&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Technical Fact Sheet -
2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT)
January 2014
TECHNICAL FACT SHEET - 2,4,6-TNT
At a Glance
* Highly explosive, yellow
odorless solid.
* Synthetic product that does not
occur naturally in the
environment.
* Has been used extensively in
the manufacture of munitions
and accounts for a large part of
the explosives contamination at
active and former U.S. military
installations.
* Sorbed by most soils, limiting its
migration to water.
* Not expected to persist for a
long period in surface waters
because of transformation
processes.
* Classified as a Group C
(possible human) carcinogen.
* Primarily damages the liver and
blood systems if inhaled or
ingested.
* Specific field screening methods
for TNT include EPA SW-846
Method 8515 to detect TNT by a
colorimetric screening method
and EPA SW-846 Method 4050
to detect TNT by immunoassay.
* The primary laboratory methods
for analysis include liquid and
gas chromatography.
* Potential treatment technologies
include in situ bioremediation,
granular activated carbon
treatment, composting and
incineration.
Introduction
This fact sheet, developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) Federal Facilities Restoration and Reuse Office (FFRRO),
provides a summary of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), including its physical
and chemical properties; environmental and health impacts; existing
federal and state guidelines; detection and treatment methods; and
additional sources of information. This fact sheet is intended for use by
site managers and field personnel who may address TNT contamination
at cleanup sites or in drinking water supplies.
Major manufacturing of TNT began in the United States in 1916 at the
beginning of World War I. It was produced in enormous quantities both
commercially and at government ammunition plants for use in military
munitions in World War I and World War II (Steen 2006). During the
1940s through the 1970s, Department of Defense (DoD) ammunition
plants and depots demilitarized off-specification, unserviceable and
obsolete munitions using steam-out and melt-out processes to recover
TNT and TNT-containing explosive fillers such as Composition B
(TNT/hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine [RDX] mixture). These
processes often generated significant quantities of explosives-
contaminated wastewaters. The untreated wastewater was discharged
into unlined impoundments, lagoons, ditches and playas, which resulted
in significant levels of soil and groundwater contamination. Groundwater
contamination from TNT was first reported in the late 1980s (Spalding
and Fulton 1988).
TNT is still widely used in U.S. military munitions and accounts for a
large portion of the explosives-related contamination at active and
former U.S. military installations. With its manufacturing impurities and
environmental transformation products, TNT presents various health
and environmental concerns.
What is TNT?
»> TNT is a yellow, odorless solid that does not occur naturally in the
environment. It is made by combining toluene with a mixture of nitric
and sulfuric acids (ATSDR 1995).
»> It is a highly explosive, single-ring nitroaromatic compound that is a
crystalline solid at room temperature (CRREL 2006).
Disclaimer: The U.S. EPA prepared this fact sheet from publically-available sources;
additional information can be obtained from the source documents. This fact sheet is
not intended to be used as a primary source of information and is not intended, nor
can it be relied upon, to create any rights enforceable by any party in litigation with the
United States. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute
endorsement or recommendation for use.
United States
Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Solid Waste and
Emergency Response (5106P)
1
EPA 505-F-14-009
January 2014
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Technical Fact Sheet - 2,4,6-TNT
What is TNT? (continued)
Effluent from TNT manufacturing is a major source
of munitions constituent contamination in soils,
groundwater and occasionally surrounding surface
water and sediment at Army ammunition plants.
(EPA 2005).
TNT is one of the most widely used military high
explosives, partly because of its insensitivity to
shock and friction. It has been used extensively in
the manufacture of explosives since the beginning
of the 20th century and is used in military cartridge
casings, bombs and grenades (ATSDR 1995;
Cal/EPA2008).
It has been used either as a pure explosive or in
binary mixtures. The most common binary
mixtures of TNT are cyclotols (mixtures with RDX)
and octols (mixtures with octahydro-1,3,5,7-
tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine [HMX]) (ATSDR
1995; Gibbs and Popolato 1980).
In addition to military use, small amounts of TNT
are used for industrial explosive applications, such
as deep well and underwater blasting. Other
industrial uses include chemical manufacturing as
an intermediate in the production of dyestuffs and
photographic chemicals (HSDB 2012; MMR 2001).
