E-04
8.08E-06
2.64E-04
3.65E-04
2.18E-04
3.27E-04
7.00E-05
3.42E-04
1.94E-04
2.97E-05
1.34E-01
3.53E-05
1.48E+00
6.50E+00
1.94E-03
1.37E-02
5.09E-01
2.34E-01
7.67E+01
-6.18E-02
4.37E-02
4.06E-04
5.26E-04
3.26E+00
4.63E-01
1.78E-01
4.52E-01
3.11E-04
1.18E+00
1.69E-05
1.24E-03
3.99E-06
6.81E-04
7.34E-07
1.78E-04
9.09E-04
9.39E+00
2.33E+02
6.31E-05
2.34E+01
3.72E-02
4.07E-02
3.83E-01
5.16E-01
6.25E-04
5.88E-02
% or Fraction
of Total
1.12E-06
1.03E-03
1.12E-06
2.23E-08
7.29E-07
1.01E-06
6.00E-07
9.00E-07
1.93E-07
9.43E-07
5.36E-07
8.18E-08
3.70E-04
9.74E-08
4.07E-03
1.79%
5.34E-06
3.79E-05
1.40E-03
6.45E-04
21.15%
-1.70E-04
1.20E-04
1.12E-06
1.45E-06
8.98E-03
1.28E-03
4.92E-04
1.25E-03
8.56E-07
3.26E-03
4.66E-08
3.43E-06
1.10E-08
1.88E-06
2.02E-09
4.92E-07
2.51E-06
2.59%
64.25%
1.74E-07
6.45%
1.03E-04
1.12E-04
1.06E-03
1.42E-03
1.72E-06
1.62E-04
J-21
-------
APPENDIX J
Table J-10. LCD primary material inputs (kg/functional unit)
Material
Polyimide alignment layer, unspecified
Polyvinyl alcohol
Potassium Carbonate
PPE
Printed wiring board (PWB)
PWB-laminate
Recycled LCD glass
Rubber, unspecified
Sand
Sodium Carbonate
Solder (60% tin, 40% lead)
Solder (63% tin; 37% lead)
Steel
Strontium Carbonate
Styrene-butadiene copolymers
Titanium
Triallyl isocyanurate
Triphenyl phosphate
Unspecified LCD material
Uranium, yellowcake
Zircon Sand
Total nrimarv inputs
Upstream
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.35E+02
Mfg
4.86E-04
8.61E-03
1.75E-02
3.00E-01
3.74E-01
3.74E-01
9.54E-02
6.01E-04
1.11E-01
2.26E-02
3.81E-02
2.24E-02
2.53E+00
1.53E-02
3.62E-01
1.33E-04
1.54E-05
9.25E-02
1.19E-04
1.03E-03
1.31E-03
4.97E+01
Use
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.81E-03
0
8.01E+01
EOL
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.4352E-07
0
-2.19E+00
Total
4.86E-04
8.61E-03
1.75E-02
3.00E-01
3.74E-01
3.74E-01
9.54E-02
6.01E-04
1.11E-01
2.26E-02
3.81E-02
2.24E-02
2.53E+00
1.53E-02
3.62E-01
1.33E-04
1.54E-05
9.25E-02
1.19E-04
2.84E-03
1.31E-03
3.63E+02
% or Fraction
of Total
1.34E-06
2.37E-05
4.83E-05
8.27E-04
1.03E-03
1.03E-03
2.63E-04
1.66E-06
3.07E-04
6.23E-05
1.05E-04
6.18E-05
6.97E-03
4.23E-05
9.97E-04
3.67E-07
4.26E-08
2.55E-04
3.29E-07
7.84E-06
3.62E-06
100.00%
J-22
-------
APPENDIX J
Table J-ll.
Material
1 ,4-butanolide
1 -Methoxy-2-propanol
2-(2-butoxyethoxy)-ethanol
2,2,4-trimethylpentane
2-ethoxyl ethylacetate
Acetic acid
Acetone
Al-etchant, unspecified
Aluminum Oxide
Aluminum sulfate
Ammonia
Ammonium bifluoride
Ammonium chloride
Ammonium fluoride
Ammonium hydroxide
Argon
Barium sulfate
Bauxite
Bauxite (A12O3, ore)
Bentonite (in ground)
Borax
Calcium hydroxide
Calcium sulfate
Calcium sulfate (CaSO4, ore)
Carbon dioxide
Cerium Oxide
Chlorine
Chromium ore
Chromium Oxide
Clay (in ground)
Cleaner, unspecified
Coal, average (in ground)
Copper (Cu, ore)
Cresol-formaldehyde resin
Cr-etchant, unspecified
Cyclohexane
Deoiling agent (unspecified)
Developing solution, unspecified
Diethyl ether
Diluent, unspecified
Dimethylsulfoxide
Dioctyl Sebacate
Dolomite (in ground)
Ethanol
Ethanol amine
Ethylacetate
Etoxy Naphtol Sulphonic Acid (ENSA)
Exfoliation liquid, unspecified
Explosive (unspecified)
LCD ancillary material inputs (kg/functional unit)
Upstream
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.63e-04
0
0
0
0
0
0
9.64e-04
2.10e-04
5.59e-04
l.OOe-03
0
0
7.37e-06
9.75e-06
0
0
0
1.79e-08
0
1.30e-03
0
0
2.63e-04
0
0
0
6.53e-04
0
0
0
0
1.14e-04
2.08e-03
0
0
0
4.88e-05
0
9.776-05
Mfg
4.04e-05
1.10e-02
3.04e-02
1.52e-05
1.78e-03
6.40e-03
1.56e-01
5.88e-03
1.56e-03
l.OSe-Ol
1.55e-02
2.36e-03
3.42e-02
1.14e-02
3.42e-02
7.87e-03
0
0
2.16e-03
0
9.13e-05
1.39e-01
0
0
4.86e-03
1.52e-04
1.55e-02
0
2.60e-06
0
1.47e-04
0
0
8.29e-04
1.77e-02
3.91e-03
0
4.00e-02
9.28e-05
8.27e-03
6.63e-02
0
0
2.53e-02
7.85e-02
9.68e-04
0
1.43e-02
0
Use
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
EOL
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-7.63e-05
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.69e+00
0
7.38e-04
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Total
4.04e-05
1.10e-02
3.04e-02
1.52e-05
1.78e-03
6.40e-03
1.56e-01
5.88e-03
1.56e-03
1.05e-01
1.55e-02
2.36e-03
3.42e-02
1.14e-02
3.42e-02
7.87e-03
9.64e-04
2.10e-04
2.64e-03
l.OOe-03
9.13e-05
1.39e-01
7.37e-06
9.75e-06
4.86e-03
1.52e-04
1.55e-02
1.79e-08
2.60e-06
1.69e+00
1.47e-04
7.38e-04
2.63e-04
8.29e-04
1.77e-02
3.91e-03
6.53e-04
4.00e-02
9.28e-05
8.27e-03
6.63e-02
1.14e-04
2.08e-03
2.53e-02
7.85e-02
9.68e-04
4.88e-05
1.43e-02
9.77e-05
% or Fraction
of Total
1.94e-07
5.27e-05
1.46e-04
7.32e-08
8.53e-06
3.07e-05
7.50e-04
2.83e-05
7.50e-06
5.04e-04
7.46e-05
1.13e-05
1.64e-04
5.48e-05
1.64e-04
3.78e-05
4.63e-06
1.01 e-06
1.27e-05
4.82e-06
4.39e-07
6.67e-04
3.54e-08
4.68e-08
2.33e-05
7.29e-07
7.46e-05
8.59e-ll
1.25e-08
8.12e-03
7.05e-07
3.54e-06
1.26e-06
3.98e-06
8.49e-05
1.88e-05
3.14e-06
1.92e-04
4.46e-07
3.97e-05
3.18e-04
5.476-07
9.98e-06
1.21e-04
3.77e-04
4.65e-06
2.34e-07
6.86e-05
4.69e-07
J-23
-------
APPENDIX J
Table J-ll.
Material
Ferric chloride
Ferromanganese (Fe, Mn, C)
Fluorocarbon resin
Fluorspar (CaF2, ore)
Flux, unspecified
Formaldehyde
Glycol ethers
Gravel
Gravel/Sand
HCFC-225ca
HCFC-225cb
Helium
Heptane
Hexamethyldisilizane
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrofluoric acid
Hydrogen
Hydrogen peroxide
Iron (Fe, ore)
Iron sulfate (FeSO4, ore)
Isopropyl alcohol
ITO etchant, unspecified
Krypton
Lead (Pb, ore)
Lime
Limestone
Limestone (CaCOS, in ground)
LNG
Lubricant (unspecified)
Manganese (Mn, ore)
Methyl ethyl ketone
Monosilane
Natural gas (in ground)
N-Butylacetate
Nickel (Ni, ore)
Nitric acid
Nitric acid second cerium ammonium
Nitrogen
Nitrogen fluoride
Nitrous oxide
Oil (in ground)
Olivine
Olivine ore
Orthoboric acid
Oxygen
Perchloric acid
Perfluoromethane
Phenolsulphonic Acid
Phosphine
LCD ancillary
Upstream
0
3.83e-07
0
5.37e-06
0
0
0
9.08e-08
l.Ole-03
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
7.65e-03
7.99e-06
0
0
0
2.47e-05
0
0
5.07e-01
0
2.02e-02
1.04e-08
0
0
0
0
6.05e-09
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.72e-07
7.92e-06
0
0
0
0
1.53e-03
0
material
Mfg
8.92e-03
0
3.38e-06
0
7.35e-05
2.91e-03
3.16e-02
0
0
1.37e-04
1.37e-04
6.18e-04
1.03e-02
2.58e-04
1.29e-01
4.58e-02
4.44e-01
1.38e-02
0
0
3.49e-01
2.94e-03
2.58e-05
0
4.74e-02
1.08e-01
5.49e-02
1.94e+02
0
0
4.91e-04
1.12e-03
0
3.83e-02
0
7.23e-02
1.13e-02
6.02e+00
1.08e-01
1.36e-03
0
0
0
7.30e-04
7.75e-03
3.82e-03
1.29e-03
0
2.69e-02
inputs
Use
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.95e-01
8.99e-01
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
(kg/functional
EOL
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
7.04e-04
0
0
0
0
0
7.49e-05
1.71e-04
-1.556-01
0
0
0
0
0
1.09e-03
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
8.06e-03
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
unit)
Total
8.92e-03
3.83e-07
3.38e-06
5.37e-06
7.35e-05
2.91e-03
3.16e-02
9.08e-08
l.Ole-03
1.37e-04
1.37e-04
6.18e-04
1.03e-02
2.58e-04
1.29e-01
4.58e-02
4.44e-01
1.38e-02
8.35e-03
7.99e-06
3.49e-01
2.94e-03
2.58e-05
2.47e-05
4.42e-01
l.Ole+00
4.06e-01
1.94e+02
2.02e-02
1.04e-08
4.91e-04
1.12e-03
1.09e-03
3.83e-02
6.05e-09
7.23e-02
1.13e-02
6.02e+00
1.08e-01
1.36e-03
8.06e-03
2.72e-07
7.92e-06
7.30e-04
7.75e-03
3.82e-03
1.29e-03
1.53e-03
2.69e-02
% or Fraction
of Total
4.28e-05
1.84e-09
1.63e-08
2.58e-08
3.53e-07
1.40e-05
1.52e-04
4.36e-10
4.85e-06
6.57e-07
6.57e-07
2.97e-06
4.93e-05
1.24e-06
6.21e-04
2.20e-04
2.13e-03
6.65e-05
4.01e-05
3.84e-08
1.67e-03
1.41e-05
1.24e-07
1.19e-07
2.12e-03
4.84e-03
1.95e-03
9.32e-01
9.68e-05
S.OOe-11
2.36e-06
5.40e-06
5.22e-06
1.84e-04
2.91e-ll
3.47e-04
5.43e-05
2.89e-02
5.19e-04
6.51e-06
3.87e-05
1.31e-09
3.80e-08
3.51e-06
3.72e-05
1.84e-05
6.18e-06
7.34e-06
1.29e-04
J-24
-------
APPENDIX J
Table J-ll. LCD ancillary material inputs (kg/functional unit)
Material
Phosphoric acid
Photoresist, unspecified
Polyaluminum chloride
Polyethylene glycol
Polyethylene mono(nonylphenyl) ether glycol
Polyethylene terephthalate
Polyimide, unspecified
Potassium chloride (KC1, as K2O, in ground)
Potassium hydroxide
Potassium permanganate
Potassium peroxymonosulfate
Process material for backlight assembly
Propylene glycol
Propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate
Pumice
PWB-solder mask solids
Pyrite (FeS2, ore)
Raw materials (unspecified)
Rinse, unspecified
Sand (in ground)
Silver (Ag, ore)
Sodium Carbonate
Sodium chloride (NaCl, in ground or in sea)
Sodium Dichromate
Sodium dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate
Sodium hydroxide
Solder, unspecified
Sulfur (S, in ground)
Sulfur hexafluoride
Sulfuric acid
Surfactant, unspecified
Synthetic resin, unspecified
Tetrahydrofuran
Tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide
Tin (Sn, ore)
Toluene
Unspecified ancillary material
Unspecified LCD process material
Unspecified LCD process material ("Natural
Sweeper")
Uranium (U, ore)
Water
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Zinc (Zn, ore)
Total ancillary inputs
Upstream
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.03e-05
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.77e-02
4.06e-03
0
9.55e-03
4.51e-10
0
4.37e-01
1.29e-04
<)
0
0
1.53e-02
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.19e-02
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.61e-10
1.06e+00
Mfg
3.95e-02
1.68e-02
6.40e-03
2.23e-02
3.40e-04
3.20e-02
2.94e-05
0
1.88e-02
5.14e-04
3.12e-02
7.03e-05
4.46e-03
1.56e-02
3.64e-03
1.93e-02
0
0
5.27e-02
1.32e-03
0
1.42e-02
6.08e-04
0
4.06e-06
4.45e-01
7.35e-05
0
1.62e-02
3.25e-01
1.09e-04
6.57e-04
3.82e-03
1.29e-01
0
2.75e-02
4.19e-04
2.57e-02
1.09e-04
0
6.88e-02
1.57e-03
0
2.04e+02
Use
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
<)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.29e+00
EOL
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5.60e-01
0
0
1.08e-05
0
<)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
l.OOe-08
0
0
0
2.11e+00
Total
3.95e-02
1.68e-02
6.40e-03
2.23e-02
3.40e-04
3.20e-02
2.94e-05
3.03e-05
1.88e-02
5.14e-04
3.12e-02
7.03e-05
4.46e-03
1.56e-02
3.64e-03
1.93e-02
3.77e-02
4.06e-03
5.27e-02
5.71e-01
4.51e-10
1.42e-02
4.38e-01
1.29e-04
4.06e-06
4.45e-01
7.35e-05
1.53e-02
1.62e-02
3.25e-01
1.09e-04
6.57e-04
3.82e-03
1.29e-01
1.19e-02
2.75e-02
4.19e-04
2.57e-02
1.09e-04
l.OOe-08
6.88e-02
1.57e-03
6.61e-10
2.08e+02
% or Fraction
of Total
1.90e-04
8.05e-05
3.07e-05
1.07e-04
1.63e-06
1.53e-04
1.41e-07
1.45e-07
9.04e-05
2.47e-06
1. 50e-04
3.37e-07
2.14e-05
7.50e-05
1.75e-05
9.25e-05
1.81e-04
1.95e-05
2.53e-04
2.74e-03
2.17e-12
6.82e-05
2.10e-03
6.19e-07
1.95e-08
2.14e-03
3.53e-07
7.34e-05
7.79e-05
1.56e-03
5.25e-07
3.16e-06
1.84e-05
6.18e-04
5.72e-05
1.32e-04
2.01e-06
1.23e-04
5.23e-07
4.816-11
3.30e-04
7.54e-06
3.18e-12
100.00%
J-25
-------
APPENDIX J
Table J-12. LCD utility inputs
Material
Upstream
Mfg
Use
EOL
Total
% or Fraction of
Total
Fuels (kg/functional unit):
Fuel Oil #2 (distillate)
Fuel oil #4 (avg. of #2 + #6)
Fuel oil #6 (residual)
Kerosene
LNG
LPG
Natural gas
Steam
Coal, average (in ground)
Coal, lignite (in ground)
Natural gas (in ground)
Petroleum (in ground)
Uranium (U, ore)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.49E+00
4.10E-01
1.03E+01
1.52E+00
7.86E-05
Total fuels 1.47E+01
5.42E-02
2.11E-01
1.25E-01
4.65E-01
3.22E+00
1.68E+01
1.16E+00
1.45E-01
6.86E-01
0
2.41E+00
4.84E-01
1.15E-05
2.58E+01
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-9.09E-01
0
0
0
1.38E-03
-8.61E-01
0
-7.66E-03
0
-1.38E-01
-3.81E-02
-1.32E-07
-1.95E+00
5.42E-02
-6.99E-01
1.25E-01
4.65E-01
3.22E+00
1.68E+01
3.01E-01
1.45E-01
3.17E+00
4.10E-01
1.26E+01
1.96E+00
9.01E-05
3.86E+01
0.14%
-1.81%
0.33%
1.21%
8.34%
43.63%
0.78%
0.37%
8.21%
1.06%
32.66%
5.08%
2.33E-06
100.00%
Electricity (MJ/functional unit):
Electricity
3.46E+01
3.16E+02
8.53E+02
1.62E-01
1.20E+03
Water (kg or L/functional unit):
Water
Total energy (fuels and electricity,
Energy
2.63E+02
MJ/functional unit):
6.33E+02
2.15E+03
1.44E+03
4.25E+02
8.53E+02
-1.80E+01
-8.44E+01
2.82E+03
2.84E+03
J-26
-------
APPENDIX J
Table J-13. LCD air emissions
Material
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1 ,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
2,3,7,8-TCDD
2,3,7,8-TCDF
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
2-Chloroacetophenone
2-Methylnaphthalene
3 -Methylcholanthrene
5-Methyl chrysene
Acenaphthene
Acenaphthylene
Acetaldehyde
Acetic acid
Acetone
Acetophenone
Acetylene
Acrolein
Adsorbable organic halides
Alcohols
Aldehydes
Al-etchant, unspecified
Alkane (unspecified)
Alkenes
Alkyne (unspecified)
Aluminum (elemental)
Ammonia
Anthracene
Antimony
Argon
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Arsenic
Barium
Benzaldehyde
Benzene
B enzo [a] anthracene
Benzo[a]pyrene
Benzo[b,j,k]fluoranthene
B enzo [b] fluoranthene
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene
Benzo[k]fluoranthene
Benzyl chloride
Beryllium
Biphenyl
Boron
Bromine
Bromoform
Bromomethane
Disposition
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Upstream
1.62e-08
3.24e-08
8.90e-08
1.89e-07
0
0
2.27e-10
5.67e-09
3.78e-09
2.83e-10
1.78e-ll
9.25e-10
4.89e-10
7.90e-07
4.22e-06
3.26e-07
1.22e-08
1.14e-05
2.35e-07
3.56e-17
2.85e-06
8.53e-04
0
1.07e-04
1.79e-05
5.46e-08
8.09e-05
1.12e-02
5.61e-10
2.28e-07
0
7.67e-05
1.63e-06
1.39e-06
2.78e-14
8.85e-02
3.92e-10
4.40e-08
8.926-11
2.91e-10
2.23e-10
2.91e-10
5.676-07
2.19e-07
1.38e-09
1.79e-05
9.94e-07
3.16e-08
1.30e-07
Mfg
2.28e-07
1.75e-07
0
1.89e-08
5.90e-14
2.05e-13
1.22e-09
3.06e-08
1.18e-09
2.84e-ll
9.606-11
1.49e-08
1.27e-09
2.49e-06
1.36e-03
1.86e-04
6.55e-08
0
1.27e-06
0
0
8.98e-05
1.37e-02
0
0
0
9.59e-07
6.26e-02
1.68e-09
3.24e-06
5.80e-03
2.55e-09
3.14e-06
1.76e-06
0
2.70e-03
2.78e-09
1.91e-10
1.37e-09
3.096-11
1.48e-09
3.096-11
3.05e-06
1.86e-07
7.42e-09
0
0
1.70e-07
6.98e-07
(kg/functional unit)
Use
7.16e-07
1.34e-06
0
0
4.79e-13
1.71e-12
9.37e-09
2.34e-07
9.95e-10
0
7.36e-10
2.12e-08
8.42e-09
1.91e-05
0
0
5.02e-07
0
9.71e-06
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
7.27e-09
1.63e-06
0
0
1.40e-05
7.67e-07
0
4.36e-05
3.46e-09
1.27e-09
3.97e-09
0
1.35e-09
0
2.34e-05
7.12e-07
5.69e-08
0
0
1.31e-06
5.36e-06
EOL
-1.95e-08
-3.85e-08
0
-1.49e-09
9.08e-17
3.24e-16
-2.74e-10
-9.35e-ll
-3.53e-ll
-2.66e-12
-2.156-11
-5.04e-10
-2.47e-10
-5.57e-07
0
0
-1.47e-08
0
-2.83e-07
0
0
-l.OSe-04
0
0
0
0
-5.72e-08
-6.95e-05
-2.09e-10
-4.25e-08
0
-9.05e-ll
-1.72e-06
-1.65e-08
0
-4.82e-04
-8.13e-ll
-3.936-11
-1.07e-10
-2.79e-12
-2.83e-ll
-2.79e-12
-6.84e-07
-1.99e-07
-1.66e-09
0
0
-3.81e-08
-1.56e-07
Total
9.40e-07
1.51e-06
8.90e-08
2.06e-07
5.38e-13
1.91e-12
1.05e-08
2.70e-07
5.92e-09
3.09e-10
8.29e-10
3.65e-08
9.93e-09
2.18e-05
1.36e-03
1.86e-04
5.65e-07
1.14e-05
1.09e-05
3.56e-17
2.85e-06
8.37e-04
1.37e-02
1.07e-04
1.79e-05
5.46e-08
8.18e-05
7.37e-02
9.30e-09
5.05e-06
5.80e-03
7.67e-05
1. 70e-05
3.91e-06
2.78e-14
9.07e-02
6.55e-09
4.54e-08
5.32e-09
3.19e-10
3.02e-09
3.19e-10
2.64e-05
9.18e-07
6.40e-08
1.79e-05
9.94e-07
1.47e-06
6.03e-06
Fraction
of Total
2.72e-09
4.36e-09
2.57e-10
5.96e-10
1.55e-15
5.53e-15
3.056-11
7.82e-10
1.71e-ll
8.94e-13
2.40e-12
1.06e-10
2.876-11
6.30e-08
3.93e-06
5.39e-07
1.63e-09
3.30e-08
3.16e-08
1.03e-19
8.23e-09
2.42e-06
3.97e-05
3.10e-07
5.18e-08
1.58e-10
2.36e-07
2.13e-04
2.69e-ll
1.46e-08
1.68e-05
2.22e-07
4.93e-08
1.13e-08
8.04e-17
2.62e-04
1.896-11
1.31e-10
1.54e-ll
9.24e-13
8.74e-12
9.24e-13
7.62e-08
2.65e-09
1.85e-10
5.16e-08
2.87e-09
4.25e-09
1.74e-08
J-27
-------
APPENDIX J
Table J-13. LCD air emissions
Material
Butane
Butene
Cadmium
Calcium
Carbon dioxide
Carbon disulfide
Carbon monoxide
Carbon tetrachloride
Chloride ions
Chlorine
Chloroacetophenone
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
Chromium
Chromium (III)
Chromium (VI)
Chrysene
Cobalt
Copper
Cr-etchant, unspecified
Cumene
Cumene hydroperoxide
Cyanide (-1)
Cyclohexane
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
Dibenzo [a,h] anthracene
Dichlorobenzene (mixed isomers)
Dichloromethane
Diethyl ether
Diethylene glycol
Dimethyl sulfate
Dimethylbenzanthracene
Dioxins, remaining unspeciated
Ethane
Ethanethiol
Ethanol
Ethyl Chloride
Ethylacetate
Ethylacetate
Ethylbenzene
Ethylene
Ethylene dibromide
Fluoranthene
Fluorene
Fluoride
Fluorides (F-)
Fluorine
Formaldehyde
Furans, remaining unspeciated
Disposition
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Treatment
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Upstream
3.42e-04
1.09e-07
2.93e-07
8.74e-05
1.07e+02
1.05e-07
3.74e-01
0
1.77e-04
6.64e-07
0
1.78e-08
4.78e-08
6.40e-09
1.50e-06
1.50e-06
3.77e-10
5.36e-07
8.26e-07
0
4.30e-09
0
2.04e-06
0
5.92e-08
1.98e-10
0
2.35e-07
0
0
3.89e-08
2.36e-09
1.326-11
6.08e-04
4.50e-07
6.51e-07
3.40e-08
0
0
2.28e-07
1.02e-04
9.73e-10
1.07e-09
1.20e-09
0
9.48e-07
2.83e-07
1.87e-05
6.106-11
Mfg
3.31e-05
0
5.25e-07
8.31e-07
6.22e+01
5.67e-07
3.85e-02
0
2.09e-04
l.Ole-09
0
9.60e-08
2.57e-07
0
2.96e-06
1.52e-06
1.89e-09
4.13e-06
1.15e-06
4.12e-02
2.75e-09
2.04e-08
1.09e-05
4.85e-05
3.19e-07
1.02e-09
0
1.27e-06
9.26e-05
9.69e-05
2.09e-07
2.36e-10
8.22e-12
4.88e-05
0
4.63e-05
1.83e-07
1.22e-07
2.32e-06
4.48e-07
0
5.24e-09
6.31e-09
6.68e-09
3.78e-08
2.24e-05
0
1.09e-04
3.026-11
(kg/functional unit)
Use
0
0
1.80e-06
0
1.66e+02
4.35e-06
3.02e-02
0
6.78e-05
0
0
7.36e-07
1.97e-06
0
9.07e-06
2.69e-06
3.81e-09
4.54e-06
3.72e-07
0
1.77e-07
0
8.37e-05
0
2.44e-06
3.26e-10
0
9.71e-06
0
0
1.61 e-06
0
2.186-11
0
0
0
1.41e-06
0
0
3.16e-06
0
4.02e-08
2.50e-08
3.13e-08
7.29e-06
0
0
3.16e-05
3.48e-ll
EOL
-3.11e-06
0
-6.58e-08
-4.96e-08
1.39e+00
-1.27e-07
-3.45e-03
5.85e-10
-1.64e-06
-1.80e-10
-6.74e-09
-2.15e-08
-5.70e-08
0
-1.43e-06
-1.43e-06
-l.OOe-10
-1.30e-07
-1.65e-08
0
-5.18e-09
0
-2.44e-06
0
-7.13e-08
-1.85e-12
-2.82e-10
-2.82e-07
0
0
-4.69e-08
-2.23e-ll
1.33e-10
-4.59e-06
0
0
-4.10e-08
0
0
-9.00e-08
0
-1.176-09
-6.98e-10
-8.93e-10
1.38e-09
-2.05e-07
0
-5.78e-06
-7.40e-ll
Total
3.72e-04
1.09e-07
2.55e-06
8.82e-05
3.36e+02
4.90e-06
4.39e-01
5.85e-10
4.52e-04
6.65e-07
-6.74e-09
8.29e-07
2.22e-06
6.40e-09
1.21e-05
4.29e-06
5.98e-09
9.07e-06
2.33e-06
4.12e-02
1.79e-07
2.04e-08
9.42e-05
4.85e-05
2.75e-06
1.54e-09
-2.82e-10
1.09e-05
9.26e-05
9.69e-05
1.81e-06
2.58e-09
1.76e-10
6.53e-04
4.50e-07
4.69e-05
1.58e-06
1.22e-07
2.32e-06
3.75e-06
1.02e-04
4.52e-08
3.17e-08
3.83e-08
7.33e-06
2.32e-05
2.83e-07
1.54e-04
5.20e-ll
Fraction
of Total
1.07e-06
3.15e-10
7.37e-09
2.55e-07
9.72e-01
1.42e-08
1.27e-03
1.69e-12
1.31e-06
1.92e-09
-1.956-11
2.40e-09
6.43e-09
1.85e-ll
3.50e-08
1.24e-08
1.73e-ll
2.62e-08
6.75e-09
1.19e-04
5.18e-10
5.89e-ll
2.72e-07
1.40e-07
7.95e-09
4.46e-12
-8.16e-13
3.16e-08
2.68e-07
2.80e-07
5.23e-09
7.45e-12
5.08e-13
1.89e-06
1.30e-09
1.36e-07
4.57e-09
3.53e-10
6.70e-09
1.08e-08
2.94e-07
1.31e-10
9.176-11
l.lle-10
2.12e-08
6.69e-08
8.18e-10
4.45e-07
1. 50e-13
J-28
-------
APPENDIX J
Table J-13. LCD air emissions
Material
Halogenated hydrocarbons (unspecified)
Halogenated matter (unspecified)
HALON-1301
HCFC-225ca
HCFC-225cb
Heptane
Hexamethyldisilizane
Hexane
Hydrocarbons, remaining unspeciated
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrofluoric acid
Hydrogen
Hydrogen cyanide
Hydrogen sulfide
Indeno(l ,2,3-cd)pyrene
Iodine
Iron
Isophorone
Isopropyl alcohol
Isopropylpropionate
ITO etchant, unspecified
Lanthanum
Lead
Lead (Pb, ore)
Magnesium
Manganese
Manganese (Mn, ore)
Mercaptans
Mercury
Metals, remaining unspeciated
Methane
Methanol
Methyl chloride
Methyl ethyl ketone
Methyl ethyl ketone
Methyl hydrazine
Methyl methacrylate
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Molybdenum
Monosilane
Naphthalene
N-bromoacetamide
Nickel
Nitric acid
Nitrogen dioxide
Nitrogen fluoride
Nitrogen oxides
Nitrous oxide
Disposition
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Treatment
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Upstream
1.12e-06
4.67e-19
7.95e-08
0
0
1.09e-06
0
2.86e-04
9.30e-03
1.50e-03
2.27e-04
2.99e-04
3.83e-06
1.55e-05
3.44e-10
2.95e-07
4.76e-05
4.70e-07
0
9.91e-ll
0
2.63e-08
3.13e-06
1.48e-06
4.06e-05
2.94e-06
0
1.81e-07
8.53e-07
2.64e-05
3.54e+00
l.lle-06
4.30e-07
3.16e-07
0
1.38e-07
1.62e-08
2.84e-08
2.98e-07
0
1.30e-07
0
8.06e-06
0
3.08e-02
0
6.56e-01
1.24e-03
Mfg
1.42e-14
0
2.476-11
1.40e-04
1.40e-04
7.77e-05
1.37e-06
2.86e-05
7.756-03
6.58e-02
5.27e-02
1.33e-04
0
1. 51e-04
1.57e-09
0
1.85e-06
2.53e-06
1.78e-02
0
6.86e-03
0
6.63e-07
0
4.80e-05
1.24e-06
3.67e-06
0
4.57e-07
1. 60e-08
1.22e-01
0
2.31e-06
2.43e-06
1.34e-04
7.42e-07
8.73e-08
1.52e-07
6.21e-07
1.54e-03
7.67e-07
9.18e-03
5.576-05
2.69e-04
0
2.45e-01
7.62e-01
1.20e-03
(kg/functional unit)
Use
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.24e-06
0
4.02e-02
5.02e-03
0
0
0
2.46e-09
0
0
1.94e-05
0
0
0
0
4.76e-06
0
3.68e-04
1. 70e-05
0
0
2.80e-06
0
2.41e-01
0
1.776-05
1.31e-05
0
5.69e-06
6.69e-07
1.17e-06
2.18e-07
0
6.82e-07
0
2.56e-05
0
0
0
4.39e-01
1.27e-03
EOL
-4.93e-16
0
-8.75e-13
0
0
0
0
-2.73e-06
-6.51e-04
-6.88e-04
-1.47e-04
0
0
-8.88e-06
-6.23e-ll
0
-l.lle-07
-5.67e-07
0
0
0
0
4.76e-06
0
-1.07e-05
-3.23e-06
0
0
-8.64e-08
-7.10e-10
-2.82e-02
0
-5.18e-07
-3.81e-07
0
-1.66e-07
-1.95e-08
-3.81e-07
-1.35e-08
0
-1.90e-08
0
-2.98e-06
0
4.46e-04
0
-1.36e-02
-7.19e-04
Total
1.12e-06
4.67e-19
7.95e-08
1.40e-04
1.40e-04
7.88e-05
1.37e-06
3.14e-04
1.64e-02
1.076-01
5.78e-02
4.32e-04
3.83e-06
1.576-04
4.31e-09
2.95e-07
4.94e-05
2.18e-05
1.78e-02
9.91e-ll
6.86e-03
2.63e-08
1.33e-05
1.48e-06
4.46e-04
1.80e-05
3.67e-06
1.81e-07
4.03e-06
2.64e-05
3.87e+00
l.lle-06
2.00e-05
1.54e-05
1.34e-04
6.40e-06
7.53e-07
9.71e-07
1.12e-06
1.54e-03
1.56e-06
9.18e-03
8.64e-05
2.69e-04
3.12e-02
2.45e-01
1.84e+00
2.98e-03
Fraction
of Total
3.24e-09
1.35e-21
2.30e-10
4.05e-07
4.05e-07
2.28e-07
3.97e-09
9.07e-07
4.74e-05
3.09e-04
1.67e-04
1.25e-06
l.lle-08
4.556-07
1.25e-ll
8.52e-10
1.43e-07
6.32e-08
5.13e-05
2.87e-13
1.98e-05
7.616-11
3.85e-08
4.29e-09
1.29e-06
5.19e-08
1.06e-08
5.24e-10
1.16e-08
7.63e-08
1.12e-02
3.20e-09
5.77e-08
4.46e-08
3.88e-07
1.85e-08
2.18e-09
2.81e-09
3.25e-09
4.44e-06
4.51e-09
2.65e-05
2.50e-07
7.76e-07
9.03e-05
7.09e-04
5.33e-03
8.63e-06
J-29
-------
APPENDIX J
Table J-13. LCD air emissions
Material
Nonmethane hydrocarbons, remaining
unspeciated
n-Propane
Other organics
o-xylene
Pentane
Perfluoroethane
Perfluoromethane
Phenanthrene
Phenol
Phosphine
Phosphoric acid
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Phosphorus pentoxide
PM
PM-10
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Polyimide, unspecified
Potassium
Process material for backlight assembly
Propionaldehyde
Propylene
Pyrene
Scandium
Selenium
Silicon
Sodium
Strontium
Styrene
Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur hexafluoride
Sulfur oxides
Sulfuric acid
Tars (unspecified)
Tetrachloroethylene
Tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide
Thallium
Thorium
Tin
Titanium
TOCs, remaining unspeciated
Toluene
Trichloroethylene
Unspecified LCD process material
Uranium
Vanadium
Vinyl acetate
Vinyl chloride
Waste metals, unspecified
Disposition
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Air
Upstream
2.07e-01
4.49e-05
4.45e-01
4.83e-06
4.18e-04
5.36e-06
4.83e-05
4.92e-09
9.34e-07
0
0
7.54e-07
2.56e-10
9.16e-02
3.45e-07
6.77e-06
0
1.10e-05
0
3.08e-07
1.18e-05
1.08e-09
6.40e-09
1.21e-06
2.89e-04
7.73e-06
1.65e-06
2.03e-08
4.63e-02
0
2.57e-02
6.31e-07
3.09e-13
3.49e-08
0
4.36e-09
1.41e-08
8.21e-09
2.85e-06
0
1.05e-05
0
0
1.39e-08
1.77e-05
6.16e-09
0
6.33e-06
Mfg
8.87e-03
8.67e-08
1.35e-02
2.24e-07
4.10e-05
0
0
1.92e-08
6.98e-08
6.26e-02
4.85e-05
6.20e-07
0
6.99e-03
6.85e-03
2.84e-12
1.40e-04
0
7.03e-05
1.66e-06
0
4.51e-09
0
6. 11 e-06
8.31e-07
4.92e-06
0
1.09e-07
2.95e-01
7.30e-03
4.07e-02
0
0
1.88e-07
6.43e-01
0
0
0
0
6.74e-04
5.95e-05
0
4.49e-02
0
3.22e-05
3.31e-08
0
0
(kg/functional unit)
Use
0
0
0
2.13e-08
0
0
0
9.35e-08
5.36e-07
0
0
1.85e-06
0
0
2.16e-02
0
0
0
0
1.27e-05
0
1.24e-08
0
4.36e-05
0
0
0
8.37e-07
9.30e-01
0
0
0
0
1.44e-06
0
0
0
0
0
2.15e-03
9.49e-06
0
0
0
6.57e-06
2.54e-07
0
0
EOL
-1.26e-03
-2.40e-07
-2.41e-03
-2.50e-08
-3.85e-06
0
0
-2.66e-09
-1.56e-08
0
0
-7.84e-08
0
-1.24e-02
3.43e-06
-l.Ole-13
0
0
0
-3.71e-07
0
-3.30e-10
0
-1.27e-06
-4.96e-08
-2.93e-07
0
-2.44e-08
2.96e-04
0
-1.93e-02
0
0
-4.14e-08
0
0
0
0
0
4.08e-07
-2.95e-07
5.85e-10
0
0
-9.16e-07
-7.42e-09
1.17e-09
0
Total
2.15e-01
4.48e-05
4.56e-01
5.05e-06
4.55e-04
5.36e-06
4.83e-05
1.15e-07
1.52e-06
6.26e-02
4.85e-05
3.14e-06
2.56e-10
8.62e-02
2.84e-02
6.77e-06
1.40e-04
1.10e-05
7.03e-05
1.43e-05
1.18e-05
1.77e-08
6.40e-09
4.97e-05
2.90e-04
1.24e-05
1.65e-06
9.42e-07
1.27e+00
7.30e-03
4.71e-02
6.31e-07
3.09e-13
1.62e-06
6.43e-01
4.36e-09
1.41e-08
8.21e-09
2.85e-06
2.82e-03
7.92e-05
5.85e-10
4.49e-02
1.39e-08
5.56e-05
2.86e-07
1.17e-09
6.33e-06
Fraction
of Total
6.22e-04
1.29e-07
1.32e-03
1.46e-08
1.31e-06
1.55e-08
1.40e-07
3.33e-10
4.41e-09
1.81e-04
1.40e-07
9.09e-09
7.40e-13
2.49e-04
8.21e-05
1.96e-08
4.04e-07
3.19e-08
2.03e-07
4.14e-08
3.42e-08
S.lle-ll
1.856-11
1.44e-07
8.37e-07
3.57e-08
4.78e-09
2.72e-09
3.68e-03
2.11e-05
1.36e-04
1.82e-09
8.92e-16
4.68e-09
1.86e-03
1.266-11
4.09e-ll
2.376-11
8.24e-09
8.16e-06
2.29e-07
1.69e-12
1.30e-04
4.016-11
1.61e-07
8.28e-10
3.38e-12
1.83e-08
J-30
-------
APPENDIX J
Table J-13. LCD air emissions (kg/functional unit)
Material Disposition Upstream Mfg Use EOL Total Fraction
of Total
Xylene (mixed isomers) Air
Zinc (elemental) Air
Zirconium Air
Total air emissions
9.57e-06 1.49e-07 1.24e-06 -2.71e-08 1.09e-05 3.16e-08
6.60e-06 1.80e-05 5.69e-06 -1.81e-07 3.01e-05 8.69e-08
6.71e-09 00 0 6.71e-09 1.94e-ll
1.12e+02 6.48e+01 1.68e+02 1.30e+00 3.46e+02 l.OOe+00
J-31
-------
APPENDIX J
Table J-14. LCD water outputs (wastewater and water pollutants) (kg/functional unit)
% or Fraction of
Material
WASTEWATER STREAM
Wastewater stream
Wastewater stream
Total wastewater streams
WATER POLLUTANTS
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Acids (H+)
Adsorbable organic halides
Alcohols
Aldehydes
Alkane (unspecified)
Alkenes
Aluminum (+3)
Aluminum hydroxide
Ammonia
Ammonia ions
Antimony
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Arsenic
Arsenic cmpds
Barium cmpds
Barium sulfate
Benzene
BOD
BOD
Borax
Boric acid
Boron
Boron (B III)
Cadmium
Cadmium cmpds
Calcium (+2)
Carbon tetrachloride
Carbonate ion
Cesium (+2)
Chloride ions
Chlorine
Chloroform
Chromium
Chromium (III)
Chromium (VI)
Cobalt (Co I, Co II, Co III)
COD
COD
Colon bacillus (bacteria in large
intestine)
Copper
Copper (+1 & +2)
Disposition
surface water
treatment
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
treatment
treatment
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
treatment
surface water
surface water
surface water
Upstream
8.57e+00
0
8.57e+00
2.78e-14
0
1.34e-04
5.26e-08
3.75e-08
5.08e-10
1.92e-06
1.776-07
6.00e-04
4.36e-10
6.23e-04
2.51e-05
0
8.45e-06
0
1.24e-06
8.36e-05
1.86e-04
1.93e-06
7.72e-04
0
0
5.576-07
0
9.79e-08
0
1.89e-07
1.37e-03
0
2.69e-03
5.92e-09
2.33e-01
6.36e-07
2.87e-12
0
6.23e-06
2.94e-07
7.70e-10
7.67e-03
0
0
0
3.80e-06
Mfg
2.52e+03
5.97e+02
3.12e+03
2.29e-08
0
1.76e-08
1.82e-ll
0
0
0
0
6.88e-06
0
0
1.33e-03
1.14e-07
4.25e-09
1.14e-07
0
1.36e-08
0
0
2.79e-02
5.74e-02
1.31e-06
0
4.58e-06
0
1.14e-07
1.42e-ll
0
0
0
0
3.12e-01
0
0
8.84e-06
3.49e-09
2.33e-07
0
8.20e-02
3.90e-02
3.89e-03
9.18e-07
2.84e-10
Use
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
EOL
-2.41e+00
0
-2.41e+00
0
1.746-11
-3.15e-09
-6.44e-13
0
0
0
0
-2.44e-07
0
-3.91e-06
-4.38e-05
0
-1. 51e-10
0
5.34e-09
7.51e-08
0
1.74e-ll
-3.18e-04
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.85e-10
0
1.746-11
0
0
-1.58e-02
0
1.74e-ll
0
1.80e-09
1.80e-09
0
-2.69e-03
0
0
0
-l.Ole-11
Total
2.53e+03
5.97e+02
3.13e+03
2.29e-08
1.746-11
1.34e-04
5.26e-08
3.75e-08
5.08e-10
1.92e-06
1.776-07
6.07e-04
4.36e-10
6.19e-04
1.31e-03
1.14e-07
8.46e-06
1.14e-07
1.24e-06
8.37e-05
1.86e-04
1.93e-06
2.83e-02
5.74e-02
1.31e-06
5.57e-07
4.58e-06
9.79e-08
1.14e-07
1.89e-07
1.37e-03
1.746-11
2.69e-03
5.92e-09
5.29e-01
6.36e-07
2.02e-ll
8.84e-06
6.23e-06
5.29e-07
7.70e-10
8.70e-02
3.90e-02
3.89e-03
9.18e-07
3.80e-06
Total
80.91%
19.09%
100.00%
1.36E-08
1.03E-11
0.0080%
3.14E-08
2.23E-08
3.03E-10
0.0001%
1.06E-07
0.0361%
2.60E-10
0.0369%
0.0782%
6.80E-08
0.0005%
6.80E-08
0.0001%
0.0050%
0.0111%
0.0001%
1.6873%
3.4201%
0.0001%
3.32E-07
0.0003%
5.83E-08
6.80E-08
1.13E-07
0.0816%
1.03E-11
0.1601%
3.53E-09
31.5275%
3.79E-07
1.21E-11
0.0005%
0.0004%
3.15E-07
4.59E-10
5.1827%
2.3251%
0.2320%
0.0001%
0.0002%
J-32
-------
APPENDIX J
Table J-14. LCD water outputs (wastewater and water pollutants) (kg/functional unit)
% or Fraction of
Material
Copper (+1 & +2)
Cyanide (-1)
Cyanide (-1)
Dichloromethane
Dissolved organic matter
(chlorinated)
Dissolved organics
Dissolved solids
Edetic acid (EDTA)
Ethylbenzene
Fluoride
Fluorides (F-)
Fluorides (F-)
Formaldehyde
Halogenated matter (organic)
Hexachloroethane
Hexane
Hydrazine
Hydrocarbons, remaining
unspeciated
Hydrochloric acid
Hypochlorite
Hypochlorous acid
Iodide (-1)
Iron
Iron
Iron (+2 & +3)
Lead
Lead
Lead cmpds
Lead cmpds
Lithium salts
Magnesium (+2)
Manganese
Manganese cmpds
Mercury
Mercury
Mercury compounds
Metals, remaining unspeciated
Molybdenum (Mo II, Mo III, Mo IV,
Mo V, Mo VI)
Morpholine
Nickel
Nickel
Nickel (+2)
Nickel cmpds
Nitrate
Nitrates/nitrites
Nitrites
Nitrogen
Disposition
treatment
surface water
treatment
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
treatment
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
treatment
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
treatment
surface water
surface water
treatment
surface water
treatment
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
treatment
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
treatment
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
Upstream
0
4.49e-06
0
8.22e-09
1.31e-06
1.20e-03
3.21e-03
9.46e-10
1.43e-07
3.39e-06
5.14e-05
0
3.54e-14
1.65e-13
5.06e-18
0
4.35e-10
8.97e-05
0
8.62e-10
8.62e-10
5.93e-07
0
0
3.71e-04
0
0
3.68e-06
0
4.86e-ll
5.13e-04
0
1.48e-05
0
9.08e-08
5.82e-07
3.55e-04
1.88e-06
4.60e-09
0
0
4.39e-07
3.29e-06
1.97e-05
8.00e-05
4.23e-07
1.44e-05
Mfg
4.28e-05
3.66e-06
6.67e-07
0
0
4.67e-08
1.756-01
0
0
0
1.29e-02
2.40e-04
0
5.67e-12
0
5.88e-04
0
1.70e-05
3.29e-06
0
0
0
1.31e-04
8.33e-05
1.73e-08
8.18e-06
8.33e-07
5.676-11
7.14e-06
0
0
2.29e-07
0
8.33e-08
9.69e-08
6.52e-14
4.72e-04
0
0
2.33e-07
3.33e-06
0
2.84e-ll
3.15e-06
0
0
7.98e-02
Use
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
EOL
0
-7.04e-13
0
2.78e-ll
0
-8.34e-09
-5.69e-05
0
6.286-11
0
-5.01e-06
0
0
-2.01e-13
0
0
0
-7.87e-07
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1.02e-08
0
0
4.98e-10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.626-11
-2.45e-05
0
0
0
0
0
-l.Ole-12
-1.27e-06
0
0
0
Total
4.28e-05
8.15e-06
6.67e-07
8.25e-09
1.31e-06
1.20e-03
1.78e-01
9.46e-10
1.43e-07
3.39e-06
1.30e-02
2.40e-04
3.54e-14
5.64e-12
5.06e-18
5.88e-04
4.35e-10
1.06e-04
3.29e-06
8.62e-10
8.62e-10
5.93e-07
1.31e-04
8.33e-05
3.71e-04
8.18e-06
8.33e-07
3.68e-06
7.14e-06
4.86e-ll
5.13e-04
2.29e-07
1.48e-05
8.33e-08
1.88e-07
5.82e-07
8.03e-04
1.88e-06
4.60e-09
2.33e-07
3.33e-06
4.39e-07
3.29e-06
2.15e-05
8.00e-05
4.23e-07
7.98e-02
Total
0.0026%
0.0005%
3.97E-07
4.91E-09
0.0001%
0.0716%
10.6251%
5.63E-10
8.50E-08
0.0002%
0.7724%
0.0143%
2.11E-14
3.36E-12
3.01E-18
0.0351%
2.59E-10
0.0063%
0.0002%
5.14E-10
5.14E-10
3.53E-07
0.0078%
0.0050%
0.0221%
0.0005%
4.96E-07
0.0002%
0.0004%
2.89E-11
0.0305%
1.36E-07
0.0009%
4.96E-08
1.12E-07
3.47E-07
0.0478%
0.0001%
2.74E-09
1.39E-07
0.0002%
2.62E-07
0.0002%
0.0013%
0.0048%
2.52E-07
4.7566%
J-33
-------
APPENDIX J
Table J-14. LCD water outputs (wastewater and water pollutants) (kg/functional unit)
% or Fraction of
Material
Nitrogen
Nitrogen dioxide
Oil & grease
Oil & grease
Organic phosphorus, unspecified
Orthoboric acid
Other nitrogen
Other organics
Oxalic acid
o-xylene
Phenol
Phosphate (PO43-)
Phosphates
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Phosphorus pentoxide
Poly chlorinated biphenyls
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Potassium (+1)
Rubidium ion (Rb+)
Salts (unspecified)
Sand
Saponifiable oils and fats
Selenium
Silver compounds
Sodium (+1)
Strontium (Sr II)
Sulfate ion (-4)
Sulfate ion (-4)
Sulfide
Sulfites
Sulfur
Suspended solids
Suspended solids
Tars (unspecified)
Tetrachloroethylene
Tin
Tin (Sn++, Sn4+)
Titanium tetrachloride
TOCs
Toluene
Trichloroethylene
Triethylene glycol
Vanadium (V3+, V5+)
Vinyl chloride
VOCs, remaining unspeciated
Waste metals, unspecified
Waste oil
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Zinc (+2)
Zinc (elemental)
Total water pollutants
Disposition
treatment
surface water
surface water
treatment
surface water
treatment
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
treatment
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
treatment
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
treatment
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
Upstream
0
3.04e-04
2.18e-06
0
0
0
2.25e-04
2.12e-05
1.89e-09
0
4.50e-05
l.lle-04
2.23e-07
1.92e-06
0
7.63e-09
0
2.87e-06
2.46e-04
5.93e-08
2.54e-04
2.95e-09
7.30e-05
2.99e-06
3.56e-09
1.73e-01
9.60e-05
2.40e-02
0
2.20e-06
4.80e-07
1.04e-ll
4.98e-03
0
5.06e-15
1.26e-14
0
S.lle-05
3.52e-05
8.96e-04
1.60e-06
7.66e-13
1.86e-06
3.18e-06
0
2.07e-06
9.37e-05
1.75e-03
6.41e-06
7.41e-06
0
4.60e-01
Mfg
1.26e-02
0
5.36e-04
3.61e-03
2.29e-07
1.31e-06
7.66e-10
0
0
0
1.76e-04
0
2.83e-08
4.33e-03
6.91e-03
0
1.14e-08
6.81e-ll
0
0
7.84e-05
0
0
0
0
3.41e-01
0
2.94e-03
1.32e-04
9.86e-09
0
0
5.80e-02
5.60e-03
0
2.29e-08
4.58e-07
0
0
4.25e-08
6.24e-10
2.29e-08
0
0
0
0
0
4.87e-03
0
1.40e-09
2.63e-06
1.23e+00
Use
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.55e-02
0
0
0
0
6.65e-04
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.62e-02
EOL
0
0
0
0
0
0
-2.72e-ll
0
0
1.37e-10
-6.22e-06
0
7.276-10
0
0
0
0
-2.41e-12
0
0
-2.78e-06
0
0
2.88e-ll
5.26e-10
-2.03e-02
0
-1.20e-06
4.84e-06
-1.74e-09
0
0
-1.44e-03
1.26e-07
0
1.746-11
0
0
0
-1.51e-09
5.83e-10
1.74e-ll
0
0
3.486-11
0
0
-2.06e-04
1.76e-10
-2.09e-10
0
-4.09e-02
Total
1.26e-02
3.04e-04
5.38e-04
3.61e-03
2.29e-07
1.31e-06
2.25e-04
2.12e-05
1.89e-09
1.37e-10
2.14e-04
l.lle-04
2.52e-07
4.33e-03
6.91e-03
7.63e-09
1.14e-08
2.87e-06
2.46e-04
5.93e-08
3.29e-04
2.95e-09
7.30e-05
2.99e-06
4.09e-09
4.94e-01
9.60e-05
2.69e-02
2.57e-02
2.20e-06
4.80e-07
1.04e-ll
6.15e-02
6.26e-03
5.06e-15
2.29e-08
4.58e-07
S.lle-05
3.52e-05
8.96e-04
1.60e-06
2.29e-08
1.86e-06
3.18e-06
3.48e-ll
2.07e-06
9.37e-05
6.41e-03
6.41e-06
7.41e-06
2.63e-06
1.68e+00
Total
0.7494%
0.0181%
0.0321%
0.2150%
1.36E-07
0.0001%
0.0134%
0.0013%
1.13E-09
8.14E-11
0.0128%
0.0066%
1.50E-07
0.2581%
0.4114%
4.54E-09
6.80E-09
0.0002%
0.0146%
3.53E-08
0.0196%
1.76E-09
0.0044%
0.0002%
2.43E-09
29.4192%
0.0057%
1.6033%
1.5285%
0.0001%
2.86E-07
6.18E-12
3.6643%
0.3732%
3.01E-15
1.37E-08
2.73E-07
0.0030%
0.0021%
0.0534%
0.0001%
1.37E-08
0.0001%
0.0002%
2.07E-11
0.0001%
0.0056%
0.3817%
0.0004%
0.0004%
0.0002%
100.00%
J-34
-------
APPENDIX J
Table J-15. LCD hazardous waste outputs (kg/functional unit)
Material
Acetic acid
Acetone
Acid waste (D002 waste)
Barium debris (D008 waste)
Chrome debris (D007 waste)
Chrome liquid waste (D007 waste)
Chromium
EOL LCD Monitor, landfilled
Ferric chloride
Flammable liquids (F003 waste)
Hazardous waste, unspecified
Hazardous waste, unspecified
Hazardous waste, unspecified
HCFC-225ca
HCFC-225cb
Hydrofluoric acid
Isopropyl alcohol
Isopropyl alcohol
Mercury
Nitric acid
Phosphoric acid
PWB -Decontaminating debris
PWB-Lead contaminated waste oil
PWB-Route dust
PWB-Solder dross
PWB- Waste cupric etchant
Remover, unspecified
Remover, unspecified
Rinse, unspecified
Silver
Sodium sulfate
Spent solvent (non-halogenated)
Spent solvent (with halogenated materials)
Spent solvents (F003 waste)
Tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide
Thinner, unspecified
Unspecified sludge
Waste acid (chrome mixed acid)
Waste acid (mainly HF)
Waste acid (mainly HF)
Waste acid (mostly 3% HC1 solution)
Waste acids, unspecified
Waste Batch (Ba, Pb) (D008 waste)
Waste CCFL, with lead
Waste CCFL, with mercury
Waste glass, with mercury
Waste metals, unspecified
Waste solvent (photoresist)
Waste solvent (photoresist)
Total hazardous waste
Disposition
landfill
treatment
treatment
landfill
treatment
recycling/reuse
landfill
landfill
recycling/reuse
treatment
landfill
recycling/reuse
treatment
recycling/reuse
recycling/reuse
landfill
recycling/reuse
treatment
recycling/reuse
landfill
landfill
treatment
treatment
recycling/reuse
recycling/reuse
recycling/reuse
recycling/reuse
treatment
recycling/reuse
landfill
recycling/reuse
treatment
treatment
treatment
recycling/reuse
treatment
land (other than
recycling/reuse
recycling/reuse
treatment
recycling/reuse
recycling/reuse
landfill
treatment
treatment
landfill
recycling/reuse
recycling/reuse
treatment
Upstream
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.72E-03
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6.72E-03
Mfg
4.46E-03
2.77E-02
1.19E-03
9.91E-06
6.83E-06
4.54E-04
1.52E-06
0
1.37E-02
9.13E-04
2.97E-02
1.42E-02
6.16E-02
3.11E-05
3.11E-05
8.24E-05
1.69E-01
1.91E+00
2.00E-06
3.43E-04
1.44E-02
6.85E-03
5.14E-03
5.31E-03
2.96E-02
9.93E-02
8.84E-02
3.03E-01
4.67E-02
2.72E-09
2.44E-01
4.66E-02
1.55E-02
2.74E-04
1.42E-01
5.40E-01
3.09E-02
7.18E-03
5.69E-01
1.36E-01
1.82E-04
3.24E-02
6.55E-05
8.17E-08
8.17E-10
1.05E-10
1.17E-03
2.05E-02
2.17E-02
4.64E+00
Use
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
O.OOE+00
EOL
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.64E+00
0
0
-1.05E-03
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.64E+00
Total % or
Fraction of
Total
4.46E-03
2.77E-02
1.19E-03
9.91E-06
6.83E-06
4.54E-04
1.52E-06
1.64E+00
1.37E-02
9.13E-04
3.54E-02
1.42E-02
6.16E-02
3.11E-05
3.11E-05
8.24E-05
1.69E-01
1.91E+00
2.00E-06
3.43E-04
1.44E-02
6.85E-03
5.14E-03
5.31E-03
2.96E-02
9.93E-02
8.84E-02
3.03E-01
4.67E-02
2.72E-09
2.44E-01
4.66E-02
1.55E-02
2.74E-04
1.42E-01
5.40E-01
3.09E-02
7.18E-03
5.69E-01
1.36E-01
1.82E-04
3.24E-02
6.55E-05
8.17E-08
8.17E-10
1.05E-10
1.17E-03
2.05E-02
2.17E-02
6.29E+00
7.09E-04
4.40E-03
1.89E-04
1.57E-06
1.08E-06
7.22E-05
2.41E-07
26.13%
2.18E-03
1.45E-04
5.62E-03
2.26E-03
9.78E-03
4.94E-06
4.94E-06
1.31E-05
2.69%
30.41%
3.18E-07
5.45E-05
2.29E-03
1.09E-03
8.16E-04
8.43E-04
4.70E-03
1.58%
1.40%
4.81%
7.42E-03
4.33E-10
3.89%
7.41E-03
2.47E-03
4.35E-05
2.26%
8.57%
4.91E-03
1.14E-03
9.04%
2.15%
2.89E-05
5.15E-03
1.04E-05
1.30E-08
1.30E-10
1.67E-11
1.85E-04
3.26E-03
3.45E-03
100.00%
J-35
-------
APPENDIX J
Table J-16. LCD
Material
abrasive sludge
acid absorbent
Aluminum (elemental)
Aluminum scrap
Aluminum scrap, Wabash 319
Arsenic
Bauxite residues
blasting media
Broken CCFL
Cadmium
Calcium
Carbon
CARBON STEEL SCRAP
Cardboard
Chromium (III)
Chromium (VI)
Cinders from LCD glass mfg
Coal waste
Cobalt
Cobalt nitrate
Copper
Diesel fuel
Dust
Dust/sludge
EOL LCD Monitor, incinerated
EOL LCD Monitor, landfilled
EOL LCD Monitor, recycled
EOL LCD Monitor, remanufactured
FGD sludge
Fly/bottom ash
Iron
Iron scrap
Isopropyl alcohol
Isopropyl alcohol
LCD glass
LCD glass EP dust
LCD glass EP dust
LCD glass, unspecified
LCD panel waste
Lead
Manganese
Mercury
Mineral waste
Mining waste
Mixed industrial (waste)
Nickel
Nickel nitrate
Nitrogen
Non mineral waste (inert)
Non toxic chemical waste (unspecified)
Oily rags & filter media
Oily rags & filter media
Disposition
recycling/reuse
landfill
landfill
recycling/reuse
recycling/reuse
landfill
landfill
landfill
landfill
landfill
landfill
landfill
recycling/reuse
treatment
landfill
landfill
landfill
landfill
landfill
treatment
landfill
treatment
treatment
landfill
treatment
landfill
recycling/reuse
recycling/reuse
landfill
landfill
landfill
recycling/reuse
recycling/reuse
treatment
recycling/reuse
landfill
recycling/reuse
landfill
landfill
landfill
landfill
landfill
landfill
landfill
landfill
landfill
treatment
landfill
landfill
landfill
landfill
recycling/reuse
solid waste
Upstream
0
0
1.23E-05
2.55E-07
0
4.91E-09
1.70E-05
0
0
4.92E-10
4.91E-05
3.79E-05
0
0
3.07E-08
3.07E-08
0
0
2.36E-10
0
1.18E-09
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.45E-02
0
2.46E-05
1.67E-01
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5.42E-09
4.91E-07
3.33E-11
2.20E-01
1.41E-01
4.34E-02
1.77E-09
0
9.83E-09
9.80E-06
5.72E-03
0
0
outputs (kg/functional unit)
Mfg
1.95E-03
3.77E-06
0
8.77E-06
2.37E-08
0
5.87E-04
1.70E-05
2.69E-07
0
0
0
0
1.82E-05
0
0
3.83E-04
2.28E+00
0
2.83E-06
0
1.88E-06
1.59E-04
8.80E-01
0
0
0
0
1.09E-02
5.70E-01
0
0
2.53E-02
1.03E-02
0
4.77E-05
2.32E-04
1.13E-03
2.43E-02
0
0
0
1.26E-04
0
4.83E-02
0
2.83E-06
0
0
2.95E-05
1.51E-05
1.88E-06
Use
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.90E+01
0
0
0
0
0
7.34E+00
0
0
0
0
0
4.75E+00
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
EOL
0
0
0
9.52E-03
0
0
-1.96E-05
0
0
0
0
0
4.58E-01
0
0
0
0
3.60E-03
0
0
0
0
0
1.39E-03
9.75E-01
8.94E-01
9.75E-01
9.75E-01
-6.11E-04
9.01E-04
0
1.10E+00
0
0
8.77E-02
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-4.46E-06
-1.23E-06
-1.35E-03
0
0
0
0
-1.05E-06
0
0
Total
1.95E-03
3.77E-06
1.23E-05
9.53E-03
2.37E-08
4.91E-09
5.84E-04
1.70E-05
2.69E-07
4.92E-10
4.91E-05
3.79E-05
4.58E-01
1.82E-05
3.07E-08
3.07E-08
3.83E-04
2.13E+01
2.36E-10
2.83E-06
1.18E-09
1.88E-06
1.59E-04
8.23E+00
9.75E-01
8.94E-01
9.75E-01
9.75E-01
3.48E-02
5.32E+00
2.46E-05
1.27E+00
2.53E-02
1.03E-02
8.77E-02
4.77E-05
2.32E-04
1.13E-03
2.43E-02
5.42E-09
4.91E-07
3.33E-11
2.21E-01
1.41E-01
9.04E-02
1.77E-09
2.83E-06
9.83E-09
9.80E-06
5.75E-03
1.51E-05
1.88E-06
% or Fraction
of Total
3.73E-05
7.20E-08
2.35E-07
1.82E-04
4.53E-10
9.38E-11
1.12E-05
3.24E-07
5.14E-09
9.40E-12
9.38E-07
7.24E-07
8.75E-03
3.47E-07
5.87E-10
5.87E-10
7.31E-06
40.64%
4.51E-12
5.40E-08
2.26E-11
3.60E-08
3.03E-06
15.72%
1.86%
1.71%
1.86%
1.86%
6.64E-04
10.16%
4.70E-07
2.42%
4.84E-04
1.97E-04
1.68E-03
9.12E-07
4.43E-06
2.15E-05
4.64E-04
1.04E-10
9.38E-09
6.36E-13
4.21E-03
2.69E-03
1.73E-03
3.38E-11
5.40E-08
1.88E-10
1.87E-07
1.10E-04
2.88E-07
3.60E-08
J-36
-------
APPENDIX J
Table J-16. LCD
Material
parts cleaner solvent
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Plating process sludge
Polycarbonate
Polyester resin
Polyethylene, foamed
Polyethylene/polypropylene waste
Potassium Carbonate
Printed wiring board (PWB)
PWB-Drill dust
Remover, unspecified
Sewage sludge (unspecified)
Slag and ash
Slag and ash
sludge (calcium fluoride, CaF2)
Sludge from LCD glass mfg
Sodium Carbonate
Stannous sludge
Steel scrap (tinplated)
Sulfur
Unspecified nonhazardous waste
Unspecified sludge
Unspecified sludge
Unspecified sludge
Unspecified solid waste
Unspecified solid waste
Unspecified solid waste
Unspecified solid waste (incinerated)
Unspecified waste
Unspecified waste
Used silica gel
Waste acid (containing F and detergents)
Waste acids, unspecified
Waste alkali (color filter developer,
Waste alkali, unspecified
Waste alkali, unspecified
Waste backlight casing (PC)
Waste backlight light guide (PMMA)
Waste LCD glass
Waste LCD glass
Waste metals, unspecified
Waste oil
Waste oil
Waste plastic from LCD modules
Waste plastic from LCD modules
Waste plastics from LCD monitor
Waste refractory
Zinc (elemental)
Total solid waste
Disposition
recycling/reuse
landfill
landfill
recycling/reuse
recycling/reuse
treatment
treatment
landfill
landfill
landfill
treatment
landfill
recycling/reuse
landfill
recycling/reuse
landfill
landfill
recycling/reuse
recycling/reuse
landfill
recycling/reuse
landfill
recycling/reuse
treatment
landfill
recycling/reuse
treatment
treatment
recycling/reuse
landfill
landfill
landfill
treatment
recycling/reuse
recycling/reuse
treatment
landfill
landfill
landfill
recycling/reuse
recycling/reuse
treatment
landfill
recycling/reuse
treatment
landfill
landfill
landfill
solid waste
Upstream
0
6.29E-07
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.25E-05
8.02E+00
8.19E-02
0
0
0
3.25E-04
7.73E-02
7.37E-06
0
0
0
0
2.40E+00
1.50E+00
0
4.61E-04
4.05E-01
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.17E-05
0
0
0
0
1.96E-07
1.31E+01
outputs (kg/functional unit)
Mfg
3.77E-06
0
1.52E-05
0
3.20E-02
9.99E-04
2.72E-03
1.53E-04
7.50E-03
6.59E-03
3.09E-02
0
3.40E+00
3.49E-02
8.13E-04
4.06E-05
1.53E-04
0
0
0
1.26E-04
3.56E-04
8.46E-01
5.73E-02
0
2.11E-01
1.63E+00
6.44E-04
1.72E-01
0
6.22E-04
2.70E-01
1.05E-01
8.91E-02
3.23E-01
1.95E-06
1.46E-05
1.52E-03
2.63E-01
7.20E-01
2.93E-03
1.64E-02
0
7.40E-02
4.03E-01
4.05E-02
1.13E-04
0
1.26E+01
Use
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.11E+01
EOL
0
0
0
3.90E-01
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-9.67E+00
-1.99E-03
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-5.10E-01
0
0
-3.84E-05
-9.83E-03
-9.74E-02
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-4.42E+00
Total
3.77E-06
6.29E-07
1.52E-05
3.90E-01
3.20E-02
9.99E-04
2.72E-03
1.53E-04
7.50E-03
6.59E-03
3.09E-02
3.25E-05
1.75E+00
1.15E-01
8.13E-04
4.06E-05
1.53E-04
3.25E-04
7.73E-02
7.37E-06
1.26E-04
3.56E-04
8.46E-01
5.73E-02
1.89E+00
1.71E+00
1.63E+00
1.07E-03
5.67E-01
-9.74E-02
6.22E-04
2.70E-01
1.05E-01
8.91E-02
3.23E-01
1.95E-06
1.46E-05
1.52E-03
2.63E-01
7.20E-01
2.93E-03
1.64E-02
3.17E-05
7.40E-02
4.03E-01
4.05E-02
1.13E-04
1.96E-07
5.23E+01
% or Fraction
of Total
7.20E-08
1.20E-08
2.90E-07
7.46E-03
6.11E-04
1.91E-05
5.20E-05
2.91E-06
1.43E-04
1.26E-04
5.90E-04
6.22E-07
3.35%
2.19E-03
1.55E-05
7.77E-07
2.91E-06
6.22E-06
1.48E-03
1.41E-07
2.40E-06
6.80E-06
1.62%
1.09E-03
3.62%
3.27%
3.11%
2.04E-05
1.08E-02
-1.86E-03
1.19E-05
5.16E-03
2.00E-03
1.70E-03
6.18E-03
3.73E-08
2.79E-07
2.90E-05
5.03E-03
1.38%
5.61E-05
3.14E-04
6.05E-07
1.41E-03
7.70E-03
7.75E-04
2.16E-06
3.75E-09
100.00%
J-37
-------
APPENDIX J
Table J-17. LCD radioactive waste outputs (kg/functional unit)
Material Disposition
Highly radioactive waste (Class C) landfill
Low-level radioactive waste landfill
Radioactive waste (unspecified) landfill
Uranium, depleted landfill
Total radioactive waste
Upstream
2.72e-06
1.28e-04
5.77e-06
0
1.37e-04
Mfg
0
3.74e-04
0
1.12e-04
4.87e-04
Use
0
6.56e-04
0
1.97e-04
8.52e-04
EOL
0
1.24e-07
0
3.73e-08
1.62e-07
Total
2.72e-06
1.16e-03
5.77e-06
3.09e-04
1.48e-03
% of Total
0.18%
78.49%
0.39%
20.93%
100.00%
J-38
-------
APPENDIX J
Table J-18. LCD radioactivity outputs (Bq/functional unit)
Material
Americium-241 (isotope)
Americium-243 (isotope)
Antimony- 124 (isotope)
Antimony- 124 (isotope)
Antimony-125 (isotope)
Argon-41 (isotope)
Barium- 140 (isotope)
Bromine-89 (isotope)
Bromine-90 (isotope)
Carbon- 14 (isotope)
Cesium- 134 (isotope)
Cesium- 134 (isotope)
Cesium- 134 (isotope)
Cesium-135 (isotope)
Cesium- 136 (isotope)
Cesium- 137 (isotope)
Cesium- 137 (isotope)
Cesium- 137 (isotope)
Cesium- 137 (isotope)
Chromium- 51 (isotope)
Chromium- 51 (isotope)
Cobalt-57 (isotope)
Cobalt-57 (isotope)
Cobalt-58 (isotope)
Cobalt-58 (isotope)
Cobalt-58 (isotope)
Cobalt-60 (isotope)
Cobalt-60 (isotope)
Cobalt-80 (isotope)
Curium-244 (isotope)
Curium-245 (isotope)
Iodine- 129 (isotope)
Iodine- 131 (isotope)
Iodine- 131 (isotope)
Iodine- 131 (isotope)
Iodine-132 (isotope)
Iodine-132 (isotope)
Iodine-133 (isotope)
Iodine-133 (isotope)
Iodine-134 (isotope)
Iodine- 135 (isotope)
Iodine- 135 (isotope)
Iron-55 (isotope)
Iron-59 (isotope)
Krypton-85 (isotope)
Krypton-85M (isotope)
Krypton-85M (isotope)
Krypton-87 (isotope)
Krypton-88 (isotope)
Lanthanum- 140 (isotope)
Lead-210 (isotope)
Disposition
landfill
landfill
surface water
treatment
treatment
air
treatment
air
air
air
air
surface water
treatment
landfill
treatment
air
landfill
surface water
treatment
air
treatment
air
treatment
air
surface water
treatment
air
surface water
treatment
landfill
landfill
landfill
air
surface water
treatment
air
treatment
air
treatment
air
air
treatment
treatment
treatment
air
air
treatment
air
air
treatment
air
Upstream
9.42e+01
2.05e+00
2.12e-02
0
0
0
0
0
0
9.35e+00
3.58e-04
1.87e-02
0
4.59e+04
0
3.58e-04
1.28e-01
2.74e-02
0
0
0
0
0
3.58e-04
6.14e-02
0
3.58e-04
3.84e-02
0
1.91e+02
2.13e-02
3.01e-03
2.10e-03
2.33e-03
0
0
0
4.09e-03
0
0
0
0
0
0
5.456+01
0
0
0
0
0
3.21e-01
Mfg
0
0
0
1.68e+00
6.70e+00
3.40e+03
1.25e-01
3.93e-04
1. 60e-04
0
1.08e-02
0
4.49e+00
0
1.75e-03
8.15e-02
0
0
6.75e+00
2.13e-01
8.10e+00
5.74e-04
1.96e-01
6.66e+00
0
7.98e+01
5.51e-02
0
2.09e+01
0
0
0
2.57e-01
0
3.73e+00
5.23e-02
1.41e+00
2.39e+02
1. 60e+00
2.71e-01
1.36e-02
1.15e+00
1.91e+01
9.79e-01
5.64e+03
2.73e+02
5.04e+00
1.02e+02
4.77e+02
1.33e-01
0
Use
0
0
0
2.94e+00
1.17e+01
5.96e+03
2.18e-01
6.89e-04
2.80e-04
0
1.89e-02
0
7.87e+00
0
3.37e-01
1.43e-01
0
0
1.18e+01
3.74e-01
1.42e+01
l.OOe-03
3.43e-01
1.28e+03
0
1.40e+02
9.65e-02
0
3.67e+01
0
0
0
4.51e-01
0
6.54e+00
9.16e-02
2.48e+00
4.18e+02
2.80e+00
4.74e-01
2.38e-02
2.01e+00
3.34e+01
1.72e+00
9.88e+03
4.79e+02
8.83e+00
1.78e+02
8.37e+02
2.34e-01
0
EOL
0
0
0
5.59e-04
2.23e-03
1.13e+00
4.14e-05
1.31e-07
5.32e-08
0
3.59e-06
0
1.49e-03
0
6.40e-05
2.71e-05
0
0
2.24e-03
7.09e-05
2.69e-03
1.91e-07
6.52e-05
2.43e-01
0
2.65e-02
1.83e-05
0
6.96e-03
0
0
0
8.56e-05
0
1.24e-03
1.74e-05
4.70e-04
7.94e-02
5.32e-04
9.00e-05
4.52e-06
3.82e-04
6.34e-03
3.25e-04
1.88e+00
9.09e-02
1.68e-03
3.38e-02
1.59e-01
4.43e-05
0
Total % or Fraction of
Total
9.42e+01
2.05e+00
2.12e-02
4.63e+00
1.84e+01
9.36e+03
3.43e-01
1.08e-03
4.40e-04
9.35e+00
3.01e-02
1.87e-02
1.24e+01
4.59e+04
3.39e-01
2.25e-01
1.28e-01
2.74e-02
1.86e+01
5.87e-01
2.23e+01
1.58e-03
5.40e-01
1.29e+03
6.14e-02
2.20e+02
1.52e-01
3.84e-02
5.76e+01
1.91e+02
2.13e-02
3.01e-03
7.11e-01
2.33e-03
1.03e+01
1.44e-01
3.89e+00
6.57e+02
4.40e+00
7.45e-01
3.74e-02
3.16e+00
5.25e+01
2.69e+00
1.56e+04
7.53e+02
1.39e+01
2.80e+02
1.31e+03
3.67e-01
3.21e-01
0.0002%
5.11E-08
5.29E-10
1.15E-07
4.59E-07
0.0233%
8.55E-09
2.70E-11
1.10E-11
2.33E-07
7.50E-10
4.65E-10
3.08E-07
0.1145%
8.45E-09
5.60E-09
3.20E-09
6.82E-10
4.63E-07
1.46E-08
0.0001%
3.94E-11
1.35E-08
0.0032%
1.53E-09
0.0005%
3.79E-09
9.56E-10
0.0001%
0.0005%
5.31E-10
7.50E-11
1.77E-08
5.80E-11
2.56E-07
3.59E-09
9.70E-08
0.0016%
1.10E-07
1.86E-08
9.33E-10
7.88E-08
0.0001%
6.72E-08
0.0388%
0.0019%
3.46E-07
0.0007%
0.0033%
9.15E-09
7.99E-09
J-39
-------
APPENDIX J
Table J-18.
Material
Manganese-54 (isotope)
Manganese-54 (isotope)
Manganese-54 (isotope)
Molybdenum-99 (isotope)
Neptunium-237 (isotope)
Niobium-95 (isotope)
Niobium-95 (isotope)
Palladium- 107 (isotope)
Plutonium-239 (isotope)
Plutonium-240 (isotope)
Plutonium-24 1 (isotope)
Plutonium-242 (isotope)
Polonium-2 1 0 (isotope)
Potassium-40 (isotope)
Protactinium-234 (isotope)
Protactinium-234 (isotope)
Radioactive aerosols and halogenes (unspecified)
radioactive gas (unspecified)
Radioactive substance (unspecified)
Radioactive substance (unspecified)
Radium-222 (isotope)
Radium-224 (isotope)
Radium-226 (isotope)
Radium-226 (isotope)
Radium-226 (isotope)
Radium-228 (isotope)
Radium-228 (isotope)
Radon-220 (isotope)
Radon-222 (isotope)
Rubidium-88 (isotope)
Ruthenium- 103 (isotope)
Samarium-151 (isotope)
Selenium-79 (isotope)
Silver- 110M (isotope)
Silver- 1 10M (isotope)
Silver- 1 10M (isotope)
Sodium-24 (isotope)
Strontium-89 (isotope)
Strontium-90 (isotope)
Strontium-90 (isotope)
Strontium-95 (isotope)
Sulfur- 136 (isotope)
Technetium-99M (isotope)
Technetium-99M (isotope)
Technetium-99M (isotope)
Thorium-228 (isotope)
Thorium-228 (isotope)
Thorium-230 (isotope)
Thorium-230 (isotope)
Thorium-230 (isotope)
Thorium-232 (isotope)
LCD radioactivity outputs (Bq/functional unit)
Disposition
air
surface water
treatment
treatment
landfill
air
treatment
landfill
landfill
landfill
landfill
landfill
air
air
air
surface water
air
air
air
surface water
air
surface water
air
landfill
surface water
air
surface water
air
air
air
treatment
landfill
landfill
air
surface water
treatment
treatment
treatment
landfill
treatment
treatment
treatment
air
landfill
treatment
air
surface water
air
landfill
surface water
air
Upstream
0
3.07e-03
0
0
2.95e+01
0
0
1.04e-02
3.57e+04
5.08e+04
1.18e+07
1.92e+02
5.52e-01
8.57e-02
5.06e-03
9.36e-02
2.81e-02
8.98e+02
1.29e+00
1.20e-02
3.26e+00
2.97e-01
4.31e-01
2.44e+02
1.80e+02
4.23e-02
5.93e-01
9.93e-01
4.30e+04
0
0
4.25e+01
3.31e-02
0
9.21e-02
0
0
0
6.86e+03
0
0
0
0
1.40e+00
0
3.57e-02
1.19e+00
7.31e-02
2.44e+02
8.76e+00
2.28e-02
Mfg
3.03e-03
0
5.34e+00
l.Ole+07
0
1.20e-04
1.37e+00
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4.44e+01
4.11e-01
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.12e+00
1.68e-01
0
0
3.59e-06
0
1.96e+00
2.99e-01
3.23e-01
0
7.59e-02
8.36e-01
1.80e-01
1.61e-05
0
1.17e-01
0
0
0
0
0
0
Use
5.30e-03
0
9.35e+00
1.76e+07
0
2.11e-04
2.41e+00
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.96e+00
2.94e-01
0
0
6.29e-06
0
3.43e+00
5.23e-01
5.65e-01
0
1.33e-01
1.47e+00
3.15e-01
2.83e-05
0
2.05e-01
0
0
0
0
0
0
EOL
l.Ole-06
0
1.776-03
3.35e+03
0
4.00e-08
4.57e-04
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1.57e+00
-1.46e-02
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.72e-04
5.59e-05
0
0
1.19e-09
0
6.52e-04
9.93e-05
1.07e-04
0
2.52e-05
2.78e-04
5.99e-05
5.36e-09
0
3.89e-05
0
0
0
0
0
0
Total % or Fraction of
Total
8.33e-03
3.07e-03
1.47e+01
2.77e+07
2.95e+01
3.31e-04
3.78e+00
1.04e-02
3.57e+04
5.08e+04
1.18e+07
1.92e+02
5.52e-01
8.57e-02
5.06e-03
9.36e-02
2.81e-02
8.98e+02
4.41e+01
4.09e-01
3.26e+00
2.97e-01
4.31e-01
2.44e+02
1.80e+02
4.23e-02
5.93e-01
9.93e-01
4.30e+04
3.08e+00
4.63e-01
4.25e+01
3.31e-02
9.88e-06
9.21e-02
5.40e+00
8.22e-01
8.88e-01
6.86e+03
2.09e-01
2.30e+00
4.96e-01
4.44e-05
1.40e+00
3.22e-01
3.57e-02
1.19e+00
7.31e-02
2.44e+02
8.76e+00
2.28e-02
2.08E-10
7.65E-11
3.66E-07
69.0936%
0.0001%
8.25E-12
9.43E-08
2.58E-10
0.0890%
0.1267%
29.3291%
0.0005%
1.38E-08
2.14E-09
1.26E-10
2.33E-09
7.01E-10
0.0022%
0.0001%
1.02E-08
8.13E-08
7.40E-09
1.07E-08
0.0006%
0.0004%
1.05E-09
1.48E-08
2.47E-08
0.1072%
7.67E-08
1.15E-08
0.0001%
8.25E-10
2.46E-13
2.29E-09
1.35E-07
2.05E-08
2.21E-08
0.0171%
5.21E-09
5.74E-08
1.24E-08
1.11E-12
3.50E-08
8.03E-09
8.89E-10
2.96E-08
1.82E-09
0.0006%
2.18E-07
5.68E-10
J-40
-------
APPENDIX J
Table J-18.
Material
Thorium-234 (isotope)
Thorium-234 (isotope)
Tin- 113 (isotope)
Tin- 126 (isotope)
Tritium-3 (isotope)
Tritium-3 (isotope)
Tritium-3 (isotope)
Uranium-234 (isotope)
Uranium-234 (isotope)
Uranium-234 (isotope)
Uranium-235 (isotope)
Uranium-235 (isotope)
Uranium-235 (isotope)
Uranium-238 (isotope)
Uranium-238 (isotope)
Uranium-238 (isotope)
Xenon-131M (isotope)
Xenon- 1 3 1 M (isotope)
Xenon-133 (isotope)
Xenon-133 (isotope)
Xenon-133M (isotope)
Xenon-133M (isotope)
Xenon-135 (isotope)
Xenon-135 (isotope)
Xenon-135M (isotope)
Xenon-138 (isotope)
Zinc-85 (isotope)
Zirconium-93 (isotope)
Zirconium-95 (isotope)
Total radioactivity outputs
LCD radioactivity outputs (Bq/functional unit)
Disposition
air
surface water
treatment
landfill
air
surface water
treatment
air
landfill
surface water
air
landfill
surface water
air
landfill
surface water
air
treatment
air
treatment
air
treatment
air
treatment
air
air
treatment
landfill
air
Upstream
5.06e-03
9.36e-02
0
5.79e-02
1.09e+02
1.12e+03
0
1.28e-01
1.51e+02
3.09e+00
9.55e-04
2.73e+00
1.34e-01
2.10e-01
4.23e+01
2.90e+00
0
0
7.63e+02
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.84e-01
0
1.20e+07
Mfg
0
0
1.85e-01
0
7.98e+03
0
5.96e+04
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4.60e+02
6.14e+01
4.98e+03
9.43e+03
6.59e+04
7.72e+01
2.51e+03
7.03e+01
4.79e+01
1.59e+02
9.00e-02
0
3.11e-04
1.02e+07
Use
0
0
3.25e-01
0
1.40e+04
0
1.04e+05
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
8.06e+02
1.07e+02
1.16e+05
1.65e+04
7.73e+03
1.35e+02
4.39e+03
1.23e+02
8.39e+01
2.78e+02
1.58e-01
0
5.44e-04
1.79e+07
EOL
0
0
6.16e-05
0
2.65e+00
0
1.98e+01
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.53e-01
2.04e-02
2.21e+01
3.13e+00
1.47e+00
2.57e-02
8.33e-01
2.34e-02
1.59e-02
5.28e-02
2.99e-05
0
1.03e-07
3.40e+03
Total
5.06e-03
9.36e-02
5.10e-01
5.79e-02
2.21e+04
1.12e+03
1.64e+05
1.28e-01
1.51e+02
3.09e+00
9.55e-04
2.73e+00
1.34e-01
2.10e-01
4.23e+01
2.90e+00
1.27e+03
1.69e+02
1.22e+05
2.60e+04
7.36e+04
2.13e+02
6.90e+03
1.93e+02
1.32e+02
4.37e+02
2.48e-01
1.84e-01
8.55e-04
4.01e+07
% or Fraction of
Total
1.26E-10
2.33E-09
1.27E-08
1.44E-09
0.0550%
0.0028%
0.4091%
3.19E-09
0.0004%
7.71E-08
2.38E-11
6.81E-08
3.35E-09
5.23E-09
0.0001%
7.23E-08
0.0032%
0.0004%
0.3045%
0.0647%
0.1835%
0.0005%
0.0172%
0.0005%
0.0003%
0.0011%
6.18E-09
4.60E-09
2.13E-11
100%
J-41
-------
this page intentionally left blank
-------
APPENDIX K
APPENDIX K
LCIA SUPPORTING TABLES
-------
APPENDIX K
this page intentionally left blank
-------
APPENDIX K
APPENDIX K
LCIA SUPPORTING TABLES
Table K-l. Fuel conversion factors
Fuel
Fuel oil # 2 (distillate)
Fuel oil # 6 (residual)
Fuel oil # 4 (average # 2 & # 6)
Liquified natural gas (LNG) a
Liquified petroleum gas (LPG)
Natural gas
Heat Value (H)
(MJ/L)
36.739
38.579
37.659
21.185
23.276
0.034
Reference
(1)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(5)
Density (D) (kg/L)
0.843
0.944
0.894
0.412
0.542
7.58x 10'4
Reference
(2)
(2)
(2)
(4)
(2)
(6)
a At -260 ° F; 1 ft 3 of liquid methane = 630 ft3 of gaseous methane.
References:
1. Davis, S.C. 1999. Transportation Energy Data Book, Edition 19. 1999. Center for Transportation Analysis, Oak Ridge
National Laboratory, ORNL 6958, Appendix B, Table Bl. Oak Ridge, Tennessee. September.
2. Energy Information Administration (EIA) 1999. International Energy Annual 1997. U.S. Department of Energy. DOE/EIA-
0219(97), Washington, DC. April.
3. Natural Gas Vehicle Quick Reference Fuel Guide. http:\naturalfuels.com\quick_ref_fuel_guide.htm. Downloaded 8/25/00.
4. Perry, R.H. and Green, D. (Eds.) 1984. Perry's Chemical Engineer's Handbook, 6th Edition, page 9-14. McGraw Hill, Inc.,
New York, NY.
5. Based on: Wang, M. 1999. The Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions, and energy Use in Transportation (GREET) Model,
Version 1.5. Argonne National Laboratory, University of Chicago.
6. Calculated from: Perry, R.H. and D. Green (Eds.) 1984. Perry's Chemical Engineer's Handbook, 6th Edition, page 9-15, Table
9-13, and p. 9-16, Table 9-14. McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, NY.
K-l
-------
APPENDIX K
Table K-2. Global warming potentials (GWP)
Chemical
carbon dioxide
tri fluoromethane
difluoromethane
methyl fluoride
1 , 1 , 1 ,2,2,3 ,4,5,5,5-decafluoropentane
pentafluoroethane
1 , 1 ,2,2-tetrafluoro- 1 ,2-diiodoethane
1,1,1 ,2-tetrafluoroethane
1 , 1 -difluoroethane
1 , 1 ,2-trifluoroethane
1,1,1 -trifluoroethane
1 , 1 , 1 ,2,3 ,3 ,3-heptafluoropropane
1,1,1 ,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane
1 , 1 ,2,2,3-pentafluoropropane
sulfur hexafluoride
carbon tetrafluoride
hexafluoroethane/Freon 116
octafluoropropane
decafluorobutane
cyclooctafluorobutane
dodecafluoro-pentane
tetradecafiuorohexane
methane
nitrous oxide
Synonym
CO2
HFC-23
HFC-32
HFC-41
HFC-43-10mee20.8
HFC- 125
HFC- 134
HFC-134a
HFC-152a
HFC- 143
HFC-143a
HFC-227ea
HFC-23 6fa
HFC-245ca
sulfur hexafluoride
perfluoromethane
perfluoroethane
perfluoropropane
perfluorobutane
perfluorocyclobutane
perfluoropentane
perfluorohexane
methane
nitrous oxide
CAS#
124-38-9
75-46-7
75-10-5
593-53-3
138495-42-8
354-33-6
359-35-3
811-97-2
75-37-6
430-66-0
420-46-2
431-89-0
690-39-1
679-86-7
2551-62-4
75-73-0
76-16-4
76-19-7
355-25-9
115-25-3
678-26-2
355-42-0
74-82-8
10024-97-2
GWPa
1
11,700
650
150
1300
2800
1000
1300
140
300
3800
2900
6300
560
23,900
6500
9200
7000
7000
8700
7500
7400
21
310
a IPCC's 1995 GWP estimates, 100-year time horizon.
indirect values were included.
Source: Houghton et al. 1996.
Because of the difficulties in calculating indirect effects of CFCs and halons, no
K-2
-------
APPENDIX K
Table K-3. Ozone depletion potentials (OOP)
Chemical
1,1,1 -trichloroethane c
1,2,2-trichloroethane c
CFC-11C
CFC-113C
CFC-114C
CFC-115C
CFC-12C
CFC-13 c
CFC-111C
CFC-112C
CFC-211C
CFC-212C
CFC-213 c
CFC-214C
CFC-215 c
CFC-216C
CFC-217C
CHF2Br
carbon tetrachloride c
HALON-1201
HALON-1202
HALON-1211C
HALON-1301 c
HALON-2311
HALON-2401
HALON-2402 c
HCFC-123 d
HCFC-124d
HCFC-141b d
HCFC-142b d
HCFC-22 d
HCFC-225ca d
HCFC-225cb d
bromomethane c
Synonym(s)
methyl chloroform
methyl chloroform
trichlorofluoromethane
trichlorotrifluoroethane
dichlorotetrafluoroethane
(mono)chloropentafluoroethane
dichlorodifluoromethane
chlorotrifluoromethane
pentachlorofluoroethane
tetrachlorodifluoroethane
heptachlorofluoropropane
hexachlorodifluoropropane
pentachlorotrifluoropropane
tetrachlorotetrafluoropropane
trichloropentafluoropropane
dichlorohexafluoropropane
monochloroheptafluoropropane
HBFC-22B1; bromodifluoromethane
tetrachloromethane
-
difluorodibromomethane
bromochlorodifluoromethane
bromotri fluoromethane
-
-
dibromotetrafluoroethane
2,2-dichloro- 1,1,1 -trifluoroethane
2-chloro- 1,1,1 ,2-tetrafluorethane
1 , 1 -dichloro- 1 -fluoroethane
1 -chloro- 1 , 1 -difluoroethane
chlorodifluoromethane
3 ,3-dichloro- 1,1,1 ,2,2-pentafluoropropane
1 ,3-dichloro- 1 , 1 ,2,2,3-pentafluoropropane
methyl bromide
CAS#
71-55-56
79-00-5
75-69-4
76-13-1
76-14-2
76-15-3
75-71-8
75-72-9
354-56-3
76-12-0
N/A
76564-99-3
2354-06-5
2268-46-4
4259-43-2
661-97-2
422-86-6
1511-62-2
56-23-5
-
75-61-6
353-59-3
75-63-8
-
-
124-73-2
306-83-2
2837-89-0
1717-00-6
75-68-3
75-45-6
442-56-0
507-55-1
74-83-9
Ozone Depletion Potential *
OOP"
0.12
-
1
1.07
0.8
0.5
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0.74
1.08
1.4
1.25
4
16
0.14
0.25
7
0.02
0.022
0.11
0.065
0.055
0.025
0.033
0.6
ODPb
0.1
-
1.0
0.8
1.0
0.6
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
-
1.1
-
-
3.0
10.0
-
-
6.0
0.02
0.02
0.1
0.06
0.05
-
-
0.7
a Source: Heijungs et al. 1992.
b Listed in Title VI of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA).
0 Class I substance as listed in Title VI of the 1990 CAAA..
d Class II substance as listed in Title VI of the 1990 CAAA. (Additional Class III substances listed in the CAAA but not listed here
currently have no ODP data.)
6 Weight ratios, compared to CFC-11 = 1.
"-" represents no data.
K-3
-------
APPENDIX K
Table K-4. Photochemical oxidant creation potentials (POCP)
Chemical/Material
1,1,1 -trichloroethane
1 ,2-dichloroethane
acetone
acetylene
alcohols b
aldehydes b
benzene
caprolactam
chlorophenols b
crude oil b
CxHyb
CxHy aliphatic b
CxHy aromatic b
CxHy chloro b
dichloromethane
diethyl ether
diphenyl
ethanol
ethene
ethylene glycol
ethylene oxide
formaldehyde
hexachlorobiphenyl
hydroxy compounds b
isopropanol
ketones b
methane
methyl ethyl ketone
methyl mercaptan
naphthalene
non methane VOC b
PAHb
pentane
petrol b
phenol
phthalic acid anhydride
propane
propene
propionaldehyde
Synonym(s)
methyl chloroform
ethylene dichloride
-
-
-
-
-
aminocaproic lactum
-
-
hydrocarbons
aliphatic hydrocarbons
aromatic hydrocarbons
chlorinated hydrocarbons
methylene chloride
ethyl ether
biphenyl
ethyl alcohol
ethylene
-
-
-
2,2',4,4l,5'5l-hexachloro-l,l-biphenyl
-
isopropyl alcohol; 2-propanol
-
-
MEK
-
-
-
PAC; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
-
gasoline
-
phthalic anhydride
-
propylene
propanal
CAS#
71-55-6
107-06-2
67-64-1
74-86-2
N/A
N/A
71-43-2
105-60-2
20-05-3
8002-05-9
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
75-09-2
66-29-7
92-52-4
64-17-5
74-85-1
107-21-1
75-21-8
50-00-0
35065-27-1
N/A
67-63-0
N/A
74-82-8
78-93-3
74-93-1
91-20-3
N/A
N/A
109-66-0
N/A
108-95-2
85-44-9
74-98-6
115-07-1
123-38-6
POCP"
0.021
0.021
0.178
0.168
0.196
0.443
0.189
0.761
0.761
0.398
0.398
0.398
0.761
0.021
0.021
0.398
0.761
0.268
1
0.196
0.377
0.421
0.761
0.377
0.196
0.326
0.007
0.473
0.377
0.761
0.416
0.761
0.408
0.398
0.761
0.761
0.42
1.03
0.603
K-4
-------
APPENDIX K
Table K-4. Photochemical oxidant creation potentials (POCP)
Chemical/Material
styrene
terpentine b
tetrachloromethane
toluene
trichloroethene
vinyl acetate
vinyl chloride
Synonym(s)
vinyl benzene
-
carbon tetrachloride
-
trichloroethylene
-
-
CAS#
100-42-5
N/A
56-23-5
108-88-3
79-01-6
108-05-4
75-01-4
POCP"
0.761
0.377
0.021
0.563
0.066
0.223
0.021
Source: Heijungs et al. 1992.
"-" represents no data.
K-5
-------
APPENDIX K
Table K-5. Acidification potentials (AP)
Chemical
ammonia
hydrochloric acid
hydrofluoric acid
nitric oxide
nitrogen dioxide
nitrogen oxides
sulfur dioxide
sulfur oxides
sulfur trioxide
nitric acid
sulfuric acid
phosphoric acid
hydrogen sulfide
Synonym(s)
NH3
HC1
hydrogen fluoride, HF
NO
NO2
NOX
SO2
sox
S03
HNO3
H2SO4
H304P
H2S
CAS #
7664-41-7
7647-01-0
7664-39-3
10102-43-9
10102-44-0
N/A
7446-09-5
N/A
7446-11-9
7697-37-2
7664-93-9
7664-38-2
7783-06-4
APa
1.88b
0.88 b
1.6 b
1.07b
0.7 b
0.7 b
lb
lb
0.80 c
0.51 c
0.65 c
0.98 c
1.88C
a Ratios per equal weights, compared to SO2, SOX = 1 for emissions to air.
b Source: Heijungs et al. 1992.
c Source: Hauschild and Wenzel 1997.
K-6
-------
APPENDIX K
Table K-6. Eutrophication potential nutrient enrichment chemicals
Chemical/Parameter
(releases to water)
COD
ammonia
ammonium ion
total nitrogen
phosphate
total phosphorus
nitrate
Synonym
chemical oxygen demand
NH3
NH4+
N
PO43
P
NO3-
CAS#
N/A
7664-41-7
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
NA
EPa
0.022 b
0.33 b
0.33 b
0.42 b
1.0 b
3.06 b
0.10 c
a Ratios per equal weights, compared to phosphate = 1.
b Source: Heijungs et al. 1992.
c Source: Lindfors et al. 1995.
NOTE: Eutrophication potentials for releases to air are available but not used in this methodology because partitioning between air and
water phases is not considered in this methodology.
K-7
-------
APPENDIX K
Table K-7. Odor threshold values (OTV)
Chemical
acetaldehyde
acetic acid
acetonitrile
acetophenone
acrolein
acrylic acid
acrylontirile
ammonia
aniline
benzene
benzyl chloride
1,3 -butadiene
butanal
butanoic acid
1-butanol
2-butanone
n-butylacetate
butylacrylate
n-butylpropionate
carbon disulfide
carbon tetrachloride
carbonyl sulfide
chlorine
2-chloroacetophenone
chlorobenzene
chloroform
m-cresol
cumene
decaline
P-dichlorobenzene
dichloromethane
diethylamine
dimethylamine
1 ,2-dimethylbenzene
1 ,3-dimethylbenzene
1 ,4-dimethylbenzene
1 , 1 -dimethylhydrazine
dioxane
Synonym(s)
ethanal
succinate
methyl cyanide
acetylbenzene
2-propenal
propenoic acid
vinyl cyanide
NH3
-
-
alpha-chlorotoluene
butadiene
butyraldehyde
butyric acid
butyl alcohol, -
methyl ethyl ketone
-
-
-
CS2
tetrachloromethane
carbon oxysulfide
-
phenyl chloromethyl ketone
-
trichloromethane
3-methylphenol
isopropylbenzene
veraline (-)form
1 ,4-di chlorobenzene
methylene chloride
-
-
o-xylene
m-xylene
p-xylene
N,N-dimethylhydrazine
1 ,4-di ethyl ene dioxide; 1,4-dioxane
CAS#
75-07-0
64-19-7
75-05-8
98-86-2
107-02-8
79-10-7
107-13-1
7664-41-7
62-53-3
71-43-2
100-44-7
106-99-0
123-72-8
107-92-6
71-36-3
78-93-3
123-86-4
141-32-2
590-01-2
75-15-0
56-23-5
463-58-1
7782-50-5
532-27-4
108-90-7
67-66-3
108-93-4
98-82-8
14727-56-1
106-46-7
75-09-2
109-89-7
124-40-3
95-47-6
108-38-3
106-42-3
57-14-7
123-91-1
OTV (mg/m3)
0.00027 a
0.061 a
<67b
1.5 b
0.069 a
0.27 b
3.4 b
1.0 a
38 b
108 b
0.21 b
lb
0.00084 a
0.00035 a
0.077 a
0.68 a
0.031 a
0.0015 a
0.086 a
0.18 a
884 b
0.25 b
0.23 b
0.1- 0.7 b
1.0 a
650 b
0.00022 - 0.035 b
0.04 b
2.8 a
0.73 b
640 a
0.09 a
0.0014 a
0.78 a
0.54 a
0.52 a
15-65b
2.9 b
K-8
-------
APPENDIX K
Table K-7. Odor threshold values (OTV)
Chemical
ethanal
ethanethiol
ethanol
ethyl acetate
ethyl acrylate
2-ethyl-5,5-dimethyl-l,3-dioxane
ethyl butyrate
ethylene dichloride
ethylene oxide
ethylthioethane
hydrazine
hydrogen sulfide
isopentylacetate
isophorone
isopropylbenzene
isopropylpropionate
methanal
methanethiol
methanol
methyl acetate
methylamine
3-methylbutanoic acid
methyldithiomethane
methyl hydrazine
methyl methacrylate
4-methylpentanon-2
o-cresol
m-cresol
p-cresol
2-methylpropanoic acid
2-methylpropanol- 1
2-methylpropene
methyl acrylate
methyl propionate
methylthiomethane
naphthalene
nitrobenzene
pentanal
Synonym(s)
acetaldehyde
ethylmercaptan
ethyl alcohol
-
-
-
-
1 ,2-dichloroethane
oxirane
diethylsulfide
-
H2S
iso-amylacetate
3,5,5-trimethyl-2-cyclohexenone
cumene
-
formaldehyde
methyl mercaptan
methyl alcohol
acetic acid
-
isovaleric acid
dimethyldisulfide
-
2-propenoic acid
methylisobutylketone, MIBK
2-methylphenol
3-methylphenol
4-methylphenol
isobutyric acid
isobutanol
isobutene
2-propenoic acid, methyl
-
dimethylsulfide
-
-
valeraldehyde
CAS#
75-07-0
75-08-1
64-17-5
141-78-6
140-88-5
-
105-54-4
107-06-2
75-21-8
352-93-2
302-01-2
7783-06-4
123-92-2
78-59-1
98-82-8
637-78-5
50-00-0
74-93-1
67-56-1
79-20-9
74-89-5
503-74-2
624-92-0
60-34-4
80-62-6
108-10-1
95-48-7
108-37-4
106-44-5
79-31-2
78-73-1
115-11-7
96-33-3
554-12-1
75-18-3
91-20-3
98-95-3
110-62-3
OTV (mg/m3)
0.00027 a
0.000044 a
0.64 a
2.1 a
0.00082 a
0.0000056 a
0.00003 a
25 b
470 b
0.0014 a
3.9- 5.2 b
0.00043 a
0.075 a
1.1 b
0.073 a
0.32 a
0.49 a
0.00024 a
5.5 b
22 a
0.0012 a
0.00022 a
0.0015 a
1.9- 5.7 b
0.2 b
0.4 b
0.0018 a
0.00057 a
0.00018 a
0.005 a
0.035 a
15 a
0.01 a
3.5 a
0.0003 a
0.2 b
906 b
0.0024 a
K-9
-------
APPENDIX K
Table K-7. Odor threshold values (OTV)
Chemical
phenol
phosphine
propanal
propanoic acid
2-propanon
2-propenal
propionaldehyde
propylene dichloride
propylene oxide
pyridine
quinoline
styrene
styrene oxide
tetrachloroethene
1 , 1 ,2,2-tetrachloroethane
terephthaloyldichloride
toluene
trichloroethene
1,1,1 -trichloroethane
2,4,6-trichlorophenol
triethylamine
trimethylamine
1 ,2,4-trimethylbenzene
1 ,3 ,5-trimethylbenzene
vinyl acetate
glycol ethers
3-methylindole
polycyclic organic matter
Synonym(s)
-
-
propionaldehyde
propionic acid
acetone
acrolein
2-propynal
1 ,2-dichloropropane
methyloxidrane
-
-
vinylbenzene
1 -phenyl- 1 ,2-epoxyethane
perchloroethene; tetrachloroethylene
acetylene tetrachloride
terephthalic acid dichloride
methylbenzene
trichloroethylene
methyl chloroform
-
-
-
pseudocumene
mesitylene
-
-
skatole
-
CAS#
108-95-2
7803-51-2
123-38-6
79-09-4
67-64-1
107-02-8
123-38-6
78-87-5
75-56-9
110-86-1
91-22-5
100-42-5
96-09-3
127-18-4
79-34-5
100-20-9
108-88-3
79-01-6
71-55-6
88-06-2
121-44-8
75-50-3
95-63-6
108-67-8
108-05-4
N/A
83-34-1
N/A
OTV (mg/m3)
0.039 a
0.014- 2.8 b
0.0035 a
0.0052 a
72 a
0.069 a
0.003 a
1.2 b
24 b
0.12 a
28 b
0.068 a
0.3 b
8.3 a
50 b
0.0032 a
0.6 b
3.9 a
5.3 a
0.00016 b
1.1 b
0.00026 a
0.14 a
0.18 a
0.4 b
0.3 b
0.1 b
0.074 b
a Source: Roos C. 1989 (as cited in Hiejungs et al. 1992).
b EPA 1992. Reference Guide to Odor Thresholds for Hazardous Air Pollutants Listed in the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990.
Washington, DC. EPA/600/R/92/047.
NOTE: When values were available from both sources, the lower value was used.
"-" represents no data.
K-10
-------
APPENDIX K
Table K-8. Chemicals in the CDP inventory classified as potentially toxic
Cas#
71-55-6
76-14-2
106-99-0
96-48-0
107-98-2
872-50-4
112-34-5
124-17-4
540-84-1
51207-31-9
1746-01-6
121-14-2
532-27-4
111-15-9
91-57-6
138526-69-9
348-61-8
56-49-5
82832-73-3 (d)
106-41-2
123-07-9
14938-35-3
70-70-2
3697-24-3
83-32-9
208-96-8
75-07-0
Material
1,1,1 -trichloroethane
1 ,2-dichlorotetrafluoroethane (CFC
114)
1,3-butadiene
1 ,4-butanolide
1 -Methoxy-2-propanol
l-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP)
2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethanol (glycol
ether)
2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethyl acetate
2,2,4-trimethylpentane (Isooctane)
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo Furan
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
2-Chloroacetophenone
2-ethoxyl ethylacetate
2-Methylnaphthalene
3,4,5-trifluorobromobenzene
3 ,4-difluorobromobenzene
3 -Methy Icholanthrene
4-(4-propylcyclohexyl)cyclohexanone
4-bromophenol
4-ethylphenol
4-pentylphenol
4-propionylphenol
5-Methyl chrysene (category: PAH)
Acenaphthene (category: PAH)
Acenaphthylene (category: PAH)
Acetaldehyde
Chronic
oral SF
(mg/kg-
day)1
--
..
X
X
--
--
..
--
--
1.50e+04
1.50e+05
0.68
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
X
--
X
Y
inhal SF
(mg/kg-
day)1
--
..
1.8
X
--
--
..
--
--
1.50e+04
1.50e+05
X
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
X
--
X
7.70e-03
WOE
(EPA&
IARC)(a)
--
..
B2,2B
3
--
--
..
--
--
3
1
B2
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
2B
--
D
2B
oral
NOAEL (b)
(mg/kg-day)
2.50e+02
2.73e+02
X
X
X
X
X
1000
--
--
9.00e-08
0.2
X
--
--
--
--
X
--
--
--
--
--
--
175
--
125
inhal
NOAEL
(b)
(mg/m3)
1.21e+03
X
2.80e+03
X
658
X
X
X
--
--
X
X
X
--
--
--
--
X
--
--
--
--
--
..
X
--
300
oral
LOAEL
(b,c)
(mg/kg-day)
X
X
X
100
X
X
X
--
..24
X
X
X
--
--
--
--
2.86
--
--
--
--
--
--
350
--
X
inhal
LOAEL
(b,c)
(mg/m3)
X
X
X
X
X
40
X
X
--
--
X
X
1.0
--
--
--
--
X
--
--
--
--
--
--
X
--
X
Aquatic ecotoxicity
fish
LC50
(mg/L)
48.0
XX
4.0
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
24.0
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
34.0
fish
NOAEL
(mg/L)
7.0
XX
1.0
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
6.0
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
9.0
K-ll
-------
APPENDIX K
Table K-8. Chemicals in the CDP inventory classified as potentially toxic
Cas#
64-19-7
67-64-1
98-86-2
74-86-2
107-02-8
No CAS #
7429-90-5
1344-28-1
7664-41-7
1341-49-7
7789-09-5
12125-01-8
1336-21-6
1113-38-8
6009-70-7
628-63-7
120-12-7
7440-36-0
7440-38-2
"20-01-9"
7440-39-3
513-77-9
"20-02-0"
7727-43-7
100-52-7
71-43-2
56-55-3
50-32-8
Material
Acetic acid
Acetone
Acetophenone
Acetylene
Acrolein
Aluminium (A13+)
Aluminum (Al)
Aluminum oxide
Ammonia
Ammonium bifluoride
Ammonium Dichromate
Ammonium Fluoride
Ammonium hydroxide
Ammonium Oxalate
Ammonium Oxalate Monohydrate
Amyl Acetate (mixed isomers)
Anthracene (category: PAH)
Antimony (Sb)
Arsenic (As)
Arsenic compounds [Arsenic (As3+,
As5+)]
Barium (Ba)
Barium carbonate
Barium compounds [Barium (Ba++)]
Barium Sulfate
Benzaldehyde
Benzene
Benzo(a)anthracene (category: PAH)
Benzo(a)pyrene
Chronic
oral SF
(mg/kg-
day)1
--
X
--
X
X
--
X
--
--
--
--
--
X
1.5
1.5
--
X
X
X
--
0.055
0.73
7.3
inhal SF
(mg/kg-
day)1
X
X
X
X
X
50
X
X
X
X
0.029
0.31
3.1
WOE
(EPA&
IARC)(a)
D
C,3
SARO
Al
SARI
A
A,l
D
D
D
A,l
B2
B2,2A
oral
NOAEL (b)
(mg/kg-day)
195
100
423
60
34
5.10e-02
1000
X
8.00e-04
8.00e-04
0.21
0.21
0.21
0.21
143
1.0
inhal
NOAEL
(b)
(mg/m3)
X
X
X
X
40
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
1.15
oral
LOAEL
(b,c)
(mg/kg-day)
X
X
X
--
--
--
X
--
X
X
--
--
--
--
--
--
X
0.35
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
10
inhal
LOAEL
(b,c)
(mg/m3)
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
98
Aquatic ecotoxicity
fish
LC50
(mg/L)
XX
720
XX
XX
XX
3.6
XX
XX
2.0
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
0.01
14.4
14.4
32.0
580
XX
200
27.0
19.0
XX
XX
fish
NOAEL
(mg/L)
XX
180
XX
XX
XX
0.36
XX
XX
9.00e-02
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
1.6
2.1
2.0
50.0
XX
10.0
XX
4.0
XX
XX
K-12
-------
APPENDIX K
Table K-8. Chemicals in the CDP inventory classified as potentially toxic
Cas#
56832-73-6
191-24-2
205-99-2
100-44-7
7440-41-7
92-52-4
6861 1-71-2 (d)
1314-98-3
1303-96-4
11113-50-1
No CAS #
7440-42-8
7726-95-6
75-25-2
74-83-9
7440-43-9
"20-04-2"
75-15-0
630-08-0
56-23-5
No CAS #
1306-38-3
No CAS #
75-72-9
7782-50-5
1341-24-8
108-90-7
Material
Benzo(b,j,k)fluoranthene (category:
PAH)
Benzo(g,h,i)perylene (category:
PAH)
Benzo [b] fluoranthene
Benzyl chloride
Beryllium (Be)
Biphenyl (category: PAH)
Blue phosphor (ZnS)
Blue phosphor (ZnS:Ag:Al)
borax
boric acid
Boron (B III)
Boron (B)
Bromine
Bromoform
Bromomethane [Methyl bromide]
Cadmium (Cd)
Cadmium cmpds (as CdC12)
[Cadmium (Cd++)]
Carbon disulfide
Carbon monoxide (CO)
Carbon tetrachloride
Cerium (Ce++)
Cerium oxide
Cesium (Cs++)
CFC 13
Chlorine (C12)
Chloroacetophenone
Chlorobenzene
Chronic
oral SF
(mg/kg-
day)1
X
X
0.73
0.17
4.3
X
--
--
--
--
--
--
7.90e-03
X
X
X
--
--
1.30e-01
--
--
--
X
inhal SF
(mg/kg-
day)1
X
X
0.31
X
8.4
X
--
3.90e-03
X
6.1
X
5.30e-02
X
WOE
(EPA&
IARC)(a)
B2
D
B2
B2,3
X
SARO
B2
C,3
Bl,l
B1.2A
B2,2B
--
SARO
oral
NOAEL (b)
(mg/kg-day)
X
50
67
8.8
8.8
17.9
0.4
X
5.00e-03
X
X
1
X
--
14.0
12.5
inhal
NOAEL
(b)
(mg/m3)
X
X
X
X
X
X
4.3
X
X
10
114.5
34.3
X
X
377
oral
LOAEL
(b,c)
(mg/kg-day)
X
X
62.5
X
X
--
X
X
4.00e-02
X
X
X
X
--
X
--
--
X
--
X
inhal
LOAEL
(b,c)
(mg/m3)
5.50e-04
X
X
X
X
X
X
2.20e-02
X
X
55
X
5.0
X
X
Aquatic ecotoxicity
fish
LC50
(mg/L)
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
2.0
XX
XX
XX
113
113
XX
XX
11.0
0.001
0.1
694
XX
41.0
--
XX
--
XX
0.34
XX
17.0
fish
NOAEL
(mg/L)
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
0.12
XX
XX
XX
27.0
27.0
XX
XX
3.0
0.001
174
XX
5.0
XX
XX
0.02
XX
2.0
K-13
-------
APPENDIX K
Table K-8. Chemicals in the CDP inventory classified as potentially toxic
Cas#
67-66-3
16065-83-1
7440-47-3
1333-82-0
18540-29-9
218-01-9
No CAS #
7440-48-4
7440-50-8
No CAS #
9065-82-1
98-82-8
80-15-9
57-12-5
110-82-7
117-81-7
53-70-3
25321-22-6
75-71-8
75-09-2
68334-30-5
60-29-7
111-46-6
68-12-2
77-78-1
57-97-6
67-68-5
122-62-3
Material
Chloroform
Chromium (Cr III)
Chromium (Cr)
Chromium oxide (chromium trioxide)
Chromium, hexavalent
Chrysene (category: PAH)
Cobalt (Co I, Co II, Co III)
Cobalt (Co)
Copper (Cu)
Copper (Cu+, Cu++)
cresol-formaldehyde resins
Cumene
Cumene hydroperoxide
Cyanide (CN)
Cyclohexane
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
[ Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate]
Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene
Dichlorobenzene (mixed isomers)
Dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC 1 2)
Dichloromethane (Methylene
chloride)
Diesel fuel
Diethyl ether (Ethyl ether)
Diethylene Glycol
Dimethyl formamide
Dimethyl sulfate
Dimethylbenzanthracene
di-methyl-sulfoxide
Dioctyl Sebacate
Chronic
oral SF
(mg/kg-
day)1
6.10e-03
X
X
X
X
7.30e-03
--
--
X
--
--
X
X
X
X
X
7.3
X
--
7.50e-03
X
--
--
--
X
--
--
--
inhal SF
(mg/kg-
day)1
8.10e-02
X
X
X
41
3.10e-03
X
X
X
X
X
X
3.1
X
1.65e-03
X
X
WOE
(EPA&
IARC)(a)
B2,2B
D
1
D
A,l
X
D
SARO
SARI
D
SARO
B2,2B
B2
SARO
B2,2B
C
B1.2A
oral
NOAEL (b)
(mg/kg-day)
X
1468
1468
2.5
5.30e-01
5.30e-01
154
X
10.8
X
50
X
15
155
500
1250
X
X
X
200
inhal
NOAEL
(b)
(mg/m3)
X
X
X
X
X
X
537
31
X
1500
50
610.4
X
796
X
X
X
X
X
X
oral
LOAEL
(b,c)
(mg/kg-day)
12.9
X
--
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
1.0
X
inhal
LOAEL
(b,c)
(mg/m3)
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
7.9
1.40e-02
X
X
Aquatic ecotoxicity
fish
LC50
(mg/L)
71.0
3.3
52.0
XX
22.6
XX
XX
1.40e-02
1.40e-02
XX
6.0
62.0
56.0
5.0
1.0
XX
1.0
XX
330
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
fish
NOAEL
(mg/L)
18.0
0.33
5.2
XX
2.23
XX
XX
4.00e-03
4.00e-03
XX
0.49
16.0
5.7
0.39
0.08
XX
0.05
XX
83.0
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
K-14
-------
APPENDIX K
Table K-8. Chemicals in the CDP inventory classified as potentially toxic
Cas#
60-00-4
74-84-0
75-08-1
141-43-5
75-00-3
100-41-4
74-85-1
106-93-4
107-06-2
unknown
No CAS #
206-44-0
86-73-7
16984-48-8
No CAS #
7782-41-4
9002-84-0
50-00-0
No CAS #
No CAS #
No CAS #
111-76-2
unknown
686 11 -68-7 (d)
75-63-8
75-45-6
Material
Edetic Acid (EDTA)
Ethane
Ethanethiol [Mercaptans]
ethanol amine
Ethyl chloride
Ethylbenzene
Ethylene
Ethylene dibromide
Ethylene dichloride
Etoxy Naphtol Sulphonic Acid
(ENSA)
Ferromanganese (Fe, Mn, C)
Fluoranthene (category: PAH)
Fluorene (category: PAH)
Fluoride
Fluorides (F-)
Fluorine (F2)
Fluorocarbon resin
[Tetrafluoroethylene (C2F4)]
Formaldehyde (CH2O)
Fuel Oil #2 (distillate and diesel)
Fuel Oil #4 (distillate and residual)
Fuel Oil #6 (residual)
glycol ethers [2-butoxy ethanol]
Green Phosphor (ZnS.Cu.Al)
Green phosphors (ZnS)
Halon 1301
HCFC 22
Chronic
oral SF
(mg/kg-
day)1
--
--
--
--
X
X
X
85
9.10e-02
--
X
X
--
--
--
X
X
--
--
--
X
--
--
--
--
inhal SF
(mg/kg-
day)1
X
X
X
7.60e-01
9.10e-02
X
X
X
4.50e-02
X
WOE
(EPA&
IARC)(a)
3
SARO
SARO
B2
B2,2B
D
D
3
B1,2A
C,3
oral
NOAEL (b)
(mg/kg-day)
320
X
136
X
18
125
125
6.00e-02
6.00e-02
15
203
X
inhal
NOAEL
(b)
(mg/m3)
X
3600
2370
11600
221
X
X
X
X
0.6
--
121
5,260
oral
LOAEL
(b,c)
(mg/kg-day)
--
--
X
X
X
X
X
--
X
X
--
X
X
X
--
X
--
--
--
X
inhal
LOAEL
(b,c)
(mg/m3)
12.7
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Aquatic ecotoxicity
fish
LC50
(mg/L)
473
XX
XX
XX
16.0
11.0
14.0
XX
136
XX
XX
XX
XX
--
--
XX
XX
24.0
XX
XX
XX
1,490
XX
XX
XX
XX
fish
NOAEL
(mg/L)
240
XX
XX
XX
4.0
1.0
3.0
XX
34.0
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
6.0
XX
XX
XX
373
XX
XX
XX
XX
K-15
-------
APPENDIX K
Table K-8. Chemicals in the CDP inventory classified as potentially toxic
Cas#
422-56-0
507-55-1
142-82-5
67-72-1
999.97.3
110-54-3
354-33-6
302-01-2
7647-01-0
7664-39-3
74-90-8
7722-84-1
7783-06-4
7790-92-3
193-39-5
50926-11-9
123-92-2
78-59-1
67-63-0
637-78-5
7439-91-0
7439-92-1
"20-11-1"
1317-36-8
7446-14-2
NA
NA
NA
Material
HCFC-225ca
HCFC-225cb
Heptane (n-Heptane)
Hexachloroethane
Hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS)
Hexane
HFC 125
Hydrazine
hydrochloric acid
Hydrofluoric acid (hydrogen fluoride)
Hydrogen Cyanide
Hydrogen Peroxide
Hydrogen Sulfide
Hypochlorous Acid
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene (category:
PAH)
Indium tin oxide (ITO)
Isopentyl acetate (Amyl Acetate)
Isophorone
Isopropyl alcohol
Isopropylpropionate
Lanthanum (La)
Lead (Pb)
Lead compounds (as PbC12) [Lead
(Pb++, Pb4+)]
Lead oxide
Lead sulfate cake
Liquified petroleum gas (LPG)
Lithium Salts (Lithine)
LNG (Liquified natural gas)
Chronic
oral SF
(mg/kg-
day)1
--
--
X
1.40e-02
--
--
--
3
X
--
X
X
--
--
7.30e-01
--
9.50e-04
X
--
--
X
X
X
X
--
--
--
inhal SF
(mg/kg-
day)1
X
1.40e-02
17
X
X
X
3.10e-01
--
X
X
X
X
X
X
WOE
(EPA&
IARC)(a)
D
C,3
B2
3
SARO
3
B2
C
1
B2,2B
B2,2B
B2
B2
oral
NOAEL (b)
(mg/kg-day)
1,000
1.0
X
X
X
10.8
3.1
150
230
inhal
NOAEL
(b)
(mg/m3)
X
X
X
2.45e+05
15
X
X
X
268.3
oral
LOAEL
(b,c)
(mg/kg-day)
--
--
X
X
X
X
--
X
30
X
--
--
X
X
--
inhal
LOAEL
(b,c)
(mg/m3)
1,630
X
73
X
X
7.07
15
X
X
Aquatic ecotoxicity
fish
LC50
(mg/L)
XX
XX
XX
1.0
XX
2.5
XX
4.83
19.0
265
1,385
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
8,623
XX
XX
31.5
5.0
XX
60.8
2600
XX
fish
NOAEL
(mg/L)
XX
XX
XX
0.35
XX
0.25
XX
0.48
0.95
13
346
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
2,156
XX
XX
0.004
0.26
XX
6.08
260
XX
K-16
-------
APPENDIX K
Table K-8. Chemicals in the CDP inventory classified as potentially toxic
Cas#
7439.96-5
"21-12-2"
7439.97-6
no CAS#
74-82-8
67-56-1
74-87-3
78-93-3
60-34-4
80-62-6
1634-04-4
7439-98-7
no CAS#
7803-62-5
110-91-8
91-20-3
79-15-2
123-86-4
7440-00-8
7440-02-0
"20-14-4"
14797-55-8
7697-37-2
14797-65-0
10102-44-0
Material
Manganese
Manganese cmpds (as MnC12)
[Manganese (Mn II, Mn IV, Mn VII)]
Mercury (Hg)
Mercury cmpds (as HgC12) [Mercury
(Hg+, Hg++)]
Methane (natural gas)
Methanol
Methyl chloride
Methyl ethyl ketone
Methyl hydrazine
Methyl methacrylate
Methyl tert butyl ether
Molybdenum (Mo)
Molybdenum cmpds [Molybdenum
(Mo II, Mo III, Mo IV, Mo V, Mo
VI)]
Monosilane Gas
Morpholine
Naphthalene
N-bromoacetamide (NBA)
N-butyl acetate [Butyl acetate]
Neodymium (Nd)
Nickel (Ni)
Nickel cmpds (as NiC12) [Nickel
(Ni++, Ni3+)]
Nitrates
Nitric Acid
Nitrites (NO2-)
Nitrogen Dioxide
Chronic
oral SF
(mg/kg-
day)1
X
X
X
X
--
X
1.30e-02
X
3
X
X
--
--
X
X
--
--
X
X
--
--
--
--
inhal SF
(mg/kg-
day)1
X
X
X
X
X
6.30e-03
X
17.2
X
X
X
X
X
X
WOE
(EPA&
IARC)(a)
D
D
D,3
C
SARO
C,3
D
A3
SARO
SARO
3
C
A
A,l
oral
NOAEL (b)
(mg/kg-day)
0.14
0.14
X
X
500
X
125
7.5
100
X
X
71
X
5
1.6
1.6
inhal
NOAEL
(b)
(mg/m3)
X
X
6.00e-03
X
130
1138.4
8047
111.7
2880
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
oral
LOAEL
(b,c)
(mg/kg-day)
X
X
X
0.226
X
X
X
X
X
0.14
--
X
X
--
X
--
X
X
--
X
--
inhal
LOAEL
(b,c)
(mg/m3)
0.15
0.15
9.00e-03
X
X
1550
X
X
X
X
36
9.3
210
X
X
X
Aquatic ecotoxicity
fish
LC50
(mg/L)
150.0
0.155
0.155
XX
29,400
550
3,220
XX
259
786
157
157
XX
6.0
XX
XX
XX
2.48
27
2,213
26
225
196
fish
NOAEL
(mg/L)
8.0
0.005
0.005
XX
7,350
138
805
XX
65
197
0.125
0.125
XX
0.59
XX
XX
XX
0.09
1.0
213
1.0
1.0
19.6
K-17
-------
APPENDIX K
Table K-8. Chemicals in the CDP inventory classified as potentially toxic
Cas#
7783-54-2
no CAS#
10024-97-2
10043-35-3
95-47-6
608-93-5
87-86-5
109-66-0
7601-90-3
76-16-4
75-73-0
10450-60-9
No CAS #
85-01-8
108-95-2
98-67-9
57583-54-7 (d)
7803-51-2
7664-38-2
7723-14-0
1314-56-3
NA
NA
1336-36-3
9016-45-9
9002-89-5
9003-39-8
Material
Nitrogen fluoride (nitrogen
trifluoride)
Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)
Nitrous oxide
orthoboric acid
o-xylene
Pentachlorobenzene
Pentachlorophenol
Pentane
Perchloric acid
Perfluoroethane (Hexafluorocarbon)
Perfluoromethane (CF4)
Periodic Acid
Petroleum
Phenanthrene (category: PAH)
Phenol
Phenolsulphonic Acid
Phosphate ester, plastic components
Phosphine gas
phosphoric acid
Phosphorus
Phosphorus Pentoxide
PM [particulates, total]
PM-10 [Particulates < 10 microns]
Polychloriniated biphenyl (PCB)
Polyethylene
mono(nonylphenyl)ether glycol
[Tergitol NP-33 (glycol ether)]
Polyvinyl alcohol
Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone (PVP)
Chronic
oral SF
(mg/kg-
day)1
--
--
--
X
X
X
X
--
--
--
--
--
X
X
--
--
--
--
X
--
--
--
X
X
X
inhal SF
(mg/kg-
day)1
X
X
X
X
X
X
--
X
X
X
X
WOE
(EPA&
IARC)(a)
D
D
B2
D
D
D,3
D
B2,2A
3
3
oral
NOAEL (b)
(mg/kg-day)
67
179
X
3
X
60
1300
0.026
X
1.50e-02
7.00e-03
1000
550
inhal
NOAEL
(b)
(mg/m3)
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
0.25
50
X
X
X
X
oral
LOAEL
(b,c)
(mg/kg-day)
--
--
62.5
X
8.3
X
--
--
X
--
--
--
X
X
X
X
X
--
--
--
X
67.5
5500
inhal
LOAEL
(b,c)
(mg/m3)
X
X
X
X
1.17e+06
X
X
X
180
X
X
X
X
Aquatic ecotoxicity
fish
LC50
(mg/L)
XX
XX
XX
XX
16.0
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
34.0
XX
XX
XX
70.0
0.02
--
XX
XX
3.0
XX
XX
XX
fish
NOAEL
(mg/L)
XX
XX
XX
XX
2.0
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
8.0
XX
XX
XX
4.0
XX
XX
0.14
XX
XX
XX
K-18
-------
APPENDIX K
Table K-8. Chemicals in the CDP inventory classified as potentially toxic
Cas#
8486041
123-38-6
115-07-1
108-32-7
57-55-6
108-65-6
129-00-0
68784-83-8 (d)
No CAS#
No CAS #
7440-20-2
7782-49-2
7440-21-3
7440-22-4
no CAS#
10588-01-9
2151247
13472-35-0
7681-52-9
7681-57-4
7775-27-1
No CAS #
7440-24-6
1633-05-2
100-42-5
7446-09-5
2551-62-4
Material
PPE [Polyphenylene ether]
Propionaldehyde
Propylene
Propylene carbonate
propylene glycol
propylene glycol monomethyl ether
acetate [l-Methoxy-2-propyl Acetate
(glycol ether)]
Pyrene (category: PAH)
Red phosphors
Red phosphors (Y2O2S.Eu)
Rubidium (Rb+)
Scandium (Sc)
Selenium (Se)
Silicon (Si)
Silver
Silver compounds [Silver (Ag+)]
Sodium Dichromate
Sodium Dichromate Dihydrate (VI)
sodium dihydrogen phosphate
dihydrate
Sodium Hypochlorite
Sodium Metabisulfite
Sodium Persulfate
Strontium (Sr II)
Strontium (Sr)
Strontium carbonate
Styrene
Sulfur dioxide
sulfur hexafluoride
Chronic
oral SF
(mg/kg-
day)1
--
X
X
--
--
X
--
--
--
--
X
--
X
X
X
--
X
X
--
--
--
X
X
--
inhal SF
(mg/kg-
day)1
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
WOE
(EPA&
IARC)(a)
SAR3
SARO
D
D
D
D
3
3
3
C,2B
3
oral
NOAEL (b)
(mg/kg-day)
X
X
X
75
1.50e-02
X
X
X
2.1
190
190
190
100
X
inhal
NOAEL
(b)
(mg/m3)
200
9375
170
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
565
0.104
oral
LOAEL
(b,c)
(mg/kg-day)
--
X
X
X
X
--
--
--
--
X
--
1.40e-02
1.40e-02
0.18
--
X
--
X
X
X
X
X
--
inhal
LOAEL
(b,c)
(mg/m3)
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
0.25
X
X
X
X
X
X
Aquatic ecotoxicity
fish
LC50
(mg/L)
XX
44.0
5.0
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
4.00e-03
12.0
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
--
XX
XX
4.0
XX
XX
fish
NOAEL
(mg/L)
XX
11.0
1.0
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
0.001
0.001
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
0.44
XX
XX
K-19
-------
APPENDIX K
Table K-8. Chemicals in the CDP inventory classified as potentially toxic
Cas#
no CAS#
7664-93-9
10124-29-5
127-18-4
109-99-9
75-59-2
7440-28-0
7440-29-1
7440-31-5
No CAS #
7440-32-6
7550-45-0
108-88-3
1025-15-6
79-01-6
75-69-4
1330-78-5
112-27-6
115-86-6
7440-33-7
1344-59-8
7440-61-1
7440-62-2
No CAS #
108-05-4
75-01-4
1330-20-7
7440-66-6
No CAS #
Material
sulfur oxides (SOx)
sulfuric acid
Sulfuric acid, aluminum salt
tetrachloroethylene
Tetrahydrofuran (THF)
Tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide
(TMAH)
Thallium (TI)
Thorium (Th)
Tin (Sn)
Tin (Sn++, Sn4+)
Titanium
Titanium tetrachloride
Toluene
triallyl isocyanurate
trichloroethylene (TCE)
Trichlorofluoromethane (CFC 11)
Tricresyl phosphate
Triethylene Glycol
Triphenyl phosphate
Tungsten (W)
U3OS (yellowcake)
Uranium (U)
Vanadium (V)
Vanadium (V3+, V5+)
Vinyl acetate
Vinyl chloride
Xylene (C24H30) [mixed isomers]
Zinc (Zn)
Zinc (Zn++)
Chronic
oral SF
(mg/kg-
day)1
--
X
--
5.20e-02
--
--
X
--
--
X
--
X
--
1.10e-02
--
--
--
--
--
--
X
--
--
X
1.4
X
X
--
inhal SF
(mg/kg-
day)1
X
2.00e-03
X
X
X
6.00e-03
X
X
3.08e-02
X
X
WOE
(EPA&
IARC)(a)
l
B2,2B
A
C
D,3
B2,3
Al
SARO
A,l
D
D
oral
NOAEL (b)
(mg/kg-day)
X
X
14
782
X
X
100
24
X
X
0.2
3.00e-03
100
X
179
0.9
inhal
NOAEL
(b)
(mg/m3)
0.1
X
740.2
0.2
0.8
9.00e-03
411.1
586.6
X
X
X
X
176
6.98e+04
X
X
oral
LOAEL
(b,c)
(mg/kg-day)
--
X
154
X
X
--
--
--
--
1146
X
X
X
349
1200
--
--
X
X
--
X
X
X
1
--
inhal
LOAEL
(b,c)
(mg/m3)
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Aquatic ecotoxicity
fish
LC50
(mg/L)
XX
31.0
XX
17.0
XX
XX
XX
XX
626.0
626.0
25.0
34.0
XX
44.0
XX
XX
8.81e+04
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
100
143
13
9.00e-02
17.0
fish
NOAEL
(mg/L)
XX
2.0
XX
2.0
XX
XX
XX
XX
62.6
62.6
1.0
4.0
XX
8.0
XX
XX
8,810
XX
XX
XX
XX
XX
25.0
36.0
1.0
0.036
K-20
-------
APPENDIX K
Table K-8. Chemicals in the CDP inventory classified as potentially toxic
Cas#
14940-68-2
7440-67-7
Material
Zircon sand [Zircon (Zr)]
Zirconium (Zr)
Chronic
oral SF
(mg/kg-
day)1
--
--
inhal SF
(mg/kg-
day)1
WOE
(EPA&
IARC)(a)
oral
NOAEL (b)
(mg/kg-day)
3,494
inhal
NOAEL
(b)
(mg/m3)
X
oral
LOAEL
(b,c)
(mg/kg-day)
--
X
inhal
LOAEL
(b,c)
(mg/m3)
X
Aquatic ecotoxicity
fish
LC50
(mg/L)
XX
XX
fish
NOAEL
(mg/L)
XX
XX
Key:
(a)=See Table 3-3 in Section 3.1.2.12 for a description of WOE classifications.
(b)=only lowest value of the NOAEL (or LOAEL/10) is used to calculate chronic, non-cancer effects
(c)=LOAEL only needed if no NOAEL found
(d)=CAS # was provided by a company, but could not be confirmed.
XX=aquatic toxicity data not needed because there are no waterborne releases of this chemical in the CDP LCIs.
X=data not needed because other data are provided to calculate impact score (e.g., LOAEL not needed if NOAEL provided, and WOE used if SF not available).
SARO=not a probable carcinogen based on structure-activity relationship (SAR) evaluation.
SARI =possible carcinogen based on SAR evaluation.
- - =no data available, defaulted to mean hazard value (see Section 3.1.2.12 for an explanation of hazard values).
Sources:
• Oral and inhalation slope factors (SF): Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) or Health Effects Assessment Summary Tables (HEAST) (EPA, 1994) as cited in
Risk Assessment Information System (RAIS): http://risk.lsd.ornl.gov/rap_hp.shtml.
• Weight of Evidence (WOE): IRIS Web site (http://www.epa.gov/IRIS).
• Oral no observable adverse effect level (NOAEL), inhalation NOAEL, oral lowest obserable adverse effect level (LOAEL) and inhalation LOAEL:
IUCLID, 1996; HEAST, 1994; Kincaid and Geibig, 1998; EPA, 2000a; SRC, 2000; EPA, 2000b; Geibig and Swanson, 2000; Sax and Lewis, 1987;
NIOSH, 1978; EPA, 1984; and EPA, 1987.
• Fish LC50 and fish NOAEL: EPA, 2001; HSDB; Davis et al. 1994, Appendix E; and Geigeret al., 1984, 1985, 1986, 1988, 1990.
