State and Local
Climate and Energy Program
LOCAL GOVERNMENT CLIMATE AND ENERGY STRATEGY SERIES
Energy- Efficient
Product Procurement
A Guide to Developing and Implementing
Greenhouse Gas Reduction Programs
<9Zf^K^^SS
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
2011
-------
EPA's Local Government Climate and Energy
Strategy Series
The Local Government Climate and Energy Strategy Series provides a comprehensive, straightforward overview of green-
house gas (GHG) emissions reduction strategies for local governments. Topics include energy efficiency, transportation,
community planning and design, solid waste and materials management, and renewable energy. City, county, territorial,
tribal, and regional government staff, and elected officials can use these guides to plan, implement, and evaluate their
climate change mitigation and energy projects.
Each guide provides an overview of project benefits, policy mechanisms, investments, key stakeholders, and other imple-
mentation considerations. Examples and case studies highlighting achievable results from programs implemented in
communities across the United States are incorporated throughout the guides.
While each guide stands on its own, the entire series contains many interrelated strategies that can be combined to create
comprehensive, cost-effective programs that generate multiple benefits. For example, efforts to improve energy efficiency
can be combined with transportation and community planning programs to reduce GHG emissions, decrease energy and
transportation costs, improve air quality and public health, and enhance quality of life.
LOCAL GOVERNMENT CLIMATE AND ENERGY STRATEGY SERIES
All documents are available at: www.epa.gov/statelocalclimate/resources/strategy-guides.html.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
Energy Efficiency in Local Government Operations
1 Energy Efficiency in K-12 Schools
Energy Efficiency in Affordable Housing
1 Energy-Efficient Product Procurement
Combined Heat and Power
Energy Efficiency in Water and Wastewater Facilities
TRANSPORTATION
Transportation Control Measures
COMMUNITY PLANNING AND DESIGN
Smart Growth
SOLID WASTE AND MATERIALS MANAGEMENT
Resource Conservation and Recovery
RENEWABLE ENERGY
Green Power Procurement
On-Site Renewable Energy Generation
Landfill Gas Energy
Please note: All Web addresses in this document were working as of the time of publication, but links may break over time
as sites are reorganized and content is moved.
-------
CONTENTS
Executive Summary iii
Developing and Implementing Energy Efficiency Programs iii
Energy-Efficient Product Procurement iii
Relationships to Other Guides in the Series iv
1. Overview __1
2. Benefits of Energy-Efficient Product Procurement __1
3. Energy-Efficient Product Procurement Measures __4
4. Key Participants _6
5. Foundations for Program Development _7
6. Strategies for Effective Program Implementation 10
Tier One Strategies 10
Tier Two Strategies 12
7. Costs and Funding Opportunities 13
Costs 13
Funding Opportunities ._ 16
8. Federal, State, and Other Program Resources 18
Federal Programs ._ 18
State Programs 19
Other Programs 20
9. Case Studies 21
King County, Washington—Environmental Purchasing Program 21
Program Initiation 21
Program Features 21
Program Results _ 22
San Francisco, California—Green Purchasing Program 22
Program Initiation 23
Program Features ._ 23
Program Results _ 23
10. Additional Examples and Information Resources 24
11. References 28
-------
-------
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Developing and Implementing
Energy Efficiency Programs
Saving energy through energy efficiency improvements
can cost less than generating, transmitting, and distrib-
uting energy from power plants, and provides multiple
economic and environmental benefits. As President
Obama said in June 2009, "By bringing more energy-
efficient technologies to American homes and busi-
nesses, we won t just significantly reduce our energy
demand—we'll put more money back in the pockets
of hardworking Americans." Energy efficiency also
helps reduce air pollution and greenhouse gas emis-
sions, improves energy security and independence, and
creates jobs.
Local governments can promote energy efficiency in
their jurisdictions by developing and implementing
strategies that improve the efficiency of municipal
facilities and operations and/or encourage energy
efficiency improvements in residential, commercial,
and industrial sectors. The energy efficiency guides
in this series describe the process of developing and
implementing strategies, using real-world examples, for
improving energy efficiency in local government oper-
ations (see the guides on local government operations,
K-12 schools, combined heat and power, and water and
wastewater facilities), as well as in the community (see
the guide on affordable housing).
Energy-Efficient Product
Procurement
Many local governments are saving energy by requiring
that the energy-using products they purchase meet
energy efficiency criteria. This guide describes how
local governments have planned and implemented
energy-efficient product procurement programs to
reduce energy costs and create a range of environ-
mental and economic benefits. It is designed to be
used by local government officials who set purchasing
policy, local and state government purchasers, staff
from local energy and environment departments,
product specifiers, energy service companies that
provide purchasing assistance to local governments,
and end users such as maintenance teams.
Readers of the guide should come away with an under-
standing of how to develop an energy-efficient product
procurement program, the types of energy-efficient
products that are available for local government facili-
ties and operations, and an awareness of expected costs
and funding opportunities.
RELATED GUIDES IN THIS SERIES
1 Renewable Energy: Green Power Procurement
Green power is a subset of renewable energy that is
produced with no greenhouse gas emissions, typi-
cally from solar, wind, geothermal, biogas, biomass, or
low-impact small hydroelectric sources. By combining
green power with energy-efficient product procurement,
local governments can maximize both their energy cost
savings and greenhouse gas emissions reductions.
1 Energy Efficiency: Energy Efficiency in Local
Government Operations
Local governments can implement energy-saving
measures in existing local government facilities, new
and green buildings, and day-to-day operations. Because
energy-efficient product procurement helps reduce
energy loads, it can also increase the cost-effectiveness
of other energy efficiency activities, such as facility
upgrades.
1 Energy Efficiency: Combined Heat and Power
Combined heat and power (CHP), also known as
cogeneration, refers to the simultaneous production of
electricity and thermal energy from a single fuel source.
CHP can significantly reduce a facility's energy use
and GHG emissions by decreasing the amount of fuel
required to meet the facility's electrical and thermal base
loads, furthering the benefits of energy-efficient product
procurement.
1 Solid Waste and Materials Management: Resource
Conservation and Recovery
Resource conservation and recovery include source
reduction, reuse, recycling, composting, and procure-
ment of products with recycled content, which can
reduce the greenhouse gas emissions that sometimes
result from waste management practices. These
approaches complement the procurement of energy
efficient products by emphasizing management of mate-
rials along their entire life cycle to minimize waste and
environmental impacts.
Energy-Efficient Product Procurement | Local Government Climate and Energy Strategy Series
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
-------
The guide describes the energy, environmental,
economic, and other benefits of energy-efficient
product procurement (section 2); energy-efficient
product procurement measures (section 3); key partici-
pants and their roles (section 4); the policy mecha-
nisms that local governments have used to support
energy-efficient product procurement programs
(section 5); implementation strategies for effective
programs (section 6); costs and funding opportunities
(section 7); federal, state, and other programs that
provide resources to help local governments plan and
implement energy-efficient product procurement
(section 8); and two case studies of comprehensive
local government programs for energy-efficient
product procurement (section 9). Additional examples
of successful energy-efficient product procurement
and information resources are provided throughout
the guide.
Relationships to Other Guides
in the Series
Local governments can use other guides in this series
to develop robust climate and energy programs that
incorporate complementary strategies. For example,
energy-efficient purchasing can be combined with
green power procurement to enhance the benefits of
a renewable energy program. Local governments can
also plan and implement activities to reduce energy use
by improving the energy efficiency of their facilities
and operations, and by increasing use of combined
heat and power (CHP) systems in their facilities
and throughout the community. Recycling and other
resource conservation and recovery activities can
provide additional cost savings and environmental
benefits that complement procurement of energy-effi-
cient products by promoting a stewardship approach to
products along their entire life cycles.
See the box on page iii for more information about these
complementary strategies. Additional connections to
related strategies are highlighted in the guide.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Energy-Efficient Product Procurement | Local Government Climate and Energy Strategy Series
-------
Energy-Efficient
Product
Procurement
1. OVERVIEW
Many local governments are saving energy by requiring
that the energy-using products they purchase meet
energy efficiency criteria. Purchasing energy-efficient
products, which operate as effectively as conventional
ones, can reduce government facility energy costs
by about 5-10 percent (LBNL, 2002). In addition
to reducing energy costs, energy-efficient product
procurement can lower maintenance costs (because
energy-efficient products require less frequent replace-
ment), reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and
A WORD ABOUT TERMINOLOGY
Local governments can implement energy-efficient
product procurement as stand-alone programs or as
part of broader programs for purchasing products with a
variety of environmental attributes. These programs vary
in scope and terminology.
Green purchasing generally describes activities that
focus on purchasing products and services that have
positive energy and environmental attributes, including
energy efficiency, recycled content, and reduced toxic
content. Energy-efficient product procurement falls
within the scope of green purchasing.
While green purchasing focuses on products that
have positive energy or environmental attributes,
environmentally preferable product (EPP) procurement
assesses multiple energy and environmental attributes
to determine which of these green products are
preferable in a given situation. For example, in a facility
with poor indoor air quality, paint with low volatile
organic compound (VOC) content is both green and
environmentally preferable, while paint with recycled
latex content is green, but not the preferable product
in this situation. In most situations, energy-efficient
products are considered environmentally preferable.
This guide focuses on energy-efficient product
procurement. However, green purchasing and EPP
procurement programs that include energy efficiency are
also addressed.
enhance pollution prevention and resource conser-
vation activities. Because energy-efficient product
procurement helps reduce energy loads, it can also
increase the cost-effectiveness of other energy effi-
ciency activities, such as facility upgrades.
This guide highlights local government and commu-
nity benefits associated with energy-efficient product
procurement. It also provides information on how
local governments have planned and implemented
energy-efficient product procurement programs,
sources of funding, and case studies. Additional
examples and resources are provided in Section 10,
Additional Examples and Information Resources (see
page 24).
2. BENEFITS OF ENERGY-
EFFICIENT PRODUCT
PROCUREMENT
Energy-efficient product procurement activities
can produce significant energy, environmental,
economic, and other benefits by helping local
governments to:
Reduce GHG emissions and other environmental
impacts. Using energy-efficient products reduces the
quantity of fossil fuels that are burned to generate
energy (U.S. EPA, 2008a). Fossil-fueled power plants
are responsible for approximately 40 percent of the
nation's emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), a GHG,
and 67 percent and 23 percent of the nation's sulfur
dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions,
respectively (U.S. EPA, 2007g). Replacing conven-
tional products with energy-efficient ones can lower
a local government's GHG and air pollution emis-
sions. Replacing 100 conventional light bulbs with
compact fluorescent light bulbs (CFLs), for example,
can reduce nearly 31.5 metric tons of CO2 emissions
over a nine-year product lifetime (U.S. EPA and U.S.
DOE, 2008). Table 1, Estimated Energy Cost and CO2
Savings from a Sample of ENERGY STAR Products
on page 3, summarizes the potential CO2 emission
reductions from purchasing energy-efficient prod-
ucts in five product categories.
Energy-Efficient Product Procurement | Local Government Climate and Energy Strategy Series
1. OVERVIEW-2. BENEFITS
-------
Reduce energy costs. Because energy-efficient prod-
ucts require less energy to operate than conventional
products, purchasing these products can reduce facility
energy loads and achieve energy bill savings on the
order of 5-10 percent (LBNL, 2002). The ENERGY
STAR program, a joint initiative administered by the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and
U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), develops energy
efficiency specifications for more than 60 product
categories. Relative to conventional products, ENERGY
STAR qualified products typically use 10-75 percent
less energy and can offer consumers energy cost
savings of as much as 75 percent (U.S. EPA, 2009a; U.S.
EPA, 2008a). Energy-efficient products can also reduce
energy costs indirectly because they do not generate
as much unwanted heat as conventional products,
thus lowering cooling energy loads. Table 1 on page
3 demonstrates the potential energy cost savings of
purchasing energy-efficient products in five product
categories.
Many local governments have found that
JQjf energy-efficient product procurement can be
I—I integrated with other environmental activi-
ties, such as pollution prevention and resource
conservation. Phoenix, Arizona, for example, has
incorporated ENERGY STAR qualified product
procurement as part of a broader pollution
prevention program (Phoenix, 2007).
Reduce maintenance costs. Because energy-efficient
products, such as CFLs and light-emitting diode (LED)
exit signs, often have longer productive lifetimes than
less efficient products, maintenance and replacement
cost savings over their lifetimes can be significant. LED
traffic signals, for example, often require no mainte-
nance throughout their lifetimes (approximately seven
years), while annual maintenance costs for conven-
tional traffic signals can reach as high as $105 per unit
(GEE, 2002). Reducing the number of times a product
must be replaced can be especially important when
replacement involves handling valuable or antique
items, often found in local government facilities.
Increase economic benefits through job creation
and market development. State and local govern-
ments spend a combined $50 billion to $70 billion
to purchase energy-using products each year (Harris
et al, 2004). Specifying that these funds be used to
purchase energy-efficient products can stimulate the
local economy and encourage development of energy
efficiency service markets. According to DOE, approxi-
mately 60 percent of the cost of efficiency investments
goes to labor. In addition, half of all energy-efficient
equipment is purchased from local suppliers (U.S.
DOE, 2004). For every dollar spent in local economies,
energy efficiency generates about $0.55 to $0.85 more
economic activity than the payment of energy bills
(Hatcher and Dietsche, 2001).
Demonstrate leadership. Purchasing energy-efficient
products can help raise public awareness about the
important energy, environmental, economic, and other
benefits of energy efficiency, which can lead to broader
adoption of energy-efficient practices by local busi-
nesses and residents. In addition, by specifying energy-
efficient products, local governments can accelerate
development of markets for these products, leading to
increased public demand and lower prices (Harris et
al., 2004).
Increase reliability. When an energy-using product
reaches the end of its usable life and "burns out," there
is often a lag time of inactivity before the product is
replaced. Energy-efficient products typically experi-
ence less frequent periods of inactivity because they
have longer lifetimes than conventional products. This
benefit is particularly important in areas where periods
of product inactivity can have serious consequences,
such as traffic lighting (U.S. EPA, 2004a).
Improve occupant health. Some energy-efficient
products remove sources of indoor air contaminants.
Energy recovery ventilation equipment, for example,
can reduce infiltration of air contaminants from
outdoors while significantly reducing a building's
HVAC energy load (U.S. EPA, 2003a). One study of
building performance found that the average reduction
in illness as a result of improving air quality in build-
ings is approximately 40 percent (Carnegie Mellon,
2005).