TNT is commonly found at hand grenade ranges,
antitank rocket ranges, artillery ranges, bombing
ranges, munitions testing sites and open
burn/open detonation (OB/OD) sites (CRREL
2006, 2007b; EPA 2012c).
Production of TNT in the United States is currently
limited to military arsenals; however, it may be
imported into the United States for industrial
applications (Cal/EPA 2008; HSDB 2012).
Exhibit 1: Physical and Chemical Properties of TNT
(ATSDR 1995; HSDB 2012; NIOSH 2010)
Property
Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) Number
Physical Description (physical state at room temperature)
Molecular weight (g/mol)
Water solubility at 20°C (mg/L)
Octanol-water partition coefficient (Log K0w)
Soil organic carbon-water coefficient (K0c)
Boiling point (°C)
Melting point (°C)
Vapor pressure at 20°C (mm Hg)
Specific gravity
Henry's Law Constant (atm-m3/mol at 20°C)
Value
118-96-7
Yellow, odorless solid
227.13
130
1.6 (measured)
300 (estimated)
240 (explodes)
80.1
1.99x10"4
1.654
4.57 x10'7
Abbreviations: g/mol - grams per mole; mg/L - milligrams per liter; °C - degrees Celsius;
mm Hg - millimeters of mercury; atm-m3/mol - atmosphere -cubic meters per mole.
What are the environmental impacts of TNT?
TNT can be released to the environment through
spills, firing of munitions, disposal of ordnance,
OB/OD of ordnance, leaching from inadequately
sealed impoundments and demilitarization of
munitions. The compound can also be released
from manufacturing and munitions processing
facilities (ATSDR 1995).
As of 2013, TNT had been identified at more than
30 sites on the EPA National Priorities List (NPL)
(EPA2013C).
TNT is a crystalline solid at room temperature and
TNT's water solubility (approximately 130
milligrams per liter [mg/L] at 20°C) and vapor
pressure are relatively low, but greater than those
of RDX and HMX (ATSDR 1995; CRREL 2006).
Based on the partition coefficients identified by
most investigators, soils have a high capacity for
rapid sorption of TNT. Under anaerobic conditions,
TNT that is not sorbed by the soil is usually
transformed rapidly into its degradation by-
products (CRREL 2006; Price and others 1997;
USAGE 1997).
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Technical Fact Sheet - 2,4,6-TNT
What are the environmental impacts of TNT? (continued)
The majority of TNT may be degraded in the
surface soil at impact areas; however, small
quantities can reach shallow groundwater (CRREL
2006).
Once released to surface water, TNT undergoes
rapid photolysis to a number of degradation
products. 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene (1,3,5-TNB) is one
of the primary photodegradation products of TNT in
environmental systems (ATSDR 1995; CRREL
2006; EPA 2012c).
Products of photolysis of TNT have been observed
as a coating on TNT particles and as a fine
powdered residue surrounding TNT particles on
ranges that receive limited rainfall (CRREL 2007a).
Generally, dissolved-phase TNT is broken down by
biodegradation in water but at rates much slower
than photolysis (ATSDR 1995; CRREL 2006).
Biological degradation products of TNT in water,
soil, or sediments include 2-amino-4,6-
dinitrotoluene, 2,6-diamino-4-nitrotoluene, 4-
amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene and 2,4-diamino-6-
nitrotoluene (EPA 1999).
TNT does not seem to bioaccumulate in animals,
but may be taken up and metabolized by plants,
including garden, aquatic and wetland plants, and
some tree species (CRREL 2006, EPA 2005;
HSDB2012).
Based on its low octanol-water partition coefficient
(Kow) and low experimental bioconcentration
factor, TNT is not expected to bioconcentrate to
high levels in the tissues of exposed aquatic
organisms and plants (ATSDR 1995; HSDB 2012).
What are the routes of exposure and the health effects of TNT?
The toxicity of TNT to humans was well
documented in the 20th century, with more than
17,000 cases of TNT poisoning resulting in more
than 475 fatalities from manufacturing operations
during World War I (ATSDR 1995; Bodeau 1993).