K-21
-------
APPENDIX K
Table K-9. List of Materials Excluded from Toxic Classification
CAS#
NA
21645-51-2
10043-01-3
10043-01-3
7440-37-1
1302-78-9
NA
106-97-8
25167-67-3
7440-70-2
No CAS #
10043-52-4
1305-62-0
7778-18-9
124-38-9
NA
NA
16887-00-6
1318-74-7
NA
No CAS #
26265-08-7
141-78-6
64-17-5
7705-08-0
NA
No CAS #
7440-59-7
NA
NA
1333-74-0
14380-61-1
20461-54-5
7553-56-2
7439-89-6
No CAS #
7720-78-7
8008-20-6
Material
ABS plastic
Aluminium Hydroxide (A1(OH)3)
Aluminium Sulfate (A12(SO4)3)
Aluminum Sulfate (A12(SO4)3)
Argon (Ar gas)
Bentonite (A12O3.4SiO2.H2O, in ground)
BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand)
Butane (n-C4H 10)
Butene (1-CH3CH2CHCH2)
Calcium (Ca)
Calcium (Ca++)
Calcium Chloride (CaC12)
Calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2, hydrated lime]
Calcium Sulfate
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Carbonate ion [Carbonates (CO3-, HCO3-, CO2]
COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand)
Chloride (C1-)
Clay (in ground)
Dissolved solids
Dolomite (CaCO3.MgCO3, in ground)
Epoxy resin (PC Board-epoxy resin)
Ethyl acetate (C4H8O2)
Ethanol (Ethyl Alcohol)
Ferric chloride (FeC13)
Ferrite
Glass
Helium (He)
Nonmethane hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons (unspecified)
Hydrogen gas (H2)
Hypochlorite (C1O-)
Iodide (I-)
Iodine (I)
Iron (Fe)
Iron (Fe++, Fe3+)
Iron Sulfate (FeSO4, ore)
Kerosene
Reason for Exclusion a
judgment
GRAS
GRAS
GRAS
judgment
judgment
judgment
GRAS
judgment
judgment
judgment
judgment
judgment
judgment
judgment
judgment
judgment
judgment
judgment
judgment
judgment
judgment
GRAS
GRAS
GRAS
judgment
judgment
GRAS
judgment
judgment
judgment
judgment
judgment
judgment
judgment
judgment
judgment
judgment
K-22
-------
APPENDIX K
Table K-9. List of Materials Excluded from Toxic Classification
CAS#
7439-90-9
No CAS #
1305-78-8
471-34-1
7439-95-4
No CAS #
7440-01-9
7727-37-9
74-98-6
NA
No CAS #
144-62-7
7782-44-7
NA
9011-87-4
25971-63-5
NA
9002-88-4
No CAS #
9003-53-6
7440-09-7
No CAS #
584-08-7
7447-40-7
79-09-4
1332-09-8
1309-36-0
14808-60-7
7440-23-5
No CAS #
497-19-8
7647-14-5
1310-73-2
9003-55-8
14808-79-8
18496-25-8
14265-45-3
7704-34-9
Material
Krypton Gas
Lignite (in ground)
Lime
Limestone (CaCO3, in ground)
Magnesium (Mg)
Magnesium cmpds [Magnesium (Mg++)]
Neon
Nitrogen
n-propane [Propane (C3H8)]
Oil & grease
Olivine ((Mg,Fe)2SiO4, ore)
Oxalic Acid (C2H2O4)
Oxygen (O2)
Phosphates (PO4-3)
Poly(methyl methacrylate) [PMMA (Acrylic resin)]
Polycarbonate resin
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH, unspecified)
polyethylene (PE) foam, cushion
Polyimide Resin
Polystyrene [Styrene, polymer (C8H8)]
Potassium (K)
Potassium (K+)
Potassium carbonate (K2CO3)
Potassium Chloride (KC1, as K2O, in ground)
Propionic Acid (CH3CH2COOH)
Pumice
Pyrite (FeS2, ore)
Silica sand [Silicon dioxide (SiO2)]
Sodium (Na)
Sodium (Na+)
Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3, soda ash)
Sodium Chloride (NaCl, in ground or in sea)
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
Styrene-butadiene copolymers (C12H14)
Sulfates (SO4-)
Sulfides (S-)
Sulfites (SO3-)
Sulfur
Reason for Exclusion a
judgment
judgment
judgment
judgment
judgment
judgment
judgment
GRAS
GRAS
judgment
judgment
judgment
judgment
judgment
judgment
judgment
judgment
judgment
judgment
judgment
judgment
judgment
judgment
judgment
GRAS
judgment
judgment
GRAS
judgment
judgment
judgment
GRAS
judgment
judgment
judgment
judgment
judgment
judgment
K-23
-------
APPENDIX K
Table K-9. List of Materials Excluded from Toxic Classification
CAS#
NA
14807-96-6
No CAS #
Material
Suspended Solids
Talcum (4SiO2.3MgO.H2O, ore)
TOCs (Total organic compounds)
Reason for Exclusion a
judgment
judgment
judgment
NOTES:
(1) GRAS = Generally Regarded as Safe by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
(2) Some materials were excluded based on judgement if they are nutrients: calcium, chloride, iodine, iron, magnesium, phosphorous,
potassium, sodium (per the Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund [RAGS], EPA/540/1-89/002, December 1989 and the RAGS
Region IV update).
(3) This list was reviewed by the U.S. EPA DFE Workgroup (Appendix C, Table C-2).
K-24
-------
APPENDIX K
Table K-10. Chemicals used to calculate mean slope factor values for calculating
carcinogenic hazard value
Chemical
Acephate
Acetaldehyde
Acrylamide
Acrylonitrile
Alachlor
Aldrin
Aniline
Aramite
Aroclor 1016
Aroclor 1016
Aroclor 1221
Aroclor 1221
Aroclor 1232
Aroclor 1232
Aroclor 1242
Aroclor 1242
Aroclor 1248
Aroclor 1248
Aroclor 1254
Aroclor 1254
Aroclor 1260
Aroclor 1260
Arsenic, Inorganic
Atrazine
Azobenzene
B enz [a] anthrac ene
Benzene
Benzidine
Benzo[a]pyrene
Benzo [b] fluoranthene
Benzo [k] fluoranthene
Benzotrichloride
Benzyl Chloride
Beryllium and compounds
Bis(2-chloro- 1 -methylethyl)ether (Technical)
Bis(2-chloroethyl)ether
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
CAS#
30560-19-1
75-07-0
79-06-1
107-13-1
15972-60-8
309-00-2
62-53-3
140-57-8
12674-11-2
12674-11-2
11104-28-2
11104-28-2
11141-16-5
11141-16-5
53469-21-9
53469-21-9
12672-29-6
12672-29-6
11097-69-1
11097-69-1
11096-82-5
11096-82-5
7440-38-2
1912-24-9
103-33-3
56-55-3
71-43-2
92-87-5
50-32-8
205-99-2
207-08-9
98-07-7
100-44-7
7440-41-7
108-60-1
1 1 1-44-4
117-81-7
Oral Slope Factor
(mg/kg-day)1
8.70E-03
4.50E+00
5.40E-01
8.00E-02
1.70E+01
5.70E-03
2.50E-02
4.00E-01
2.00E+00
4.00E-01
2.00E+00
4.00E-01
2.00E+00
4.00E-01
2.00E+00
4.00E-01
2.00E+00
4.00E-01
4.00E-01
2.00E+00
1.50E+00
2.22E-01
1.10E-01
7.30E-01
5.50E-02
2.30E+02
7.30E+00
7.30E-01
7.30E-02
1.30E+01
1.70E-01
4.30E+00
7.00E-02
1.10E+00
1.40E-02
Inhalation Slope Factor
(mg/kg-day)1
7.70E-03
4.50E+00
2.40E-01
1.70E+01
2.50E-02
4.00E-01
2.00E+00
4.00E-01
2.00E+00
4.00E-01
2.00E+00
4.00E-01
2.00E+00
4.00E-01
2.00E+00
4.00E-01
2.00E+00
4.00E-01
2.00E+00
5.00E+01
1.10E-01
3.10E-01
2.90E-02
2.30E+02
3.10E+00
3.10E-01
3.10E-02
8.40E+00
3.50E-02
1.10E+00
K-25
-------
APPENDIX K
Table K-10. Chemicals used to calculate mean slope factor values for calculating
carcinogenic hazard value
Chemical
Bis(chloromethyl)ether
Bromodichloromethane
Bromoform
Butadiene, 1,3-
Cadmium (Diet)
Cadmium (Water)
Captafol
Captan
Carbazole
Carbon Tetrachloride
Chloranil
Chlordane
Chloro-2-methylaniline HC1, 4-
Chloro-2-methylaniline, 4-
Chlorobenzilate
Chlorodibromoethane
Chloroform
Chloromethane
Chloronitrobenzene, o-
Chloronitrobenzene, p-
Chlorothalonil
Chromium VI (chromic acid mists)
Chromium VI (particulates)
Chrysene
Coke Oven Emissions
Crotonaldehyde, trans-
Cyanazine
Cyclohexane, l,2,3,4,5-pentabromo-6-chloro-
DDD
DDE
DDT
Di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate
Diallate
Dibenz[a,h]anthracene
Dibromo-3-chloropropane, 1,2-
Dibromochloromethane
Dibromoethane, 1,2-
CAS#
542-88-1
75-27-4
75-25-2
106-99-0
7440-43-9
7440-43-9
2425-06-1
133-06-2
86-74-8
56-23-5
118-75-2
057-74-9
3165-93-3
95-69-2
510-15-6
73506-94-2
67-66-3
74-87-3
88-73-3
121-73-3
1897-45-6
18540-29-9
18540-29-9
218-01-9
8007-45-2
123-73-9
21725-46-2
87-84-3
72-54-8
72-55-9
50-29-3
103-23-1
2303-16-4
53-70-3
96-12-8
124-48-1
106-93-4
Oral Slope Factor
(mg/kg-day)1
2.20E+02
6.20E-02
7.90E-03
8.60E-03
3.50E-03
2.00E-02
1.30E-01
4.03E-01
3.50E-01
4.60E-01
5.80E-01
2.70E-01
8.40E-02
6.10E-03
1.30E-02
2.50E-02
1.80E-02
1.10E-02
7.30E-03
1.90E+00
8.40E-01
2.30E-02
2.40E-01
3.40E-01
3.40E-01
1.20E-03
6.10E-02
7.30E+00
1.40E+00
8.40E-02
8.50E+01
Inhalation Slope Factor
(mg/kg-day)1
2.20E+02
3.90E-03
1.80E+00
6.10E+00
6.10E+00
5.30E-02
1.30E+00
2.70E-01
8.10E-02
6.30E-03
4.10E+01
4.10E+01
3.10E-03
2.20E+00
3.40E-01
3.10E+00
2.40E-03
7.60E-01
K-26
-------
APPENDIX K
Table K-10. Chemicals used to calculate mean slope factor values for calculating
carcinogenic hazard value
Chemical
Dichloro-2-butene, 1,4-
Dichlorobenzene, 1,4-
Dichlorobenzidine, 3,3'-
Dichloroethane, 1,2-
Dichloroethylene, 1,1-
Dichloropropane, 1,2-
Dichloropropene, 1,3-
Dichlorvos
Dieldrin
Diethylstilbesterol
Dimethoxybenzidine, 3,3'-
Dimethylaniline HC1, 2,4-
Dimethylaniline, 2,4-
Dimethylbenzidine, 3,3'-
Dimethylhydrazine, 1,1-
Dinitrotoluene Mixture, 2,4/2,6-
Dinitrotoluene, 2,4-
Dinitrotoluene, 2,6-
Dioxane, 1,4-
Diphenylhydrazine, 1 ,2-
Direct Black 38
Direct Blue 6
Direct Brown 95
Epichlorohydrin
Ethyl Acrylate
Ethylbenzene
Ethylene Oxide
Ethylene Thiourea
Folpet
Fomesafen
Formaldehyde
Furazolidone
Furium
Furmecyclox
Heptachlor
Heptachlor Epoxide
Hexachlorobenzene
CAS#
764-41-0
106-46-7
91-94-1
107-06-2
75-35-4
78-87-5
542-75-6
62-73-7
60-57-1
56-53-1
119-90-4
21436-96-4
095-68-1
119-93-7
57-14-7
25321-14-6
121-14-2
606-20-2
123-91-1
122-66-7
1937-37-7
2602-46-2
16071-86-6
106-89-8
140-88-5
100-41-4
75-21-8
96-45-7
133-07-3
72178-02-0
50-00-0
67-45-8
531-82-8
60568-05-0
76-44-8
1024-57-3
118-74-1
Oral Slope Factor
(mg/kg-day)1
2.40E-02
4.50E-01
9.10E-02
6.00E-01
6.80E-02
l.OOE-01
2.90E-01
1.60E+01
4.70E+03
1.40E-02
5.80E-01
7.50E-01
9.20E+00
3.00E+00
6.80E-01
6.80E-01
6.80E-01
1.10E-02
8.00E-01
8.60E+00
8.10E+00
9.30E+00
9.90E-03
4.80E-02
1.02E+00
1.10E-01
3.50E-03
1.90E-01
3.80E+00
5.00E+01
3.00E-02
4.50E+00
9.10E+00
1.60E+00
Inhalation Slope Factor
(mg/kg-day)1
9.30E+00
9.10E-02
1.20E+00
1.40E-02
1.60E+01
4.90E+02
1.72E+01
8.00E-01
4.20E-03
3.85E-03
3.50E-01
4.50E-02
4.50E+00
9.10E+00
1.60E+00
K-27
-------
APPENDIX K
Table K-10. Chemicals used to calculate mean slope factor values for calculating
carcinogenic hazard value
Chemical
Hexachlorobutadiene
Hexachlorocyclohexane, Alpha-
Hexachlorocyclohexane, Beta-
Hexachlorocyclohexane, Gamma-
Hexachlorocyclohexane, Technical
Hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, Mixture
Hexachloroethane
Hexahydro- 1 ,3 ,5-trinitro- 1 ,3 ,5-triazine (RDX)
HpCDD, 2,3,7,8-
HpCDF, 2,3,7,8-
HxCDD, 2,3,7,8-
HxCDF, 2,3,7,8-
Hydrazine
Hydrazine Sulfate
Indeno [ 1 ,2,3-cd]pyrene
Isophorone
Methoxy-5-nitroaniline, 2-
Methyl Hydrazine
Methyl-5-Nitroaniline, 2-
Methylaniline Hydrochloride, 2-
Methylene Chloride
Methylene-bis(2-chloroaniline), 4,4'-
Methylene-bis(N,N-dimethyl) Aniline, 4,4'-
Methylenebisbenzenamine, 4,4'-
Mirex
Nickel Refinery Dust
Nickel Subsulfide
Nitrofurazone
Nitropropane, 2-
Nitrosodiethanolamine, N-
Nitrosodiethylamine, N-
Nitrosodimethylamine, N-
Nitroso-di-N-butylamine, N-
Nitroso-di-N-propylamine, N-
Nitrosodiphenylamine, N-
Nitrosomethylethylamine, N-
Nitroso-N-ethylurea, N-
CAS#
87-68-3
319-84-6
319-85-7
58-89-9
608-73-1
19408-74-3
67-72-1
121-82-4
37871-00-4
38998-75-3
34465-46-8
55684-94-1
302-01-2
10034-93-2
193-39-5
78-59-1
99-59-2
60-34-4
99-55-8
636-21-5
75-09-2
101-14-4
101-61-1
101-77-9
2385-85-5
NA
12035-72-2
59-87-0
79-46-9
1116-54-7
55-18-5
62-75-9
924-16-3
621-64-7
86-30-6
10595-95-6
759-73-9
Oral Slope Factor
(mg/kg-day)1
7.80E-02
6.30E+00
1.80E+00
1.30E+00
1.80E+00
6.20E+03
1.40E-02
1.10E-01
1.50E+03
1.50E+03
1.50E+04
1.50E+04
3.00E+00
3.00E+00
7.30E-01
9.50E-04
4.60E-02
3.00E+00
3.30E-02
1.80E-01
7.50E-03
1.30E-01
4.60E-02
2.50E-01
1.80E+00
1.50E+00
9.50E+00
2.80E+00
1.50E+02
5.10E+01
5.40E+00
7.00E+00
4.90E-03
2.20E+01
1.40E+02
Inhalation Slope Factor
(mg/kg-day)1
7.80E-02
6.30E+00
1.80E+00
1.80E+00
4.55E+03
1.40E-02
1.50E+03
1.50E+03
1.50E+04
1.50E+04
1.70E+01
1.70E+01
3.10E-01
1.72E+01
1.65E-03
1.30E-01
8.40E-01
1.70E+00
9.40E+00
1.50E+02
5.10E+01
5.40E+00
K-28
-------
APPENDIX K
Table K-10. Chemicals used to calculate mean slope factor values for calculating
carcinogenic hazard value
Chemical
Nitrosopyrrolidine, N-
OCDD
OCDF
PeCDD, 2,3,7,8-
PeCDF, 1,2,3,7,8-
PeCDF, 2,3,4,7,8-
Pentachloronitrobenzene
Pentachlorophenol
Phenylenediamine, o-
Phenylphenol, 2-
Polybrominated Biphenyls
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (high risk)
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (low risk)
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (lowest risk)
Prochloraz
Propylene Oxide
Quinoline
Simazine
Sodium Diethyldithiocarbamate
Stirofos (Tetrachlorovinphos)
TCDD, 2,3,7,8-
TCDF, 2,3,7,8-
Tetrachloroethane , 1,1,1,2-
Tetrachloroethane, 1,1,2,2-
Tetrachloroethylene
Tetrachlorotoluene, p- alpha, alpha, alpha-
Toluene-2,4-diamine
Toluidine, o- (Methylaniline, 2-)
Toluidine, p-
Toxaphene
Trichloroaniline HC1, 2,4,6-
Trichloroaniline, 2,4,6-
Trichloroethane, 1,1,2-
Trichloroethylene
Trichlorophenol, 2,4,6-
Trichloropropane, 1,2,3-
Trifluralin
CAS#
930-55-2
3268-87-9
39001-02-0
36088-22-9
57117-41-6
57117-31-4
82-68-8
87-86-5
95-54-5
90-43-7
59536-65-1
1336-36-3
1336-36-3
1336-36-3
67747-09-5
75-56-9
91-22-5
122-34-9
148-18-5
961-11-5
1746-01-6
51207-31-9
630-20-6
79-34-5
127-18-4
5216-25-1
95-80-7
95-53-4
106-49-0
8001-35-2
33663-50-2
634-93-5
79-00-5
79-01-6
88-06-2
96-18-4
1582-09-8
Oral Slope Factor
(mg/kg-day)1
2.10E+00
1.50E+02
1.50E+02
7.50E+04
7.50E+04
7.50E+03
2.60E-01
1.20E-01
4.70E-02
1.94E-03
8.90E+00
2.00E+00
4.00E-01
7.00E-02
1.50E-01
2.40E-01
1.20E+01
1.20E-01
2.70E-01
2.40E-02
1.50E+05
1.50E+04
2.60E-02
2.00E-01
5.20E-02
2.00E+01
3.20E+00
2.40E-01
1.90E-01
1.10E+00
2.90E-02
3.40E-02
5.70E-02
1.10E-02
1.10E-02
7.00E+00
7.70E-03
Inhalation Slope Factor
(mg/kg-day)1
2.10E+00
1.50E+02
1.50E+02
7.50E+04
7.50E+04
7.50E+03
2.00E+00
4.00E-01
1.30E-02
1.50E+05
1.50E+04
2.60E-02
2.00E-01
2.00E-03
1.10E+00
5.70E-02
6.00E-03
l.OOE-02
K-29
-------
APPENDIX K
Table K-10. Chemicals used to calculate mean slope factor values for calculating
carcinogenic hazard value
Chemical
Trimethyl Phosphate
Trinitrotoluene, 2,4,6-
Vinyl Bromide
Vinyl Chloride
geometric mean
count (n)
CAS#
512-56-1
118-96-7
593-60-2
75-01-4
Oral Slope Factor
(mg/kg-day)1
3.70E-02
3.00E-02
1.40E+00
0.71
175
Inhalation Slope Factor
(mg/kg-day)1
1.10E-01
3.08E-02
1.70
105
blank=no data
Source: Risk Assessment Information System (RAIS), http://risk.lsd.ornl.gov/cgi-bin/tox/TOX_9801 (downloaded 11/00): IRIS/HEAST
Slope Factors.
K-30
-------
APPENDIX K
REFERENCES
Davis, G. A., L. Kincaid, M. Swanson, T. Schultz, J. Bartmess, B. Griffith, and S. Jones. 1994.
Chemical Hazard Evaluation for Management Strategies: A Method for Ranking and Scoring
Chemicals by Potential Human Health and Environmental Impacts, Appendix E, United States
Environmental Protection Agency, EPA/600/R-94/177, September.
EPA (U. S. Environmental Protection Agency). 2001. EPA data search of the U.S. EPA Ecotox Search
engine (http://www.epa.gov/ecotox) provided to University of Tennessee, January.
EPA. 2000a. Flexographic Ink Options: A Cleaner Technologies Substitutes Assessment (DRAFT).
EPA/744-R-00-004A&B. Washington, D.C. November.
EPA. 2000b. EPA data search provided to the University of Tennessee, December.
EPA. 1994. Health Effects Assessment Summary Tables. Annual Update. Environmental Criteria and
Assessment Office, Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and
Development, Cincinnati, OH.
EPA. 1987. Health Effects Assessment for Dichlorobenzene. Environmental Criteria and Assessment
Office, Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development,
Cincinnati, OH.
EPA. 1984. Health Affects Document for Carbon Tetrachloride. EPA/600/8-82-001F. Environmental
Criteria and Assessment Office, Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, Office of
Research and Development, Cincinnati, OH.
Geibig, J. and M. Swanson. 2000. Printed Wiring Board Surface Finishes Draft Cleaner Technologies
Substitutes Assessment. University of Tennessee. EPA 744-R-00-013B, December.
Geiger, D. L., L. T. Brooke, D. J. Call and C. E. Northcott, eds. 1984. Acute Toxicities of Organic
Chemicals to Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas), Vol. 1. Center for Lake Superior
Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin, Superior, WI.
Geiger, D. L., L. T. Brooke, D. J. Call and C. E. Northcott, eds. 1985. Acute Toxicities of Organic
Chemicals to Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas), Vol. 2. Center for Lake Superior
Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin, Superior, WI.
Geiger, D. L., L. T. Brooke, D. J. Call and C. E. Northcott, eds. 1986. Acute Toxicities of Organic
Chemicals to Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas), Vol. 3. Center for Lake Superior
Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin, Superior, WI.
K-31
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APPENDIX K
Geiger, D. L., L. T. Brooke, D. J. Call and C. E. Northcott, eds. 1988. Acute Toxicities of Organic
Chemicals to Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas), Vol. 4. Center for Lake Superior
Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin, Superior, WI.
Geiger, D. L., L. T. Brooke, D. J. Call and C. E. Northcott, eds. 1990. Acute Toxicities of Organic
Chemicals to Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas), Vol. 5. Center for Lake Superior
Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin, Superior, WI.
HSDB (Hazardous Substances Data Bank). National Library of Medicine, Toxicology Data Network
(TOXNET) (http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/htmlgen7HSDB).
IUCLID (International Uniform Chemical Information Database). 1996. European Chemical Bureau,
European Commission - JRC, Environment Institute, Ispra, Italy.
Kincaid, L. E. and J. R. Geibig. 1998. Printed Wiring Board Cleaner Technologies Substitutes
Assessment: Making Holes Conductive. University of Tennessee. EPA 744-R-98-004a,b, August.
NIOSH (National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health). 1978. Occupational Health Guideline
for Carbon Monoxide.
Sax, N. I and R. J. Lewis. 1987. Hazardous Chemicals Desk Reference. VanNostrand Reinhold,
New York.
SRC (Syracuse Research Corporation). 2000. SRC data search provided to the University of Tennessee,
December.
K-32
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APPENDIX L
APPENDIX L
SECONDARY ISSUES TO THE USE LIFE-CYCLE STAGE OF COMPUTER
DISPLAYS
L-l
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APPENDIX L
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L-2
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APPENDIX L
APPENDIX L
SECONDARY ISSUES TO THE USE LIFE-CYCLE STAGE OF COMPUTER
DISPLAYS
1. ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS (EMFs)
Electric and magnetic fields (EMFs) are invisible lines offeree that surround any
electrical device, including power lines, electrical wiring, and electrical equipment. Electric
fields are produced by voltage and increase in strength as the voltage increases. Magnetic fields
result from the flow of current through wires and or electrical devices and increase in strength as
the current increases. Most electrical equipment has to be turned on for a magnetic field to be
produced, but electric fields are present even when equipment is switched off as long as it is
connected to an electric power source. Electric fields are weakened or shielded by materials that
conduct electricity (including human skin). Magnetic fields, on the other hand, pass through
most materials and are therefore more difficult to shield and of greater concern. Both electric
and magnetic fields decrease with distance from the source (NIOSH, et al 1996).
Most information on EMFs from video display units (VDUs) pertains to CRT monitors.
The following is excerpted from the World Health Organization fact sheet, "Video Display Units
(VDUs) and Human Health (1998):"
"The typical VDU creates images in a large evacuated cathode-ray-tube (CRT)
by directing a beam of high-energy electrons from the cathode onto a special phosphor-
coated glass screen. This coating emits light when struck by the fast-moving electrons.
The electron beam creates the image from computer signals that control coils, at the
back of the CRT, that sweep the electrons in the vertical and horizontal directions.
These coils are called vertical and horizontal deflection coils. The electronic circuitry
used to create the image gives rise to static electric and magnetic fields, as well as low
and high frequency electromagnetic fields...
Electric and magnetic fields are emitted in three different frequency ranges.
The horizontal deflection coils emit fields operating predominantly in the frequency
range 15-3 5kHz. Extremely low frequency (ELF) fields at 50 to 60 Hz come from the
power supply, transformers and the vertical deflection coils. Finally, weak signals at
higher radio frequencies (RF) come from the VDU's interior electronic circuitry and
signals received from the computer. "
Very little information was found on the relative magnitude of EMFs emitted by CRTs
and LCDs. However, typical household power operates at 50-60 Hz and 120 volts - these remain
relatively constant no matter how much power in watts a piece of electrical equipment needs or
draws. What fluctuates with power demand is current (in amperes, or amps). CRTs consume a
greater quantity of power in watts, and therefore require a larger amount of electrical current in
amps. Since magnetic fields increase in strength with increased current, it is assumed a CRT will
-------
APPENDIX L
generate a larger magnetic field than an LCD. Additionally, some of the components discussed
above, such as the horizontal and vertical deflection coils, are found in CRTs but not in LCDs.
Thus, due to their power handling needs and capabilities, CRTs also generate EMFs that are not
generated by LCDs. However, according to NoRad Corporation, a manufacturer and marketer of
EMF shielding products for monitors, it is a common misconception that LCDs do not emit
EMFs because of their smaller current draw; backlit LCD displays can emit significant levels of
both magnetic fields and electric fields (NoRad, undated).
To address concerns about potential health effects from EMF exposure, in 1992 the U.S.
Congress authorized the Electric and Magnetic Fields Research and Public Information Program
(EMF-RAPID Program) and directed the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
(NIEHS) and the Department of Energy (DOE) to direct and manage a program of research and
analysis aimed at providing scientific evidence to clarify the potential for health risks from
exposure to ELF-EMF (NIEHS, 1999). After several years of research, in 1999 NIEHS issued a
report to Congress on the health effects from exposure to power-line frequency EMFs, which
concluded the following (NIEHS, 1999):
"The scientific evidence suggesting that ELF-EMF exposures pose any health
risk is weak. The strongest evidence for health effects comes from associations observed
in human populations with two forms of cancer: childhood leukemia and chronic
lymphocytic leukemia in occupationally exposed adults. While the support from
individual studies is weak, the epidemiological studies demonstrate, for some methods of
measuring exposure, a fairly consistent pattern of a small, increased risk with increasing
exposure that is somewhat weaker for chronic lymphocytic leukemia than for childhood
leukemia. In contrast, the mechanistic studies and the animal toxicology literature fail
to demonstrate any consistent pattern across studies although sporadic finding of
biological effects (including increased cancers in animals) have been reported. No
indication of increased leukemia in experimental animals has been observed.
The lack of connection between the human data and the experimental data (animal and
mechanistic) severely complicates the interpretation of these results. The human data
are in the "right" species, are tied to "real-life" exposures and show some consistency
that is difficult to ignore. This assessment is tempered by the observation that given the
weak magnitude of these increased risks, some other factor or common source of error
could explain these findings. However, no consistent explanation other than exposure to
ELF-EMF has been identified.
Epidemiological studies have serious limitations in their ability to demonstrate a
cause and effect relationship whereas laboratory studies, by design, can clearly show
that cause and effect are possible. Virtually all of the laboratory evidence in animals
and humans and most of the mechanistic work done in cells fail to support a causal
relationship between exposure to ELF-EMF at environmental levels and changes in
biological function or disease status. The lack of consistent, positive findings in animal
or mechanistic studies weakens the belief that this association is actually due to ELF-
EMF, but it cannot completely discount the epidemiological findings.
The NIEHS concludes that ELF-EMF exposure cannot be recognized as entirely safe
because of weak scientific evidence that exposure may pose a leukemia hazard. In our
L-4
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APPENDIX L
opinion, this finding is insufficient to warrant aggressive regulatory concern. However,
because virtually everyone in the United States uses electricity and therefore is routinely
exposed to ELF-EMF, passive regulatory action is warranted such as a continued
emphasis on educating both the public and the regulated community on means aimed at
reducing exposures. The NIEHS does not believe that other cancers on non-cancer
health outcomes provide sufficient evidence of a risk to currently warrant concern. "
More recently, an expert scientific working group of the Monographs Programme of the
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) released its findings from a review of
health effects of static and ELF EMFs. IARC concluded that ELF magnetic fields are possibly
carcinogenic to humans, based on consistent statistical associations of high level residential
magnetic fields with a doubling of risk of childhood leukemia. However, IARC also concluded
that children who are exposed to residential ELF magnetic fields less than 0.4 microTesla (4
milligauss)1 have no increased risk of leukemia (IARC, 2001). To help put this in perspective,
Table L-l presents the average magnetic field exposures for clerical workers with and without
computers.2 As shown in the table, clerical workers with computers have increased average daily
exposures of about 0.07 uT (0.7 mG) over clerical workers without computers. The average
daily median for workers with computers is 0.12 uT (1.2 mG) and the exposure range is 0.05 to
0.45 uT (0.5 to 4.5 mG). Only the upper end of the exposure range exceeds the exposure level
that IARC concluded has an increased risk of childhood leukemia (0.4 uT).
Table L-l. Average magnetic field exposures for clerical workers*
Type of worker
Clerical workers with computers
Clerical workers without computers
Average daily median (fiT)
0.12
0.05
Exposure range (fiT)
0.05 to 0.45
0.02 to 0.2
Source: NIOSH Fact Sheet: EMFs in the Workplace
* The source does not give the distance at which measurements were taken. Monitor EMF emission measurements are often
taken at a distance of 30 cm (approximately 12 inches) or 50 cm (approximately 20 inches).
In summary, no data were found on EMF measurements from LCDs. However, because
of the lesser current requirements of LCDs compared to CRTs, it is assumed that LCDs also
generate a lesser magnetic field. NIEHS has concluded that the evidence that ELF-EMF
exposures pose any health risk is weak. However, since publication of the NIEHS report, IARC
has classified ELF-EMFs as possibly carcinogenic to humans. Based on the data in Table L-3, it
Magnetic field intensity is measured in units of tesla (T) or gauss (G). One tesla equals 10,000 gauss.
Since most environmental EMF exposure involve magnetic field intensities that are only a fraction of a tesla or a
gauss, they are commonly measured in units of microteslas (jaT) or milligauss (mG). One jaT is equal to 10 mG.
Given the fact that desktop LCD monitors were only recently introduced into the marketplace, it is
assumed that the computers used by clerical workers for whom measurements were taken were equipped with CRT
monitors, although the data could also include clerical workers who used laptops with LCD displays.
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APPENDIX L
appears most exposures to ELFs-EMFs from computer displays may be below the
carcinogenicity concern level determined by IARC (0.4 uT).
2. ERGONOMIC ISSUES
Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary defines ergonomics as "an applied science
concerned with designing and arranging things people use so that the people and things interact
most efficiently and safely - also called human engineering." While CRT and LCD desktop
monitors are both usable in the same environments (in most cases), there are differences in their
sizes and the way they present information to the user in their working environment. Thus the
potential exists for there to be differences in the way a user might physically interact with their
CRT or LCD monitor. (Note that Eye Strain is addressed as a separate issue in this Appendix
[see L.3], and issues related to image generation on the monitor surface are addressed there.)
In reviewing several documents on ergonomics and the placement of computer monitors
in or around a user's working area, some sources discuss the differences in using a CRT versus an
LCD monitor. It is assumed in most discussions that the user is able to move/adjust the monitor
to within a recommended operating position for use (e.g., eye-to-screen distance, vertical monitor
location [with respect to horizontal eye level]). Thus, with unlimited resources within which to
setup a computing environment, it is expected that only viewing angle would potentially favor a
CRT over an LCD. CRTs provide a horizontal viewing angle of 180° whereas early-model LCD
monitors were limited to an almost straight on view. The most recent LCDs on the market have
a 120° capability (EIZO 1999). Although less than the CRT horizontal viewing angle, these
current viewing angles significantly diminish the differences in viewing ability between the two
monitor types. The reduced viewing angle of the LCD appears to mainly be a factor when
presenting information to users who are viewing the screen from the side, such as during
presentations to multiple users.
However, the user's environment is often limited by physical constraints on where the
monitor can be placed and user seated. With this in mind, the physical size and footprint of the
monitor becomes more of an ergonomics issue. In cases where the footprint of a monitor dictates
that the monitor not go directly in-front of the user, but to either the left or right side, an
increased level of ergonomic stress may be realized (typically neck twist) if the user is unable to
adjust his or her seated position accordingly. Even the smaller footprint CRTs being
manufactured today have a much larger footprint than those of closely-equivalent LCD monitors,
typically occupying almost six times the depth of LCDs (IBM 1999). Additionally, some LCD
monitors can be wall-mounted, almost completely removing the monitor from the desktop. Thus,
it appears that the smaller footprint of the LCD may offer benefits in more easily positioning the
monitor for optimum user use.
L-6
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APPENDIX L
3. EYE STRAIN
There are numerous sensations that can be interpreted to be eye strain in the use of
monitors, including but not limited to burning, tightness, sharp pains, dull pains, watering,
blurring, double vision and headaches. Many of the principal factors that cause eye strain can be
corrected or improved by adequately setting up the computing environment (e.g., controlling the
distance between the eyes and the screen, wearing corrective lenses, if needed, etc.). Others can
be improved by adjusting the controls on the monitor (e.g., setting brightness or contrast). Of the
factors identified in this study, glare and screen flicker are the two that appear to be most affected
by the technology choice (e.g., CRT or LCD).
The distance between your eyes and the monitor should be at least 25" (Ankrum 1996),
and using a CRT versus an LCD should have no effect on the necessary distance needed to
clearly see the monitor screen, as long as the user is using an appropriately sized resolution for
his or her monitor size. Both CRTs and LCDs should be equally readable, not considering the
viewing of an LCD from outside its particular viewing angle. If the brightness levels of a CRT
and LCD are set appropriately, then the contrast between what is being looked at and its
immediate environment should be no different for the two monitor types. Lastly, a user has to
have good or corrected vision before either monitor will be useful.
The only notable difference between CRTs and LCDs with respect to glare is their
flatness. As LCDs have completely flat monitor surfaces or screens, versus most CRTs which
have rounded screens, they significantly reduce the probability of reflected glare from overhead
or nearby lights. There are two main types of CRT tube technology, shadow mask and aperture
grill. Shadow masks are utilized in older, less flat monitors, and aperture grills are utilized in the
more current variations that have flatter outside faces (IBM 1999). Flatter screens provide less
opportunity for the occurrence of reflected glare.
CRTs, especially older models, may be prone to screen flicker, which contributes
significantly to eye strain. CRT's use phosphor that has been excited by an electron beam to
create light. After the phosphor is excited, it begins to decay. The electron beam needs to return
to the phosphor in a specific amount of time to keep the phosphor from decaying to the point that
the human eye can perceive it. The rate at which the electron beam returns to any given phosphor
is called the refresh rate. If the refresh rate is too low, the decaying of the phosphor may be
perceptible to the human eye as a flickering screen image. Because LCDs do not use phosphors
to create the image they do not have a refresh rate and do not flicker.
L-7
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APPENDIX L
REFERENCES
Ankrum, D. R. 1996. "Monitor Location: Guidelines for Monitor Placement and Lighting."
Web site available at http://ur-net.com/office-ergo/setting.htm.
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer). 2001. "IARC Finds Limited Evidence
that Residential Magnetic Fields Increase Risk of Childhood Leukemia." Press release
accessed at http://www.iarc/fr/pageroot/preleases/prl36a.html on August 30, 2001. June
27.
NIEHS (National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences). 1999. NIEHS Report on Health
Effects from Exposure to Power-Line Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields. Available
as a pdf document from the following Web site
http://www.niehs.nih.gov/emfrapid/home.htm. May.
NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health), NIEHS, and DOE (Department
of Energy). 1996. "Questions and Answers, EMF in the Workplace: Electric and
Magnetic Fields Associated with the Use of Electric Power." Web site accessed at
http://www.niehs.nih.gov/emfrapid/html/Q&A-Workplace.html. August 31, 2001.
September.
NIOSH. Undated. "NIOSH Fact Sheet: EMFs in the Workplace." Web site accessed at
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/emf2.html. August 30, 2001.
NoRad. Undated. "Video Display Terminals as a Source of Electromagnetic Fields." Web site
accessed at http://www.noradcorp.com.. August 31, 2001.
Poynton, C. 1997. "Reducing eyestrain from video and computer monitors." Web site
available athttp://www.inforamp.net/~poynton/notes/reducing_eyestrain/index.html.
L-8
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APPENDIX M
APPENDIX M
LIFE-CYCLE IMPACT ASSESSMENT RESULTS
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APPENDIX M
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APPENDIX M
APPENDIX M
LIFE-CYCLE IMPACT ASSESSMENT RESULTS
Table M-l. CRT LCIA Results for the Renewable Resource Use Impact Category
Process Group
Material
LCI Data Type
Renewable
Resource Use (kg)
% of Total
Materials Processing Life-cycle
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Invar
Lead
Polycarbonate Production
Ferrite mfg.
ABS Production
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Polystyrene Prod., high-impact
Polycarbonate Production
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Aluminum Prod.
Lead
Lead
Aluminum Prod.
Invar
ABS Production
Polycarbonate Production
Aluminum Prod.
Polystyrene Prod., high-impact
Invar
ABS Production
Aluminum Prod.
ABS Production
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Invar
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Polycarbonate Production
Polystyrene Prod., high-impact
Ferrite mfg.
ABS Production
Ferrite mfg.
ABS Production
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Invar
Stage
Water secondary
Water secondary
Water secondary
Water secondary
Water secondary
Water secondary
Water secondary
Water secondary
Sodium chloride (NaCl, in ground or in sea) secondary
Limestone (CaCOS, in ground) secondary
Limestone (CaCOS, in ground) secondary
Limestone (CaCOS, in ground) secondary
Sand (in ground) secondary
Sodium chloride (NaCl, in ground or in sea) secondary
Limestone (CaCOS, in ground) secondary
Limestone (CaCOS, in ground) secondary
Limestone (CaCOS, in ground) secondary
Sand (in ground) secondary
Limestone (CaCOS, in ground) secondary
Sand (in ground) secondary
Gravel/Sand secondary
Clay (in ground) secondary
Sodium chloride (NaCl, in ground or in sea) secondary
Gravel/Sand secondary
Limestone (CaCOS, in ground) secondary
Sodium chloride (NaCl, in ground or in sea) secondary
Limestone (CaCOS, in ground) secondary
Sodium chloride (NaCl, in ground or in sea) secondary
Sand (in ground) secondary
Clay (in ground) secondary
Sodium chloride (NaCl, in ground or in sea) secondary
Gravel/Sand secondary
Gravel/Sand secondary
Clay (in ground) secondary
Sand (in ground) secondary
Sodium chloride (NaCl, in ground or in sea) secondary
Sodium chloride (NaCl, in ground or in sea) secondary
Sand (in ground) secondary
Clay (in ground) secondary
Clay (in ground) secondary
Sand (in ground) secondary
Maize secondary
4.69e+02
3.96e+01
1.40e+01
1.30e+01
l.lle+01
3.94e+00
2.58e+00
8.16e-01
7.30e-01
6.72e-01
9.25e-02
6.63e-02
4.79e-02
2.56e-02
9.08e-03
7.62e-03
6.00e-03
5.26e-03
3.78e-03
3.67e-03
3.60e-03
2.79e-03
2.63e-03
2.05e-03
1.58e-03
1.16e-03
1.13e-03
1.02e-03
9.35e-04
8.67e-04
6.95e-04
5.91e-04
5.77e-04
4.45e-04
3.79e-04
3.17e-04
2.65e-04
2.54e-04
1.91e-04
1.25e-04
6.21e-05
5.756-05
3.57e+00
3.02e-01
1.07e-01
9.93e-02
8.46e-02
3.00e-02
1.97e-02
6.22e-03
5.56e-03
5.12e-03
7.05e-04
5.05e-04
3.65e-04
1.95e-04
6.91e-05
5.80e-05
4.57e-05
4.00e-05
2.88e-05
2.80e-05
2.74e-05
2.13e-05
2.00e-05
1.56e-05
1.21e-05
8.82e-06
8.63e-06
7.74e-06
7.12e-06
6.60e-06
5.29e-06
4.50e-06
4.39e-06
3.39e-06
2.88e-06
2.42e-06
2.02e-06
1.93e-06
1.45e-06
9.55e-07
4.73e-07
4.38e-07
M-l
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-l. CRT LCIA Results for the Renewable Resource Use Impact Category
Process Group
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Polycarbonate Production
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Polystyrene Prod., high-impact
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Polycarbonate Production
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Total Materials Processing
Manufacturing Life-cycle Stage
LPG Production
CRT tube mfg.
Japanese Electric Grid
PWB Mfg.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Glass/frit
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
US electric grid
Glass/frit
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
US electric grid
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Total Manufacturing
Material
Maize
Sand (in ground)
Clay (in ground)
Clay (in ground)
Sand (in ground)
Potatoes
Potatoes
Gravel/Sand
Gravel/Sand
Water, unspecified
Water
Water
Water
Water, unspecified
Water
Water, unspecified
Water
Sand
Water, unspecified
Limestone (CaCOS, in ground)
Water
Limestone
Limestone
Sand (in ground)
Sodium chloride (NaCl, in ground or in sea)
Limestone (CaCOS, in ground)
Limestone (CaCOS, in ground)
Limestone (CaCOS, in ground)
Limestone (CaCOS, in ground)
Sand (in ground)
Sand (in ground)
Sodium chloride (NaCl, in ground or in sea)
Sodium chloride (NaCl, in ground or in sea)
Sand (in ground)
Sodium chloride (NaCl, in ground or in sea)
Sand (in ground)
Sodium chloride (NaCl, in ground or in sea)
LCI Data Type Renewable % of Total
Resource Use (kg)
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
model/secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
5.62e-05
5.34e-05
4.62e-05
2.44e-05
2.42e-05
1.55e-05
1.51e-05
2.77e-06
8.27e-07
5.56e+02
1.04e+04
8.11e+02
4.43e+01
4.22e+01
3.56e+01
S.Sle+Ol
2.93e+01
1.82e+01
2.40e+00
2.39e+00
1.06e+00
2.12e-01
3.85e-02
3.06e-02
2.72e-02
1.25e-02
8.56e-03
3.34e-03
1.84e-03
3.55e-04
9.22e-05
7.65e-05
4.23e-05
3.51e-05
6.21e-06
2.85e-06
5.51e-07
2.53e-07
1.15e+04
4.28e-07
4.07e-07
3.52e-07
1.86e-07
1.84e-07
1.18e-07
1.15e-07
2.11e-08
6.30e-09
4.23e+00
7.94e+01
6.18e+00
3.37e-01
3.21e-01
2.71e-01
2.67e-01
2.23e-01
1.38e-01
1.83e-02
1.82e-02
8.10e-03
1.61 e-03
2.93e-04
2.33e-04
2.08e-04
9.52e-05
6.52e-05
2.54e-05
1.40e-05
2.71e-06
7.02e-07
5.82e-07
3.22e-07
2.67e-07
4.73e-08
2.17e-08
4.19e-09
1.92e-09
8.72e+01
Use, Maintenance and Repair Life-cycle Stage
US electric grid
US electric grid
Water
Limestone
model/secondary
model/secondary
Total Use, Maintenance and Repair
End-of-life Life-cycle Stage
CRT Incineration
CRT landfilling
CRT Incineration
CRT landfilling
US electric grid
Clay (in ground)
Clay (in ground)
Sand (in ground)
Sand (in ground)
Water
secondary
primary
secondary
primary
model/secondary
1.14e+03
2.41e+00
1.14e+03
4.24e+00
3.95e+00
1.40e+00
1.31e+00
1.14e-01
8.67e+00
1.83e-02
8.69e+00
3.23e-02
3.01e-02
1.07e-02
9.97e-03
8.67e-04
M-2
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-l. CRT
Process Group
LPG Production
CRT landfilling
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Total End-of-Life
Total All Life-cycle Stages
LCIA Results for the Renewable
Material
Water, unspecified
Limestone (CaCOS, in ground)
Limestone
Limestone (CaCOS, in ground)
Sand (in ground)
Sodium chloride (NaCl, in ground or in sea)
Sodium chloride (NaCl, in ground or in sea)
Sand (in ground)
Sodium chloride (NaCl, in ground or in sea)
Sand (in ground)
Limestone (CaCOS, in ground)
Limestone (CaCOS, in ground)
Water
Limestone (CaCOS, in ground)
Water
Water, unspecified
Resource Use
LCI Data Type
secondary
primary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
Impact Category
Renewable %
Resource Use (kg)
9.00e-02
6.32e-04
2.41e-04
9.18e-06
2.35e-07
1.08e-07
-1.27e-07
-2.76e-07
-3.066-05
-6.68e-05
-9.22e-04
-3.82e-03
-1.06e-01
-2.35e-01
-1.73e+00
-2.57e+01
-1.66e+01
1.31e+04
of Total
6.86e-04
4.81e-06
1.84e-06
6.99e-08
1.79e-09
8.22e-10
-9.65e-10
-2.10e-09
-2.33e-07
-5.09e-07
-7.02e-06
-2.91e-05
-8.09e-04
-1.79e-03
-1.32e-02
-1.95e-01
-1.27e-01
l.OOe+02
M-3
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-2. LCD LCIA Results for the Renewable Resource Use Impact Category
Process Group
Material
LCI Data Type Renewable Resource % of Total
Use (kg)
Materials Processing Life-cycle Stage
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Natural Gas Prod.
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Polycarbonate Production
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
PET Resin Production
Polycarbonate Production
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Natural Gas Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
PMMA Sheet Prod.
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Polycarbonate Production
Aluminum Prod.
PET Resin Production
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Polycarbonate Production
PET Resin Production
Natural Gas Prod.
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Polycarbonate Production
Natural Gas Prod.
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
PET Resin Production
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Polycarbonate Production
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
PET Resin Production
PET Resin Production
Total Materials Processing
Manufacturing Life-cycle Stage
Monitor/module
LPG Production
Panel components
Backlight
Japanese Electric Grid
Backlight
PWB Mfg.
Backlight
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Water
Water
Water
Water
Water
Water
Sodium chloride (NaCl, in ground or in sea)
Limestone (CaCOS, in ground)
Limestone (CaCOS, in ground)
Limestone (CaCOS, in ground)
Sodium chloride (NaCl, in ground or in sea)
Sodium chloride (NaCl, in ground or in sea)
Limestone (CaCOS, in ground)
Sand (in ground)
Limestone (CaCOS, in ground)
Sand (in ground)
Limestone (CaCOS, in ground)
Clay (in ground)
Gravel/Sand
Sodium chloride (NaCl, in ground or in sea)
Sodium chloride (NaCl, in ground or in sea)
Limestone (CaCOS, in ground)
Clay (in ground)
Sand (in ground)
Sodium chloride (NaCl, in ground or in sea)
Sand (in ground)
Sand (in ground)
Sand (in ground)
Clay (in ground)
Sodium chloride (NaCl, in ground or in sea)
Clay (in ground)
Sand (in ground)
Clay (in ground)
Gravel/Sand
Gravel/Sand
Gravel/Sand
Clay (in ground)
Gravel
Water
Water, unspecified
Water
Water
Water
Water
Water
Water
Water, unspecified
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
primary
primary
model/secondary
primary
model/secondary
primary
secondary
2.30e+02
1.48e+01
8.86e+00
7.28e+00
1.13e+00
8.19e-01
4.07e-01
3.29e-01
1.28e-01
3.44e-02
1.92e-02
9.54e-03
8.44e-03
7.29e-03
3.35e-03
1.96e-03
1.91e-03
1.04e-03
l.Ole-03
5.06e-04
4.98e-04
4.96e-04
2.18e-04
2.11e-04
1.27e-04
3.85e-05
2.71e-05
2.62e-05
2.58e-05
1.77e-05
1.07e-05
5.81e-06
4.60e-06
1.55e-06
1.15e-06
3.62e-07
9.08e-08
9.08e-08
2.64e+02
1.08e+03
5.00e+02
1.79e+02
1.67e+02
1.49e+02
2.16e+01
1.86e+01
3.76e+00
3.68e+00
8.21e+00
5.29e-01
3.17e-01
2.60e-01
4.03e-02
2.92e-02
1.46e-02
1.18e-02
4.59e-03
1.23e-03
6.85e-04
3.41e-04
3.01e-04
2.60e-04
1.20e-04
6.99e-05
6.81e-05
3.71e-05
3.60e-05
1.81e-05
1.78e-05
1.77e-05
7.78e-06
7.55e-06
4.54e-06
1.37e-06
9.69e-07
9.35e-07
9.21e-07
6.30e-07
3.81e-07
2.07e-07
1.64e-07
5.53e-08
4.11e-08
1.29e-08
3.24e-09
3.24e-09
9.42e+00
3.85e+01
1.79e+01
6.38e+00
5.95e+00
5.32e+00
7.70e-01
6.64e-01
1.34e-01
1.31e-01
M-4
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-2. LCD
Process Group
US electric grid
LCD glass mfg.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Panel components
Panel components
LCD glass mfg.
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
Natural Gas Prod.
LPG Production
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Total Manufacturing
Use, Maintenance and Repair
US electric grid
US electric grid
LCIA Results for the Renewable
Material
Water
Water
Water, unspecified
Water, unspecified
Water
Water
Water
Sand
Limestone
Limestone (CaCOS, in ground)
Limestone
Limestone (CaCOS, in ground)
Sand (in ground)
Sodium chloride (NaCl, in ground or in sea)
Limestone (CaCOS, in ground)
Limestone (CaCOS, in ground)
Limestone (CaCOS, in ground)
Sand (in ground)
Sodium chloride (NaCl, in ground or in sea)
Sand (in ground)
Sand (in ground)
Sodium chloride (NaCl, in ground or in sea)
Sodium chloride (NaCl, in ground or in sea)
Sand (in ground)
Sodium chloride (NaCl, in ground or in sea)
Life-cycle Stage
Water
Limestone
Resource Use Impact
Category
LCI Data Type Renewable Resource % of Total
Use (kg)
model/secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
primary
primary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
Total Use, Maintenance, and Repair
End-of-life Life-cycle Stage
LCD landfillrng
LCD incineration
LCD landfillrng
LCD incineration
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
LCD landfillrng
LCD landfillrng
LCD incineration
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Clay (in ground)
Clay (in ground)
Sand (in ground)
Sand (in ground)
Water
Water, unspecified
Limestone
Limestone (CaCOS, in ground)
Sodium chloride (NaCl, in ground or in sea)
Sodium chloride (NaCl, in ground or in sea)
Limestone (CaCOS, in ground)
Sand (in ground)
Sodium chloride (NaCl, in ground or in sea)
Sodium chloride (NaCl, in ground or in sea)
Sand (in ground)
Sodium chloride (NaCl, in ground or in sea)
Sand (in ground)
Limestone (CaCOS, in ground)
primary
secondary
primary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
primary
primary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
2.20e+00
1.62e+00
1.37e+00
1.21e+00
3.34e-01
3.03e-01
2.01e-01
l.lle-01
1.03e-01
5.10e-02
4.66e-03
2.90e-03
l.Sle-OS
6.00e-04
5.48e-04
2.92e-04
1.56e-04
9.58e-06
4.39e-06
3.57e-06
3.14e-06
1.64e-06
1.44e-06
8.68e-07
3.98e-07
2.13e+03
4.25e+02
8.99e-01
4.26e+02
9.52e-01
7.38e-01
3.15e-01
2.45e-01
8.06e-02
4.11e-02
1.71e-04
1.52e-04
1.82e-05
1.28e-05
4.19e-06
1.07e-07
4.92e-08
-8.376-08
-1.82e-07
-2.02e-05
-4.41e-05
-6.09e-04
7.87e-02
5.80e-02
4.88e-02
4.33e-02
1.19e-02
1.08e-02
7.19e-03
3.97e-03
3.68e-03
1.82e-03
1.67e-04
1.04e-04
4.67e-05
2.14e-05
1.96e-05
1.04e-05
5.56e-06
3.42e-07
1.57e-07
1.276-07
1.12e-07
5.85e-08
5.14e-08
3.10e-08
1.42e-08
7.59e+01
1.52e+01
3.21e-02
1.52e+01
3.40e-02
2.64e-02
1.13e-02
8.73e-03
2.88e-03
1.47e-03
6.09e-06
5.44e-06
6.50e-07
4.59e-07
1. 50e-07
3.83e-09
1.76e-09
-2.99e-09
-6.51e-09
-7.23e-07
-1.58e-06
-2.17e-05
M-5
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-2. LCD LCIA Results for the Renewable Resource Use Impact Category
Process Group Material LCI Data Type Renewable Resource % of Total
Use (kg)
Fuel Oil #4 Prod. Limestone (CaCOS, in ground) secondary -2.52e-03 -9.01e-05
Natural Gas Prod. Water secondary -7.02e-02 -2.51e-03
LCD incineration Limestone (CaCOS, in ground) secondary -1.52e-01 -5.44e-03
LCD incineration Water secondary -1.12e+00 -4.01e-02
Fuel Oil #4 Prod. Water, unspecified secondary -1.69e+01 -6.05e-01
Total End-of-life -i.59e+Ql -5.68e-0l
Total All Life-cycle Stages 2.80e+03 I.00e+02
M-6
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-3. CRT LCIA Results for the Nonrenewable Resource Use Impact Category
Process Group
Material
LCI Data Type
Nonrenewable % of Total
Resource Use (kg)
Materials Processing Life-cycle Stage
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Aluminum Prod.
Polycarbonate Production
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Lead
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
ABS Production
Polycarbonate Production
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Polycarbonate Production
Invar
Invar
ABS Production
Lead
Invar
Polycarbonate Production
Ferrite mfg.
Aluminum Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Ferrite mfg.
Lead
Polystyrene Prod., high-impact
Ferrite mfg.
Ferrite mfg.
Polystyrene Prod., high-impact
Aluminum Prod.
Invar
Lead
Lead
Lead
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Aluminum Prod.
ABS Production
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Polycarbonate Production
Ferrite mfg.
ABS Production
Polycarbonate Production
Invar
Iron (Fe, ore)
Coal, average (in ground)
Bauxite (A12O3, ore)
Natural gas (in ground)
Petroleum (in ground)
Coal, average (in ground)
Lead (Pb, ore)
Petroleum (in ground)
Petroleum (in ground)
Natural gas (in ground)
Natural gas (in ground)
Petroleum (in ground)
Natural gas (in ground)
Coal, lignite (in ground)
Coal, average (in ground)
Petroleum (in ground)
Natural gas (in ground)
Petroleum (in ground)
Coal, average (in ground)
Iron (Fe, ore)
Coal, lignite (in ground)
Iron ore
Natural gas (in ground)
Coal, lignite (in ground)
Coal, average (in ground)
Natural gas (in ground)
Natural gas (in ground)
Coal, lignite (in ground)
Natural gas (in ground)
Petroleum (in ground)
Pyrite (FeS2, ore)
Nickel (Ni, ore)
Petroleum (in ground)
Iron (Fe, ore)
Pyrite (FeS2, ore)
Petroleum (in ground)
Pyrite (FeS2, ore)
Tin (Sn, ore)
Zinc (Zn, ore)
Zinc (Zn, ore)
Iron (Fe, ore)
Talcum (ore)
Raw materials (unspecified)
Sulfur (S, in ground)
Pyrite (FeS2, ore)
Potassium chloride (KC1, as K2O, in ground)
Bentonite (in ground)
Barium sulfate (BaSO4, in ground)
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
6.65e+00
3.98e+00
1.37e+00
1.29e+00
1.03e+00
9.83e-01
4.96e-01
4.89e-01
4.64e-01
4.58e-01
4.42e-01
4.34e-01
4.30e-01
4.16e-01
3.90e-01
3.70e-01
3.51e-01
2.98e-01
2.88e-01
2.52e-01
2.46e-01
2.37e-01
2.14e-01
1.83e-01
1.74e-01
1.56e-01
1.39e-01
1.28e-01
1.24e-01
1.18e-01
l.Ole-01
9.80e-02
8.74e-02
5.30e-02
5.09e-02
4.90e-02
3.94e-02
2.43e-02
1.92e-02
1.87e-02
1.75e-02
8.89e-03
7.11e-03
5.31e-03
2.19e-03
1.91e-03
1.29e-03
1.10e-03
9.95e-01
5.96e-01
2.05e-01
1.92e-01
1.54e-01
1.47e-01
7.42e-02
7.32e-02
6.95e-02
6.86e-02
6.62e-02
6.49e-02
6.44e-02
6.23e-02
5.85e-02
5.556-02
5.25e-02
4.45e-02
4.30e-02
3.77e-02
3.69e-02
3.55e-02
3.20e-02
2.73e-02
2.60e-02
2.34e-02
2.08e-02
1.92e-02
1.85e-02
1.76e-02
1.51e-02
1.47e-02
1.31e-02
7.93e-03
7.62e-03
7.34e-03
5.89e-03
3.64e-03
2.87e-03
2.80e-03
2.62e-03
1.33e-03
1.06e-03
7.95e-04
3.27e-04
2.85e-04
1.94e-04
1.65e-04
M-7
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-3. CRT LCIA Results for the Nonrenewable Resource Use Impact Category
Process Group
Polycarbonate Production
Aluminum Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Invar
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
ABS Production
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Polycarbonate Production
ABS Production
Invar
Polystyrene Prod., high-impact
Polystyrene Prod., high-impact
ABS Production
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
Ferrite mfg.
Polycarbonate Production
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Polycarbonate Production
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Polycarbonate Production
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Polycarbonate Production
Lead
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Polycarbonate Production
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
ABS Production
ABS Production
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Polycarbonate Production
ABS Production
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
Material
Iron (Fe, ore)
Copper (Cu, ore)
Bentonite (in ground)
Iron (Fe, ore)
Raw materials (unspecified)
Bauxite (A12O3, ore)
Raw materials (unspecified)
Bauxite
Iron (Fe, ore)
Bentonite (in ground)
Pyrite (FeS2, ore)
Bauxite (A12O3, ore)
Bauxite (A12O3, ore)
Copper (Cu, ore)
Bauxite
Iron ore
Bentonite (in ground)
Sulfur (S, in ground)
Lead (Pb, ore)
Bentonite (in ground)
Uranium (U, ore)
Bentonite (in ground)
Bauxite (A12O3, ore)
Uranium (U, ore)
Uranium (U, ore)
Bentonite (in ground)
Iron sulfate (FeSO4, ore)
Calcium sulfate (CaSO4, ore)
Uranium (U, ore)
Bauxite (A12O3, ore)
Dolomite (in ground)
Potassium chloride (KC1, as K2O, in ground)
Olivine ore
Uranium (U, ore)
Calcium sulfate (CaSO4, ore)
Potassium chloride (KC1, as K2O, in ground)
Iron sulfate (FeSO4, ore)
Iron sulfate (FeSO4, ore)
Calcium sulfate (CaSO4, ore)
Dolomite (in ground)
Olivine ore
Dolomite (in ground)
Lead (Pb, ore)
Fluorspar (CaF2, ore)
Olivine ore
Sulfur (S, in ground)
Sulfur (S, in ground)
Borax
Borax
Copper (Cu, ore)
Copper (Cu, ore)
LCI Data Type
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
Nonrenewable
Resource Use (kg)
8.68e-04
7.06e-04
6.62e-04
5.83e-04
5.29e-04
5.27e-04
5.16e-04
4.80e-04
3.81e-04
3.24e-04
3.04e-04
2.77e-04
2.54e-04
1.61e-04
1.51 e-04
1.27e-04
8.47e-05
8.15e-05
6.30e-05
5.79e-05
4.27e-05
3.82e-05
3.37e-05
3.13e-05
2.86e-05
1.79e-05
1.63e-05
1.29e-05
1.23e-05
1.18e-05
9.23e-06
8.69e-06
7.39e-06
6.08e-06
5.79e-06
5.54e-06
4.68e-06
4.57e-06
4.32e-06
4.24e-06
3.39e-06
2.48e-06
1.85e-06
1.69e-06
1.65e-06
1.62e-06
1.58e-06
2.63e-07
2.576-07
1.86e-07
1.82e-07
% of Total
1.30e-04
1.06e-04
9.92e-05
8.73e-05
7.91e-05
7.90e-05
7.72e-05
7.19e-05
5.71e-05
4.85e-05
4.55e-05
4.156-05
3.80e-05
2.41e-05
2.26e-05
1.90e-05
1.27e-05
1.22e-05
9.43e-06
8.67e-06
6.39e-06
5.72e-06
5.05e-06
4.68e-06
4.28e-06
2.68e-06
2.44e-06
1.94e-06
1.85e-06
1.77e-06
1.38e-06
1.30e-06
l.lle-06
9.10e-07
8.67e-07
8.29e-07
7.01e-07
6.84e-07
6.47e-07
6.34e-07
5.07e-07
3.72e-07
2.76e-07
2.54e-07
2.48e-07
2.42e-07
2.37e-07
3.94e-08
3.85e-08
2.78e-08
2.73e-08
M-8
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-3. CRT LCIA
Process Group
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Total Materials Processing
Manufacturing Life-cycle Stage
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
US electric grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Glass/frit
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
US electric grid
Glass/frit
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Glass/frit
Glass/frit
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Results for the Nonrenewable
Material
Lead (Pb, ore)
Lead (Pb, ore)
Lead (Pb, ore)
Chromium ore
Chromium ore
Chromium ore
Manganese (Mn, ore)
Manganese (Mn, ore)
Manganese (Mn, ore)
Nickel (Ni, ore)
Nickel (Ni, ore)
Zinc (Zn, ore)
Silver (Ag, ore)
Silver (Ag, ore)
Silver (Ag, ore)
Dolomite
Dolomite
Olivine
Olivine
Petroleum (in ground)
Natural gas (in ground)
Coal, average (in ground)
Petroleum (in ground)
Natural gas (in ground)
Coal, average (in ground)
Coal, average (in ground)
Petroleum (in ground)
Natural gas
Petroleum (in ground)
Lead
Natural gas (in ground)
Natural gas
Petroleum (in ground)
Natural gas (in ground)
Coal, average (in ground)
Petroleum (in ground)
Lead
Bauxite (A12O3, ore)
Coal, average (in ground)
Coal, average (in ground)
Natural gas (in ground)
Petroleum (in ground)
Borax
Silica
Uranium, yellowcake
Uranium (U, ore)
Bauxite (A12O3, ore)
Resource Use
LCI Data Type
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
primary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
Impact Category
Nonrenewable
Resource Use (kg)
5.84e-08
5.79e-08
5.70e-08
3.67e-08
3.65e-08
3.59e-08
2.14e-08
2.13e-08
2.09e-08
1.24e-08
1.21e-08
1.35e-09
9.27e-10
9.20e-10
9.05e-10
7.266-11
7.086-11
5.44e-ll
5.316-11
2.32e+01
3.75e+02
4.51e+01
1.34e+01
3.88e+00
3.40e+00
2.86e+00
2.28e+00
1.29e+00
1.25e+00
1.24e+00
4.47e-01
2.88e-01
2.23e-01
1.47e-01
1.36e-01
1.08e-01
6.07e-02
4.67e-02
4.45e-02
4.21e-02
2.33e-02
1.34e-02
8.39e-03
8.00e-03
5.33e-03
3.04e-04
2.26e-04
1. 50e-04
% of Total
8.74e-09
8.67e-09
8.53e-09
5.50e-09
5.46e-09
5.37e-09
3.20e-09
3.18e-09
3.13e-09
1.85e-09
1.82e-09
2.02e-10
1.39e-10
1.38e-10
1.35e-10
1.096-11
1.06e-ll
8.15e-12
7.95e-12
3.47e+00
5.61e+01
6.75e+00
2.01e+00
5.81e-01
5.09e-01
4.29e-01
3.42e-01
1.93e-01
1.87e-01
1.85e-01
6.70e-02
4.31e-02
3.34e-02
2.19e-02
2.04e-02
1.62e-02
9.08e-03
6.99e-03
6.66e-03
6.30e-03
3.49e-03
2.00e-03
1.26e-03
1.20e-03
7.98e-04
4.556-05
3.38e-05
2.25e-05
M-9
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-3. CRT LCIA
Process Group
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Total Manufacturing
Results for the Nonrenewable Resource Use Impact Category
Material
Bauxite (A12O3, ore)
Uranium, yellowcake
Bauxite (A12O3, ore)
Uranium (U, ore)
Bauxite (A12O3, ore)
Uranium (U, ore)
Uranium (U, ore)
LCI Data Type Nonrenewable % of Total
Resource Use (kg)
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
1.25e-04
7.74e-05
l.Ole-05
1.82e-06
8.99e-07
7.08e-07
4.00e-07
4.51e+02
1.876-05
1.16e-05
1.52e-06
2.73e-07
1.35e-07
1.06e-07
5.99e-08
6.75e+01
Use, Maintenance and Repair Life-cycle Stage
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
Total Use, Maintenance and Repair
End-of-life Life-cycle Stage
CRT landfillirig
US electric grid
CRT landfillirig
LPG Production
CRT landfillrng
CRT Incineration
CRT landfillrng
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
CRT landfillrng
US electric grid
LPG Production
CRT landfillrng
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Total End-of-life
Coal, average (in ground)
Natural gas
Petroleum (in ground)
Uranium, yellowcake
Oil (in ground)
Coal, average (in ground)
Natural gas (in ground)
Petroleum (in ground)
Coal, average (in ground)
Iron (Fe, ore)
Iron (Fe, ore)
Natural gas
Natural gas (in ground)
Petroleum (in ground)
Coal, average (in ground)
Bauxite (A12O3, ore)
Uranium, yellowcake
Bauxite (A12O3, ore)
Uranium (U, ore)
Uranium (U, ore)
Uranium (U, ore)
Bauxite (A12O3, ore)
Bauxite (A12O3, ore)
Bauxite (A12O3, ore)
Petroleum (in ground)
Coal, average (in ground)
Natural gas
Natural gas (in ground)
Petroleum (in ground)
Natural gas (in ground)
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
primary
model/secondary
primary
secondary
primary
secondary
primary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
primary
model/secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
1.79e+02
1.40e+01
3.80e+00
4.85e-03
1.97e+02
3.35e-02
1.79e-02
4.52e-03
3.24e-03
3.06e-03
1.76e-03
1.65e-03
1.40e-03
3.89e-04
3.80e-04
1.16e-04
8.81e-07
4.85e-07
3.84e-07
4.16e-08
1.95e-09
-2.01e-07
-4.51e-07
-6.05e-06
-1.09e-04
-4.21e-03
-1.17e-02
-9.02e-02
-1.44e-01
-1.58e+00
-1.71 e+00
-3.46e+00
2.69e+01
2.09e+00
5.69e-01
7.26e-04
2.95e+01
5.01e-03
2.69e-03
6.76e-04
4.84e-04
4.59e-04
2.64e-04
2.46e-04
2.10e-04
5.82e-05
5.69e-05
1.73e-05
1.32e-07
7.27e-08
5.75e-08
6.23e-09
2.91e-10
-3.00e-08
-6.75e-08
-9.06e-07
-1.63e-05
-6.30e-04
-1.75e-03
-1.35e-02
-2.15e-02
-2.36e-01
-2.556-01
-5.18e-01
Total All Life-cycle Stages
6.68e+02
l.OOe+02
M-10
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-4. LCD LCIA Results for the Nonrenewable Resource Use Impact Category
Process Group
Materials Processing Life-cycle
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Natural Gas Prod.
Polycarbonate Production
Natural Gas Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
PMMA Sheet Prod.
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Polycarbonate Production
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Polycarbonate Production
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Polycarbonate Production
PET Resin Production
Aluminum Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
PET Resin Production
Aluminum Prod.
PET Resin Production
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Polycarbonate Production
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Polycarbonate Production
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Polycarbonate Production
PMMA Sheet Prod.
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Polycarbonate Production
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
PET Resin Production
Natural Gas Prod.
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
PET Resin Production
Natural Gas Prod.
PET Resin Production
Material
Stage
Natural gas (in ground)
Iron (Fe, ore)
Coal, average (in ground)
Coal, average (in ground)
Natural gas (in ground)
Petroleum (in ground)
Bauxite (A12O3, ore)
Petroleum (in ground)
Petroleum (in ground)
Natural gas (in ground)
Coal, average (in ground)
Petroleum (in ground)
Petroleum (in ground)
Natural gas (in ground)
Coal, average (in ground)
Coal, lignite (in ground)
Natural gas (in ground)
Petroleum (in ground)
Coal, lignite (in ground)
Petroleum (in ground)
Natural gas (in ground)
Coal, lignite (in ground)
Coal, average (in ground)
Pyrite (FeS2, ore)
Natural gas (in ground)
Sulfur (S, in ground)
Tin (Sn, ore)
Iron (Fe, ore)
Raw materials (unspecified)
Sulfur (S, in ground)
Dolomite (in ground)
Bentonite (in ground)
Raw materials (unspecified)
Iron (Fe, ore)
Iron (Fe, ore)
Bauxite (A12O3, ore)
Copper (Cu, ore)
Iron (Fe, ore)
Bentonite (in ground)
Bauxite
Bauxite (A12O3, ore)
Pyrite (FeS2, ore)
Coal, lignite (in ground)
Bauxite (A12O3, ore)
Sulfur (S, in ground)
Bauxite (A12O3, ore)
Uranium (U, ore)
Iron (Fe, ore)
LCI Data Type Nonrenewable % of Total
Resource Use (kg)
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
2.38e+02
3.26e+00
1.95e+00
1.63e+00
7.18e-01
5.86e-01
5.09e-01
4.48e-01
4.43e-01
4.19e-01
3.66e-01
2.42e-01
2.40e-01
2.24e-01
2.18e-01
2.04e-01
1.88e-01
1.73e-01
1.38e-01
9.30e-02
7.95e-02
6.80e-02
3.84e-02
3.75e-02
2.78e-02
1.23e-02
1.19e-02
6.53e-03
3.49e-03
2.97e-03
2.07e-03
7.22e-04
5.75e-04
4.85e-04
3.53e-04
3.07e-04
2.63e-04
2.55e-04
2.47e-04
2.10e-04
1.55e-04
1.49e-04
1.21e-04
6.28e-05
3.56e-05
2.90e-05
2.79e-05
2.63e-05
6.52e+01
8.94e-01
5.36e-01
4.47e-01
1.97e-01
1.61e-01
1.40e-01
1.23e-01
1.21e-01
1.15e-01
l.OOe-01
6.65e-02
6.58e-02
6.16e-02
5.98e-02
5.60e-02
5.16e-02
4.74e-02
3.77e-02
2.55e-02
2.18e-02
1.86e-02
1. 05e-02
1.03e-02
7.64e-03
3.37e-03
3.27e-03
1.79e-03
9.56e-04
8.14e-04
5.68e-04
1.98e-04
1.58e-04
1.33e-04
9.68e-05
8.42e-05
7.21e-05
7.00e-05
6.77e-05
5.76e-05
4.25e-05
4.09e-05
3.32e-05
1.72e-05
9.78e-06
7.97e-06
7.67e-06
7.22e-06
M-ll
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-4. LCD LCIA Results for the Nonrenewable Resource Use Impact Category
Process Group
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Polycarbonate Production
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Polycarbonate Production
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Polycarbonate Production
Polycarbonate Production
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Polycarbonate Production
PMMA Sheet Prod.
PET Resin Production
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
PET Resin Production
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Polycarbonate Production
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
PET Resin Production
PET Resin Production
PET Resin Production
PET Resin Production
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Total Materials Processing
Manufacturing Life-cycle Stage
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Material
Bentonite (in ground)
Lead (Pb, ore)
Potassium chloride (KC1, as K2O, in ground)
Uranium (U, ore)
Uranium (U, ore)
Uranium (U, ore)
Bentonite (in ground)
Iron sulfate (FeSO4, ore)
Calcium sulfate (CaSO4, ore)
Bauxite (A12O3, ore)
Fluorspar (CaF2, ore)
Dolomite (in ground)
Olivine ore
Potassium chloride (KC1, as K2O, in ground)
Potassium chloride (KC1, as K2O, in ground)
Olivine ore
Sulfur (S, in ground)
Calcium sulfate (CaSO4, ore)
Uranium (U, ore)
Dolomite (in ground)
Lead (Pb, ore)
Bentonite (in ground)
Olivine ore
Bentonite (in ground)
Dolomite (in ground)
Olivine
Lead (Pb, ore)
Copper (Cu, ore)
Lead (Pb, ore)
Chromium ore
Manganese (Mn, ore)
Nickel (Ni, ore)
Zinc (Zn, ore)
Silver (Ag, ore)
Petroleum (in ground)
Coal, average (in ground)
Natural gas (in ground)
Petroleum (in ground)
Natural gas
Natural gas (in ground)
Coal, average (in ground)
Coal, average (in ground)
Petroleum (in ground)
Petroleum (in ground)
Petroleum (in ground)
Coal, average (in ground)
Natural gas
Natural gas (in ground)
Petroleum (in ground)
LCI Data Type Nonrenewable % of Total
Resource Use (kg)
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
2.53e-05
2.35e-05
2.34e-05
2.09e-05
1.756-05
1.076-05
8.78e-06
7.99e-06
7.22e-06
5.79e-06
5.37e-06
5.16e-06
4.13e-06
3.80e-06
3.09e-06
3.07e-06
2.81e-06
2.53e-06
1.66e-06
1.09e-06
1.03e-06
7.67e-07
7.23e-07
3.63e-07
3.63e-07
2.72e-07
1.82e-07
9.10e-08
2.84e-08
1.79e-08
1.04e-08
6.05e-09
6.61e-10
4.51e-10
2.50e+02
1.80e+01
7.68e+00
5.36e+00
4.33e+00
4.20e+00
2.16e+00
6.44e-01
3.47e-01
2.26e-01
1.32e-01
5.77e-02
3.67e-02
2.71e-02
2.06e-02
1.32e-02
6.95e-06
6.44e-06
6.42e-06
5.74e-06
4.79e-06
2.92e-06
2.41e-06
2.19e-06
1.98e-06
1.59e-06
1.47e-06
1.42e-06
1.13e-06
1.04e-06
8.49e-07
8.42e-07
7.72e-07
6.95e-07
4.56e-07
2.98e-07
2.83e-07
2.10e-07
1.98e-07
9.96e-08
9.96e-08
7.47e-08
4.98e-08
2.50e-08
7.79e-09
4.91e-09
2.86e-09
1.66e-09
1.81e-10
1.24e-10
6.86e+01
4.93e+00
2.11e+00
1.47e+00
1.19e+00
1.15e+00
5.93e-01
1.77e-01
9.53e-02
6.20e-02
3.63e-02
1.58e-02
1.01 e-02
7.43e-03
5.64e-03
3.63e-03
M-12
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-4. LCD
Process Group
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Panel components
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LPG Production
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Total Manufacturing
LCIA Results for the Nonrenewable Resource Use Impact Category
Material
Natural gas (in ground)
Petroleum (in ground)
Natural gas (in ground)
Coal, average (in ground)
Bauxite (A12O3, ore)
Coal, average (in ground)
Uranium, yellowcake
Borax
Bauxite (A12O3, ore)
Uranium (U, ore)
Uranium, yellowcake
Bauxite (A12O3, ore)
Bauxite (A12O3, ore)
Bauxite (A12O3, ore)
Uranium (U, ore)
Uranium (U, ore)
Uranium (U, ore)
LCI Data Type Nonrenewable % of Total
Resource Use (kg)
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
9.80e-03
7.36e-03
6.35e-03
3.69e-03
2.13e-03
1.96e-03
1.02e-03
9.13e-05
1.56e-05
1.08e-05
9.39e-06
5.82e-06
5.12e-06
1.42e-06
6.31e-07
6.21e-08
3.31e-08
4.33e+01
2.69e-03
2.02e-03
1.74e-03
l.Ole-03
5.85e-04
5.39e-04
2.80e-04
2.51e-05
4.29e-06
2.97e-06
2.58e-06
1.60e-06
1.41e-06
3.89e-07
1.73e-07
1.70e-08
9.07e-09
1.19e+01
Use, Maintenance and Repair Life-cycle Stage
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
Total Use, Maintenance and
End-of-life Life-cycle Stage
US electric grid
LCD landfillrng
LPG Production
LCD landfillrng
US electric grid
LCD landfillrng
LCD landfillrng
LCD incineration
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
LCD landfillrng
LPG Production
LCD landfillrng
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Coal, average (in ground)
Natural gas
Petroleum (in ground)
Uranium, yellowcake
Repair
Coal, average (in ground)
Oil (in ground)
Petroleum (in ground)
Natural gas (in ground)
Natural gas
Coal, average (in ground)
Iron (Fe, ore)
Iron (Fe, ore)
Petroleum (in ground)
Natural gas (in ground)
Coal, average (in ground)
Uranium, yellowcake
Bauxite (A12O3, ore)
Bauxite (A12O3, ore)
Uranium (U, ore)
Uranium (U, ore)
Uranium (U, ore)
Bauxite (A12O3, ore)
Bauxite (A12O3, ore)
Bauxite (A12O3, ore)
Petroleum (in ground)
Coal, average (in ground)
Natural gas
Natural gas (in ground)
Petroleum (in ground)
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
primary
secondary
primary
model/secondary
primary
primary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
primary
secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
6.69e+01
5.22e+00
1.42e+00
1.81e-03
7.36e+01
1.27e-02
8.06e-03
1.48e-03
1.09e-03
9.91e-04
7.38e-04
3.96e-04
3.07e-04
2.69e-04
1.78e-04
5.28e-05
3.44e-07
2.12e-07
1.75e-07
l.OOe-08
8.88e-10
-1.32e-07
-2.98e-07
-4.37e-06
-7.20e-05
-2.78e-03
-7.71e-03
-5.85e-02
-9.48e-02
-1.04e+00
1.84e+01
1.43e+00
3.89e-01
4.97e-04
2.02e+01
3.49e-03
2.21e-03
4.05e-04
2.98e-04
2.72e-04
2.02e-04
1.09e-04
8.43e-05
7.39e-05
4.87e-05
1.45e-05
9.43e-08
5.82e-08
4.81e-08
2.75e-09
2.44e-10
-3.63e-08
-8.16e-08
-1.20e-06
-1.98e-05
-7.62e-04
-2.12e-03
-1.60e-02
-2.60e-02
-2.86e-01
M-13
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-4. LCD LCIA Results for the Nonrenewable Resource Use Impact Category
Process Group Material LCI Data Type Nonrenewable % of Total
Resource Use (kg)
Natural Gas Prod. Natural gas (in ground) secondary -1.13e+00 -3.09e-01
Total End-of-Life -2.30e+QQ -6.32e-0l
Total All Life-cycle Stages 3.64e+02 I.00e+02
M-14
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-5. CRT LCIA Results for the Energy Use Impact Category
Process Group
Materials Processing Life-cycle Stage
Polycarbonate Production
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Aluminum Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Invar
Invar
Polycarbonate Production
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Aluminum Prod.
Polycarbonate Production
Polycarbonate Production
ABS Production
Invar
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Lead
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Lead
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
ABS Production
Ferrite mfg.
Polycarbonate Production
Ferrite mfg.
Aluminum Prod.
Polycarbonate Production
Lead
ABS Production
Polystyrene Prod., high-impact
Aluminum Prod.
Lead
Ferrite mfg.
Ferrite mfg.
Ferrite mfg.
Ferrite mfg.
Polystyrene Prod., high- impact
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Lead
Polystyrene Prod., high- impact
Total Materials Processing
Manufacturing Life-cycle Stage
Glass/frit
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
CRT tube mfg.
Glass/frit
Glass/frit
Material
Natural gas (in ground)
Coal, average (in ground)
Petroleum (in ground)
Natural gas (in ground)
Electricity
Petroleum (in ground)
Natural gas (in ground)
Electricity
Petroleum (in ground)
Natural gas (in ground)
Electricity
Coal, average (in ground)
Natural gas (in ground)
Petroleum (in ground)
Coal, average (in ground)
Natural gas (in ground)
Electricity
Petroleum (in ground)
Natural gas (in ground)
Uranium (U, ore)
Coal, average (in ground)
Coal, lignite (in ground)
Petroleum (in ground)
Natural gas (in ground)
Uranium (U, ore)
Electricity
Uranium (U, ore)
Coal, lignite (in ground)
Electricity
Electricity
Natural gas (in ground)
Coal, lignite (in ground)
Petroleum (in ground)
Coal, average (in ground)
Petroleum (in ground)
Coal, lignite (in ground)
Uranium (U, ore)
Petroleum (in ground)
Electricity
Uranium (U, ore)
Electricity
Liquified petroleum gas ("propane")
Natural gas (in ground)
Petroleum (in ground)
Coal, average (in ground)
Fuel oil #6
Natural gas
Fuel oil #2
LCI Data Type
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
primary
primary
Energy Use (MJ)
3.42e+01
2.20e+01
2.10e+01
2.04e+01
2.03e+01
1.99e+01
1.91e+01
1.81e+01
1.59e+01
1.56e+01
1.39e+01
1.08e+01
9.51e+00
9.49e+00
8.73e+00
8.71e+00
8.06e+00
8.04e+00
6.96e+00
6.44e+00
6.43e+00
6.17e+00
5.91e+00
5.51e+00
4.72e+00
4.43e+00
4.32e+00
3.65e+00
3.14e+00
3.00e+00
2.81e+00
2.71e+00
2.69e+00
2.39e+00
2.10e+00
1.90e+00
1.86e+00
1.61 e+00
1.39e+00
9.17e-01
7.29e-01
3.66e+02
1. 51e+04
2.01e+03
4.10e+02
3.00e+02
1. 51e+02
5.41e+01
5.06e+01
% of Total
1.64e-01
l.OSe-01
l.Ole-01
9.79e-02
9.76e-02
9.54e-02
9.19e-02
8.71e-02
7.64e-02
7.50e-02
6.68e-02
5.19e-02
4.57e-02
4.56e-02
4.19e-02
4.18e-02
3.87e-02
3.86e-02
3.34e-02
3.09e-02
3.08e-02
2.96e-02
2.84e-02
2.64e-02
2.27e-02
2.13e-02
2.07e-02
1.75e-02
1.51 e-02
1.44e-02
1.35e-02
1.30e-02
1.29e-02
1. 15e-02
1.01 e-02
9.12e-03
8.93e-03
7.72e-03
6.67e-03
4.40e-03
3.50e-03
1.75e+00
7.23e+01
9.63e+00
1.97e+00
1.44e+00
7.23e-01
2.60e-01
2.43e-01
M-15
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-5. CRT LCIA Results for the Energy Use Impact Category
Process Group
Glass/frit
CRT tube mfg.
LPG Production
CRT tube mfg.
Glass/frit
PWB Mfg.
CRT tube mfg.
CRT monitor assembly
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
PWB Mfg.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Monitor/module
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Total Manufacturing
Material
Elec-nonlink
Natural gas
Uranium (U, ore)
Elec-nonlink
Elec-nonlink
Natural gas
LNG
Elec-nonlink
Natural gas (in ground)
Elec-nonlink
Natural gas (in ground)
Natural gas (in ground)
Petroleum (in ground)
Fuel oil #4
Coal, average (in ground)
Coal, average (in ground)
Natural gas (in ground)
Petroleum (in ground)
Coal, average (in ground)
Petroleum (in ground)
Uranium (U, ore)
Petroleum (in ground)
Uranium (U, ore)
Uranium (U, ore)
LCI Data Type Energy Use (MJ) %
primary
primary
secondary
primary
primary
model/secondary
primary
primary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
4.75e+01
3.73e+01
3.40e+01
3.19e+01
2.65e+01
1.74e+01
1.72e+01
1.33e+01
1.28e+01
l.OOe+01
6.06e+00
5.83e+00
5.78e+00
5.76e+00
2.42e+00
9.41e-01
5.95e-01
5.78e-01
5.21e-01
3.60e-01
2.75e-01
2.146-01
1.07e-01
6.04e-02
1.83e+04
of Total
2.28e-01
1.79e-01
1.63e-01
1.53e-01
1.27e-01
8.34e-02
8.26e-02
6.37e-02
6.15e-02
4.82e-02
2.91e-02
2.80e-02
2.78e-02
2.77e-02
1.16e-02
4.51e-03
2.85e-03
2.77e-03
2.50e-03
1.73e-03
1.32e-03
1.03e-03
5.13e-04
2.90e-04
8.79e+01
Use, Maintenance and Repair Life-cycle Stage
CRT monitor use
Total Use, Maintenance and Repair
End-of-life Manufacturing Stage
CRT landfillirig
CRT landfillirig
CRT Recycling
CRT Recycling
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
Total End-of-life
Total All Life-cycle Stages
Elec-nonlink
Fuel oil #4
Natural gas
Elec-nonlink
Liquified petroleum gas ("propane")
Natural gas (in ground)
Petroleum (in ground)
Coal, average (in ground)
Uranium (U, ore)
Uranium (U, ore)
Petroleum (in ground)
Coal, average (in ground)
Petroleum (in ground)
Natural gas (in ground)
Natural gas (in ground)
Natural gas
Fuel oil #4
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
2.29e+03
2.29e+03
8.13e-01
7.71e-01
2.29e-01
1.30e-01
1.73e-02
3.54e-03
2.59e-03
2.94e-04
-3.03e-02
-1.81e-01
-2.616-01
-2.30e+00
-2.92e+00
-6.39e+00
-5.88e+01
-5.88e+01
-1.28e+02
2.08e+04
1.10e+01
1.10e+01
3.90e-03
3.70e-03
1.10e-03
6.24e-04
8.32e-05
1. 70e-05
1.24e-05
1.41e-06
_1.45e-04
-8.67e-04
-1.25e-03
-1.10e-02
-1.40e-02
-3.07e-02
-2.82e-01
-2.82e-01
-6.13e-01
l.OOe+02
M-16
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-6. LCD LCIA Results for the Energy Use Impact Category
Process Group
Materials processing Life-cycle Stage
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Polycarbonate Production
PMMA Sheet Prod.
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Polycarbonate Production
Aluminum Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Polycarbonate Production
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Polycarbonate Production
Natural Gas Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Polycarbonate Production
Polycarbonate Production
Aluminum Prod.
PET Resin Production
Aluminum Prod.
PET Resin Production
PET Resin Production
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
PET Resin Production
PET Resin Production
PET Resin Production
Total Materials Processing
Manufacturing Life-cycle Stage
LCD glass mfg.
Monitor/module
Monitor/module
LPG Production
Panel components
Monitor/module
Monitor/module
LPG Production
LPG Production
Monitor/module
Natural Gas Prod.
Monitor/module
PWB Mfg.
Material
Natural gas (in ground)
Coal, average (in ground)
Petroleum (in ground)
Natural gas (in ground)
Petroleum (in ground)
Natural gas (in ground)
Petroleum (in ground)
Natural gas (in ground)
Electricity
Electricity
Natural gas (in ground)
Coal, average (in ground)
Electricity
Electricity
Petroleum (in ground)
Petroleum (in ground)
Coal, average (in ground)
Coal, average (in ground)
Uranium (U, ore)
Natural gas (in ground)
Petroleum (in ground)
Uranium (U, ore)
Coal, lignite (in ground)
Uranium (U, ore)
Coal, lignite (in ground)
Uranium (U, ore)
Petroleum (in ground)
Coal, lignite (in ground)
Coal, average (in ground)
Electricity
Electricity
Natural gas (in ground)
Uranium (U, ore)
Coal, lignite (in ground)
Liquified petroleum gas ("propane")
Elec-nonlink
LNG
Natural gas (in ground)
Elec-nonlink
Natural gas
Liquified petroleum gas ("propane")
Petroleum (in ground)
Coal, average (in ground)
Kerosene
Natural gas (in ground)
Fuel oil #4
Natural gas
LCI Data Type
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
primary
primary
secondary
primary
primary
primary
secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
primary
model/secondary
Energy Use (MJ)
4.07e+02
3.64e+01
2.52e+01
1.91e+01
1.18e+01
1.16e+01
1.03e+01
9.99e+00
8.96e+00
8.89e+00
8.37e+00
8.18e+00
7.776+00
7.57e+00
7.40e+00
5.30e+00
5.30e+00
4.87e+00
4.22e+00
3.54e+00
3.51e+00
3.16e+00
3.02e+00
2.64e+00
2.04e+00
1.61 e+00
1.57e+00
l.Ole+00
8.58e-01
7.72e-01
6.07e-01
3.16e-01
2.51e-01
1.79e-03
6.33e+02
6.98e+02
2.54e+02
1.65e+02
9.63e+01
4.08e+01
3.77e+01
2.50e+01
1.97e+01
1.44e+01
1.31e+01
9.19e+00
8.88e+00
7.67e+00
% of Total
1.43e+01
1.28e+00
8.86e-01
6.72e-01
4.17e-01
4.09e-01
3.63e-01
3.52e-01
3.166-01
3.13e-01
2.95e-01
2.88e-01
2.74e-01
2.67e-01
2.61e-01
1.876-01
1.876-01
1.72e-01
1.48e-01
1.256-01
1.24e-01
l.lle-01
1.07e-01
9.28e-02
7.18e-02
5.66e-02
5.54e-02
3.55e-02
3.02e-02
2.72e-02
2.14e-02
l.lle-02
8.82e-03
6.32e-05
2.23e+01
2.46e+01
8.93e+00
5.81e+00
3.39e+00
1.44e+00
1.33e+00
8.81e-01
6.93e-01
5.07e-01
4.60e-01
3.24e-01
3.13e-01
2.70e-01
M-17
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-6. LCD LCIA Results for the Energy Use Impact Category
Process Group
Panel components
Panel components
Panel components
Monitor/module
PWB Mfg.
Panel components
Backlight
LCD glass mfg.
LCD glass mfg.
LCD glass mfg.
LPG Production
Backlight
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Backlight
Natural Gas Prod.
Panel components
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Panel components
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Panel components
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Backlight
Backlight
Panel components
Total Manufacturing
Material
Kerosene
Elec-nonlink
Fuel oil #6
Elec-nonlink
Elec-nonlink
Natural gas
Elec-nonlink
Natural gas
Fuel oil #2
Elec-nonlink
Uranium (U, ore)
Elec-nonlink
Natural gas (in ground)
Coal, average (in ground)
Elec-nonlink
Petroleum (in ground)
Elec-nonlink
Natural gas (in ground)
Petroleum (in ground)
Natural gas (in ground)
Petroleum (in ground)
Steam (1 00 psig)
Uranium (U, ore)
Coal, average (in ground)
Coal, average (in ground)
Petroleum (in ground)
Fuel oil #2
Uranium (U, ore)
Uranium (U, ore)
LNG
Natural gas
Natural gas
LCI Data Type
primary
primary
primary
primary
model/secondary
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
primary
primary
primary
Energy Use (MJ)
7.36e+00
5.13e+00
5.13e+00
4.92e+00
4.43e+00
3.85e+00
2.62e+00
2.50e+00
2.34e+00
2.20e+00
1.63e+00
1.24e+00
9.16e-01
8.21e-01
6.01e-01
5.68e-01
5.04e-01
4.36e-01
3.30e-01
2.83e-01
1.976-01
1.04e-01
9.51e-02
8.24e-02
4.39e-02
2.70e-02
1.78e-02
9.37e-03
4.99e-03
2.14e-04
1.85e-04
5.24e-06
1.44e+03
% of Total
2.59e-01
1.81e-01
1.81e-01
1.73e-01
1.56e-01
1.35e-01
9.23e-02
8.82e-02
8.26e-02
7.75e-02
5.75e-02
4.36e-02
3.23e-02
2.89e-02
2.12e-02
2.00e-02
1.77e-02
1.54e-02
1.16e-02
9.96e-03
6.93e-03
3.66e-03
3.35e-03
2.90e-03
1.55e-03
9.50e-04
6.25e-04
3.30e-04
1.76e-04
7.53e-06
6.53e-06
1.85e-07
5.06e+01
Use, Maintenance and Repair Life-cycle Stage
LCD monitor use
Total use, Maintenance and Repair
End-of-life Life-cycle Stage
LCD landfillirig
LCD landfillirig
LCD recycling
LCD recycling
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Elec-nonlink
Fuel oil #4
Natural gas
Elec-nonlink
Liquified petroleum gas ("propane")
Natural gas (in ground)
Petroleum (in ground)
Coal, average (in ground)
Uranium (U, ore)
Uranium (U, ore)
Petroleum (in ground)
Coal, average (in ground)
Petroleum (in ground)
Natural gas (in ground)
Natural gas (in ground)
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
8.53e+02
8.53e+02
1.96e-01
1.86e-01
1.62e-01
5.93e-02
7.91e-03
1.61 e-03
1.18e-03
1.34e-04
-2.00e-02
-1.19e-01
-1.72e-01
-1.52e+00
-1.93e+00
-4.22e+00
3.00e+01
3.00e+01
6.90e-03
6.54e-03
5.70e-03
2.09e-03
2.78e-04
5.69e-05
4.16e-05
4.72e-06
_7.04e-04
-4.20e-03
-6.07e-03
-5.35e-02
-6.80e-02
-1.49e-01
M-18
-------
APPENDIX M
Process Group
Table M-6. LCD LCIA Results for the Energy Use Impact Category
Material
LCI Data Type
Energy Use (M J) % of Total
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
Total End-of-life
Natural gas
Fuel oil #4
secondary
secondary
-3.85e+01 -1.36e+00
-3.85e+01 -1.36e+00
-8.44e+01 -2.97e+00
Total All Life-cycle Stages
2.84e+03
l.OOe+02
M-19
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-7. CRTLCIA
Process Group
Materials Processing Life-cycle Stage
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Polycarbonate Production
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Invar
Polycarbonate Production
Ferrite mfg.
ABS Production
ABS Production
Polycarbonate Production
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
ABS Production
ABS Production
ABS Production
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Polycarbonate Production
Polystyrene Prod., high-impact
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Polystyrene Prod., high-impact
Polystyrene Prod., high-impact
Aluminum Prod.
Polystyrene Prod., high-impact
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Invar
Polycarbonate Production
Lead
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Invar
Results for the Solid
Material
Unspecified solid waste
Mining waste
Mining waste
Mining waste
Mineral waste
Mineral waste
Mixed industrial (waste)
Unspecified solid waste
Unspecified solid waste
Slag and ash
Mineral waste
Slag and ash
Mineral waste
Mineral waste
Unspecified solid waste
Mixed industrial (waste)
Slag and ash
Slag and ash
Mineral waste
Non toxic chemical waste
(unspecified)
Slag and ash
Mixed industrial (waste)
Non toxic chemical waste
(unspecified)
Non toxic chemical waste
(unspecified)
Mineral waste
Non toxic chemical waste
(unspecified)
Mixed industrial (waste)
Mixed industrial (waste)
Slag and ash
Mixed industrial (waste)
Non toxic chemical waste
(unspecified)
Mixed industrial (waste)
Calcium
Slag and ash
Unspecified solid waste
Calcium
Unspecified solid waste
Calcium
Sewage sludge (unspecified)
Carbon
Waste oil
Non mineral waste (inert)
Calcium
Calcium
Carbon
Waste Landfill Use
LCI Data Type
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
Impact Category
Solid Waste % of Total
Landfill Use (m3)
1.09e-02
6.41e-04
1.82e-04
1.77e-04
6.34e-05
5.41e-05
4.50e-05
3.53e-05
3.45e-05
1.83e-05
1.82e-05
1.80e-05
1.78e-05
1.27e-05
1.09e-05
9.93e-06
5.24e-06
5.12e-06
4.52e-06
3.21e-06
2.68e-06
2.22e-06
2.02e-06
1.79e-06
1.59e-06
1.35e-06
1.16e-06
1.13e-06
1.09e-06
l.OOe-06
6.74e-07
4.16e-07
3.72e-07
3.66e-07
2.62e-07
1.79e-07
1.09e-07
9.31e-08
6.64e-08
5.48e-08
5.37e-08
4.46e-08
3.41e-08
3.02e-08
2.62e-08
6.56e+00
3.85e-01
1.09e-01
1.06e-01
3.81e-02
3.25e-02
2.70e-02
2.12e-02
2.07e-02
1.10e-02
1.09e-02
1.08e-02
1.07e-02
7.64e-03
6.57e-03
5.96e-03
3.15e-03
3.07e-03
2.72e-03
1.93e-03
1.61e-03
1.34e-03
1.21e-03
1.08e-03
9.56e-04
8.09e-04
6.96e-04
6.80e-04
6.54e-04
6.03e-04
4.05e-04
2.50e-04
2.23e-04
2.20e-04
1.57e-04
1.07e-04
6.55e-05
5.59e-05
3.99e-05
3.29e-05
3.23e-05
2.68e-05
2.05e-05
1.81e-05
1.57e-05
M-20
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-7. CRTLCIA
Process Group
Aluminum Prod.
Polystyrene Prod., high-impact
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Lead
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Lead
Ferrite mfg.
Total Materials Processing
Manufacturing Life-cycle Stage
LPG Production
LPG Production
Glass/frit
CRT tube mfg.
LPG Production
US electric grid
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
US electric grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Glass/frit
CRT tube mfg.
Glass/frit
Glass/frit
Glass/frit
CRT tube mfg.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT tube mfg.
LPG Production
LPG Production
Glass/frit
Glass/frit
Glass/frit
Results for the Solid Waste
Material
Waste oil
Unspecified solid waste
Non toxic chemical waste
(unspecified)
Non toxic chemical waste
(unspecified)
Carbon
Non mineral waste (inert)
Non mineral waste (inert)
Waste oil
Carbon
Carbon
Waste oil
Waste oil
Slag and ash
Unspecified waste
Waste water treatment (WWT) sludge
Waste water treatment (WWT) sludge
Mixed industrial (waste)
Coal waste
Coal waste
Dust/sludge
Slag and ash
Fly/bottom ash
Dust/sludge
Fly/bottom ash
Slag and ash
Slag and ash
Unspecified waste
Unspecified waste
Unspecified waste
Slag and ash
Potassium Carbonate
Wood, average
Sodium Carbonate
CRT glass, faceplate
Unspecified sludge
Sludge (phosphor)
Mixed industrial (waste)
Mixed industrial (waste)
Unspecified waste
Sludge (aquadag)
Non toxic chemical waste
(unspecified)
Mineral waste
Waste refractory
blasting media
Oily rags & filter media
Landfill Use
LCI Data Type
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
primary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
primary
primary
primary
Impact Category
Solid Waste % of Total
Landfill Use (m3)
2.25e-08
2.02e-08
1.54e-08
1.50e-08
1.36e-08
1.08e-08
1.05e-08
8.51e-09
4.90e-09
4.32e-09
4.30e-09
2.72e-10
1.23e-02
3.46e-02
7.44e-03
7.28e-03
2.37e-03
1.24e-03
1.01 e-03
8.10e-04
3.14e-04
2.79e-04
2.54e-04
2.51e-04
2.02e-04
1.09e-04
6.01e-05
6.00e-05
2.33e-05
1.29e-05
1.16e-05
1.08e-05
9.89e-06
9.74e-06
9.73e-06
7.69e-06
4.31e-06
4.23e-06
3.49e-06
2.49e-06
2.22e-06
1.35e-06
l.Ole-06
9.52e-07
8.16e-07
7.256-07
1.35e-05
1.21e-05
9.25e-06
9.03e-06
8.19e-06
6.46e-06
6.30e-06
S.lle-06
2.94e-06
2.59e-06
2.58e-06
1.63e-07
7.39e+00
2.08e+01
4.47e+00
4.37e+00
1.42e+00
7.47e-01
6.09e-01
4.86e-01
1.89e-01
1.68e-01
1.52e-01
1.50e-01
1.22e-01
6.52e-02
3.61e-02
3.60e-02
1.40e-02
7.76e-03
6.96e+00
6.48e-03
5.94e-03
5.85e-03
5.84e-03
4.62e-03
2.59e-03
2.54e-03
2.10e-03
1.49e-03
1.34e-03
8.13e-04
6.07e-04
5.72e-04
4.90e-04
4.36e-04
M-21
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-7. CRT LCIA Results for the Solid Waste Landfill Use Impact Category
Process Group
Glass/frit
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Glass/frit
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Total Manufacturing
Use, Maintenance and Repair Life-cycle
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
Total Use, Maintenance and Repair
End-of-life Life-cycle Stage
CRT landfilling
US electric grid
CRT landfilling
CRT Incineration
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Material
Plating process sludge
Mixed industrial (waste)
acid absorbent
Mixed industrial (waste)
Non toxic chemical waste
(unspecified)
Non toxic chemical waste
(unspecified)
Mineral waste
Mineral waste
Non toxic chemical waste
(unspecified)
Mineral waste
Non toxic chemical waste
(unspecified)
Mineral waste
Stage
Coal waste
Dust/sludge
Fly/bottom ash
EOL CRT Monitor, landfilled
Coal waste
Unspecified solid waste
Mixed industrial (waste)
Dust/sludge
Fly/bottom ash
Slag and ash
Unspecified waste
Mixed industrial (waste)
Non toxic chemical waste
(unspecified)
Mineral waste
Mineral waste
Non toxic chemical waste
(unspecified)
Mineral waste
Non toxic chemical waste
(unspecified)
Mineral waste
Non toxic chemical waste
(unspecified)
Mining waste
Mixed industrial (waste)
Mixed industrial (waste)
Unspecified waste
Unspecified waste
Slag and ash
Slag and ash
LCI Data Type Solid Waste %
Landfill Use (m3)
primary
secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
primary
model/secondary
primary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
2.98e-07
2.84e-07
1.02e-07
2.51e-08
4.58e-09
3.80e-09
3.42e-09
2.84e-09
3.09e-10
2.30e-10
2.74e-ll
2.04e-ll
5.64e-02
6.35e-02
1.97e-02
1.59e-02
9.91e-02
8.31e-03
6.36e-06
4.34e-06
2.41e-06
1.97e-06
1.59e-06
2.99e-07
6.42e-08
1.07e-08
1.17e-ll
8.72e-12
-1.02e-ll
-1.376-11
-1.59e-10
-2.13e-10
-2.48e-09
-3.32e-09
-4.23e-09
-1.26e-08
-3.05e-06
-6.48e-06
-2.67e-05
-3.01e-05
-1.25e-04
of Total
1.79e-04
1.71e-04
6. 11 e-05
1.51 e-05
2.75e-06
2.28e-06
2.05e-06
1.70e-06
1.85e-07
1.38e-07
1.64e-08
1.23e-08
3.39e+01
3.82e+01
1.18e+01
9.54e+00
5.95e+01
4.99e+00
3.82e-03
2.61e-03
1.45e-03
1.18e-03
9.54e-04
1.79e-04
3.85e-05
6.44e-06
7.01e-09
5.24e-09
-6.15e-09
-8.24e-09
-9.55e-08
-1.28e-07
-1.49e-06
-1.99e-06
-2.54e-06
-7.57e-06
-1.83e-03
-3.89e-03
-1.61e-02
-1.81e-02
-7.48e-02
M-22
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-7. CRT LCIA Results for the Solid Waste Landfill Use Impact Category
Process Group Material LCI Data Type Solid Waste % of Total
Landfill Use (m3)
CRT Incineration Unspecified solid waste secondary -1.76e-03 -1.06e+00
CRT Incineration Slag and ash secondary -7.70e-03 -4.62e+00
Total End-of-life -l.32e-Q3 -7.95e-0l
Total All Life-cycle Stages Total l.67e-0l I.00e+02
M-23
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-8. LCD LCIA Results for the Solid Waste Landfill Use Impact Category
Process Group
Materials Processing Life-cycle
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Polycarbonate Production
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Polycarbonate Production
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Polycarbonate Production
PET Resin Production
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
PET Resin Production
Polycarbonate Production
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
PET Resin Production
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
PET Resin Production
Aluminum Prod.
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Polycarbonate Production
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Total Materials Processing
Manufacturing Life-cycle Stage
Monitor/module
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production
LCD glass mfg.
Monitor/module
Monitor/module
Material
Stage
Unspecified solid waste
Slag and ash
Unspecified waste
Mining waste
Mineral waste
Mineral waste
Mixed industrial (waste)
Mixed industrial (waste)
Mineral waste
Slag and ash
Non toxic chemical waste (unspecified)
Slag and ash
Slag and ash
Mixed industrial (waste)
Mineral waste
Mineral waste
Mixed industrial (waste)
Slag and ash
Non toxic chemical waste (unspecified)
Non toxic chemical waste (unspecified)
Non toxic chemical waste (unspecified)
Non toxic chemical waste (unspecified)
Slag and ash
Mixed industrial (waste)
Unspecified solid waste
Calcium
Unspecified solid waste
Unspecified solid waste
Unspecified solid waste
Sewage sludge (unspecified)
Waste oil
Non mineral waste (inert)
Carbon
Calcium
Waste oil
Carbon
Non toxic chemical waste (unspecified)
Mineral waste
Waste water treatment (WWT) sludge
Coal waste
Slag and ash
Dust/sludge
Fly/bottom ash
Unspecified waste
Waste water treatment (WWT) sludge
Waste plastics from LCD monitor
Waste acid (containing F and detergents)
LCI Data Type
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
primary
primary
primary
Solid Waste
landfill Use (m3)
5.36e-03
4.20e-03
9.03e-04
3.14e-04
3.11e-05
3.02e-05
2.45e-05
2.21e-05
1.99e-05
l.OOe-05
9.41e-06
8.99e-06
6.26e-06
5.55e-06
2.87e-06
1.98e-06
1.76e-06
1.24e-06
l.OOe-06
9.88e-07
7.69e-07
5.89e-07
4.76e-07
4.39e-07
3.65e-07
1.38e-07
1.15e-07
7.91e-08
6.10e-08
3.25e-08
2.63e-08
2.19e-08
2.04e-08
1.48e-08
8.38e-09
2.12e-09
1.91e-09
1.43e-09
1.10e-02
3.06e-03
2.72e-03
1.66e-03
8.43e-04
6.81e-04
3.57e-04
3.39e-04
2.89e-04
1.80e-04
% of Total
9.87e+00
7.74e+00
1.66e+00
5.79e-01
5.73e-02
5.56e-02
4.51e-02
4.06e-02
3.67e-02
1.85e-02
1.73e-02
1.66e-02
1.15e-02
1.02e-02
5.29e-03
3.64e-03
3.24e-03
2.29e-03
1.84e-03
1.82e-03
1.42e-03
1.09e-03
8.77e-04
8.08e-04
6.73e-04
2.55e-04
2.11e-04
1.46e-04
1.12e-04
6.00e-05
4.85e-05
4.03e-05
3.76e-05
2.73e-05
1.54e-05
3.90e-06
3.52e-06
2.63e-06
2.02e+01
5.65e+00
5.02e+00
3.06e+00
1.55e+00
1.25e+00
6.57e-01
6.25e-01
5.33e-01
3.31e-01
M-24
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-8
Process Group
US electric grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Monitor/module
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
Panel components
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Monitor/module
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Monitor/module
Panel components
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Backlight
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
LCD glass mfg.
LCD glass mfg.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD glass mfg.
LCD glass mfg.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
LCD glass mfg.
LPG Production
LPG Production
LCD glass mfg.
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD glass mfg.
LCD glass mfg.
LCD glass mfg.
LCD glass mfg.
LCD glass mfg.
Backlight
LCD glass mfg.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Backlight
Total Manufacturing
Use, Maintenance and
US electric grid
US electric grid
. LCD LCIA Results for the Solid Waste Landfill Use Impact Category
Material
Coal waste
Slag and ash
Waste LCD glass
Mixed industrial (waste)
Dust/sludge
Fly/bottom ash
Waste LCD glass
Unspecified waste
Slag and ash
Slag and ash
Printed wiring board (PWB)
Slag and ash
Unspecified waste
LCD panel waste
Used silica gel
Unspecified waste
Waste backlight light guide (PMMA)
Unspecified waste
Potassium Carbonate
Sodium Carbonate
Mixed industrial (waste)
Unspecified sludge
Cinders from LCD glass mfg
Mixed industrial (waste)
Mixed industrial (waste)
LCD glass EP dust
Non toxic chemical waste (unspecified)
Mineral waste
Waste refractory
Mixed industrial (waste)
blasting media
Waste LCD glass
Oily rags & filter media
Sludge from LCD glass mfg
Plating process sludge
Waste backlight casing (PC)
acid absorbent
Non toxic chemical waste (unspecified)
Mineral waste
Non toxic chemical waste (unspecified)
Non toxic chemical waste (unspecified)
Mineral waste
Mineral waste
Non toxic chemical waste (unspecified)
Mineral waste
Broken CCFL
Repair Life-cycle Stage
Coal waste
Dust/sludge
LCI Data Type
model/secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
primary
primary
secondary
primary
secondary
primary
primary
secondary
primary
primary
secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
model/secondary
model/secondary
Solid Waste
landfill Use (m3)
1.23e-04
9.47e-05
8.23e-05
5.97e-05
3.81e-05
3.08e-05
2.30e-05
2.04e-05
1.78e-05
9.52e-06
9.38e-06
5.07e-06
3.83e-06
3.79e-06
2.14e-06
2.04e-06
1.28e-06
1.09e-06
4.99e-07
4.51e-07
4.38e-07
3.56e-07
3.19e-07
1.63e-07
1.44e-07
9.94e-08
6.49e-08
4.85e-08
4.41e-08
3.96e-08
3.78e-08
3.48e-08
3.36e-08
2.99e-08
1.38e-08
5.41e-09
4.71e-09
4.76e-10
3.55e-10
1.77e-10
1.56e-10
1.32e-10
1.16e-10
4.316-11
3.22e-ll
1.98e-ll
1.07e-02
2.37e-02
7.35e-03
% of Total
2.27e-01
1.756-01
1.52e-01
1.10e-01
7.03e-02
5.67e-02
4.23e-02
3.75e-02
3.29e-02
1.75e-02
1.73e-02
9.34e-03
7.07e-03
6.98e-03
3.94e-03
3.77e-03
2.35e-03
2.01e-03
9.19e-04
8.31e-04
8.07e-04
6.56e-04
5.87e-04
3.00e-04
2.65e-04
1.83e-04
1.20e-04
8.94e-05
8.13e-05
7.30e-05
6.97e-05
6.41e-05
6.19e-05
5.51e-05
2.54e-05
9.97e-06
8.68e-06
8.76e-07
6.54e-07
3.27e-07
2.87e-07
2.44e-07
2.14e-07
7.95e-08
5.93e-08
3.65e-08
1.97e+01
4.37e+01
1.35e+01
M-25
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-8. LCD LCIA Results for the Solid Waste Landfill Use Impact Category
Process Group
US electric grid
Total Use, Maintenance and
End-of-life Life-cycle Stage
LCD landfilling
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
LCD landfilling
LCD incineration
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
Total End-of-life
Material
Fly/bottom ash
Repair
EOL LCD Monitor, landfilled
Coal waste
Dust/sludge
Fly/bottom ash
Unspecified solid waste
Mixed industrial (waste)
Slag and ash
Unspecified waste
Mixed industrial (waste)
Non toxic chemical waste (unspecified)
Mineral waste
Mineral waste
Non toxic chemical waste (unspecified)
Mineral waste
Non toxic chemical waste (unspecified)
Mineral waste
Non toxic chemical waste (unspecified)
Mining waste
Mixed industrial (waste)
Mixed industrial (waste)
Unspecified waste
Unspecified waste
Slag and ash
Slag and ash
Unspecified solid waste
Slag and ash
LCI Data Type
model/secondary
primary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
Solid Waste
landfill Use (m3)
5.93e-03
3.70e-02
1.90e-03
4.50e-06
1.39e-06
1.12e-06
1.05e-06
3.28e-07
1.36e-07
2.93e-08
4.90e-09
5.33e-12
3.98e-12
-6.76e-12
-9.06e-12
-1.03e-10
-1.38e-10
-1.64e-09
-2.19e-09
-2.74e-09
-8.32e-09
-2.02e-06
-4.28e-06
-1.77e-05
-1.99e-05
-8.22e-05
-1.14e-03
-4.99e-03
-4.35e-03
% of Total
1.09e+01
6.82e+01
3.50e+00
8.29e-03
2.57e-03
2.07e-03
1.93e-03
6.04e-04
2.51e-04
5.40e-05
9.02e-06
9.82e-09
7.34e-09
-1.25e-08
-1.67e-08
-1.90e-07
-2.54e-07
-3.02e-06
-4.04e-06
-5.06e-06
-1.53e-05
-3.72e-03
-7.88e-03
-3.26e-02
-3.67e-02
-1.52e-01
-2.10e+00
-9.19e+00
-8.01e+00
Total All Life-cycle Stages
5.43e-02
l.OOe+02
M-26
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-9. CRT LCIA Results for the Hazardous Waste Landfill Use Impact Category
Process Group
Materials Processing Life-cycle
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Polycarbonate Production
ABS Production
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Polystyrene Prod., high-impact
Total Materials Processing
Manufacturing Life-cycle Stage
LPG Production
Glass/frit
Glass/frit
CRT tube mfg.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
CRT tube mfg.
CRT tube mfg.
Glass/frit
CRT tube mfg.
Glass/frit
CRT tube mfg.
CRT tube mfg.
Glass/frit
Glass/frit
Glass/frit
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Glass/frit
Glass/frit
CRT tube mfg.
Natural Gas Prod.
Glass/frit
Glass/frit
Total Manufacturing
Material
Stage
General Hazardous Waste
General Hazardous Waste
General Hazardous Waste
General Hazardous Waste
Hazardous waste
General Hazardous Waste
General Hazardous Waste
Hazardous waste
Hydrofluoric acid
cinders from CRT glass mfg (70% PbO)
Unspecified sludge
Hazardous waste
Hazardous waste
Frit
Carbon and filmer waste
CRT glass faceplate EP dust (Pb) (D008 waste)
Slurry scrap (chromium-based)
Hazardous sludge (Pb) (D008)
Slag and ash
Waste water treatment (WWT) filters
sludge from CRT glass mfg (1% PbO)
Broken CRT glass
Barium debris (D008 waste)
Hazardous waste
Waste finishing sludge (Pb) (D008 waste)
Waste Batch (Ba, Pb) (D008 waste)
Lead sulfate cake
Hazardous waste
Lead debris (D008 waste)
Lead contaminated grit (D008 waste)
LCI Data Type
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
primary
primary
secondary
secondary
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
secondary
primary
primary
primary
secondary
primary
primary
Hazardous Waste
Landfill Use (m3)
3.92e-05
3.82e-05
2.06e-05
9.45e-06
8.58e-07
4.35e-07
2.70e-07
1.09e-04
1.36e-03
1.34e-05
6.88e-06
5.22e-06
4.61e-06
3.82e-06
3.04e-06
2.30e-06
2.15e-06
1. 60e-06
1.38e-06
1.30e-06
7.59e-07
6.45e-07
6.22e-07
4.58e-07
3.11e-07
2.32e-07
1.22e-07
3.03e-08
2.75e-08
1.85e-08
2.99e-09
1.41e-03
% of Total
2.33e-01
2.28e-01
1.23e-01
5.62e-02
5.11e-03
2.59e-03
1. 606-03
6.49e-01
8.11e+00
7.98e-02
4.09e-02
3.11e-02
2.74e-02
2.27e-02
1.81e-02
1.37e-02
1.28e-02
9.52e-03
8.21e-03
7.74e-03
4.52e-03
3.84e-03
3.70e-03
2.72e-03
1.85e-03
1.38e-03
7.28e-04
1.80e-04
1.64e-04
1.10e-04
1.78e-05
8.40e+00
Use, Maintenance and Repair Life-cycle Stage
Total Use, Maintenance and Repair
End-of-life Life-cycle Stage
CRT landfillirig
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Total End-of-life
Total All Life-cycle Stages
EOL CRT Monitor, landfilled
Hazardous waste
Hazardous waste
General Hazardous Waste
Hazardous waste
primary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
O.OOe+00
1.53e-02
1.18e-08
-1.38e-08
-2.14e-07
-3.34e-06
1.53e-02
1.68e-02
O.OOe+00
9.10e+01
7.00e-05
-8.22e-05
-1.28e-03
-1.99e-02
9.10e+01
l.OOe+02
M-27
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-10. LCD LCIA Results for the Hazardous
Process Group
Material
Waste Landfill Use Impact Category
LCI Data Type Hazardous Waste %
Landfill Use (m3)
of Total
Materials Processing Life-cycle Stage
Polycarbonate Production
Natural Gas Prod.
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
PET Resin Production
Total Materials Processing
Manufacturing Life-cycle Stage
LPG Production
Monitor/module
Monitor/module
LCD glass mfg.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Monitor/module
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD glass mfg.
LCD glass mfg.
Backlight
Total Manufacturing
General Hazardous Waste
Hazardous waste
General Hazardous Waste
Hazardous waste
General Hazardous Waste
Unspecified hazardous waste
Hazardous waste
Acetic acid
Phosphoric acid
Hydrofluoric acid
Hazardous waste
Nitric acid
Hazardous waste
Hazardous waste
Hazardous waste
Barium debris (D008 waste)
Waste Batch (Ba, Pb) (D008 waste)
Waste glass, with mercury
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
primary
primary
secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
primary
primary
1.15e-05
1.92e-06
9.41e-07
3.75e-07
2.13e-07
3.24e-08
1.50e-05
6.54e-05
3.18e-05
8.55e-06
6.21e-07
4.79e-07
2.48e-07
1.78e-07
1.57e-07
4.34e-08
2.12e-08
5.67e-09
7.73e-15
1.07e-04
3.18e-01
5.33e-02
2.60e-02
1.04e-02
5.90e-03
8.96e-04
4.15e-01
1.81e+00
8.80e-01
2.37e-01
1.72e-02
1.33e-02
6.87e-03
4.94e-03
4.34e-03
1.20e-03
5.87e-04
1.57e-04
2.14e-10
2.98e+00
Use, Maintenance and Repair Life-cycle Stage
Total Use, Maintenance and Repair
End-of-life Life-cycle Stage
LCD landfillirig
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Total End-of-life
Total All Life-cycle Stages
EOL LCD Monitor, landfilled
Hazardous waste
Hazardous waste
General Hazardous Waste
Hazardous waste
primary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
O.OOe+00
3.49e-03
5.37e-09
-9.12e-09
-1.39e-07
-2.21e-06
3.49e-03
3.61e-03
O.OOe+00
9.67e+01
1.49e-04
-2.52e-04
-3.84e-03
-e.lle-02
9.66e+01
l.OOe+02
M-28
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-ll. CRTLCIA
Process Group
Results for the Radioactive Waste Landfill Use Impact Category
Material
LCI Data Type Radioactive Waste %
Landfill Use (m3)
of Total
Materials Processing Life-cycle Stage
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Total Materials Processing
Manufacturing Life-cycle Stage
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
Total Manufacturing
Low-level radioactive waste
Low-level radioactive waste
Low-level radioactive waste
Radioactive waste (unspecified)
Highly radioactive waste (Class C)
Radioactive waste (unspecified)
Radioactive waste (unspecified)
Highly radioactive waste (Class C)
Highly radioactive waste (Class C)
Low-level radioactive waste
Uranium, depleted
Low-level radioactive waste
Uranium, depleted
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
1.64e-05
4.72e-06
4.61e-06
7.36e-07
3.46e-07
2.20e-07
2.15e-07
9.80e-08
9.57e-08
2.74e-05
6.89e-06
2.07e-06
1.75e-06
5.25e-07
1.12e-05
9.03e+00
2.60e+00
2.54e+00
4.06e-01
1.91e-01
1.22e-01
1.19e-01
5.41e-02
5.28e-02
1.51e+01
3.80e+00
1.14e+00
9.66e-01
2.90e-01
6.19e+00
Use, Maintenance and Repair Life-cycle Stage
US electric grid
US electric grid
Total use, Maintenance and Repair
End-of-life Life-cycle Stage
US electric grid
US electric grid
Total End-of-life
Total All Life-cycle Stages
Low-level radioactive waste
Uranium, depleted
Low-level radioactive waste
Uranium, depleted
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
1.10e-04
3.29e-05
1.43e-04
1.10e-08
3.29e-09
1.43e-08
1.81e-04
6.05e+01
1.82e+01
7.87e+01
6.06e-03
1.82e-03
7.87e-03
l.OOe+02
M-29
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-12. LCD LCIA Results for the Radioactive Waste Landfill Use Impact Category
Process Group
Material
LCI Data Type
Radioactive Waste
Landfill Use (m3)
% of Total
Materials Processing Life-cycle Stage
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Total Materials Processing
Manufacturing Life-cycle Stage
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
Total Manufacturing
Use, Maintenance and Repair Life-cycle Stage
Low-level radioactive waste
Radioactive waste (unspecified)
Highly radioactive waste (Class C)
Low-level radioactive waste
Uranium, depleted
Low-level radioactive waste
Uranium, depleted
US electric grid
US electric grid
Total use, Maintenance and Repair
End-of-life Life-cycle Stage
US electric grid
US electric grid
Total End-of-life
Low-level radioactive waste
Uranium, depleted
Low-level radioactive waste
Uranium, depleted
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
8.02e-06
3.61e-07
1.70e-07
8.55e-06
2.32e-05
6.95e-06
2.12e-07
6.37e-08
3.04e-05
4.10e-05
1.23e-05
5.32e-05
7.776-09
2.33e-09
l.Ole-08
8.70e+00
3.91e-01
1.84e-01
9.28e+00
2.51e+01
7.54e+00
2.30e-01
6.91e-02
3.30e+01
4.44e+01
1.33e+01
5.77e+01
8.43e-03
2.53e-03
1.10e-02
Total All Life-cycle Stages
9.22e-05
l.OOe+02
M-30
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-13. CRT LCIA Results
Process Group
Materials Processing Life-cycle Stage
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Polycarbonate Production
Aluminum Prod.
Invar
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
ABS Production
Lead
Aluminum Prod.
Ferrite mfg.
Polycarbonate Production
Polystyrene Prod., high-impact
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Aluminum Prod.
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Invar
ABS Production
Ferrite mfg.
Lead
Aluminum Prod.
Polystyrene Prod., high-impact
Lead
Ferrite mfg.
Polycarbonate Production
ABS Production
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Invar
Total Materials Processing
Manufacturing Life-cycle Stage
LPG Production
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
Glass/frit
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Material
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide
Perfluoromethane
Carbon dioxide
Methane
Carbon dioxide
Nitrous oxide
Methane
Methane
Methane
Perfluoroethane
Methane
Methane
Methane
Methane
Nitrous oxide
Methane
Nitrous oxide
Nitrous oxide
Nitrous oxide
Nitrous oxide
Nitrous oxide
Perfluoromethane
Perfluoromethane
Nitrous oxide
HFC-125
HFC-125
Perfluoromethane
Perfluoroethane
Carbon dioxide
Methane
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide
Nitrous oxide
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide
Methane
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide
Methane
Methane
Methane
for the Global Warming Impact Category
LCI Data Type
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
Global Warming Potential
(kg-Co2 Equivalents)
1.34e+01
4.62e+00
3.59e+00
2.26e+00
1.65e+00
1.31e+00
1.07e+00
8.42e-01
8.32e-01
4.27e-01
4.23e-01
2.41e-01
2.29e-01
1.69e-01
1.44e-01
1.32e-01
1.21e-01
1.07e-01
5.99e-02
5.29e-02
4.28e-02
3.49e-02
6.29e-03
3.29e-03
1.43e-04
6.56e-05
6.41e-05
1.85e-05
1.81e-05
1.50e-05
6.43e-06
6.28e-06
2.92e-07
4.92e-08
3.18e+01
1.51e+02
1.76e+01
1.54e+01
7.10e+00
5.03e+00
2.81e+00
1.32e+00
1.05e+00
8.51e-01
4.48e-01
2.16e-01
1.24e-01
5.40e-02
% of Total
1.93e+00
6.64e-01
5.16e-01
3.25e-01
2.38e-01
1.89e-01
1.54e-01
1.21e-01
1.20e-01
6.13e-02
6.09e-02
3.46e-02
3.29e-02
2.43e-02
2.07e-02
1.90e-02
1.74e-02
1.53e-02
8.62e-03
7.61e-03
6.16e-03
5.02e-03
9.05e-04
4.73e-04
2.06e-03
9.44e-06
9.22e-06
2.67e-06
2.60e-06
2.16e-06
9.25e-07
9.03e-07
4.20e-08
7.08e-09
4.57e+00
2.17e+01
2.53e+00
2.21e+00
1.02e+00
7.23e-01
4.04e-01
1.90e-01
1.51e-01
1.22e-01
6.44e-02
3.11e-02
1.78e-02
7.76e-03
M-31
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-13. CRT LCIA Results for the Global Warming Impact Category
Process Group
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Glass/frit
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Total Manufacturing
Material
Nitrous oxide
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide
Nitrous oxide
Nitrous oxide
Nitrous oxide
Methane
Nitrous oxide
Nitrous oxide
Methane
LCI Data Type Global Warming Potential %
(kg-Co2 Equivalents)
secondary
primary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
4.50e-02
4.33e-02
4.22e-02
3.46e-02
1.68e-02
1.61e-02
5.47e-03
3.58e-03
1.78e-03
1.71e-03
2.03e+02
of Total
6.47e-03
6.23e-03
6.06e-03
4.98e-03
2.42e-03
2.31e-03
7.87e-04
5.15e-04
2.56e-04
2.46e-04
2.92e+01
Use, Maintenance and Repair Life-cycle Stage
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
Total Use, Maintenance and Repair
End-of-life Life-cycle Stage
CRT Incineration
CRT landfillrng
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
CRT landfillrng
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Total End-of-life
Carbon dioxide
Methane
Nitrous oxide
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide
Methane
Carbon dioxide
Methane
Methane
Nitrous oxide
Nitrous oxide
Nitrous oxide
Nitrous oxide
Methane
Methane
Nitrous oxide
Carbon dioxide
Methane
Carbon dioxide
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
primary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
4.45e+02
1.35e+01
1.05e+00
4.59e+02
3.55e+00
1.03e-01
4.45e-02
1.35e-03
1.30e-03
1.14e-03
1.52e-04
1. 05e-04
4.34e-05
-1.80e-03
-1.92e-02
-5.88e-02
-3.186-01
-3.23e-01
-4.53e-01
-5.28e-01
-6.63e-01
1.34e+00
6.39e+01
1.95e+00
1.51e-01
6.60e+01
S.lle-01
1.49e-02
6.40e-03
1.95e-04
1.87e-04
1.64e-04
2.19e-05
1.52e-05
6.24e-06
-2.58e-04
-2.75e-03
-8.46e-03
-4.57e-02
-4.64e-02
-6.52e-02
-7.60e-02
-9.54e-02
1.93e-01
Total All Life-cycle Stages
6.95e+02
l.OOe+02
M-32
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-14. LCD LCIA Results for the
Process Group
Materials Processing Life-cycle Stage
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Polycarbonate Production
Aluminum Prod.
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
PET Resin Production
Aluminum Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Polycarbonate Production
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
PET Resin Production
Aluminum Prod.
Polycarbonate Production
PMMA Sheet Prod.
PET Resin Production
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Total Materials Processing
Manufacturing Life-cycle Stage
Monitor/module
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
LCD glass mfg.
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Panel components
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Monitor/module
Material
Carbon dioxide
Methane
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide
Perfluoromethane
Nitrous oxide
Methane
Methane
Nitrous oxide
Methane
Methane
Methane
Perfluoroethane
Methane
Nitrous oxide
Nitrous oxide
Nitrous oxide
Nitrous oxide
Nitrous oxide
Perfluoromethane
Sulfur hexafluoride
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide
Methane
Carbon dioxide
Methane
Nitrous oxide
Carbon dioxide
Nitrous oxide
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide
Methane
Carbon dioxide
Methane
Methane
Nitrous oxide
Carbon dioxide
Methane
Nitrous oxide
Methane
Carbon dioxide
Global Warming Impact Category
LCI Data Type
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
Global Warming Potential
(kg-Co2 Equivalents)
9.24e+01
7.36e+01
6.58e+00
2.65e+00
2.58e+00
1.34e+00
7.23e-01
3.90e-01
3.14e-01
2.50e-01
2.42e-01
2.38e-01
1.18e-01
1.12e-01
6.30e-02
6.29e-02
4.93e-02
2.10e-02
1.59e-02
7.99e-05
5.94e-05
2.81e-05
2.80e-05
1.43e-07
1.82e+02
1.74e+02
5.18e+01
7.24e+00
2.09e+00
1.66e+00
8.61e-01
8.45e-01
2.41e-01
1.30e-01
1.17e-01
6.50e-02
2.90e-02
2.62e-02
2.09e-02
8.43e-03
5.74e-03
5.64e-03
4.82e-03
4.21e-03
2.75e-03
2.52e-03
2.16e-03
% of Total
1.56e+01
1.24e+01
l.lle+00
4.46e-01
4.35e-01
2.25e-01
1.22e-01
6.58e-02
5.29e-02
4.22e-02
4.07e-02
4.02e-02
1.99e-02
1.89e-02
1.06e-02
1.06e-02
8.31e-03
3.53e-03
2.69e-03
1.35e-05
l.OOe-05
4.74e-06
4.73e-06
2.41e-08
3.06e+01
2.94e+01
8.72e+00
1.22e+00
3.51e-01
2.80e-01
1.45e-01
1.42e-01
4.07e-02
2.19e-02
1.96e-02
1.10e-02
4.88e-03
4.42e-03
3.52e-03
1.42e-03
9.68e-04
9.51e-04
8.12e-04
7.10e-04
4.63e-04
4.24e-04
3.64e-04
M-33
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-14. LCD LCIA Results for
Process Group
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Total Manufacturing
Material
Nitrous oxide
Nitrous oxide
Nitrous oxide
the Global Warming Impact Category
LCI Data Type Global Warming Potential %
(kg-Co2 Equivalents)
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
2.04e-03
1.53e-03
7.50e-04
2.40e+02
of Total
3.44e-04
2.58e-04
1.26e-04
4.04e+01
Use, Maintenance and Repair Life-cycle Stage
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
Total Use, Maintenance and Repair
End-of-life Life-cycle Stage
LCD incineration
US electric grid
LCD landfillrng
US electric grid
LPG Production
LCD landfillrng
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Total End-of-life
Carbon dioxide
Methane
Nitrous oxide
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide
Methane
Carbon dioxide
Methane
Nitrous oxide
Methane
Nitrous oxide
Nitrous oxide
Nitrous oxide
Methane
Methane
Nitrous oxide
Carbon dioxide
Methane
Carbon dioxide
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
primary
model/secondary
secondary
primary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
1.66e+02
5.05e+00
3.93e-01
1.71e+02
2.07e+00
3.15e-02
2.49e-02
9.59e-04
5.95e-04
2.75e-04
7.46e-05
6.94e-05
1.98e-05
-1.19e-03
-1.27e-02
-3.89e-02
-2.076-01
-2.09e-01
-2.99e-01
-3.49e-01
-4.38e-01
5.70e-01
2.80e+01
8.52e-01
6.63e-02
2.89e+01
3.48e-01
5.31e-03
4.20e-03
1.62e-04
l.OOe-04
4.64e-05
1.26e-05
1.17e-05
3.34e-06
-2.00e-04
-2.13e-03
-6.55e-03
-3.49e-02
-3.53e-02
-5.05e-02
-5.88e-02
-7.38e-02
9.60e-02
Total All Life-cycle Stages
5.93e+02
l.OOe+02
M-34
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-15. CRT LCIA Results for the Stratospheric Ozone
Process Group
Materials Processing Life-cycle
ABS Production
Aluminum Prod.
Invar
Lead
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Invar
ABS Production
Ferrite mfg.
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Total Materials Processing
Manufacturing Life-cycle Stage
LPG Production
US electric grid
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Total Manufacturing
Materials
Stage
HALON-1301
HALON-1301
HALON-1301
HALON-1301
HALON-1301
HALON-1301
Dichlorodifluoromethane
CFC-13
HCFC-22
Dichlorodifluoromethane
CFC-13
HCFC-22
HCFC-22
Bromomethane
Bromomethane
Bromomethane
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
HALON-1301
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Bromomethane
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Bromomethane
Bromomethane
Bromomethane
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
HALON-1301
HALON-1301
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
HALON-1301
HALON-1301
LCI Data Type
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
Depletion Impact Category
Ozone Depletion
(kg CFC-11 Equivalents)
4.10e-06
2.89e-06
1.22e-06
5.42e-07
4.03e-07
1.52e-07
8.02e-10
5.04e-10
1.46e-10
5.94e-17
3.74e-17
3.68e-18
3.59e-18
9.30e-06
7.49e-07
1. 60e-07
1.28e-07
1.61e-08
8.12e-09
7.76e-09
6.05e-09
3.67e-09
2.35e-09
1.30e-09
2.51e-10
1.30e-10
5.046-11
2.79e-ll
2.756-11
2.28e-ll
5.37e-12
1.85e-12
1.64e-13
1.08e-06
% of Total
2.00e+01
1.41e+01
5.93e+00
2.65e+00
1.97e+00
7.43e-01
3.92e-03
2.46e-03
7.14e-04
2.90e-10
1.83e-10
l.SOe-ll
1.75e-ll
4.54e+01
3.66e+00
7.83e-01
6.25e-01
7.84e-02
3.96e-02
3.79e-02
2.95e-02
1.79e-02
1.15e-02
6.34e-03
1.22e-03
6.32e-04
2.46e-04
1.36e-04
1.34e-04
l.lle-04
2.62e-05
9.04e-06
8.01e-07
5.29e+00
Use, Maintenance and Repair Life-cycle Stage
US electric grid
US electric grid
Bromomethane
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
model/secondary
model/secondary
Total Use, Maintenance and Repair
End-of-life Life-cycle Stage
CRT Incineration
CRT landfilling
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
Carbon tetrachloride
Carbon tetrachloride
Bromomethane
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Bromomethane
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
HALON-1301
HALON-1301
secondary
primary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
l.OOe-05
2.30e-07
1.03e-05
1.61e-09
1.51 e-09
l.OOe-09
2.30e-ll
6.47e-12
1.39e-13
7.01e-14
-8.23e-14
4.90e+01
1.12e+00
5.01e+01
7.88e-03
7.35e-03
4.91e-03
1.12e-04
3.16e-05
6.77e-07
3.42e-07
-4.02e-07
M-35
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-15. CRT LCIA Results for the Stratospheric Ozone Depletion Impact Category
Process Group Materials LCI Data Type Ozone Depletion % of Total
(kg CFC-11 Equivalents)
CRT Incineration HALON-1301 secondary -1.28e-12 -6.24e-06
Natural Gas Prod. 1,1,1-Trichloroethane secondary -1.40e-ll -6.82e-05
Fuel Oil #4 Prod. HALON-1301 secondary -1.99e-ll -9.72e-05
Fuel Oil #4 Prod. 1,1,1-Trichloroethane secondary -5.77e-ll -2.82e-04
Natural Gas Prod. Bromomethane secondary -6.52e-10 -3.18e-03
Fuel Oil #4 Prod. Bromomethane secondary -2.69e-09 -1.32e-02
CRT Incineration 1,1,1-Trichloroethane secondary -3.57e-09 -1.74e-02
CRT Incineration Bromomethane secondary -1.67e-07 -8.13e-01
Total End-of-life -l.69e-Q7 -8.27e-0l
Total All Life-cycle Stages 2.05e-05 I.00e+02
M-36
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-16. LCD LCIA Results for the Stratospheric Ozone Depletion Impact Category
Process Group
Materials Processing Life-cycle Stage
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Total Materials Processing
Manufacturing Life-cycle Stage
Panel components
Panel components
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
Natural Gas Prod.