2. BENEFITS
Energy-Efficient Product Procurement | Local Government Climate and Energy Strategy Series
-------
TABLE 1
ESTIMATED ENERGY COST AND CO, SAVINGS FROM A SAMPLE OF ENERGY STAR PRODUCTS3
Replace 5,000 computers and monitors with
ENERGY STAR qualified products and activate power
management
Annual Energy
Cost Savings
$290,210
Annual
C02
Savings
(Tons)
2,177
Lifetime
(Years)
Life-Cycle
Energy Cost
Savings
$663,428
Cycle CO2
Savings
(Tons)
8,708
Replace 10 conventional commercial dishwashers with $8,690b
ENERGY STAR qualified products
57
10
$60,483b
567
Replace 50 conventional vending machines with
ENERGY STAR qualified productsc
Replace 100 conventional water coolers with ENERGY
STAR qualified coolers
$8,544
$3,722
64
28
14
10
$90,250
$30,188
894
278
a Figures obtained from calculators on the ENERGY STAR Purchasing & Procurement Web site http://www.energystar.gov/purchasing
using default settings and an electricity rate of 10.3C per kilowatt-hour (kWh) (EIA, 2009). Annual costs exclude the initial purchase price
and installation cost. All costs are discounted over the product's lifetime using a real discount rate of 4 percent.
b Value includes water savings.
c Vending machines assumed to have capacities of less than 500 cans.
Energy-Efficient Product Procurement | Local Government Climate and Energy Strategy Series
2. BENEFITS
-------
3. ENERGY-EFFICIENT
PRODUCT PROCUREMENT
MEASURES
There are many opportunities to incorporate energy-
efficient products in local government facilities and
operations, including:
Lighting systems. According to the most recent
Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey
(CBECS), lighting accounts for 15 percent of total
energy use in local government buildings (EIA, 2008).
Local governments can improve the energy efficiency
of lighting systems by installing energy-efficient
products such as CFLs, LED exit signs, and automated
lighting controls. Commercial LED lighting lasts 35
to 50 times longer than incandescent lighting and
2 to 5 times longer than fluorescent lighting, which
reduces bulb replacement and maintenance costs
(U.S. EPA, 2011).
A STAGED APPROACH TO IMPROVING ENERGY
EFFICIENCY
Local governments can achieve substantial benefits from
improved energy efficiency by taking a staged approach
to designing and upgrading buildings. This approach
enables organizations to implement energy efficiency
measures in steps and achieve greater savings overall.
These steps include:
1. Reduce energy loads. Purchasing energy-efficient
lighting systems, office equipment, building
envelope components, and water-efficient fixtures
can reduce overall energy loads and reduce
unwanted byproduct heat.
2. Match building systems to reduced energy loads.
Purchasing energy-efficient fan systems and HVAC
systems that match reduced energy loads enables
a building to meet energy demands at lower
energy costs.
3. Operate and maintain for energy efficiency. Energy-
efficient operations and maintenance ensure that
energy-efficient products installed in the first two
stages continue to produce benefits.
Source: U.S. EPA, 2004a.
Conversions to energy-efficient lighting
systems in city buildings throughout Santa
Rosa, California, have produced energy cost
savings of approximately $122,000 per year. At an
installed cost of about $300,000, this investment
was expected to pay for itself in less than three
years (Santa Rosa, 2003).1
ENERGY USE IN LOCAL GOVERNMENT BUILDINGS
This table presents average annual energy use by all
commercial buildings (any building that is not residential,
manufacturing, industrial, or agricultural) owned by local
government.*
End Use
Space heating
Lighting
Cooling
Ventilation
Water heating
Miscellaneous
Refrigeration
Computers
Office equipment
Cooking
Total
Consumption
(trillion Btu)**
$9
$1
$1
$49
$3
$5
$4
$4
$4
$2
$74
As Percentage
of Whole
$9
$1
$1
$49
$3
$5
$4
$4
$4
$2
$74
*Data are from the 2003 Commercial Buildings Energy
Consumption Survey (CBECS) conducted by the Energy
Information Administration. The CBECS is conducted
every four years.
**Figures are rounded to the nearest trillion Btu.
Source: EIA, 2008.
1 It is important to note that lumen output can be reduced when replacing
conventional lamps with energy-efficient lamps of lower wattage. Thus, in
some instances a lamp that uses less energy may not provide adequate lighting
and so would reduce product effectiveness.
3. PRODUCT PROCUREMENT MEASURES
Energy-Efficient Product Procurement | Local Government Climate and Energy Strategy Series
-------
Office equipment. Office equipment can account for
more than 4 percent of a typical government build-
ings total electricity consumption (EIA 2003). This
percentage can be even greater in offices where certain
equipment is operated full-time during (and occasion-
ally after) business hours. Energy-efficient product
procurement policies often include specifications for
energy-efficient computers, scanners, copiers, printers,
and water coolers, many of which use up to 60 percent
less energy than conventional products (U.S. EPA,
2009a). ENERGY STAR qualified computer monitors/
displays use 25-60 percent less electricity than stan-
dard models, depending on how they are used. [U.S.
EPA and U.S. DOE, Undated(a)].
Medford, Massachusetts, has adopted an
energy efficiency policy that requires all new
city equipment to be ENERGY STAR quali-
fied. Energy-saving features must be enabled at all
times, and all office equipment must be turned off
after hours (Medford, 2005).
Building envelope components. Local govern-
ments can achieve significant energy cost savings by
purchasing and installing energy-efficient building
envelope components, such as reflective roofing
materials, insulation, and windows. These components
can lower summertime heat gain, reduce infiltration
of outdoor air, and prevent treated air from escaping.
For more information on how local governments can
incorporate energy efficiency into new and existing
buildings, see EPAs Energy Efficiency in Local Govern-
ment Operations guide in the Local Government
Climate and Energy Strategy Series.
In addition, ENERGY STAR qualified roof products
can reduce roof surface temperatures by up to 100° F,
which can reduce energy bills by as much as 50 percent
and peak cooling demand by 10-15 percent (U.S.
EPA, 2008b). Reducing roof temperatures also helps
to reduce the heat island effect. For more informa-
tion on urban heat island reduction, see EPAs Urban
Heat Island Reduction guide in the Local Government
Climate and Energy Strategy Series.
Tucson, Arizona, reduced the average
weekday cooling energy load for one of its
government facilities by almost 50 percent
by purchasing and installing an energy-efficient
"cool roof" (Gartner, 2002).
1 Water-using products. Heating and pumping water
requires a significant amount of energy. For example,
an electric water heater requires 0.1 kWh to 0.2 kWh
to heat one gallon of water (e.g., for showers, washing
dishes) (U.S. DOE, 2000). According to the American
Water Works Association, the energy required to pump
purchased water for end use is approximately 0.6 kW
per 1,000 gallons distributed (Universities Council on
Water Resources, 1999). Local governments can save
energy by purchasing water-efficient products, such as
water fountains, faucets, toilets, and outdoor irrigation
equipment.
EPA WATERSENSE LABEL
The EPA WaterSense Program label is for products
that are independently tested to meet water efficiency
and performance criteria. Labeling criteria have been
established for plumbing fixtures (toilets, faucets,
showerheads, and urinals), new homes, and training
programs for irrigation professionals. In general,
products that receive the
WaterSense label are 20%
more water-efficient than
conventional products.
In addition to conserving
water, these products can
reduce the amount of
energy required to deliver
and treat water.
Source: U.S. EPA, 2007f.
San Francisco, California's Precautionary
Purchasing Ordinance requires city agencies
to replace all conventional toilets, which can
use up to five gallons of water per flush, with
water-efficient ones that require only 1.6 gallons,
thus reducing the amount of per-flush energy
required for water pumping (San Francisco, 2003;
U.S. EPA, 2007a).
Energy-Efficient Product Procurement | Local Government Climate and Energy Strategy Series
3. PRODUCT PROCUREMENT MEASURES
-------
HVAC system components. Heating and cooling
systems can consume considerable amounts of
energy, especially in extreme climates where energy
demands on chillers and central heating equipment
are greater. According to the most recent CBECS
data, the typical HVAC system accounts for over 60
percent of local government owned buildings' total
energy consumption (EIA, 2008).2 Energy-efficient
light commercial HVAC equipment3 can use up to
10 percent less energy than conventional equip-
ment, translating into savings of approximately
$3-4 per square foot over the lifetime of the equip-
ment [U.S. EPA and U.S. DOE, Undated(b)].
/S. After passing an energy-efficient product
Ifflt Procurement ordinance in 2001, San Diego,
I—I California, purchased and installed energy-
efficient variable speed drives for HVAC pumps
and motors and high-efficiency water chillers at
four of its government facilities. These investments
have produced energy cost savings of more than
$250,000 (San Diego, 2001; San Diego, Undated).
For more information on energy savings and payback
periods for a variety of energy-efficient products, see
Table 2, ENERGY STAR Specification Overviews: Energy
Savings and Payback Periods on page 14.
Data centers/servers. According to EPA, data centers
will account for nearly 3 percent of total U.S. electricity
consumption by 2011. Computer servers contribute
greatly to this consumption. Deploying more energy-
efficient servers can be a key strategy to reduce total
data center energy consumption [U.S. EPA and U.S.
DOE, Undated(c)]. By purchasing and deploying
ENERGY STAR computer servers, local agencies can
use up to 30 percent less energy than when using stan-
dard servers.
2 Installing energy-efficient HVAC equipment after reducing energy loads
(i.e., in a staged approach) can produce greater energy cost savings.
3 Light commercial HVAC products include central air conditioners and heat
pumps used in small office buildings, medical facilities, hotels, dorms, military
barracks, malls, and other locations. These units use 65,000-250,000 Etuper
hour (U.S. EPA, 2002).
4. KEY PARTICIPANTS
A number of participants can be key in planning and
implementing energy-efficient product procurement
policies, including:
Mayor or county executives. The mayor or county
executive can provide increased visibility for energy-
efficient product procurement activities. Often the
initiative for an energy-efficient product procurement
policy comes from the executive level. When the mayor
or county executive is not the source of the initiative,
local governments have found it important to gain his
or her support. This can increase public awareness and
sustain momentum through the implementation and
operation stages.
City or county councils. Elected officials play
important roles in planning energy-efficient product
procurement activities because their support is often
needed to adopt or modify procurement policies. Local
governments have found that gaining the support of
higher level policymakers can also ensure an activity is
continuously funded and implemented.
Environment and energy departments. Staff from
energy and environment departments can provide
critical technical knowledge about the energy and envi-
ronmental attributes of products. They can also help
develop scoring criteria for product alternatives and
provide assistance with quantifying and articulating
the benefits of energy-efficient product procurement.
Promoting the energy, environmental, economic, and
other benefits of improving energy efficiency and of
purchasing energy-efficient products can be an effec-
tive way to engage personnel from these departments.
ENERGY STAR PRODUCT SAVINGS CALCULATORS
More than 40 product calculators are available that
illustrate the cost-effectiveness of selecting ENERGY
STAR-qualified products. Purchasers can use these tools
to quantify the financial benefits of energy efficiency
when making the case for purchasing energy-efficient
products to product specifiers.
Calculators can be found at
http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=bulk_
purchasing.bus_purchasing
Source: U.S. EPA, 20071
4. KEY PARTICIPANTS
Energy-Efficient Product Procurement | Local Government Climate and Energy Strategy Series
-------
Local government purchasers. While the decision
to implement energy-efficient product procurement
policies is typically made by a higher level government
official, the purchasing department and individual
purchasers are ultimately responsible for ensuring
that purchasing policies are enforced. Local govern-
ments have found it is essential to involve purchasers
throughout the planning and implementation
processes because their buy-in and understanding of
the policy is critical.
Local government product specifiers. Local govern-
ment purchasers receive frequent product requests
from information technology (IT) departments and
facility management departments because these
departments typically require large quantities of
electronics and other energy-using equipment. Local
governments can work with their IT and facility
management departments to ensure they specify
energy-efficient products when possible.
Employees, maintenance teams, and other end-
users. Merely procuring energy-efficient products
does not necessarily mean the products will achieve
their projected energy saving potential. Local govern-
ments have found it is important that individuals who
operate and maintain the products do so in a manner
that enables them to perform at maximum efficiency.
Providing end-users with information on energy-
efficient operations and maintenance activities (e.g.,
through training sessions) can produce greater energy
savings and prolong the usable lives of the products.
Examples of such activities include enabling the
duplex function on copiers; enabling sleep mode on
computers, monitors, copiers, faxes, and scanners; and
keeping refrigerator coils clean.
State purchasing agencies. Local governments some-
times use resources and contacts established by state
government purchasers to procure energy-efficient
products.
Energy service companies (ESCOs). Many local
governments work with ESCOs to purchase, install,
maintain, and monitor energy-efficient products.
Energy-efficient equipment and services can often be
obtained through performance contracts, which allow
governments to make payments to ESCOs using the
energy cost savings generated.
WISCONSIN VENDORNET SYSTEM
The Wisconsin VendorNet system is the purchasing
authority for the state. VendorNet provides cooperative
purchasing opportunities for other entities, including
counties, cities, and school and utility districts. These
entities are provided access to state bids and contracts
through a Web site that is monitored by the Department of
Administration's Energy Division. Cooperative purchasing
allows state departments and other entities, such as local
governments, to achieve lower costs through large-
volume purchases. Staff members work with purchasing
agents to specify ENERGY STAR qualified products,
where available
Source: Harris et al, 2004.
NEW YORK CITY COUNCIL ENERGY-EFFICIENT
PRODUCTS RESOLUTION
The New York City Environmental Purchasing Program
was initiated in 1989 with a city recycling law that required
purchasers to give preference to products with recycled
content. In 2003 the city council passed Local Law 30,
which required that energy-using products procured by
the city be ENERGY STAR qualified.
In December 2005, the city council issued five local laws
that addressed EPP procurement, including Local Law 119,
which expanded the scope of Local Law 30 by requiring
that city agencies purchase products that meet ENERGY
STAR specifications. For certain water-using and lighting
fixtures, the policy requires that agencies purchase
products that meet both Federal Energy Management
Program and ENERGY STAR specifications.
Sources: NYC Department of Sanitation, 2007..
5. FOUNDATIONS FOR
PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT
Local governments have used several mechanisms to
establish energy-efficient product procurement policies
or modify existing procurement policies to include
energy-efficient product specifications, including:
Local government resolutions. A number of local
governments have established energy-efficient product
procurement policies through resolutions. This
mechanism can be particularly effective in making
energy-efficient product procurement policies binding
and permanent. In addition, a resolution can increase
public awareness by providing a clear articulation of a
local government's specific energy efficiency goals.
