EPA/BDD/R-14/445 | December 2014 | www.epa.gov/ord
United States
Environmental Protection
   Sustainable Community
   Case Study:
   An Assessment of EPA's Sustainable
   Development Plan for Stella, Missouri
 Office of Research and
 Land Remediation and Pollution Control Division

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   Sustainable Community Case Study:
 An Assessment of EPA's Sustainable
Development Plan for Stella, Missouri
                      Prepared by

                    Verle E. Hansen, PhD
              Land Remediation Pollution Control Division
             National Risk Management Research Laboratory
                   Cincinnati, OH 45268
                National Risk Management Research Laboratory
                  Office of Research and Development
                  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                     Cincinnati, OH 45268

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This document contains no copyrighted material.
The U.S. EPA had two primary goals in this project: to enable the community of Stella, Missouri to make its own
decisions that would make it possible to meet citizen needs now and in the future; and to learn from this effort so as
to help other communities become more sustainable. This necessitated a close working relationship between the
community and an agency of the Federal Government which needed constant clarification. The EPA made it clear to
the community that this was not a government program to take control over local decisions; and the government
would be making no monetary investments in the community. However, the community subsequently applied for
and received grants from various government agencies which were beyond the scope of this project.

Members of the planning team were unpaid volunteers with the exception of EPA employees who were paid their
salaries. No additional funding was provided by the EPA, government agency, or non-governmental organization.
Funding for community projects was raised by the community.

Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.

This document has been reviewed in accordance with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency policy and approved for
publication.

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The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is charged by Congress to protect the Nation's land, air, and water
resources. Under a mandate of national environmental laws, the Agency strives to formulate and implement actions
leading to a compatible balance between human activities and the ability of natural systems to support and nurture
life. To meet this mandate, EPA's research program is providing data and technical support for solving
environmental problems today and building a science knowledge base necessary to: manage our ecological
resources wisely; understand how pollutants affect our health; and prevent or reduce environmental risks in the
future.

The National Risk Management Research Laboratory (NRMRL) is the Agency's center for investigation of
technological and management approaches for preventing and reducing risks from pollution that threaten human
health and the environment. The focus of the Laboratory's research program is on methods and their cost-
effectiveness for: prevention and control of pollution to air, land, water, and subsurface resources; protection of
water quality in public water systems; remediation of contaminated sites, sediments, and ground water; prevention
and control of indoor air pollution; and restoration of ecosystems.

NRMRL collaborates with both public and private sector partners to foster technologies that reduce the cost of
compliance and to anticipate emerging problems. NRMRL's research provides solutions to environmental problems
by: developing and promoting technologies that protect and improve the environment; advancing scientific and
engineering information to support regulatory and policy decisions; and providing the technical support and
information transfer to ensure implementation of environmental regulations and  strategies at the national, state,
and community levels.

The concepts of prevention and protection noted above are ideally achieved in making planning decisions that will
align with preferred environmental outcomes as noted above. The small town of Stella, Missouri gave NRMRL the
opportunity to explore this challenge at a scope and scale where the relationship between planning decisions and
preferred social, economic and environmental systems outcomes can be more easily expressed, observed and
understood. The EPA is grateful to citizens of Stella for this opportunity and is hopeful that lessons learned there will
eventually enable towns and cities of all sizes to become mature and sustainable communities.
Cynthia Sonich-Mullin, Director
National Risk Management Research Laboratory

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In 2006, citizens of Stella, Missouri asked the EPA for technical assistance in demolition and site remediation of an
abandoned hospital; and how to redevelop the site to help the community be more sustainable. EPA Region 7
teamed with EPA Office of Research and Development (ORD) to provide this assistance. Region 7 addressed issues
related to the deteriorating hospital while ORD sought to help stakeholders in Stella make sustainable decisions
regarding the site and community. Typically, sustainable land use decisions require understanding the systems that
sustain human life or communities and the impacts of those decisions on systems so land use decisions can be
placed in context and supported by intact and functioning systems. ORD offers land use models and tools that might
help align decisions with systems, but Stella lacked the resources to interpret or to apply them. Therefore, ORD
researchers sought to find a simple and more accessible way for Stella and other communities to make short-term
decisions within a long-term context. It did so using planning theory. Planning enables decisions that meet specific
objectives within sets of criteria, such as zoning and building codes. Planning could also be used to make decisions
that improved a community's long-term outlook if it had criteria related to maintaining intact and functioning social,
economic and natural systems. In 2006-2007, the EPA helped Stella envision its future by expressing its preferences;
identified the systems contexts within which decisions could be made; and applied them at the community scale.
The result was a community plan that provided an array of choices and options that would enable the community to
meet its needs while maintaining the integrity of the systems that make human life and communities possible. This
report covers the period of planning from May 2006 to its presentation in May 2007, and the community's progress
in implementing the plan through January 2014.

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                           S
The United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development expresses our thanks to
the following people for their participation and help in this project:
       Citizens of Stella, Missouri;
       the Stella Betterment Committee:
           o  Bill Alsop
           o  Mona Hart
           o  Bob Hart
           o  Doris Dalbom
           o  Chuck Dalbom
           o  Lamelia Beckett
           o  Bill Beckett
           o  Nina Johnson
           o  Don Johnson
           o  Loretta Taylor
       Elk River Watershed Group
           o  Drew Holt

       U.S. EPA Region 7
           o  David Doyle
           o  Belinda Young
           o  Jaci Fergusson
           o  Kathleen Fenton
           o  Dave Williams
       Project Team
           o  Kelly Black
           o  Mark Hooten
           o  Doug MacCourt
           o  Sabine Martin
           o  Peter Meyer
           o  Steve Soler
           o  Allison Roy
           o  Matthew Morrison
           o  Jim Weaver
           o  Ann Vega
           o  Kim McClellan
           o  Verle Hansen
Mayor
Chairperson
Member
Member
Member
Member
Member
Member
Member
Member

Executive Director
Revitalization Coordinator
Public Affairs Specialist
Hydrologist
Elk River Watershed Improvement Assoc.
Pineville,  MO

US EPA Region 1, Kansas City, KS
US EPA Region 7, Kansas City, KS
US EPA Region 7, Springfield, MO
Community-Based Coordinator US EPA Region 7, Kansas City, KS
On-Scene Coordinator

Sociologist
Quantitative Ecologist
Lawyer
Hydrologist
Economist
Developer/Market Analyst
Aquatic Ecologist
Ecologist
Hydrologist
Physical Scientist
Microbiologist
Architect/Community Planner
US EPA Region 7, Kansas City, KS

Neptune and Co. Inc., Lakewood, CO
Neptune and Co. Inc., Lakewood, CO
Ater Wynne LLP, Portland, OR
Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
The E. P. Systems Group, Inc., Taylor Mill, KY
New York University, New York, NY
US EPA/ORD/NRMRL/SSD, Cincinnati, OH
US EPA/ORD/NRMRL/SSD, Cincinnati, OH
US EPA/ERD, Athens, GA
US EPA/ORD/NRMRL/LRPCD, Cincinnati, OH
US EPA/ORD/NRMRL/LRPCD, Cincinnati, OH
US EPA/ORD/NRMRL/LRPCD, Cincinnati, OH
       Reed Haslach and Susan Piedmont-Palladino of the National Building Museum, Washington, D.C. for their
       display and publication of this project
                                                  IV

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Notice	i
  Copy Right Notice	i
  Disclaimers	i
Foreword	ii
Abstract	iii
Acknowledgements	iv
1.0    Introduction and Background	1
2.0    Sustainable Endpoints	2
3.0    Planning Process	3
  1.   Help Stella clarify its vision of a sustainable future	3
  2.   Identify EPA's vision of sustainability	4
  3.   Identify potential planning responses to Stella's vision	5
  4.   Verify the accuracy and consensus of Stella's vision	5
  5.   Develop and present the final plan	6
  6.   Identify a selection of project portions of plan	6
  7.   Follow-up on community progress	6
4.0    Planning Principles	6
5.0    Final Plan	7
  Theme 1: Securing human life	7
  Theme 2: Securing ecosystem integrity	7
  Theme 3: Securing economic system integrity	8
  Theme 4: Securing social system integrity	9
6.0    Implementation of the Plan	10
7.0    Evaluation of EPA's Efforts/Lessons Learned	15
  Part A: Value of this project to Stella's future	17
  Part B: Relevancy of this project to EPA's Mission	18
  Part C: Applicability of this project to other communities	19
  Part D: Lessons Learned	20
8.0    Conclusion	22
List of Figures	24
List of Tables	24

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Acronyms and Abbreviations	25
    Acronyms	25
    Meaning	25
    CERCLA	25
    Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act	25
References	26
Appendix A	27
Appendix B	33
Appendix C	38
Appendix D	59
                                                VI

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1.0   Introduction and Background
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries Stella, Missouri was a vibrant community with a population of 500 people
that supported family farms and a hospital. Stella's population began to decline after World War II as large
corporate farms began to replace many of the family farms. Cardwell Hospital closed in 1977 and, in its deteriorating
condition, became a health hazard in the center of Stella's downtown. Fewer than 200 people now enjoy the quiet
rural setting, but without local stores, service providers, opportunities, much less resources to remove its
abandoned hospital. If Stella is to resolve its issues, the community needed to focus its energies and find resources.
As a first step toward resolution, citizens formed the Stella  Betterment Committee (SBC), headed by Mona Hart.

In 2004, the EPA Brownfield Conference was held in St. Louis where the SBC connected with personnel from EPA
Region 7 (R7). The committee presented their issues regarding Stella's abandoned hospital and persuaded R7 to look
into the issue. Dave Williams, On-Site Coordinator from R7, assessed the building and discovered that it contained
asbestos which was migrating off-site. This qualified the building as a Superfund site and in 2006 the building was
razed and the land was remediated.  Stella then had a cleaned site which offered an opportunity to plan the
community's future.
                          Figures 1-3: Cardwell Hospital, demolition, and cleared site

Knowing that removal of the hospital would leave a void in the heart of the community, the SBC asked the EPA how
the Cardwell Hospital site might be developed sustainably. Typically, sustainability relates to the condition of
economic, social and environmental systems that are vital to a community's existence. Therefore, a community's
decisions should align with maintaining those systems. However, Stella had little capacity to assess those systems;
and the science of human/environment relationships is not sufficiently developed to understand how a community's
decisions would affect systems. This impasse was resolved through planning.

Planning and design decisions are made to meet specific objectives within sets of criteria, e.g., zoning codes, laws of
physics, strength and properties of materials, monetary budgets, etc. If the desired conditions of the social,
economic and environmental systems that sustain this and future generations can be identified, those conditions
can act as criteria for making land-use decisions. The challenge is to identify those conditions and to make decisions
to fulfill a community's vision within those conditions; and as constrained by local preferences and resources.

This plan is fundamentally about resolving two visions of the future in one plan, i.e., a community vision and an
environmental quality vision. Heavily invested communities that did not survive, such as Angkor Watt, Thebes, Mesa

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Verde, Chaco Canyon, and Machu Picchu, may illustrate the importance of resolving a community's vision of itself
with the maintaining the integrity of the systems that sustain it.

There are no guarantees that a community will survive and none will survive in its present form forever. The physical
buildings, spaces and infrastructures that compose urban form are all subject to the laws of nature and will exist as
long as individuals and community leaders are willing and able to invest in counteracting the second law of
thermodynamics, i.e., entropy. Therefore, planning for a sustainable community is not about managing the
environment. It is about managing community and land-use decisions with regard to maintaining functioning
environmental conditions that make human existence and communities possible. The measure of this planning
effort is about whether community decisions enhance, maintain, or degrade those systems.
2.0
The Brundtland Commission's definition of sustainable development, "Meeting needs of this generation without
compromising the ability for future generations to meet their needs (UNWCED, 1987)",  identifies a conditional
relationship between generations. The fundamental condition of this relationship is that the social, economic and
environmental structures that sustain human life must remain intact and functioning. This makes it possible to
estimate the systems qualities that are required; and these qualities become the endpoint conditions that should be
maintained to sustain this and future generations. These endpoints provide adequate planning criteria to make
short-term decisions that account for the future we want; and provides the sustainability context for Stella to reuse
the Cardwell site and make decisions that meet community needs.
 Goal
Objective
General Condition
Land-use Endpoints
 Human life is able to
 remain and adapt in place.
Ecosystem integrity is
maintained.
"The integrity of
interactions between
species is critical for the
long-term preservation of
human food production on
land and in the sea (MEA,
2005)."

Soil regeneration and
renewal > (erosion +
depletion)

Water quality and quantity
are sufficient to replenish
living cells with nutrients,
regulate temperature,
renew body fluids, and
remove wastes.
Habitats exist that will sustain
minimum viable and minimum
effective populations of native
species.

Connectivity between habitats
enables flow of genes between
populations and allows for
repopulation of habitats.

Habitats are distributed widely
enough so that native communities
are beyond the reach of any multiple
or widespread natural disturbance
regime.

Birthing, spawning, and maturation
habitats are useable and accessible.
Distribution of redundant species is
maintained across multiple time and
space scales (Alberti, 2005).
Table 1: Example: How Sustainable Endpoints for Land Use are Compiled

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Starting with a goal of making it possible for human life to remain and adapt in place, as illustrated in Table 1 above,
EPA researchers compiled a list of sustainable endpoints related to land use, e.g., maintaining the integrity of soils,
natural productivity, native biodiversity, etc.1 These land-use related conditions enable communities to identify the
local parameters of acceptable individual land uses. A list of these system endpoints was compiled (Appendix A) and
used as criteria to draft planning responses (Appendix C) that specifically address community goals and objectives.
These endpoints enable planners and land users to assess potential impacts of land use decisions before they are
enacted so that alternative decisions can be made before systems are lost;  and they measure how well decisions
were made and the effectiveness of efforts to counteract losses.
A seven step procedure was created to apply this sustainability planning to the community of Stella, Missouri.
    1.                        its                                     A vision helps generate planning
        responses that can directly respond to community needs while providing a measure for making decisions.
        An initial community meeting was convened by the SBC in August 2006 in the Stella Senior Citizens Center
        after a community dinner. Approximately 150 people attended from the town and surrounding farms. EPA
        Region 7 facilitators encouraged citizen participation by asking seven questions of the community.
           a.   What makes a place livable?
           b.   What makes a place inspiring?
           c.   What aspects of Stella would you like to be able to pass on to your grandchildren?
           d.   What makes a community unjust or unfair?
           e.   What should the town of Stella offer its citizens to add quality to life?
           f.   What does the town of Stella do very well for the people who live here?
           g.   What change in Stella would make it an even better place to live?
        Answers were compiled on flip charts that documented the community's needs, wants and values (see
        Appendix B); and these answers form the details of Stella's vision of itself which guide setting goals and
        objectives.

        A clear vision statement that describes the future state of the community that Stella is trying to reach was
        not formally agreed. The closest fit may be "a livable, inspiring, enduring, and equitable place...where the
        quality of life and the long-term quality of human existence will be enhanced rather than depleted" (Beatley
        and Manning 1997). This vision helps citizens and EPA to focus their efforts and move toward a sustainable
        community.
1 Although many fine-scale criteria exist, e.g., bees must exist to pollinate plants, land use decisions are not typically related to
how pollinating insects access plants, so endpoints not related to land use are excluded.

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                                Figures 4 and 5: Community dinner and meeting

    2.  Identify EPA'S Vision Of SUStainability. EPA strives to achieve a world where conditions are
       created and maintained that permit fulfilling the social, economic and other requirements of present and
       future generations2. This vision enabled the team to identify a workable set of sustainable endpoints
       described in section 2.0 above.