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Total Manufacturing
Material
HALON-1301
HALON-1301
Bromomethane
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
HALON-1301
HCFC-225cb
HCFC-225ca
Bromomethane
Bromomethane
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Bromomethane
Bromomethane
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
HALON-1301
Bromomethane
Bromomethane
Bromomethane
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
HALON-1301
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
HALON-1301
HALON-1301
HALON-1301
LCI Data Type
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
primary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
Ozone Depletion
(kg CFC-11 Equivalents)
1.07e-06
1.98e-07
9.08e-08
1.95e-09
1.15e-ll
1.36e-06
4.62e-06
3.50e-06
4.31e-07
3.60e-08
2.61e-08
1.94e-08
2.05e-09
7.71e-10
4.45e-10
3.90e-10
3.86e-10
2.06e-10
1.10e-10
4.39e-ll
8.28e-12
4.41e-12
2.85e-12
2.35e-12
1.06e-12
9.35e-13
2.59e-13
8.63e-06
% of Total
7.83e+00
1.44e+00
6.62e-01
1.42e-02
8.36e-05
9.95e+00
3.37e+01
2.55e+01
3.14e+00
2.62e-01
1.90e-01
1.42e-01
1.49e-02
5.62e-03
3.25e-03
2.84e-03
2.82e-03
1.50e-03
8.00e-04
3.20e-04
6.03e-05
3.22e-05
2.08e-05
1.71e-05
7.75e-06
6.82e-06
1.89e-06
6.29e+01
Use, Maintenance and Repair Life-cycle Stage
US electric grid
US electric grid
Total use, Maintenance and Repair
End-of-life Life-cycle Stage
US electric grid
LCD landfillrng
LCD incineration
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Bromomethane
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Bromomethane
Carbon tetrachloride
Carbon tetrachloride
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Bromomethane
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
HALON-1301
HALON-1301
HALON-1301
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
HALON-1301
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Bromomethane
Bromomethane
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
primary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
3.75e-06
8.59e-08
3.83e-06
7.11e-10
3.63e-10
2.81e-10
1.63e-ll
2.95e-12
6.33e-14
3.20e-14
-5.44e.14
-8.286-13
-9.22e-12
-1.326-11
-3.81e-ll
-4.306-10
-1.78e-09
2.73e+01
6.26e-01
2.79e+01
5.18e-03
2.64e-03
2.05e-03
1.19e-04
2.15e-05
4.61e-07
2.33e-07
-3.96e-07
-6.03e-06
-6.72e-05
-9.58e-05
-2.78e-04
-3.14e-03
-1.30e-02
M-37
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-16. LCD LCIA Results for the Stratospheric Ozone Depletion Impact Category
Process Group Material LCI Data Type Ozone Depletion % of Total
(kg CFC-11 Equivalents)
LCD incineration 1,1,1 -Trichloroethane secondary -2.31e-09 -1.69e-02
LCD incineration Bromomethane secondary -1.08e-07 -7.86e-01
Total End-of-life -l.lle-07 -8.l0e-0l
Total All Life-cycle Stages l.37e-05 I.00e+02
M-38
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-17. CRT LCIA Results for the Photochemical Smog Impact Category
Process Group
Materials Processing Life-cycle
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
ABS Production
Polycarbonate Production
Aluminum Prod.
ABS Production
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Invar
Lead
Invar
Polystyrene Prod., high-impact
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
ABS Production
Polycarbonate Production
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Polycarbonate Production
Aluminum Prod.
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
ABS Production
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
ABS Production
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Polycarbonate Production
ABS Production
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Polystyrene Prod., high-impact
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Lead
Lead
Aluminum Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Lead
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Polystyrene Prod., high-impact
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Invar
Material
Stage
Nonmethane hydrocarbons, remaining unspeciated
Hydrocarbons, remaining unspeciated
Nonmethane hydrocarbons, remaining unspeciated
Nonmethane hydrocarbons, remaining unspeciated
Nonmethane hydrocarbons, remaining unspeciated
Hydrocarbons, remaining unspeciated
Hydrocarbons, remaining unspeciated
Nonmethane hydrocarbons, remaining unspeciated
Nonmethane hydrocarbons, remaining unspeciated
VOCs, remaining unspeciated
Hydrocarbons, remaining unspeciated
VOCs, remaining unspeciated
Ethylene
Nonmethane hydrocarbons, remaining unspeciated
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Methane
Ethylene
Ethane
Ethylene
Methane
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Methane
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Methane
Ethane
Methane
n-Propane
Methane
Ethane
Ethane
Aldehydes
Ethylene
Propylene
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons, remaining unspeciated
Hydrocarbons, remaining unspeciated
Methane
Aldehydes
Methane
Ethylene
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Ethane
n-Propane
n-Propane
Methane
Butane
Propylene
LCI Data Type
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
Photo. Smog
(kg ethene-
equivalents)
3.32e-02
3.44e-03
2.14e-03
1.84e-03
1.47e-03
7.08e-04
6.59e-04
5.46e-04
3.66e-04
2.31e-04
2.29e-04
2.25e-04
2.07e-04
1.84e-04
1.45e-04
1.42e-04
1.01 e-04
9.79e-05
9.77e-05
7.63e-05
6.25e-05
5.63e-05
5.16e-05
4.81e-05
4.72e-05
4.03e-05
3.83e-05
3.56e-05
3.29e-05
3.21e-05
2.62e-05
2.57e-05
2.49e-05
2.30e-05
2.21e-05
2.16e-05
2.00e-05
1.89e-05
1.76e-05
1.59e-05
1.41e-05
1.38e-05
1.26e-05
1.24e-05
1.21e-05
1.16e-05
9.05e-06
7.07e-06
% of Total
1.94e+01
2.01e+00
1.25e+00
1.07e+00
8.60e-01
4.14e-01
3.85e-01
3.19e-01
2.14e-01
1.35e-01
1.34e-01
1.32e-01
1.21e-01
1.08e-01
8.48e-02
8.31e-02
5.93e-02
5.72e-02
5.71e-02
4.46e-02
3.66e-02
3.29e-02
3.02e-02
2.81e-02
2.76e-02
2.36e-02
2.24e-02
2.08e-02
1.92e-02
1.88e-02
1.53e-02
1. 50e-02
1.45e-02
1.35e-02
1.29e-02
1.26e-02
1.17e-02
1.10e-02
1.03e-02
9.31e-03
8.23e-03
8.06e-03
7.35e-03
7.26e-03
7.09e-03
6.80e-03
5.29e-03
4.14e-03
M-39
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-17. CRT LCIA Results for the Photochemical Smog Impact Category
Process Group
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
ABS Production
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
ABS Production
Aluminum Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Lead
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Aluminum Prod.
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
ABS Production
Aluminum Prod.
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Lead
Invar
Invar
Invar
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Lead
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Polystyrene Prod., high-impact
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Material
Pentane
Propylene
Formaldehyde
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Benzene
Heptane
Toluene
Aldehydes
Toluene
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Acetylene
Butane
Butane
Pentane
Pentane
Benzene
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Hexane
Benzene
Toluene
Toluene
Formaldehyde
Alcohols
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Phenol
Ethanol
Benzene
Acetylene
Acetylene
Ethylbenzene
Benzo[a]pyrene
Heptane
Benzene
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Methanol
Ethanol
Formaldehyde
Formaldehyde
Hexane
Hexane
Acetaldehyde
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Methanol
Ethylbenzene
Phenol
Phenol
Ethanol
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Acetaldehyde
LCI Data Type
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
Photo. Smog
(kg ethene-
equivalents)
6.92e-06
6.90e-06
5.89e-06
5.53e-06
5.26e-06
4.74e-06
4.67e-06
4.59e-06
4.37e-06
4.16e-06
3.91e-06
3.80e-06
3.71e-06
3.66e-06
3.57e-06
2.59e-06
2.59e-06
1.84e-06
1.76e-06
1. 606-06
1.56e-06
1.53e-06
1. 50e-06
1.43e-06
1.43e-06
1.40e-06
1.22e-06
l.lle-06
1.08e-06
9.65e-07
9.36e-07
8.81e-07
8.32e-07
7.76e-07
6.92e-07
6.13e-07
5.89e-07
5.74e-07
5.36e-07
5.23e-07
5.10e-07
5.05e-07
4.42e-07
4.116-07
4.05e-07
3.95e-07
3.56e-07
3.45e-07
2.96e-07
% of Total
4.04e-03
4.04e-03
3.44e-03
3.24e-03
3.07e-03
2.77e-03
2.73e-03
2.69e-03
2.55e-03
2.43e-03
2.29e-03
2.22e-03
2.17e-03
2.14e-03
2.09e-03
1.52e-03
1.51e-03
1.08e-03
1.03e-03
9.33e-04
9.11e-04
8.92e-04
8.76e-04
8.39e-04
8.35e-04
8.17e-04
7.14e-04
6.50e-04
6.34e-04
5.64e-04
5.48e-04
5.15e-04
4.87e-04
4.54e-04
4.05e-04
3.58e-04
3.44e-04
3.36e-04
3.13e-04
3.06e-04
2.98e-04
2.95e-04
2.59e-04
2.40e-04
2.37e-04
2.31e-04
2.08e-04
2.02e-04
1.73e-04
M-40
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-17. CRT LCIA Results for the Photochemical Smog Impact Category
Process Group
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Invar
Polycarbonate Production
Ferrite mfg.
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
Ferrite mfg.
Ferrite mfg.
ABS Production
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Ferrite mfg.
ABS Production
Lead
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Lead
Lead
Lead
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Ferrite mfg.
Lead
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Aluminum Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Lead
Invar
Lead
Invar
ABS Production
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Lead
Lead
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Material
Heptane
Heptane
Ethylbenzene
Acetone
Ethanethiol
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Methanol
Aldehydes
Acetone
Aldehydes
Ethylbenzene
Ethanol
Aldehydes
Aldehydes
Acetaldehyde
Ethanethiol
Ethanol
Benzo[a]pyrene
Acetaldehyde
Methanol
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Acetone
Acetone
Alcohols
Alcohols
Benzo[a]pyrene
Naphthalene
1 ,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane
Phenol
Aldehydes
1 ,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane
Benzo[a]pyrene
Trichlorofluoromethane
HCFC-22
Trichlorofluoromethane
Ethanethiol
Ethanethiol
Dichlorodifluoromethane
Acrolein
Benzaldehyde
Propionaldehyde
Propionaldehyde
Propionaldehyde
Benzaldehyde
Benzaldehyde
Benzaldehyde
LCI Data Type
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
Photo. Smog
(kg ethene-
equivalents)
2.67e-07
2.61e-07
2.35e-07
2.04e-07
1.84e-07
1.62e-07
1.24e-07
1.21e-07
1.18e-07
1.14e-07
1.03e-07
l.OOe-07
9.38e-08
9.16e-08
8.48e-08
8.43e-08
7.77e-08
6.79e-08
6.57e-08
6.02e-08
5.16e-08
3.72e-08
3.63e-08
3.54e-08
3.34e-08
2.57e-08
2.38e-08
2.33e-08
1.88e-08
1.13e-08
5.02e-09
3.04e-09
2.15e-09
2.08e-09
1.49e-09
1.27e-10
5.59e-ll
4.71e-ll
3.47e-ll
3.38e-ll
1.69e-ll
l.OSe-11
5.52e-12
9.34e-14
9.34e-14
9.12e-14
2.51e-14
2.50e-14
2.43e-14
% of Total
1.56e-04
1.53e-04
1.37e-04
1.19e-04
1.07e-04
9.45e-05
7.28e-05
7.05e-05
6.91e-05
6.64e-05
6.03e-05
5.86e-05
5.48e-05
5.36e-05
4.96e-05
4.93e-05
4.54e-05
3.97e-05
3.84e-05
3.52e-05
3.02e-05
2.18e-05
2.12e-05
2.07e-05
1.95e-05
1.50e-05
1.39e-05
1.36e-05
1.10e-05
6.62e-06
2.93e-06
1.78e-06
1.26e-06
1.22e-06
8.73e-07
7.40e-08
3.27e-08
2.75e-08
2.03e-08
1.98e-08
9.85e-09
6.17e-09
3.22e-09
5.46e-ll
5.46e-ll
5.33e-ll
1.476-11
1.46e-ll
1.426-11
M-41
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-17. CRT LCIA Results for the Photochemical Smog Impact Category
Process Group Material LCI Data Type Photo. Smog % of Total
(kg ethene-
equivalents)
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Ferrite mfg.
Total Materials Processing
Manufacturing Life-cycle Stage
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
CRT tube mfg.
Natural Gas Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LPG Production
CRT tube mfg.
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
US electric grid
CRT tube mfg.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
PWB Mfg.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
LPG Production
Acrolein secondary
1,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane secondary
HCFC-22 secondary
HCFC-22 secondary
Dichlorodifluoromethane secondary
Hydrocarbons, remaining unspeciated secondary
Nonmethane hydrocarbons, remaining unspeciated secondary
Methane secondary
Benzene secondary
Toluene primary
Nonmethane hydrocarbons, remaining unspeciated secondary
Aldehydes secondary
Hydrocarbons, remaining unspeciated secondary
Formaldehyde secondary
Nonmethane hydrocarbons, remaining unspeciated secondary
Methane secondary
Ethane secondary
Xylene (mixed isomers) primary
Pentane secondary
Benzene secondary
Butane secondary
Hydrocarbons, remaining unspeciated secondary
Hexane secondary
Nonmethane hydrocarbons, remaining unspeciated secondary
Methane model/secondary
Nonmethane hydrocarbons, remaining unspeciated primary
Methane secondary
Hydrocarbons, remaining unspeciated secondary
Hydrocarbons, remaining unspeciated secondary
Methane secondary
Formaldehyde model/secondary
Benzene secondary
Nonmethane hydrocarbons, remaining unspeciated secondary
Benzene secondary
Formaldehyde secondary
Aldehydes secondary
Formaldehyde model/secondary
Aldehydes secondary
Isophorone secondary
Ethane secondary
Pentane secondary
Toluene secondary
Aldehydes secondary
Butane secondary
Methane secondary
Ethane secondary
Acetaldehyde secondary
4.38e-15
1.54e-16
1.41e-18
1.37e-18
1.25e-18
4.69e-02
6.22e-02
4.24e-02
5.87e-03
2.71e-03
2.16e-03
9.01e-04
6.61e-04
5.36e-04
4.93e-04
3.55e-04
3.51e-04
3.09e-04
2.92e-04
2.65e-04
2.39e-04
2.09e-04
1.97e-04
1.88e-04
1.34e-04
7.20e-05
6.33e-05
4.12e-05
2.48e-05
2.16e-05
1.80e-05
1.63e-05
1.55e-05
1.45e-05
8.06e-06
5.03e-06
4.77e-06
4.30e-06
3.77e-06
2.95e-06
2.78e-06
2.39e-06
2.09e-06
1.96e-06
1.88e-06
1.82e-06
1.76e-06
1.69e-06
2.56e-12
8.98e-14
8.22e-16
8.02e-16
7.30e-16
2.74e+01
3.64e+01
2.48e+01
3.43e+00
1.59e+00
1.26e+00
5.27e-01
3.87e-01
3.13e-01
2.88e-01
2.08e-01
2.05e-01
1.81e-01
1.71e-01
1.55e-01
1.40e-01
1.22e-01
l.lSe-01
1.10e-01
7.84e-02
4.21e-02
3.70e-02
2.41e-02
1.45e-02
1.26e-02
1.05e-02
9.55e-03
9.06e-03
8.47e-03
4.71e-03
2.94e-03
2.79e-03
2.51e-03
2.20e-03
1.73e-03
1.63e-03
1.40e-03
1.22e-03
1.15e-03
1.10e-03
1.07e-03
1.03e-03
9.88e-04
M-42
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-17. CRT LCIA Results for the Photochemical Smog Impact Category
Process Group
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LPG Production
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
US electric grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
Natural Gas Prod.
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LPG Production
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LPG Production
Material
Hexane
Formaldehyde
Propionaldehyde
Pentane
Methyl ethyl ketone
Butane
Hexane
Ethane
Acrolein
Toluene
Pentane
o-xylene
Benzene
n-Propane
Isophorone
Butane
Methane
Formaldehyde
Hexane
Isophorone
Ethylbenzene
Bromomethane
Acetaldehyde
Benzene
Propionaldehyde
Acetaldehyde
Benzene
Naphthalene
Methyl ethyl ketone
Propionaldehyde
Toluene
Methyl ethyl ketone
Formaldehyde
Aldehydes
Acrolein
Naphthalene
Acrolein
Styrene
Ethylbenzene
Formaldehyde
Benzyl chloride
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Bromomethane
Ethylbenzene
Ethane
Phenol
Acetophenone
Pentane
Methyl chloride
LCI Data Type Photo. Smog % of Total
(kg ethene-
equivalents)
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
1.69e-06
1.62e-06
1.53e-06
1.52e-06
1.23e-06
1.20e-06
1.07e-06
9.17e-07
8.60e-07
8.05e-07
7.89e-07
7.85e-07
7.62e-07
7.01e-07
6.32e-07
6.21e-07
5.69e-07
5.69e-07
5.57e-07
5.056-07
4.83e-07
4.26e-07
3.61e-07
3.52e-07
3.28e-07
2.89e-07
2.88e-07
2.66e-07
2.64e-07
2.62e-07
2.28e-07
2.11e-07
1.89e-07
1.86e-07
1.84e-07
1.68e-07
1.47e-07
1.276-07
1.03e-07
1.02e-07
9.84e-08
9.32e-08
9.12e-08
9.03e-08
8.68e-08
8.15e-08
7.64e-08
7.46e-08
7.45e-08
9.87e-04
9.47e-04
8.96e-04
8.87e-04
7.22e-04
6.99e-04
6.27e-04
5.36e-04
5.03e-04
4.71e-04
4.61e-04
4.59e-04
4.46e-04
4.10e-04
3.69e-04
3.63e-04
3.33e-04
3.33e-04
3.26e-04
2.95e-04
2.83e-04
2.49e-04
2.11e-04
2.06e-04
1.92e-04
1.69e-04
1.68e-04
1.55e-04
1.54e-04
1.53e-04
1.34e-04
1.23e-04
1.10e-04
1.09e-04
1.08e-04
9.84e-05
8.59e-05
7.44e-05
6.01 e-05
5.956-05
5.75e-05
5.456-05
5.33e-05
5.28e-05
5.07e-05
4.76e-05
4.47e-05
4.36e-05
4.35e-05
M-43
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-17. CRT LCIA Results for the Photochemical Smog Impact Category
Process Group
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Natural Gas Prod.
US electric grid
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
US electric grid
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
Material
Bromomethane
Butane
Hexane
o-xylene
Dichloromethane
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Hexane
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Hexane
Toluene
Styrene
Cumene
Isophorone
Naphthalene
Styrene
Benzyl chloride
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Phenol
Phenanthrene
Benzyl chloride
Acetophenone
Methyl chloride
Methyl tert-butyl ether
o-xylene
Toluene
Phenol
Acetaldehyde
Acetophenone
Methyl chloride
Propionaldehyde
Vinyl acetate
Methyl ethyl ketone
Isophorone
Dichloromethane
Biphenyl
Chloroform
Dichloromethane
Acrolein
Toluene
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
Tetrachloroethylene
Ethyl Chloride
Cumene
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
n-Propane
Acetaldehyde
Fluorene
Isophorone
LCI Data Type Photo. Smog % of Total
(kg ethene-
equivalents)
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
7.28e-08
5.88e-08
5.27e-08
5.27e-08
4.07e-08
4.03e-08
4.00e-08
3.99e-08
3.22e-08
3.19e-08
2.91e-08
2.72e-08
2.70e-08
2.38e-08
2.22e-08
2.17e-08
2.10e-08
1.99e-08
1.74e-08
1.72e-08
1.68e-08
1.63e-08
1.59e-08
1.59e-08
1.47e-08
1.41e-08
1.39e-08
1.36e-08
1.30e-08
1.27e-08
1.24e-08
1.13e-08
9.96e-09
9.26e-09
8.72e-09
8.66e-09
8.29e-09
6.96e-09
6.94e-09
6.37e-09
6.31e-09
6.04e-09
5.90e-09
5.776-09
5.62e-09
5.62e-09
5.30e-09
5.28e-09
5.12e-09
4.26e-05
3.44e-05
3.08e-05
3.08e-05
2.38e-05
2.36e-05
2.34e-05
2.33e-05
1.88e-05
1.86e-05
1.70e-05
1.59e-05
1.58e-05
1.39e-05
1.30e-05
1.27e-05
1.23e-05
1.17e-05
1.02e-05
l.Ole-05
9.82e-06
9.55e-06
9.32e-06
9.28e-06
8.59e-06
8.25e-06
8.14e-06
7.97e-06
7.63e-06
7.44e-06
7.23e-06
6.63e-06
5.82e-06
5.42e-06
5.10e-06
5.06e-06
4.85e-06
4.07e-06
4.06e-06
3.72e-06
3.69e-06
3.53e-06
3.45e-06
3.38e-06
3.29e-06
3.29e-06
3.10e-06
3.09e-06
3.00e-06
M-44
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-17. CRT LCIA Results for the Photochemical Smog Impact Category
Process Group
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
Natural Gas Prod.
LPG Production
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
US electric grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LPG Production
Material
o-xylene
Propionaldehyde
Cumene hydroperoxide
2-Methylnaphthalene
Fluoranthene
Acenaphthene
Phenanthrene
Ethylbenzene
Methyl ethyl ketone
Bromomethane
Acenaphthene
Ethylene dibromide
Chlorobenzene
Phenanthrene
Acetaldehyde
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Pyrene
Acrolein
Propionaldehyde
Vinyl acetate
o-xylene
n-Propane
Methyl ethyl ketone
Vinyl acetate
Biphenyl
Chloroform
Acenaphthylene
Naphthalene
Anthracene
Ethylbenzene
Acrolein
Biphenyl
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
Chloroform
Fluorene
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Naphthalene
n-Propane
Bromomethane
Fluoranthene
Tetrachloroethylene
Ethyl Chloride
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
Fluorene
Ethyl Chloride
Isophorone
2-Chloroacetophenone
LCI Data Type Photo. Smog % of Total
(kg ethene-
equivalents)
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
4.91e-09
4.81e-09
4.61e-09
4.57e-09
4.31e-09
3.99e-09
3.96e-09
3.89e-09
3.87e-09
3.44e-09
3.29e-09
3.20e-09
3.09e-09
3.04e-09
2.93e-09
2.81e-09
2.74e-09
2.70e-09
2.66e-09
2.43e-09
2.36e-09
2.20e-09
2.14e-09
1.93e-09
1.85e-09
1.77e-09
1.63e-09
1.61e-09
1.59e-09
1.52e-09
1.49e-09
1.48e-09
1.43e-09
1.42e-09
1.39e-09
1.36e-09
1.34e-09
1.34e-09
1.34e-09
1.33e-09
1.29e-09
1.26e-09
1.20e-09
1.03e-09
1.03e-09
1.02e-09
l.Ole-09
9.88e-10
9.84e-10
2.87e-06
2.81e-06
2.69e-06
2.67e-06
2.52e-06
2.33e-06
2.32e-06
2.27e-06
2.26e-06
2.01e-06
1.92e-06
1.87e-06
1.81e-06
1.78e-06
1.71e-06
1.64e-06
1.60e-06
1.58e-06
1.55e-06
1.42e-06
1.38e-06
1.28e-06
1.25e-06
1.13e-06
1.08e-06
1.04e-06
9.52e-07
9.41e-07
9.28e-07
8.86e-07
8.72e-07
8.64e-07
8.34e-07
8.28e-07
8.14e-07
7.94e-07
7.84e-07
7.83e-07
7.82e-07
7.77e-07
7.56e-07
7.38e-07
7.03e-07
6.03e-07
6.01e-07
5.96e-07
5.89e-07
5.78e-07
5.75e-07
M-45
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-17. CRT LCIA Results for the Photochemical Smog Impact Category
Process Group
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
US electric grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Material
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Pyrene
B enzo [a] anthracene
Chrysene
Ethylbenzene
Fluoranthene
Naphthalene
Benzyl chloride
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Bromomethane
Indeno(l ,2,3-cd)pyrene
o-xylene
Acenaphthene
Ethylene dibromide
Chlorobenzene
Phenol
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Toluene
Acetophenone
Benzo[a]anthracene
Methyl chloride
Acetaldehyde
Benzo[b,j,k]fluoranthene
Ethylene dibromide
Chlorobenzene
Benzo[a]pyrene
Propionaldehyde
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene
Methyl ethyl ketone
Chrysene
Pyrene
Styrene
Anthracene
Indeno(l ,2,3-cd)pyrene
Dichloromethane
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene
Benzyl chloride
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
Benzo[b,j,k]fluoranthene
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Acrolein
Acenaphthylene
Phenol
Acenaphthylene
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
Acetophenone
Anthracene
n-Propane
Methyl chloride
LCI Data Type Photo. Smog % of Total
(kg ethene-
equivalents)
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
9.60e-10
9.59e-10
9.50e-10
9.11e-10
8.40e-10
8.15e-10
7.96e-10
7.94e-10
7.52e-10
7.39e-10
7.07e-10
6.93e-10
6.90e-10
6.84e-10
6.61e-10
6.57e-10
6.43e-10
6.37e-10
6.16e-10
6.09e-10
6.01e-10
5.65e-10
5.60e-10
5.46e-10
5.28e-10
5.20e-10
5.13e-10
4.22e-10
4.13e-10
4.07e-10
4.05e-10
3.99e-10
3.47e-10
3.41e-10
3.29e-10
3.27e-10
3.09e-10
3.05e-10
2.96e-10
2.92e-10
2.88e-10
2.74e-10
2.56e-10
2.51e-10
2.43e-10
2.40e-10
2.37e-10
2.34e-10
2.34e-10
5.61e-07
5.61e-07
5.556-07
5.33e-07
4.91e-07
4.77e-07
4.656-07
4.64e-07
4.40e-07
4.32e-07
4.13e-07
4.05e-07
4.03e-07
4.00e-07
3.87e-07
3.84e-07
3.76e-07
3.72e-07
3.60e-07
3.56e-07
3.51e-07
3.30e-07
3.27e-07
3.19e-07
3.09e-07
3.04e-07
3.00e-07
2.47e-07
2.41e-07
2.38e-07
2.37e-07
2.33e-07
2.03e-07
1.99e-07
1.92e-07
1.91e-07
1.80e-07
1.78e-07
1.73e-07
1.71e-07
1.68e-07
1.60e-07
1.49e-07
1.47e-07
1.42e-07
1.40e-07
1.38e-07
1.37e-07
1.37e-07
M-46
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-17. CRT LCIA Results for the Photochemical Smog Impact Category
Process Group
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
US electric grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
US electric grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
US electric grid
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
LPG Production
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
US electric grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Material
o-xylene
Styrene
Cumene
2-Chloroacetophenone
2-Methylnaphthalene
Benzyl chloride
2-Chloroacetophenone
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Ethylbenzene
Bromomethane
Phenol
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Acetophenone
Phenanthrene
Benzo[b,j,k]fluoranthene
Methyl chloride
Dichloromethane
Chrysene
Benzo[a]anthracene
Aromatic hydrocarbons
5-Methyl chrysene
Vinyl acetate
Cumene
Indeno( 1 ,2,3-cd)pyrene
Naphthalene
Dichloromethane
Biphenyl
Chloroform
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
Phenanthrene
Phenanthrene
Tetrachloroethylene
Ethyl Chloride
Cumene
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene
Styrene
Benzo[a]pyrene
2-Methylnaphthalene
Fluorene
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
Vinyl acetate
Benzo[a]pyrene
Benzyl chloride
Fluoranthene
2-Methylnaphthalene
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Phenol
LCI Data Type Photo. Smog % of Total
(kg ethene-
equivalents)
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
2.30e-10
2.21e-10
2.18e-10
2.10e-10
1.81e-10
1.71e-10
1.68e-10
1.62e-10
1.61e-10
1.43e-10
1.41e-10
1.35e-10
1.32e-10
1.30e-10
1.29e-10
1.29e-10
1.28e-10
1.24e-10
1.13e-10
1.12e-10
1.12e-10
9.15e-ll
8.47e-ll
S.Ole-ll
7.67e-ll
7.076-11
6.98e-ll
6.69e-ll
5.68e-ll
5.366-11
5.35e-ll
4.876-11
4.76e-ll
4.686-11
4.53e-ll
4.44e-ll
4.38e-ll
4.266-11
4.14e-ll
4.126-11
4.08e-ll
3.606-11
3.56e-ll
3.31e-ll
3.29e-ll
3.286-11
3.24e-ll
3.126-11
2.73e-ll
1.35e-07
1.29e-07
1.27e-07
1.23e-07
1.06e-07
9.97e-08
9.83e-08
9.45e-08
9.43e-08
8.33e-08
8.26e-08
7.90e-08
7.756-08
7.62e-08
7.56e-08
7.55e-08
7.47e-08
7.25e-08
6.59e-08
6.56e-08
6.55e-08
5.35e-08
4.95e-08
4.68e-08
4.49e-08
4.13e-08
4.08e-08
3.91e-08
3.32e-08
3.14e-08
3.13e-08
2.85e-08
2.78e-08
2.74e-08
2.65e-08
2.60e-08
2.56e-08
2.49e-08
2.42e-08
2.41e-08
2.39e-08
2.11e-08
2.08e-08
1.93e-08
1.92e-08
1.92e-08
1.89e-08
1.82e-08
1.59e-08
M-47
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-17. CRT LCIA Results for the Photochemical Smog Impact Category
Process Group
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Material
Biphenyl
Acenaphthene
2-Methylnaphthalene
Chloroform
Ethylene dibromide
Acetophenone
Chlorobenzene
Methyl chloride
5-Methyl chrysene
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Vinyl acetate
Pyrene
5-Methyl chrysene
Tetrachloroethylene
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
Ethyl Chloride
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Fluorene
Biphenyl
Chloroform
Dichloromethane
2-Methylnaphthalene
Fluoranthene
Fluorene
Acenaphthylene
Acenaphthene
Pyrene
Fluoranthene
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
Anthracene
Tetrachloroethylene
Ethyl Chloride
Acenaphthene
Ethylene dibromide
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Chlorobenzene
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Cumene
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Pyrene
2-Chloroacetophenone
Chrysene
Anthracene
B enzo [a] anthracene
Phenanthrene
Ethylene dibromide
Chlorobenzene
Acenaphthylene
Acenaphthylene
LCI Data Type Photo. Smog % of Total
(kg ethene-
equivalents)
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
2.72e-ll
2.65e-ll
2.61e-ll
2.60e-ll
2.58e-ll
2.56e-ll
2.49e-ll
2.49e-ll
2.40e-ll
2.27e-ll
1.97e-ll
1.94e-ll
1.91e-ll
1.90e-ll
1.87e-ll
1.856-11
1.76e-ll
1.646-11
l.SOe-ll
1.44e-ll
1.36e-ll
1.366-11
1.346-11
1.31e-ll
1.236-11
1.216-11
1.17e-ll
1.176-11
1.156-11
1.14e-ll
l.OSe-ll
1.02e-ll
l.Ole-11
l.OOe-11
9.75e-12
9.70e-12
9.11e-12
9.03e-12
8.82e-12
8.40e-12
7.94e-12
6.27e-12
6.11e-12
5.93e-12
5.57e-12
5.54e-12
5.36e-12
5.32e-12
5.05e-12
1.59e-08
1.55e-08
1.53e-08
1.52e-08
1. 51e-08
1.49e-08
1.46e-08
1.46e-08
1.40e-08
1.33e-08
1.15e-08
1.13e-08
1.12e-08
l.lle-08
1.10e-08
1.08e-08
1.03e-08
9.61e-09
8.78e-09
8.41e-09
7.97e-09
7.94e-09
7.82e-09
7.66e-09
7.18e-09
7.09e-09
6.86e-09
6.84e-09
6.73e-09
6.69e-09
6.13e-09
5.98e-09
5.89e-09
5.86e-09
5.70e-09
5.67e-09
5.33e-09
5.28e-09
5.15e-09
4.91e-09
4.64e-09
3.67e-09
3.57e-09
3.47e-09
3.26e-09
3.24e-09
3.13e-09
3.11e-09
2.95e-09
M-48
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-17. CRT LCIA Results for the Photochemical Smog Impact Category
Process Group
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Material
Anthracene
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Indeno(l ,2,3-cd)pyrene
Benzo[b,j,k]fluoranthene
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
Benzo[a]anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo[a]pyrene
Vinyl acetate
Indeno(l ,2,3-cd)pyrene
2-Chloroacetophenone
Biphenyl
Benzo[a]anthracene
Chrysene
Chloroform
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene
2 , 4-Dinitrotoluene
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene
Benzo[a]pyrene
Indeno( 1 ,2,3-cd)pyrene
Tetrachloroethylene
Ethyl Chloride
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
B enzo [b j , k] fluoranthene
Fluorene
2-Chloroacetophenone
Benzo[a]pyrene
Fluoranthene
2-Methylnaphthalene
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene
Acenaphthene
Ethylene dibromide
Chlorobenzene
Benzo[b,j,k]fluoranthene
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
5-Methyl chrysene
Pyrene
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Acenaphthylene
Anthracene
2 , 4-Dinitrotoluene
5-Methyl chrysene
2-Chloroacetophenone
Chrysene
Benzo [a] anthracene
Indeno( 1 , 2 ,3 -cd)pyrene
5-Methyl chrysene
Benzo[bj ,k] fluoranthene
LCI Data Type
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
Photo. Smog
(kg ethene-
equivalents)
4.88e-12
4.87e-12
4.65e-12
4.52e-12
4.47e-12
4.27e-12
4.11e-12
3.88e-12
3.79e-12
3.75e-12
3.09e-12
2.90e-12
2.86e-12
2.78e-12
2.77e-12
2.61e-12
2.47e-12
2.43e-12
2.40e-12
2.14e-12
2.02e-12
1.97e-12
1.88e-12
1.77e-12
1.76e-12
1.73e-12
1.71e-12
1.61e-12
1.40e-12
1.28e-12
1.27e-12
1.21e-12
1.07e-12
1.03e-12
9.72e-13
9.40e-13
9.04e-13
8.54e-13
8.08e-13
5.25e-13
5.00e-13
4.77e-13
3.51e-13
3.29e-13
2.80e-13
2.78e-13
2.12e-13
1.94e-13
1.87e-13
% of Total
2.86e-09
2.85e-09
2.72e-09
2.64e-09
2.62e-09
2.49e-09
2.40e-09
2.27e-09
2.22e-09
2.19e-09
1.80e-09
1.69e-09
1.67e-09
1.63e-09
1.62e-09
1.53e-09
1.45e-09
1.42e-09
1.40e-09
1.25e-09
1.18e-09
1.15e-09
1.10e-09
1.04e-09
1.03e-09
l.Ole-09
9.97e-10
9.41e-10
8.17e-10
7.51e-10
7.42e-10
7.05e-10
6.25e-10
6.05e-10
5.68e-10
5.50e-10
5.28e-10
4.99e-10
4.72e-10
3.07e-10
2.92e-10
2.79e-10
2.05e-10
1.92e-10
1.64e-10
1.63e-10
1.24e-10
1.14e-10
1.10e-10
M-49
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-17. CRT LCIA Results for the Photochemical Smog Impact Category
Process Group
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Total Manufacturing
Use, Maintenance and
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
Material
Benzo[a]pyrene
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene
5 -Methyl chrysene
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Repair Life-cycle Stage
Methane
Isophorone
Formaldehyde
Acetaldehyde
Benzene
Propionaldehyde
Methyl ethyl ketone
Toluene
Acrolein
Ethylbenzene
Bromomethane
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Hexane
Styrene
Naphthalene
Benzyl chloride
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Phenol
Acetophenone
Methyl chloride
Dichloromethane
Cumene
Phenanthrene
Vinyl acetate
Biphenyl
Chloroform
Tetrachloroethylene
Ethyl Chloride
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Fluorene
Fluoranthene
o-xylene
Acenaphthene
Ethylene dibromide
Chlorobenzene
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Pyrene
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
Acenaphthylene
Anthracene
LCI Data Type Photo. Smog % of Total
(kg ethene-
equivalents)
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
1.67e-13
1.50e-13
1.25e-13
1.23e-13
3.75e-14
l.Ole-14
8.98e-16
1.21e-01
4.51e-03
3.96e-05
3.56e-05
2.26e-05
2.21e-05
2.05e-05
1.65e-05
1.43e-05
1. 15e-05
6.44e-06
5.71e-06
2.53e-06
2.50e-06
1.71e-06
1.39e-06
1.32e-06
1.25e-06
1.09e-06
1.02e-06
9.98e-07
5.46e-07
3.62e-07
1.91e-07
1.52e-07
1.16e-07
l.lle-07
8.10e-08
7.91e-08
7.53e-08
6.39e-08
5.11e-08
4.34e-08
4.32e-08
4.28e-08
4.14e-08
4.03e-08
2.53e-08
1.91e-08
1.72e-08
1.48e-08
9.75e-ll
8.786-11
7.29e-ll
7.20e-ll
2.19e-ll
5.92e-12
5.25e-13
7.07e+01
2.64e+00
2.31e-02
2.08e-02
1.32e-02
1.29e-02
1.20e-02
9.67e-03
8.37e-03
6.74e-03
3.77e-03
3.34e-03
1.48e-03
1.46e-03
9.98e-04
8.14e-04
7.71e-04
7.30e-04
6.38e-04
5.99e-04
5.84e-04
3.19e-04
2.11e-04
l.lle-04
8.89e-05
6.78e-05
6.50e-05
4.73e-05
4.62e-05
4.40e-05
3.74e-05
2.99e-05
2.54e-05
2.53e-05
2.50e-05
2.42e-05
2.35e-05
1.48e-05
1.12e-05
l.OOe-05
8.66e-06
M-50
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-17. CRT LCIA Results for the Photochemical Smog Impact Category
Process Group Material LCI Data Type Photo. Smog % of Total
(kg ethene-
equivalents)
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
Total Use, Maintenance and
End-of-life Life-cycle Stage
CRT landfilling
LPG Production
US electric grid
CRT landfilling
LPG Production
CRT landfilling
LPG Production
CRT landfilling
LPG Production
CRT landfilling
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
CRT landfilling
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
CRT Incineration
CRT landfilling
2-Chloroacetophenone model/secondary
Benzo[b,j,k]fluoranthene model/secondary
Chrysene model/secondary
Benzo[a]anthracene model/secondary
Indeno(l ,2,3-cd)pyrene model/secondary
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene model/secondary
Benzo[a]pyrene model/secondary
2-Methylnaphthalene model/secondary
5-Methyl chrysene model/secondary
Repair
Hydrocarbons, remaining unspeciated primary
Hydrocarbons, remaining unspeciated secondary
Methane model/secondary
Methane primary
Nonmethane hydrocarbons, remaining unspeciated secondary
Benzene primary
Methane secondary
Toluene primary
Benzene secondary
Xylene (mixed isomers) primary
Aldehydes secondary
Formaldehyde secondary
Isophorone model/secondary
Ethylbenzene primary
Formaldehyde model/secondary
Ethane secondary
Pentane secondary
Acetaldehyde model/secondary
Benzene model/secondary
Propionaldehyde model/secondary
Butane secondary
Methyl ethyl ketone model/secondary
Hexane secondary
Toluene model/secondary
Acrolein model/secondary
Ethylbenzene model/secondary
Bromomethane model/secondary
Xylene (mixed isomers) model/secondary
Hexane model/secondary
Styrene model/secondary
Naphthalene model/secondary
Benzyl chloride model/secondary
Methyl tert-butyl ether model/secondary
Phenol model/secondary
Acetophenone model/secondary
Methyl chloride model/secondary
Trichloroethylene secondary
Trichloroethylene primary
1.32e-08
8.10e-09
7.77e-09
7.06e-09
5.02e-09
2.74e-09
2.59e-09
2.03e-09
1.50e-09
4.72e-03
1.07e-04
5.37e-07
4.52e-07
3.81e-07
3.66e-07
1.28e-07
5.07e-08
2.69e-08
2.34e-08
1.88e-08
5.71e-09
4.25e-09
3.96e-09
3.75e-09
3.56e-09
2.66e-09
2.29e-09
2.27e-09
2.21e-09
2.06e-09
1.81e-09
1.66e-09
1.62e-09
1.43e-09
1.15e-09
6.44e-10
5.71e-10
2.53e-10
2.50e-10
1.71e-10
1.39e-10
1.32e-10
1.25e-10
1.09e-10
1.02e-10
9.996-11
9.69e-ll
9.046-11
7.71e-06
4.73e-06
4.54e-06
4.13e-06
2.93e-06
1.60e-06
1.52e-06
1.19e-06
8.78e-07
2.76e+00
6.28e-02
3.14e-04
2.64e-04
2.23e-04
2.14e-04
7.48e-05
2.96e-05
1.57e-05
1.37e-05
1.10e-05
3.34e-06
2.49e-06
2.32e-06
2.19e-06
2.08e-06
1.56e-06
1.34e-06
1.32e-06
1.29e-06
1.20e-06
1.06e-06
9.68e-07
9.47e-07
8.37e-07
6.74e-07
3.77e-07
3.34e-07
1.48e-07
1.46e-07
9.98e-08
8.14e-08
7.71e-08
7.31e-08
6.39e-08
5.99e-08
5.84e-08
5.67e-08
5.28e-08
M-51
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-17. CRT LCIA Results for the Photochemical Smog Impact Category
Process Group
CRT Incineration
CRT landfilling
US electric grid
CRT landfilling
US electric grid
CRT Incineration
CRT landfilling
CRT landfilling
CRT landfilling
CRT landfilling
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
Material
Vinyl chloride
Vinyl chloride
Dichloromethane
Dichloromethane
Cumene
Carbon tetrachloride
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Carbon tetrachloride
Chloroform
Tetrachloroethylene
Isophorone
Phenanthrene
Toluene
Vinyl acetate
Acetaldehyde
Propionaldehyde
Biphenyl
Chloroform
Methyl ethyl ketone
Tetrachloroethylene
Ethyl Chloride
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Acrolein
o-xylene
Fluorene
n-Propane
Fluoranthene
o-xylene
Acenaphthene
Ethylene dibromide
Ethylbenzene
Chlorobenzene
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Bromomethane
Pyrene
Naphthalene
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
Acenaphthylene
Anthracene
2-Chloroacetophenone
Styrene
Benzyl chloride
Benzo[b,j,k]fluoranthene
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Chrysene
Benzo [a] anthracene
Phenol
Acetophenone
Methyl chloride
LCI Data Type Photo. Smog % of Total
(kg ethene-
equivalents)
secondary
primary
model/secondary
primary
model/secondary
secondary
primary
primary
primary
primary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
6.16e-ll
5.74e-ll
5.46e-ll
4.60e-ll
3.62e-ll
3.08e-ll
2.87e-ll
2.876-11
2.876-11
2.87e-ll
2.556-11
1.91e-ll
1.81e-ll
1.526-11
1.466-11
1.32e-ll
1.16e-ll
l.lle-11
1.07e-ll
8.10e-12
7.91e-12
7.54e-12
7.42e-12
6.78e-12
6.39e-12
6.05e-12
5.11e-12
4.35e-12
4.32e-12
4.29e-12
4.17e-12
4.15e-12
4.03e-12
3.68e-12
2.54e-12
2.29e-12
1.91e-12
1.72e-12
1.48e-12
1.32e-12
1.10e-12
8.49e-13
8.10e-13
8.05e-13
7.78e-13
7.06e-13
7.03e-13
6.59e-13
6.43e-13
3.60e-08
3.36e-08
3.19e-08
2.69e-08
2.12e-08
1.80e-08
1.68e-08
1.68e-08
1.68e-08
1.68e-08
1.49e-08
1.12e-08
1.06e-08
8.89e-09
8.53e-09
7.74e-09
6.79e-09
6.50e-09
6.23e-09
4.74e-09
4.63e-09
4.41e-09
4.34e-09
3.96e-09
3.74e-09
3.54e-09
2.99e-09
2.54e-09
2.53e-09
2.51e-09
2.44e-09
2.42e-09
2.36e-09
2.15e-09
1.48e-09
1.34e-09
1.12e-09
l.OOe-09
8.67e-10
7.71e-10
6.42e-10
4.96e-10
4.74e-10
4.70e-10
4.55e-10
4.13e-10
4.11e-10
3.85e-10
3.76e-10
M-52
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-17. CRT LCIA Results for the Photochemical Smog Impact Category
Process Group
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Material
Indeno(l ,2,3-cd)pyrene
Dichloromethane
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene
Benzo[a]pyrene
Cumene
2-Methylnaphthalene
5 -Methyl chrysene
Phenanthrene
Vinyl acetate
Biphenyl
Chloroform
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
Tetrachloroethylene
Ethyl Chloride
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Fluorene
2-Methylnaphthalene
Fluoranthene
Acenaphthene
Ethylene dibromide
Chlorobenzene
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Pyrene
Acenaphthylene
Anthracene
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
2-Chloroacetophenone
B enzo [a] anthracene
Chrysene
Indeno(l ,2,3-cd)pyrene
Benzo[b,j,k]fluoranthene
Benzo[a]pyrene
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene
5 -Methyl chrysene
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
5 -Methyl chrysene
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
5 -Methyl chrysene
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Benzo[b,j,k]fluoranthene
2-Chloroacetophenone
Benzo[a]pyrene
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene
Benzo[a]pyrene
LCI Data Type Photo. Smog % of Total
(kg ethene-
equivalents)
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
5.02e-13
3.52e-13
3.45e-13
2.74e-13
2.59e-13
2.33e-13
2.03e-13
1.50e-13
1.49e-13
9.79e-14
7.47e-14
7.16e-14
5.44e-14
5.22e-14
5.09e-14
4.85e-14
4.56e-14
3.94e-14
3.72e-14
3.44e-14
2.76e-14
2.67e-14
2.43e-14
2.36e-14
1.41e-14
1.37e-14
1.23e-14
8.49e-15
8.20e-15
7.87e-15
6.10e-15
4.83e-15
4.49e-15
3.65e-15
9.67e-16
3.83e-16
-4.51e-16
-6.98e-15
.9.74e.14
-1.09e-13
-4.03e-13
-4.05e-13
-4.87e-13
-8.56e-13
-1.20e-12
-1.22e-12
-1.24e-12
-1.32e-12
-1.79e-12
2.93e-10
2.06e-10
2.02e-10
1. 60e-10
1.52e-10
1.36e-10
1.19e-10
8.78e-ll
8.70e-ll
5.726-11
4.37e-ll
4.186-11
3.18e-ll
3.056-11
2.98e-ll
2.846-11
2.66e-ll
2.316-11
2.17e-ll
2.016-11
1.61e-ll
1.566-11
1.42e-ll
1.38e-ll
8.22e-12
8.01e-12
7.20e-12
4.96e-12
4.79e-12
4.60e-12
3.57e-12
2.83e-12
2.62e-12
2.13e-12
5.65e-13
2.24e-13
-2.63e-13
-4.08e-12
-5.70e-ll
-6.36e-ll
-2.36e-10
-2.37e-10
-2.85e-10
-S.OOe-10
-7.02e-10
-7.12e-10
-7.25e-10
-7.74e-10
-1.05e-09
M-53
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-17. CRT LCIA Results for the Photochemical Smog Impact Category
Process Group
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Material
Indeno(l ,2,3-cd)pyrene
Benzo[b,j,k]fluoranthene
Chrysene
B enzo [a] anthracene
Indeno(l ,2,3-cd)pyrene
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Acenaphthylene
Chlorobenzene
Ethylene dibromide
Benzo[a]anthracene
Chrysene
Anthracene
2-Chloroacetophenone
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Acenaphthene
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
Ethyl Chloride
Tetrachloroethylene
Anthracene
Acenaphthylene
Fluoranthene
Pyrene
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Fluorene
2-Methylnaphthalene
Chloroform
Biphenyl
Dichlorobenzene (mixed isomers)
Pyrene
Vinyl acetate
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Chlorobenzene
Ethylene dibromide
Acenaphthene
2-Methylnaphthalene
Fluoranthene
Fluorene
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
2-Methylnaphthalene
Ethyl Chloride
Tetrachloroethylene
Cumene
5-Methyl chrysene
Phenanthrene
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
Chloroform
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene
Biphenyl
LCI Data Type
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
Photo. Smog
(kg ethene-
equivalents)
-1.88e-12
-2.01e-12
-2.06e-12
-2.14e-12
-2.28e-12
-2.44e-12
-2.67e-12
-2.69e-12
-2.78e-12
-2.99e-12
-3.01e-12
-3.07e-12
-3.54e-12
-4.896-12
-5.05e-12
-5.13e-12
-5.13e-12
-5.26e-12
-5.38e-12
-5.646-12
-5.87e-12
-5.896-12
-6.29e-12
-6.576-12
-6.63e-12
-7.21e-12
-7.53e-12
-9.15e-12
-9.18e-12
-9.86e-12
-l.Ole-11
-l.lle-11
-1.156-11
-1.306-11
-1.38e-ll
-l.SOe-ll
-1.856-11
-1.916-11
-2.026-11
-2.066-11
-2.12e-ll
-2.176-11
-2.35e-ll
-2.49e-ll
-2.69e-ll
-2.85e-ll
-2.986-11
-3.096-11
-3.116-11
% of Total
-1.10e-09
-1.18e-09
-1.21e-09
-1.25e-09
-1.34e-09
-1.43e-09
-1.56e-09
-1.57e-09
-1.63e-09
-1.75e-09
-1.76e-09
-1.79e-09
-2.07e-09
-2.86e-09
-2.95e-09
-3.00e-09
-3.00e-09
-3.07e-09
-3.14e-09
-3.30e-09
-3.43e-09
-3.44e-09
-3.68e-09
-3.84e-09
-3.88e-09
-4.22e-09
_4.40e-09
-5.35e-09
-5.37e-09
-5.77e-09
-5.91e-09
-6.50e-09
-6.72e-09
-7.58e-09
-8.07e-09
-8.78e-09
-1.08e-08
-l.lle-08
-1.18e-08
-1.21e-08
-1.24e-08
-1.27e-08
-1.37e-08
-1.46e-08
-1.57e-08
-1.67e-08
-1.74e-08
-1.81e-08
-1.82e-08
M-54
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-17. CRT LCIA Results for the Photochemical Smog Impact Category
Process Group
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
Material
Dichloromethane
Vinyl acetate
Benzo[a]pyrene
Phenanthrene
Methyl chloride
Acetophenone
Indeno(l ,2,3-cd)pyrene
Phenol
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Benzyl chloride
B enzo [a] anthracene
Cumene
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Styrene
Chrysene
Benzo[b,j,k]fluoranthene
Dichloromethane
Anthracene
Methyl chloride
Acetophenone
Acenaphthylene
Phenol
2 , 4-Dinitrotoluene
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Benzyl chloride
Bromomethane
Pyrene
Ethylbenzene
Styrene
Acenaphthene
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
n-Propane
Naphthalene
Chlorobenzene
Ethylene dibromide
Acrolein
Fluoranthene
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Methyl ethyl ketone
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Ethyl Chloride
Tetrachloroethylene
Propionaldehyde
Acetaldehyde
Bromomethane
Ethylbenzene
Chloroform
Biphenyl
LCI Data Type
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
Photo. Smog
(kg ethene-
equivalents)
-3.54e-ll
-4.08e-ll
-4.34e-ll
-5.99e-ll
-6.48e-ll
-6.64e-ll
-6.95e-ll
-7.096-11
-8.116-11
-8.566-11
-9.11e-ll
-9.70e-ll
-9.80e-ll
-l.lle-10
-1.14e-10
-1.246-10
-1.47e-10
-2.386-10
-2.68e-10
-2.756-10
-2.83e-10
-2.93e-10
-3.17e-10
-3.35e-10
-3.54e-10
-3.71e-10
-3.75e-10
-4.21e-10
-4.58e-10
-5.78e-10
-6.24e-10
-6.726-10
-6.72e-10
-6.87e-10
-7.10e-10
-7.486-10
-8.04e-10
-8.25e-10
-1.03e-09
-1.076-09
-1.22e-09
-1.316-09
-1.31e-09
-1.336-09
-1.47e-09
-1.53e-09
-1.73e-09
-1.81e-09
-1.92e-09
% of Total
-2.07e-08
-2.38e-08
-2.53e-08
-3.50e-08
-3.79e-08
-3.88e-08
-4.07e-08
-4.14e-08
-4.74e-08
-5.00e-08
-5.32e-08
-5.67e-08
-5.73e-08
-6.47e-08
-6.65e-08
-7.28e-08
-8.57e-08
-1.39e-07
-1.57e-07
-1.61e-07
-1.66e-07
-1.71e-07
-1.85e-07
-1.96e-07
-2.07e-07
-2.176-07
-2.19e-07
-2.46e-07
-2.68e-07
-3.38e-07
-3.65e-07
-3.93e-07
-3.93e-07
-4.02e-07
-4.15e-07
-4.37e-07
-4.70e-07
-4.82e-07
-6.02e-07
-6.28e-07
-7.12e-07
-7.67e-07
-7.67e-07
-7.80e-07
-8.59e-07
-8.96e-07
-l.Ole-06
-1.06e-06
-1.12e-06
M-55
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-17. CRT LCIA Results for the Photochemical Smog Impact Category
Process Group
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Material
o-xylene
n-Propane
Vinyl acetate
Isophorone
Phenanthrene
Acrolein
Methyl ethyl ketone
Propionaldehyde
Cumene
Acetaldehyde
Toluene
Dichloromethane
Isophorone
Toluene
Methyl chloride
Acetophenone
Phenol
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Naphthalene
Benzyl chloride
Xylene (mixed isomers)
o-xylene
Styrene
Formaldehyde
Bromomethane
Ethylbenzene
n-Propane
Acrolein
Toluene
Methyl ethyl ketone
Butane
Hexane
Propionaldehyde
Acetaldehyde
Pentane
Ethane
Hexane
Butane
Isophorone
Pentane
Hexane
Ethane
Butane
Pentane
Ethane
Formaldehyde
Aldehydes
Formaldehyde
Aldehydes
LCI Data Type
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
Photo. Smog
(kg ethene-
equivalents)
-2.47e-09
-2.51e-09
-2.52e-09
-2.57e-09
-3.06e-09
-3.09e-09
-4.44e-09
-5.51e-09
-6.00e-09
-6.08e-09
-6.85e-09
-9.01e-09
-1.06e-08
-1.466-08
-1.65e-08
-1. 70e-08
-1.81e-08
-2.07e-08
-2.09e-08
-2.196-08
-2.44e-08
-2.64e-08
-2.83e-08
-5. 11 e-08
-9.47e-08
-1.036-07
-1.52e-07
-1.91e-07
-2.25e-07
-2.74e-07
-3.03e-07
-3.13e-07
-3.41e-07
-3.75e-07
-3.85e-07
_4.48e-07
-5.67e-07
-6.32e-07
-6.56e-07
-8.02e-07
-8.46e-07
-9.33e-07
-9.45e-07
-1.206-06
-1.39e-06
-1.646-06
-2.00e-06
-2.03e-06
-2.39e-06
% of Total
-1.45e-06
-1.47e-06
-1.47e-06
-1.50e-06
-1.79e-06
-1.81e-06
-2.60e-06
-3.22e-06
-3.51e-06
-3.55e-06
-4.00e-06
-5.27e-06
-6.21e-06
-8.52e-06
-9.67e-06
-9.92e-06
-1.06e-05
-1.21e-05
-1.22e-05
-1.28e-05
-1.43e-05
-1.54e-05
-1.65e-05
-2.99e-05
-5.54e-05
-6.00e-05
-8.90e-05
-1.12e-04
-1.31e-04
-1. 60e-04
-1.776-04
-1.83e-04
-1.99e-04
-2.20e-04
-2.25e-04
-2.62e-04
-3.31e-04
-3.69e-04
-3.84e-04
_4.69e-04
-4.95e-04
-5.45e-04
-5.52e-04
-7.01e-04
-8.15e-04
-9.60e-04
-1.17e-03
-1.19e-03
-1.40e-03
M-56
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-17. CRT LCIA Results for the Photochemical Smog Impact Category
Process Group
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Total End-of-life
Material
Benzene
Benzene
Hydrocarbons, remaining unspeciated
Methane
Aldehydes
Methane
Hydrocarbons, remaining unspeciated
Benzene
Nonmethane hydrocarbons, remaining unspeciated
Nonmethane hydrocarbons, remaining unspeciated
Methane
Hydrocarbons, remaining unspeciated
Nonmethane hydrocarbons, remaining unspeciated
LCI Data Type
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
Photo. Smog
(kg ethene-
equivalents)
-8.19e-06
-l.OOe-05
-1.24e-05
-1.96e-05
-6.76e-05
-1.06e-04
-1.07e-04
-1.20e-04
_1.54e-04
-1.56e-04
-1.76e-04
-2.32e-04
-4.52e-04
-1.53e-03
% of Total
-4.79e-03
-5.87e-03
-7.26e-03
-1.15e-02
-3.95e-02
-6.20e-02
-6.27e-02
-7.02e-02
-9.02e-02
-9.116-02
-1.03e-01
-1.36e-01
-2.64e-01
-8.95e-01
Total All Life-cycle Stages
1.71e-01 l.OOe+02
M-57
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-18. LCD LCIA Results for the Photochemical Smog Impact Category
Process Group
Materials Processing Life-cycle
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Polycarbonate Production
Aluminum Prod.
PET Resin Production
Natural Gas Prod.
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Polycarbonate Production
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Polycarbonate Production
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Polycarbonate Production
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Natural Gas Prod.
PET Resin Production
Aluminum Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Aluminum Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Material
Stage
Nonmethane hydrocarbons, remaining unspeciated
Methane
Benzene
Nonmethane hydrocarbons, remaining unspeciated
Hydrocarbons, remaining unspeciated
Hydrocarbons, remaining unspeciated
Nonmethane hydrocarbons, remaining unspeciated
Nonmethane hydrocarbons, remaining unspeciated
Nonmethane hydrocarbons, remaining unspeciated
Nonmethane hydrocarbons, remaining unspeciated
Aldehydes
Hydrocarbons, remaining unspeciated
Ethane
Pentane
Butane
Hexane
Ethylene
Methane
Methane
Ethane
Methane
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Methane
Methane
n-Propane
Aldehydes
Aldehydes
Propylene
Aldehydes
Formaldehyde
Methane
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Butane
o-xylene
Pentane
Benzene
Toluene
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Toluene
Acetylene
Toluene
Aldehydes
Hexane
Formaldehyde
Phenol
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Alcohols
LCI Data Type
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
Photo. Smog
(kg ethene-
equivalents)
6.30e-02
2.45e-02
1.67e-02
1.62e-02
1.73e-03
1.68e-03
1.24e-03
1.03e-03
5.48e-04
5.06e-04
3.33e-04
2.88e-04
1.94e-04
1.67e-04
1.32e-04
1.18e-04
1.02e-04
8.05e-05
7.94e-05
4.80e-05
3.74e-05
3.49e-05
2.26e-05
2.10e-05
2.10e-05
1.88e-05
1.87e-05
1.46e-05
1.22e-05
9.25e-06
7.11e-06
6.99e-06
5.24e-06
5.13e-06
4.43e-06
3.68e-06
3.39e-06
2.58e-06
2.14e-06
2.04e-06
2.03e-06
1.92e-06
1.74e-06
1.71 e-06
9.03e-07
7.476-07
7.00e-07
5.84e-07
5.58e-07
% of Total
4.45e+01
1.73e+01
1.18e+01
l.lSe+01
1.22e+00
1.19e+00
8.74e-01
7.26e-01
3.87e-01
3.58e-01
2.36e-01
2.04e-01
1.37e-01
1.18e-01
9.30e-02
8.34e-02
7.18e-02
5.69e-02
5.62e-02
3.39e-02
2.64e-02
2.47e-02
1.60e-02
1.49e-02
1.48e-02
1.33e-02
1.32e-02
1.03e-02
8.62e-03
6.54e-03
5.03e-03
4.94e-03
3.71e-03
3.63e-03
3.13e-03
2.60e-03
2.40e-03
1.82e-03
1.51e-03
1.44e-03
1.44e-03
1.36e-03
1.23e-03
1.21e-03
6.39e-04
5.28e-04
4.95e-04
4.13e-04
3.94e-04
M-58
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-18. LCD LCIA Results for the Photochemical Smog Impact Category
Process Group
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Natural Gas Prod.
Polycarbonate Production
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Natural Gas Prod.
PET Resin Production
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Material
Benzene
Heptane
Isophorone
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Methanol
Acetaldehyde
Propionaldehyde
Ethanol
Methyl ethyl ketone
Acetaldehyde
Ethylbenzene
Acrolein
Ethanethiol
Naphthalene
n-Propane
Ethanethiol
Ethylbenzene
Acetone
Bromomethane
Aldehydes
Aldehydes
Benzo[a]pyrene
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Styrene
Benzyl chloride
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Phenol
Acetophenone
Methyl chloride
Naphthalene
Dichloromethane
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
Phenanthrene
Cumene
2-Methylnaphthalene
1 ,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane
Vinyl acetate
Phenol
Biphenyl
Chloroform
Fluorene
Pyrene
Fluoranthene
Tetrachloroethylene
Ethyl Chloride
Acenaphthene
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Anthracene
LCI Data Type
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
Photo. Smog
(kg ethene-
equivalents)
4.55e-07
4.32e-07
3.58e-07
2.47e-07
2.17e-07
2.05e-07
1.86e-07
1.74e-07
1.50e-07
1.45e-07
1.156-07
1.04e-07
1.03e-07
9.37e-08
9.36e-08
7.63e-08
5.87e-08
5.80e-08
5.16e-08
4.02e-08
4.01e-08
3.33e-08
1.82e-08
1.54e-08
1.19e-08
1.13e-08
9.87e-09
9.25e-09
9.02e-09
5.55e-09
4.94e-09
3.97e-09
3.75e-09
3.27e-09
2.88e-09
1.87e-09
1.37e-09
1.13e-09
1. 05e-09
l.OOe-09
9.15e-10
8.20e-10
8.17e-10
7.32e-10
7.15e-10
7.04e-10
6.81e-10
4.27e-10
% of Total
3.21e-04
3.05e-04
2.53e-04
1.75e-04
1.53e-04
1.45e-04
1.31e-04
1.23e-04
1.06e-04
1.03e-04
8.14e-05
7.36e-05
7.26e-05
6.62e-05
6.61e-05
5.40e-05
4.15e-05
4.10e-05
3.65e-05
2.84e-05
2.83e-05
2.35e-05
1.29e-05
1.09e-05
8.43e-06
7.98e-06
6.98e-06
6.54e-06
6.38e-06
3.92e-06
3.49e-06
2.80e-06
2.65e-06
2.31e-06
2.03e-06
1.32e-06
9.71e-07
8.00e-07
7.41e-07
7.10e-07
6.47e-07
5.80e-07
5.78e-07
5.18e-07
5.06e-07
4.98e-07
4.81e-07
3.02e-07
M-59
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-18. LCD LCIA Results for the Photochemical Smog Impact Category
Process Group Material LCI Data Type Photo. Smog % of Total
(kg ethene-
equivalents)
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Total Materials Processing
Manufacturing Life-cycle Stage
Monitor/module
LPG Production
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LPG Production
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
Backlight
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Monitor/module
LPG Production
Panel components
Panel components
Panel components
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Monitor/module
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production
Backlight
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
LPG Production
US electric grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Ethylene dibromide secondary
Chlorobenzene secondary
Acenaphthylene secondary
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane secondary
Benzo[a]anthracene secondary
Chrysene secondary
Indeno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene secondary
2,4-Dinitrotoluene secondary
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene secondary
Benzo[a]pyrene secondary
2-Chloroacetophenone secondary
Benzo[b,j,k]fluoranthene secondary
Aromatic hydrocarbons secondary
5-Methyl chrysene secondary
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons secondary
Propionaldehyde secondary
Benzaldehyde secondary
Isopropyl alcohol primary
Hydrocarbons, remaining unspeciated secondary
Nonmethane hydrocarbons, remaining unspeciated secondary
Nonmethane hydrocarbons, remaining unspeciated secondary
Methane secondary
Benzene secondary
Methane secondary
Benzene secondary
Hydrocarbons, remaining unspeciated secondary
Diethyl ether primary
Hydrocarbons, remaining unspeciated secondary
Acetone primary
Aldehydes secondary
Heptane primary
Nonmethane hydrocarbons, remaining unspeciated primary
Toluene primary
Formaldehyde secondary
Nonmethane hydrocarbons, remaining unspeciated secondary
Cyclohexane primary
Hydrocarbons, remaining unspeciated secondary
Ethane secondary
Formaldehyde model/secondary
Pentane secondary
Ethanol primary
Nonmethane hydrocarbons, remaining unspeciated secondary
Butane secondary
Hydrocarbons, remaining unspeciated secondary
Hexane secondary
Methane model/secondary
Aldehydes secondary
3.87e-10
3.75e-10
3.72e-10
3.40e-10
2.98e-10
2.87e-10
2.62e-10
1.73e-10
1.70e-10
1.67e-10
1.19e-10
6.79e-ll
5.64e-ll
1.366-11
6.28e-14
4.58e-14
1.23e-14
1.29e-01
3.48e-03
2.99e-03
2.04e-03
1.42e-03
5.54e-04
3.77e-04
2.82e-04
1.30e-04
3.91e-05
3.69e-05
3.32e-05
3.31e-05
3.17e-05
3.09e-05
3.09e-05
3.06e-05
2.36e-05
2.23e-05
1.93e-05
1.83e-05
1.48e-05
1.44e-05
1.27e-05
1.24e-05
1.21e-05
l.OOe-05
9.21e-06
9.00e-06
8.74e-06
7.53e-06
2.74e-07
2.65e-07
2.63e-07
2.41e-07
2.11e-07
2.03e-07
1.85e-07
1.22e-07
1.20e-07
1.18e-07
8.43e-08
4.80e-08
3.99e-08
9.60e-09
4.446-11
3.23e-ll
8.71e-12
9.12e+01
2.46e+00
2.11e+00
1.44e+00
l.OOe+00
3.91e-01
2.67e-01
1.99e-01
9.20e-02
2.76e-02
2.61e-02
2.35e-02
2.34e-02
2.24e-02
2.19e-02
2.19e-02
2.17e-02
1.67e-02
1.58e-02
1.36e-02
1.29e-02
1.05e-02
1.02e-02
9.00e-03
8.76e-03
8.55e-03
7.09e-03
6.51e-03
6.36e-03
6.18e-03
5.32e-03
M-60
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-18. LCD LCIA Results for the Photochemical Smog Impact Category
Process Group
PWB Mfg.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Panel components
Panel components
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Panel components
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LPG Production
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
LPG Production
Material
Formaldehyde
Nonmethane hydrocarbons, remaining unspeciated
Ethane
Pentane
Butane
HCFC-225ca
HCFC-225cb
Methane
Toluene
Hexane
Methane
Isophorone
Methane
Benzene
Acetaldehyde
Benzene
Propionaldehyde
Methane
Methyl ethyl ketone
Naphthalene
Benzene
Acrolein
Benzene
Methyl ethyl ketone
Ethylbenzene
Formaldehyde
Aldehydes
Bromomethane
Formaldehyde
Formaldehyde
Isophorone
Ethane
Aldehydes
Pentane
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Hexane
Toluene
Aldehydes
Butane
o-xylene
Hexane
Acetaldehyde
Isophorone
Formaldehyde
Propionaldehyde
Styrene
Formaldehyde
Ethane
Methyl ethyl ketone
LCI Data Type Photo. Smog % of Total
(kg ethene-
equivalents)
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
primary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
primary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/ secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
7.21e-06
6.26e-06
4.38e-06
3.77e-06
2.97e-06
2.94e-06
2.94e-06
2.81e-06
2.71e-06
2.66e-06
1.91e-06
1.70e-06
1.40e-06
1.17e-06
9.71e-07
9.69e-07
8.81e-07
8.39e-07
7.09e-07
5.66e-07
5.276-07
4.94e-07
3.76e-07
3.46e-07
3.04e-07
2.91e-07
2.86e-07
2.45e-07
1.71e-07
1.61e-07
1.42e-07
1.34e-07
1.28e-07
l.lSe-07
1.08e-07
1.07e-07
l.OOe-07
9.17e-08
9.06e-08
8.30e-08
8.12e-08
8.11e-08
7.66e-08
7.56e-08
7.36e-08
7.31e-08
6.90e-08
6.01 e-08
5.92e-08
5.09e-03
4.42e-03
3.10e-03
2.66e-03
2.10e-03
2.08e-03
2.08e-03
1.99e-03
1.91e-03
1.88e-03
1.35e-03
1.20e-03
9.92e-04
8.30e-04
6.86e-04
6.85e-04
6.23e-04
5.93e-04
5.01e-04
4.00e-04
3.73e-04
3.49e-04
2.66e-04
2.45e-04
2.15e-04
2.06e-04
2.02e-04
1.73e-04
1.21e-04
1.13e-04
l.OOe-04
9.45e-05
9.07e-05
8.13e-05
7.65e-05
7.576-05
7.10e-05
6.48e-05
6.40e-05
5.87e-05
5.74e-05
5.73e-05
5.42e-05
5.35e-05
5.20e-05
5.17e-05
4.88e-05
4.25e-05
4.19e-05
M-61
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-18. LCD LCIA Results for the Photochemical Smog Impact Category
Process Group
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
US electric grid
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
LPG Production
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
Natural Gas Prod.
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
Material
Benzyl chloride
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Pentane
o-xylene
Phenol
Toluene
Acetophenone
Acetaldehyde
Ethane
Methyl chloride
Benzene
Acrolein
Butane
Propionaldehyde
o-xylene
Pentane
Hexane
n-Propane
Methyl ethyl ketone
Butane
Toluene
Hexane
Dichloromethane
Ethylbenzene
Acrolein
Bromomethane
Cumene hydroperoxide
Phenanthrene
Naphthalene
Ethylbenzene
Bromomethane
Acenaphthene
Isophorone
Vinyl acetate
Styrene
Biphenyl
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Hexane
Chloroform
Benzyl chloride
Fluorene
Acetaldehyde
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Fluoranthene
Propionaldehyde
Phenol
Acetophenone
Methyl chloride
Tetrachloroethylene
LCI Data Type Photo. Smog % of Total
(kg ethene-
equivalents)
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
5.65e-08
5.34e-08
5.17e-08
4.94e-08
4.68e-08
4.58e-08
4.39e-08
4.38e-08
4.28e-08
4.28e-08
4.27e-08
4.12e-08
4.07e-08
3.98e-08
3.77e-08
3.68e-08
3.65e-08
3.36e-08
3.20e-08
2.90e-08
2.77e-08
2.60e-08
2.34e-08
2.32e-08
2.23e-08
2.04e-08
1.55e-08
1.33e-08
1.27e-08
1.25e-08
l.lle-08
l.lle-08
8.08e-09
6.50e-09
6. 11 e-09
4.97e-09
4.89e-09
4.84e-09
4.76e-09
4.72e-09
4.68e-09
4.62e-09
4.57e-09
4.47e-09
4.47e-09
4.19e-09
3.91e-09
3.66e-09
3.57e-09
3.47e-09
4.00e-05
3.77e-05
3.65e-05
3.49e-05
3.31e-05
3.24e-05
3.10e-05
3.10e-05
3.03e-05
3.03e-05
3.02e-05
2.92e-05
2.88e-05
2.81e-05
2.66e-05
2.60e-05
2.58e-05
2.38e-05
2.26e-05
2.05e-05
1.96e-05
1.84e-05
1.66e-05
1.64e-05
1.58e-05
1.45e-05
1.10e-05
9.42e-06
9.01e-06
8.82e-06
7.82e-06
7.81e-06
5.71e-06
4.60e-06
4.32e-06
3.52e-06
3.46e-06
3.42e-06
3.37e-06
3.34e-06
3.31e-06
3.27e-06
3.23e-06
3.16e-06
3.16e-06
2.96e-06
2.76e-06
2.59e-06
2.53e-06
2.45e-06
M-62
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-18. LCD LCIA Results for the Photochemical Smog Impact Category
Process Group
Japanese Electric Grid
Natural Gas Prod.
US electric grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
Natural Gas Prod.
US electric grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Natural Gas Prod.
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
LPG Production
LPG Production
Material
Ethyl Chloride
Methyl ethyl ketone
Styrene
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Pyrene
Naphthalene
Benzyl chloride
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Acrolein
Phenol
Naphthalene
n-Propane
Benzo [a] anthracene
Acetophenone
Dichloromethane
Methyl chloride
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Ethylene dibromide
Chlorobenzene
Isophorone
Chrysene
Ethylbenzene
Cumene
Anthracene
Bromomethane
Indeno( 1 ,2,3-cd)pyrene
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene
Dichloromethane
Benzo [b,j,k]fluoranthene
Toluene
Acetaldehyde
Acenaphthylene
Phenanthrene
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
Isophorone
Propionaldehyde
Cumene
Methyl ethyl ketone
2-Methylnaphthalene
2-Chloroacetophenone
Vinyl acetate
Toluene
Acetaldehyde
Acrolein
Isophorone
Propionaldehyde
Biphenyl
Chloroform
LCI Data Type Photo. Smog % of Total
(kg ethene-
equivalents)
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
3.39e-09
3.38e-09
3.30e-09
3.23e-09
3.23e-09
2.69e-09
2.55e-09
2.42e-09
2.35e-09
2.11e-09
2.11e-09
2.11e-09
2.05e-09
1.98e-09
1.96e-09
1.93e-09
1.92e-09
1.84e-09
1.78e-09
1.52e-09
1.37e-09
1.32e-09
1.29e-09
1.17e-09
1.17e-09
1.15e-09
1.10e-09
1.06e-09
9.94e-10
9.81e-10
8.71e-10
8.43e-10
8.28e-10
8.17e-10
S.lle-lO
7.90e-10
7.00e-10
6.36e-10
6.09e-10
5.65e-10
5.44e-10
4.80e-10
4.64e-10
4.43e-10
4.32e-10
4.21e-10
4.15e-10
3.98e-10
2.40e-06
2.39e-06
2.34e-06
2.28e-06
2.28e-06
1.90e-06
1.80e-06
1.71e-06
1.66e-06
1.49e-06
1.49e-06
1.49e-06
1.45e-06
1.40e-06
1.38e-06
1.37e-06
1.36e-06
1.30e-06
1.26e-06
1.08e-06
9.68e-07
9.37e-07
9.15e-07
8.24e-07
8.24e-07
8.10e-07
7.78e-07
7.48e-07
7.03e-07
6.94e-07
6.16e-07
5.96e-07
5.85e-07
5.776-07
5.74e-07
5.59e-07
4.95e-07
4.50e-07
4.30e-07
4.00e-07
3.85e-07
3.39e-07
3.28e-07
3.13e-07
3.06e-07
2.98e-07
2.94e-07
2.81e-07
M-63
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-18. LCD LCIA Results for the Photochemical Smog Impact Category
Process Group
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LPG Production
US electric grid
Natural Gas Prod.
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
US electric grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
US electric grid
Material
Phenanthrene
n-Propane
o-xylene
Styrene
Methyl ethyl ketone
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
Toluene
Vinyl acetate
Tetrachloroethylene
Ethyl Chloride
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Benzyl chloride
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Fluorene
Ethylbenzene
Acetaldehyde
Acrolein
Biphenyl
Propionaldehyde
Phenol
Bromomethane
2-Methylnaphthalene
Chloroform
Acetophenone
Fluoranthene
Methyl chloride
Acenaphthene
n-Propane
Methyl ethyl ketone
o-xylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Ethylene dibromide
Ethyl Chloride
Chlorobenzene
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Ethylbenzene
Pyrene
Acrolein
Fluorene
Naphthalene
Bromomethane
Dichloromethane
Benzo[a]pyrene
o-xylene
n-Propane
Fluoranthene
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
Phenanthrene
o-xylene
LCI Data Type
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
Photo. Smog
(kg ethene-
equivalents)
3.69e-10
3.60e-10
3.55e-10
3.48e-10
3.39e-10
3.03e-10
2.97e-10
2.94e-10
2.90e-10
2.83e-10
2.70e-10
2.69e-10
2.55e-10
2.53e-10
2.49e-10
2.47e-10
2.36e-10
2.25e-10
2.24e-10
2.23e-10
2.20e-10
2.19e-10
2.15e-10
2.09e-10
2.07e-10
2.04e-10
1.92e-10
1.91e-10
1.81e-10
1.67e-10
1.57e-10
1.53e-10
1.53e-10
1.48e-10
1.46e-10
1.35e-10
1.32e-10
1.31e-10
1.26e-10
1.24e-10
1.18e-10
1.17e-10
l.lle-10
l.lle-10
1.10e-10
1.03e-10
9.896-11
8.956-11
8.456-11
8.416-11
% of Total
2.61e-07
2.556-07
2.51e-07
2.46e-07
2.40e-07
2.14e-07
2.10e-07
2.08e-07
2.05e-07
2.00e-07
1.91e-07
1.90e-07
1.80e-07
1.79e-07
1.76e-07
1.756-07
1.67e-07
1.59e-07
1.59e-07
1.58e-07
1.55e-07
1.55e-07
1.52e-07
1.48e-07
1.46e-07
1.44e-07
1.35e-07
1.35e-07
1.28e-07
1.18e-07
l.lle-07
1.08e-07
1.08e-07
1.05e-07
1.03e-07
9.53e-08
9.35e-08
9.29e-08
8.90e-08
8.75e-08
8.36e-08
8.28e-08
7.88e-08
7.87e-08
7.80e-08
7.25e-08
6.99e-08
6.33e-08
5.98e-08
5.94e-08
M-64
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-18. LCD LCIA Results for the Photochemical Smog Impact Category
Process Group
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
LPG Production
US electric grid
Natural Gas Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
US electric grid
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Material
Acenaphthene
Ethylene dibromide
Chlorobenzene
Acenaphthylene
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Anthracene
Cumene
Ethylbenzene
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
Styrene
2-Methylnaphthalene
5-Methyl chrysene
Bromomethane
Naphthalene
Benzyl chloride
Pyrene
Methyl tert-butyl ether
2-Chloroacetophenone
Benzo [a] anthracene
Chrysene
Phenol
Acetophenone
Methyl chloride
Naphthalene
2 , 4-Dinitrotoluene
Styrene
Indeno( 1 ,2,3-cd)pyrene
Acenaphthylene
Vinyl acetate
Anthracene
Benzyl chloride
Benzo [b,j,k]fluoranthene
Methyl tert-butyl ether
2-Chloroacetophenone
Benzo[a]pyrene
Biphenyl
Chloroform
Phenol
Dichloromethane
Acetophenone
Fluorene
Methyl chloride
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene
Styrene
Pyrene
Fluoranthene
Tetrachloroethylene
Ethyl Chloride
LCI Data Type Photo. Smog % of Total
(kg ethene-
equivalents)
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
8.37e-ll
8.29e-ll
8.02e-ll
7.81e-ll
7.80e-ll
7.62e-ll
7.38e-ll
7.07e-ll
6.84e-ll
6.566-11
6.496-11
6.43e-ll
6.24e-ll
5.486-11
5.07e-ll
4.91e-ll
4.80e-ll
4.726-11
4.566-11
4.376-11
4.20e-ll
3.946-11
3.846-11
3.71e-ll
3.70e-ll
3.506-11
3.396-11
3.326-11
3.10e-ll
2.876-11
2.70e-ll
2.69e-ll
2.566-11
2.55e-ll
2.50e-ll
2.376-11
2.27e-ll
2.246-11
2.106-11
2.106-11
2.07e-ll
2.056-11
2.03e-ll
1.86e-ll
1.856-11
1.846-11
1.65e-ll
1.616-11
5.92e-08
5.86e-08
5.67e-08
5.52e-08
5.51e-08
5.38e-08
5.22e-08
5.00e-08
4.84e-08
4.64e-08
4.59e-08
4.55e-08
4.41e-08
3.87e-08
3.58e-08
3.47e-08
3.40e-08
3.34e-08
3.22e-08
3.09e-08
2.97e-08
2.78e-08
2.71e-08
2.62e-08
2.62e-08
2.47e-08
2.40e-08
2.35e-08
2.19e-08
2.03e-08
1.91e-08
1.90e-08
1.81e-08
1.80e-08
1.76e-08
1.67e-08
1. 60e-08
1.58e-08
1.48e-08
1.48e-08
1.46e-08
1.45e-08
1.43e-08
1.32e-08
1.31e-08
1.30e-08
1.17e-08
1.14e-08
M-65
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-18. LCD LCIA Results for the Photochemical Smog Impact Category
Process Group
Natural Gas Prod.
US electric grid
Natural Gas Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
US electric grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LPG Production
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
US electric grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Material
Acenaphthene
Benzo[b,j,k]fluoranthene
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Chrysene
Benzyl chloride
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Cumene
Benzo [a] anthracene
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Phenol
Dichloromethane
Acetophenone
Methyl chloride
Indeno(l ,2,3-cd)pyrene
Anthracene
Ethylene dibromide
Phenanthrene
Chlorobenzene
Acenaphthylene
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Cumene
Benzo [a] anthracene
Chrysene
Dichloromethane
Indeno( 1 ,2,3-cd)pyrene
Vinyl acetate
5-Methyl chrysene
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Benzo[a]pyrene
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Biphenyl
Phenanthrene
Chloroform
Cumene
2-Methylnaphthalene
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene
Benzo[a]pyrene
Vinyl acetate
Tetrachloroethylene
Ethyl Chloride
5-Methyl chrysene
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
2-Chloroacetophenone
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Biphenyl
Chloroform
LCI Data Type Photo. Smog % of Total
(kg ethene-
equivalents)
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
1.59e-ll
1.57e-ll
1.54e-ll
1.51e-ll
1.44e-ll
1.40e-ll
1.39e-ll
1.37e-ll
1.36e-ll
1.19e-ll
1.12e-ll
1.12e-ll
1.09e-ll
9.71e-12
9.64e-12
8.74e-12
8.58e-12
8.45e-12
8.39e-12
7.68e-12
7.41e-12
6.72e-12
6.48e-12
5.97e-12
5.91e-12
5.85e-12
5.38e-12
5.31e-12
5.23e-12
5.02e-12
4.60e-12
4.46e-12
4.44e-12
4.27e-12
3.95e-12
3.93e-12
3.90e-12
3.83e-12
3.78e-12
3.12e-12
3.11e-12
3.04e-12
2.91e-12
2.90e-12
2.73e-12
2.69e-12
2.66e-12
2.50e-12
2.38e-12
2.28e-12
1.12e-08
l.lle-08
1.09e-08
1.06e-08
1.02e-08
9.93e-09
9.83e-09
9.66e-09
9.65e-09
8.43e-09
7.91e-09
7.91e-09
7.71e-09
6.87e-09
6.81e-09
6.18e-09
6.07e-09
5.98e-09
5.93e-09
5.43e-09
5.24e-09
4.75e-09
4.58e-09
4.22e-09
4.18e-09
4.13e-09
3.80e-09
3.75e-09
3.70e-09
3.55e-09
3.25e-09
3.15e-09
3.14e-09
3.02e-09
2.79e-09
2.78e-09
2.76e-09
2.71e-09
2.67e-09
2.20e-09
2.20e-09
2.15e-09
2.06e-09
2.05e-09
1.93e-09
1.90e-09
1.88e-09
1.76e-09
1.68e-09
1.61e-09
M-66
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-18. LCD LCIA Results for the Photochemical Smog Impact Category
Process Group
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Material
Fluoranthene
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
2-Methylnaphthalene
Acenaphthene
Vinyl acetate
Tetrachloroethylene
Ethylene dibromide
Ethyl Chloride
Chlorobenzene
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Benzo[b,j,k]fluoranthene
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Fluorene
Pyrene
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Biphenyl
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
Chloroform
Fluoranthene
Acenaphthene
2-Methylnaphthalene
Tetrachloroethylene
Ethylene dibromide
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
Ethyl Chloride
Chlorobenzene
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Acenaphthylene
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Anthracene
Fluorene
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
Pyrene
2-Methylnaphthalene
Fluoranthene
Acenaphthene
2-Chloroacetophenone
Ethylene dibromide
Chlorobenzene
Chrysene
B enzo [a] anthracene
Acenaphthylene
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Pyrene
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
Anthracene
Indeno(l ,2,3-cd)pyrene
5-Methyl chrysene
LCI Data Type
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
Photo. Smog
(kg ethene-
equivalents)
2.15e-12
2.13e-12
1.98e-12
1.86e-12
1.66e-12
1.66e-12
1.65e-12
1.62e-12
1.59e-12
1.54e-12
1.53e-12
1.45e-12
1.39e-12
1.32e-12
1.27e-12
1.27e-12
1.23e-12
1.21e-12
1.12e-12
9.03e-13
8.89e-13
8.85e-13
8.78e-13
8.74e-13
8.64e-13
8.49e-l
8.23e-l
8.09e-l
7.72e-l
7.71e-l
7.67e-13
7.35e-13
6.59e-13
6.34e-13
6.24e-13
5.66e-13
5.07e-13
4.68e-13
4.53e-13
4.32e-13
4.29e-13
4.18e-13
4.11e-13
3.92e-13
3.92e-13
3.90e-13
3.27e-13
3.06e-13
% of Total
1.52e-09
1.51 e-09
1.40e-09
1.31 e-09
1.17e-09
1.17e-09
1.16e-09
1.15e-09
1.13e-09
1.09e-09
1.08e-09
1.02e-09
9.83e-10
9.30e-10
9.00e-10
8.96e-10
8.68e-10
8.58e-10
7.91e-10
6.39e-10
6.29e-10
6.25e-10
6.21e-10
6.18e-10
6.116-10
6.006-10
5.82e-10
5.72e-10
5.46e-10
5.45e-10
5.42e-10
5.20e-10
4.66e-10
4.48e-10
4.41e-10
4.00e-10
3.58e-10
3.31e-10
3.20e-10
3.05e-10
3.03e-10
2.95e-10
2.91e-10
2.77e-10
2.77e-10
2.76e-10
2.31e-10
2.17e-10
M-67
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-18. LCD LCIA Results for the Photochemical Smog Impact Category
Process Group
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Total Manufacturing
Use, Maintenance and
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
Material
Benzo[b,j,k]fluoranthene
2-Chloroacetophenone
Benzo[a]pyrene
Acenaphthylene
Anthracene
Chrysene
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
B enzo [a] anthracene
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene
Indeno(l ,2,3-cd)pyrene
Benzo[b,j,k]fluoranthene
2-Chloroacetophenone
Benzo [a] anthracene
Benzo[a]pyrene
Chrysene
Indeno(l ,2,3-cd)pyrene
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene
Benzo[bj ,k]fluoranthene
Benzo[a]pyrene
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene
5-Methyl chrysene
5-Methyl chrysene
5-Methyl chrysene
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Repair Life-cycle Stage
Methane
Isophorone
Formaldehyde
Acetaldehyde
Benzene
Propionaldehyde
Methyl ethyl ketone
Toluene
Acrolein
Ethylbenzene
Bromomethane
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Hexane
Styrene
Naphthalene
Benzyl chloride
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Phenol
Acetophenone
Methyl chloride
LCI Data Type Photo. Smog % of Total
(kg ethene-
equivalents)
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
2.89e-13
2.70e-13
2.57e-13
2.36e-13
2.28e-13
2.14e-13
2.09e-13
2.02e-13
1.90e-13
1.58e-13
1.54e-13
1.44e-13
1.33e-13
1.32e-13
1.30e-13
l.OOe-13
8.88e-14
8.20e-14
7.51e-14
5.92e-14
5.776-14
3.08e-14
1.64e-14
1.56e-14
5.82e-15
5.11e-15
1.42e-15
1.18e-02
1.68e-03
1.48e-05
1.33e-05
8.45e-06
8.23e-06
7.67e-06
6.17e-06
5.34e-06
4.30e-06
2.40e-06
2.13e-06
9.42e-07
9.33e-07
6.37e-07
5.19e-07
4.92e-07
4.66e-07
4.08e-07
3.82e-07
3.73e-07
2.04e-10
1.91e-10
1.82e-10
1.67e-10
1.616-10
1.51e-10
1.48e-10
1.43e-10
1.34e-10
1.12e-10
1.09e-10
1.02e-10
9.43e-ll
9.35e-ll
9.186-11
7.07e-ll
6.28e-ll
5.806-11
5.31e-ll
4.196-11
4.086-11
2.18e-ll
1.166-11
1.10e-ll
4.11e-12
3.62e-12
l.OOe-12
8.33e+00
1.19e+00
1.04e-02
9.40e-03
5.98e-03
5.82e-03
5.42e-03
4.37e-03
3.78e-03
3.04e-03
1. 70e-03
1.51 e-03
6.66e-04
6.60e-04
4.50e-04
3.67e-04
3.48e-04
3.30e-04
2.88e-04
2.70e-04
2.63e-04
M-68
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-18. LCD LCIA Results for the Photochemical Smog Impact Category
Process Group Material LCI Data Type Photo. Smog % of Total
(kg ethene-
equivalents)
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
Total Use, Maintenance and
End-of-life Life-cycle Stage
LCD landfilling
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
LCD landfilling
LCD landfilling
LPG Production
LPG Production
LCD landfilling
LCD landfilling
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
Dichloromethane model/secondary
Cumene model/secondary
Phenanthrene model/secondary
Vinyl acetate model/secondary
Biphenyl model/secondary
Chloroform model/secondary
Tetrachloroethylene model/secondary
Ethyl Chloride model/secondary
1,2-Dichloroethane model/secondary
Fluorene model/secondary
Fluoranthene model/secondary
o-xylene model/secondary
Acenaphthene model/secondary
Ethylene dibromide model/secondary
Chlorobenzene model/secondary
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane model/secondary
Pyrene model/secondary
2,4-Dinitrotoluene model/secondary
Acenaphthylene model/secondary
Anthracene model/secondary
2-Chloroacetophenone model/secondary
Benzo[bj,k]fluoranthene model/secondary
Chrysene model/secondary
Benzo[a]anthracene model/secondary
Indeno(l ,2,3-cd)pyrene model/secondary
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene model/secondary
Benzo[a]pyrene model/secondary
2-Methylnaphthalene model/secondary
5-Methyl chrysene model/secondary
Repair
Hydrocarbons, remaining unspeciated primary
Methane model/secondary
Hydrocarbons, remaining unspeciated secondary
Nonmethane hydrocarbons, remaining unspeciated secondary
Methane primary
Benzene primary
Methane secondary
Benzene secondary
Toluene primary
Xylene (mixed isomers) primary
Isophorone model/secondary
Aldehydes secondary
Formaldehyde model/secondary
Formaldehyde secondary
Acetaldehyde model/secondary
Benzene model/secondary
Propionaldehyde model/secondary
Ethane secondary
2.04e-07
1.35e-07
7.12e-08
5.67e-08
4.33e-08
4.15e-08
3.02e-08
2.95e-08
2.81e-08
2.38e-08
1.91e-08
1.62e-08
1.61e-08
1.60e-08
1.55e-08
1.50e-08
9.46e-09
7.13e-09
6.41e-09
5.53e-09
4.92e-09
3.02e-09
2.90e-09
2.63e-09
1.87e-09
1.02e-09
9.68e-10
7.57e-10
5.60e-10
1.76e-03
2.58e-05
3.20e-07
2.45e-07
1.676-07
9.18e-08
3.08e-08
2.31e-08
1.07e-08
6.48e-09
4.54e-09
2.80e-09
2.61e-09
2.52e-09
1.94e-09
1.60e-09
1.56e-09
1.46e-09
1.22e-09
1.44e-04
9.54e-05
5.03e-05
4.01e-05
3.06e-05
2.93e-05
2.14e-05
2.09e-05
1.99e-05
1.69e-05
1.35e-05
1.15e-05
1.14e-05
1.13e-05
1.09e-05
1.06e-05
6.69e-06
5.04e-06
4.53e-06
3.91e-06
3.48e-06
2.14e-06
2.05e-06
1.86e-06
1.32e-06
7.24e-07
6.84e-07
5.36e-07
3.96e-07
1.25e+00
1.83e-02
2.26e-04
1.73e-04
1.18e-04
6.49e-05
2.18e-05
1.64e-05
7.55e-06
4.58e-06
3.21e-06
1.98e-06
1.84e-06
1.78e-06
1.37e-06
1.13e-06
1.10e-06
1.03e-06
8.60e-07
M-69
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-18. LCD LCIA Results for the Photochemical Smog Impact Category
Process Group
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
LCD landfilling
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
LCD landfilling
LCD incineration
LCD landfilling
US electric grid
LPG Production
LCD landfilling
US electric grid
LCD incineration
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
LCD landfilling
LCD landfilling
LCD landfilling
LCD landfilling
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
LCD incineration
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
Material
Methyl ethyl ketone
Pentane
Toluene
Ethylbenzene
Butane
Acrolein
Hexane
Ethylbenzene
Bromomethane
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Hexane
Styrene
Naphthalene
Benzyl chloride
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Phenol
Acetophenone
Methyl chloride
Dichloromethane
Cumene
Trichloroethylene
Trichloroethylene
Vinyl chloride
Phenanthrene
Isophorone
Dichloromethane
Vinyl acetate
Vinyl chloride
Toluene
Biphenyl
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Carbon tetrachloride
Chloroform
Tetrachloroethylene
Acetaldehyde
Propionaldehyde
Tetrachloroethylene
Ethyl Chloride
Carbon tetrachloride
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Methyl ethyl ketone
Fluorene
Fluoranthene
Acrolein
o-xylene
o-xylene
Acenaphthene
Ethylene dibromide
Chlorobenzene
LCI Data Type Photo. Smog % of Total
(kg ethene-
equivalents)
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
primary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
primary
secondary
primary
model/secondary
secondary
primary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
primary
primary
primary
primary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
1.17e-09
1.05e-09
l.Ole-09
9.02e-10
8.24e-10
8.16e-10
7.39e-10
4.56e-10
4.04e-10
1.79e-10
1.77e-10
1.21e-10
9.85e-ll
9.346-11
8.85e-ll
7.73e-ll
7.25e-ll
7.076-11
3.87e-ll
2.56e-ll
2.18e-ll
1.696-11
1.38e-ll
1.356-11
1.16e-ll
l.lle-11
1.08e-ll
1.076-11
8.24e-12
8.22e-12
7.87e-12
6.92e-12
6.92e-12
6.92e-12
6.92e-12
6.66e-12
6.04e-12
5.73e-12
5.60e-12
5.37e-12
5.33e-12
4.86e-12
4.52e-12
3.62e-12
3.39e-12
3.09e-12
3.08e-12
3.06e-12
3.03e-12
2.93e-12
8.28e-07
7.39e-07
7.17e-07
6.38e-07
5.82e-07
5.77e-07
5.22e-07
3.22e-07
2.86e-07
1.26e-07
1.25e-07
8.54e-08
6.97e-08
6.60e-08
6.25e-08
5.47e-08
5.13e-08
5.00e-08
2.73e-08
1.81e-08
1.54e-08
1.19e-08
9.78e-09
9.55e-09
8.22e-09
7.82e-09
7.61e-09
7.59e-09
5.83e-09
5.81e-09
5.56e-09
4.90e-09
4.90e-09
4.90e-09
4.90e-09
4.71e-09
4.27e-09
4.05e-09
3.96e-09
3.80e-09
3.77e-09
3.44e-09
3.20e-09
2.56e-09
2.39e-09
2.19e-09
2.17e-09
2.16e-09
2.14e-09
2.07e-09
M-70
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-18. LCD LCIA Results for the Photochemical Smog Impact Category
Process Group
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
Material
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
n-Propane
Ethylbenzene
Pyrene
Bromoniethane
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
Acenaphthylene
Anthracene
Naphthalene
2-Chloroacetophenone
Benzo[bj ,k]fluoranthene
Chrysene
Styrene
Benzo [a] anthracene
Benzyl chloride
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Indeno(l ,2,3-cd)pyrene
Phenol
Acetophenone
Methyl chloride
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene
Benzo[a]pyrene
Dichloromethane
Aromatic hydrocarbons
2-Methylnaphthalene
5-Methyl chrysene
Cumene
Phenanthrene
Vinyl acetate
Biphenyl
Chloroform
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
Tetrachloroethylene
Ethyl Chloride
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Fluorene
2-Methylnaphthalene
Fluoranthene
Acenaphthene
Ethylene dibromide
Chlorobenzene
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Pyrene
Acenaphthylene
Anthracene
2 , 4-Dinitrotoluene
2-Chloroacetophenone
Benzo[a]anthracene
LCI Data Type Photo. Smog % of Total
(kg ethene-
equivalents)
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
2.85e-12
2.76e-12
1.90e-12
1.79e-12
1.68e-12
1.35e-12
1.22e-12
1.05e-12
1.05e-12
9.34e-13
5.73e-13
5.50e-13
5.01e-13
5.00e-13
3.87e-13
3.67e-13
3.55e-13
3.21e-13
3.01e-13
2.93e-13
1.94e-13
1.84e-13
1.61e-13
1.57e-13
1.44e-13
1.06e-13
1.06e-13
6.79e-14
4.47e-14
3.41e-14
3.27e-14
2.48e-14
2.38e-14
2.32e-14
2.21e-14
2.08e-14
1.80e-14
1.70e-14
1.57e-14
1.26e-14
1.22e-14
l.lle-14
1.08e-14
6.41e-15
6.25e-15
5.62e-15
3.87e-15
3.74e-15
2.02e-09
1.95e-09
1.35e-09
1.27e-09
1.19e-09
9.57e-10
8.59e-10
7.42e-10
7.40e-10
6.60e-10
4.05e-10
3.89e-10
3.54e-10
3.53e-10
2.74e-10
2.60e-10
2.51e-10
2.27e-10
2.13e-10
2.07e-10
1.37e-10
1.30e-10
1.13e-10
l.lle-10
1.02e-10
7.52e-ll
7.52e-ll
4.80e-ll
3.166-11
2.41e-ll
2.316-11
1.76e-ll
1.68e-ll
1.64e-ll
1.576-11
1.47e-ll
1.276-11
1.20e-ll
l.lle-11
8.90e-12
8.61e-12
7.83e-12
7.63e-12
4.53e-12
4.42e-12
3.97e-12
2.74e-12
2.65e-12
M-71
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-18. LCD LCIA Results for the Photochemical Smog Impact Category
Process Group
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Material
Chrysene
Indeno(l ,2,3-cd)pyrene
Benzo[b,j,k]fluoranthene
Benzo[a]pyrene
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene
5-Methyl chrysene
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
5-Methyl chrysene
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
5-Methyl chrysene
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Benzo[bj ,k]fluoranthene
2-Chloroacetophenone
Benzo[a]pyrene
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene
Benzo[a]pyrene
Indeno(l ,2,3-cd)pyrene
Benzo[b,j,k]fluoranthene
Chrysene
Benzo [a] anthracene
Indeno(l ,2,3-cd)pyrene
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Acenaphthylene
Chlorobenzene
Ethylene dibromide
B enzo [a] anthracene
Chrysene
Anthracene
2-Chloroacetophenone
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Acenaphthene
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
Ethyl Chloride
Tetrachloroethylene
Anthracene
Acenaphthylene
Fluoranthene
Pyrene
Aromatic hydrocarbons
2-Methylnaphthalene
Fluorene
Chloroform
Biphenyl
Dichlorobenzene (mixed isomers)
Pyrene
Vinyl acetate
LCI Data Type
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
Photo. Smog
(kg ethene-
equivalents)
3.59e-15
2.78e-15
2.21e-15
2.05e-15
1.66e-15
4.41e-16
1.75e-16
-2.97e-16
-4.52e-15
-6.43e-14
-7.19e-14
-2.66e-13
-2.67e-13
-3.22e-13
-5.65e-13
-7.93e-13
-8.04e-13
-8.19e-13
-8.74e-13
-1.18e-12
-1.24e-12
-1.33e-12
-1.36e-12
-1.41e-12
-1. 51e-12
-1.61e-12
-1.76e-12
-1.78e-12
-1.83e-12
-1.98e-12
-1.99e-12
-2.02e-12
-2.34e-12
-3.23e-12
-3.34e-12
-3.39e-12
-3.39e-12
-3.47e-12
-3.55e-12
-3.73e-12
-3.87e-12
-3.89e-12
-4.07e-12
-4.30e-12
-4.34e-12
-4.766-12
-4.97e-12
-5.93e-12
-6.06e-12
-6.51e-12
% of Total
2.54e-12
1.97e-12
1.56e-12
1.45e-12
1.18e-12
3.12e-13
1.24e-13
-2.10e-13
-3.20e-12
-4.55e-ll
-5.086-11
-1.88e-10
-1.89e-10
-2.27e-10
-3.99e-10
-5.61e-10
-5.69e-10
-5.79e-10
-6.18e-10
-8.37e-10
-8.78e-10
-9.40e-10
-9.62e-10
-9.98e-10
-1.07e-09
-1.14e-09
-1.25e-09
-1.25e-09
-1.30e-09
-1.40e-09
-1.41e-09
-1.43e-09
-1.65e-09
-2.28e-09
-2.36e-09
-2.39e-09
-2.40e-09
-2.45e-09
-2.51e-09
-2.64e-09
-2.74e-09
-2.75e-09
-2.88e-09
-3.04e-09
-3.07e-09
-3.37e-09
-3.51e-09
-4.19e-09
-4.29e-09
-4.60e-09
M-72
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-18. LCD LCIA Results for the Photochemical Smog Impact Category
Process Group
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Material
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Chlorobenzene
Ethylene dibromide
Acenaphthene
2-Methylnaphthalene
Fluoranthene
Fluorene
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
2-Methylnaphthalene
Ethyl Chloride
Tetrachloroethylene
Cumene
5-Methyl chrysene
Phenanthrene
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
Chloroform
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene
Biphenyl
Dichloromethane
Vinyl acetate
Benzo[a]pyrene
Phenanthrene
Methyl chloride
Acetophenone
Indeno(l ,2,3-cd)pyrene
Phenol
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Benzyl chloride
B enzo [a] anthracene
Cumene
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Styrene
Chrysene
Benzo[b,j,k]fluoranthene
Dichloromethane
Anthracene
Methyl chloride
Acetophenone
Acenaphthylene
Phenol
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Benzyl chloride
Pyrene
Bromomethane
Ethylbenzene
Styrene
LCI Data Type
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
Photo. Smog
(kg ethene-
equivalents)
-6.67e-12
-7.34e-12
-7.59e-12
-8.56e-12
-9.12e-12
-9.92e-12
-1.23e-ll
-1.26e-ll
-1.33e-ll
-1.36e-ll
-1.40e-ll
-1.43e-ll
-1.55e-ll
-1.61e-ll
-1.78e-ll
-1.88e-ll
-1.97e-ll
-2.00e-ll
-2.06e-ll
-2.34e-ll
-2.69e-ll
-2.816-11
-3.95e-ll
-4.28e-ll
-4.39e-ll
-4.516-11
-4.686-11
-5.356-11
-5.65e-ll
-5.906-11
-6.41e-ll
-6.476-11
-7.316-11
-7.366-11
-8.066-11
-9.68e-ll
-1.54e-10
-1.77e-10
-1.81e-10
-1.84e-10
-1.93e-10
-2.05e-10
-2.21e-10
-2.346-10
-2.43e-10
-2.45e-10
-2.78e-10
-3.026-10
% of Total
-4.72e-09
-5.19e-09
-5.37e-09
-6.05e-09
-6.45e-09
-7.01e-09
-8.66e-09
-8.90e-09
_9.44e-09
-9.63e-09
-9.91e-09
-l.Ole-08
-1.10e-08
-1.14e-08
-1.25e-08
-1.33e-08
-1.39e-08
-1.42e-08
-1.45e-08
-1.65e-08
-1.90e-08
-1.99e-08
-2.80e-08
-3.02e-08
-3.10e-08
-3.19e-08
-3.31e-08
-3.78e-08
-3.99e-08
-4.17e-08
-4.53e-08
-4.57e-08
-5.17e-08
-5.21e-08
-5.70e-08
-6.84e-08
-1.09e-07
-1.25e-07
-1.28e-07
-1.30e-07
-1.37e-07
-1.45e-07
-1.56e-07
-1.65e-07
-1.72e-07
-1.73e-07
-1.97e-07
-2.14e-07
M-73
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-18. LCD LCIA Results for the Photochemical Smog Impact Category
Process Group
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
Material
Acenaphthene
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
n-Propane
Naphthalene
Chlorobenzene
Ethylene dibromide
Acrolein
Fluoranthene
Naphthalene
Fluorene
Methyl ethyl ketone
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Ethyl Chloride
Tetrachloroethylene
Propionaldehyde
Acetaldehyde
Bromomethane
Ethylbenzene
Chloroform
Biphenyl
Vinyl acetate
o-xylene
n-Propane
Isophorone
Phenanthrene
Acrolein
Methyl ethyl ketone
Propionaldehyde
Cumene
Acetaldehyde
Toluene
Dichloromethane
Isophorone
Toluene
Methyl chloride
Acetophenone
Phenol
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Naphthalene
Benzyl chloride
o-xylene
Styrene
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Formaldehyde
Bromomethane
Ethylbenzene
n-Propane
Acrolein
Toluene
Methyl ethyl ketone
LCI Data Type
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
Photo. Smog
(kg ethene-
equivalents)
-3.74e-10
-4.05e-10
-4.43e-10
.4.44e.10
-4.45e-10
-4.60e-10
-4.94e-10
-5.21e-10
-5.45e-10
-6.68e-10
-7.09e-10
-8.04e-10
-8.50e-10
-8.65e-10
-8.80e-10
-9.706-10
-1.01 e-09
-l.lSe-09
-1.19e-09
-1.256-09
-1.63e-09
-1.636-09
-1.66e-09
-1. 70e-09
-1.98e-09
-2.04e-09
-2.93e-09
-3.64e-09
-3.89e-09
-4.01e-09
-4.52e-09
-5.86e-09
-7.01e-09
-9.63e-09
-1.07e-08
-1.10e-08
-1.17e-08
-1.34e-08
-1.35e-08
-1.42e-08
-1.74e-08
-1.836-08
-2.54e-08
-3.37e-08
-6.14e-08
-6.84e-08
-9.86e-08
-1.246-07
-1.59e-07
-1.786-07
% of Total
-2.65e-07
-2.86e-07
-3.14e-07
-3.14e-07
-3.15e-07
-3.25e-07
-3.49e-07
-3.68e-07
-3.85e-07
-4.72e-07
-5.01e-07
-5.68e-07
-6.01e-07
-6. 11 e-07
-6.22e-07
-6.86e-07
-7.156-07
-8.10e-07
-8.40e-07
-8.81e-07
-1. 15e-06
-1.16e-06
-1.17e-06
-1.20e-06
-1.40e-06
-1.44e-06
-2.07e-06
-2.57e-06
-2.75e-06
-2.84e-06
-3.20e-06
-4.14e-06
-4.96e-06
-6.80e-06
-7.58e-06
-7.77e-06
-8.29e-06
-9.49e-06
-9.57e-06
-l.OOe-05
-1.23e-05
-1. 30e-05
-1.79e-05
-2.38e-05
-4.34e-05
-4.84e-05
-6.97e-05
-8.756-05
-1.13e-04
-1.26e-04
M-74
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-18. LCD LCIA Results for the Photochemical Smog Impact Category
Process Group
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Total End-of-life
Material
Butane
Hexane
Propionaldehyde
Acetaldehyde
Pentane
Ethane
Hexane
Butane
Isophorone
Pentane
Hexane
Ethane
Butane
Pentane
Ethane
Formaldehyde
Aldehydes
Formaldehyde
Aldehydes
Benzene
Benzene
Hydrocarbons, remaining unspeciated
Methane
Aldehydes
Methane
Benzene
Nonmethane hydrocarbons, remaining unspeciated
Nonmethane hydrocarbons, remaining unspeciated
Methane
Hydrocarbons, remaining unspeciated
Hydrocarbons, remaining unspeciated
Nonmethane hydrocarbons, remaining unspeciated
LCI Data Type
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
Photo. Smog
(kg ethene-
equivalents)
-1.97e-07
-2.03e-07
-2.21e-07
-2.43e-07
-2.50e-07
-2.90e-07
-3.74e-07
-4.17e-07
-4.25e-07
-5.30e-07
-5.59e-07
-6.166-07
-6.24e-07
-7.91e-07
-9.20e-07
-1.06e-06
-1.32e-06
-1.346-06
-1.58e-06
-5.416-06
-6.58e-06
-8.20e-06
-1.30e-05
-4.38e-05
-6.89e-05
-7.92e-05
-9.99e-05
-1.03e-04
-1.16e-04
-1.24e-04
-1.53e-04
-2.98e-04
-l.lle-03
% of Total
-1.39e-04
-1.44e-04
-1.56e-04
-1.72e-04
-1.76e-04
-2.05e-04
-2.65e-04
-2.95e-04
-3.01e-04
-3.74e-04
-3.95e-04
-4.36e-04
-4.41e-04
-5.60e-04
-6.51e-04
-7.52e-04
-9.32e-04
-9.48e-04
-1.12e-03
-3.82e-03
-4.65e-03
-5.80e-03
-9.16e-03
-3.10e-02
-4.87e-02
-5.60e-02
-7.07e-02
-7.27e-02
-8.22e-02
-8.77e-02
-1.08e-01
-2.11e-01
-7.82e-01
Total All Life-cycle Stages
1.41e-01
l.OOe+02
M-75
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-19. CRT
Process Group
Materials Processing Life-cycle Stage
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Aluminum Prod.
Polycarbonate Production
Polycarbonate Production
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Lead
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
ABS Production
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
ABS Production
Lead
Polystyrene Prod., high-impact
Ferrite mfg.
Polystyrene Prod., high-impact
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
ABS Production
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
ABS Production
Aluminum Prod.
Invar
Aluminum Prod.
Lead
Ferrite mfg.
Aluminum Prod.
Polycarbonate Production
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Lead
ABS Production
Aluminum Prod.
Lead
Invar
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Lead
Ferrite mfg.
Ferrite mfg.
Ferrite mfg.
Aluminum Prod.
Invar
Polycarbonate Production
Lead
Polystyrene Prod., high-impact
Polycarbonate Production
Ferrite mfg.
LCIA Results
Material
Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur dioxide
Nitrogen dioxide
Sulfur dioxide
Nitrogen dioxide
Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur oxides
Nitrogen dioxide
Nitrogen oxides
Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur dioxide
Nitrogen dioxide
Nitrogen dioxide
Nitrogen dioxide
Sulfur dioxide
Nitrogen dioxide
Nitrogen dioxide
Ammonia
Hydrochloric acid
Nitrous oxide
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrofluoric acid
Hydrofluoric acid
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric acid
Nitrous oxide
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrofluoric acid
Hydrofluoric acid
Hydrogen sulfide
Hydrofluoric acid
Hydrogen sulfide
Ammonia
Nitrous oxide
Hydrogen sulfide
Hydrochloric acid
Ammonia
Hydrofluoric acid
Hydrogen sulfide
Nitrous oxide
Hydrogen sulfide
Ammonia
Hydrofluoric acid
Hydrogen sulfide
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrogen sulfide
Ammonia
for the Acidification
LCI Data Type
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
Impact Category
Acidification
(kg SO2 Equivalents)
2.50e-01
3.84e-02
2.09e-02
1.36e-02
1.20e-02
9.36e-03
6.92e-03
5.71e-03
4.99e-03
4.89e-03
4.24e-03
3.56e-03
3.55e-03
3.26e-03
2.93e-03
1.81e-03
1.42e-03
1.27e-03
7.79e-04
5.63e-04
5.44e-04
3.93e-04
3.90e-04
3.85e-04
3.56e-04
3.43e-04
2.06e-04
1.33e-04
9.67e-05
8.94e-05
4.30e-05
3.03e-05
2.55e-05
2.18e-05
1.90e-05
1.69e-05
1.42e-05
1.37e-05
1.31e-05
1.30e-05
1.02e-05
9.72e-06
7.44e-06
7.08e-06
6.66e-06
5.91e-06
5.57e-06
4.66e-06
3.47e-06
2.20e-06
% of Total
4.75e+00
7.31e-01
3.98e-01
2.59e-01
2.29e-01
1.78e-01
1.32e-01
1.09e-01
9.51e-02
9.32e-02
8.07e-02
6.78e-02
6.75e-02
6.21e-02
5.58e-02
3.45e-02
2.70e-02
2.42e-02
1.48e-02
1.07e-02
1.04e-02
7.48e-03
7.42e-03
7.33e-03
6.77e-03
6.53e-03
3.92e-03
2.54e-03
1.84e-03
1.70e-03
8.19e-04
5.77e-04
4.87e-04
4.16e-04
3.62e-04
3.22e-04
2.71e-04
2.60e-04
2.50e-04
2.47e-04
1.94e-04
1.85e-04
1.42e-04
1.35e-04
1.27e-04
1.13e-04
1.06e-04
8.87e-05
6.61e-05
4.19e-05
M-76
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-19. CRT
Process Group
ABS Production
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Polycarbonate Production
Polycarbonate Production
ABS Production
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
ABS Production
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Invar
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Total Materials Processing
Manufacturing Life-cycle Stage
LPG Production
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
Glass/frit
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
CRT tube mfg.
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
LPG Production
CRT tube mfg.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Glass/frit
US electric grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Glass/frit
US electric grid
LCIA Results
Material
Ammonia
Hydrofluoric acid
Ammonia
Hydrogen sulfide
Nitrous oxide
Sulfuric acid
Nitrous oxide
Nitrous oxide
Sulfuric acid
Sulfuric acid
Nitrous oxide
Sulfuric acid
Sulfuric acid
Sulfur oxides
Nitrogen oxides
Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur dioxide
Nitrogen oxides
Nitrogen oxides
Nitrogen oxides
Nitrous oxide
Sulfur oxides
Hydrochloric acid
Nitrogen oxides
Hydrogen sulfide
Sulfur oxides
Ammonia
Nitrogen oxides
Sulfur oxides
Hydrofluoric acid
Nitrogen oxides
Hydrochloric acid
Nitrogen oxides
Hydrochloric acid
Nitrogen oxides
Hydrofluoric acid
Ammonia
Sulfur oxides
Hydrofluoric acid
Sulfur oxides
Nitrogen oxides
Nitrous oxide
Nitrous oxide
Hydrogen sulfide
Hydrochloric acid
Sulfur oxides
Nitrous oxide
for the Acidification
LCI Data Type
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
primary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
primary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
model/secondary
Impact Category
Acidification
(kg SO2 Equivalents)
1.59e-06
6.62e-07
3.89e-07
3.89e-07
3.23e-07
3.00e-07
1.48e-07
1.45e-07
1.38e-07
1.34e-07
3.39e-08
5.66e-ll
5.53e-ll
3.93e-01
S.Ole-01
4.01e-01
8.62e-02
3.98e-02
3.09e-02
2.85e-02
1.32e-02
1.14e-02
9.96e-03
7.07e-03
6.53e-03
5.76e-03
5.47e-03
4.09e-03
2.87e-03
2.44e-03
1.61 e-03
1.52e-03
1.51 e-03
1.23e-03
1.21 e-03
3.73e-04
3.44e-04
2.94e-04
2.76e-04
2.74e-04
2.45e-04
1.26e-04
1.02e-04
7.82e-05
5.97e-05
5.70e-05
5.08e-05
3.80e-05
% of Total
3.03e-05
1.26e-05
7.41e-06
7.41e-06
6.15e-06
5.72e-06
2.82e-06
2.76e-06
2.62e-06
2.56e-06
6.46e-07
1.08e-09
1.05e-09
7.48e+00
1.53e+01
7.64e+00
1.64e+00
7.58e-01
5.88e-01
5.42e-01
2.50e-01
2.16e-01
1.90e-01
1.35e-01
1.24e-01
1.10e-01
1.04e-01
7.79e-02
5.46e-02
4.64e-02
3.06e-02
2.89e-02
2.88e-02
2.34e-02
2.30e-02
7. 11 e-03
6.54e-03
5.61e-03
5.25e-03
5.22e-03
4.66e-03
2.39e-03
1.93e-03
1.49e-03
1.14e-03
1.09e-03
9.68e-04
7.23e-04
M-77
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-19. CRT LCIA Results for the Acidification Impact Category
Process Group
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Total Manufacturing
Use, Maintenance and Repair Life-cycle
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
Total Use, Maintenance and Repair
End-of-life Life-cycle Stage
CRT landfillirig
CRT Incineration
CRT landfillirig
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
CRT landfillirig
CRT landfillirig
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Material
Nitrous oxide
Hydrochloric acid
Ammonia
Hydrogen sulfide
Hydrofluoric acid
Hydrochloric acid
Ammonia
Nitrous oxide
Hydrofluoric acid
Nitrous oxide
Hydrofluoric acid
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrogen sulfide
Ammonia
Hydrofluoric acid
Hydrogen sulfide
Stage
Sulfur dioxide
Nitrogen oxides
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrofluoric acid
Nitrous oxide
Nitrogen dioxide
Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur dioxide
Nitrogen oxides
Hydrochloric acid
Sulfur oxides
Nitrogen oxides
Hydrofluoric acid
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrogen sulfide
Nitrous oxide
Nitrous oxide
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrogen sulfide
Ammonia
Hydrofluoric acid
Hydrogen sulfide
Hydrogen sulfide
Hydrofluoric acid
Nitrous oxide
Hydrofluoric acid
Hydrochloric acid
Ammonia
Hydrogen sulfide
LCI Data Type
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
primary
secondary
primary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
primary
primary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
Acidification
(kg SO2 Equivalents)
3.63e-05
2.22e-05
2.20e-05
1.90e-05
1.30e-05
1.23e-05
1.21e-05
8.08e-06
5.04e-06
4.02e-06
2.79e-06
2.36e-06
2.23e-06
1.12e-06
5.37e-07
1.276-07
1.47e+00
2.49e+00
8.24e-01
9.47e-02
2.15e-02
2.38e-03
3.44e+00
1.30e-03
3.00e-04
2.80e-04
2.49e-04
8.24e-05
9.48e-06
6.92e-06
3.46e-06
2.15e-06
9.00e-07
4.33e-07
2.38e-07
9.80e-08
6.10e-08
4.97e-08
3.53e-08
1.39e-08
-6.34e-08
-1. 15e-06
-1.40e-06
-4.05e-06
-5.78e-06
-6.16e-06
-1.20e-05
-2.40e-05
% of Total
6.91e-04
4.22e-04
4.20e-04
3.62e-04
2.47e-04
2.34e-04
2.30e-04
1.54e-04
9.60e-05
7.66e-05
5.31e-05
4.50e-05
4.24e-05
2.13e-05
1.02e-05
2.41e-06
2.79e+01
4.75e+01
1.576+01
1.80e+00
4.10e-01
4.53e-02
6.54e+01
2.47e-02
5.72e-03
5.33e-03
4.75e-03
1.57e-03
1.80e-04
1.32e-04
6.59e-05
4.10e-05
1.71e-05
8.25e-06
4.53e-06
1.87e-06
1.16e-06
9.47e-07
6.73e-07
2.64e-07
-1.21e-06
-2.19e-05
-2.66e-05
-7.72e-05
-1.10e-04
-1.17e-04
-2.29e-04
-4.56e-04
M-78
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-19.
Process Group
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
Total End-of-life
CRT LCIA Results
Material
Hydrochloric acid
Ammonia
Nitrous oxide
Sulfur oxides
Ammonia
Hydrofluoric acid
Nitrous oxide
Hydrochloric acid
Nitrogen oxides
Sulfur oxides
Nitrogen oxides
Nitrogen oxides
Sulfur oxides
for the Acidification
LCI Data Type
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
Impact Category
Acidification
(kg SO2 Equivalents)
-2.54e-05
-3.91e-05
-4.33e-05
-1.38e-04
.1.48e.04
-3.57e-04
-7.29e-04
-8.95e-04
-1.35e-03
-2.63e-03
-3.27e-03
-8.78e-03
-2.70e-02
-4.32e-02
% of Total
-4.84e-04
-7.44e-04
-8.24e-04
-2.63e-03
-2.81e-03
-6.80e-03
-1.39e-02
-1. 70e-02
-2.57e-02
-5.01e-02
-6.23e-02
-1.676-01
-5.146-01
-8.23e-01
Total All Life-cycle Stages
5.25e+00
l.OOe+02
M-79
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-20.
Process Group
Materials Processing Life-cycle Stage
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Polycarbonate Production
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Polycarbonate Production
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
PET Resin Production
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
PET Resin Production
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Aluminum Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Polycarbonate Production
Aluminum Prod.
PET Resin Production
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Natural Gas Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Polycarbonate Production
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Polycarbonate Production
PET Resin Production
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Polycarbonate Production
PET Resin Production
PET Resin Production
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Polycarbonate Production
PMMA Sheet Prod.
PMMA Sheet Prod.
PET Resin Production
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
LCD LCIA Results
Material
Nitrogen oxides
Ammonia
Sulfur oxides
Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur dioxide
Nitrogen dioxide
Nitrogen dioxide
Sulfur dioxide
Nitrogen dioxide
Sulfur oxides
Sulfur oxides
Nitrogen oxides
Nitrogen dioxide
Nitrogen oxides
Hydrochloric acid
Nitrous oxide
Ammonia
Nitrous oxide
Hydrofluoric acid
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrofluoric acid
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric acid
Nitrous oxide
Hydrochloric acid
Ammonia
Hydrofluoric acid
Hydrogen sulfide
Hydrogen sulfide
Ammonia
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrofluoric acid
Hydrofluoric acid
Hydrogen sulfide
Hydrogen sulfide
Hydrogen sulfide
Hydrofluoric acid
Hydrofluoric acid
Nitrous oxide
Ammonia
Hydrogen sulfide
Ammonia
Hydrogen sulfide
Sulfuric acid
Nitrous oxide
Sulfuric acid
Nitrous oxide
Nitrous oxide
for the Acidification
LCI Data Type
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
Impact Category
Acidification
(kg SO2 Equivalents)
4.56e-01
2.06e-02
1.93e-02
1.88e-02
1.30e-02
7.77e-03
7.58e-03
7.52e-03
6.70e-03
4.59e-03
3.99e-03
2.50e-03
2.14e-03
1.86e-03
1.21e-03
8.57e-04
5.65e-04
3.82e-04
2.67e-04
1.95e-04
1.93e-04
1.43e-04
1.28e-04
5.74e-05
4.99e-05
3.60e-05
2.80e-05
1. 51e-05
1.48e-05
1.25e-05
8.84e-06
6.30e-06
5.73e-06
5.52e-06
3.30e-06
2.88e-06
2.64e-06
1.94e-06
1.45e-06
2.89e-07
1.81e-07
1.71e-07
1.71e-07
1. 70e-07
1. 70e-07
1.68e-07
1.34e-07
1.25e-07
6.35e-08
6.33e-08
% of Total
1.54e+01
6.95e-01
6.51e-01
6.36e-01
4.41e-01
2.63e-01
2.56e-01
2.54e-01
2.27e-01
1.55e-01
1.35e-01
8.43e-02
7.23e-02
6.28e-02
4.08e-02
2.90e-02
1.91e-02
1.29e-02
9.01e-03
6.58e-03
6.51e-03
4.84e-03
4.31e-03
1.94e-03
1.69e-03
1.22e-03
9.45e-04
5.12e-04
5.02e-04
4.23e-04
2.99e-04
2.13e-04
1.94e-04
1.87e-04
1.12e-04
9.75e-05
8.91e-05
6.55e-05
4.91e-05
9.78e-06
6.10e-06
5.77e-06
5.776-06
5.75e-06
5.75e-06
5.66e-06
4.54e-06
4.21e-06
2.15e-06
2.14e-06
M-80
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-20.
Process Group
PET Resin Production
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Total Materials Processing
Manufacturing Life-cycle Stage
Monitor/module
Japanese Electric Grid
Monitor/module
Japanese Electric Grid
Monitor/module
Monitor/module
LPG Production
Backlight
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
US electric grid
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
LCD glass mfg.
Monitor/module
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LPG Production
Panel components
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
US electric grid
Monitor/module
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Monitor/module
US electric grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Panel components
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
US electric grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD glass mfg.
LCD LCIA Results
Material
Sulfuric acid
Sulfuric acid
Nitrogen oxides
Sulfur dioxide
Ammonia
Nitrogen oxides
Hydrofluoric acid
Hydrochloric acid
Sulfur oxides
Nitrogen oxides
Nitrogen oxides
Nitrogen oxides
Sulfur dioxide
Hydrochloric acid
Nitrogen oxides
Nitrogen oxides
Sulfur oxides
Hydrofluoric acid
Nitrous oxide
Ammonia
Sulfur oxides
Sulfur oxides
Hydrochloric acid
Nitrogen oxides
Hydrogen sulfide
Nitrous oxide
Ammonia
Nitrogen oxides
Sulfur oxides
Hydrochloric acid
Nitric acid
Sulfur oxides
Nitrogen oxides
Hydrofluoric acid
Nitrogen oxides
Phosphoric acid
Hydrofluoric acid
Hydrochloric acid
Nitrous oxide
Hydrochloric acid
Nitrous oxide
Nitrous oxide
Hydrofluoric acid
Hydrochloric acid
Nitrous oxide
Hydrogen sulfide
Sulfur oxides
for the Acidification
LCI Data Type
secondary
secondary
primary
model/secondary
primary
model/secondary
primary
primary
secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
primary
primary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
Impact Category
Acidification
(kg SO2 Equivalents)
5.90e-08
5.88e-08
5.76e-01
3.84e-01
2.90e-01
1.17e-01
9.57e-02
8.33e-02
5.33e-02
3.85e-02
2.06e-02
1.92e-02
1.03e-02
4.83e-03
4.06e-03
1. 60e-03
1.43e-03
1.12e-03
9.23e-04
5.45e-04
4.64e-04
4.35e-04
3.77e-04
3.39e-04
2.88e-04
2.77e-04
2.63e-04
1.96e-04
1.94e-04
1.86e-04
1.83e-04
1.37e-04
1.14e-04
9.76e-05
7.71e-05
5.74e-05
4.75e-05
4.17e-05
1.94e-05
1.27e-05
6.44e-06
6.20e-06
4.61e-06
4.40e-06
3.64e-06
3.46e-06
3.43e-06
2.35e-06
% of Total
1.99e-06
1.99e-06
1.95e+01
1.30e+01
9.80e+00
3.96e+00
3.23e+00
2.82e+00
1.80e+00
1.30e+00
6.97e-01
6.50e-01
3.48e-01
1.63e-01
1.37e-01
5.39e-02
4.84e-02
3.77e-02
3.12e-02
1.84e-02
1.57e-02
1.47e-02
1.28e-02
1.15e-02
9.73e-03
9.35e-03
8.89e-03
6.64e-03
6.54e-03
6.29e-03
6.20e-03
4.63e-03
3.84e-03
3.30e-03
2.60e-03
1.94e-03
1.61 e-03
1.41e-03
6.54e-04
4.31e-04
2.18e-04
2.10e-04
1.56e-04
1.49e-04
1.23e-04
1.17e-04
1.16e-04
7.96e-05
M-81
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-20
Process Group
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Total Manufacturing
Use, Maintenance and Repair
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
. LCD LCIA Results
Material
Hydrogen sulfide
Hydrochloric acid
Ammonia
Nitrous oxide
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrogen sulfide
Hydrofluoric acid
Ammonia
Ammonia
Hydrofluoric acid
Hydrofluoric acid
Hydrogen sulfide
Life-cycle Stage
Sulfur dioxide
Nitrogen oxides
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrofluoric acid
Nitrous oxide
for the Acidification
LCI Data Type
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
Total Use, Maintenance, and Repair
End-of-life Life-cycle Stage
LCD landfilling
US electric grid
LCD landfilling
US electric grid
LCD incineration
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
LCD landfilling
US electric grid
LCD landfilling
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Nitrogen dioxide
Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur dioxide
Nitrogen oxides
Sulfur dioxide
Hydrochloric acid
Sulfur oxides
Nitrogen oxides
Hydrofluoric acid
Hydrochloric acid
Nitrous oxide
Hydrogen sulfide
Nitrous oxide
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrogen sulfide
Ammonia
Hydrofluoric acid
Hydrogen sulfide
Hydrofluoric acid
Hydrogen sulfide
Nitrous oxide
Hydrofluoric acid
Hydrochloric acid
Ammonia
Hydrogen sulfide
Hydrochloric acid
Ammonia
Nitrous oxide
Sulfur oxides
primary
model/secondary
primary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
primary
model/secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
Impact Category
Acidification
(kg SO2 Equivalents)
2.03e-06
1.94e-06
1.72e-06
1.69e-06
1.04e-06
8.88e-07
8.28e-07
7.50e-07
5.63e-07
4.41e-07
2.35e-07
1.99e-07
1.13e+00
9.30e-01
3.08e-01
3.53e-02
8.03e-03
8.88e-04
1.28e+00
3.12e-04
1.77e-04
6.74e-05
5.83e-05
5.23e-05
6.71e-06
3.16e-06
1.58e-06
1.52e-06
2.17e-07
1.68e-07
1.04e-07
4.47e-08
2.78e-08
2.27e-08
1.61e-08
6.33e-09
-4.19e-08
-9.23e-07
-9.64e-07
-2.68e-06
-3.81e-06
-4.06e-06
-7.95e-06
-1.58e-05
-1.68e-05
-2.53e-05
-2.86e-05
-9.13e-05
% of Total
6.87e-05
6.56e-05
5.83e-05
5.73e-05
3.50e-05
3.00e-05
2.80e-05
2.53e-05
1.90e-05
1.49e-05
7.95e-06
6.74e-06
3.82e+01
3.14e+01
1.04e+01
1.19e+00
2.71e-01
3.00e-02
4.33e+01
1.06e-02
5.97e-03
2.28e-03
1.97e-03
1.77e-03
2.27e-04
1.07e-04
5.34e-05
5.156-05
7.33e-06
5.69e-06
3.52e-06
1.51 e-06
9.41e-07
7.67e-07
5.45e-07
2.14e-07
-1.42e-06
-3.12e-05
-3.26e-05
-9.04e-05
-1.29e-04
-1.37e-04
-2.69e-04
-5.35e-04
-5.67e-04
-8.56e-04
-9.66e-04
-3.08e-03
M-82
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-20. LCD LCIA Results for the Acidification Impact Category
Process Group
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
Total End-of-life
Material
Ammonia
Hydrofluoric acid
Nitrous oxide
Hydrochloric acid
Nitrogen oxides
Sulfur oxides
Nitrogen oxides
Nitrogen oxides
Sulfur oxides
LCI Data Type
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
Acidification
(kg SO2 Equivalents)
-9.75e-05
-2.31e-04
-4.72e-04
-5.91e-04
-8.92e-04
-1.74e-03
-2.16e-03
-6.52e-03
-1.75e-02
-2.97e-02
% of Total
-3.29e-03
-7.81e-03
-1.60e-02
-2.00e-02
-3.01e-02
-5.88e-02
-7.30e-02
-2.20e-01
-5.91e-01
-l.OOe+00
Total All Life-cycle Stages
2.96e+00
l.OOe+02
M-83
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-21. CRT LCIA Results for the Air Particulates Impact Category
Process Group
Materials Processing Life-cycle Stage
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Aluminum Prod.
Polycarbonate Production
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
ABS Production
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Lead
Polystyrene Prod., high-impact
Total Materials Processing
Manufacturing Life-cycle Stage
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
US electric grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
LPG Production
Glass/frit
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Glass/frit
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Total Manufacturing
Use, Maintenance and Repair Life-cycle Stage
US electric grid
Total Use, Maintenance and Repair
End-of-life Life-cycle Stage
CRT landfilling
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
Total End-of-life
Total All Life-cycle Stages
Materials
PM
PM
PM
PM
PM
PM
PM
PM
PM
PM
PM-10
PM
PM-10
PM
PM
PM-10
PM
PM
PM-10
PM-10
PM
PM-10
PM-10
PM-10
PM
PM-10
PM
PM-10
PM-10
PM-10
PM-10
PM
PM
PM
LCI Data Type Air Particulates % of total
(kg)
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
primary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
1.05e-01
8.90e-03
6.46e-03
2.76e-03
1.72e-03
1.27e-03
9.93e-04
8.41e-04
3.02e-04
1.28e-01
1.29e-01
2.00e-03
9.24e-04
9.22e-04
4.14e-04
3.96e-04
2.25e-04
1.09e-04
4.05e-05
2.33e-06
7.42e-07
6.67e-07
8.70e-08
4.94e-09
1.34e-01
5.78e-02
5.78e-02
2.08e-04
5.78e-06
l.lle-06
1.94e-09
-2.48e-09
-6.30e-08
-9.35e-07
-2.08e-04
-4.35e-04
-1.83e-02
-1.88e-02
3.01e-01
3.48e+01
2.96e+00
2.15e+00
9.15e-01
5.72e-01
4.22e-01
3.30e-01
2.79e-01
l.OOe-01
4.25e+01
4.28e+01
6.64e-01
3.07e-01
3.06e-01
1.38e-01
1.31e-01
7.47e-02
3.63e-02
1.34e-02
7.74e-04
2.47e-04
2.21e-04
2.89e-05
1.64e-06
4.45e+01
1.92e+01
1.92e+01
6.92e-02
1.92e-03
3.70e-04
6.45e-07
-8.23e-07
-2.09e-05
-3.11e-04
-6.90e-02
-1.446-01
-6.09e+00
-6.23e+00
l.OOe+02
M-84
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-22. LCD LCIA Results for the Air Particulates
Process Group
Materials Processing Life-cycle Stage
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Natural Gas Prod.
Polycarbonate Production
Aluminum Prod.
PMMA Sheet Prod.
PET Resin Production
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Total Materials Processing
Manufacturing Life-cycle Stage
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Panel components
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Monitor/module
LPG Production
LCD glass mfg.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Total Manufacturing
Use, Maintenance and Repair Life-cycle Stage
US electric grid
Total Use, Maintenance and Repair
End-of-life Life-cycle Stage
LCD landfilling
US electric grid
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
Total End-of-life
Total All Life-cycle Stages
Materials
PM
PM
PM
PM
PM
PM
PM
PM-10
PM-10
PM
PM
PM-10
PM
PM
PM
PM
PM
PM-10
PM
PM-10
PM-10
PM-10
PM-10
PM-10
PM
PM-10
PM
PM-10
PM-10
PM-10
PM
PM
PM
LCI Data Type
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
primary
secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
primary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
Impact Category
Air Particulates (kg)
5.14e-02
2.89e-02
3.61e-03
3.31e-03
3.22e-03
6.99e-04
4.34e-04
3.45e-07
9.16e-02
6.72e-03
6.19e-03
6.53e-04
1.12e-04
6.24e-05
3.15e-05
2.74e-05
1.856-05
1.10e-05
1.08e-05
5.06e-06
1.34e-07
7.94e-08
3.47e-08
7.79e-09
1.38e-02
2.16e-02
2.16e-02
5.02e-05
4.09e-06
5.08e-07
-1.63e-09
-4.08e-08
-6.18e-07
-1.37e-04
-2.87e-04
-1.20e-02
-1.24e-02
1.15e-01
% of Total
4.48e+01
2.52e+01
3.15e+00
2.89e+00
2.81e+00
6.106-01
3.79e-01
3.01e-04
7.99e+01
5.87e+00
5.40e+00
5.69e-01
9.76e-02
5.44e-02
2.75e-02
2.39e-02
1.61e-02
9.58e-03
9.42e-03
4.41e-03
1.17e-04
6.92e-05
3.02e-05
6.79e-06
1.21e+01
1.88e+01
1.88e+01
4.38e-02
3.57e-03
4.43e-04
-1.43e-06
-3.56e-05
-5.39e-04
-1.20e-01
-2.51e-01
-l.OSe+01
-1.08e+01
l.OOe+02
M-85
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-23. CRT LCIA Results for the Water Eutrophication
Process Group
Material
Impact Category
LCI Data Type Water Eutrophication %
(kg Phosphate
Equivalents)
of Total
Materials Processing Life-cycle Stage
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Aluminum Prod.