Energy-Efficient Product Procurement | Local Government Climate and Energy Strategy Series
5. FOUNDATIONS
-------
Santa Clarita, California, used a city council
resolution to establish its EPP procurement
policy. The policy includes a requirement
that agencies specify ENERGY STAR qualified
products, and where ENERGY STAR has not
developed specifications, agencies must specify
products with energy performance in the top 25
percent of their product type, as designated by the
Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP)
(Santa Clarita, 2005).
The Albuquerque, New Mexico City Council
passed a resolution that directs the Depart-
ment of Finance and Administration and the
Energy Conservation Council to develop specifica-
tions for city purchases of products that maximize
energy efficiency (Albuquerque, 2006).
USING MODEL POLICIES AND RESOLUTIONS
When developing energy-efficient product procurement
policies, many local governments have borrowed from or
adapted model policies, such as the National Association
of Counties model resolution for purchasing EPPs,
available at:
h ttp://www. naco. org/Conten t/Conten tCroups/
Programs_and_Projects/Environmentall/Energy/
NACos_Environmental_Purchasing_Starter_Kit htm.
Some county governments have developed model
energy-efficient procurement policies with resources
for local governments within the county. Alameda
County, California, has developed a model procurement
policy and implementation guidance to assist local
governments in its jurisdiction. The policy includes
specifications for ENERGY STAR qualified products.
Several California communities, including Oakland and
Santa Clarita, have adopted the model.
Sources: Alameda County, 2003; Santa Clarita, 2005;
Oakland, 2007..
Some resolutions have also established programs to
provide incentives to local residents and businesses for
purchasing energy-efficient products.
Lodi, California, used a city council resolution
jfflf to authorize the city manager to provide a
L~~J public benefits program grant to create and
fund the Residential HVAC Rebate Project (Lodi,
2000).
Mayor or executive initiatives. In some local govern-
ments, mayors, or county executives have been the
sources of energy-efficient product procurement policies.
In 2007, the mayor of Raleigh, North Carolina,
announced the "LED City" initiative to install
LED light bulbs in city parking garages, build-
ings, sports fields, and streetlights. The mayor has
pledged the city's commitment to present the benefits
of energy-efficient LEDs to businesses and residents
at conferences and other information sessions
(Raleigh, 2007).
/v In Lansing, Michigan, the mayor issued an
1Q] f executive order in 2007 directing all local
IHl] government agencies to purchase ENERGY
STAR qualified products (Lansing, 2007).
ENSURING CLARITY OF ENERGY-EFFICIENT PRODUCT
PROCUREMENT POLICY LANGUAGE
While senior officials may be responsible for issuing
energy-efficient product procurement policies, lower
level employees are often responsible for ensuring
these policies are implemented effectively and continue
to produce results. Ambiguous definitions of "energy-
efficient" or "environmentally preferable" products can
result in inconsistency, especially in governments where
procurement activities are decentralized. It is important
to ensure that policy language is clear and consistent so
that it will be effective.
Source: Case, 2004.
5. FOUNDATIONS
Energy-Efficient Product Procurement | Local Government Climate and Energy Strategy Series
-------
Local government planning processes. Some local
governments have incorporated energy-efficient
product procurement goals into planning documents.
Other local governments have produced plans for
implementing energy-efficient product procurement.
In some instances, local governments have included
energy-efficient product procurement goals in climate
action plans.
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, adopted the
Local Action Plan for Climate Change that
requires all bid solicitations and public
works and equipment requests for proposals
(RFPs) to include specifications for purchasing
ENERGY STAR qualified products and energy-
efficient premium electric motors (Philadelphia,
2007).
Some local governments have modified or designed
procurement policies to give preference to energy-effi-
cient products. Strategies used to modify procurement
policies include:
aAllow price flexibility. Some local governments,
while encouraging purchasers to identify least
first-cost opportunities, allow a certain degree of
flexibility to pursue energy-efficient options.
Nevada County, California's purchasing
policy, for example, uses language that
provides purchasers with the flexibility
to balance energy, environmental, and finan-
cial concerns by allowing the procurement of
EPPs that are not "unreasonably expensive"
(Alameda County, 2003).
Santa Monica, California, uses the term
"lowest responsible bid" as opposed to
"lowest bid" in its Environmentally Pref-
erable Purchasing policy (SCCED, 2000).
^Establish price preferences. Local governments
have used price preferences to increase the prices
they are willing to pay for energy-efficient prod-
ucts. A price preference is a specified percentage
(typically 5-15 percent) that a local government
will allow the price of an energy-efficient product
to exceed the cost of a conventional product and
still give equal consideration. In this way, price
preferences can place energy-efficient products
with cost premiums on level ground with conven-
tional products and overcome least-first cost
requirements.
A city ordinance in Kansas City,
Missouri, for example, allows purchasers
to assign a price preference for EPPs of
up to 15 percent. This means that EPPs that
are up to 15 percent more expensive than
conventional products can still meet least-cost
requirements (Kansas City, 1998).
^-Require life-cycle cost accounting. Local govern-
ments can use life-cycle cost accounting to
make energy-efficient products competitive with
conventional products when making purchasing
decisions.
A number of local governments, such as
Boulder, Colorado, have authorized
purchasers to use life-cycle cost
accounting to procure products that may have
higher initial costs but lower total costs over
their lifetimes (Case, 2004).
FOCUSING ON LIFE-CYCLE COSTS
Some local governments have policies that require
purchasers to use a least first-cost approach when
selecting products. Least-cost requirements can present
an implementation barrier for energy-efficient product
procurement because such products can have slightly
higher initial costs. When initial costs of the products
are higher than the costs of conventional products, local
governments have found it is important to consider the
life-cycle cost savings of the energy-efficient products.
Over its lifetime, an energy-efficient product almost
always has lower energy and maintenance demands.
These benefits typically offset any initial cost premium.
Energy-Efficient Product Procurement | Local Government Climate and Energy Strategy Series
5. FOUNDATIONS
-------
6. STRATEGIES FOR
EFFECTIVE PROGRAM
IMPLEMENTATION
When implementing energy-efficient product procure-
ment programs, local governments have used several
approaches to enhance program effectiveness. Some
of these approaches are fundamental to establishing
most energy-efficient product procurement programs
(Tier One Strategies), while others are more advanced
features that can be incorporated into program plans to
achieve enhanced benefits (Tier Two Strategies).
EFFECTIVE PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION
Strategies for effective implementation of energy-
efficient product procurement programs can be divided
into two tiers: Tier One Strategies are fundamental to
establishing most energy-efficient product procurement
programs, while Tier Two Strategies are more advanced
and can lead to enhanced benefits.
Tier One Strategies
• Borrow from sample procurement language
• Collect baseline information on energy
consumption
• Create strong links between purchasing
departments and energy, environment, and IT
departments
• Develop a list of pre-approved or priority products
• Ensure proper end-of-life management
• Initiate pilot activities
• Involve employees, maintenance teams, and other
end-users
• Use energy efficiency standards and specifications
Tier Two Strategies
• Aggregate purchases
• Combine energy-efficient product procurement
with other energy efficiency activities
• Develop scoring guidance
• Engage the community
Tier One Strategies
Borrow from sample procurement language. Local
governments can use model contract language to
specify energy-efficient products when making
purchases. Model contract language can be borrowed
from other local and state governments, federal
government agencies, and nongovernmental organiza-
tions. ENERGY STAR and FEMP, for example, provide
general procurement contract language for purchases
of energy-efficient products (U.S. EPA, 2008c; FEMP,
2007).
Collect baseline information on energy consump-
tion. Collecting baseline energy consumption infor-
mation before establishing energy-efficient product
procurement policies can help local governments
identify their best opportunities for capturing energy
cost savings. For example, local governments can
focus on replacing particularly inefficient products or
eliminating energy-wasteful practices (such as leaving
lights on during nonworking hours). By assessing
baseline information, local governments can also
identify specific agencies that would benefit most from
energy-efficient products, or agencies that could be
expected to most easily adapt to the new policy. Base-
line information can be collected through surveys and
questionnaires of government purchasers.
Create strong links between the purchasing depart-
ment and energy, environment, and IT departments.
Fostering collaboration between these departments
can significantly enhance the benefits of energy-
efficient product procurement activities by bringing
together individuals with technical expertise in
complementary subjects. Purchasers, who are familiar
with vendors and purchasing procedures, can consult
with energy and environment staff to identify priority
energy-efficient products and quantify the benefits of
energy-efficient product procurement policies (e.g., by
using ENERGY STARs product savings calculators,
described in the text box on page 6). Purchasers can
also work with staff from IT and facilities management
departments, which are often responsible for specifying
office electronics and implementing energy efficiency
policies, such as enabling sleep modes on office elec-
tronic equipment.
10
6. STRATEGIES
Energy-Efficient Product Procurement | Local Government Climate and Energy Strategy Series
-------
Develop a list of pre-approved or priority products.
When vendors use different definitions of "energy-
efficient" and "environmentally preferable," purchasers
are required to spend time analyzing the relative
attributes of each product. Some local governments
have addressed this barrier and improved the effective-
ness of their energy-efficient product procurement by
developing a list of pre-approved or priority products.
In addition to streamlining the purchasing process,
having a list of pre-approved products and vendors
can enable purchasers to aggregate orders, which can
sometimes lead to lower costs.
In Kitsap County, Washington, the Preven-
tion of Waste in County Government ordi-
nance requires the county purchasing divi-
sion to develop a preferred product database to be
used by each government agency (Kitsap County,
1999).
Ensure proper product end-of-life management.
When local governments purchase new or alterna-
tive products, they must decide what to do with the
replaced products. Many local governments have
instituted policies for donating or recycling replaced
electronics. These policies often require purchasers to
include "take back" language in procurement contracts
and leasing agreements that obligate the product
vendor to take back the replaced equipment (CIWMB,
2008).4
Tacoma, Washington, for example, has part-
nered with Pierce County to develop the
Take it Back Network, a partnership between
government agencies, retailers, and recyclers, to
enable consumers to conveniently recycle elec-
tronics (Tacoma, 2006).
Santa Clarita, California's Environmentally
Preferable Purchasing policy includes a
requirement that vendors who install energy-
efficient lighting must recycle the lighting fixtures
and lamps that are removed (Santa Clarita, 2005).
4 Local governments can go a step further by requiring vendors to guarantee
that replaced products will be re-manufactured in some form.
Initiate pilot projects. Local governments can
consider initiating pilot or demonstration projects
to help identify priority products, best practices for
ordering, and potential implementation challenges.
Certain departments or agencies, such as an energy,
environment, or IT department, may be the best
equipped to implement pilot projects. Pilot projects
can begin by focusing on one type of product, gradu-
ally incorporating multiple product types as purchasers
collect sufficient knowledge to apply the project on a
broader scale [NACo, 2008].
Redondo Beach, California, initiated a pilot
project that involved installing energy-effi-
cient products in city facilities for a trial
period of 60-90 days. The city negotiated to have
the installations performed at no cost and used the
trial period to determine whether the energy cost
savings were sufficient to consider longer term
contracts for the products (Flex Your Power, 2009).
1 Involve employees, maintenance teams, and other
end-users. Involving these individuals in the policy
planning process will ensure that energy-efficient
product procurement activities account for the special
needs of those who will use and maintain the equip-
ment, which can lead to increased buy-in. In addition,
training the individuals who will use and maintain
energy-efficient products can ensure that energy-
efficient features are enabled, prolong the lives of the
products, and increase energy cost savings as a result of
appropriate product use [NACo, 2008].
When Santa Monica, California, adopted its
Environmentally Preferable Purchasing
program, it provided its employees with
training and educational opportunities that helped
increase motivation and participation (SCCED,
2000).
Energy-Efficient Product Procurement | Local Government Climate and Energy Strategy Series
6. STRATEGIES
11
-------
Use energy efficiency standards and specifications.
Many local governments use federal standards or third-
party certification for energy-efficient products. Using
established standards streamlines the procurement
process and can lead to greater energy benefits because
products will be required to meet minimum perfor-
mance specifications. A number of local governments
require purchasers to specify ENERGY STAR quali-
fied products. ENERGY STAR has developed energy
efficiency specifications for more than 60 product
categories. For some categories where ENERGY STAR
specifications do not exist, FEMP identifies energy-
efficient products that perform in the top 25 percent
in terms of energy performance (FEMP, 2007) .5 In
addition to national standards such as ENERGY STAR,
some local governments have established their own
energy efficiency specifications.
Multnomah County, Oregon, contracted
with engineers to develop energy efficiency
standards for several products. These stan-
dards were submitted to a specification writer who
developed procurement specifications for the stan-
dards (Multnomah County, 2010).
ENERGY STAR QUALIFICATION
The ENERGY STAR program has developed specifications
for energy-efficient products in more than 60 product
categories. EPA and DOE work together to develop
unique energy performance specifications that a product
must meet to qualify. ENERGY STAR qualified products
typically use 10-75 percent less energy and can offer
consumers energy cost savings as high as 75 percent
over conventional products.
Local governments often include requirements in
energy-efficient product procurement policies for
purchasers to specify products that are ENERGY STAR
qualified. Washington, DC, for example, passed a law
in 2004 to amend its procurement policy to require
agencies to include specifications for ENERGY STAR
qualified products in solicitations for energy-using
products.
Source: U.S. EPA, 2009a; U.S. EPA, 2008a; LBNL, 2003;
Washington, DC, 2004.
5 FEMP's specifications are consistent with ENERGY STAR's in categories
where ENERGY STAR specifications exist (FEMP, 2007).
Tier Two Strategies
Aggregate purchases. By combining the needs of
multiple departments, or even multiple jurisdictions,
local governments can potentially negotiate with
vendors for reduced or wholesale prices. By partnering
with other governments, local governments can pool
resources and experience, and take advantage of the
different areas of expertise between staffs. In addition
to improving the feasibility of energy-efficient product
procurement, these partnerships can increase public
awareness and have a greater influence on market
demand for energy-efficient products. Some states,
such as Wisconsin, allow local governments to use state
government contracts to aggregate purchases (Harris et
al, 2004).
Combine energy-efficient product procurement with
other energy efficiency activities. Even the most effec-
tively implemented energy-efficient product procure-
ment activities can be improved by integrating them
into comprehensive energy efficiency programs. This
can be especially true when equipment is right-sized
to meet the functional requirements of a building's
conditioning systems, as over-sized equipment uses
more energy when operating and tends to cycle on-off
more frequently, which can increase maintenance costs
(Harris et al., 2004).