The primary routes of exposure in manufacturing
environments are inhalation of dust and ingestion
and dermal sorption of TNT particulates;
significant health effects can include liver necrosis
and aplastic anemia (ATSDR 1995; HSDB 2012).
The highest exposures to TNT have been found in
areas around Army ammunition plants where
these explosives are manufactured, packed,
loaded or released through demilitarization of
munitions (ATSDR 1995).
Potential exposure to TNT could occur by dermal
contact or inhalation, and the likely route is
exposure to contaminated soils. However,
exposure to contaminated groundwater is also
likely at sites with high infiltration rates, such as
washout lagoons orOB/OD areas (ATSDR 1995;
HSDB 2012).
There is limited evidence regarding the
carcinogenicity of TNT to humans; however,
urinary bladder carcinoma has been observed in
female rats (EPA IRIS 1993, Cal/EPA 2008).
EPA has assigned TNT a weight-of-evidence
carcinogenic classification of C (possible human
carcinogen) (EPA IRIS 1993).
On December 19, 2008, the California Office of
Environmental Health Hazard Assessment listed
TNT as a chemical known to cause cancer for
purposes of the Safe Drinking Water and Toxic
Enforcement Act of 1986 (Cal/EPA 2013).
Animal study results indicate that inhalation or
ingestion of high levels of TNT may cause liver,
blood, immune system and reproductive damage
(EPA 2005; MMR 2001).
When TNT reaches the liver, it breaks down into
several different substances. Not all of these
substances have been identified. Several
metabolites have been identified in human urine
including 4-aminodinitrotoluene, 2-
aminodinitrotoluene, 2,4-diatnino-6-nitrotoluene, 4-
hydroxylamino-2,6-dinitrotoluene and amino-
nitrocresol proteins. Studies indicate that one
possible mechanism of toxicity of TNT and some
of the metabolic intermediates is the generation of
reactive oxygen species that cause injury of the
lens to form cataracts and lipid peroxidation in the
liver (Army 1986; ATSDR 1995; Liu and others
1992).
At high levels in air, workers involved in the
production of TNT experienced anemia and liver
function abnormalities. After long-term exposure to
skin and eyes, some people experienced skin
irritation and developed cataracts (ATSDR 1995;
MMR 2001).
There is no information indicating that TNT causes
birth defects in humans. However, male rats
treated with high doses of TNT have developed
serious reproductive system effects (ATSDR 1995;
HSDB 2012).
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Technical Fact Sheet - 2,4,6-TNT
Are there any federal and state guidelines and health standards for TNT?
The EPA assigned TNT an oral reference dose
(RfD) of 5 x10"4 milligrams per kilogram per day
(mg/kg/day) (EPA IRIS 1993).
The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease
Registry (ATSDR) has established a minimal risk
level (MRL) of 0.0005 mg/kg/day for intermediate
oral exposure (15 to 364 days) to TNT (ATSDR
2013).
The EPA assigned an oral slope factor for
carcinogenic risk of 3 x 10"2 mg/kg/day, and the
drinking water unit risk is 9.0 x10" micrograms per
liter (ug/L) (EPA IRIS 1993).
EPA risk assessments indicate that the drinking
water concentration representing a 1 x 10~6 cancer
risk level for TNT is 1.0 ug/L (EPA IRIS 1993).
The EPA has established drinking water health
advisories for TNT, which are drinking water
specific risk level concentrations for cancer (10"4
cancer risk) and concentrations of drinking water
contaminants at which noncancer adverse health
effects are not anticipated to occur over specific
exposure durations (EPA 2012a).
• The EPA established a lifetime health advisory
guidance level of 0.002 milligrams per liter
(mg/L) for TNT in drinking water. The health
advisory for a cancer risk of 10~4 is 0.1 mg/L.
• EPA also established a 1-day and 10-day
health advisory of 0.02 mg/L for TNT in
drinking water for a 10-kilogram child.