Polycarbonate Production
ABS Production
Lead
ABS Production
Polycarbonate Production
ABS Production
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Aluminum Prod.
Invar
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Aluminum Prod.
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Lead
Polycarbonate Production
Lead
Ferrite mfg.
ABS Production
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
Polystyrene Prod., high-impact
Aluminum Prod.
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Lead
Polycarbonate Production
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Polystyrene Prod., high-impact
Ferrite mfg.
Polystyrene Prod., high-impact
Lead
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
ABS Production
Polycarbonate Production
Polystyrene Prod., high- impact
Total Materials Processing
Manufacturing Life-cycle Stage
Other nitrogen
COD
Phosphate (PO43-)
Phosphate (PO43-)
Ammonia
Phosphate (PO43-)
COD
COD
Other nitrogen
Ammonia
Other nitrogen
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Nitrogen
Other nitrogen
COD
COD
Ammonia
Nitrate
COD
Nitrogen
Nitrogen
Other nitrogen
Phosphate (PO43-)
Nitrate
Other nitrogen
Nitrates/nitrites
Ammonia
Phosphate (PO43-)
Other nitrogen
COD
COD
Ammonia ions
Nitrate
Ammonia
Nitrates/nitrites
Nitrogen
Nitrate
Ammonia
COD
Nitrate
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Phosphate (PO43-)
Nitrate
Nitrate
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
1.80e-04
1.61e-04
9.44e-05
4.84e-05
3.70e-05
2.79e-05
2.05e-05
2.03e-05
1.78e-05
1.68e-05
1.23e-05
1.20e-05
1.10e-05
5.96e-06
5.80e-06
5.66e-06
4.91e-06
4.56e-06
4.10e-06
3.77e-06
3.49e-06
3.06e-06
3.04e-06
3.01e-06
1.74e-06
1.62e-06
1.58e-06
1.44e-06
1.27e-06
1.20e-06
1.18e-06
1.17e-06
9.00e-07
7.11e-07
6.71e-07
5.08e-07
4.04e-07
3.10e-07
2.92e-07
2.90e-07
5.76e-08
4.85e-08
4.62e-08
4.62e-08
3.02e-08
7.22e-04
3.73e-01
3.34e-01
1.96e-01
l.OOe-01
7.67e-02
5.79e-02
4.25e-02
4.22e-02
3.69e-02
3.48e-02
2.56e-02
2.48e-02
2.28e-02
1.24e-02
1.20e-02
1.18e-02
1.02e-02
9.47e-03
8.50e-03
7.83e-03
7.24e-03
6.36e-03
6.31e-03
6.24e-03
3.61e-03
3.37e-03
3.29e-03
2.98e-03
2.65e-03
2.48e-03
2.44e-03
2.42e-03
1.87e-03
1.48e-03
1.39e-03
1.05e-03
8.38e-04
6.44e-04
6.07e-04
6.01e-04
1.20e-04
l.Ole-04
9.59e-05
9.58e-05
6.27e-05
1.50e+00
M-86
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-23. CRT LCIA Results for the Water Eutrophication Impact Category
Process Group
LPG Production
LPG Production
CRT tube mfg.
CRT tube mfg.
CRT tube mfg.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT tube mfg.
Natural Gas Prod.
Glass/frit
Glass/frit
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Total Manufacturing
Material
COD
Ammonia ions
Nitrogen
COD
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
COD
COD
Ammonia ions
Ammonia ions
COD
Nitrate
Ammonia ions
Phosphate as P2O5
COD
Nitrates/nitrites
COD
Ammonia ions
Nitrate
Nitrate
Other nitrogen
Nitrate
Nitrate
Other nitrogen
Other nitrogen
Other nitrogen
Other nitrogen
LCI Data Type Water Eutrophication %
(kg Phosphate
Equivalents)
secondary
secondary
primary
primary
primary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
primary
primary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
3.49e-02
9.04e-03
3.02e-03
1.59e-04
1.54e-04
1.18e-04
9.79e-05
3.01e-05
2.51e-05
7.96e-06
6.06e-06
2.04e-06
1.62e-06
7.15e-07
3.956-07
1.81e-07
l.lle-07
2.43e-08
1.73e-08
6.62e-09
1. 50e-09
1.47e-09
2.24e-ll
1.86e-ll
1.51e-12
1.34e-13
4.76e-02
of Total
7.24e+01
1.88e+01
6.26e+00
3.30e-01
3.21e-01
2.45e-01
2.03e-01
6.24e-02
5.21e-02
1.65e-02
1.26e-02
4.23e-03
3.36e-03
1.49e-03
8.21e-04
3.75e-04
2.30e-04
5.04e-05
3.58e-05
1.37e-05
3.12e-06
3.05e-06
4.65e-08
3.85e-08
3.13e-09
2.78e-10
9.87e+01
Use, Maintenance and Repair Life-cycle Stage
Total Use, Maintenance and Repair
End-of-life Life-cycle Stage
CRT landfillirig
CRT landfillirig
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
COD
Ammonia
COD
Ammonia ions
Nitrate
Other nitrogen
Other nitrogen
Other nitrogen
Other nitrogen
Nitrate
Nitrate
Ammonia ions
Nitrate
COD
Ammonia
COD
Ammonia ions
primary
primary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
O.OOe+00
2.13e-06
4.62e-07
3.01e-07
7.80e-08
5.23e-ll
5.71e-14
-6.71e-14
-1.04e-12
-1.62e-ll
-7.54e-10
-1.58e-08
-5.56e-08
-1.80e-07
-3.59e-07
-1.80e-06
-3.21e-06
-2.19e-05
O.OOe+00
4.43e-03
9.59e-04
6.25e-04
1.62e-04
1.09e-07
1.19e-10
-1.39e-10
-2.16e-09
-3.37e-08
-1.57e-06
-3.27e-05
-1.15e-04
-3.73e-04
_7.45e-04
-3.74e-03
-6.65e-03
-4.55e-02
M-87
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-23. CRT LCIA Results for the Water Eutrophication Impact Category
Process Group Material LCI Data Type Water Eutrophication % of Total
(kg Phosphate
Equivalents)
Fuel Oil #4 Prod. COD secondary -8.56e-05 -1.78e-01
Total End-of-life -l.lOe-04 -2.29e-0l
Total All Manufacturing Stages 4.82e-02 I.00e+02
M-88
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-24. LCD LCIA Results for the Water Eutrophication Impact Category
Process Group
Material
LCI Data Type Water Eutrophication % of Total
(kg Phosphate
Equivalents)
Materials Processing Life-cycle Stage
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Natural Gas Prod.
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Polycarbonate Production
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Polycarbonate Production
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Natural Gas Prod.
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Aluminum Prod.
PET Resin Production
Aluminum Prod.
Polycarbonate Production
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Polycarbonate Production
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
PET Resin Production
Polycarbonate Production
PET Resin Production
PET Resin Production
Natural Gas Prod.
Total Materials Processing
Manufacturing Life-cycle Stage
Monitor/module
Monitor/module
LPG Production
LPG Production
Panel components
Panel components
Monitor/module
Panel components
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Ammonia
Other nitrogen
COD
COD
Phosphate (PO43-)
Phosphate (PO43-)
Phosphate (PO43-)
COD
COD
Ammonia
Ammonia ions
Nitrates/nitrites
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Other nitrogen
COD
Nitrogen
Nitrogen
COD
Nitrate
Other nitrogen
Other nitrogen
Phosphate (PO43-)
Ammonia ions
COD
Ammonia
Nitrates/nitrites
Nitrate
Nitrate
Other nitrogen
Nitrate
Ammonia ions
Nitrate
Other nitrogen
Nitrogen
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
COD
Ammonia ions
Nitrogen
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
COD
COD
COD
COD
COD
Ammonia ions
Ammonia ions
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
primary
secondary
secondary
primary
primary
primary
primary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
1.97e-04
8.81e-05
7.89e-05
5.00e-05
4.86e-05
3.51e-05
2.70e-05
2.19e-05
1.13e-05
8.21e-06
7.756-06
7.67e-06
5.86e-06
4.60e-06
4.39e-06
4.09e-06
1.95e-06
1.79e-06
1. 70e-06
9.66e-07
7.60e-07
7.03e-07
5.11e-07
4.38e-07
3.97e-07
3.29e-07
1.27e-07
1. 05e-07
3.81e-08
2.58e-08
2.33e-08
9.08e-09
9.34e-12
6.10e-04
3.33e-02
1.32e-02
1.67e-03
4.34e-04
2.40e-04
7.60e-05
5.91e-05
4.86e-05
1.23e-05
4.57e-06
4.02e-06
3.14e-06
1.17e-06
3.97e-01
1.78e-01
1.59e-01
l.Ole-01
9.80e-02
7.09e-02
5.45e-02
4.43e-02
2.29e-02
1.66e-02
1.56e-02
1.55e-02
1.18e-02
9.27e-03
8.86e-03
8.25e-03
3.93e-03
3.61e-03
3.43e-03
1.95e-03
1.53e-03
1.42e-03
1.03e-03
8.83e-04
8.01e-04
6.63e-04
2.55e-04
2.12e-04
7.69e-05
5.20e-05
4.70e-05
1.83e-05
1.88e-08
1.23e+00
6.72e+01
2.66e+01
3.38e+00
8.75e-01
4.84e-01
1.53e-01
1.19e-01
9.81e-02
2.47e-02
9.22e-03
8.11e-03
6.33e-03
2.36e-03
M-89
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-24. LCD LCIA Results for the Water Eutrophication Impact Category
Process Group
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD glass mfg.
LCD glass mfg.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Total Manufacturing
Material
COD
Ammonia ions
Nitrate
Ammonia ions
Nitrate
COD
Nitrate
Nitrate
Nitrate
Nitrate
Other nitrogen
Other nitrogen
Other nitrogen
Other nitrogen
Other nitrogen
LCI Data Type Water Eutrophication % of Total
(kg Phosphate
Equivalents)
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
primary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
1.13e-06
1.02e-06
2.91e-07
1.75e-07
1.83e-08
8.36e-09
2.37e-09
2.26e-09
8.26e-10
8.06e-10
3.17e-10
2.33e-12
8.67e-13
7.62e-13
2.11e-13
4.90e-02
2.28e-03
2.07e-03
5.86e-04
3.53e-04
3.70e-05
1.69e-05
4.78e-06
4.56e-06
1.67e-06
1.63e-06
6.41e-07
4.69e-09
1.75e-09
1.54e-09
4.25e-10
9.89e+01
Use, Maintenance and Repair Life-cycle Stage
Total Use, Maintenance and Repair
End-of-life Life-cycle Stage
LCD landfillrng
LPG Production
LCD landfillrng
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Total End-of-life
COD
COD
Ammonia
Ammonia ions
Nitrate
Other nitrogen
Other nitrogen
Other nitrogen
Other nitrogen
Nitrate
Nitrate
Ammonia ions
Nitrate
COD
Ammonia
COD
Ammonia ions
COD
primary
secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
O.OOe+00
5.14e-07
1.37e-07
l.lle-07
3.56e-08
2.39e-ll
2.61e-14
-4.43e-14
-6.75e-13
-1.076-11
-4.98e-10
-1.04e-08
-3.67e-08
-1.176-07
-2.37e-07
-1.40e-06
-3.16e-06
-1.456-05
-5.65e-05
-7.51e-05
O.OOe+00
1.04e-03
2.77e-04
2.25e-04
7.19e-05
4.81e-08
5.26e-ll
-8.93e-ll
-1.36e-09
-2.16e-08
-l.OOe-06
-2.10e-05
-7.41e-05
-2.35e-04
-4.78e-04
-2.83e-03
-6.38e-03
-2.92e-02
-1.14e-01
-1.52e-01
Total All Life-cycle Stages
4.96e-02
l.OOe+02
M-90
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-25. CRT LCIA Results
Process Group
Materials Processing Life-cycle Stage
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Polycarbonate Production
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
ABS Production
Polystyrene Prod., high-impact
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Aluminum Prod.
Lead
Total Materials Processing
Manufacturing Life-cycle Stage
LPG Production
CRT tube mfg.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Glass/frit
Natural Gas Prod.
Total Manufacturing
Use, Maintenance and Repair Life-cycle Stage
Total Use, Maintenance and Repair
End-of-life Life-cycle Stage
CRT landfilling
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Total End-of-life
Total All Life-cycle Stages
for the Water
Material
BOD
BOD
BOD
BOD
BOD
BOD
BOD
BOD
BOD
BOD
BOD
BOD
BOD
BOD
BOD
BOD
BOD
BOD
BOD
BOD
BOD
Quality, BOD
Impact Category
LCI Data Type BOD (kg) %
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
2.51e-04
8.68e-05
1.65e-05
1.40e-05
6.80e-06
6.65e-06
4.74e-06
4.03e-06
2.48e-06
3.93e-04
1.88e-01
6.39e-03
6.34e-04
5.26e-04
4.28e-05
8.20e-06
4.00e-06
1.95e-01
O.OOe+00
1.17e-05
1.62e-06
-2.01e-06
-1.70e-05
-4.60e-04
-4.65e-04
1.95e-01
of Total
1.29e-01
4.45e-02
8.48e-03
7.17e-03
3.49e-03
3.41e-03
2.43e-03
2.06e-03
1.27e-03
2.02e-01
9.61e+01
3.28e+00
3.25e-01
2.70e-01
2.19e-02
4.21e-03
2.05e-03
l.OOe+02
O.OOe+00
5.98e-03
8.30e-04
-1.03e-03
-8.74e-03
-2.36e-01
-2.39e-01
l.OOe+02
M-91
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-26. LCD LCIA Results
Process Group
Materials Processing Life-cycle Stage
Natural Gas Prod.
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
PET Resin Production
Polycarbonate Production
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Total Materials Processing
Manufacturing Life-cycle Stage
Monitor/module
LPG Production
Panel components
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD glass mfg.
Total Manufacturing
Use, Maintenance and Repair Life-cycle Stage
Total Use, Maintenance and Repair
End-of-life Life-cycle Stage
LCD landfilling
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Total End-of-life
Total All Life-cycle Stages
for the Water
Material
BOD
BOD
BOD
BOD
BOD
BOD
BOD
BOD
BOD
BOD
BOD
BOD
BOD
BOD
BOD
BOD
BOD
BOD
BOD
BOD
Quality, BOD
LCI Data Type
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
primary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
Impact Category
BOD (kg) % of Total
2.80e-04
2.30e-04
1.23e-04
8.17e-05
4.85e-05
7.23e-06
1. 50e-06
7.72e-04
1.74e-02
9.00e-03
1.34e-03
6.59e-05
2.46e-05
2.16e-05
6.31e-06
3.80e-07
2.79e-02
O.OOe+00
2.81e-06
7.39e-07
-1.33e-06
-1.70e-05
_3.04e-04
-3.18e-04
2.83e-02
9.88e-01
8.12e-01
4.34e-01
2.88e-01
Ule-Ol
2.55e-02
5.29e-03
2.72e+00
6.15e+01
3.18e+01
4.74e+00
2.33e-01
8.67e-02
7.62e-02
2.23e-02
1.34e-03
9.84e+01
O.OOe+00
9.91e-03
2.61e-03
-4.68e-03
-5.99e-02
-1.07e+00
-1.12e+00
l.OOe+02
M-92
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-27. CRT LCIA Results for the
Process Group
Materials Processing Life-cycle Stage
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Aluminum Prod.
Polycarbonate Production
ABS Production
Invar
Lead
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Ferrite mfg.
Polystyrene Prod., high-impact
Total Materials Processing
Manufacturing Life-cycle Stage
LPG Production
Glass/frit
CRT tube mfg.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Total Manufacturing
Use, Maintenance and Repair Life-cycle
Total Use, Maintenance and Repair
End-of-life Life-cycle Stage
CRT landfilling
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Total End-of-life
Total All Life-cycle Stages
Material
Suspended solids
Suspended solids
Suspended solids
Suspended solids
Suspended solids
Suspended solids
Suspended solids
Suspended solids
Suspended solids
Suspended solids
Suspended solids
Suspended solids
Suspended solids
Suspended solids
Suspended solids
Suspended solids
Suspended solids
Stage
Suspended solids
Suspended solids
Suspended solids
Suspended solids
Suspended solids
Water Quality, TSS
LCI Data Type
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
primary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
Impact Category
Total Suspended %
Solids (kg)
2.04e-03
1.74e-03
l.lle-03
1.02e-03
8.30e-04
3.80e-04
3.06e-04
2.45e-04
5.14e-05
7.72e-03
8.51e-01
7.23e-03
4.63e-03
2.88e-03
2.39e-03
1.94e-04
2.27e-05
1.72e-05
8.69e-01
O.OOe+00
5.52e-05
7.35e-06
-8.64e-06
-7.556-05
-2.09e-03
-2.11e-03
8.74e-01
of Total
2.34e-01
1.99e-01
1.27e-01
1.16e-01
9.49e-02
4.34e-02
3.50e-02
2.81e-02
5.88e-03
8.83e-01
9.74e+01
8.26e-01
5.30e-01
3.29e-01
2.73e-01
2.22e-02
2.60e-03
1.97e-03
9.94e+01
O.OOe+00
6.31e-03
8.40e-04
-9.88e-04
-8.63e-03
-2.39e-01
-2.41e-01
l.OOe+02
M-93
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-28. LCD LCIA Results for the Water Quality,
Process Group
Materials Processing Life-cycle Stage
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Aluminum Prod.
Polycarbonate Production
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
PET Resin Production
Total Materials Processing
Manufacturing Life-cycle Stage
LPG Production
Monitor/module
Panel components
LCD glass mfg.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Total Manufacturing
Use, Maintenance and Repair Life-cycle
Total Use, Maintenance and Repair
End-of-life Life-cycle Stage
LCD landfilling
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Total End-of-life
Total All Life-cycle Stages
Material
Suspended solids
Suspended solids
Suspended solids
Suspended solids
Suspended solids
Suspended solids
Suspended solids
Suspended solids
Suspended solids
Suspended solids
Suspended solids
Suspended solids
Suspended solids
Suspended solids
Suspended solids
Suspended solids
Stage
Suspended solids
Suspended solids
Suspended solids
Suspended solids
Suspended solids
LCI Data Type
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
primary
primary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
TSS Impact Category
Total Suspended Solids (kg)
1.34e-03
1.20e-03
l.OOe-03
6.48e-04
6.19e-04
1.34e-04
3.45e-05
4.98e-03
4.09e-02
1.55e-02
6.46e-04
3.35e-04
2.99e-04
1.12e-04
9.81e-05
7.63e-05
2.72e-05
5.80e-02
O.OOe+00
1.33e-05
3.35e-06
-5.71e-06
-7.69e-05
-1.38e-03
-1.44e-03
6.15e-02
% of Total
2.18e+00
1.96e+00
1.63e+00
1. 05e+00
l.Ole+00
2.18e-01
5.61e-02
8.10e+00
6.64e+01
2.52e+01
1.05e+00
5.44e-01
4.86e-01
1.81e-01
1.59e-01
1.24e-01
4.42e-02
9.42e+01
O.OOe+00
2.16e-02
5.45e-03
-9.28e-03
-1.25e-01
-2.24e+00
-2.35e+00
l.OOe+02
M-94
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-29. CRT LCIA Results for the Radioactivity Impact Category
Process Group
Materials Processing Life-cycle
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Invar
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Material
Stage
Plutonium-24 1 (isotope)
Plutonium-24 1 (isotope)
Plutonium-24 1 (isotope)
Plutoriium-240 (isotope)
Cesium-135 (isotope)
Radon-222 (isotope)
Plutoriium-239 (isotope)
Plutonium-240 (isotope)
Plutonium-240 (isotope)
Cesium-135 (isotope)
Cesium-135 (isotope)
Radon-222 (isotope)
Radon-222 (isotope)
Plutonium-239 (isotope)
Plutonium-239 (isotope)
Strontium-90 (isotope)
Strontium-90 (isotope)
Strontium-90 (isotope)
Tritium-3 (isotope)
radioactive gas (unspecified)
Xenon-133 (isotope)
Radioactive substance (unspecified)
Radium-226 (isotope)
Tritium-3 (isotope)
Tritium-3 (isotope)
radioactive gas (unspecified)
Thorium-230 (isotope)
radioactive gas (unspecified)
Xenon-133 (isotope)
Xenon-133 (isotope)
Plutoriium-242 (isotope)
Curium-244 (isotope)
Uranium-234 (isotope)
Radium-226 (isotope)
Aniericium-241 (isotope)
Thorium-230 (isotope)
Krypton-85 (isotope)
Plutoriium-242 (isotope)
Curium-244 (isotope)
Plutoriium-242 (isotope)
Curium-244 (isotope)
Radium-226 (isotope)
Uranium-238 (isotope)
Uranium-234 (isotope)
Uranium-234 (isotope)
Samarium-151 (isotope)
Neptunium-237 (isotope)
Aniericium-24 1 (isotope)
Aniericium-24 1 (isotope)
Krypton-85 (isotope)
LCI Data Type
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
Radioactivity (Bq)
2.40e+07
6.80e+06
6.64e+06
1.04e+05
9.38e+04
8.77e+04
7.29e+04
2.94e+04
2.87e+04
2.65e+04
2.59e+04
2.48e+04
2.42e+04
2.06e+04
2.01e+04
1.40e+04
3.97e+03
3.87e+03
2.50e+03
1.83e+03
1.56e+03
8.77e+02
8.66e+02
7.09e+02
6.92e+02
5.19e+02
5.15e+02
5.07e+02
4.41e+02
4.30e+02
3.91e+02
3.90e+02
3.15e+02
2.39e+02
1.92e+02
1.42e+02
l.lle+02
l.lle+02
1.10e+02
1.08e+02
1.08e+02
1.04e+02
9.28e+01
8.74e+01
8.72e+01
8.67e+01
6.02e+01
5.44e+01
5.31e+01
3.15e+01
% of Total
6.23e+01
1.77e+01
1.72e+01
2.69e-01
2.43e-01
2.28e-01
1.89e-01
7.62e-02
7.44e-02
6.89e-02
6.73e-02
6.45e-02
6.30e-02
5.36e-02
5.23e-02
3.64e-02
1.03e-02
l.Ole-02
6.50e-03
4.76e-03
4.04e-03
2.28e-03
2.25e-03
1.84e-03
1.80e-03
1.35e-03
1.34e-03
1.32e-03
1.15e-03
1.12e-03
1.02e-03
1.01 e-03
8.19e-04
6.21e-04
4.99e-04
3.70e-04
2.89e-04
2.88e-04
2.87e-04
2.81e-04
2.80e-04
2.71e-04
2.41e-04
2.27e-04
2.26e-04
2.25e-04
1.56e-04
1.41e-04
1.38e-04
8.18e-05
M-95
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-29.
Process Group
Ferrite mfg.
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Invar
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Invar
CRT LCIA Results for the Radioactivity Impact Category
Material
Krypton-85 (isotope)
Uranium-238 (isotope)
Samarium-151 (isotope)
Uranium-238 (isotope)
Samarium-151 (isotope)
Carbon- 14 (isotope)
Neptunium-237 (isotope)
Neptunium-237 (isotope)
Radioactive substance (unspecified)
Radium-222 (isotope)
Uranium-235 (isotope)
Carbon- 14 (isotope)
Carbon- 14 (isotope)
Thorium-230 (isotope)
Aniericium-243 (isotope)
Technetium-99M (isotope)
Thorium-228 (isotope)
Radon-220 (isotope)
Radium-222 (isotope)
Radium-222 (isotope)
Uranium-234 (isotope)
Uranium-238 (isotope)
Uranium-235 (isotope)
Uranium-235 (isotope)
Radium-228 (isotope)
Aniericium-243 (isotope)
Aniericium-243 (isotope)
Polonium-2 1 0 (isotope)
Technetium-99M (isotope)
Technetium-99M (isotope)
Thorium-228 (isotope)
Thorium-228 (isotope)
Lead-210 (isotope)
Radium-224 (isotope)
Radon-220 (isotope)
Radon-220 (isotope)
Radium-228 (isotope)
Radium-228 (isotope)
Zirconium-93 (isotope)
Polonium-2 1 0 (isotope)
Cesium- 137 (isotope)
Polonium-2 1 0 (isotope)
Protactinium-234 (isotope)
Thorium-234 (isotope)
Silver- 110M (isotope)
Lead-210 (isotope)
Radium-224 (isotope)
Lead-210 (isotope)
Radium-224 (isotope)
Potassium-40 (isotope)
Radium-226 (isotope)
LCI Data Type
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
Radioactivity (Bq)
3.07e+01
2.56e+01
2.45e+01
2.45e+01
2.40e+01
1.91e+01
1.71e+01
1.66e+01
8.13e+00
6.66e+00
5.85e+00
5.40e+00
5.27e+00
5.10e+00
4.19e+00
2.86e+00
2.49e+00
2.03e+00
1.91e+00
1.86e+00
1.86e+00
1.80e+00
1.62e+00
1.58e+00
1.30e+00
1.19e+00
1.16e+00
1.13e+00
S.lOe-Ol
7.91e-01
7.52e-01
7.34e-01
6.54e-01
6.05e-01
5.80e-01
5.66e-01
3.90e-01
3.81e-01
3.76e-01
3.21e-01
3.19e-01
3.14e-01
2.01e-01
2.01e-01
1.88e-01
1.87e-01
1.83e-01
1.82e-01
1.78e-01
1.75e-01
1.41e-01
% of Total
7.99e-05
6.66e-05
6.37e-05
6.35e-05
6.22e-05
4.95e-05
4.43e-05
4.32e-05
2.11e-05
1.73e-05
1.52e-05
1.40e-05
1.37e-05
1.33e-05
1.09e-05
7.43e-06
6.48e-06
5.26e-06
4.95e-06
4.83e-06
4.83e-06
4.67e-06
4.20e-06
4.10e-06
3.37e-06
3.08e-06
3.00e-06
2.92e-06
2.10e-06
2.05e-06
1.95e-06
1.91e-06
1. 70e-06
1.57e-06
1.51 e-06
1.47e-06
1.01 e-06
9.89e-07
9.77e-07
8.35e-07
8.27e-07
8.15e-07
5.23e-07
5.23e-07
4.88e-07
4.85e-07
4.75e-07
4.73e-07
4.63e-07
4.54e-07
3.66e-07
M-96
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-29.
Process Group
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Invar
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Invar
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Invar
CRT LCIA Results for the Radioactivity Impact Category
Material
Thorium-230 (isotope)
Cobalt-58 (isotope)
Tin- 126 (isotope)
Zirconium-93 (isotope)
Zirconium-93 (isotope)
Cesium- 137 (isotope)
Cobalt-60 (isotope)
Uranium-235 (isotope)
Cesium- 137 (isotope)
Selenium-79 (isotope)
Radioactive aerosols and halogenes
(unspecified)
Protactmium-234 (isotope)
Thorium-234 (isotope)
Protactinium-234 (isotope)
Thorium-234 (isotope)
Silver- 110M (isotope)
Silver- 1 10M (isotope)
Potassium-40 (isotope)
Potassium-40 (isotope)
Thorium-232 (isotope)
Curium-245 (isotope)
Antimony- 124 (isotope)
Cesium-134 (isotope)
Cobalt-58 (isotope)
Cobalt-58 (isotope)
Tin- 126 (isotope)
Tin- 126 (isotope)
Cobalt-60 (isotope)
Cobalt-60 (isotope)
Palladium- 107 (isotope)
Selenium-79 (isotope)
Selenium-79 (isotope)
Radioactive aerosols and halogenes
(unspecified)
Cesium- 137 (isotope)
Radioactive aerosols and halogenes
(unspecified)
Thorium-232 (isotope)
Thorium-232 (isotope)
Curium-245 (isotope)
Antimony- 124 (isotope)
Curium-245 (isotope)
Antimony- 124 (isotope)
Cesium-134 (isotope)
Cesium-134 (isotope)
Iodine-131 (isotope)
Iodine-133 (isotope)
Manganese-54 (isotope)
Iodine- 129 (isotope)
Palladium- 107 (isotope)
LCI Data Type
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
Radioactivity (Bq)
1.41e-01
1.26e-01
1.18e-01
1.07e-01
1.04e-01
8.80e-02
7.90e-02
7.81e-02
7.42e-02
6.76e-02
5.74e-02
5.70e-02
5.70e-02
5.57e-02
5.57e-02
5.32e-02
5.19e-02
4.99e-02
4.87e-02
4.65e-02
4.35e-02
4.33e-02
3.88e-02
3.57e-02
3.48e-02
3.35e-02
3.27e-02
2.24e-02
2.18e-02
2.11e-02
1.91e-02
1.87e-02
1.63e-02
1. 60e-02
1.59e-02
1.33e-02
1.30e-02
1.23e-02
1.23e-02
1.20e-02
1.20e-02
1.10e-02
1.07e-02
9.03e-03
8.35e-03
6.26e-03
6.14e-03
5.98e-03
% of Total
3.66e-07
3.27e-07
3.07e-07
2.77e-07
2.70e-07
2.29e-07
2.05e-07
2.03e-07
1.93e-07
1.756-07
1.49e-07
1.48e-07
1.48e-07
1.45e-07
1.45e-07
1.38e-07
1.35e-07
1.30e-07
1.27e-07
1.21e-07
1.13e-07
1.12e-07
l.Ole-07
9.26e-08
9.04e-08
8.69e-08
8.48e-08
5.81e-08
5.67e-08
5.49e-08
4.97e-08
4.85e-08
4.22e-08
4.16e-08
4.12e-08
3.45e-08
3.37e-08
3.20e-08
3.18e-08
3.12e-08
3.11e-08
2.85e-08
2.79e-08
2.34e-08
2.17e-08
1.63e-08
1.59e-08
1.55e-08
M-97
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-29. CRT LCIA Results for the Radioactivity Impact Category
Process Group
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Ferrite mfg.
Total Materials Processing
Manufacturing Life-cycle Stage
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
US electric grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
Material
Palladium- 107 (isotope)
Radioactive substance (unspecified)
Iodine- 131 (isotope)
Iodine- 131 (isotope)
Iodine-133 (isotope)
Iodine-133 (isotope)
Manganese-54 (isotope)
Iodine- 129 (isotope)
Manganese-54 (isotope)
Iodine- 129 (isotope)
Xenon-133M (isotope)
Xenon-133 (isotope)
Tritium-3 (isotope)
Krypton-85 (isotope)
Xenon-133 (isotope)
Argon-41 (isotope)
Radioactive substance (unspecified)
Xenon-135 (isotope)
Tritium-3 (isotope)
Krypton-85 (isotope)
Xenon-133M (isotope)
Argon-41 (isotope)
Xenon-135 (isotope)
Krypton-88 (isotope)
Xenon-131M (isotope)
Krypton-85M (isotope)
Iodine-133 (isotope)
Cobalt-58 (isotope)
Xenon-138 (isotope)
Krypton-88 (isotope)
Xenon- 1 3 1 M (isotope)
Krypton-87 (isotope)
Krypton-85M (isotope)
Iodine-133 (isotope)
Xenon-135M (isotope)
Xenon-138 (isotope)
Krypton-87 (isotope)
Xenon-135M (isotope)
Radioactive substance (unspecified)
Radioactive substance (unspecified)
Rubidium-88 (isotope)
Radioactive substance (unspecified)
Rubidium-88 (isotope)
Iodine-134 (isotope)
Iodine-131 (isotope)
Chromium-51 (isotope)
Cesium-137 (isotope)
Iodine-134 (isotope)
Iodine-131 (isotope)
LCI Data Type Radioactivity (Bq) %
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
5.84e-03
3.20e-03
2.56e-03
2.49e-03
2.36e-03
2.31e-03
1.77e-03
1.74e-03
1.73e-03
1.70e-03
3.80e+07
1.96e+04
4.98e+03
2.35e+03
1.66e+03
1.30e+03
l.OOe+03
9.21e+02
7.39e+02
5.98e+02
4.23e+02
3.31e+02
2.55e+02
1.88e+02
1.41e+02
1.36e+02
8.06e+01
7.03e+01
5.49e+01
4.68e+01
3.58e+01
3.45e+01
3.00e+01
2.05e+01
1.79e+01
1.41e+01
1.19e+01
7.62e+00
3.59e+00
3.12e+00
2.59e+00
3.29e-01
2.10e-01
8.37e-02
7.98e-02
7.58e-02
6.29e-02
2.40e-02
2.03e-02
1.93e-02
of Total
1.52e-08
8.31e-09
6.64e-09
6.48e-09
6.14e-09
5.99e-09
4.60e-09
4.52e-09
4.49e-09
4.41e-09
9.88e+01
O.OOe+00
5.08e-02
1.29e-02
6.10e-03
4.32e-03
3.38e-03
2.60e-03
2.39e-03
1.92e-03
1.55e-03
1.10e-03
8.59e-04
6.62e-04
4.88e-04
3.65e-04
3.52e-04
2.09e-04
1.83e-04
1.42e-04
1.21e-04
9.29e-05
8.95e-05
7.79e-05
5.32e-05
4.65e-05
3.66e-05
3.09e-05
1.98e-05
9.32e-06
8.09e-06
6.71e-06
8.55e-07
5.46e-07
2.17e-07
2.07e-07
1.97e-07
1.63e-07
6.24e-08
5.27e-08
5.01e-08
M-98
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-29. CRT LCIA Results for the Radioactivity Impact Category
Process Group
Natural Gas Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
Total Manufacturing
Use, Maintenance and
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
Material
Radioactive substance (unspecified)
Cobalt-60 (isotope)
Chromium- 51 (isotope)
Iodine-132 (isotope)
Cesium- 137 (isotope)
Cobalt-60 (isotope)
Iodine- 135 (isotope)
Iodine-132 (isotope)
Cesium- 134 (isotope)
Cobalt-58 (isotope)
Iodine- 135 (isotope)
Manganese-54 (isotope)
Cesium-134 (isotope)
Manganese-54 (isotope)
Cobalt-57 (isotope)
Bromine-89 (isotope)
Zirconium-95 (isotope)
Bromine-90 (isotope)
Cobalt-57 (isotope)
Niobium-95 (isotope)
Bromine-89 (isotope)
Zirconium-95 (isotope)
Bromine-90 (isotope)
Niobium-95 (isotope)
Technetium-99M (isotope)
Technetium-99M (isotope)
Silver- 1 10M (isotope)
Silver- 110M (isotope)
Repair Life-cycle Stage
Xenon-133 (isotope)
Tritium-3 (isotope)
Krypton-85 (isotope)
Xenon-133M (isotope)
Argon-41 (isotope)
Xenon-135 (isotope)
Cobalt-58 (isotope)
Krypton-88 (isotope)
Xenon-131M (isotope)
Krypton-85M (isotope)
Iodine-133 (isotope)
Xenon-138 (isotope)
Krypton-87 (isotope)
Xenon-135M (isotope)
Rubidium-88 (isotope)
Iodine-134 (isotope)
Iodine-131 (isotope)
Chromium-51 (isotope)
Cesium-137 (isotope)
Cobalt-60 (isotope)
LCI Data Type Radioactivity (Bq) %
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
1.86e-02
1.62e-02
1.60e-02
1.54e-02
6.11e-03
4.13e-03
4.01e-03
3.92e-03
3.18e-03
2.16e-03
1.02e-03
8.92e-04
8.09e-04
2.27e-04
1.69e-04
1.16e-04
9.16e-05
4.72e-05
4.30e-05
3.54e-05
2.95e-05
2.33e-05
1.20e-05
9.01e-06
4.75e-06
1.21e-06
1.06e-06
2.69e-07
3.50e+04
3.12e+05
3.74e+04
2.65e+04
2.07e+04
1. 60e+04
1.18e+04
3.44e+03
2.24e+03
2.16e+03
1.28e+03
1.12e+03
7.45e+02
4.78e+02
2.25e+02
5.25e+00
1.27e+00
1.21e+00
l.OOe+00
3.83e-01
2.59e-01
of Total
4.84e-08
4.21e-08
4.15e-08
4.00e-08
1.59e-08
1.07e-08
1.04e-08
1.02e-08
8.27e-09
5.60e-09
2.65e-09
2.32e-09
2.10e-09
5.89e-10
4.39e-10
3.01e-10
2.38e-10
1.22e-10
1.12e-10
9.206-11
7.666-11
6.05e-ll
3.116-11
2.346-11
1.236-11
3.14e-12
2.75e-12
6.98e-13
9.10e-02
S.lOe-01
9.72e-02
6.88e-02
5.38e-02
4.15e-02
3.06e-02
8.93e-03
5.82e-03
5.61e-03
3.33e-03
2.91e-03
1.93e-03
1.24e-03
5.84e-04
1.36e-05
3.30e-06
3.14e-06
2.60e-06
9.93e-07
6.72e-07
M-99
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-29. CRT LCIA Results for the Radioactivity Impact Category
Process Group
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
Material
Iodine-132 (isotope)
Iodine- 135 (isotope)
Cesium- 134 (isotope)
Manganese-54 (isotope)
Cobalt-57 (isotope)
Bromine-89 (isotope)
Zirconium-95 (isotope)
Bromine-90 (isotope)
Niobium-95 (isotope)
Technetium-99M (isotope)
Silver- 1 10M (isotope)
LCI Data Type Radioactivity (Bq) %
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
Total Use, Maintenance and Repair
End-of-life Manufacturing
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Total End-of-life
Total All Life-cycle Stages
Stage
Xenon-133 (isotope)
Tritium-3 (isotope)
Krypton-85 (isotope)
Xenon-133M (isotope)
Argon-41 (isotope)
Xenon-135 (isotope)
Cobalt-58 (isotope)
Krypton-88 (isotope)
Xenon- 1 3 1 M (isotope)
Krypton-85M (isotope)
Iodine-133 (isotope)
Xenon-138 (isotope)
Krypton-87 (isotope)
Xenon-135M (isotope)
Radioactive substance (unspecified)
Rubidium-88 (isotope)
Iodine-134 (isotope)
Iodine- 131 (isotope)
Chromium- 51 (isotope)
Cesium- 137 (isotope)
Cobalt-60 (isotope)
Iodine-132 (isotope)
Iodine- 135 (isotope)
Cesium-134 (isotope)
Manganese-54 (isotope)
Cobalt-57 (isotope)
Bromine-89 (isotope)
Zirconium-95 (isotope)
Bromine-90 (isotope)
Niobium-95 (isotope)
Technetium-99M (isotope)
Silver- 110M (isotope)
Radioactive substance (unspecified)
Radioactive substance (unspecified)
Radioactive substance (unspecified)
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
2.45e-01
6.39e-02
5.07e-02
1.42e-02
2.69e-03
1.85e-03
1.46e-03
7.51e-04
5.65e-04
7.57e-05
1.68e-05
4.36e+05
3.12e+01
3.75e+00
2.65e+00
2.07e+00
1. 60e+00
1.18e+00
3.44e-01
2.24e-01
2.16e-01
1.28e-01
1.12e-01
7.45e-02
4.78e-02
2.25e-02
7.95e-03
5.25e-04
1.27e-04
1.21e-04
l.OOe-04
3.83e-05
2.59e-05
2.46e-05
6.39e-06
5.07e-06
1.42e-06
2.69e-07
1.85e-07
1.46e-07
7.52e-08
5.65e-08
7.58e-09
1.68e-09
-9.34e-03
-1.456-01
-2.26e+00
4.12e+01
3.85e+07
of Total
6.37e-07
1.66e-07
1.32e-07
3.69e-08
6.99e-09
4.80e-09
3.79e-09
1.95e-09
1.47e-09
1.97e-10
4.376-11
1.13e+00
8.10e-05
9.73e-06
6.88e-06
5.38e-06
4.15e-06
3.06e-06
8.93e-07
5.82e-07
5.61e-07
3.33e-07
2.91e-07
1.94e-07
1.24e-07
5.84e-08
2.07e-08
1.36e-09
3.30e-10
3.14e-10
2.60e-10
9.94e-ll
6.72e-ll
6.386-11
1.666-11
1.326-11
3.69e-12
7.00e-13
4.80e-13
3.79e-13
1.95e-13
1.47e-13
1.97e-14
4.38e-15
-2.43e-08
-3.76e-07
-5.87e-06
1.07e-04
l.OOe+02
M-100
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-30. LCD LCIA Results for the Radioactivity Impact Category
Process Group
Material
LCI Data Type Radioactivity (Bq) % of Total
Materials Processing Life-cycle
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Stage
Plutoriium-241 (isotope) secondary
Plutoriium-240 (isotope) secondary
Cesium-135 (isotope) secondary
Radon-222 (isotope) secondary
Plutonium-239 (isotope) secondary
Strontium-90 (isotope) secondary
Tritium-3 (isotope) secondary
radioactive gas (unspecified) secondary
Xenon-133 (isotope) secondary
Radium-226 (isotope) secondary
Thorium-230 (isotope) secondary
Plutonium-242 (isotope) secondary
Curium-244 (isotope) secondary
Uranium-234 (isotope) secondary
Americium-241 (isotope) secondary
Krypton-85 (isotope) secondary
Uranium-238 (isotope) secondary
Samarium-151 (isotope) secondary
Neptunium-237 (isotope) secondary
Carbon-14 (isotope) secondary
Radium-222 (isotope) secondary
Uranium-235 (isotope) secondary
Americium-243 (isotope) secondary
Technetium-99M (isotope) secondary
Radioactive substance (unspecified) secondary
Thorium-228 (isotope) secondary
Radon-220 (isotope) secondary
Radium-228 (isotope) secondary
Polonium-210 (isotope) secondary
Lead-210 (isotope) secondary
Radium-224 (isotope) secondary
Zirconium-93 (isotope) secondary
Cesium-137 (isotope) secondary
Protactinium-234 (isotope) secondary
Thorium-234 (isotope) secondary
Silver- 110M (isotope) secondary
Potassium-40 (isotope) secondary
Cobalt-58 (isotope) secondary
Tin-126 (isotope) secondary
Cobalt-60 (isotope) secondary
Selenium-79 (isotope) secondary
Radioactive aerosols and halogenes
(unspecified) secondary
Thorium-232 (isotope) secondary
Curium-245 (isotope) secondary
Antimony-124 (isotope) secondary
Cesium-134 (isotope) secondary
Palladium-107 (isotope) secondary
1.18e+07
5.08e+04
4.59e+04
4.30e+04
3.57e+04
6.86e+03
1.23e+03
8.98e+02
7.63e+02
4.24e+02
2.53e+02
1.92e+02
1.91e+02
1.55e+02
9.42e+01
5.45e+01
4.55e+01
4.25e+01
2.95e+01
9.35e+00
3.26e+00
2.87e+00
2.05e+00
1.40e+00
1.30e+00
1.22e+00
9.93e-01
6.36e-01
5.52e-01
3.21e-01
2.97e-01
1.84e-01
1.56e-01
9.87e-02
9.87e-02
9.21e-02
8.57e-02
6.17e-02
5.79e-02
3.87e-02
3.31e-02
2.81e-02
2.28e-02
2.13e-02
2.12e-02
1.90e-02
1.04e-02
9.64e+01
4.16e-01
3.76e-01
3.52e-01
2.93e-01
5.62e-02
l.OOe-02
7.36e-03
6.25e-03
3.48e-03
2.07e-03
1.57e-03
1.57e-03
1.27e-03
7.72e-04
4.47e-04
3.72e-04
3.48e-04
2.42e-04
7.66e-05
2.67e-05
2.35e-05
1.68e-05
1.15e-05
1.07e-05
l.OOe-05
8.13e-06
5.21e-06
4.52e-06
2.63e-06
2.43e-06
1.51 e-06
1.28e-06
8.09e-07
8.09e-07
7.54e-07
7.02e-07
5.06e-07
4.74e-07
3.17e-07
2.71e-07
2.30e-07
1.87e-07
1.75e-07
1.74e-07
1.56e-07
8.48e-08
M-101
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-30. LCD LCIA Results for the Radioactivity Impact Category
Process Group
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Total Materials Processing
Manufacturing Life-cycle Stage
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Material
Iodine- 131 (isotope)
Iodine-133 (isotope)
Manganese-54 (isotope)
Iodine- 129 (isotope)
Radioactive substance (unspecified)
Xenon-133M (isotope)
Tritium-3 (isotope)
Krypton-85 (isotope)
Xenon-133 (isotope)
Argon-41 (isotope)
Xenon-135 (isotope)
Xenon-133 (isotope)
Krypton-88 (isotope)
Xenon- 1 3 1 M (isotope)
Krypton-85M (isotope)
Iodine-133 (isotope)
Xenon-138 (isotope)
Krypton-87 (isotope)
Tritium-3 (isotope)
Krypton-85 (isotope)
Xenon-135M (isotope)
Radioactive substance (unspecified)
Xenon-133M (isotope)
Argon-41 (isotope)
Xenon-135 (isotope)
Cobalt-58 (isotope)
Krypton-88 (isotope)
Xenon- 1 3 1 M (isotope)
Krypton-85M (isotope)
Iodine-133 (isotope)
Xenon-138 (isotope)
Rubidium-88 (isotope)
Krypton-87 (isotope)
Xenon-135M (isotope)
Radioactive substance (unspecified)
Iodine-134 (isotope)
Iodine- 131 (isotope)
Chromium- 51 (isotope)
Radioactive substance (unspecified)
Radioactive substance (unspecified)
Cesium- 137 (isotope)
Cobalt-60 (isotope)
Iodine-132 (isotope)
Radioactive substance (unspecified)
Iodine- 135 (isotope)
Cesium- 134 (isotope)
Rubidium-88 (isotope)
Cobalt-58 (isotope)
Manganese-54 (isotope)
LCI Data Type Radioactivity (Bq) % of Total
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
4.42e-03
4.09e-03
3.07e-03
3.01e-03
1.57e-03
1.20e+07
6.58e+04
7.90e+03
5.59e+03
4.37e+03
3.37e+03
2.48e+03
6.04e+02
4.73e+02
4.56e+02
2.71e+02
2.37e+02
1.57e+02
l.Ole+02
7.25e+01
5.13e+01
4.74e+01
4.42e+01
4.01e+01
3.09e+01
2.28e+01
6.65e+00
4.34e+00
4.18e+00
2.48e+00
2.17e+00
1.44e+00
l.lle+00
9.25e-01
4.35e-01
3.24e-01
2.68e-01
2.55e-01
2.116-01
1.21e-01
1.06e-01
8.08e-02
5.46e-02
5.18e-02
2.94e-02
1.35e-02
1.07e-02
1.02e-02
7.26e-03
3.00e-03
3.62e-08
3.35e-08
2.51e-08
2.47e-08
1.28e-08
9.79e+01
5.39e-01
6.48e-02
4.58e-02
3.58e-02
2.76e-02
2.04e-02
4.95e-03
3.88e-03
3.74e-03
2.22e-03
1.94e-03
1.29e-03
8.26e-04
5.94e-04
4.20e-04
3.89e-04
3.62e-04
3.29e-04
2.53e-04
1.87e-04
5.45e-05
3.56e-05
3.43e-05
2.04e-05
1.78e-05
1.18e-05
9.07e-06
7.58e-06
3.57e-06
2.65e-06
2.20e-06
2.09e-06
1.73e-06
9.88e-07
8.69e-07
6.62e-07
4.47e-07
4.24e-07
2.41e-07
1.10e-07
8.77e-08
8.32e-08
5.94e-08
2.46e-08
M-102
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-30. LCD LCIA Results for the
Process Group
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
Total Manufacturing
Use, Maintenance and
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
Material
Iodine-134 (isotope)
Iodine- 131 (isotope)
Chromium- 51 (isotope)
Cesium- 137 (isotope)
Cobalt-57 (isotope)
Cobalt-60 (isotope)
Iodine-132 (isotope)
Bromine-89 (isotope)
Zirconium-95 (isotope)
Bromine-90 (isotope)
Iodine- 135 (isotope)
Niobium-95 (isotope)
Cesium- 134 (isotope)
Manganese-54 (isotope)
Technetium-99M (isotope)
Cobalt-57 (isotope)
Bromine-89 (isotope)
Silver- 1 10M (isotope)
Zirconium-95 (isotope)
Bromine-90 (isotope)
Niobium-95 (isotope)
Technetium-99M (isotope)
Silver- 1 10M (isotope)
Repair Life-cycle Stage
Xenon-133 (isotope)
Tritium-3 (isotope)
Krypton-85 (isotope)
Xenon-133M (isotope)
Argon-41 (isotope)
Xenon-135 (isotope)
Cobalt-58 (isotope)
Krypton-88 (isotope)
Xenon- 1 3 1 M (isotope)
Krypton-85M (isotope)
Iodine-133 (isotope)
Xenon-138 (isotope)
Krypton-87 (isotope)
Xenon-135M (isotope)
Rubidium-88 (isotope)
Iodine-134 (isotope)
Iodine- 131 (isotope)
Chromium- 51 (isotope)
Cesium- 137 (isotope)
Cobalt-60 (isotope)
Iodine-132 (isotope)
Iodine- 135 (isotope)
Cesium- 134 (isotope)
Manganese-54 (isotope)
Radioactivity Impact Category
LCI Data Type Radioactivity (Bq) % of Total
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
2.46e-03
2.34e-03
1.94e-03
7.41e-04
5.68e-04
5.01e-04
4.75e-04
3.90e-04
3.08e-04
1.59e-04
1.24e-04
1.19e-04
9.82e-05
2.756-05
1. 60e-05
5.21e-06
3.58e-06
3.56e-06
2.82e-06
1.45e-06
1.09e-06
1.476-07
3.26e-08
9.22e+04
1.16e+05
1.40e+04
9.88e+03
7.73e+03
5.96e+03
4.39e+03
1.28e+03
8.37e+02
8.06e+02
4.79e+02
4.18e+02
2.78e+02
1.78e+02
8.39e+01
1.96e+00
4.74e-01
4.51e-01
3.74e-01
1.43e-01
9.65e-02
9.16e-02
2.38e-02
1.89e-02
5.30e-03
2.02e-08
1.92e-08
1.59e-08
6.07e-09
4.66e-09
4.10e-09
3.89e-09
3.19e-09
2.52e-09
1.30e-09
1.01 e-09
9.77e-10
8.04e-10
2.25e-10
1.31e-10
4.276-11
2.93e-ll
2.91e-ll
2.31e-ll
1.19e-ll
8.96e-12
1.20e-12
2.67e-13
7.55e-01
9.53e-01
1.14e-01
8.10e-02
6.34e-02
4.88e-02
3.60e-02
1.05e-02
6.85e-03
6.60e-03
3.92e-03
3.43e-03
2.28e-03
1.46e-03
6.87e-04
1. 60e-05
3.89e-06
3.69e-06
3.06e-06
1.17e-06
7.91e-07
7.50e-07
1.95e-07
1.55e-07
4.35e-08
M-103
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-30. LCD LCIA Results for the Radioactivity Impact Category
Process Group
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
Total Use, Maintenance and Repair
End-of-life Life-cycle Stage
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Total End-of-life
Total All Life-cycle Stages
Material
Cobalt-57 (isotope)
Bromine-89 (isotope)
Zirconium-95 (isotope)
Bromine-90 (isotope)
Niobium-95 (isotope)
Technetium-99M (isotope)
Silver- 1 10M (isotope)
Xenon-133 (isotope)
Tritium-3 (isotope)
Krypton-85 (isotope)
Xenon-133M (isotope)
Argon-41 (isotope)
Xenon-135 (isotope)
Cobalt-58 (isotope)
Krypton-88 (isotope)
Xenon- 1 3 1 M (isotope)
Krypton-85M (isotope)
Iodine-133 (isotope)
Xenon-138 (isotope)
Krypton-87 (isotope)
Xenon-135M (isotope)
Radioactive substance (unspecified)
Rubidium-88 (isotope)
Iodine-134 (isotope)
Iodine- 131 (isotope)
Chromium- 51 (isotope)
Cesium- 137 (isotope)
Cobalt-60 (isotope)
Iodine-132 (isotope)
Iodine- 135 (isotope)
Cesium- 134 (isotope)
Manganese-54 (isotope)
Cobalt-57 (isotope)
Bromine-89 (isotope)
Zirconium-95 (isotope)
Bromine-90 (isotope)
Niobium-95 (isotope)
Technetium-99M (isotope)
Silver- 110M (isotope)
Radioactive substance (unspecified)
Radioactive substance (unspecified)
Radioactive substance (unspecified)
LCI Data Type Radioactivity (Bq) % of Total
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
l.OOe-03
6.89e-04
5.44e-04
2.80e-04
2.11e-04
2.83e-05
6.29e-06
1.63e+05
2.21e+01
2.65e+00
1.88e+00
1.47e+00
1.13e+00
8.33e-01
2.43e-01
1.59e-01
1.53e-01
9.09e-02
7.94e-02
5.28e-02
3.38e-02
1.59e-02
3.63e-03
3.72e-04
9.00e-05
8.56e-05
7.09e-05
2.71e-05
1.83e-05
1.74e-05
4.52e-06
3.59e-06
l.Ole-06
1.91e-07
1.31e-07
1.03e-07
5.32e-08
4.00e-08
5.36e-09
1.19e-09
-6.16e-03
-9.39e-02
-1.49e+00
2.93e+01
1.22e+07
8.23e-09
5.65e-09
4.46e-09
2.30e-09
1.73e-09
2.32e-10
5.156-11
1.33e+00
1.81e-04
2.17e-05
1.54e-05
1.20e-05
9.26e-06
6.83e-06
1.99e-06
1.30e-06
1.25e-06
7.456-07
6.50e-07
4.32e-07
2.77e-07
1.30e-07
2.97e-08
3.04e-09
7.37e-10
7.01e-10
5.81e-10
2.22e-10
1.50e-10
1.42e-10
3.706-11
2.946-11
8.25e-12
1.56e-12
1.07e-12
8.46e-13
4.36e-13
3.28e-13
4.39e-14
9.77e-15
-5.05e-10
-7.69e-09
-1.226-07
2.53e-04
l.OOe+02
M-104
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-31. CRT LCIA Results for the Chronic Occupational Health Effects Impact Category
Process Group
Material
LCI Data Type Chronic Occupational %
Toxicity (tox-kg)
of Total
Materials Processing Life-cycle Stage
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
ABS Production
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Total Materials Processing
Manufacturing Life-cycle Stage
Glass/frit
PWB Mfg.
CRT tube mfg.
Glass/frit
CRT tube mfg.
Glass/frit
CRT monitor assembly
Glass/frit
PWB Mfg.
PWB Mfg.
CRT tube mfg.
CRT tube mfg.
Glass/frit.
Glass/frit
Glass/frit
CRT monitor assembly
PWB Mfg.
CRT tube mfg.
Glass/frit
PWB Mfg.
CRT tube mfg.
Glass/frit
CRT tube mfg.
CRT monitor assembly
Glass/frit
CRT tube mfg.
CRT glass mfg.
PWB Mfg.
CRT monitor assembly
CRT monitor assembly
CRT tube mfg.
Glass/frit
CRT tube mfg.
CRT tube mfg.
PWB Mfg.
CRT tube mfg.
Sodium Dichromate
Phenolsulphonic Acid
Barium sulfate
Dioctyl Sebacate
Barium sulfate
Etoxy Naphtol Sulphonic Acid (ENSA)
Barium sulfate
Barium sulfate
Borax
Borax
Liquified petroleum gas ("propane")
Sulfuric acid
Sulfuric acid
Barium Carbonate
Fuel oil #6
Fuel oil #2
PPE
Lead
Hydrochloric acid
Formaldehyde
LNG
Ammonium bifluoride
Cerium Oxide
Strontium Carbonate
Sodium Dichromate
Fuel oil #4
Nitric acid
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrofluoric acid
Ammonium hydroxide
Sulfuric acid, aluminum salt
Zircon Sand
Hydrogen peroxide
Triphenyl phosphate
Lead
Chlorine
Aluminum Oxide
Hydrogen peroxide
Tricresyl phosphate
Isopropyl alcohol
Nitric acid
Borax
Hydrofluoric acid
Boric acid
Glycol ethers
Red Phosphor (Y2O2S)
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
model/secondary
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
model/secondary
model/secondary
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
model/secondary
primary
primary
model/secondary
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
model/secondary
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
model/secondary
primary
7.23e-01
6.24e-03
2.28e-03
2.46e-04
2.14e-04
1.99e-04
1.90e-04
8.47e-07
5.26e-07
5.14e-07
7.32e-01
7.02e+02
1.26e+02
3.84e+01
1.68e+01
7.37e+00
2.32e+00
1.47e+00
8.95e-01
8.78e-01
7.56e-01
6.71e-01
4.85e-01
4.53e-01
3.52e-01
2.88e-01
2.74e-01
2.72e-01
2.01e-01
1.58e-01
1.556-01
1.20e-01
1.09e-01
1.07e-01
1.06e-01
9.33e-02
8.07e-02
6.74e-02
6.21e-02
4.59e-02
2.44e-02
1.63e-02
1. 60e-02
1.48e-02
1.37e-02
1.34e-02
9.31e-03
7.74e-02
6.68e-04
2.44e-04
2.64e-05
2.29e-05
2.13e-05
2.03e-05
9.07e-08
5.64e-08
5.50e-08
7.84e-02
7.51e+01
1.34e+01
4.11e+00
1.80e+00
7.89e-01
2.49e-01
1.57e-01
9.58e-02
9.40e-02
8.09e-02
7.18e-02
5.20e-02
4.86e-02
3.77e-02
3.09e-02
2.93e-02
2.91e-02
2.15e-02
1.69e-02
1.66e-02
1.28e-02
1.16e-02
1.14e-02
1.13e-02
9.99e-03
8.64e-03
7.22e-03
6.65e-03
4.92e-03
2.61e-03
1.75e-03
1.71 e-03
1.58e-03
1.47e-03
1.43e-03
9.96e-04
M-105
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-31. CRT LCIA Results for the Chronic Occupational Health Effects Impact Category
Process Group
CRT monitor assembly
CRT tube mfg.
CRT tube mfg.
CRT tube mfg.
CRT tube mfg.
CRT tube mfg.
CRT tube mfg.
CRT tube mfg.
CRT tube mfg.
CRT tube mfg.
CRT tube mfg.
CRT tube mfg.
CRT tube mfg.
CRT tube mfg.
CRT tube mfg.
CRT tube mfg.
CRT tube mfg.
Japanese Electric Grid
CRT tube mfg.
CRT tube mfg.
CRT tube mfg.
CRT tube mfg.
CRT monitor assembly
US electric grid
CRT tube mfg.
CRT tube mfg.
CRT tube mfg.
CRT monitor assembly
CRT tube mfg.
CRT monitor assembly
Total Manufacturing
Material
Phosphate ester
Polyvinyl alcohol
Blue Phosphor (ZnS)
Green Phosphor (ZnS)
Chromium (VI)
Sodium Metabisulfite
Dimethyl Formamide
Isopentylacetate
Blue Phosphor (ZnS.Ag.Al)
Ammonium hydroxide
Green Phosphor (ZnS.Cu.Al)
Red Phosphor (Y2O2S.Eu)
Amyl acetate (mixed isomers)
Ammonium fluoride
Toluene
Sodium Persulfate
Ammonium Oxalate Monohydrate
Uranium, yellowcake
Sodium Hypochlorite
Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone (PVP)
Periodic Acid
Ammonia
2,2,4-trimethylpentane
Uranium, yellowcake
Ammonium Dichromate
Sodium Dichromate Dihydrate (VI)
Acetone
Fluorocarbon resin
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Cyclohexane
LCI Data Type Chronic Occupational %
Toxicity (tox-kg)
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
model/secondary
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
model/secondary
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
8.41e-03
8.11e-03
7.67e-03
6.68e-03
5.68e-03
4.67e-03
3.84e-03
3.49e-03
3.34e-03
2.81e-03
2.68e-03
2.67e-03
2.41e-03
1.78e-03
8.02e-04
7.08e-04
6.32e-04
6.07e-04
5.24e-04
5.22e-04
4.53e-04
3.24e-04
3.01e-04
1.55e-04
6.99e-05
6.19e-05
3.77e-05
3.756-05
3.19e-05
8.61e-06
9.00e+02
of Total
9.00e-04
8.69e-04
8.22e-04
7.15e-04
6.09e-04
5.00e-04
4.11e-04
3.74e-04
3.57e-04
3.01e-04
2.87e-04
2.86e-04
2.58e-04
1.91e-04
8.59e-05
7.58e-05
6.77e-05
6.50e-05
5.61e-05
5.59e-05
4.85e-05
3.47e-05
3.22e-05
1.66e-05
7.49e-06
6.63e-06
4.03e-06
4.02e-06
3.42e-06
9.22e-07
9.64e+01
Use, Maintenance and Repair Life-cycle Stage
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
Total Use, Maintenance and Repair
End-of-life Life-cycle Stage
CRT landfillirig
CRT Recycling
US electric grid
CRT Incineration
Total End-of-life
Natural gas
Petroleum (in gournd)
Uranium, yellowcake
Fuel oil #4
Liquified petroleum gas ("propane")
Uranium, yellowcake
Fuel oil #4
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
primary
primary
model/secondary
secondary
2.80e+01
7.60e+00
9.70e-03
3.56e+01
3.86e-02
6.06e-03
9.71e-07
-2.88e+00
-2.83e+00
3.00e+00
8.14e-01
1.04e-03
3.81e+00
4.13e-03
6.48e-04
1.04e-07
-3.086-01
-3.03e-01
Total All Life-cycle Stages
9.34e+02
l.OOe+02
M-106
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-32. LCD LCIA Results for the Chronic Occupational Health Effects Impact Category
Process Group
Materials
Chronic Occupational
LCI Data Type Toxicity (tox-kg) % of Total
Materials Processing Life-cycle Stage
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
PMMA Sheet Prod.
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Total Materials Processing
Manufacturing Life-cycle Stage
Monitor/module
Monitor/module
PWB Mfg.
LCD glass mfg.
Monitor/module
Panel components
Monitor/module
Monitor/module
Panel components
Monitor/module
LCD glass mfg.
Monitor/module
Monitor/module
Monitor/module
Monitor/module
PWB Mfg.
Panel components
PWB Mfg.
Monitor/module
Panel components
Monitor/module
Monitor/module
Monitor/module
Monitor/module
Monitor/module
Monitor/module
PWB Mfg.
LCD glass mfg.
Monitor/module
PWB Mfg.
Monitor/module
Monitor/module
Monitor/module
Monitor/module
PWB Mfg.
Monitor/module
Monitor/module
Sodium Dichromate
Phenolsulphonic Acid
Barium sulfate
Dioctyl Sebacate
Etoxy Naphtol Sulphonic Acid (ENSA)
Barium sulfate
Barium sulfate
Ferromanganese (Fe, Mn, C)
LNG
Sulfuric acid
Sulfuric acid
Liquified petroleum gas ("propane")
Phosphine
Sulfuric acid
Dimethylsulfoxide
Ethanol amine
Tetrahydrofuran
Liquified petroleum gas ("propane")
Barium Carbonate
Kerosene
Ammonium bifluoride
Fuel oil #4
Isopropyl alcohol
Hydrochloric acid
Kerosene
Formaldehyde
Tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide
Fuel oil #6
Nitrogen fluoride
Hydrochloric acid
Phosphoric acid
2-(2-butoxyethoxy)-ethanol
N-Butylacetate
Molybdenum
Nitric acid
Fuel oil #2
Hydrofluoric acid
Ammonium hydroxide
Ammonia
Sulfur hexafluoride
Propylene glycol monomethyl ether
acetate
Chlorine
Hydrogen peroxide
Nitric acid
Ammonium fluoride
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
primary
model/secondary
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
model/secondary
primary
model/secondary
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
model/secondary
primary
primary
model/secondary
primary
primary
primary
primary
model/secondary
primary
primary
3.54e-01
3.06e-03
8.47e-04
1.21e-04
9.76e-05
9.30e-05
2.42e-05
7.67e-07
3.59e-01
3.95e+02
1.58e+02
5.54e+01
3.25e+01
1.23e+01
1.09e+01
7.96e+00
4.32e+00
1.32e+00
1.17e+00
7.79e-01
5.95e-01
5.62e-01
4.22e-01
4.19e-01
3.87e-01
3.35e-01
3.33e-01
2.57e-01
2.51e-01
2.16e-01
1.97e-01
1.90e-01
1.81e-01
1.64e-01
1.52e-01
1.20e-01
1.08e-01
8.42e-02
6.85e-02
4.22e-02
3.24e-02
3.12e-02
3.11e-02
2.74e-02
2.49e-02
2.28e-02
5.09e-02
4.40e-04
1.22e-04
1.73e-05
1.40e-05
1.34e-05
3.47e-06
1.10e-07
5.15e-02
5.676+01
2.26e+01
7.96e+00
4.67e+00
1.77e+00
1.56e+00
1.14e+00
6.21e-01
1.89e-01
1.67e-01
1.12e-01
8.56e-02
8.07e-02
6.06e-02
6.02e-02
5.57e-02
4.82e-02
4.79e-02
3.70e-02
3.61e-02
3.11e-02
2.83e-02
2.73e-02
2.60e-02
2.35e-02
2.18e-02
1.72e-02
1.55e-02
1.21e-02
9.84e-03
6.06e-03
4.66e-03
4.49e-03
4.46e-03
3.94e-03
3.58e-03
3.28e-03
M-107
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-32. LCD LCIA Results for the Chronic Occupational Health Effects Impact Category
Process Group
LCD glass mfg.
Monitor/module
Monitor/module
LCD glass mfg.
Monitor/module
Monitor/module
Monitor/module
Panel components
Panel components
Monitor/module
LCD glass mfg.
Monitor/module
Monitor/module
Panel components
PWB Mfg.
LCD glass mfg.
Panel components
Panel components
Monitor/module
LCD glass mfg.
Monitor/module
Monitor/module
Monitor/module
Panel components
Panel components
Japanese Electric Grid
Monitor/module
Panel components
Monitor/module
Monitor/module
Panel components
Panel components
Panel components
Panel components
Monitor/module
Monitor/module
Panel components
Monitor/module
Panel components
Panel components
Monitor/module
Panel components
Panel components
Panel components
Panel components
Panel components
Monitor/module
Backlight
Panel components
Materials
Cerium Oxide
Isopropyl alcohol
Acetone
Strontium Carbonate
Glycol ethers
1 -Methoxy-2-propanol
Titanium
Polyvinyl alcohol
Perchloric acid
1 -methyl-2-pyrrolidinone
Hydrofluoric acid
Acetic acid
Propylene glycol
Hydrochloric acid
Glycol ethers
Zircon Sand
Toluene
Heptane
2-ethoxyl ethylacetate
Aluminum Oxide
Nitrous oxide
Perfluoromethane
Monosilane
Orthoboric acid
Hydrochloric acid
Uranium, yellowcake
Cresol-formaldehyde resin
Acetone
Indium tin oxide
Polyethylene mono(nonylphenyl) ether
glycol
Fuel oil #2
3 ,4-difluorobromobenzene
4-pentylphenol
4-bromophenol
LCD material (confidential)
1 ,4-butanolide
3 ,4, 5-trifluorobromobenzene
Hexamethyldisilizane
4-4(-propylcyclohexyl)cyclohexanone
4-propionylphenol
Hydrogen peroxide
HCFC-225ca
HCFC-225cb
Borax
Cyclohexane
4-ethylphenol
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Diethyl ether
Methyl ethyl ketone
Chronic Occupational
LCI Data Type Toxicity (tox-kg) % of Total
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
model/secondary
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
model/secondary
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
2.10e-02
1.88e-02
1.74e-02
1.63e-02
1.23e-02
1.21e-02
1.16e-02
8.61e-03
7.64e-03
7.37e-03
7.33e-03
6.79e-03
6.26e-03
5.90e-03
5.89e-03
5.03e-03
4.60e-03
4.33e-03
3.55e-03
3.12e-03
2.71e-03
2.57e-03
2.25e-03
2.12e-03
2.07e-03
2.04e-03
1.66e-03
1.22e-03
1. 05e-03
9.39e-04
8.15e-04
7.31e-04
6.84e-04
6.53e-04
6.21e-04
5.31e-04
5.29e-04
5.16e-04
4.35e-04
3.89e-04
2.93e-04
2.74e-04
2.74e-04
1.83e-04
1.78e-04
1.40e-04
1.04e-04
9.50e-05
4.61e-05
3.02e-03
2.70e-03
2.49e-03
2.34e-03
1.76e-03
1.74e-03
1.66e-03
1.24e-03
1.10e-03
1.06e-03
1.05e-03
9.76e-04
9.00e-04
8.47e-04
8.46e-04
7.23e-04
6.61e-04
6.22e-04
5.10e-04
4.49e-04
3.90e-04
3.70e-04
3.23e-04
3.05e-04
2.97e-04
2.94e-04
2.38e-04
1.75e-04
1.51 e-04
1.35e-04
1.17e-04
1. 05e-04
9.83e-05
9.38e-05
8.93e-05
7.63e-05
7.60e-05
7.42e-05
6.26e-05
5.59e-05
4.22e-05
3.93e-05
3.93e-05
2.62e-05
2.56e-05
2.01e-05
1. 50e-05
1.37e-05
6.62e-06
M-108
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-32. LCD LCIA Results for the Chronic Occupational Health Effects Impact Category
Chronic Occupational
LCI Data Type Toxicity (tox-kg)
Process Group
Materials
% of Total
Monitor/module
Monitor/module
US electric grid
Monitor/module
Backlight
Monitor/module
Monitor/module
Backlight
Monitor/module
Monitor/module
Monitor/module
Monitor/module
Total Manufacturing
Use, Maintenance and Repair Life-cycle Stage
US electric grid Natural gas
US electric grid
US electric grid
Total Use, Maintenance and Repair
End-of-life Life-cycle Stage
LCD landfilling
LCD recycling
US electric grid
LCD incineration
Total End-of-life
Triallyl isocyanurate primary
2,2,4-trimethylpentane primary
Uranium, yellowcake model/secondary
Ammonium hydroxide primary
LNG primary
2-(2-butoxyethoxy)-ethanol acetate primary
Sodium dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate primary
Mercury primary
Fluorocarbon resin primary
Cyclohexane primary
Methyl ethyl ketone primary
Aluminum (elemental) primary
model/secondary
Petroleum (in ground) model/secondary
Uranium, yellowcake model/secondary
Fuel oil #4 primary
Liquified petroleum gas ("propane") primary
Uranium, yellowcake model/secondary
Fuel oil #4 secondary
3.09e-05
3.05e-05
1.88e-05
1.03e-05
8.33e-06
8.18e-06
8.12e-06
3.99e-06
3.38e-06
9.30e-07
7.00e-07
1.70e-ll
6.84e+02
1.04e+01
2.84e+00
3.62e-03
1.33e+01
9.29e-03
2.76e-03
6.87e-07
-1.95e+00
-1.94e+00
4.44e-06
4.38e-06
2.70e-06
1.48e-06
1.20e-06
1.18e-06
1.17e-06
5.73e-07
4.86e-07
1.34e-07
l.Ole-07
2.45e-12
9.83e+01
1.50e+00
4.08e-01
5.20e-04
1.91e+00
1.34e-03
3.97e-04
9.87e-08
-2.80e-01
-2.79e-01
Total All Life-cycle Stages
6.96e+02
l.OOe+02
M-109
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-33. CRT LCIA Results for the Chronic Public Health Effects Impact Category
Process Group
Materials Processing Life-cycle
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Aluminum Prod.
Polycarbonate Production
Lead
ABS Production
Ferrite mfg.
Lead
Polystyrene Prod., high-impact
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Invar
Lead
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Aluminum Prod.
Invar
Aluminum Prod.
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Aluminum Prod.
Lead
Polycarbonate Production
Polycarbonate Production
Polycarbonate Production
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Lead
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
ABS Production
Lead
Lead
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Aluminum Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Invar
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
Aluminum Prod.
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Lead
Material
Stage
Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur dioxide
Arsenic
Sulfur dioxide
Titanium tetrachloride
Carbon monoxide
Titanium tetrachloride
Titanium tetrachloride
PM
Manganese cmpds
Manganese cmpds
Vanadium
Manganese cmpds
Carbon monoxide
Vanadium
Carbon monoxide
Vanadium
Arsenic cmpds
Manganese cmpds
Carbon monoxide
Methane
Nitrogen dioxide
Arsenic
Arsenic
Nitrogen dioxide
Zinc (elemental)
Titanium tetrachloride
Zinc (elemental)
Zinc (elemental)
Methane
Carbon monoxide
Vanadium
Carbon monoxide
Fluorides (F-)
Carbon monoxide
PM
Carbon monoxide
Arsenic cmpds
Methane
Manganese cmpds
Vanadium
Nitrogen dioxide
Nitrogen oxides
Arsenic cmpds
LCI Data Type
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
Chronic Public
Toxicity (tox-kg)
1.65e+02
2.54e+01
1.38e+01
7.93e+00
4.57e+00
2.80e+00
2.35e+00
2.21e+00
1.20e+00
7.20e-01
3.00e-01
2.56e-01
2.10e-01
2.10e-01
1.62e-01
1. 50e-01
1.07e-01
9.39e-02
7.60e-02
7.40e-02
6.32e-02
5.15e-02
4.75e-02
4.60e-02
4.48e-02
4.06e-02
3.88e-02
3.21e-02
2.90e-02
2.80e-02
2.42e-02
2.36e-02
2.28e-02
2.21e-02
2.18e-02
2.17e-02
2.09e-02
2.04e-02
1.92e-02
1.86e-02
1.78e-02
1.73e-02
1.69e-02
1.61 e-02
1.49e-02
1.45e-02
1.43e-02
1.40e-02
1.38e-02
% of Total
8.33e+00
1.28e+00
6.97e-01
4.01e-01
2.31e-01
1.41e-01
1.19e-01
l.lle-01
6.05e-02
3.64e-02
1.51 e-02
1.29e-02
1.06e-02
1.06e-02
8.18e-03
7.56e-03
5.43e-03
4.74e-03
3.84e-03
3.74e-03
3.19e-03
2.60e-03
2.40e-03
2.33e-03
2.27e-03
2.05e-03
1.96e-03
1.62e-03
1.46e-03
1.41e-03
1.22e-03
1.19e-03
1. 15e-03
1.12e-03
1.10e-03
1.10e-03
1.06e-03
1.03e-03
9.70e-04
9.41e-04
8.99e-04
8.74e-04
8.53e-04
8.13e-04
7.53e-04
7.33e-04
7.21e-04
7.07e-04
6.98e-04
M-110
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-33. CRT LCIA Results for the Chronic Public Health Effects Impact Category
Process Group
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Polycarbonate Production
Invar
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
ABS Production
Invar
ABS Production
Lead
Aluminum Prod.
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Lead
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
Polystyrene Prod., high-impact
Ferrite mfg.
Polystyrene Prod., high-impact
Aluminum Prod.
Lead
ABS Production
Lead
ABS Production
Polystyrene Prod., high-impact
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Invar
Lead
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Lead
Ferrite mfg.
ABS Production
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Aluminum Prod.
Invar
Lead
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Invar
Lead
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
Material
Methane
PM
Methane
Sulfur oxides
Barium cmpds
Methane
Nitrogen dioxide
Nitrogen dioxide
Nitrogen dioxide
Selenium
Methane
PM
Methane
Arsenic
Barium cmpds
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Nitrogen dioxide
Nitrogen dioxide
PM
Methane
Aluminum (+3)
Lead
Hydrochloric acid
Barium cmpds
PM
Carbon monoxide
Selenium
Hydrochloric acid
PM
Hydrochloric acid
Selenium
Hydrochloric acid
Benzene
Barium cmpds
PM
Arsenic cmpds
Formaldehyde
Nitrous oxide
Arsenic cmpds
Ammonia
Cadmium cmpds
Aluminum (+3)
Hydrochloric acid
Silicon
Copper
Aluminum (+3)
Benzene
Titanium tetrachloride
Barium cmpds
LCI Data Type Chronic Public % of Total
Toxicity (tox-kg)
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
1.37e-02
1.29e-02
1.15e-02
1.14e-02
1.04e-02
1.02e-02
1.01 e-02
9.32e-03
8.37e-03
6.29e-03
5.71e-03
5.51e-03
5.04e-03
4.52e-03
4.31e-03
4.07e-03
4.05e-03
3.63e-03
3.44e-03
3.33e-03
3.18e-03
3.16e-03
2.93e-03
2.71e-03
2.54e-03
2.45e-03
2.32e-03
2.05e-03
1.99e-03
1.85e-03
1.84e-03
1.78e-03
1.76e-03
1.73e-03
1.68e-03
1.64e-03
1. 60e-03
1.55e-03
1.54e-03
1.26e-03
1.17e-03
1.14e-03
1.07e-03
l.Ole-03
9.89e-04
9.25e-04
9.18e-04
8.33e-04
7.81e-04
6.94e-04
6.53e-04
5.82e-04
5.77e-04
5.28e-04
5.14e-04
5.12e-04
4.71e-04
4.23e-04
3.18e-04
2.88e-04
2.78e-04
2.55e-04
2.28e-04
2.18e-04
2.06e-04
2.05e-04
1.83e-04
1.74e-04
1.68e-04
1. 60e-04
1. 60e-04
1.48e-04
1.37e-04
1.28e-04
1.24e-04
1.17e-04
1. 03e-04
l.OOe-04
9.35e-05
9.27e-05
9.02e-05
8.89e-05
8.75e-05
8.50e-05
8.28e-05
8.09e-05
7.85e-05
7.76e-05
6.38e-05
5.92e-05
5.76e-05
5.41e-05
5.12e-05
4.99e-05
4.67e-05
4.64e-05
4.21e-05
3.95e-05
M-lll
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-33. CRT LCIA Results for the Chronic Public Health Effects Impact Category
Process Group
Ferrite mfg.
Polystyrene Prod., high-impact
Ferrite mfg.
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
ABS Production
Aluminum Prod.
Polycarbonate Production
Aluminum Prod.
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
ABS Production
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Polycarbonate Production
ABS Production
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Lead
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Ferrite mfg.
Aluminum Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Polycarbonate Production
ABS Production
Aluminum Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Aluminum Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Invar
Polycarbonate Production
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
ABS Production
Lead
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Invar
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Lead
ABS Production
Ferrite mfg.
Material
Hydrochloric acid
PM
Benzene
Benzene
Ethane
Hydrofluoric acid
Hydrofluoric acid
Hydrochloric acid
Barium sulfate
Silicon
Formaldehyde
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Titanium
Sulfuric acid
Ammonia
Selenium
Benzene
Silicon
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Selenium
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Nitrous oxide
Perfluoromethane
Mercury compounds
Ethane
Titanium
Zinc (elemental)
Silicon
Zinc (elemental)
Titanium
Tin (Sn++, Sn4+)
Molybdenum
Copper (+1 & +2)
Strontium (Sr II)
Ethane
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Ethane
Formaldehyde
Formaldehyde
Molybdenum
Sulfuric acid
Silicon
Sulfuric acid
Nitrates/nitrites
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Cadmium cmpds
Barium
Barium sulfate
Mercury compounds
Aluminum (+3)
LCI Data Type Chronic Public % of Total
Toxicity (tox-kg)
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
6.93e-04
6.05e-04
5.86e-04
5.70e-04
4.92e-04
4.87e-04
4.81e-04
4.65e-04
4.54e-04
4.52e-04
4.15e-04
3.81e-04
3.30e-04
3.18e-04
3.07e-04
3.00e-04
2.99e-04
2.97e-04
2.89e-04
2.86e-04
2.85e-04
2.76e-04
2.59e-04
2.44e-04
2.37e-04
2.30e-04
2.30e-04
2.19e-04
2.16e-04
2.16e-04
2.09e-04
1.88e-04
1.80e-04
1. 70e-04
1.65e-04
1.64e-04
1.61 e-04
1. 60e-04
1.56e-04
1.52e-04
1.46e-04
1.43e-04
1.42e-04
1.37e-04
1.36e-04
1.27e-04
1.23e-04
1.15e-04
1.12e-04
1.12e-04
3.50e-05
3.05e-05
2.96e-05
2.88e-05
2.48e-05
2.46e-05
2.43e-05
2.35e-05
2.29e-05
2.28e-05
2.10e-05
1.93e-05
1.67e-05
1. 60e-05
1.55e-05
1.51e-05
1. 51e-05
1. 50e-05
1.46e-05
1.44e-05
1.44e-05
1.40e-05
1.31e-05
1.23e-05
1.20e-05
1.16e-05
1.16e-05
1.10e-05
1.09e-05
1.09e-05
1.05e-05
9.50e-06
9.10e-06
8.57e-06
8.35e-06
8.30e-06
8.15e-06
8.09e-06
7.90e-06
7.69e-06
7.36e-06
7.20e-06
7.19e-06
6.91e-06
6.86e-06
6.42e-06
6.22e-06
5.79e-06
5.64e-06
5.63e-06
M-112
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-33. CRT LCIA Results for the Chronic Public Health Effects Impact Category
Process Group
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
ABS Production
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Invar
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Polycarbonate Production
Aluminum Prod.
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Invar
Lead
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Invar
Polystyrene Prod., high-impact
ABS Production
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Lead
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Invar
Invar
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Lead
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Lead
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
Ferrite mfg.
Aluminum Prod.
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Lead
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Lead
Aluminum Prod.
Lead
Lead
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Aluminum Prod.
Invar
Material
Mercury compounds
Aluminum (+3)
Antimony
Copper (+1 & +2)
Nickel
Titanium
Fluorides (F-)
Nitrate
Strontium (Sr II)
Boron
Strontium (Sr II)
Lead
Lead
Hydrochloric acid
Barium
Ethane
Silver compounds
Tin (Sn++, Sn4+)
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Nitrate
Nitrates/nitrites
Hydrofluoric acid
Molybdenum
Copper (+1 &+2)
Chromium (VI)
Ammonia
Zinc (+2)
Boron
Acetylene
Mercury compounds
Cadmium
Fluorides (F-)
Nitrous oxide
Barium
Hydrofluoric acid
Barium
Zinc (+2)
Zinc (+2)
Barium sulfate
Barium sulfate
Strontium (Sr II)
Barium sulfate
Aluminum (+3)
Barium
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Copper
Hydrofluoric acid
Hydrogen sulfide
Nickel cmpds
Antimony
LCI Data Type Chronic Public % of Total
Toxicity (tox-kg)
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
1.09e-04
1.02e-04
9.54e-05
9.43e-05
9.29e-05
9.23e-05
9.20e-05
9.13e-05
8.79e-05
8.57e-05
7.92e-05
7.24e-05
6.92e-05
6.82e-05
6.53e-05
6.32e-05
6.17e-05
6.07e-05
6.05e-05
6.01e-05
5.66e-05
5.37e-05
5.24e-05
5.20e-05
5.17e-05
5.01e-05
4.87e-05
4.85e-05
4.66e-05
4.53e-05
4.52e-05
4.12e-05
4.06e-05
3.91e-05
3.79e-05
3.73e-05
3.69e-05
3.48e-05
3.46e-05
3.43e-05
3.40e-05
3.38e-05
3.15e-05
2.88e-05
2.83e-05
2.82e-05
2.73e-05
2.72e-05
2.71e-05
2.70e-05
5.51e-06
5.14e-06
4.82e-06
4.77e-06
4.69e-06
4.66e-06
4.65e-06
4.61e-06
4.44e-06
4.33e-06
4.00e-06
3.66e-06
3.50e-06
3.45e-06
3.30e-06
3.19e-06
3.12e-06
3.07e-06
3.05e-06
3.04e-06
2.86e-06
2.72e-06
2.65e-06
2.63e-06
2.61e-06
2.53e-06
2.46e-06
2.45e-06
2.35e-06
2.29e-06
2.29e-06
2.08e-06
2.05e-06
1.98e-06
1.91e-06
1.89e-06
1.86e-06
1.76e-06
1.75e-06
1.73e-06
1.72e-06
1.71e-06
1.59e-06
1.46e-06
1.43e-06
1.42e-06
1.38e-06
1.37e-06
1.37e-06
1.37e-06
M-113
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-33. CRT LCIA Results for the Chronic Public Health Effects Impact Category
Process Group
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
Ferrite mfg.
Ferrite mfg.
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Aluminum Prod.
Polystyrene Prod., high-impact
Aluminum Prod.
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
ABS Production
Lead
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Aluminum Prod.
Lead
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Invar
Lead
Aluminum Prod.
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Aluminum Prod.
Invar
Invar
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Aluminum Prod.
Invar
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
Aluminum Prod.
Polycarbonate Production
Ferrite mfg.
Lead
Aluminum Prod.
Polycarbonate Production
Invar
Lead
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Lead
Material
Cadmium cmpds
Antimony
Boron
Strontium (Sr II)
Nickel
Aluminum (elemental)
Ammonia
Hydrochloric acid
Copper
Nickel cmpds
Nitrous oxide
Hydrogen sulfide
Ammonia
Silver compounds
Silver compounds
Fluoride
Nitrate
Lead cmpds
Pentane
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Boron
Vanadium (V3+, V5+)
Ammonia
Aluminum (elemental)
Nitrites
Hydrogen sulfide
Chromium (VI)
Perfluoroethane
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Chromium (VI)
Cadmium
Acetylene
Acetylene
Hydrofluoric acid
Copper
Nickel
Cadmium
Aluminum (elemental)
Copper (+1 & +2)
Hydrogen sulfide
Zinc (+2)
Molybdenum (Mo II, Mo III, Mo IV,
Phenol
Pentane
Fluoride
Hexane
Fluoride
Pentane
Copper (+1 & +2)
Aluminum (elemental)
LCI Data Type Chronic Public % of Total
Toxicity (tox-kg)
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
Mo V, Mo VI) secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
2.70e-05
2.64e-05
2.58e-05
2.57e-05
2.52e-05
2.47e-05
2.45e-05
2.42e-05
2.38e-05
2.15e-05
2.12e-05
2.02e-05
1.88e-05
1.86e-05
1.82e-05
1.82e-05
1.80e-05
1.74e-05
1.70e-05
1.67e-05
1.66e-05
1.63e-05
1.62e-05
1.52e-05
1.47e-05
1.45e-05
1.45e-05
1.44e-05
1.43e-05
1.39e-05
1.34e-05
1.32e-05
1.29e-05
1.27e-05
1.22e-05
1.16e-05
l.lle-05
1.05e-05
1.04e-05
1.03e-05
9.93e-06
9.88e-06
9.34e-06
8.97e-06
8.91e-06
8.86e-06
8.80e-06
8.76e-06
8.59e-06
8.16e-06
1.36e-06
1.33e-06
1.30e-06
1.30e-06
1.28e-06
1.25e-06
1.24e-06
1.22e-06
1.20e-06
1.09e-06
1.07e-06
1.02e-06
9.49e-07
9.42e-07
9.20e-07
9.19e-07
9.10e-07
8.81e-07
8.57e-07
8.44e-07
8.37e-07
8.23e-07
8.20e-07
7.70e-07
7.40e-07
7.34e-07
7.31e-07
7.28e-07
7.24e-07
7.03e-07
6.77e-07
6.68e-07
6.52e-07
6.44e-07
6.17e-07
5.84e-07
5.61e-07
5.32e-07
5.24e-07
5.22e-07
5.02e-07
4.99e-07
4.72e-07
4.53e-07
4.50e-07
4.48e-07
4.45e-07
4.43e-07
4.34e-07
4.12e-07
M-114
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-33. CRT LCIA Results for the Chronic Public Health Effects Impact Category
Process Group Material LCI Data Type Chronic Public % of Total
Toxicity (tox-kg)
Ferrite mfg.
Lead
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Aluminum Prod.
Polycarbonate Production
Aluminum Prod.
Lead
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Invar
Invar
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Ferrite mfg.
Lead
Polycarbonate Production
Lead
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Lead
ABS Production
ABS Production
Lead
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Ferrite mfg.
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Polycarbonate Production
Polycarbonate Production
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Invar
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
Lead
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Lead
Invar
Aluminum Prod.
Invar
Polystyrene Prod., high-impact
Ferrite mfg.
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Invar
Lead
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
Lead
Nitrate secondary
Nickel cmpds secondary
Aluminum (elemental) secondary
Benzo[a]pyrene secondary
Hydrogen sulfide secondary
Hydrofluoric acid secondary
Acetic acid secondary
Nickel secondary
Chromium (VI) secondary
Nitrites secondary
Acetic acid secondary
Vanadium (V3+, V5+) secondary
Lead cmpds secondary
Copper (+1 & +2) secondary
Cadmium cmpds secondary
Hydrogen sulfide secondary
Ammonia secondary
Chromium (VI) secondary
Nitrate secondary
Lead cmpds secondary
Heptane secondary
Copper (+1 & +2) secondary
Vanadium (V3+, V5+) secondary
Copper (+1 & +2) secondary
Copper secondary
Aromatic hydrocarbons secondary
Bromine secondary
Halogenated hydrocarbons (unspecified) secondary
Hydrogen sulfide secondary
Acetic acid secondary
Molybdenum (Mo II, Mo III, Mo IV, Mo V, Mo VI) secondary
Cadmium secondary
Boric acid secondary
Nickel secondary
Nitrites secondary
Strontium secondary
Molybdenum (Mo II, Mo III, Mo IV, Mo V, Mo VI) secondary
Cobalt (Co I, Co II, Co III) secondary
Triethylene glycol secondary
Hexane secondary
Ammonia secondary
Hexane secondary
Lead secondary
Lead secondary
Boron (B III) secondary
Bromine secondary
Triethylene glycol secondary
Triethylene glycol secondary
Triethylene glycol secondary
Triethylene glycol secondary
8.08e-06
7.95e-06
7.77e-06
7.72e-06
7.53e-06
7.39e-06
7.33e-06
6.71e-06
6.52e-06
6.45e-06
6.08e-06
6.00e-06
5.96e-06
5.96e-06
5.94e-06
5.93e-06
5.86e-06
5.80e-06
5.79e-06
5.50e-06
5.02e-06
4.75e-06
4.75e-06
4.64e-06
4.55e-06
4.52e-06
4.06e-06
3.69e-06
3.69e-06
3.56e-06
3.45e-06
3.36e-06
3.30e-06
3.26e-06
3.10e-06
3.01e-06
2.99e-06
2.88e-06
2.69e-06
2.58e-06
2.56e-06
2.51e-06
2.40e-06
2.20e-06
2.18e-06
2.16e-06
2.14e-06
2.12e-06
2.09e-06
2.01e-06
4.08e-07
4.01e-07
3.92e-07
3.90e-07
3.80e-07
3.73e-07
3.71e-07
3.39e-07
3.30e-07
3.26e-07
3.07e-07
3.03e-07
3.01e-07
3.01e-07
3.00e-07
3.00e-07
2.96e-07
2.93e-07
2.93e-07
2.78e-07
2.53e-07
2.40e-07
2.40e-07
2.35e-07
2.30e-07
2.29e-07
2.05e-07
1.87e-07
1.87e-07
1.80e-07
1.74e-07
1.70e-07
1.67e-07
1.65e-07
1.576-07
1.52e-07
1.51e-07
1.46e-07
1.36e-07
1.30e-07
1.29e-07
1.27e-07
1.21e-07
l.lle-07
1.10e-07
1.09e-07
1.08e-07
1.07e-07
1.05e-07
l.Ole-07
M-115
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-33. CRT LCIA Results for the Chronic Public Health Effects Impact Category
Process Group
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Invar
Polycarbonate Production
Ferrite mfg.
Lead
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Lead
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Aluminum Prod.
Lead
ABS Production
Lead
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Polycarbonate Production
Polycarbonate Production
Polycarbonate Production
Polycarbonate Production
Polycarbonate Production
Polycarbonate Production
Ferrite mfg.
Lead
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Lead
Invar
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
ABS Production
Material
Cadmium
Methanol
Chlorine
Fluoride
Cobalt (Co I, Co II, Co III)
Toluene
Lead cmpds
Uranium
Aluminum (+3)
Strontium
Acetic acid
Toluene
Mercury
Bromium (Br)
Bromine
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Boron (B III)
Chlorine
Acetic acid
Ethylene
Cyanide (-1)
Methanol
Nickel cmpds
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Naphthalene
Toluene
Zinc (+2)
Lead cmpds
Phenol
Boric acid
Heptane
Aluminum (+3)
Ethanethiol
Lead
Nitrate
Nitrous oxide
Zinc (+2)
Boric acid
Manganese
Nickel cmpds
Strontium
Chlorine
Hydrofluoric acid
Cobalt
Cobalt
Mercury compounds
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Strontium
Beryllium
Nickel cmpds
LCI Data Type Chronic Public % of Total
Toxicity (tox-kg)
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
1.98e-06
1.87e-06
1.85e-06
1.85e-06
1.84e-06
1.81e-06
1.77e-06
1.71 e-06
1.65e-06
1.59e-06
1.52e-06
1.52e-06
1. 51e-06
1.42e-06
1.38e-06
1.38e-06
1.31 e-06
1.27e-06
1.27e-06
1.23e-06
1.21e-06
1.19e-06
1.13e-06
1.12e-06
l.lle-06
1.10e-06
1.06e-06
1.04e-06
9.70e-07
9.35e-07
9.33e-07
9.23e-07
9.23e-07
9.23e-07
9.23e-07
9.23e-07
9.23e-07
9.13e-07
8.47e-07
8.46e-07
8.38e-07
8.27e-07
8.27e-07
8.23e-07
8.10e-07
7.89e-07
7.67e-07
7.60e-07
7.21e-07
7.16e-07
l.OOe-07
9.43e-08
9.33e-08
9.33e-08
9.28e-08
9.15e-08
8.92e-08
8.65e-08
8.36e-08
8.04e-08
7.67e-08
7.67e-08
7.64e-08
7.16e-08
6.99e-08
6.96e-08
6.63e-08
6.42e-08
6.41e-08
6.20e-08
6.10e-08
6.03e-08
5.72e-08
5.67e-08
5.63e-08
5.55e-08
5.36e-08
5.25e-08
4.90e-08
4.72e-08
4.72e-08
4.67e-08
4.67e-08
4.67e-08
4.67e-08
4.67e-08
4.67e-08
4.61e-08
4.28e-08
4.27e-08
4.23e-08
4.18e-08
4.18e-08
4.16e-08
4.09e-08
3.99e-08
3.88e-08
3.84e-08
3.64e-08
3.62e-08
M-116
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-33. CRT LCIA Results for the Chronic Public Health Effects Impact Category
Process Group
Ferrite mfg.
Aluminum Prod.
Invar
Polystyrene Prod., high-impact
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
ABS Production
Ferrite mfg.
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
ABS Production
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Polycarbonate Production
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
ABS Production
ABS Production
ABS Production
ABS Production
ABS Production
ABS Production
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Invar
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Lead
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
ABS Production
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Aluminum Prod.
Ferrite mfg.
Ferrite mfg.
Material
Vanadium (V3+, V5+)
Phenol
Manganese
Nitrate
Ethylene
Vanadium (V3+, V5+)
Phenol
Ethylene
Ammonia
Benzo[a]pyrene
Toluene
HALON-1301
Phenol
Uranium
Uranium
Boron (B III)
Mercury
Nitrites
Phenol
Ethanethiol
Fluoride
Halogenated hydrocarbons (unspecified)
Lead
Nitrous oxide
Zinc (+2)
Halogenated hydrocarbons (unspecified)
Hydrogen sulfide
Lead
Nitrous oxide
Zinc (+2)
HALON-1301
Manganese
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Methanol
Cyanide (-1)
Heptane
Acetaldehyde
Heptane
Xylene (mixed isomers)
1 ,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane
Rubidium ion (Rb+)
Cobalt
Mercury
Mercury
Mercury
Cyanide (-1)
Beryllium
Mercury
Beryllium
Phenol
LCI Data Type Chronic Public % of Total
Toxicity (tox-kg)
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
6.83e-07
6.39e-07
6.32e-07
6.05e-07
6.01e-07
5.94e-07
5.88e-07
5.79e-07
5.62e-07
5.60e-07
5.31e-07
5.12e-07
4.92e-07
4.89e-07
4.77e-07
4.70e-07
4.62e-07
4.48e-07
4.41e-07
4.24e-07
4.24e-07
4.24e-07
4.24e-07
4.24e-07
4.24e-07
4.14e-07
4.14e-07
4.14e-07
4.14e-07
4.14e-07
3.61e-07
3.60e-07
3.50e-07
3.36e-07
2.89e-07
2.83e-07
2.79e-07
2.76e-07
2.54e-07
2.49e-07
2.42e-07
2.40e-07
2.12e-07
2.12e-07
2.07e-07
2.05e-07
2.05e-07
2.02e-07
2.00e-07
1.95e-07
3.45e-08
3.23e-08
3.19e-08
3.05e-08
3.03e-08
3.00e-08
2.97e-08
2.92e-08
2.84e-08
2.83e-08
2.68e-08
2.59e-08
2.49e-08
2.47e-08
2.41e-08
2.37e-08
2.33e-08
2.26e-08
2.23e-08
2.14e-08
2.14e-08
2.14e-08
2.14e-08
2.14e-08
2.14e-08
2.09e-08
2.09e-08
2.09e-08
2.09e-08
2.09e-08
1.82e-08
1.82e-08
1.77e-08
1.70e-08
1.46e-08
1.43e-08
1.41e-08
1.40e-08
1.29e-08
1.26e-08
1.22e-08
1.21e-08
1.07e-08
1.07e-08
1.05e-08
1.04e-08
1.04e-08
1.02e-08
l.Ole-08
9.87e-09
M-117
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-33. CRT LCIA Results for the Chronic Public Health Effects Impact Category
Process Group
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Polystyrene Prod., high-impact
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
Lead
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
Ferrite mfg.
Ferrite mfg.
ABS Production
Invar
Lead
Lead
Invar
Invar
Lead
Aluminum Prod.
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Invar
Lead
Invar
Lead
Lead
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Lead
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Lead
Ferrite mfg.
Lead
Lead
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Material
Cyanide (-1)
Molybdenum (Mo II, Mo III, Mo IV,
Phenol
Morpholine
Propylene
Cobalt (Co I, Co II, Co III)
Methanol
Acetaldehyde
Mercury
Benzo[a]pyrene
Boron (B III)
Ethylene
HALON-1301
Cobalt
Phenol
Ethylbenzene
Acetone
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Chromium (III)
Manganese
Fluorine
Lanthanum
1 ,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane
Cyanide (-1)
Nitrous oxide
Ethylene
Toluene
Acetone
Rubidium ion (Rb+)
Rubidium ion (Rb+)
HALON-1301
Sulfuric acid
Sulfuric acid
Thorium
Mercury compounds
Mercury compounds
Ethylbenzene
Molybdenum (Mo II, Mo III, Mo IV,
Morpholine
HALON-1301
Propylene
Morpholine
Propylene
Chromium (III)
Ethylbenzene
Acetaldehyde
Chromium (III)
Acetaldehyde
Tin
Mercury
LCI Data Type Chronic Public % of Total
Toxicity (tox-kg)
secondary
Mo V, Mo VI) secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
Mo V, Mo VI) secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
1.89e-07
1.81e-07
1.80e-07
1.79e-07
1.77e-07
1.76e-07
1.62e-07
1.62e-07
1.62e-07
1.55e-07
1.55e-07
1.52e-07
1.52e-07
1.46e-07
1.37e-07
1.37e-07
1.36e-07
1.36e-07
1.31e-07
1.19e-07
1.14e-07
1.07e-07
1.03e-07
9.76e-08
9.70e-08
9.43e-08
8.24e-08
7.91e-08
7.31e-08
7.14e-08
6.78e-08
5.99e-08
5.85e-08
5.77e-08
5.58e-08
5.45e-08
5.25e-08
5.09e-08
5.07e-08
5.04e-08
5.03e-08
4.95e-08
4.91e-08
4.79e-08
4.72e-08
4.63e-08
3.86e-08
3.59e-08
3.35e-08
3.26e-08
9.57e-09
9.17e-09
9.09e-09
9.05e-09
8.94e-09
8.88e-09
8.21e-09
8.18e-09
8.16e-09
7.85e-09
7.83e-09
7.68e-09
7.68e-09
7.39e-09
6.94e-09
6.90e-09
6.88e-09
6.86e-09
6.62e-09
6.00e-09
5.78e-09
5.43e-09
5.22e-09
4.93e-09
4.90e-09
4.77e-09
4.16e-09
3.99e-09
3.69e-09
3.61e-09
3.42e-09
3.03e-09
2.95e-09
2.91e-09
2.82e-09
2.75e-09
2.65e-09
2.57e-09
2.56e-09
2.55e-09
2.54e-09
2.50e-09
2.48e-09
2.42e-09
2.39e-09
2.34e-09
1.95e-09
1.81e-09
1.69e-09
1.65e-09
M-118
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-33. CRT LCIA Results for the Chronic Public Health Effects Impact Category
Process Group
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
Ferrite mfg.
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Lead
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Lead
Invar
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Invar
Invar
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Ferrite mfg.
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
ABS Production
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Material
Fluorine
Phosphorus pentoxide
Fluorine
Lanthanum
Lanthanum
Hydrazine
Scandium
Chlorine
Acetone
Ethylbenzene
HALON-1301
Thallium
Acetone
Thorium
Thorium
Zirconium
Benzo[a]pyrene
Tin
Phosphorus pentoxide
Tin
Phosphorus pentoxide
Trichlorofluoromethane
Hydrogen cyanide
Hydrazine
Scandium
Hydrogen cyanide
Hydrazine
Scandium
Perfluoromethane
Nitrites
Perfluoromethane
Chromium (III)
Thallium
Chromium (III)
Thallium
Zirconium
Edetic acid (EDTA)
Zirconium
Hypochlorous acid
Hypochlorous acid
Hypochlorous acid
Cobalt (Co I, Co II, Co III)
Trichlorofluoromethane
HCFC-22
HFC-125
HFC-125
Chlorine
Chlorine
Dichloromethane
Dichloromethane
LCI Data Type Chronic Public % of Total
Toxicity (tox-kg)
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
3.24e-08
3.22e-08
3.16e-08
3.06e-08
2.99e-08
2.65e-08
2.61e-08
2.28e-08
2.23e-08
1.94e-08
1.90e-08
1.78e-08
1.72e-08
1.65e-08
1.61e-08
1.37e-08
1.23e-08
9.53e-09
9.39e-09
9.31e-09
9.16e-09
8.09e-09
7.58e-09
7.51e-09
7.47e-09
7.40e-09
7.33e-09
7.29e-09
5.70e-09
5.63e-09
5.57e-09
5.29e-09
5.10e-09
5.01e-09
4.98e-09
3.94e-09
3.86e-09
3.84e-09
3.54e-09
3.52e-09
3.46e-09
3.14e-09
3.01e-09
2.69e-09
2.30e-09
2.24e-09
2.22e-09
2.17e-09
1.51e-09
1. 50e-09
1.64e-09
1.63e-09
1. 60e-09
1.55e-09
1.51e-09
1.34e-09
1.32e-09
1.15e-09
1.13e-09
9.80e-10
9.62e-10
8.99e-10
8.67e-10
8.32e-10
8.12e-10
6.94e-10
6.22e-10
4.82e-10
4.74e-10
4.70e-10
4.63e-10
4.09e-10
3.83e-10
3.79e-10
3.77e-10
3.74e-10
3.70e-10
3.68e-10
2.88e-10
2.84e-10
2.81e-10
2.67e-10
2.58e-10
2.53e-10
2.52e-10
1.99e-10
1.95e-10
1.94e-10
1.79e-10
1.78e-10
1.75e-10
1.59e-10
1.52e-10
1.36e-10
1.16e-10
1.13e-10
1.12e-10
1.10e-10
7.61e-ll
7.556-11
M-119
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-33. CRT LCIA Results for the Chronic Public Health Effects Impact Category
Process Group
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Invar
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
Ferrite mfg.
Lead
Lead
Invar
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
Ferrite mfg.
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Total Materials Processing
Manufacturing Life-cycle Stage
Material
Dichloromethane
Dichlorodifluoromethane
Edetic acid (EDTA)
Edetic acid (EDTA)
CFC-13
Isopropylpropionate
Isopropylpropionate
Halogenated matter (organic)
Halogenated matter (organic)
Lithium salts
Ethanethiol
Ethanethiol
Tin (Sn++, Sn4+)
Perfluoromethane
Lithium salts
Chloroform
Chloroform
Lithium salts
Chloroform
Acrolein
Benzaldehyde
Perfluoroethane
Trichloroethylene
Trichloroethylene
Trichloroethylene
Propionaldehyde
Propionaldehyde
Propionaldehyde
Benzaldehyde
Benzaldehyde
Benzaldehyde
Pentachlorobenzene
Tetrachloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Acrolein
1 ,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Pentachlorophenol
Hexachloroethane
Hexachloroethane
Hexachloroethane
Dichlorodifluoromethane
CFC-13
HCFC-22
HCFC-22
LCI Data Type
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
Chronic Public
Toxicity (tox-kg)
1.47e-09
1.44e-09
1.09e-09
1.07e-09
l.Ole-09
4.05e-10
3.97e-10
2.74e-10
2.68e-10
1.98e-10
1.74e-10
1. 70e-10
1.46e-10
8.98e-ll
5.616-11
5.52e-ll
5.48e-ll
5.48e-ll
5.396-11
2.38e-ll
1.356-11
5.35e-12
7.98e-13
7.91e-13
7.79e-13
2.08e-13
2.08e-13
2.03e-13
6.15e-14
6.10e-14
5.95e-14
2.77e-14
2.20e-14
2.17e-14
2.12e-14
9.90e-15
7.63e-15
3.25e-15
3.21e-15
3.16e-15
1.55e-15
1.24e-16
1.23e-16
1.21e-16
1.07e-16
7.48e-17
6.78e-17
6.62e-17
2.28e+02
% of Total
7.43e-ll
7.27e-ll
5.526-11
5.39e-ll
5.096-11
2.04e-ll
2.016-11
1.39e-ll
1.356-11
l.OOe-11
8.80e-12
8.59e-12
7.36e-12
4.54e-12
2.84e-12
2.79e-12
2.77e-12
2.77e-12
2.72e-12
1.20e-12
6.81e-13
2.70e-13
4.03e-14
4.00e-14
3.94e-14
1.05e-14
1.05e-14
1.03e-14
3.11e-15
3.08e-15
3.01e-15
1.40e-15
l.lle-15
1.10e-15
1.07e-15
5.00e-16
3.86e-16
1.64e-16
1.62e-16
1.60e-16
7.84e-17
6.27e-18
6.22e-18
6.12e-18
5.39e-18
3.78e-18
3.43e-18
3.35e-18
1.15e+01
M-120
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-33. CRT LCIA Results for the Chronic Public Health Effects Impact Category
Process Group
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
Glass/frit
LPG Production
CRT tube mfg.
LPG Production
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
Glass/frit
Japanese Electric Grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT monitor assembly
CRT tube mfg.
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
CRT tube mfg.
Natural Gas Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
CRT tube mfg.
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
Glass/frit
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
PWB Mfg.
Material
Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Methane
Sulfur oxides
Nitrogen oxides
Vanadium
Benzene
Fluorides (F-)
PM
Carbon monoxide
Arsenic
Formaldehyde
Methane
Nitrogen oxides
Nitrogen oxides
Benzene
Carbon monoxide
Tricresyl phosphate
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Carbon monoxide
Nitrogen oxides
Hydrochloric acid
Nitrous oxide
Carbon monoxide
Vanadium
Methane
Sulfur oxides
Nitrogen oxides
Carbon monoxide
Carbon monoxide
Methane
Sulfur oxides
Vanadium
Arsenic
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Arsenic
Nitrogen oxides
Hydrochloric acid
Fluorides (F-)
Selenium
Fluoride
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrogen sulfide
Ammonia
Fluorides (F-)
Methane
Benzene
Sulfur oxides
Formaldehyde
LCI Data Type Chronic Public % of Total
Toxicity (tox-kg)
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
primary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
primary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
5.69e+01
2.63e+01
5.77e+00
1.68e+00
1.60e+00
1.15e+00
1.05e+00
8.58e-01
5.85e-01
2.58e-01
2.29e-01
2.06e-01
1.34e-01
l.OOe-01
8.83e-02
8.13e-02
7.57e-02
6.87e-02
4.59e-02
4.00e-02
3.78e-02
3.76e-02
3.68e-02
3.24e-02
2.83e-02
2.27e-02
2.06e-02
1.99e-02
1.86e-02
1.74e-02
1.68e-02
1.18e-02
1.09e-02
1.08e-02
1.04e-02
9.81e-03
8.91e-03
8.19e-03
7.87e-03
7.54e-03
7.41e-03
6.91e-03
6.28e-03
6.13e-03
5.91e-03
5.85e-03
5.14e-03
4.90e-03
4.87e-03
4.45e-03
2.88e+00
1.33e+00
2.92e-01
8.48e-02
8.10e-02
5.79e-02
5.29e-02
4.34e-02
2.96e-02
1.30e-02
1.16e-02
1.04e-02
6.77e-03
5.07e-03
4.46e-03
4.11e-03
3.83e-03
3.47e-03
2.32e-03
2.02e-03
1.91e-03
1.90e-03
1.86e-03
1.64e-03
1.43e-03
1.15e-03
1.04e-03
1.01 e-03
9.42e-04
8.80e-04
8.50e-04
5.95e-04
5.53e-04
5.44e-04
5.27e-04
4.96e-04
4.50e-04
4.14e-04
3.98e-04
3.81e-04
3.75e-04
3.49e-04
3.17e-04
3.10e-04
2.99e-04
2.95e-04
2.60e-04
2.48e-04
2.46e-04
2.25e-04
M-121
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-33. CRT LCIA Results for the Chronic Public Health Effects Impact Category
Process Group
CRT tube mfg.
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
CRT tube mfg.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Glass/frit
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
CRT tube mfg.
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
Glass/frit
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
LPG Production
CRT tube mfg.
Japanese Electric Grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
US electric grid
Natural Gas Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
LPG Production
CRT tube mfg.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Material
Nitrogen oxides
PM-10
Nitrogen oxides
Vanadium
Dimethyl Formamide
Benzene
Carbon monoxide
Hydrofluoric acid
PM
PM-10
Arsenic
Zinc (elemental)
Molybdenum
Chromium (VI)
Ethane
Carbon monoxide
Selenium
Formaldehyde
Fluorides (F-)
Selenium
Zinc (elemental)
Formaldehyde
Vanadium
Nitrogen oxides
Hexane
PM
PM
Phenol
Arsenic
Pentane
Toluene
Zinc (elemental)
Sulfur oxides
Methane
Sulfur oxides
PM-10
Formaldehyde
Hydrofluoric acid
Ammonia
Nickel
Vanadium
Nitrogen oxides
Hydrofluoric acid
Antimony
Arsenic
Hydrochloric acid
Nitrous oxide
Aluminum (+3)
Nickel
Benzene
LCI Data Type Chronic Public % of Total
Toxicity (tox-kg)
primary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
4.34e-03
4.00e-03
3.51e-03
3.45e-03
3.07e-03
2.55e-03
2.16e-03
2.01e-03
1.85e-03
1.84e-03
1.72e-03
1.65e-03
1.65e-03
1.58e-03
1.55e-03
1.52e-03
1.48e-03
1.37e-03
1.32e-03
1.27e-03
1.20e-03
1.17e-03
l.lle-03
1.07e-03
9.02e-04
8.28e-04
7.92e-04
7.15e-04
6.52e-04
6.51e-04
6.41e-04
6.13e-04
5.51e-04
5.21e-04
4.90e-04
4.50e-04
4.41e-04
4.29e-04
4.26e-04
4.12e-04
4.03e-04
3.59e-04
3.43e-04
3.24e-04
3.15e-04
2.97e-04
2.90e-04
2.83e-04
2.68e-04
2.41e-04
2.19e-04
2.02e-04
1.78e-04
1.74e-04
1.55e-04
1.29e-04
1.09e-04
l.Ole-04
9.34e-05
9.32e-05
8.72e-05
8.33e-05
8.33e-05
7.97e-05
7.84e-05
7.66e-05
7.48e-05
6.92e-05
6.65e-05
6.44e-05
6.06e-05
5.91e-05
5.63e-05
5.39e-05
4.56e-05
4.18e-05
4.00e-05
3.61e-05
3.29e-05
3.29e-05
3.24e-05
3.10e-05
2.79e-05
2.63e-05
2.48e-05
2.27e-05
2.23e-05
2.17e-05
2.15e-05
2.08e-05
2.04e-05
1.81e-05
1.73e-05
1.64e-05
1.59e-05
1.50e-05
1.47e-05
1.43e-05
1.35e-05
1.22e-05
M-122
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-33. CRT LCIA Results for the Chronic Public Health Effects Impact Category
Process Group
Japanese Electric Grid
Glass/frit
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
US electric grid
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
CRT tube mfg.
Glass/frit
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Glass/frit
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Glass/frit
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
CRT tube mfg.
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
Glass/frit
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
LPG Production
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
Natural Gas Prod.
LPG Production
CRT tube mfg.
LPG Production
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LPG Production
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Material
Nitrous oxide
PM
Antimony
Methane
Formaldehyde
Molybdenum
Nitrate
Hydrochloric acid
Benzene
Nitrous oxide
Nitrous oxide
Molybdenum
Sulfur oxides
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Benzene
Lead
PM
Arsenic
Vanadium
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrogen sulfide
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Selenium
Carbon monoxide
Fluorides (F-)
Formaldehyde
Nickel
Copper
Copper
Methyl hydrazine
Silicon
Nitrates/nitrites
2-Chloroacetophenone
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Dimethylbenzanthracene
Bromomethane
Ammonia
Barium
Zinc (elemental)
Formaldehyde
Naphthalene
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Lead
Antimony
Fluorides (F-)
Selenium
Nitrous oxide
Manganese
Beryllium
Hydrogen sulfide
LCI Data Type Chronic Public % of Total
Toxicity (tox-kg)
model/secondary
primary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
primary
primary
secondary
model/secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
2.24e-04
2.18e-04
2.14e-04
1.63e-04
1.55e-04
1.32e-04
1.21e-04
l.lSe-04
l.lle-04
1.08e-04
1.04e-04
1.02e-04
1.02e-04
9.77e-05
9.11e-05
8.74e-05
8.09e-05
7.04e-05
6.96e-05
6.39e-05
6.35e-05
6.27e-05
6.07e-05
6.03e-05
5.86e-05
5.14e-05
4.98e-05
4.05e-05
3.49e-05
3.44e-05
3.38e-05
3.34e-05
3.22e-05
3.21e-05
3.19e-05
3.18e-05
3.18e-05
2.94e-05
2.89e-05
2.77e-05
2.61e-05
2.55e-05
2.47e-05
2.37e-05
2.35e-05
2.33e-05
2.31e-05
2.23e-05
2.15e-05
2.02e-05
1.13e-05
1.10e-05
1.08e-05
8.22e-06
7.82e-06
6.65e-06
6.12e-06
5.83e-06
5.63e-06
5.48e-06
5.24e-06
5.18e-06
5.14e-06
4.94e-06
4.60e-06
4.42e-06
4.09e-06
3.56e-06
3.52e-06
3.23e-06
3.21e-06
3.17e-06
3.07e-06
3.05e-06
2.96e-06
2.60e-06
2.52e-06
2.04e-06
1.76e-06
1.74e-06
1.71e-06
1.69e-06
1.63e-06
1.62e-06
1.61 e-06
1.61e-06
1.61e-06
1.48e-06
1.46e-06
1.40e-06
1.32e-06
1.29e-06
1.25e-06
1.20e-06
1.19e-06
1.18e-06
1.17e-06
1.13e-06
1.08e-06
1.02e-06
M-123
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-33. CRT LCIA Results for the Chronic Public Health Effects Impact Category
Process Group
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
US electric grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
US electric grid
US electric grid
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
CRT tube mfg.
Japanese Electric Grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
US electric grid
LPG Production
CRT tube mfg.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
Material
Barium
Ammonia
Cyanide (-1)
Naphthalene
Hydrofluoric acid
Barium cmpds
Molybdenum
Ethane
Fluorides (F-)
Hydrochloric acid
Selenium
Nitrous oxide
Chromium (VI)
Cadmium
Ethane
Chromium (VI)
Zinc (elemental)
Hexane
Molybdenum
Methyl hydrazine
Copper
2-Chloroacetophenone
Carbon disulfide
Bromomethane
Zinc (elemental)
Chromium (VI)
Hydrofluoric acid
Lead
Methyl hydrazine
Pentane
2-Chloroacetophenone
Bromomethane
Molybdenum
Benzyl chloride
Hexane
Cobalt
PM-10
Ethane
Nickel
Aluminum (elemental)
Pentane
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Nickel
Chloroform
Manganese
Cyanide (-1)
Zinc (elemental)
Hydrofluoric acid
Propionaldehyde
Cyanide (-1)
LCI Data Type Chronic Public % of Total
Toxicity (tox-kg)
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
primary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
1.86e-05
1.74e-05
1.67e-05
1.66e-05
1.62e-05
1.59e-05
1.56e-05
1.40e-05
1.36e-05
1.23e-05
1.21e-05
1.15e-05
9.99e-06
9.21e-06
8.87e-06
8.58e-06
8.50e-06
8.11e-06
7.93e-06
7.36e-06
7.14e-06
6.89e-06
6.85e-06
6.81e-06
6.59e-06
6.39e-06
6.30e-06
6.03e-06
5.88e-06
5.86e-06
5.51e-06
5.44e-06
5.33e-06
5.24e-06
5.16e-06
5.02e-06
4.66e-06
4.61e-06
3.99e-06
3.87e-06
3.72e-06
3.70e-06
3.70e-06
3.70e-06
3.60e-06
3.58e-06
3.54e-06
3.49e-06
3.42e-06
2.86e-06
9.42e-07
8.81e-07
8.45e-07
8.37e-07
8.19e-07
8.02e-07
7.88e-07
7.06e-07
6.87e-07
6.22e-07
6.13e-07
5.81e-07
5.05e-07
4.65e-07
4.48e-07
4.33e-07
4.30e-07
4.10e-07
4.01e-07
3.72e-07
3.61e-07
3.48e-07
3.46e-07
3.44e-07
3.33e-07
3.23e-07
3.18e-07
3.05e-07
2.97e-07
2.96e-07
2.78e-07
2.75e-07
2.69e-07
2.65e-07
2.61e-07
2.54e-07
2.36e-07
2.33e-07
2.02e-07
1.96e-07
1.88e-07
1.87e-07
1.87e-07
1.87e-07
1.82e-07
1.81e-07
1.79e-07
1.76e-07
1.73e-07
1.44e-07
M-124
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-33. CRT LCIA Results for the Chronic Public Health Effects Impact Category
Process Group
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
US electric grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Glass/frit
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
CRT tube mfg.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Glass/frit
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Material
2,3,7,8-TCDD
Hexane
Selenium
Chromium (VI)
Fluorides (F-)
Phenol
Hydrogen sulfide
Cobalt
Molybdenum
2,3,7,8-TCDD
Naphthalene
Phenol
Acrolein
Pentane
Barium
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Ammonia
Methyl chloride
Cadmium
PM-10
Chromium (VI)
Carbon disulfide
Nickel
PM
Antimony
Carbon disulfide
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
Benzyl chloride
Aluminum (+3)
Acetaldehyde
Benzyl chloride
Cadmium
Mercury
Aluminum (+3)
Chloroform
Propionaldehyde
Manganese
Cadmium cmpds
Hydrofluoric acid
Dimethyl sulfate
Antimony
Chloroform
Fluoride
Toluene
Cyanide (-1)
Molybdenum
Propionaldehyde
Zinc (elemental)
Beryllium
Nitrate
LCI Data Type Chronic Public % of Total
Toxicity (tox-kg)
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
model/secondary
primary
model/secondary
secondary
2.71e-06
2.68e-06
2.50e-06
2.48e-06
2.47e-06
2.42e-06
2.37e-06
2.37e-06
2.31e-06
2.23e-06
2.19e-06
2.01e-06
1.94e-06
1.93e-06
1.86e-06
1.77e-06
1.62e-06
1.61e-06
1.60e-06
1.48e-06
1.48e-06
1.46e-06
1.34e-06
1.33e-06
1.19e-06
1.17e-06
1.16e-06
1.12e-06
9.58e-07
9.23e-07
8.95e-07
8.74e-07
8.69e-07
7.956-07
7.91e-07
7.31e-07
7.28e-07
6.95e-07
6.72e-07
6.42e-07
6.34e-07
6.31e-07
6.23e-07
6.23e-07
6.06e-07
6.03e-07
5.84e-07
5.55e-07
4.94e-07
4.85e-07
1.37e-07
1.35e-07
1.26e-07
1.25e-07
1.25e-07
1.22e-07
1.20e-07
1.20e-07
1.17e-07
1.12e-07
1.10e-07
l.Ole-07
9.80e-08
9.77e-08
9.39e-08
8.94e-08
8.17e-08
8.13e-08
8.09e-08
7.50e-08
7.47e-08
7.40e-08
6.77e-08
6.74e-08
6.00e-08
5.91e-08
5.86e-08
5.67e-08
4.84e-08
4.67e-08
4.52e-08
4.42e-08
4.39e-08
4.02e-08
4.00e-08
3.69e-08
3.68e-08
3.51e-08
3.39e-08
3.25e-08
3.20e-08
3.19e-08
3.15e-08
3.15e-08
3.06e-08
3.05e-08
2.95e-08
2.81e-08
2.50e-08
2.45e-08
M-125
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-33. CRT LCIA Results for the Chronic Public Health Effects Impact Category
Process Group
US electric grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Glass/frit
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
US electric grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Glass/frit
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LPG Production
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LPG Production
Material
Beryllium
Antimony
Chromium
Ethane
Acrolein
Lead
Cobalt
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
Copper
Silicon
Nitrate
Methyl chloride
Acrolein
Zinc (elemental)
Copper
Isophorone
Dimethylbenzanthracene
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Methyl hydrazine
Nickel
Methyl chloride
Chromium (VI)
2-Chloroacetophenone
Bromomethane
Hexane
Methyl ethyl ketone
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
Tetrachloroethylene
Toluene
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Methyl methacrylate
Lead
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
Acetaldehyde
Hexane
Styrene
Pentane
Dimethylbenzanthracene
Manganese
Bromoform
Nickel
PM-10
Dichloromethane
Chromium (III)
Beryllium
Phenol
Naphthalene
Acetaldehyde
Hexane
Nickel
Chlorobenzene
LCI Data Type Chronic Public % of Total
Toxicity (tox-kg)
model/secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
4.65e-07
4.46e-07
4.41e-07
4.36e-07
4.15e-07
4.07e-07
3.88e-07
3.62e-07
3.57e-07
3.50e-07
3.45e-07
3.44e-07
3.31e-07
3.31e-07
3.17e-07
3.10e-07
2.87e-07
2.80e-07
2.78e-07
2.77e-07
2.75e-07
2.64e-07
2.60e-07
2.576-07
2.53e-07
2.48e-07
2.48e-07
2.46e-07
2.39e-07
2.18e-07
2.12e-07
2.00e-07
1.98e-07
1.98e-07
1.92e-07
1.88e-07
1.83e-07
1.82e-07
1.79e-07
1.756-07
1.74e-07
1.74e-07
1.73e-07
1.72e-07
1.71e-07
1.63e-07
1.58e-07
1.58e-07
1.53e-07
1.53e-07
1.40e-07
2.35e-08
2.25e-08
2.23e-08
2.20e-08
2.10e-08
2.06e-08
1.96e-08
1.83e-08
1.80e-08
1.77e-08
1.74e-08
1.74e-08
1.67e-08
1.67e-08
1.60e-08
1.57e-08
1.45e-08
1.42e-08
1.40e-08
1.40e-08
1.39e-08
1.34e-08
1.31e-08
1.30e-08
1.28e-08
1.26e-08
1.25e-08
1.24e-08
1.21e-08
1.10e-08
1.07e-08
1.01 e-08
l.OOe-08
9.98e-09
9.69e-09
9.48e-09
9.24e-09
9.22e-09
9.04e-09
8.85e-09
8.81e-09
8.79e-09
8.74e-09
8.67e-09
8.64e-09
8.24e-09
8.00e-09
7.97e-09
7.74e-09
7.73e-09
7.08e-09
M-126
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-33. CRT LCIA Results for the Chronic Public Health Effects Impact Category
Process Group
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LPG Production
US electric grid
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
LPG Production
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
US electric grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Glass/frit
Natural Gas Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
US electric grid
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Material
Dimethyl sulfate
Cyanide (-1)
Hydrogen sulfide
Naphthalene
Copper (+1 & +2)
Mercury
Mercury
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
Copper
Silicon
Dimethyl sulfate
Methyl hydrazine
Acetophenone
2-Chloroacetophenone
Bromomethane
Barium
Dimethylbenzanthracene
Naphthalene
Lead
Cadmium
Manganese
o-xylene
Toluene
Beryllium
Isophorone
Aluminum (+3)
Methyl hydrazine
Antimony
Barium
2-Chloroacetophenone
Ethylbenzene
Bromomethane
Carbon disulfide
Barium
Barium cmpds
Methyl ethyl ketone
Isophorone
Barium
Copper
Tetrachloroethylene
Cyanide (-1)
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Methyl methacrylate
Barium cmpds
Lead
Beryllium
Cobalt
Methyl ethyl ketone
Benzyl chloride
Tetrachloroethylene
LCI Data Type Chronic Public % of Total
Toxicity (tox-kg)
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
primary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
1.37e-07
1.35e-07
1.35e-07
1.32e-07
1.31e-07
1.20e-07
1.18e-07
1.12e-07
1.12e-07
1.12e-07
1.10e-07
1.08e-07
1.03e-07
l.Ole-07
9.99e-08
9.97e-08
9.48e-08
7.83e-08
7.76e-08
7.24e-08
7.00e-08
6.86e-08
6.78e-08
6.72e-08
6.64e-08
6.46e-08
5.97e-08
5.94e-08
5.90e-08
5.59e-08
5.56e-08
5.52e-08
5.52e-08
5.49e-08
5.37e-08
5.32e-08
5.30e-08
5.29e-08
5.28e-08
5.25e-08
5.25e-08
4.67e-08
4.54e-08
4.45e-08
4.33e-08
4.27e-08
4.25e-08
4.24e-08
4.23e-08
4.19e-08
6.94e-09
6.82e-09
6.80e-09
6.66e-09
6.62e-09
6.06e-09
5.97e-09
5.68e-09
5.65e-09
5.64e-09
5.54e-09
5.45e-09
5.21e-09
S.lle-09
5.05e-09
5.04e-09
4.79e-09
3.95e-09
3.92e-09
3.66e-09
3.53e-09
3.47e-09
3.43e-09
3.39e-09
3.36e-09
3.26e-09
3.01e-09
3.00e-09
2.98e-09
2.82e-09
2.81e-09
2.79e-09
2.79e-09
2.77e-09
2.71e-09
2.69e-09
2.68e-09
2.67e-09
2.67e-09
2.65e-09
2.65e-09
2.36e-09
2.30e-09
2.25e-09
2.19e-09
2.16e-09
2.14e-09
2.14e-09
2.14e-09
2.12e-09
M-127
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-33. CRT LCIA Results for the Chronic Public Health Effects Impact Category
Process Group
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
US electric grid
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Natural Gas Prod.
US electric grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
US electric grid
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Glass/frit
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Material
Styrene
Aluminum (elemental)
Manganese
Bromoform
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Dichloromethane
Methyl methacrylate
Styrene
Nitrate
Chlorobenzene
Bromoform
Chloroform
Dichloromethane
Nitrate
Cyanide (-1)
Cadmium
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Propionaldehyde
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
Chlorobenzene
Zinc (+2)
Phenanthrene
Acetophenone
Carbon disulfide
Vinyl acetate
Cumene hydroperoxide
3 -Methylcholanthrene
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
Ethylene dibromide
Acetophenone
Benzyl chloride
Cadmium
Cobalt
Acrolein
Phenol
Copper
Silicon
Methyl chloride
Aluminum (elemental)
Copper
2-Methylnaphthalene
Carbon disulfide
Ethylbenzene
Chloroform
Methyl hydrazine
2-Chloroacetophenone
Propionaldehyde
Bromomethane
Chlorine
Ethylbenzene
PM-10
LCI Data Type Chronic Public % of Total
Toxicity (tox-kg)
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
4.01e-08
4.01e-08
3.95e-08
3.75e-08
3.73e-08
3.70e-08
3.63e-08
3.20e-08
3.01e-08
3.00e-08
2.99e-08
2.98e-08
2.95e-08
2.93e-08
2.90e-08
2.88e-08
2.79e-08
2.76e-08
2.40e-08
2.39e-08
2.35e-08
2.27e-08
2.21e-08
2.15e-08
1.98e-08
1.95e-08
1.92e-08
1.91e-08
1.84e-08
1.76e-08
1.64e-08
1. 60e-08
1.59e-08
1.57e-08
1.46e-08
1.42e-08
1.31e-08
1.30e-08
1.28e-08
1.25e-08
1.20e-08
1.19e-08
1.18e-08
1.16e-08
1. 15e-08
1.08e-08
1.07e-08
1.07e-08
1.06e-08
1.04e-08
9.88e-09
2.03e-09
2.03e-09
2.00e-09
1.89e-09
1.88e-09
1.87e-09
1.83e-09
1.62e-09
1.52e-09
1.51e-09
1.51 e-09
1.51 e-09
1.49e-09
1.48e-09
1.47e-09
1.45e-09
1.41e-09
1.39e-09
1.21e-09
1.21 e-09
1.19e-09
1.15e-09
1.12e-09
1.09e-09
l.OOe-09
9.84e-10
9.70e-10
9.67e-10
9.30e-10
8.91e-10
8.31e-10
8.06e-10
8.03e-10
7.91e-10
7.37e-10
7.18e-10
6.61e-10
6.56e-10
6.45e-10
6.30e-10
6.07e-10
6.00e-10
5.97e-10
5.86e-10
5.81e-10
5.45e-10
5.41e-10
5.38e-10
5.38e-10
5.25e-10
4.99e-10
M-128
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-33.
Process Group
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
US electric grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Natural Gas Prod.