Develop scoring guidance. Purchasers often must
select between comparable products, weighing the rela-
tive energy and environmental attributes (e.g., energy
efficiency, water conservation, material waste reduc-
tion) before making decisions (U.S. EPA, 2000). This
process can be time-intensive, and without adequate
guidance can lead to inconsistent purchasing practices
across government agencies. Developing a scoring
sheet that incorporates these issues can help purchasers
make consistent decisions.
Engage the community. Local governments can
improve awareness about the benefits of energy-
efficient product procurement by engaging local busi-
nesses and residents. A number of local governments
have implemented energy-efficient procurement activi-
ties that involve community outreach components.
12
6. STRATEGIES
Energy-Efficient Product Procurement | Local Government Climate and Energy Strategy Series
-------
SAN FRANCISCO PRODUCT SCORING
The San Francisco Precautionary Purchasing Ordinance,
passed in 2005, requires agencies to purchase only city-
approved EPPs.
To help implement this policy, the city Department of
the Environment and Office of Contract Administration
worked together to develop lists of EPPs for product
categories of highest environmental priority. In developing
these targeted product lists, the agencies held three public
meetings to establish a set of 11 energy and environmental
criteria for comparing products. For example, efficient
use of resources and minimal impact on the global
environment was a criterion.
These criteria, along with a set of implementation issues
(e.g., savings potential), were used to create a score sheet
that assesses points for each product. Those that earned
the best scores in their category were added to the lists of
approved products.
Source: SF Environment, 2006; SF Environment, 2007b.
>\ In Arlington County, Virginia, the Arlington
Initiative to Reduce Emissions (AIRE) is a
collaborative started by the county govern-
ment that encourages county businesses, organiza-
tions, and individuals to reduce emissions. AIRE
helps members partner with ENERGY STAR and
obtain ENERGY STAR qualified products (AIRE,
Undated).
/\ Scottsdale, Arizona, offers free public semi-
1Q] f nars on energy-efficient products as part of
its Green Building Program (Scottsdale, 2007).
Some local governments, such as Austin, Texas, and
Riverside, California, have enhanced the community-
level benefits of energy-efficient product procurement
through programs that provide financial assistance
to residents for obtaining energy-efficient products
(Austin Energy, 2007; Riverside, 2007). Local govern-
ments can also use their purchasing power to obtain
energy-efficient products in bulk at reduced prices.
These products can then be sold to residents and busi-
nesses at below-market costs (Flex Your Power, 2009).
The village of Akron, New York, established
[D [" an ENERGY STAR Appliance Advantage
I—I Program that provides the municipal electric
utility's customers with rebates of up to $125 for
purchasing ENERGY STAR qualified home appli-
ances (Akron, 2007).
Integrate multiple energy and environmental
mandates. When developing and implementing
energy-efficient product procurement policies, many
local governments have combined energy efficiency
goals with other environmental goals to produce a
comprehensive program. This approach can make
energy-efficient product procurement policies more
enticing to elected officials and help ensure continuous
high-level support (Harris et al., 2004). This approach
also helps to make sure that energy-efficient product
procurement does not conflict with other environ-
mental or socioeconomic purchasing goals and
requirements. For example, procurement policies can
include specifications that printers and copiers be
ENERGY STAR qualified and be capable of duplex
printing to minimize paper use.
7 COSTS AND FUNDING
OPPORTUNITIES
While energy-efficient products can typically be
purchased at no additional cost, local governments
sometimes find that they do have cost premiums.
This section provides information on the cost of
implementing energy-efficiency product procurement
and describes funding opportunities for addressing
cost premiums.
Costs
Local governments typically implement energy-
efficient product procurement at low- or no-cost
simply by purchasing energy-efficient products on the
same replacement schedule that they would other-
wise purchase conventional replacements. The cost
of energy-efficient product procurement is typically
only as great as the cost premium for energy-efficient
products compared to conventional ones. For many
products, such as office equipment and electronics,
there is no cost premium, making energy-efficient
product procurement an especially cost-effective clean
energy activity.
Energy-Efficient Product Procurement | Local Government Climate and Energy Strategy Series
7. COSTS AND FUNDING
13
-------
Other energy-efficient products, such as refrigerators,
freezers, HVAC systems, and lighting fixtures, do have
cost premiums. The premiums, however, are almost
always offset by energy cost savings within a few years.
Table 2, ENERGY STAR Specification Overviews: Unit
Savings and Payback Periods, provides information
on a sample of ENERGY STAR qualified products,
including energy savings and payback periods. For
most of the products identified in the table, there is
typically no cost premium and thus no payback period.
TABLE 2. ENERGY STAR SPECIFICATION OVERVIEWS: ENERGY SAVINGS AND PAYBACK PERIODS
Product Category
Appliances
Percent Energy Savings Compared
to Conventional Product
Payback Period
Dehumidifiers
15%
0 years (typically no retail cost premium)
Dishwashers
30%
2 years3
Refrigerators and freezers
20% (refrigerators) 10% (freezers)
3 years
Room air cleaners
40%
0 years (typically no retail cost premium)
Room air conditioners
10%
Varies Regionally
Electronics
Battery charging systems
30%
0 years (typically no retail cost premium)
Combination units
60%
0 years (typically no retail cost premium)
Cordless phones
55%
0 years (typically no retail cost premium)
DVD products
35%
0 years (typically no retail cost premium)
External power adapters
5%
0 years (typically no retail cost premium)
Home audio systems
30%
0 years (typically no retail cost premium)
Televisions
15%
0 years (typically no retail cost premium)
Envelope
Roof products
NA
0 years (typically no retail cost premium)
Windows, doors, and skylights
7-24%
Varies Regionally
Lighting
Compact fluorescent lamps
75%
<1year
Residential-style light fixtures
75%
<2 years
Office Products
Computers
30%
0 years (typically no retail cost premium)
Copiers
10%
0 years (typically no retail cost premium)
Monitors
20%
0 years (typically no retail cost premium)
14
7. COSTS AND FUNDING
Energy-Efficient Product Procurement | Local Government Climate and Energy Strategy Series
-------
TABLE 2. ENERGY STAR SPECIFICATION OVERVIEWS: ENERGY SAVINGS AND PAYBACK PERIODS (cont.)
Product Category
Multifunction devices
Printers, fax machines, and mailing machines
Scanners
Percent Energy Savings Compared
to Conventional Product
15-30% (laser v. inkjet)
10%
10%
Payback Period
0 years (typically no retail cost premium)
0 years (typically no retail cost premium)
0 years (typically no retail cost premium)
Heating and Cooling
Air source heat pumps
Boilers
Ceiling fans
Furnaces
Geothermal heat pumps
Light commercial HVAC
Ventilating fans
10%
5%
45% (with light kit) 10% (fan only)
15%
30%
5%
70%
Varies Regionally
<5year
<4 years
<3 years
Varies Regionally
Varies Regionally
0 years (typically no retail cost premium)
Commercial Food Service
Commercial dishwashers
Commercial fryers
Commercial hot food holding cabinets
Commercial ice makers
Commercial refrigerators & freezers— solid door
Commercial steam cookers
Other
Water coolers
Vending machines
30%
5% (electric)
30% (gas)
65%
15%
35%
50% (electric)
35% (gas)
Other
2 years (for typical unit)
<3 years
<5 years
<3 years
<2 years (preliminary assessment)
<2 years
Other
0 years (typically no retail cost premium)
0 years (typically no retail cost premium)
b ENERGY STAR develops performance-based specifications to determine the most energy-efficient products in a particular product
category. These specifications, which are used as the basis for ENERGY STAR qualification, are developed using a systematic process that
relies on market, engineering, and pollution savings research and input from industry stakeholders. Specifications are revised periodically
to be more stringent, which has the effect of increasing overall market energy efficiency (U.S. EPA, 2007h). EPA and DOE screen all the
specifications annually to determine if any require reassessment. These assessments may lead to a specification revision, a specification
being sunset, or no action being taken depending on market readiness for the next level. To view current ENERGY STAR criteria, please
visit http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=product_specs.pt_product_specs. To view specifications that are under review or revision,
please visit http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=prod_development.prod_development_index.
Source: U.S. DOE, 2009; U.S. EPA, 2009b.
Energy-Efficient Product Procurement | Local Government Climate and Energy Strategy Series
7. COSTS AND FUNDING
15
-------
Funding Opportunities
Local government funding opportunities for energy-
efficient product procurement include:
Energy conservation savings. Local governments
can use a "paid from savings" approach to finance
purchases of energy-efficient products that have cost
premiums by reserving energy cost savings generated
from their energy efficiency activities to pay for the
products.
In 1984, Phoenix, Arizona, established the
Energy Conservation Savings Reinvestment
Plan. A reinvestment fund was created using
money collected from a state oil overcharge. Under
the reinvestment plan, half the city's annual energy
cost savings from energy efficiency improvements
funded through the plan are reinvested in the fund
to provide for future improvements. The fund has
been used to finance the costs of new energy-effi-
cient equipment in city buildings (ICLEI, 2007).
Lease-purchase agreements. A tax-exempt lease-
purchase agreement (also known as a municipal lease)
allows public entities to finance purchases and instal-
lation over long-term periods using operating budget
dollars rather than capital budget dollars.
Boulder, Colorado, uses operating budget
dollars and capital investment plan funds
(which are designed to automatically fund
upgrades at the end of a piece of equipment's
useful life) to pay for energy-efficient equipment
purchased through lease-purchase agreements
(Colorado Energy, 2007).
Lease-purchase agreements typically include "nonap-
propriation" language that limits obligations to the
current operating budget period. If a local govern-
ment decides not to appropriate funds for any year
throughout the term, the equipment is returned to
the lessor and the agreement is terminated. Because
of this nonappropriation language, lease-purchase
agreements typically do not constitute debt. Under this
type of agreement, a local government makes monthly
payments to a lessor (often a financial institution) and
assumes ownership of the equipment at the end of the
lease term, which commonly extends no further than
the expected life of the equipment. These payments,
which are often less than or equal to the anticipated
savings produced by the energy efficiency improve-
ments, include added interest. The interest rates that
a local government pays under these agreements are
typically lower than the rates under a common lease
agreement because a public entity's payments on
interest are exempt from federal income tax, meaning
the lessor can offer reduced rates (U.S. EPA, 2004b).
CASH FLOW OPPORTUNITY CALCULATOR
The ENERGY STAR Cash Flow Opportunity Calculator
is a decision-making tool that can inform decisions
pertaining to the timing of energy-efficient product
purchases. The tool can be used to determine:
• The quantity of energy-efficient equipment that
can be purchased and financed using anticipated
savings;
• Whether it is most cost-effective for the purchase
to be financed now, or to be paid for using future
operating funds; and
• Whether money is being lost while waiting for a
lower interest rate.
Web site:
http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=assess_value.
financial_tools
Source: U.S. EPA, 2003b.
BENEFITS OF TAX-EXEMPT LEASE PURCHASE
AGREEMENTS
• No need for capital budget appropriation
• No delay for voter referendum
• Monetary obligation limited to current
budget period
• Reduced interest rates
• Can be used to underwrite guaranteed savings
performance contracts
• Repayment can be tied to energy cost savings
16
7. COSTS AND FUNDING
Energy-Efficient Product Procurement | Local Government Climate and Energy Strategy Series
-------
Unlike bonds, initiating a tax-exempt lease-purchase
agreement does not require a voter referendum to
approve debt, a process that can delay energy efficiency
improvements. Tax-exempt lease-purchase agree-
ments typically require only internal approval and an
attorney's letter, which often takes only one week (as
opposed to months or years for bonds). Local govern-
ments can expedite the process by adding energy effi-
ciency projects to existing tax-exempt lease-purchase
agreements. Many local governments have master
lease-purchase agreements in place to finance a range
of capital investment projects. Energy-efficient product
procurement can often be added to these agreements
without difficulty (U.S. EPA, 2004b).
Performance contracting. An energy performance
contract is an arrangement with an ESCO that bundles
together various elements of an energy-efficiency
investment, such as installation, maintenance, and
monitoring of energy-efficient equipment. These
contracts, which often include a performance guar-
antee to ensure the investment's success, are typically
financed with money saved through reduced utility
costs but may also be financed using tax-exempt lease-
purchase agreements (U.S. EPA, 2003c).
Compton, California, entered a performance
contract to install energy-efficient equipment
at a number of its facilities, including new
lighting systems with occupancy sensors, street
lighting fixtures, chillers, and energy efficiency
management controls. The performance contract,
which will be paid for with guaranteed energy effi-
ciency savings, is expected to produce savings of
more than $4.4 million over 15 years (Johnson
Controls, 2007).
Tax-exempt lease-pur chase agreements are sometimes
used to underwrite energy performance contracts with
ESCOs. While local governments can often obtain
financing directly from ESCOs, many have found that
the interest rates available through tax-exempt lease-
purchase agreements are typically lower than the rates
offered by ESCOs. The agreements can be especially
effective when used to underwrite energy performance
contracts that include guaranteed savings agreements,
under which an ESCO agrees to reimburse any short-
falls in expected energy cost savings.
WESTMINSTER, COLORADO-LEASE-PURCHASE
AGREEMENT
The city council in Westminster, Colorado, passed a
resolution in 2005 that authorized the city to enter into
a lease-purchase agreement to purchase and install
approximately $2.5 million in energy-efficient equipment
in 21 city facilities. The city issued an RFP for financing
bids for the project and the city was able to settle on a
lease-purchase agreement with a low interest rate of
3.79 percent. The city council considered cash-funding
the purchase, but determined that capital improvement
budget constraints would mean the project would have to
be implemented piecemeal over 8-12 years.
Source: Westminster, 2005.
Private foundations. Foundations are nonprofit orga-
nizations or charitable trusts that can help fund local
energy efficiency activities. The most common types
of financing include grants (which do not have to be
repaid) and program-related investments (which are
usually set up with a repayment schedule).
tThe Illinois Clean Energy Community Foun-
dation, for example, administers seven
indoor lighting programs that provide grants
to local government entities, including schools,
county courthouses, and public safety facilities, to
assist in purchasing and installing energy-efficient
lighting systems (ICECF, 2007).
Public benefits funds. Public benefits funds (PBFs)
are supported by system benefits charges applied to
utility customers' bills. These funds, which are invested
in programs that benefit the public, can be applied to
local government energy-efficient product procure-
ment. A number of local governments have partnered
with state PBF-funded programs to purchase energy-
efficient products.