       These endpoints can be used as parameters within which design responses can be formulated. Examples:
       Figure 6 identifies flood plains  which should be avoided to protect human life; Figure 7 identifies streams,
       natural springs and forested hillside backdrop that can be used as natural assets; Figure 8 illustrates  riparian
       corridors that should be restored and maintained to protect native biodiversity; and Figure 9 shows distance
       from the community center that is easily walkable. Other information, e.g., buildings and places of historic
       or natural significance, geography, lists of native species, etc. was also considered.  This information  helped
       delineate where development of the town can occur so as to preserve existing assets; and where
       development should not occur so as to keep human life and property safe.
2 http://www.epa.gov/sustainability/basicinfo.htm . Sustainability is based on a simple principle: Everything that we need for
our survival and well-being depends, either directly or indirectly, on our natural environment. Sustainability creates and
maintains the conditions under which humans and nature can exist in productive harmony, that permit fulfilling the social,
economic and other requirements of present and future generations

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                         Area Suitable for Development
      FEMA Defined Flood P

      Visually Defined Flood Plain
                                                                 Natural Springs
                    Figure 6: Flood Potential Map
     Figure 7: Natural Assets
                                        Restore and Protect 200 m
                                        wide riparian corridors
                           Area between riparian
                           corridors may be suitable
                           for human occupancy
                                               /   "A
                                        Connect RC^cross ridkes
                                                     '


    Riparian Corridors are likely enough
    to protect most native wildlife.
    Pjyre,N.F. sndF.e Brysrit(t99f)
                                     UpiyT;- We* VSfV.MfGiiW-Hitl. IriC
                   Figure 8: Riparian Corridors
Figure 9: % mile walking radius from town center
    3.  Identify potential planning responses to Stella's vision. Community input (Appendix B)
       was used as planning objectives by a volunteer planning team3. The charge to the team was to identify ways
       to achieve the community's vision whereby EPA's vision is also achieved.
    4.  Verify the accuracy and consensus of Stella's vision. A draft comprehensive plan was
       presented to the community at a  community dinner-meeting in February 2007 to show how EPA proposals
       directly respond to Stella's vision  of its future as interpreted by EPA. This draft helps citizens to visualize how
3 Planning team members are listed in "Acknowledgements" on page 8

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       the planning team interpreted their description of their future and to assess whether they agree with the
       interpretation and/or whether citizens want to change their vision so revisions can be made to the plan.
    5.  :•'••.':':' :.:••> •• :--J^i- ^   : "  '  '   :  •  ,^    j  . Revisions were made to the comprehensive plan in response
       to input in item 4 above and in May 2007 the final plan and tabulated list of alternatives was presented to
       the town at a third town dinner-meeting.
    6.  : '..••'• ^ I vv , ;•  ~, ....•:• f.-i '::<:::<:: •: •  • '•'•'. I ;\ :•-.'::•'I -,;^s  <•••  i:-':-J^. The scope of suggested planning responses
       might be overwhelming in total, but manageable in small portions; and these projects offer the chance for
       individual groups to engage within their capabilities. Although the community has little money, it has
       numerous community groups, e.g., Girl Scouts, Boy Scouts, Cub Scouts, 4H, FFA, Masonic Lodge, and various
       church groups in two congregations. These groups will  have differing capabilities and interests, but a general
       purpose of each group is to build a better community; and this plan offers opportunities to do so.
    7.  :. '•;':(;('.-H-  *   ;    i :'  ^  r;s    ?   ;:;;:;:. Monthly conference calls were convened between the Stella
       Betterment Committee, Sabine Martin from Kansas State University, and researchers at EPA's National Risk
       Management Research Lab in Cincinnati. Their purpose was to identify additional ways to help the
       community and to learn from and assess the EPA's efforts with regard to this small community. These calls
       became bi-monthly calls after 4 years and were suspended at the end of 2013.
Planning responses to meet community needs as noted in Appendix B were initially guided by criteria that indicated
whether environmental, social and economic systems were intact and functioning. However, as responses were
compiled, it was learned that it was possible for some responses to meet community wants/needs and desired
endpoints without improving the community's ability to survive; or could extend the community's future, but were
beyond Stella's capability. Therefore, the following six principles were overlaid onto the planning criteria to better
assure that planning responses would be effective and achievable.
       1.  The most important and valuable resource that Stella has is its people. Therefore, expanding, developing
          and empowering human  resources is a primary consideration when making planning responses.
       2.   Financial capital is a limited resource that will be required to fulfill many of the community goals.
          Therefore, it is essential that money be kept in local circulation for as long as possible. This will require
          minimizing energy and food purchases from outside sources, growing food and generating energy
          locally, minimizing waste, and relying upon local materials and labor as much as possible.
       3.  Sustainability  is not only about assuring the future, it is about assuring that citizens are able to survive
          each day. Services and institutions must be sustaining at whatever population levels exist. Stella's small
          population made it necessary to reconsider the forms of those services and institutions so they are not
          strictly based  upon population; and to compare how these services are obtained in a small town with
          how they are obtained in a city. The community expressed their needs, but the planning team identified
          the limitations within which needs would have to be met and how.
       4.  If local decisions were to  move toward sustainability, it is necessary to give the community some tools
          that can guide immediate and daily decisions in a sustainable direction even though scientific guidance
          is incomplete.

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       5.  The core planning challenge is to create "livable, inspiring, enduring, and equitable places...where the
           quality of life and the long-term quality of human existence will be enhanced rather than depleted"
           (Beatley & Manning, 1997). This also becomes the procedural measure of the plan's performance.
       6.  A presumption was made that people are more likely to remain and provide stability to the town if
           options and opportunities to live a quality life for individuals and families are greater relative to another
           place. If this  presumption is correct, one place is more attractive than another whenever:
           a.   That place provides options and opportunities that are not available elsewhere.
           b.   Chance interactions between citizens provide the networks for giving and receiving a helping hand
               and to share ideas so that opportunities can be grasped.
           c.   Local activities give opportunities to enjoy life and attract others to the community.
           d.   The concept of justice applies to and benefits everyone.
           e.   The balance of benefits to costs of living exceeds similar balances in other places.

Guided by these six principles, the planning team envisioned numerous ways to achieve Stella's vision within criteria
that systems that sustain the community remain intact and functioning. The result, Appendix C. is a list of potential
alternative actions; and a selection of these was used to create a visual image or plan for the community.
The final plan consists of three documents: a tabulated list of potential alternative actions the community could take
(Appendix C); a graphic plan of the entire town and its immediate surroundings (Figure 12); and a detail plan of the
heart of town (Figure 13). Not all potential actions can be graphically represented; therefore, these plans represent
a selection of alternative actions that lend themselves to graphic illustration. These drawings were created using
overlays on aerial photography and the town plat; and designed to meet community needs within four main themes.
       Two floodplains were identified as potential risks to life and property: a FEMA flood risk area; and a risk area
       based upon field observations of a floodplain defined by the general topography (Figure 6). Land in the
       floodplain should not be used for buildings or human occupancy, but for agriculture and seasonal recreation.
       New residential areas were planned around a common area (Figure 10) so that children would have a secure
       place to play within the watchful eyes of several parents. This also provides more usable open space than
       dividing it into separately owned backyards.
       The plan suggests developing a walkable community where most of the town's residents are within about %
       mile from a central activity zone (Figure 9). This promotes physical exercise and a healthier lifestyle.
       Ideally, habitat requirements for indigenous species should be mapped and sufficient habitat retained to
       maintain minimum dynamic populations and habitat connectivity. However, without resources to identify
       and map this, the option was taken to accommodate the greatest amount of biodiversity by maintaining 200
       meter wide riparian corridors (Payne & Bryant, 1994) and adding upland connectors between corridors
       (Figure 8). It was estimated this would provide habitat for approximately 90% of native species. The plan
       also restored tree canopy to those portions of the riparian corridor where it is missing.
       Maintaining developable area outside of the floodplain and bordered by riparian corridors provides a
       natural greenbelt around the town, and uses the surrounding agricultural lands as undeveloped open space.

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       Waste water after treatment is returned to Indian Creek. The addition of a constructed wetland would
       "finish" wastewater before discharge to Indian Creek. Such wetlands could also be stocked with fish to eat
       insects and be a resource for fishermen.
       If storm water is an issue, several dry holding ponds could  be created to retain runoff during storm events to
       reduce storm surges in Indian Creek.
       Development should avoid agriculture land to protect the most robust part of the local economy, i.e.,
       agriculture.
       Agricultural land along Indian Creek could provide the community with food stocks and employment.
       Low-lying land could also be used for recreation, e.g., golf course, soccer and football field, baseball/softball
       diamond, and park. These land uses could provide needed activity for the town and encourage others to
       spend time and money in Stella supporting local businesses and providing local jobs.
       Triway School is a major part of town existing on about 12 acres of land. The plan proposed this area be
       expanded to approximately 28 acres to give the school flexibility to develop new programs that respond to
       yet unknown needs of future generations.
       Stella exists off the "D" Highway and there is little reason for passersby to go through town. This bypassing
       of the town reduces the viability of local businesses. "Gateway"  gardens were designed at the entrances to
       Stella to attract people into town and to symbolize that Stella is  different from other towns and worthy of a
       side trip into town.
       Stella was once known for its flowering dogwood trees. These trees grow best in the shade of larger trees
       and could be replanted to provide glimpses  of their white flowers from numerous places in town. Their re-
       establishment could also entice people from other communities to Stella and help support local businesses.
       Commercial development should be located in one small area to increase the efficient use and sharing of
       costly infrastructures such as parking, landscaping, and public spaces.
       Development of the town should make the most efficient use of existing infrastructures and services as
       possible. This keeps the cost per capita low by keeping utility lines and streets short; and minimizes the
       geographic area that police and fire protection must monitor. This increases density of dwelling units, but
       designed well, open  space is thereby increased.
       Four development strategies were recommended to provide space for an expanded population4. The
       orientation of each of these new areas should be on the east-west axis. This honors and preserves the
       character of the old town that is laid out at a 45 degree angle from north, and allows better access to solar
       energy.
           1.  Infill development of the town on existing platted sites.
           2.  Add single family housing areas to the north.
           3.  Add multi-family dwellings to as much as 12 dwelling units per acre overlooking Indian Creek and
              out of the flood zone.
           4.  A pasture east of town could become tight clusters of housing (Figure 11) along the forest edge to
              efficiently use  infrastructures, minimize the visual  impact on the landscape, create areas where
              neighbors can  better interact, and maintain existing pasture as open space. This allows everyone in
              the development to "own" the entire area rather than fenced plots where no open space remains.
4 The need for new housing does not yet exist. However, planning must accommodate growth that may occur or is deemed
necessary to meet community needs in a manner that maintains the systems that sustain the community and its citizens.

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    •   Energy should be produced locally to maximize the amount of money that is used in town. Passive solar
       collection can be utilized by new or retrofit buildings which will be on an east-west axis. Organic wastes can
       be collected from the town and surrounding farms to produce natural gas and compost to rebuild soils. A
       wind energy farm could be located on an open plateau at the south-west side of town.
    •   The town cannot support a grocery store that citizens want. Nevertheless, citizens can contract with local
       farmers to provide the food required. This would support the local farming community and provide more
       local jobs. Plots could also be leased to citizens for community gardens.

         4:
    •   The school and community should share cultural and recreation programs as much as possible.
    •   A central activity zone for local services and businesses should be developed in the heart of the existing
       town to create a visually attractive place overlooking Indian Creek and with a forested backdrop where
       people are most likely to want to relax and converse with fellow citizens. Combining as many businesses,
       facilities and activities as possible in one central place make it possible for people to have chance
       interactions and networking. This builds community and enables people to share ideas and create
       opportunities.
    •   The plan suggests development of a local park and a baseball diamond. These would help facilitate local
       events, draw people to town, and provides opportunities to interact.
    •   Surrounding the old town should be a disk golfs/BirdieBall6 park golf course7. This further honors the old
       town by putting a necklace of parkland around it that serves two other functions. It provides needed activity
       space in town, and more valuable building sites overlooking parkland.
    •   A skateboard park for youth located in the heart of the central commercial and services center would
       provide exciting visual activity to those involved and observing. It also makes a  strong statement that the
       town's youth is important enough to place at a highly visible location.
•   A network of trails should be developed throughout much of the surrounding riparian corridors and to the three
    local  natural springs in the area. These trails can be used for walking, hiking, bicycling, horseback riding, and
    hunting and fishing access.
5 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc golf
6 http://www.birdieball.com/customdocs/birdieballs.asp
718 "holes", i.e., flags/poles/baskets, can be played in either direction simultaneously providing multiple play options: four 9-
hole courses; two 18-hole courses by playing a 9-hole course in both directions; and two 18-hole courses played from either end
(equivalent of 108 holes while installing only 19 holes).

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Figure 10: Typical Block Layout around Commons
Figure 11: Typical Cluster Layout around Autocourt
6.0   Implementation of the Plan
As the completion of this project neared, both EPA and the SBC expressed concern that this plan may die if it
appears overwhelming. Therefore, three steps were outlined to enable citizens to enact the plan and build
confidence in their abilities to build their community.

The first step was to identify local resources. Although economic resources are slight, the community has: 1) the
Stella Betterment Committee that has the support of the Board of Trustees; 2) intelligent and committed people
who support this effort; 3) one or more energetic person to drive this project; 4) support from local businesses; 5)
support from local and regional communities; 6) support from County officials to help write grants; 7) support from
EPA's SMARTe program to provide information; and 8) numerous community groups, e.g., church groups, Masonic
Lodge, youth groups, and the local school, that can  be encouraged and enabled to complete parts of the plan.

The second step was to suggest a process for implementing the plan, beginning with identifying and focusing on
opportunities. The community can take advantage of the above resources to build a local government with skills and
authority to act. This enables leaders to  identify incentives that will encourage cooperation and sharing resources;
develop ways to involve all citizens, institutions, and all levels of government; and develop its youth with abilities
and tools to make decisions.

The third suggestion is to define and aim at close targets, such as presenting to local  regions a community that cares
about itself. This may require cleaning and sprucing up the community, planting gateway gardens,  developing
parkland that the town already owns, negotiating with neighbors to open natural springs for public use or to develop
a trail system. Other relatively simple projects are to develop youth activities that monitor water quality and teach
about environmental issues.
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                                           EPA/600/R-14/445
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Figure 12: Stella Comprehensive Plan
                11

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 Pociball/ Soccer held  and I2aseball Park
                            £ :-
          5choo\ Pevelopmerk Area
          appro*,  28 acres
                                             *f"
                             Communltii l^arn
                                         «P
                                 Figure 13: Plan Detail of Downtown Stella

The final plan8 for Stella generated three initial reactions. First, some people expressed doubt that Stella was
capable of anything the plan suggested. This skepticism waned when citizen involvement and progress became
evident.  However, some skepticism regained a foothold as the National economy faltered beginning in 2008.
Second, the plan invigorated a community that languished for a half century to realize that with some volunteer
! Overall plan, detail of plan, and tabulated list of potential alternative actions

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labor it could accomplish much. When the plan was broken down into 30 "Building Community" projects (see
Appendix D), numerous local groups volunteered to take on individual projects. Third, the visual plan enabled people
from outside the community to assess how they might help Stella to achieve some of its goals. The Missouri
Department of Natural Resources9 wanted a demonstration project to educate people about local and regional
wildlife. Knowing about Stella's plan, the MDNR volunteered to develop and install signage along trails. Fourth, the
plan gave the community a useful reference on which to base its application for outside funding and grants.


Work began immediately on three projects:

    Moses Eagle Park: A plot of land designated  as "PARK" on the original town plat had been used for public
    gatherings, but was never developed and its ownership was uncertain. A lawyer determined the site was owned
    by the town and a citizens group was established to build a park.  An eroding stream bank was stabilized, grass
    planted, and a fence was built surrounding the park to exclude automobiles. The park was named after the
    town's founding father, Moses Eagle, and a sign was erected in his honor. Playground  equipment and picnic
    tables and benches were purchased and installed. Negotiations took place with the adjacent property owner to
    the south to use land for automobile parking. After agreement, a design for rain gardens and plants were
    provided by the Missouri Department of Natural Resources. The park, rain gardens and parking were completed
    within a year of presenting the community plan.

    Veterans Memorial: Adjacent to the Senior Citizens Center was  a vacant corner site where senior  citizens hoped
    to build a Veterans Memorial park for the southwest Missouri region. Their vision was to fund this project by
    selling engraved bricks and preliminary market research by citizens showed that people in the region would
    support it and  the memorial was planned. The community received an offer to match  the $18,000  in  brick sales
    and an additional gift of $4000 was received.  The memorial was completed and dedicated within 18 months of
    presenting the community plan. The mood of the community changed dramatically when this memorial was
    dedicated. People who may have been skeptical of Stella's ability to help itself realized that being a small
    community enabled it to act quickly without the need for obtaining long and drawn-out approvals.

    Lentz-Carter Merchandise Building: One of the oldest buildings in town, this building established the
    architecture heritage of Stella, but the building was abandoned and deteriorating and left full of artifacts from a
    previous era. Everyone seemed to be waiting for it to fall down so they could get rid of it. However, EPA
    community planner, Verle Hansen noted the  building's historic significance and urged that it be restored. Doris
    and Chuck Dalbom, a retired couple living near town and members of the SBC, now possess the building. These
    new owners applied for and received National Historic Registry status for the building. However, a structural
    survey of the building determined that the building was in poor shape. Therefore, the Dalbom's worked with the
    NHR board to assess what could be done to restore the building. The NHR board determined the building could
    be totally rebuilt to be visually historically accurate and that the facade could be saved and restored. This
    rebuilding was completed in 2009 and a restaurant opened in the building. Although the restaurant was initially
    successful, it closed after a few months. A popular barbeque restaurant occupied the building from 2010 and
    attracted people from throughout the region. This created 20 new jobs in town and revenue for the town.
    However, the restaurateur closed after 3 years and in 2013 a new restaurant opened.  It has become a social
    gathering spot for the community and is profitable.
1 http://www.dnr.mo.gov/

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            Figures 14, 15, 16: Veterans Memorial10, Moses Eagle Park, Lentz-Carter Historic Building
Citizen involvement in building a community with the help of the plan has been substantial. During the first two
years after the plan was presented, the town also accomplished the following:

    •  The only convenience store and gasoline station, "Clicks", was reopened under new ownership.
    •  LeRu12 telephone/cable TV/internet provider has been expanded with a kitchen, dining area and restrooms
       that can be used by the community during power outages and natural disturbances.
    •  Murals were painted to depict the history of Stella and were installed. The town is now on a twice annual
       tour of historic murals in the state.
    •  Gardens at the entrances to the town were cleared by the Missouri Department of Transportation  and
       planted by local Girl Scouts.
    •  Flowering Dogwood, Cornusflorida, trees were donated by LeRu and  planted throughout the town as a
       precursor to restoring the town to the region's annual Dogwood Tour beginning in Neosho, Missouri.
    •  A government grant was obtained for an emergency shelter and construction was completed in 2010.
    •  The master plan was included as part of an exhibit at the National Building Museum  in Washington, DC. The
       exhibit was open to the public from 26 October 2008 until October 2009.
    •  Rhonda Headland, Community  Conservationist for the Missouri  Department of Conservation completed a
       landscape plan for the Park and the off-street parking area in Stella. This plan includes rain gardens and
       2,222 new plants. Citizen volunteers completed this work in spring of 2008.
    •  A trail  is planned to connect the school to downtown. Negotiations are underway with property owners to
       obtain permission to install the trail. MDC plans to install part of the trail and place nature markers.
    •  A public Bald Eagle, Haliaeetus leucocephalus, viewing event13 is held every January. Boy Scouts use this as a
       fund raising event, churches provide free refreshments, and the Missouri Department of Natural Resources
       provides educational talks about the eagles.
    •  An Easter  sunrise service was held in the town park. Both churches of Stella plan to hold  a joint service
       annually.
    •  The town  also united to recover from one the worst ice storms in memory and twice flooding of Indian
       Creek. These events emphasized the importance of planning the built environment to minimize the impacts
       of natural disturbance regimes that are both unpredictable and  beyond human  control.
10 http://www.greenrightnow.com/keve/2011/06/23/stella-veterans-memorial/
11 http://historical-places.findthedata.Org/l/88765/Lentz-Carter-Merchandise-Store
12 http://www.leru.net/
13 http://www.bigmomma.newsvine.com/ news/2011/02/02/5967126-we-counted-21-eagles-this-weekend-and-got-more-pics

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Planning documents provided by the EPA have served as a general guide for the community and have motivated
much of the activity that has occurred since 2007, but none of these documents have been rigorously followed.
7.0   Evaluation of EPA's Efforts/Lessons Learned


EPA's work with Stella can be measured by its beneficial outcomes to the community and the EPA. First, the close
working relationship between a research and development agency of the Federal Government and citizens of Stella
was extraordinary. The community welcomed EPA's help and citizens were eager to participate. This relationship
was forged by personnel from EPA Region 7 who directly addressed the community's primary concern, i.e., an
existing Superfund site in town. Their responsiveness gave credibility to the Federal government generally and to
EPA in particular; and established a trusting relationship. This trust allowed the research team to develop a broader
sustainability plan for the community. Second, a goal of ORD research involvement in Stella was to determine
whether the EPA could help communities make decisions that would align with maintaining systems that sustain the
community and its citizens.