US electric grid
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
US electric grid
US electric grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
US electric grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
US electric grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
CRT LCIA Results for the Chronic
Material
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
Benzyl chloride
Dimethylbenzanthracene
Toluene
Lead
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Naphthalene
Acetaldehyde
Manganese
Beryllium
Acenaphthene
Mercury
Chloroform
Acrolein
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Propionaldehyde
Acenaphthene
Aluminum (+3)
Cyanide (-1)
Ethyl Chloride
Cobalt
Phenanthrene
Dimethyl sulfate
Barium
Methyl chloride
Methyl tert-butyl ether
o-xylene
Phenol
Cumene
Chromium (III)
Benzo[a]pyrene
Vinyl acetate
Toluene
Phenanthrene
Ethylene dibromide
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
Phenol
Barium cmpds
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Vinyl acetate
Acrolein
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
Chromium (III)
Ethylene dibromide
Cadmium
Acetaldehyde
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Methyl chloride
Mercury
Public Health Effects Impact Category
LCI Data Type
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
Chronic Public
Toxicity (tox-kg)
9.36e-09
9.09e-09
8.97e-09
8.63e-09
8.28e-09
7.57e-09
7.55e-09
7.45e-09
7.44e-09
7.13e-09
7.03e-09
6.94e-09
6.41e-09
6.09e-09
5.96e-09
5.93e-09
5.79e-09
5.72e-09
5.60e-09
5.36e-09
5.28e-09
5.21e-09
5.18e-09
5.08e-09
5.05e-09
4.75e-09
4.60e-09
4.54e-09
4.54e-09
4.48e-09
4.28e-09
4.25e-09
4.19e-09
4.00e-09
3.94e-09
3.66e-09
3.64e-09
3.63e-09
3.62e-09
3.52e-09
3.38e-09
3.37e-09
3.26e-09
3.15e-09
3.14e-09
3.04e-09
2.90e-09
2.81e-09
2.79e-09
2.72e-09
% of Total
4.73e-10
4.59e-10
4.53e-10
4.36e-10
4.18e-10
3.82e-10
3.81e-10
3.76e-10
3.76e-10
3.60e-10
3.55e-10
3.51e-10
3.24e-10
3.08e-10
3.01e-10
2.99e-10
2.92e-10
2.89e-10
2.83e-10
2.71e-10
2.67e-10
2.63e-10
2.62e-10
2.57e-10
2.55e-10
2.40e-10
2.32e-10
2.30e-10
2.29e-10
2.26e-10
2.16e-10
2.15e-10
2.12e-10
2.02e-10
1.99e-10
1.85e-10
1.84e-10
1.83e-10
1.83e-10
1.78e-10
Ule-10
1.70e-10
1.65e-10
1.59e-10
1.59e-10
1.53e-10
1.46e-10
1.42e-10
1.41e-10
1.37e-10
M-129
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-33. CRT LCIA Results for the Chronic Public Health Effects Impact Category
Process Group
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
US electric grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Glass/frit
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Material
Biphenyl
Isophorone
Cadmium cmpds
Lead cmpds
Carbon disulfide
Dibenzo[a,h]anthracene
Acenaphthylene
Anthracene
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
Dimethyl sulfate
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
Methyl ethyl ketone
Tetrachloroethylene
Nickel cmpds
Cadmium cmpds
Benzo[a]anthracene
Toluene
Mercury
2,3,7,8-TCDF
Dibenzo[a,h]anthracene
Nickel
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Benzyl chloride
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Cobalt
Methyl methacrylate
Acetaldehyde
Styrene
Aluminum (elemental)
2,3,7,8-TCDF
Benzo[b,j,k]fluoranthene
Indeno(l ,2,3-cd)pyrene
Bromoform
Dichloromethane
o-xylene
Chloroform
B enzo [a] anthracene
Acenaphthene
Chrysene
Ethyl Chloride
Propionaldehyde
Chlorobenzene
Dimethyl sulfate
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
Zinc (+2)
HALON-1301
Isophorone
Cumene
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Chlorine
LCI Data Type Chronic Public % of Total
Toxicity (tox-kg)
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
2.71e-09
2.50e-09
2.35e-09
2.33e-09
2.29e-09
2.23e-09
2.14e-09
2.11e-09
2.07e-09
2.02e-09
2.01e-09
2.00e-09
1.98e-09
1.97e-09
1.95e-09
1.91e-09
1.90e-09
1.88e-09
1.86e-09
1.86e-09
1.80e-09
1.76e-09
1.75e-09
1.73e-09
1.72e-09
1.71e-09
1. 60e-09
1.51 e-09
1. 50e-09
1.49e-09
1.47e-09
1.42e-09
1.41 e-09
1.40e-09
1.28e-09
1.24e-09
1.22e-09
1.21 e-09
1.20e-09
1. 156-09
1.14e-09
1.13e-09
l.lle-09
1.08e-09
1. 05e-09
1.02e-09
9.74e-10
9.71e-10
9.47e-10
9.46e-10
1.37e-10
1.27e-10
1.19e-10
1.18e-10
1.16e-10
1.12e-10
1.08e-10
1.07e-10
1.05e-10
1.02e-10
1.02e-10
l.Ole-10
l.OOe-10
9.96e-ll
9.85e-ll
9.636-11
9.58e-ll
9.51e-ll
9.41e-ll
9.376-11
9.11e-ll
8.90e-ll
8.86e-ll
8.746-11
8.71e-ll
8.66e-ll
8.09e-ll
7.656-11
7.56e-ll
7.536-11
7.446-11
7.16e-ll
7.146-11
7.05e-ll
6.486-11
6.25e-ll
6.176-11
6.14e-ll
6.086-11
5.80e-ll
5.776-11
5.71e-ll
5.636-11
5.446-11
5.30e-ll
5.136-11
4.92e-ll
4.906-11
4.79e-ll
4.78e-ll
M-130
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-33. CRT LCIA Results for the Chronic Public Health Effects Impact Category
Process Group
Glass/frit
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Glass/frit
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Glass/frit
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
US electric grid
US electric grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Material
Chromium
Ethyl Chloride
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
Acetophenone
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Methyl ethyl ketone
Benzo[b,j,k]fluoranthene
Tetrachloroethylene
Benzo[b]fluoranthene
Silicon
Mercury compounds
Chromium (III)
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Indeno(l ,2,3-cd)pyrene
Methyl methacrylate
Fluorene
Acrolein
Lead
Styrene
Biphenyl
Pyrene
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene
Bromoform
Dichloromethane
Fluoranthene
Methyl chloride
Isophorone
Chrysene
2-Methylnaphthalene
Manganese
Biphenyl
Anthracene
Ethylbenzene
Copper (+1 & +2)
Chlorobenzene
Methyl ethyl ketone
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene
o-xylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Methyl methacrylate
Copper (+1 & +2)
Acenaphthylene
2 , 4-Dinitrotoluene
Benzo[a]pyrene
Benzo[b,j,k]fluoranthene
Acenaphthylene
Styrene
Acetophenone
LCI Data Type Chronic Public % of Total
Toxicity (tox-kg)
primary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
primary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
9.33e-10
9.16e-10
9.07e-10
8.33e-10
7.86e-10
7.79e-10
7.77e-10
7.70e-10
7.62e-10
7.43e-10
7.08e-10
6.96e-10
6.85e-10
6.84e-10
6.66e-10
6.60e-10
6.49e-10
6.40e-10
5.89e-10
5.79e-10
5.71e-10
5.55e-10
5.50e-10
5.42e-10
5.39e-10
5.39e-10
5.38e-10
5.38e-10
4.75e-10
4.67e-10
4.62e-10
4.61e-10
4.47e-10
4.43e-10
4.40e-10
4.31e-10
4.30e-10
4.29e-10
4.26e-10
3.88e-10
3.79e-10
3.68e-10
3.68e-10
3.60e-10
3.52e-10
3.41e-10
3.40e-10
3.29e-10
3.25e-10
3.24e-10
4.726-11
4.63e-ll
4.586-11
4.216-11
3.97e-ll
3.946-11
3.93e-ll
3.896-11
3.85e-ll
3.756-11
3.58e-ll
3.526-11
3.46e-ll
3.456-11
3.37e-ll
3.346-11
3.28e-ll
3.236-11
2.97e-ll
2.936-11
2.88e-ll
2.80e-ll
2.78e-ll
2.746-11
2.72e-ll
2.72e-ll
2.72e-ll
2.72e-ll
2.40e-ll
2.366-11
2.34e-ll
2.33e-ll
2.26e-ll
2.246-11
2.22e-ll
2.186-11
2.17e-ll
2.176-11
2.15e-ll
1.96e-ll
1.91e-ll
1.86e-ll
1.86e-ll
1.826-11
1.78e-ll
1.72e-ll
1.72e-ll
1.666-11
1.64e-ll
1.64e-ll
M-131
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-33. CRT LCIA Results for the Chronic Public Health Effects Impact Category
Process Group
Natural Gas Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Glass/frit
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LPG Production
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
Natural Gas Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
US electric grid
Natural Gas Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Material
Barium cmpds
Anthracene
Acetaldehyde
Bromoform
Dichloromethane
5 -Methyl chrysene
Mercury
Cobalt
Benzo[a]pyrene
Chromium (III)
Chlorobenzene
Halogenated matter (organic)
Benzo[a]anthracene
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Dimethyl sulfate
o-xylene
Pyrene
2 , 4-Dinitrotoluene
Toluene
Acetophenone
Ethylbenzene
Fluorene
3 -Methy Icholanthrene
Phenanthrene
Fluoranthene
Chrysene
Chromium (III)
Indeno(l ,2,3-cd)pyrene
Vinyl acetate
Cadmium cmpds
Ethylene dibromide
Fluorene
3 -Methylcholanthrene
2-Methylnaphthalene
Zinc (+2)
Isophorone
Fluoranthene
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
Dibenzo[a,h]anthracene
Methyl tert-butyl ether
2-Methylnaphthalene
Aluminum (elemental)
Pyrene
Methyl ethyl ketone
Tetrachloroethylene
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Methyl methacrylate
Phenanthrene
Phenanthrene
2-Methylnaphthalene
LCI Data Type Chronic Public % of Total
Toxicity (tox-kg)
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
3.21e-10
3.15e-10
3.09e-10
3.04e-10
3.00e-10
2.94e-10
2.89e-10
2.87e-10
2.73e-10
2.70e-10
2.43e-10
2.33e-10
2.26e-10
2.25e-10
2.15e-10
2.06e-10
2.00e-10
1.95e-10
1.90e-10
1.79e-10
1.74e-10
1.74e-10
1.73e-10
1.71e-10
1.66e-10
1.64e-10
1.616-10
1.61e-10
1. 60e-10
1.58e-10
1.48e-10
1.28e-10
1.10e-10
1.08e-10
1.07e-10
1.04e-10
1.02e-10
1.02e-10
9.66e-ll
8.756-11
8.74e-ll
8.51e-ll
8.50e-ll
8.436-11
8.31e-ll
8.21e-ll
7.30e-ll
7.106-11
7.05e-ll
7.036-11
6.87e-ll
1.62e-ll
1.59e-ll
1.566-11
1.54e-ll
1.52e-ll
1.49e-ll
1.466-11
1.45e-ll
1.38e-ll
1.36e-ll
1.236-11
1.186-11
1.14e-ll
1.14e-ll
1.09e-ll
1.046-11
l.Ole-11
9.85e-12
9.57e-12
9.04e-12
8.80e-12
8.80e-12
8.73e-12
8.65e-12
8.40e-12
8.28e-12
8.14e-12
8.12e-12
8.09e-12
8.00e-12
7.50e-12
6.45e-12
5.54e-12
5.47e-12
5.38e-12
5.25e-12
5.15e-12
5.15e-12
4.88e-12
4.42e-12
4.42e-12
4.30e-12
4.29e-12
4.26e-12
4.20e-12
4.15e-12
3.69e-12
3.59e-12
3.56e-12
3.55e-12
3.47e-12
M-132
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-33. CRT LCIA Results for the Chronic Public Health Effects Impact Category
Process Group
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Material
Zinc (+2)
Aromatic hydrocarbons
5 -Methyl chrysene
Styrene
Vinyl acetate
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
o-xylene
Chlorine
Bromoform
Dichloromethane
Ethylene dibromide
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene
3 -Methy Icholanthrene
5-Methyl chrysene
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Chlorobenzene
Acenaphthene
Ethyl Chloride
2 , 4-Dinitrotoluene
Cumene
2-Methylnaphthalene
Acetophenone
Vinyl acetate
Benzo[a]pyrene
Ethylene dibromide
Chlorine
Copper (+1 & +2)
Chromium (III)
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Biphenyl
Acenaphthene
o-xylene
Benzo[a]pyrene
Ethylbenzene
Dibenzo[a,h]anthracene
Acenaphthene
Ethyl Chloride
Acenaphthylene
Anthracene
Cumene
Cadmium cmpds
Benzo[a]pyrene
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Dibenzo [a,h] anthracene
Benzo [a] anthracene
Benzo[bj ,k]fluoranthene
Indeno(l ,2,3-cd)pyrene
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Ethyl Chloride
Benzo [a] anthracene
LCI Data Type Chronic Public % of Total
Toxicity (tox-kg)
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
6.78e-ll
6.39e-ll
6.30e-ll
6.28e-ll
6.23e-ll
6.11e-ll
6.06e-ll
5.92e-ll
5.86e-ll
5.78e-ll
5.77e-ll
5.75e-ll
5.70e-ll
5.036-11
4.836-11
4.696-11
4.676-11
4.336-11
3.766-11
3.666-11
3.576-11
3.456-11
3.446-11
3.206-11
3.196-11
3.126-11
2.996-11
2.886-11
2.37e-ll
2.186-11
2.13e-ll
2.016-11
1.976-11
1.866-11
1.786-11
1.776-11
1.68e-ll
1.616-11
1.526-11
1.426-11
1.40e-ll
1.33e-ll
1.316-11
1.196-11
1.19e-ll
1.19e-ll
9.33e-12
9.32e-12
9.30e-12
8.56e-12
3.42e-12
3.23e-12
3.18e-12
3.17e-12
3.15e-12
3.08e-12
3.06e-12
2.99e-12
2.96e-12
2.92e-12
2.92e-12
2.91e-12
2.88e-12
2.54e-12
2.44e-12
2.37e-12
2.36e-12
2.19e-12
1.90e-12
1.85e-12
1.80e-12
1.74e-12
1.74e-12
1.62e-12
1.61e-12
1.58e-12
1.51e-12
1.45e-12
1.20e-12
1.10e-12
1.08e-12
1.02e-12
9.97e-13
9.37e-13
8.98e-13
8.96e-13
8.50e-13
8.15e-13
7.69e-13
7.19e-13
7.09e-13
6.70e-13
6.63e-13
6.03e-13
6.02e-13
6.00e-13
4.71e-13
4.71e-13
4.70e-13
4.32e-13
M-133
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-33. CRT LCIA Results for the Chronic Public Health Effects Impact Category
Process Group
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Material
Biphenyl
Chrysene
Anthracene
Lead cmpds
Cumene
Indeno(l ,2,3-cd)pyrene
Phenanthrene
Acenaphthylene
Nickel cmpds
Vinyl acetate
Acenaphthylene
Dibenzo [a,h] anthracene
Lead cmpds
Anthracene
B enzo [b] fluoranthene
Ethylene dibromide
Zinc (+2)
Benzo [a] anthracene
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Nickel cmpds
Chrysene
3-Methylcholanthrene
Fluorene
Biphenyl
Benzo[bj ,k] fluoranthene
Indeno(l ,2,3-cd)pyrene
B enzo [b] fluoranthene
Fluoranthene
Pyrene
Chrysene
HALON-1301
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene
2-Methylnaphthalene
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene
Chlorine
HALON-1301
Copper (+1 & +2)
Benzo[b,j,k]fluoranthene
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Pyrene
Mercury compounds
5-Methyl chrysene
B enzo [b] fluoranthene
Acenaphthene
Fluorene
Mercury compounds
Ethyl Chloride
Pyrene
Fluoranthene
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene
LCI Data Type Chronic Public % of Total
Toxicity (tox-kg)
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
8.49e-12
8.28e-12
8.13e-12
7.89e-12
7.87e-12
7.53e-12
7.32e-12
7.00e-12
6.67e-12
6.64e-12
6.63e-12
6.56e-12
6.55e-12
6.49e-12
6.37e-12
6.16e-12
5.97e-12
5.73e-12
5.66e-12
5.53e-12
5.43e-12
5.39e-12
5.11e-12
4.70e-12
4.62e-12
4.30e-12
4.19e-12
4.116-12
4.04e-12
3.68e-12
3.43e-12
3.43e-12
3.38e-12
3.19e-12
2.94e-12
2.85e-12
2.65e-12
2.55e-12
2.53e-12
2.45e-12
2.39e-12
2.38e-12
2.25e-12
2.12e-12
2.06e-12
1.99e-12
1.79e-12
1.75e-12
1.67e-12
1.67e-12
4.29e-13
4.19e-13
4.11e-13
3.99e-13
3.98e-13
3.80e-13
3.70e-13
3.54e-13
3.37e-13
3.35e-13
3.35e-13
3.31e-13
3.31e-13
3.28e-13
3.22e-13
3.11e-13
3.02e-13
2.90e-13
2.86e-13
2.80e-13
2.74e-13
2.73e-13
2.58e-13
2.37e-13
2.33e-13
2.17e-13
2.11e-13
2.08e-13
2.04e-13
1.86e-13
1.74e-13
1.73e-13
1.71e-13
1.61e-13
1.48e-13
1.44e-13
1.34e-13
1.29e-13
1.28e-13
1.24e-13
1.21e-13
1.20e-13
1.14e-13
1.07e-13
1.04e-13
l.OOe-13
9.06e-14
8.85e-14
8.46e-14
8.42e-14
M-134
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-33. CRT LCIA Results for the Chronic Public Health Effects Impact Category
Process Group
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Total Manufacturing
Use, Maintenance and
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
Material
Fluorene
Cumene
Fluoranthene
Benzo[a]pyrene
5-Methyl chrysene
Biphenyl
Halogenated matter (organic)
Acenaphthylene
Anthracene
Halogenated matter (organic)
Dibenzo [a,h] anthracene
Halogenated hydrocarbons (unspecified)
B enzo [a] anthracene
Lead cmpds
5-Methyl chrysene
B enzo [b j , k] fluoranthene
Nickel cmpds
Indeno(l ,2,3-cd)pyrene
Chrysene
HALON-1301
Fluorene
Benzo [b] fluoranthene
Pyrene
Fluoranthene
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene
Mercury compounds
5-Methyl chrysene
Halogenated matter (organic)
Lead cmpds
Nickel cmpds
HALON-1301
Mercury compounds
Halogenated matter (organic)
Halogenated hydrocarbons (unspecified)
Halogenated hydrocarbons (unspecified)
Halogenated hydrocarbons (unspecified)
Halogenated hydrocarbons (unspecified)
Repair Life-cycle Stage
Sulfur dioxide
Nitrogen oxides
Methane
Carbon monoxide
Arsenic
Hydrochloric acid
PM-10
Selenium
Vanadium
Hydrofluoric acid
Formaldehyde
LCI Data Type Chronic Public % of Total
Toxicity (tox-kg)
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
1.64e-12
1.52e-12
1.46e-12
1.37e-12
9.24e-13
9.06e-13
7.89e-13
6.90e-13
6.65e-13
6.55e-13
6.08e-13
5.84e-13
5.59e-13
5.32e-13
5.11e-13
4.92e-13
4.50e-13
4.26e-13
3.70e-13
2.32e-13
2.16e-13
2.10e-13
1.78e-13
1.75e-13
1.62e-13
1 .61e-13
9.85e-14
5.32e-14
4.72e-14
3.99e-14
2.05e-14
1.43e-14
4.72e-15
1.976-15
1.64e-15
1.33e-16
1.18e-17
9.77e+01
1.65e+03
2.35e+00
1.29e+00
1.09e+00
5.58e-01
4.93e-01
1.16e-01
9.28e-02
6.98e-02
2.69e-02
9.70e-03
8.28e-14
7.67e-14
7.40e-14
6.95e-14
4.67e-14
4.58e-14
3.99e-14
3.49e-14
3.36e-14
3.31e-14
3.07e-14
2.95e-14
2.82e-14
2.69e-14
2.58e-14
2.49e-14
2.27e-14
2.15e-14
1.87e-14
1.17e-14
1.09e-14
1.06e-14
9.00e-15
8.83e-15
8.18e-15
8.16e-15
4.98e-15
2.69e-15
2.38e-15
2.01e-15
1.04e-15
7.23e-16
2.38e-16
9.98e-17
8.27e-17
6.72e-18
5.95e-19
4.94e+00
8.32e+01
1.19e-01
6.52e-02
5.51e-02
2.82e-02
2.49e-02
5.84e-03
4.69e-03
3.53e-03
1.36e-03
4.90e-04
M-135
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-33. CRT LCIA Results for the Chronic Public Health Effects Impact Category
Process Group
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
Material
Benzene
Nitrous oxide
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Zinc (elemental)
Antimony
Chromium (VI)
Molybdenum
Methyl hydrazine
2-Chloroacetophenone
Bromomethane
Nickel
Cyanide (-1)
2,3,7,8-TCDD
Naphthalene
Barium
Carbon disulfide
Benzyl chloride
Cadmium
Chloroform
Propionaldehyde
Manganese
Fluoride
Beryllium
Acrolein
Lead
Cobalt
Copper
Methyl chloride
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
Acetaldehyde
Hexane
Dimethyl sulfate
Mercury
Toluene
Isophorone
Methyl ethyl ketone
Tetrachloroethylene
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Methyl methacrylate
Styrene
Bromoform
Dichloromethane
Chlorobenzene
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
Acetophenone
Ethylbenzene
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Phenol
Vinyl acetate
Phenanthrene
LCI Data Type Chronic Public % of Total
Toxicity (tox-kg)
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
6.98e-03
6.80e-03
3.93e-03
1.81e-03
1.49e-03
5.37e-04
4.97e-04
4.61e-04
4.32e-04
4.27e-04
2.32e-04
2.24e-04
1.70e-04
1.37e-04
1.16e-04
9.18e-05
7.02e-05
5.48e-05
4.95e-05
4.58e-05
4.56e-05
3.91e-05
2.92e-05
2.60e-05
2.55e-05
2.43e-05
2.24e-05
2.16e-05
1.55e-05
1.24e-05
1.20e-05
8.61e-06
7.51e-06
4.25e-06
4.16e-06
3.33e-06
3.29e-06
2.93e-06
2.85e-06
2.51e-06
2.35e-06
2.32e-06
1.88e-06
1.51 e-06
1.38e-06
7.41e-07
3.74e-07
2.85e-07
2.66e-07
2.51e-07
3.53e-04
3.43e-04
1.99e-04
9.16e-05
7.52e-05
2.71e-05
2.51e-05
2.33e-05
2.18e-05
2.16e-05
1.17e-05
1.13e-05
8.58e-06
6.92e-06
5.88e-06
4.64e-06
3.55e-06
2.77e-06
2.50e-06
2.31 e-06
2.30e-06
1.97e-06
1.47e-06
1.31 e-06
1.29e-06
1.23e-06
1.13e-06
1.09e-06
7.856-07
6.25e-07
6.076-07
4.35e-07
3.80e-07
2.15e-07
2.10e-07
1.68e-07
1.66e-07
1.48e-07
1.44e-07
1.27e-07
1.19e-07
1.17e-07
9.49e-08
7.61e-08
6.99e-08
3.74e-08
1.89e-08
1.44e-08
1.34e-08
1.27e-08
M-136
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-33. CRT
Process Group
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
Total Use, Maintenance and
End-of-life Life-cycle Stage
CRT Incineration
CRT landfillrng
US electric grid
CRT landfillrng
CRT landfillrng
CRT landfillrng
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
CRT landfillrng
CRT landfillrng
CRT Incineration
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
CRT landfillrng
CRT Incineration
LPG Production
LPG Production
CRT Incineration
US electric grid
CRT Incineration
CRT landfillrng
CRT landfillrng
LCIA Results for the Chronic Public Health Effects Impact Category
Material
Ethylene dibromide
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Chromium (III)
2,3,7,8-TCDF
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Acenaphthene
Ethyl Chloride
Cumene
Biphenyl
Acenaphthylene
Benzo[a]pyrene
Benzo[b,j,k]fluoranthene
Anthracene
B enzo [a] anthracene
Chrysene
Indeno(l ,2,3-cd)pyrene
Fluorene
Fluoranthene
Dibenzo [a,h] anthracene
2-Methylnaphthalene
Pyrene
5 -Methyl chrysene
o-xylene
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene
Repair
Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Nitrogen dioxide
PM
Nitrogen oxides
Methane
Carbon monoxide
Methane
Arsenic cmpds
Arsenic cmpds
Arsenic
Carbon monoxide
Hydrochloric acid
Benzene
Lead
Methane
Sulfur oxides
Barium cmpds
PM-10
Silver compounds
Silver compounds
Barium cmpds
LCI Data Type Chronic Public % of Total
Toxicity (tox-kg)
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
primary
model/secondary
primary
primary
primary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
primary
primary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
primary
primary
2.47e-07
2.21e-07
1.97e-07
1.17e-07
1.08e-07
7.61e-08
7.19e-08
6.08e-08
3.63e-08
2.26e-08
2.14e-08
2.13e-08
1.97e-08
1.42e-08
1.03e-08
1.01 e-08
7.99e-09
6.39e-09
5.48e-09
5.33e-09
5.28e-09
3.95e-09
3.79e-09
3.60e-09
1.65e+03
1.98e-01
1.85e-01
1.65e-01
9.95e-03
3.71e-03
4.17e-04
2.36e-04
1.29e-04
1.09e-04
1.09e-04
1.02e-04
9.83e-05
5.58e-05
4.98e-05
4.93e-05
4.05e-05
2.86e-05
1.45e-05
1.38e-05
1.27e-05
1.16e-05
1.12e-05
1.05e-05
l.Ole-05
1.25e-08
l.lle-08
9.96e-09
5.89e-09
5.48e-09
3.84e-09
3.63e-09
3.07e-09
1.83e-09
1.14e-09
1.08e-09
1.08e-09
9.96e-10
7.15e-10
5.19e-10
5.08e-10
4.04e-10
3.23e-10
2.77e-10
2.69e-10
2.67e-10
1.99e-10
1.92e-10
1.82e-10
8.35e+01
l.OOe-02
9.34e-03
8.32e-03
5.03e-04
1.87e-04
2.11e-05
1.19e-05
6.52e-06
5.52e-06
5.50e-06
5.17e-06
4.97e-06
2.82e-06
2.52e-06
2.49e-06
2.04e-06
1.44e-06
7.32e-07
6.99e-07
6.43e-07
5.84e-07
5.67e-07
5.29e-07
5.12e-07
M-137
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-33. CRT LCIA Results for the Chronic Public Health Effects Impact Category
Process Group
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
CRT landfillrng
CRT landfillrng
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
CRT landfillrng
US electric grid
CRT Incineration
US electric grid
US electric grid
CRT landfillrng
CRT landfillrng
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
CRT landfillrng
US electric grid
US electric grid
CRT Incineration
LPG Production
US electric grid
CRT landfillrng
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
CRT landfillrng
US electric grid
CRT landfillrng
CRT Incineration
LPG Production
US electric grid
Material
Nitrogen oxides
Selenium
Vanadium
Benzene
Vanadium
Hydrochloric acid
Ammonia
Hydrofluoric acid
PM
Arsenic
Formaldehyde
Cadmium cmpds
Formaldehyde
Cadmium cmpds
Benzene
Nitrous oxide
Hydrogen sulfide
Chromium (VI)
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Hydrochloric acid
Nitrous oxide
Zinc (elemental)
Antimony
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Fluorides (F-)
Selenium
Chromium (VI)
Hydrogen sulfide
Ammonia
Molybdenum
Methyl hydrazine
2-Chloroacetophenone
Bromomethane
Selenium
Nickel
Cyanide (-1)
Carbon tetrachloride
Hydrofluoric acid
2,3,7,8-TCDD
Carbon tetrachloride
Molybdenum
Naphthalene
Chromium (VI)
Ethane
Chloroform
Barium
Mercury compounds
Mercury compounds
Zinc (elemental)
Carbon disulfide
LCI Data Type Chronic Public % of Total
Toxicity (tox-kg)
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
primary
primary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
primary
primary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
primary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
primary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
model/secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
9.89e-06
9.28e-06
9.04e-06
7.41e-06
6.99e-06
4.69e-06
3.81e-06
2.69e-06
2.23e-06
1.78e-06
1.16e-06
9.72e-07
9.70e-07
9.41e-07
6.98e-07
6.80e-07
4.61e-07
4.44e-07
3.93e-07
3.18e-07
2.80e-07
1.81e-07
1.49e-07
8.47e-08
6.51e-08
6.40e-08
5.37e-08
5.29e-08
5.11e-08
4.97e-08
4.61e-08
4.32e-08
4.27e-08
3.21e-08
2.32e-08
2.24e-08
1.81e-08
1.73e-08
1.70e-08
1.69e-08
1.42e-08
1.37e-08
1.36e-08
1.34e-08
1.32e-08
1.17e-08
1.15e-08
1.13e-08
1.04e-08
9.18e-09
5.00e-07
4.69e-07
4.57e-07
3.74e-07
3.53e-07
2.37e-07
1.92e-07
1.36e-07
1.12e-07
9.01e-08
5.85e-08
4.91e-08
4.90e-08
4.76e-08
3.53e-08
3.44e-08
2.33e-08
2.24e-08
1.99e-08
1. 60e-08
1.41e-08
9.16e-09
7.52e-09
4.28e-09
3.29e-09
3.23e-09
2.72e-09
2.67e-09
2.58e-09
2.51e-09
2.33e-09
2.18e-09
2.16e-09
1.62e-09
1.17e-09
1.13e-09
9.16e-10
8.75e-10
8.59e-10
8.54e-10
7.19e-10
6.92e-10
6.88e-10
6.77e-10
6.67e-10
5.89e-10
5.84e-10
5.72e-10
5.23e-10
4.64e-10
M-138
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-33. CRT LCIA Results for the Chronic Public Health Effects Impact Category
Process Group
CRT landfilling
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
CRT landfilling
CRT Incineration
CRT landfilling
US electric grid
US electric grid
CRT landfilling
US electric grid
CRT landfilling
LPG Production
US electric grid
CRT Incineration
US electric grid
CRT landfilling
CRT landfilling
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
Material
Toluene
Hexane
Benzyl chloride
Phenol
Pentane
Cadmium
Chloroform
Propionaldehyde
Manganese
Fluoride
PM-10
Nickel
Beryllium
Acrolein
Lead
Aluminum (+3)
Cobalt
Copper
Methyl chloride
Antimony
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Lead cmpds
Lead cmpds
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
Acetaldehyde
Tetrachloroethylene
Hexane
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Nitrate
Dimethyl sulfate
Trichloroethylene
Mercury
Trichloroethylene
Ethylbenzene
Toluene
Isophorone
Methyl ethyl ketone
Tetrachloroethylene
Copper
Methyl hydrazine
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Silicon
Methyl methacrylate
2-Chloroacetophenone
Dimethylbenzanthracene
Bromomethane
Styrene
Bromoform
Dichloromethane
Naphthalene
LCI Data Type Chronic Public % of Total
Toxicity (tox-kg)
primary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
primary
model/secondary
model/secondary
primary
model/secondary
primary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
primary
primary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
8.22e-09
7.78e-09
7.03e-09
6.17e-09
5.62e-09
5.48e-09
4.96e-09
4.58e-09
4.56e-09
3.91e-09
3.88e-09
3.56e-09
2.92e-09
2.60e-09
2.55e-09
2.44e-09
2.43e-09
2.24e-09
2.16e-09
1.85e-09
1.69e-09
1.62e-09
1.58e-09
1.55e-09
1.24e-09
1.20e-09
1.20e-09
1. 15e-09
1. 05e-09
8.61e-10
7.65e-10
7.52e-10
7.13e-10
4.44e-10
4.25e-10
4.16e-10
3.33e-10
3.29e-10
3.01e-10
2.97e-10
2.93e-10
2.92e-10
2.85e-10
2.78e-10
2.75e-10
2.75e-10
2.52e-10
2.35e-10
2.32e-10
2.26e-10
4.15e-10
3.93e-10
3.55e-10
3.12e-10
2.84e-10
2.77e-10
2.50e-10
2.31e-10
2.30e-10
1.97e-10
1.96e-10
1.80e-10
1.47e-10
1.31e-10
1.29e-10
1.24e-10
1.23e-10
1.13e-10
1.09e-10
9.356-11
8.56e-ll
8.196-11
7.98e-ll
7.86e-ll
6.26e-ll
6.086-11
6.07e-ll
5.81e-ll
5.28e-ll
4.356-11
3.86e-ll
3.80e-ll
3.60e-ll
2.246-11
2.15e-ll
2.106-11
1.68e-ll
1.666-11
1.52e-ll
l.SOe-11
1.48e-ll
1.48e-ll
1.44e-ll
1.416-11
1.39e-ll
1.39e-ll
1.27e-ll
1.196-11
1.176-11
1.14e-ll
M-139
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-33. CRT LCIA Results for the Chronic Public Health Effects Impact Category
Process Group
LPG Production
CRT landfilling
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
CRT Incineration
LPG Production
US electric grid
CRT landfilling
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
CRT Incineration
CRT landfilling
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
Material
Lead
Dichloromethane
Manganese
Chlorobenzene
Beryllium
Vinyl chloride
Barium
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
Vinyl chloride
Cyanide (-1)
Acetophenone
Barium cmpds
Cadmium
Ethylbenzene
Carbon disulfide
o-xylene
Chromium (III)
Benzyl chloride
Cobalt
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Aluminum (elemental)
Chloroform
Propionaldehyde
Phenol
Vinyl acetate
Phenanthrene
Ethylene dibromide
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Chromium (III)
Acrolein
Methyl chloride
2,3,7,8-TCDF
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
Acetaldehyde
Acenaphthene
Mercury
Ethyl Chloride
Cumene
Cadmium cmpds
Dimethyl sulfate
Toluene
Biphenyl
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
Isophorone
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Acenaphthylene
Methyl ethyl ketone
Benzo[a]pyrene
Benzo[b,j,k]fluoranthene
LCI Data Type Chronic Public % of Total
Toxicity (tox-kg)
secondary
primary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
primary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
2.13e-10
2.01e-10
1.93e-10
1.88e-10
1.85e-10
1.616-10
1.61e-10
1.51e-10
1.50e-10
1.44e-10
1.38e-10
1.37e-10
7.95e-ll
7.41e-ll
5.91e-ll
5.21e-ll
4.83e-ll
4.52e-ll
4.34e-ll
3.74e-ll
3.34e-ll
3.196-11
2.95e-ll
2.856-11
2.66e-ll
2.51e-ll
2.47e-ll
2.21e-ll
1.97e-ll
1.676-11
1.39e-ll
1.176-11
1.08e-ll
l.OOe-11
7.97e-12
7.61e-12
7.50e-12
7.19e-12
6.08e-12
6.00e-12
5.54e-12
5.38e-12
3.63e-12
3.13e-12
2.68e-12
2.42e-12
2.26e-12
2.14e-12
2.14e-12
2.13e-12
1.08e-ll
l.Ole-11
9.73e-12
9.50e-12
9.36e-12
8.14e-12
8.13e-12
7.61e-12
7.59e-12
7.30e-12
6.99e-12
6.92e-12
4.02e-12
3.74e-12
2.99e-12
2.63e-12
2.44e-12
2.29e-12
2.19e-12
1.89e-12
1.69e-12
1.61e-12
1.49e-12
1.44e-12
1.34e-12
1.27e-12
1.25e-12
1.12e-12
9.96e-13
8.46e-13
7.02e-13
5.90e-13
5.48e-13
5.06e-13
4.03e-13
3.85e-13
3.79e-13
3.63e-13
3.07e-13
3.03e-13
2.80e-13
2.72e-13
1.83e-13
1.58e-13
1.35e-13
1.22e-13
1.14e-13
1.08e-13
1.08e-13
1.08e-13
M-140
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-33. CRT LCIA Results for the Chronic Public Health Effects Impact Category
Process Group
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
Material
Tetrachloroethylene
Anthracene
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Methyl methacrylate
Styrene
Bromoform
Dichloromethane
Chromium (III)
B enzo [a] anthracene
Chlorobenzene
Copper (+1 & +2)
Chrysene
Indeno(l ,2,3-cd)pyrene
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
Acetophenone
Fluorene
Fluoranthene
o-xylene
Dibenzo [a,h] anthracene
2-Methylnaphthalene
Pyrene
Ethylbenzene
5 -Methyl chrysene
o-xylene
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Zinc (+2)
Phenanthrene
Vinyl acetate
3 -Methy Icholanthrene
Ethylene dibromide
2-Methylnaphthalene
Chlorine
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Acenaphthene
Ethyl Chloride
Cumene
Benzo[a]pyrene
Biphenyl
Lead cmpds
Dibenzo [a,h] anthracene
Acenaphthylene
Anthracene
Nickel cmpds
B enzo [a] anthracene
Benzo[b,j,k]fluoranthene
Indeno(l ,2,3-cd)pyrene
Chrysene
HALON-1301
B enzo [b] fluoranthene
LCI Data Type Chronic Public % of Total
Toxicity (tox-kg)
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
2.12e-12
1.97e-12
1.88e-12
1.83e-12
1.62e-12
1.51e-12
1.49e-12
1.48e-12
1.42e-12
1.21e-12
1.13e-12
1.03e-12
l.Ole-12
9.70e-13
8.91e-13
8.00e-13
6.39e-13
5.92e-13
5.48e-13
5.34e-13
5.29e-13
4.80e-13
3.95e-13
3.80e-13
3.61e-13
2.41e-13
2.03e-13
1.96e-13
1.71e-13
1.66e-13
1.59e-13
1.04e-13
9.19e-14
6.53e-14
6.07e-14
4.63e-14
3.92e-14
3.70e-14
2.34e-14
2.01e-14
1.92e-14
1.85e-14
1.82e-14
1. 70e-14
1.65e-14
1.27e-14
1.22e-14
1.04e-14
8.76e-15
6.58e-15
1.07e-13
9.96e-14
9.52e-14
9.26e-14
8.18e-14
7.64e-14
7.54e-14
7.49e-14
7.16e-14
6.11e-14
5.71e-14
5.19e-14
5.09e-14
4.90e-14
4.50e-14
4.04e-14
3.23e-14
2.99e-14
2.77e-14
2.70e-14
2.67e-14
2.42e-14
1.99e-14
1.92e-14
1.82e-14
1.22e-14
1.02e-14
9.88e-15
8.66e-15
8.37e-15
8.03e-15
5.24e-15
4.64e-15
3.30e-15
3.06e-15
2.34e-15
1.98e-15
1.87e-15
1.18e-15
1.02e-15
9.71e-16
9.33e-16
9.20e-16
8.60e-16
8.31e-16
6.42e-16
6.18e-16
5.25e-16
4.43e-16
3.32e-16
M-141
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-33. CRT LCIA Results for the Chronic Public Health Effects Impact Category
Process Group
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Material
Mercury compounds
Fluorene
Pyrene
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene
Fluoranthene
5 -Methyl chrysene
Halogenated matter (organic)
Halogenated hydrocarbons (unspecified)
Halogenated hydrocarbons (unspecified)
Halogenated hydrocarbons (unspecified)
Halogenated hydrocarbons (unspecified)
Halogenated matter (organic)
Mercury compounds
HALON-1301
Nickel cmpds
Lead cmpds
Halogenated matter (organic)
HALON-1301
5-Methyl chrysene
Nickel cmpds
Halogenated matter (organic)
Fluoranthene
Fluorene
Benzo[b]fluoranthene
5-Methyl chrysene
Pyrene
B enzo [b j , k] fluoranthene
Copper (+1 & +2)
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene
Mercury compounds
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene
Fluoranthene
Pyrene
Benzo[b]fluoranthene
Fluorene
Biphenyl
HALON-1301
Chrysene
Dibenzo[a,h]anthracene
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Benzo[b]fluoranthene
Acenaphthylene
Indeno(l ,2,3-cd)pyrene
Cumene
Chrysene
Anthracene
B enzo [a] anthracene
Indeno( 1 ,2,3-cd)pyrene
Ethyl Chloride
Nickel cmpds
LCI Data Type
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
Chronic Public
Toxicity (tox-kg)
6.11e-15
5.70e-15
4.93e-15
4.79e-15
4.65e-15
2.54e-15
2.01e-15
5.04e-18
-5.91e-18
-8.696-17
-1.43e-15
-2.37e-15
-7.18e-15
-1.03e-14
-2.00e-14
-2.37e-14
-3.67e-14
-1.60e-13
-2.56e-13
-3.10e-13
-5.72e-13
-7.34e-13
-8.22e-13
-1.02e-12
-1.06e-12
-1.23e-12
-1.28e-12
-1.336-12
-1. 60e-12
-1.746-12
-1.74e-12
-1.886-12
-1.91e-12
-2.26e-12
-2.32e-12
-2.35e-12
-2.49e-12
-2.72e-12
-2.82e-12
-2.84e-12
-3.19e-12
-3.51e-12
-3.78e-12
-3.95e-12
-3.98e-12
-4.08e-12
-4.29e-12
-4.58e-12
-4.66e-12
-4.83e-12
% of Total
3.09e-16
2.88e-16
2.49e-16
2.42e-16
2.35e-16
1.28e-16
1.02e-16
2.55e-19
-2.98e-19
-4.396-18
-7.22e-17
-1.20e-16
-3.63e-16
-5.20e-16
-l.Ole-15
-1.20e-15
-1.85e-15
-8.07e-15
-1.29e-14
-1.57e-14
-2.89e-14
-3.71e-14
-4.15e-14
-5.13e-14
-5.35e-14
-6.20e-14
-6.47e-14
-6.71e-14
-8.09e-14
-8.77e-14
-8.79e-14
-9.50e-14
-9.67e-14
-1.14e-13
-1.17e-13
-1.19e-13
-1.26e-13
-1.38e-13
-1.42e-13
-1.43e-13
-1.61e-13
-1.77e-13
-1.91e-13
-1.99e-13
-2.01e-13
-2.06e-13
-2.17e-13
-2.32e-13
-2.36e-13
-2.44e-13
M-142
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-33. CRT LCIA Results for the Chronic Public Health Effects Impact Category
Process Group
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
Material
Benzo[b,j,k]fluoranthene
Lead cmpds
Benzo[a]anthracene
Dibenzo[a,h]anthracene
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Cadmium cmpds
Anthracene
Acenaphthylene
Acenaphthene
Dibenzo[a,h]anthracene
Biphenyl
Benzo[a]pyrene
Benzo[a]pyrene
Ethylene dibromide
Cumene
Vinyl acetate
2-Methylnaphthalene
Ethyl Chloride
Copper (+1 &+2)
Acenaphthene
Methyl tert-butyl ether
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
3-Methylcholanthrene
Chlorine
Phenanthrene
2-Methylnaphthalene
Chlorine
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene
Aluminum (elemental)
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Zinc (+2)
Ethylbenzene
Dichlorobenzene (mixed isomers)
2-Methylnaphthalene
3 -Methylcholanthrene
Zinc (+2)
5-Methyl chrysene
Ethylene dibromide
Vinyl acetate
Pyrene
Phenanthrene
Chromium (III)
3 -Methylcholanthrene
Acetophenone
2 , 4-Dinitrotoluene
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Fluoranthene
Chlorobenzene
Fluorene
Indeno( 1 ,2,3-cd)pyrene
LCI Data Type
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
Chronic Public
Toxicity (tox-kg)
-5.29e-12
-5.72e-12
-6.016-12
-6.53e-12
-6.58e-12
-7.04e-12
-7.15e-12
-7.42e-12
-8.90e-12
-8.91e-12
-9.73e-12
-9.90e-12
-1.48e-ll
-1. 60e-ll
-1.636-11
-1.736-11
-1.74e-ll
-1.93e-ll
-2.06e-ll
-2.286-11
-2.426-11
-2.72e-ll
-2.786-11
-3.16e-ll
-3.53e-ll
-3.63e-ll
-3.87e-ll
-4.066-11
-4.26e-ll
-4.416-11
-4.48e-ll
-4.856-11
-4.90e-ll
-5.426-11
-5.80e-ll
-6.42e-ll
-6.54e-ll
-6.626-11
-7.14e-ll
-7.81e-ll
-7.876-11
-8.086-11
-8.67e-ll
-8.986-11
-9.776-11
-l.OOe-10
-l.Ole-10
-1.22e-10
-1.29e-10
-1.40e-10
% of Total
-2.67e-13
-2.89e-13
-3.03e-13
-3.30e-13
-3.33e-13
-3.56e-13
-3.61e-13
-3.75e-13
-4.50e-13
-4.50e-13
-4.92e-13
-5.00e-13
-7.47e-13
-8.09e-13
-8.24e-13
-8.72e-13
-8.80e-13
-9.74e-13
-1.04e-12
-l.lSe-12
-1.22e-12
-1.37e-12
-1.41e-12
-1.596-12
-1.79e-12
-1.836-12
-1.96e-12
-2.05e-12
-2.15e-12
-2.23e-12
-2.26e-12
-2.45e-12
-2.48e-12
-2.74e-12
-2.93e-12
-3.24e-12
-3.31e-12
-3.34e-12
-3.61e-12
-3.95e-12
-3.97e-12
-4.08e-12
-4.38e-12
-4.53e-12
-4.94e-12
-5.06e-12
-5.08e-12
-6.16e-12
-6.51e-12
-7.05e-12
M-143
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-33. CRT LCIA Results for the Chronic Public Health Effects Impact Category
Process Group
CRT Incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Material
Chrysene
Dichloromethane
Bromoform
Barium cmpds
Styrene
B enzo [a] anthracene
Methyl methacrylate
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Ethylbenzene
Tetrachloroethylene
Methyl ethyl ketone
o-xylene
Isophorone
Chromium (III)
Anthracene
Copper (+1 & +2)
Benzo[b,j,k]fluoranthene
Benzo[a]pyrene
Acetophenone
Acenaphthylene
Silicon
2 , 4-Dinitrotoluene
Chlorine
Chlorobenzene
Zinc (+2)
Dimethyl sulfate
Biphenyl
Dichloromethane
Bromoform
Styrene
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Methyl methacrylate
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Acetaldehyde
Tetrachloroethylene
Methyl ethyl ketone
Mercury
Cumene
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
Acenaphthene
Aluminum (elemental)
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
Isophorone
Ethyl Chloride
Methyl chloride
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Acrolein
Cadmium cmpds
Toluene
LCI Data Type
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
Chronic Public
Toxicity (tox-kg)
-1.50e-10
-1.50e-10
-1.52e-10
-1.61e-10
-1.63e-10
-1.83e-10
-1.85e-10
-1.90e-10
-1.99e-10
-2.14e-10
-2.16e-10
-2.16e-10
-2.70e-10
-3.09e-10
-3.17e-10
-3.21e-10
-3.27e-10
-3.57e-10
-3.71e-10
-3.72e-10
-3.72e-10
-4.04e-10
-4.75e-10
-5.04e-10
-5.26e-10
-5.59e-10
-6.02e-10
-6.22e-10
-6.30e-10
-6.75e-10
-6.87e-10
-7.64e-10
-7.85e-10
-8.03e-10
-8.83e-10
-8.93e-10
_9.44e-10
-l.Ole-09
-1.01 e-09
-1.02e-09
-1.08e-09
-1.09e-09
-1.12e-09
-1.19e-09
-1.40e-09
-1.64e-09
-1.68e-09
-1.69e-09
-1.70e-09
-2.04e-09
% of Total
-7.59e-12
-7.60e-12
-7.70e-12
-8.13e-12
-8.24e-12
-9.23e-12
-9.33e-12
-9.60e-12
-l.Ole-11
-1.08e-ll
-1.096-11
-1.096-11
-1.36e-ll
-1.56e-ll
-1. 60e-ll
-1.626-11
-1.656-11
-1.80e-ll
-1.876-11
-1.886-11
-1.88e-ll
-2.046-11
-2.40e-ll
-2.556-11
-2.66e-ll
-2.826-11
-3.04e-ll
-3.146-11
-3.18e-ll
-3.416-11
-3.47e-ll
-3.86e-ll
-3.97e-ll
-4.066-11
-4.46e-ll
-4.51e-ll
-4.77e-ll
-5.096-11
-S.lOe-11
-5.146-11
-5.47e-ll
-5.53e-ll
-5.64e-ll
-6.026-11
-7.07e-ll
-8.276-11
-8.50e-ll
-8.536-11
-8.60e-ll
-1.03e-10
M-144
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-33. CRT LCIA Results for the Chronic Public Health Effects Impact Category
Process Group
CRT Incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
Material
Xylene (mixed isomers)
o-xylene
Dimethyl sulfate
Cobalt
Aluminum (+3)
Propionaldehyde
Mercury
Chloroform
Acetaldehyde
Phenanthrene
Ethylene dibromide
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
Toluene
Vinyl acetate
Benzyl chloride
PM-10
Methyl chloride
Carbon disulfide
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Acrolein
Phenol
Cadmium
Silicon
Ethylbenzene
Propionaldehyde
Chloroform
Cyanide (-1)
Nitrate
Aluminum (elemental)
Chromium (III)
Cobalt
Benzyl chloride
Manganese
Chloroacetophenone
Beryllium
Lead
Acetophenone
Carbon disulfide
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
Copper
Bromomethane
2-Chloroacetophenone
Barium
Methyl hydrazine
Chlorobenzene
Cadmium
Dichloromethane
Barium cmpds
Bromoform
Styrene
LCI Data Type
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
Chronic Public
Toxicity (tox-kg)
-2.13e-09
-2.31e-09
-2.31e-09
-2.65e-09
-2.87e-09
-2.97e-09
-3.11e-09
-3.21e-09
-3.32e-09
-4.02e-09
-4.09e-09
-4.17e-09
-4.33e-09
_4.41e-09
-4.56e-09
-4.95e-09
-5.79e-09
-5.95e-09
-6.19e-09
-6.98e-09
-7.32e-09
-8.00e-09
-9.47e-09
-1.18e-08
-1.23e-08
-1.33e-08
-1.45e-08
-1.51e-08
-1.61 e-08
-1.69e-08
-1.85e-08
-1.88e-08
-1.98e-08
-2.08e-08
-2.14e-08
-2.17e-08
-2.29e-08
-2.46e-08
-2.50e-08
-2.65e-08
-2.77e-08
-2.80e-08
-2.96e-08
-2.99e-08
-3.11e-08
-3.26e-08
-3.82e-08
-3.89e-08
-3.89e-08
-4.17e-08
% of Total
-1.08e-10
-1.17e-10
-1.17e-10
-1.34e-10
-1.45e-10
-l.SOe-10
-1.57e-10
-1.62e-10
-1.68e-10
-2.03e-10
-2.07e-10
-2.116-10
-2.19e-10
-2.23e-10
-2.30e-10
-2.50e-10
-2.92e-10
-3.01e-10
-3.13e-10
-3.53e-10
-3.70e-10
-4.04e-10
-4.78e-10
-5.96e-10
-6.21e-10
-6.72e-10
-7.35e-10
-7.62e-10
-8.13e-10
-8.55e-10
-9.36e-10
-9.52e-10
-l.OOe-09
-1.05e-09
-1.08e-09
-1.10e-09
-1.16e-09
-1.24e-09
-1.26e-09
-1.34e-09
-1.40e-09
-1.42e-09
-1.49e-09
-1. 51e-09
-1.57e-09
-1.65e-09
-1.93e-09
-1.97e-09
-1.976-09
-2.11e-09
M-145
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-33. CRT LCIA Results for the Chronic Public Health Effects Impact Category
Process Group
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
Material
Aluminum (+3)
Methyl methacrylate
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Dimethylbenzanthracene
Tetrachloroethylene
Barium
Methyl ethyl ketone
Cyanide (-1)
Naphthalene
Toluene
Hydrogen sulfide
Isophorone
Beryllium
Manganese
Naphthalene
Nickel
Lead
Dimethylbenzanthracene
Mercury
Bromomethane
2-Chloroacetophenone
Phenol
Methyl hydrazine
PM-10
Copper
Silicon
Dimethyl sulfate
Dimethylbenzanthracene
Acetaldehyde
Antimony
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
Nitrate
Methyl chloride
Cobalt
Copper
Acrolein
Antimony
Cadmium
Aluminum (+3)
Chromium (VI)
Propionaldehyde
Chloroform
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Pentane
Molybdenum
Benzyl chloride
Hydrogen sulfide
Barium
Hexane
Carbon disulfide
LCI Data Type
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
Chronic Public
Toxicity (tox-kg)
_4.46e-08
-4.72e-08
-4.73e-08
-4.82e-08
-5.33e-08
-5.46e-08
-5.52e-08
-6.02e-08
-6.61e-08
-6.65e-08
-6.75e-08
-6.90e-08
-7.66e-08
-8.00e-08
-8.116-08
-8.75e-08
-8.90e-08
-9.64e-08
-1.12e-07
-1.15e-07
-1.16e-07
-1.17e-07
-1.24e-07
-1.26e-07
-1.34e-07
-1.41e-07
-1.43e-07
_1.44e-07
-2.05e-07
-2.24e-07
-2.58e-07
-3.15e-07
-3.58e-07
-3.83e-07
-4.12e-07
-4.31e-07
-6.39e-07
-6.89e-07
-6.94e-07
-7.42e-07
-7.59e-07
-8.07e-07
-8.87e-07
-9.44e-07
-1.16e-06
-1.166-06
-1.22e-06
-1.31e-06
-1.51e-06
-1.52e-06
% of Total
-2.25e-09
-2.38e-09
-2.39e-09
-2.44e-09
-2.69e-09
-2.76e-09
-2.79e-09
-3.04e-09
-3.34e-09
-3.36e-09
-3.41e-09
-3.49e-09
-3.87e-09
-4.04e-09
-4.10e-09
-4.42e-09
-4.50e-09
-4.87e-09
-5.64e-09
-5.79e-09
-5.85e-09
-5.92e-09
-6.25e-09
-6.36e-09
-6.77e-09
-7.10e-09
-7.21e-09
-7.28e-09
-1.04e-08
-1.13e-08
-1.30e-08
-1.59e-08
-1.81e-08
-1.94e-08
-2.08e-08
-2.18e-08
-3.23e-08
-3.48e-08
-3.51e-08
-3.75e-08
-3.84e-08
-4.08e-08
-4.48e-08
-4.77e-08
-5.86e-08
-5.88e-08
-6.17e-08
-6.64e-08
-7.61e-08
-7.69e-08
M-146
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-33. CRT LCIA Results for the Chronic Public Health Effects Impact Category
Process Group
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
Material
Nickel
Hydrofluoric acid
Phenol
PM-10
Pentane
Naphthalene
Ethane
Hexane
Chromium (VI)
Pentane
Zinc (elemental)
Nitrate
Cyanide (-1)
Hexane
Zinc (elemental)
Beryllium
Ethane
Manganese
Selenium
Molybdenum
Fluorides (F-)
Ethane
Bromomethane
Hydrofluoric acid
Methyl hydrazine
Molybdenum
Nitrous oxide
Nickel
Formaldehyde
Ammonia
Antimony
Zinc (elemental)
Hydrogen sulfide
Fluorides (F-)
Selenium
Hydrochloric acid
Vanadium
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Ammonia
Nitrous oxide
Hydrochloric acid
Chromium (VI)
Arsenic
Ammonia
Sulfur oxides
PM
Hydrofluoric acid
Formaldehyde
LCI Data Type
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
Chronic Public
Toxicity (tox-kg)
-1.64e-06
-1.75e-06
-1.75e-06
-1.87e-06
-1.97e-06
-2.05e-06
-2.25e-06
-2.72e-06
-2.84e-06
-2.94e-06
-3.56e-06
-3.60e-06
-3.72e-06
-4.07e-06
-4.26e-06
-4.59e-06
-4.69e-06
-4.89e-06
-6.09e-06
-6.49e-06
-6.82e-06
-7.01e-06
-7.08e-06
-7.22e-06
-7.64e-06
-9.96e-06
-1.16e-05
-1.38e-05
-1.39e-05
-1.74e-05
-2.16e-05
-2.54e-05
-2.55e-05
-2.66e-05
-2.69e-05
-3.20e-05
-3.49e-05
-3.98e-05
-5.50e-05
-7.13e-05
-1.24e-04
-1.32e-04
-1.56e-04
-1.58e-04
-2.13e-04
-2.76e-04
-4.15e-04
-4.46e-04
-4.47e-04
% of Total
-8.31e-08
-8.83e-08
-8.86e-08
-9.45e-08
-9.93e-08
-1.04e-07
-1.14e-07
-1.38e-07
-1.44e-07
-1.48e-07
-1.80e-07
-1.82e-07
-1.88e-07
-2.06e-07
-2.15e-07
-2.32e-07
-2.37e-07
-2.47e-07
-3.07e-07
-3.28e-07
-3.44e-07
-3.54e-07
-3.58e-07
-3.65e-07
-3.86e-07
-5.03e-07
-5.85e-07
-6.97e-07
-7.02e-07
-8.79e-07
-1.09e-06
-1.28e-06
-1.29e-06
-1.34e-06
-1.36e-06
-1.62e-06
-1.76e-06
-2.01e-06
-2.78e-06
-3.60e-06
-6.24e-06
-6.68e-06
-7.86e-06
-7.97e-06
-1.08e-05
-1.40e-05
-2.10e-05
-2.25e-05
-2.26e-05
M-147
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-33. CRT LCIA Results for the Chronic Public Health Effects Impact Category
Process Group
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
Total End-of-life
Material
Formaldehyde
Arsenic
PM
Vanadium
Selenium
Fluorides (F-)
Nitrous oxide
Benzene
Benzene
Nitrogen oxides
Vanadium
Hydrochloric acid
Sulfur oxides
Methane
Nitrogen oxides
Carbon monoxide
Carbon monoxide
Nitrogen oxides
Methane
Carbon monoxide
PM
Benzene
Arsenic
Methane
Sulfur oxides
LCI Data Type
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
Chronic Public
Toxicity (tox-kg)
-5.52e-04
-7.57e-04
-8.70e-04
-1.17e-03
-1.53e-03
-1.57e-03
-2.08e-03
-2.59e-03
-3.18e-03
-3.86e-03
-4.33e-03
-4.66e-03
-5.27e-03
-5.60e-03
-9.35e-03
-1.56e-02
-1.63e-02
-2.51e-02
-3.03e-02
-3.45e-02
-3.67e-02
-3.80e-02
-3.84e-02
-5.03e-02
-5.39e-02
1.74e-01
% of Total
-2.79e-05
-3.82e-05
-4.40e-05
-5.92e-05
-7.74e-05
-7.93e-05
-1.05e-04
-1.31e-04
-1.61e-04
-1.95e-04
-2.19e-04
-2.35e-04
-2.66e-04
-2.83e-04
-4.72e-04
-7.88e-04
-8.23e-04
-1.276-03
-1.53e-03
-1.74e-03
-1.85e-03
-1.92e-03
-1.94e-03
-2.54e-03
-2.73e-03
8.78e-03
Total All Life-cycle Stages
1.98e+03
l.OOe+02
M-148
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-34. LCD LCIA Results for the Chronic Public Health Effects Impact Category
Process Group
Material
LCI Data Type Chronic Public %
Toxicity (tox-kg)
of Total
Materials Processing Life-cycle Stage
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Polycarbonate Production
Natural Gas Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Aluminum Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
PET Resin Production
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Polycarbonate Production
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Polycarbonate Production
Natural Gas Prod.
Polycarbonate Production
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
PET Resin Production
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Polycarbonate Production
Aluminum Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
PET Resin Production
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
PET Resin Production
Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur dioxide
Methane
Benzene
Sulfur dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Sulfur dioxide
Nitrogen oxides
Titanium tetrachloride
Carbon monoxide
PM
Manganese cmpds
PM
Vanadium
Sulfur oxides
Ammonia
Carbon monoxide
Carbon monoxide
Vanadium
Carbon monoxide
Methane
Methane
Arsenic
Nitrogen dioxide
Nitrogen dioxide
Arsenic cmpds
Nitrogen dioxide
Methane
Fluorides (F-)
Sulfur oxides
Carbon monoxide
Manganese cmpds
PM
Carbon monoxide
PM
PM
Nitrogen oxides
Methane
Methane
Nitrogen dioxide
Sulfur oxides
Vanadium
Hydrochloric acid
Barium cmpds
Nitrogen oxides
Selenium
Arsenic
Methane
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
1.24e+01
8.61e+00
7.01e+00
5.29e+00
5.13e+00
4.80e+00
4.43e+00
1.30e+00
2.68e-01
1.47e-01
1.03e-01
6.03e-02
5.78e-02
4.00e-02
3.85e-02
2.97e-02
2.82e-02
2.53e-02
2.53e-02
2.50e-02
2.30e-02
2.27e-02
2.20e-02
2.17e-02
2.15e-02
1.77e-02
1.37e-02
1.07e-02
9.41e-03
7.99e-03
7.56e-03
7.30e-03
7.22e-03
6.93e-03
6.63e-03
6.44e-03
6. 11 e-03
6.00e-03
5.99e-03
5. 31 e-03
4.99e-03
4.86e-03
4.46e-03
3.89e-03
3.45e-03
2.34e-03
2.22e-03
2.00e-03
1.38e+00
9.55e-01
7.77e-01
5.87e-01
5.70e-01
5.32e-01
4.91e-01
1.44e-01
2.97e-02
1.63e-02
1.14e-02
6.69e-03
6.42e-03
4.44e-03
4.27e-03
3.30e-03
3.12e-03
2.81 e-03
2.80e-03
2.78e-03
2.55e-03
2.52e-03
2.44e-03
2.40e-03
2.38e-03
1.96e-03
1.52e-03
1.19e-03
1.04e-03
8.86e-04
8.39e-04
8.10e-04
8.01e-04
7.69e-04
7.35e-04
7.15e-04
6.78e-04
6.66e-04
6.65e-04
5.89e-04
5.54e-04
5.39e-04
4.95e-04
4.31e-04
3.83e-04
2.60e-04
2.46e-04
2.21e-04
M-149
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-34. LCD LCIA Results for the Chronic Public Health Effects Impact Category
Process Group
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Natural Gas Prod.
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
PET Resin Production
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Aluminum Prod.
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Aluminum Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
PMMA Sheet Prod.
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Polycarbonate Production
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Aluminum Prod.
Polycarbonate Production
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
PET Resin Production
Polycarbonate Production
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Natural Gas Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Polycarbonate Production
Aluminum Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Material
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Formaldehyde
Ammonia
Nitrous oxide
PM
Aluminum (+3)
Hydrochloric acid
Ethane
Fluorides (F-)
PM
Benzene
Barium cmpds
Selenium
Nitrous oxide
Arsenic cmpds
Hydrochloric acid
Nitrates/nitrites
Ammonia
Zinc (elemental)
Hexane
Silicon
Cadmium cmpds
Pentane
Titanium tetrachloride
Hydrogen cyanide
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrofluoric acid
Ethane
Benzene
Formaldehyde
Hydrofluoric acid
Sulfuric acid
Barium sulfate
Titanium
Molybdenum
Selenium
Hydrochloric acid
Mercury compounds
Sulfuric acid
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Zinc (elemental)
Chromium (VI)
Nitrous oxide
Tin (Sn++, Sn4+)
Mercury compounds
Perfluoromethane
Molybdenum
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Titanium
Zinc (elemental)
LCI Data Type Chronic Public %
Toxicity (tox-kg)
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
1.99e-03
1.94e-03
1.64e-03
1.61e-03
1.40e-03
1.18e-03
l.OOe-03
9.76e-04
9.49e-04
8.68e-04
8.62e-04
8.49e-04
8.48e-04
7.62e-04
7.53e-04
6.64e-04
6.47e-04
6.19e-04
5.94e-04
5.67e-04
4.96e-04
4.36e-04
4.09e-04
4.08e-04
3.73e-04
2.99e-04
2.60e-04
2.43e-04
2.41e-04
2.12e-04
2.03e-04
1.79e-04
1.77e-04
1.69e-04
1.62e-04
1.62e-04
1.47e-04
1.45e-04
1.36e-04
1.32e-04
1.24e-04
1.06e-04
1.03e-04
1.03e-04
1.02e-04
l.Ole-04
9.65e-05
9.21e-05
9.18e-05
8.57e-05
8.55e-05
of Total
2.21e-04
2.15e-04
1.82e-04
1.79e-04
1.55e-04
1.31e-04
l.lle-04
1.08e-04
1.05e-04
9.63e-05
9.56e-05
9.41e-05
9.40e-05
8.45e-05
8.35e-05
7.376-05
7.18e-05
6.87e-05
6.59e-05
6.29e-05
5.50e-05
4.84e-05
4.54e-05
4.53e-05
4.13e-05
3.31e-05
2.88e-05
2.70e-05
2.67e-05
2.35e-05
2.26e-05
1.99e-05
1.97e-05
1.87e-05
1.80e-05
1.79e-05
1.63e-05
1.61 e-05
1.51 e-05
1.46e-05
1.37e-05
1.18e-05
1.15e-05
1.14e-05
1.13e-05
1.12e-05
1.07e-05
1.02e-05
1.02e-05
9.51e-06
9.48e-06
M-150
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-34. LCD LCIA Results for the Chronic Public Health Effects Impact Category
Process Group
Aluminum Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
PET Resin Production
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Polycarbonate Production
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
PET Resin Production
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Aluminum Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Aluminum Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Polycarbonate Production
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Material
Silicon
Copper (+1 & +2)
Strontium (Sr II)
Sulfuric acid
Sulfuric acid
Barium
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Fluorides (F-)
Mercury compounds
Antimony
Boron
Strontium (Sr II)
Fluorine
Nitrate
Antimony
Silver compounds
Hydrochloric acid
Nitrates/nitrites
Chromium (VI)
Acetylene
Mercury compounds
Dimethylbenzanthracene
Hydrofluoric acid
Fluorine
Fluorides (F-)
Barium sulfate
Aluminum (+3)
Barium
Hydrogen sulfide
Cadmium cmpds
Zinc (+2)
Nickel
Aluminum (elemental)
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Nickel cmpds
Hydrogen sulfide
Nickel
Naphthalene
Ammonia
Copper
Pentane
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Hydrofluoric acid
Fluoride
Lead cmpds
Vanadium (V3+, V5+)
Copper
Copper (+1 & +2)
Nickel
LCI Data Type Chronic Public %
Toxicity (tox-kg)
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
8.14e-05
6.70e-05
6.32e-05
6.24e-05
6.22e-05
6.03e-05
5.93e-05
5.14e-05
4.77e-05
4.67e-05
4.20e-05
3.88e-05
3.82e-05
3.40e-05
3.11e-05
3.03e-05
2.98e-05
2.77e-05
2.53e-05
2.28e-05
2.22e-05
2.01e-05
1.86e-05
1.81e-05
1.80e-05
1.68e-05
1.54e-05
1.46e-05
1.33e-05
1.32e-05
1.30e-05
1.22e-05
1.21e-05
1. 05e-05
1.01 e-05
9.40e-06
9.40e-06
9.21e-06
9.11e-06
8.87e-06
8.31e-06
7.02e-06
6.90e-06
6.78e-06
6.49e-06
6.06e-06
5.99e-06
5.79e-06
5.67e-06
of Total
9.03e-06
7.44e-06
7.01e-06
6.93e-06
6.90e-06
6.69e-06
6.58e-06
5.70e-06
5.29e-06
5.18e-06
4.66e-06
4.31e-06
4.24e-06
3.77e-06
3.45e-06
3.36e-06
3.31e-06
3.08e-06
2.81e-06
2.53e-06
2.46e-06
2.23e-06
2.06e-06
2.01e-06
2.00e-06
1.87e-06
1.71 e-06
1.62e-06
1.48e-06
1.47e-06
1.44e-06
1.35e-06
1.34e-06
1.17e-06
1.12e-06
1.04e-06
1.04e-06
1.02e-06
1.01 e-06
9.84e-07
9.22e-07
7.79e-07
7.66e-07
7.52e-07
7.20e-07
6.73e-07
6.64e-07
6.42e-07
6.29e-07
M-151
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-34. LCD LCIA Results for the Chronic Public Health Effects Impact Category
Process Group
Aluminum Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Polycarbonate Production
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Natural Gas Prod.
Polycarbonate Production
Natural Gas Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Polycarbonate Production
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Polycarbonate Production
Polycarbonate Production
PET Resin Production
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
PET Resin Production
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Aluminum Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Polycarbonate Production
Natural Gas Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Natural Gas Prod.
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Material
Nitrites
Perfluoroethane
Phenol
Chromium (VI)
Hexane
Copper (+1 & +2)
Copper (+1 & +2)
Methyl hydrazine
Hydrofluoric acid
Barium
Aluminum (elemental)
2-Chloroacetophenone
Bromomethane
Cyanide (-1)
Copper
Molybdenum (Mo II, Mo III, Mo IV, Mo V, Mo
VI)
Ammonia
Hydrogen sulfide
Lead
Beryllium
Hydrogen sulfide
Manganese
Acetic acid
Nitrate
Nitrate
Halogenated hydrocarbons (unspecified)
Hydrogen sulfide
Copper (+1 & +2)
Copper (+1 & +2)
Cyanide (-1)
Bromine
Hydrofluoric acid
Phenol
Acetic acid
Boric acid
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Strontium
Cadmium
Cadmium
Lead
Triethylene glycol
Chlorine
Phenol
Triethylene glycol
Cadmium
Lead
Lead cmpds
Uranium
Carbon disulfide
Chlorine
LCI Data Type Chronic Public %
Toxicity (tox-kg)
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
5.46e-06
5.36e-06
5.22e-06
5.18e-06
4.34e-06
4.31e-06
4.21e-06
4.17e-06
4.13e-06
4.12e-06
3.92e-06
3.90e-06
3.86e-06
3.83e-06
3.69e-06
3.68e-06
3.27e-06
3.07e-06
3.03e-06
2.99e-06
2.80e-06
2.76e-06
2.73e-06
2.53e-06
2.10e-06
2.06e-06
2.06e-06
2.04e-06
2.03e-06
2.03e-06
1.99e-06
1.82e-06
1.75e-06
1.74e-06
1.62e-06
1.53e-06
1.47e-06
1.25e-06
l.lle-06
1.08e-06
1.04e-06
1.03e-06
1.02e-06
l.OOe-06
9.71e-07
8.94e-07
8.65e-07
8.39e-07
8.29e-07
7.67e-07
of Total
6.05e-07
5.956-07
5.79e-07
5.756-07
4.82e-07
4.78e-07
4.67e-07
4.62e-07
4.58e-07
4.57e-07
4.35e-07
4.33e-07
4.28e-07
4.25e-07
4.09e-07
4.08e-07
3.63e-07
3.40e-07
3.36e-07
3.31e-07
3.11e-07
3.06e-07
3.03e-07
2.81e-07
2.33e-07
2.29e-07
2.29e-07
2.26e-07
2.25e-07
2.25e-07
2.21e-07
2.01e-07
1.94e-07
1.93e-07
1.80e-07
1. 70e-07
1.63e-07
1.39e-07
1.24e-07
1.20e-07
1.15e-07
1.14e-07
1.13e-07
l.lle-07
1.08e-07
9.92e-08
9.60e-08
9.31e-08
9.20e-08
8.51e-08
M-152
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-34. LCD LCIA Results for the Chronic Public Health Effects Impact Category
Process Group
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Polycarbonate Production
Polycarbonate Production
Polycarbonate Production
Polycarbonate Production
Polycarbonate Production
Polycarbonate Production
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
PMMA Sheet Prod.
PMMA Sheet Prod.
PMMA Sheet Prod.
PMMA Sheet Prod.
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
PET Resin Production
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Natural Gas Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Polycarbonate Production
PET Resin Production
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Natural Gas Prod.
Material
Toluene
Aluminum (+3)
PM-10
Toluene
Nickel cmpds
Benzyl chloride
Toluene
Ethylene
Cyanide (-1)
Methanol
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Naphthalene
Zinc (+2)
Aluminum (+3)
Ethanethiol
Lead
Nitrate
Nitrous oxide
Zinc (+2)
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Phenol
Heptane
Chloroform
Nickel cmpds
Propionaldehyde
Aluminum (+3)
Cobalt
Aluminum (+3)
Ethanethiol
Lead
Nitrous oxide
Zinc (+2)
Cobalt
Chlorine
Chlorine
Hydrofluoric acid
Beryllium
o-xylene
Cobalt
Vanadium (V3+, V5+)
Strontium
Benzo[a]pyrene
Mercury
Ammonia
Ammonia
Phenol
Acrolein
Boron (B III)
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
LCI Data Type Chronic Public %
Toxicity (tox-kg)
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
7.44e-07
7.23e-07
6.90e-07
6.75e-07
6.48e-07
6.35e-07
6.03e-07
6.02e-07
5.92e-07
5.84e-07
5.50e-07
5.46e-07
5.20e-07
5.16e-07
5.16e-07
5.16e-07
5.16e-07
5.16e-07
5.16e-07
5.13e-07
4.756-07
4.57e-07
4.48e-07
4.15e-07
4.14e-07
4.00e-07
3.97e-07
3.83e-07
3.83e-07
3.83e-07
3.83e-07
3.83e-07
3.69e-07
3.63e-07
3.62e-07
3.62e-07
3.53e-07
3.21e-07
3.06e-07
2.91e-07
2.83e-07
2.74e-07
2.58e-07
2.47e-07
2.46e-07
2.38e-07
2.35e-07
2.30e-07
2.28e-07
of Total
8.25e-08
8.02e-08
7.65e-08
7.48e-08
7.19e-08
7.04e-08
6.69e-08
6.67e-08
6.56e-08
6.48e-08
6.10e-08
6.05e-08
5.77e-08
5.72e-08
5.72e-08
5.72e-08
5.72e-08
5.72e-08
5.72e-08
5.69e-08
5.27e-08
5.07e-08
4.97e-08
4.60e-08
4.59e-08
4.44e-08
4.40e-08
4.25e-08
4.25e-08
4.25e-08
4.25e-08
4.25e-08
4.09e-08
4.03e-08
4.01e-08
4.01e-08
3.92e-08
3.56e-08
3.40e-08
3.23e-08
3.14e-08
3.04e-08
2.86e-08
2.74e-08
2.73e-08
2.64e-08
2.61e-08
2.55e-08
2.53e-08
M-153
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-34. LCD LCIA Results for the Chronic Public Health Effects Impact Category
Process Group
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
PET Resin Production
Natural Gas Prod.
PMMA Sheet Prod.
PET Resin Production
PET Resin Production
PET Resin Production
PET Resin Production
PET Resin Production
PET Resin Production
PET Resin Production
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Natural Gas Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Natural Gas Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Natural Gas Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Natural Gas Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Material
Phenol
Phenol
Methyl chloride
Mercury
Mercury
Aluminum (+3)
Hydrogen sulfide
Lead
Nitrate
Nitrous oxide
Zinc (+2)
Halogenated hydrocarbons (unspecified)
Hydrogen sulfide
Lead
Nitrous oxide
Zinc (+2)
Manganese
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
HALON-1301
Mercury
Rubidium ion (Rb+)
Acetaldehyde
1 ,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane
Mercury
Molybdenum (Mo II, Mo III, Mo IV, Mo V, Mo
VI)
Morpholine
Propylene
Acetaldehyde
Dimethyl sulfate
Mercury
Zinc (+2)
Cyanide (-1)
Chlorine
Fluorine
Lanthanum
Silicon
Chromium (III)
Acetone
Isophorone
Methyl ethyl ketone
Tetrachloroethylene
Thorium
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Methyl methacrylate
Ethylbenzene
HALON-1301
Styrene
Barium cmpds
Bromoform
Dichloromethane
LCI Data Type Chronic Public %
Toxicity (tox-kg)
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
2.15e-07
1.98e-07
1.95e-07
1.92e-07
1.82e-07
1.82e-07
1.82e-07
1.82e-07
1.82e-07
1.82e-07
1.82e-07
1.81e-07
1.81e-07
1.81e-07
1.81e-07
1.81e-07
1.76e-07
1.40e-07
1.34e-07
1.32e-07
1.19e-07
1.12e-07
9.29e-08
9.04e-08
8.89e-08
8.78e-08
8.67e-08
7.93e-08
7.78e-08
7.51e-08
7.32e-08
7.05e-08
6.61e-08
5.60e-08
5.27e-08
5.19e-08
4.88e-08
3.87e-08
3.76e-08
3.01e-08
2.97e-08
2.83e-08
2.65e-08
2.57e-08
2.57e-08
2.47e-08
2.27e-08
2.24e-08
2.12e-08
2.10e-08
of Total
2.39e-08
2.20e-08
2.16e-08
2.13e-08
2.01e-08
2.01e-08
2.01e-08
2.01e-08
2.01e-08
2.01e-08
2.01e-08
2.01e-08
2.01e-08
2.01e-08
2.01e-08
2.01e-08
1.96e-08
1.56e-08
1.49e-08
1.46e-08
1.32e-08
1.24e-08
1.03e-08
l.OOe-08
9.86e-09
9.74e-09
9.62e-09
8.80e-09
8.63e-09
8.33e-09
8.12e-09
7.82e-09
7.33e-09
6.21e-09
5.84e-09
5.75e-09
5.42e-09
4.30e-09
4.17e-09
3.34e-09
3.30e-09
3.13e-09
2.93e-09
2.85e-09
2.85e-09
2.74e-09
2.52e-09
2.49e-09
2.35e-09
2.32e-09
M-154
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-34. LCD LCIA Results for the Chronic Public Health Effects Impact Category
Process Group
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Material
Chlorobenzene
Tin
Mercury
Phosphorus pentoxide
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
Hydrazine
Scandium
Acetophenone
3 -Methy Icholanthrene
Chromium (III)
Chlorine
Thallium
2-Methylnaphthalene
Ethylbenzene
Zirconium
Aluminum (elemental)
Phenanthrene
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Nitrites
Chromium (III)
Vinyl acetate
Ethylene dibromide
Edetic acid (EDTA)
Hypochlorous acid
Cobalt (Co I, Co II, Co III)
Benzo[a]pyrene
Dibenzo[a,h]anthracene
Acenaphthene
Cadmium cmpds
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Dichloromethane
Ethyl Chloride
B enzo [a] anthracene
Anthracene
Cumene
Indeno(l ,2,3-cd)pyrene
Acenaphthylene
B enzo [b] fluoranthene
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Chrysene
Biphenyl
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene
Isopropylpropionate
Copper (+1 & +2)
Benzo[b,j,k]fluoranthene
Pyrene
Fluorene
Fluoranthene
Lithium salts
LCI Data Type Chronic Public %
Toxicity (tox-kg)
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
1.70e-08
1.64e-08
1.60e-08
1.58e-08
1.36e-08
1.30e-08
1.28e-08
1.25e-08
1.21e-08
1.13e-08
1.12e-08
8.72e-09
7.56e-09
6.75e-09
6.73e-09
5.93e-09
4.92e-09
3.38e-09
2.76e-09
2.59e-09
2.40e-09
2.23e-09
1.89e-09
1.72e-09
1.54e-09
1.38e-09
1.24e-09
1.24e-09
9.81e-10
9.17e-10
7.33e-10
6.50e-10
5.98e-10
5.68e-10
5.50e-10
5.26e-10
4.89e-10
4.45e-10
3.95e-10
3.79e-10
3.28e-10
2.23e-10
1.98e-10
1.85e-10
1.78e-10
Ule-10
1.14e-10
1.02e-10
9.71e-ll
of Total
1.88e-09
1.82e-09
1.77e-09
1.75e-09
1.51 e-09
1.44e-09
1.42e-09
1.39e-09
1.34e-09
1.25e-09
1.24e-09
9.67e-10
8.38e-10
7.49e-10
7.47e-10
6.58e-10
5.46e-10
3.75e-10
3.06e-10
2.88e-10
2.67e-10
2.47e-10
2.10e-10
1.91e-10
1.71e-10
1.53e-10
1.38e-10
1.37e-10
1.09e-10
1.02e-10
8.13e-ll
7.21e-ll
6.63e-ll
6.306-11
6.106-11
5.83e-ll
5.42e-ll
4.936-11
4.39e-ll
4.21e-ll
3.64e-ll
2.476-11
2.20e-ll
2.056-11
1.98e-ll
1.90e-ll
1.27e-ll
1.13e-ll
1.08e-ll
M-155
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-34. LCD LCIA Results for the Chronic Public Health Effects Impact Category
Process Group
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Total Materials Processing
Manufacturing Life-cycle Stage
Japanese Electric Grid
Monitor/module
Monitor/module
US electric grid
Monitor/module
Monitor/module
Monitor/module
Monitor/module
Monitor/module
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
Monitor/module
Natural Gas Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Monitor/module
LPG Production
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
Backlight
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD glass mfg.
Monitor/module
Japanese Electric Grid
Panel components
Monitor/module
Monitor/module
Japanese Electric Grid
Material
Perfluoromethane
5 -Methyl chrysene
Chloroform
Lead cmpds
Nickel cmpds
HALON-1301
Mercury compounds
Trichloroethylene
Halogenated matter (organic)
Propionaldehyde
Benzaldehyde
Tetrachloroethylene
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Halogenated hydrocarbons (unspecified)
Hexachloroethane
Sulfur dioxide
Phosphine
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Sulfur dioxide
Fluorides (F-)
Tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide
Nitrogen oxides
Nitrogen fluoride
Hydrochloric acid
Carbon monoxide
Nitrogen oxides
Ammonia
Methane
Carbon monoxide
Benzene
Carbon monoxide
Hydrofluoric acid
Methane
Sulfur oxides
Vanadium
Nitrogen oxides
Nitrogen oxides
Vanadium
Benzene
Arsenic
Nitrogen oxides
Fluorides (F-)
Isopropyl alcohol
Hydrochloric acid
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
N-bromoacetamide
Sulfur hexafluoride
PM-10
LCI Data Type Chronic Public %
Toxicity (tox-kg)
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
primary
primary
model/secondary
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
secondary
model/secondary
primary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
primary
primary
model/secondary
primary
primary
primary
model/secondary
4.40e-ll
3.57e-ll
2.69e-ll
3.30e-12
2.78e-12
1.43e-12
l.OOe-12
3.88e-13
3.29e-13
1.02e-13
3.01e-14
1.08e-14
1.57e-15
8.23e-16
6.03e-17
5.01e+01
1.92e+02
2.87e+01
3.42e+00
3.19e+00
2.55e+00
1.29e+00
1.10e+00
4.91e-01
2.77e-01
2.77e-01
2.73e-01
1.69e-01
1.58e-01
1.27e-01
1.19e-01
1.08e-01
1.04e-01
8.05e-02
7.69e-02
7.63e-02
5.89e-02
5.50e-02
5.02e-02
4.12e-02
3.51e-02
2.94e-02
2.71e-02
2.23e-02
2.11e-02
1.97e-02
1.84e-02
1.46e-02
1.34e-02
of Total
4.88e-12
3.96e-12
2.98e-12
3.66e-13
3.09e-13
1.59e-13
l.lle-13
4.30e-14
3.65e-14
1.13e-14
3.34e-15
1.20e-15
1.75e-16
9.13e-17
6.69e-18
5.56e+00
2.12e+01
3.18e+00
3.79e-01
3.54e-01
2.83e-01
1.43e-01
1.22e-01
5.44e-02
3.08e-02
3.07e-02
3.03e-02
1.88e-02
1.75e-02
1.41e-02
1.32e-02
1.20e-02
1.16e-02
8.93e-03
8.53e-03
8.46e-03
6.53e-03
6.10e-03
5.576-03
4.57e-03
3.89e-03
3.26e-03
3.01e-03
2.47e-03
2.34e-03
2.19e-03
2.04e-03
1.62e-03
1.49e-03
M-156
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-34. LCD LCIA Results for the Chronic Public Health Effects
Process Group
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
LCD glass mfg.
Japanese Electric Grid
Monitor/module
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Monitor/module
US electric grid
Japanese Electric Grid
PWB Mfg.
LPG Production
Monitor/module
LPG Production
Monitor/module
Natural Gas Prod.
Monitor/module
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
US electric grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Panel components
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Monitor/module
Natural Gas Prod.
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
LPG Production
LPG Production
Monitor/module
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production
Material
PM
Arsenic
Formaldehyde
Nitrogen oxides
Fluorides (F-)
Selenium
Nitrogen oxides
Formaldehyde
Monosilane
Methane
Carbon monoxide
Sulfur oxides
Carbon monoxide
Zinc (elemental)
Formaldehyde
Hydrochloric acid
Arsenic
Nitrous oxide
Acetic acid
PM
Hexane
Hydrofluoric acid
Antimony
Arsenic
Carbon monoxide
Hydrochloric acid
Sulfur oxides
Nitrogen oxides
Methane
Carbon monoxide
Sulfur oxides
Nitrous oxide
Ammonia
Vanadium
Nitrogen oxides
Methane
Nitric acid
Arsenic
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Molybdenum
Methane
Sulfur oxides
Benzene
Vanadium
Fluorides (F-)
Selenium
Zinc (elemental)
Benzene
Hydrogen sulfide
Impact Category
LCI Data Type Chronic Public %
Toxicity (tox-kg)
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
primary
model/secondary
primary
model/secondary
secondary
primary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
primary
secondary
primary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
model/secondary
secondary
1.24e-02
9.91e-03
6.43e-03
4.56e-03
4.43e-03
4.29e-03
4.09e-03
3.93e-03
3.07e-03
2.50e-03
2.34e-03
2.23e-03
2.11e-03
2.06e-03
1.96e-03
1.77e-03
1.70e-03
1.56e-03
1.44e-03
1.31e-03
1.18e-03
1.15e-03
1.09e-03
1.08e-03
9.64e-04
9.54e-04
8.69e-04
8.22e-04
8.03e-04
7.85e-04
7.55e-04
7.52e-04
6.71e-04
6.21e-04
5.53e-04
5.47e-04
5.37e-04
4.96e-04
4.71e-04
4.43e-04
4.01e-04
3.72e-04
3.71e-04
3.67e-04
3.62e-04
3.56e-04
3.13e-04
3.06e-04
2.94e-04
of Total
1.37e-03
1.10e-03
7.14e-04
5.06e-04
4.91e-04
4.76e-04
4.54e-04
4.36e-04
3.41e-04
2.77e-04
2.59e-04
2.47e-04
2.34e-04
2.29e-04
2.18e-04
1.96e-04
1.88e-04
1.73e-04
1.60e-04
1.45e-04
1.31e-04
1.28e-04
1.21e-04
1.20e-04
1.07e-04
1.06e-04
9.64e-05
9.12e-05
8.91e-05
8.71e-05
8.37e-05
8.34e-05
7.44e-05
6.89e-05
6.14e-05
6.07e-05
5.96e-05
5.50e-05
5.22e-05
4.91e-05
4.45e-05
4.13e-05
4.12e-05
4.07e-05
4.01e-05
3.94e-05
3.48e-05
3.40e-05
3.26e-05
M-157
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-34. LCD LCIA Results for the Chronic Public Health Effects
Process Group
LPG Production
Panel components
Panel components
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Monitor/module
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
US electric grid
US electric grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Monitor/module
LPG Production
Backlight
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
Panel components
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LPG Production
Monitor/module
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
Panel components
Panel components
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Monitor/module
Natural Gas Prod.
Monitor/module
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
Material
Ammonia
HCFC-225ca
HCFC-225cb
Nitrogen oxides
Methane
Phosphoric acid
Sulfur oxides
PM-10
Selenium
Nickel
Benzene
Nitrogen oxides
Vanadium
Vanadium
PM
Benzene
Vanadium
Arsenic
Hydrochloric acid
Barium
Diethylene glycol
Hydrofluoric acid
Diethyl ether
Formaldehyde
Molybdenum
Chromium (VI)
Ethane
PM
Arsenic
Zinc (elemental)
Naphthalene
PM
Hydrofluoric acid
Formaldehyde
Formaldehyde
Hexane
Antimony
PM
Nitrous oxide
Phenol
Chromium (VI)
Hydrochloric acid
Heptane
Pentane
Arsenic
Copper
Acetone
Ethane
PM
PM-10
Fluorides (F-)
Impact Category
LCI Data Type Chronic Public %
Toxicity (tox-kg)
secondary
primary
primary
secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
primary
secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
primary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
primary
primary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
primary
secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
2.84e-04
2.80e-04
2.80e-04
2.79e-04
2.40e-04
2.33e-04
2.27e-04
2.24e-04
1.80e-04
1.67e-04
1.67e-04
1.64e-04
1.61 e-04
1.35e-04
1.25e-04
1.19e-04
1.10e-04
1.09e-04
1.01 e-04
9.88e-05
9.79e-05
9.63e-05
9.49e-05
7.92e-05
7.91e-05
7.576-05
7.44e-05
6.29e-05
5.87e-05
5.75e-05
5.57e-05
5.48e-05
5.21e-05
4.66e-05
4.37e-05
4.33e-05
3.89e-05
3.69e-05
3.64e-05
3.43e-05
3.36e-05
3.35e-05
3.28e-05
3.12e-05
3.04e-05
2.40e-05
2.22e-05
2.20e-05
2.20e-05
2.16e-05
2.14e-05
of Total
3.15e-05
3.10e-05
3.10e-05
3.09e-05
2.66e-05
2.59e-05
2.52e-05
2.48e-05
1.99e-05
1.86e-05
1.85e-05
1.82e-05
1.79e-05
1.50e-05
1.38e-05
1.32e-05
1.22e-05
1.20e-05
1.12e-05
1.10e-05
1.09e-05
1.07e-05
1.05e-05
8.78e-06
8.77e-06
8.39e-06
8.26e-06
6.98e-06
6.51e-06
6.38e-06
6.18e-06
6.08e-06
5.78e-06
5.17e-06
4.85e-06
4.80e-06
4.32e-06
4.10e-06
4.04e-06
3.81e-06
3.73e-06
3.72e-06
3.63e-06
3.46e-06
3.38e-06
2.67e-06
2.46e-06
2.44e-06
2.44e-06
2.40e-06
2.38e-06
M-158
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-34. LCD LCIA Results for the Chronic Public Health Effects
Process Group
Monitor/module
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
Monitor/module
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
US electric grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Monitor/module
Monitor/module
LPG Production
US electric grid
Natural Gas Prod.
US electric grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Monitor/module
Monitor/module
LPG Production
LCD glass mfg.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Panel components
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
LCD glass mfg.
LCD glass mfg.
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Monitor/module
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
LCD glass mfg.
Material
Copper
Formaldehyde
Nickel
Methyl hydrazine
Polychlorinated biphenyls
Selenium
Hydrochloric acid
Formaldehyde
2-Chloroacetophenone
Bromomethane
Nitrous oxide
Chromium
Chromium (VI)
Aluminum (+3)
Benzene
Zinc (elemental)
Nitrous oxide
Hexane
Lead
Boron
Antimony
PM
Hydrochloric acid
Nitrous oxide
Cyanide (-1)
Pentane
Toluene
Cobalt
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
2,3,7,8-TCDD
Nitrate
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Hydrofluoric acid
Cadmium
Hydrochloric acid
Nitrous oxide
Sulfur oxides
Lead
Carbon disulfide
Selenium
Fluorides (F-)
Cyanide (-1)
Hydrogen sulfide
Molybdenum
Zinc (elemental)
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Benzyl chloride
Antimony
Carbon monoxide
Impact Category
LCI Data Type Chronic Public %
Toxicity (tox-kg)
primary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
primary
primary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
primary
primary
secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
primary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
primary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
primary
2.06e-05
2.06e-05
1.98e-05
1.98e-05
1.94e-05
1.91e-05
1.90e-05
1.88e-05
1.85e-05
1.83e-05
1.77e-05
1.77e-05
1.71e-05
1.36e-05
1.35e-05
1.34e-05
1.32e-05
1.28e-05
1.23e-05
1.08e-05
1.03e-05
1.01 e-05
1.01 e-05
9.88e-06
9.61e-06
9.24e-06
9.09e-06
7.96e-06
7.61e-06
7.49e-06
5.81e-06
5.71e-06
5.49e-06
5.39e-06
5.39e-06
4.84e-06
4.71e-06
4.02e-06
3.93e-06
3.85e-06
3.81e-06
3.66e-06
3.65e-06
3.65e-06
3.51e-06
3.33e-06
3.01e-06
2.88e-06
2.79e-06
of Total
2.29e-06
2.28e-06
2.19e-06
2.19e-06
2.15e-06
2.12e-06
2.10e-06
2.08e-06
2.05e-06
2.03e-06
1.97e-06
1.96e-06
1.89e-06
1.51e-06
1. 50e-06
1.49e-06
1.46e-06
1.42e-06
1.37e-06
1.20e-06
1.14e-06
1.12e-06
1.12e-06
1.10e-06
1.07e-06
1.02e-06
l.Ole-06
8.83e-07
8.44e-07
8.30e-07
6.45e-07
6.33e-07
6.09e-07
5.98e-07
5.98e-07
5.376-07
5.22e-07
4.46e-07
4.36e-07
4.27e-07
4.23e-07
4.06e-07
4.05e-07
4.05e-07
3.89e-07
3.69e-07
3.34e-07
3.20e-07
3.10e-07
M-159
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-34. LCD LCIA Results for the Chronic Public Health Effects
Process Group
Natural Gas Prod.
Monitor/module
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Monitor/module
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Monitor/module
LPG Production
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
LPG Production
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LPG Production
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Monitor/module
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production
Monitor/module
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Material
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Hexamethyldisilizane
Ammonia
Chromium (VI)
Cyclohexane
Hydrogen sulfide
Chloroform
Selenium
Fluorides (F-)
Propionaldehyde
Copper
Beryllium
Methyl hydrazine
Silicon
2-Chloroacetophenone
Dimethylbenzanthracene
Bromomethane
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Cadmium
Naphthalene
Lead
Acrolein
Fluorides (F-)
Selenium
Ammonia
Manganese
Chromium (VI)
Hydrofluoric acid
Beryllium
Molybdenum
Hydrogen sulfide
Molybdenum
Methyl chloride
Tin
Barium
Methyl hydrazine
2-Chloroacetophenone
Bromomethane
Ammonia
Toluene
Cyanide (-1)
Nickel
Barium cmpds
Antimony
Ethane
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
Hydrofluoric acid
Molybdenum
Acetaldehyde
Hexane
Zinc (elemental)
Impact Category
LCI Data Type Chronic Public %
Toxicity (tox-kg)
secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
primary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
2.79e-06
2.75e-06
2.49e-06
2.33e-06
2.22e-06
2.16e-06
2.12e-06
2.07e-06
2.00e-06
1.96e-06
1.67e-06
1.66e-06
1.65e-06
1.62e-06
1.55e-06
1.53e-06
1.53e-06
1. SOe-06
1.30e-06
1.25e-06
1.19e-06
l.lle-06
1.10e-06
1.09e-06
1.08e-06
1.07e-06
1.04e-06
1.03e-06
1.03e-06
9.62e-07
9.44e-07
9.30e-07
9.25e-07
9.16e-07
8.94e-07
8.93e-07
8.36e-07
8.27e-07
8.14e-07
8.04e-07
8.03e-07
7.74e-07
7.62e-07
7.03e-07
6.72e-07
6.66e-07
5.52e-07
5.31e-07
5.31e-07
5.15e-07
5.10e-07
of Total
3.09e-07
3.04e-07
2.77e-07
2.59e-07
2.46e-07
2.40e-07
2.36e-07
2.29e-07
2.21e-07
2.18e-07
1.86e-07
1.84e-07
1.83e-07
1.80e-07
1.72e-07
1.70e-07
1.70e-07
1.66e-07
1.44e-07
1.39e-07
1.32e-07
1.24e-07
1.22e-07
1.21e-07
1.20e-07
1.19e-07
1.15e-07
1.15e-07
1.14e-07
1.07e-07
1.05e-07
1.03e-07
1.03e-07
1.02e-07
9.92e-08
9.90e-08
9.28e-08
9.17e-08
9.03e-08
8.92e-08
8.90e-08
8.59e-08
8.45e-08
7.79e-08
7.45e-08
7.39e-08
6.12e-08
5.89e-08
5.88e-08
5.71e-08
5.66e-08
M-160
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-34.
Process Group
Natural Gas Prod.
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
LCD glass mfg.
US electric grid
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
US electric grid
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Monitor/module
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
Japanese Electric Grid
LCD LCIA Results for the Chronic
Material
Dimethylbenzanthracene
Nickel
Cadmium
Cyanide (-1)
Chromium (VI)
Mercury
Hexane
Dimethyl sulfate
Nitrate
2,3,7,8-TCDD
Carbon disulfide
Ethane
Hydrofluoric acid
Pentane
Nickel
PM-10
Naphthalene
Benzyl chloride
Phenol
Molybdenum
Cobalt
Nickel
Manganese
Barium
Zinc (elemental)
Chromium (VI)
Ethane
Hydrogen sulfide
Naphthalene
Aluminum (elemental)
Isophorone
Carbon disulfide
Chloroform
Hexane
Zinc (elemental)
Propionaldehyde
PM-10
Methyl ethyl ketone
Tetrachloroethylene
Benzyl chloride
Nickel
Pentane
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Hexane
Methyl methacrylate
Chromium (VI)
Styrene
Cadmium
Bromoform
Public Health Effects Impact Category
LCI Data Type
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
primary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
Chronic Public
Toxicity (tox-kg)
4.53e-07
4.48e-07
4.42e-07
4.34e-07
4.07e-07
3.97e-07
3.91e-07
3.69e-07
3.66e-07
3.29e-07
3.28e-07
3.02e-07
2.94e-07
2.82e-07
2.75e-07
2.68e-07
2.65e-07
2.51e-07
2.51e-07
2.49e-07
2.41e-07
2.36e-07
2.29e-07
2.25e-07
2.25e-07
2.18e-07
2.15e-07
2.12e-07
2.08e-07
1.86e-07
1.78e-07
1.78e-07
1.77e-07
1.76e-07
1.65e-07
1.64e-07
1.59e-07
1.43e-07
1.41e-07
1.36e-07
1.36e-07
1.27e-07
1.25e-07
1.25e-07
1.22e-07
1.16e-07
1.08e-07
1.06e-07
l.Ole-07
% of Total
5.03e-08
4.97e-08
4.90e-08
4.82e-08
4.52e-08
4.41e-08
4.33e-08
4.09e-08
4.06e-08
3.65e-08
3.64e-08
3.35e-08
3.26e-08
3.13e-08
3.05e-08
2.97e-08
2.94e-08
2.79e-08
2.79e-08
2.76e-08
2.67e-08
2.61e-08
2.54e-08
2.50e-08
2.49e-08
2.41e-08
2.39e-08
2.35e-08
2.31e-08
2.06e-08
1.98e-08
1.97e-08
1.97e-08
1.95e-08
1.84e-08
1.82e-08
1.76e-08
1.58e-08
1.56e-08
1.51e-08
1.51 e-08
1.40e-08
1.39e-08
1.39e-08
1.35e-08
1.28e-08
1.20e-08
1.18e-08
1.12e-08
M-161
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-34. LCD LCIA Results for the Chronic Public Health Effects
Process Group
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Monitor/module
US electric grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
US electric grid
US electric grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
Panel components
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
Natural Gas Prod.
US electric grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Monitor/module
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Material
Aluminum (+3)
Dichloromethane
Mercury
Chloroform
Methyl hydrazine
Phenol
Acrolein
Barium
Antimony
Pentane
Propionaldehyde
Manganese
2-Chloroacetophenone
Bromomethane
Copper
Phenol
Chlorobenzene
Methyl chloride
Fluoride
Methyl ethyl ketone
PM-10
Lead
Beryllium
Cumene hydroperoxide
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
Nickel
Manganese
Acetophenone
Beryllium
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
Acrolein
Lead
Nitrate
Cobalt
Cyanide (-1)
Phenol
Nitrate
Acetaldehyde
Copper
Methyl chloride
Mercury
Antimony
Aluminum (+3)
Ethylbenzene
Cadmium cmpds
Aluminum (+3)
Dimethyl sulfate
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
Toluene
Antimony
Cadmium
Impact Category
LCI Data Type Chronic Public %
Toxicity (tox-kg)
secondary
model/secondary
primary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
9.95e-08
9.94e-08
9.69e-08
9.59e-08
9.41e-08
9.37e-08
9.31e-08
9.30e-08
9.15e-08
9.02e-08
8.86e-08
8.83e-08
8.81e-08
8.71e-08
8.32e-08
8.24e-08
8.05e-08
7.72e-08
7.56e-08
6.97e-08
6.93e-08
6.83e-08
6.74e-08
6.55e-08
6.44e-08
6.25e-08
6.23e-08
5.93e-08
5.64e-08
5.56e-08
5.04e-08
4.94e-08
4.74e-08
4.71e-08
4.57e-08
4.54e-08
4.52e-08
4.43e-08
4.33e-08
4.18e-08
4.17e-08
4.05e-08
3.71e-08
3.49e-08
3.33e-08
3.26e-08
3.08e-08
3.01e-08
2.99e-08
2.96e-08
2.52e-08
of Total
1.10e-08
1.10e-08
1.08e-08
1.06e-08
1.04e-08
1.04e-08
1.03e-08
1.03e-08
1.02e-08
l.OOe-08
9.83e-09
9.79e-09
9.77e-09
9.66e-09
9.23e-09
9.14e-09
8.93e-09
8.57e-09
8.39e-09
7.73e-09
7.69e-09
7.58e-09
7.47e-09
7.27e-09
7.14e-09
6.94e-09
6.91e-09
6.58e-09
6.26e-09
6.17e-09
5.59e-09
5.48e-09
5.26e-09
5.22e-09
5.07e-09
5.04e-09
5.02e-09
4.91e-09
4.80e-09
4.63e-09
4.62e-09
4.49e-09
4.11e-09
3.88e-09
3.70e-09
3.62e-09
3.42e-09
3.34e-09
3.32e-09
3.28e-09
2.79e-09
M-162
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-34.
Process Group
US electric grid
US electric grid
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD glass mfg.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Monitor/module
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LPG Production
LCD glass mfg.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
LPG Production
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Monitor/module
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
LCD LCIA Results for the Chronic
Material
Acetaldehyde
Hexane
Phenol
Chromium
Silicon
Tetrachloroethylene
Acenaphthene
Copper
Carbon disulfide
Methyl hydrazine
Phenanthrene
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
Dimethyl sulfate
2-Chloroacetophenone
Nitrate
Bromomethane
Nitrate
Methyl tert-butyl ether
PM-10
Chromium (III)
Isophorone
Mercury
Benzyl chloride
Dimethylbenzanthracene
Toluene
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Nickel
Lead
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Phenol
Silicon
Methyl ethyl ketone
Tetrachloroethylene
Naphthalene
Trichloroethylene
Manganese
Vinyl acetate
Beryllium
Copper
Ethylene dibromide
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Methyl methacrylate
Chloroform
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Methyl hydrazine
Propionaldehyde
Aluminum (+3)
Styrene
2-Chloroacetophenone
Public Health Effects Impact Category
LCI Data Type
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
primary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
Chronic Public
Toxicity (tox-kg)
2.40e-08
2.33e-08
2.30e-08
2.04e-08
2.02e-08
1.95e-08
1.95e-08
1.92e-08
1.87e-08
1.77e-08
1.75e-08
1.74e-08
1.67e-08
1.66e-08
1.65e-08
1.64e-08
1.61 e-08
1. 60e-08
1.56e-08
1.51 e-08
1.49e-08
1.45e-08
1.43e-08
1.38e-08
1.36e-08
1.34e-08
1.28e-08
1.28e-08
1.23e-08
1.22e-08
1.19e-08
1.19e-08
1.18e-08
1.16e-08
1.16e-08
1.15e-08
1.14e-08
1.10e-08
1.08e-08
1.06e-08
1. 05e-08
1.02e-08
1.01 e-08
9.46e-09
9.45e-09
9.34e-09
9.03e-09
9.00e-09
8.85e-09
% of Total
2.66e-09
2.58e-09
2.55e-09
2.26e-09
2.24e-09
2.17e-09
2.16e-09
2.13e-09
2.08e-09
1.97e-09
1.94e-09
1.93e-09
1.85e-09
1.84e-09
1.83e-09
1.82e-09
1.79e-09
1.77e-09
1.73e-09
1.67e-09
1.65e-09
1.61e-09
1.59e-09
1.53e-09
1.51 e-09
1.49e-09
1.42e-09
1.41e-09
1.36e-09
1.35e-09
1.32e-09
1.32e-09
1.31 e-09
1.29e-09
1.29e-09
1.27e-09
1.26e-09
1.22e-09
1.20e-09
1.17e-09
1.16e-09
1.13e-09
1.12e-09
1.05e-09
1.05e-09
1.04e-09
l.OOe-09
9.99e-10
9.82e-10
M-163
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-34. LCD LCIA Results for the Chronic Public Health Effects
Process Group
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
US electric grid
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
US electric grid
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Material
Bromomethane
Cyanide (-1)
Bromoform
Cobalt
Dichloromethane
Chromium (III)
Toluene
Isophorone
Barium
o-xylene
Lead
Chlorobenzene
Methyl ethyl ketone
Tetrachloroethylene
Copper (+1 & +2)
Dibenzo [a,h] anthracene
Dimethylbenzanthracene
Manganese
Beryllium
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Barium cmpds
Methyl methacrylate
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
Naphthalene
Acrolein
Copper
Silicon
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
Methyl hydrazine
2,3,7,8-TCDF
Acetophenone
Styrene
2-Chloroacetophenone
Cadmium
Bromomethane
Cyanide (-1)
Bromoform
Dichloromethane
Dimethylbenzanthracene
Methyl chloride
o-xylene
Benzo [a] anthracene
Naphthalene
Chlorobenzene
Lead
Carbon disulfide
Barium
o-xylene
Manganese
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
Beryllium
Impact Category
LCI Data Type Chronic Public %
Toxicity (tox-kg)
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
8.75e-09
8.62e-09
8.41e-09
8.33e-09
8.30e-09
8.24e-09
8.23e-09
8.06e-09
7.83e-09
7.25e-09
6.80e-09
6.72e-09
6.45e-09
6.37e-09
6.29e-09
6.24e-09
6.21e-09
6.09e-09
5.82e-09
5.67e-09
5.58e-09
5.51e-09
5.39e-09
5.39e-09
5.31e-09
5.22e-09
5.21e-09
5.15e-09
5.04e-09
5. 01 e-09
4.95e-09
4.87e-09
4.72e-09
4.68e-09
4.66e-09
4.60e-09
4.55e-09
4.49e-09
4.43e-09
4.40e-09
4.31e-09
4. 11 e-09
3.65e-09
3.64e-09
3.62e-09
3.53e-09
3.39e-09
3.29e-09
3.26e-09
3.17e-09
3.13e-09
of Total
9.71e-10
9.56e-10
9.33e-10
9.24e-10
9.20e-10
9.14e-10
9.12e-10
8.94e-10
8.69e-10
8.04e-10
7.55e-10
7.46e-10
7.15e-10
7.07e-10
6.97e-10
6.92e-10
6.89e-10
6.76e-10
6.46e-10
6.29e-10
6.19e-10
6.116-10
5.98e-10
5.98e-10
5.89e-10
5.79e-10
5.78e-10
5.71e-10
5.59e-10
5.56e-10
5.49e-10
5.40e-10
5.23e-10
5.19e-10
5.17e-10
5.10e-10
5.04e-10
4.98e-10
4.91e-10
4.88e-10
4.79e-10
4.56e-10
4.05e-10
4.03e-10
4.02e-10
3.91e-10
3.76e-10
3.65e-10
3.62e-10
3.52e-10
3.48e-10
M-164
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-34. LCD LCIA Results for the Chronic Public Health Effects
Process Group
Japanese Electric Grid
Natural Gas Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
US electric grid
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
LPG Production
Monitor/module
Natural Gas Prod.
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Material
Ethyl Chloride
Mercury
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
Benzyl chloride
Acetophenone
Ethylbenzene
Cobalt
Benzo[bj ,k]fluoranthene
Barium
Acetaldehyde
Cadmium
Cyanide (-1)
Aluminum (elemental)
Indeno(l ,2,3-cd)pyrene
Barium cmpds
Chloroform
Carbon disulfide
Barium cmpds
Chrysene
Propionaldehyde
Dimethyl sulfate
Zinc (+2)
2-Methylnaphthalene
Biphenyl
Anthracene
Chlorine
Cobalt
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene
Benzyl chloride
Ethylbenzene
Aluminum (elemental)
Cadmium
Methyl tert-butyl ether
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Silicon
Zinc (+2)
Acenaphthylene
Phenanthrene
Chloroform
Carbon disulfide
Acrolein
Vinyl acetate
Propionaldehyde
3 -Methy Icholanthrene
Benzo[a]pyrene
Ethylene dibromide
Isophorone
Methyl chloride
Benzyl chloride
Impact Category
LCI Data Type Chronic Public %
Toxicity (tox-kg)
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
3.08e-09
2.97e-09
2.92e-09
2.70e-09
2.68e-09
2.67e-09
2.66e-09
2.61e-09
2.56e-09
2.52e-09
2.46e-09
2.45e-09
2.31e-09
2.30e-09
2.08e-09
1.91e-09
1.88e-09
1.83e-09
1.81e-09
1.76e-09
1.76e-09
1.65e-09
1. 60e-09
1.56e-09
1.55e-09
1.49e-09
1.45e-09
1.45e-09
1.44e-09
1.43e-09
1.37e-09
1.34e-09
1.34e-09
1.30e-09
1.17e-09
1.13e-09
l.lle-09
1.09e-09
1.02e-09
l.OOe-09
l.OOe-09
9.52e-10
9.38e-10
9.21e-10
9.17e-10
8.83e-10
8.49e-10
8.30e-10
7.67e-10
of Total
3.42e-10
3.29e-10
3.23e-10
3.00e-10
2.97e-10
2.96e-10
2.95e-10
2.90e-10
2.84e-10
2.80e-10
2.73e-10
2.72e-10
2.56e-10
2.55e-10
2.31e-10
2.11e-10
2.09e-10
2.03e-10
2.01e-10
1.95e-10
1.95e-10
1.83e-10
1.77e-10
1.72e-10
1.72e-10
1.65e-10
1.60e-10
1. 60e-10
1.606-10
1.59e-10
1.51e-10
1.49e-10
1.48e-10
1.44e-10
1.30e-10
1.25e-10
1.23e-10
1.21e-10
1.13e-10
l.lle-10
l.lle-10
1.06e-10
1.04e-10
1.02e-10
1.02e-10
9.79e-ll
9.426-11
9.20e-ll
8.51e-ll
M-165
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-34. LCD LCIA Results for the Chronic Public Health Effects
Process Group
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
US electric grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Natural Gas Prod.
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
US electric grid
Natural Gas Prod.
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
US electric grid
Natural Gas Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
US electric grid
Natural Gas Prod.
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Material
Cobalt
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Methyl ethyl ketone
Pyrene
Tetrachloroethylene
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Aluminum (elemental)
Fluorene
Methyl methacrylate
2-Methylnaphthalene
Fluoranthene
Phenol
Chloroform
Acrolein
Vinyl acetate
Styrene
Chlorine
Barium cmpds
Propionaldehyde
Phenanthrene
Bromoform
Ethylene dibromide
Acetaldehyde
Dichloromethane
Mercury
Methyl chloride
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Chlorobenzene
Chromium (III)
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Acenaphthene
Dimethyl sulfate
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
Toluene
Acrolein
Acetophenone
3 -Methy Icholanthrene
Ethyl Chloride
Chromium (III)
Acetaldehyde
Cadmium cmpds
Mercury
Methyl chloride
2,3,7,8-TCDF
Cumene
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Benzo[a]pyrene
Dimethyl sulfate
2-Methylnaphthalene
Impact Category
LCI Data Type Chronic Public %
Toxicity (tox-kg)
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
7.42e-10
7.23e-10
6.79e-10
6.73e-10
6.71e-10
5.98e-10
5.97e-10
5.96e-10
5.86e-10
5.81e-10
5.76e-10
5.59e-10
5.51e-10
5.41e-10
5.33e-10
5.15e-10
5.13e-10
S.lle-lO
5.06e-10
S.OOe-10
4.85e-10
4.79e-10
4.78e-10
4.76e-10
4.73e-10
4.46e-10
4.42e-10
4.27e-10
3.83e-10
3.82e-10
3.63e-10
3.37e-10
3.31e-10
3.19e-10
3.07e-10
2.92e-10
2.84e-10
2.82e-10
2.72e-10
2.57e-10
2.54e-10
2.54e-10
2.44e-10
2.36e-10
2.36e-10
2.26e-10
2.18e-10
2.10e-10
2.06e-10
1.76e-10
Ule-lO
of Total
8.236-11
8.02e-ll
7.54e-ll
7.46e-ll
7.456-11
6.63e-ll
6.62e-ll
6.61e-ll
6.50e-ll
6.44e-ll
6.39e-ll
6.21e-ll
e.lle-ll
6.00e-ll
5.91e-ll
5.71e-ll
5.69e-ll
5.66e-ll
5.61e-ll
5.55e-ll
5.38e-ll
5.31e-ll
5.30e-ll
5.28e-ll
5.24e-ll
4.94e-ll
4.916-11
4.74e-ll
4.256-11
4.23e-ll
4.036-11
3.74e-ll
3.676-11
3.53e-ll
3.416-11
3.24e-ll
3.156-11
3.13e-ll
3.026-11
2.85e-ll
2.826-11
2.81e-ll
2.716-11
2.62e-ll
2.61e-ll
2.50e-ll
2.416-11
2.33e-ll
2.28e-ll
1.96e-ll
1.89e-ll
M-166
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-34. LCD LCIA Results for the Chronic Public Health Effects
Process Group
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Material
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
5 -Methyl chrysene
Isophorone
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
Acenaphthene
Toluene
Ethyl Chloride
Acetaldehyde
Aluminum (elemental)
Biphenyl
Methyl ethyl ketone
Mercury
Tetrachloroethylene
Cumene
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Lead cmpds
Phenanthrene
Methyl methacrylate
Dibenzo [a,h] anthracene
Acenaphthylene
Anthracene
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Styrene
Nickel cmpds
Dimethyl sulfate
Benzo [a] anthracene
Cadmium cmpds
Bromoform
Dichloromethane
Toluene
Isophorone
Cadmium cmpds
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Chlorobenzene
Benzo [b,j,k]fluoranthene
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
Biphenyl
Methyl ethyl ketone
Indeno(l ,2,3-cd)pyrene
Tetrachloroethylene
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Methyl methacrylate
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
Chrysene
Vinyl acetate
Acetophenone
Styrene
Ethylene dibromide
Impact Category
LCI Data Type Chronic Public %
Toxicity (tox-kg)
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
1.70e-10
1.69e-10
1.60e-10
1.57e-10
1.52e-10
1.47e-10
1.43e-10
1.39e-10
1.35e-10
1.34e-10
1.30e-10
1.28e-10
1.27e-10
1.27e-10
1.18e-10
1.13e-10
1.12e-10
l.lle-10
1.09e-10
1.07e-10
1.03e-10
l.Ole-10
9.846-11
9.67e-ll
9.466-11
9.40e-ll
9.15e-ll
9.106-11
9.03e-ll
8.916-11
8.85e-ll
8.53e-ll
S.OOe-ll
7.626-11
7.226-11
7.066-11
7.05e-ll
7.036-11
6.826-11
6.80e-ll
6.756-11
6.006-11
5.836-11
5.796-11
5.78e-ll
5.43e-ll
5.326-11
5.15e-ll
5.036-11
of Total
1.88e-ll
1.88e-ll
1.786-11
1.746-11
1.69e-ll
1.63e-ll
1.58e-ll
1.546-11
1.50e-ll
1.49e-ll
1.44e-ll
1.426-11
1.41e-ll
1.40e-ll
1.316-11
1.25e-ll
1.24e-ll
1.23e-ll
1.216-11
1.186-11
1.14e-ll
1.12e-ll
1.09e-ll
1.076-11
1.05e-ll
1.04e-ll
l.Ole-11
l.Ole-11
l.OOe-11
9.89e-12
9.82e-12
9.46e-12
8.87e-12
8.45e-12
8.01e-12
7.83e-12
7.82e-12
7.79e-12
7.576-12
7.55e-12
7.48e-12
6.65e-12
6.47e-12
6.42e-12
6.41e-12
6.02e-12
5.90e-12
5.72e-12
5.58e-12
M-167
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-34. LCD LCIA Results for the Chronic Public Health Effects
Process Group
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
US electric grid
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LPG Production
Material
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
HALON-1301
Bromoform
Dichloromethane
Copper (+1 & +2)
Isophorone
Chromium (III)
Acenaphthylene
Benzo[a]pyrene
Benzo[b,j,k]fluoranthene
Chlorobenzene
Anthracene
Aromatic hydrocarbons
B enzo [b] fluoranthene
Methyl ethyl ketone
Tetrachloroethylene
Mercury compounds
Aromatic hydrocarbons
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Fluorene
Benzo[a]pyrene
Methyl methacrylate
o-xylene
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
Ethylbenzene
Acetophenone
Dibenzo [a,h] anthracene
Acenaphthene
Styrene
B enzo [a] anthracene
Pyrene
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene
Fluoranthene
Bromoform
Dichloromethane
Chromium (III)
Cadmium cmpds
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Chlorobenzene
Chrysene
Indeno(l ,2,3-cd)pyrene
Copper (+1 & +2)
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
Fluorene
Ethylbenzene
Acetophenone
Copper (+1 & +2)
Ethyl Chloride
o-xylene
Methyl tert-butyl ether
5-Methyl chrysene
Impact Category
LCI Data Type Chronic Public %
Toxicity (tox-kg)
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
5.02e-ll
4.87e-ll
4.81e-ll
4.75e-ll
4.60e-ll
4.55e-ll
4.44e-ll
4.37e-ll
4.146-11
4.126-11
3.85e-ll
3.826-11
3.676-11
3.66e-ll
3.646-11
3.596-11
3.406-11
3.236-11
3.206-11
3.17e-ll
3.116-11
3.11e-ll
3.10e-ll
3.096-11
2.86e-ll
2.836-11
2.806-11
2.80e-ll
2.756-11
2.746-11
2.746-11
2.66e-ll
2.59e-ll
2.57e-ll
2.536-11
2.376-11
2.216-11
2.07e-ll
2.056-11
1.99e-ll
1.956-11
1.72e-ll
1.65e-ll
1.556-11
1.52e-ll
l.Sle-ll
l.Sle-11
1.476-11
1.46e-ll
1.44e-ll
1.416-11
of Total
5.57e-12
5.40e-12
5.34e-12
5.27e-12
5.11e-12
5.04e-12
4.92e-12
4.84e-12
4.59e-12
4.57e-12
4.27e-12
4.23e-12
4.07e-12
4.05e-12
4.03e-12
3.99e-12
3.77e-12
3.58e-12
3.55e-12
3.51e-12
3.45e-12
3.45e-12
3.44e-12
3.42e-12
3.17e-12
3.14e-12
3.11e-12
3.10e-12
3.05e-12
3.04e-12
3.04e-12
2.95e-12
2.87e-12
2.85e-12
2.81e-12
2.63e-12
2.46e-12
2.30e-12
2.28e-12
2.21e-12
2.16e-12
1.90e-12
1.82e-12
1.72e-12
1.69e-12
1.68e-12
1.67e-12
1.63e-12
1.62e-12
1.59e-12
1.57e-12
M-168
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-34. LCD LCIA Results for the Chronic Public Health Effects
Process Group
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
US electric grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
US electric grid
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
US electric grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
US electric grid
Natural Gas Prod.