Tigard, Oregon, received a rebate from the
PBF-funded Energy Trust of Oregon to help
offset the cost of purchasing energy-efficient
equipment (Tigard, 2007).
Energy-Efficient Product Procurement | Local Government Climate and Energy Strategy Series
7. COSTS AND FUNDING
17
-------
State programs. Some states administer programs
that provide technical and financial assistance to local
governments for purchasing energy-efficient products.
The Mississippi Energy Division, for
example, administers the Energy Efficiency
Lease Program that offers local governments
access to pre-arranged tax-exempt lease-purchase
agreements with third-party financiers. These
agreements can be used to finance purchases and
installation of energy-efficient equipment for
terms of up to 10 years (Mississippi, 2009).
Utility assistance. A number of electric utilities offer
assistance to local governments through energy effi-
ciency programs. These programs sometimes allow
local governments to obtain energy-efficient products
at reduced costs or to purchase and install energy-
efficient products at no up-front cost.
Public Service of New Hampshire, for
example, administers the Municipal Smart
Start Loan Program through which it
purchases and installs energy-efficient products
for local governments. The governments are
assessed a purchase and installation charge on
their monthly utility bills until the products and
services are paid off. This charge is designed to be
less than the cost savings generated from the
energy efficiency investments. Claremont, New
Hampshire used this program to purchase energy-
efficient T8 lighting systems with occupancy
sensors, LED exit signs, and more than 1,000
streetlights (NEEP, 2006).
8. FEDERAL, STATE,
AND OTHER PROGRAM
RESOURCES
A variety of federal, state, and regional agencies and
organizations provide resources that local governments
can use when planning and implementing energy-
efficiency product procurement activities.
Federal Programs
ENERGY STAR. The ENERGY STAR program
provides information and tools on purchasing and
procurement that can assist local governments in iden-
tifying and procuring products that meet ENERGY
STAR energy efficiency qualifications. The program
provides lists of energy-efficient products with perfor-
mance specifications, product savings calculators for
assessing the cost-effectiveness of purchasing these
products, sample procurement language, product
retailer locators, and case studies. In addition, the
program provides guidance on developing a compre-
hensive energy-efficient product procurement policy.
Web sites:
Case studies:
http:/'/www. energystar.gov/index. cfm ?c=bulk_
purchasing.bus_purchasing_key_benefits
Sample procurement language:
http:/'/www. energystar.gov/index. cfm ?c=bulk_
purchasing.pr_proc_generic
Savings calculators:
http:/'/www. energystar.gov/index. cfm ?c=bulk_
purchasing, bus _purchasing
Retailer locator:
http:/'/www. energystar.gov/index. cfm ?fuseaction=store.
store_locator
Product specifications:
http://www.energystar.gov/index.
cfm?c=prod_development.prod_development_index
18
8. OTHER RESOURCES
Energy-Efficient Product Procurement | Local Government Climate and Energy Strategy Series
-------
U.S. DOE Federal Energy Management Program
(FEMP). FEMP works with federal agencies to
increase energy efficiency, water conservation, and use
of renewable energy sources in federal government
operations. Local government purchasers can obtain
guidance from FEMP s many information resources,
including its Product Energy Efficiency Recommenda-
tions publication, which contains energy efficiency fact
sheets that can be used when reviewing energy-effi-
cient products and developing preferred product lists.
Web site: http://wwwl.eere.energy.gov/femp/
U.S. EPA Environmentally Preferable Purchasing
program. The program encourages purchasers to
consider the multiple types of environmental impacts
of the products they purchase. The program's Web
site provides tools and information resources to
assist purchasers in selecting EPPs. The program has
developed the Environmentally Preferable Purchasing
Database, which provides information on products and
services arranged by category.
Web site: http://www.epa.gov/epp/index.htm
U.S. EPA State and Local Climate and Energy
Program. This program assists state, local, and tribal
governments in meeting their climate change and
clean energy efforts by providing technical assistance,
analytical tools, and outreach support. It includes two
programs:
The Local Climate and Energy Program helps
local and tribal governments meet multiple
sustainability goals with cost-effective climate
change mitigation and clean energy strategies.
EPA provides local and tribal governments with
peer exchange training opportunities and financial
assistance along with planning, policy, technical,
and analytical information that support reduction
of greenhouse gas emissions.
The State Climate and Energy Program helps
states develop policies and programs that can
reduce greenhouse gas emissions, lower energy
costs, improve air quality and public health, and
help achieve economic development goals. EPA
provides states with and advises them on proven,
cost-effective best practices, peer exchange oppor-
tunities, and analytical tools.
Web site: http://www.epa.gov/statelocaldimate/
U.S. EPA WaterSense Program.WaterSense is a
voluntary program that encourages efficient use of the
nation's water resources. WaterSense has developed a
system for labeling water-using products and services
that meet EPA water efficiency standards. WaterSense-
labeled products typically use 20 percent less water
than conventional products.
Web site: http://www.epa.gov/watersense/index.html
State Programs
Many state governments have adopted energy-efficient
product procurement policies and have collected
information on product performance, purchasing
best practices, and implementation challenges. Local
governments can build on the knowledge collected
through these state government activities.
In Texas, the State Energy Conservation
Office (SECO) provides local governments
with assistance in improving energy effi-
ciency in local government facilities and opera-
tions through its Energy Efficiency Partnership.
SECO offers information resources and technical
assistance on purchasing energy-efficient equip-
ment, including assistance with developing energy
efficiency standards for product categories (SECO,
2007).
NEW YORK STATE LOCAL GOVERNMENT ENERGY-
EFFICIENT PRODUCT PROCUREMENT
As part of its Energy Smart initiative, NYSERDA administers
the New York State Local Government Energy-Efficient
Product Procurement Program (GEEP-NY) to provide local
government officials with tools, education, and guidance
in purchasing or leasing ENERGY STAR equipment.
These resources include fact sheets, case study briefs,
demonstration projects, an electronic resource center,
a model for estimating savings potential, and a "how-to"
guide and PowerPoint briefings.
Source: GEEP-NY, Undated.
Energy-Efficient Product Procurement | Local Government Climate and Energy Strategy Series
8. OTHER RESOURCES
19
-------
Other Programs
Center for a New American Dream. The center is a
nonprofit organization dedicated to promoting respon-
sible consumption. The organization has developed a
clearinghouse of information resources, including case
studies and model policies, for EPP procurement at
the institutional level. The center has also developed
the Responsible Purchasing Network, a member-based
network of procurement stakeholders, to promote
EPP purchasing. The network provides several types
of resources, including purchasing guides, discussion
forums, and publications.
Web sites: http://www.responsiblepurchasing.org/
Environmentally Preferable Products Procurement
Listserv (EPPnet). The EPPnet listserv was established
by the Northeast Recycling Council, a 10-state collab-
orative for recycling research and development. The
listserv links federal, state, and local environmental
officials with procurement specialists to provide
subscribers access to information on product specifica-
tions, vendors, pricing information, and procurement
strategies for EPPs.
Web site: http://www.nerc.org/eppnet/index.html
National Association of Counties (NACo). NACo
administers a number of energy-related initiatives
through its Green Government Initiative, including
a purchasing and procurement program. The
purchasing and procurement program offers educa-
tional resources, information on upcoming events and
training opportunities, and information about related
programs, such as the U.S. Communities Government
Purchasing Alliance.
Web site: http://www.naco.org/GreenTemplate.
cfm?Section=Purchasing_and_Recyding&Template=/
TaggedPage/TaggedPageDisplay.
cfm&TPLID=88&ContentID=24094
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF GOVERNMENTAL
PURCHASING
The National Institute of Governmental Purchasing,
Inc. provides educational and training resources for
purchasers from public entities across the nation.
As part of its resource dissemination, the institute
maintains a list of many of the nation's purchasing
cooperatives (http://www.nigp.org/eweb/Dynamicpage.
aspx?webkey=2c737a3d-bf!3-432f-a48a-ldbe6ecf7fbe).
Source: N/GP, 2007.
National Association of State Procurement Officials
(NASPO). NASPO is a nonprofit organization that
works with purchasing officials in state government
by encouraging information exchange to achieve
increased efficiency and effectiveness in national
purchasing activities. The organization has collected
many resources that local governments can use to
implement energy-efficient product procurement
programs, including information materials and sample
projects.
Web site: http://www.naspo.org/
Regional purchasing cooperatives. Regional coopera-
tive purchasing alliances can provide local govern-
ments with information resources and opportunities to
aggregate purchases. These cooperatives, which can be
on a regional or interstate level, often produce qualified
product lists that include energy-efficient products.
The Kansas City Regional Purchasing Cooperative
(KCRPC), for example, is a joint cooperative between
the Mid-America Regional Council, the Mid-American
Council of Public Purchasing, and local governments
in the Kansas City, Missouri, region that aggregates
purchases through shared contracts to obtain reduced
prices (KCRPC, 2007). The Western States Contracting
Alliance (WSCA), an interstate cooperative, allows
governments from participating states to take advan-
tage of reduced prices through cooperative purchasing
(WSCA, 2010).
20
8. OTHER RESOURCES
Energy-Efficient Product Procurement | Local Government Climate and Energy Strategy Series
-------
9. CASE STUDIES
The following case studies describe two comprehensive
programs for implementing energy-efficient product
procurement activities. Each case study describes how
the program was initiated, key program activities and
features, and program benefits.
King County, Washington-
Environmental Purchasing
Program
Since its inception in 1989 as an initiative to promote
use of recycled materials, the King County, Washington
Environmental Purchasing Program has developed into
a comprehensive purchasing program that incorporates
a broad range of energy and environmental goals.
Profile: King County, Washington
Area: 2,134 square miles
Population: 1.8 million
Structure: The county, which includes 39
incorporated cities and several unincorporated
areas, is governed by a publicly elected county
executive and a council consisting of publicly
elected representatives from nine districts.
Program Scope: The Environmental Purchasing
Program is administered by the Finance and
Business Operations Division's Procurement and
Contract Services Section. In 2006, King County
spent $36 million to provide approximately
17,000 employees (working in 16 primary
agencies and departments) with EPPs. Of this
amount, $2.4 million was spent on electronics,
including desktop computers, laptops, and
monitors. Most of the remaining funds were
used to purchase and fuel fuel-efficient and
alternative-fuel vehicles.
Program Creation: The Environmental
Purchasing Policy was issued in 1995. This
policy expanded the 1989 Recycled Product
Procurement Policy. A 1999 administrative policy
requires that office equipment meet ENERGY
STAR qualification.
Program Results: In 2006, purchasing EPPs,
including energy-efficient products, saved King
County $640,000 in procurement costs.
Source: King County, 2009; King County, 2006;
King County, 2008a..
PROGRAM INITIATION
In 1989, the Metropolitan King County Council
established the Recycled Product Procurement Policy.
This policy included rules and regulations for county
agency procurement of paper products and lubri-
cating and fuel oils. The King County Environmental
Purchasing Policy, adopted in 1995, expanded the
existing procurement policy and included explicit
direction to the county's purchasing and solid waste
divisions to provide government entities with technical
assistance in purchasing EPPs whenever cost-effective
and practicable to do so (King County, 1995). In
1999, the program issued a bulletin requiring that bid
documents for computer systems, monitors, printers,
copiers, fax machines, and scanners include language
specifying ENERGY STAR qualification. The program
has found that the low-cost premium and high market
availability of energy-efficient products has typically
enabled purchasers to specify products that meet
energy efficiency criteria and the Environmental
Purchasing Policy's cost-effectiveness and practicability
criteria (King County, 1999; King County, 2007; King
County, 2008b).
PROGRAM FEATURES
The King County Environmental Purchasing Program
is administered by the Procurement and Contract
Services Section of the Finance and Business Opera-
tions Division, which is responsible for communicating
policy requirements and information about price,
performance, and benefits of products to purchasers.
Features of the program include:
Environmental purchasing program manager. The
county hired a program manager in 1990 to oversee
implementation. Serving as a program "champion,"
the program manager developed the framework of the
program and coordinated staff training sessions.
Model EPP policy. The program includes a model
EPP purchasing policy for use by its constituent cities
and businesses and for other counties. The model
policy highlights the importance of clearly delineating
the respective implementation and operation roles of
the lead agencies and other agencies involved in the
program.
Energy-Efficient Product Procurement | Local Government Climate and Energy Strategy Series
9. CASE STUDIES
21
-------
Strategies for maintaining agency support. King
County conducts educational seminars to train
its purchasers to implement the Environmental
Purchasing Policy. In addition, the county developed
and distributes the Environmental Purchasing Bulletin
to government agencies (King County, 2006).
Integrated energy and environmental goals. Like
many local government EPP purchasing programs,
King County's Environmental Purchasing Program
includes energy-efficient product procurement. The
program is unique in that it also includes opportuni-
ties for purchasing a broad range of other EPPs,
including biodiesel and hybrid vehicles. To help meet
its energy and environmental goals, the program has
coordinated with several other county programs, such
as the Energy/Resource Conservation Program in the
Department of Natural Resources and Parks, to obtain
technical assistance and disseminate information to the
public (King County, 2006).
Public involvement. King County uses its Environ-
mental Purchasing Program to promote the benefits
of EPPs throughout the community. The program
has participated in training conferences and trade
shows that involve sharing experiences with state and
local government personnel. The program has also
conducted training sessions for local businesses and
workshops at local schools (King County, 2006).
Annual reporting. The Procurement and Contract
Services Section is responsible for developing an
annual report describing program accomplishments
and identifying future opportunities for improvement
(King County, 2008a).
PROGRAM RESULTS
In 2006, purchasing EPPs saved the county approxi-
mately $640,000 in procurement costs. Since its
inception, the Environmental Purchasing Program
has earned recognition in the form of awards from
EPA and NACo. In addition, program staff have been
involved in developing a nonprofit national organiza-
tion called the Responsible Purchasing Network,
a collaborative that seeks to promote government
and business adoption of energy-efficient and EPP
purchasing policies (King County, 2007).
In 2007, the county adopted an energy plan that,
among other things, encourages purchasing ENERGY
STAR qualified products. The plan recommends that
the county Department of Finance work with the
Energy Task Force to develop a county ENERGY STAR
purchasing policy for office equipment (King County,
2008b).
Web site: http://www.kingcounty.gov/operations/
procurement/Services/Environmental_Purchasing.aspx
San Francisco, California-
Green Purchasing Program
The San Francisco Green Purchasing Program helps
city agencies implement the city's procurement poli-
cies. The program has extended its scope to include
outreach to assist local businesses and residents.
