&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Technical Fact Sheet -
1,2,3-Trichloropropane (TCP)
January 2014
TECHNICAL FACT SHEET - 1,2,3,-TCP
At a Glance
* Colorless to straw-colored liquid.
* Not found in nature - completely man-
made compound.
* Not likely to sorb to soil and likely to
either leach from soil into groundwater.
In the pure form, likely to exist as a
dense nonaqueous phase liquid.
* Exposure occurs from industrial
settings or hazardous waste sites.
* EPA has classified TCP as "likely to be
carcinogenic to humans" and lists a
chronic oral reference dose (RfD) of 4
x 10'3 milligrams per kilogram per day.
* Short-term exposure may cause eye
and throat irritation; long-term
exposure has led to liver and kidney
damage and reduced body weight in
animal studies.
* Federal maximum contaminant level
(MCL) not established for TCP in
drinking water.
* Federal screening levels, state health-
based drinking water guidance values
and federal occupational exposure
limits have been established.
* Numerous methods are available for
detection, including gas
chromatography, mass spectroscopy
and liquid-liquid extraction.
* Remediation technologies available to
treat TCP contamination in
groundwater and soil include granular
activated carbon (GAG), dechlorination
by hydrogen release compound
(HRC®), reductive dechlorination by
zero valent zinc and others.
Introduction
This fact sheet, developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) Federal Facilities Restoration and Reuse Office (FFRRO), provides
a summary of the contaminant 1,2,3-trichloropropane (TCP), including
physical and chemical properties; environmental and health impacts;
existing federal and state guidelines; detection and treatment methods; and
sources of additional information. This fact sheet is intended for use by site
managers and other field personnel in addressing TCP contamination at
cleanup sites or in drinking water supplies.
TCP is a contaminant of interest to the government, private sector and
other parties. It is a persistent pollutant in groundwater and has been
classified as "likely to be carcinogenic to humans" by the EPA.
What is TCP?
»> TCP is a chlorinated hydrocarbon with high chemical stability (Samin
and Janssen 2012).
»> Synonyms include allyl trichloride, glycerol trichlorohydrin and
trichlorohydrin (OSHA2013).
»> TCP is exclusively a man-made chemical, typically found at industrial or
hazardous waste sites (Dombeck and Borg 2005; ATSDR 1992).
»> TCP has been used as an industrial solvent and as a cleaning and
degreasing agent; it has been found as an impurity resulting from the
production of soil fumigants (DHHS 2011; HSDB 2009).
»> TCP is currently used as a chemical intermediate in the production of
other chemicals (including polysulfone liquid polymers and
dichloropropene), and in the synthesis of hexafluoropropylene. In
addition, it is used as a crosslinking agent in the production of
polysulfides (DHHS 2011; HSDB 2009).
What are the environmental impacts of TCP?
»> TCP is not likely to sorb to soil based on its low soil organic carbon-
water partition coefficient; therefore, it is likely to either leach from soil
into groundwater or evaporate from soil surfaces (ATSDR 1992; HSDB
2009).
Disclaimer: The U.S. EPA prepared this fact sheet from publically-available sources;
additional information can be obtained from the source documents. This fact sheet is
not intended to be used as a primary source of information and is not intended, nor
can it be relied upon, to create any rights enforceable by any party in litigation with the
United States. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute
endorsement or recommendation for use.