US electric grid
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Material
B enzo [a] anthracene
Anthracene
Chromium (III)
Cumene
Fluoranthene
Indeno(l ,2,3-cd)pyrene
Phenanthrene
Halogenated matter (organic)
Acenaphthylene
Dibenzo [a,h] anthracene
2-Methylnaphthalene
Vinyl acetate
Pyrene
B enzo [b] fluoranthene
o-xylene
Ethylene dibromide
Zinc (+2)
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Chrysene
3 -Methy Icholanthrene
Ethylbenzene
Methyl tert-butyl ether
5-Methyl chrysene
Biphenyl
o-xylene
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene
Phenanthrene
Vinyl acetate
2-Methylnaphthalene
Ethylene dibromide
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene
Chlorine
Copper (+1 & +2)
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Benzo[b,j,k]fluoranthene
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Pyrene
3 -Methy Icholanthrene
Zinc (+2)
Phenanthrene
Acenaphthene
Zinc (+2)
Vinyl acetate
Ethyl Chloride
Ethylene dibromide
3 -Methy Icholanthrene
Fluorene
Cumene
2-Methylnaphthalene
Impact Category
LCI Data Type Chronic Public %
Toxicity (tox-kg)
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
1.35e-ll
1.28e-ll
1.26e-ll
1.24e-ll
1.24e-ll
1.19e-ll
1.13e-ll
1.12e-ll
1.10e-ll
1.06e-ll
1.03e-ll
1.02e-ll
1.02e-ll
l.OOe-11
9.63e-12
9.49e-12
9.20e-12
8.92e-12
8.56e-12
8.31e-12
8.13e-12
7.66e-12
7.64e-12
7.40e-12
7.35e-12
6.98e-12
5.83e-12
5.45e-12
5.20e-12
5.06e-12
5.03e-12
4.52e-12
4.17e-12
4.08e-12
4.03e-12
3.90e-12
3.86e-12
3.73e-12
3.63e-12
3.28e-12
3.27e-12
3.16e-12
2.91e-12
2.76e-12
2.69e-12
2.66e-12
2.58e-12
2.34e-12
2.34e-12
of Total
1.50e-12
1.42e-12
1.40e-12
1.38e-12
1.37e-12
1.32e-12
1.25e-12
1.24e-12
1.22e-12
1.18e-12
1.15e-12
1.13e-12
1.13e-12
l.lle-12
1.07e-12
1.05e-12
1.02e-12
9.90e-13
9.49e-13
9.22e-13
9.02e-13
8.49e-13
8.47e-13
8.21e-13
8.15e-13
7.74e-13
6.47e-13
6.05e-13
5.77e-13
5.61e-13
5.58e-13
5.02e-13
4.63e-13
4.53e-13
4.46e-13
4.33e-13
4.28e-13
4.14e-13
4.02e-13
3.64e-13
3.63e-13
3.51e-13
3.22e-13
3.07e-13
2.99e-13
2.95e-13
2.87e-13
2.59e-13
2.59e-13
M-169
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-34. LCD LCIA Results for the Chronic Public Health Effects Impact Category
Process Group
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Material
Fluoranthene
Benzo[a]pyrene
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Chlorine
2-Methylnaphthalene
Acenaphthene
Ethyl Chloride
Chlorine
Biphenyl
Cumene
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Benzo[a]pyrene
Acenaphthylene
Anthracene
Acenaphthene
Dibenzo[a,h]anthracene
Benzo[a]anthracene
Lead cmpds
5-Methyl chrysene
Ethyl Chloride
Benzo[b,j,k]fluoranthene
Biphenyl
Nickel cmpds
Cumene
Indeno(l ,2,3-cd)pyrene
Benzo[a]pyrene
Chrysene
Acenaphthylene
Anthracene
Dibenzo [a,h] anthracene
B enzo [a] anthracene
Benzo[b,j,k]fluoranthene
Biphenyl
HALON-1301
Fluorene
B enzo [b] fluoranthene
Indeno(l ,2,3-cd)pyrene
Acenaphthylene
Dibenzo [a,h] anthracene
Lead cmpds
Anthracene
Chrysene
Pyrene
Fluoranthene
Lead cmpds
Benzo[a]anthracene
Nickel cmpds
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene
Mercury compounds
Nickel cmpds
Benzo[b,j,k]fluoranthene
LCI Data Type Chronic Public %
Toxicity (tox-kg)
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
2.31e-12
2.12e-12
2.08e-12
2.01e-12
1.67e-12
1.59e-12
1.47e-12
1.46e-12
1.40e-12
1.25e-12
l.lle-12
1.09e-12
1.06e-12
1.02e-12
9.96e-13
9.37e-13
8.61e-13
8.20e-13
8.05e-13
7.85e-13
7.59e-13
7.44e-13
6.93e-13
6.64e-13
6.57e-13
6.19e-13
5.71e-13
5.49e-13
5.18e-13
4.07e-13
4.05e-13
4.04e-13
3.96e-13
3.57e-13
3.33e-13
3.24e-13
3.18e-13
3.10e-13
3.06e-13
3.06e-13
3.03e-13
2.82e-13
2.74e-13
2.69e-13
2.69e-13
2.68e-13
2.58e-13
2.49e-13
2.49e-13
2.27e-13
2.16e-13
of Total
2.56e-13
2.35e-13
2.31e-13
2.23e-13
1.85e-13
1.76e-13
1.63e-13
1.62e-13
1.55e-13
1.38e-13
1.23e-13
1.21e-13
1.18e-13
1.14e-13
1.10e-13
1.04e-13
9.55e-14
9.10e-14
8.93e-14
8.71e-14
8.42e-14
8.25e-14
7.69e-14
7.37e-14
7.29e-14
6.86e-14
6.33e-14
6.09e-14
5.75e-14
4.51e-14
4.50e-14
4.49e-14
4.40e-14
3.96e-14
3.69e-14
3.59e-14
3.52e-14
3.43e-14
3.39e-14
3.39e-14
3.36e-14
3.13e-14
3.04e-14
2.99e-14
2.98e-14
2.97e-14
2.86e-14
2.77e-14
2.76e-14
2.52e-14
2.39e-14
M-170
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-34. LCD LCIA Results for the Chronic Public Health Effects
Process Group
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Total Manufacturing
Use, Maintenance and
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
Material
Indeno(l ,2,3-cd)pyrene
Fluorene
Chrysene
5 -Methyl chrysene
B enzo [b] fluoranthene
Fluoranthene
Pyrene
HALON-1301
HALON-1301
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene
B enzo [b] fluoranthene
Fluorene
Mercury compounds
Halogenated matter (organic)
Pyrene
Mercury compounds
5 -Methyl chrysene
Fluoranthene
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene
Lead cmpds
Nickel cmpds
5 -Methyl chrysene
HALON-1301
Halogenated matter (organic)
Halogenated hydrocarbons (unspecified)
Halogenated matter (organic)
Mercury compounds
Halogenated matter (organic)
Halogenated hydrocarbons (unspecified)
Halogenated hydrocarbons (unspecified)
Halogenated hydrocarbons (unspecified)
Halogenated hydrocarbons (unspecified)
Repair Life-cycle Stage
Sulfur dioxide
Nitrogen oxides
Methane
Carbon monoxide
Arsenic
Hydrochloric acid
PM-10
Selenium
Vanadium
Hydrofluoric acid
Formaldehyde
Benzene
Nitrous oxide
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Zinc (elemental)
Impact Category
LCI Data Type Chronic Public %
Toxicity (tox-kg)
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
2.01e-13
1.74e-13
1.72e-13
1.52e-13
1.43e-13
1.40e-13
1.37e-13
1.33e-13
1.17e-13
1.17e-13
1.05e-13
9.59e-14
9.27e-14
8.20e-14
8.17e-14
8.15e-14
8.09e-14
7.81e-14
7.78e-14
7.44e-14
6.29e-14
4.31e-14
3.24e-14
3.06e-14
2.80e-14
2.69e-14
2.26e-14
7.44e-15
2.05e-16
7.64e-17
6.72e-17
1.86e-17
2.35e+02
6.15e+02
8.79e-01
4.81e-01
4.07e-01
2.08e-01
1.84e-01
4.31e-02
3.46e-02
2.61e-02
l.OOe-02
3.62e-03
2.60e-03
2.54e-03
1.47e-03
6.77e-04
of Total
2.23e-14
1.93e-14
1.90e-14
1.68e-14
1.58e-14
1.55e-14
1.52e-14
1.47e-14
1.30e-14
1.29e-14
1.17e-14
1.06e-14
1.03e-14
9.10e-15
9.06e-15
9.04e-15
8.97e-15
8.66e-15
8.63e-15
8.25e-15
6.97e-15
4.78e-15
3.59e-15
3.39e-15
3.11e-15
2.98e-15
2.50e-15
8.25e-16
2.27e-17
8.48e-18
7.46e-18
2.06e-18
2.60e+01
6.82e+01
9.75e-02
5.34e-02
4.52e-02
2.31e-02
2.04e-02
4.78e-03
3.84e-03
2.89e-03
l.lle-03
4.01e-04
2.89e-04
2.81e-04
1.63e-04
7.51e-05
M-171
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-34. LCD LCIA Results for the Chronic Public Health Effects
Process Group
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
Material
Antimony
Chromium (VI)
Molybdenum
Methyl hydrazine
2-Chloroacetophenone
Bromomethane
Nickel
Cyanide (-1)
2,3,7,8-TCDD
Naphthalene
Barium
Carbon disulfide
Benzyl chloride
Cadmium
Chloroform
Propionaldehyde
Manganese
Fluoride
Beryllium
Acrolein
Lead
Cobalt
Copper
Methyl chloride
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
Acetaldehyde
Hexane
Dimethyl sulfate
Mercury
Toluene
Isophorone
Methyl ethyl ketone
Tetrachloroethylene
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Methyl methacrylate
Styrene
Bromoform
Dichloromethane
Chlorobenzene
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
Acetophenone
Ethylbenzene
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Phenol
Vinyl acetate
Phenanthrene
Ethylene dibromide
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Chromium (III)
2,3,7,8-TCDF
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Impact Category
LCI Data Type Chronic Public %
Toxicity (tox-kg)
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
5.55e-04
2.00e-04
1.85e-04
1.72e-04
1.61e-04
1.59e-04
8.64e-05
8.37e-05
6.34e-05
S.lle-05
4.35e-05
3.42e-05
2.62e-05
2.04e-05
1.85e-05
1.71 e-05
1. 70e-05
1.46e-05
1.09e-05
9.71e-06
9.52e-06
9.07e-06
8.34e-06
8.05e-06
5.80e-06
4.62e-06
4.49e-06
3.21e-06
2.80e-06
1.59e-06
1.55e-06
1.24e-06
1.23e-06
1.09e-06
1.06e-06
9.39e-07
8.76e-07
8.65e-07
7.01e-07
5.62e-07
5.16e-07
2.76e-07
1.39e-07
1.06e-07
9.93e-08
9.35e-08
9.21e-08
8.23e-08
7.36e-08
4.35e-08
4.05e-08
of Total
6.16e-05
2.22e-05
2.06e-05
1.91 e-05
1.79e-05
1.77e-05
9.59e-06
9.28e-06
7.03e-06
5.67e-06
4.82e-06
3.80e-06
2.91e-06
2.27e-06
2.05e-06
1.90e-06
1.89e-06
1.62e-06
1.21e-06
1.08e-06
1.06e-06
l.Ole-06
9.25e-07
8.93e-07
6.43e-07
5.12e-07
4.98e-07
3.56e-07
3.11e-07
1.76e-07
1.72e-07
1.38e-07
1.36e-07
1.21e-07
1.18e-07
1.04e-07
9.72e-08
9.59e-08
7.78e-08
6.23e-08
5.73e-08
3.07e-08
1.55e-08
1.18e-08
1.10e-08
1.04e-08
1.02e-08
9.13e-09
8.16e-09
4.83e-09
4.49e-09
M-172
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-34. LCD
Process Group
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
Total Use, Maintenance and
End-of-life Life-cycle Stage
US electric grid
LCD landfilling
LCD incineration
LCD landfilling
LCD landfilling
US electric grid
LCD landfilling
US electric grid
US electric grid
LCD incineration
US electric grid
LCD landfilling
US electric grid
LCD landfilling
LPG Production
LCD landfilling
LCD incineration
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LCD landfilling
LCD incineration
LCD landfilling
LCIA Results for the Chronic Public Health Effects
Material
Acenaphthene
Ethyl Chloride
Cumene
Biphenyl
Acenaphthylene
Benzo[a]pyrene
Benzo[b,j,k]fluoranthene
Anthracene
Benzo [a] anthracene
Chrysene
Indeno(l ,2,3-cd)pyrene
Fluorene
Fluoranthene
Dibenzo [a,h] anthracene
2-Methylnaphthalene
Pyrene
5-Methyl chrysene
o-xylene
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene
Repair
Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Nitrogen dioxide
Nitrogen oxides
PM
Methane
Carbon monoxide
Arsenic cmpds
Arsenic
Arsenic cmpds
Hydrochloric acid
Methane
Carbon monoxide
Benzene
Lead
PM-10
Methane
Selenium
Sulfur oxides
Vanadium
Nitrogen oxides
Vanadium
Benzene
Silver compounds
Barium cmpds
Barium cmpds
Impact Category
LCI Data Type Chronic Public %
Toxicity (tox-kg)
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
primary
secondary
primary
primary
model/secondary
primary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
primary
model/secondary
primary
secondary
primary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
primary
2.84e-08
2.68e-08
2.27e-08
1.35e-08
8.42e-09
7.97e-09
7.94e-09
7.35e-09
5.29e-09
3.83e-09
3.76e-09
2.98e-09
2.38e-09
2.05e-09
1.99e-09
1.97e-09
1.47e-09
1.42e-09
1.35e-09
6.17e+02
1.176-01
4.45e-02
3.45e-02
2.40e-03
8.92e-04
1.67e-04
l.OOe-04
9.13e-05
7.73e-05
4.30e-05
3.95e-05
3.65e-05
3.49e-05
2.62e-05
2.27e-05
9.74e-06
9.60e-06
8.18e-06
6.61e-06
6.57e-06
6.31e-06
4.94e-06
4.51e-06
4.12e-06
3.38e-06
2.52e-06
2.33e-06
1.96e-06
of Total
3.15e-09
2.98e-09
2.52e-09
1.50e-09
9.34e-10
8.85e-10
8.81e-10
8.16e-10
5.86e-10
4.25e-10
4.17e-10
3.31e-10
2.64e-10
2.27e-10
2.21e-10
2.19e-10
1.63e-10
1.57e-10
1.49e-10
6.84e+01
1.29e-02
4.94e-03
3.83e-03
2.66e-04
9.90e-05
1.85e-05
l.lle-05
1.01 e-05
8.57e-06
4.77e-06
4.38e-06
4.05e-06
3.87e-06
2.91e-06
2.52e-06
1.08e-06
1.06e-06
9.08e-07
7.33e-07
7.29e-07
7.00e-07
5.48e-07
5. 01 e-07
4.58e-07
3.75e-07
2.79e-07
2.58e-07
2.17e-07
M-173
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-34. LCD LCIA Results for the Chronic Public Health Effects
Process Group
LCD incineration
US electric grid
LCD landfilling
LPG Production
LCD landfillrng
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
LCD incineration
LCD landfillrng
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
LCD landfilling
US electric grid
LCD landfilling
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
LCD landfilling
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
LCD incineration
LCD landfilling
LCD landfilling
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
LCD landfilling
Material
Silver compounds
Hydrofluoric acid
Hydrochloric acid
PM
Ammonia
Arsenic
Formaldehyde
Formaldehyde
Benzene
Nitrous oxide
Cadmium cmpds
Cadmium cmpds
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Hydrochloric acid
Zinc (elemental)
Nitrous oxide
Hydrogen sulfide
Antimony
Chromium (VI)
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Chromium (VI)
Molybdenum
Methyl hydrazine
2-Chloroacetophenone
Bromomethane
Fluorides (F-)
Selenium
Hydrogen sulfide
Ammonia
Nickel
Cyanide (-1)
2,3,7,8-TCDD
Selenium
Naphthalene
Barium
Hydrofluoric acid
Carbon disulfide
Molybdenum
Chromium (VI)
Ethane
Benzyl chloride
Zinc (elemental)
Mercury compounds
Carbon tetrachloride
Mercury compounds
Cadmium
Hexane
Chloroform
Propionaldehyde
Manganese
Chloroform
Impact Category
LCI Data Type Chronic Public %
Toxicity (tox-kg)
secondary
model/secondary
primary
secondary
primary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
primary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
primary
model/secondary
primary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
primary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
primary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
primary
1.95e-06
1.91e-06
1.13e-06
1.02e-06
9.17e-07
8.13e-07
6.87e-07
5.28e-07
4.94e-07
4.81e-07
3.54e-07
3.27e-07
2.78e-07
1.45e-07
1.28e-07
1.28e-07
l.lle-07
1.05e-07
7.27e-08
3.86e-08
3.80e-08
3.52e-08
3.26e-08
3.06e-08
3.02e-08
2.97e-08
2.92e-08
2.42e-08
2.33e-08
1.64e-08
1.59e-08
1.20e-08
1. 05e-08
9.69e-09
8.25e-09
7.91e-09
6.50e-09
6.49e-09
6.21e-09
6. 11 e-09
4.97e-09
4.72e-09
4.57e-09
4.07e-09
3.96e-09
3.88e-09
3.55e-09
3.51e-09
3.24e-09
3.23e-09
3.18e-09
of Total
2.17e-07
2.11e-07
1.25e-07
1.13e-07
1.02e-07
9.02e-08
7.62e-08
5.86e-08
5.48e-08
5.34e-08
3.92e-08
3.62e-08
3.09e-08
1.61 e-08
1.42e-08
1.42e-08
1.23e-08
1.17e-08
8.07e-09
4.29e-09
4.22e-09
3.90e-09
3.62e-09
3.39e-09
3.35e-09
3.29e-09
3.24e-09
2.68e-09
2.58e-09
1.82e-09
1.76e-09
1.33e-09
1.16e-09
1.08e-09
9.15e-10
8.77e-10
7.21e-10
7.20e-10
6.89e-10
6.78e-10
5.52e-10
5.24e-10
5.07e-10
4.52e-10
4.39e-10
4.30e-10
3.94e-10
3.89e-10
3.60e-10
3.58e-10
3.53e-10
M-174
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-34. LCD LCIA Results for the Chronic Public Health Effects
Process Group
LCD incineration
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
LCD landfilling
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
LCD incineration
LCD landfilling
LPG Production
LCD landfilling
US electric grid
US electric grid
LCD landfilling
LCD landfilling
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
LCD landfilling
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LCD incineration
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LCD landfilling
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
Material
Carbon tetrachloride
Phenol
Fluoride
Pentane
Beryllium
Toluene
Acrolein
Lead
PM-10
Cobalt
Nickel
Copper
Methyl chloride
Aluminum (+3)
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
Acetaldehyde
Hexane
Antimony
Dimethyl sulfate
Mercury
Lead cmpds
Lead cmpds
Nitrate
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Toluene
Isophorone
Tetrachloroethylene
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Methyl ethyl ketone
Tetrachloroethylene
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Methyl methacrylate
Styrene
Trichloroethylene
Bromoform
Dichloromethane
Copper
Methyl hydrazine
Silicon
Trichloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
2-Chloroacetophenone
Dimethylbenzanthracene
Bromomethane
Ethylbenzene
2 , 4-Dinitrotoluene
Naphthalene
Acetophenone
Lead
Impact Category
LCI Data Type Chronic Public %
Toxicity (tox-kg)
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
primary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
primary
model/secondary
model/secondary
primary
primary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
primary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
3.16e-09
2.82e-09
2.77e-09
2.56e-09
2.06e-09
1.98e-09
1.84e-09
1.81e-09
1.77e-09
1.72e-09
1.62e-09
1.58e-09
1.53e-09
1.12e-09
1.10e-09
8.76e-10
8.51e-10
8.44e-10
6.10e-10
5.32e-10
5.19e-10
4.80e-10
4.77e-10
4.08e-10
3.01e-10
2.95e-10
2.90e-10
2.77e-10
2.36e-10
2.33e-10
2.07e-10
2.02e-10
1.78e-10
1.72e-10
1.66e-10
1.64e-10
1.37e-10
1.35e-10
1.33e-10
1.33e-10
1.33e-10
1.27e-10
1.26e-10
1.25e-10
1.07e-10
1.07e-10
1.03e-10
9.79e-ll
9.74e-ll
of Total
3.50e-10
3.12e-10
3.07e-10
2.84e-10
2.29e-10
2.20e-10
2.04e-10
2.00e-10
1.97e-10
1.91e-10
1.80e-10
1.76e-10
1.69e-10
1.24e-10
1.22e-10
9.726-11
9.44e-ll
9.376-11
6.76e-ll
5.906-11
5.75e-ll
5.33e-ll
5.29e-ll
4.536-11
3.34e-ll
3.276-11
3.21e-ll
3.076-11
2.62e-ll
2.59e-ll
2.30e-ll
2.24e-ll
1.98e-ll
1.91e-ll
1.84e-ll
1.82e-ll
1.52e-ll
1. 50e-ll
1.48e-ll
1.48e-ll
1.48e-ll
1.41e-ll
1.39e-ll
1.39e-ll
1.19e-ll
1.18e-ll
1.146-11
1.09e-ll
1.08e-ll
M-175
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-34. LCD LCIA Results for the Chronic Public Health Effects
Process Group
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
LCD landfilling
LPG Production
LCD landfilling
LCD incineration
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
LCD incineration
US electric grid
LCD landfilling
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
Material
Manganese
Beryllium
Barium
Cyanide (-1)
Barium cmpds
Ethylbenzene
Dichloromethane
Cadmium
Vinyl chloride
Vinyl chloride
Carbon disulfide
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Benzyl chloride
Phenol
Cobalt
Vinyl acetate
Phenanthrene
Ethylene dibromide
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Aluminum (elemental)
Chloroform
Chromium (III)
Propionaldehyde
o-xylene
2,3,7,8-TCDF
Chromium (III)
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Acrolein
Methyl chloride
Acenaphthene
Ethyl Chloride
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
Cumene
Acetaldehyde
Mercury
Cadmium cmpds
Biphenyl
Dimethyl sulfate
Toluene
Acenaphthylene
Benzo[a]pyrene
Benzo[b,j ,k]fluoranthene
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
Anthracene
Isophorone
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Benzo [a] anthracene
Methyl ethyl ketone
Tetrachloroethylene
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Methyl methacrylate
Impact Category
LCI Data Type Chronic Public %
Toxicity (tox-kg)
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
primary
secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
primary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
8.79e-ll
8.45e-ll
7.34e-ll
6.59e-ll
6.25e-ll
5.24e-ll
4.84e-ll
3.63e-ll
3.62e-ll
2.81e-ll
2.70e-ll
2.65e-ll
2.06e-ll
2.02e-ll
1.98e-ll
1.88e-ll
1.77e-ll
1.75e-ll
1.56e-ll
1.52e-ll
1.46e-ll
1.40e-ll
1.35e-ll
9.08e-12
8.26e-12
7.92e-12
7.68e-12
7.64e-12
6.34e-12
5.39e-12
5.09e-12
4.57e-12
4.31e-12
3.64e-12
3.42e-12
2.74e-12
2.57e-12
2.53e-12
2.45e-12
1.60e-12
1.51e-12
1.51e-12
1.43e-12
1.40e-12
1.22e-12
1.10e-12
l.OOe-12
9.79e-13
9.67e-13
8.60e-13
8.36e-13
of Total
9.75e-12
9.37e-12
8.14e-12
7.31e-12
6.93e-12
5.82e-12
5.36e-12
4.02e-12
4.01e-12
3.11e-12
2.99e-12
2.93e-12
2.29e-12
2.24e-12
2.19e-12
2.09e-12
1.97e-12
1.94e-12
1.73e-12
1.69e-12
1.61e-12
1.55e-12
1.49e-12
l.Ole-12
9.16e-13
8.78e-13
8.52e-13
8.48e-13
7.03e-13
5.98e-13
5.65e-13
5.07e-13
4.78e-13
4.03e-13
3.80e-13
3.04e-13
2.85e-13
2.81e-13
2.72e-13
1.77e-13
1.68e-13
1.67e-13
1.58e-13
1.55e-13
1.36e-13
1.22e-13
l.lle-13
1.09e-13
1.07e-13
9.54e-14
9.28e-14
M-176
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-34. LCD LCIA Results for the Chronic Public Health Effects
Process Group
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
Material
Styrene
Chrysene
Indeno(l ,2,3-cd)pyrene
Bromoform
Dichloromethane
Chromium (III)
Fluorene
Chlorobenzene
Copper (+1 & +2)
Fluoranthene
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
Acetophenone
Dibenzo [a,h] anthracene
2-Methylnaphthalene
Pyrene
5-Methyl chrysene
o-xylene
o-xylene
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene
Ethylbenzene
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Zinc (+2)
Phenanthrene
Vinyl acetate
3 -Methy Icholanthrene
Ethylene dibromide
2-Methylnaphthalene
Chlorine
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Acenaphthene
Ethyl Chloride
Cumene
Benzo[a]pyrene
Biphenyl
Lead cmpds
Dibenzo [a,h] anthracene
Acenaphthylene
Anthracene
Nickel cmpds
Benzo [a] anthracene
Benzo[bj ,k]fluoranthene
Indeno(l ,2,3-cd)pyrene
Chrysene
HALON-1301
Benzo [b] fluoranthene
Mercury compounds
Fluorene
Pyrene
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene
Impact Category
LCI Data Type Chronic Public %
Toxicity (tox-kg)
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
7.39e-13
7.27e-13
7.13e-13
6.90e-13
6.81e-13
6.76e-13
5.66e-13
5.52e-13
5.16e-13
4.52e-13
4.43e-13
4.06e-13
3.88e-13
3.78e-13
3.74e-13
2.79e-13
2.70e-13
2.69e-13
2.55e-13
2.19e-13
1.10e-13
9.24e-14
8.93e-14
7.82e-14
7.56e-14
7.25e-14
4.73e-14
4.19e-14
2.98e-14
2.77e-14
2.11e-14
1.79e-14
1.69e-14
1.07e-14
9.19e-15
8.77e-15
8.43e-15
8.31e-15
7.77e-15
7.51e-15
5.80e-15
5.59e-15
4.74e-15
4.00e-15
3.00e-15
2.79e-15
2.60e-15
2.25e-15
2.19e-15
of Total
8.20e-14
8.07e-14
7.91e-14
7.66e-14
7.556-14
7.50e-14
6.28e-14
6.12e-14
5.72e-14
5.02e-14
4.91e-14
4.51e-14
4.31e-14
4.19e-14
4.15e-14
3.10e-14
3.00e-14
2.98e-14
2.83e-14
2.43e-14
1.22e-14
1.03e-14
9.90e-15
8.67e-15
8.38e-15
8.04e-15
5.256-15
4.65e-15
3.31e-15
3.07e-15
2.34e-15
1.98e-15
1.87e-15
1.18e-15
1.02e-15
9.72e-16
9.35e-16
9.22e-16
8.62e-16
8.33e-16
6.43e-16
6.20e-16
5.26e-16
4.44e-16
3.33e-16
3.09e-16
2.88e-16
2.49e-16
2.42e-16
M-177
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-34. LCD LCIA Results for the Chronic Public Health Effects Impact Category
Process Group
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Material
Fluoranthene
5 -Methyl chrysene
Halogenated matter (organic)
Halogenated hydrocarbons (unspecified)
Halogenated hydrocarbons (unspecified)
Halogenated hydrocarbons (unspecified)
Halogenated hydrocarbons (unspecified)
Halogenated matter (organic)
Mercury compounds
HALON-1301
Nickel cmpds
Lead cmpds
Halogenated matter (organic)
HALON-1301
5-Methyl chrysene
Nickel cmpds
Halogenated matter (organic)
Fluoranthene
Fluorene
Benzo[b]fluoranthene
5-Methyl chrysene
Pyrene
B enzo [b j , k] fluoranthene
Copper (+1 &+2)
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene
Mercury compounds
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene
Fluoranthene
Pyrene
Benzo[b]fluoranthene
Fluorene
Biphenyl
HALON-1301
Chrysene
Dibenzo[a,h]anthracene
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Benzo[b]fluoranthene
Acenaphthylene
Indeno(l ,2,3-cd)pyrene
Cumene
Chrysene
Anthracene
Benzo[a]anthracene
Indeno( 1 ,2,3-cd)pyrene
Ethyl Chloride
Nickel cmpds
B enzo [b j , k] fluoranthene
Lead cmpds
B enzo [a] anthracene
Dibenzo [a,h] anthracene
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
LCI Data Type Chronic Public %
Toxicity (tox-kg)
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
2.12e-15
1.16e-15
9.19e-16
2.30e-18
-3.90e-18
-4.13e-17
-9.44e-16
-1.56e-15
.4.74e.15
-6.79e-15
-1.32e-14
-1.56e-14
-2.38e-14
-1.03e-13
-1.69e-13
-2.01e-13
-3.78e-13
-4.85e-13
-5.43e-13
-6.58e-13
-6.99e-13
-8.10e-13
-8.45e-13
-8.77e-13
-1.06e-12
-1. 15e-12
-l.lSe-12
-1.24e-12
-1.26e-12
-1.49e-12
-1.53e-12
-1.55e-12
-1.64e-12
-1.80e-12
-1.83e-12
-1.87e-12
-2.116-12
-2.32e-12
-2.49e-12
-2.61e-12
-2.63e-12
-2.69e-12
-2.83e-12
-3.03e-12
-3.08e-12
-3.19e-12
-3.50e-12
-3.78e-12
-3.97e-12
-4.32e-12
-4.35e-12
of Total
2.35e-16
1.29e-16
1.02e-16
2.55e-19
-4.33e-19
-4.58e-18
-1.05e-16
-1.73e-16
-5.25e-16
-7.54e-16
-1.46e-15
-1.73e-15
-2.64e-15
-1. 15e-14
-1.88e-14
-2.23e-14
-4.19e-14
-5.38e-14
-6.02e-14
-7.30e-14
-7.76e-14
-8.99e-14
-9.38e-14
-9.72e-14
-1.17e-13
-1.276-13
-1.27e-13
-1.38e-13
-1.40e-13
-1.66e-13
-1.70e-13
-1.72e-13
-1.82e-13
-1.99e-13
-2.02e-13
-2.08e-13
-2.34e-13
-2.57e-13
-2.76e-13
-2.89e-13
-2.92e-13
-2.99e-13
-3.14e-13
-3.36e-13
-3.42e-13
-3.54e-13
-3.88e-13
-4.19e-13
-4.40e-13
-4.79e-13
-4.82e-13
M-178
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-34. LCD LCIA Results for the Chronic
Process Group
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Material
Cadmium cmpds
Anthracene
Acenaphthylene
Acenaphthene
Dibenzo[a,h]anthracene
Biphenyl
Benzo[a]pyrene
Benzo[a]pyrene
Ethylene dibromide
Cumene
2-Methylnaphthalene
Vinyl acetate
Ethyl Chloride
Copper (+1 & +2)
Acenaphthene
Methyl tert-butyl ether
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
3 -Methy Icholanthrene
Chlorine
Phenanthrene
2-Methylnaphthalene
Chlorine
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene
Aluminum (elemental)
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Zinc (+2)
Dichlorobenzene (mixed isomers)
Ethylbenzene
2-Methylnaphthalene
3 -Methy Icholanthrene
Zinc (+2)
5 -Methyl chrysene
Ethylene dibromide
Vinyl acetate
Pyrene
Phenanthrene
Chromium (III)
3 -Methylcholanthrene
Acetophenone
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
Fluoranthene
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Chlorobenzene
Fluorene
Indeno( 1 ,2,3-cd)pyrene
Chrysene
Dichloromethane
Bromoform
Barium cmpds
Public Health Effects Impact Category
LCI Data Type Chronic Public %
Toxicity (tox-kg)
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
-4.65e-12
-4.72e-12
-4.90e-12
-5.87e-12
-5.88e-12
-6.43e-12
-6.53e-12
-9.76e-12
-1.06e-ll
-1.08e-ll
-1.13e-ll
-1.14e-ll
-1.27e-ll
-1.34e-ll
-1.51e-ll
-1.60e-ll
-1.80e-ll
-1.80e-ll
-2.08e-ll
-2.336-11
-2.40e-ll
-2.51e-ll
-2.636-11
-2.816-11
-2.86e-ll
-2.906-11
-3.18e-ll
-3.206-11
-3.58e-ll
-3.836-11
-4.246-11
-4.24e-ll
-4.376-11
-4.716-11
-5.06e-ll
-5.20e-ll
-5.33e-ll
-5.726-11
-5.936-11
-6.456-11
-6.52e-ll
-6.62e-ll
-8.05e-ll
-8.356-11
-9.046-11
-9.73e-ll
-9.936-11
-l.Ole-10
-1.06e-10
of Total
-5.16e-13
-5.24e-13
-5.43e-13
-6.52e-13
-6.52e-13
-7.13e-13
-7.25e-13
-1.08e-12
-1.17e-12
-1.20e-12
-1.25e-12
-1.26e-12
-1.41e-12
-1.48e-12
-1.67e-12
-1.78e-12
-1.99e-12
-2.00e-12
-2.31e-12
-2.59e-12
-2.66e-12
-2.79e-12
-2.92e-12
-3.12e-12
-3.17e-12
-3.22e-12
-3.52e-12
-3.55e-12
-3.97e-12
-4.25e-12
-4.70e-12
-4.70e-12
-4.85e-12
-5.23e-12
-5.62e-12
-5.76e-12
-5.91e-12
-6.35e-12
-6.57e-12
-7.16e-12
-7.23e-12
-7.34e-12
-8.93e-12
-9.27e-12
-l.OOe-11
-1.08e-ll
-1.10e-ll
-1.126-11
-1.18e-ll
M-179
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-34. LCD LCIA Results for the Chronic Public Health Effects Impact Category
Process Group
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Material
Styrene
B enzo [a] anthracene
Methyl methacrylate
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Ethylbenzene
Tetrachloroethylene
Methyl ethyl ketone
o-xylene
Isophorone
Chromium (III)
Anthracene
Benzo[b,j,k]fluoranthene
Copper (+1 & +2)
Benzo[a]pyrene
Acenaphthylene
Acetophenone
Silicon
2 , 4-Dinitrotoluene
Chlorine
Chlorobenzene
Zinc (+2)
Dimethyl sulfate
Biphenyl
Dichloromethane
Bromoform
Styrene
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Methyl methacrylate
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Acetaldehyde
Tetrachloroethylene
Methyl ethyl ketone
Mercury
Cumene
Acenaphthene
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
Aluminum (elemental)
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
Isophorone
Ethyl Chloride
Methyl chloride
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Acrolein
Cadmium cmpds
Toluene
o-xylene
Dimethyl sulfate
Cobalt
Aluminum (+3)
Propionaldehyde
LCI Data Type Chronic Public %
Toxicity (tox-kg)
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
-1.08e-10
-1.18e-10
-1.22e-10
-1.25e-10
-1.32e-10
-1.41e-10
-1.43e-10
-1.43e-10
-1.78e-10
-2.04e-10
-2.05e-10
-2.12e-10
-2.12e-10
-2.31e-10
-2.41e-10
-2.45e-10
-2.46e-10
-2.67e-10
-3.13e-10
-3.33e-10
-3.47e-10
-3.69e-10
-3.90e-10
-4.11e-10
-4.16e-10
_4.46e-10
-4.53e-10
-5.04e-10
-5.19e-10
-5.30e-10
-5.83e-10
-5.90e-10
-6.23e-10
-6.53e-10
-6.59e-10
-6.66e-10
-7.02e-10
-7.23e-10
-7.37e-10
-7.72e-10
-9.24e-10
-1.08e-09
-1.09e-09
-l.lle-09
-1.12e-09
-1.35e-09
-1.52e-09
-1.53e-09
-1.756-09
-1.90e-09
-1.96e-09
of Total
-1.19e-ll
-1.31e-ll
-1.35e-ll
-1.396-11
-1.46e-ll
-1.56e-ll
-1.58e-ll
-1.586-11
-1.98e-ll
-2.276-11
-2.28e-ll
-2.356-11
-2.35e-ll
-2.576-11
-2.68e-ll
-2.726-11
-2.73e-ll
-2.96e-ll
-3.48e-ll
-3.696-11
-3.85e-ll
-4.096-11
-4.32e-ll
-4.566-11
-4.62e-ll
-4.94e-ll
-5.03e-ll
-5.59e-ll
-5.75e-ll
-5.886-11
-6.47e-ll
-6.54e-ll
-6.92e-ll
-7.256-11
-7.31e-ll
-7.39e-ll
-7.79e-ll
-8.026-11
-8.18e-ll
-8.576-11
-1.03e-10
-1.20e-10
-1.21e-10
-1.24e-10
-1.25e-10
-1.49e-10
-1.69e-10
-1.69e-10
-1.94e-10
-2.10e-10
-2.18e-10
M-180
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-34. LCD LCIA Results for the Chronic Public Health Effects Impact Category
Process Group
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
Material
Mercury
Chloroform
Acetaldehyde
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Phenanthrene
Ethylene dibromide
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
Toluene
Vinyl acetate
Benzyl chloride
PM-10
Methyl chloride
Carbon disulfide
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Acrolein
Phenol
Cadmium
Silicon
Ethylbenzene
Propionaldehyde
Chloroform
Cyanide (-1)
Nitrate
Aluminum (elemental)
Chromium (III)
Cobalt
Benzyl chloride
Manganese
Chloroacetophenone
Beryllium
Lead
Acetophenone
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
Carbon disulfide
Copper
Bromomethane
2-Chloroacetophenone
Barium
Methyl hydrazine
Chlorobenzene
Cadmium
Dichloromethane
Bromoform
Barium cmpds
Styrene
Aluminum (+3)
Methyl methacrylate
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Dimethylbenzanthracene
LCI Data Type Chronic Public %
Toxicity (tox-kg)
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
-2.05e-09
-2.12e-09
-2.19e-09
-2.22e-09
-2.61e-09
-2.65e-09
-2.75e-09
-2.86e-09
-2.86e-09
-3.01e-09
-3.27e-09
-3.82e-09
-3.93e-09
-4.01e-09
-4.61e-09
-4.83e-09
-5.28e-09
-6.14e-09
-7.87e-09
-8.116-09
-8.78e-09
-9.61e-09
-9.96e-09
-1.06e-08
-1.13e-08
-1.22e-08
-1.24e-08
-1.31e-08
-1.35e-08
-1.41e-08
-1.43e-08
-1.49e-08
-1.62e-08
-1.63e-08
-1.75e-08
-1.83e-08
-1.85e-08
-1.95e-08
-1.98e-08
-2.02e-08
-2.16e-08
-2.49e-08
-2.52e-08
-2.57e-08
-2.70e-08
-2.89e-08
-3.06e-08
-3.12e-08
-3.12e-08
of Total
-2.28e-10
-2.35e-10
-2.43e-10
-2.46e-10
-2.89e-10
-2.94e-10
-3.05e-10
-3.17e-10
-3.17e-10
-3.34e-10
-3.63e-10
-4.24e-10
-4.36e-10
_4.45e-10
-S.lle-10
-5.36e-10
-5.86e-10
-6.81e-10
-8.73e-10
-9.00e-10
-9.74e-10
-1.07e-09
-1.10e-09
-1.18e-09
-1.26e-09
-1.36e-09
-1.38e-09
-1.45e-09
-1.50e-09
-1.57e-09
-1.59e-09
-1.65e-09
-1.79e-09
-1.80e-09
-1.94e-09
-2.03e-09
-2.05e-09
-2.17e-09
-2.19e-09
-2.24e-09
-2.39e-09
-2.76e-09
-2.80e-09
-2.85e-09
-3.00e-09
-3.20e-09
-3.39e-09
-3.46e-09
-3.47e-09
M-181
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-34. LCD LCIA Results for the Chronic Public Health Effects Impact Category
Process Group
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Material
Tetrachloroethylene
Methyl ethyl ketone
Barium
Cyanide (-1)
Naphthalene
Hydrogen sulfide
Isophorone
Toluene
Beryllium
Manganese
Naphthalene
Nickel
Lead
Dimethylbenzanthracene
Bromomethane
Phenol
2-Chloroacetophenone
PM-10
Methyl hydrazine
Mercury
Copper
Dimethyl sulfate
Silicon
Dimethylbenzanthracene
Acetaldehyde
Antimony
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
Nitrate
Methyl chloride
Cobalt
Copper
Acrolein
Antimony
Aluminum (+3)
Chromium (VI)
Propionaldehyde
Chloroform
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Pentane
Cadmium
Benzyl chloride
Molybdenum
Barium
Hexane
Carbon disulfide
Hydrogen sulfide
Nickel
Hydrofluoric acid
Phenol
PM-10
Pentane
LCI Data Type Chronic Public %
Toxicity (tox-kg)
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
-3.51e-08
-3.58e-08
-3.61e-08
-3.97e-08
-4.37e-08
_4.46e-08
_4.47e-08
-4.73e-08
-5.06e-08
-5.28e-08
-5.36e-08
-5.78e-08
-5.88e-08
-6.37e-08
-7.56e-08
-7.60e-08
-7.65e-08
-8.16e-08
-8.17e-08
-8.42e-08
-8.86e-08
-9.25e-08
-9.29e-08
-9.51e-08
-1.33e-07
-1.48e-07
-1.676-07
-2.08e-07
-2.32e-07
-2.48e-07
-2.67e-07
-2.79e-07
-4.22e-07
-4.59e-07
-4.90e-07
-4.92e-07
-5.30e-07
-5.86e-07
-6.12e-07
-7.25e-07
-7.55e-07
-7.66e-07
-8.87e-07
-9.76e-07
-9.86e-07
-1.03e-06
-1.09e-06
-1.15e-06
-1.16e-06
-1.24e-06
-1.30e-06
of Total
-3.90e-09
-3.97e-09
-4.00e-09
-4.41e-09
-4.84e-09
-4.94e-09
-4.96e-09
-5.24e-09
-5.62e-09
-5.86e-09
-5.94e-09
-6.41e-09
-6.52e-09
-7.06e-09
-8.39e-09
-8.43e-09
-8.49e-09
-9.05e-09
-9.06e-09
-9.34e-09
-9.82e-09
-1.03e-08
-1.03e-08
-1.06e-08
-1.476-08
-1.64e-08
-1.85e-08
-2.31e-08
-2.57e-08
-2.76e-08
-2.96e-08
-3.10e-08
-4.68e-08
-5.09e-08
-5.43e-08
-5.46e-08
-5.88e-08
-6.50e-08
-6.78e-08
-8.04e-08
-8.37e-08
-8.50e-08
-9.84e-08
-1.08e-07
-1.09e-07
-1.14e-07
-1.20e-07
-1.28e-07
-1.28e-07
-1.37e-07
-1.44e-07
M-182
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-34. LCD LCIA Results for the Chronic Public Health Effects Impact Category
Process Group
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
Material
Naphthalene
Ethane
Hexane
Chromium (VI)
Pentane
Nitrate
Zinc (elemental)
Cyanide (-1)
Hexane
Zinc (elemental)
Beryllium
Ethane
Manganese
Selenium
Molybdenum
Fluorides (F-)
Bromomethane
Ethane
Hydrofluoric acid
Methyl hydrazine
Molybdenum
Nitrous oxide
Nickel
Formaldehyde
Ammonia
Antimony
Zinc (elemental)
Hydrogen sulfide
Fluorides (F-)
Selenium
Hydrochloric acid
Vanadium
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Ammonia
Nitrous oxide
Hydrochloric acid
Chromium (VI)
Arsenic
Ammonia
Sulfur oxides
PM
Hydrofluoric acid
Formaldehyde
Formaldehyde
Arsenic
PM
Vanadium
Selenium
LCI Data Type Chronic Public %
Toxicity (tox-kg)
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
-1.33e-06
-1.46e-06
-1.80e-06
-1.88e-06
-1.94e-06
-2.33e-06
-2.35e-06
-2.41e-06
-2.69e-06
-2.81e-06
-2.97e-06
-3.10e-06
-3.17e-06
-4.02e-06
-4.28e-06
-4.50e-06
-4.59e-06
-4.63e-06
-4.77e-06
-4.95e-06
-6.45e-06
-7.65e-06
-8.94e-06
-9.17e-06
-1. 15e-05
-1.40e-05
-1.65e-05
-1.68e-05
-1.76e-05
-1.776-05
-2.11e-05
-2.30e-05
-2.63e-05
-3.56e-05
-4.82e-05
-8.16e-05
-8.74e-05
-1.04e-04
-1.04e-04
-1.41e-04
-1.83e-04
-2.74e-04
-2.89e-04
-2.90e-04
-3.65e-04
-5.00e-04
-5.756-04
-7.60e-04
_9.94e-04
of Total
-1.48e-07
-1.62e-07
-2.00e-07
-2.08e-07
-2.15e-07
-2.58e-07
-2.61e-07
-2.67e-07
-2.98e-07
-3.12e-07
-3.30e-07
-3.43e-07
-3.52e-07
_4.46e-07
-4.75e-07
-4.99e-07
-5.09e-07
-5.13e-07
-5.29e-07
-5.49e-07
-7.16e-07
-8.48e-07
-9.91e-07
-1.02e-06
-1.27e-06
-1.55e-06
-1.83e-06
-1.87e-06
-1.95e-06
-1.97e-06
-2.35e-06
-2.56e-06
-2.92e-06
-3.95e-06
-5.34e-06
-9.05e-06
-9.69e-06
-l.lSe-05
-1.16e-05
-1.56e-05
-2.02e-05
-3.04e-05
-3.21e-05
-3.21e-05
-4.05e-05
-5.55e-05
-6.37e-05
-8.43e-05
-1.10e-04
M-183
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-34. LCD LCIA Results for the Chronic Public Health Effects Impact Category
Process Group
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
Total End-of-life
Material
Fluorides (F-)
Nitrous oxide
Benzene
Benzene
Nitrogen oxides
Vanadium
Hydrochloric acid
Sulfur oxides
Methane
Nitrogen oxides
Carbon monoxide
Carbon monoxide
Nitrogen oxides
Methane
Carbon monoxide
PM
Arsenic
Benzene
Methane
Sulfur oxides
LCI Data Type Chronic Public %
Toxicity (tox-kg)
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
-1.02e-03
-1.35e-03
-1.71e-03
-2.08e-03
-2.55e-03
-2.86e-03
-3.08e-03
-3.48e-03
-3.70e-03
-6.17e-03
-1.08e-02
-1.55e-02
-1.86e-02
-1.97e-02
-2.27e-02
-2.40e-02
-2.50e-02
-2.51e-02
-3.32e-02
-3.50e-02
-6.30e-02
of Total
-1.13e-04
-1.50e-04
-1.90e-04
-2.31e-04
-2.83e-04
-3.17e-04
-3.41e-04
-3.86e-04
-4.10e-04
-6.85e-04
-1.19e-03
-1.72e-03
-2.07e-03
-2.18e-03
-2.52e-03
-2.66e-03
-2.78e-03
-2.78e-03
-3.68e-03
-3.88e-03
-6.99e-03
Total All Life-cycle Stages
9.02e+02
l.OOe+02
M-184
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-35. CRT LCIA Results for the Aesthetics Impacts
Process Group
Materials Processing Life-cycle Stage
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
ABS Production
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Polycarbonate Production
Aluminum Prod.
Lead
ABS Production
Polycarbonate Production
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
Lead
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Aluminum Prod.
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Aluminum Prod.
ABS Production
Ferrite mfg.
Lead
Aluminum Prod.
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Invar
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
ABS Production
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Lead
Lead
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Polycarbonate Production
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
ABS Production
Ferrite mfg.
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
ABS Production
Invar
Material
Hydrogen sulfide
Hydrogen sulfide
Hydrogen sulfide
Hydrogen sulfide
Ethanethiol
Hydrogen sulfide
Hydrogen sulfide
Ethanethiol
Hydrogen sulfide
Acetaldehyde
Acetaldehyde
Acetaldehyde
Acetaldehyde
Hydrogen sulfide
Ammonia
Acetic acid
Acetic acid
Acetic acid
Phenol
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Formaldehyde
Acetic acid
Acetic acid
Toluene
Phenol
Phenol
Toluene
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Ammonia
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Ethanol
Formaldehyde
Ammonia
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Toluene
Toluene
Ethanol
Ammonia
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Formaldehyde
Formaldehyde
Ethanol
Chlorine
Ethanethiol
Ethanethiol
Chlorine
Ammonia
Chlorine
Ammonia
Methanol
LCI Data Type
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
Category
Odor (m3)
3.17e+04
2.36e+04
1.69e+04
1.21e+04
1.05e+04
8.78e+03
6.91e+03
4.82e+03
4.30e+03
4.27e+03
2.48e+03
7.11e+02
5.50e+02
4.82e+02
4.15e+02
1.14e+02
9.41e+01
5.51e+01
4.82e+01
3.04e+01
2.86e+01
2.35e+01
1.96e+01
1.39e+01
1.37e+01
1.33e+01
1.30e+01
1.19e+01
9.03e+00
8.98e+00
8.17e+00
7.41e+00
6.93e+00
5.59e+00
4.74e+00
4.62e+00
3.58e+00
3.55e+00
3.10e+00
2.86e+00
2.79e+00
2.08e+00
2.01e+00
1.98e+00
1.94e+00
1.85e+00
1.17e+00
9.01e-01
8.49e-01
6.43e-01
% of Total
4.18e-01
3.116-01
2.24e-01
1.59e-01
1.39e-01
1.16e-01
9.12e-02
6.37e-02
5.68e-02
5.64e-02
3.28e-02
9.38e-03
7.26e-03
6.37e-03
5.48e-03
1. 50e-03
1.24e-03
7.27e-04
6.37e-04
4.01e-04
3.77e-04
3.10e-04
2.59e-04
1.83e-04
1.81e-04
1.76e-04
1.71 e-04
1.58e-04
1.19e-04
1.19e-04
1.08e-04
9.78e-05
9.15e-05
7.376-05
6.25e-05
6.10e-05
4.73e-05
4.69e-05
4.09e-05
3.776-05
3.68e-05
2.74e-05
2.66e-05
2.62e-05
2.56e-05
2.44e-05
1.55e-05
1.19e-05
1.12e-05
8.49e-06
M-185
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-35. CRT LCIA Results for the Aesthetics Impacts Category
Process Group
Ferrite mfg.
Lead
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Aluminum Prod.
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Aluminum Prod.
Lead
Lead
Invar
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Ferrite mfg.
Lead
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Ferrite mfg.
Lead
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Total Materials Processing
Manufacturing Life-cycle Stage
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
LPG Production
CRT tube mfg.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
CRT tube mfg.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
US electric grid
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
PWB Mfg.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
LPG Production
Material
Ethanol
Ethanol
Methanol
Benzene
Ammonia
Benzene
Methanol
Phenol
Benzene
Naphthalene
Benzene
Methanol
Benzene
Propionic acid
Acetone
Acetone
Acetone
Acetone
Chlorine
Chlorine
Isopropylpropionate
Isopropylpropionate
Acrolein
Chlorine
Propionaldehyde
Propionaldehyde
Propionaldehyde
Acrolein
Hydrogen sulfide
Hydrogen sulfide
Hydrogen sulfide
Acetaldehyde
Toluene
Acetaldehyde
Hydrogen sulfide
Acetaldehyde
Formaldehyde
Ammonia
Propionaldehyde
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Ammonia
Hydrogen sulfide
Propionaldehyde
Benzene
Propionaldehyde
Acetaldehyde
Formaldehyde
Acetaldehyde
Acrolein
LCI Data Type
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/ secondary
secondary
secondary
Odor (m3)
5.85e-01
4.54e-01
4.11e-01
2.58e-01
2.07e-01
1.27e-01
1.16e-01
1. OSe-Ol
8.64e-02
7.46e-02
6.00e-02
5.60e-02
4.09e-02
3.92e-02
1.59e-02
9.25e-03
2.61e-03
2.01e-03
6.89e-04
6.72e-04
6.34e-04
6.22e-04
3.46e-04
8.13e-05
4.43e-05
4.43e-05
4.33e-05
1.44e-07
1.29e+05
7.15e+06
7.40e+04
2.36e+04
1.42e+04
6.41e+03
3.03e+03
2.76e+03
2.42e+03
2.39e+03
2.18e+03
7.28e+02
6.31e+02
1.57e+02
1.57e+02
1.56e+02
1.33e+02
1.24e+02
1.14e+02
7.94e+01
4.44e+01
2.82e+01
% of Total
7.73e-06
5.99e-06
5.43e-06
3.41e-06
2.74e-06
1.68e-06
1.53e-06
1.36e-06
1.14e-06
9.84e-07
7.92e-07
7.39e-07
5.40e-07
5.18e-07
2.10e-07
1.22e-07
3.44e-08
2.65e-08
9.09e-09
8.88e-09
8.36e-09
8.21e-09
4.57e-09
1.07e-09
5.85e-10
5.85e-10
5.71e-10
1.90e-12
1.70e+00
9.43e+01
9.77e-01
3.116-01
1.87e-01
8.46e-02
4.00e-02
3.65e-02
3.19e-02
3.16e-02
2.88e-02
9.61e-03
8.33e-03
2.07e-03
2.07e-03
2.06e-03
1.76e-03
1.64e-03
1.51e-03
1. 05e-03
5.86e-04
3.72e-04
M-186
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-35. CRT LCIA Results for the Aesthetics Impacts Category
Process Group
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
LPG Production
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
LPG Production
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
US electric grid
US electric grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
US electric grid
Material
Acetaldehyde
Formaldehyde
Benzyl chloride
Formaldehyde
Benzene
Ammonia
Formaldehyde
Ammonia
Toluene
Acrolein
Propionaldehyde
Carbon disulfide
Acrolein
Benzyl chloride
Acetaldehyde
Methyl ethyl ketone
Benzyl chloride
Isophorone
Formaldehyde
Phenol
Styrene
Toluene
Propionaldehyde
Naphthalene
o-xylene
Propionaldehyde
Naphthalene
Carbon disulfide
Formaldehyde
Cumene
Carbon disulfide
Methyl ethyl ketone
Benzene
Isophorone
Toluene
Methyl methacrylate
Methyl ethyl ketone
Isophorone
Methyl hydrazine
Ammonia
Phenol
Styrene
Formaldehyde
Phenol
2-Chloroacetophenone
Styrene
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
Benzene
Propionaldehyde
Acrolein
Cumene
LCI Data Type
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
Odor (m3)
2.46e+01
2.45e+01
2.24e+01
2.09e+01
1.18e+01
1.17e+01
7.87e+00
6.43e+00
6.21e+00
6.03e+00
5.87e+00
4.84e+00
4.81e+00
4.78e+00
4.74e+00
3.85e+00
3.82e+00
3.54e+00
2.76e+00
2.75e+00
2.47e+00
2.39e+00
2.28e+00
1.75e+00
1.33e+00
1.26e+00
l.lle+00
1.04e+00
9.18e-01
8.89e-01
8.27e-01
8.23e-01
7.61e-01
7.57e-01
6.78e-01
6.71e-01
6.57e-01
6.04e-01
6.00e-01
5.97e-01
5.89e-01
5.27e-01
4.95e-01
4.70e-01
4.69e-01
4.21e-01
4.12e-01
3.96e-01
2.44e-01
2.27e-01
1.90e-01
% of Total
3.24e-04
3.23e-04
2.95e-04
2.76e-04
1.55e-04
1.55e-04
1.04e-04
8.49e-05
8.19e-05
7.96e-05
7.76e-05
6.39e-05
6.36e-05
6.31e-05
6.25e-05
5.08e-05
5.04e-05
4.67e-05
3.65e-05
3.63e-05
3.25e-05
3.15e-05
3.02e-05
2.31e-05
1.75e-05
1.67e-05
1.46e-05
1.37e-05
1.21e-05
1.17e-05
1.09e-05
1.09e-05
l.OOe-05
9.99e-06
8.95e-06
8.85e-06
8.67e-06
7.97e-06
7.92e-06
7.88e-06
7.77e-06
6.96e-06
6.53e-06
6.20e-06
6.20e-06
5.56e-06
5.44e-06
5.22e-06
3.22e-06
3.00e-06
2.51e-06
M-187
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-35. CRT LCIA Results for the Aesthetics Impacts Category
Process Group
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
US electric grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LPG Production
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
US electric grid
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
US electric grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Material
Benzyl chloride
Chlorobenzene
Naphthalene
Methyl methacrylate
Methyl hydrazine
Vinyl acetate
Methyl methacrylate
Methyl hydrazine
2-Chloroacetophenone
o-xylene
Acrolein
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Toluene
2-Chloroacetophenone
Benzyl chloride
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Acetophenone
Acrolein
Toluene
Carbon disulfide
Benzyl chloride
Benzene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Methyl ethyl ketone
Isophorone
Vinyl acetate
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Chlorobenzene
o-xylene
Chlorine
Phenol
Vinyl acetate
Styrene
Toluene
Benzene
Carbon disulfide
Acetophenone
Benzene
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Methyl ethyl ketone
Acetophenone
Isophorone
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Naphthalene
Acrolein
Naphthalene
Phenol
Carbon disulfide
o-xylene
Styrene
LCI Data Type Odor (m3) % of Total
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
1.80e-01
1.48e-01
1.46e-01
1.43e-01
1.28e-01
1.27e-01
1.15e-01
1.03e-01
l.OOe-01
8.89e-02
8.84e-02
8.70e-02
8.63e-02
8.02e-02
7.01e-02
6.95e-02
6.71e-02
4.89e-02
4.18e-02
3.91e-02
3.88e-02
3.74e-02
3.47e-02
3.16e-02
3.10e-02
2.85e-02
2.73e-02
2.53e-02
2.52e-02
2.48e-02
2.32e-02
2.22e-02
2.17e-02
1.99e-02
1.89e-02
1.73e-02
1.52e-02
1.43e-02
1.41e-02
1.22e-02
1.21e-02
1.15e-02
l.lle-02
1.07e-02
1.06e-02
9.43e-03
8.83e-03
8.63e-03
8.40e-03
8.28e-03
7.73e-03
2.38e-06
1.95e-06
1.93e-06
1.89e-06
1.69e-06
1.68e-06
1.51e-06
1.35e-06
1.33e-06
1.17e-06
1.17e-06
1. 15e-06
1.14e-06
1.06e-06
9.26e-07
9.17e-07
8.85e-07
6.45e-07
5.52e-07
5.16e-07
5.12e-07
4.94e-07
4.59e-07
4.17e-07
4.10e-07
3.77e-07
3.60e-07
3.34e-07
3.33e-07
3.27e-07
3.06e-07
2.93e-07
2.87e-07
2.63e-07
2.49e-07
2.28e-07
2.01e-07
1.89e-07
1.87e-07
1.61e-07
1.59e-07
1.51e-07
1.46e-07
1.42e-07
1.40e-07
1.24e-07
1.17e-07
1.14e-07
l.lle-07
1.09e-07
1.02e-07
M-188
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-35. CRT LCIA Results for the Aesthetics Impacts Category
Process Group
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
US electric grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
US electric grid
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Material
Benzyl chloride
Tetrachloroethylene
Cumene
Methyl ethyl ketone
Isophorone
Tetrachloroethylene
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Methyl methacrylate
Naphthalene
Methyl hydrazine
Phenol
Styrene
o-xylene
2-Chloroacetophenone
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
Dichloromethane
Cumene
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Methyl methacrylate
Chlorine
Toluene
Methyl hydrazine
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Carbon disulfide
Cumene
2-Chloroacetophenone
Methyl ethyl ketone
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
Chlorobenzene
Isophorone
o-xylene
Methyl methacrylate
Methyl hydrazine
Vinyl acetate
Phenol
Styrene
2-Chloroacetophenone
Dichloromethane
Chloroform
Acetophenone
Dichloromethane
Naphthalene
Chlorobenzene
Vinyl acetate
o-xylene
Cumene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Methyl methacrylate
Vinyl acetate
LCI Data Type Odor (m3) % of Total
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/ secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
7.48e-03
7.43e-03
7.17e-03
6.67e-03
6.13e-03
5.94e-03
5.79e-03
5.41e-03
5.24e-03
4.84e-03
4.77e-03
4.28e-03
3.99e-03
3.79e-03
3.71e-03
3.04e-03
2.79e-03
2.36e-03
2.30e-03
2.10e-03
2.06e-03
1.89e-03
1.88e-03
1.83e-03
1.62e-03
1.54e-03
1.47e-03
1.29e-03
1.22e-03
1.19e-03
1.18e-03
1.17e-03
1.16e-03
1.04e-03
1.03e-03
9.20e-04
8.25e-04
8.14e-04
6.50e-04
6.09e-04
5.41e-04
5.19e-04
5.05e-04
4.63e-04
4.00e-04
3.89e-04
2.97e-04
2.80e-04
2.56e-04
2.24e-04
2.21e-04
9.87e-08
9.81e-08
9.46e-08
8.81e-08
8.10e-08
7.83e-08
7.64e-08
7.14e-08
6.92e-08
6.39e-08
6.30e-08
5.65e-08
5.27e-08
5.00e-08
4.90e-08
4.01e-08
3.68e-08
3.11e-08
3.03e-08
2.78e-08
2.72e-08
2.49e-08
2.48e-08
2.42e-08
2.14e-08
2.03e-08
1.94e-08
1.70e-08
1.62e-08
1.57e-08
1.56e-08
1.55e-08
1.54e-08
1.37e-08
1.36e-08
1.21e-08
1.09e-08
1.07e-08
8.58e-09
8.04e-09
7.14e-09
6.85e-09
6.67e-09
6. 11 e-09
5.28e-09
5.13e-09
3.92e-09
3.70e-09
3.38e-09
2.96e-09
2.92e-09
M-189
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-35. CRT LCIA Results for the Aesthetics Impacts Category
Process Group
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Total Manufacturing
Use, Maintenance and
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
Material
Acetophenone
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Methyl hydrazine
2-Chloroacetophenone
Chloroform
Chlorine
Acetophenone
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
Tetrachloroethylene
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Chlorine
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Vinyl acetate
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Dichloromethane
Acetophenone
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Tetrachloroethylene
Dichloromethane
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Chlorine
Dichloromethane
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Chloroform
Chloroform
Dichloromethane
Chloroform
Repair Life-cycle Stage
Acetaldehyde
Propionaldehyde
Acrolein
Benzyl chloride
Formaldehyde
Carbon disulfide
Methyl ethyl ketone
Isophorone
Toluene
Phenol
Styrene
Cumene
Naphthalene
Methyl methacrylate
Methyl hydrazine
2-Chloroacetophenone
Xylene (mixed isomers)
LCI Data Type
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/ secondary
model/secondary
model/ secondary
model/secondary
model/ secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/ secondary
model/secondary
model/ secondary
model/secondary
Odor (m3)
2.10e-04
2.04e-04
2.01e-04
1.57e-04
1.30e-04
1.29e-04
1.16e-04
1.16e-04
1.09e-04
1.04e-04
8.66e-05
7.94e-05
6.80e-05
6.03e-05
4.94e-05
4.39e-05
4.26e-05
3.37e-05
2.45e-05
2.24e-05
1.86e-05
1.16e-05
9.53e-06
8.47e-06
6.40e-06
5.27e-06
4.91e-06
3.59e-06
1.91e-06
1.06e-06
1.02e-06
2.04e-07
7.41e+06
1.90e+05
9.76e+03
3.78e+02
3.00e+02
1.73e+02
6.49e+01
5.16e+01
4.74e+01
4.25e+01
3.69e+01
3.30e+01
1.19e+01
9.16e+00
8.99e+00
8.04e+00
6.29e+00
5.45e+00
% of Total
2.78e-09
2.70e-09
2.65e-09
2.07e-09
1.72e-09
1.706-09
1.54e-09
1.53e-09
1.44e-09
1.37e-09
1.14e-09
1.05e-09
8.97e-10
7.96e-10
6.52e-10
5.79e-10
5.63e-10
4.44e-10
3.24e-10
2.96e-10
2.46e-10
1.53e-10
1.26e-10
1.12e-10
8.44e-ll
6.966-11
6.48e-ll
4.74e-ll
2.526-11
1.396-11
1.34e-ll
2.69e-12
9.78e+01
2.50e+00
1.29e-01
4.99e-03
3.96e-03
2.29e-03
8.57e-04
6.81e-04
6.26e-04
5.61e-04
4.87e-04
4.36e-04
1.57e-04
1.21e-04
1.19e-04
1.06e-04
8.31e-05
7.20e-05
M-190
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-35. CRT
Process Group
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
Total Use, Maintenance and Repair
End-of-life Life-cycle Stage
CRT landfilling
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
CRT landfilling
CRT landfilling
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
CRT landfilling
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
CRT Incineration
CRT landfilling
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
CRT landfilling
US electric grid
US electric grid
CRT landfilling
LPG Production
LCIA Results for the Aesthetics Impacts Category
Material
Chlorobenzene
Vinyl acetate
Benzene
Acetophenone
Tetrachloroethylene
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
o-xylene
Dichloromethane
Chloroform
Hydrogen sulfide
Hydrogen sulfide
Acetaldehyde
Propionaldehyde
Acetaldehyde
Toluene
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Acrolein
Benzyl chloride
Formaldehyde
Ammonia
Formaldehyde
Carbon disulfide
Propionaldehyde
Benzene
Methyl ethyl ketone
Isophorone
Toluene
Phenol
Styrene
Cumene
Benzene
Naphthalene
Methyl methacrylate
Methyl hydrazine
2-Chloroacetophenone
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Trichloroethylene
Trichloroethylene
Acrolein
Chlorobenzene
Benzyl chloride
Vinyl acetate
Tetrachloroethylene
Benzene
Acetophenone
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Toluene
LCI Data Type
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
primary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
primary
primary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
primary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/ secondary
model/ secondary
model/ secondary
model/ secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
primary
model/secondary
model/secondary
primary
secondary
Odor (m3)
1.98e+00
1.71e+00
1.08e+00
8.99e-01
4.66e-01
3.63e-01
1.44e-01
7.33e-02
4.07e-02
8.16e-03
2.01e+05
5.37e+02
6.17e+01
1.90e+01
9.76e-01
1.22e-01
7.98e-02
4.07e-02
3.78e-02
3.00e-02
2.07e-02
1.88e-02
1.73e-02
6.50e-03
6.28e-03
6.28e-03
5.16e-03
4.74e-03
4.25e-03
3.69e-03
3.31e-03
1.19e-03
1. 15e-03
9.17e-04
8.99e-04
8.05e-04
6.30e-04
5.45e-04
3.77e-04
3.52e-04
2.43e-04
1.98e-04
1.93e-04
1.71e-04
1.65e-04
1.08e-04
8.99e-05
5.49e-05
5.36e-05
% of Total
2.61e-05
2.25e-05
1.43e-05
1.19e-05
6.15e-06
4.79e-06
1.90e-06
9.68e-07
5.38e-07
1.08e-07
2.65e+00
7.09e-03
8.14e-04
2.51e-04
1.29e-05
1.61 e-06
1. 05e-06
5.376-07
4.99e-07
3.96e-07
2.73e-07
2.49e-07
2.29e-07
8.57e-08
8.30e-08
8.29e-08
6.81e-08
6.26e-08
5.61e-08
4.87e-08
4.36e-08
1.57e-08
1.52e-08
1.21e-08
1.19e-08
1.06e-08
8.31e-09
7.20e-09
4.98e-09
4.64e-09
3.21e-09
2.61e-09
2.55e-09
2.26e-09
2.18e-09
1.43e-09
1.19e-09
7.25e-10
7.07e-10
M-191
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-35. CRT LCIA Results for the Aesthetics Impacts Category
Process Group
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
CRT landfilling
CRT landfilling
CRT Incineration
CRT landfilling
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Material
Tetrachloroethylene
Carbon disulfide
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Methyl ethyl ketone
Isophorone
Phenol
Styrene
Naphthalene
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
o-xylene
Cumene
o-xylene
Methyl methacrylate
Methyl hydrazine
Dichloromethane
2-Chloroacetophenone
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
Dichloromethane
Chloroform
Carbon tetrachloride
Carbon tetrachloride
Chlorobenzene
Vinyl acetate
Chloroform
Acetophenone
Tetrachloroethylene
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Chlorine
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Dichloromethane
Chloroform
Chloroform
Chloroform
Dichloromethane
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Dichloromethane
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Tetrachloroethylene
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Acetophenone
Chlorine
Chlorine
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Vinyl acetate
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
Acetophenone
2-Chloroacetophenone
Vinyl acetate
Methyl hydrazine
LCI Data Type
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
primary
secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
Odor (m3)
4.66e-05
4.18e-05
3.63e-05
3.32e-05
3.05e-05
2.37e-05
2.13e-05
1.51 e-05
1.44e-05
1.14e-05
7.67e-06
7.34e-06
5.79e-06
5.18e-06
4.08e-06
4.05e-06
3.56e-06
3.43e-06
2.11e-06
1.66e-06
1.55e-06
1.27e-06
1.10e-06
8.16e-07
5.79e-07
3.00e-07
2.18e-07
2.00e-07
9.26e-08
2.62e-08
5.25e-09
-5.29e-07
-2.19e-06
-2.64e-06
-9.33e-06
-1.09e-05
-2.20e-05
-3.02e-05
-3.86e-05
-5.83e-05
-6.88e-05
-8.44e-05
-9.10e-05
-l.lle-04
-1.25e-04
-1.28e-04
-1.33e-04
-2.41e-04
-4.08e-04
-4.58e-04
-5.22e-04
% of Total
6.15e-10
5.52e-10
4.79e-10
4.38e-10
4.03e-10
3.13e-10
2.81e-10
1.99e-10
1.90e-10
1.51e-10
l.Ole-10
9.69e-ll
7.64e-ll
6.84e-ll
5.38e-ll
5.356-11
4.70e-ll
4.52e-ll
2.79e-ll
2.20e-ll
2.05e-ll
1.68e-ll
1.45e-ll
1.08e-ll
7.64e-12
3.96e-12
2.88e-12
2.64e-12
1.22e-12
3.46e-13
6.94e-14
-6.99e-12
-2.896-11
-3.496-11
-1.23e-10
-1.446-10
-2.91e-10
-3.996-10
-5.09e-10
-7.70e-10
-9.08e-10
-l.lle-09
-1.20e-09
-1.46e-09
-1.65e-09
-1.69e-09
-1.76e-09
-3.18e-09
-5.39e-09
-6.05e-09
-6.89e-09
M-192
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-35. CRT LCIA Results for the Aesthetics Impacts
Process Group
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
Material
Chlorobenzene
Methyl methacrylate
Dichloromethane
Cumene
Chlorine
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
2-Chloroacetophenone
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
Styrene
Methyl hydrazine
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Phenol
Methyl methacrylate
Isophorone
Cumene
Methyl ethyl ketone
o-xylene
Carbon disulfide
Naphthalene
Naphthalene
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
Phenol
Isophorone
Methyl ethyl ketone
Acetophenone
Carbon disulfide
Benzyl chloride
Toluene
Acrolein
Vinyl acetate
Chlorobenzene
Toluene
o-xylene
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Benzyl chloride
Acrolein
Methyl hydrazine
Naphthalene
Methyl methacrylate
Cumene
Formaldehyde
Benzene
Benzene
Styrene
Phenol
Propionaldehyde
Toluene
Isophorone
Methyl ethyl ketone
LCI Data Type
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
Category
Odor (m3)
-5.31e-04
-5.83e-04
-6.72e-04
-7.73e-04
-1.03e-03
-1.25e-03
-1.69e-03
-1.86e-03
-2.14e-03
-2.16e-03
-2.33e-03
-2.39e-03
-2.41e-03
-3.08e-03
-3.20e-03
-3.35e-03
-4.18e-03
-4.21e-03
-4.43e-03
-5.43e-03
-5.62e-03
-7.54e-03
-8.87e-03
-9.89e-03
-1.27e-02
-1.38e-02
-1.49e-02
-1.746-02
-1.94e-02
-2.03e-02
-2.45e-02
-2.83e-02
-3.28e-02
-4.33e-02
-4.46e-02
-5.26e-02
-8.04e-02
-l.Ole-01
-1.33e-01
-1.38e-01
-1.49e-01
-1.97e-01
-2.48e-01
-4.02e-01
-4.93e-01
-5.48e-01
-6.116-01
-6.33e-01
-6.67e-01
-7.86e-01
-8.556-01
% of Total
-7.00e-09
-7.70e-09
-8.87e-09
-1.02e-08
-1.37e-08
-1.64e-08
-2.23e-08
-2.46e-08
-2.83e-08
-2.85e-08
-3.07e-08
-3.16e-08
-3.18e-08
-4.06e-08
-4.22e-08
-4.42e-08
-5.52e-08
-5.56e-08
-5.84e-08
-7.17e-08
-7.42e-08
-9.96e-08
-1.17e-07
-1.31e-07
-1.68e-07
-1.83e-07
-1.97e-07
-2.30e-07
-2.57e-07
-2.68e-07
-3.24e-07
-3.74e-07
-4.33e-07
-5.71e-07
-5.89e-07
-6.95e-07
-1.06e-06
-1.34e-06
-1.76e-06
-1.82e-06
-1.97e-06
-2.61e-06
-3.28e-06
-5.31e-06
-6.51e-06
-7.23e-06
-8.07e-06
-8.36e-06
-8.81e-06
-1.04e-05
-1.13e-05
M-193
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-35.
Process Group
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Total End-of-life
CRT LCIA Results for
Material
Carbon disulfide
Propionaldehyde
Benzyl chloride
Benzene
Acrolein
Ammonia
Formaldehyde
Formaldehyde
Acetaldehyde
Ammonia
Acetaldehyde
Hydrogen sulfide
Ammonia
Propionaldehyde
Hydrogen sulfide
Acetaldehyde
Hydrogen sulfide
the Aesthetics Impacts
LCI Data Type
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
Category
Odor (m3)
-1.08e+00
-2.62e+00
-4.97e+00
-5.89e+00
-6.26e+00
-6.41e+00
-7.98e+00
-9.86e+00
-1.23e+01
-2.08e+01
-5.09e+01
-7.86e+01
-7.87e+01
-1.62e+02
-1.42e+03
-2.97e+04
-3.41e+04
% of Total
-1.42e-05
-3.46e-05
-6.56e-05
-7.78e-05
-8.27e-05
-8.47e-05
-1. 05e-04
-1.30e-04
-1.63e-04
-2.75e-04
-6.72e-04
-1.046-03
-1.04e-03
-2.14e-03
-1.88e-02
-4.15e-02
-3.92e-01
-4.50e-01
Total All Life-cycle Stages
7.58e+06
l.OOe+02
M-194
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-36. LCD LCIA Results for
Process Group
Materials Processing Life-cycle
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Polycarbonate Production
PMMA Sheet Prod.
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Polycarbonate Production
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Natural Gas Prod.
PET Resin Production
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Natural Gas Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Aluminum Prod.
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Natural Gas Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Polycarbonate Production
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
PET Resin Production
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Natural Gas Prod.
PET Resin Production
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Material
Stage
Hydrogen sulfide
Ammonia
Hydrogen sulfide
Ethanethiol
Ethanethiol
Hydrogen sulfide
Hydrogen sulfide
Hydrogen sulfide
Acetaldehyde
Acetaldehyde
Benzene
Hydrogen sulfide
Hydrogen sulfide
Ammonia
Propionaldehyde
Acetic acid
Formaldehyde
Acetic acid
Phenol
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Ammonia
Toluene
o-xylene
Toluene
Toluene
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Formaldehyde
Acrolein
Ammonia
Benzyl chloride
Chlorine
Ethanol
Chlorine
Naphthalene
Carbon disulfide
Methyl ethyl ketone
Isophorone
Chlorine
Chlorine
Phenol
Styrene
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
Methanol
Chlorine
Benzene
Cumene
Ammonia
Ammonia
Methyl methacrylate
Methyl hydrazine
the Aesthetics
Impact Category
LCI Data Type Odor (m3)
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
1.55e+04
1.10e+04
1.10e+04
5.87e+03
4.37e+03
3.58e+03
3.27e+03
2.40e+03
1.72e+03
1.22e+03
8.21e+02
2.12e+02
2.11e+02
2.03e+02
8.82e+01
4.23e+01
3.46e+01
2.70e+01
2.36e+01
1.13e+01
8.07e+00
6.35e+00
6.21e+00
6.03e+00
5.16e+00
4.40e+00
3.63e+00
3.41e+00
3.36e+00
2.71e+00
1.12e+00
1.02e+00
8.36e-01
6.17e-01
5.87e-01
4.66e-01
4.28e-01
3.95e-01
3.94e-01
3.33e-01
2.99e-01
2.59e-01
2.02e-01
1.44e-01
1.27e-01
1.08e-01
9.10e-02
9.06e-02
8.13e-02
7.27e-02
% of Total
3.08e-01
2.17e-01
2.17e-01
1.16e-01
8.66e-02
7.09e-02
6.48e-02
4.77e-02
3.40e-02
2.41e-02
1.63e-02
4.19e-03
4.18e-03
4.03e-03
1.75e-03
8.38e-04
6.85e-04
5.35e-04
4.69e-04
2.24e-04
1.60e-04
1.26e-04
1.23e-04
1.19e-04
1.02e-04
8.73e-05
7.20e-05
6.77e-05
6.66e-05
5.376-05
2.23e-05
2.02e-05
1.66e-05
1.22e-05
1.16e-05
9.24e-06
8.50e-06
7.84e-06
7.81e-06
6.61e-06
5.92e-06
5.14e-06
4.00e-06
2.86e-06
2.51e-06
2.13e-06
1.80e-06
1.80e-06
1.61e-06
1.44e-06
M-195
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-36. LCD LCIA Results for the Aesthetics Impact Category
Process Group
Natural Gas Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Aluminum Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Total Materials Processing
Manufacturing Life-cycle Stage
Monitor/module
LPG Production
Monitor/module
Monitor/module
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LPG Production
LPG Production
Panel components
Backlight
Japanese Electric Grid
Natural Gas Prod.
PWB Mfg.
LPG Production
US electric grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Monitor/module
Japanese Electric Grid
Material
2-Chloroacetophenone
Phenol
Naphthalene
Benzene
Chlorobenzene
Vinyl acetate
Acetophenone
Acetone
Tetrachloroethylene
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Dichloromethane
Isopropylpropionate
Chloroform
Chlorine
Propionaldehyde
Phosphine
Hydrogen sulfide
Ammonia
Acetic acid
Acetaldehyde
Hydrogen sulfide
Hydrogen sulfide
Hydrogen sulfide
Acetaldehyde
Propionaldehyde
Acetaldehyde
Ammonia
Hydrogen sulfide
Formaldehyde
Ammonia
Toluene
Ethanol
Formaldehyde
Acetaldehyde
Formaldehyde
Propionaldehyde
Propionaldehyde
Benzene
Acrolein
Benzyl chloride
Toluene
Acetaldehyde
Benzene
Acetaldehyde
Naphthalene
Carbon disulfide
Acetone
Methyl ethyl ketone
LCI Data Type Odor (m3) % of Total
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
primary
primary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
primary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
primary
model/secondary
5.69e-02
3.82e-02
3.65e-02
2.23e-02
1.79e-02
1.54e-02
8.13e-03
4.53e-03
4.21e-03
3.07e-03
1.30e-03
3.68e-04
3.10e-04
7.38e-05
3.98e-05
2.17e-05
6.16e+04
4.48e+06
3.43e+05
6.24e+04
2.23e+04
8.13e+03
4.26e+03
2.52e+03
1.10e+03
6.79e+02
4.18e+02
3.67e+02
2.47e+02
2.47e+02
1.15e+02
1.05e+02
9.09e+01
7.24e+01
7.02e+01
3.87e+01
3.50e+01
3.49e+01
1.89e+01
1.856+01
1.62e+01
1.28e+01
8.03e+00
7.30e+00
6.39e+00
3.89e+00
3.73e+00
2.78e+00
2.59e+00
2.21e+00
1.13e-06
7.58e-07
7.24e-07
4.43e-07
3.54e-07
3.06e-07
1.61e-07
8.99e-08
8.35e-08
6.08e-08
2.58e-08
7.30e-09
6.16e-09
1.46e-09
7.90e-10
4.31e-10
1.22e+00
8.89e+01
6.80e+00
1.24e+00
4.42e-01
1.61e-01
8.44e-02
5.00e-02
2.18e-02
1.35e-02
8.30e-03
7.29e-03
4.91e-03
4.90e-03
2.28e-03
2.08e-03
1.80e-03
1.44e-03
1.39e-03
7.68e-04
6.94e-04
6.93e-04
3.75e-04
3.67e-04
3.21e-04
2.55e-04
1.59e-04
1.45e-04
1.27e-04
7.71e-05
7.39e-05
5.52e-05
5.14e-05
4.38e-05
M-196
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-36. LCD LCIA Results for the Aesthetics Impact Category
Process Group
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LPG Production
Panel components
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
US electric grid
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
LPG Production
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
US electric grid
US electric grid
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
Panel components
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
Material
Acetaldehyde
Isophorone
Propionaldehyde
Phenol
Styrene
Formaldehyde
Acrolein
Methyl ethyl ketone
Benzyl chloride
Ammonia
Formaldehyde
Formaldehyde
Acrolein
Benzyl chloride
Ammonia
Methyl methacrylate
Propionaldehyde
Formaldehyde
Methyl hydrazine
Formaldehyde
Ammonia
Toluene
2-Chloroacetophenone
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Carbon disulfide
Propionaldehyde
Methyl ethyl ketone
Isophorone
o-xylene
Toluene
Phenol
Carbon disulfide
Styrene
Propionaldehyde
Methyl ethyl ketone
Isophorone
Chlorobenzene
Naphthalene
o-xylene
Toluene
Acrolein
Vinyl acetate
Phenol
Styrene
o-xylene
Benzyl chloride
Ethylacetate
Benzene
Benzene
Cumene
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
LCI Data Type Odor (m3) % of Total
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
2.07e+00
2.03e+00
1.99e+00
1.58e+00
1.42e+00
1.41e+00
1.35e+00
1.08e+00
1.07e+00
9.19e-01
8.33e-01
7.80e-01
7.31e-01
5.80e-01
4.00e-01
3.85e-01
3.75e-01
3.67e-01
3.45e-01
3.35e-01
3.00e-01
2.98e-01
2.70e-01
2.34e-01
2.32e-01
2.00e-01
1.85e-01
1.70e-01
1.40e-01
1.36e-01
1.32e-01
1.26e-01
1.18e-01
1.07e-01
9.98e-02
9.18e-02
8.48e-02
8.39e-02
8.34e-02
8.22e-02
7.71e-02
7.31e-02
7.14e-02
6.40e-02
6.36e-02
6. 11 e-02
5.82e-02
5.77e-02
4.76e-02
4.26e-02
4.11e-02
4.11e-05
4.03e-05
3.95e-05
3.13e-05
2.81e-05
2.80e-05
2.68e-05
2.14e-05
2.13e-05
1.82e-05
1.65e-05
1.55e-05
1.45e-05
1.156-05
7.93e-06
7.64e-06
7.44e-06
7.29e-06
6.84e-06
6.65e-06
5.95e-06
5.91e-06
5.35e-06
4.63e-06
4.61e-06
3.97e-06
3.66e-06
3.36e-06
2.78e-06
2.70e-06
2.62e-06
2.49e-06
2.35e-06
2.11e-06
1.98e-06
1.82e-06
1.68e-06
1.66e-06
1.65e-06
1.63e-06
1.53e-06
1.45e-06
1.42e-06
1.27e-06
1.26e-06
1.21e-06
1.15e-06
1.14e-06
9.43e-07
8.45e-07
8.15e-07
M-197
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-36. LCD LCIA Results for the Aesthetics Impact Category
Process Group
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
US electric grid
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
US electric grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
US electric grid
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LPG Production
Material
Acetophenone
Methyl methacrylate
Methyl hydrazine
Benzene
Cumene
2-Chloroacetophenone
Tetrachloroethylene
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
Benzene
Naphthalene
Methyl methacrylate
Methyl hydrazine
Acrolein
Naphthalene
Carbon disulfide
2-Chloroacetophenone
Benzyl chloride
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Methyl ethyl ketone
Isophorone
Acrolein
Phenol
Chlorobenzene
Styrene
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Benzyl chloride
Vinyl acetate
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
Acrolein
Chlorobenzene
Vinyl acetate
Benzyl chloride
Chlorine
Acetophenone
Toluene
Carbon disulfide
Cumene
Benzene
Methyl ethyl ketone
Methyl methacrylate
Isophorone
Dichloromethane
Acetophenone
Tetrachloroethylene
Methyl hydrazine
Toluene
Phenol
Carbon disulfide
2-Chloroacetophenone
Styrene
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
LCI Data Type Odor (m3) % of Total
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
3.85e-02
3.22e-02
2.88e-02
2.59e-02
2.31e-02
2.25e-02
2.00e-02
1.98e-02
1.85e-02
1.77e-02
1.74e-02
1.56e-02
1.45e-02
1.39e-02
1.32e-02
1.22e-02
1.15e-02
1.06e-02
1.05e-02
9.67e-03
7.74e-03
7.52e-03
7.08e-03
6.74e-03
6.17e-03
6.14e-03
6. 11 e-03
5.85e-03
4.13e-03
3.83e-03
3.31e-03
3.27e-03
3.25e-03
3.22e-03
2.91e-03
2.50e-03
2.43e-03
2.10e-03
1.98e-03
1.83e-03
1.82e-03
1.75e-03
1.74e-03
1.67e-03
1.64e-03
1.42e-03
1.42e-03
1.33e-03
1.28e-03
1.27e-03
1.21e-03
7.64e-07
6.38e-07
5.71e-07
5.13e-07
4.57e-07
4.476-07
3.96e-07
3.92e-07
3.66e-07
3.52e-07
3.45e-07
3.09e-07
2.88e-07
2.76e-07
2.63e-07
2.42e-07
2.28e-07
2.09e-07
2.09e-07
1.92e-07
1.54e-07
1.49e-07
1.40e-07
1.34e-07
1.22e-07
1.22e-07
1.21e-07
1.16e-07
8.18e-08
7.59e-08
6.56e-08
6.49e-08
6.45e-08
6.38e-08
5.776-08
4.95e-08
4.82e-08
4.16e-08
3.93e-08
3.64e-08
3.61e-08
3.46e-08
3.45e-08
3.31e-08
3.25e-08
2.83e-08
2.81e-08
2.64e-08
2.55e-08
2.52e-08
2.41e-08
M-198
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-36.
Process Group
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
LPG Production
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD LCIA Results for
Material
Chlorine
Methyl ethyl ketone
Isophorone
Tetrachloroethylene
Toluene
Naphthalene
Phenol
Carbon disulfide
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Styrene
o-xylene
Methyl ethyl ketone
Isophorone
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Cumene
Chlorobenzene
Phenol
Styrene
Naphthalene
Chloroform
Vinyl acetate
Methyl methacrylate
Methyl hydrazine
o-xylene
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Naphthalene
Cumene
2-Chloroacetophenone
o-xylene
Methyl methacrylate
Acetophenone
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
Methyl hydrazine
Dichloromethane
o-xylene
Cumene
2-Chloroacetophenone
Methyl methacrylate
Tetrachloroethylene
Methyl hydrazine
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
Dichloromethane
Chlorobenzene
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
2-Chloroacetophenone
Vinyl acetate
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
Chlorobenzene
Vinyl acetate
Acetophenone
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
the Aesthetics Impact Category
LCI Data Type
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
Odor (m3)
l.lle-03
1.06e-03
9.71e-04
9.02e-04
8.82e-04
7.79e-04
7.56e-04
7.09e-04
7.02e-04
6.77e-04
5.99e-04
5.63e-04
5.18e-04
5.15e-04
4.58e-04
4.03e-04
4.03e-04
3.61e-04
3.61e-04
3.50e-04
3.48e-04
3.46e-04
3.09e-04
2.82e-04
2.78e-04
2.45e-04
2.44e-04
2.42e-04
1.86e-04
1.84e-04
1.83e-04
1.79e-04
1.65e-04
1.46e-04
1.42e-04
1.30e-04
1.29e-04
9.82e-05
9.50e-05
8.79e-05
8.02e-05
7.89e-05
7.60e-05
6.92e-05
6.87e-05
6.57e-05
5.72e-05
4.05e-05
3.50e-05
3.46e-05
2.93e-05
% of Total
2.21e-08
2.10e-08
1.93e-08
1.79e-08
1.75e-08
1.54e-08
1. 50e-08
1.41e-08
1.39e-08
1.34e-08
1.19e-08
1.12e-08
1.03e-08
1.02e-08
9.08e-09
8.00e-09
7.99e-09
7.16e-09
7.16e-09
6.94e-09
6.91e-09
6.85e-09
6.13e-09
5.59e-09
5.52e-09
4.85e-09
4.84e-09
4.80e-09
3.69e-09
3.65e-09
3.64e-09
3.54e-09
3.27e-09
2.89e-09
2.82e-09
2.58e-09
2.56e-09
1.95e-09
1.88e-09
1.74e-09
1.59e-09
1.56e-09
1.51 e-09
1.37e-09
1.36e-09
1.30e-09
1.13e-09
8.04e-10
6.94e-10
6.85e-10
5.82e-10
M-199
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-36. LCD LCIA Results for the Aesthetics Impact Category
Process Group
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Total Manufacturing
Use, Maintenance and
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
Material
Chloroform
Chlorobenzene
Vinyl acetate
Acetophenone
Tetrachloroethylene
Chloroform
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Chlorine
Acetophenone
Tetrachloroethylene
Dichloromethane
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorine
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Chlorine
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Chloroform
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Dichloromethane
Dichloromethane
Dichloromethane
Chloroform
Chloroform
Chloroform
Repair Life-cycle Stage
Acetaldehyde
Propionaldehyde
Acrolein
Benzyl chloride
Formaldehyde
Carbon disulfide
Methyl ethyl ketone
Isophorone
Toluene
Phenol
Styrene
Cumene
Naphthalene
Methyl methacrylate
Methyl hydrazine
2-Chloroacetophenone
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Chlorobenzene
Vinyl acetate
Benzene
Acetophenone
Tetrachloroethylene
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
LCI Data Type Odor (m3) % of Total
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
2.92e-05
2.16e-05
1.87e-05
1.84e-05
1.79e-05
1.58e-05
1.30e-05
9.86e-06
9.82e-06
9.54e-06
8.31e-06
6.95e-06
5.53e-06
5.09e-06
4.39e-06
3.71e-06
3.17e-06
2.95e-06
1.66e-06
1.57e-06
1.57e-06
8.35e-07
4.45e-07
3.14e-07
1.67e-07
8.91e-08
4.93e+06
7.08e+04
3.64e+03
1.41e+02
1.12e+02
6.46e+01
2.42e+01
1.92e+01
1.776+01
1.58e+01
1.38e+01
1.23e+01
4.45e+00
3.42e+00
3.35e+00
3.00e+00
2.35e+00
2.03e+00
7.38e-01
6.37e-01
4.04e-01
3.35e-01
1.74e-01
1.35e-01
5.79e-10
4.28e-10
3.70e-10
3.65e-10
3.55e-10
3.13e-10
2.59e-10
1.95e-10
1.95e-10
1.89e-10
1.65e-10
1.38e-10
1.10e-10
l.Ole-10
8.71e-ll
7.356-11
6.296-11
5.85e-ll
3.30e-ll
3.12e-ll
3.116-11
1.66e-ll
8.82e-12
6.22e-12
3.32e-12
1.77e-12
9.77e+01
1.40e+00
7.22e-02
2.80e-03
2.22e-03
1.28e-03
4.80e-04
3.82e-04
3.51e-04
3.14e-04
2.73e-04
2.45e-04
8.81e-05
6.78e-05
6.65e-05
5.95e-05
4.66e-05
4.04e-05
1.46e-05
1.26e-05
8.02e-06
6.65e-06
3.45e-06
2.68e-06
M-200
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-36. LCD LCIA Results for the Aesthetics Impact Category
Process Group
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
Total Use, Maintenance and Repair
End-of-life Life-cycle Stage
LCD landfilling
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
LCD landfilling
US electric grid
LCD landfilling
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
LCD landfilling
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
LCD landfilling
US electric grid
LCD incineration
US electric grid
LCD landfilling
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LCD landfilling
LPG Production
Material
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
o-xylene
Dichloromethane
Chloroform
Hydrogen sulfide
Hydrogen sulfide
Acetaldehyde
Propionaldehyde
Acetaldehyde
Acrolein
Benzyl chloride
Toluene
Formaldehyde
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Formaldehyde
Ammonia
Carbon disulfide
Methyl ethyl ketone
Isophorone
Toluene
Propionaldehyde
Phenol
Styrene
Benzene
Cumene
Naphthalene
Methyl methacrylate
Methyl hydrazine
Benzene
2-Chloroacetophenone
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Chlorobenzene
Vinyl acetate
Acrolein
Benzyl chloride
Trichloroethylene
Benzene
Trichloroethylene
Acetophenone
Tetrachloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Toluene
Carbon disulfide
Methyl ethyl ketone
Isophorone
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Phenol
LCI Data Type Odor (m3) % of Total
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
primary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
primary
model/secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
primary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
primary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
5.37e-02
2.74e-02
1.52e-02
3.05e-03
7.49e+04
1.29e+02
2.81e+01
1.34e+01
6.91e-01
5.58e-02
2.68e-02
2.12e-02
1.92e-02
1.23e-02
9.80e-03
9.43e-03
8.59e-03
4.60e-03
3.65e-03
3.36e-03
3.01e-03
2.87e-03
2.61e-03
2.34e-03
1. 51e-03
8.43e-04
6.49e-04
6.37e-04
5.70e-04
5.25e-04
4.46e-04
3.86e-04
1.40e-04
1.21e-04
l.lle-04
8.81e-05
8.47e-05
7.67e-05
6.57e-05
6.37e-05
3.98e-05
3.30e-05
2.576-05
2.45e-05
1.91e-05
1.52e-05
1.39e-05
1.32e-05
1.08e-05
1.06e-06
5.43e-07
3.01e-07
6.04e-08
1.49e+00
2.56e-03
5.58e-04
2.66e-04
1.37e-05
l.lle-06
5.31e-07
4.21e-07
3.81e-07
2.43e-07
1.94e-07
1.87e-07
1. 70e-07
9.12e-08
7.24e-08
6.66e-08
5.96e-08
5.69e-08
5.18e-08
4.64e-08
3.00e-08
1.67e-08
1.29e-08
1.26e-08
1.13e-08
1.04e-08
8.84e-09
7.66e-09
2.78e-09
2.40e-09
2.20e-09
1.75e-09
1.68e-09
1.52e-09
1.30e-09
1.26e-09
7.90e-10
6.54e-10
5.09e-10
4.85e-10
3.78e-10
3.00e-10
2.76e-10
2.62e-10
2.15e-10
M-201
-------
APPENDIX M
Process Group
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LCD landfilling
LPG Production
US electric grid
LCD landfilling
LPG Production
LCD landfilling
LCD incineration
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Table M-36. LCD LCIA Results for
Material
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Styrene
Naphthalene
o-xylene
o-xylene
Cumene
Dichloromethane
Methyl methacrylate
Methyl hydrazine
2-Chloroacetophenone
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
Dichloromethane
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
Chloroform
Vinyl acetate
Carbon tetrachloride
Carbon tetrachloride
Acetophenone
Tetrachloroethylene
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Chlorine
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Dichloromethane
Chloroform
Chloroform
Chloroform
Dichloromethane
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Dichloromethane
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Tetrachloroethylene
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Acetophenone
Chlorine
Chlorine
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Vinyl acetate
Tetrachloroethylene
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
Acetophenone
2-Chloroacetophenone
Vinyl acetate
Methyl hydrazine
Chlorobenzene
Methyl methacrylate
Dichloromethane
Cumene
Chlorine
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
the Aesthetics Impact Category
LCI Data Type
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
model/secondary
primary
secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
Odor (m3)
1.02e-05
9.71e-06
6.89e-06
5.22e-06
5.19e-06
3.50e-06
2.88e-06
2.64e-06
2.36e-06
1.85e-06
1.62e-06
8.25e-07
5.81e-07
5.78e-07
5.08e-07
5.02e-07
3.74e-07
2.90e-07
2.64e-07
1.37e-07
9.97e-08
9.13e-08
4.23e-08
1.20e-08
2.40e-09
-3.50e-07
-1.45e-06
-1.74e-06
-6.16e-06
-7.22e-06
-1.45e-05
-2.00e-05
-2.556-05
-3.85e-05
-4.54e-05
-5.47e-05
-6.01 e-05
-7.32e-05
-8.25e-05
-8.47e-05
-8.73e-05
-1.59e-04
-2.70e-04
-3.03e-04
_3.45e-04
-3.50e-04
-3.85e-04
-4.37e-04
-5.10e-04
-6.83e-04
-8.23e-04
% of Total
2.02e-10
1.93e-10
1.37e-10
1.04e-10
1.03e-10
6.946-11
5.72e-ll
5.24e-ll
4.696-11
3.67e-ll
3.22e-ll
1.64e-ll
1.156-11
1.156-11
l.Ole-11
9.95e-12
7.41e-12
5.75e-12
5.24e-12
2.71e-12
1.98e-12
1.81e-12
8.38e-13
2.37e-13
4.75e-14
-6.93e-12
-2.876-11
-3.46e-ll
-1.22e-10
-1.43e-10
-2.88e-10
-3.966-10
-5.05e-10
-7.64e-10
-9.01e-10
-1.086-09
-1.19e-09
-1.45e-09
-1.64e-09
-1.686-09
-1.73e-09
-3.16e-09
-5.35e-09
-6.00e-09
-6.83e-09
-6.95e-09
-7.64e-09
-8.66e-09
-l.Ole-08
-1.356-08
-1.63e-08
M-202
-------
APPENDIX M
Process Group
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Table M-36. LCD LCIA Results for
Material
2-Chloroacetophenone
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
Styrene
Methyl hydrazine
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Phenol
Methyl methacrylate
Isophorone
Cumene
Methyl ethyl ketone
o-xylene
Carbon disulfide
Naphthalene
Naphthalene
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
Phenol
Isophorone
Methyl ethyl ketone
Acetophenone
Carbon disulfide
Benzyl chloride
Toluene
Acrolein
Vinyl acetate
Chlorobenzene
Toluene
o-xylene
Benzyl chloride
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Acrolein
Methyl hydrazine
Naphthalene
Methyl methacrylate
Cumene
Formaldehyde
Benzene
Benzene
Styrene
Phenol
Propionaldehyde
Toluene
Isophorone
Methyl ethyl ketone
Carbon disulfide
Propionaldehyde
Benzyl chloride
Benzene
Acrolein
Ammonia
the Aesthetics
Impact Category
LCI Data Type Odor (m3)
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
-l.lle-03
-1.23e-03
-1.42e-03
-1.43e-03
-1.53e-03
-1.58e-03
-1.59e-03
-2.03e-03
-2.11e-03
-2.21e-03
-2.76e-03
-2.78e-03
-2.92e-03
-3.59e-03
-3.64e-03
-4.97e-03
-5.86e-03
-6.53e-03
-8.40e-03
-9.13e-03
-9.66e-03
-1.15e-02
-1.28e-02
-1.34e-02
-1.62e-02
-1.83e-02
-2.12e-02
-2.86e-02
-2.94e-02
-5.31e-02
-5.48e-02
-6.69e-02
-8.64e-02
-8.91e-02
-9.66e-02
-1.28e-01
-1.64e-01
-2.66e-01
-3.23e-01
-3.55e-01
-3.96e-01
-4.18e-01
-4.73e-01
-5.09e-01
-5.54e-01
-6.97e-01
-1.73e+00
-3.22e+00
-3.89e+00
-4.06e+00
-4.24e+00
% of Total
-2.21e-08
-2.44e-08
-2.81e-08
-2.83e-08
-3.04e-08
-3.13e-08
-3.16e-08
-4.03e-08
-4.18e-08
-4.38e-08
-5.47e-08
-5.52e-08
-5.80e-08
-7.116-08
-7.23e-08
-9.86e-08
-1.16e-07
-1.30e-07
-1.67e-07
-1.81e-07
-1.91e-07
-2.28e-07
-2.55e-07
-2.66e-07
-3.21e-07
-3.64e-07
-4.21e-07
-5.66e-07
-5.84e-07
-1.05e-06
-1.09e-06
-1.33e-06
-1.71 e-06
-1.77e-06
-1.91 e-06
-2.54e-06
-3.25e-06
-5.27e-06
-6.40e-06
-7.04e-06
-7.86e-06
-8.29e-06
-9.38e-06
-l.Ole-05
-1.10e-05
-1.38e-05
-3.43e-05
-6.38e-05
-7.72e-05
-8.05e-05
-8.40e-05
M-203
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-36. LCD LCIA Results for the Aesthetics Impact Category
Process Group
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Total End-of-life
Material
Formaldehyde
Formaldehyde
Acetaldehyde
Ammonia
Acetaldehyde
Hydrogen sulfide
Ammonia
Propionaldehyde
Hydrogen sulfide
Acetaldehyde
Hydrogen sulfide
LCI Data Type
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
Odor (m3)
-5.17e+00
-6.51e+00
-8.13e+00
-1.35e+01
-3.36e+01
-5.19e+01
-5.20e+01
-1. 05e+02
-1.20e+03
-2.04e+03
-1.96e+04
-2.30e+04
% of Total
-1.03e-04
-1.29e-04
-1.61 e-04
-2.68e-04
-6.67e-04
-1.03e-03
-1.03e-03
-2.08e-03
-2.37e-02
-4.04e-02
-3.89e-01
-4.56e-01
Total All Life-cycle Stages
5.04e+06
l.OOe+02
M-204
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-37. CRT LCIA Results for the Aquatic Toxicity Impact Category
Process Group
Material
LCI Data Type
Aquatic Toxicity
(tox-kg)
% of Total
Materials Processing Life-cycle
Aluminum Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Invar
Invar
Invar
Lead
Ferrite mfg.
Aluminum Prod.
ABS Production
Lead
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Lead
Polycarbonate Production
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
Aluminum Prod.
ABS Production
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
ABS Production
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Polycarbonate Production
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
Lead
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
ABS Production
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Aluminum Prod.
Polycarbonate Production
Invar
Invar
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Lead
Polycarbonate Production
Polycarbonate Production
Aluminum Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
ABS Production
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Invar
Stage
Aluminum (+3)
Copper (+1 & +2)
Copper (+1 & +2)
Aluminum (+3)
Zinc (+2)
Aluminum (+3)
Zinc (+2)
Zinc (+2)
Ammonia
Copper (+1 & +2)
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Ammonia
Zinc (+2)
Copper (+1 &+2)
Copper (+1 &+2)
Aluminum (+3)
Barium sulfate
Aluminum (+3)
Ammonia
Copper (+1 &+2)
Copper (+1 &+2)
Copper (+1 &+2)
Titanium tetrachloride
Mercury compounds
Strontium (Sr II)
Aluminum (+3)
Ammonia
Barium sulfate
Nitrogen dioxide
Mercury compounds
Zinc (+2)
Mercury compounds
Fluorides (F-)
Lead cmpds
Zinc (+2)
Strontium (Sr II)
Titanium tetrachloride
Molybdenum (Mo II, Mo III, Mo IV,
Strontium (Sr II)
Titanium tetrachloride
Chlorine
Ammonia
Cadmium cmpds
Barium cmpds
Nitrate
Mercury compounds
Zinc (+2)
Zinc (+2)
Barium sulfate
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
Mo V, Mo VI) secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
2.76e-02
2.13e-02
l.lle-02
9.89e-03
9.00e-03
8.03e-03
6.81e-03
6.44e-03
6.17e-03
6.15e-03
4.60e-03
2.80e-03
1.83e-03
1.23e-03
1.02e-03
9.68e-04
9.07e-04
8.82e-04
8.20e-04
7.04e-04
5.62e-04
5.49e-04
4.56e-04
4.30e-04
3.19e-04
2.74e-04
2.64e-04
2.29e-04
1.98e-04
1.97e-04
1.96e-04
1.93e-04
1.93e-04
1.72e-04
1.71 e-04
1.65e-04
1.62e-04
1.55e-04
1.49e-04
1.33e-04
1.22e-04
1.19e-04
1.16e-04
9.35e-05
9.13e-05
8.00e-05
7.82e-05
7.64e-05
6.91e-05
1.23e+01
9.46e+00
4.96e+00
4.40e+00
4.00e+00
3.57e+00
3.03e+00
2.86e+00
2.74e+00
2.73e+00
2.04e+00
1.24e+00
8.16e-01
5.45e-01
4.52e-01
4.31e-01
4.03e-01
3.92e-01
3.65e-01
3.13e-01
2.50e-01
2.44e-01
2.03e-01
1.91e-01
1.42e-01
1.22e-01
1.18e-01
1.02e-01
8.79e-02
8.77e-02
8.72e-02
8.57e-02
8.57e-02
7.64e-02
7.59e-02
7.36e-02
7.22e-02
6.89e-02
6.63e-02
5.93e-02
5.42e-02
5.28e-02
5.16e-02
4.16e-02
4.06e-02
3.56e-02
3.48e-02
3.40e-02
3.08e-02
M-205
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-37. CRT LCIA Results for the Aquatic Toxicity Impact Category
Process Group
Material
LCI Data Type
Aquatic Toxicity
(tox-kg)
% of Total
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Lead
ABS Production
Invar
ABS Production
Polycarbonate Production
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Lead
Invar
Polystyrene Prod., high-impact
Ferrite mfg.
Lead
Invar
Aluminum Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Aluminum Prod.
Invar
Lead
Aluminum Prod.
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Aluminum Prod.
Lead
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Aluminum Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Aluminum Prod.
Invar
Invar
Lead
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
Lead
Lead
Invar
Aluminum Prod.
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Barium sulfate secondary
Barium sulfate secondary
Xylene (mixed isomers) secondary
Strontium (Sr II) secondary
Nitrate secondary
Lead cmpds secondary
Chlorine secondary
Phenol secondary
Chlorine secondary
Lead cmpds secondary
Molybdenum (Mo II, Mo III, Mo IV, Mo V, Mo VI) secondary
Ammonia secondary
Strontium (Sr II) secondary
Molybdenum (Mo II, Mo III, Mo IV, Mo V, Mo VI) secondary
Barium cmpds secondary
Nickel cmpds secondary
Chromium (III) secondary
Nickel cmpds secondary
Silver compounds secondary
Aromatic hydrocarbons secondary
Xylene (mixed isomers) secondary
Barium cmpds secondary
Manganese cmpds secondary
Phosphorus (yellow or white) secondary
Manganese cmpds secondary
Xylene (mixed isomers) secondary
Phosphorus (yellow or white) secondary
Fluoride secondary
Nitrate secondary
Lead cmpds secondary
Vanadium (V3+, V5+) secondary
Selenium secondary
Barium cmpds secondary
Titanium tetrachloride secondary
Aromatic hydrocarbons secondary
Aluminum (+3) secondary
Manganese cmpds secondary
Aromatic hydrocarbons secondary
Xylene (mixed isomers) secondary
Cadmium cmpds secondary
Chromium (III) secondary
Nickel cmpds secondary
Tin (Sn++, Sn4+) secondary
Lead cmpds secondary
Chromium (III) secondary
Fluoride secondary
Fluoride secondary
Arsenic cmpds secondary
Silver compounds secondary
Silver compounds secondary
6.87e-05
6.75e-05
6.51e-05
6.40e-05
6.01e-05
5.876-05
5.59e-05
5.556-05
5.46e-05
5.41e-05
5.40e-05
5.18e-05
4.84e-05
4.68e-05
3.86e-05
3.82e-05
3.20e-05
3.03e-05
2.83e-05
2.83e-05
2.44e-05
2.43e-05
2.28e-05
2.21e-05
2.10e-05
1.93e-05
1.86e-05
1.82e-05
1.80e-05
1.74e-05
1.63e-05
1.59e-05
1.55e-05
1.50e-05
1.476-05
1.44e-05
1.32e-05
1.30e-05
1.26e-05
1.26e-05
1.14e-05
1.12e-05
1.04e-05
1.02e-05
9.38e-06
8.91e-06
8.80e-06
8.57e-06
8.56e-06
8.35e-06
3.05e-02
3.00e-02
2.89e-02
2.84e-02
2.67e-02
2.61e-02
2.49e-02
2.47e-02
2.43e-02
2.41e-02
2.40e-02
2.30e-02
2.15e-02
2.08e-02
1.72e-02
1.70e-02
1.42e-02
1.35e-02
1.26e-02
1.26e-02
1.08e-02
1.08e-02
1.01 e-02
9.85e-03
9.36e-03
8.56e-03
8.29e-03
8.09e-03
8.01e-03
7.74e-03
7.24e-03
7.05e-03
6.90e-03
6.66e-03
6.52e-03
6.39e-03
5.87e-03
5.78e-03
5.61e-03
5.60e-03
5.09e-03
4.99e-03
4.63e-03
4.55e-03
4.17e-03
3.96e-03
3.91e-03
3.81e-03
3.81e-03
3.72e-03
M-206
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-37. CRT LCIA Results for the Aquatic Toxicity Impact Category
Process Group
Ferrite mfg.
Polycarbonate Production
Ferrite mfg.
Aluminum Prod.
Lead
Invar
Invar
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Invar
Lead
Lead
Aluminum Prod.
Ferrite mfg.
Aluminum Prod.
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
ABS Production
Invar
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Lead
Lead
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Lead
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
Lead
Lead
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Ferrite mfg.
Ferrite mfg.
Polystyrene Prod., high-impact
ABS Production
Polycarbonate Production
Polycarbonate Production
Lead
Lead
Material
Nitrate
Aluminum (+3)
Barium cmpds
Benzene
Manganese cmpds
Toluene
Vanadium (V3+, V5+)
Nitrate
Selenium
Vanadium (V3+, V5+)
Selenium
Toluene
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Phenol
Benzene
Phenol
Benzene
Phenol
Arsenic cmpds
Tin (Sn++, Sn4+)
Chlorine
Phenol
Cobalt (Co I, Co II, Co III)
Molybdenum (Mo II, Mo III, Mo IV, Mo V, Mo VI)
Cadmium cmpds
Arsenic cmpds
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Cyanide (-1)
Boric acid
Toluene
Manganese cmpds
Phenol
Fluoride
Cobalt (Co I, Co II, Co III)
Ethylbenzene
Ethylbenzene
Nickel cmpds
Mercury compounds
Benzene
Nitrites
Chromium (VI)
Nickel cmpds
Benzene
Chromium (III)
Phenol
Nickel cmpds
Nickel (+2)
Nitrate
Toluene
Phenol
LCI Data Type
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
Aquatic Toxicity
(tox-kg)
8.08e-06
8.02e-06
7.00e-06
6.79e-06
6.47e-06
6.23e-06
6.00e-06
5.79e-06
5.69e-06
4.75e-06
4.63e-06
4.24e-06
4.10e-06
3.79e-06
3.63e-06
3.55e-06
3.54e-06
3.49e-06
3.05e-06
3.03e-06
3.01e-06
2.93e-06
2.88e-06
2.84e-06
2.68e-06
2.49e-06
2.44e-06
2.37e-06
2.27e-06
2.22e-06
2.10e-06
1.99e-06
1.85e-06
1.84e-06
1.77e-06
1.76e-06
1.60e-06
1.39e-06
1.32e-06
1.25e-06
1.23e-06
1.19e-06
1.08e-06
1.08e-06
1.07e-06
1.01 e-06
9.23e-07
9.23e-07
8.22e-07
8.16e-07
% of Total
3.59e-03
3.56e-03
3.11e-03
3.02e-03
2.88e-03
2.77e-03
2.67e-03
2.58e-03
2.53e-03
2.11e-03
2.06e-03
1.89e-03
1.82e-03
1.69e-03
1.61 e-03
1.58e-03
1.58e-03
1.55e-03
1.35e-03
1.35e-03
1.34e-03
1.30e-03
1.28e-03
1.26e-03
1.19e-03
l.lle-03
1.08e-03
1.05e-03
1.01 e-03
9.87e-04
9.32e-04
8.85e-04
8.21e-04
8.16e-04
7.87e-04
7.81e-04
7.10e-04
6.20e-04
5.86e-04
5.58e-04
5.48e-04
5.31e-04
4.82e-04
4.81e-04
4.75e-04
4.49e-04
4.11e-04
4.11e-04
3.66e-04
3.63e-04
M-207
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-37. CRT LCIA Results for the Aquatic Toxicity Impact Category
Process Group
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
Ferrite mfg.
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Polystyrene Prod., high-impact
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Ferrite mfg.
Aluminum Prod.
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Lead
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Lead
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Aluminum Prod.
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Lead
Material
Chromium (III)
Molybdenum (Mo II, Mo III, Mo IV, Mo V, Mo VI)
Vanadium (V3+, V5+)
Toluene
Boric acid
Boric acid
Nitrate
Vanadium (V3+, V5+)
Cadmium cmpds
Cyanide (-1)
Nitrites
Selenium
Phenol
Titanium tetrachloride
Ethylbenzene
Nitrates/nitrites
Nickel (+2)
Cyanide (-1)
Cyanide (-1)
Boron (B III)
Arsenic cmpds
Arsenic cmpds
Nitrites
Chlorine
Chlorine
Rubidium ion (Rb+)
Boron (B III)
Nitrates/nitrites
Cobalt (Co I, Co II, Co III)
Selenium
Mercury compounds
Mercury compounds
Rubidium ion (Rb+)
Rubidium ion (Rb+)
Boron (B III)
Nitrites
Chromium (VI)
Phosphorus pentoxide
Chromium (VI)
Boron (B III)
Hydrazine
Morpholine
Chromium (VI)
Phosphorus pentoxide
Phosphorus pentoxide
Hydrazine
Hydrazine
Morpholine
Morpholine
Chromium (VI)
LCI Data Type
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
Aquatic Toxicity
(tox-kg)
8.02e-07
7.99e-07
6.83e-07
6.82e-07
6.44e-07
6.29e-07
6.05e-07
5.94e-07
5.89e-07
5.64e-07
5.52e-07
5.52e-07
5.50e-07
5.28e-07
5.20e-07
4.69e-07
4.14e-07
3.97e-07
3.79e-07
3.27e-07
2.96e-07
2.77e-07
2.656-07
2.51e-07
2.45e-07
2.42e-07
1.976-07
1.94e-07
1.76e-07
1.59e-07
9.86e-08
9.63e-08
7.31e-08
7.14e-08
7.04e-08
3.83e-08
3.25e-08
3.11e-08
2.76e-08
2.32e-08
2.30e-08
1.88e-08
9.21e-09
9.09e-09
8.87e-09
6.52e-09
6.37e-09
5.32e-09
5.19e-09
4.46e-09
% of Total
3.57e-04
3.55e-04
3.04e-04
3.04e-04
2.86e-04
2.80e-04
2.69e-04
2.64e-04
2.62e-04
2.51e-04
2.46e-04
2.45e-04
2.45e-04
2.35e-04
2.31e-04
2.09e-04
1.84e-04
1.77e-04
1.69e-04
1.46e-04
1.31e-04
1.23e-04
1.18e-04
1.12e-04
1.09e-04
1.08e-04
8.74e-05
8.63e-05
7.82e-05
7.09e-05
4.39e-05
4.28e-05
3.25e-05
3.17e-05
3.13e-05
1.71e-05
1.45e-05
1.38e-05
1.23e-05
1.03e-05
1.02e-05
8.35e-06
4.09e-06
4.04e-06
3.94e-06
2.90e-06
2.83e-06
2.36e-06
2.31e-06
1.99e-06
M-208
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-37. CRT LCIA Results for the Aquatic Toxicity Impact Category
Process Group
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
Aluminum Prod.
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
Lead
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
Total Materials Processing
Manufacturing Life-cycle Stage
CRT tube mfg.
CRT tube mfg.
Glass/frit
CRT tube mfg.
CRT tube mfg.
Material
Hypochlorous acid
Hypochlorous acid
Hypochlorous acid
Cobalt (Co I, Co II, Co III)
Dichloromethane
Dichloromethane
Dichloromethane
Triethylene glycol
Acetic acid
Acetic acid
Triethylene glycol
Triethylene glycol
Triethylene glycol
Triethylene glycol
Nitrites
Halogenated matter (organic)
Halogenated matter (organic)
Edetic acid (EDTA)
Edetic acid (EDTA)
Edetic acid (EDTA)
Tin (Sn++, Sn4+)
Chloroform
Chloroform
Chloroform
Lithium salts
Trichloroethylene
Trichloroethylene
Trichloroethylene
Lithium salts
Lithium salts
Formaldehyde
Formaldehyde
Formaldehyde
Tetrachloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Hexachloroethane
Hexachloroethane
Hexachloroethane
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Fluoride
Fluorides (F-)
Zinc (elemental)
Copper
LCI Data Type
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
Aquatic Toxicity
(tox-kg)
3.54e-09
3.52e-09
3.46e-09
3.14e-09
2.00e-09
1.98e-09
1.95e-09
1.73e-09
1.51e-09
1.48e-09
1.38e-09
1.37e-09
1.35e-09
1.30e-09
4.82e-10
2.74e-10
2.68e-10
1.27e-10
3.60e-ll
3.52e-ll
7.28e-12
3.23e-12
3.21e-12
3.15e-12
2.38e-12
1.61e-12
1. 60e-12
1.57e-12
6.75e-13
6.59e-13
1.22e-13
1.19e-13
1.18e-13
8.60e-14
8.47e-14
8.27e-14
6.01e-14
5.94e-14
5.86e-14
3.60e-16
3.58e-16
3.52e-16
1.36e-01
5.94e-02
6.91e-03
5.87e-03
5.12e-03
4.78e-03
% of Total
1.58e-06
1.56e-06
1.54e-06
1.40e-06
8.88e-07
8.82e-07
8.67e-07
7.71e-07
6.73e-07
6.57e-07
6.14e-07
6.09e-07
5.99e-07
5.76e-07
2.14e-07
1.22e-07
1.19e-07
5.66e-08
1. 60e-08
1.56e-08
3.24e-09
1.44e-09
1.43e-09
1.40e-09
1.06e-09
7.16e-10
7.10e-10
6.99e-10
3.00e-10
2.93e-10
5.42e-ll
5.296-11
5.23e-ll
3.82e-ll
3.77e-ll
3.686-11
2.67e-ll
2.64e-ll
2.60e-ll
1.60e-13
1.59e-13
1.56e-13
6.04e+01
2.64e+01
3.07e+00
2.61e+00
2.28e+00
2.13e+00
M-209
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-37. CRT LCIA Results for the Aquatic Toxicity Impact Category
Process Group
LPG Production
LPG Production
CRT tube mfg.
LPG Production
Glass/frit
LPG Production
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
CRT tube mfg.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
CRT tube mfg.
LPG Production
CRT tube mfg.
CRT tube mfg.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LPG Production
Glass/frit
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
Glass/frit
LPG Production
Glass/frit
Natural Gas Prod.
LPG Production
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LPG Production
Material
Phenol
Aluminum (+3)
Nickel
Nitrate
Lead
Fluorides (F-)
Copper (+1 & +2)
Phenol
Phenol
Aluminum (+3)
Manganese
Aluminum (+3)
Lead
Zinc (+2)
Molybdenum
Cyanide (-1)
Phenol
Aluminum (+3)
Fluorides (F-)
Nitrate
Nitrate
Fluorides (F-)
Zinc (+2)
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Nickel
Barium cmpds
Fluorides (F-)
Nitrates/nitrites
Chromium (VI)
Chromium
Phenol
Chromium (III)
Cadmium cmpds
Copper (+1 & +2)
Aluminum (+3)
Copper (+1 & +2)
Nitrate
Nitrate
Lead cmpds
Fluorides (F-)
Toluene
Zinc (+2)
Zinc (+2)
Copper (+1 & +2)
Chromium (VI)
Nickel cmpds
Chromium (III)
Mercury compounds
Zinc (+2)
Cyanide (-1)
LCI Data Type
secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
primary
secondary
primary
primary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
Aquatic Toxicity
(tox-kg)
4.25e-03
2.46e-03
1.59e-04
1.21e-04
8.68e-05
6.81e-05
1.55e-05
1.44e-05
1.19e-05
8.32e-06
7.21e-06
6.90e-06
6.03e-06
4.34e-06
3.77e-06
1.21e-06
9.69e-07
5.61e-07
5.50e-07
4.85e-07
3.45e-07
2.14e-07
1.94e-07
1.75e-07
1.64e-07
1.42e-07
1.19e-07
1.14e-07
1.02e-07
9.86e-08
8.65e-08
7.28e-08
6.89e-08
5.24e-08
4.97e-08
4.34e-08
3.01e-08
2.93e-08
2.30e-08
2.28e-08
2.14e-08
1.97e-08
1.25e-08
3.53e-09
3.06e-09
2.78e-09
2.20e-09
1.25e-09
1.10e-09
8.17e-10
% of Total
1.89e+00
1.09e+00
7.05e-02
5.39e-02
3.86e-02
3.03e-02
6.89e-03
6.39e-03
5.30e-03
3.70e-03
3.21e-03
3.07e-03
2.68e-03
1.93e-03
1.68e-03
5.39e-04
4.31e-04
2.49e-04
2.44e-04
2.16e-04
1.54e-04
9.50e-05
8.61e-05
7.78e-05
7.30e-05
6.32e-05
5.30e-05
5.09e-05
4.52e-05
4.39e-05
3.85e-05
3.24e-05
3.06e-05
2.33e-05
2.21e-05
1.93e-05
1.34e-05
1.31e-05
1.02e-05
l.Ole-05
9.51e-06
8.75e-06
5.57e-06
1.57e-06
1.36e-06
1.24e-06
9.77e-07
5.56e-07
4.90e-07
3.63e-07
M-210
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-37.
Process Group
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Total Manufacturing
CRT LCIA Results for the Aquatic Toxicity Impact Category
Material
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Barium cmpds
Barium cmpds
Copper (+1 & +2)
Chromium (VI)
Halogenated matter (organic)
Cadmium cmpds
Cadmium cmpds
Chromium (III)
Chromium (VI)
Chromium (III)
Lead cmpds
Toluene
Lead cmpds
Toluene
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Barium cmpds
Cadmium cmpds
Chromium (VI)
Chromium (III)
Nickel cmpds
Nickel cmpds
Lead cmpds
Toluene
Mercury compounds
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Mercury compounds
Barium cmpds
Cyanide (-1)
Cyanide (-1)
Cadmium cmpds
Halogenated matter (organic)
Halogenated matter (organic)
Nickel cmpds
Lead cmpds
Toluene
Mercury compounds
Cyanide (-1)
Nickel cmpds
Halogenated matter (organic)
Mercury compounds
Cyanide (-1)
Halogenated matter (organic)
LCI Data Type
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
Aquatic Toxicity
(tox-kg)
5.92e-10
4.91e-10
4.81e-10
3.99e-10
3.13e-10
2.51e-10
2.33e-10
2.33e-10
1.93e-10
1.80e-10
1.48e-10
1.06e-10
7.78e-ll
7.23e-ll
6.45e-ll
6.006-11
3.99e-ll
3.24e-ll
1.57e-ll
1.34e-ll
9.60e-12
9.42e-12
7.81e-12
5.24e-12
4.88e-12
4.23e-12
3.54e-12
3.51e-12
2.87e-12
2.76e-12
2.29e-12
1.39e-12
7.89e-13
6.55e-13
6.35e-13
4.65e-13
4.32e-13
2.85e-13
1.86e-13
5.63e-14
5.32e-14
2.53e-14
1.65e-14
4.72e-15
8.93e-02
% of Total
2.63e-07
2.18e-07
2.14e-07
1.77e-07
1.39e-07
1.12e-07
1.04e-07
1.04e-07
8.59e-08
8.01e-08
6.58e-08
4.72e-08
3.46e-08
3.22e-08
2.87e-08
2.67e-08
1.78e-08
1.44e-08
6.98e-09
5.95e-09
4.27e-09
4.19e-09
3.47e-09
2.33e-09
2.17e-09
1.88e-09
1.57e-09
1.56e-09
1.28e-09
1.23e-09
1.02e-09
6.19e-10
3.51e-10
2.91e-10
2.82e-10
2.07e-10
1.92e-10
1.27e-10
8.28e-ll
2.506-11
2.37e-ll
1.12e-ll
7.34e-12
2.10e-12
3.97e+01
Use, Maintenance and Repair Life-cycle Stage
Total Use, Maintenance and
End-of-life Life-cycle Stage
CRT landfilling
Repair
Ammonia
primary
O.OOe+00
7.71e-05
O.OOe+00
3.43e-02
M-211
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-37. CRT LCIA Results for the Aquatic Toxicity Impact Category
Process Group
CRT Incineration
CRT landfilHng
CRT Incineration
CRT landfillirig
CRT Incineration
CRT landfillirig
LPG Production
CRT Incineration
LPG Production
CRT landfillirig
CRT Incineration
CRT landfillirig
CRT Incineration
CRT landfilling
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
CRT landfilling
CRT landfilling
CRT landfilling
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
CRT landfilling
LPG Production
CRT Incineration
CRT landfilling
LPG Production
CRT Incineration
CRT landfilling
LPG Production
CRT Incineration
CRT landfilling
CRT Incineration
CRT landfilling
CRT Incineration
CRT landfilling
CRT Incineration
CRT landfilling
LPG Production
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
CRT landfilling
CRT landfilling
CRT Incineration
CRT landfilling
CRT Incineration
CRT landfilling
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
Material
Silver compounds
Silver compounds
Barium cmpds
Cadmium cmpds
Cadmium cmpds
Barium cmpds
Phenol
Chromium (VI)
Aluminum (+3)
Mercury compounds
Mercury compounds
Arsenic cmpds
Arsenic cmpds
Chromium (VI)
Lead cmpds
Chromium (III)
Lead cmpds
Chromium (III)
Xylene (mixed isomers)
o-xylene
Toluene
Toluene
Nitrate
Ethylbenzene
Ethylbenzene
Fluorides (F-)
Tetrachloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Copper (+1 & +2)
Benzene
Benzene
Selenium
Selenium
Carbon tetrachloride
Carbon tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Trichloroethylene
Zinc (+2)
Chloroform
Vinyl chloride
Chloroform
Vinyl chloride
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Dichloromethane
Dichloromethane
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Barium cmpds
Chromium (VI)
Chromium (III)
LCI Data Type
secondary
primary
secondary
primary
secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
primary
secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
primary
primary
primary
secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
primary
secondary
primary
secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
primary
secondary
primary
secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
Aquatic Toxicity
(tox-kg)
5.15e-06
4.80e-06
1.14e-07
9.64e-08
9.33e-08
9.07e-08
3.67e-08
2.19e-08
2.12e-08
2.04e-08
2.00e-08
1.84e-08
1.77e-08
1.66e-08
1.60e-08
1.57e-08
1.56e-08
1.19e-08
4.17e-09
2.68e-09
2.53e-09
2.36e-09
1.05e-09
9.51e-10
8.86e-10
5.88e-10
1.45e-10
1.35e-10
1.34e-10
9.63e-ll
8.98e-ll
8.22e-ll
8.08e-ll
5.89e-ll
5.49e-ll
4.456-11
4.15e-ll
3.74e-ll
2.38e-ll
2.38e-ll
2.22e-ll
2.22e-ll
1.25e-ll
1.176-11
8.25e-12
7.69e-12
1.51e-12
1.23e-12
8.76e-13
6.29e-13
% of Total
2.29e-03
2.14e-03
5.07e-05
4.29e-05
4.15e-05
4.03e-05
1.63e-05
9.72e-06
9.44e-06
9.07e-06
8.89e-06
8.20e-06
7.89e-06
7.39e-06
7.10e-06
6.97e-06
6.92e-06
5.30e-06
1.86e-06
1.19e-06
1.12e-06
1.05e-06
4.65e-07
4.23e-07
3.94e-07
2.61e-07
6.45e-08
6.02e-08
5.94e-08
4.28e-08
3.99e-08
3.66e-08
3.59e-08
2.62e-08
2.44e-08
1.98e-08
1.84e-08
1.66e-08
1.06e-08
1.06e-08
9.89e-09
9.86e-09
5.57e-09
5.19e-09
3.67e-09
3.42e-09
6.72e-10
5.46e-10
3.90e-10
2.80e-10
M-212
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-37. CRT LCIA Results for the Aquatic Toxicity Impact Category
Process Group
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Material
Cadmium cmpds
Lead cmpds
Toluene
Nickel cmpds
Mercury compounds
Cyanide (-1)
Halogenated matter (organic)
Halogenated matter (organic)
Cyanide (-1)
Mercury compounds
Nickel cmpds
Halogenated matter (organic)
Cyanide (-1)
Toluene
Lead cmpds
Nickel cmpds
Halogenated matter (organic)
Cadmium cmpds
Barium cmpds
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Cyanide (-1)
Mercury compounds
Nickel cmpds
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Toluene
Lead cmpds
Chromium (III)
Chromium (VI)
Copper (+1 & +2)
Cadmium cmpds
Barium cmpds
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Chromium (III)
Chromium (VI)
Copper (+1 & +2)
Zinc (+2)
Zinc (+2)
Nitrate
Aluminum (+3)
Copper (+1 & +2)
Phenol
Fluorides (F-)
Zinc (+2)
Fluorides (F-)
Nitrate
Aluminum (+3)
Phenol
Nitrate
Aluminum (+3)
LCI Data Type
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
Aquatic Toxicity
(tox-kg)
5.94e-13
1.98e-13
1.85e-13
2.40e-14
1.08e-14
7.05e-15
2.01e-15
-2.37e-15
-8.28e-15
-1.27e-14
-2.82e-14
-3.67e-14
-1.29e-13
-2.17e-13
-2.33e-13
-4.38e-13
-5.72e-13
-6.98e-13
-1.44e-12
-1.77e-12
-2.00e-12
-3.06e-12
-6.82e-12
-2.75e-ll
-5.246-11
-5.64e-ll
-1.03e-10
-1.44e-10
-1.57e-10
-1.69e-10
-3.48e-10
-4.29e-10
-1.10e-09
-1.54e-09
-2.44e-09
-8.28e-09
-1.19e-08
-1.51e-08
-2.49e-08
-3.80e-08
-4.34e-08
-5.98e-08
-9.71e-08
-2.45e-07
-3.156-07
-3.87e-07
-6.69e-07
-3.60e-06
-6.03e-06
% of Total
2.64e-10
8.826-11
8.21e-ll
1.076-11
4.80e-12
3.14e-12
8.96e-13
-1.05e-12
-3.68e-12
-5.64e-12
-1.25e-ll
-1.636-11
-5.71e-ll
-9.64e-ll
-1.04e-10
-1.95e-10
-2.54e-10
-3.10e-10
-6.41e-10
-7.89e-10
-8.91e-10
-1.36e-09
-3.03e-09
-1.22e-08
-2.33e-08
-2.51e-08
-4.59e-08
-6.40e-08
-6.98e-08
-7.51e-08
-1.55e-07
-1.91e-07
-4.90e-07
-6.83e-07
-1.08e-06
-3.68e-06
-5.27e-06
-6.71e-06
-l.lle-05
-1.69e-05
-1.93e-05
-2.66e-05
-4.32e-05
-1.09e-04
-1.40e-04
-1.72e-04
-2.97e-04
-1. 60e-03
-2.68e-03
M-213
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-37. CRT LCIA Results for the Aquatic Toxicity Impact Category
Process Group
Material
LCI Data Type
Aquatic Toxicity % of Total
(tox-kg)
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
Total End-of-life
Phenol
Fluorides (F-)
Ammonia
secondary
secondary
secondary
-1.04e-05 -4.63e-03
-1.51e-05 -6.73e-03
-3.00e-04 -1.34e-01
-2.50e-04 -l.lle-01
Total All Life-cycle Stages
2.25e-01
l.OOe+02
M-214
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-38. LCD LCIA Results for the Aquatic Toxicity Impact Category
Process Group
Material
LCI Data Type
Aquatic Toxicity
(tox-kg)
% of Total
Materials Processing Life-cycle
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Polycarbonate Production
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Aluminum Prod.
PET Resin Production
Polycarbonate Production
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Polycarbonate Production
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Polycarbonate Production
Polycarbonate Production
Aluminum Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Aluminum Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
PET Resin Production
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Polycarbonate Production
PET Resin Production
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Natural Gas Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Aluminum Prod.
Stage
Ammonia
Aluminum (+3)
Copper (+1 & +2)
Zinc (+2)
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Ammonia
Copper (+1 & +2)
Copper (+1 & +2)
Copper (+1 & +2)
Barium sulfate
Copper (+1 & +2)
Mercury compounds
Copper (+1 & +2)
Mercury compounds
Titanium tetrachloride
Aluminum (+3)
Strontium (Sr II)
Nitrogen dioxide
Zinc (+2)
Zinc (+2)
Fluorides (F-)
Mercury compounds
Strontium (Sr II)
Zinc (+2)
Chlorine
Ammonia
Lead cmpds
Molybdenum (Mo II, Mo III, Mo IV,
Chlorine
Cadmium cmpds
Mercury compounds
Barium cmpds
Nitrate
Barium sulfate
Zinc (+2)
Zinc (+2)
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Phenol
Chlorine
Chlorine
Nickel cmpds
Silver compounds
Zinc (+2)
Chromium (III)
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Phenol
Lead cmpds
Manganese cmpds
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
Mo V, Mo VI) secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
3.29e-02
1.03e-02
7.92e-03
2.40e-03
2.25e-03
1.37e-03
6.84e-04
5.09e-04
4.98e-04
3.38e-04
2.41e-04
2.40e-04
2.40e-04
1.79e-04
1.70e-04
1.34e-04
1.19e-04
9.68e-05
9.60e-05
9.53e-05
9.44e-05
8.42e-05
7.31e-05
7.08e-05
6.81e-05
6.63e-05
6.40e-05
5.76e-05
5.06e-05
4.32e-05
3.92e-05
3.48e-05
3.40e-05
3.36e-05
3.35e-05
3.34e-05
3.19e-05
3.10e-05
2.40e-05
2.39e-05
1.42e-05
1.39e-05
1.35e-05
1.19e-05
1.05e-05
1.04e-05
8.52e-06
8.48e-06
6.34e-01
1.98e-01
1.53e-01
4.62e-02
4.34e-02
2.64e-02
1.32e-02
9.81e-03
9.60e-03
6.51e-03
4.64e-03
4.63e-03
4.63e-03
3.44e-03
3.28e-03
2.58e-03
2.29e-03
1.87e-03
1.85e-03
1.84e-03
1.82e-03
1.62e-03
1.41e-03
1.37e-03
1.31e-03
1.28e-03
1.23e-03
l.lle-03
9.77e-04
8.34e-04
7.56e-04
6.72e-04
6.55e-04
6.49e-04
6.47e-04
6.44e-04
6.15e-04
5.98e-04
4.62e-04
4.61e-04
2.74e-04
2.68e-04
2.61e-04
2.30e-04
2.03e-04
2.00e-04
1.64e-04
1.64e-04
M-215
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-38. LCD LCIA Results for the Aquatic Toxicity Impact Category
Process Group
Natural Gas Prod.
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Aluminum Prod.
Polycarbonate Production
Natural Gas Prod.
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Aluminum Prod.
PET Resin Production
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
PET Resin Production
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Polycarbonate Production
Polycarbonate Production
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Natural Gas Prod.
PET Resin Production
PET Resin Production
PET Resin Production
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Material
Fluorides (F-)
Cyanide (-1)
Barium cmpds
Fluoride
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Aluminum (+3)
Vanadium (V3+, V5+)
Phenol
Selenium
Tin (Sn++, Sn4+)
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Aluminum (+3)
Aluminum (+3)
Aluminum (+3)
Arsenic cmpds
Nitrate
Benzene
Nitrates/nitrites
Nitrate
Phenol
Benzene
Toluene
Aluminum (+3)
Chlorine
Phenol
Molybdenum (Mo II, Mo III,
Cadmium cmpds
Phenol
Phenol
Cyanide (-1)
Boric acid
Toluene
Manganese cmpds
Nickel cmpds
Ethylbenzene
Chromium (VI)
Nickel cmpds
Nickel (+2)
Nitrate
Nitrites
Chromium (III)
Vanadium (V3+, V5+)
Titanium tetrachloride
Chromium (VI)
Mercury
Nickel (+2)
Nitrate
Nickel (+2)
Chromium (III)
Cyanide (-1)
Arsenic cmpds
Aquatic Toxicity
LCI Data Type (tox-kg) %
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
Mo IV, Mo V, Mo VI) secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
8.33e-06
7.67e-06
7.60e-06
6.78e-06
6.37e-06
6.28e-06
6.06e-06
6.04e-06
5.90e-06
5.10e-06
4.70e-06
4.48e-06
3.47e-06
3.33e-06
3.19e-06
2.53e-06
2.53e-06
2.22e-06
2.10e-06
1.74e-06
1.74e-06
1.58e-06
1.58e-06
1.47e-06
1.41e-06
1.39e-06
1.31e-06
1.28e-06
1.18e-06
1.16e-06
l.lle-06
1.09e-06
1.03e-06
9.15e-07
8.61e-07
6.04e-07
5.85e-07
5.16e-07
5.16e-07
4.67e-07
3.93e-07
2.91e-07
2.59e-07
2.14e-07
1.82e-07
1.82e-07
1.82e-07
1.81e-07
1.54e-07
1.41e-07
1.36e-07
of Total
1.61e-04
1.48e-04
1.47e-04
1.31e-04
1.23e-04
1.21e-04
1.17e-04
1.17e-04
1.14e-04
9.84e-05
9.06e-05
8.63e-05
6.69e-05
6.42e-05
6.15e-05
4.88e-05
4.88e-05
4.28e-05
4.05e-05
3.35e-05
3.35e-05
3.04e-05
3.04e-05
2.84e-05
2.72e-05
2.69e-05
2.53e-05
2.47e-05
2.27e-05
2.24e-05
2.15e-05
2.10e-05
1.98e-05
1.76e-05
1.66e-05
1.16e-05
1.13e-05
9.95e-06
9.95e-06
9.01e-06
7.58e-06
5.61e-06
4.99e-06
4.13e-06
3.50e-06
3.50e-06
3.50e-06
3.49e-06
2.96e-06
2.72e-06
2.62e-06
M-216
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-38. LCD LCIA Results for the Aquatic Toxicity Impact Category
Process Group
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Aluminum Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Total Materials Processing
Manufacturing Life-cycle Stage
Monitor/module
Panel components
Monitor/module
Monitor/module
Monitor/module
Monitor/module
LCD glass mfg.
LPG Production
LPG Production
Monitor/module
Monitor/module
Monitor/module
LPG Production
LCD glass mfg.
LPG Production
Material
Rubidium ion (Rb+)
Nitrates/nitrites
Selenium
Boron (B III)
Copper (+1 & +2)
Phosphorus pentoxide
Hydrazine
Morpholine
Chromium (VI)
Hypochlorous acid
Cobalt (Co I, Co II, Co III)
Dichloromethane
Triethylene glycol
Triethylene glycol
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Nitrites
Barium cmpds
Cadmium cmpds
Edetic acid (EDTA)
Lead cmpds
Toluene
Nickel cmpds
Mercury compounds
Chloroform
Lithium salts
Cyanide (-1)
Trichloroethylene
Halogenated matter (organic)
Formaldehyde
Tetrachloroethylene
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Hexachloroethane
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Fluorides (F-)
Copper
Hexane
Zinc (elemental)
Fluorides (F-)
Phenol
Aluminum (+3)
Lead
Chromium
Cyanide (-1)
Nitrate
Lead
Fluorides (F-)
Aquatic Toxicity
LCI Data Type (tox-kg) %
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
secondary
secondary
primary
primary
primary
secondary
primary
secondary
1.19e-07
9.51e-08
7.81e-08
3.45e-08
2.19e-08
1.53e-08
1.13e-08
9.20e-09
3.43e-09
1.72e-09
1.54e-09
9.72e-10
6.72e-10
6.46e-10
2.47e-10
2.36e-10
2.01e-10
9.72e-ll
6.24e-ll
3.25e-ll
3.026-11
3.93e-12
1.77e-12
1.57e-12
1.17e-12
1.15e-12
7.83e-13
3.29e-13
5.776-14
4.21e-14
2.91e-14
1.75e-16
6.19e-02
5.06e+00
2.92e-02
2.56e-02
2.44e-03
1.18e-03
9.73e-04
2.72e-04
2.04e-04
1.18e-04
1.23e-05
1.06e-05
7.33e-06
5.81e-06
4.02e-06
3.27e-06
of Total
2.29e-06
1.83e-06
1.51e-06
6.65e-07
4.22e-07
2.94e-07
2.18e-07
1.77e-07
6.61e-08
3.33e-08
2.97e-08
1.87e-08
1.29e-08
1.24e-08
4.77e-09
4.55e-09
3.87e-09
1.87e-09
1.20e-09
6.26e-10
5.82e-10
7.58e-ll
3.40e-ll
3.036-11
2.25e-ll
2.22e-ll
l.Sle-11
6.35e-12
l.lle-12
8.13e-13
5.62e-13
3.38e-15
1.19e+00
9.77e+01
5.63e-01
4.93e-01
4.70e-02
2.27e-02
1.88e-02
5.24e-03
3.93e-03
2.27e-03
2.38e-04
2.05e-04
1.41e-04
1.12e-04
7.75e-05
6.30e-05
M-217
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-38. LCD LCIA Results for the
Process Group
Monitor/module
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LPG Production
Monitor/module
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Monitor/module
Monitor/module
Monitor/module
Monitor/module
LCD glass mfg.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Monitor/module
Monitor/module
Monitor/module
LPG Production
Monitor/module
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Monitor/module
Natural Gas Prod.
Monitor/module
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Monitor/module
Monitor/module
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
LPG Production
LCD glass mfg.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD glass mfg.
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LPG Production
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Material
Boron
Phenol
Aluminum (+3)
Copper (+1 & +2)
Chromium (VI)
Phenol
Phenol
Antimony
Manganese
Nickel
Polychlorinated biphenyls
Nitrate
Aluminum (+3)
Zinc (+2)
Aluminum (+3)
Phenol
Arsenic
Cadmium
Zinc (+2)
Mercury
Fluorides (F-)
Phenol
Aluminum (+3)
Tetrachloroethylene
Nitrate
Tin
Nitrate
Fluorides (F-)
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Fluorides (F-)
Nitrate
Nitrate
Fluorides (F-)
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Nickel
Barium cmpds
Copper (+1 & +2)
Chromium (VI)
Chromium (VI)
Chromium
Chromium (III)
Chromium (III)
Cadmium cmpds
Copper (+1 & +2)
Copper (+1 & +2)
Zinc (+2)
Lead cmpds
Toluene
Zinc (+2)
Zinc (+2)
Aquatic Toxicity Impact Category
Aquatic Toxicity
LCI Data Type (tox-kg) %
primary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
primary
primary
primary
primary
primary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
primary
primary
secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
primary
primary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
1.61e-06
1.49e-06
8.64e-07
7.43e-07
6.39e-07
5.57e-07
4.90e-07
4.64e-07
4.58e-07
4.58e-07
4.07e-07
3.66e-07
3.22e-07
3.05e-07
2.83e-07
2.70e-07
2.28e-07
2.28e-07
2.08e-07
1.94e-07
1.88e-07
1.36e-07
7.83e-08
7.63e-08
4.74e-08
4.57e-08
4.52e-08
3.51e-08
2.40e-08
2.34e-08
1.87e-08
1.65e-08
1.61 e-08
9.97e-09
8.40e-09
7.60e-09
6.82e-09
5.44e-09
4.87e-09
4.83e-09
4.57e-09
3.49e-09
3.46e-09
3.30e-09
2.03e-09
1.78e-09
1. 70e-09
1.10e-09
1.03e-09
6.70e-10
5.84e-10
of Total
3.11e-05
2.88e-05
1.67e-05
1.43e-05
1.23e-05
1.07e-05
9.44e-06
8.95e-06
8.83e-06
8.83e-06
7.85e-06
7.06e-06
6.21e-06
5.89e-06
5.46e-06
5.21e-06
4.40e-06
4.40e-06
4.01e-06
3.74e-06
3.62e-06
2.63e-06
1. 51e-06
1.47e-06
9.15e-07
8.82e-07
8.72e-07
6.77e-07
4.62e-07
4.51e-07
3.61e-07
3.19e-07
3.11e-07
1.92e-07
1.62e-07
1.47e-07
1.32e-07
1.05e-07
9.39e-08
9.32e-08
8.81e-08
6.74e-08
6.68e-08
6.37e-08
3.91e-08
3.44e-08
3.28e-08
2.13e-08
1.98e-08
1.29e-08
1.13e-08
M-218
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-38. LCD LCIA Results for the Aquatic Toxicity Impact Category
Process Group
Natural Gas Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Total Manufacturing
Use, Maintenance and
Material
Copper (+1 & +2)
Nickel cmpds
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Mercury compounds
Barium cmpds
Cyanide (-1)
Cadmium cmpds
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Chromium (VI)
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Barium cmpds
Barium cmpds
Chromium (III)
Halogenated matter (organic)
Cadmium cmpds
Chromium (VI)
Lead cmpds
Cadmium cmpds
Toluene
Chromium (VI)
Chromium (III)
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Chromium (III)
Barium cmpds
Lead cmpds
Toluene
Lead cmpds
Toluene
Cadmium cmpds
Nickel cmpds
Lead cmpds
Toluene
Mercury compounds
Nickel cmpds
Nickel cmpds
Cyanide (-1)
Mercury compounds
Mercury compounds
Cyanide (-1)
Cyanide (-1)
Nickel cmpds
Halogenated matter (organic)
Mercury compounds
Halogenated matter (organic)
Halogenated matter (organic)
Cyanide (-1)
Halogenated matter (organic)
Repair Life-cycle Stage
Aquatic Toxicity
LCI Data Type (tox-kg) %
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
4.93e-10
1.34e-10
6.15e-ll
6.006-11
4.99e-ll
3.92e-ll
2.42e-ll
2.29e-ll
2.06e-ll
2.02e-ll
1.86e-ll
1.64e-ll
1.486-11
1.12e-ll
9.02e-12
8.55e-12
8.08e-12
7.93e-12
7.52e-12
6.91e-12
6.13e-12
5.58e-12
4.96e-12
4.53e-12
3.01e-12
2.80e-12
2.65e-12
2.46e-12
2.19e-12
9.78e-13
7.33e-13
6.82e-13
4.39e-13
3.65e-13
3.21e-13
2.87e-13
1.64e-13
1.44e-13
1.07e-13
9.41e-14
8.87e-14
8.20e-14
3.98e-14
3.06e-14
2.69e-14
2.60e-14
7.44e-15
5.12e+00
of Total
9.51e-09
2.58e-09
1.19e-09
1.16e-09
9.63e-10
7.56e-10
4.67e-10
4.42e-10
3.98e-10
3.89e-10
3.59e-10
3.16e-10
2.85e-10
2.16e-10
1.74e-10
1.65e-10
1.56e-10
1.53e-10
1.45e-10
1.33e-10
1.18e-10
1.08e-10
9.56e-ll
8.73e-ll
5.81e-ll
5.40e-ll
S.lle-ll
4.75e-ll
4.236-11
1.89e-ll
1.41e-ll
1.316-11
8.47e-12
7.03e-12
6.18e-12
5.54e-12
3.16e-12
2.78e-12
2.06e-12
1.81e-12
1.71e-12
1.58e-12
7.68e-13
5.89e-13
5.18e-13
5.02e-13
1.43e-13
9.88e+01
M-219
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-38.
Process Group
Total Use, Maintenance and
End-of-life Life-cycle Stage
LCD landfilling
LCD landfilling
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
LCD landfilling
LCD incineration
LCD landfilling
LPG Production
LPG Production
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
LCD landfilling
LCD landfilling
LCD incineration
LCD landfilling
LCD incineration
LCD landfilling
LCD incineration
LCD landfilling
LCD landfilling
LCD landfilling
LPG Production
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
LPG Production
LCD landfilling
LCD incineration
LPG Production
LCD landfilling
LCD incineration
LCD landfilling
LCD incineration
LCD landfilling
LPG Production
LCD incineration
LCD landfilling
LCD incineration
LCD landfilling
LCD incineration
LCD landfilling
LCD landfilling
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
LCD landfilling
LCD incineration
LCD landfilling
LCD incineration
LPG Production
LCD LCIA Results for the Aquatic Toxicity Impact Category
Material
Repair
Ammonia
Silver compounds
Silver compounds
Cadmium cmpds
Cadmium cmpds
Barium cmpds
Barium cmpds
Phenol
Aluminum (+3)
Mercury compounds
Arsenic cmpds
Mercury compounds
Arsenic cmpds
Lead cmpds
Lead cmpds
Chromium (VI)
Chromium (VI)
Chromium (III)
Chromium (III)
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Toluene
Nitrate
o-xylene
Toluene
Fluorides (F-)
Ethylbenzene
Ethylbenzene
Copper (+1 & +2)
Tetrachloroethylene
Selenium
Selenium
Tetrachloroethylene
Benzene
Zinc (+2)
Benzene
Carbon tetrachloride
Carbon tetrachloride
Trichloroethylene
Trichloroethylene
Chloroform
Vinyl chloride
Chloroform
Vinyl chloride
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Dichloromethane
Dichloromethane
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Aquatic Toxicity
LCI Data Type (tox-kg) %
primary
primary
secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
primary
secondary
primary
secondary
primary
secondary
primary
primary
primary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
primary
secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
primary
secondary
primary
primary
secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
O.OOe+00
1.86e-05
1.16e-06
8.97e-07
3.51e-08
3.24e-08
2.08e-08
1.75e-08
1.67e-08
9.68e-09
8.08e-09
7.75e-09
6.99e-09
6.59e-09
5.11e-09
4.73e-09
3.40e-09
2.72e-09
2.44e-09
1.95e-09
1.01 e-09
5.68e-10
4.77e-10
4.67e-10
4.38e-10
2.68e-10
2.13e-10
1.66e-10
6.10e-ll
3.266-11
3.12e-ll
2.646-11
2.53e-ll
2.166-11
Ule-11
1.68e-ll
1.32e-ll
1.03e-ll
9.99e-12
7.756-12
5.35e-12
5.34e-12
4.15e-12
4.14e-12
2.81e-12
2.18e-12
1.85e-12
1.44e-12
6.90e-13
of Total
O.OOe+00
3.58e-04
2.23e-05
1.73e-05
6.76e-07
6.24e-07
4.02e-07
3.38e-07
3.23e-07
1.87e-07
1.56e-07
1. 50e-07
1.35e-07
1.27e-07
9.85e-08
9.12e-08
6.55e-08
5.25e-08
4.70e-08
3.77e-08
1.94e-08
1.10e-08
9.20e-09
9.01e-09
8.45e-09
5.17e-09
4.12e-09
3.19e-09
1.18e-09
6.28e-10
6.02e-10
5.09e-10
4.87e-10
4.17e-10
3.29e-10
3.23e-10
2.55e-10
1.98e-10
1.93e-10
1.49e-10
1.03e-10
1.03e-10
S.Ole-ll
7.99e-ll
5.42e-ll
4.20e-ll
3.576-11
2.77e-ll
1.33e-ll
M-220
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-38. LCD LCIA Results for the Aquatic Toxicity Impact Category
Process Group
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
Material
Barium cmpds
Chromium (VI)
Chromium (III)
Cadmium cmpds
Lead cmpds
Toluene
Nickel cmpds
Mercury compounds
Cyanide (-1)
Halogenated matter (organic)
Halogenated matter (organic)
Cyanide (-1)
Mercury compounds
Nickel cmpds
Halogenated matter (organic)
Cyanide (-1)
Toluene
Lead cmpds
Nickel cmpds
Halogenated matter (organic)
Cadmium cmpds
Barium cmpds
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Cyanide (-1)
Mercury compounds
Nickel cmpds
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Toluene
Lead cmpds
Chromium (III)
Chromium (VI)
Copper (+1 & +2)
Cadmium cmpds
Barium cmpds
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Chromium (III)
Chromium (VI)
Copper (+1 & +2)
Zinc (+2)
Zinc (+2)
Nitrate
Aluminum (+3)
Copper (+1 & +2)
Phenol
Fluorides (F-)
Zinc (+2)
Fluorides (F-)
Nitrate
Aluminum (+3)
Aquatic Toxicity
LCI Data Type (tox-kg) %
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
5.60e-13
4.00e-13
2.87e-13
2.71e-13
9.06e-14
8.42e-14
1.10e-14
4.93e-15
3.22e-15
9.19e-16
-1.56e-15
-5.47e-15
-8.376-15
-1.866-14
-2.38e-14
-8.336-14
-1.43e-13
-1.546-13
-2.84e-13
-3.786-13
-4.61e-13
-9.516-13
-1.17e-12
-1.326-12
-2.02e-12
-4.51e-12
-1.78e-ll
-3.466-11
-3.726-11
-6.81e-ll
-9.50e-ll
-1.04e-10
-l.lle-10
-2.30e-10
-2.83e-10
-7.28e-10
-l.Ole-09
-1.58e-09
-5.36e-09
-7.83e-09
-9.96e-09
-1.65e-08
-2.51e-08
-2.86e-08
-3.95e-08
-6.41e-08
-1.62e-07
-2.08e-07
-2.51e-07
of Total
l.OSe-ll
7.71e-12
5.53e-12
5.23e-12
1.75e-12
1.62e-12
2.11e-13
9.50e-14
6.20e-14
1.77e-14
-3.01e-14
-1.05e-13
-1.61e-13
-3.59e-13
-4.59e-13
-1.61e-12
-2.76e-12
-2.97e-12
-5.47e-12
-7.29e-12
-8.88e-12
-1.83e-ll
-2.26e-ll
-2.556-11
-3.90e-ll
-8.69e-ll
_3.44e-10
-6.68e-10
-7.18e-10
-1.31e-09
-1.83e-09
-2.00e-09
-2.15e-09
-4.44e-09
-5.47e-09
-1.40e-08
-1.96e-08
-3.04e-08
-1.03e-07
-1. 51e-07
-1.92e-07
-3.17e-07
-4.83e-07
-5.52e-07
-7.61e-07
-1.24e-06
-3.12e-06
-4.02e-06
-4.83e-06
M-221
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-38. LCD LCIA Results for the Aquatic Toxicity Impact Category
Aquatic Toxicity
Process Group Material LCI Data Type (tox-kg) % of Total
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
Total End-of-life
Phenol
Nitrate
Aluminum (+3)
Phenol
Fluorides (F-)
Ammonia
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
-4.33e-07
-2.33e-06
-3.98e-06
-6.88e-06
-9.81e-06
-2.34e-04
-2.37e-04
-8.36e-06
_4.49e-05
-7.68e-05
-1.33e-04
-1.89e-04
-4.51e-03
-4.58e-03
Total All Life-cycle Stages s.l9e+oo I.00e+02
M-222
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-39. CRT LCIA Results for the Terrestrial Toxicity Impact Category
Process Group
Material
LCI Data Type Terrestrial Toxicity % of Total
(tox-kg)
Materials Processing Life-cycle Stage
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Aluminum Prod.
Polycarbonate Production
Lead
ABS Production
Ferrite mfg.
Lead
Polystyrene Prod., high-impact
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Invar
Lead
Aluminum Prod.
Invar
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Aluminum Prod.
Lead
Polycarbonate Production
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Lead
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Lead
Polycarbonate Production
ABS Production
Polycarbonate Production
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Lead
Aluminum Prod.