Profile: San Francisco, California
Area: 47 square miles
Population: 750,000
Structure: The city is governed by a publicly
elected mayor and a Board of Supervisors
comprised of representatives from 11 districts.
Program Scope: The Green Purchasing Program
is administered by SF Environment, the city's
environment department. The program provides
guidance on purchasing EPPs to the four
divisions that purchase products for the city's
30,000 employees across 90 bureaus. The city
spends more than $2 million on energy-using
products annually (not including refrigerators or
computers).
Program Creation: A city ordinance created an
Environmentally Preferable Purchasing Program
pilot in 1999. The establishment of a Municipal
Environmental Code in 2003, which consolidated
multiple purchasing-related environmental
ordinances, led to scaling up the pilot project into
the Green Purchasing Program.
Program Results: Since San Francisco began its
green purchasing program, it has introduced
more than 1,000 zero- or low-emission vehicles
to the city fleet, and saved 6,800 trees and more
than 500,000 gallons of water each year by
purchasing recycled content paper. The city has
also cut municipal pesticide use by nearly two-
thirds and dramatically increased the purchase of
low-mercury, long-life fluorescent lamps.
Source: San Francisco, 2007; CEE, Undated; SF
Environment, 2008a.
22
9. CASE STUDIES
Energy-Efficient Product Procurement | Local Government Climate and Energy Strategy Series
-------
PROGRAM INITIATION
The Green Purchasing Program developed out of San
Francisco's Environmentally Preferable Purchasing
Pilot Program (EP3) and the Precautionary Purchasing
Ordinance. In 1999, the city Board of Supervisors
passed an ordinance that called for the creation of an
EP3 pilot program. In 2003, the Board of Supervisors
adopted a comprehensive Municipal Environmental
Code. The second chapter of the code, the Precau-
tionary Purchasing Ordinance (added in 2005),
succeeds the ordinance that created the pilot program
and is based on its findings. The ordinance requires
agencies to purchase only products from the city's list
of approved EPPs. Another chapter of the Environ-
mental Code addresses resource efficiency and requires
agencies to purchase LED exit signs, electronic ballasts
and T8 efficient lighting systems, photocells and
timers for exterior lights. The comprehensive Green
Purchasing Program was initiated to meet the require-
ments of the ordinances (SF Environment, 2007a).
PROGRAM FEATURES
The Green Purchasing Program is administered by SF
Environment, the agency responsible for coordinating
implementation of the city's environmental programs.
The Green Purchasing Program includes the following
features:
Pilot program. The EP3 pilot program enabled SF
Environment to identify its best opportunities for
achieving the greatest potential benefits from large-
scale program implementation. The pilot also enabled
the agency to identify potential implementation
challenges and develop key recommendations for
addressing those concerns.
Compilation of information on product impacts,
performance, and costs. Through the pilot program,
SF Environment collected information on the impact,
performance, and cost of a range of EPPs. The infor-
mation is available to agency purchasers and private
residents on the SF Environment Web site.
Product testing. Throughout the three-year pilot
program, city staff tested the products they purchased.
In 83 percent of those tests, the environmentally pref-
erable product met staff performance requirements.
List of approved products. Unless exempted by a waiver,
purchasers are required to specify products from a prede-
termined list of approved products. This feature ensures
consistent program performance across the agencies and
reduces the time that purchasers would otherwise spend
researching product information.
Evaluation of listed products. SF Environment has devel-
oped a score sheet to assist purchasers in evaluating the
relative energy and environmental attributes of different
products on the approved product list.
Stakeholder involvement. The EP3 pilot program
included a working group that consisted of city employees
from 10 agencies, and a technical advisory group that
consisted of representatives from EPA Region 9 and
the states of Massachusetts and Minnesota. The groups
provided input during the product list development phase
and provided a link to agency purchasers.
Public involvement. SF Environment encouraged
community members to participate in its priority product
list development process. In addition, SF Environment
developed a subsidiary Green Purchasing Program exclu-
sively for residents. The program provides residents with
guidance on selecting EPPs in their daily purchases (SF
Environment, 2007a).
PROGRAM RESULTS
The July 2007 Precautionary Purchasing Ordinance
progress report identifies numerous accomplishments
over two years. The report highlights the increases in
purchases of energy-efficient products, including energy-
efficient T8 lamps with electronic ballasts for city facility
lighting systems. The city has eliminated all purchases of
T12 lamps (which are less efficient than T8s), and in FY
2005-2006, T8 lamps comprised 38 percent of all lamp
sales (SF Environment, 2006). Such replacements can
lead to significant savings: replacing a single 43-watt T12
lamp with a 25-watt T8 lamp can produce annual energy
savings of more than $4 (Focus on Energy, 2006).
Web site: http://www.sfenvironment.org/our_programs/
topics.html?ssi=9&ti=22#Public%20Awareness
Energy-Efficient Product Procurement | Local Government Climate and Energy Strategy Series
9. CASE STUDIES
23
-------
10. ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES AND INFORMATION RESOURCES
Title/Description
Web Site
Examples of Local Energy- Efficient Product Procurement Activities
Akron, New York- Akron has established an ENERGY STAR Appliance Advantage
Program to provide incentives to municipal electric utility customers who
purchase ENERGY STAR qualified appliances.
http://www.erie.gov/akron/news_010107.asp
Alameda County, California - The county has developed a model procurement http://www.ciwmb.ca.gov/EPP/LawPolicy/
policy and accompanying implementation guidance document to assist local AlaPollmp.doc
governments within its jurisdiction.
Austin, Texas - Austin Energy, the city-owned and operated electric utility, offers
its customers a $2 coupon for purchase of up to two individually packaged
ENERGY STAR qualified CFLs (or $4 for purchase of a package of two or more
ENERGY STAR qualified CFLs). The utility also offers a $10 coupon for purchases
of ENERGY STAR qualified light fixtures.
Banning, California - Banning provides rebates to municipal electric utility
customers who purchase certain ENERGY STAR qualified products.
Berkeley, California - Berkeley has established an EPP purchasing policy
that includes language requiring city agencies to purchase energy-efficient
equipment.
Chatham County, North Carolina - The County Board of Commissioners passed
a resolution creating the Environmental Leadership Policy that establishes
requirements for county government departments to meet EPP purchasing
standards.
King County, Washington - The county has developed the comprehensive
Environmental Purchasing Program. The program's Web site contains model
policies and contract language to help local governments develop their own
policies.
Multnomah County, Oregon - Energy-efficient product procurement is a
cornerstone of the county's Energy Conservation Program. This Web site
provides a case study of the program.
Nevada County, California - The county's green procurement policy allows
purchasers to obtain EPPs that are not "unreasonably expensive."
New York, New York - The New York City WasteLe$$ program provides
assistance for municipal agencies in complying with the energy-efficient product
purchasing requirements laid out in NYC Local Law 119 of 2005.
Riverside, California - The Riverside municipal electric utility offers customers
rebates for purchasing ENERGY STAR qualified energy-using products.
Roseau, Minnesota - Roseau offers rebates to local residents who purchase
qualifying energy-efficient products.
San Diego, California - San Diego has established an energy-efficient product
procurement policy that requires all products purchased by government
agencies to meet ENERGY STAR qualification or achieve energy efficiency
performance in the top 25% of their categories.
http://www.austinenergy.com/Energy%20
Efficiency/Tools%20and%20Tips/Residential/
Energy%20Efficient%20AppUances/products.htm
http://www.ci.banning.ca.us/DocumentView.
aspx?DID=197
http://www.responsiblepurchasing.org/UserFiles/
File/Ofice%20Electronics/Policies/City_of_
Berkeley_CA_Creen_Purchasing_Policy_2004.pdf
h ttp://www. co.chatham.nc. us/in terweb/wwwroo t/
CountyPolicies/Environmental%20Leadership%20
Policy.pdf
http://www.kingcounty.gov/operations/
procurement/Services/Environmental_Purchasing.
aspx
http://web.multco.us/sustainability/sustainable-
purchasing
http://www.ciwmb.ca.gov/BuyRecycled/Policies/
GPpolicy.pdf
http://www.nyc.gov/html/nycwasteless/html/
wasteless/atwork_tips_agency.shtml
http://www.riversideca.gov/utilities/busi-
energystar.asp
http://city.roseau.mn. us/index.asp?Type=B_
BASICaSEC={SDS47B62-4C01-48E9-9838-
172AA3ACS9SD}
http://docs.sandiego.gov/councilpolicies/
cpd_900-18.pdf
24
10. RESOURCES
Energy-Efficient Product Procurement | Local Government Climate and Energy Strategy Series
-------
10 ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES AND INFORMATION RESOURCES (cont.)
Title/Description
Santa Monica, California - Santa Monica has established an environmentally
preferable purchasing program that includes specifications for energy-efficient
office equipment.
Scottsdale, Arizona - Scottsdale offers free public seminars on energy-efficient
strategies, including energy-efficient product procurement.
Seattle, Washington - The Seattle Sustainable Purchasing Policy was developed
to consolidate the requirements of multiple city council codes and resolutions
requiring local government agencies to purchase EPPs.
Washington, DC - The Washington, DC, city council passed legislation in 2004
requiring government agencies to specify ENERGY STAR qualification when
purchasing energy-using products.
Web Site
http://www.smgov.net/epd/printed_materials/pdf/
Epp_0203_Annual%20Update.pdf
http://www.scottsdaleaz.gov/greenbuilding.
asp# Events
http://www.seattle.gov/environment/documents/
sus-purchasing-policyll-06-03.doc
http://www.dccounciiwashington.dc.us/
images/00001/20041214143141.pdf
Examples of Local Electronics Recycling Activities
King County, Washington - The county has developed a model contract that
enables county departments to obtain electronics recycling services.
New York, New York - The New York City WasteLeSS program has developed an
electronics recycling initiative. City agencies, schools, businesses, and institutions
are required to participate.
Tacoma, Washington - Tacoma and Pierce County coordinate with local
recycling companies, vendors, and consumers to make electronics recycling
easier for city and county residents.
http://your.kingcounty.gov/solidwaste/takeitback/
electronics/documents.asp
http://www.nyc.gov/html/nycwasteless/html/
recycling/electronicsrecycling.shtml
http://www.cityoftacoma.org/Page.aspx?cid=1366
Information Resources for Energy- Efficient Product Procurement
Helping Agencies Buy Energy-Efficient Products - DOE has developed this
paper to provide information to federal purchasers on the benefits of purchasing
energy-efficient products and how to obtain assistance in developing energy-
efficient product procurement programs.
Chapter 5: Local Action Plan Best Bets: Municipal Purchasing Programs - The
Climate Protection Manual for Cities provides information on establishing local
purchasing programs and developing energy efficiency standards for office
equipment. This chapter includes several case studies.
City of Oakland Purchase/Lease: An Analysis of Procurement Options - Oakland,
California, commissioned this report on funding options for procurement
activities. The report addresses energy efficiency as well as lease-purchase
options and bond financing.
Energy-Efficient Procurement Resources - Washington State University has
compiled this collection of energy-efficient procurement information resources.
Energy-Efficient Traffic Signals - This Consortium for Energy Efficiency fact
sheet provides information on the benefits of converting traffic signals to energy-
efficient LEDs.
FEMP Purchasing Energy Efficiency Requirements (Energy-Efficient Product
Purchasing Specifications) - FEMP issues energy efficiency specifications for
more than 50 types of products commonly purchased by federal agencies.
http://wwwl.eere.energy.gov/femp/pdfs/
eeproducts_fs.pdf
http://www.climatemanual.org/Cities/downloads/
CPM_ChapterS_LocalActionPlan_BestBets_
Purchasing.pdf
http://www.oaklandnet.com/budgetoffice/
OaklandPurchaseLease-v3.pdf
http://www.energyideas.org/documents/
factsheets/Proc_Resources.pdf
h ttp://www. ceel. org/resrc/fa cts/led- fx.pdf
http://wwwl.eere.energy.gov/femp/procurement/
index.html
Energy-Efficient Product Procurement | Local Government Climate and Energy Strategy Series
10. RESOURCES
25
-------
10 ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES AND INFORMATION RESOURCES (cont.)
Title/Description
Flex Your Power Best Practices - Flex Your Power, a California Public Utilities
Commission initiative, has developed multiple local government guidance
documents on various topics. Many of these guides address issues of relevance
to energy-efficient product procurement.
Guide to Energy-Efficient Heating and Cooling - This ENERGY STAR resource
provides comprehensive checklists for improving HVAC system energy efficiency.
Institutional Purchasing: Save Money, Time and the Environment - This ENERGY
STAR document provides an overview of the benefits of purchasing energy-
efficient products at the institutional level.
Online Guide to Energy-Efficient Office Equipment - This American Council
for an Energy-Efficient Economy guide provides an overview of the costs and
benefits of purchasing different energy-efficient office products.
Potential Energy, Cost, and CO2 Savings from Energy-Efficient Government
Purchasing - This LBNL report provides information on the benefits of energy-
efficient product procurement at the government level.
Procuring Energy-Efficient Products - This document was produced by the
Consortium for Energy Efficiency as a guidebook for state and local government
purchasing agencies.
State and Local Government Purchasing Initiative - Though no longer active,
this Consortium for Energy Efficiency project provides information on state and
local government purchasing, including guidebooks and case studies.
Web Site
http://www.fypower.org/bpg/index.
html?b=institutional
http://www.energystar.gov/ia/partners/
pubUcations/pubdocs/HeatingCoolingCuide%20
FINAL_9-4-09.pdf
http://www.energystar.gov/ia/partners/reps/
pt_reps_purch_procu/files/general_purchasing_
new_10-4.pdf
http://www.aceee.org/topics/office-equipment
http://wwwl.eere.energy.gov/femp/pdfs/
government_purchasing.pdf
http://www.ceel.org/gov/purch/gbl-rev2.pdf
http://www.ceel.org/gov/purch/purch-main.php3
Strength in Numbers: An Introduction to Cooperative Procurements - This http://www.naspo.org/documents/
NASPO resource provides an overview of the benefits of and strategies for CooperativePurchasingBrief.pdf
entering into cooperative procurement agreements.
Whole Building Design Guide - The guide is a comprehensive resource for
designing energy-efficient facilities. The guide includes a number of resources to
assist in selecting energy-efficient building components.
http://www.wbdg.org/design/mi nimize_
consumption. php
Information Resources for End-of-Life Management of Electronic Products
Electronics Waste Management in the United States - This EPA report presents
a national analysis of current trends in disposal and management of electronic
products.