This project is the outcome of a question asked by the community of Stella. "How can this vacant site be used so
that the community would be sustainable?" The project grew into a  plan for the community due to a concern that
use of one site would not make the community sustainable. Part A expands on this issue and the community's
capability to act upon the plan. Part B answers whether the work enabled the EPA to fulfill its purpose "to  create
and maintain conditions, under which humans and nature can exist in harmony, that permit fulfilling the social,
economic, and other requirements of present and future generations".  Part C evaluates whether this project
facilitated  EPA's understanding of the implications for and interactions among human health, ecosystems services,
economic vitality, and social equity so that communities can make decisions that will sustain this and future
generations. Part D lists lessons learned in the course of this project.

The 16 projects noted above illustrate how much  has been accomplished, but not all this effort has met SBC or EPA
expectations. David Doyle and Whitney Rawls from EPA Region 7 revisited Stella on 18 May 2012 to evaluate
progress. They met with SBC members/community leaders Bob and  Mona Hart, Chuck and Doris Dalbom, and
several residents that were involved on various projects listed below. The Stella Betterment Committee has not had
any new members and although the committee still exists, it is not active. The new head of the town's Board of
Trustees was invited to the meeting, but did not attend. Discussion focused on the status of most of the projects in
the plan and efforts to implement them. Doyle and Rawls surmised that there is a serious disconnect between the
community champions, most of who live just outside of the village, and the elected Board of Trustees. Overall, the
community seems to have been concentrating on a limited number of things that have had some success.

   •   Stella takes great pride in the village park and the rain gardens they developed with the help of the Missouri
       Department of Natural Resources.  MDNR is in the process of putting name plates near each native plant;
       and field trips to the park from the local Triway School14 teach students how the garden works.
14 http://publicschoolskl2.com/elementarv-schools/mo/newton-county/293042002085.html

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                           Figure 17: Park Signage      Figure 18: Rain garden at park
       Stella's Senior Citizens15 continue to work on the Veterans Memorial. It has experienced some vandalism,
       but donations and improvements continue.
       The FEMA storm shelter16 located on the former hospital site has been used several times. Citizens would
       like to also use it as a community room but cannot until poor acoustics are improved.
                                 Figures 19, 20, 21: FEMA Emergency Shelter

    •   Three different restaurants have occupied the Lentz-Carter building since it was rebuilt in 2009.
    •   A 2-bedroom apartment was built in the upper floor of the Lentz-Carter building and is rented. This
       apartment is the only new housing to be built in town and the general housing stock of Stella continues to
       deteriorate with many homes empty due to foreclosures that accompanied the economic recession
       beginning in 2008. Home sales have partially recovered in 2014.

Other projects have  had little success.

    •   A walking trail  was planned from the downtown to the Triway School, but it is tied up in property
       ownership/acquisition issues.
15 http://www.nonprofitfacts.com/MO/Stella-Senior-Citizens-lnc-Stella-Veterans-Memorial.html
16 http://www.neoshodailynews.com/article/20091216/NEWS/312169838

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    •   The SBC is exploring establishing a farmers market.

Some projects have been more successful.

    •   Two options were discussed regarding construction of a new Town Hall17: (1) to build on the former
       Cardwell Hospital site; (2) to build it as an addition to an existing building such as the LeRu telephone
       company. However, after the Masonic Lodge ceased operations in 2014, the building was acquired and is
       being remodeled to accommodate the town's administration.
    •    "Click's", the local convenience store, has reopened under new ownership and is thriving with an improved
       relationship with Triway School.
    •   "Eagle Days" at the end of January has become a big success. Over 200 eagles were counted in 2012 and
       over 1000 viewers. The number of viewers increased to more than 1500 people in 2014. The Missouri
       Department of Conservation provides literature, activities, viewing scopes and a film about eagles. Warming
       shelter and restrooms are provided at the Methodist Church and FEMA emergency shelter; and the
       restaurant in the Lentz-Carter Building is also open for business.
    •   Streets are maintained.
    •   Several murals were painted by local artists to highlight the history of Stella and the LaRue Telephone
       Company and are on display in its building. These murals are included in the self-guided Newton County
       Murals Tour18.

Local representatives indicated that the assistance from EPA, notably the demolition of the hospital, definitely
changed their community for the  better, since it would have continued to deteriorate and was an eyesore in the
middle of their downtown.

The value of this  exercise is not only what Stella was able to accomplish, but include exposing strengths and
weaknesses in EPA's ability to inform  community decisions, where it can be most useful in this process, the
limitations of EPA involvement, and how EPA can  help develop science of human-environment relationships (Part C).
                                 to


The value of this planning effort to Stella is, foremost, whether it helped to "create a livable, inspiring, enduring, and
equitable place...where the quality of life and the long-term quality of human existence will be enhanced rather than
depleted" (Beatley and Manning 1997, noted earlier in section 3, p.11). Adding capacity to a system increases the
possibility that this and future generations will have options and opportunities they will need to survive. Cleaning
the air, working toward renewable energy, reducing the effects of climate change, improving chemical safety,
cleaning the water, enhancing the security of water systems, etc. help to assure the homeland is secure and lowers
risks to human health and the environment. These improvements are essential and will make it possible for the
community to extend its  life into the future, but it does not assure that it will.

No community can survive if more people are leaving than are arriving or staying. Therefore, Stella's quality of life
and long-term quality of  human existence appears to pivot on two scenarios: whether it attracts growth; and
17 The Masonic Lodge was purchased by the town after the lodge closed in 2014 and will be the new Town Hall.
18 http://newtoncountvmotourism.org/docs/newton co driving.pdf
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whether it strengthens its connections with the inter-dependent region of rural area, villages, towns and cities to
which it is a part to support each other19.

This interdependency between communities seems to be contrary to what Stella wanted, but it is not. Citizens of
Stella described the community they wanted (Appendix B) where they expressed concern about the time required to
access emergency medical and police services; and about the cost and accessibility of goods and services that must
now be acquired from  distant communities. Citizens of Stella and the EPA preconceived that this outcome would be
the product of a larger population in Stella, but Stella's concerns are not related to the size of the community, but of
characteristics of living in a community that is too small to make services and goods economically viable. If growth
does not occur, or until it does, Stella's challenge is to envision itself as a participant in a regional community and
design strategies for the timely and efficient provisioning of goods and services within that regional community. This
will require Stella to: (1) redefine the concept of "community" and its relationship to it; and (2) adapt new
technologies and practices to meet citizen and community needs where goods and services are provided under
different paradigms of socio-economic development20.
Although many species may benefit from a human concern for sustainability, it is a conscious goal of only one
species, Homo sapiens. We humans want some assurance that human life will be able to remain and adapt in place.
However, the most assurance possible exists when the systems within which humanity evolved remain sufficiently
intact and functioning to meet human needs and within human tolerances. EPA cannot make land-use decisions that
keep systems intact and functioning, but it can identify the  systems parameters and qualitative conditions that must
exist so that human society can make choices and decisions that maximize assurances to humanity.

This project demonstrated the use of a planning process that enables communities to make decisions that align with
maintaining economic, social and environmental systems that sustain human life. First, it identified the systems
context for making decisions (See Appendix A). Secondly, it illustrated how a community could make decisions that
meet its needs within this systems context (See Appendix C). The product of this work was a plan for Stella. Whether
that plan is sufficient to enable individuals and the community to align their decisions with maintaining the integrity
of systems is discussed below.

Stella's initial perception was that it had very little capacity to make decisions for two reasons, i.e., its lack of money
and the pace of change did not offer opportunities to make decisions. However, the opportunity to make decisions
exists in making daily decisions that are required to meet needs and address problems. Infrastructures wear out or
require updating. Potential storm events could threaten citizens if they are not anticipated and how to respond is
not planned. An individual act could pollute groundwater if decisions are not made to avoid this problem. Or,
improper land-uses could cause expensive inefficiencies in public services or decrease the overall quality of life for
citizens. The plan for Stella provided a long-term perspective for making these short-term decisions. The plan does
not provide more resources, but the context for making decisions can be used to justify requests for outside
19 Marketplaces in the heart of towns and cities reveal that rural and urban areas have always been integrally linked. The Agora
in Athens dates to the 6th century BC. Istanbul's Grand Bazaar, the oldest indoor marketplace, dates to 1493.
20 Small towns have never had populations the made locally provided goods and services viable. Catalogue mail order
companies once provided needed goods and some medical specialists were and are now located in only a few States.

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assistance. It also focuses the resources that are available to meet local needs and objectives. The plan also inspired
the community to fulfill part of its vision. Stella's park, Memorial to veterans, and restoration of a historic building
were accomplished by citizens within a two year span. Planning for Stella:

    1.  Enables decisions to be made today that are consistent with EPA's mission to protect the environment; and
       provides a valid systems context to all planning decisions.
    2.  Enables communities and land-users to make decisions that align with sustainable outcomes and, in the
       process, provides living laboratories where outcomes can be measured.
    3.  Provides a catalogue of alternative land-use options that can be applied in other communities and modified
       as necessary to fit different local environments.

Whether Stella has done enough to be sustainable will be determined years from now, but Stella has done much
more than citizens thought possible; and it has the decision framework to make certain its future decisions are
sound.
EPA has an oversight role under CERCLA and RCRA for approximately half a million sites encompassing more than 20
million acres (US EPA, 2011). According to the United States General Accounting Office, about 5 million acres of
abandoned property are in urban areas. Although these sites drain community's resources, they offer an
opportunity to use these sites to accommodate new urban development that more efficiently uses local
infrastructures and services while generating new tax revenues, avoiding environmental impacts on yet
undeveloped sites, and their cleanup reduces cumulative risks to human health. Their position at this nexus allows
them a key role in sustainable development if these sites can be redeveloped within the context of intact and
functioning systems, and if communities can take advantage of this opportunity. Stella, MO offered an opportunity
to learn how such development might work.

The Stella Betterment Committee hoped that the Cardwell Hospital site could be redeveloped and play a key role in
the community's future. However, with no immediate use for the site, development could not proceed; and site
cleanup does not constitute a sustainable  use. The site was long ago removed from its historic roles in natural
systems, which cannot be  restored by either cleaning the site or finding a new use of the site. The  most that could
be accomplished in the short-term is to define the systems context for the use of this site and the community
generally so that at a later date the community's development will be in harmony with the systems that sustain it.

EPA established this comprehensive context, then was able to evaluate individual sites as they relate to those
systems. A new building was designed that included a new town hall, post office, library, police office, restaurant,
and apartments. Stella's land uses in this area are consistent with this intent, i.e., development of an emergency
shelter on site and a memorial for veterans on the adjacent site. Plans for the building were abandoned in 2014
when the Masonic Lodge across the  street ceased operations and the lodge was acquired to be modified as the town
hall.

According to Stella's citizens, local real estate transactions, new telephone accounts, and growth surrounding nearby
Bentonville, Arkansas (home of Walmart) indicated that Stella's population would increase. Citizens hoped growth
would be enough to support a grocery store and medical provider. The plan for Stella was designed to accommodate

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that increased growth. However, the plan is no less valuable because growth did not materialize. Making decisions
that increase and maintain the capacity of a community's economic, social and environmental systems is essential
whether a town is growing, shrinking, large or small.
Communities are the product of incremental land uses layered over time and space; and are the physical expression
of humanity's occupancy of planet Earth and the use of its resources to meet daily needs. These resources will
inevitably be impacted by individual land uses. Although environmental impacts of each individual land use may be
negligible, collectively they can erode the natural systems that sustain human life and communities. It is not possible
to avoid this problem by regulating individual land uses or undo their collective impacts on a site-by-site basis, it is
possible to plan a community to achieve an alternate vision of the future, e.g., "a livable, inspiring, enduring, and
equitable place...where the quality of life and the long-term quality of human existence will be enhanced rather than
depleted" (Beatley and  Manning 1997), or an environment where the capacity of natural systems to provide goods
and services that humanity needs is not diminished (see Visions). Stella helped the EPA to understand the following:

    1.  Communities are a major forum for moving toward sustainability.
           a.  Typically the impacts of individual  land use decisions are too small to observe, but the cumulative
              risks can push an ecosystem toward irreversible collapse. Each individual land use decision will
              impact the environment and human life both on and  off-site, but land users are legally restricted to
              making decisions only within the site's property boundaries.  Any impact of land use that radiates
              off-site cannot be recalled by any additional on-site land use decisions. Impacts on the environment
              must be addressed where they occur, but since individual land users have no authority to make
              decisions beyond the boundary lines of their site,  actions to systematically counteract any loss must
              be made by a party that has this authority, i.e., a community.
           b.  If environmental systems are to retain their capacity to sustain human  life, cumulative losses from
              incremental land use decisions must be systematically counteracted. Site-level land users cannot do
              this, but communities can.
           c.  Typically site development occurs  on one of several sites that are carved out of the natural
              environment. As a site reaches the end of its useful life, new decisions can be made to revitalize the
              site. However, cleaning and replanting the site cannot restore a site's historic functional roles in
              environmental systems. A community can identify this context and provide guidance to  individual
              site users to make decisions within this context.
           d.  A community has the authority to  consider general interests of citizens. Communities exercise this
              authority in creating public infrastructures and services, developing  policies, enacting ordinances
              and regulations, etc. They also have the authority and the capability to identify the local and
              regional contexts and functional status of environmental, social and economic systems that sustain
              human  life and the community itself; and to initiate public programs for restoring and maintaining
              these systems.
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           e.  The concept that "no man is an island" 21 applies equally to every village and city on Earth, and
              community planning should include their connections and inter-dependencies.
           f.  Only the community and its land users can make decisions. EPA's involvement in Stella did not
              supersede the community as decision maker; and the community did not relinquish its will to make
              its own decisions.
    2.  Two vision statements are essential to progress toward a sustainable community: the future state of being
       that the community hopes to experience; and a vision of the future state of the world wherein the
       community's vision will exist. The first vision provides the ability to develop goals and objectives. The second
       vision provides parameters within which those goals and objectives are to be met.
    3.  Every community constantly adapts to dynamic environmental, social and economic systems. These
       adaptations themselves are dynamic and influence these systems. The challenge is to maintain viable
       systems while changing them.
    4.  A community should achieve  consensus on how it will  adapt, but that consensus is still subject to the
       inviolable laws of Nature and thermodynamics. Nature cannot be protected without people agreeing to do
       so, but Nature  does not care whether people agree or whether they think they cannot afford to protect the
       systems that sustain humanity.
    5.  The extent of a community's commitment to adapt is determined by those in the community who make
       decisions and are willing to continually invest labor and money to counteract the second law of
       thermodynamics.
    6.  A community's survival requires investment in adapting to complex and dynamic systems, not in preserving
       the status quo22.
    7.  Impact of investment is relative to scale. A smaller community can invest human energy and can have a
       larger visual impact that a larger community can obtain by spending millions of dollars.
    8.  A community has three primary concerns: (a) to efficiently and  equitably provide a place where citizens can
       enjoy a fulfilling and agreeable quality life; (b) to enhance and facilitate connections and inter-dependencies
       with other towns, etc., that provide goods and services to the community; and (c) to actively build capacity
       into the social, economic and environmental systems that sustain the community.
    9.  The credibility of our research team rested on EPA's ability to quickly address issues that the community saw
       as its highest priority. That was accomplished by EPA Region 7 when they responded to the community's
       issues with the deteriorating condition of Cardwell Hospital. Once credibility was established, the
       community granted a lot of flexibility to our team's planning efforts and citizens  became eager participants.
    10. The question of how to reuse a single site in a sustainable way is rhetorical. Sustainable use of any site must
       be in context with intact and functioning systems. Each individual land use will inevitably impact systems
       beyond site boundaries. Therefore, development of any site must be coordinated so as to  minimize
       environmental impacts and to systematically counteract the cumulative impacts from individual land uses.
    11. A vision of a sustainable future inspires progress toward sustainability. It is not the number of visions of
       what is sustainable that keeps us from that goal; it is the lack of a vision (Costanza & Kubiszewski, 2014).
    12. Planning solutions may differ from one community to another,  but the principles that underpin them are the
       same; i.e., intact and functioning environmental, social and economic systems. The  local variations in these
21 John Donne, 1624, Meditation XVII
22 Anuradhapura, Polonnaruwa, Chechen Itza, Uxmal, Thebes, Ephesus, Pergamum, Angkor Watt, Machu Picchu, Chaco Canyon,
Mesa Verde and hundreds of other heavily invested communities no longer exist.