Invar
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Lead
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Aluminum Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur dioxide
Arsenic
Sulfur dioxide
Titanium tetrachloride
Carbon monoxide
Titanium tetrachloride
Titanium tetrachloride
Manganese cmpds
Manganese cmpds
Vanadium
PM
Manganese cmpds
Vanadium
Carbon monoxide
Carbon monoxide
Vanadium
Arsenic cmpds
Manganese cmpds
Carbon monoxide
Arsenic
Arsenic
Zinc (elemental)
Titanium tetrachloride
Zinc (elemental)
Zinc (elemental)
Vanadium
Methane
Carbon monoxide
Nitrogen dioxide
Fluorides (F-)
Carbon monoxide
Carbon monoxide
Arsenic cmpds
Carbon monoxide
Manganese cmpds
Vanadium
Nitrogen dioxide
Arsenic cmpds
Methane
Barium cmpds
PM
Methane
Nitrogen dioxide
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
1.65e+02
2.54e+01
1.38e+01
7.93e+00
4.57e+00
2.80e+00
2.35e+00
2.21e+00
1.20e+00
7.20e-01
2.78e-01
2.56e-01
2.10e-01
1.62e-01
1. SOe-Ol
1.07e-01
l.OSe-Ol
9.39e-02
7.40e-02
7.04e-02
5.85e-02
5.15e-02
4.75e-02
4.60e-02
4.15e-02
3.21e-02
2.90e-02
2.42e-02
2.36e-02
2.28e-02
2.21e-02
2.09e-02
2.03e-02
2.01e-02
1.94e-02
1.91e-02
1.89e-02
1.72e-02
1.69e-02
1. 60e-02
1.49e-02
1.45e-02
1.40e-02
1.38e-02
1.09e-02
1.04e-02
8.90e-03
8.05e-03
7.13e-03
8.35e+00
1.28e+00
6.99e-01
4.02e-01
2.32e-01
1.42e-01
1.19e-01
1.12e-01
6.07e-02
3.65e-02
1.41e-02
1.30e-02
1.07e-02
8.20e-03
7.58e-03
5.44e-03
5.31e-03
4.76e-03
3.75e-03
3.56e-03
2.96e-03
2.61e-03
2.41e-03
2.33e-03
2.10e-03
1.62e-03
1.47e-03
1.23e-03
1.20e-03
1.15e-03
1.12e-03
1.06e-03
1.03e-03
1.02e-03
9.82e-04
9.68e-04
9.57e-04
8.74e-04
8.55e-04
8.12e-04
7.556-04
7.35e-04
7.09e-04
6.99e-04
5.52e-04
5.29e-04
4.51e-04
4.08e-04
3.61e-04
M-223
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-39. CRT LCIA Results for the Terrestrial Toxicity Impact Category
Process Group
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Polycarbonate Production
Aluminum Prod.
Invar
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
ABS Production
Invar
ABS Production
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Invar
Lead
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
ABS Production
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Lead
Lead
Invar
Polystyrene Prod., high-impact
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Lead
Polystyrene Prod., high-impact
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
Polystyrene Prod., high-impact
Ferrite mfg.
ABS Production
Aluminum Prod.
Lead
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
ABS Production
Aluminum Prod.
Lead
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Invar
Invar
Lead
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Aluminum Prod.
Material
Nitrogen oxides
Methane
PM
Selenium
Methane
Sulfur oxides
Methane
Nitrogen dioxide
Nitrogen dioxide
Arsenic
Barium cmpds
Nitrogen dioxide
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Hydrochloric acid
Methane
PM
Barium cmpds
Methane
Selenium
Carbon monoxide
Hydrochloric acid
Nitrogen dioxide
Hydrochloric acid
Selenium
Nitrogen dioxide
Hydrochloric acid
Benzene
Barium cmpds
PM
Methane
Arsenic cmpds
Formaldehyde
Aluminum (+3)
Lead
Arsenic cmpds
PM
Cadmium cmpds
Hydrochloric acid
PM
Copper
Benzene
PM
Titanium tetrachloride
Ammonia
Barium cmpds
Nitrous oxide
Hydrochloric acid
Benzene
Aluminum (+3)
Benzene
LCI Data Type Terrestrial Toxicity % of Total
(tox-kg)
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
6.99e-03
6.87e-03
6.46e-03
6.29e-03
5.76e-03
5.71e-03
5.08e-03
5.07e-03
4.66e-03
4.52e-03
4.31e-03
4.18e-03
4.07e-03
2.93e-03
2.85e-03
2.76e-03
2.71e-03
2.52e-03
2.32e-03
2.27e-03
2.05e-03
2.03e-03
1.85e-03
1.84e-03
1.81e-03
1.78e-03
1.76e-03
1.73e-03
1.72e-03
1.66e-03
1.64e-03
1. 60e-03
1.59e-03
1.58e-03
1.54e-03
1.27e-03
1.17e-03
1.07e-03
9.93e-04
9.89e-04
9.17e-04
8.41e-04
8.33e-04
7.99e-04
7.81e-04
7.77e-04
6.93e-04
5.85e-04
5.70e-04
5.69e-04
3.54e-04
3.48e-04
3.27e-04
3.19e-04
2.92e-04
2.89e-04
2.57e-04
2.57e-04
2.36e-04
2.29e-04
2.19e-04
2.12e-04
2.06e-04
1.48e-04
1.45e-04
1.40e-04
1.37e-04
1.28e-04
1.18e-04
1.15e-04
1.04e-04
1.03e-04
9.38e-05
9.30e-05
9.19e-05
9.04e-05
8.91e-05
8.776-05
8.72e-05
8.42e-05
8.30e-05
8.11e-05
8.04e-05
8.01e-05
7.78e-05
6.44e-05
5.93e-05
5.42e-05
5.03e-05
5.01e-05
4.65e-05
4.26e-05
4.22e-05
4.05e-05
3.96e-05
3.94e-05
3.51e-05
2.97e-05
2.89e-05
2.88e-05
M-224
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-39. CRT LCIA Results for the Terrestrial Toxicity Impact Category
Process Group
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Polycarbonate Production
Lead
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Polycarbonate Production
Polystyrene Prod., high-impact
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Lead
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
ABS Production
Polycarbonate Production
Aluminum Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Invar
ABS Production
ABS Production
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Aluminum Prod.
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
ABS Production
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Invar
ABS Production
Lead
ABS Production
Aluminum Prod.
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Invar
Polycarbonate Production
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Polycarbonate Production
Ferrite mfg.
Material
Silicon
Hydrochloric acid
Aluminum (+3)
Barium sulfate
Formaldehyde
Titanium
Sulfuric acid
PM
Selenium
Benzene
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Selenium
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Ethane
Hydrofluoric acid
Mercury compounds
Hydrofluoric acid
Zinc (elemental)
Titanium
Silicon
Zinc (elemental)
Titanium
Ammonia
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Molybdenum
Copper (+1 & +2)
Formaldehyde
Formaldehyde
Molybdenum
Silicon
Sulfuric acid
Sulfuric acid
Nitrous oxide
Perfluoromethane
Cadmium cmpds
Barium
Nitrates/nitrites
Ethane
Barium sulfate
Mercury compounds
Silicon
Mercury compounds
Tin (Sn++, Sn4+)
Antimony
Copper (+1 & +2)
Fluorides (F-)
Titanium
Ethane
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Ethane
LCI Data Type Terrestrial Toxicity % of Total
(tox-kg)
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
5.06e-04
4.65e-04
4.62e-04
4.54e-04
4.15e-04
3.26e-04
3.17e-04
3.02e-04
3.00e-04
2.99e-04
2.89e-04
2.86e-04
2.85e-04
2.46e-04
2.44e-04
2.43e-04
2.40e-04
2.30e-04
2.28e-04
2.26e-04
2.16e-04
2.13e-04
1.94e-04
1.91e-04
1.88e-04
1.80e-04
1. 60e-04
1.56e-04
1.52e-04
1.48e-04
1.45e-04
1.42e-04
1.38e-04
1.30e-04
1.27e-04
1.23e-04
1.21e-04
1.19e-04
1. 15e-04
l.lle-04
1.09e-04
1.09e-04
1.04e-04
9.51e-05
9.43e-05
9.16e-05
9.12e-05
8.26e-05
8.22e-05
8.06e-05
2.56e-05
2.36e-05
2.34e-05
2.30e-05
2.10e-05
1.65e-05
1.61 e-05
1.53e-05
1.52e-05
1.51 e-05
1.46e-05
1.45e-05
1.44e-05
1.25e-05
1.23e-05
1.23e-05
1.22e-05
1.16e-05
1. 15e-05
1.15e-05
1.10e-05
1.08e-05
9.82e-06
9.65e-06
9.51e-06
9.12e-06
8.11e-06
7.92e-06
7.70e-06
7.52e-06
7.37e-06
7.20e-06
7.00e-06
6.57e-06
6.43e-06
6.23e-06
6.11e-06
6.01 e-06
5.81e-06
5.65e-06
5.54e-06
5.52e-06
5.28e-06
4.82e-06
4.78e-06
4.64e-06
4.62e-06
4.18e-06
4.16e-06
4.09e-06
M-225
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-39. CRT LCIA Results for the Terrestrial Toxicity Impact Category
Process Group
Lead
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Invar
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
Ferrite mfg.
Lead
ABS Production
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Lead
Invar
Polystyrene Prod., high-impact
ABS Production
Lead
Lead
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Invar
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Invar
Polystyrene Prod., high-impact
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Lead
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Ferrite mfg.
Aluminum Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Aluminum Prod.
Material
Silicon
Hydrochloric acid
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Nickel
Barium
Silver compounds
Aluminum (+3)
Molybdenum
Copper (+1 &+2)
Aluminum (+3)
Nitrates/nitrites
Boron
Nitrate
Mercury compounds
Fluorides (F-)
Barium
Barium
Lead
Lead
Barium sulfate
Barium sulfate
Barium sulfate
Ammonia
Ethane
Tin (Sn++, Sn4+)
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Nitrate
Barium
Copper
Boron
Cadmium cmpds
Antimony
Hydrofluoric acid
Antimony
Aluminum (elemental)
Zinc (+2)
Hydrochloric acid
Copper
Acetylene
Nitrous oxide
Nickel cmpds
Hydrofluoric acid
Silver compounds
Zinc (+2)
Silver compounds
Nickel
Zinc (+2)
Pentane
Aluminum (+3)
Ammonia
LCI Data Type Terrestrial Toxicity % of Total
(tox-kg)
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
7.13e-05
6.82e-05
6.79e-05
6.54e-05
6.53e-05
6.17e-05
5.58e-05
5.23e-05
5.20e-05
5.08e-05
4.99e-05
4.93e-05
4.56e-05
4.52e-05
4.10e-05
3.91e-05
3.73e-05
3.62e-05
3.46e-05
3.46e-05
3.43e-05
3.38e-05
3.16e-05
3.16e-05
3.04e-05
3.02e-05
3.01e-05
2.88e-05
2.82e-05
2.79e-05
2.70e-05
2.69e-05
2.69e-05
2.63e-05
2.47e-05
2.44e-05
2.42e-05
2.38e-05
2.33e-05
2.03e-05
1.91e-05
1.89e-05
1.86e-05
1.84e-05
1.82e-05
1.78e-05
1.74e-05
1. 70e-05
1.58e-05
1.556-05
3.61e-06
3.46e-06
3.44e-06
3.31e-06
3.31e-06
3.13e-06
2.82e-06
2.65e-06
2.64e-06
2.57e-06
2.53e-06
2.50e-06
2.31e-06
2.29e-06
2.08e-06
1.98e-06
1.89e-06
1.83e-06
1.75e-06
1.75e-06
1.74e-06
1.71e-06
1.60e-06
1. 60e-06
1.54e-06
1.53e-06
1.52e-06
1.46e-06
1.43e-06
1.41e-06
1.37e-06
1.37e-06
1.36e-06
1.33e-06
1.25e-06
1.23e-06
1.23e-06
1.21e-06
1.18e-06
1.03e-06
9.65e-07
9.59e-07
9.44e-07
9.34e-07
9.22e-07
9.00e-07
8.83e-07
8.59e-07
7.98e-07
7.84e-07
M-226
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-39. CRT LCIA Results for the Terrestrial Toxicity Impact Category
Process Group
Invar
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Aluminum Prod.
Lead
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Lead
Ferrite mfg.
Aluminum Prod.
Polycarbonate Production
Ferrite mfg.
ABS Production
Aluminum Prod.
Lead
Polycarbonate Production
Aluminum Prod.
Lead
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Invar
Lead
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Aluminum Prod.
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Ferrite mfg.
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Lead
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
ABS Production
Lead
Aluminum Prod.
ABS Production
Lead
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Ferrite mfg.
Lead
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Material
Aluminum (elemental)
Nickel cmpds
Boron
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Hydrofluoric acid
Hydrogen sulfide
Nitrites
Copper
Ammonia
Nitrous oxide
Aluminum (elemental)
Copper (+1 & +2)
Ammonia
Hydrogen sulfide
Strontium (Sr II)
Boron
Phenol
Fluoride
Nitrate
Pentane
Pentane
Lead cmpds
Copper (+1 & +2)
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Aluminum (elemental)
Nickel
Vanadium (V3+, V5+)
Aluminum (elemental)
Hydrogen sulfide
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Acetylene
Acetylene
Hydrofluoric acid
Copper (+1 & +2)
Nitrites
Cadmium cmpds
Nickel cmpds
Strontium (Sr II)
Hydrogen sulfide
Heptane
Zinc (+2)
Molybdenum (Mo II, Mo III, Mo IV, Mo V,
Mo VI)
Copper (+1 & +2)
Nickel
Strontium (Sr II)
Copper (+1 & +2)
Copper
Fluoride
Hexane
LCI Data Type Terrestrial Toxicity % of Total
(tox-kg)
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
1.52e-05
1.51e-05
1.48e-05
1.41e-05
1.36e-05
1.36e-05
1.35e-05
1.22e-05
1.19e-05
1.06e-05
1.05e-05
1.04e-05
1.03e-05
l.Ole-05
l.OOe-05
9.53e-06
9.34e-06
9.10e-06
9.00e-06
8.97e-06
8.76e-06
8.72e-06
8.59e-06
8.36e-06
8.16e-06
8.14e-06
8.14e-06
7.77e-06
7.26e-06
7.17e-06
6.61e-06
6.46e-06
6.37e-06
5.96e-06
5.95e-06
5.94e-06
5.60e-06
5.18e-06
5.17e-06
5.02e-06
4.96e-06
4.94e-06
4.75e-06
4.72e-06
4.67e-06
4.64e-06
4.55e-06
4.46e-06
4.43e-06
7.72e-07
7.66e-07
7.51e-07
7.17e-07
6.91e-07
6.88e-07
6.85e-07
6.19e-07
6.01e-07
5.38e-07
5.33e-07
5.25e-07
5.19e-07
5.13e-07
5.06e-07
4.83e-07
4.73e-07
4.61e-07
4.56e-07
4.55e-07
4.44e-07
4.42e-07
4.35e-07
4.23e-07
4.13e-07
4.13e-07
4.13e-07
3.93e-07
3.68e-07
3.63e-07
3.35e-07
3.27e-07
3.23e-07
3.02e-07
3.01e-07
3.01e-07
2.83e-07
2.62e-07
2.62e-07
2.54e-07
2.51e-07
2.50e-07
2.41e-07
2.39e-07
2.37e-07
2.35e-07
2.31e-07
2.26e-07
2.24e-07
M-227
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-39. CRT LCIA Results for the Terrestrial Toxicity Impact Category
Process Group
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Lead
Aluminum Prod.
Polycarbonate Production
Polycarbonate Production
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Invar
Invar
Lead
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Lead
Lead
Lead
Ferrite mfg.
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Lead
Invar
Polycarbonate Production
Polycarbonate Production
Aluminum Prod.
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Polystyrene Prod., high-impact
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
Lead
Lead
Invar
Aluminum Prod.
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Invar
Lead
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Material
Fluoride
Nitrate
Cadmium
Hydrogen sulfide
Ammonia
Hydrofluoric acid
Chromium (VI)
Vanadium (V3+, V5+)
Lead cmpds
Hydrogen sulfide
Nitrate
Nitrites
Lead cmpds
Vanadium (V3+, V5+)
Nickel
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Boric acid
Bromine
Strontium (Sr II)
Methanol
Halogenated hydrocarbons (unspecified)
Hydrogen sulfide
Toluene
Molybdenum (Mo II, Mo III, Mo IV, Mo V,
Mo VI)
Uranium
Ammonia
Toluene
Strontium (Sr II)
Mercury
Molybdenum (Mo II, Mo III, Mo IV, Mo V,
Mo VI)
Cobalt (Co I, Co II, Co III)
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Hexane
Hexane
Boron (B III)
Benzo[a]pyrene
Ethylene
Cyanide (-1)
Lead
Methanol
Cadmium
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Lead
Naphthalene
Toluene
Bromine
Cadmium
Phenol
Heptane
LCI Data Type Terrestrial Toxicity % of Total
(tox-kg)
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
4.40e-06
4.04e-06
3.98e-06
3.77e-06
3.70e-06
3.69e-06
3.30e-06
3.00e-06
2.98e-06
2.96e-06
2.90e-06
2.86e-06
2.75e-06
2.37e-06
2.30e-06
2.26e-06
2.17e-06
2.03e-06
2.00e-06
1.87e-06
1.85e-06
1.85e-06
1.81e-06
1.72e-06
1.68e-06
1.62e-06
1.52e-06
1.52e-06
1.51e-06
1.49e-06
1.44e-06
1.38e-06
1.29e-06
1.26e-06
1.26e-06
1.23e-06
1.23e-06
1.21e-06
1.20e-06
1.19e-06
1.18e-06
1.12e-06
1.10e-06
1.10e-06
1.10e-06
1.08e-06
9.76e-07
9.70e-07
9.33e-07
2.23e-07
2.05e-07
2.02e-07
1.91e-07
1.87e-07
1.87e-07
1.67e-07
1.52e-07
1.51 e-07
1. 50e-07
1.47e-07
1.45e-07
1.39e-07
1.20e-07
1.16e-07
1.15e-07
1.10e-07
1.03e-07
1.01 e-07
9.45e-08
9.36e-08
9.36e-08
9.18e-08
8.73e-08
8.53e-08
8.18e-08
7.69e-08
7.68e-08
7.66e-08
7.576-08
7.31e-08
6.98e-08
6.52e-08
6.37e-08
6.36e-08
6.23e-08
6.22e-08
6. 11 e-08
6.08e-08
6.04e-08
5.97e-08
5.68e-08
5.58e-08
5.57e-08
5.57e-08
5.46e-08
4.95e-08
4.91 e-08
4.73e-08
M-228
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-39. CRT LCIA Results for the Terrestrial Toxicity Impact Category
Process Group
Invar
Polycarbonate Production
Ferrite mfg.
Lead
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Lead
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Ferrite mfg.
Lead
Invar
Lead
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Aluminum Prod.
ABS Production
Invar
Invar
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
ABS Production
Ferrite mfg.
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
ABS Production
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Polycarbonate Production
Polycarbonate Production
Polycarbonate Production
Polycarbonate Production
Polycarbonate Production
Polycarbonate Production
Polycarbonate Production
Polycarbonate Production
Invar
Aluminum Prod.
Ferrite mfg.
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Ferrite mfg.
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Lead
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Ferrite mfg.
Material
Chromium (VI)
Chlorine
Fluoride
Cobalt (Co I, Co II, Co III)
Chromium (VI)
Lead cmpds
Manganese
Aluminum (+3)
Nickel cmpds
Mercury compounds
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Boron (B III)
Bromium (Br)
Bromine
Phenol
Chlorine
Manganese
Boric acid
Ethylene
Boric acid
Nickel cmpds
Phenol
Ethylene
Toluene
Zinc (+2)
Lead cmpds
Nickel cmpds
Phenol
Uranium
Uranium
Aluminum (+3)
Ethanethiol
Lead
Mercury
Nickel (+2)
Nitrate
Nitrous oxide
Zinc (+2)
Phenol
Acetic acid
Chromium (VI)
Chlorine
Hydrofluoric acid
Nitrites
Cobalt
Cobalt
Chromium (VI)
Manganese
Ammonia
Xylene (mixed isomers)
LCI Data Type Terrestrial Toxicity % of Total
(tox-kg)
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
9.25e-07
9.23e-07
9.23e-07
9.18e-07
8.90e-07
8.83e-07
8.47e-07
8.27e-07
7.97e-07
7.88e-07
7.67e-07
7.54e-07
7.09e-07
6.92e-07
6.39e-07
6.35e-07
6.32e-07
6.13e-07
6.01e-07
5.99e-07
5.96e-07
5.88e-07
5.79e-07
5.31e-07
5.30e-07
5.19e-07
5.04e-07
4.92e-07
4.81e-07
4.69e-07
4.62e-07
4.62e-07
4.62e-07
4.62e-07
4.62e-07
4.62e-07
4.62e-07
4.62e-07
4.41e-07
4.22e-07
4.17e-07
4.14e-07
4.14e-07
4.13e-07
4.11e-07
4.05e-07
3.70e-07
3.60e-07
3.55e-07
3.50e-07
4.69e-08
4.68e-08
4.68e-08
4.65e-08
4.51e-08
4.47e-08
4.29e-08
4.19e-08
4.04e-08
3.99e-08
3.89e-08
3.82e-08
3.59e-08
3.50e-08
3.24e-08
3.22e-08
3.20e-08
3.11e-08
3.04e-08
3.03e-08
3.02e-08
2.98e-08
2.93e-08
2.69e-08
2.69e-08
2.63e-08
2.55e-08
2.49e-08
2.44e-08
2.38e-08
2.34e-08
2.34e-08
2.34e-08
2.34e-08
2.34e-08
2.34e-08
2.34e-08
2.34e-08
2.23e-08
2.14e-08
2.11e-08
2.10e-08
2.10e-08
2.09e-08
2.08e-08
2.05e-08
1.88e-08
1.82e-08
1.80e-08
1.77e-08
M-229
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-39. CRT LCIA Results for the Terrestrial Toxicity Impact Category
Process Group
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Ferrite mfg.
Polystyrene Prod., high-impact
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Aluminum Prod.
Invar
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Invar
ABS Production
Lead
Aluminum Prod.
Invar
ABS Production
ABS Production
ABS Production
ABS Production
ABS Production
ABS Production
ABS Production
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Aluminum Prod.
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Aluminum Prod.
Ferrite mfg.
Lead
Aluminum Prod.
Polystyrene Prod., high-impact
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Lead
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
ABS Production
Lead
Invar
Material
Acetic acid
Vanadium (V3+, V5+)
Methanol
Nitrate
Vanadium (V3+, V5+)
Cadmium
Cyanide (-1)
Heptane
Heptane
Boron (B III)
Acetaldehyde
HALON-1301
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Triethylene glycol
Mercury
Ethanethiol
Fluoride
Halogenated hydrocarbons (unspecified)
Lead
Mercury
Nitrous oxide
Zinc (+2)
Halogenated hydrocarbons (unspecified)
Hydrogen sulfide
Lead
Mercury
Nickel (+2)
Nitrous oxide
Zinc (+2)
Cyanide (-1)
Acetic acid
Mercury
Phenol
Triethylene glycol
Triethylene glycol
Cyanide (-1)
Triethylene glycol
Triethylene glycol
HALON-1301
Phenol
Morpholine
Strontium
Propylene
Cadmium
Methanol
Mercury
Acetaldehyde
Ethylene
Phenol
Ethylbenzene
LCI Data Type Terrestrial Toxicity % of Total
(tox-kg)
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
3.50e-07
3.42e-07
3.36e-07
3.02e-07
2.97e-07
2.95e-07
2.89e-07
2.83e-07
2.76e-07
2.70e-07
2.64e-07
2.56e-07
2.54e-07
2.42e-07
2.12e-07
2.12e-07
2.12e-07
2.12e-07
2.12e-07
2.12e-07
2.12e-07
2.12e-07
2.07e-07
2.07e-07
2.07e-07
2.07e-07
2.07e-07
2.07e-07
2.07e-07
2.05e-07
2.05e-07
2.02e-07
1.95e-07
1.93e-07
1.92e-07
1.89e-07
1.88e-07
1.81e-07
1.80e-07
1.80e-07
1.79e-07
1.776-07
1.776-07
1.74e-07
1.62e-07
1.62e-07
1.53e-07
1.52e-07
1.37e-07
1.376-07
1.77e-08
1.73e-08
1.70e-08
1.53e-08
1.50e-08
1. 50e-08
1.46e-08
1.43e-08
1.40e-08
1.37e-08
1.34e-08
1.30e-08
1.29e-08
1.23e-08
1.08e-08
1.07e-08
1.07e-08
1.07e-08
1.07e-08
1.07e-08
1.07e-08
1.07e-08
1. 05e-08
1. 05e-08
1.05e-08
1.05e-08
1. 05e-08
1.05e-08
1.05e-08
1.04e-08
1.04e-08
1.02e-08
9.90e-09
9.77e-09
9.70e-09
9.60e-09
9.54e-09
9.18e-09
9.14e-09
9.11e-09
9.08e-09
8.98e-09
8.97e-09
8.83e-09
8.23e-09
8.18e-09
7.76e-09
7.70e-09
6.96e-09
6.92e-09
M-230
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-39. CRT LCIA Results for the Terrestrial Toxicity Impact Category
Process Group
Invar
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Lead
Lead
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
Ferrite mfg.
Ferrite mfg.
Lead
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Invar
Lead
Lead
Lead
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Invar
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Ferrite mfg.
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Invar
Lead
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Aluminum Prod.
Ferrite mfg.
Lead
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Lead
Lead
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Material
Acetone
Chromium (III)
Rubidium ion (Rb+)
Cobalt
Manganese
Fluorine
Cyanide (-1)
Ethylene
Strontium
Molybdenum (Mo II, Mo III, Mo IV, Mo V,
Mo VI)
Benzo[a]pyrene
Boron (B III)
Cobalt (Co I, Co II, Co III)
Acetic acid
Toluene
Acetone
HALON-1301
Cobalt
Acetic acid
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Sulfuric acid
Sulfuric acid
Mercury compounds
Mercury compounds
Lanthanum
Ethylbenzene
Morpholine
Propylene
Morpholine
Strontium
Propylene
Nitrous oxide
Chromium (III)
Ethylbenzene
Beryllium
Strontium
Acetaldehyde
Chromium (III)
Rubidium ion (Rb+)
Rubidium ion (Rb+)
Acetaldehyde
HALON-1301
Mercury
Fluorine
Fluorine
Thorium
Molybdenum (Mo II, Mo III, Mo IV, Mo V,
Mo VI)
HALON-1301
LCI Data Type Terrestrial Toxicity % of Total
(tox-kg)
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
1.36e-07
1.31e-07
1.21e-07
1.20e-07
1.19e-07
1.14e-07
9.76e-08
9.43e-08
9.37e-08
9.07e-08
8.92e-08
8.91e-08
8.79e-08
8.74e-08
8.24e-08
7.91e-08
7.60e-08
7.32e-08
7.30e-08
6.79e-08
5.98e-08
5.84e-08
5.57e-08
5.44e-08
5.37e-08
5.25e-08
5.07e-08
5.03e-08
4.95e-08
4.94e-08
4.91e-08
4.85e-08
4.79e-08
4.72e-08
4.72e-08
4.48e-08
4.38e-08
3.86e-08
3.66e-08
3.57e-08
3.39e-08
3.39e-08
3.26e-08
3.22e-08
3.14e-08
2.88e-08
2.55e-08
2.52e-08
6.90e-09
6.64e-09
6.13e-09
6.09e-09
6.01e-09
5.76e-09
4.94e-09
4.78e-09
4.75e-09
4.59e-09
4.52e-09
4.51e-09
4.45e-09
4.43e-09
4.18e-09
4.01e-09
3.85e-09
3.71e-09
3.70e-09
3.44e-09
3.03e-09
2.96e-09
2.82e-09
2.76e-09
2.72e-09
2.66e-09
2.57e-09
2.55e-09
2.51e-09
2.50e-09
2.49e-09
2.46e-09
2.42e-09
2.39e-09
2.39e-09
2.27e-09
2.22e-09
1.96e-09
1.85e-09
1.81e-09
1.72e-09
1.72e-09
1.65e-09
1.63e-09
1.59e-09
1.46e-09
1.29e-09
1.28e-09
M-231
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-39. CRT LCIA Results for the Terrestrial Toxicity Impact Category
Process Group
Ferrite mfg.
Ferrite mfg.
Ferrite mfg.
Lead
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Aluminum Prod.
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Aluminum Prod.
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Lead
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Material
Benzo[a]pyrene
Acetone
Ethylbenzene
Acetone
Tin
Phosphorus pentoxide
Lanthanum
Lanthanum
Beryllium
Beryllium
Scandium
Chlorine
1 ,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane
HALON-1301
Thallium
Perfluoroethane
Thorium
Thorium
Hydrogen cyanide
Hydrogen cyanide
Chromium (III)
Nitrites
Chromium (III)
Tin
Phosphorus pentoxide
Tin
Phosphorus pentoxide
1 ,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane
Scandium
Scandium
Perfluoromethane
Perfluoromethane
Thallium
Thallium
Trichlorofluoromethane
Benzo[a]pyrene
Edetic acid (EDTA)
Hypochlorous acid
Hypochlorous acid
Hypochlorous acid
Cobalt (Co I, Co II, Co III)
Dichloromethane
Dichloromethane
Dichloromethane
Chlorine
Chlorine
Trichlorofluoromethane
Dichlorodifluoromethane
Edetic acid (EDTA)
Edetic acid (EDTA)
LCI Data Type Terrestrial Toxicity % of Total
(tox-kg)
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
2.48e-08
2.23e-08
1.94e-08
1.72e-08
1.68e-08
1.61e-08
1.53e-08
1.50e-08
1.34e-08
1.31e-08
1.31e-08
1.14e-08
1.04e-08
9.52e-09
8.89e-09
8.46e-09
8.23e-09
8.03e-09
7.58e-09
7.40e-09
5.29e-09
5.19e-09
5.01e-09
4.77e-09
4.69e-09
4.65e-09
4.58e-09
4.31e-09
3.74e-09
3.65e-09
2.85e-09
2.78e-09
2.55e-09
2.49e-09
2.06e-09
1.96e-09
1.93e-09
1.77e-09
1.76e-09
1.73e-09
1.57e-09
1.46e-09
1.45e-09
1.42e-09
l.lle-09
1.08e-09
7.65e-10
6.37e-10
5.47e-10
5.34e-10
1.25e-09
1.13e-09
9.82e-10
8.70e-10
8.49e-10
8.15e-10
7.76e-10
7.58e-10
6.80e-10
6.64e-10
6.62e-10
5.78e-10
5.28e-10
4.82e-10
4.51e-10
4.28e-10
4.17e-10
4.07e-10
3.84e-10
3.75e-10
2.68e-10
2.63e-10
2.54e-10
2.41e-10
2.38e-10
2.36e-10
2.32e-10
2.19e-10
1.89e-10
1.85e-10
1.45e-10
1.41e-10
1.29e-10
1.26e-10
1.04e-10
9.946-11
9.78e-ll
8.98e-ll
8.91e-ll
8.766-11
7.96e-ll
7.39e-ll
7.34e-ll
7.216-11
5.62e-ll
5.49e-ll
3.87e-ll
3.236-11
2.77e-ll
2.70e-ll
M-232
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-39. CRT LCIA Results for the Terrestrial Toxicity Impact Category
Process Group
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
ABS Production
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Lead
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Lead
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Ferrite mfg.
Ferrite mfg.
Ferrite mfg.
Invar
Ferrite mfg.
Material
CFC-13
Isopropylpropionate
I sopropy Ipropionate
Halogenated matter (organic)
Halogenated matter (organic)
Lithium salts
Ethanethiol
Ethanethiol
Tin (Sn++, Sn4+)
Chloroform
Chloroform
Chloroform
Zirconium
Perfluoromethane
HCFC-22
Lithium salts
Lithium salts
Acrolein
Zirconium
Zirconium
Benzaldehyde
Trichloroethylene
Trichloroethylene
Trichloroethylene
HFC- 125
HFC- 125
Propionaldehyde
Propionaldehyde
Propionaldehyde
Pentachlorobenzene
Tetrachloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Acrolein
Benzaldehyde
Benzaldehyde
Benzaldehyde
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Perfluoroethane
Pentachlorophenol
1 ,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane
Hexachloroethane
Hexachloroethane
Hexachloroethane
Dichlorodifluoromethane
CFC-13
HCFC-22
HCFC-22
LCI Data Type Terrestrial Toxicity % of Total
(tox-kg)
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
5.04e-10
2.02e-10
1.99e-10
1.37e-10
1.34e-10
9.91e-ll
8.71e-ll
8.50e-ll
7.29e-ll
5.44e-ll
5.40e-ll
5.316-11
4.66e-ll
4.49e-ll
3.47e-ll
2.81e-ll
2.74e-ll
2.38e-ll
1.34e-ll
1.30e-ll
1.04e-12
7.82e-13
7.75e-13
7.63e-13
6.44e-13
6.29e-13
5.32e-14
5.32e-14
5.19e-14
2.77e-14
2.19e-14
2.16e-14
2.11e-14
9.90e-15
4.72e-15
4.69e-15
4.576-15
3.25e-15
3.21e-15
3.16e-15
3.14e-15
1.24e-15
3.19e-16
1.24e-16
1.23e-16
1.21e-16
4.72e-17
3.74e-17
8.74e-19
8.54e-19
2.556-11
1.02e-ll
l.Ole-11
6.95e-12
6.78e-12
5.02e-12
4.41e-12
4.31e-12
3.69e-12
2.76e-12
2.73e-12
2.69e-12
2.36e-12
2.28e-12
1.76e-12
1.42e-12
1.39e-12
1.21e-12
6.77e-13
6.61e-13
5.25e-14
3.96e-14
3.93e-14
3.87e-14
3.26e-14
3.19e-14
2.69e-15
2.69e-15
2.63e-15
1.40e-15
l.lle-15
1.09e-15
1.07e-15
5.01e-16
2.39e-16
2.38e-16
2.32e-16
1.65e-16
1.63e-16
1.60e-16
1.59e-16
6.28e-17
1.61e-17
6.27e-18
6.23e-18
6.12e-18
2.39e-18
1.89e-18
4.43e-20
4.32e-20
M-233
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-39. CRT LCIA Results for the Terrestrial Toxicity Impact Category
Process Group
Total Materials Processing
Manufacturing Life-cycle Stage
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
Glass/frit
LPG Production
CRT tube mfg.
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Glass/frit
Japanese Electric Grid
CRT tube mfg.
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
CRT tube mfg.
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Glass/frit
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
PWB Mfg.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
LPG Production
CRT tube mfg.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
LPG Production
Material
Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Vanadium
Benzene
Methane
Sulfur oxides
Fluorides (F-)
Nitrogen oxides
Carbon monoxide
Arsenic
Formaldehyde
PM
Benzene
Carbon monoxide
Methane
Nitrogen oxides
Nitrogen oxides
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Hydrochloric acid
Carbon monoxide
Carbon monoxide
Vanadium
Nitrogen oxides
Nitrous oxide
Carbon monoxide
Carbon monoxide
Vanadium
Arsenic
Methane
Sulfur oxides
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Nitrogen oxides
Arsenic
Hydrochloric acid
Fluorides (F-)
Selenium
Hydrochloric acid
Methane
Fluorides (F-)
Sulfur oxides
Benzene
Formaldehyde
Nitrogen oxides
Ammonia
Fluoride
Vanadium
Hydrogen sulfide
LCI Data Type Terrestrial Toxicity % of Total
(tox-kg)
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
model/secondary
primary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
2.28e+02
5.69e+01
2.63e+01
5.34e+00
1.05e+00
8.57e-01
8.39e-01
S.Ole-01
5.82e-01
5.73e-01
2.12e-01
2.06e-01
1.34e-01
1.29e-01
7.57e-02
6.36e-02
5.02e-02
4.41e-02
4.07e-02
4.00e-02
3.68e-02
3.50e-02
2.62e-02
2.27e-02
1.88e-02
1.62e-02
1.61e-02
1.56e-02
1.08e-02
1.04e-02
1.03e-02
9.96e-03
9.81e-03
9.32e-03
8.91e-03
7.87e-03
7.50e-03
7.41e-03
6.28e-03
5.89e-03
5.82e-03
5.47e-03
4.90e-03
4.44e-03
4.09e-03
3.74e-03
3.45e-03
3.45e-03
3.07e-03
1.16e+01
2.88e+00
1.33e+00
2.71e-01
5.30e-02
4.34e-02
4.25e-02
4.06e-02
2.95e-02
2.90e-02
1.07e-02
1.05e-02
6.79e-03
6.53e-03
3.83e-03
3.22e-03
2.54e-03
2.24e-03
2.06e-03
2.03e-03
1.86e-03
1.77e-03
1.33e-03
1.15e-03
9.52e-04
8.22e-04
8.17e-04
7.89e-04
5.45e-04
5.28e-04
5.21e-04
5.05e-04
4.97e-04
4.72e-04
4.51e-04
3.99e-04
3.80e-04
3.76e-04
3.18e-04
2.98e-04
2.95e-04
2.77e-04
2.48e-04
2.25e-04
2.07e-04
1.89e-04
1.75e-04
1.756-04
1.55e-04
M-234
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-39. CRT LCIA Results for the Terrestrial Toxicity Impact Category
Process Group
CRT tube mfg.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
CRT tube mfg.
Japanese Electric Grid
Glass/frit
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
CRT tube mfg.
LPG Production
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
LPG Production
CRT tube mfg.
Japanese Electric Grid
Glass/frit
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
CRT tube mfg.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
Material
Dimethyl Formamide
Methane
Benzene
Sulfur oxides
Nitrogen oxides
PM-10
Carbon monoxide
Nitrogen oxides
Arsenic
Zinc (elemental)
Molybdenum
Selenium
Carbon monoxide
Formaldehyde
Fluorides (F-)
Selenium
Zinc (elemental)
Formaldehyde
Vanadium
Hydrofluoric acid
PM
PM-10
Ethane
Phenol
Arsenic
Pentane
Toluene
Zinc (elemental)
Nitrogen oxides
Hexane
Formaldehyde
PM
Vanadium
PM
Antimony
Arsenic
Hydrochloric acid
Nickel
Sulfur oxides
Ammonia
Methane
Sulfur oxides
Benzene
PM-10
Hydrofluoric acid
Antimony
Nickel
Nitrogen oxides
Hydrofluoric acid
Formaldehyde
LCI Data Type Terrestrial Toxicity % of Total
(tox-kg)
primary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
model/secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
model/secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
3.03e-03
2.57e-03
2.55e-03
2.44e-03
2.17e-03
2.00e-03
2.00e-03
1.76e-03
1.72e-03
1.65e-03
1.65e-03
1.48e-03
1.40e-03
1.37e-03
1.31e-03
1.27e-03
1.20e-03
1.17e-03
l.lle-03
l.OOe-03
9.24e-04
9.22e-04
7.76e-04
7.15e-04
6.52e-04
6.51e-04
6.41e-04
6.13e-04
5.33e-04
4.51e-04
4.41e-04
4.14e-04
4.03e-04
3.96e-04
3.23e-04
3.15e-04
2.97e-04
2.90e-04
2.76e-04
2.69e-04
2.61e-04
2.45e-04
2.41e-04
2.25e-04
2.15e-04
2.14e-04
1.89e-04
1.79e-04
1.71e-04
1.55e-04
1.54e-04
1.30e-04
1.29e-04
1.23e-04
1.10e-04
1.01 e-04
l.Ole-04
8.90e-05
8.74e-05
8.35e-05
8.34e-05
7.50e-05
7.11e-05
6.93e-05
6.63e-05
6.46e-05
6.08e-05
5.92e-05
5.64e-05
5.08e-05
4.68e-05
4.67e-05
3.93e-05
3.62e-05
3.30e-05
3.30e-05
3.25e-05
3.11e-05
2.70e-05
2.28e-05
2.23e-05
2.10e-05
2.04e-05
2.01e-05
1.64e-05
1.59e-05
1. 50e-05
1.47e-05
1.40e-05
1.36e-05
1.32e-05
1.24e-05
1.22e-05
1.14e-05
1.09e-05
1.08e-05
9.56e-06
9.09e-06
8.69e-06
7.84e-06
M-235
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-39. CRT LCIA Results for the Terrestrial Toxicity Impact Category
Process Group
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
Glass/frit
CRT tube mfg.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Glass/frit
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Glass/frit
Glass/frit
CRT tube mfg.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
LPG Production
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Glass/frit
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
Natural Gas Prod.
LPG Production
CRT tube mfg.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Material
Nitrous oxide
Aluminum (+3)
Molybdenum
Hydrochloric acid
Nitrous oxide
Benzene
PM
Molybdenum
Chromium (VI)
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Benzene
Methane
Arsenic
Vanadium
Hydrochloric acid
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Selenium
Nitrate
Fluorides (F-)
Carbon monoxide
Nitrous oxide
Nitrous oxide
Formaldehyde
Sulfur oxides
Lead
Copper
PM
Nickel
Copper
2-Chloroacetophenone
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Dimethylbenzanthracene
Bromomethane
Hydrogen sulfide
Nitrates/nitrites
Barium
Zinc (elemental)
Formaldehyde
Naphthalene
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Antimony
Fluorides (F-)
Selenium
Manganese
Ammonia
Barium
Silicon
Cyanide (-1)
Naphthalene
Barium cmpds
Molybdenum
LCI Data Type Terrestrial Toxicity % of Total
(tox-kg)
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
primary
primary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
primary
primary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
1.45e-04
1.42e-04
1.31e-04
1.15e-04
1.12e-04
l.lle-04
1.09e-04
1.02e-04
l.Ole-04
9.77e-05
9.10e-05
8.13e-05
7.04e-05
6.96e-05
6.39e-05
6.27e-05
6.07e-05
6.06e-05
5.83e-05
5.59e-05
5.42e-05
5.19e-05
5.14e-05
5.08e-05
4.37e-05
4.05e-05
4.05e-05
3.51e-05
3.49e-05
3.22e-05
3.21e-05
3.19e-05
3.18e-05
3.18e-05
2.94e-05
2.94e-05
2.89e-05
2.776-05
2.58e-05
2.556-05
2.37e-05
2.34e-05
2.33e-05
2.23e-05
2.01e-05
1.86e-05
1.69e-05
1.67e-05
1.63e-05
1.59e-05
1.56e-05
7.35e-06
7.17e-06
6.66e-06
5.85e-06
5.66e-06
5.64e-06
5.53e-06
5.18e-06
S.lle-06
4.95e-06
4.61e-06
4.12e-06
3.57e-06
3.53e-06
3.24e-06
3.18e-06
3.07e-06
3.07e-06
2.96e-06
2.83e-06
2.75e-06
2.63e-06
2.60e-06
2.58e-06
2.21e-06
2.05e-06
2.05e-06
1.78e-06
1.77e-06
1.63e-06
1.63e-06
1.62e-06
1.61e-06
1.61e-06
1.49e-06
1.49e-06
1.47e-06
1.40e-06
1.31e-06
1.29e-06
1.20e-06
1.18e-06
1.18e-06
1.13e-06
1.02e-06
9.44e-07
8.57e-07
8.47e-07
8.28e-07
8.04e-07
7.89e-07
M-236
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-39. CRT LCIA Results for the Terrestrial Toxicity Impact Category
Process Group
Natural Gas Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
US electric grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Natural Gas Prod.
US electric grid
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LPG Production
CRT tube mfg.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
CRT tube mfg.
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
US electric grid
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Material
Fluorides (F-)
Lead
Hydrochloric acid
Selenium
Nitrous oxide
Ammonia
Hydrogen sulfide
Zinc (elemental)
Hydrofluoric acid
Molybdenum
Copper
Ethane
2-Chloroacetophenone
Bromomethane
Zinc (elemental)
Carbon disulfide
Pentane
Nitrous oxide
2-Chloroacetophenone
Bromomethane
Molybdenum
Benzyl chloride
Ethane
Hexane
Aluminum (elemental)
Pentane
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Chloroform
Manganese
Cyanide (-1)
Zinc (elemental)
Hydrofluoric acid
Lead
Cyanide (-1)
Nickel
2,3,7,8-TCDD
Nickel
Hexane
Cobalt
Selenium
Fluorides (F-)
Phenol
PM-10
Molybdenum
Ethane
2,3,7,8-TCDD
Naphthalene
Phenol
Acrolein
Pentane
LCI Data Type Terrestrial Toxicity % of Total
(tox-kg)
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
1.35e-05
1.24e-05
1.23e-05
1.21e-05
1.15e-05
1.10e-05
l.Ole-05
8.50e-06
8.10e-06
7.92e-06
7.14e-06
6.99e-06
6.88e-06
6.81e-06
6.59e-06
5.98e-06
5.86e-06
5.75e-06
5.50e-06
5.44e-06
5.33e-06
4.68e-06
4.43e-06
4.06e-06
.87e-06
.72e-06
.70e-06
.64e-06
.60e-06
3.58e-06
3.54e-06
3.15e-06
3.01e-06
2.86e-06
2.81e-06
2.71e-06
2.60e-06
2.58e-06
2.51e-06
2.50e-06
2.46e-06
2.42e-06
2.33e-06
2.31e-06
2.30e-06
2.22e-06
2.16e-06
2.01e-06
1.94e-06
1.93e-06
6.85e-07
6.26e-07
6.24e-07
6.15e-07
5.856-07
5.58e-07
5.12e-07
4.31e-07
4.10e-07
4.01e-07
3.62e-07
3.54e-07
3.49e-07
3.45e-07
3.34e-07
3.03e-07
2.97e-07
2.91e-07
2.79e-07
2.76e-07
2.70e-07
2.37e-07
2.25e-07
2.06e-07
1.96e-07
1.88e-07
1.88e-07
1.84e-07
1.83e-07
1.81e-07
1.80e-07
1.60e-07
1.53e-07
1.45e-07
1.42e-07
1.37e-07
1.32e-07
1.31e-07
1.27e-07
1.27e-07
1.25e-07
1.23e-07
1.18e-07
1.17e-07
1.17e-07
1.13e-07
1.09e-07
1.02e-07
9.83e-08
9.79e-08
M-237
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-39. CRT LCIA Results for the Terrestrial Toxicity Impact Category
Process Group
US electric grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LPG Production
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
Glass/frit
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
CRT tube mfg.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Glass/frit
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
US electric grid
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
Material
Barium
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Hydrofluoric acid
Methyl chloride
Beryllium
Hexane
Carbon disulfide
Hydrogen sulfide
Antimony
Cobalt
Methyl hydrazine
Ammonia
Carbon disulfide
Benzyl chloride
Nickel
Acetaldehyde
Propionaldehyde
Mercury
Cadmium
Benzyl chloride
Chloroform
PM-10
Manganese
Cadmium cmpds
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
PM
Chromium (VI)
Antimony
Toluene
Chloroform
Cyanide (-1)
Molybdenum
Zinc (elemental)
Chromium (VI)
Aluminum (+3)
Antimony
Acrolein
Chromium (VI)
Aluminum (+3)
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
Copper
Methyl chloride
Hydrofluoric acid
Acrolein
Zinc (elemental)
Dimethyl sulfate
Copper
Fluoride
Isophorone
Dimethylbenzanthracene
LCI Data Type Terrestrial Toxicity % of Total
(tox-kg)
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
primary
secondary
primary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
1.86e-06
1.77e-06
1.74e-06
1.57e-06
1.40e-06
1.34e-06
1.28e-06
1.19e-06
1.18e-06
1.18e-06
1.14e-06
1.02e-06
1.02e-06
l.OOe-06
9.44e-07
8.73e-07
8.73e-07
8.69e-07
8.10e-07
8.00e-07
7.79e-07
7.42e-07
7.28e-07
6.94e-07
6.71e-07
6.67e-07
6.39e-07
6.32e-07
6.23e-07
6.22e-07
6.06e-07
6.03e-07
5.55e-07
5.48e-07
4.79e-07
4.44e-07
4.15e-07
4.09e-07
3.97e-07
3.57e-07
3.57e-07
3.36e-07
3.36e-07
3.31e-07
3.31e-07
3.21e-07
3.17e-07
3.12e-07
3.08e-07
2.87e-07
9.42e-08
8.96e-08
8.83e-08
7.96e-08
7.11e-08
6.79e-08
6.48e-08
6.00e-08
6.00e-08
5.99e-08
5.76e-08
5.18e-08
5.17e-08
5.08e-08
4.78e-08
4.42e-08
4.42e-08
4.40e-08
4.10e-08
4.05e-08
3.95e-08
3.76e-08
3.69e-08
3.52e-08
.40e-08
.38e-08
.24e-08
.20e-08
.16e-08
3.15e-08
3.07e-08
3.05e-08
2.81e-08
2.78e-08
2.43e-08
2.25e-08
2.10e-08
2.07e-08
2.01e-08
1.81e-08
1.81e-08
1.70e-08
1.70e-08
1.68e-08
1.68e-08
1.63e-08
1.61e-08
1.58e-08
1.56e-08
1.46e-08
M-238
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-39. CRT LCIA Results for the Terrestrial Toxicity Impact Category
Process Group
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Glass/frit
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LPG Production
US electric grid
Glass/frit
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
LPG Production
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
US electric grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Material
Methyl chloride
2-Chloroacetophenone
Bromomethane
Methyl ethyl ketone
Tetrachloroethylene
Methyl hydrazine
Nitrate
Toluene
Chromium
Ethane
Methyl methacrylate
Lead
Nickel
Methyl hydrazine
Cobalt
Acetaldehyde
Propionaldehyde
Pentane
Dimethylbenzanthracene
Manganese
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Silicon
Bromoform
Nitrate
Chromium (III)
Dichloromethane
Phenol
Chromium (VI)
Naphthalene
Acetaldehyde
Propionaldehyde
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
Cadmium
Chlorobenzene
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Cyanide (-1)
Copper (+1 &+2)
Naphthalene
Hexane
Nickel
Mercury
Mercury
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
Copper
2 , 4-Dinitrotoluene
Nickel
2-Chloroacetophenone
Lead
Bromomethane
Barium
LCI Data Type Terrestrial Toxicity % of Total
(tox-kg)
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
primary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
2.69e-07
2.60e-07
2.57e-07
2.48e-07
2.45e-07
2.43e-07
2.43e-07
2.39e-07
2.20e-07
2.18e-07
2.12e-07
2.04e-07
1.95e-07
1.94e-07
1.94e-07
1.87e-07
1.87e-07
1.83e-07
1.82e-07
1.79e-07
1.77e-07
1.756-07
1.73e-07
1.73e-07
1.72e-07
1.67e-07
1.63e-07
1.58e-07
1.56e-07
1.49e-07
1.49e-07
1.44e-07
1.41e-07
1.40e-07
1.40e-07
1.35e-07
1.31e-07
1.30e-07
1.27e-07
1.23e-07
1.20e-07
1.18e-07
1. 15e-07
1.12e-07
l.lle-07
1.08e-07
1.01 e-07
9.99e-08
9.99e-08
9.97e-08
1.36e-08
1.32e-08
1.30e-08
1.26e-08
1.24e-08
1.23e-08
1.23e-08
1.21e-08
1.12e-08
1.10e-08
1.08e-08
1.03e-08
9.89e-09
9.84e-09
9.83e-09
9.47e-09
9.47e-09
9.26e-09
9.24e-09
9.07e-09
8.96e-09
8.88e-09
8.79e-09
8.75e-09
8.70e-09
8.48e-09
8.26e-09
8.02e-09
7.91e-09
7.56e-09
7.56e-09
7.27e-09
7.14e-09
7.10e-09
7.09e-09
6.84e-09
6.64e-09
6.59e-09
6.42e-09
6.22e-09
6.07e-09
5.98e-09
5.81e-09
5.67e-09
5.65e-09
5.46e-09
S.lle-09
5.06e-09
5.06e-09
5.05e-09
M-239
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-39. CRT LCIA Results for the Terrestrial Toxicity Impact Category
Process Group
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
US electric grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
Natural Gas Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
US electric grid
Glass/frit
Natural Gas Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
US electric grid
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
US electric grid
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Material
Hexane
Dimethylbenzanthracene
Chromium (VI)
PM-10
Naphthalene
Cadmium
Hexane
Manganese
Dimethyl sulfate
o-xylene
Toluene
Hydrogen sulfide
Isophorone
Antimony
Barium
Silicon
2-Chloroacetophenone
Ethylbenzene
Bromomethane
Barium
Dimethyl sulfate
Barium cmpds
Methyl ethyl ketone
Barium
Copper
Isophorone
Cyanide (-1)
Tetrachloroethylene
Carbon disulfide
Methyl methacrylate
Barium cmpds
Methyl ethyl ketone
Tetrachloroethylene
Aluminum (elemental)
Manganese
Lead
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Benzyl chloride
Bromoform
Methyl methacrylate
Dichloromethane
Beryllium
Aluminum (+3)
Beryllium
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Chlorobenzene
Bromoform
Chloroform
Cyanide (-1)
Dichloromethane
LCI Data Type Terrestrial Toxicity % of Total
(tox-kg)
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/ secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/ secondary
secondary
model/secondary
primary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
9.59e-08
9.48e-08
9.46e-08
8.70e-08
7.72e-08
7.69e-08
7.66e-08
7.00e-08
6.87e-08
6.86e-08
6.78e-08
6.73e-08
6.59e-08
5.92e-08
5.90e-08
5.58e-08
5.58e-08
5.56e-08
5.52e-08
5.49e-08
5.49e-08
5.37e-08
5.32e-08
5.29e-08
5.28e-08
5.26e-08
5.25e-08
5.23e-08
4.82e-08
4.54e-08
4.45e-08
4.24e-08
4.18e-08
4.01e-08
3.95e-08
3.88e-08
3.79e-08
3.78e-08
3.71e-08
3.63e-08
3.58e-08
3.23e-08
3.23e-08
3.05e-08
3.02e-08
3.00e-08
2.96e-08
2.94e-08
2.90e-08
2.86e-08
4.86e-09
4.80e-09
4.79e-09
4.41e-09
3.91e-09
3.90e-09
3.88e-09
3.54e-09
3.48e-09
3.48e-09
3.44e-09
3.41e-09
3.34e-09
3.00e-09
2.99e-09
2.83e-09
2.83e-09
2.82e-09
2.80e-09
2.78e-09
2.78e-09
2.72e-09
2.69e-09
2.68e-09
2.67e-09
2.66e-09
2.66e-09
2.65e-09
2.44e-09
2.30e-09
2.26e-09
2.15e-09
2.12e-09
2.03e-09
2.00e-09
1.97e-09
1.92e-09
1.91e-09
1.88e-09
1.84e-09
1.82e-09
1.64e-09
1.64e-09
1.54e-09
1.53e-09
1.52e-09
1. 50e-09
1.49e-09
1.47e-09
1.45e-09
M-240
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-39. CRT LCIA Results for the Terrestrial Toxicity Impact Category
Process Group
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
LPG Production
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Glass/frit
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
US electric grid
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
LPG Production
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Material
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Chlorobenzene
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
Phenanthrene
Lead
Cobalt
Styrene
Vinyl acetate
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
Carbon disulfide
3 -Methy Icholanthrene
Chromium (VI)
Acrolein
Nitrate
Benzyl chloride
Nitrate
Phenol
Copper
Cumene hydroperoxide
Aluminum (elemental)
Methyl chloride
Copper
Ethylbenzene
Zinc (+2)
Chloroform
Beryllium
2-Chloroacetophenone
Bromomethane
Ethylbenzene
Carbon disulfide
Methyl hydrazine
Dimethylbenzanthracene
Toluene
Benzyl chloride
Ethylene dibromide
Cobalt
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Naphthalene
Manganese
Acetaldehyde
Propionaldehyde
Mercury
Silicon
Cadmium
Chloroform
Acrolein
2-Methylnaphthalene
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Cyanide (-1)
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
LCI Data Type Terrestrial Toxicity % of Total
(tox-kg)
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
2.79e-08
2.39e-08
2.38e-08
2.27e-08
2.17e-08
2.12e-08
2.03e-08
1.98e-08
1.90e-08
1.87e-08
1.87e-08
1.69e-08
1.57e-08
1.50e-08
1.47e-08
1.47e-08
1.46e-08
1.42e-08
1.34e-08
1.28e-08
1.27e-08
1.25e-08
1.18e-08
1.17e-08
1.14e-08
1.12e-08
1.08e-08
1.07e-08
1.04e-08
1.04e-08
9.18e-09
8.97e-09
8.63e-09
8.12e-09
8.03e-09
7.95e-09
7.57e-09
7.45e-09
7.44e-09
7.05e-09
7.05e-09
6.94e-09
6.54e-09
6.36e-09
6.32e-09
6.09e-09
6.01e-09
5.96e-09
5.60e-09
5.41e-09
1.41e-09
1.21e-09
1.21e-09
1.15e-09
1.10e-09
1.08e-09
1.03e-09
1.01 e-09
9.62e-10
9.50e-10
9.49e-10
8.56e-10
7.93e-10
7.62e-10
7.44e-10
7.43e-10
7.39e-10
7.20e-10
6.80e-10
6.47e-10
6.42e-10
6.32e-10
5.99e-10
5.94e-10
5.79e-10
5.67e-10
5.456-10
5.40e-10
5.26e-10
5.25e-10
4.65e-10
4.54e-10
4.37e-10
4.12e-10
4.07e-10
4.03e-10
3.83e-10
3.77e-10
3.77e-10
3.57e-10
3.57e-10
3.52e-10
3.31e-10
3.22e-10
3.20e-10
3.08e-10
3.04e-10
3.02e-10
2.83e-10
2.74e-10
M-241
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-39. CRT LCIA Results for the Terrestrial Toxicity Impact Category
Process Group
LPG Production
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Natural Gas Prod.
US electric grid
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
US electric grid
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
US electric grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
US electric grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
US electric grid
Natural Gas Prod.
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Material
Ethyl Chloride
Chlorine
Phenanthrene
Barium
PM-10
Methyl chloride
Methyl tert-butyl ether
o-xylene
Phenol
Cumene
Chromium (III)
Beryllium
Styrene
Vinyl acetate
Toluene
Lead
Phenanthrene
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Phenol
Barium cmpds
Methyl hydrazine
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Styrene
Vinyl acetate
Acrolein
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
Chromium (III)
Aluminum (+3)
Acetophenone
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Beryllium
Acetaldehyde
Propionaldehyde
Methyl chloride
Mercury
Biphenyl
Cobalt
Dimethyl sulfate
Cadmium
Isophorone
Cadmium cmpds
Acenaphthylene
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
Methyl ethyl ketone
Carbon disulfide
Tetrachloroethylene
Methyl hydrazine
Cadmium cmpds
Toluene
LCI Data Type Terrestrial Toxicity % of Total
(tox-kg)
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
5.36e-09
5.32e-09
5.21e-09
5.08e-09
4.94e-09
4.93e-09
4.75e-09
4.60e-09
4.54e-09
4.54e-09
4.48e-09
4.40e-09
4.35e-09
4.25e-09
4.19e-09
4.14e-09
4.00e-09
3.66e-09
3.63e-09
3.62e-09
3.57e-09
3.52e-09
3.47e-09
3.38e-09
3.37e-09
3.22e-09
3.15e-09
2.86e-09
2.82e-09
2.81e-09
2.80e-09
2.74e-09
2.74e-09
2.73e-09
2.72e-09
2.71e-09
2.64e-09
2.59e-09
2.53e-09
2.48e-09
2.35e-09
2.14e-09
2.11e-09
2.04e-09
2.00e-09
2.00e-09
1.97e-09
1.97e-09
1.95e-09
1.90e-09
2.72e-10
2.70e-10
2.64e-10
2.58e-10
2.50e-10
2.50e-10
2.40e-10
2.33e-10
2.30e-10
2.30e-10
2.27e-10
2.23e-10
2.20e-10
2.15e-10
2.12e-10
2.10e-10
2.03e-10
1.85e-10
1.84e-10
1.83e-10
1.81e-10
1.78e-10
1.76e-10
1.71e-10
Ule-lO
1.63e-10
1.59e-10
1.45e-10
1.43e-10
1.42e-10
1.42e-10
1.39e-10
1.39e-10
1.38e-10
1.38e-10
1.37e-10
1.34e-10
1.31e-10
1.28e-10
1.26e-10
1.19e-10
1.08e-10
1.07e-10
1.03e-10
1.02e-10
l.Ole-10
l.OOe-10
l.OOe-10
9.876-11
9.61e-ll
M-242
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-39. CRT LCIA Results for the Terrestrial Toxicity Impact Category
Process Group
Natural Gas Prod.
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Glass/frit
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LPG Production
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
LPG Production
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Material
Mercury
Acenaphthene
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Ethylene dibromide
Methyl methacrylate
Benzyl chloride
Acetaldehyde
Propionaldehyde
Aluminum (elemental)
Acenaphthene
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Cadmium
Bromoform
Nickel cmpds
Ethylene dibromide
Dichloromethane
o-xylene
Nickel
B enzo [a] anthracene
Chloroform
Chrysene
Lead cmpds
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
Ethyl Chloride
Chlorobenzene
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
Dimethyl sulfate
Cumene
Isophorone
Indeno(l ,2,3-cd)pyrene
Ethyl Chloride
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
Cobalt
Benzo[a]anthracene
Methyl ethyl ketone
Tetrachloroethylene
B enzo [b j , k] fluoranthene
Mercury compounds
Chromium (III)
Benzo[a]pyrene
Methyl methacrylate
Fluorene
Acrolein
Acetophenone
Biphenyl
Pyrene
Dimethyl sulfate
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene
Bromoform
LCI Data Type Terrestrial Toxicity % of Total
(tox-kg)
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
1.88e-09
1.78e-09
1.73e-09
1.72e-09
1.71e-09
1.57e-09
1.51e-09
1.51e-09
1.50e-09
1.47e-09
1.43e-09
1.40e-09
1.40e-09
1.39e-09
1.37e-09
1.35e-09
1.28e-09
1.27e-09
1.25e-09
1.22e-09
1.20e-09
1.17e-09
1.16e-09
1. 15e-09
1.13e-09
1.06e-09
1.01 e-09
9.71e-10
9.66e-10
9.29e-10
9.16e-10
8.99e-10
8.62e-10
8.00e-10
7.79e-10
7.67e-10
7.36e-10
7.07e-10
6.96e-10
6.83e-10
6.66e-10
6.60e-10
6.49e-10
6.04e-10
5.79e-10
5.71e-10
5.57e-10
5.55e-10
5.55e-10
5.44e-10
9.54e-ll
9.036-11
8.77e-ll
8.706-11
8.68e-ll
7.94e-ll
7.67e-ll
7.676-11
7.58e-ll
7.44e-ll
7.23e-ll
7.116-11
7.09e-ll
7.046-11
6.95e-ll
6.856-11
6.50e-ll
6.43e-ll
6.32e-ll
6.176-11
6.07e-ll
5.916-11
5.90e-ll
5.81e-ll
5.73e-ll
5.386-11
5.10e-ll
4.926-11
4.89e-ll
4.70e-ll
4.64e-ll
4.566-11
4.37e-ll
4.056-11
3.95e-ll
3.896-11
3.73e-ll
3.58e-ll
3.52e-ll
3.466-11
3.37e-ll
3.356-11
3.29e-ll
3.066-11
2.93e-ll
2.89e-ll
2.82e-ll
2.816-11
2.81e-ll
2.76e-ll
M-243
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-39. CRT LCIA Results for the Terrestrial Toxicity Impact Category
Process Group
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LPG Production
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Glass/frit
Glass/frit
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
US electric grid
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Glass/frit
US electric grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Material
Fluoranthene
Chrysene
Isophorone
Methyl chloride
Dichloromethane
Zinc (+2)
HALON-1301
B enzo [b] fluoranthene
Acetophenone
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Chlorine
Beryllium
Chromium
Manganese
Biphenyl
Indeno(l ,2,3-cd)pyrene
Ethylbenzene
Copper (+1 &+2)
Chlorobenzene
Methyl ethyl ketone
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene
o-xylene
Tetrachloroethylene
Aromatic hydrocarbons
B enzo [b j , k] fluoranthene
Methyl hydrazine
Silicon
Methyl methacrylate
Copper (+1 & +2)
Acenaphthylene
Dibenzo[a,h]anthracene
2 , 4-Dinitrotoluene
Acenaphthylene
Barium cmpds
Lead
Acenaphthene
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Bromoform
Dibenzo[a,h]anthracene
Acetaldehyde
Propionaldehyde
Dichloromethane
Mercury
Chromium (III)
Cadmium
Chlorobenzene
2-Methylnaphthalene
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
o-xylene
LCI Data Type Terrestrial Toxicity % of Total
(tox-kg)
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
primary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
primary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
5.39e-10
5.35e-10
5.34e-10
5.26e-10
5.25e-10
5.24e-10
5.08e-10
4.99e-10
4.82e-10
4.74e-10
4.73e-10
4.67e-10
4.67e-10
4.67e-10
4.62e-10
4.48e-10
4.47e-10
4.43e-10
4.40e-10
4.31e-10
4.30e-10
4.29e-10
4.24e-10
3.93e-10
3.89e-10
3.81e-10
3.71e-10
3.68e-10
3.68e-10
3.60e-10
3.55e-10
3.50e-10
3.29e-10
3.21e-10
3.20e-10
3.08e-10
3.07e-10
3.01e-10
2.96e-10
2.92e-10
2.92e-10
2.90e-10
2.89e-10
2.70e-10
2.67e-10
2.43e-10
2.38e-10
2.25e-10
2.25e-10
2.06e-10
2.736-11
2.71e-ll
2.71e-ll
2.66e-ll
2.666-11
2.66e-ll
2.576-11
2.53e-ll
2.446-11
2.40e-ll
2.40e-ll
2.36e-ll
2.366-11
2.36e-ll
2.346-11
2.27e-ll
2.266-11
2.25e-ll
2.236-11
2.18e-ll
2.186-11
2.17e-ll
2.156-11
1.99e-ll
1.976-11
1.93e-ll
1.88e-ll
1.87e-ll
1.866-11
1.82e-ll
1.80e-ll
1.77e-ll
1.676-11
1.63e-ll
1.62e-ll
1.56e-ll
1.556-11
1.52e-ll
1. 50e-ll
1.486-11
1.48e-ll
1.476-11
1.46e-ll
1.376-11
1.35e-ll
1.23e-ll
1.20e-ll
1.146-11
1.146-11
1.05e-ll
M-244
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-39. CRT LCIA Results for the Terrestrial Toxicity Impact Category
Process Group
Japanese Electric Grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
US electric grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
US electric grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
US electric grid
LPG Production
Glass/frit
US electric grid
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
US electric grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Material
Pyrene
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
Toluene
Ethylbenzene
Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Benzo[b,j,k]fluoranthene
3 -Methylcholanthrene
Fluoranthene
Styrene
Chrysene
Chromium (III)
Vinyl acetate
Cadmium cmpds
Benzo[a]anthracene
5-Methyl chrysene
Cobalt
Fluorene
Halogenated matter (organic)
Dimethyl sulfate
3 -Methylcholanthrene
Indeno( 1 ,2,3-cd)pyrene
Isophorone
Fluoranthene
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Aluminum (elemental)
Pyrene
Methyl ethyl ketone
Tetrachloroethylene
Methyl methacrylate
Phenanthrene
Phenanthrene
Ethylene dibromide
Styrene
Vinyl acetate
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
o-xylene
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Bromoform
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene
Dichloromethane
3 -Methylcholanthrene
Benzo[a]pyrene
2-Methylnaphthalene
Zinc (+2)
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Chlorobenzene
Benzo[a]pyrene
LCI Data Type Terrestrial Toxicity % of Total
(tox-kg)
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
primary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
2.00e-10
1.93e-10
1.90e-10
1.74e-10
1.74e-10
1.71e-10
1.70e-10
1.69e-10
1.66e-10
1.64e-10
1.63e-10
1.61e-10
1.60e-10
1.58e-10
1.48e-10
1.47e-10
1.43e-10
1.28e-10
1.17e-10
1.07e-10
1.07e-10
1.05e-10
1.03e-10
1.02e-10
l.OOe-10
9.666-11
8.74e-ll
8.506-11
8.436-11
8.31e-ll
8.186-11
7.10e-ll
7.056-11
7.036-11
6.48e-ll
6.386-11
6.236-11
6.116-11
6.066-11
5.926-11
5.806-11
5.756-11
5.60e-ll
5.57e-ll
5.446-11
5.41e-ll
5.33e-ll
4.836-11
4.696-11
4.356-11
l.Ole-11
9.80e-12
9.60e-12
8.83e-12
8.82e-12
8.68e-12
8.60e-12
8.55e-12
8.43e-12
8.31e-12
8.26e-12
8.16e-12
8.11e-12
8.02e-12
7.50e-12
7.46e-12
7.26e-12
6.46e-12
5.91e-12
5.44e-12
5.43e-12
5.33e-12
5.22e-12
5.17e-12
5.09e-12
4.89e-12
4.43e-12
4.30e-12
4.27e-12
4.21e-12
4.14e-12
3.60e-12
3.57e-12
3.56e-12
3.28e-12
3.23e-12
3.15e-12
3.09e-12
3.07e-12
3.00e-12
2.94e-12
2.91e-12
2.84e-12
2.82e-12
2.76e-12
2.74e-12
2.70e-12
2.45e-12
2.37e-12
2.20e-12
M-245
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-39. CRT LCIA Results for the Terrestrial Toxicity Impact Category
Process Group
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
US electric grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Material
Ethyl Chloride
2-Methylnaphthalene
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
Cumene
Styrene
Vinyl acetate
2-Methylnaphthalene
Zinc (+2)
Aromatic hydrocarbons
5-Methyl chrysene
Copper (+1 & +2)
Chlorine
Chromium (III)
Ethylene dibromide
5-Methyl chrysene
Anthracene
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Acetophenone
Biphenyl
o-xylene
Ethylbenzene
2-Methylnaphthalene
Ethyl Chloride
Acenaphthylene
Chlorine
Cumene
Cadmium cmpds
Dibenzo[a,h]anthracene
Ethylene dibromide
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Acenaphthene
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Ethyl Chloride
Acetophenone
Biphenyl
Chrysene
Cumene
B enzo [a] anthracene
Phenanthrene
Acenaphthylene
Styrene
Vinyl acetate
Acenaphthylene
Indeno( 1 ,2,3-cd)pyrene
B enzo [b j , k] fluoranthene
B enzo [a] anthracene
Anthracene
Acenaphthene
Chrysene
3 -Methy Icholanthrene
LCI Data Type Terrestrial Toxicity % of Total
(tox-kg)
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
4.33e-ll
4.26e-ll
3.73e-ll
3.66e-ll
3.53e-ll
3.44e-ll
3.43e-ll
3.39e-ll
3.19e-ll
3.15e-ll
2.99e-ll
2.966-11
2.886-11
2.52e-ll
2.51e-ll
2.486-11
2.37e-ll
2.286-11
2.186-11
2.01e-ll
1.866-11
1.786-11
1.68e-ll
1.616-11
1.566-11
1.426-11
1.40e-ll
1.40e-ll
1.39e-ll
1.31e-ll
1.19e-ll
9.32e-12
9.30e-12
8.86e-12
8.49e-12
8.24e-12
7.87e-12
7.80e-12
7.32e-12
7.00e-12
6.80e-12
6.64e-12
6.63e-12
6.11e-12
5.94e-12
5.61e-12
5.42e-12
5.41e-12
5.40e-12
5.27e-12
2.19e-12
2.16e-12
1.89e-12
1.85e-12
1.79e-12
1.74e-12
1.74e-12
1.72e-12
1.62e-12
1.60e-12
1.51e-12
1. 50e-12
1.46e-12
1.28e-12
1.27e-12
1.26e-12
1.20e-12
1.15e-12
l.lle-12
1.02e-12
9.40e-13
9.04e-13
8.52e-13
8.17e-13
7.90e-l
7.21e-l
7.11e-l
7.07e-l
7.06e-l
6.65e-13
6.01e-13
4.72e-13
4.71e-13
4.49e-13
4.30e-13
4.18e-13
3.99e-13
3.95e-13
3.71e-13
3.54e-13
3.45e-13
3.36e-13
3.36e-13
3.09e-13
3.01e-13
2.84e-13
2.75e-13
2.74e-13
2.74e-13
2.67e-13
M-246
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-39. CRT LCIA Results for the Terrestrial Toxicity Impact Category
Process Group
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Material
Fluorene
Benzo[a]pyrene
Indeno(l ,2,3-cd)pyrene
Acetophenone
Nickel cmpds
Biphenyl
Acenaphthene
Benzo[b]fluoranthene
Fluoranthene
Pyrene
Lead cmpds
Nickel cmpds
Benzo[a]anthracene
Anthracene
Chrysene
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene
Lead cmpds
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene
Benzo[a]pyrene
Zinc (+2)
Dibenzo [a,h] anthracene
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Indeno( 1 ,2,3-cd)pyrene
B enzo [b] fluoranthene
Ethylene dibromide
Copper (+1 &+2)
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Pyrene
Mercury compounds
Benzo[b,j,k]fluoranthene
Benzo[a]pyrene
Fluorene
Mercury compounds
Dibenzo[a,h]anthracene
Ethyl Chloride
Pyrene
HALON-1301
2-Methylnaphthalene
Fluoranthene
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene
Fluorene
Cumene
B enzo [b] fluoranthene
Chlorine
Fluoranthene
HALON-1301
B enzo [b j , k] fluoranthene
5-Methyl chrysene
Dibenzo [a,h] anthracene
Acetophenone
LCI Data Type Terrestrial Toxicity % of Total
(tox-kg)
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
5.11e-12
5.10e-12
4.93e-12
4.90e-12
4.70e-12
4.70e-12
4.50e-12
4.17e-12
4.11e-12
4.04e-12
3.95e-12
3.90e-12
3.76e-12
3.70e-12
3.66e-12
3.43e-12
3.27e-12
3.19e-12
3.15e-12
2.98e-12
2.83e-12
2.83e-12
2.82e-12
2.74e-12
2.69e-12
2.65e-12
2.53e-12
2.45e-12
2.39e-12
2.31e-12
2.11e-12
2.06e-12
1.98e-12
1.90e-12
1.79e-12
1.75e-12
1.72e-12
1.69e-12
1.67e-12
1.67e-12
1.64e-12
1.52e-12
1.47e-12
1.47e-12
1.46e-12
1.42e-12
1.28e-12
1.19e-12
1.05e-12
9.45e-13
2.59e-13
2.58e-13
2.50e-13
2.48e-13
2.38e-13
2.38e-13
2.28e-13
2.11e-13
2.08e-13
2.05e-13
2.00e-13
1.97e-13
1.90e-13
1.87e-13
1.85e-13
1.74e-13
1.66e-13
1.62e-13
1.59e-13
1. 51e-13
1.44e-13
1.43e-13
1.43e-13
1.39e-13
1.36e-l
1.34e-l
1.28e-l
1.24e-l
1.21e-l
1.17e-13
1.07e-13
1.04e-13
l.OOe-13
9.65e-14
9.09e-14
8.87e-14
8.70e-14
8.55e-14
8.48e-14
8.44e-14
8.30e-14
7.69e-14
7.47e-14
7.44e-14
7.42e-14
7.22e-14
6.47e-14
6.02e-14
5.30e-14
4.78e-14
M-247
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-39. CRT LCIA Results for the Terrestrial Toxicity Impact Category
Process Group
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
US electric grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Total Manufacturing
Use, Maintenance and
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
Material
Biphenyl
Acenaphthylene
Acenaphthene
5-Methyl chrysene
Halogenated matter (organic)
Chrysene
B enzo [a] anthracene
Halogenated matter (organic)
Nickel cmpds
Halogenated hydrocarbons (unspecified)
Indeno( 1 ,2,3-cd)pyrene
Lead cmpds
5-Methyl chrysene
B enzo [b j , k] fluoranthene
Benzo[a]pyrene
Fluorene
Anthracene
Pyrene
Fluoranthene
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene
Mercury compounds
B enzo [b] fluoranthene
HALON-1301
Dibenzo [a,h] anthracene
Anthracene
Anthracene
2,3,7,8-TCDF
2,3,7,8-TCDF
5-Methyl chrysene
Nickel cmpds
Halogenated matter (organic)
Lead cmpds
Mercury compounds
HALON-1301
Anthracene
Halogenated matter (organic)
Halogenated hydrocarbons (unspecified)
Halogenated hydrocarbons (unspecified)
Halogenated hydrocarbons (unspecified)
Halogenated hydrocarbons (unspecified)
Repair Life-cycle Stage
Sulfur dioxide
Nitrogen oxides
Carbon monoxide
Methane
Arsenic
Hydrochloric acid
Selenium
LCI Data Type Terrestrial Toxicity % of Total
(tox-kg)
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/ secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
9.06e-13
6.90e-13
5.39e-13
4.62e-13
3.95e-13
3.68e-13
3.66e-13
3.27e-13
3.17e-13
2.92e-13
2.79e-13
2.66e-13
2.55e-13
2.46e-13
2.19e-13
2.16e-13
1.79e-13
1.78e-13
1.75e-13
1.62e-13
1.61e-13
1.38e-13
1.16e-13
9.69e-14
9.56e-14
7.64e-14
7.30e-14
5.84e-14
4.92e-14
2.81e-14
2.66e-14
2.36e-14
1.43e-14
1.03e-14
7.82e-15
2.36e-15
9.87e-16
8.19e-16
6.65e-17
5.89e-18
9.46e+01
1.65e+03
1.18e+00
1.01 e+00
6.45e-01
5.58e-01
4.93e-01
9.28e-02
4.59e-14
3.50e-14
2.73e-14
2.34e-14
2.00e-14
1.87e-14
1.85e-14
1.66e-14
1.60e-14
1.48e-14
1.41e-14
1.35e-14
1.29e-14
1.25e-14
l.lle-14
1.09e-14
9.07e-15
9.02e-15
8.86e-15
8.20e-15
8.16e-15
6.98e-15
5.86e-15
4.91e-15
4.84e-15
3.87e-15
3.70e-15
2.96e-15
2.49e-15
1.42e-15
1.35e-15
1.19e-15
7.24e-16
5.20e-16
3.96e-16
1.19e-16
5.00e-17
4.15e-17
3.37e-18
2.98e-19
4.79e+00
8.34e+01
5.96e-02
5.12e-02
3.27e-02
2.83e-02
2.50e-02
4.70e-03
M-248
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-39. CRT LCIA Results for the Terrestrial Toxicity Impact Category
Process Group
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
Material
Vanadium
PM-10
Hydrofluoric acid
Formaldehyde
Benzene
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Nitrous oxide
Zinc (elemental)
Antimony
Molybdenum
2-Chloroacetophenone
Bromomethane
Cyanide (-1)
2,3,7,8-TCDD
Nickel
Naphthalene
Barium
Carbon disulfide
Benzyl chloride
Chloroform
Manganese
Chromium (VI)
Acrolein
Copper
Methyl chloride
Fluoride
Methyl hydrazine
Lead
Cobalt
Propionaldehyde
Acetaldehyde
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
Mercury
Hexane
Cadmium
Dimethyl sulfate
Toluene
Isophorone
Methyl ethyl ketone
Tetrachloroethylene
Methyl methacrylate
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Bromoform
Dichloromethane
Beryllium
Chlorobenzene
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
Ethylbenzene
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Phenol
LCI Data Type Terrestrial Toxicity % of Total
(tox-kg)
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
6.98e-02
5.78e-02
1.35e-02
9.69e-03
6.97e-03
3.93e-03
3.40e-03
1.81e-03
1.48e-03
4.96e-04
4.31e-04
4.27e-04
2.24e-04
1. 70e-04
1.63e-04
1.35e-04
1.16e-04
8.01e-05
6.28e-05
4.88e-05
4.56e-05
3.43e-05
2.60e-05
2.24e-05
2.11e-05
1.95e-05
1.52e-05
1.27e-05
1.22e-05
1.176-05
1.176-05
8.99e-06
7.51e-06
6.01e-06
4.82e-06
4.30e-06
4.25e-06
4.13e-06
3.33e-06
3.28e-06
2.85e-06
2.37e-06
2.33e-06
2.24e-06
1.91e-06
1.88e-06
1.49e-06
7.41e-07
3.74e-07
2.85e-07
3.54e-03
2.93e-03
6.81e-04
4.91e-04
3.53e-04
1.99e-04
1.72e-04
9.18e-05
7.51e-05
2.51e-05
2.18e-05
2.16e-05
1.14e-05
8.59e-06
8.26e-06
6.84e-06
5.90e-06
4.06e-06
3.18e-06
2.47e-06
2.31e-06
1.74e-06
1.32e-06
1.13e-06
1.07e-06
9.89e-07
7.72e-07
6.46e-07
6.16e-07
5.93e-07
5.93e-07
4.56e-07
3.81e-07
3.04e-07
2.44e-07
2.18e-07
2.15e-07
2.09e-07
1.69e-07
1.66e-07
1.44e-07
1.20e-07
1.18e-07
1.14e-07
9.67e-08
9.52e-08
7.57e-08
3.75e-08
1.89e-08
1.44e-08
M-249
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-39. CRT LCIA Results for the Terrestrial Toxicity Impact Category
Process Group
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
Total Use, Maintenance and
End-of-life Life-cycle Stage
CRT Incineration
CRT landfillrng
US electric grid
CRT landfillrng
CRT landfillrng
CRT landfillrng
US electric grid
CRT landfillrng
US electric grid
CRT Incineration
US electric grid
US electric grid
CRT landfillrng
US electric grid
LPG Production
CRT landfillrng
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
CRT landfillrng
Material
Styrene
Vinyl acetate
Phenanthrene
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Chromium (III)
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Ethylene dibromide
Ethyl Chloride
Cumene
Acetophenone
Biphenyl
Acenaphthylene
Acenaphthene
Benzo[b,j,k]fluoranthene
Chrysene
Benzo[a]anthracene
Fluorene
Indeno(l ,2,3-cd)pyrene
Fluoranthene
Pyrene
o-xylene
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene
Benzo[a]pyrene
2-Methylnaphthalene
5-Methyl chrysene
Dibenzo[a,h]anthracene
Anthracene
2,3,7,8-TCDF
Repiar
Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Nitrogen dioxide
PM
Nitrogen oxides
Arsenic cmpds
Carbon monoxide
Arsenic cmpds
Methane
Arsenic
Methane
Hydrochloric acid
Carbon monoxide
Benzene
Lead
Barium cmpds
Silver compounds
Silver compounds
LCI Data Type Terrestrial Toxicity % of Total
(tox-kg)
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
primary
model/secondary
primary
primary
primary
model/secondary
primary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
primary
model/secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
2.73e-07
2.66e-07
2.51e-07
2.21e-07
1.97e-07
1.08e-07
1.08e-07
7.19e-08
6.08e-08
3.78e-08
3.63e-08
2.26e-08
1.93e-08
1.06e-08
1.02e-08
9.27e-09
7.99e-09
6.59e-09
6.39e-09
5.28e-09
3.79e-09
3.60e-09
3.41e-09
2.67e-09
1.97e-09
8.74e-10
2.32e-10
4.57e-12
1.65e+03
1.98e-01
1.85e-01
1.65e-01
9.22e-03
1.85e-03
2.08e-04
1.18e-04
1.02e-04
l.Ole-04
9.83e-05
6.45e-05
5.58e-05
5.44e-05
4.93e-05
4.61e-05
4.04e-05
1.43e-05
1.27e-05
1.12e-05
1. 05e-05
1.38e-08
1.35e-08
1.27e-08
1.12e-08
9.98e-09
5.49e-09
5.45e-09
3.64e-09
3.08e-09
1.92e-09
1.84e-09
1.14e-09
9.78e-10
5.39e-10
5.17e-10
4.70e-10
4.05e-10
3.34e-10
3.24e-10
2.68e-10
1.92e-10
1.83e-10
1.73e-10
1.35e-10
l.OOe-10
4.43e-ll
1.176-11
2.32e-13
8.36e+01
l.OOe-02
9.37e-03
8.35e-03
4.67e-04
9.38e-05
1.06e-05
5.97e-06
5.18e-06
5.12e-06
4.98e-06
3.27e-06
2.83e-06
2.76e-06
2.50e-06
2.34e-06
2.05e-06
7.24e-07
6.45e-07
5.68e-07
5.30e-07
M-250
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-39. CRT LCIA Results for the Terrestrial Toxicity Impact Category
Process Group
CRT landfilling
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
CRT landfilling
CRT landfilling
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
CRT landfilling
US electric grid
CRT Incineration
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
CRT landfilling
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
CRT landfilling
CRT landfilling
LPG Production
US electric grid
CRT Incineration
US electric grid
CRT landfilling
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
CRT landfilling
US electric grid
CRT landfilling
CRT Incineration
LPG Production
LPG Production
CRT landfilling
Material
Barium cmpds
Selenium
Vanadium
Benzene
Methane
Vanadium
Sulfur oxides
PM-10
Nitrogen oxides
Hydrochloric acid
Ammonia
Arsenic
Hydrofluoric acid
Formaldehyde
PM
Cadmium cmpds
Formaldehyde
Cadmium cmpds
Benzene
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Nitrous oxide
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrogen sulfide
Zinc (elemental)
Antimony
Nitrous oxide
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Fluorides (F-)
Selenium
Molybdenum
2-Chloroacetophenone
Bromomethane
Ammonia
Selenium
Chromium (VI)
Hydrogen sulfide
Cyanide (-1)
Carbon tetrachloride
2,3,7,8-TCDD
Carbon tetrachloride
Nickel
Molybdenum
Naphthalene
Chloroform
Barium
Mercury compounds
Mercury compounds
Zinc (elemental)
Hydrofluoric acid
Toluene
LCI Data Type Terrestrial Toxicity % of Total
(tox-kg)
primary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
primary
primary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
primary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
primary
primary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
primary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
primary
model/secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
l.Ole-05
9.28e-06
9.04e-06
7.40e-06
7.24e-06
6.98e-06
6.92e-06
5.78e-06
4.94e-06
4.69e-06
2.41e-06
1.78e-06
1.35e-06
1.16e-06
l.lle-06
9.72e-07
9.70e-07
9.41e-07
6.98e-07
3.93e-07
3.40e-07
3.18e-07
2.30e-07
1.81e-07
1.48e-07
1.40e-07
8.47e-08
6.48e-08
6.40e-08
4.97e-08
4.32e-08
4.27e-08
3.23e-08
3.21e-08
2.84e-08
2.65e-08
2.24e-08
1.80e-08
1.70e-08
1.68e-08
1.63e-08
1.42e-08
1.35e-08
1.30e-08
1.17e-08
1. 15e-08
1.13e-08
1.04e-08
8.66e-09
8.22e-09
5.13e-07
4.70e-07
4.58e-07
3.75e-07
3.67e-07
3.54e-07
3.50e-07
2.93e-07
2.51e-07
2.37e-07
1.22e-07
9.03e-08
6.82e-08
5.86e-08
5.64e-08
4.92e-08
4.91e-08
4.77e-08
3.53e-08
1.99e-08
1.72e-08
1.61e-08
1.17e-08
9.19e-09
7.52e-09
7.09e-09
4.29e-09
3.28e-09
3.24e-09
2.52e-09
2.19e-09
2.16e-09
1.63e-09
1.62e-09
1.44e-09
1.34e-09
1.14e-09
9.11e-10
8.59e-10
8.50e-10
8.26e-10
7.20e-10
6.85e-10
6.59e-10
5.90e-10
5.84e-10
5.72e-10
5.24e-10
4.39e-10
4.17e-10
M-251
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-39. CRT LCIA Results for the Terrestrial Toxicity Impact Category
Process Group
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
CRT landfillrng
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
CRT landfillrng
US electric grid
US electric grid
CRT landfillrng
US electric grid
LPG Production
CRT Incineration
CRT landfillrng
US electric grid
CRT Incineration
CRT landfillrng
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
CRT landfillrng
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
CRT landfillrng
Material
Carbon disulfide
Ethane
Benzyl chloride
Phenol
Pentane
Chloroform
Manganese
Hexane
Chromium (VI)
Acrolein
Nickel
Copper
Methyl chloride
Fluoride
PM-10
Antimony
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Methyl hydrazine
Lead
Aluminum (+3)
Cobalt
Tetrachloroethylene
Propionaldehyde
Acetaldehyde
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
Chromium (VI)
Lead cmpds
Lead cmpds
Mercury
Trichloroethylene
Trichloroethylene
Hexane
Nitrate
Cadmium
Ethylbenzene
Dimethyl sulfate
Toluene
Isophorone
Methyl ethyl ketone
Tetrachloroethylene
Copper
Methyl methacrylate
2-Chloroacetophenone
Dimethylbenzanthracene
Bromomethane
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Bromoform
Dichloromethane
Naphthalene
Dichloromethane
LCI Data Type Terrestrial Toxicity % of Total
(tox-kg)
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
primary
model/secondary
model/secondary
primary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
model/secondary
secondary
primary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
primary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
primary
8.01e-09
6.70e-09
6.28e-09
6.17e-09
5.62e-09
4.88e-09
4.56e-09
3.89e-09
3.44e-09
2.60e-09
2.51e-09
2.24e-09
2.11e-09
1.95e-09
1.94e-09
1.85e-09
1.69e-09
1.53e-09
1.28e-09
1.22e-09
1.22e-09
1.20e-09
1.17e-09
1.17e-09
9.32e-10
9.00e-10
8.70e-10
8.10e-10
7.89e-10
7.52e-10
7.50e-10
6.99e-10
6.01e-10
5.23e-10
4.82e-10
4.44e-10
4.31e-10
4.25e-10
4.13e-10
3.33e-10
3.28e-10
3.01e-10
2.85e-10
2.78e-10
2.75e-10
2.75e-10
2.37e-10
2.33e-10
2.25e-10
2.23e-10
1.94e-10
4.06e-10
3.39e-10
3.18e-10
3.13e-10
2.84e-10
2.47e-10
2.31e-10
1.97e-10
1.74e-10
1.32e-10
1.27e-10
1.13e-10
1.07e-10
9.90e-ll
9.84e-ll
9.356-11
8.59e-ll
7.73e-ll
6.46e-ll
6.196-11
6.16e-ll
6.076-11
5.93e-ll
5.93e-ll
4.726-11
4.56e-ll
4.41e-ll
4.11e-ll
4.006-11
3.81e-ll
3.80e-ll
3.54e-ll
3.056-11
2.65e-ll
2.44e-ll
2.25e-ll
2.186-11
2.15e-ll
2.096-11
1.69e-ll
1.666-11
1.52e-ll
1.44e-ll
1.416-11
1.40e-ll
1.39e-ll
1.20e-ll
1.186-11
1.146-11
1.13e-ll
9.85e-12
M-252
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-39. CRT LCIA Results for the Terrestrial Toxicity Impact Category
Process Group
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
CRT Incineration
LPG Production
CRT landfilling
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
CRT Incineration
CRT landfilling
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
Material
Manganese
Beryllium
Chlorobenzene
Barium
2 , 4-Dinitrotoluene
Silicon
Cyanide (-1)
Barium cmpds
Lead
Ethylbenzene
o-xylene
Carbon disulfide
Chromium (III)
Benzyl chloride
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Aluminum (elemental)
Chloroform
Phenol
Styrene
Vinyl acetate
Phenanthrene
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Cobalt
Chromium (III)
Acrolein
Methyl chloride
Beryllium
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Ethylene dibromide
Methyl hydrazine
Acetaldehyde
Propionaldehyde
Mercury
Ethyl Chloride
Cadmium
Cumene
Cadmium cmpds
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
Toluene
Acetophenone
Biphenyl
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
Vinyl chloride
Vinyl chloride
Dimethyl sulfate
Isophorone
Acenaphthylene
Methyl ethyl ketone
Tetrachloroethylene
Acenaphthene
LCI Data Type Terrestrial Toxicity % of Total
(tox-kg)
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/ secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
1.93e-10
1.91e-10
1.88e-10
1.61e-10
1.49e-10
1.46e-10
1.44e-10
1.37e-10
1.07e-10
7.41e-ll
5.21e-ll
5.16e-ll
4.836-11
4.04e-ll
3.74e-ll
3.346-11
3.14e-ll
2.856-11
2.736-11
2.666-11
2.516-11
2.216-11
2.17e-ll
1.976-11
1.67e-ll
1.366-11
1.21e-ll
l.OSe-ll
l.OSe-ll
9.82e-12
7.54e-12
7.54e-12
7.50e-12
7.19e-12
6.99e-12
6.08e-12
5.99e-12
5.79e-12
5.38e-12
3.79e-12
3.63e-12
3.08e-12
2.97e-12
2.77e-12
2.77e-12
2.66e-12
2.26e-12
2.14e-12
2.11e-12
1.93e-12
9.76e-12
9.67e-12
9.52e-12
8.15e-12
7.57e-12
7.40e-12
7.31e-12
6.94e-12
5.40e-12
3.75e-12
2.64e-12
2.61e-12
2.45e-12
2.05e-12
1.89e-12
1.69e-12
1.59e-12
1.44e-12
1.38e-12
1.35e-12
1.27e-12
1.12e-12
1.10e-12
9.99e-13
8.48e-l
6.87e-l
6.14e-l
5.50e-l
5.45e-l
4.97e-13
3.82e-13
3.82e-13
3.80e-13
3.64e-13
3.54e-13
3.08e-13
3.04e-13
2.93e-13
2.72e-13
1.92e-13
1.84e-13
1.56e-13
1.51e-13
1.41e-13
1.40e-13
1.35e-13
1.14e-13
1.09e-13
1.07e-13
9.79e-14
M-253
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-39. CRT LCIA Results for the Terrestrial Toxicity Impact Category
Process Group
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
Material
Methyl methacrylate
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Bromoform
Chromium (III)
Dichloromethane
Chlorobenzene
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Copper (+1 & +2)
Benzo[b,j,k]fluoranthene
Chrysene
2 , 4-Dinitrotoluene
B enzo [a] anthracene
Fluorene
Indeno( 1 ,2,3-cd)pyrene
Fluoranthene
o-xylene
Pyrene
Ethylbenzene
o-xylene
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene
Benzo[a]pyrene
2-Methylnaphthalene
Methyl tert-butyl ether
5-Methyl chrysene
Phenanthrene
Styrene
Vinyl acetate
3 -Methylcholanthrene
Zinc (+2)
Dibenzo[a,h]anthracene
Ethylene dibromide
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
2-Methylnaphthalene
Ethyl Chloride
Chlorine
Cumene
Acetophenone
Biphenyl
Anthracene
Acenaphthylene
Acenaphthene
Nickel cmpds
B enzo [a] anthracene
Chrysene
Lead cmpds
Indeno( 1 ,2,3-cd)pyrene
B enzo [b j , k] fluoranthene
Mercury compounds
Benzo[a]pyrene
Fluorene
LCI Data Type Terrestrial Toxicity % of Total
(tox-kg)
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
1.83e-12
1.53e-12
1.50e-12
1.48e-12
1.45e-12
1.21e-12
1.21e-12
1.13e-12
1.06e-12
1.02e-12
9.62e-13
9.28e-13
8.00e-13
6.59e-13
6.39e-13
5.92e-13
5.29e-13
4.80e-13
3.80e-13
3.61e-13
3.41e-13
2.67e-13
2.41e-13
1.97e-13
1.96e-13
1.76e-13
1.71e-13
1.62e-13
l.Ole-13
8.75e-14
6.93e-14
6.53e-14
5.18e-14
4.63e-14
4.59e-14
3.92e-14
2.44e-14
2.34e-14
2.32e-14
1.85e-14
1.54e-14
1.20e-14
1.08e-14
1.03e-14
l.Ole-14
8.02e-15
6.35e-15
6.10e-15
5.90e-15
5.70e-15
9.28e-14
7.74e-14
7.59e-14
7.51e-14
7.32e-14
6.13e-14
6.12e-14
5.73e-14
5.39e-14
5.18e-14
4.87e-14
4.70e-14
4.05e-14
3.34e-14
3.24e-14
3.00e-14
2.68e-14
2.43e-14
1.92e-14
1.83e-14
1.73e-14
1.35e-14
1.22e-14
l.OOe-14
9.91e-15
8.89e-15
8.68e-15
8.19e-15
5.13e-15
4.43e-15
3.51e-15
3.31e-15
2.63e-15
2.35e-15
2.33e-15
1.98e-15
1.23e-15
1.18e-15
1.17e-15
9.36e-16
7.80e-16
6.07e-16
5.46e-16
5.24e-16
5.10e-16
4.06e-16
3.22e-16
3.09e-16
2.99e-16
2.89e-16
M-254
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-39. CRT LCIA Results for the Terrestrial Toxicity Impact Category
Process Group
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Material
Pyrene
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene
Fluoranthene
HALON-1301
B enzo [b] fluoranthene
Dibenzo [a,h] anthracene
5-Methyl chrysene
Halogenated matter (organic)
2,3,7,8-TCDF
Anthracene
Halogenated hydrocarbons (unspecified)
Halogenated hydrocarbons (unspecified)
Halogenated hydrocarbons (unspecified)
Halogenated hydrocarbons (unspecified)
Halogenated matter (organic)
HALON-1301
Mercury compounds
Lead cmpds
Nickel cmpds
Halogenated matter (organic)
Anthracene
HALON-1301
Anthracene
5-Methyl chrysene
Nickel cmpds
Halogenated matter (organic)
Dibenzo [a,h] anthracene
5-Methyl chrysene
Benzo[b,j,k]fluoranthene
Benzo[b]fluoranthene
Fluoranthene
Fluorene
Dibenzo[a,h]anthracene
Pyrene
HALON-1301
Copper (+1 & +2)
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Dibenzo[a,h]anthracene
B enzo[b] fluoranthene
Benzo[a]pyrene
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene
Mercury compounds
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene
Fluoranthene
Pyrene
Benzo[b]fluoranthene
Acenaphthene
Fluorene
Biphenyl
Benzo[a]pyrene
LCI Data Type Terrestrial Toxicity % of Total
(tox-kg)
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
4.93e-15
4.79e-15
4.65e-15
4.38e-15
4.31e-15
3.06e-15
1.27e-15
l.Ole-15
4.58e-16
2.14e-16
2.52e-18
-2.95e-18
-4.35e-17
-7.15e-16
-1.18e-15
-5.15e-15
-7.16e-15
-1.18e-14
-1.41e-14
-1.846-14
-4.79e-14
-7.99e-14
-8.41e-14
-1.286-13
-2.18e-13
-2.86e-13
-4.49e.13
-5.29e-13
-6.40e-13
-6.656-13
-7.34e-13
-8.226-13
-1.04e-12
-1.236-12
-1.24e-12
-1.336-12
-1.42e-12
-1.426-12
-1.48e-12
-1.586-12
-1. 60e-12
-1.736-12
-1.74e-12
-1.886-12
-1.91e-12
-2.09e-12
-2.26e-12
-2.326-12
-2.35e-12
-2.36e-12
2.50e-16
2.43e-16
2.36e-16
2.22e-16
2.18e-16
1.55e-16
6.44e-17
5.10e-17
2.32e-17
1.09e-17
1.28e-19
-1.50e-19
-2.20e-18
-3.62e-17
-5.99e-17
-2.61e-16
-3.63e-16
-5.99e-16
-7.13e-16
-9.30e-16
-2.43e-15
-4.05e-15
-4.26e-15
-6.49e-15
-l.lle-14
-1.45e-14
-2.28e-14
-2.68e-14
-3.24e-14
-3.37e-14
-3.72e-14
-4.16e-14
-5.28e-14
-6.22e-14
-6.30e-14
-6.73e-14
-7.19e-14
-7.20e-14
-7.50e-14
-8.00e-14
-8.116-14
-8.77e-14
-8.81e-14
-9.52e-14
-9.70e-14
-1.06e-13
-1.14e-13
-1.18e-13
-1.19e-13
-1.19e-13
M-255
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-39. CRT LCIA Results for the Terrestrial Toxicity Impact Category
Process Group
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Material
Acetophenone
Indeno(l ,2,3-cd)pyrene
Benzo[b,j,k]fluoranthene
Chrysene
Benzo[a]anthracene
Lead cmpds
Indeno(l ,2,3-cd)pyrene
Nickel cmpds
Acenaphthylene
Anthracene
Benzo[a]anthracene
Cumene
Chrysene
Ethyl Chloride
Acenaphthene
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Ethylene dibromide
Cadmium cmpds
Acenaphthylene
2-Methylnaphthalene
Biphenyl
Acetophenone
Chlorine
Cumene
Vinyl acetate
Styrene
2-Methylnaphthalene
Ethyl Chloride
Chlorine
Copper (+1 & +2)
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Zinc (+2)
Methyl tert-butyl ether
2-Methylnaphthalene
3 -Methylcholanthrene
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Ethylene dibromide
Zinc (+2)
5-Methyl chrysene
Phenanthrene
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene
Aluminum (elemental)
Ethylbenzene
Dichlorobenzene (mixed isomers)
3 -Methylcholanthrene
Benzo[a]pyrene
Vinyl acetate
Styrene
Pyrene
Phenanthrene
LCI Data Type Terrestrial Toxicity % of Total
(tox-kg)
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
-2.46e-12
-2.47e-12
-2.65e-12
-2.71e-12
-2.81e-12
-2.86e-12
-3.00e-12
-3.40e-12
-3.51e-12
-3.73e-12
-3.93e-12
-3.95e-12
-3.96e-12
-4.666-12
-5.79e-12
-6.586-12
-6.98e-12
-7.04e-12
-7.42e-12
-8.716-12
-9.73e-12
-1.026-11
-1.58e-ll
-1.636-11
-1.73e-ll
-1.77e-ll
-1.81e-ll
-1.936-11
-1.94e-ll
-2.066-11
-2.20e-ll
-2.246-11
-2.42e-ll
-2.716-11
-2.72e-ll
-2.726-11
-2.89e-ll
-3.21e-ll
-3.276-11
-3.536-11
-4.06e-ll
-4.26e-ll
-4.856-11
-4.906-11
-5.66e-ll
-5.706-11
-7.146-11
-7.316-11
-7.81e-ll
-7.876-11
-1.24e-13
-1.25e-13
-1.34e-13
-1.37e-13
-1.42e-13
-1.45e-13
-1.52e-13
-1.72e-13
-1.78e-13
-1.89e-13
-1.99e-13
-2.00e-13
-2.01e-13
-2.36e-13
-2.93e-13
-3.33e-13
-3.54e-13
-3.57e-13
-3.76e-13
-4.416-13
-4.93e-13
-5.14e-13
-7.99e-13
-8.26e-13
-8.75e-l
-8.96e-l
-9.19e-l
-9.77e-l
-9.81e-l
-1.04e-12
-1.12e-12
-1.13e-12
-1.23e-12
-1.37e-12
-1.38e-12
-1.38e-12
-1.46e-12
-1.63e-12
-1.66e-12
-1.79e-12
-2.06e-12
-2.16e-12
-2.45e-12
-2.48e-12
-2.87e-12
-2.89e-12
-3.62e-12
-3.71e-12
-3.96e-12
-3.99e-12
M-256
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-39. CRT LCIA Results for the Terrestrial Toxicity Impact Category
Process Group
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Material
Chromium (III)
3 -Methylcholanthrene
Indeno(l ,2,3-cd)pyrene
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Fluoranthene
Benzo[a]anthracene
Chlorobenzene
Fluorene
Dichloromethane
Chrysene
Bromoform
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Barium cmpds
Benzo[b,j,k]fluoranthene
Methyl methacrylate
Silicon
Ethylbenzene
Tetrachloroethylene
Methyl ethyl ketone
o-xylene
Chlorine
Acenaphthene
Zinc (+2)
Isophorone
Dimethyl sulfate
Chromium (III)
Copper (+1 & +2)
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Acenaphthylene
2 , 4-Dinitrotoluene
Chlorobenzene
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
Biphenyl
Dichloromethane
Bromoform
Acetophenone
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Cadmium
Propionaldehyde
Acetaldehyde
Methyl methacrylate
Tetrachloroethylene
Methyl ethyl ketone
Mercury
Methyl hydrazine
Cumene
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
Aluminum (elemental)
Isophorone
LCI Data Type Terrestrial Toxicity % of Total
(tox-kg)
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
-8.08e-ll
-8.46e-ll
-9.14e-ll
-9.70e-ll
-l.OOe-10
-l.Ole-10
-1.20e-10
-1.22e-10
-1.29e-10
-1.46e-10
-1.49e-10
-1.51e-10
-1.54e-10
-1.61e-10
-1.64e-10
-1.85e-10
-1.86e-10
-1.99e-10
-2.13e-10
-2.16e-10
-2.16e-10
-2.37e-10
-2.58e-10
-2.63e-10
-2.68e-10
-2.79e-10
-3.09e-10
-3.21e-10
-3.43e-10
-3.72e-10
-4.01e-10
-5.04e-10
-5.84e-10
-6.02e-10
-6.02e-10
-6.24e-10
-6.27e-10
-6.36e-10
-7.04e-10
-7.60e-10
-7.60e-10
-7.64e-10
-8.79e-10
-8.93e-10
-9.44e-10
-9.89e-10
-l.Ole-09
-1.08e-09
-1.08e-09
-l.lle-09
-4.09e-12
-4.29e-12
-4.63e-12
-4.91e-12
-5.08e-12
-5.10e-12
-6.06e-12
-6.17e-12
-6.53e-12
-7.38e-12
-7.57e-12
-7.64e-12
-7.80e-12
-8.15e-12
-8.29e-12
-9.36e-12
-9.43e-12
-l.Ole-11
-1.08e-ll
-1.09e-ll
-1.10e-ll
-1.20e-ll
-1.31e-ll
-1.33e-ll
-1.36e-ll
-1.42e-ll
-1.576-11
-1.63e-ll
-1.746-11
-1.89e-ll
-2.036-11
-2.55e-ll
-2.966-11
-3.05e-ll
-3.056-11
-3.16e-ll
-3.186-11
-3.22e-ll
-3.56e-ll
-3.85e-ll
-3.856-11
-3.87e-ll
-4.46e-ll
-4.53e-ll
-4.786-11
-5.01e-ll
-S.lle-ll
-5.47e-ll
-5.496-11
-5.61e-ll
M-257
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-39. CRT LCIA Results for the Terrestrial Toxicity Impact Category
Process Group
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Material
Dimethyl sulfate
Ethyl Chloride
Cobalt
Methyl chloride
Beryllium
Aluminum (+3)
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Acrolein
Cadmium cmpds
Ethylene dibromide
Toluene
Xylene (mixed isomers)
o-xylene
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
PM-10
Cadmium
Mercury
Propionaldehyde
Acetaldehyde
Chloroform
Phenanthrene
Benzyl chloride
Methyl hydrazine
Toluene
Vinyl acetate
Styrene
Silicon
Beryllium
Carbon disulfide
Methyl chloride
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Acrolein
Phenol
Nitrate
Cobalt
Chloroacetophenone
Lead
Ethylbenzene
Chloroform
Cyanide (-1)
Aluminum (elemental)
Benzyl chloride
Chromium (III)
Manganese
Carbon disulfide
Aluminum (+3)
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
Copper
Bromomethane
LCI Data Type Terrestrial Toxicity % of Total
(tox-kg)
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
-1.15e-09
-1.19e-09
-1.32e-09
-1.37e-09
-1.40e-09
-l.44e.09
-1.61 e-09
-1.686-09
-1.69e-09
-1. 70e-09
-1.78e-09
-2.04e-09
-2.13e-09
-2.31 e-09
-2.41e-09
-2.48e-09
-2.87e-09
-3.11e-09
-3.14e-09
-3.14e-09
-3.17e-09
-4.02e-09
-4.07e-09
-4.09e-09
-4.33e-09
-4.41 e-09
-4.52e-09
-4.73e-09
-5.02e-09
-5.20e-09
-5.65e-09
-6.19e-09
-6.98e-09
-7.32e-09
-7.54e-09
-9.27e-09
-1.04e-08
-1.096-08
-1.18e-08
-1.316-08
-1.45e-08
-1.61 e-08
-1.68e-08
-1.696-08
-1.98e-08
-2.15e-08
-2.23e-08
-2.48e-08
-2.65e-08
-2.77e-08
-5.856-11
-6.04e-ll
-6.71e-ll
-6.93e-ll
-7.116-11
-7.27e-ll
-8.186-11
-8.52e-ll
-8.556-11
-8.62e-ll
-9.046-11
-1.03e-10
-1.08e-10
-1.17e-10
-1.22e-10
-1.25e-10
-1.45e-10
-1.57e-10
-1.59e-10
-1.59e-10
-1.606-10
-2.04e-10
-2.06e-10
-2.07e-10
-2.19e-10
-2.23e-10
-2.29e-10
-2.40e-10
-2.54e-10
-2.63e-10
-2.86e-10
-3.14e-10
-3.53e-10
-3.71e-10
-3.82e-10
-4.69e-10
-5.27e-10
-5.50e-10
-5.97e-10
-6.63e-10
-7.376-10
-8.15e-10
-8.53e-10
-8.58e-10
-l.OOe-09
-1.09e-09
-1.13e-09
-1.25e-09
-1.34e-09
-1.40e-09
M-258
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-39. CRT LCIA Results for the Terrestrial Toxicity Impact Category
Process Group
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
Material
2-Chloroacetophenone
Barium
Chlorobenzene
Hydrogen sulfide
Dichloromethane
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Bromoform
Barium cmpds
Lead
Methyl methacrylate
Chromium (VI)
Dimethylbenzanthracene
Tetrachloroethylene
Barium
Methyl ethyl ketone
Cyanide (-1)
Cadmium
Nickel
PM-10
Naphthalene
Toluene
Isophorone
Silicon
Dimethyl sulfate
Manganese
Naphthalene
Dimethylbenzanthracene
Mercury
Bromomethane
2-Chloroacetophenone
Phenol
Copper
Dimethylbenzanthracene
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
Nitrate
Chromium (VI)
Cobalt
Acetaldehyde
Propionaldehyde
Antimony
Methyl hydrazine
Beryllium
Aluminum (+3)
Methyl chloride
Copper
Acrolein
Hydrogen sulfide
Antimony
Hexane
Chloroform
LCI Data Type Terrestrial Toxicity % of Total
(tox-kg)
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
-2.80e-08
-2.96e-08
-3.11e-08
-3.37e-08
-3.70e-08
-3.83e-08
-3.85e-08
-3.89e-08
-4.45e-08
-4.72e-08
-4.74e-08
-4.82e-08
-5.31e-08
-5.46e-08
-5.52e-08
-6.02e-08
-6.06e-08
-6.16e-08
-6.30e-08
-6.53e-08
-6.65e-08
-6.84e-08
-7.03e-08
-7.14e-08
-8.00e-08
-8.01e-08
-9.64e-08
-1.12e-07
-1.15e-07
-1.16e-07
-1.17e-07
-1.34e-07
-1.44e-07
-1.49e-07
-1.58e-07
-1.82e-07
-1.92e-07
-1.94e-07
-1.94e-07
-2.23e-07
-2.53e-07
-3.00e-07
-3.47e-07
-3.49e-07
-4.12e-07
-4.316-07
-6.11e-07
-6.37e-07
-7.53e-07
-7.95e-07
-1.42e-09
-1. 50e-09
-1.58e-09
-1.71e-09
-1.87e-09
-1.94e-09
-1.95e-09
-1.97e-09
-2.25e-09
-2.39e-09
-2.40e-09
-2.44e-09
-2.69e-09
-2.77e-09
-2.80e-09
-3.05e-09
-3.07e-09
-3.12e-09
-3.19e-09
-3.31e-09
-3.37e-09
-3.47e-09
-3.56e-09
-3.62e-09
-4.05e-09
-4.06e-09
-4.88e-09
-5.66e-09
-5.80e-09
-5.86e-09
-5.94e-09
-6.79e-09
-7.30e-09
-7.55e-09
-7.99e-09
-9.21e-09
-9.71e-09
-9.83e-09
-9.83e-09
-1.13e-08
-1.28e-08
-1.52e-08
-1.76e-08
-1.77e-08
-2.09e-08
-2.18e-08
-3.10e-08
-3.23e-08
-3.81e-08
-4.03e-08
M-259
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-39. CRT LCIA Results for the Terrestrial Toxicity Impact Category
Process Group
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Material
Hydrofluoric acid
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
PM-10
Pentane
Benzyl chloride
Ethane
Nickel
Molybdenum
Barium
Carbon disulfide
Hexane
Phenol
Nitrate
Pentane
Naphthalene
Hexane
Ethane
Pentane
Ethane
Zinc (elemental)
Hydrofluoric acid
Cyanide (-1)
Zinc (elemental)
Manganese
Nitrous oxide
Selenium
Molybdenum
Fluorides (F-)
Bromomethane
Nickel
Chromium (VI)
Molybdenum
Ammonia
Hydrogen sulfide
Formaldehyde
Antimony
Zinc (elemental)
Fluorides (F-)
Selenium
Hydrochloric acid
Vanadium
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Ammonia
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Nitrous oxide
Hydrochloric acid
Ammonia
Sulfur oxides
Arsenic
PM
LCI Data Type Terrestrial Toxicity % of Total
(tox-kg)
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
-8.74e-07
-8.87e-07
-9.35e-07
-9.44e-07
-1.04e-06
-1.13e-06
-1.16e-06
-1.16e-06
-1.31e-06
-1.33e-06
-1.36e-06
-1.75e-06
-1.80e-06
-1.97e-06
-2.03e-06
-2.03e-06
-2.34e-06
-2.94e-06
-3.50e-06
-3.56e-06
-3.61e-06
-3.72e-06
-4.26e-06
-4.89e-06
-5.79e-06
-6.09e-06
-6.48e-06
-6.78e-06
-7.08e-06
-9.71e-06
-9.94e-06
-9.95e-06
-1.10e-05
-1.27e-05
-1.39e-05
-2.16e-05
-2.54e-05
-2.64e-05
-2.69e-05
-3.20e-05
-3.49e-05
-3.98e-05
-4.51e-05
-5.50e-05
-6.18e-05
-1.32e-04
-1.35e-04
-1.38e-04
-1.58e-04
-2.08e-04
-4.43e-08
_4.49e-08
-4.74e-08
-4.78e-08
-5.27e-08
-5.70e-08
-5.87e-08
-5.87e-08
-6.66e-08
-6.73e-08
-6.90e-08
-8.88e-08
-9.116-08
-9.96e-08
-1.03e-07
-1.03e-07
-1.19e-07
-1.49e-07
-1.77e-07
-1.80e-07
-1.83e-07
-1.88e-07
-2.16e-07
-2.48e-07
-2.93e-07
-3.08e-07
-3.28e-07
-3.44e-07
-3.59e-07
-4.92e-07
-5.04e-07
-5.04e-07
-5.57e-07
-6.45e-07
-7.04e-07
-1.09e-06
-1.29e-06
-1.34e-06
-1.36e-06
-1.62e-06
-1.77e-06
-2.02e-06
-2.28e-06
-2.78e-06
-3.13e-06
-6.70e-06
-6.83e-06
-7.00e-06
-7.99e-06
-1.05e-05
M-260
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-39. CRT LCIA Results for the
Process Group
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
CRT Incineration
CRT Incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
CRT Incineration
Total End-of-life
Material
Hydrofluoric acid
PM
Formaldehyde
Formaldehyde
Arsenic
Nitrous oxide
Vanadium
Selenium
Fluorides (F-)
Nitrogen oxides
Benzene
Sulfur oxides
Methane
Benzene
Vanadium
Hydrochloric acid
Nitrogen oxides
Nitrogen oxides
Carbon monoxide
Carbon monoxide
Methane
PM
Methane
Sulfur oxides
Carbon monoxide
Benzene
Arsenic
Terrestrial Toxicity Impact Category
LCI Data Type Terrestrial Toxicity % of Total
(tox-kg)
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
-2.23e-04
-4.35e-04
-4.47e-04
-5.52e-04
-7.57e-04
-1.04e-03
-1.17e-03
-1.53e-03
-1.56e-03
-1.93e-03
-2.59e-03
-2.63e-03
-2.80e-03
-3.18e-03
-4.33e-03
-4.66e-03
-4.68e-03
-1.25e-02
-1.44e-02
-1.51e-02
-1.52e-02
-1.83e-02
-2.52e-02
-2.70e-02
-3.19e-02
-3.79e-02
-3.84e-02
2.88e-01
-1.13e-05
-2.20e-05
-2.26e-05
-2.80e-05
-3.83e-05
-5.276-05
-5.94e-05
-7.76e-05
-7.91e-05
-9.77e-05
-1.31e-04
-1.33e-04
-1.42e-04
-1.61 e-04
-2.19e-04
-2.36e-04
-2.37e-04
-6.36e-04
-7.31e-04
-7.64e-04
-7.68e-04
-9.29e-04
-1.27e-03
-1.37e-03
-1.62e-03
-1.92e-03
-1.95e-03
1.46e-02
Total All Life-cycle Stages
1.97e+03
l.OOe+02
M-261
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-40. LCD LCIA Results for the Terrestrial Ecotoxicity Impact Category
Process Group
Materials Processing Life-cycle
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Polycarbonate Production
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Aluminum Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
PET Resin Production
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Polycarbonate Production
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Polycarbonate Production
Polycarbonate Production
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
PET Resin Production
Aluminum Prod.
Polycarbonate Production
Aluminum Prod.
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Natural Gas Prod.
PET Resin Production
Material
Stage
Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur dioxide
Benzene
Sulfur dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Sulfur dioxide
Methane
Nitrogen oxides
Titanium tetrachloride
Carbon monoxide
Manganese cmpds
PM
Vanadium
PM
Carbon monoxide
Vanadium
Carbon monoxide
Carbon monoxide
Arsenic
Sulfur oxides
Ammonia
Arsenic cmpds
Methane
Methane
Nitrogen dioxide
Nitrogen dioxide
Fluorides (F-)
Manganese cmpds
Carbon monoxide
Nitrogen dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Methane
Vanadium
Hydrochloric acid
Sulfur oxides
Barium cmpds
PM
PM
PM
Nitrogen oxides
Methane
Methane
Nitrogen dioxide
Sulfur oxides
Selenium
Arsenic
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Formaldehyde
Nitrogen oxides
LCI Data Type Terrestrial Toxicity %
(tox-kg)
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
1.24e+01
8.61e+00
5.28e+00
5.13e+00
4.44e+00
4.43e+00
3.50e+00
6.51e-01
2.68e-01
1.36e-01
6.03e-02
5.14e-02
4.00e-02
2.89e-02
2.61e-02
2.53e-02
2.35e-02
2.32e-02
2.20e-02
1.93e-02
1.88e-02
1.77e-02
1.15e-02
1.13e-02
1.08e-02
1.07e-02
9.36e-03
7.30e-03
7.00e-03
6.86e-03
6.42e-03
5.34e-03
4.86e-03
4.46e-03
3.99e-03
3.89e-03
3.61e-03
3.31e-03
3.22e-03
3.06e-03
3.00e-03
3.00e-03
2.66e-03
2.50e-03
2.34e-03
2.22e-03
1.99e-03
1.93e-03
1.72e-03
of Total
1.39e+00
9.63e-01
5.91e-01
5.74e-01
4.97e-01
4.95e-01
3.92e-01
7.28e-02
3.00e-02
1.52e-02
6.74e-03
5.75e-03
4.47e-03
3.23e-03
2.92e-03
2.82e-03
2.62e-03
2.59e-03
2.46e-03
2.15e-03
2.10e-03
1.98e-03
1.29e-03
1.27e-03
1.21e-03
1.20e-03
1.05e-03
8.17e-04
7.83e-04
7.67e-04
7.18e-04
5.97e-04
5.44e-04
4.99e-04
4.47e-04
4.35e-04
4.04e-04
3.71e-04
3.60e-04
3.42e-04
3.36e-04
3.35e-04
2.97e-04
2.79e-04
2.62e-04
2.48e-04
2.23e-04
2.16e-04
1.93e-04
M-262
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-40. LCD LCIA Results for the Terrestrial Ecotoxicity Impact Category
Process Group
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
PET Resin Production
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
PET Resin Production
Aluminum Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
PMMA Sheet Prod.
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Polycarbonate Production
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Polycarbonate Production
Aluminum Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
PET Resin Production
Polycarbonate Production
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Aluminum Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
PET Resin Production
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Material
Ammonia
Hydrochloric acid
Methane
Fluorides (F-)
Benzene
Barium cmpds
Selenium
Nitrous oxide
Arsenic cmpds
PM
Hydrochloric acid
Zinc (elemental)
Aluminum (+3)
Nitrates/nitrites
Ethane
Cadmium cmpds
PM
Pentane
Titanium tetrachloride
Ammonia
Nitrous oxide
Hydrogen cyanide
Hydrochloric acid
Hexane
Hydrochloric acid
Silicon
Benzene
Formaldehyde
Sulfuric acid
Barium sulfate
Molybdenum
Titanium
Selenium
Hydrochloric acid
Mercury compounds
Sulfuric acid
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Hydrofluoric acid
Ethane
Zinc (elemental)
Mercury compounds
Molybdenum
Hydrofluoric acid
Zinc (elemental)
Titanium
Copper (+1 & +2)
Sulfuric acid
Sulfuric acid
Barium
LCI Data Type Terrestrial Toxicity %
(tox-kg)
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
1.04e-03
l.OOe-03
9.98e-04
9.45e-04
8.62e-04
8.49e-04
8.48e-04
8.07e-04
7.53e-04
6.99e-04
6.64e-04
5.94e-04
5.91e-04
5.70e-04
4.88e-04
4.36e-04
4.34e-04
4.09e-04
4.08e-04
3.91e-04
3.81e-04
3.73e-04
2.99e-04
2.83e-04
2.60e-04
2.48e-04
2.12e-04
2.03e-04
1.77e-04
1.69e-04
1.61 e-04
1. 60e-04
1.47e-04
1.45e-04
1.36e-04
1.32e-04
1.24e-04
1.22e-04
1.20e-04
1.06e-04
1.01 e-04
9.20e-05
8.95e-05
8.55e-05
8.47e-05
6.70e-05
6.23e-05
6.21e-05
6.03e-05
of Total
1.16e-04
1.12e-04
1.12e-04
1.06e-04
9.64e-05
9.49e-05
9.48e-05
9.02e-05
8.42e-05
7.82e-05
7.43e-05
6.64e-05
6.61e-05
6.38e-05
5.46e-05
4.88e-05
4.85e-05
4.58e-05
4.56e-05
4.38e-05
4.26e-05
4.17e-05
3.34e-05
3.17e-05
2.91e-05
2.77e-05
2.376-05
2.27e-05
1.98e-05
1.89e-05
1.81e-05
1.79e-05
1.64e-05
1.63e-05
1.52e-05
1.47e-05
1.38e-05
1.36e-05
1.35e-05
1.19e-05
1.13e-05
1.03e-05
l.OOe-05
9.56e-06
9.48e-06
7.50e-06
6.97e-06
6.95e-06
6.74e-06
M-263
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-40. LCD LCIA Results for the Terrestrial Ecotoxicity Impact Category
Process Group
Aluminum Prod.
Polycarbonate Production
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Aluminum Prod.
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Polycarbonate Production
Aluminum Prod.
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Natural Gas Prod.
PET Resin Production
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Natural Gas Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Aluminum Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Polycarbonate Production
Aluminum Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Polycarbonate Production
Aluminum Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Aluminum Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Material
Nitrous oxide
Fluorides (F-)
Tin (Sn++, Sn4+)
Perfluoromethane
Mercury compounds
Antimony
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Silicon
Fluorine
Antimony
Silver compounds
Hydrochloric acid
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Nitrates/nitrites
Boron
Mercury compounds
Dimethylbenzanthracene
Fluorine
Fluorides (F-)
Nitrate
Barium sulfate
Barium
Cadmium cmpds
Aluminum (elemental)
Acetylene
Hydrofluoric acid
Naphthalene
Copper
Nickel
Pentane
Aluminum (+3)
Nickel cmpds
Hydrogen sulfide
Nickel
Chromium (VI)
Zinc (+2)
Copper
Copper (+1 & +2)
Ammonia
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Phenol
Nitrites
Hydrogen sulfide
Copper (+1 & +2)
Copper (+1 & +2)
Barium
Nickel
Aluminum (elemental)
2-Chloroacetophenone
Bromomethane
LCI Data Type Terrestrial Toxicity %
(tox-kg)
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
5.14e-05
5.11e-05
5.11e-05
4.83e-05
4.76e-05
4.66e-05
4.59e-05
4.07e-05
3.80e-05
3.10e-05
3.03e-05
2.98e-05
2.97e-05
2.45e-05
2.41e-05
2.22e-05
2.01e-05
1.80e-05
1.79e-05
1.70e-05
1.68e-05
1.46e-05
1.32e-05
1.21e-05
1.14e-05
9.28e-06
9.09e-06
8.87e-06
8.58e-06
8.31e-06
7.72e-06
7.09e-06
6.66e-06
6.62e-06
6.61e-06
6.49e-06
5.99e-06
5.79e-06
5.76e-06
5.27e-06
5.22e-06
5.03e-06
4.70e-06
4.31e-06
4.21e-06
4.12e-06
3.99e-06
3.92e-06
3.90e-06
3.86e-06
of Total
5.75e-06
5.72e-06
5.71e-06
5.40e-06
5.32e-06
5.21e-06
5.13e-06
4.55e-06
4.25e-06
3.47e-06
3.38e-06
3.33e-06
3.32e-06
2.74e-06
2.70e-06
2.48e-06
2.24e-06
2.01e-06
2.01e-06
1.90e-06
1.88e-06
1.63e-06
1.48e-06
1.35e-06
1.28e-06
1.04e-06
1.02e-06
9.92e-07
9.60e-07
9.29e-07
8.64e-07
7.93e-07
7.45e-07
7.40e-07
7.39e-07
7.25e-07
6.70e-07
6.48e-07
6.44e-07
5.89e-07
5.83e-07
5.63e-07
5.26e-07
4.81e-07
4.71e-07
4.61e-07
4.46e-07
4.38e-07
4.36e-07
4.32e-07
M-264
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-40. LCD LCIA Results for the Terrestrial Ecotoxicity Impact Category
Process Group
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Polycarbonate Production
Polycarbonate Production
PET Resin Production
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Natural Gas Prod.
Polycarbonate Production
Polycarbonate Production
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
PET Resin Production
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Natural Gas Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Polycarbonate Production
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Material
Cyanide (-1)
Strontium (Sr II)
Copper
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Hydrofluoric acid
Fluoride
Lead cmpds
Vanadium (V3+, V5+)
Manganese
Strontium (Sr II)
Hexane
Ammonia
Hydrofluoric acid
Copper (+1 & +2)
Copper (+1 & +2)
Cyanide (-1)
Molybdenum (Mo II, Mo III, Mo IV, Mo V,
Mo VI)
Phenol
Chromium (VI)
Hydrogen sulfide
Lead
Hydrogen sulfide
Nitrate
Boric acid
Nitrate
Halogenated hydrocarbons (unspecified)
Hydrogen sulfide
Phenol
Bromine
Hydrofluoric acid
Uranium
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Toluene
Carbon disulfide
Toluene
Toluene
Ethylene
Cyanide (-1)
Methanol
Benzyl chloride
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Lead
Naphthalene
Chlorine
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Phenol
Heptane
Nickel cmpds
LCI Data Type Terrestrial Toxicity %
(tox-kg)
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
3.83e-06
3.72e-06
3.69e-06
3.51e-06
3.45e-06
3.39e-06
3.25e-06
3.03e-06
2.76e-06
2.29e-06
2.17e-06
2.07e-06
2.06e-06
2.04e-06
2.03e-06
2.03e-06
1.84e-06
1.75e-06
1.62e-06
1.53e-06
1.51e-06
1.40e-06
1.27e-06
1.06e-06
1.05e-06
1.03e-06
1.03e-06
1.02e-06
9.94e-07
9.08e-07
8.25e-07
7.676-07
7.44e-07
7.24e-07
6.75e-07
6.03e-07
6.02e-07
5.92e-07
5.84e-07
5.67e-07
5.50e-07
5.40e-07
5.39e-07
5.16e-07
5.13e-07
4.756-07
4.57e-07
4.56e-07
of Total
4.29e-07
4.16e-07
4.12e-07
3.93e-07
3.86e-07
3.79e-07
3.63e-07
3.39e-07
3.09e-07
2.56e-07
2.43e-07
2.31e-07
2.31e-07
2.28e-07
2.27e-07
2.27e-07
2.06e-07
1.96e-07
1.81e-07
1.72e-07
1.69e-07
1.576-07
1.42e-07
1.19e-07
1.18e-07
1. 15e-07
1.15e-07
1.14e-07
l.lle-07
l.Ole-07
9.23e-08
8.58e-08
8.32e-08
8.10e-08
7.556-08
6.74e-08
6.73e-08
6.62e-08
6.54e-08
6.35e-08
6.15e-08
6.04e-08
6.02e-08
5.77e-08
5.73e-08
5.31e-08
5.12e-08
5.10e-08
M-265
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-40. LCD LCIA Results for the Terrestrial Ecotoxicity Impact Category
Process Group
Aluminum Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Polycarbonate Production
Polycarbonate Production
Polycarbonate Production
Polycarbonate Production
Polycarbonate Production
Polycarbonate Production
Polycarbonate Production
Polycarbonate Production
Aluminum Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
PET Resin Production
Natural Gas Prod.
PMMA Sheet Prod.
PMMA Sheet Prod.
PMMA Sheet Prod.
PMMA Sheet Prod.
PMMA Sheet Prod.
PMMA Sheet Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
PET Resin Production
PET Resin Production
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Aluminum Prod.
PET Resin Production
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Natural Gas Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Material
Lead
Chloroform
Lead cmpds
Chlorine
Aluminum (+3)
PM-10
Chromium (VI)
o-xylene
Nickel cmpds
Zinc (+2)
Aluminum (+3)
Ethanethiol
Lead
Mercury
Nickel (+2)
Nitrate
Nitrous oxide
Zinc (+2)
Phenol
Acrolein
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
Phenol
Aluminum (+3)
Cobalt
Phenol
Beryllium
Aluminum (+3)
Ethanethiol
Lead
Mercury
Nitrous oxide
Zinc (+2)
Methyl chloride
Cobalt
Chlorine
Mercury
Chlorine
Hydrofluoric acid
Manganese
Acetic acid
Ammonia
Ammonia
Cobalt
Vanadium (V3+, V5+)
Methyl hydrazine
Boron (B III)
Mercury
Cadmium
Acetaldehyde
Propionaldehyde
LCI Data Type Terrestrial Toxicity %
(tox-kg)
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
4.47e-07
4.41e-07
4.33e-07
3.83e-07
3.62e-07
3.45e-07
3.31e-07
3.21e-07
2.92e-07
2.60e-07
2.58e-07
2.58e-07
2.58e-07
2.58e-07
2.58e-07
2.58e-07
2.58e-07
2.58e-07
2.38e-07
2.35e-07
2.25e-07
2.15e-07
2.00e-07
1.98e-07
1.98e-07
1.95e-07
1.92e-07
1.92e-07
1.92e-07
1.92e-07
1.92e-07
1.92e-07
1.90e-07
1.85e-07
1.82e-07
1.82e-07
1.81e-07
1.81e-07
1.76e-07
1.57e-07
1.56e-07
1.556-07
1.53e-07
1.45e-07
1.38e-07
1.32e-07
1.32e-07
1.10e-07
1.06e-07
1.06e-07
of Total
5.00e-08
4.93e-08
4.84e-08
4.29e-08
4.05e-08
3.86e-08
3.71e-08
3.59e-08
3.26e-08
2.91e-08
2.88e-08
2.88e-08
2.88e-08
2.88e-08
2.88e-08
2.88e-08
2.88e-08
2.88e-08
2.66e-08
2.63e-08
2.51e-08
2.41e-08
2.24e-08
2.22e-08
2.21e-08
2.19e-08
2.14e-08
2.14e-08
2.14e-08
2.14e-08
2.14e-08
2.14e-08
2.13e-08
2.06e-08
2.03e-08
2.03e-08
2.02e-08
2.02e-08
1.97e-08
1.76e-08
1.74e-08
1.74e-08
1.71e-08
1.63e-08
1.54e-08
1.48e-08
1.47e-08
1.23e-08
1.18e-08
1.18e-08
M-266
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-40. LCD LCIA Results for the Terrestrial Ecotoxicity Impact Category
Process Group
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
PET Resin Production
PET Resin Production
PET Resin Production
PET Resin Production
PET Resin Production
PET Resin Production
PET Resin Production
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Natural Gas Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Aluminum Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Material
Acetic acid
Cadmium
Triethylene glycol
Aluminum (+3)
Hydrogen sulfide
Lead
Nickel (+2)
Nitrate
Nitrous oxide
Zinc (+2)
Halogenated hydrocarbons (unspecified)
Hydrogen sulfide
Lead
Mercury
Nickel (+2)
Nitrous oxide
Zinc (+2)
Triethylene glycol
Morpholine
Strontium
Propylene
Cadmium
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
Mercury
Acetaldehyde
Cyanide (-1)
HALON-1301
Rubidium ion (Rb+)
Fluorine
Chromium (III)
Molybdenum (Mo II, Mo III, Mo IV, Mo V,
Mo VI)
Benzo[a]pyrene
Dimethyl sulfate
Acetone
Isophorone
Zinc (+2)
Chlorine
Methyl ethyl ketone
Tetrachloroethylene
Lanthanum
Silicon
Methyl methacrylate
Ethylbenzene
Beryllium
Barium cmpds
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Bromoform
Dichloromethane
LCI Data Type Terrestrial Toxicity %
(tox-kg)
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
l.OOe-07
9.80e-08
9.39e-08
9.08e-08
9.08e-08
9.08e-08
9.08e-08
9.08e-08
9.08e-08
9.08e-08
9.04e-08
9.04e-08
9.04e-08
9.04e-08
9.04e-08
9.04e-08
9.04e-08
9.03e-08
8.78e-08
8.69e-08
8.67e-08
8.54e-08
8.13e-08
7.51e-08
7.50e-08
7.05e-08
6.72e-08
5.93e-08
5.576-08
4.88e-08
4.44e-08
4.37e-08
3.89e-08
3.87e-08
3.73e-08
3.66e-08
3.31e-08
3.01e-08
2.96e-08
2.63e-08
2.59e-08
2.57e-08
2.57e-08
2.31e-08
2.24e-08
2.14e-08
2.10e-08
2.03e-08
of Total
1.12e-08
1.10e-08
1. 05e-08
1.01 e-08
1.01 e-08
1.01 e-08
1.01 e-08
1.01 e-08
1.01 e-08
1.01 e-08
l.Ole-08
l.Ole-08
l.Ole-08
l.Ole-08
l.Ole-08
l.Ole-08
l.Ole-08
l.Ole-08
9.82e-09
9.72e-09
9.70e-09
9.55e-09
9.09e-09
8.40e-09
8.39e-09
7.89e-09
7.51e-09
6.64e-09
6.23e-09
5.46e-09
4.97e-09
4.89e-09
4.35e-09
4.33e-09
4.17e-09
4.09e-09
3.70e-09
3.37e-09
3.31e-09
2.95e-09
2.90e-09
2.88e-09
2.88e-09
2.58e-09
2.51e-09
2.40e-09
2.35e-09
2.27e-09
M-267
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-40. LCD LCIA Results for the Terrestrial Ecotoxicity Impact Category
Process Group
Natural Gas Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Aluminum Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Aluminum Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Material
Chlorobenzene
Strontium
Mercury
Thorium
2 , 4-Dinitrotoluene
HALON-1301
3 -Methy Icholanthrene
Chromium (III)
Tin
Phosphorus pentoxide
Ethylbenzene
Scandium
Aluminum (elemental)
Chlorine
Phenanthrene
Thallium
1 ,2-Dichlorotetrafluoroethane
2-Methylnaphthalene
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Perfluoroethane
Chromium (III)
Nitrites
Styrene
Vinyl acetate
Cadmium cmpds
Ethylene dibromide
Edetic acid (EDTA)
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Hypochlorous acid
Cobalt (Co I, Co II, Co III)
Dichloromethane
Ethyl Chloride
Cumene
Acenaphthylene
Benzo[a]anthracene
Chrysene
Indeno(l ,2,3-cd)pyrene
Acetophenone
Biphenyl
Acenaphthene
B enzo [b] fluoranthene
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene
Benzo[a]pyrene
Dibenzo [a,h] anthracene
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Copper (+1 & +2)
Pyrene
Fluorene
Fluoranthene
Isopropylpropionate
LCI Data Type Terrestrial Toxicity %
(tox-kg)
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
1.70e-08
1.67e-08
1.60e-08
1.41e-08
1.35e-08
1.23e-08
1.18e-08
1.13e-08
8.21e-09
7.88e-09
6.75e-09
6.40e-09
5.93e-09
5.59e-09
4.92e-09
4.36e-09
3.88e-09
3.78e-09
3.38e-09
3.15e-09
2.59e-09
2.54e-09
2.46e-09
2.40e-09
9.80e-10
9.73e-10
9.46e-10
9.17e-10
8.62e-10
7.70e-10
7.10e-10
6.50e-10
5.50e-10
4.89e-10
3.92e-10
3.77e-10
3.44e-10
3.42e-10
3.28e-10
3.14e-10
2.91e-10
2.23e-10
2.20e-10
1.98e-10
1.98e-10
1.85e-10
1.71e-10
1.14e-10
1.02e-10
9.91e-ll
of Total
1.90e-09
1.87e-09
1.79e-09
1.58e-09
1.51e-09
1.38e-09
1.32e-09
1.26e-09
9.19e-10
8.81e-10
7.55e-10
7.16e-10
6.64e-10
6.25e-10
5.50e-10
4.87e-10
4.34e-10
4.23e-10
3.78e-10
3.52e-10
2.90e-10
2.85e-10
2.76e-10
2.69e-10
1.10e-10
1.09e-10
1.06e-10
1.03e-10
9.64e-ll
8.61e-ll
7.94e-ll
7.276-11
6.15e-ll
5.476-11
4.38e-ll
4.22e-ll
3.85e-ll
3.836-11
3.67e-ll
3.526-11
3.26e-ll
2.49e-ll
2.46e-ll
2.216-11
2.21e-ll
2.076-11
1.91e-ll
1.28e-ll
1.146-11
l.lle-11
M-268
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-40. LCD LCIA Results for the Terrestrial Ecotoxicity Impact Category
Process Group
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi- finished
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Natural Gas Prod.