End-of-Life Management - The Federal Electronics Challenge has developed
a Web site to provide federal facilities with information on purchasing green
electronic products. The program maintains a collection of resources on end-of-
life management.
Guidelines for the Procurement, Use, and End-of-Life Management of Electronic
Equipment - This report was developed for the California Integrated Waste
Management Board to provide state agencies with tools to implement cost-
saving procurement practices that have minimal energy and environmental
impacts.
h ttp://www. epa.gov/epa os wer/hazwas te/recycle/
ecycling/manage.htm
http://www.federalelectronicschallenge.net/
resources/eolmngt.htm
http://www.ciwmb.ca.gov/Electronics/
Procurement/PUEOL/FinalCuide.pdf
Information Resources for Green or Environmentally Preferable Product Procurement
Environmentally Preferable Purchasing - This New American Dream Web site
serves as a clearinghouse of resources on EPP. It includes case studies and model
policies as well as guidance on developing comprehensive purchasing programs.
http://www.responsiblepurchasing.org/
26
10. RESOURCES
Energy-Efficient Product Procurement | Local Government Climate and Energy Strategy Series
-------
10 ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES AND INFORMATION RESOURCES (cont.)
Title/Description Web Site
Environmentally Preferable Purchasing Database - This EPA database provides
information on EPPs and services sorted by category.
http://yosemitel.epa.gov/oppt/eppstand2.nsf
Final Guidance on Environmentally Preferable Purchasing - This EPA guidance http://www.epa.gov/epp/pubs/guidance/
was developed in response to federal Executive Order 13101, which requires finalguidance.htm#GuidingPrinciplel
federal agencies to implement EPP purchasing policies.
Green Procurement Initiative - The California Energy Commission has compiled http://www.cec.org/files/PDF/ECONOMY/Green-
a list of state, county, and local purchasing programs. Procurement_lnitiatives_en.pdf
Green Purchasing: A Guide for Local Governments and Communities - This
document, developed by the New Jersey Department of Environmental
Protection, provides guidance to New Jersey communities in establishing and
implementing green purchasing activities.
Green Purchasing in County Offices Factsheet - NACo has developed a starter
kit for county purchasing agents and policy makers to provide an overview of
opportunities to implement EPP purchasing policies.
Hennepin County, Minnesota Lead by Example Initiative Guidelines - The
Board of Commissioners in Hennepin County has authorized creation of the
Lead by Example Incentive Fund that will award a combined $100,000 to county
departments that invest in EPPs. The board has developed guidelines to assist
department staff in meeting the program's requirements.
Implementation Guidelines for Model Policy - These guidelines for
implementing a model procurement policy were developed by Alameda
County. The county's model policy has been adopted by several California local
governments.
Introduction to Cooperative Procurement - NASPO has developed a primer on
the benefits and strategies of cooperative procurement.
NASPO - The organization works with state procurement officials to facilitate
information exchange and aid purchasers in obtaining cost-effective products
through cooperative procurement.
National Institute of Governmental Purchasing (NIGP) - This nonprofit
organization provides assistance and information to public purchasers on a range
of issues.
Responsible Purchasing Network- The network was initiated by purchasing
stakeholders and has compiled multiple responsible purchasing guides on fleets,
electronics, office equipment, and paints.
h ttp://www. s ta te. nj. us/dep/opsc/docs/green_
purchasing_guide_local_governments.pdf
http://www.naco.org/programs/csd/Green%20
Government%20Documents/Green%20
Purchasing%20in%20County%20Offices%20
tFactsheetl.pdf
http://www.rethinkrecycling.com/government/
eppg
http://www.ciwmb.ca.gov/epp/LawPolicy/
AlaPollmp.doc
http://www.naspo.org/documents/
CooperativePurchasingBrief.pdf
http://www. naspo. org/
http://www.nigp.org/eweb/StartPage.
aspx?Site = NIGPfrwebcode =abt_mw
http://www.responsiblepurchasing.org/
Model Policies for Energy- Efficient and EPP Procurement
Environmental Purchasing Policies 101 - The Center for a New American Dream
developed this guidance document to provide purchasers with a collection of
best practices relating to environmentally preferable purchasing. The document
includes a sample EPP purchasing policy.
Model Environmentally Preferable Products Policy - The King County
Environmental Purchasing Program has established this model policy for cities
and other organizations.
http://www.cec.Org/files/pdf//NAGPI%20Policy%20
Paper2e.pdf
http://www.kingcounty.gov/operations/
procuremen t/Services/En vironm ental_
Purchasing/~/media/operations/procurement/
documents/EP_Policy_Model.ashx
Energy-Efficient Product Procurement | Local Government Climate and Energy Strategy Series
10. RESOURCES 27
-------
10 ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES AND INFORMATION RESOURCES (cont.)
Title/Description
Center for a New American Dream Collection of Green Purchasing Polices - The
center has collected a list of annotated examples of green purchasing policies.
Web Site
http://www.responsiblepurchasing.org/
purchasing_guides/all/policies/
Tools and Certification for Energy- Efficient and EPP Procurement
ENERGY STAR Purchasing and Procurement - ENERGY STAR provides
certification for energy-efficient products. In general, ENERGY STAR qualified
products use 10-75% less energy than conventional products of the same utility.
ENERGY STAR Purchasing and Procurement Briefings - ENERGY STAR provides
monthly Webcasts that identify available resources, including the product
calculators.
EPEAT - EPEAT is a system to help purchasers compare and select computer
equipment based on a product's environmental attributes. EPEAT certification is
intended to meet ENERGY STAR qualification standards for energy efficiency.
Green Purchasing Training - The Office of the Federal Environmental Executive
(OFEE) provides opportunities for free online training and frequent classroom
training to procurement officials interested in green purchasing.
Green Seal - Green Seal is a nonprofit organization that establishes standards for
EPPs and administers its own certification program. The organization produces
Choose Green Reports that provide information on a range of EPPs.
http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm7c = bulk_
purchasing. bus_purchasing
http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=bulk_
purchasing. bus_purchasing_key_benefits#online
http://www.epeat.net/
Please contact OFEE at info@ofee.gov.
http://www.greenseal.org/
11. REFERENCES
AIRE. UNDATED. Arlington Initiative to Reduce Emis-
sions. Available: http://www.arlingtonva.us/portals/
topics/'CHmate.aspx. Accessed 5/28/2007.
Akron. 2007. Village of Akron to Renew the ENERGY
STAR Appliance Advantage Program. Available: http://
www.erie.gov/akron/news_010107.asp. Accessed
5/25/2007.
Alameda County. 2003. Environmentally Preferable
Purchasing Model Policy. Available: http://www.
ciwmb. ca.gov/EPP/LawPolicy/AlaPolicy. doc. Accessed
5/23/2007.
Albuquerque. 2006. Resolution R-05-329: Adopting Poli-
cies to Establish and Implement a City Renewable Ener-
gy Initiative. Available: http://www.cabq.gov/energy/
documents/Resolution329.doc. Accessed 1/21/2011.
Austin Energy. 2007. ENERGY STAR Products. Avail-
able: http://www.austinenergy.com/Energy%20Effi-
ciency/Tools%20and%20Tips/Residential/Energy%20
Efficient%20Appliances/products.htm. Accessed
9/11/2007.
Banning. 2006. ENERGY STAR Products Rebate.
Available: http://www. ci. banning, ca. us/Document-
View.aspx?DID=197. Accessed 9/11/2007.
Carnegie Mellon. 2005. Center for Building
Performance. As cited in Greening America's
Schools: Costs and Benefits. G. Kats, Capital
E. Available: http://www.leed.us/ShowFile.
aspx?DocumentID=2908. Accessed 4/17/2007.
Case, S. 2004. Environmental Purchasing Policies
101: An Overview of Current Environmentally
Preferable Purchasing Policies. Available: http://
www.cec.org/files/pdf//NAGPI%20Policy%20
Paper2e.pdf. Accessed 5/23/2007.
GEE. 2002. LED Traffic Signals Provide Dramatic
Energy Savings. Available: http://www.ceel.org/
gov/led/led-cost.pdf. Accessed 10/8/2007.
GEE. UNDATED. GEE Case Study: City of San Fran-
cisco. Available: http://www.ceel.org/gov/purch/
SF-case.pdf. Accessed 9/12/2007.
28
10. RESOURCES-11. REFERENCES
Energy-Efficient Product Procurement | Local Government Climate and Energy Strategy Series
-------
CIWMB. 2008. Overall Framework for an Extended
Producer Responsibility System in California. Attach-
ment 1, Board Meeting Agenda. January 23, 2008.
Available: http://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/EPR/Frame-
work/Framework.pdf. Accessed 1/24/2011.
Colorado Energy. 2007. Success Story: Boulder, Colo-
rado. Available: http://www.coloradoenergy.org/activi-
ties/success/boulder.htm. Accessed 9/11/2007.
EIA. 2003. Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption
Survey. Available: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cbecs/
contents.html. Accessed 1/21/2011.
EIA. 2008. 2003 Commercial Buildings Energy Consump-
tion Survey: Major Fuel Consumption (Btu) by End
Use for Non-Mall Buildings, 2003. Released September
2008. Available: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cbecs/
cbecs2003/detailed_tables_2003/2003set!9/2003pdf/
eOl.pdf. Accessed 2/3/2011.
EIA. 2009. Average Retail Price of Electricity to Ultimate
Customers by End-Use Sector, by State. November 13,
2009. Available: http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electric-
ity/epm/table5_6_b.html Accessed 11/23/2009.
FEMP. 2007. Energy-Efficient Products. Available:
http://wwwl. eere. energy.gov/femp/technologies/
eep_purchasingspecs.html. Accessed 9/12/2007.
Flex Your Power. 2009. Best Practice Guide: Local
Governments. Available: http://www.fypower.org/bpg/
index.html?b=institutional. Accessed 12/1/2009.
Focus on Energy. 2006. High Performance T8 Systems:
Frequently Asked Questions. Available: http://www.
focusonenergy.com/files/Document_Management_
System/Business_Programs/highperformancereduced-
wattaget8systems_factsheet.pdf. Accessed 9/12/2007.
Gartner. 2002. Cool Roof Energy Savings Evaluation
for City of Tucson Thomas O. Price Service Center
Administration Building One. Available: http://cms3.
tucsonaz.gov/files/energy/CoolCommPh2-Dr.GsFinal-
Report-COVERPG.pdf Accessed 1/31/2008.
GEEP-NY. UNDATED. New York Energy $mart Procure-
ment Fact Sheet. Available: http://www.nyserda.
org/programs/pdfs/geepnyfactsheet.pdf. Accessed
1/21/2011.
Harris, J., M. Brown, J. Deakin, S. Jurovics, A. Khan,
E. Wisniewski, J. Mapp, B. Smith, M. Podeszwa, A.
Thomas. 2004. Energy-Efficient Purchasing by State
and Local Government Triggering a Landslide Down
the Slippery Slope to Market Transformation. ACEEE
Summer Study. Available: http://www.pepsonline.org/
publications/Energy%20Efficient%20Purchasing%20
By%20State%20and%20Local%20Government.pdf.
Accessed 12/1/2009.
Hatcher, K. and T. Dietsche. 2001. Manage Energy
Uncertainty: Use Quick Financing for Energy Effi-
ciency Projects. ICMA. Available: http://www.
coloradoenergy.org/activities/success/download.
aspx?CaseStudyID=22. Accessed 3/7/2007.
ICECF. 2007. Illinois Clean Energy Community Foun-
dation Lighting Upgrades. Available: http://www.illi-
noisdeanenergy.org/lighting/.Accessed 12/7/2007.
ICLEI. 2007. Profiting from Energy Efficiency: 7.0 Best
Municipal Practices for Energy Efficiency. Available:
http://www.idei.org/index.php?id=1677. Accessed
4/12/2007.
Johnson Controls. 2007. Case Study: City ofCompton.
Available: http://www.johnsoncontrols.com/publish/
etc/medialib/jci/be/case_studies.Par.61085.File.
tmp/City%20of%20Compton%20CS%20FINAL.pdf.
Accessed 9/11/2007.
Kansas City. 1998. Green Purchasing Ordinance. Avail-
able: http://cityclerk.kcmo.org/liveweb/Documents/
Document. aspx?q= WuS WwWO3CXHOetE3Fn3AbpRj
%2flvVUt%2bRIeZCSyVoiGnrBSjERXbFIJ8nopHug2
%2b. Accessed 12/1/2009.
KCRPC. 2007. Kansas City Regional Purchasing Cooper-
ative. Available: http://www.marc.org/kcrpc/. Accessed
5/28/2007.
King County. 1995. King County Environmental
Purchasing Policy. Available: http://www.kingcounty.
gov/operations/procurement/Services/Environmen-
tal_Purchasing/Policies.aspx. Accessed 12/1/2009.
King County. 1999. Environmental Purchasing (EP)
Bulletin #43: ENERGY STAR requirements. Available:
http://www.p2pays.org/ref/14/13785.htm. Accessed
12/1/2009.
Energy-Efficient Product Procurement | Local Government Climate and Energy Strategy Series
11. REFERENCES
29
-------
King County. 2006. King County Environmental
Purchasing Annual Report, 2006. Available: http://
your.kingcounty.gov/procure/green/2006annrep.pdf
Accessed 9/12/2007.
King County. 2007. Environmental Purchasing Program.
Available: http://www.kingcounty.gov/operations/
procurement/Services/Environmental_Purchasing.
aspx. Accessed 12/1/2009.
King County. 2008A. Revision 4 of King County Energy
Plan. Available: http://your.kingcounty.gov/dnrp/
measures/documents/pdf/KC-Energy-Plan-2008.pdf.
Accessed 12/1/2009.
King County. 2008B. Program Information. Personal
communication, February 14, 2008.
King County. 2009. About King County. Available:
http://www.kingcounty.gov/About.aspx. Accessed
12/1/2009.
Kitsap County, 1999. Ordinance No. 233-1999: Preven-
tion of Waste in County Government. Available: http://
www.kitsapgov.com/sw/ordinance233.htm. Accessed
5/23/2007.
Lansing. 2007. Executive Order 2007-01. Available:
http://www.dsireusa.org/documents/Incentives/MIHR.
htm. Accessed 1/30/2008.
LBNL. 2002. Potential Energy, Cost, and CO2 Saving
from Energy-Efficient Government Purchasing. Avail-
able : http://wwwl. eere. energy.gov/femp/pdfs/govern-
ment_purchasing.pdf. Accessed 10/8/2007.