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                                                                              EPA/600/R-14/445
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       systems and different opportunities for communities to meet their needs is what makes each community
       unique.
    13. There is power in numbers. One person can do little, but 10 people can build a park. One community with 10
       people working toward creating a community that aligns with the systems that support it cannot protect the
       environment, but a thousand communities with 10 active people is equivalent to 10,000  people working
       toward a sustainable world.
    14. A community needs a champion for change.
    15. Sustainability is all about considering long-term outcomes in decisions that must be made now. The more
       systems context that can be provided now, the easier it will be to make those decisions.
The sustainability of Stella largely hinges upon the community's ability to make decisions that advance toward the
community's vision while maintaining viable and highly productive systems that are relied upon to meet that vision.
This requires that decision-makers understand community goals, boundaries of systems, feedback loops, land use
tools/models and how to use them as they relate to Stella. The less self-reliant a community is, the more it relies
upon systems that are beyond community borders; and the more difficult it is to define boundaries of systems,
feedback loops and how models apply. Also, smaller communities have fewer financial resources, personnel and
time, or will to know all it takes to make short-term decisions within a long-term outlook. This suggests that Stella
and other small communities need a simpler way to make decisions that relate to sustainability and to measure their
outcomes. Planning theory offers that option.

Planning theory offers the ability to make decisions by knowing local values and the systems contexts which govern
those decisions. Whether proposed decisions might be suitable in the long-term can be provided by the following
measures.

Measure 1: The measure of sustainability according to the Brundtland Commission (UNWCED, 1987) is whether
opportunities and options exist to meet needs of the current generation within the condition that future
generations also have options and opportunities to meet their needs. Since the existing generation cannot observe
future generations, they must measure their decisions by whether the conditions they bequeath to future
generations provide opportunities and options.

 Stella will likely continue to meet the needs of some of its citizens and this community may be sustainable to them,
but not sustainable to others. Similarly, those needs that are not met locally will be met by expanding the
boundaries of social, economic, or environmental systems. If those broader systems retain the capacity to meet
these local needs, citizens are sustained. Therefore, whether the community itself is sustainable may rest upon how
the concepts of "community" and  "viability" are defined. Modern forms of personal connectivity are redefining the
concepts of networks and neighbors; and same-day e-tailing is changing the concept of where a business must be
located and how many people it can serve. Medical care in Stella's early years was provided by doctor house-calls.
Modern forms of communication may enable "virtual house-calls" that change where a clinic can be located and
who it can serve.

Measure 2: Sustainability is the continued assurance of human health and well-being, environmental resource
protection, and economic prosperity—today and for generations to come (Fiksel, 2012). Humanity and planet Earth

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                                                                              EPA/600/R-14/445
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itself is vulnerable to catastrophic events that cannot be controlled. Therefore, there are no assurances that
humanity will survive. The most assurance possible is when the systems that sustain human life are sufficiently
intact and functioning to continue to provide goods and services that meet daily needs of the human population.
However, there is no stasis of economic, social or environmental systems that will predictably sustain human life.
Therefore, humanity has two choices: 1) accommodate these dynamics through adaptive management of the
environment; and/or 2) avoid being the cause of its own demise by aligning land use decisions with laws of
thermodynamics. Providing the context for making decisions in Stella enables this second choice.

The EPA is working to incorporate sustainability into its regulatory decisions (NRC, 2011). This challenges the EPA to:
(1) sufficiently inform communities of the environmental and human health implications of decision-making so that
near-term decisions will not compromise and will ultimately improve the long-term outlook for those communities;
and (2) clarify its vision of a sustainable world so that communities and individuals can determine for themselves
how to use and develop land so that it moves toward that target. Planning theory presented one potential way to
meet this challenge.

Whether this is sufficient to sustain social, economic and environmental systems for this and future generations will
not be decided in a few short years, but in generations. However, finding fifty years from now that the answer is
"no" cannot  undo all the decisions that were made to get to this point. We live in a complex and dynamic world
where communities embody all decisions that came before and are the physical response to all existing pressures on
them. Communities cannot be easily undone or created anew. However, they can be remodeled to reflect a new
vision of the  future, if communities have the knowledge and vision to create it.

EPA can present the science it has today. However, when it does not exist or is insufficient, one  recourse is to lead
by sharing a  sustainable vision that includes some redundancies and  safety features for  maintaining intact and
functioning systems. This enables decisions that meet current socio-economic objectives that align as much as
possible with the systems that make human  life and communities possible.
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                                               of
Figure 1: Cardwell Hospital	9

Figure 2: Cardwell Hospital, demolition	9

Figure 3: Cardwell Hospital, cleared site	9

Figure 4: Community dinner	11

Figure 5: Community meeting	11

Figure 6: Floodplain overlay on aerial photograph	12

Figure 7: Natural assets overlay on aerial photograph	12

Figure 8: Riparian corridors overlay on aerial photograph	12

Figure 9: Diagram of % mile walking radius from town center overlay on aerial photograph	12

Figure 10: Typical Block Layout around Commons	16

Figure 11: Typical Cluster Layout around Auto Court	16

Figure 12: Stella Comprehensive Plan	17

Figure 13: Plan Detail of Downtown Stella	18

Figure 14: Veterans Memorial	20

Figure 15: Moses Eagle Park	20

Figure 16: Lentz-Carter Historic Building	20

Figure 17: ParkSignage	21

Figure 18: Rain garden at park	21

Figure 19: FEMA Emergency Shelter	22

Figure 20: FEMA Emergency Shelter	22

Figure 21: FEMA Emergency Shelter	22



List of Tables


Table 1: Example: How Sustainable Endpoints for Land Use are Compiled	10
                                                  24

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                                 EPA/600/R-14/445
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Acronyms and Abbreviations
Acronyms
CERCLA
EPA
FEMA
L&C
LeRu
LRPCD
MDC
MDNR
ML
NGO
NHR
NRMRL
ORD
RCRA
SBC
SDM
SHC
U.S.
USDA
Meaning
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
United States Environmental Protection Agency
Federal Emergency Management Agency
Lentz-Carter Historic Merchandise Building
LeRu Telephone, Cable TV and Internet Provider
Land Remediation Pollution Control Division
Missouri Department of Conservation
Missouri Department of Natural Resources
Masonic Lodge
Non-Governmental Organization
National Historic Registry
National Risk Management Research Laboratory located in Cincinnati, Ohio
Office of Research and Development
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
Stella Betterment Committee
Structured Decision Making
Sustainable and Healthy Communities
United States of America
United States Department of Agriculture
              25

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                                                                               EPA/600/R-14/445
                                                                               December 2014
Alberti, M. (2005). The Effects of Urban Patterns on Ecosystem Function. International Regional Science Review
       28(2), 168-192.

Beatley, T., & Manning, K. (1997). The Ecology of Place: Planning for Environment, Economy, and Community.
       Washington, DC: Island Press.

Benyus, J. M. (1997). Biomimicry: Innovation Inspired by Nature. New York: Harper Collins Publishers, Inc.

Caldwell, L, & Shrader-Freschette, K. (1993). Policy for Land: Law and Ethics. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman &
       Littlefield.

Costanza, R., & Kubiszewski, I. (2014). Creating a Sustainable and Desirable Future: Insight from 45 Global Thought
       Leaders. New Jersey: World Scientific.

Ehrlich, P. R., & Ehrlich, A. H. (2004). One with Nineveh: Politics, Consumption, and the Human Future. Washington,
       DC: Island Press.

Fiksel, J. (2012). A Systems View of Sustainability: The Triple Value Model. Environmental Development.

IUCN. (1997). An Approach to Assessing Progress Toward Sustainability. Cambridge, UK: International Union for
       Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.

Lyman, J., &  Herdt, R. (1989). Sense and Sensibility: Sustainability as an objective in International Agriculture
       Research. Agricultural Economics 3(4), 381.

MEA. (2005). Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Biodiversity Synthesis. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute.

NRC. (2011). Sustainability and the U.S. EPA. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

Payne, N., & Bryant, F. (1994). Techniques for Wildlife Habitat Management of Uplands. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc.

Pearce, D., & Turner, R. (1990). Economics of Natural Resources and the Environment. New York: Harvester
       Wheatsheaf.

ULI. (2011). Whaf's Next? Real Estate in the New Economy. Washington, DC: Urban Land Institute.

UNWCED. (1987). Our Common Future. New York: Oxford University Press.

US EPA.  (2000). Projecting Land-Use Change: A Summary of Models for Assessing the Effects of Community Growth
       and Change on Land-Use Patterns.  Reston, VA:  U.S. Environmntal Protection  Agency, Office of Research and
       Development.

US EPA.  (2011). Handbook on the Benefits,  Costs, and Impacts  of Land Cleanup and Reuse. Washinton, DC: Office of
       Policy adn Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response.
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Conditions of Intact and Functioning Systems
ID


ID












Future State


Imagine the
Future that
we want and
will need










Future
Assurance
Need
What the
Future must
be to provide
some
assurance
that
humanity
will have
what it
needs.





Precondition


Precondition -
Ecosystems are
sufficiently
intact and
functioning to
provide
continuous
services to
human life.

1. Goods and
services exist.
2. Conditions
are right for
human life.
End-Point


End-Points -
"... the basic
conditions for
that society (e.g.,
absence of large
scale poverty and
environmental
degradation and
intergenerational
responsibility)
(UNWCED,
1987)." (NRC,
2011)


Requirement to meet goals and
endpoints

Requirement to meet goal, sub-goals,
preconditions, and end-points
"... Take into account thousands of
communities, species, and individuals,
all relative to the health of an entire
ecosystem - or the entire biosphere, and
then specify how to maintain the health
or balance of the entire system
(Caldwell & Shrader-Freschette, 1993)."
This "lite" version of PLACES
enables a community to do this with
few resources and time and still have
a large impact.

Natural Systems
1








2




3













Goal: Assure
that planet
Earth will be
able to
sustain
human life,
and provide
opportunities
for Human
life will to
remain and
adapt in place
(Benyus,
1997)





The
condition of
the
environment
within which
human life
has evolved
remains
within
human
tolerances.



"For the
modern
mind... an
ecological
view of the
earth has had
to be acquired
through
learning... It
Ecosystem
Productivity











Biodiversity


Biotic integrity
of native
species
composition


Native plants
predominate.







Native coastal
mangroves,
wetlands, sea
grass beds are
intact.

Habitats exist in
configurations,
sizes, and quality
that meet
physiological and
behavioral needs
of native species
and their
communities.
Identify native plant communities and
use these as models for landscaping the
built environment and bordering
agricultural areas. This also helps
sustain native plant and animal species
and establishes a unique local feel to the
community that can be sustained by the
local climate regime.

Institute a policy to prevent any future
losses of these assets, identify damaged
assets, and initiate community
discussions concerning their restoration.


Approximately 90% of biodiversity will
exist in riparian corridors; therefore,
protect 75% of all riparian corridors to
the full width of the corridor. Widen the
corridor to a minimum of 100 meters
(328 feet) on each side of the stream or
200 meters (656 feet) total In the most
productive stretches of corridors.

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ID


4








5



6






7












8



9

10



Future State













































Future
Assurance
Need
will be an
unavoidable
feature of
postmodern
society
(Caldwell &
Shrader-
Freschette,
1993) ."


































Precondition


and community
structure exists.











Soils






Water


















Climate



End-Point


Natural
disturbance
regimes fulfill
their necessary
roles in natural
systems



Unique
environments
remain intact.

Soil quality and
quantity are
maintained.




Ground water
recharges <
withdrawals.

Surface water
recharges < all
combined water
uses.





Water quantity is
assured


Water quality is
assured
Human-caused
climate change is
systematically
counteracted
Requirement to meet goals and
endpoints

Identify and maintain with native plants
all flood plains, forests, shrubs,
chaparral, and grasslands that are
subject to floods, fires, landslides,
avalanches, and severe winds. (These
areas can be managed to maintain
pasture and production of native grains,
berries, nuts, and fruits.)

Identify and protect existing unusual
and/or unique biological and geological
sites and remnants of native/near-native
sites in the region.
Refrain from plowing of soils that are
inherently unstable and hold soils in
place with wind breaks per State
recommendations and vegetated buffers
of native planting 20 meters (66 feet)
wide between disturbed soils and
streams.
Develop a strategy that would allocate
groundwater and surface water on the
basis of hydrological data covering the
broadest available time period and
remain flexible as our understanding of
hydrology is expanded or altered by
climate change or apply the following
formula:
Water Use (direct+ indirect^ amount
needed to sustain other essential life)

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ID


11






ID


Future State









Future State


Future
Assurance
Need







Future
Assurance
Need
Precondition


Coordination






Precondition


End-Point


Time, effort and
resources
expended to
protect the
environment are
used efficiently.

End-Point


Requirement to meet goals and
endpoints

Identify other organizations or agencies
that are working in the region to
conserve and/or protect environmental
features, characteristics, or resources.
Propose a strategy that would coordinate
and augment their efforts with responses
to requirements herein.
Requirement to meet goals and
endpoints

Social Systems
12








13








14





15




16
















Goal: Assure
that the built
environment
and social

systems are
able to provide
opportunities
and options for
people to meet
their needs.


























Social

systems have
the capacity
to meet
citizen needs.














People can
take
advantage of
options and
opportunities


















Social
advancement








Places that
provoke spiritual
and engender
cultural feelings
remain intact.




The built
environment
facilitates human
interactions
rather than
impeding them.









Quality of life for
all








Identify local and regional
characteristics of place, i.e., natural
topography, hydrology, climate, views,
and local cultural responses to them; and
use these to develop design guidelines
for planning and development of the
community so that the community
establishes a unique identity and visual
panoramas.
Concentrate as many activities as
possible around one location (preferably
around transit centers) to enhance local
social networks and chance person-to-
person interactions.




Expand the concept of community as
broadly as possible using advanced
technologies such as next-gen
broadband so that individuals, small
groups and small communities can
participate in large projects and
programs.
Food, water and health care are
sufficient to meet the needs of all people
and are distributed to all as a human
right and a foundation of true societal
and economic development.
Education is a foundation of civilization
and the means for it to meet human and
societal needs for more people with
limited resources. Education is the right
of everyone and necessary for a
29

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ID
Future State
Future
Assurance
Need
Precondition
End-Point
Requirement to meet goals and
endpoints
                                                                       civilization to advance. A society should
                                                                       work towards diverse forms of
                                                                       education to capture the richness of
                                                                       different ways of thinking and to fill the
                                                                       various roles that will be available in an
                                                                       advanced society.
17
                                                Social cohesion
                                                  Society works toward equality, universal
                                                  rights, justice, employment, adequate
                                                  income, food and water, health care,
                                                  education, housing, free will, pursuit of
                                                  life, a responsibility to helping achieve
                                                  these things for others and the pursuit of
                                                  balance in mind, body and spirit.
18
                                Risks are
                                averted.
                                Risks to human
                                life/health are
                                known and
                                monitored.
                                   Identify and map land areas
                                   contaminated by materials/substances
                                   that pose a risk to human life and keep
                                   them isolated from human life.
19
                                                Human life is
                                                isolated from
                                                potentially
                                                harmful events.
                                                  Identify and map local and regional
                                                  areas subject to probable flooding, fires,
                                                  and tornados; and keep these areas free
                                                  from development.
ID
Future State
Future
Assurance
Need
Precondition
End-Point
Requirement to meet goals and
endpoints
Economic Systems
20
21
22
23
Goal: Assure
that
government
and institutions
are able to
provide
opportunities
and options for
people to meet
their needs.
               Production and
               consumption is
               compatible
               with Earth's
               capacity
                                Sustainable
                                land policies
                                make economic
                                                Work reflects
                                                people's identity
                                Energy net-zero
                                   Output is not artificially inflated by
                                   over-consumption of the earth/s natural
                                   resources (Ehrlich & Ehrlich, 2004, p.
                                   319). Governance and economic policy
                                   is made compatible with achieving long-
                                   term sustainability.
                                                  The world's population must be an
                                                  appropriate size, balance by an
                                                  appropriate average level of
                                                  consumption, and with mechanisms in
                                                  place to maintain that balance.
                                                  Work directly relates to fulfillment of a
                                                  worker need.
                                   Develop a model for public policy that
                                   requires local energy use and production
                                   to be balanced.
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ID


24









25
















26

27



28


29
30






Future State














































Future
Assurance
Need












































Precondition


expansion
possible.
(Caldwell &
Shrader-
Freschette,
1993, p.
15)"... in
virtually every
collapse,
environmental
and resource
(consumption)
factors broadly
considered
played some
role..."
(Ehrlich &
Ehrlich, 2004,
p. 333)


















Local resources
are sufficient to
meet demands
placed upon
them.


End-Point


Financial
resources are
sufficient to
maintain
community
infrastructures,
institutions, and
services.


Maximize the
local impact of
monetary
resources and
Sense of place












Accounting is
right
Accessible,
accountable, and
transparent
information
Balance
economics

Accountable
Local and
regional
governance is
effective



Requirement to meet goals and
endpoints

Plan the built environment to maximize
the efficient use of existing
infrastructures, services and institutions
with approvals of new development
contingent upon a certified balance sheet
showing how costs or building and
maintaining new or extended
infrastructures and services are to be
paid.