For TNT in tap water, EPA has calculated a risk-
based screening level of 2.2 ug/L (EPA 2013b).12
EPA has calculated a residential soil screening
level (SSL) of 19 milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg)
and an industrial SSL of 79 mg/kg. The soil-to-
The EPA has not established an ambient air level
standard or screening level for TNT (EPA 2013b).
Since TNT is explosive, flammable and toxic, EPA
has designated it as a hazardous waste once it
becomes a solid waste, and EPA regulations for
disposal must be followed (EPA 2012b).
The Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA) set a general industry
permissible exposure limit of 1.5 milligrams per
cubic meter (mg/m3) as the time-weighted average
(TWA) over an 8-hour workday for airborne
exposure to TNT (OSHA 2013).
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health (NIOSH) established a recommended
exposure limit of 0.5 mg/m3 as the TWA over a 10-
hour workday for airborne exposure to TNT
(NIOSH 2010).
NIOSH has also established an immediately
dangerous to life or health value of 500 mg/m3 for
TNT (NIOSH 2010)
The American Conference of Governmental
Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has set a threshold
limit value (TLV) of 0.1 mg/m3 as the TWA over an
8-hour workday for airborne exposure to TNT
(ACGIH 2008).
TNT in bulk and in cased munitions is a United
Nations Hazard Division 1.1 Explosive (not a
flammable solid), and an EPA Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) D003
(reactive) waste for waste military munitions
containing TNT (DOT 1989; EPA 2013a).
Numerous states have established regulations on
explosives for air quality control, solid waste
disposal, storage, manufacture and use (ATSDR
1995).
groundwater risk-based SSL is 1.3 x10"'
(EPA 2013b).
mg/kg
Screening Levels are developed using risk assessment guidance
from the EPA Superfund program. These risk-based concentrations
are derived from standardized equations combining exposure
information assumptions with EPAtoxicity data. These calculated
screening levels are generic and not enforceable cleanup standards
but provide a useful gauge of relative toxicity.
2 Tap water screening levels differ from the Integrated Risk
Information System (IRIS) drinking water concentrations because
the tap water screening levels account for dermal, inhalation and
ingestion exposure routes; age-adjust the intake rates for children
and adults based on body weight; and time-adjust for exposure
duration or days per year. The IRIS drinking water concentrations
consider only the ingestion route, account only for adult-intake rates
and do not time-adjust for exposure duration or days per year.
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Technical Fact Sheet - 2,4,6-TNT
What detection and site characterization methods are available for TNT?
TNT is commonly deposited in the environment as
discrete particles with strongly heterogeneous
spatial distributions. Unless precautions are taken,
this distribution causes highly variable soil data
which can lead to confusing or contradictory
conclusions about the location and degree of
contamination. As described in SW-846 Method
8330B, proper sample collection (using an
incremental field sampling approach), sample
processing (which includes grinding) and
incremental subsampling are required to obtain
reliable soil data (EPA 2006).
High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
and high-resolution gas chromatography (HRGC)
have been paired with several types of detectors,
including mass spectrometry (MS),
electrochemical detection (ED), electron capture
detectors (ECD) and ultraviolet (UV) detectors
(ATSDR1995).
EPA SW-846 Method 8330 is the most widely
used analytical approach for detecting TNT in soil.
The method specifies using HPLC with a UV
detector. It has been used to detect TNT and
some of its breakdown products at levels in the
low parts per billion (ppb) range in water, soil and
sediment (EPA 2007b, 2012c).
Another method commonly used is EPA SW-846
Method 8095, which employs the same sample-
processing steps as Method 8330 but uses
capillary-column gas chromatography (GC) with
an ECD to analyze for explosives in water and soil
(EPA2007a,2012c).
EPA SW-846 Method 8321, which uses HPLC-
MS, may be modified for the determination of TNT
in soil. Since TNT is not a target analyte for this
method and the sample processing steps are not
appropriate for use with energetic compounds, this
method is commonly modified to employ different
sample processing steps such as those identified
in SW-846 Method 8830 when analyzing for TNT
(EPA2012C).
EPA Method 529 uses solid phase extraction and
capillary column GC and MS for the detection of
TNT in drinking water (EPA 2002).