United States
Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Solid Waste and
Emergency Response (5106P)
1
EPA 505-F-14-007
January 2014
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Technical Fact Sheet - 1,2,3-TCP
Exhibit 1: Physical and Chemical Properties of TCP
(ATSDR 1992; DHHS 2011; Dombeck and Borg 2005; HSDB 2009)
Property
Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) Number
Physical Description (at room temperature)
Molecular weight (g/mol)
Water solubility at 25°C (mg/L)
Melting point (°C)
Boiling point (°C)
Vapor pressure at 25°C (mm Hg)
Specific gravity at 20/4 °C (g/cm3)
Octanol-water partition coefficient (log Kow)
Organic carbon-water partition coefficient (log Koc)
Henry's law constant at 25°C (atm-m3/mol)
96-18-4
Colorless to straw-colored liquid
147.43
1,750 (slightly soluble)
-14.7
156.8
3.1 to 3.69
1.3889
1.98 to 2.27 (temperature dependent)
1.70 to 1.99 (temperature dependent)
3.17 x 10'4 (ATSDR 1992) ; 3.43 x 10'4
(Dombeck and Borg 2005)
Abbreviations: g/mol - gram per mole; mg/L - milligrams per liter; °C - degrees Celsius; g/cm3 - grams per cubic
meter; mm Hg - millimeters of mercury; atm-m3/mol - atmosphere-cubic meters per mole.
What are the environmental impacts of TCP? (continued)
As a result of low abiotic and biotic degradation
rates, TCP may remain in groundwaterfor long
periods of time (ATSDR 1992; Samin and Janssen
2012).
TCP will sink to the bottom of a groundwater
aquifer because its density is greater than that of
water. Therefore, TCP in pure form is likely to exist
as dense nonaqueous phase liquid (Cal/EPA
2009).
TCP is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the
ambient atmosphere and is subject to
photodegradation by reaction with hydroxyl
radicals, with and estimated half-life ranging from
15 to 46 days (DHHS 2011; HSDB 2009; Samin
and Janssen 2012).
TCP is unlikely to become concentrated in plants,
fish or other aquatic organisms because it has a
low estimated bioconcentration factor (BCF) range
of 5.3 to 13 (ATSDR 1992, 1995; HSDB 2009).
What are the routes of exposure and the health effects of TCP?
Exposure occurs through vapor inhalation, dermal
exposure or ingestion (ATSDR 1995; DHHS
2011).
Exposure is most likely to occur near hazardous
waste sites where TCP was improperly stored or
disposed, or at locations that manufacture or use
the chemical (ATSDR 1992; DHHS 2011).
EPA has classified TCP as "likely to be
carcinogenic to humans" based on the formation
of multiple tumors in animals (EPA IRIS 2009).
The U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services states that TCP is reasonably anticipated
to be a human carcinogen based on sufficient
evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in
experimental animals (DHHS 2011).
The American Conference of Governmental
Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has classified TCP
as a Group A3 carcinogen: a confirmed animal
carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans
(ACGIH 2009).
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health (NIOSH) considers TCP a potential
occupational carcinogen (NIOSH 2010).
TCP is recognized by the State of California as a
human carcinogen (Cal/EPA 2013).
Animal studies have shown that long-term
exposure to TCP may cause liver and kidney
damage, reduced body weight and increased
incidences of tumors in numerous organs (ATSDR
1992; DHHS 2011; EPA IRIS 2009).
Short-term exposure to high levels of TCP may
cause irritation of eyes, skin and the respiratory
tract, and depression of the central nervous
system (HSDB 2009; NIOSH 2010). In addition, it
may affect concentration, memory and muscle
coordination (Cal/EPA 2009).
Studies indicate that short-term exposure through
inhalation of air with a TCP concentration of 100
parts per million (ppm) can cause eye and throat
irritation (HSDB 2009; ATSDR 1995).
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Technical Fact Sheet - 1,2,3-TCP
Are there any federal and state guidelines and health standards for TCP?
The EPA Integrated Risk Information System
(IRIS) lists a chronic oral reference dose (RfD) of 4
x 10" milligrams per kilogram per day (mg/kg/day)
and a chronic inhalation reference concentration
(RfC) of 3 x 10~4 milligrams per cubic meter
(mg/m3) (EPA IRIS 2009).
The cancer risk assessment for TCP is based on
an oral slope factor of 30 mg/kg/day (EPA IRIS
2009).