Identify as many ways as possible to
keep money moving in the local
economy as long as possible (local
activities, local energy production, local
services, locally grown food, local
processing, local waste recycling, local
design, provide local gathering places,
combine school and community
entertainment, recreation, sports,
emergency support, environmental
monitoring and reporting, Localization
also permits people to orient to a world
they know and helps maintain food
security and other forms of self-
sufficiency in a world with a trade
systems that is increasingly vulnerable.
(Ehrlich & Ehrlich, 2004, p. 325)
Internalize environmental and social
externalities of economic activities
Provide equal and diversified access to
information


Promote trends that solve long-term
environmental and economic problems
(Ehrlich & Ehrlich, 2004, p. 291)
Reduce the power of special interests
Cost of local governance is within the
capacity of citizens to pay. When costs
exceed income, a new form of local
governance is designed so that costs
never exceed income. (Perhaps
governance can be shared across several
small communities.)
Created by Verle Hansen, PhD, USEPA/ORD/NRMRL/LRPCD/RRB, Cincinnati, Ohio
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Sustainable Community Visioning Session for the Village of Stella
Notes from the Open House and Town Meeting
21-22 August 2006

Questions and Responses:

1. What makes a place livable?
        city council-local, approachable, know problems
        regulations
        services: health, retail, recreational
        school (this must stay to keep it a viable community)
        local businesses
        infrastructure (e.g., water and sewer, utilities)
        proximity to stores, services, institutions.
        accessibility (ability to get to everything, conveniences, limited travel...but still with
        small town atmosphere)
        uncrowded community (large enough lots, easements, not congested)
        area for play
        quiet, low noise
        low population
        social activities (people for company)
        no smog
        green (minimal concrete)
        ability to see the stars
        wildlife: eagles, wild turkey, deer, beaver, possums, armadillos
        good churches
        police
        no suburban sprawl
        opportunity for growth
        low crime rate, safe streets - "...where being by yourself is still safe".
        clean air and water
2. What makes a place inspiring?
        quiet, friendly
        rural setting
        small, country town
        things within walking distance
        know your neighbors
        no neon lights or big advertisements
        slow pace
        historical character
        deeply rooted sense of place
        church family
        embracing people from the outside (other parts of the country or other countries)
        accepting of traditions/cultures
        family values, ability to raise kids
        security
        affordable housing

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                                                                                        EPA/600/R-14/445
                                                                                        December 2014
        support for all types of families (single parent, multi-racial)
        farms
        river
        low traffic
        open space
        natural beauty: trees, flowering trees, flowers, hills- diversity
        creeks, springs (clear, healing)
        wildlife
        low odor
        historical aspects (pioneering): old hospital, farmers, agricultural area, horse pulls, fox hunting, grist mill "...make  sure
        'new' buildings will still look historical."
        water control: clarity, purity, volume...protect springs, swimming, trout fishing (stream formerly stocked every March
        1st)
    -   flag flying
        landscaping- a welcoming look
3. What aspects of Stella would you like to be able to pass on to your grandchildren?
        good, friendly neighbors; ability to rely on each other ("networking"); willingness to help one another
        small town  atmosphere
        history/oral tradition
        natural beauty (creeks, hills, trees)
        wildlife
        ability to  fish
        open space
        see bald eagles
        walk in the  woods
        safety, security
        money (or ability to get money) to support family
        brick memorial walkway
        native trees with plaques (remembrance/memorial)
        Moses Eagle (founding name, daughter = Stella)
        post office (historic building)
        main street shops (general  merchandise)
        community fellowship
4. What makes a community unjust or unfair?
        crime (hospital used to be center of crime-fence didn't work!)
        old, dilapidated housing
        abandoned buildings (safety hazard)
        unclean/trashy/old cars
        unmowed/unpainted properties
        disconnect  between village and school (town different 9 months/year)
        not being welcomed
        condescending comments
        resistance to change
        slow to accept new people  and integrate them into the community
    -   "Good Ol' Boy" syndrome
5. What should the town of Stella offer its citizens to add quality to life?
        zoning restrictions
        medical clinic/ health care
        name "Cardwell" after hospital- historical references

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                                                                                        EPA/600/R-14/445
                                                                                        December 2014


        at least a satellite health building (e.g., dentist & doctor 1 day/week)
        new city hall
        general store ("with needle and thread")
        gas station
        grocery store (small or full service)
        restaurant/cafe (coffee, cappuccinos, hang-out space for kids)
        street frontage strip
        things for kids: park, skateboard park (rather than church steps-liability!), movies, bikes, 4-wheelers, go-carts,
        basketball court, tennis courts, walking trails, biking trails (things that are "timeless", not just fads)
        baseball field- (school is putting this in but community would need to start little league and concession stands, school
        willing to cost-share on lights)
        place for outdoor music-fiddling
        parks (swimming, fishing)
        Dollar General
        library/learning center (genealogical research)...there used to be a bookmobile
        adult education classes (e.g., computer)
        dance for kids (6th-8th grade, 9th-12th grade...note school puts on 2 dances/year)
        sidewalks and bike lanes (extend to school)
        police presence/enforcement (hard to get officer in any reasonable time frame, suggest patrol 2x/day
        housing: single family, with land (1-2 acres), privacy, apartments?, both new & rental
        affordable housing (esp. for teachers, prospective employees for steel company)
        walkable community (not their suggestion, but nods to our suggestion)
        good schools, big enough for people to be drawn in
        better maintenance of infrastructure (e.g., roads)
        leash law (stray dogs run in packs)
        day care
        Laundromat
    -   Retail
        services for all
6. What does the town of Stella do very well for the people who live here?
        infrastructure: water and sewage system
        telephone company, internet, television
        good school system
        historical society
        churches
    -   PTA
        human resources: senior citizens, kids, volunteer labor, FFA
        senior center with Friday night dances & small meal
        boy scouts
        people take care of each other
        friendly (nice post office lady!)
        good roads
        reliable power supply
        access to internet & cable television
        good cooks
        village atmosphere
        kids can play outside
        trash pick-up
        employers (Mid-America Precision Products sheet metal company)

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                                                                                        EPA/600/R-14/445
                                                                                        December 2014
        job potential
        good weather
        Indian Creek
7. What change in Stella would make it an even better place to live?
        strong local infrastructure - and support of surrounding rural population
        low income housing: government supported? duplexes?
        integrate the school into the community better
        have a physical center of activity
        re-assert as commercial center
        be a "destination"
        self-guided tour of historic Stella (possibly put of National Register of Historic Sites)
        trees (esp. dogwoods)...Note: Bob Hart will give 100 trees away next year
        library for all ages
        cafe/ice cream (use to be a Dairy Queen?)
        sidewalks
        bike trail/ road right-of-way
        outside gathering place, park benches (already have good inside gathering place)
        park/playground
        pool hall? place for teenagers (glass wall separating adults from kids)
    -   ball field
        outside concert area (at park)
        pool or swimming hole in creek
        skateboard area
        Dollar General (central merchandise,  build  from there)
        golf course (for the sake of preventing housing, but concern that it wouldn't serve the community, but higher income
        people)
        Farmer's Market (ability for locals to sell produce)
        place for locals to sell arts & crafts, baked goods, homemade items (reference to shop on 86 highway which has bakery,
        deli, and local products)
        storm/tornado shelter
        attracting industry, job creation
        teen/youth center
        coffee shop
        new city hall
        downtown area landscaped and cleaned up with old  buildings restored or replaced
        services for elderly: Social Security help, tax help, estate planning, etc.
        cell phone tower!!
        area along creek for recreation, picnic areas
        essential local businesses

Other Citizen Comments/Concerns
        There is not enough of a tax base with 178 people...how do we get that?
        Many people drive thought Stella, going to/from Wheaton, Cassville, Neosho-good opportunity to capitalize on high
        traffic
        Tax Business (Loretta Taylor): 800 clients, 3 employees (including her) and filers in evening
        Median  income <$20K
        School sports: cross-country, track, basketball, volleyball, pewee football (N of town)
        School demographics: 1684 students  in two K-8 schools and one high school; 465 students at Triway (local K-8
        school...filled to capacity)

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                                                                                EPA/600/R-14/445
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< 1% African American, 6% Native American, Hispanics, Caucasian (Scotch/Irish)
growing % Hmong ("kin-related migration," own poultry farms, observe lunar new year, no written language until
recently)
low migrant population- no federal funding for this
School has high technological power (computers, labs)
School system has its own mechanics for bus repair
School offers after-school program for kids (until 4:30 or 5:00pm) - funding for transportation for this runs out in 2007-
08 school year
Previous businesses included: Casey's gas station (well lit & well maintained), Click's (pre-packaged sandwiches)
Missouri Department of Conservation- wants to plant native trees
Want to have brick walkway- memorials
Several bits of historical character remembered (Lyle, Assistant Superintendent of Schools, offered to gather stories
and record oral tradition)
Grist mill on the creek  (taken down in 1969)
Benches under awnings along main street
Indians camped along creek- found arrowheads tell what era?
Civil War activity (founded in 1844)
Dry goods store (material for clothing)
Churches: Baptist, Methodist, Church of Christ (disbanded; now tax building)
Springs
Stella serviced by volunteer 1st responders; Longview Fire Dept.  (3 miles), Ambulance (6 miles)
Stella was originally settled because the Indians drove settlers back to the area as they were moving west. Water was
central to why it was settled, and must remain central.
Suggest rehabilitating houses/buildings as a community, so the community benefits
Mr. Cullers plans to build a cattle ranch on the north side of town; interested  in fencing/protecting the stream;
concerned about erosion when it rains- problem  keeping fences up; wonder how to get water to cattle if they can't go
into the streams (family previously had cattle in stream)
General interest in knowing more about conservation easements...can they be used to maintain land along the creeks?
(for bird habitat,  barn owls, falcons, eagles, red-tailed hawks)
Belief that people will come (i.e., drive to Stella) if offered the best (e.g., doctors, dentists, restaurants)
Beaver are a problem with streams/water volume- no trapping
Black panther/cougar in area
Suggest on corner of A & O highways near school (Cullers property) build gas station/convenience store
Mr. Erryl Cullers'  son Michael and fiancee are interested in starting  up a business (he's a builder)
Need respect for private property or lose access (e.g., Mr. Cullers doesn't mind kids crossing his property to fish in
creek, but concerned if they don't close the fence and liability concerns
Problem with people throwing trash- discussed possible solutions like Adopt-A-Stream/Highway, police patrolling
(Note: trash transfer station is in Neosho)
Residents observed there is more silt in the stream than "normal" - doesn't flush out
Developer from Arkansas has built 1 house & lake (talk of the town; residents concerned that upslope development on
stream with cause storms to blow out the cemetery)
Civil War building in Stella that is on the National  Registry of Historic Buildings
Back part of hospital used to be housing for nurses- perhaps make similar "hospitality house" as housing for teachers
Suggest keeping the post office where it is...pressed tin ceiling, used to have stairs on outside (restore and build
apartments above to utilize existing space?)
Suggest designating historical boundaries around town with guidelines for developing (e.g., materials, location, etc.)
Concern that if the population of the  town increased, the school would not be able to accommodate them (currently
overcrowded)
Sewer system is set up for thousands of people

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        Three thousand-foot wells in town (2 active)
        Need to address 4 vacant homes ("cabins") - tear down or repair
        Suggest connecting middle school, high school, and college students up with Stella community projects (e.g.,
        community service requirements before graduation) and ask local businesses to join in (e.g., Home Depot, Walmart,
        Mid-America Products)
        Suggest connecting a productive grist mill with local chicken/turkey producers or ethanol plant- using ground corn for
        their production purposes
        Revitalizing doesn't mean huge growth encouraged- like the small, comfortable size
        How this will affect taxes? What is the timeline?
        Can we do all these improvements but remain "small town"?
        You want to be able to come back after college and feel like  Stella is still "home".
Possible Planning Responses to Stella Citizen Input
21 May 2007
The following principles guide many of the recommended planning responses:
    1.   The most important and valuable resource that Stella has is its people. Therefore, it is essential that local people are
        directed and empowered to achieve community goals. Expanding and developing the human resource is paramount
        and essential.
    2.   Because money is a limited resource that will be required to fulfill many of the community goals, it is essential that
        strategies be set in place to keep money moving around within the community for as long as possible. This will require
        re-establishing old resource efficient ways to serve local needs by applying local human resources, i.e., converting what
        resources the community has into different forms to achieve synergistic effects with minimal losses.
    3.   Because we cannot predict whether the population of Stella will grow to threshold numbers required to sustain the
        kinds of services and institutions citizens desire, and because services and institutions must be sustainable at whatever
        population levels exist, it is necessary to reconsider the forms of those services and institutions so they are not strictly
        based upon population.
    4.   Because Stella is a small town with limited financial resources, planning responses are intended to limit governance and
        regulations by empowering people to take responsibility and to build community.
    5.   Although it is true that Stella has limited resources, it is also true  that even small actions can have major impact. Larger
        towns and cities might have more resources, but it also takes a lot more to have any visual and/or practical effect.
    6.   Assumptions:
            a.   People's quality of life is an essential focus of development and these responses.
            b.   The concept of justice applies to everyone. Everyone must be involved and benefit.

Note: Responses shown in underlined italics can be shown graphically on master plan.
 ID
Desired Endpoints
as provided by
Community Input23
Planning Responses
       Clean, well-kept
                      1.   Adopt a road program
                      2.   Remove and/or screen unsightly areas with evergreen vegetation
                      3.   Repair and repaint buildings
                      4.   Mend fences, paint as needed	
23 Much of the desired character of Stella that was provided by the community coincides with sustainable endpoints shown on
the Sustainable Communities Online website http://www.sustainable.org/

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                                                                                       EPA/600/R-14/445
                                                                                       December 2014
ID    Desired Endpoints
      as provided by
      Community Input23
Planning Responses
                            5.  Restore or reconstruct historic buildings
                            6.  Enact a mowing plan to keep streetscape looking good.
                            7.  Road repairs
                            8.  Establish a volunteer group to bury road killed animals on a daily basis.
B     Deeply rooted sense
      of place
      A destination
      A place where people
      want to be.
      Strong physical
      center of community
      activity
      Re-assert commercial
      center
      Strong local
      infrastructure and
      support of
      surrounding rural
      community.
1.   Establish historic architectural precedent as future direction of desired character of buildings
    in town.
2.   Every community resource should be directed inward to a central plaza for gathering and
    crossing paths. This inward focus would strengthen the community core and provide more
    opportunities for chance meetings and sharing ideas. New and existing businesses that relate
    to the public as well as all public services should be concentrated around one plaza. This
    plaza should also incorporate places to have public events, e.g., markets, bazaars, art sales,
    play spaces, entertainment spaces, and parking.
3.   Provide protected view corridors from public places with well-kept backdrop and water
    feature.
4.   Designate steeper forested land south of highway D as no-build zone and to remain in forest
    to keep as backdrop for the town.
C     Historical character
      Make sure new
      buildings honor
      historical precedent
      Main Street shops -
      street frontage strip
1.   Historic buildings clearly show that buildings were wood-frame with lap board siding, deep
    porches to provide welcome shade, high ceilings, dormers at the face of the exterior wall, 4
    pane double-hung windows, shingle roofs, stone foundations, and white color. This
    architecture made sense for the local materials availability and for local climate and trades
    availability. It is a beautiful and simple character that should be encouraged. It should be
    documented in a community design guidelines booklet to guide the architectural character
    of the community.
    http://nipc.org/environment/sustainable/development/communities/BSC%20Series%20Com
    munitv%20Character%20and%20Historic%20Preservation.pdf#search=%22how%20to%20
    establish%20architectural%20character%20in%20communitv%22
2.   There needs to be a concentrated place for commerce. It may be a traditional street front
    strip, but it may not. That form may have never been typical in Stella to have established an
    historic character for the town and it may not be appropriate for Stella today. Perhaps a
    better solution is to develop a "backyard architecture" for concentrated commerce. It is
    usually more interesting and less formal than the front and could develop in a more
    unplanned way giving more flexibility to development.
D     Historic preservation
      Memorial walkway
      (brick) Pioneering
      Cardwell hospital
      Agricultural
      contributions
      Traditional activities
      Horse pull contests
      Fox hunting
      Oral tradition
      maintained
      Memorial to Moses
      Eagle
    Celebrate cultural heritage
        a.   Document/collect oral tradition and maintain
        b.   Restore old post office
        c.   Restore Lentz-Carter General Merchandise building
    Restore local traditions
        a.   Horse-pull, pony-pull, oxen-pull, tractor-pull contest, and modern equivalents or
            variations (row-boat pull, jeep-pull)
        b.   Rope pull across Indian Creek
        c.   Town picnic
        d.   Fiddle concerts
        e.   Restore the local 'fox hunt' but bring it up-to-date (without the fox). Plan the
            valley so a 'hunt' can take place, include fence rail jumps, rock wall jumps,
            obstructions, fields, ... .advertise event venue to hunt clubs across America.
    Make people the most important part of the town
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                          EPA/600/R-14/445
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ID