Specific field screening methods for TNT include
EPA SW-846 Method 8515 to detect TNT in soil
by a colorimetric screening method and EPA SW-
846 Method 4050 to detect TNT in soil by
immunoassay (USAGE 2005).
Colorimetric methods generally detect broad
classes of compounds such as nitroaromatics or
nitramines. As a result, these methods are able to
detect the presence of the target analytes and also
respond to many other similar compounds.
Immunoassay methods are more compound
specific (EPA 2005).
The EXPRAY is a simple colorimetric screening kit
that can support qualitative tests for TNT in soils. It
is also useful for screening surfaces. The tool's
detection limit is about 20 nanograms (EPA 2005).
Prototype biosensor methods for TNT have been
field tested for explosives analysis in water (EPA
1999).
Tested field-screening instruments for TNT include
GC-IONSCAN, which uses ion mobility
spectrometry, for the detection of TNT in water
and soil, and the Spreeta Sensor, which uses
surface plasma resonance (SPR) for the detection
of TNT in soil (EPA 2000, 2001).
Recent laboratory studies are investigating the use
of 1,2-ethylenediamine (EDA) gold nanoparticles
for the ultrasensitive and trace detection of TNT in
all environmental samples (Lin and others 2012).
What technologies are being used to treat TNT?
In situ bioremediation is an emerging technology
for treatment of groundwater contaminated with
explosives (including TNT) EPA 2005; DoD
ESTCP2012).
Biological treatment methods such as bioreactors,
bioslurry treatment and passive subsurface
biobarriers have proven successful in reducing
TNT concentrations (EPA 2005; DoD ESTCP
2010).
Composting has proven successful in achieving
cleanup goals for TNT in soil at field
demonstrations (EPA 2005; FRTR 2007).
Incineration can be used on soil containing low
concentrations of TNT (EPA 2005; FRTR 2007).
Granular activated carbon (GAG) is the most
common ex situ method to treat explosives-
contaminated groundwater and wastewaters
(FRTR 2007). Ultrafiltration and resin adsorption
have not been used at full scale to treat
groundwater contaminated with TNT or related
explosive co-contaminants such as 1,3,5-TNB,
dinitrotoluene (DNT), tetryl, RDX or HMX.
In situ chemical oxidation can also be used to treat
TNT. Fenton oxidation and treatment with iron
metal (FeO) has been used to remediate TNT-
contaminated soil and water but has not been used
as stand-alone, full-scale treatment technology
(EPA 2005, EPA NCER 2013).
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Technical Fact Sheet - 2,4,6-TNT
What technologies are being used to treat TNT? (continued)
Phytoremediation of TNT-contaminated water and
soil is being evaluated as a potential treatment
technology (HSDB 2012; Zhu and others 2012).
Results from a Department of Defense Strategic
Environmental Research and Development
Program (SERDP) project indicated the potential
use of transgenic plants for phytoremediation of
TNT at contaminated military training ranges. In
this laboratory study, plants engineered to express
a bacterial gene, nitroreductase (NR) from the
bacterium Enterobacter cloacae, were shown to
detoxify and degrade TNT in soil and water (DoD
SERDP 2009).
Where can I find more information about TNT?
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease
Registry (ATSDR). 1995. "Toxicological Profile for
2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT)." www.atsdr.cdc.gov/
toxprofiles/TP.asp?id=677&tid=125
ATSDR. 2013 "Minimal Risk Levels (MRL)" List.
www.atsdr.cdc.gov/mrls/index.asp
American Conference of Governmental Industrial
Hygienists (ACGIH). 2008. "Threshold Limit
Values for Chemical Substances and Physical
Agents and Biological Exposure Indices."
Cincinnati, OH.
Bodeau, D. 1993. Occupational Health: The
Soldier and the Industrial Base. Chapter 9. Military
Energetic Materials: Explosives and Propellant.