The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease
Registry (ATSDR) has established a minimal risk
level (MRL) of 0.003 ppm for acute-duration (14
days or less) oral exposure to TCP and an MRL of
0.08 mg/kg/day for chronic-duration (365 days or
more) oral exposure to TCP (ATSDR 2013).
The EPA has established drinking water health
advisories for TCP, which are drinking water
specific risk level concentrations for cancer (10~4
cancer risk) and concentrations of drinking water
contaminants at which noncancer adverse health
effects are not anticipated to occur over specific
exposure durations. EPA established a 1-day
health advisory of 0.6 milligrams per liter (mg/L)
and a 10-day health advisory of 0.6 mg/L for TCP
in drinking water for a 10 kilogram (kg) child (EPA
2012a).
The EPA's drinking water equivalent level (DWEL)
for TCP is 0.1 mg/L (EPA 2012a).
EPA has calculated a residential soil screening
level (SSL) of 5.0 x 10~3 milligrams per kilogram
(mg/kg) and an industrial SSL of 9.5 x 10~2 mg/kg.
The soil-to-groundwater risk-based SSL is 2.8 x10"
7 mg/kg (EPA 2013).1
EPA has also calculated a residential air screening
level of 3.1 x 10~1 micrograms per cubic meter
(ug/m3) and an industrial air screening level of 1.3
ug/m3 (EPA 2013).
For tap water, EPA has calculated a screening
level of 6.5 x 10~4 micrograms per liter (ug/L) (EPA
2013).
No federal maximum contaminant level (MCL) has
been set for TCP in drinking water (EPA 2013).
EPA included TCP on the third Contaminant
Candidate List (CCL3), which is a list of
unregulated contaminants that are known to, or
anticipated to, occur in public water systems and
may require regulation under the Safe Drinking
Water Act (SDWA) (EPA 2009).
In addition, EPA added TCP to its Unregulated
Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR) 3, requiring
many large water utilities to monitor for TCP with a
minimum reporting level of 0.03 ug/L. The EPA
uses the UCMR to monitor contaminants
suspected to be present in drinking water that do
not currently have health-based standards under
the SDWA (EPA 2012b).
The Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA) has established a general
industry permissible exposure limit of 50 ppm (300
mg/m3) based on an 8-hour time weighted average
(TWA) exposure (OSHA 2013).
NIOSH has set a recommended exposure limit of
10 ppm (60 mg/m3) based on a 10-hour TWA
exposure and an immediately dangerous to life
and health level of 100 ppm (NIOSH 2010).
ACGIH has set a threshold limit value of 10 ppm
(60 mg/m3) based on an 8-hour TWA exposure
(ACGIH 2009).
The State of Hawaii has established a state MCL
of 0.6 ug/L, and the California Department of
Public Health (CDPH) is currently developing a
state MCL, which is expected to be released for
public comment in 2014 (CDPH 2013; Hawaii
Department of Health 2011).
The CDPH has established a notification level of
0.005 ug/L for drinking water based on a 1 in 10"6
lifetime excess cancer risk and has set a final
public health goal of 0.0007 ug/L (CDPH 2010,
2013).
Various other states have also established health-
based drinking water guidance values, including
the Minnesota Department of Health (0.003 ug/L)
and the New Jersey Department of Environmental
Protection (0.005 ug/L) (MDH 2011; NJDEP
2008).
Screening Levels are developed using risk assessment guidance
from the EPA Superfund program. These risk-based concentrations
are derived from standardized equations combining exposure
information assumptions with EPAtoxicity data. These calculated
screening levels are generic and not enforceable cleanup standards
but provide a useful gauge of relative toxicity.
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Technical Fact Sheet - 1,2,3-TCP
What detection and site characterization methods are available for TCP?
EPA SW-846 Method 8260B uses gas
chromatography (GC)/mass spectrometry (MS) for
the detection of TCP in solid waste matrices (EPA
1996).