E
F
G
Desired Endpoints
as provided by
Community Input23

Natural history
preservation
Native trees with
plaques-
remembrance/memori
al
Small "country"
town atmosphere
No neon lights or big
advertisements
Rural setting
Planning Responses
a. Commemorate those who played a part in Stella's history
b. Refurbish and restore cemeteries
c. Place plaques of uniform design on buildings or at property fronts to list names of
present and past owners.
4. Identify locations where historic schools, etc. stood and mark with plaques.
5. Create central public plaza that includes names of everyone related to Stella, past and
present, then maintain ceremoniously when new names are added. Make it clear that people
are the most important part of this town.
6. Include plaques at key locations in the plaza that describe major contributions to the
community... agricultural, commercial, Cardwell hospital, etc.
7. Compile and maintain oral history. Include the most interesting of these in a book.
8. Use existing historical society to be a center of historic preservation.
9. Designate historic downtown and develop guidelines for preservation/change
1 . Research native tree species
2. Map how much of the Stella region should be characterized with these species.
3 . Identify outstanding native tree specimens in town and mark with plaque or tag that tells
people what they are. Include data concerning common name, genus, species, age, normal
expected size. May include references such as "This tree was 100 years old when Moses
Eagle established a home here."
4. Encourage people to plant native trees as memorials to loved ones and tag with plaque.
5. Restore human interaction with local springs: Lentz CBig Spring), Macedonia, and Spring
Hill. Construct pathway to Lentz. Provide place to sit contemplate, and set a drink of water.
or to fill a bottle.
6. Provide parkins area where cars/trucks can pull off of highway D.
7. Document native species of animals and plants within the area - determine habitat
requirements to maintain MVP andMEP - develop apian to maintain habitat requirements.
8. Develop education plan for school and community so people understand local natural
history and its value to people.
1 . Adopt a sign ordinance from another community that works for Stella.
http://www.scenicwisconsin.ors/ModelSisnOrdinance.doc
http://www.co.monroe.pa.us/plannins records/lib/plannins records/model sisn ordinance/
model sisn ordinance.pdf#search=%22model%20sisn%20ordinance%22
2. Develop visual resources
a. Create scenic corridors around and throush town bv selective plantinss, tree
trimming, opening up vistas from roadways.
b. Develop view sheds from kev locations in town and maintain treed hillsides as
backdrops.
3. Develop a 'community character' palette for new and remodeled buildings based upon
historic buildings.
4. Maintain a small concentrated downtown rather than disbursed businesses.
5. Develop and maintain rigid urban boundary surrounded by agricultural land.
6. Maintain streets with grass edges rather than curbs and gutters.
7. Develop sidewalks of packed clay or stone pavers rather than concrete ribbons.
8. Develop equestrian trails and hitching posts.
9. Create events centered on the past.
a. Tractor pull, antique cars or buggies, horse shows, town picnics, etc.
10. Restore ringing of church bells to mark time, Sunday services, funerals, weddings, etc.
1. Enable agricultural community to thrive by supporting it.
http://casfs.ucsc.edu/community/csap.html
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                                                                                        EPA/600/R-14/445
                                                                                        December 2014
ID    Desired Endpoints
      as provided by
      Community Input23
                       Planning Responses
       Farmland
      surroundings
                             9.
                             10.
                               a.   Contract with local farmers and ranchers to provide food for local consumption.
                               b.   Create farmers market.
                               c.   Develop organic farm operations.
                           Keep roads narrow ~ Develop and maintain walkable community so that it is unnecessary to
                           widen and expand roads. (Narrow roads have been shown to be safer because they slow
                           traffic.) Encourage off-street parking whenever possible. Occasional on-street parking can
                           occur on grass area beside the road.
                           Maintain open farm-land up to the edge of town.
                           Keep development within urban boundary and increasing in density so as to accentuate the
                           contrast between town and rural areas, maintain as much open-space as possible, and limit
                           sprawl that blurs the line between urban and rural.
                           Establish urban growth boundary.
                           Designate all riparian corridors, minimum habitats, as open-space. Acquire development
                           rights for a ring of land around town as greenbelt, but to remain in agriculture use.
                           Encourage legal designation of 'wildlife corridor' crossing private property.
                           Locate buildings for large animal operations, e.g., CAFOs to be located so as to allow them
                           to be screened from roadways with shrubbery and trees.
                           Encourage owners of rural sites to limit driveway widths to one vehicle wide with grass
                           pull-off space to accommodate occasional vehicles traveling in opposite directions.
                           Long driveways should be winding so as to hide its length and create places for vegetation.
H
 Landscape -
welcoming look
Entrances to town should be landscaped in natural looking garden and maintained with
native flowers, bushes, accentuated with spring and fall colors, and form picturesque winter
settings.
Grasses along streets are to be mowed to approximately 4 feet from edge of road to give
neat look and place for walkers to be off the road for vehicular traffic and provide a buffer
for wildlife.
Plant trees along streets to create allees.
Place all trash cans within fenced enclosure that are also hidden by shrubbery. Combine
trash locations from nearby housing into one location.
Research native wildflower varieties and selectively plant for visual impact at gateways to
town.
       Natural beauty
                       1.   Maintain clean environment.
                       2.   Develop so as to minimize impact on the natural environment and so as to mend an already
                           damaged site rather than a natural looking site.
                       3.   Identify natural disturbance regimes that were common in this area - restore the
                           disturbances whenever possible. Where natural disturbances are not possible, they should be
                           restored with management practices. Such disturbances create variety in the landscape and
                           provide periods of plant successions that also provide interest and maintain native flora and
                           fauna.
                       4.   Identify non-native plants and selectively remove.
                       5.   Restore wetlands if/wherever they once existed.
                       6.   Restore Indian Creek to best protect the watershed.
                       7.   Restore drainage swales with native vegetation.
                       8.   Maintain tree cover.
                       9.   Maintain forest backdrop on hillsides.
                       10.  Maintain view corridors into forested areas.
                       11.  Open up view corridors and open spaces along valley floors and along Indian Creek.
                       12.  Develop trails/pathways through open spaces and along streams so that people can enjoy
                           the natural beauty.
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                          EPA/600/R-14/445
                          December 2014
ID

K
L
M
N
P
Desired Endpoints
as provided by
Community Input23

Indian Creek
Viewable Accessible
Open space
Hillsides
Forests, trees, creeks
Wildlife habitat
Bald eagles
Beavers
Wild turkeys
Deer
Opossums
Armadillos
Vegetation
Trees
Flowering trees
Flowers
Diversity
Uncrowded, not
congested
Planning Responses
13. Develop housing so as to allow as many people as possible to appreciate view corridors.
and open spaces.
14. Develop no-till farming methods.
1. Provide view corridors from downtown and from selected points bv clearing trees and
shrubbery near the creek.
2. Widen the creek near the downtown to provide backdrop for the downtown, point of interest.
water feature, and overlook from downtown. Create holding area to maintain water in
widened area so that it does not fall below a minimum depth.
3. Provide walking path and equestrian trails near creek.
4. Provide access points for fisherman.
5. Educate and involve citizens and rural community on improving water quality.
1 . Retain hillsides as forested backdrop for the town.
2. Keep all development within town limits.
3 . Encourage increased density within town rather than sprawl. Encourage development of
brownfield sites before green field sites.
4. Selectively thin vegetation to open view corridors into open spaces in lowlands, streams.
and stream beds.
5. Identify opportunities for looking into opens spaces from residential areas, develop such
opportunities, and enable development to occur in such areas so people can appreciate such
spaces from their homes, places of business, and for recreation, entertaining, and dining.
6. Provide tax credits to encourage people to donate real property to the town for open space.
7. Convert all publicly held lands to native vegetation so as to lower maintenance costs.
1. Determine minimum viable habitat and minimum effective habitat for all native species, and
develop a local program to keep intact/restore such habitat requirements. Create a public
program whereby all developers can participate in habitat programs.
2. Designate protected riparian corridors 100 meters on each side of streams and creeks.
Allow to revert to natural maintenance.
3 . Maintain control of domestic animals and pets. Keep domesticate animals, pets, and feral
animals out of wildlife corridors and habitats.
4. Provide connecting corridors at the upper ends of adjoining riparian corridors and between
designated riparian corridors and isolated patches of forest.
5. Roads and drives are to be kept out of this area and crossing roads should do so at shortest
route.
6. Maintain tree canopv above and across roads.
1 . Monitor hazardous locations for animals crossing roads - provide continuous wildlife
corridors that bridge or tunnel across roads or cause traffic to slow and give caution to
crossing wildlife.
1. Restore historic community character by planting flowering dogwood in the afternoon
shade of larger trees.
2. Plant native shade trees at recommended spacing (crown width) along all town streets.
3. Plant major flowering trees and/or fall color trees at locations where they will be focal
points at the end of streets or curves in streets.
4. Plant tree groupings that augment bird habitat requirements.
5. Limit non-native landscapes such as lawns to smaller areas - perhaps sized to accommodate
play spaces or games, e.g., croquet.
6. Create non-native landscapes so they provide welcome contrast to natural vegetation.
1. Concentrate activity zones so as to be able to control traffic movement in smaller areas
rather than allowing it to spread into areas were traffic is not desirable.
2. Plan traffic movement ingress and egress and sufficient parking to meet demand.
42

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                                                                                       EPA/600/R-14/445
                                                                                       December 2014
ID    Desired Endpoints
      as provided by
      Community Input23
                      Planning Responses
                            3.   Celebrate occasional times when local events bring a lot of people to town so as to
                                accentuate contrasts so benefits of crowds and no crowds can be better appreciated.
       No suburban sprawl
                      1.   Regulate development so that it can happen only within town limits or as principle buildings
                          on true agricultural land.
                      2.   Establish and maintain visual screening around rural structures.
R
Quiet
1.   Enact dog ordinances that prevent owners from allowing dogs to bark continuously.
2.   Keep local roads narrow to keep vehicular speeds low.
3.   Increase density of development so as to create enough buildings throughout the area to
    block movement of noises.
4.   Create berms along noisy roads so as to divert sound away from residential areas.
5.   Create dense tree groupings to help screen noise.
6.   Reduce the amount of lawn so that lawn-mowers can operate for shorter time periods, and
    encourage use of electric mowers rather than combustion engine driven.
7.   Reduce vehicular generated noise by maintaining a walkable community. Keeping activity
    in one location will also prevent people from using vehicles to go from one activity to
    another.
8.   Maintain low speed limits in downtown area.
       Friendly
                            4.
                            5.
                            6.
                          Create a common area central to multiple activities (including parking) so as to provide
                          opportunities for chance encounters.
                          Establish a coffee shop/soda fountain/cafe at this central area to encourage extending the
                          time of chance encounters.
                          Plan events to occur within this common area to encourage more people to come to the area.
                          Provide bill-paying facility at the common area where people have to get out of their car to
                          submit payment.
                          Plan public events such as town picnics, fund-raisers, sports events, etc.
                          Plan identifiable neighborhoods that small groups can identify with.
                          Plan residential areas around a common auto court or a common backyard to encourage
                          neighbor interactions.
       Low population -
      What are the qualities
      of low population that
      are desired?
                      Must respond to qualities so as to meet the desired outcome rather than population number,
                      which is harder to control.
                      1.   Maintain development within growth boundary.
                      2.   Encourage master planning of neighboring communities so that they are prepared to accept
                          growth pressures so as to create a network of communities that enhance each other.
U    Low traffic - What
      are the qualities of
      low traffic that are
      desired?
                      Must respond to qualities of low traffic rather than traffic volume.
                      1.  Develop within designated community boundary to achieve walkable community where
                          people do not need to drive.
                      2.  Maintain core activity area to minimize the need to drive from one place to another within
                          town.
                      3.  Keep core development central but at the edge of the urban area so that it accepts traffic
                          from the surrounding area without the need to drive through town to arrive at the core area.
V    Walkable community
      Sidewalks and bike
      lanes extending to
      school
                      1.  Identify developable areas within walking distance from schools and central activity area.
                      2.  Plan roads within this developable area to provide multiple routes to all areas of town.
                      3.  Provide sidewalks, pathways, twittens, bike paths, and perhaps equestrian paths throughout
                          the community.
                      4.  Locate central activity zone.
                      5.  Enable development of new sites within town borders, and enable and encourage infill
                          development to increase density.
                      6.  Designate 'blue-line' as a physical limit to properties that will be served with utilities.	
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                          EPA/600/R-14/445
                          December 2014
ID
W
X
Y
Z
ID
A1
Desired Endpoints
as provided by
Community Input23
Clean air without
odors
Clean water
Vegetation - minimal
paved areas
Viewable stars
Desired Endpoints
as provided by
Community Input
Security
Low crime, safe
streets "where being
by yourself is still
safe"
Planning Responses
1 . Clean up all activities that generate odors.
2. Locate all odor generating facilities in areas downwind from populated areas.
"Water is the primary reason Stella was established where it is and it must remain central."
1 . Obtain land along Indian Creek in public ownership or natural easements.
2. Provide constructed wetlands between wastewater discharge and Indian Creek.
3 . Provide ponds to collect stormwater from town before it enters Indian Creek,
4. Provide dry ponds to collect stormwater surges allowing groundwater recharge and slow
discharge to Indian Creek.
5. Open up vistas into the creek bv clearing awav some trees and small brush.
6. Widen the stream so as to become a backdrop for the downtown and a water-feature for the
downtown area.
7. Create activity along the creek -pathways, fishing, swimming, picnic areas, play spaces.
golf course, equestrian trails.
8. Golf course should be designed, constructed, and maintained to be environmentally friendly
per http://www.audubonintl.org/prosrams/acss/solf.htm
9. Reclaim the natural springs as public spaces and restore trails to them so they can be
enjoyed bv everyone, create rest areas bv each spring with stones for sitting/lunching and
trash receptacles.
10. Provide vegetated buffers between all agricultural areas and streams so as to filter all
runoff before it gets to streams. See calculator ~ http://sreenvalues.cnt.ors/sreen-
infrastructure
a. Provide roof drains to rain gardens at all downspouts.
b. All driveways should be porous pavement.
c. Provide green roofs on new buildings whenever possible.
d. Provide urban ponds near roads to collect and filter runoff, and allow infiltrating
into the ground or be released slowly to streams.
1 1 . Limit the amount of fertilizers and organic material that is allowed to be placed on the
ground so that it does not migrate into the groundwater. Local soils are so permeable that
groundwater can be easily contaminated.
1 . All temporary and occasional parking areas should be planted with grass.
2. Parking lots are to be paved with turf-block or variety of pervious paving material.
3 . Roadside parking is normally to be grass without curbs.
4. Change lawns to native landscaping.
a. See calculator ~ http://sreenvalues.cnt.ors/sreen-infrastructure
1 . Limit number of streetlights (night lighting has not proved to be 'safer')
2. Reduce wattage of outdoor lighting to 40w maximum
3 . Turn off lighting after 9pm on week-nights
4. Lights needed for walking areas should be below waist level, directed at the ground, low
wattage fixtures.
5. Sign lighting must be shielded so it is on sign only and lighting does not extend off-site or
toward the sky.
Planning Responses
1. Provide fences and/or berms to keep play from extending into busier streets.
2. Provide neighborhood play spaces in areas where surrounding neighbors can visually
monitor them and away from streets.
3. Provide public areas where activities are concentrated so that people are likely to walking
through at unscheduled but regular intervals.
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ID    Desired Endpoints
      as provided by
      Community Input23
                      Planning Responses
                            6.
                            7.
                          Develop the community densely enough that neighbors meet each other, can recognize each
                          other, can discern when strangers are present, and can sense unusual activities.
                          Create a neighborhood security check program that trains people how to look for unsafe
                          conditions and insecure lighting and locking mechanisms.
                          Create a neighborhood watch program.
                          Create fire safety and prevention program to look for potential problems and to educate
                          citizens.
B1
Safe from stray dogs
1.   Enact leash law and appoint dog catcher, pay with revenue from fines.
2.   Educate people how to deal with dogs that are unsupervised, i.e., potential dangers and
    warning signals, actions that can be taken, how to get and maintain control.
3.   Provide dog-parks where people can allow pets to run free without losing control.
C1    Slow pace - What are
      the qualities of slow
      pace that are desired?
D1    Embracing people
      from outside
      Welcoming and
      involving them in
      community
      Accepting of
      traditions and cultures
      Embrace diversity
                      1.  Create a map of local parks, trails, playgrounds, community gathering places, employers,
                          public utilities, libraries, etc. and make available for neighbors to give to newcomers.
                      2.  Create a small address/phone directory of families who live in the community that a
                          neighbor can give to newcomers, then update the directory immediately with the name and
                          phone number of new residents.
                      3.  Provide common neighborhood backyard with shade in each block so that adjoining
                          neighbors can meet and enjoy UM football games on TV and/or coffee/tea. Perhaps each
                          week might have a different theme - one week specialty coffees, another ice-cream, another
                          cakes, another grandma's favorites, etc.
                      4.  Designate public "cookie-time" on Sunday afternoon (after 2:00) where anyone in town can
                          gather for conversation. (Might also provide a public television space to watch football or
                          baseball games.
                      5.  Establish an e-mail program whereby the message that a newcomer has arrived is sent to
                          everyone in town with encouragement to send a note to convey a personal welcome.
      Embracing people
      within the community
      Support for all types
      of families
          Single parent
          Multi-racial
                      1.  See above.
                      2.  Organize community events to have a theme to celebrate a community member's cultural
                          heritage, or single-moms day, or welcome home days, or days to welcome new births, or a
                          day to celebrate the life of members who have died, or to celebrate an acceptance to MU or
                          Harvard, or a going away event for someone who enlists in the military (or comes home).
                          Make certain there is a public space, or spaces, that meet the needs of these events.
                      3.  Identify spaces, e.g., the bam, where local events can occur or can be rented to people from
                          other towns. Snack/food  service can be a part of this facility to bring money into the
                          community.
                      4.  Establish a shareholder program whereby all citizens benefit as community develops. Shares
                          might be allocated based upon property ownership, but also length of time lived in the
                          community. Shares might also be granted based upon the sweat equity individuals put into
                          building the community.  The objective is to reward and encourage people to plant
                          themselves in the community and nurture its development. See http://aede.ag.ohio-
                          state.edu/programs/ComRegEcon/costsdev.htm
      Places high value on
      family
                      1.   Make certain that everyone in the community feels that they belong to an extended family.
                      2.   Create pavilions in the park(s) for neighborhood gatherings.
                      3.   Plan these spaces so they are picturesque and capable of being used as venues for weddings
                          and/or receptions.
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                                                                                        EPA/600/R-14/445
                                                                                        December 2014
ID    Desired Endpoints
      as provided by
      Community Input23
                      Planning Responses
      Flag flying
                       1.  Locate focal points in the community where flags can be flown in a manner that gives them
                          visual importance.
H1    Embrace change
      Utilize change as a
      resource
                       1.  Tables and benches in town, and local cafe, on public doors should be inscribed with a
                          question.. ."How can this community change for the better?"
                              a.  This note can also be printed on library cards, book marks, painted across roads at
                                  crosswalks, etc.
                              b.  Postcards with this message and space for people to write answers can be made
                                  available at post office, schools, churches, so people can complete and drop in mail
                                  to city hall.
                              c.  Comments can be acted on by the town council and/or published in the local
                                  newspaper.
                       2.  A photo can be placed in local newspaper showing before-after shots of observable changes
                          in the town.
      Services