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished
Total Materials Processing
Manufacturing Life-cycle Stage
Japanese Electric Grid
Monitor/module
Monitor/module
US electric grid
Monitor/module
Monitor/module
Monitor/module
Monitor/module
LPG Production
Monitor/module
Japanese Electric Grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Monitor/module
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Monitor/module
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
Backlight
LPG Production
LCD glass mfg.
Japanese Electric Grid
Panel components
Material
B enzo [b ,j , k] fluoranthene
Lithium salts
Chloroform
Zirconium
Perfluoromethane
5-Methyl chrysene
Anthracene
Nickel cmpds
Lead cmpds
Mercury compounds
HALON-1301
Trichloroethylene
Halogenated matter (organic)
Propionaldehyde
Tetrachloroethylene
Benzaldehyde
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Halogenated hydrocarbons (unspecified)
Hexachloroethane
Sulfur dioxide
Phosphine
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Sulfur dioxide
Fluorides (F-)
Tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide
Nitrogen oxides
Hydrochloric acid
Carbon monoxide
Nitrogen fluoride
Nitrogen oxides
Benzene
Carbon monoxide
Ammonia
Carbon monoxide
Methane
Vanadium
Hydrofluoric acid
Vanadium
Benzene
Methane
Sulfur oxides
Arsenic
Nitrogen oxides
Nitrogen oxides
Fluorides (F-)
Hydrochloric acid
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
LCI Data Type Terrestrial Toxicity %
(tox-kg)
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
primary
primary
model/secondary
primary
primary
primary
primary
secondary
primary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
primary
secondary
primary
model/secondary
primary
8.92e-ll
4.86e-ll
2.65e-ll
2.28e-ll
2.20e-ll
1.78e-ll
6.68e-12
1.96e-12
1.65e-12
9.98e-13
7.17e-13
3.80e-13
1.65e-13
2.61e-14
1.07e-14
2.32e-15
1.57e-15
4.11e-16
6.02e-17
4.54e+01
1.92e+02
2.87e+01
3.42e+00
3.19e+00
2.54e+00
6.43e-01
5.48e-01
2.77e-01
2.56e-01
2.45e-01
1.37e-01
1.19e-01
1.18e-01
1.07e-01
l.OOe-01
7.91e-02
7.62e-02
5.21e-02
5.02e-02
4.11e-02
4.02e-02
3.85e-02
3.51e-02
2.95e-02
2.75e-02
2.70e-02
2.11e-02
1.97e-02
of Total
9.97e-12
5.43e-12
2.96e-12
2.55e-12
2.46e-12
1.99e-12
7.47e-13
2.19e-13
1.84e-13
1.12e-13
8.02e-14
4.25e-14
1.84e-14
2.91e-15
1.20e-15
2.59e-16
1.76e-16
4.60e-17
6.73e-18
5.08e+00
2.14e+01
3.21e+00
3.82e-01
3.57e-01
2.84e-01
7.19e-02
6.13e-02
3.10e-02
2.87e-02
2.74e-02
1.53e-02
1.33e-02
1.32e-02
1.20e-02
1.12e-02
8.85e-03
8.53e-03
5.82e-03
5.62e-03
4.60e-03
4.50e-03
4.30e-03
3.92e-03
3.29e-03
3.07e-03
3.01e-03
2.36e-03
2.20e-03
M-269
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-40.
Process Group
Natural Gas Prod.
LPG Production
Monitor/module
Monitor/module
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
Monitor/module
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
LCD glass mfg.
PWB Mfg.
US electric grid
LPG Production
Monitor/module
Monitor/module
US electric grid
Monitor/module
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Monitor/module
Japanese Electric Grid
Natural Gas Prod.
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Panel components
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
LPG Production
LPG Production
Monitor/module
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Monitor/module
LCD LCIA Results for the Terrestrial Ecotoxicity Impact Category
Material
Nitrogen oxides
Arsenic
N-bromoacetamide
Sulfur hexafluoride
PM-10
Formaldehyde
PM
Isopropyl alcohol
Fluorides (F-)
Selenium
Formaldehyde
Nitrogen oxides
Carbon monoxide
Zinc (elemental)
Nitrogen oxides
Formaldehyde
Carbon monoxide
Hydrochloric acid
Arsenic
Monosilane
Methane
Sulfur oxides
Antimony
Arsenic
Hydrochloric acid
Carbon monoxide
Nitrous oxide
Carbon monoxide
PM
Vanadium
Hexane
Hydrofluoric acid
Arsenic
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Molybdenum
Sulfur oxides
Ammonia
Nitrogen oxides
Methane
Sulfur oxides
Nitrous oxide
Benzene
Vanadium
Fluorides (F-)
Selenium
Zinc (elemental)
Benzene
Nitrogen oxides
Methane
Nitric acid
LCI Data Type Terrestrial Toxicity %
(tox-kg)
secondary
secondary
primary
primary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
primary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
primary
primary
model/secondary
primary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
primary
1.47e-02
9.91e-03
9.18e-03
7.30e-03
6.72e-03
6.43e-03
6.19e-03
4.55e-03
4.41e-03
4.29e-03
3.93e-03
2.28e-03
2.16e-03
2.06e-03
2.04e-03
1.96e-03
1.96e-03
1.776-03
1.70e-03
1.54e-03
1.25e-03
1.12e-03
1.09e-03
1.08e-03
9.54e-04
8.92e-04
7.78e-04
7.27e-04
6.53e-04
6.21e-04
5.88e-04
5.776-04
4.96e-04
4.71e-04
4.42e-04
4.35e-04
4.24e-04
4.11e-04
4.02e-04
3.77e-04
3.76e-04
3.71e-04
3.67e-04
3.60e-04
3.56e-04
3.13e-04
3.06e-04
2.77e-04
2.73e-04
2.68e-04
of Total
1.64e-03
l.lle-03
1.03e-03
8.16e-04
7.52e-04
7.19e-04
6.92e-04
5.09e-04
4.93e-04
4.80e-04
4.39e-04
2.55e-04
2.42e-04
2.31e-04
2.29e-04
2.19e-04
2.19e-04
1.97e-04
1.90e-04
1.72e-04
1.40e-04
1.25e-04
1.22e-04
1.21e-04
1.07e-04
9.98e-05
8.71e-05
8.13e-05
7.30e-05
6.94e-05
6.58e-05
6.45e-05
5.55e-05
5.276-05
4.94e-05
4.86e-05
4.74e-05
4.60e-05
4.49e-05
4.22e-05
4.20e-05
4.15e-05
4.10e-05
4.03e-05
3.98e-05
3.50e-05
3.42e-05
3.09e-05
3.06e-05
3.00e-05
M-270
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-40.
Process Group
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Monitor/module
US electric grid
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
LPG Production
Panel components
Panel components
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
US electric grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Monitor/module
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Monitor/module
LPG Production
LPG Production
Panel components
Panel components
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Panel components
US electric grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Monitor/module
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
Monitor/module
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Monitor/module
LCD LCIA Results for the Terrestrial Ecotoxicity Impact Category
Material
Methane
Sulfur oxides
Phosphoric acid
Selenium
Ammonia
Benzene
Vanadium
Hydrogen sulfide
HCFC-225ca
HCFC-225cb
Nitrogen oxides
Vanadium
Methane
Benzene
Nickel
Sulfur oxides
PM-10
Vanadium
Arsenic
Hydrochloric acid
Barium
Acetic acid
Nitrogen oxides
Formaldehyde
Molybdenum
PM
Arsenic
Zinc (elemental)
Naphthalene
Hydrofluoric acid
Formaldehyde
Formaldehyde
Antimony
Ethane
Phenol
Hydrochloric acid
Heptane
PM
Pentane
Arsenic
PM
Hydrofluoric acid
Copper
Acetone
Hexane
Fluorides (F-)
Copper
Formaldehyde
Polychlorinated biphenyls
LCI Data Type Terrestrial Toxicity %
(tox-kg)
secondary
secondary
primary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
primary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
primary
primary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
model/secondary
model/secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
primary
2.01e-04
1.86e-04
1.85e-04
1.80e-04
1.79e-04
1.67e-04
1.61e-04
1.47e-04
1.40e-04
1.40e-04
1.39e-04
1.35e-04
1.20e-04
1.19e-04
1.18e-04
1.14e-04
1.12e-04
1.10e-04
1.08e-04
l.Ole-04
9.88e-05
8.27e-05
8.20e-05
7.91e-05
7.90e-05
6.24e-05
5.87e-05
5.75e-05
5.50e-05
4.82e-05
4.66e-05
4.37e-05
3.88e-05
3.72e-05
3.43e-05
3.35e-05
3.28e-05
3.15e-05
3.12e-05
3.04e-05
2.74e-05
2.60e-05
2.40e-05
2.22e-05
2.16e-05
2.13e-05
2.06e-05
2.06e-05
1.94e-05
of Total
2.24e-05
2.08e-05
2.07e-05
2.01e-05
2.01e-05
1.86e-05
1.80e-05
1.65e-05
1.56e-05
1.56e-05
1.56e-05
1.51 e-05
1.34e-05
1.33e-05
1.32e-05
1.27e-05
1.25e-05
1.23e-05
1.21e-05
1.13e-05
1.10e-05
9.25e-06
9.17e-06
8.85e-06
8.84e-06
6.97e-06
6.57e-06
6.44e-06
6.15e-06
5.39e-06
5.21e-06
4.88e-06
4.34e-06
4.16e-06
3.84e-06
3.75e-06
3.66e-06
3.52e-06
3.49e-06
3.40e-06
3.07e-06
2.91e-06
2.69e-06
2.48e-06
2.42e-06
2.38e-06
2.30e-06
2.30e-06
2.17e-06
M-271
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-40.
Process Group
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
US electric grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Natural Gas Prod.
LPG Production
US electric grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Monitor/module
LPG Production
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Panel components
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Monitor/module
US electric grid
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Monitor/module
Monitor/module
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
LCD glass mfg.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Monitor/module
Natural Gas Prod.
US electric grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
LPG Production
US electric grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
LCD glass mfg.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
LCD glass mfg.
Monitor/module
Backlight
Japanese Electric Grid
LCD LCIA Results for the Terrestrial Ecotoxicity Impact Category
Material
Selenium
Hydrochloric acid
Formaldehyde
2-Chloroacetophenone
PM
Bromomethane
Nitrous oxide
Nickel
Benzene
Zinc (elemental)
Ethane
PM
PM-10
Antimony
Hydrochloric acid
Cyanide (-1)
Pentane
Toluene
Nitrous oxide
Chromium
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
2,3,7,8-TCDD
Aluminum (+3)
Nitrous oxide
Hexane
Boron
Lead
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Hydrochloric acid
PM
Nitrous oxide
Chromium (VI)
Cobalt
Selenium
Fluorides (F-)
Cyanide (-1)
Molybdenum
Zinc (elemental)
Carbon disulfide
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Nitrate
Antimony
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Hydrofluoric acid
Benzyl chloride
Carbon monoxide
Nitrous oxide
Sulfur oxides
Cyclohexane
Diethyl ether
Chromium (VI)
LCI Data Type Terrestrial Toxicity %
(tox-kg)
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
primary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
primary
primary
secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
primary
secondary
primary
primary
primary
model/secondary
1.91e-05
1.90e-05
1.88e-05
1.85e-05
1.85e-05
1.83e-05
1.82e-05
1.39e-05
1.35e-05
1.34e-05
1.10e-05
1.10e-05
1.08e-05
1.03e-05
l.Ole-05
9.61e-06
9.24e-06
9.09e-06
8.86e-06
8.84e-06
7.61e-06
7.47e-06
6.79e-06
6.58e-06
6.40e-06
6.19e-06
6.17e-06
5.71e-06
5.39e-06
5.06e-06
4.94e-06
4.84e-06
3.98e-06
3.85e-06
3.79e-06
3.66e-06
3.64e-06
3.51e-06
3.43e-06
3.33e-06
2.91e-06
2.87e-06
2.79e-06
2.75e-06
2.69e-06
2.59e-06
2.42e-06
2.35e-06
2.22e-06
2.20e-06
2.15e-06
of Total
2.14e-06
2.12e-06
2.10e-06
2.07e-06
2.07e-06
2.05e-06
2.04e-06
1.56e-06
1.51 e-06
1. 50e-06
1.23e-06
1.23e-06
1.21e-06
1.15e-06
1.13e-06
1.07e-06
1.03e-06
1.02e-06
9.91e-07
9.88e-07
8.51e-07
8.36e-07
7.60e-07
7.36e-07
7.15e-07
6.93e-07
6.90e-07
6.38e-07
6.02e-07
5.66e-07
5.53e-07
5.41e-07
4.45e-07
4.31e-07
4.24e-07
4.10e-07
4.08e-07
3.93e-07
3.84e-07
3.72e-07
3.25e-07
3.21e-07
3.12e-07
3.07e-07
3.01e-07
2.89e-07
2.71e-07
2.63e-07
2.48e-07
2.47e-07
2.40e-07
M-272
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-40.
Process Group
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
LCD glass mfg.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Monitor/module
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Monitor/module
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
LPG Production
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Monitor/module
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production
Monitor/module
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Monitor/module
Natural Gas Prod.
US electric grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD LCIA Results for the Terrestrial Ecotoxicity Impact Category
Material
Chloroform
Selenium
Lead
Fluorides (F-)
Hydrogen sulfide
Copper
Ammonia
2-Chloroacetophenone
Dimethylbenzanthracene
Bromomethane
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Hexamethyldisilizane
Naphthalene
Acrolein
Fluorides (F-)
Chromium (VI)
Selenium
Hydrogen sulfide
Manganese
Molybdenum
Molybdenum
Diethylene glycol
Methyl chloride
Barium
2-Chloroacetophenone
Bromomethane
Silicon
Toluene
Cyanide (-1)
Barium cmpds
Antimony
Ammonia
Methyl hydrazine
Lead
Nickel
Molybdenum
Hydrofluoric acid
Ammonia
Zinc (elemental)
Acetaldehyde
Propionaldehyde
Cadmium
Hydrogen sulfide
Tin
Dimethylbenzanthracene
Cyanide (-1)
Mercury
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
Ethane
LCI Data Type Terrestrial Toxicity %
(tox-kg)
model/secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
primary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
2.09e-06
2.07e-06
2.01e-06
1.99e-06
1.83e-06
1.67e-06
1.58e-06
1.54e-06
1.53e-06
1.53e-06
1. 50e-06
1.37e-06
1.24e-06
l.lle-06
1.09e-06
1.09e-06
1.09e-06
1.08e-06
1.07e-06
9.61e-07
9.29e-07
9.23e-07
9.03e-07
8.94e-07
8.35e-07
8.27e-07
8.12e-07
8.04e-07
8.03e-07
7.62e-07
7.01e-07
6.85e-07
6.54e-07
5.93e-07
5.456-07
5.30e-07
5.17e-07
5.14e-07
5.10e-07
5.02e-07
5.02e-07
4.74e-07
4.72e-07
4.58e-07
4.53e-07
4.34e-07
3.97e-07
3.86e-07
3.36e-07
of Total
2.34e-07
2.31e-07
2.25e-07
2.22e-07
2.04e-07
1.87e-07
1.76e-07
1.73e-07
1.71e-07
1.71e-07
1.68e-07
1.53e-07
1.38e-07
1.25e-07
1.22e-07
1.22e-07
1.22e-07
1.21e-07
1.20e-07
1.07e-07
1.04e-07
1.03e-07
l.Ole-07
l.OOe-07
9.34e-08
9.24e-08
9.08e-08
8.99e-08
8.98e-08
8.52e-08
7.84e-08
7.66e-08
7.31e-08
6.63e-08
6.10e-08
5.93e-08
5.79e-08
5.75e-08
5.71e-08
5.61e-08
5.61e-08
5.30e-08
5.28e-08
5.12e-08
5.07e-08
4.85e-08
4.44e-08
4.31e-08
3.76e-08
M-273
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-40.
Process Group
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
US electric grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Monitor/module
US electric grid
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
LCD glass mfg.
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
Monitor/module
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Monitor/module
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
US electric grid
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD LCIA Results for the Terrestrial Ecotoxicity Impact Category
Material
2,3,7,8-TCDD
Nickel
Carbon disulfide
Pentane
Hydrofluoric acid
Naphthalene
Hexane
Phenol
Molybdenum
Manganese
Barium
Benzyl chloride
Zinc (elemental)
Naphthalene
Hexane
Nickel
Aluminum (elemental)
Dimethyl sulfate
Nitrate
Isophorone
Chloroform
Nickel
Zinc (elemental)
Carbon disulfide
Ethane
Chromium (VI)
Hydrofluoric acid
Methyl ethyl ketone
Tetrachloroethylene
PM-10
Pentane
Methyl methacrylate
Benzyl chloride
Cobalt
Cadmium
Beryllium
Ethane
Hydrogen sulfide
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Bromoform
Mercury
Dichloromethane
Nickel
Chloroform
Phenol
Acrolein
Barium
Antimony
Pentane
Manganese
2-Chloroacetophenone
LCI Data Type Terrestrial Toxicity %
(tox-kg)
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
primary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
primary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
primary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
3.28e-07
3.16e-07
2.87e-07
2.82e-07
2.76e-07
2.62e-07
2.58e-07
2.51e-07
2.49e-07
2.29e-07
2.25e-07
2.25e-07
2.25e-07
2.05e-07
1.95e-07
1.94e-07
1.86e-07
1.85e-07
1.83e-07
1.77e-07
1.756-07
1.66e-07
1.65e-07
1.55e-07
1.51 e-07
1.49e-07
1.47e-07
1.43e-07
1.41 e-07
1.34e-07
1.27e-07
1.22e-07
1.22e-07
1.21e-07
1.14e-07
1.09e-07
1.08e-07
1.06e-07
1.02e-07
9.97e-08
9.69e-08
9.62e-08
9.56e-08
9.45e-08
9.37e-08
9.31e-08
9.30e-08
9.13e-08
9.02e-08
8.83e-08
8.80e-08
of Total
3.67e-08
3.53e-08
3.21e-08
3.15e-08
3.08e-08
2.92e-08
2.88e-08
2.81e-08
2.78e-08
2.56e-08
2.52e-08
2.51e-08
2.51e-08
2.29e-08
2.18e-08
2.17e-08
2.08e-08
2.06e-08
2.05e-08
1.98e-08
1.95e-08
1.86e-08
1.85e-08
1.73e-08
1.69e-08
1.67e-08
1.64e-08
1.60e-08
1.57e-08
1.50e-08
1.42e-08
1.36e-08
1.36e-08
1.35e-08
1.28e-08
1.22e-08
1.20e-08
1.19e-08
1.14e-08
l.lle-08
1.08e-08
1.08e-08
1.07e-08
1.06e-08
1.05e-08
1.04e-08
1.04e-08
1.02e-08
1.01 e-08
9.87e-09
9.84e-09
M-274
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-40.
Process Group
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
LPG Production
Panel components
LPG Production
US electric grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LPG Production
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Monitor/module
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
LPG Production
US electric grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
US electric grid
Natural Gas Prod.
US electric grid
Natural Gas Prod.
US electric grid
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Monitor/module
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
LCD LCIA Results for the Terrestrial Ecotoxicity Impact Category
Material
Hexane
Bromomethane
Copper
Phenol
Chlorobenzene
PM-10
Methyl chloride
Methyl ethyl ketone
Beryllium
Chromium (VI)
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
Hexane
Manganese
Methyl hydrazine
Acrolein
Aluminum (+3)
Cyanide (-1)
Phenol
Cumene hydroperoxide
Nickel
Copper
Acetaldehyde
Propionaldehyde
Mercury
Methyl chloride
Antimony
Cadmium
Fluoride
Ethylbenzene
PM-10
Lead
Cadmium cmpds
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
Toluene
Methyl hydrazine
Antimony
Chromium (VI)
Lead
Nitrate
Cobalt
Phenol
Propionaldehyde
Acetaldehyde
Nitrate
Tetrachloroethylene
Copper
Aluminum (+3)
Phenanthrene
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
LCI Data Type Terrestrial Toxicity %
(tox-kg)
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
8.78e-08
8.71e-08
8.32e-08
8.24e-08
8.05e-08
7.94e-08
7.54e-08
6.97e-08
6.74e-08
6.65e-08
6.39e-08
6.25e-08
6.23e-08
5.46e-08
5.04e-08
4.98e-08
4.57e-08
4.54e-08
4.51e-08
4.40e-08
4.33e-08
4.19e-08
4.19e-08
4.17e-08
4.08e-08
4.03e-08
3.89e-08
3.78e-08
3.49e-08
3.47e-08
3.42e-08
3.33e-08
3.22e-08
2.99e-08
2.95e-08
2.95e-08
2.60e-08
2.47e-08
2.37e-08
2.35e-08
2.30e-08
2.27e-08
2.27e-08
2.26e-08
1.95e-08
1.92e-08
1.85e-08
1.75e-08
1.74e-08
of Total
9.82e-09
9.74e-09
9.31e-09
9.21e-09
9.01e-09
8.88e-09
8.43e-09
7.79e-09
7.54e-09
7.44e-09
7.14e-09
6.99e-09
6.97e-09
6.10e-09
5.63e-09
5.57e-09
5.12e-09
5.08e-09
5.05e-09
4.93e-09
4.84e-09
4.69e-09
4.69e-09
4.66e-09
4.56e-09
4.51e-09
4.35e-09
4.23e-09
3.91e-09
3.88e-09
3.82e-09
3.73e-09
3.60e-09
3.34e-09
3.30e-09
3.30e-09
2.91e-09
2.76e-09
2.65e-09
2.63e-09
2.57e-09
2.53e-09
2.53e-09
2.53e-09
2.18e-09
2.15e-09
2.07e-09
1.96e-09
1.95e-09
M-275
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-40.
Process Group
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Monitor/module
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
LCD glass mfg.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
LCD glass mfg.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
LPG Production
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
LPG Production
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
LCD LCIA Results for the Terrestrial Ecotoxicity Impact Category
Material
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
2-Chloroacetophenone
Bromoniethane
Carbon disulfide
Aluminum (+3)
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Dimethyl sulfate
Chromium (III)
Isophorone
Mercury
Chromium (VI)
Dimethylbenzanthracene
Toluene
Benzyl chloride
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Phenol
Methyl ethyl ketone
Tetrachloroethylene
Styrene
Hexane
Naphthalene
Manganese
Vinyl acetate
Trichloroethylene
Copper
Chromium
Methyl methacrylate
Silicon
Chloroform
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Cadmium
Nickel
2-Chloroacetophenone
Bromoniethane
Cyanide (-1)
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Dimethyl sulfate
Bromoform
Nitrate
Chromium (III)
Toluene
Nitrate
Dichloromethane
Isophorone
Barium
PM-10
Chromium (VI)
o-xylene
Chlorobenzene
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Methyl ethyl ketone
LCI Data Type Terrestrial Toxicity %
(tox-kg)
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
primary
secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
1.71e-08
1.66e-08
1.64e-08
1.63e-08
1.63e-08
1.60e-08
1.54e-08
1.51e-08
1.48e-08
1.45e-08
1.39e-08
1.38e-08
1.36e-08
1.28e-08
1.23e-08
1.22e-08
1.19e-08
1.17e-08
1.17e-08
1.16e-08
1.15e-08
1.15e-08
1.14e-08
1.14e-08
1.08e-08
1.02e-08
1.02e-08
1.01 e-08
9.96e-09
9.46e-09
9.33e-09
9.05e-09
8.84e-09
8.75e-09
8.62e-09
8.49e-09
8.33e-09
8.32e-09
8.26e-09
8.24e-09
8.23e-09
8.06e-09
8.04e-09
7.99e-09
7.83e-09
7.79e-09
7.39e-09
7.25e-09
6.72e-09
6.72e-09
6.45e-09
of Total
1.92e-09
1.85e-09
1.84e-09
1.83e-09
1.82e-09
1.79e-09
1.72e-09
1.68e-09
1.65e-09
1.63e-09
1.56e-09
1.55e-09
1.52e-09
1.43e-09
1.37e-09
1.36e-09
1.33e-09
1.31e-09
1.31e-09
1.30e-09
1.28e-09
1.28e-09
1.27e-09
1.27e-09
1.21e-09
1.14e-09
1.14e-09
1.13e-09
l.lle-09
1.06e-09
1.04e-09
1.01 e-09
9.89e-10
9.79e-10
9.64e-10
9.50e-10
9.32e-10
9.31e-10
9.24e-10
9.21e-10
9.20e-10
9.01e-10
8.99e-10
8.94e-10
8.76e-10
8.71e-10
8.26e-10
8.11e-10
7.52e-10
7.51e-10
7.21e-10
M-276
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-40.
Process Group
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
US electric grid
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
US electric grid
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
US electric grid
Natural Gas Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
US electric grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
US electric grid
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
US electric grid
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD LCIA Results for the Terrestrial Ecotoxicity Impact Category
Material
Lead
Tetrachloroethylene
Copper (+1 &+2)
Dimethylbenzanthracene
Manganese
Silicon
Barium cmpds
Methyl methacrylate
2 , 4-Dinitrotoluene
Naphthalene
Acrolein
Copper
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
Acenaphthene
2-Chloroacetophenone
Bromomethane
Ethylene dibromide
Cyanide (-1)
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Aluminum (+3)
Bromoform
Dimethylbenzanthracene
Beryllium
Dichloromethane
o-xylene
Methyl chloride
Cobalt
Beryllium
Chlorobenzene
Naphthalene
Lead
Barium
o-xylene
Manganese
Methyl hydrazine
Ethyl Chloride
Carbon disulfide
Mercury
2, 4-Dinitrotoluene
Benzo[a]anthracene
Ethylbenzene
Silicon
Barium
Cyanide (-1)
Benzyl chloride
Acetaldehyde
Propionaldehyde
Aluminum (elemental)
Cadmium
LCI Data Type Terrestrial Toxicity %
(tox-kg)
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
6.38e-09
6.35e-09
6.29e-09
6.21e-09
6.09e-09
5.97e-09
5.58e-09
5.51e-09
5.35e-09
5.32e-09
5.31e-09
5.22e-09
5.07e-09
4.94e-09
4.71e-09
4.66e-09
4.61e-09
4.60e-09
4.59e-09
4.51e-09
4.50e-09
4.43e-09
4.41e-09
4.35e-09
4.31e-09
4.30e-09
4.16e-09
3.69e-09
3.64e-09
3.60e-09
3.40e-09
3.39e-09
3.29e-09
3.26e-09
3.11e-09
3.08e-09
3.08e-09
2.97e-09
2.89e-09
2.69e-09
2.67e-09
2.60e-09
2.56e-09
2.45e-09
2.41e-09
2.39e-09
2.39e-09
2.31e-09
2.21e-09
of Total
7.13e-10
7.10e-10
7.03e-10
6.95e-10
6.81e-10
6.67e-10
6.24e-10
6.16e-10
5.98e-10
5.95e-10
5.93e-10
5.84e-10
5.67e-10
5.52e-10
5.27e-10
5.22e-10
5.16e-10
5.14e-10
5.14e-10
5.05e-10
5.04e-10
4.95e-10
4.93e-10
4.86e-10
4.83e-10
4.81e-10
4.66e-10
4.13e-10
4.07e-10
4.03e-10
3.81e-10
3.80e-10
3.68e-10
3.65e-10
3.48e-10
3.45e-10
3.44e-10
3.32e-10
3.24e-10
3.01e-10
2.98e-10
2.91e-10
2.87e-10
2.74e-10
2.70e-10
2.67e-10
2.67e-10
2.58e-10
2.47e-10
M-277
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-40.
Process Group
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Monitor/module
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Natural Gas Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LPG Production
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
US electric grid
LCD LCIA Results for the Terrestrial Ecotoxicity Impact Category
Material
Barium cmpds
Chloroform
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
Barium cmpds
Lead
Chrysene
Carbon disulfide
Acetophenone
Biphenyl
Indeno(l ,2,3-cd)pyrene
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene
Ethylbenzene
Aluminum (elemental)
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Cobalt
Benzo[b,j,k]fluoranthene
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Benzyl chloride
Acenaphthylene
Phenanthrene
Chloroform
Acrolein
Dibenzo [a,h] anthracene
Styrene
Vinyl acetate
3 -Methylcholanthrene
Dimethyl sulfate
Carbon disulfide
Isophorone
Zinc (+2)
Methyl chloride
2-Methylnaphthalene
Chlorine
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Cobalt
Beryllium
Benzyl chloride
Methyl ethyl ketone
Pyrene
Tetrachloroethylene
Aluminum (elemental)
Methyl hydrazine
Fluorene
Silicon
Methyl methacrylate
Zinc (+2)
Fluoranthene
Phenol
Chloroform
Acrolein
Styrene
LCI Data Type Terrestrial Toxicity %
(tox-kg)
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
primary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
2.08e-09
1.88e-09
1.84e-09
1.83e-09
1.81e-09
1.80e-09
1.64e-09
1.62e-09
1.56e-09
1.51e-09
1.45e-09
1.43e-09
1.37e-09
1.34e-09
1.33e-09
1.31e-09
1.30e-09
1.29e-09
l.lle-09
1.09e-09
l.OOe-09
l.OOe-09
9.95e-10
9.76e-10
9.52e-10
8.99e-10
8.78e-10
8.75e-10
8.42e-10
8.26e-10
8.10e-10
8.00e-10
7.46e-10
7.23e-10
7.23e-10
7.19e-10
6.86e-10
6.79e-10
6.73e-10
6.69e-10
5.96e-10
5.86e-10
5.86e-10
5.85e-10
5.81e-10
5.63e-10
5.59e-10
5.51e-10
5.33e-10
5.33e-10
5.28e-10
of Total
2.32e-10
2.10e-10
2.05e-10
2.04e-10
2.02e-10
2.01e-10
1.84e-10
1.81e-10
1.74e-10
1.68e-10
1.62e-10
1.60e-10
1.53e-10
1.50e-10
1.49e-10
1.46e-10
1.45e-10
1.44e-10
1.24e-10
1.22e-10
1.12e-10
1.12e-10
l.lle-10
1.09e-10
1.07e-10
l.Ole-10
9.82e-ll
9.79e-ll
9.426-11
9.24e-ll
9.066-11
8.94e-ll
8.346-11
8.09e-ll
8.086-11
8.04e-ll
7.676-11
7.60e-ll
7.52e-ll
7.48e-ll
6.676-11
6.56e-ll
6.556-11
6.55e-ll
6.496-11
6.30e-ll
6.26e-ll
6.16e-ll
5.966-11
5.96e-ll
5.90e-ll
M-278
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-40.
Process Group
US electric grid
Natural Gas Prod.
US electric grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LPG Production
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
US electric grid
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
US electric grid
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD LCIA Results for the Terrestrial Ecotoxicity Impact Category
Material
Vinyl acetate
Barium cmpds
Phenanthrene
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Bromoform
Dichloromethane
Acetaldehyde
Propionaldehyde
Mercury
Methyl chloride
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Cadmium
Ethylene dibromide
Chlorobenzene
Chromium (III)
Beryllium
Cobalt
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
Methyl hydrazine
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
Toluene
2-Methylnaphthalene
Acrolein
3 -Methy Icholanthrene
Ethyl Chloride
Chlorine
Chromium (III)
Cadmium cmpds
Acetaldehyde
Propionaldehyde
Mercury
Methyl chloride
Cumene
Cadmium
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Ethylene dibromide
Beryllium
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
Methyl hydrazine
Dimethyl sulfate
Isophorone
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
Benzo[a]pyrene
Toluene
Ethyl Chloride
Acetophenone
Aluminum (elemental)
LCI Data Type Terrestrial Toxicity %
(tox-kg)
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
5.15e-10
5.06e-10
4.85e-10
4.84e-10
4.74e-10
4.58e-10
4.50e-10
4.50e-10
4.46e-10
4.32e-10
4.27e-10
4.12e-10
3.85e-10
3.83e-10
3.82e-10
3.81e-10
3.71e-10
3.63e-10
3.46e-10
3.12e-10
3.05e-10
2.92e-10
2.88e-10
2.84e-10
2.66e-10
2.57e-10
2.55e-10
2.54e-10
2.44e-10
2.40e-10
2.40e-10
2.36e-10
2.30e-10
2.18e-10
2.17e-10
2.10e-10
2.08e-10
2.05e-10
1.84e-10
1.67e-10
1.66e-10
1.59e-10
1.55e-10
1.52e-10
1.46e-10
1.43e-10
1.39e-10
1.35e-10
1.34e-10
of Total
5.766-11
5.66e-ll
5.43e-ll
5.41e-ll
5.316-11
5.126-11
5.03e-ll
5.036-11
4.98e-ll
4.83e-ll
4.78e-ll
4.60e-ll
4.31e-ll
4.29e-ll
4.276-11
4.26e-ll
4.15e-ll
4.066-11
3.87e-ll
3.496-11
3.41e-ll
3.276-11
3.22e-ll
3.186-11
2.98e-ll
2.886-11
2.86e-ll
2.846-11
2.73e-ll
2.68e-ll
2.68e-ll
2.64e-ll
2.57e-ll
2.43e-ll
2.42e-ll
2.356-11
2.33e-ll
2.29e-ll
2.06e-ll
1.86e-ll
1.85e-ll
1.776-11
1.73e-ll
1.706-11
1.64e-ll
1.606-11
1.56e-ll
1.526-11
1.50e-ll
M-279
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-40.
Process Group
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
US electric grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
LPG Production
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LPG Production
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
US electric grid
LCD LCIA Results for the Terrestrial Ecotoxicity Impact Category
Material
Biphenyl
Methyl ethyl ketone
Acetaldehyde
Propionaldehyde
Mercury
Tetrachloroethylene
Cadmium
Cumene
Phenanthrene
Methyl methacrylate
Acenaphthylene
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Cadmium cmpds
Bromoform
Toluene
Dimethyl sulfate
Dichloromethane
Acenaphthene
2-Methylnaphthalene
Isophorone
5-Methyl chrysene
Cadmium cmpds
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Acetophenone
Chlorobenzene
Biphenyl
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
Methyl ethyl ketone
Tetrachloroethylene
Nickel cmpds
B enzo [a] anthracene
Methyl methacrylate
2 , 4-Dinitrotoluene
Chrysene
Lead cmpds
Styrene
Vinyl acetate
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
Aromatic hydrocarbons
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Bromoform
Dimethyl sulfate
Copper (+1 & +2)
Dichloromethane
Isophorone
Indeno(l ,2,3-cd)pyrene
Chromium (III)
Acenaphthylene
Chlorobenzene
Acenaphthene
LCI Data Type Terrestrial Toxicity %
(tox-kg)
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
1.30e-10
1.28e-10
1.28e-10
1.28e-10
1.27e-10
1.26e-10
1.18e-10
1.18e-10
l.lle-10
1.09e-10
1.03e-10
9.83e-ll
9.12e-ll
9.09e-ll
8.94e-ll
8.85e-ll
8.826-11
8.63e-ll
8.56e-ll
8.53e-ll
8.466-11
8.46e-ll
S.OOe-ll
7.62e-ll
7.336-11
7.22e-ll
7.036-11
6.95e-ll
6.826-11
6.72e-ll
6.66e-ll
5.99e-ll
5.83e-ll
5.75e-ll
5.756-11
5.60e-ll
5.56e-ll
5.43e-ll
4.956-11
4.92e-ll
4.866-11
4.77e-ll
4.70e-ll
4.60e-ll
4.606-11
4.51e-ll
4.46e-ll
4.446-11
4.37e-ll
3.856-11
3.74e-ll
of Total
1.456-11
1.43e-ll
1.43e-ll
1.43e-ll
1.42e-ll
1.41e-ll
1.32e-ll
1.32e-ll
1.24e-ll
1.22e-ll
1. 15e-ll
1.10e-ll
1.02e-ll
1.02e-ll
l.OOe-11
9.90e-12
9.87e-12
9.65e-12
9.57e-12
9.54e-12
9.46e-12
9.46e-12
8.94e-12
8.52e-12
8.19e-12
8.08e-12
7.86e-12
7.78e-12
7.63e-12
7.51e-12
7.45e-12
6.70e-12
6.52e-12
6.43e-12
6.43e-12
6.26e-12
6.22e-12
6.07e-12
5.54e-12
5.50e-12
5.44e-12
5.33e-12
5.26e-12
5.15e-12
5.15e-12
5.04e-12
4.98e-12
4.96e-12
4.88e-12
4.31e-12
4.18e-12
M-280
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-40.
Process Group
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LPG Production
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
LPG Production
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD LCIA Results for the Terrestrial Ecotoxicity Impact Category
Material
Methyl ethyl ketone
Tetrachloroethylene
B enzo [b j , k] fluoranthene
Mercury compounds
Benzo[a]pyrene
Fluorene
Methyl methacrylate
o-xylene
2 , 4-Dinitrotoluene
Ethylbenzene
Pyrene
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Fluoranthene
Bromoform
Dichloromethane
HALON-1301
B enzo [b] fluoranthene
Chromium (III)
Cadmium cmpds
Ethylene dibromide
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Benzo[bj ,k] fluoranthene
Chlorobenzene
Chrysene
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Anthracene
B enzo [a] anthracene
Copper (+1 &+2)
Dibenzo [a,h] anthracene
2 , 4-Dinitrotoluene
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Fluorene
Ethylbenzene
Copper (+1 &+2)
Ethyl Chloride
o-xylene
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Indeno(l ,2,3-cd)pyrene
Chromium (III)
Cumene
Fluoranthene
Phenanthrene
Acenaphthylene
Styrene
Vinyl acetate
Pyrene
o-xylene
B enzo [a] anthracene
LCI Data Type Terrestrial Toxicity %
(tox-kg)
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
3.64e-ll
3.58e-ll
3.53e-ll
3.39e-ll
3.28e-ll
3.17e-ll
3.11e-ll
3.10e-ll
3.06e-ll
2.86e-ll
2.74e-ll
2.666-11
2.596-11
2.59e-ll
2.54e-ll
2.45e-ll
2.446-11
2.396-11
2.376-11
2.216-11
2.206-11
2.07e-ll
2.066-11
2.05e-ll
1.986-11
1.836-11
1.82e-ll
l.SOe-ll
1.726-11
IJOe-ll
1.63e-ll
1.616-11
1.556-11
1.52e-ll
l.Sle-11
1.476-11
1.466-11
1.44e-ll
1.28e-ll
1.266-11
1.246-11
1.24e-ll
1.13e-ll
1.10e-ll
l.OSe-11
1.02e-ll
1.02e-ll
9.63e-12
8.84e-12
of Total
4.07e-12
4.00e-12
3.95e-12
3.79e-12
3.67e-12
3.54e-12
3.48e-12
3.47e-12
3.42e-12
3.20e-12
3.06e-12
2.98e-12
2.90e-12
2.89e-12
2.84e-12
2.74e-12
2.72e-12
2.68e-12
2.65e-12
2.47e-12
2.46e-12
2.31e-12
2.30e-12
2.29e-12
2.21e-12
2.05e-12
2.04e-12
2.01e-12
1.92e-12
1.90e-12
1.83e-12
1.80e-12
1.73e-12
1.70e-12
1.69e-12
1.64e-12
1.63e-12
1.61e-12
1.43e-12
1.41e-12
1.39e-12
1.38e-12
1.26e-12
1.23e-12
1.17e-12
1.14e-12
1.14e-12
1.08e-12
9.88e-13
M-281
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-40. LCD LCIA Results for the Terrestrial Ecotoxicity Impact Category
Process Group
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
US electric grid
Natural Gas Prod.
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
US electric grid
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
LPG Production
Material
Chrysene
Ethylbenzene
3 -Methy Icholanthrene
Indeno( 1 ,2,3-cd)pyrene
Acetophenone
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Biphenyl
o-xylene
Acenaphthene
5-Methyl chrysene
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene
Benzo[a]pyrene
Benzo[b]fluoranthene
Phenanthrene
Halogenated matter (organic)
Styrene
Vinyl acetate
2-Methylnaphthalene
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene
Benzo[a]pyrene
Zinc (+2)
Dibenzo [a,h] anthracene
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Copper (+1 & +2)
Ethylene dibromide
Methyl tert-butyl ether
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Pyrene
5-Methyl chrysene
3 -Methy Icholanthrene
Phenanthrene
Styrene
Vinyl acetate
Ethyl Chloride
2-Methylnaphthalene
3 -Methylcholanthrene
Fluorene
Cumene
Fluoranthene
Chlorine
Ethylene dibromide
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Benzo[b,j,k]fluoranthene
Zinc (+2)
Dibenzo [a,h] anthracene
Zinc (+2)
Ethyl Chloride
Acetophenone
Biphenyl
Cumene
Anthracene
LCI Data Type Terrestrial Toxicity %
(tox-kg)
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
8.52e-12
8.13e-12
8.12e-12
7.77e-12
7.72e-12
7.66e-12
7.40e-12
7.35e-12
7.10e-12
7.06e-12
6.98e-12
6.60e-12
6.58e-12
5.83e-12
5.60e-12
5.59e-12
5.45e-12
5.16e-12
5.03e-12
4.96e-12
4.60e-12
4.47e-12
4.46e-12
4.17e-12
4.14e-12
4.08e-12
3.90e-12
3.86e-12
3.82e-12
3.65e-12
3.28e-12
2.98e-12
2.91e-12
2.76e-12
2.60e-12
2.60e-12
2.58e-12
2.34e-12
2.31e-12
2.26e-12
2.21e-12
2.08e-12
2.01e-12
1.81e-12
1.69e-12
1.58e-12
1.47e-12
1.46e-12
1.40e-12
1.25e-12
1.19e-12
of Total
9.52e-13
9.09e-13
9.08e-13
8.69e-13
8.63e-13
8.56e-13
8.28e-13
8.22e-13
7.94e-13
7.90e-13
7.81e-13
7.38e-13
7.35e-13
6.52e-13
6.26e-13
6.25e-13
6.10e-13
5.78e-13
5.63e-13
5.55e-13
5.14e-13
5.00e-13
4.99e-13
4.67e-13
4.63e-13
4.56e-13
4.36e-13
4.32e-13
4.27e-13
4.08e-13
3.67e-13
3.33e-13
3.25e-13
3.09e-13
2.91e-13
2.91e-13
2.89e-13
2.62e-13
2.58e-13
2.53e-13
2.47e-13
2.32e-13
2.25e-13
2.03e-13
1.89e-13
1.77e-13
1.65e-13
1.63e-13
1.56e-13
1.39e-13
1.33e-13
M-282
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-40.
Process Group
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Japanese Electric Grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
LCD LCIA Results for the Terrestrial Ecotoxicity Impact Category
Material
Ethylene dibromide
2-Methylnaphthalene
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Acenaphthylene
Chlorine
2-Methylnaphthalene
Acenaphthene
Ethyl Chloride
Acetophenone
Biphenyl
Chlorine
Cumene
Chrysene
Benzo[a]anthracene
Acenaphthylene
Nickel cmpds
Anthracene
Indeno(l ,2,3-cd)pyrene
Acetophenone
Lead cmpds
Acenaphthene
5-Methyl chrysene
Biphenyl
Benzo[bj ,k]fluoranthene
Benzo[a]pyrene
Fluorene
Acenaphthylene
Chrysene
Pyrene
Fluoranthene
B enzo [a] anthracene
Acenaphthene
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene
Mercury compounds
Benzo[b]fluoranthene
Indeno(l ,2,3-cd)pyrene
Benzo[b,j,k]fluoranthene
2,3,7,8-TCDF
Nickel cmpds
HALON-1301
Benzo[a]anthracene
Fluorene
Benzo[a]pyrene
Chrysene
Nickel cmpds
Lead cmpds
Anthracene
Dibenzo [a,h] anthracene
Fluoranthene
LCI Data Type Terrestrial Toxicity %
(tox-kg)
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
1.18e-12
1.17e-12
l.lle-12
1.06e-12
l.Ole-12
8.33e-13
8.30e-13
7.85e-13
7.76e-13
7.44e-13
7.28e-13
6.64e-13
5.68e-13
5.64e-13
5.49e-13
4.88e-13
4.49e-13
4.30e-13
4.13e-13
4.10e-13
4.04e-13
4.03e-13
3.96e-13
3.79e-13
3.38e-13
3.33e-13
3.10e-13
2.81e-13
2.74e-13
2.69e-13
2.65e-13
2.53e-13
2.49e-13
2.48e-13
2.12e-13
2.08e-13
2.02e-13
1.96e-13
1.82e-13
1.78e-13
1.75e-13
1.74e-13
1.74e-13
1.71e-13
1.60e-13
1.53e-13
1. 51e-13
1.49e-13
1.40e-13
of Total
1.31e-13
1.31e-13
1.24e-13
1.19e-13
1.13e-13
9.31e-14
9.29e-14
8.78e-14
8.67e-14
8.32e-14
8.14e-14
7.43e-14
6.35e-14
6.31e-14
6.14e-14
5.46e-14
5.02e-14
4.81e-14
4.62e-14
4.59e-14
4.51e-14
4.50e-14
4.43e-14
4.24e-14
3.78e-14
3.72e-14
3.46e-14
3.14e-14
3.07e-14
3.01e-14
2.97e-14
2.83e-14
2.79e-14
2.78e-14
2.37e-14
2.33e-14
2.26e-14
2.20e-14
2.03e-14
2.00e-14
1.96e-14
1.94e-14
1.94e-14
1.91e-14
1.79e-14
1.71e-14
1.69e-14
1.67e-14
1.56e-14
M-283
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-40. LCD LCIA Results for the Terrestrial Ecotoxicity Impact Category
Process Group
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
LPG Production
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #2 Prod.
Fuel Oil #6 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Total Manufacturing
Use, Maintenance and
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
Material
Pyrene
Lead cmpds
Indeno( 1 ,2,3-cd)pyrene
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene
B enzo [b j , k] fluoranthene
Benzo[a]pyrene
Fluorene
B enzo[b] fluoranthene
Mercury compounds
Pyrene
Mercury compounds
Fluoranthene
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene
5 -Methyl chrysene
B enzo [b] fluoranthene
HALON-1301
Dibenzo [a,h] anthracene
HALON-1301
Dibenzo [a,h] anthracene
Nickel cmpds
Halogenated matter (organic)
5-Methyl chrysene
Lead cmpds
Mercury compounds
5-Methyl chrysene
HALON-1301
Halogenated matter (organic)
Halogenated hydrocarbons (unspecified)
Halogenated matter (organic)
Anthracene
2,3,7,8-TCDF
Anthracene
Halogenated matter (organic)
Anthracene
Halogenated hydrocarbons (unspecified)
Halogenated hydrocarbons (unspecified)
Halogenated hydrocarbons (unspecified)
Halogenated hydrocarbons (unspecified)
Repair Life-cycle Stage
Sulfur dioxide
Nitrogen oxides
Carbon monoxide
Methane
Arsenic
Hydrochloric acid
Selenium
Vanadium
PM-10
Hydrofluoric acid
LCI Data Type Terrestrial Toxicity %
(tox-kg)
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
1.37e-13
1.34e-13
1.31e-13
1.17e-13
1.08e-13
9.87e-14
9.59e-14
9.33e-14
9.25e-14
8.17e-14
8.14e-14
7.81e-14
7.78e-14
7.59e-14
6.88e-14
6.65e-14
6.48e-14
5.85e-14
4.88e-14
4.43e-14
4.10e-14
4.04e-14
3.72e-14
2.25e-14
2.16e-14
1.62e-14
1.53e-14
1.40e-14
1.34e-14
1.21e-14
8.86e-15
6.10e-15
3.72e-15
3.56e-15
1.02e-16
3.82e-17
3.36e-17
9.28e-18
2.33e+02
6.15e+02
4.39e-01
3.77e-01
2.41e-01
2.08e-01
1.84e-01
3.46e-02
2.61e-02
2.16e-02
5.02e-03
of Total
1.54e-14
1.50e-14
1.47e-14
1.31e-14
1.21e-14
1.10e-14
1.07e-14
1.04e-14
1.04e-14
9.14e-15
9.10e-15
8.74e-15
8.70e-15
8.49e-15
7.70e-15
7.44e-15
7.25e-15
6.54e-15
5.46e-15
4.95e-15
4.59e-15
4.52e-15
4.16e-15
2.52e-15
2.41e-15
1.81e-15
1.71e-15
1.57e-15
1. 50e-15
1.35e-15
9.90e-16
6.82e-16
4.16e-16
3.99e-16
1.15e-17
4.27e-18
3.76e-18
1.04e-18
2.60e+01
6.87e+01
4.91e-02
4.22e-02
2.69e-02
2.33e-02
2.06e-02
3.87e-03
2.91e-03
2.41e-03
5.62e-04
M-284
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-40. LCD LCIA Results for the Terrestrial Ecotoxicity Impact Category
Process Group
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
Material
Formaldehyde
Benzene
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Nitrous oxide
Zinc (elemental)
Antimony
Molybdenum
2-Chloroacetophenone
Bromomethane
Cyanide (-1)
2,3,7,8-TCDD
Nickel
Naphthalene
Barium
Carbon disulfide
Benzyl chloride
Chloroform
Manganese
Chromium (VI)
Acrolein
Copper
Methyl chloride
Fluoride
Methyl hydrazine
Lead
Cobalt
Acetaldehyde
Propionaldehyde
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
Mercury
Hexane
Cadmium
Dimethyl sulfate
Toluene
Isophorone
Methyl ethyl ketone
Tetrachloroethylene
Methyl methacrylate
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Bromoform
Dichloromethane
Beryllium
Chlorobenzene
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
Ethylbenzene
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Phenol
Styrene
Vinyl acetate
LCI Data Type Terrestrial Toxicity %
(tox-kg)
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/ secondary
model/ secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/ secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
3.62e-03
2.60e-03
1.47e-03
1.27e-03
6.77e-04
5.54e-04
1.85e-04
1.61e-04
1.59e-04
8.37e-05
6.33e-05
6.09e-05
5.04e-05
4.35e-05
2.99e-05
2.34e-05
1.82e-05
1.70e-05
1.28e-05
9.71e-06
8.34e-06
7.86e-06
7.29e-06
5.69e-06
4.76e-06
4.54e-06
4.37e-06
4.37e-06
3.36e-06
2.80e-06
2.24e-06
1.80e-06
1.61 e-06
1.59e-06
1.54e-06
1.24e-06
1.22e-06
1.06e-06
8.85e-07
8.68e-07
8.38e-07
7.12e-07
7.01e-07
5.58e-07
2.76e-07
1.39e-07
1.06e-07
1.02e-07
9.93e-08
of Total
4.04e-04
2.91e-04
1.64e-04
1.42e-04
7.57e-05
6.19e-05
2.07e-05
1.80e-05
1.78e-05
9.36e-06
7.08e-06
6.81e-06
5.64e-06
4.86e-06
3.34e-06
2.62e-06
2.04e-06
1.90e-06
1.43e-06
1.09e-06
9.33e-07
8.79e-07
8.15e-07
6.36e-07
5.32e-07
5.07e-07
4.89e-07
4.89e-07
3.75e-07
3.14e-07
2.51e-07
2.01e-07
1.80e-07
1.77e-07
1.72e-07
1.39e-07
1.37e-07
1.19e-07
9.90e-08
9.71e-08
9.37e-08
7.96e-08
7.84e-08
6.24e-08
3.09e-08
1.56e-08
1.19e-08
1.14e-08
l.lle-08
M-285
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-40. LCD LCIA Results for the Terrestrial Ecotoxicity Impact Category
Process Group
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
Total Use, Maintenance, and
End-of-life Life-cycle Stage
US electric grid
LCD landfilling
LCD incineration
LCD landfilling
LCD landfilling
US electric grid
US electric grid
LCD landfilling
US electric grid
LCD incineration
US electric grid
LCD landfilling
US electric grid
LPG Production
LCD landfilling
LCD landfilling
US electric grid
US electric grid
LCD incineration
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
Material
Phenanthrene
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Chromium (III)
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Ethylene dibromide
Ethyl Chloride
Cumene
Acetophenone
Biphenyl
Acenaphthylene
Acenaphthene
Benzo[bj ,k]fluoranthene
Chrysene
Benzo [a] anthracene
Fluorene
Indeno(l ,2,3-cd)pyrene
Fluoranthene
Pyrene
o-xylene
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene
Benzo[a]pyrene
2-Methylnaphthalene
5-Methyl chrysene
Dibenzo [a,h] anthracene
Anthracene
2,3,7,8-TCDF
Repair
Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Nitrogen dioxide
Nitrogen oxides
Carbon monoxide
PM
Methane
Arsenic cmpds
Arsenic
Arsenic cmpds
Hydrochloric acid
Carbon monoxide
Methane
Benzene
Selenium
Vanadium
Lead
Vanadium
PM-10
Benzene
LCI Data Type Terrestrial Toxicity %
(tox-kg)
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
primary
secondary
primary
primary
model/secondary
model/secondary
primary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
primary
model/secondary
secondary
primary
primary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
9.35e-08
8.23e-08
7.36e-08
4.05e-08
4.02e-08
2.68e-08
2.27e-08
1.41e-08
1.35e-08
8.42e-09
7.21e-09
3.97e-09
3.81e-09
3.46e-09
2.98e-09
2.46e-09
2.38e-09
1.97e-09
1.42e-09
1.35e-09
1.27e-09
9.95e-10
7.36e-10
3.26e-10
8.656-11
1.71e-12
6.16e+02
1.17e-01
4.45e-02
3.45e-02
2.22e-03
4.46e-04
8.34e-05
7.15e-05
5.02e-05
4.57e-05
4.30e-05
3.95e-05
3.65e-05
3.49e-05
2.11e-05
1.31e-05
9.74e-06
6.57e-06
4.94e-06
4.80e-06
4.12e-06
4.09e-06
3.38e-06
of Total
1.05e-08
9.21e-09
8.23e-09
4.53e-09
4.49e-09
3.00e-09
2.54e-09
1.58e-09
1.51 e-09
9.41e-10
8.06e-10
4.44e-10
4.26e-10
3.87e-10
3.34e-10
2.75e-10
2.67e-10
2.21e-10
1.58e-10
1.50e-10
1.42e-10
l.lle-10
8.246-11
3.65e-ll
9.67e-12
1.91e-13
6.89e+01
1.30e-02
4.98e-03
3.86e-03
2.48e-04
4.99e-05
9.32e-06
8.00e-06
5.61e-06
5.11e-06
4.80e-06
4.42e-06
4.08e-06
3.90e-06
2.35e-06
1.47e-06
1.09e-06
7.356-07
5.53e-07
5.37e-07
4.61e-07
4.58e-07
3.78e-07
M-286
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-40. LCD LCIA Results for the Terrestrial Ecotoxicity Impact Category
Process Group
LPG Production
LPG Production
LCD landfilling
LCD incineration
LPG Production
LCD landfilling
LCD incineration
LCD landfilling
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
LCD landfilling
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
LCD incineration
LCD landfilling
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
LCD landfilling
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
LCD landfilling
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
LCD landfilling
LCD incineration
US electric grid
LCD landfilling
LPG Production
LCD landfilling
US electric grid
US electric grid
Material
Methane
Sulfur oxides
Silver compounds
Barium cmpds
Nitrogen oxides
Barium cmpds
Silver compounds
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrofluoric acid
Arsenic
Formaldehyde
Ammonia
Formaldehyde
PM
Benzene
Cadmium cmpds
Cadmium cmpds
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Nitrous oxide
Hydrochloric acid
Zinc (elemental)
Antimony
Nitrous oxide
Hydrogen sulfide
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Molybdenum
2-Chloroacetophenone
Bromomethane
Fluorides (F-)
Selenium
Cyanide (-1)
Ammonia
Hydrogen sulfide
2,3,7,8-TCDD
Nickel
Selenium
Naphthalene
Barium
Molybdenum
Carbon disulfide
Zinc (elemental)
Chromium (VI)
Mercury compounds
Benzyl chloride
Carbon tetrachloride
Hydrofluoric acid
Mercury compounds
Chloroform
Manganese
LCI Data Type Terrestrial Toxicity %
(tox-kg)
secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
primary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
primary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
primary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
model/secondary
primary
secondary
primary
model/secondary
model/secondary
3.30e-06
3.16e-06
2.52e-06
2.33e-06
2.26e-06
1.96e-06
1.95e-06
1.13e-06
9.53e-07
8.13e-07
6.86e-07
5.79e-07
5.28e-07
5.08e-07
4.94e-07
3.54e-07
3.27e-07
2.78e-07
2.41e-07
1.45e-07
1.28e-07
1.05e-07
6.39e-08
5.54e-08
3.86e-08
3.51e-08
3.05e-08
3.02e-08
2.96e-08
2.92e-08
1.59e-08
1.47e-08
1.21e-08
1.20e-08
1. 15e-08
1.05e-08
9.56e-09
8.25e-09
6.49e-09
5.67e-09
4.72e-09
4.65e-09
4.57e-09
4.45e-09
4.04e-09
3.95e-09
3.95e-09
3.46e-09
3.23e-09
of Total
3.69e-07
3.53e-07
2.82e-07
2.60e-07
2.52e-07
2.19e-07
2.19e-07
1.26e-07
1.07e-07
9.10e-08
7.67e-08
6.48e-08
5.90e-08
5.68e-08
5.52e-08
3.96e-08
3.65e-08
3.11e-08
2.69e-08
1.62e-08
1.44e-08
1.17e-08
7.15e-09
6.20e-09
4.32e-09
3.93e-09
3.42e-09
3.38e-09
3.31e-09
3.27e-09
1.78e-09
1.65e-09
1.35e-09
1.34e-09
1.29e-09
1.17e-09
1.07e-09
9.22e-10
7.25e-10
6.34e-10
5.28e-10
5.20e-10
S.lle-10
4.97e-10
4.52e-10
4.42e-10
4.42e-10
3.87e-10
3.61e-10
M-287
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-40. LCD LCIA Results for the Terrestrial Ecotoxicity Impact Category
Process Group
LCD incineration
LCD landfilHng
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
LCD landfillirig
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
LCD landfillrng
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
LCD landfillrng
LCD incineration
LCD landfillrng
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
LCD landfillrng
US electric grid
LCD landfillrng
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
LCD incineration
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LCD landfillrng
US electric grid
Material
Carbon tetrachloride
Chloroform
Ethane
Phenol
Pentane
Chromium (VI)
Toluene
Acrolein
Hexane
Copper
Methyl chloride
Fluoride
Nickel
Methyl hydrazine
Lead
PM-10
Cobalt
Antimony
Propionaldehyde
Acetaldehyde
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
Aluminum (+3)
Mercury
Hexane
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Chromium (VI)
Cadmium
Dimethyl sulfate
Toluene
Isophorone
Tetrachloroethylene
Lead cmpds
Lead cmpds
Nitrate
Methyl ethyl ketone
Tetrachloroethylene
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Methyl methacrylate
Trichloroethylene
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Bromoform
Dichloromethane
Copper
Beryllium
Chlorobenzene
Trichloroethylene
2-Chloroacetophenone
Dimethylbenzanthracene
Bromomethane
Ethylbenzene
2 , 4-Dinitrotoluene
LCI Data Type Terrestrial Toxicity %
(tox-kg)
secondary
primary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
primary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
primary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
primary
secondary
primary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
primary
model/secondary
primary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
model/secondary
3.13e-09
3.13e-09
3.06e-09
2.82e-09
2.56e-09
2.43e-09
1.98e-09
1.84e-09
1.78e-09
1.58e-09
1.49e-09
1.38e-09
1.14e-09
1.08e-09
9.03e-10
8.86e-10
8.61e-10
8.42e-10
8.29e-10
8.29e-10
6.37e-10
5.58e-10
5.32e-10
4.26e-10
4.08e-10
3.97e-10
3.41e-10
3.05e-10
3.01e-10
2.92e-10
2.89e-10
2.59e-10
2.40e-10
2.39e-10
2.36e-10
2.32e-10
2.24e-10
2.02e-10
1.68e-10
1.68e-10
1.65e-10
1.59e-10
1.37e-10
1.35e-10
1.33e-10
1.31e-10
1.27e-10
1.26e-10
1.25e-10
1.07e-10
1.06e-10
of Total
3.50e-10
3.50e-10
3.42e-10
3.15e-10
2.87e-10
2.72e-10
2.21e-10
2.06e-10
1.99e-10
1.77e-10
1.67e-10
1.55e-10
1.28e-10
1.21e-10
l.Ole-10
9.91e-ll
9.63e-ll
9.42e-ll
9.276-11
9.27e-ll
7.126-11
6.24e-ll
5.956-11
4.76e-ll
4.566-11
4.446-11
3.82e-ll
3.416-11
3.36e-ll
3.276-11
3.23e-ll
2.906-11
2.69e-ll
2.676-11
2.64e-ll
2.60e-ll
2.51e-ll
2.256-11
1.88e-ll
1.88e-ll
1.84e-ll
1.78e-ll
1.54e-ll
l.Sle-11
1.49e-ll
1.46e-ll
1.42e-ll
1.41e-ll
1.40e-ll
1.19e-ll
1.18e-ll
M-288
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-40. LCD LCIA Results for the Terrestrial Ecotoxicity Impact Category
Process Group
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
LCD landfilling
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
LCD incineration
LCD landfilling
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
Material
Naphthalene
Manganese
Barium
Silicon
Cyanide (-1)
Barium cmpds
Ethylbenzene
Lead
Dichloromethane
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Carbon disulfide
Phenol
Styrene
Vinyl acetate
Benzyl chloride
Phenanthrene
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Aluminum (elemental)
Chloroform
Chromium (III)
Cobalt
o-xylene
Chromium (III)
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Acrolein
Ethylene dibromide
Methyl chloride
Beryllium
Ethyl Chloride
Methyl hydrazine
Cumene
Acetaldehyde
Propionaldehyde
Mercury
Cadmium
Cadmium cmpds
Acetophenone
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
Biphenyl
Toluene
Acenaphthylene
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
Acenaphthene
Dimethyl sulfate
Isophorone
Methyl ethyl ketone
Tetrachloroethylene
Methyl methacrylate
Benzo[b,j,k]fluoranthene
LCI Data Type Terrestrial Toxicity %
(tox-kg)
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
primary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
1.02e-10
8.79e-ll
7.34e-ll
6.66e-ll
6.59e-ll
6.25e-ll
5.24e-ll
4.87e-ll
4.68e-ll
2.65e-ll
2.35e-ll
2.02e-ll
1.93e-ll
1.88e-ll
1.84e-ll
1.776-11
1.56e-ll
1.52e-ll
1.43e-ll
1.40e-ll
9.89e-12
9.08e-12
7.92e-12
7.68e-12
7.64e-12
7.62e-12
6.19e-12
5.53e-12
5.09e-12
4.48e-12
4.31e-12
3.44e-12
3.44e-12
3.42e-12
3.19e-12
2.74e-12
2.68e-12
2.64e-12
2.57e-12
2.45e-12
1.60e-12
1.41e-12
1.37e-12
1.27e-12
1.21e-12
9.79e-13
9.63e-13
8.36e-13
7.53e-13
of Total
1.146-11
9.83e-12
8.21e-12
7.45e-12
7.37e-12
6.99e-12
5.86e-12
5.44e-12
5.24e-12
2.96e-12
2.63e-12
2.25e-12
2.16e-12
2.11e-12
2.06e-12
1.98e-12
1.75e-12
1.71e-12
1. 60e-12
1.56e-12
l.lle-12
1.02e-12
8.86e-13
8.59e-13
8.55e-13
8.52e-13
6.92e-13
6.19e-13
5.69e-13
5.01e-13
4.82e-13
3.85e-13
3.85e-13
3.83e-13
3.57e-13
3.06e-13
3.00e-13
2.96e-13
2.87e-13
2.75e-13
1.79e-13
1.57e-13
1.53e-13
1.41e-13
1.36e-13
1.09e-13
1.08e-13
9.35e-14
8.43e-14
M-289
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-40. LCD LCIA Results for the Terrestrial Ecotoxicity Impact Category
Process Group
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LCD landfilling
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
LCD incineration
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
US electric grid
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
Material
Chrysene
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Bromoform
Chromium (III)
Vinyl chloride
Dichloromethane
B enzo [a] anthracene
Fluorene
Chlorobenzene
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Vinyl chloride
Copper (+1 & +2)
Indeno(l ,2,3-cd)pyrene
Fluoranthene
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
Pyrene
o-xylene
o-xylene
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene
Benzo[a]pyrene
Ethylbenzene
2-Methylnaphthalene
5-Methyl chrysene
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Phenanthrene
Styrene
Vinyl acetate
3 -Methy Icholanthrene
Dibenzo [a,h] anthracene
Zinc (+2)
Ethylene dibromide
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
2-Methylnaphthalene
Ethyl Chloride
Chlorine
Cumene
Anthracene
Acetophenone
Biphenyl
Acenaphthylene
Acenaphthene
Nickel cmpds
Benzo[a]anthracene
Chrysene
Lead cmpds
Indeno(l ,2,3-cd)pyrene
Benzo[b,j,k]fluoranthene
Mercury compounds
Benzo[a]pyrene
Fluorene
Pyrene
LCI Data Type Terrestrial Toxicity %
(tox-kg)
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
primary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
model/secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
7.23e-13
6.97e-13
6.83e-13
6.76e-13
6.68e-13
6.60e-13
6.57e-13
5.66e-13
5.52e-13
5.52e-13
5.18e-13
5.16e-13
4.67e-13
4.52e-13
4.39e-13
3.74e-13
2.70e-13
2.69e-13
2.55e-13
2.41e-13
2.19e-13
1.89e-13
1.40e-13
1.10e-13
8.93e-14
8.01e-14
7.82e-14
7.38e-14
6.19e-14
4.62e-14
3.16e-14
2.98e-14
2.37e-14
2.11e-14
2.10e-14
1.79e-14
1.64e-14
l.lle-14
1.07e-14
8.43e-15
7.02e-15
5.47e-15
4.92e-15
4.72e-15
4.60e-15
3.66e-15
2.90e-15
2.78e-15
2.69e-15
2.60e-15
2.25e-15
of Total
8.09e-14
7.79e-14
7.64e-14
7.56e-14
7.47e-14
7.38e-14
7.34e-14
6.33e-14
6.17e-14
6.17e-14
5.79e-14
5.77e-14
5.22e-14
5.06e-14
4.91e-14
4.18e-14
3.02e-14
3.00e-14
2.85e-14
2.70e-14
2.45e-14
2.11e-14
1.56e-14
1.23e-14
9.98e-15
8.96e-15
8.74e-15
8.26e-15
6.92e-15
5.17e-15
3.54e-15
3.33e-15
2.65e-15
2.36e-15
2.34e-15
2.00e-15
1.84e-15
1.24e-15
1.19e-15
9.43e-16
7.86e-16
6.12e-16
5.50e-16
5.27e-16
5.14e-16
4.09e-16
3.24e-16
3.11e-16
3.01e-16
2.91e-16
2.52e-16
M-290
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-40. LCD LCIA Results for the Terrestrial Ecotoxicity Impact Category
Process Group
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
LPG Production
US electric grid
LPG Production
LPG Production
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Material
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene
Fluoranthene
HALON-1301
B enzo [b] fluoranthene
Dibenzo [a,h] anthracene
5-Methyl chrysene
Halogenated matter (organic)
2,3,7,8-TCDF
Anthracene
Halogenated hydrocarbons (unspecified)
Halogenated hydrocarbons (unspecified)
Halogenated hydrocarbons (unspecified)
Halogenated hydrocarbons (unspecified)
Halogenated matter (organic)
HALON-1301
Mercury compounds
Lead cmpds
Nickel cmpds
Halogenated matter (organic)
Anthracene
HALON-1301
Anthracene
5-Methyl chrysene
Nickel cmpds
Halogenated matter (organic)
Dibenzo [a,h] anthracene
5-Methyl chrysene
B enzo [b j , k] fluoranthene
B enzo [b] fluoranthene
Fluoranthene
Fluorene
Dibenzo [a,h] anthracene
Pyrene
HALON-1301
Copper (+1 & +2)
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Dibenzo [a,h] anthracene
Benzo [b] fluoranthene
Benzo[a]pyrene
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene
Mercury compounds
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene
Fluoranthene
Pyrene
Benzo [b] fluoranthene
Acenaphthene
Fluorene
Biphenyl
Benzo[a]pyrene
LCI Data Type Terrestrial Toxicity %
(tox-kg)
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
model/secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
2.19e-15
2.12e-15
2.00e-15
1.96e-15
1.40e-15
5.80e-16
4.60e-16
3.24e-16
9.78e-17
1.15e-18
-1.95e-18
-2.06e-17
-4.72e-16
-7.816-16
-3.40e-15
-4.73e-15
-7.81e-15
-9.29e-15
-1.19e-14
-3.17e-14
-5.17e-14
-5.55e-14
-8.45e-14
-1.42e-13
-1.89e-13
-2.91e-13
-3.50e-13
-4.23e-13
-4.31e-13
-4.85e-13
-5.43e-13
-6.88e-13
-8.10e-13
-8.22e-13
-8.77e-13
-9.37e-13
-9.38e-13
-9.78e-13
-1.04e-12
-1.06e-12
-1.14e-12
-1. 15e-12
-1.24e-12
-1.26e-12
-1.38e-12
-1.49e-12
-1.53e-12
-1.55e-12
-1.56e-12
of Total
2.44e-16
2.37e-16
2.24e-16
2.20e-16
1.56e-16
6.48e-17
5.14e-17
3.62e-17
1.09e-17
1.29e-19
-2.18e-19
-2.31e-18
-5.28e-17
-8.73e-17
-3.80e-16
-5.29e-16
-8.73e-16
-1.04e-15
-1.33e-15
-3.54e-15
-5.79e-15
-6.21e-15
-9.45e-15
-1.58e-14
-2.11e-14
-3.26e-14
-3.91e-14
-4.73e-14
-4.82e-14
-5.42e-14
-6.07e-14
-7.70e-14
-9.06e-14
-9.19e-14
-9.80e-14
-1.05e-13
-1.05e-13
-1.09e-13
-1.17e-13
-1.18e-13
-1.28e-13
-1.28e-13
-1.39e-13
-1.41e-13
-1.54e-13
-1.67e-13
-1.71e-13
-1.74e-13
-1.74e-13
M-291
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-40. LCD LCIA Results for the Terrestrial Ecotoxicity Impact Category
Process Group
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Material
Acetophenone
Indeno( 1 ,2,3-cd)pyrene
Benzo[bj,k]fluoranthene
Chrysene
Benzo [a] anthracene
Lead cmpds
Indeno(l ,2,3-cd)pyrene
Nickel cmpds
Acenaphthylene
Anthracene
Benzo [a] anthracene
Cumene
Chrysene
Ethyl Chloride
Acenaphthene
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Ethylene dibromide
Cadmium cmpds
Acenaphthylene
2-Methylnaphthalene
Biphenyl
Acetophenone
Chlorine
Cumene
Vinyl acetate
Styrene
2-Methylnaphthalene
Chlorine
Ethyl Chloride
Copper (+1 &+2)
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Zinc (+2)
Methyl tert-butyl ether
3-Methylcholanthrene
2-Methylnaphthalene
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Ethylene dibromide
Zinc (+2)
5-Methyl chrysene
Phenanthrene
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene
Aluminum (elemental)
Dichlorobenzene (mixed isomers)
Ethylbenzene
Benzo[a]pyrene
3 -Methy Icholanthrene
Vinyl acetate
Styrene
Pyrene
Phenanthrene
Chromium (III)
LCI Data Type Terrestrial Toxicity %
(tox-kg)
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
-1.62e-12
-1.63e-12
-1.75e-12
-1.79e-12
-1.86e-12
-1.89e-12
-1.98e-12
-2.25e-12
-2.32e-12
-2.41e-12
-2.60e-12
-2.61e-12
-2.61e-12
-3.08e-12
-3.83e-12
-4.35e-12
-4.61e-12
-4.65e-12
-4.90e-12
-5.65e-12
-6.43e-12
-6.71e-12
-1.04e-ll
-1.08e-ll
-1.146-11
-1.17e-ll
-1.20e-ll
-1.266-11
-1.27e-ll
-1.34e-ll
-1.43e-ll
-1.45e-ll
-1. 60e-ll
-1.76e-ll
-1.79e-ll
-l.SOe-ll
-1.916-11
-2.126-11
-2.126-11
-2.336-11
-2.636-11
-2.81e-ll
-3.186-11
-3.206-11
-3.696-11
-3.74e-ll
-4.71e-ll
-4.836-11
-5.06e-ll
-5.20e-ll
-5.33e-ll
of Total
-1.81e-13
-1.83e-13
-1.96e-13
-2.00e-13
-2.08e-13
-2.116-13
-2.22e-13
-2.51e-13
-2.59e-13
-2.70e-13
-2.91e-13
-2.91e-13
-2.92e-13
-3.44e-13
-4.28e-13
-4.86e-13
-5.16e-13
-5.20e-13
-5.48e-13
-6.31e-13
-7.19e-13
-7.50e-13
-1.176-12
-1.21e-12
-1.276-12
-1.31e-12
-1.34e-12
-1.40e-12
-1.42e-12
-1.49e-12
-1.60e-12
-1.62e-12
-1.79e-12
-1.97e-12
-2.00e-12
-2.01e-12
-2.13e-12
-2.37e-12
-2.37e-12
-2.61e-12
-2.94e-12
-3.15e-12
-3.55e-12
-3.58e-12
-4.13e-12
-4.18e-12
-5.27e-12
-5.40e-12
-5.66e-12
-5.81e-12
-5.96e-12
M-292
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-40. LCD LCIA Results for the Terrestrial Ecotoxicity Impact Category
Process Group
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Material
3 -Methy Icholanthrene
Indeno( 1 ,2,3-cd)pyrene
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
Fluoranthene
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Benzo [a] anthracene
Chlorobenzene
Fluorene
Dichloromethane
Chrysene
Bromoform
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Benzo[bj ,k]fluoranthene
Barium cmpds
Methyl methacrylate
Silicon
Ethylbenzene
Tetrachloroethylene
Methyl ethyl ketone
o-xylene
Chlorine
Acenaphthene
Zinc (+2)
Isophorone
Dimethyl sulfate
Chromium (III)
Copper (+1 & +2)
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Acenaphthylene
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
Chlorobenzene
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
Biphenyl
Dichloromethane
Acetophenone
Bromoform
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Cadmium
Propionaldehyde
Acetaldehyde
Methyl methacrylate
Tetrachloroethylene
Methyl ethyl ketone
Mercury
Methyl hydrazine
Cumene
Aluminum (elemental)
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
Isophorone
LCI Data Type Terrestrial Toxicity %
(tox-kg)
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
-5.59e-ll
-5.92e-ll
-6.40e-ll
-6.52e-ll
-6.62e-ll
-7.75e-ll
-8.05e-ll
-8.35e-ll
-9.62e-ll
-9.68e-ll
-9.96e-ll
-1.02e-10
-1.06e-10
-1.06e-10
-1.22e-10
-1.23e-10
-1.32e-10
-1.40e-10
-1.43e-10
-1.43e-10
-1.57e-10
-1.67e-10
-1.74e-10
-1.776-10
-1.84e-10
-2.04e-10
-2.12e-10
-2.27e-10
-2.41e-10
-2.65e-10
-3.33e-10
-3.85e-10
-3.90e-10
-3.98e-10
-4.07e-10
-4.12e-10
-4.20e-10
-4.65e-10
-5.02e-10
-5.02e-10
-5.04e-10
-5.81e-10
-5.90e-10
-6.23e-10
-6.53e-10
-6.53e-10
-7.02e-10
-7.13e-10
-7.31e-10
of Total
-6.25e-12
-6.62e-12
-7.16e-12
-7.29e-12
-7.40e-12
-8.67e-12
-9.00e-12
-9.34e-12
-l.OSe-ll
-1.08e-ll
-l.lle-11
-1.146-11
-1.196-11
-1.19e-ll
-1.36e-ll
-1.37e-ll
-1.476-11
-1.576-11
-1. 60e-ll
-1.60e-ll
-1.756-11
-1.87e-ll
-1.94e-ll
-1.98e-ll
-2.066-11
-2.29e-ll
-2.376-11
-2.54e-ll
-2.706-11
-2.96e-ll
-3.726-11
-4.31e-ll
-4.366-11
-4.45e-ll
-4.556-11
-4.61e-ll
-4.706-11
-5.20e-ll
-5.61e-ll
-5.61e-ll
-5.646-11
-6.50e-ll
-6.60e-ll
-6.97e-ll
-7.316-11
-7.31e-ll
-7.856-11
-7.97e-ll
-8.186-11
M-293
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-40. LCD LCIA Results for the Terrestrial Ecotoxicity Impact Category
Process Group
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Material
Dimethyl sulfate
Ethyl Chloride
Cobalt
Methyl chloride
Beryllium
Aluminum (+3)
1 ,4-Dichlorobenzene
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Acrolein
Cadmium cmpds
Ethylene dibromide
Toluene
o-xylene
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
PM-10
Cadmium
Mercury
Propionaldehyde
Acetaldehyde
Chloroform
Xylene (mixed isomers)
Phenanthrene
Benzyl chloride
Methyl hydrazine
Toluene
Vinyl acetate
Styrene
Silicon
Beryllium
Carbon disulfide
Methyl chloride
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Acrolein
Phenol
Nitrate
Cobalt
Chloroacetophenone
Lead
Ethylbenzene
Chloroform
Cyanide (-1)
Aluminum (elemental)
Benzyl chloride
Chromium (III)
Manganese
Carbon disulfide
Aluminum (+3)
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
Copper
Bromomethane
2-Chloroacetophenone
LCI Data Type Terrestrial Toxicity %
(tox-kg)
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
-7.63e-10
-7.72e-10
-8.74e-10
-9.03e-10
-9.26e-10
-9.48e-10
-1.07e-09
-1.09e-09
-l.lle-09
-1.12e-09
-1.16e-09
-1.35e-09
-1.52e-09
-1.59e-09
-1.63e-09
-1.90e-09
-2.05e-09
-2.07e-09
-2.07e-09
-2.09e-09
-2.22e-09
-2.61e-09
-2.69e-09
-2.70e-09
-2.86e-09
-2.86e-09
-2.93e-09
-3.07e-09
-3.31e-09
-3.43e-09
-3.73e-09
-4.01e-09
-4.61e-09
-4.83e-09
-4.98e-09
-6.12e-09
-6.74e-09
-7.17e-09
-7.87e-09
-8.65e-09
-9.61e-09
-1.06e-08
-l.lle-08
-1.13e-08
-1.31e-08
-1.42e-08
_1.44e-08
-1.61e-08
-1.756-08
-1.83e-08
-1.85e-08
of Total
-8.53e-ll
-8.64e-ll
-9.78e-ll
-l.Ole-10
-1.04e-10
-1.06e-10
-1.19e-10
-1.22e-10
-1.25e-10
-1.26e-10
-1.29e-10
-1. 50e-10
-1.70e-10
-1.78e-10
-1.83e-10
-2.12e-10
-2.30e-10
-2.32e-10
-2.32e-10
-2.34e-10
-2.48e-10
-2.91e-10
-3.01e-10
-3.02e-10
-3.20e-10
-3.20e-10
-3.28e-10
-3.43e-10
-3.71e-10
-3.84e-10
-4.18e-10
-4.49e-10
-5.15e-10
-5.40e-10
-5.57e-10
-6.85e-10
-7.54e-10
-8.02e-10
-8.80e-10
-9.67e-10
-1.07e-09
-1.19e-09
-1.24e-09
-1.27e-09
-1.46e-09
-1.59e-09
-1.61e-09
-1.80e-09
-1.956-09
-2.05e-09
-2.07e-09
M-294
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-40. LCD LCIA Results for the Terrestrial Ecotoxicity Impact Category
Process Group
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
Material
Barium
Chlorobenzene
Hydrogen sulfide
Dichloromethane
Bromoform
1 ,2-Dichloroethane
Barium cmpds
Lead
Methyl methacrylate
Dimethylbenzanthracene
Chromium (VI)
Tetrachloroethylene
Methyl ethyl ketone
Barium
Cyanide (-1)
Nickel
PM-10
Naphthalene
Isophorone
Dimethyl sulfate
Silicon
Toluene
Manganese
Naphthalene
Dimethylbenzanthracene
Cadmium
Bromomethane
Phenol
2-Chloroacetophenone
Mercury
Copper
Dimethylbenzanthracene
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
Nitrate
Chromium (VI)
Cobalt
Acetaldehyde
Propionaldehyde
Antimony
Methyl hydrazine
Beryllium
Methyl chloride
Aluminum (+3)
Copper
Acrolein
Antimony
Hexane
Hydrogen sulfide
Chloroform
LCI Data Type Terrestrial Toxicity %
(tox-kg)
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
-1.95e-08
-2.02e-08
-2.23e-08
-2.41e-08
-2.50e-08
-2.53e-08
-2.57e-08
-2.94e-08
-3.06e-08
-3.12e-08
-3.13e-08
-3.50e-08
-3.58e-08
-3.61e-08
-3.97e-08
-4.07e-08
-4.08e-08
-4.31e-08
_4.43e-08
-4.62e-08
-4.64e-08
-4.73e-08
-5.28e-08
-5.29e-08
-6.37e-08
-6.38e-08
-7.56e-08
-7.60e-08
-7.64e-08
-8.42e-08
-8.86e-08
-9.51e-08
-9.66e-08
-1.04e-07
-1.20e-07
-1.24e-07
-1.26e-07
-1.26e-07
-1.47e-07
-1.64e-07
-1.94e-07
-2.26e-07
-2.29e-07
-2.67e-07
-2.79e-07
-4.21e-07
-4.88e-07
-5.13e-07
-5.22e-07
of Total
-2.18e-09
-2.26e-09
-2.49e-09
-2.69e-09
-2.79e-09
-2.83e-09
-2.87e-09
-3.29e-09
-3.42e-09
-3.49e-09
-3.50e-09
-3.91e-09
-4.00e-09
_4.04e-09
-4.44e-09
-4.55e-09
-4.56e-09
-4.82e-09
-4.96e-09
-5.17e-09
-5.19e-09
-5.29e-09
-5.91e-09
-5.91e-09
-7.12e-09
-7.13e-09
-8.46e-09
-8.50e-09
-8.55e-09
-9.42e-09
-9.90e-09
-1.06e-08
-1.08e-08
-1.17e-08
-1.34e-08
-1.39e-08
-1.41e-08
-1.41e-08
-1.65e-08
-1.83e-08
-2.18e-08
-2.53e-08
-2.56e-08
-2.99e-08
-3.12e-08
-4.70e-08
-5.46e-08
-5.74e-08
-5.84e-08
M-295
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-40. LCD LCIA Results for the Terrestrial Ecotoxicity Impact Category
Process Group
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
Material
Hydrofluoric acid
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Pentane
PM-10
Benzyl chloride
Ethane
Nickel
Molybdenum
Carbon disulfide
Barium
Hexane
Phenol
Nitrate
Pentane
Naphthalene
Hexane
Ethane
Pentane
Ethane
Zinc (elemental)
Hydrofluoric acid
Cyanide (-1)
Zinc (elemental)
Manganese
Nitrous oxide
Selenium
Molybdenum
Fluorides (F-)
Bromomethane
Nickel
Molybdenum
Chromium (VI)
Ammonia
Hydrogen sulfide
Formaldehyde
Antimony
Zinc (elemental)
Fluorides (F-)
Selenium
Hydrochloric acid
Vanadium
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Ammonia
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Nitrous oxide
Hydrochloric acid
Ammonia
Sulfur oxides
Arsenic
PM
Hydrofluoric acid
LCI Data Type Terrestrial Toxicity %
(tox-kg)
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
-5.77e-07
-5.86e-07
-6.12e-07
-6.18e-07
-6.74e-07
-7.29e-07
-7.65e-07
-7.65e-07
-8.60e-07
-8.87e-07
-9.00e-07
-1.16e-06
-1.17e-06
-1.30e-06
-1.31e-06
-1.34e-06
-1.55e-06
-1.94e-06
-2.31e-06
-2.35e-06
-2.38e-06
-2.41e-06
-2.81e-06
-3.17e-06
-3.82e-06
-4.02e-06
-4.28e-06
-4.48e-06
-4.59e-06
-6.29e-06
-6.45e-06
-6.65e-06
-7.26e-06
-8.41e-06
-9.17e-06
-1.40e-05
-1.65e-05
-1.75e-05
-1.77e-05
-2.116-05
-2.30e-05
-2.63e-05
-3.04e-05
-3.56e-05
-4.08e-05
-8.74e-05
-8.90e-05
-9.13e-05
-1.04e-04
-1.37e-04
_1.45e-04
of Total
-6.45e-08
-6.55e-08
-6.84e-08
-6.91e-08
-7.54e-08
-8.16e-08
-8.55e-08
-8.56e-08
-9.62e-08
-9.92e-08
-l.Ole-07
-1.30e-07
-1.30e-07
-1.45e-07
-1.47e-07
-1.50e-07
-1.73e-07
-2.17e-07
-2.59e-07
-2.63e-07
-2.67e-07
-2.69e-07
-3.15e-07
-3.55e-07
-4.28e-07
-4.49e-07
-4.79e-07
-5.01e-07
-5.13e-07
-7.04e-07
-7.21e-07
-7.44e-07
-8.12e-07
-9.41e-07
-1.03e-06
-1.56e-06
-1.84e-06
-1.95e-06
-1.98e-06
-2.37e-06
-2.58e-06
-2.94e-06
-3.40e-06
-3.98e-06
-4.56e-06
-9.77e-06
-9.96e-06
-1.02e-05
-1.17e-05
-1.53e-05
-1.62e-05
M-296
-------
APPENDIX M
Table M-40.
Process Group
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
Fuel Oil #4 Prod.
LCD incineration
LCD incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
LCD incineration
Natural Gas Prod.
Total End-of-life
LCD LCIA Results for the Terrestrial Ecotoxicity Impact Category
Material
PM
Formaldehyde
Formaldehyde
Arsenic
Nitrous oxide
Vanadium
Selenium
Fluorides (F-)
Nitrogen oxides
Benzene
Sulfur oxides
Methane
Benzene
Vanadium
Hydrochloric acid
Nitrogen oxides
Nitrogen oxides
Methane
Carbon monoxide
PM
Carbon monoxide
Methane
Sulfur oxides
Carbon monoxide
Arsenic
Benzene
LCI Data Type Terrestrial Toxicity %
(tox-kg)
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
secondary
-2.87e-04
-2.89e-04
-3.65e-04
-5.00e-04
-6.75e-04
-7.59e-04
_9.94e-04
-l.Ole-03
-1.27e-03
-1.71e-03
-1.74e-03
-1.85e-03
-2.08e-03
-2.86e-03
-3.08e-03
-3.09e-03
-9.31e-03
-9.85e-03
-9.96e-03
-1.20e-02
-1.44e-02
-1.666-02
-1.75e-02
-2.11e-02
-2.50e-02
-2.50e-02
1.46e-02
of Total
-3.21e-05
-3.24e-05
-4.08e-05
-5.59e-05
-7.556-05
-8.49e-05
-l.lle-04
-1.13e-04
-1.43e-04
-1.91e-04
-1.94e-04
-2.07e-04
-2.32e-04
-3.20e-04
-3.44e-04
-3.45e-04
-1.04e-03
-1.10e-03
-l.lle-03
-1.34e-03
-1.61e-03
-1.86e-03
-1.96e-03
-2.36e-03
-2.80e-03
-2.80e-03
1.63e-03
Total All Life-cycle Stages
8.94e+02
l.OOe+02
M-297
-------
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-------
APPENDIX N
APPENDIX N
CHAPTER 4 SUPPORTING TABLES
-------
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-------
APPENDIX N
Table N-l. CRT Lead Inputs by Life-cycle Stage
Life-cycle Stage
Materials Processing
Materials Processing
Materials Processing
Materials Processing
Materials Processing
Materials Processing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
End-of-life
End-of-life
End-of-life
Process
Aluminum Prod, (all virgin; EB)
Ferrite mfg. (EB)
Invar (DEAM mix)
Lead (EB)
Polycarbonate Production (PC; DEAM)
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished (EB)
CRT tube mfg. (CDP)
CRT glass mfg. (CDP)
Frit manufacturing (CDP)
CRT monitor assembly (CDP)
PWB Mfg.
CRT monitor assembly (CDP)
CRT Incineration (DEAM mix)
CRT landfilling (CDP)
CRT Recycling (CDP)
Input
Lead (Pb, ore)
Lead (Pb, ore)
Lead (Pb, ore)
Lead (Pb, ore)
Lead (Pb, ore)
Lead (Pb, ore)
Frit
Lead
Lead
Printed wiring board (PWB)
Solder (63% tin; 37% lead)
Solder, unspecified
EOL CRT Monitor, incinerated
EOL CRT Monitor, landfilled
EOL CRT Monitor, recycled
Quantity
6.30e-05
5.70e-08
5.84e-08
4.96e-01
1.85e-06
5.79e-08
6.67e-02
4.47e-01
4.67e-02
8.47e-01
5.08e-02
2.67e-02
2.20e+01
1.56e+01
2.42e+00
Units
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
Type
Ancillary material
Ancillary material
Ancillary material
Primary material
Ancillary material
Ancillary material
Primary material
Primary material
Primary material
Direct to assembly
Primary material
Direct to assembly
Primary material
Primary material
Primary material
N-l
-------
APPENDIX N
Table N-2. LCD Lead Inputs by Life-cycle Stage
Life-cycle Stage
Materials Processing
Materials Processing
Materials Processing
Materials Processing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
End-of-life
End-of-life
End-of-life
Process
Aluminum Prod, (all virgin; EB)
PET Resin Production (DEAM)
Polycarbonate Production (PC; DEAM)
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished (EB)
LCD module mfg. (CDP)
LCD monitor assembly (CDP)
LCD monitor assembly (CDP)
PWB Mfg.
LCD module mfg. (CDP)
LCD incineration (DEAM mix)
LCD landfillirig (CDP)
LCD recycling (CDP)
Input
Lead (Pb, ore)
Lead (Pb, ore)
Lead (Pb, ore)
Lead (Pb, ore)
Printed wiring board (PWB)
Printed wiring board (PWB)
Solder (60% tin, 40% lead)
Solder (63% tin; 37% lead)
Solder, unspecified
EOL LCD Monitor, incinerated
EOL LCD Monitor, landfilled
EOL LCD Monitor, recycled
Quantity
2.35e-05
1.82e-07
1.03e-06
2.84e-08
2.27e-02
3.51e-01
3.81e-02
2.24e-02
7.35e-05
6.50e+00
3.57e+00
9.75e-01
Units
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
Type
Ancillary material
Ancillary material
Ancillary material
Ancillary material
Direct to assembly
Direct to assembly
Primary material
Primary material
Ancillary material
Primary material
Primary material
Primary material
N-2
-------
APPENDIX N
Table N-3. CRT Lead Outnuts bv Life-cvcle Stage
Life-Cycle Stage
Materials Processing
Materials Processing
Materials Processing
Materials Processing
Materials Processing
Materials Processing
Materials Processing
Materials Processing
Materials Processing
Materials Processing
Materials Processing
Materials Processing
Materials Processing
Materials Processing
Materials Processing
Materials Processing
Materials Processing
Materials Processing
Materials Processing
Materials Processing
Materials Processing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Process
ABS Production (DEAM)
Aluminum Prod, (all virgin; EB)
Aluminum Prod, (all virgin; EB)
Aluminum Prod, (all virgin; EB)
Ferrite mfg. (EB)
Ferrite mfg. (EB)
Ferrite mfg. (EB)
Ferrite mfg. (EB)
Invar (DEAM mix)
Invar (DEAM mix)
Invar (DEAM mix)
Invar (DEAM mix)
Lead (EB)
Lead (EB)
Lead (EB)
Polycarbonate Production (PC; DEAM)
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished (EB)
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished (EB)
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished (EB)
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished (EB)
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod. (DEAM mix)
CRT glass mfg. (CDP)
CRT glass mfg. (CDP)
CRT glass mfg. (CDP)
CRT glass mfg. (CDP)
Output
Lead
Lead
Lead
Lead cmpds
Lead
Lead
Lead cmpds
Lead-210 (isotope)
Lead
Lead
Lead cmpds
Lead-210 (isotope)
Lead
Lead
Lead cmpds
Lead
Lead
Lead
Lead cmpds
Lead-2 1 0 (isotope)
Lead
Broken CRT glass
cinders from CRT glass mfg (70% PbO)
CRT glass faceplate EP dust (Pb) (D008 waste)
CRT glass funnel EP dust (Pb) (D008 waste)
Quantity
2.12e-07
1.20e-06
1.45e-08
8.72e-06
3.46e-05
1.70e-10
5.19e-07
1.82e-01
3.62e-05
5.49e-09
2.98e-06
1.87e-01
1.58e-03
2.72e-09
2.75e-06
4.62e-07
1.10e-06
1.02e-ll
8.83e-07
6.54e-01
2.07e-07
1.88e-03
8.26e-03
1.03e-03
5.01e-03
Units
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
Bq
kg
kg
kg
Bq
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
Bq
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
Type
Airborne
Airborne
Solid waste
Waterborne
Airborne
Solid waste
Waterborne
Radioactivity
Airborne
Solid waste
Waterborne
Radioactivity
Airborne
Solid waste
Waterborne
Airborne
Airborne
Solid waste
Waterborne
Radioactivity
Airborne
Hazardous waste
Hazardous waste
Hazardous waste
Hazardous waste
Disposition
air
air
landfill
surface water
air
landfill
surface water
air
air
landfill
surface water
air
air
landfill
surface water
air
air
landfill
surface water
air
air
landfill
landfill
landfill
recycling/reuse
N-3
-------
APPENDIX N
Table N-3. CRT Lead Outnuts bv Life-cvcle Stage
Life-Cycle Stage
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Process
CRT glass mfg. (CDP)
CRT glass mfg. (CDP)
CRT glass mfg. (CDP)
CRT glass mfg. (CDP)
CRT glass mfg. (CDP)
CRT glass mfg. (CDP)
CRT glass mfg. (CDP)
CRT glass mfg. (CDP)
CRT monitor assembly (CDP)
CRT monitor assembly (CDP)
CRT tube mfg. (CDP)
CRT tube mfg. (CDP)
CRT tube mfg. (CDP)
CRT tube mfg. (CDP)
CRT tube mfg. (CDP)
Frit manufacturing (CDP)
Fuel Oil #2 Prod. (DEAM)
Fuel Oil #2 Prod. (DEAM)
Fuel Oil #4 Prod. (DEAM mix)
Fuel Oil #4 Prod. (DEAM mix)
Fuel Oil #6 Prod. (DEAM)
Fuel Oil #6 Prod. (DEAM)
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production (DEAM)
LPG Production (DEAM)
Output
Hazardous sludge (Pb) (D008)
Lead
Lead
Lead contaminated grit (D008 waste)
Lead debris (D008 waste)
sludge from CRT glass mfg (1% PbO)
Waste Batch (Ba, Pb) (D008 waste)
Waste finishing sludge (Pb) (D008 waste)
Broken CRT glass
Printed wiring board (PWB)
Broken CRT glass
Frit
Lead
Lead
Lead sulfate cake
Lead
Lead
Lead cmpds
Lead
Lead cmpds
Lead
Lead cmpds
Lead (Pb, ore)
Lead
Lead cmpds
Quantity
1.52e-03
3.22e-07
4.34e-05
3.46e-05
2.14e-04
8.78e-04
1.41e-03
2.56e-04
3.82e-01
3.70e-02
6.94e-01
2.99e-03
3.01e-06
1.03e-06
2.67e-05
3.20e-10
3.88e-08
3.28e-12
4.14e-09
2.66e-13
9.99e-08
3.95e-12
4.41e-07
1.24e-05
1.17e-09
Units
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
Type
Hazardous waste
Airborne
Waterborne
Hazardous waste
Hazardous waste
Hazardous waste
Hazardous waste
Hazardous waste
Solid waste
Solid waste
Solid waste
Hazardous waste
Waterborne
Waterborne
Hazardous waste
Airborne
Airborne
Waterborne
Airborne
Waterborne
Airborne
Waterborne
Airborne
Airborne
Waterborne
Disposition
landfill
air
surface water
landfill
landfill
landfill
landfill
landfill
recycling/reuse
recycling/reuse
recycling/reuse
landfill
surface water
treatment
landfill
air
air
surface water
air
surface water
air
surface water
air
air
surface water
N-4
-------
APPENDIX N
Table N-3. CRT Lead Outnuts bv Life-cvcle Stage
Life-Cycle Stage
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Use
Use
Use
Use
Use
End-of-life
End-of-life
End-of-life
End-of-life
End-of-life
End-of-life
End-of-life
End-of-life
End-of-life
End-of-life
End-of-life
End-of-life
Process
Natural Gas Prod. (DEAM)
Natural Gas Prod. (DEAM)
PWB Mfg.
PWB Mfg.
US electric grid
CRT monitor use (CDP)
CRT monitor use (CDP)
CRT monitor use (CDP)
CRT monitor use (CDP)
US electric grid
CRT Incineration (DEAM mix)
CRT Incineration (DEAM mix)
CRT landfillirig (CDP)
CRT landfillirig (CDP)
CRT Recycling (CDP)
Fuel Oil #4 Prod. (DEAM mix)
Fuel Oil #4 Prod. (DEAM mix)
LPG Production (DEAM)
LPG Production (DEAM)
Natural Gas Prod. (DEAM)
Natural Gas Prod. (DEAM)
US electric grid
Output
Lead
Lead cmpds
Lead cmpds
PWB-Solder dross
Lead
EOL CRT Monitor, landfilled
EOL CRT Monitor, landfilled
EOL CRT Monitor, recycled
EOL CRT Monitor, remanufactured
Lead
Lead
Lead cmpds
EOL CRT Monitor, landfilled
Lead cmpds
Printed wiring board (PWB)
Lead
Lead cmpds
Lead
Lead cmpds
Lead
Lead cmpds
Lead
Quantity
2.17e-08
2.36e-14
1.62e-05
6.70e-02
2.04e-07
l.Ole+01
2.12e+01
2.42e+00
6.60e-01
1.28e-05
1.43e-05
8.11e-10
3.91e+00
7.90e-10
1.46e-01
_4.45e-08
-2.86e-12
1.07e-10
l.Ole-14
-1.09e-08
-1.18e-14
1.28e-09
Units
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
Type
Airborne
Waterborne
Waterborne
Hazardous waste
Airborne
Hazardous waste
Solid waste
Solid waste
Solid waste
Airborne
Airborne
Waterborne
Solid waste
Waterborne
Hazardous waste
Airborne
Waterborne
Airborne
Waterborne
Airborne
Waterborne
Airborne
Disposition
air
surface water
treatment
recycling/reuse
air
treatment
treatment
treatment
recycling/reuse
air
air
surface water
landfill
surface water
recycling/reuse
air
surface water
air
surface water
air
surface water
air
N-5
-------
APPENDIX N
Table N-4. LCD Lead OutDuts bv Life-cvcle Stase
Life-cycle Stage
Materials Processing
Materials Processing
Materials Processing
Materials Processing
Materials Processing
Materials Processing
Materials Processing
Materials Processing
Materials Processing
Materials Processing
Materials Processing
Materials Processing
Materials Processing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Process
Aluminum Prod, (all virgin; EB)
Aluminum Prod, (all virgin; EB)
Aluminum Prod, (all virgin; EB)
Natural Gas Prod. (DEAM)
Natural Gas Prod. (DEAM)
PET Resin Production (DEAM)
PMMA Sheet Prod. (DEAM)
Polycarbonate Production (PC; DEAM)
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished (EB)
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished (EB)
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished (EB)
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished (EB)
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod. (DEAM mix)
Fuel Oil #2 Prod. (DEAM)
Fuel Oil #2 Prod. (DEAM)
Fuel Oil #4 Prod. (DEAM mix)
Fuel Oil #4 Prod. (DEAM mix)
Fuel Oil #6 Prod. (DEAM)
Fuel Oil #6 Prod. (DEAM)
Japanese Electric Grid
LCD backlight unit assembly (CDP)
LCD CCFL mfg. (CDP)
LCD glass mfg. (CDP)
LCD glass mfg. (CDP)
Output
Lead
Lead
Lead cmpds
Lead
Lead cmpds
Lead
Lead
Lead
Lead
Lead
Lead cmpds
Lead-2 10 (isotope)
Lead
Lead
Lead cmpds
Lead
Lead cmpds
Lead
Lead cmpds
Lead (Pb, ore)
Waste CCFL, with lead
Lead
Lead
Waste Batch (Ba, Pb) (D008 waste)
Quantity
4.47e-07
5.41e-09
3.25e-06
1.51e-06
1.65e-12
9.08e-08
1.92e-07
2.58e-07
5.40e-07
4.98e-12
4.33e-07
3.21e-01
9.04e-08
1.81e-09
1.53e-13
6.38e-09
4.10e-13
3.40e-09
1.34e-13
1.48e-06
8.17e-08
8.33e-07
2.01e-06
6.55e-05
Units
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
Bq
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
Type
Airborne
Solid waste
Waterborne
Airborne
Waterborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Solid waste
Waterborne
Radioactivity
Airborne
Airborne
Waterborne
Airborne
Waterborne
Airborne
Waterborne
Airborne
Hazardous waste
Waterborne
Waterborne
Hazardous waste
Disposition
air
landfill
surface water
air
surface water
air
air
air
air
landfill
surface water
air
air
air
surface water
air
surface water
air
surface water
air
treatment
treatment
surface water
landfill
N-6
-------
APPENDIX N
Table N-4. LCD Lead OutDuts bv Life-cvcle Stase
Life-cycle Stage
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Use
Use
Use
Use
Use
Use
End-of-life
End-of-life
End-of-life
End-of-life
End-of-life
End-of-life
End-of-life
End-of-life
End-of-life
Process
LCD module mfg. (CDP)
LCD monitor assembly (CDP)
LPG Production (DEAM)
LPG Production (DEAM)
Natural Gas Prod. (DEAM)
Natural Gas Prod. (DEAM)
PWB Mfg.
PWB Mfg.
PWB Mfg.
US electric grid
LCD monitor use (CDP)
LCD monitor use (CDP)
LCD monitor use (CDP)
LCD monitor use (CDP)
LCD monitor use (CDP)
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod. (DEAM mix)
Fuel Oil #4 Prod. (DEAM mix)
LCD incineration (DEAM mix)
LCD incineration (DEAM mix)
LCD landfillirig (CDP)
LCD landfillirig (CDP)
LCD landfillirig (CDP)
LPG Production (DEAM)
LPG Production (DEAM)
Output
Lead
Printed wiring board (PWB)
Lead
Lead cmpds
Lead
Lead cmpds
Lead cmpds
PWB-Lead contaminated waste oil
PWB-Solder dross
Lead
EOL LCD Monitor, incinerated
EOL LCD Monitor, landfilled
EOL LCD Monitor, landfilled
EOL LCD Monitor, recycled
EOL LCD Monitor, remanufactured
Lead
Lead
Lead cmpds
Lead
Lead cmpds
EOL LCD Monitor, landfilled
EOL LCD Monitor, landfilled
Lead cmpds
Lead
Lead cmpds
Quantity
6.17e-06
7.50e-03
5.93e-07
5.60e-ll
3.42e-08
3.72e-14
7.14e-06
5.14e-03
2.96e-02
2.47e-08
9.75e-01
3.25e-01
6.82e+00
9.75e-01
9.75e-01
4.76e-06
-2.90e-08
-1.90e-12
4.80e-06
2.59e-10
8.94e-01
1.64e+00
2.40e-10
4.87e-ll
4.60e-15
Units
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
Type
Waterborne
Solid waste
Airborne
Waterborne
Airborne
Waterborne
Waterborne
Hazardous waste
Hazardous waste
Airborne
Solid waste
Hazardous waste
Solid waste
Solid waste
Solid waste
Airborne
Airborne
Waterborne
Airborne
Waterborne
Solid waste
Hazardous waste
Waterborne
Airborne
Waterborne
Disposition
surface water
landfill
air
surface water
air
surface water
treatment
treatment
recycling/reuse
air
treatment
treatment
treatment
treatment
recycling/reuse
air
air
surface water
air
surface water
landfill
landfill
surface water
air
surface water
N-7
-------
APPENDIX N
Table N-4. LCD Lead OutDuts bv Life-cvcle Stase
Life-cycle Stage
End-of-life
End-of-life
End-of-life
Process
Natural Gas Prod. (DEAM)
Natural Gas Prod. (DEAM)
US electric grid
Output
Lead
Lead cmpds
Lead
Quantity
-7.20e-09
-7.80e-15
9.03e-10
Units
kg
kg
kg
Type
Airborne
Waterborne
Airborne
Disposition
air
surface water
air
Table N-5. CF
Life- cycle
Stage
MP
MP
MP
MP
MP
MP
MP
MP
MP
MP
MP
MP
MP
MP
MP
MP
MP
Process
ABS Production (DEAM)
Aluminum Prod, (all virgin; EB)
Ferrite mfg. (EB)
Invar (DEAM mix)
Lead (EB)
Polycarbonate Production (PC; DEAM)
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished (EB)
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod. (DEAM
Aluminum Prod, (all virgin; EB)
Ferrite mfg. (EB)
Invar (DEAM mix)
Lead (EB)
Polycarbonate Production (PC; DEAM)
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished (EB)
Aluminum Prod, (all virgin; EB)
Ferrite mfg. (EB)
Invar (DEAM mix)
.T Life-Cvcle Impac
Input/Output
Lead
Lead
Lead
Lead
Lead
Lead
Lead
Lead
Lead (Pb, ore)
Lead (Pb, ore)
Lead (Pb, ore)
Lead (Pb, ore)
Lead (Pb, ore)
Lead (Pb, ore)
Lead cmpds
Lead cmpds
Lead cmpds
:ts Scores from Lead-based Materials
Impact Scores by Category
Nonrenew.
6.30e-05
5.70e-08
5.84e-08
4.96e-01
1.85e-06
5.79e-08
1.04e-06
Haz. Waste
l.OOe-05
Rad
5.19e-07
ChrTox-
pub
4.24e-07
2.40e-06
6.92e-05
7.24e-05
3.16e-03
9.23e-07
2.20e-06
4.14e-07
1.74e-05
5.96e-06
ChrTox- occ
Aq. Tox.
1.70e-04
5.90e-05
Terr. Tox.
2.12e-07
1.20e-06
3.46e-05
3.62e-05
1.58e-03
4.62e-07
1.10e-06
2.07e-07
8.72e-06
2.98e-06
N-8
-------
APPENDIX N
Table N-5. CF
Life- cycle
Stage
MP
MP
MP
MP
MP
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Process
Lead (EB)
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished (EB)
Ferrite mfg. (EB)
Invar (DEAM mix)
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished (EB)
CRT glass mfg. (CDP)
CRT glass mfg. (CDP)
CRT glass mfg. (CDP)
CRT tube mfg. (CDP)
CRT glass mfg. (CDP)
CRT glass mfg. (CDP)
CRT tube mfg. (CDP)
Frit manufacturing (CDP)
Fuel Oil #2 Prod. (DEAM)
Fuel Oil #4 Prod. (DEAM mix)
Fuel Oil #6 Prod. (DEAM)
LPG Production (DEAM)
Natural Gas Prod. (DEAM)
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod. (DEAM)
Fuel Oil #4 Prod. (DEAM mix)
Fuel Oil #6 Prod. (DEAM)
LPG Production (DEAM)
.T Life-Cvcle Impac
Input/Output
Lead cmpds
Lead cmpds
Lead-2 1 0 (isotope)
Lead-2 1 0 (isotope)
Lead-2 1 0 (isotope)
Broken CRT glass
cinders from CRT glass mfg
(70% PbO)
CRT glass faceplate EP dust
(Pb) (D008 waste)
Frit
Hazardous sludge (Pb)
Lead
Lead
Lead
Lead
Lead
Lead
Lead
Lead
Lead
Lead cmpds
Lead cmpds
Lead cmpds
Lead cmpds
:ts Scores from Lead-based Materials
Impact Scores by Category
Nonrenew.
4.47e-01
4.67e-02
Haz. Waste
6.22e-07
6.88e-06
2.15e-06
3.04e-06
1.38e-06
5.32e-13
Rad
1.82e-01
1.87e-01
6.54e-01
5.2E-
ChrTox-
pub
5.50e-06
1.77e-06
8.74e-05
6.03e-06
6.40e-10
7.76e-08
8.28e-09
2.00e-07
2.47e-05
4.33e-08
4.07e-07
6.55e-12
7.89e-12
2.33e-09
ChrTox- occ
8.95e-01
9.33e-02
Aq. Tox.
5.40e-05
1. 70e-05
8.70e-05
6.00e-06
6.50e-ll
7.80e-ll
2.30e-08
Terr. Tox.
2.75e-06
8.83e-07
4.37e-05
3.01e-06
3.20e-10
3.88e-08
4.14e-09
9.99e-08
1.24e-05
2.17e-08
2.04e-07
3.27e-12
3.95e-12
1.17e-09
N-9
-------
APPENDIX N
Table N-5. CE
Life- cycle
Stage
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Use
End-of-life
End-of-life
End-of-life
End-of-life
End-of-life
End-of-life
End-of-life
End-of-life
End-of-life
End-of-life
Process
Natural Gas Prod. (DEAM)
CRT glass mfg. (CDP)
CRT glass mfg. (CDP)
CRT tube mfg. (CDP)
CRT glass mfg. (CDP)
CRT glass mfg. (CDP)
CRT glass mfg. (CDP)
US electric grid
CRT Incineration (DEAM mix)
Fuel Oil #4 Prod. (DEAM mix)
LPG Production (DEAM)
Natural Gas Prod. (DEAM)
US electric grid
CRT Incineration (DEAM mix)
CRT landfilling (CDP)
Fuel Oil #4 Prod. (DEAM mix)
LPG Production (DEAM)
Natural Gas Prod. (DEAM)
JT Life-Cvcle Impac
Input/Output
Lead cmpds
Lead contaminated grit
(D008 waste)
Lead debris (D008 waste)
Lead sulfate cake
sludge from CRT glass mfg
(!%PbO)
Waste Batch (Ba, Pb) (D008
waste)
Waste finishing sludge (Pb)
(D008 waste)
Lead
Lead
Lead
Lead
Lead
Lead
Lead cmpds
Lead cmpds
Lead cmpds
Lead cmpds
Lead cmpds
:ts Scores from Lead-based Materials
Impact Scores by Category
Nonrenew.
Haz. Waste
2.99e-09
1.85e-08
3.03e-08
6.45e-07
1.22e-07
2.32e-07
2.86e-05
Rad
1.43e-05
ChrTox-
pub
4.72e-14
2.55e-05
-8.90e-08
2.13e-10
-2.17e-08
2.55e-09
1.62e-09
1.58e-09
-5.72e-12
2.01e-14
-2.37e-14
ChrTox- occ
Aq. Tox.
4.60e-13
1.60e-08
1. 60e-08
-5.60e-ll
2.00e-13
-2.30e-13
Terr. Tox.
2.36e-14
1.27e-05
_4.40e-08
1.07e-10
-1.10e-08
1.28e-09
8.10e-10
7.89e-10
-2.90e-12
l.Ole-14
-1.20e-14
MP = Materials processing.
Blank = not applicable.
N-10
-------
APPENDIX N
Table N-6. LCD Life-Cvcle Imnact Scores from Lead-based Materials
Life-cycle Stage
MP
MP
MP
MP
MP
MP
MP
MP
MP
MP
MP
MP
MP
MP
MP
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Process
Aluminum Prod, (all virgin; EB)
Natural Gas Prod. (DEAM)
PET Resin Production (DEAM)
PMMA Sheet Prod. (DEAM)
Polycarbonate Production (PC; DEAM)
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished (EB)
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod. (DEAM
mix)
Aluminum Prod, (all virgin; EB)
PET Resin Production (DEAM)
Polycarbonate Production (PC; DEAM)
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished (EB)
Aluminum Prod, (all virgin; EB)
Natural Gas Prod. (DEAM)
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished (EB)
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished (EB)
Fuel Oil #2 Prod. (DEAM)
Fuel Oil #4 Prod. (DEAM mix)
Fuel Oil #6 Prod. (DEAM)
LCD glass mfg. (CDP)
LCD module mfg. (CDP)
LPG Production (DEAM)
Natural Gas Prod. (DEAM)
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod. (DEAM)
Input/Output
Lead
Lead
Lead
Lead
Lead
Lead
Lead
Lead (Pb, ore)
Lead (Pb, ore)
Lead (Pb, ore)
Lead (Pb, ore)
Lead cmpds
Lead cmpds
Lead cmpds
Lead-210 (isotope)
Lead
Lead
Lead
Lead
Lead
Lead
Lead
Lead
Lead cmpds
Impact Scores by Category
Nonrenew
2.35e-05
1.82e-07
1.03e-06
2.84e-08
Haz. Waste
Solid Waste
Rad
3.21e-01
ChrTox-
pub
8.94e-07
3.03e-06
1.82e-07
3.83e-07
5.16e-07
1.08e-06
1.81e-07
6.49e-06
3.30e-12
8.65e-07
3.62e-09
1.28e-08
6.80e-09
4.02e-06
1.23e-05
1.19e-06
6.83e-08
4.94e-08
3.06e-13
Aq. Tox.
6.40e-05
3.25e-ll
8.52e-06
4.02e-06
1.23e-05
3.01e-12
Terr. Tox.
4.47e-07
1.51e-06
9.08e-08
1.92e-07
2.58e-07
5.40e-07
9.04e-08
3.25e-06
1.65e-12
4.33e-07
1.81e-09
6.38e-09
3.40e-09
2.01e-06
6.17e-06
5.93e-07
3.42e-08
2.47e-08
1.53e-13
N-ll
-------
APPENDIX N
Table N-6. LCD Life-Cvcle Imnact Scores from Lead-based Materials
Life-cycle Stage
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Use
End-of Life
End-of Life
End-of Life
End-of Life
End-of Life
End-of Life
End-of Life
End-of Life
End-of Life
End-of Life
Process
Fuel Oil #4 Prod. (DEAM mix)
Fuel Oil #6 Prod. (DEAM)
LPG Production (DEAM)
Natural Gas Prod. (DEAM)
LCD monitor assembly (CDP)
LCD glass mfg. (CDP)
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod. (DEAM mix)
LCD incineration (DEAM mix)
LPG Production (DEAM)
Natural Gas Prod. (DEAM)
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod. (DEAM mix)
LCD incineration (DEAM mix)
LCD landfilling (CDP)
LPG Production (DEAM)
Natural Gas Prod. (DEAM)
Input/Output
Lead cmpds
Lead cmpds
Lead cmpds
Lead cmpds
Printed wiring board
Waste batch (Ba, Pb)
(D008 waste)
Lead
Lead
Lead
Lead
Lead
Lead
Lead cmpds
Lead cmpds
Lead cmpds
Lead cmpds
Lead cmpds
Impact Scores by Category
Nonrenew
Haz. Waste
5.67e-09
Solid Waste
9.38e-06
Rad
ChrTox-
pub
8.20e-13
2.69e-13
1.12e-10
7.44e-14
9.52e-06
-5.88e-08
9.60e-06
9.74e-ll
-1.43e-08
1.81e-09
-3.78e-12
5.19e-10
4.80e-10
9.19e-15
-1.56e-14
Aq. Tox.
8.08e-12
2.65e-12
1.10e-09
7.33e-13
-3.72e-ll
5.11e-09
4.73e-09
9.06e-14
-1.54e-13
Terr. Tox.
4.10e-13
1.34e-13
5.60e-ll
3.72e-14
4.76e-06
-2.94e-08
4.80e-06
4.87e-ll
-7.17e-09
9.03e-10
-1.89e-12
2.59e-10
2.40e-10
4.60e-15
-7.81e-15
MP = Materials processing.
Blank = not applicable.
N-12
-------
APPENDIX N
Table N-7. LCD Mercury Inputs by Life-cycle Stage
Life-cycle Stage
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Process
LCD CCFL mfg. (CDP)
LCD backlight unit assembly (CDP)
Input
Mercury
Backlight lamp (CCFL)
Quantity
3.99e-06
1.94e-03
Units
kg
kg
Type
Primary material
Direct to assembly
N-13
-------
APPENDIX N
Table N-8. CRTMercu
Life-cycle Stage
Materials Processing
Materials Processing
Materials Processing
Materials Processing
Materials Processing
Materials Processing
Materials Processing
Materials Processing
Materials Processing
Materials Processing
Materials Processing
Materials Processing
Materials Processing
Materials Processing
Materials Processing
Materials Processing
Materials Processing
Materials Processing
Materials Processing
Materials Processing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Process
ABS Production (DEAM)
ABS Production (DEAM)
Aluminum Prod, (all virgin; EB)
Aluminum Prod, (all virgin; EB)
Ferrite mfg. (EB)
Ferrite mfg. (EB)
Ferrite mfg. (EB)
Invar (DEAM mix)
Invar (DEAM mix)
Invar (DEAM mix)
Lead (EB)
Lead (EB)
Lead (EB)
Polycarbonate Production (PC; DEAM)
Polycarbonate Production (PC; DEAM)
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished (EB)
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished (EB)
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished (EB)
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod. (DEAM mix)
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod. (DEAM mix)
Fuel Oil #2 Prod. (DEAM)
Fuel Oil #2 Prod. (DEAM)
Fuel Oil #4 Prod. (DEAM mix)
Fuel Oil #4 Prod. (DEAM mix)
Fuel Oil #6 Prod. (DEAM)
rv Outputs bv Life-cvcle Staee
Output
Mercury
Mercury compounds
Mercury
Mercury
Mercury
Mercury
Mercury compounds
Mercury
Mercury
Mercury compounds
Mercury
Mercury
Mercury compounds
Mercury
Mercury compounds
Mercury
Mercury
Mercury compounds
Mercury
Mercury compounds
Mercury
Mercury compounds
Mercury
Mercury compounds
Mercury
Quantity
2.12e-07
2.12e-07
2.02e-07
8.93e-ll
1.62e-07
l.lle-12
1.03e-10
2.12e-07
3.39e-ll
1.06e-10
1.51e-06
1.72e-ll
1.50e-09
4.62e-07
4.62e-07
3.26e-08
8.26e-14
8.58e-08
2.07e-07
2.07e-07
2.72e-09
3.776-15
2.89e-10
3.06e-16
6.94e-09
Units
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
Type
Airborne
Waterborne
Airborne
Solid waste
Airborne
Solid waste
Waterborne
Airborne
Solid waste
Waterborne
Airborne
Solid waste
Waterborne
Airborne
Waterborne
Airborne
Solid waste
Waterborne
Airborne
Waterborne
Airborne
Waterborne
Airborne
Waterborne
Airborne
Disposition
air
surface water
air
landfill
air
landfill
surface water
air
landfill
surface water
air
landfill
surface water
air
surface water
air
landfill
surface water
air
surface water
air
surface water
air
surface water
air
N-14
-------
APPENDIX N
Table N-8. CRTMercu
Life-cycle Stage
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Use
End-of-life
End-of-life
End-of-life
End-of-life
End-of-life
End-of-life
End-of-life
End-of-life
End-of-life
End-of-life
Process
Fuel Oil #6 Prod. (DEAM)
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production (DEAM)
LPG Production (DEAM)
Natural Gas Prod. (DEAM)
Natural Gas Prod. (DEAM)
US electric grid
US electric grid
CRT Incineration (DEAM mix)
CRT Incineration (DEAM mix)
CRT landfilling (CDP)
Fuel Oil #4 Prod. (DEAM mix)
Fuel Oil #4 Prod. (DEAM mix)
LPG Production (DEAM)
LPG Production (DEAM)
Natural Gas Prod. (DEAM)
Natural Gas Prod. (DEAM)
US electric grid
rv Outputs bv Life-cvcle Staee
Output
Mercury compounds
Mercury
Mercury
Mercury compounds
Mercury
Mercury compounds
Mercury
Mercury
Mercury
Mercury compounds
Mercury compounds
Mercury
Mercury compounds
Mercury
Mercury compounds
Mercury
Mercury compounds
Mercury
Quantity
4.54e-15
1.18e-07
8.69e-07
1.34e-12
1.88e-09
2.71e-17
1.20e-07
7.51e-06
-1.12e-07
2.15e-ll
2.19e-ll
-3.11e-09
-3.29e-15
7.50e-12
1.16e-17
_9.44e-10
-1.36e-17
7.52e-10
Units
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
Type
Waterborne
Airborne
Airborne
Waterborne
Airborne
Waterborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Waterborne
Waterborne
Airborne
Waterborne
Airborne
Waterborne
Airborne
Waterborne
Airborne
Disposition
surface water
air
air
surface water
air
surface water
air
air
air
surface water
surface water
air
surface water
air
surface water
air
surface water
air
N-15
-------
APPENDIX N
Table N-9. LCD Mercury OutDuts bv Life-cvcle Staee
Life-Cycle Stage
MP
MP
MP
MP
MP
MP
MP
MP
MP
MP
MP
MP
MP
MP
MP
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Process
Aluminum Prod, (all virgin; EB)
Natural Gas Prod. (DEAM)
PET Resin Production (DEAM)
PMMA Sheet Prod. (DEAM)
Polycarbonate Production (PC; DEAM)
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished (EB)
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod. (DEAM mix)
Aluminum Prod, (all virgin; EB)
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished (EB)
PET Resin Production (DEAM)
Natural Gas Prod. (DEAM)
PMMA Sheet Prod. (DEAM)
Polycarbonate Production (PC; DEAM)
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished (EB)
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod. (DEAM mix)
LCD CCFL mfg. (CDP)
LCD backlight unit assembly (CDP)
Fuel Oil #2 Prod. (DEAM)
Fuel Oil #4 Prod. (DEAM mix)
Fuel Oil #6 Prod. (DEAM)
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production (DEAM)
Natural Gas Prod. (DEAM)
US electric grid
LCD monitor assembly (CDP)
Output
Mercury
Mercury
Mercury
Mercury
Mercury
Mercury
Mercury
Mercury
Mercury
Mercury
Mercury compounds
Mercury compounds
Mercury compounds
Mercury compounds
Mercury compounds
Backlight lamp (CCFL)
Broken CCFL
Mercury
Mercury
Mercury
Mercury
Mercury
Mercury
Mercury
Mercury
Quantity
7.51e-08
1.32e-07
9.08e-08
1.92e-07
2.58e-07
1.60e-08
9.04e-08
3.32e-ll
4.05e-14
9.08e-08
1.89e-15
1.92e-07
2.58e-07
4.21e-08
9.04e-08
1.94e-03
2.69e-07
1.27e-10
4.46e-10
2.36e-10
3.97e-07
4.17e-08
2.97e-09
1.45e-08
2.00e-06
Units
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
Type
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Solid waste
Solid waste
Waterborne
Waterborne
Waterborne
Waterborne
Waterborne
Waterborne
Product
Solid waste
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Hazardous waste
Disposition
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
landfill
landfill
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
landfill
air
air
air
air
air
air
air
recycling/reuse
N-16
-------
APPENDIX N
Table N-9. LCD Mercury OutDuts bv Life-cvcle Staee
Life-Cycle Stage
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Use
End-of-life
End-of-life
End-of-life
End-of-life
End-of-life
End-of-life
End-of-life
End-of-life
End-of-life
End-of-life
Process
LCD module mfg. (CDP)
LCD CCFL mfg. (CDP)
Fuel Oil #2 Prod. (DEAM)
Fuel Oil #4 Prod. (DEAM mix)
Fuel Oil #6 Prod. (DEAM)
LPG Production (DEAM)
Natural Gas Prod. (DEAM)
LCD backlight unit assembly (CDP)
LCD backlight unit assembly (CDP)
LCD CCFL mfg. (CDP)
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod. (DEAM mix)
LCD incineration (DEAM mix)
LPG Production (DEAM)
Natural Gas Prod. (DEAM)
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod. (DEAM mix)
LCD incineration (DEAM mix)
LCD landfilling (CDP)
LPG Production (DEAM)
Natural Gas Prod. (DEAM)
Output
Mercury
Mercury
Mercury compounds
Mercury compounds
Mercury compounds
Mercury compounds
Mercury compounds
Waste CCFL, with mercury
Waste glass, with mercury
Wastewater stream, from CCFL mfg.
Mercury
Mercury
Mercury
Mercury
Mercury
Mercury
Mercury compounds
Mercury compounds
Mercury compounds
Mercury compounds
Mercury compounds
Quantity
9.69e-08
8.33e-08
1.76e-16
4.71e-16
1.55e-16
6.44e-14
4.28e-17
8.17e-10
1.05e-10
1.67e+02
2.80e-06
-2.05e-09
-8.42e-08
3.42e-12
-6.23e-10
5.32e-10
-2.17e-15
8.67e-12
7.50e-12
5.29e-18
-8.98e-18
Units
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
Type
Waterborne
Waterborne
Waterborne
Waterborne
Waterborne
Waterborne
Waterborne
Hazardous waste
Hazardous waste
Waterborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Airborne
Waterborne
Waterborne
Waterborne
Waterborne
Waterborne
Disposition
surface water
treatment
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
treatment
landfill
treatment
air
air
air
air
air
air
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
surface water
MP = Materials processing
N-17
-------
APPENDIX N
Table N-10. CRT Life-Cvcle Imnact Scores from Mercurv-based Materials
Life-cycle Stage
MP
MP
MP
MP
MP
MP
MP
MP
MP
MP
MP
MP
MP
MP
MP
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Process
ABS Production (DEAM)
Aluminum Prod, (all virgin; EB)
Ferrite mfg. (EB)
Invar (DEAM mix)
Lead (EB)
Polycarbonate Production (PC; DEAM)
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished (EB)
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod. (DEAM mix)
ABS Production (DEAM)
Ferrite mfg. (EB)
Invar (DEAM mix)
Lead (EB)
Polycarbonate Production (PC; DEAM)
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished (EB)
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod. (DEAM mix)
Fuel Oil #2 Prod. (DEAM)
Fuel Oil #4 Prod. (DEAM mix)
Fuel Oil #6 Prod. (DEAM)
Japanese Electric Grid
LPG Production (DEAM)
Natural Gas Prod. (DEAM)
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod. (DEAM)
Fuel Oil #4 Prod. (DEAM mix)
Input/Output
Mercury
Mercury
Mercury
Mercury
Mercury
Mercury
Mercury
Mercury
Mercury compounds
Mercury compounds
Mercury compounds
Mercury compounds
Mercury compounds
Mercury compounds
Mercury compounds
Mercury
Mercury
Mercury
Mercury
Mercury
Mercury
Mercury
Mercury compounds
Mercury compounds
Impact Scores by Category
Haz. Waste
Solid Waste
ChrTox-pub
2.12e-07
2.02e-07
1.62e-07
2.12e-07
1.51e-06
4.62e-07
3.26e-08
2.07e-07
1.12e-04
5.45e-08
5.58e-08
7.89e-07
2.44e-04
4.53e-05
1.09e-04
2.72e-09
2.89e-10
6.94e-09
1.18e-07
8.69e-07
1.88e-09
1.20e-07
1.99e-12
1.61e-13
ChrTox-occ
Aq. Tox.
1.97e-04
9.63e-08
9.86e-08
1.39e-06
4.30e-04
8.00e-05
1.93e-04
3.51e-12
2.85e-13
Terr. Tox.
2.12e-07
2.02e-07
1.62e-07
2.12e-07
1.51 e-06
4.62e-07
3.26e-08
2.07e-07
l.lle-04
5.44e-08
5.57e-08
7.88e-07
2.43e-04
4.52e-05
1.09e-04
2.72e-09
2.89e-10
6.94e-09
1.18e-07
8.69e-07
1.88e-09
1.20e-07
1.98e-12
1.61e-13
N-18
-------
APPENDIX N
Table N-10. CRT Life-Cvcle Imnact Scores from Mercurv-based Materials
Life-cycle Stage
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Use
End-of-life
End-of-life
End-of-life
End-of-life
End-of-life
End-of-life
End-of-life
End-of-life
End-of-life
End-of-life
Process
Fuel Oil #6 Prod. (DEAM)
LPG Production (DEAM)
Natural Gas Prod. (DEAM)
US electric grid
CRT Incineration (DEAM mix)
Fuel Oil #4 Prod. (DEAM mix)
LPG Production (DEAM)
Natural Gas Prod. (DEAM)
US electric grid
CRT Incineration (DEAM mix)
CRT landfilling (CDP)
Fuel Oil #4 Prod. (DEAM mix)
LPG Production (DEAM)
Natural Gas Prod. (DEAM)
Input/Output
Mercury compounds
Mercury compounds
Mercury compounds
Mercury
Mercury
Mercury
Mercury
Mercury
Mercury
Mercury compounds
Mercury compounds
Mercury compounds
Mercury compounds
Mercury compounds
Impact Scores by Category
Haz. Waste
Solid Waste
ChrTox-pub
2.39e-12
7.08e-10
1.43e-14
7.51e-06
-1.12e-07
-3.11e-09
7.50e-12
_9.44e-10
7.52e-10
1.13e-08
1.15e-08
-1.74e-12
6.11e-15
-7.18e-15
ChrTox-occ
Aq. Tox.
4.23e-12
1.25e-09
2.53e-14
2.00e-08
2.04e-08
-3.06e-12
1.08e-14
-1.27e-14
Terr. Tox.
2.39e-12
7.07e-10
1.43e-14
7.51e-06
-1.12e-07
-3.11e-09
7.50e-12
_9.44e-10
7.52e-10
1.13e-08
1.15e-08
-1.73e-12
6.10e-15
-7.16e-15
MP = Materials processing.
Blank = not applicable.
N-19
-------
APPENDIX N
Table N-ll. LCD Life-Cvcle Imnact Scores from Mercurv-based Materials
Life-cycle Stage
MP
MP
MP
MP
MP
MP
MP
MP
MP
MP
MP
MP
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Process
Aluminum Prod, (all virgin; EB)
Natural Gas Prod. (DEAM)
PET Resin Production (DEAM)
PMMA Sheet Prod. (DEAM)
Polycarbonate Production (PC; DEAM)
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished (EB)
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod. (DEAM mix)
Natural Gas Prod. (DEAM)
PMMA Sheet Prod. (DEAM)
Polycarbonate Production (PC; DEAM)
Steel Prod., cold-rolled, semi-finished (EB)
Styrene-butadiene Copolymer Prod. (DEAM mix)
LCD backlight unit assembly (CDP)
Fuel Oil #2 Prod. (DEAM)
Fuel Oil #4 Prod. (DEAM mix)
Fuel Oil #6 Prod. (DEAM)
Japanese Electric Grid
LCD CCFL mfg. (CDP)
LCD module mfg. (CDP)
LPG Production (DEAM)
Natural Gas Prod. (DEAM)
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #2 Prod. (DEAM)
Input/Output
Mercury
Mercury
Mercury
Mercury
Mercury
Mercury
Mercury
Mercury compounds
Mercury compounds
Mercury compounds
Mercury compounds
Mercury compounds
Broken CCFL
Mercury
Mercury
Mercury
Mercury
Mercury
Mercury
Mercury
Mercury
Mercury
Mercury compounds
Impact Scores by Category
Haz. Waste
Solid Waste
1.98e-ll
ChrTox-
pub
7.51e-08
1.32e-07
1.82e-07
1.92e-07
2.58e-07
1.60e-08
9.04e-08
l.OOe-12
l.Ole-04
1.36e-04
2.22e-05
4.77e-05
1.27e-10
4.46e-10
2.36e-10
3.97e-07
9.69e-08
4.17e-08
2.97e-09
1.45e-08
9.27e-14
ChrTox- occ
3.99e-06
Aq. Tox.
1.82e-07
1.77e-12
1.79e-04
2.40e-04
3.92e-05
8.42e-05
1.94e-07
1.64e-13
Terr. Tox.
7.51e-08
1.32e-07
1.82e-07
1.92e-07
2.58e-07
1.60e-08
9.04e-08
9.98e-13
l.Ole-04
1.36e-04
2.22e-05
4.76e-05
1.27e-10
4.46e-10
2.36e-10
3.97e-07
9.69e-08
4.17e-08
2.97e-09
1.45e-08
9.25e-14
N-20
-------
APPENDIX N
Table N-ll. LCD Life-Cvcle Imnact Scores from Mercurv-based Materials
Life-cycle Stage
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Use
End of Life
End of Life
End of Life
End of Life
End of Life
End of Life
End of Life
End of Life
End of Life
End of Life
Process
Fuel Oil #4 Prod. (DEAM mix)
Fuel Oil #6 Prod. (DEAM)
LPG Production (DEAM)
Natural Gas Prod. (DEAM)
LCD backlight unit assembly (CDP)
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod. (DEAM mix)
LCD incineration (DEAM mix)
LPG Production (DEAM)
Natural Gas Prod. (DEAM)
US electric grid
Fuel Oil #4 Prod. (DEAM mix)
LCD incineration (DEAM mix)
LCD landfilling (CDP)
LPG Production (DEAM)
Natural Gas Prod. (DEAM)
Input/Output
Mercury compounds
Mercury compounds
Mercury compounds
Mercury compounds
Waste glass, with mercury
Mercury
Mercury
Mercury
Mercury
Mercury
Mercury
Mercury compounds
Mercury compounds
Mercury compounds
Mercury compounds
Mercury compounds
Impact Scores by Category
Haz. Waste
7.73e-15
Solid Waste
ChrTox-
pub
2.49e-13
8.15e-14
3.40e-ll
2.26e-14
2.80e-06
-2.05e-09
-8.42e-08
3.42e-12
-6.23e-10
5.32e-10
-1.15e-12
4.57e-09
3.96e-09
2.79e-15
.4.74e.15
ChrTox- occ
Aq. Tox.
4.39e-13
1.44e-13
6.00e-ll
3.98e-14
-2.02e-12
8.08e-09
6.99e-09
4.93e-15
-8.37e-15
Terr. Tox.
2.48e-13
8.14e-14
3.396-11
2.25e-14
2.80e-06
-2.05e-09
-8.42e-08
3.42e-12
-6.23e-10
5.32e-10
-1.14e-12
4.57e-09
3.95e-09
2.78e-15
-4.73e-15
MP = Materials processing.
Blank = not applicable.
N-21
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