LBNL. 2003. ENERGY STAR Product Specification
Development Framework: Using Data and Analysis to
Make Program Decisions. Available: http://enduse.lbl.
gov/info/LBNL-53326.pdf. Accessed 9/11/2007.
Lodi. 2000. Resolution 99-99. Available:
http://publicdocs.lodi.gov/Docs/RESOLU-
TIONS/1997-2003/00001024.pdf. Accessed 9/11/2007.
Medford. 2005. Energy and Resource Efficiency Policy.
Available: http://www.medford.org/Pages/Medford-
MA_Energy/Energy_Efficiency_Policy.pdf. Accessed
9/6/2007.
Mississippi. 2009. Energy Efficient Lease Program for
Public Facilities and Private "Nonprofit" Hospitals.
Available: http://www.mississippi.org/index.php?id=38.
Accessed 12/1/2009.
Multnomah County, 2010. Multnomah County, Oregon.
Sustainable Purchasing. Available: http://web.multco.
us/sustainability/sustainable-purchasing. Accessed
2/15/2011.
NACo. 2008. Green Purchasing in County Offices. Avail-
able: http://www.naco.org/programs/csd/Green%20
Government%20Documents/Green%20Purchasing%20
in%20County%20Offices%20(Factsheet).pdf. Accessed
2/17/2011.
NEEP. 2006. NEEP Notes: Best Practices in Energy
Efficiency in the Northeast. Northeast Energy Efficiency
Partnerships. Third Quarter 2006.
Nevada County. 2002. Nevada County Green Procure-
ment and Sustainable Practices Policy. Available: http://
www.ciwmb.ca.gov/BuyRecycled/Policies/GPpolicy.pdf.
Accessed 5/23/2007.
New York City Department of Sanitation. 2007. Green
or Environmentally Preferable Purchasing. Available:
http://www.nyc.gov/html/nycwasteless/html/wasteless/
atwork_greenpurchasing_agencies.shtml#localll8-121.
Accessed 5/29/2007.
NIGP. 2007. Purchasing Cooperatives. Avail-
able: http://www.nigp.org/eweb/Dynamicpage.
aspx?webkey=2c737a3d-bfl3-432f-a48a-ldbe6ecf7fbe.
Accessed 12/1/2009.
Oakland. 2007. Environmentally Preferable Purchasing
Policy. Available: http://clerkwebsvrl.oaklandnet.com/
attachments/17021.pdf. Accessed 9/10/2007.
Philadelphia. 2007. Local Climate Action Plan: Build-
ings. Available: http://www.phila.gov/green/PDFs/
Attachmentl_Philadelphia_Local_Action_Plan_
Climate_Change.pdf. Accessed 2/17/2011.
Phoenix. 2007. Recycling and Pollution Prevention.
Available: http://www.phoenix.gov/greenphoenix/
sustainabitity/summary/recyde.html. Accessed
12/1/2009.
30
11. REFERENCES
Energy-Efficient Product Procurement | Local Government Climate and Energy Strategy Series
-------
Raleigh. 2007. Raleigh and Cree Team Up for LED City
Initiative. Available: http://www.solidstatetighting-
design.com/documents/articles/gsedoc/7917.html.
Accessed 12/1/2009.
Riverside. 2007. ENERGY STAR Residential Product
Rebate Program. Available: http://www.riversideca.gov/
utilities/resi-energystar.asp. Accessed 1/21/2011.
San Diego. 2001. Purchase of Energy Efficient Products.
Available: http://docs.sandiego.gov/councilpolicies/
cpd_900-18.pdf. Accessed 9/6/2007.
San Diego. UNDATED. Energy Retrofits. Available:
http://www.sandiego.gov/environmental-services/ener-
gy/programsprojects/saving/retrofits.shtml. Accessed
9/6/2007.
San Francisco. 2003. Precautionary Principle Ordinance.
Available: http://www.sfenvironment.org/our_policies/
overview.html?ssi=14. Accessed 5/30/2007.
San Francisco. 2007. Organizational Chart. Available:
http://www6.sfgov.org/index.aspx?page=43. Accessed
2/17/2011.
Santa Clarita. 2005. Resolution 05-103. Available:
http://www.santa-clarita.com/cityhall/admin/purchas-
ing/resolutions/05-103%20%20EPP.htm. Accessed
9/10/2007.
Santa Rosa. 2003. Energy Conservation Program in City
Buildings. Available: http://ci.santa-rosa.ca.us/ENVI-
RONMENTAL_STEWARDSHIP/ENERGY/CONSER-
VATION/LED/Pages/default.aspx. Accessed 12/1/2009
SCCED. 2000. Building Sustainable Cities Conference.
Southern California Council on Environment and
Development. Available: http://www.scced.org/scced/
hotissues/SusCities.html. Accessed 12/1/2009..
Scottsdale. 2007. Seminar, Building Science: A System
Approach to Energy Efficiency. February 1, 2007.
Available: http://www.ucansustain.com/dsp_articles.
cfm?artideno=s020905. Accessed 12/1/2009.
Seattle. 2003. Sustainable Purchasing Policy. Available:
http://www.seattle.gov/environment/documents/sus-
purchasing-policyll-06-03.doc. Accessed 5/23/2007.
SECO. 2007. Energy Education Outreach Projects:
Energy Efficiency Partnership. Available: http://www.
seco.cpa.state.tx.us/sch-gov_partner.htm. Accessed
9/12/2007.
SF Environment. 2006. Three-Year Report on the Status
of the Precautionary Principle Ordinance. Available:
http://www.sfenvironment.org/downloads/library/
pp3yearreport.doc. Accessed 12/1/2009.
SF Environment. 2007A. Green Purchasing
Program. Available: http://www.sfenvironment.org/
our_programs/topics.html?ssi=9&ti=22. Accessed
5/29/2007.
SF Environment. 2007B. Review on Implementation of
San Francisco's Precautionary Purchasing Ordinance,
July 2005 - July 2007. Available: http://www.sfenviron-
ment.org/our_policies/overview.html?ssi=14. Accessed:
12/1/2009.
SF Environment. 2008A. SF Launches Website for
Green Products. Available: http://www.sfenviron-
ment.org/our_sfenvironment/press_releases.
html?topic=details&ni=630. Accessed on 1/18/2011.
Tacoma. 2006. Take it Back Network. Available: http://
www.cityoftacoma.org/Page.aspx?hid=1366#Take.
Accessed 9/6/2007.
Tigard. 2007. Tigard Upgrades to Energy-Efficient Water
Pumping Stations. Available: http://www.tigard-or.gov/
news/07-01 -26_water_pump_stations_upgraded. asp.
Accessed 12/1/2009.
Universities Council on Water Resources. 1999.
Realizing the Benefits from Water Conservation. W.
Maddaus. Available: http://www.ucowr.org/updates/
pdf7V114_A2.pdf. Accessed 10/29/2007.
U.S. DOE. 2000. WATERGY Software and Manual.
Federal Energy Management Program. Available:
http://wwwl. eere. energy.gov/femp/information/down-
load_watergy.html. Accessed 12/07/2007.
U.S. DOE. 2004. Additional Financing Sources and
Considerations. Available: http://wwwl.eere.energy.
gov/buildings/financial_opportumties.html. Accessed
12/1/2009.
U.S. DOE. 2009. Personal communication with DOE.
September 2009.
Energy-Efficient Product Procurement | Local Government Climate and Energy Strategy Series
11. REFERENCES
31
-------
U.S. EPA. 2000. State and Local Pioneers: How State and
Local Governments Are Implementing Environmentally
Preferable Purchasing Policies. Available: http://www.
epa.gov/epp/pubs/case/statenlocal.pdf. Accessed
12/1/2009.
U.S. EPA. 2002. Program Requirements for Light
Commercial HVAC. Available: http://www.energystar.
gov/ia/partners/product_specs/progratn_reqs/lchvac_
prog_req_v2_2.pdf. Accessed 10/8/2007.
U.S. EPA. 2003A. Energy Efficiency and Indoor Air
Quality in Schools. Available: http://www.epa.gov/
iaq/schools/pdfs/pubtications/ee_iaq.pdf. Accessed
4/16/2007.
U.S. EPA. 2003B. Cash Flow Opportunity Calculator.
Available: http://www. energystar.gov/ia/business/
cfo_calculator.xls. Accessed 10/8/2007.
U.S. EPA. 2003C. Financing Energy Efficiency Proj-
ects. Government Finance Review, February 2003.
Available:http://www.energystar.gov/ia/business/
government/Finandal_Energy_Effidency_Projects.pdf.
Accessed 5/29/2007.
U.S. EPA. 2003D. Financing Profile of Success: Miami-
Dade County Public Schools. Available: http://www.
energystar.gov/ia/business/121202profile_MDCPS.pdf.
Accessed 2/4/2008.
U.S. EPA. 2004A. Building Upgrade Manual. Available:
http://www. energystar.gov/ia/business/EPA_B UM_
Fullpdf. Accessed 1/12/2007.
U.S. EPA. 2004B. Innovative Financing Solutions: Find-
ing Money for Your Energy Efficiency Projects. Available:
http://www.energystar.gov/ia/business/COO-CFO_
Paper_final.pdf. Accessed 2/4/2008.
U.S. EPA. 2006. Greening Your Purchase of Copiers.
Available: http://www.epa.gov/epp/pubs/copiers.htm.
Accessed 12/1/2009.
U.S. EPA. 2007A. High Efficiency Toilets. Available:
http://www.epa.gov/watersense/products/toilets.html.
Accessed 9/4/2007.
U.S. EPA. 2007B. Purchasing and Procurement Savings
Calculator: Vending Machines. Available: http://www.
energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_product.
showProductGroup&pgw_code= VMC. Accessed
10/8/2007.
U.S. EPA. 2007C. Purchasing and Procurement Savings
Calculator: Power Management. http://www.energystar.
gov/index.cfm?c=power_mgt.pr_power_mgt_users.
Accessed 12/1/2009.
U.S. EPA. 2007D. Purchasing and Procurement Savings
Calculator: Copiers. Available: http://www.energystar.
gov/index.cfm?c=copiers.pr_proc_copiers. Accessed
10/8/2007.
U.S. EPA. 2007E. Purchasing and Procurement Savings
Calculator: Water Coolers. Available: http://www.
energystar.gov/ia/business/bulk_purchasing/bpsav-
ings_calc/CalculatorBulkPurchasingWaterCooler.xls.
Accessed 12/1/2009.
U.S. EPA. 2007F. The WaterSense Label. Available:
http://www.epa.gov/WaterSense/pubs/label.htm.
Accessed 12/10/2007.
U.S. EPA. 2007G. Clean Energy: Air Emissions. Avail-
able: http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/energy-and-you/
affect/air-emissions.html. Accessed 1/23/2008.
U.S. EPA. 2007H. ENERGY STAR Product Specifica-
tions. Available: http://www.energystar.gov/index.
cfm ?c=product_specs.pt_product_specs. Accessed
12/11/2007.
U.S. EPA. 20071. Purchasing and Procurement. Available:
http://www. energystar.gov/index. cfm ?c=bulk_purchas-
ing.bus_purchasing. Accessed 12/8/2007.
U.S. EPA. 2008A. Key Benefits of ENERGY STAR
Products. Available: http://www.energystar.gov/index.
cfm ?c=bulk_purchasing. bus_purchasing_key_benefits.
Accessed 11/13/2009.
U.S. EPA. 2008B. Frequently Asked Questions about
Reflective Roof Products. Available: http://www.
energystar.gov/index.cfm?fuseaction=find_a_prod-
uct.showProductGroup&pgw_code=RO. Accessed
1/23/2008.
32
11. REFERENCES
Energy-Efficient Product Procurement | Local Government Climate and Energy Strategy Series
-------
U.S. EPA. 2008C. ENERGY STAR Products: Procure-
ment Language. Available: www.energystar.gov/ia/
products/appliances/res_appliances_procure.doc-2010-
12-07http://www. energystar.gov/index. cfm ?c=bulk_
purchasing.pr_proc_generic. Accessed 1/23/2008.
U.S. EPA. 2009A. ENERGY STAR Overview 0/2008
Achievements. Available: http://www.energystar.gov/
ia/partners/publications/pubdocs/2008%204%20
pager%203-12-09.pdf. Accessed 11/13/2009.
U.S. EPA. 2009B. Personal communication with ENER-
GY STAR Labeling Branch, September 2009.
U.S. EPA. 2011. ENERGY STAR Commercial
LED Lighting. Available: http://www.energystar.
gov/index, cfm ?fuseaction=find_a_product.
showProductGroup&pgw_code=LTG. Accessed
2/15/2011.
U.S. EPA and U.S. DOE. 2008. Purchasing and Procure-
ment Savings Calculator. CFLs. Available: http://www.
energystar.gov/ia/business/bulk_purchasing/bpsav-
ings_calc/CalculatorCFLsBulk.xls. Accessed 2/20/2008.
U.S. EPA and U.S. DOE. UNDATED(A). ENERGY STAR
Products: Displays (for Consumers). Available: http://
www. energystar.gov/index. cfm ?fuseaction=find_a_
product.showProductGroup&pgw_code=MO.
Accessed 11/13/2009.
U.S. EPA and U.S. DOE. UNDATED(B). ENERGY STAR
Products: Light Commercial Heating & Cooling (for
Consumers). Available: http://www.energystar.gov/
index.cfm?c=lchvac.pr_lchvac. Accessed 11/13/2009.
U.S. EPA and U.S. DOE. UNDATED(c). Enterprise
Servers for Consumers, http://www.energystar.gov/
index, cfm ?c=ent_servers. enterprise_servers. Accessed
11/16/2009.
Washington, DC. 2004. ENERGY STAR Efficiency Act
Amendment of 2004. Available: http://www.dccouncil
washington.dc.us/images/00001/20041214143141.pdf.
Accessed 5/28/2007.
Westminster. 2005. Agenda Memorandum: December
12, 2005. Available: http://www.ci.westminster.co.us/
agendas/ag!21205.pdf. Accessed 12/1/2009.
WSCA. 2010. Western States Contracting Alliance.
Available: http://www.aboutwsca.org/content.cfm/id/
WSCA?CFID=510959108&CFTOKEN=71453969.
Accessed 1/24/2011.
Energy-Efficient Product Procurement | Local Government Climate and Energy Strategy Series
11. REFERENCES
33
-------
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1200 PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE, NW
WASHINGTON, DC 20460
WWW.EPA.GOV/STATELOCALCLIMATE/RESOURCES/STRATEGY-GUIDES.HTML
EPA-430-R-09-036
------- |