      proximate/accessible
      - within walking
      distance
                       1.  Concentrate all businesses and services in one easily accessible and aesthetically pleasing
                          location.
                       2.  Develop the town within strict geographic boundaries with walking surfaces throughout.
                       3.  Develop economical and efficient infrastructure layout and designate blue-line for physical
                          limit of provided services.	
K1
Health
1.   The threshold population in Newton County to support a physicians office is 2770, a dental
    office is 4386. Because the threshold population does not exist, a different concept of
    'health care' should be defined.
        a.   Medical and Dental Assistants that can offer most services and referrals to doctors
            in bigger towns or at scheduled times might enable services to be provided with
            lower threshold populations.
        b.   Perhaps a retired doctor can help out one day per week or afternoons?
        c.   It is possible to have a dentist come to town once per week or to collect
            reservations for specific geographical areas and arrive at a geographic area to serve
            several in the community on one day or afternoon.
        d.   This could be a mobile dental lab.
        e.   There could be a central medical facility that might be shared by numerous
            doctors/dentists on a rotating basis.
        f.   One of the churches can set aside and maintain a room for medical appointments
            with a doctor once per week until more is needed. Perhaps it can be staffed by a
            retired nurse or doctor until demand builds.
        g.   A nurse can be hired for the  school... this nurse can double as emergency health
            care person for the community until the town is able to support another person or
            doctor.
2.   Maintain healthy community around body, mind, and spirit.
        a.   Clean environment, clean water, clean air
        b.   Risk free - no pollution
        c.   Safe streets
        d.   Safe play areas
        e.   Stress-free environment
        f.   Develop numerous scheduled and unscheduled community exercise programs to
            keep citizens fit.
        g.   Develop educational programs to maintain fit minds.
        h.   Develop church programs.
        i.   Develop spaces that add beauty.
        j.   Develop space for contemplation.
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                                                                                        EPA/600/R-14/445
                                                                                        December 2014
ID    Desired Endpoints
      as provided by
      Community Input23
Planning Responses
                                     k.   Add art to the environment to challenge people to think.
                                     1.   Shift to locally produced organic foods that are less processed is likely to be
                                         healthier for citizens of Stella.
                             3.   Enable citizens to be health providers
                                     a.   First-aid training and emergency health care.
                                     b.   Train people how to care for an elderly parent, spouse, neighbor.
      Day-care for toddlers
1.   The threshold population for child care in Newton County is 5264. A different concept of
    day-care will need to be developed based upon volunteers or public support.
2.   A public facility should be established for child care. It should be located within the central
    commons area. Nearby should be a medical assistant or nurse.
M1   | Public Facilities

      proximate/accessible
      - within walking
      distance
Numerous responses have addressed this, but there should also be:
1.   Public restrooms that are well-maintained.
2.   Bed & Breakfast or motel to enable people to stay in town.
3.   Camping grounds
4.   Place for bonfire
5.   Parade route along with assembly area.
6.   Place for fireworks
7.   Emergency shelter
N1    Schools - good
      enough for people to
      come here
                             4.
                             6.
    The community should strive to offer the best education available in the county. Parents
    concerned about their child's education will make a concerted effort to be where education
    is very good.
    Parents can volunteer in schools to help in classrooms, coach teams, unlock and monitor
    school property for community events and evenings/weekend use of the school for sports
    programs.
    Community should be actively involved with the school district when projecting future
    school needs and find ways to meet those needs and to attract school expansion to the
    community.
    Compile contiguous property adjacent to existing school site  and allocate for school
    development. This is to enable the school district to develop its facilities so as to educate
    students with skills they will need to compete in the global marketplace.
    Quality housing should be made available to teachers and efforts should be made to involve
    them in community activities or events.
    Adult education should be added to school programs, e.g., computer classes, money
    management, investing, art, music, reading, writing.
       Churches
1.   People are the community's greatest resource and nowhere will they be stronger than in
    local churches. Each church should keep timely records on who is in the community, what
    are their special needs, what are their interests, and ask for their involvement in community.
    In addition to religious study, there should be many groups in each church that have specific
    agendas designed to build community. Outreach and service are what church is about - they
    need to be practiced in every way possible in keeping with church doctrine.
2.   Child care can be a part of the church.
3.   Medical can be part of the church. Because the minister is often called in crisis situations,
    perhaps a second person in the church should be called to function as driver to take someone
    to a hospital.
4.   In keeping with religious teachings, churches need to learn how to work together to build
    community.
5.   Churches should be a repository for knowing how the least of the community is doing and
    to make efforts to help people so they can help themselves and pass that help along to
    others.
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                                                                                        EPA/600/R-14/445
                                                                                        December 2014
ID    Desired Endpoints
      as provided by
      Community Input23
                      Planning Responses
Q1
Historical society
                            4.
    The historical society should collect and organize information that illustrates the
    community's cultural and natural heritage.
        a.   There is a distinct architectural heritage that the society can identify and illustrate
            to the community.
        b.   Likewise Stella has a strong educational heritage, medical heritage, agricultural
            heritage, and commercial heritage.
        c.   It also has an American Indian heritage that should be expanded.
    Because people are the most important resource of this community, the society should have
    a rich oral history and means to access it.
    The town of Stella should also be able to place its heritage within regional, state, and
    national cultural heritage.
    Perhaps most of all, the historical society should be the keel for the community pointing
    toward its future and be involved in that future. Its unique perspective can show the
    community where it has been, where it is going, and urge advance toward the kind of
    civilization we should become.
    It should be symbolized in the everyday life of the community - directly on the town square
    where people have access to its many facets on a daily basis.	
R     Human resources
       Senior citizens
           Dancing
           Meals
      Kids
      Volunteer labor
       FFA
                      1.   Because people are the community's greatest resource, none of it can be lost or neglected.
                      2.   Develop the human resource as much as possible.
                              a.   Provide the best education system and make it available to everyone.
                              b.   Develop arts/humanities, liberal education programs.
                              c.   Create informed citizens.
                                       i.  Establish community discussion groups that address current issues and
                                          bring in experts to speak on these issues.
                                      ii.  Create a direct democracy whenever possible and practicable and enable
                                          informed citizens to participate.
                      3.   Senior citizens can bring a wealth of knowledge and  experience to the community and
                          should be invited to do so. It should be  made clear that the community needs them and
                          wants their input.
                      4.   Social activity is important to every age group and whatever persons talents are, they should
                          be cultivated and used.
                      5.   Masonic and other lodges can be asked to do projects that they are always seeking to do.
                      6.   Boy scouts, girl scouts, band groups, choirs, 4H, FFA,  riding clubs, etc. can be asked to take
                          on whatever projects they can handle to build community.
      Recreational
                      Stella should be a fun place to live and work. This will require:
                      1.   Interaction with people so as to share ideas.
                              a.   Establish outdoor Friday night art movies projected on a blank wall of a local
                                  building in the town center
                      2.   An influx of and openness to new ideas.
                              a.   Welcoming people from diverse backgrounds into the community.
                              b.   Provide a 'speakers corner', tree stumps for speakers to stand on (the history of
                                  political 'stump speeches'), or a meeting tree (as is traditional in Africa).
                      3.   Opportunities to relate to people in a variety of ways.
                      4.   Variety of activities at hand.
                      5.   Resources to learn.
T1
Area for play
1.   Children and youth should be central to community activity.
        a.   A skateboard park that evolves with the sport should be included in the heart of the
            community commons.
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                                                                                        EPA/600/R-14/445
                                                                                        December 2014
ID    Desired Endpoints
      as provided by
      Community Input23
                       Planning Responses
                             4.
                               b.   Youth should get the impression that they are important to the community  -not
                                   shoved to the community edge where they can be out of the way and leave the rest
                                   of the community in quiet, but directly involved in the middle of it. This
                                   involvement also gives more life to the community center, but it also provides
                                   youth with the opportunity to support local businesses and provides the business
                                   support they need and want.
                               c.   Sport facilities should be provided by the school, but these facilities should also be
                                   supported by the community and be brought into the active life of the community.
                          Neighborhood play spaces common to entire blocks should be typical.
                          Facilities that support musical and theatrical performance should also be provided as well
                          as display space for visual arts.
                          Maintain shaded area at widened portion of Indian Creek for ice skating.
U1
 Dancing
1.   The senior center has dances on a regular basis and this should be encouraged.
2.   A local barn where dances were once held should be refurbished and made available to
    local and regional events.
3.   Dance for children and youth should also be provided on a regular basis.
V1
 Infrastructures
W1    Water
          Clarity, purity,
      volume protected
          Springs protected
                       1.  Riparian corridors at least 200meters wide should be protected at all streams and drainage
                          troughs.
                       2.  Drainage from all paved areas should be slowed to prevent erosion, and filtered by natural
                          vegetated area or catchment basin that allows sedimentation and containment of pollutants
                          before water is allowed to enter steams.
                       3.  The first line of defending water quality is to slaw and clean water on-site, and then utilize
                          areas below parkins lots, plazas, or fields to use as infiltration beds.
                       4.  Headlands above natural springs should be protected with sufficient natural vegetation to
                          maintain their flow.
                       5.  Where springs have been buried, they should be recovered so that flow resumes.
                       6.  Natural wetlands (if they exist in this area) should be restored, and/or constructed wetlands
                          can be used to process surface water.
                       7.  Develop a program for saving water.
                       8.  Change landscaping to native plant species that are adapted to local climate and do not need
                          supplementary water.	
X1
      sewer
                           All septic systems should be disconnected and connections made to the sanitary sewer
                           system. A new system was recently installed in Stella. This system should be maintained to
                           meet demands. Local soils are too porous to protect ground-water from individual septic
                           systems. The alternative is to create individual compost systems to handle household
                           sewerage.
                           Storm water should not be directed to the sanitary sewer, but should be directed toward
                           natural landscape filtration areas, and/or constructed wetlands.
Y1
Electric energy
(reliable)
Sustainability in the energy field is approached at two levels, the first being energy conservation
and efficiency, the second being the use of clean, and renewable energy sources.
     See http://www.mvflorida.com/fdi/edesign/news/9607/thesis/energv.htm
Principle 1: Minimize the need for energy
     Mixed-use planning to reduce the need for automobiles
     Compact community to reduce distribution costs and energy losses.
     Passive heating and cooling to reduce the need for mechanical systems.
Principle 2: Energy efficiency
     Energy efficient air conditioners and furnaces combined with passive heating and cooling
        Orient buildings to take advantage of solar sain in winter
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                          EPA/600/R-14/445
                          December 2014
ID

Z1
ID
A2
B2
C2
D2
Desired Endpoints
as provided by
Community Input23

Telephone, internet,
television
Desired Endpoints
as provided by
Community Input
Trash collection,
waste management
Local businesses
proximate/accessible
- within walking
distance
Retail
General store
(w/needle and thread)
Planning Responses
Use of landscaping to block summer sun, screen winter winds.
Thermal windows can be added to existing buildings.
Automatic sensors and controls
New construction should always be thermal efficient and heavily insulated for Winter
and Summer.
New construction can be designed using principles of 'green' design.
Principle 3 : Coordinate energy-efficiency with renewables. A community power cooperative or
not-for-profit might be organized to develop wind generation for Stella and surrounding
communities.
A bioreactor might be developed using waste refuge from the region to collect and use methane
gas to generate electricity.
Because energy represents a cost to the community thus taking money out of the community, it
is necessary to take steps to change energy strategy to keep money resources in the community.
Energy savings should be central to these efforts. Because it is cheaper for the energy utility
company to save energy than to generate more, these companies often have programs to help
pay for adding insulation to existing buildings.
These are currently provided by local company which is sustainable as long as they remain
competitive and provide services as required by consumers. High-speed internet provides
opportunities for many small businesses that serve state and national consumers.
Planning Responses
1 . The amount of trash should be reduced by buying local produce and food stuff that does not
require packaging.
2. Recycling program should be enacted for all waste materials and building materials.
3. The community should compost as much as possible. Community compost program should
be initiated to compost all organic matter and purchase it for gardens.
http://www.dnr.mo.gov/env/swmp/composting/compostl.htm
4. The generated soil should be used for gardens, lawns.
5. Repair services can be located in Stella to serve local and national needs for numerous
products so replacements are not required.
6. http://www.communities.gov.uk/index.asp?id=l 143834
7. http://www.sustainable.org/governing/waste.html
8. http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/osw/cdoswpub.htm
9 . http : //www . dnr . mo . gov/env/hwp/index. html
1 0 . http : //www .dnr. mo . gov/env/s wmp/index. html
1. Citizens should join together to list the kinds of services they would normally acquire on an
annual basis, and then contract with someone within the community to provide these
services.
2. A booklet or pamphlet should be compiled and distributed to encourage local people to
support these providers.
Businesses should be developed with the intent of keeping as many services and resources in the
community.
A threshold population of 4785 in Newton County is required to support a general merchandise
store. However, the concept of this kind of store might be highly variable and require different
threshold populations.
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                                                                                        EPA/600/R-14/445
                                                                                        December 2014
ID    Desired Endpoints
      as provided by
      Community Input23
Planning Responses
                             4.
    A new concept of meeting consumer needs should also be developed. Perhaps something
    like a Sears order desk can be established so that orders can be taken, transmitted to a
    central warehouse, and delivered the same day.
    An internet kiosk can be located in the core area to allow people to seek and order products.
    The current method of clothes manufacturing half way around the world, shipping them in
    bulk to markets with the hope that consumers will like them is wasteful.  The book "The
    Third Wave" by Toffler proposed a new clothing provider that relies upon computer
    scanning of an individual's body form, then showing on a screen what you would look like
    in any clothing you selected, and then after selection was finalized a 'one-off product
    would be made for the individual. No resources would be wasted and the clothing would
    exactly fit personal requirements. The technology to do this has not yet been developed, but
    this direction should be accommodated. And, this is the kind of technology that a business
    in Stella might try to develop.
    Local seamstresses can provide dresses, shirts, etc. thereby keeping resources within the
    community and creating local jobs.
    The ideal place for this facility would be the historic Lentz-Carter General Merchandise
    building. Historic preservation funding should be sought to rebuild the building and lease
    space for a general store and probably other services until the store expands to meet
    expanding community needs.
                             6.
      Gasoline station
    The community should contract with a gasoline provider to set up a local station that is
    entirely self-service. It happens regularly at airports for private airplanes. If it can happen
    there, it can happen anywhere. Payment can either be by credit cards or personal pre-paid
    accounts (similar to phone cards). When there are enough customers with additional service
    needs, a business can be added to provide those services.
    Creating a walkable community with most of the institutions, goods, and services people
    want and/or need, will limit the amount of driving people need to do, thereby saving
    gasoline and the  amount of money to pay for it which leaves the community.
      Grocery store (small,
      full service)
When the concept of 'grocery store' is reduced to what it does, i.e., it provides food for
household preparation, it is easier to determine alternative ways that food can be provided that
can also keep resources within the area and increase the amount of jobs that are provided within
the area.
1.   Citizens should determine what their food needs will be for the coming year and contract
    with local farmers to provide these resources. Not only will the food be better than
    processed foods from a grocery store, less resources will be required to provide the food,
    more control is possible over quality, more local jobs will be created, and more money will
    be available in the community to support other businesses.
2.   Local ranchers can be contracted to provide grass-fed beef with the same synergistic
    outcomes as above.
3.   A farmers market should be a regular feature within the town commons, and if the
    population of Stella reaches the threshold to  support a grocery store, this farmers market
    should still exist as an adjunct to the store.
4.   Local farmers should organize along the format of the Community Farm Alliance
    http://www.communitvfarmalliance.org/ or similar organizations, e.g., Angelic Organics
    http://www.AngelicOrganics.com to recreate themselves to be on the leading edge of
    providing for local consumers.
      Restaurant/cafe
      Coffee, cappuccino,
      hang-out for kids
1.   There should be a core activity area in town within which all activity takes place. This
    would provide the exposure to the most number of people for a cafe and provide
    opportunities for people to meet and give them a place to have discussions and learn of local
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                                                                                        EPA/600/R-14/445
                                                                                        December 2014
ID    Desired Endpoints
      as provided by
      Community Input23
                       Planning Responses
                                 problems, issues, and needs. Every institution, store, business, service, etc. should connect
                                 to this core.
                                 Consideration should be given to recreating a building in the character and location of the
                                 old mill, and leasing to a good restaurant at attractive rates for a start-up period. This would
                                 not only provide a needed service to the area, but would also create local jobs.
H2
 Laundromat
1.   A Laundromat can be added anywhere there is enough space, but it should be located within
    the activity core area so that it adds to potential chance meetings and networking, and give
    people the opportunity to visit the cafe while waiting, or to conduct other business in the
    core area. Perhaps this facility could be in a rebuilt Lentz & Carter GM building.
J2    Institutions
      proximate/accessible
      - within walking
      distance
                       1.   Locate within community core/commons area.
                       2.   Plan community to be walkable.
                       3.   Provide parking for agricultural community to be able to use, but make certain walking
                           routes cross to facilitate chance meetings and inclusion of rural and townspeople in a single
                           community.
K2    School must be vital
      part of the community
      School-community
      should be integral to
      each other
                       1.   The school should be encouraged to expand classes in the core part of town.
                       2.   The property owned by the Masonic Lodge should be designated as school expansion space.
                       3.   Baseball and football facilities should be adjacent to the school, but weighted toward the
                           community core/commons area to share parking and attract people from sporting event to
                           the core and to include community in sports events.
      Library/learning
      center (also
      genealogical
      research)
                       1.   The commons area should contain a library.
                       1.   This could also be integrated with the historical society to help with genealogical research.
                       3.   It must have computer access and these resources should double for school, library, and
                           adult education.
M2   city council-local,
      approachable, know
      problems	
N2
Regulations
1.   Enact regulations and codes that guide development in the direction of the plan.
2.   Provide developer incentives that encourage development in the direction of the plan.
      Police presence and
      enforcement
                       1.   Concentrate on building a community that has little need for enforcement.
                               a.   Institutions serve needs of all citizens.
                               b.   Opportunities exist for all citizens.
                               c.   Equity is community policy.
                               d.   Community board and referees settle grievances.
                               e.   Incentives are in place to assure everyone wants the outcomes that the community
                                   desires.
Q2    Provide new town
      hall
                       1.   Program new town hall to meet community needs and expandable to meet future needs.
                       2.   Provide public meeting hall, mayor's office, volunteer offices.
                       3.   Add public records to internet. Provide large-scale community map showing locations of all
                           facilities, and names of all community families.
                       4.   Possibly combine public spaces to achieve efficient spaces and resource uses.	
R2
Opportunities
    Because PEOPLE are the greatest resource this community has, this resource should be used
    as efficiently and effectively as possible.
    Make efforts to create and expand businesses that utilize human talents to serve people
    across the widest area. This brings more money to the local community, provides more local
    jobs, and provides a wider base to sustain local businesses, services, and institutions.
    Education should provide programs that help to develop people to excel in jobs/trades of the
    future.
        a.  Because there will be more retirees and older people who will be looking for an
            economic place to  live, new jobs can be created in Stella to serve these people.
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                          EPA/600/R-14/445
                          December 2014
ID

S2
T2
U2
V2
w2
X2
Y2
z2
ID
A3
B3
C3
Desired Endpoints
as provided by
Community Input23

Social activities
Networking
Chance meetings
Know your neighbors
Church family
Community
fellowship
To show off and
appreciate good local
cooks
Scout
meetings/activities
Desired Endpoints
as provided by
Community Input
Population
Work/jobs - ability to
support family
Economic expansion
Planning Responses
b. Because many in the workforce will be older workers, education must include
opportunities to re-create these people so they are productive.
4. Services will provide the most jobs in the coming years and Stella is already capable of
entering this arena.
5. New business should try to serve those businesses that cannot be outsourced or moved.
a. Organic farming
b. Local construction
c. Marketing
d. Local services and institutions
6. Community services
7. Medical and dental care
8. Because these services must be provided with a lower than threshold population, first lines
of defense should be established based upon assistants rather than doctors. Assistants can
diagnose problems and address many medical problems that might not need a doctor, or
refer patients to a doctor if/when they do need one.