EPA Method 551.1 uses liquid-liquid extraction
and GC with electron-capture detection, for the
detection of TCP in drinking water, drinking water
during intermediate stages of treatment and raw
source water (ATSDR 2011; EPA ORD 1990).
EPA Method 504.1 uses microextraction and GC,
for the detection of TCP in groundwater and
drinking water (ATSDR 2011; EPA ORD 1995).
EPA Method 524.3 uses capillary column GC/MS,
for the detection of TCP in treated drinking water
(EPA OGWDW 2009).
CDPH methods, uses liquid-liquid extraction and
GC/MS and purge and trap GC/MS, for trace-level
detection of TCP in drinking water (CDPH 2002a,
b).
What technologies are being used to treat TCP?
Treatment technologies for groundwater that are
available for remediation of chlorinated
hydrocarbons include pump and treat, permeable
reactive barriers, in situ chemical oxidation and
bioremediation (reductive dechlorination) (Cal/EPA
2009).
TCP in water can be removed using granular
activated carbon (GAG); however, TCP has only a
low to moderate adsorption capacity for GAG and
may require a larger GAG treatment system,
thereby, increasing treatment costs (Dombeck and
Borg 2005; Molnaa 2003; Tratnyek and others
2008).
In a full-scale study, hydrogen release compound
(HRC®) successfully reduced TCP to non-detect
levels through the promotion of anaerobic
reductive dechlorination of TCP in groundwater
(Tratnyek and others 2008).
Treatment for TCP in water using ultraviolet
radiation and chemical oxidation with potassium
permanganate has achieved some success for
low-flow systems (Dombeck and Borg 2005;
Cal/EPA 2009).
Bench-scale tests have also investigated chemical
oxidation with Fenton's reagent for the treatment
of TCP in groundwater. A study found that Fe(2+)
was the most effective type of iron at reducing
TCP (Khan and others 2009; Samin and Janssen
2012).
Bench-scale tests have shown evidence of TCP
degradation in water using advanced oxidation
processes involving ozone and hydrogen peroxide
(Dombeck and Borg 2005).
Bench-scale tests using zero-valent iron have
shown limited degradation of TCP in saturated soil
and groundwater (Samin and Janssen 2012;
Sarathy and others 2010; Tratnyek and others
2008,2010).
Bench- and field-scale studies have identified
granular zero valent zinc as an effective reductant
for remediation of TCP in groundwater, with more
rapid degradation compared with granular zero-
valent iron and limited accumulation of
intermediate products (ATSDR 2011; Sarathy and
others 2010; Salter-Blanc and others 2012;
Tratnyek and others 2010).
Recent studies are investigating the use of
genetically engineered strains of Rhodococcus for
the complete biodegradation of TCP under aerobic
conditions (Samin and Janssen 2012).
Where can I find more information about TCP?
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease
Registry (ATSDR). 1992. "Toxicological Profile for
1,2,3-Trichloropropane."
www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp57.pdf
ATSDR. 1995. ToxFAQs - "1,2,3-
Trichloropropane."
www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaqs/tfacts57.pdf
ATSDR. 2011. "Addendum to the Toxicological
Profile for 1,2,3-Trichloropropane."
www.atsdr.cdc.qov/toxprofiles/1 2 3 trichloroprop
ane addendum.pdf
ATSDR. 2013. "Minimal Risk Levels (MRLs)."
www.atsdr.cdc.gov/mrls/index.htmltfbookmarkQ2
American Conference of Governmental Industrial
Hygienists (ACGIH). 2009. "2009 Threshold Limit
Values for Chemical Substances and Physical
Agents and Biological Exposure Indices."
Cincinnati, Ohio.
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Technical Fact Sheet - 1,2,3-TCP
Where can I find more information about TCP? (continued)
California Department of Public Heath (CDPH).