1 . It is essential that chance meetings occur and spaces exist to talk about current issues.
problems, needs, opportunities, events, etc.
2. Provide a message tree near the cafe so that people can post personal notes to friends to
facilitate connections.
3 . Provide kiosk in the town square so that people can advertise local events and personal
items for sale/trade.
1 . Concentrate activities in one area of town to increase the chance of meeting.
2. Encourage chance meetings to continue and develop by:
a. Providing respite from the hot summer sun.
b. Providing warmth in winter. Perhaps a small open pit fire can be kept.
c. Provide benches for sitting
d. Provide cafe/coffee house/soda fountain.


1. Events should be planned to invite people to come together.
2. Times should be set-aside for drop-in events.
3 . Weekly coffee-klatches with changing themes.
4. Sunday afternoon non-driving times.
1. Perhaps a local restaurant could adopt an 'honored cook' day when one of the local cook's
favorite dinner and desert recipes are selected and served.
a. The honored cook can supervise the kitchen preparations if she/he desires.
1 . Locate scout meeting facilities in the core area.
2. Encourage scouts to create and run public events.
3 . Reward scouts for maintaining parking lots, maintaining clean community, and they are
asked to take on projects that build community.
Planning Responses
Population is an instrument for adding to the overall quality of community life.
Whenever a service is desired in the community, the first question should be. . . How can this
service be provided internally rather than seeking it elsewhere?.
See "Opportunities" - Q2
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                                                                                        EPA/600/R-14/445
                                                                                        December 2014
ID    Desired Endpoints
      as provided by
      Community Input23
      Family and social ties
                             Planning Responses
D3
      Affordable housing
      Teachers, prospective
      employees
                             1.   Development should be planned so as to utilize existing infrastructures as much as possible
                                 so development costs are lower and the costs to the town for expanding public services is
                                 minimized.
                             2.   Infill development should be encouraged to a density of approximately 12 dwelling units per
                                 acre.
                             3.   Commercial development areas in the core commons area should include housing in upper
                                 stores so as to provide more life to the central area.
                             4.   Any unused or sub-standard housing should be refurbished and placed on the rental or real
                                 estate market.
                             5.   Development lots should be designated and options should be given to incoming teachers to
                                 "build-to-suit"  so they can sign a letter of intent that can be taken to the bank for financing.
                                 Prefab options  can be given to speed construction time.  These packages  should be provided
                                 by the school district when they are trying to attract teachers to the area. Perhaps the school
                                 district can provide incentive packages to help with down-payments if the teacher agrees to
                                 stay for a specified number of years.
      Housing types.  Mix
      of housing
      availability
                                Mixed use development should be within and closest to the town core area to included
                                residential with commercial.
                                Multi-family housing should be developed to be close to the town's core area to add more
                                life to the core area and to facilitate the most people to take advantage of enjoying open
                                space and view corridors into the Indian Creek area.
                                Single family residential areas should be located in the existing residential areas, but infill
                                development should add more single-family units so that housing densities are increased.
      Business
                             Make decisions to keep money in the community for as long as possible - so that it does some
                             good while it is in town.
                             1.   Provide open market-place of ideas.
                             2.   Encourage development of local businesses to meet local needs.
                             3.   Identify and list all services normally contracted with outside businesses and contract with a
                                 local individual or business to provide.
H3
      Recreation
Recreation opportunities should be planned to meet citizen needs and to draw people to the
community to play and spend money in the community. This will not only provide local
activities, but will improve the local economy and provide jobs.
1.   A golf course could be built in the flood-plain where other kinds of development should not
    be.
2.   A golf clubhouse at the community core area could serve golf functions and double as
    community spaces, e.g.,  restaurant, meeting spaces, receptions, weddings, and parties.
      Areas to fish
                             1.   Restore health of Indian Creek.
                             2.   Place 'dams' of large stones across Indian Creek to retain minimum water depths to stream
                                 and provide aeration to flowing water.
                             3.   Stock Indian Creek with native fishes.
                             4.   Develop fish spawning areas needed for native fishes so that their populations expand
                                 naturally.
                             5.   Provide parking spaces for people who fish at the town commons - so they must begin and
                                 end there.
                             6.   Encourage 'fish lies' to be told at the local cafe with prizes to the biggest 'whopper'.
                             7.   Provide a section at the hardware store to buy artificial flies, lures, bait, gear.
                             8.   Advertise fishing in Indian Creek to draw visitors from wide area.
                                                        54

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                          EPA/600/R-14/445
                          December 2014
ID

K3
L3
M3
N3
P3
Q3
Desired Endpoints
as provided by
Community Input23

Nature viewing
Eagles
Walk in the woods
Swimming hole in
Indian Creek
Kid's play spaces
Public park
Skateboard park
Movies
Biking/ biking trails
4-wheelers and go-
carts
Basketball court
Tennis courts
Walking trails
Baseball field, Little-
league, school,
softball
Dance 6^-8* grades
9th.12th gj.ades
Planning Responses
9. Camping areas should be designated and equipped along Indian Creek for people who fish.
This could be done in a manner that emulates campgrounds of American Indians of the area
and in historic locations (after archeologists have researched to assure that their use would
not cause history to be lost).
10. Re-locate and refurbish vacant cabins behind L&C GM building for people who fish to
spend the night in town.
11. A local business could be established to provide fish cleaning, freezing, smoking facilities.
12. Local cafe can encourage fishermen to bring caught fish to be prepared for their dinner.
13. Stabilize stream banks with rootwad revetments. See:
http://www.stormwatercenter.net/ Assorted%20Fact%20Sheets/Restoration'bank_protection.
htm
14. Stabilize stream banks with imbricated rip-rap.
1 5 . Stabilize stream banks with boulder revetments.
16. Add lunker structures below base flow.
17. Stabilize severely eroded and threatened stream banks with A-jacks.
1 . Be alert for favorite eagle perches, and then build blinds in areas where people can get close
without being seen.
2. Develop trails/paths system to encourage people to eniov nature.
3 . Consult with MDC an FWS for ways to encourage the return of native wildlife species.
4. Allow some dead trees to stand to provide perches for Eagles.
1 . Create maps of local trail systems and provide rest areas in interesting and attractive spots.
2. Include natural stones or fallen logs to sit on.
3. Trails can double as cross-country ski trails, jogging trails, and bike trails.
1. Provide an area deep enough to jump in and wide enough to swim.
2. Make certain water is always flowing through the area.
1 . Construct mountain-biking course across hilly terrain.
2. Construct 4-wheeler trails awav from populated areas.
3 . Provide skate-board park that is adaptable to evolve with the sport.
a. Locate so kids can demonstrate their skills and where adults and other youth can
enjoy their fetes.
4. Basketball court should be part of the school or a co-school/communitv facility.
5. Disk / 'Birdieball ' golf
6. Public parking lots can double as baskeball or tennis courts, or they can become overflow
parking lots for local events.
7. Historic walking trails can be mapped and distributed to enable walking tours of the area.
8. Nature trails should be developed.
9. Indian trails should be researched, re-established, mapped and promoted.
1. Build baseball diamond.
2. It should be planned so as to allow the school to expand.
3 . It should be planned so that balls are not hit into streets.
4. It should be planned to meet baseball and softball regulations so that it can be a venue for
area-wide and local tournaments.
5. Little-league baseball should be formed.
6. Adult softball league should be formed and games played in town regularly during the
season.
School sponsors two dances per year.
1 . Barn should become a venue for community dances. Dances for youth should be held on a
regular basis.
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                                                                                        EPA/600/R-14/445
                                                                                        December 2014
ID    Desired Endpoints
      as provided by
      Community Input23
                      Planning Responses
                             2.   Dance lessons can be held for elementary school students so they know how to dance when
                                 they reach these grades.
R3    Parks, Community
      gatherings
                       Stella's parkland has been surveyed and is ready for development. Combined with other Stella
                       town property, this site can become a central place for community gathering.
                       1.  Parking for park activities should be kept on the streets to maintain adequate activity space.
                       2.  Maintain sufficient open space for community gathering.
                       3.  Plant trees for shade
                       4.  Picnic shelters should flood-proof or not constructed.
                       5.  Provide pedestrian access between park and baseball fields under Ozark Street.
                       6.  Provide pedestrian bridge from commercial center to park.
      Outdoor music venue
                       1.  Provide venue for public performances at town center and park setting to increase volume of
                          activity.
                       2.  Provide space for buskers to perform.
                       3.  Plan fiddle concerts.
                       4.  Provide reflecting surfaces behind/above performance areas to project sound toward
                          audience.
                       5.  Provide lawn for people to sit.
                       6.  Provide electricity for amplification.
                       7.  Make performance area large enough for a small school orchestra or a stage for a school
                          play/skit.
                       8.  Use venue for public meetings and for distributing awards to citizens for building
                          community.
ID    Desired Endpoints
      as provided by
      Stella's Youths
                      Planning Responses
Ya
Community feel
1.   Develop community to be as compact as possible.
2.   Develop within urban boundary.
3.   Organize activities, institutions, services, and businesses in a core area to increase the
    opportunities for chance interactions.
4.   Organize community events.
5.   Develop one central parking area to serve most activities and businesses.	
Yb
Clean town
1.   Repaint bridge
2.   Clean yards
3.   Restore historic buildings
4.   Provide youth assistance to elderly - errands, chores.
Yc
Local amenities
1.   Camping nearby
2.   Provide better access to Indian Creek
3.   Provide deeper creek for swimming
4.   Access to lake
5.   Sidewalks
6.   Historic buildings
7.   Provide bike shop
8.   Fountain, water attraction, pool
9.   Rain shelter
Yd
Safe environment
1.   Provide more visual access to Indian Creek with less hidden spaces to encourage hiking.
2.   Provide more eyes along Indian Creek to make it more secure.
3.   Provide supervision at swimming.
4.   Provide supervised play spaces out of public view.
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                                                                                       EPA/600/R-14/445
                                                                                       December 2014
ID    Desired Endpoints
      as provided by
      Community Input23
                      Planning Responses
Ye
School-Town
connection
1.   Coordinate town and school events
2.   Expand school to create better classrooms and more space in corridors.
3.   Provide local library with multi-purpose room
4.   Develop JAG program in school to connect students with local job opportunities.
5.   Add more sports to school
6.   Expand arts programs
7.   Better band instruments
        a.   Provide a. public space for the school band and choirs to perform and to encourage
            development of musical arts.
Yf
Youth activities
    Create activity options in the community for all age groups.
        a.   Pool hall
        b.   Ice cream parlor/soda fountain/coffee shop
        c.   Meeting space
        d.   Outdoor bike trails
        e.   Rock-climbing wall
        f.   Skateboard park
        g.   Disk / 'Birdieball' golf
        h.   Snowmobile trails
        i.   Swimming pool (indoor-outdoor)
        j.   Video arcade
        k.   Movie theater
        I.   Shooting range for guns, rifles (archery?)
        m.  Eagle/nature watching
    Provide a central place/destination for youth to 'hang-out' with access to snacks/drinks.
    Provide a 'unique' community sponsored event.
        a.   Extreme sporting events, e.g., tractor pulls, big truck events, mud races
        b.   Examples - farmer's golf, whiffle-ball golf tournament, Frisbee golf, burro race,
            office-chair jousting, kayak jousting,  creek snorkeling, Indian Creek Regatta toy
            boat races (motor, sail), toy car formula races,
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                          EPA/600/R-14/445
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58

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                                                                                                    EPA/600/R-14/445
                                                                                                    December 2014
Appendix D
30 "Building Community" Projects for Stella
21 May 2007
 Building Community PROJECT 9 - Enable School Development
Building Community PROJECT 10 - Housing - In Progress
                                           1. Identify current
                                             property owners

                                           2. Apply for grants to
                                             obtain local properties

                                           3. Designate as properly
                                             for use of School
                                             District

                                           4. Work with Highway
                                             Dept to create traffic
                                             circle and new entry
                                             to Triway School.
                                        1.  Infill existing platted lots
                                           up to 12 dwelling units pet
                                           acre.

                                        2.  Include housing in
                                           commercial areas ("mixed
                                           use development")

                                        3.  Upgrade existing housing
                                           using grants whenever
                                           possible.

                                        4.  Contact School District to
                                           determine teacher tiousini
                                           needs. Obtain letters of
                                           intent from teachers or SD

                                        5.  Obtain financing-build.
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                                                                                                              EPA/600/R-14/445
                                                                                                              December 2014
Building Community PROJECT 13 - Baseball - Football/Soccer
Building Community PROJECT 14 -Outdoor Theater
                                              1.  Obtain permission
                                                 from property owners.

                                              2.  Apply  for grants

                                              3.  Ask for local support
                                                 and materials.

                                              4.  Grade, plant stripe,
                                                 maintain.

                                              5.  Organize little, junior,
                                                 'pony', and adult
                                                 leagues.

                                              6.  Pfayball!

                                              1.  Obtain permission
                                                 from property owners.

                                              2.  Apply for grants.

                                              3.  Ask for local support
                                                 and materials.

                                              4  Grade on slope, seed

                                              5.  Mow & maintain

                                              6.  Install electrical

                                              7.  Build stage

                                              8.  Plan concerts, plays,
                                                 lectures, public
                                                 meetings, movies, etc.
Building Community PROJECT 15 - Professional & Medical Building(s) - In Progress

                                              1.  Identify and apply for
                                                 grants.

                                              2.  Identify possible
                                                 tenants.

                                              3.  Design in keeping
                                                 witli local architectural
                                                 heritage.

                                              4.  Raise funds,
                                                 materials, and labor.

                                              5.  Negotiate contract.
Building Community PROJECT 16 - Lentz & Carter Building - In Progress
                                              1  Apply for Hislonc
                                                 Landmark"
                                                 designation.

                                              2.  Search for grants for
                                                 historic buildings.

                                              3.  Search for tenant(s)

                                              4.  Design with fueling
                                                 island at south side.

                                              5.  Create  new
                                                 construction drawings
                                                 to rebuild.

                                              6.  Remove building next
                                                 door and design
                                                 addition to north side
                                                 of L &C.
                                                                      60

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                          EPA/600/R-14/445
                          December 2014
61

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                                                                                                              EPA/600/R-14/445
                                                                                                              December 2014
Building Community PROJECT 25 - Emerald Necklace Park
                                              1.  Identify current
                                                 property owners
                                              2.  Apply for parks grants
                                              3.  Designate property as
                                                 local parkland
                                              4.  Develop and maintain
                                              5.  Install 'baskets' for
                                                 disk golf and'birdie
                                                 ball1 golf.
                                              6.  Organize tournaments
                                                 in each sport.
Building Community PROJECT 26 - Community Recreation CentertEmergency Shelter
                                              1.  Identify grants
                                                 programs.
                                              2.  Apply for community
                                                 development grants.

                                           |  3.  Develop funding
                ^k.^^hT> "^^^^^^^H     program.

                                              4.  Raise tunds
                                           |  5.  Build recreation
                                                 facility.
Building Community PROJECT 27 - Town Hall/Library
Building Community PROJECT 28 - 'Mill' Restaurant
                                              1.  Identify and apply for
                                                 grants.
                                              2.  Design in keeping
                                                 with local architectural
                                                 heritage.
                                              3.  Raise funds,
                                                 materials, and labor.
                                              4.  Negotiate contract.
                                              5.  Collect books,
                                                 magazines, music,
                                                 films.
                                              6.  Begin reading groups
                                              7.  Begin story time for
                                                 children.
                                              8.  Collect oral histories.

                                              1.  Inquire aboul land
                                                 ownership.
                                              2.  Preliminary design for
                                                 building in keeping
                                                 with Stella's
                                                 architecture heritage.
                                              3.  Search for restaurant
                                                 operator.

                                              4.  Sign contract with
                                                 operator.
                                              5  Complete design of
                                                 building.
                                              6.  Maintain quality of
                                                 building, food, and
                                                                      62

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