2002a. "Determination of 1,2,3-Trichloropropane in
Drinking Water by Continuous Liquid-Liquid
Extraction and Gas Chromatography/Mass
Spectrometry."
www.cdph.ca.qov/certlic/drinkinqwater/Documents
/Drinkinqwaterlabs/TCPbyLLE-GCMS.pdf
CDPH. 2002b. "Determination of 1,2,3-
Trichloropropane in Drinking Water by Purge and
Trap Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry."
www.cdph.ca.qov/certlic/drinkinqwater/Documents
/Drinkinqwaterlabs/TCPbyPT-GCMS.pdf.
CDPH. 2010. "Drinking Water Notification Levels
and Response Levels: An Overview."
www.cdph.ca.qov/certlic/drinkinqwater/Documents
/Notificationlevels/notificationlevels.pdf
CDPH. 2013. "1,2,3-Trichloropropane." Drinking
Water Systems, www.cdph.ca.gov/certlic/
drinkinqwater/Paqes/123tcp.aspx
California Environmental Protection Agency
(Cal/EPA). State Water Resources Control Board.
2009. "Groundwater Information Sheet 1,2,3-
Trichloropropane (TCP)." Division of Water
Quality. Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and
Assessment (GAMA) Program, www.waterboards.
ca.gov/qama/docs/coc tcp123.pdf
Cal/EPA. 2013. "Chemicals Known to the State to
Cause Cancer or Reproductive Toxicity."
http://oehha.ca.gov/prop65/prop65 list/files/P65sin
gle052413.pdf
Dombeck, G. and C. Borg. 2005. "Multi-
contaminant Treatment for 1,2,3 Trichloropropane
Destruction Using the HiPOx Reactor." Reprinted
from the Proceedings of the 2005 National
Groundwater Association (NGWA) Conference on
MTBE and Perchlorate: Assessment,
Remediation, and Public Policy with permission of
the NGWA Press.
Hawaii Department of Health. 2011. Administrative
Rules. Title 11. Chapter 20. Rules Relating to
Potable Water Systems. Page 20-14.
Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB). 2009.
"1,2,3-Trichloropropane." http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/
cqi-bin/sis/htmlqen?HSDB
Khan, E., Wirojanaqud, W., and N. Sermsai. 2009.
"Effects of Iron Type in Fenton Reaction on
Mineralization and Biodegradability Enhancement
of Hazardous Organic Compounds." Volume 161
(2 to 3). Pages 1024 to 1034.
Minnesota Department of Health (MDH). 2011.
Contaminants of Emerging Concern. "1,2,3-
Trichloropropane (1,2,3-TCP)."
www.health.state.mn.us/divs/eh/risk/quidance/dwe
c/123tcpqlance.html
Molnaa, Barry. 2003. "1,2,3-TCP: California's
Newest Emerging Contaminant." PowerPoint
Presentation, ENTECH 2003.
National Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health (NIOSH). 2010. 1 ",2,3-Trichloropropane."
NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards.
www.cdc.qov/niosh/npq/npqd0631.html
New Jersey Department of Environmental
Protection (NJDEP). 2008. Comments on Drinking
Water Contaminant Candidate List 3.
www.state.nj.us/dep/dsr/dw/CCL3%20letter%20fin
al.pdf
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
(OSHA). 2013. "1,2,3-Trichloropropane. "
Chemical Sampling Information.
www.osha.gov/dts/chemicalsamplinq/data/CH 27
3200.html
Salter-Blanc, A.J., Suchomel, E.J., Fortuna, J.H.,
Nurmi, J.T., Walker, C., Krug, T., O'Hara, S., Ruiz,
N., Morley, T., and P.G. Tratnyek. 2012.
"Evaluation of Zerovalent Zinc for Treatment of
1,2,3-Trichloropropane-Contaminated
Groundwater: Laboratory and Field Assessment."
Groundwater Monitoring and Remediation.
Volume 32 (4). Pages 42 to 52.
Samin, G. and D.B. Janssen. 2012.
"Transformation and Biodegradation of 1,2,3-
Trichloropropane (TCP)." Environmental Science
and Pollution Research International. Volume 19
(8). Pages 3067 to 3078.
Sarathy, V., Salter, A.J., Nurmi, J.T., Johnson,
G.O., Johnson, R.L., and P.G. Tratnyek. 2010.
"Degradation of 1,2,3-Trichloropropane (TCP):
Hydrolysis, Elimination, and Reduction by Iron and
Zinc." Environmental Science Technology. Volume
44. Pages 787 to 793.
Tratnyek, P.G., Sarathy, V., and J.H. Fortuna.
2008. "Fate and Remediation of 1,2,3-
Trichloropropane." Remediation of Chlorinated
and Recalcitrant Compounds-2008. Proceedings
of the Sixth International Conference on
Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant
Compounds. Monterey, CA. May 2008.
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Technical Fact Sheet - 1,2,3-TCP
Where can I find more information about TCP? (continued)
Tratnyek, P.G., Sarathy, V., Salter, A.J., Nurmi,
J.T., Johnson, G., DeVoe, T., and P. Lee. 2010.
"Prospects for Remediation of 1,2,3-
Trichloropropane by Natural and Engineered
Abiotic Degradation Reactions." SERDP Project
ER-1457.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
(DHHS). 2011. "Report on Carcinogens, Twelfth
Edition." Public Health Service, National
Toxicology Program. 12th Edition.
http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/twelfth/roc12.pdf
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
1996. Method 8260B. "Volatile Organic
Compounds by Gas Chromatography/Mass
Spectrometry (GC/MS)." Revision 2.
www.epa.gov/osw/hazard/testmethods/sw846/pdfs
/8260b.pdf.
EPA. 2009. "Drinking Water Contaminant
Candidate List 3 - Final." Federal Register Notice.
www.federalregister.gov/articles/2009/10/08/E9-
24287/drinking-water-contaminant-candidate-list-
3-final
EPA. 2012a. "2012 Edition of the Drinking Water
Standards and Health Advisories."
water.epa.gov/action/advisories/drinking/upload/d
wstandards2012.pdf.
EPA. 2012b. Methods and Contaminants for the
Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule 3
(UCMR 3). water.epa.gov/lawsregs/rulesregs/
sdwa/ucmr/ucmr3/methods.cfm
EPA. 2013. Regional Screening Levels (RSL)
Summary Table, www.epa.gov/reg3hwmd/risk/
human/rb-concentration table/Generic Tables/
index.htm.
EPA. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS).
2009. "1,2,3-Trichloropropane (CASRN 96-18-4)."
www.epa.gov/iris/subst/0200.htm.
EPA. Office of Groundwater and Drinking Water
(OGWDW). 2009. Method 524.3. "Measurement of
Purgeable Organic Compounds in Water by
Capillary Column Gas Chromatography/Mass
Spectrometry." Version 1.0. Technical Support
Center.
EPA. Office of Research and Development (ORD).
1990. Method 551.1. "Determination of
Chlorination Disinfection Byproducts, Chlorinated
Solvents, and Halogenated Pesticides/Herbicides
in Drinking Water by Liquid-Liquid Extraction and
Gas Chromatography with Electron-Capture
Detection." Revision 1.0. National Exposure
Research Laboratory.
EPA. ORD. 1995. Method 504.1. "1,2-
Dibromoethane (EDB), 1,2-Dibromo-3-
chloropropane (DBCP), and 1,2,3-
Trichloropropane (123TCP) in Water by
Microextraction and Gas Chromatography."
Revision 1.1. National Exposure Research
Laboratory.
Contact Information
If you have any questions or comments on this fact sheet, please contact: Mary Cooke, FFRRO, by phone at
(703) 603-8712 or by email at cooke.marvt@epa.gov.
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