California Environmental Protection Agency
(Cal/EPA). 2008. "Evidence on the Carcinogenicity
of 2,4,6-Trinitrotolouene." http://oehha.ca.gov/
prop65/hazard ident/pdf zip/TNTHID081508.pdf
Cal/EPA. 2013. "Chemicals Known to the State to
Cause Cancer or Reproductive Toxicity."
http://oehha.ca.gov/prop65/prop65 list/files/P65sin
gle052413.pdf
Federal Remediation Technologies Roundtable
(FRTR). 2007. Remediation Technologies
Screening Matrix and Reference Guide, Version
4.0. "Section 2.10, Explosives."
www.frtr.gov/matrix2/section2/2 10.html
Gibbs, T.R. and A. Popolato, editors. 1980. "LASL
Explosive Property Data." Berkeley, CA:
University of California Press. Pages 163 to 171.
Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB). 2012.
"2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene."
Lin, D., Liu, H., Qian, K., Zhou, X., Yang, L., and J.
Liu. 2012. "Ultrasensitive Optical Detection of
Trinitrotoluene by Ethylenediamine-Capped Gold
Nanoparticles." Analytica Chimica Acta. Volume
744. Pages 92 to 98.
Liu, Y.Y., Lu, A.Y.H., Steams, R.A., and S.H. Chiu.
1992. "In Vivo Covalent Binding of [14C]
Trinitrotoluene to Proteins in the Rat. Chemical
Biological Interactions." Volume 82. Pages 1 to19.
Massachusetts Military Reservation (MMR). 2001.
Impact Area Groundwater Study Program.
"Chemical Fact Sheet - TNT." Fact Sheet 2001-
05.
National Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health (NIOSH). 2010. "2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene".
NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards.
www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0641.html
Occupational Safety & Health Administration
(OSHA). 2013. "2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene." Chemical
Sampling Information, www.osha.gov/dts/
chemicalsampling/data/CH 274100.html
Price, C.B., Brannon, J.M., and C.A. Hayes. 1997.
"Effect of Redox Potential and pH and TNT
Transformation in Soil-Water Slurries." Journal of
Environmental Engineering. Volume 123. Pages
988 to 992.
Spalding, R. and J. Fulton. 1988. "Groundwater
Munition Residues and Nitrate near Grand Island,
Nebraska, USA." Journal of Contaminant
Hydrology. Volume 2 (2). Pages 139 to 153.
Steen, K. 2006. "Technical Expertise and U.S.
Mobilization, 1917-18: High Explosives and War
Gases. Frontline and Factory: Comparative
Perspectives on the Chemical Industry at War,
1914-1924." Pages 103 to 122.
U.S. Army. 1986. "Data Summary for
Trinitrotoluene." Frederick, MD: U.S. Army Medical
Research and Development Command, Fort
Detrick. Document No. AD-A199 118.
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USAGE). 1997.
"Review of Fate and Transport Processes of
Explosives." Installation Restoration Research
Program. Technical Report IRRP-97-2.
http://el.erdc.usace.army.mil/elpubs/pdf/trirrp97-
2.pdf
USAGE. 2005. Military Munitions Center of
Expertise. Technical Update. "Munitions
Constituent (MC) Sampling."
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Technical Fact Sheet - 2,4,6-TNT
Where can I find more information about TNT? (continued)
USAGE Cold Regions Research and Engineering
Laboratory (CRREL). 2006. "Conceptual Model for
the Transport of Energetic Residues from Surface
Soil to Groundwater by Range Activities."
ERDC/CRREL TR-06-18. www.dtic.mil/cgi-
bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&
AD=ADA472270
USAGE CRREL. 2007a. "Photochemical
Degradation of Composition B and Its
Components." ERDC/EL TR-07-16.
www.dtic.mil/cg i-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=
U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=ADA472238
USAGE CRREL. 2007b. "Protocols for Collection
of Surface Soil Samples at Military Training and
Testing Ranges for the Characterization of
Energetic Munitions Constituents." ERDC/CRREL
TR-07-10. www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc7Loc
ation=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=ADA471045.
U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) Environmental
Security Technology Certification Program
(ESTCP). 2010. "Passive Biobarrier for Treating
Comingled Perchlorate and RDX in Groundwater
at an Active Range (ER-201028)."
www.serdp.org/Program-Areas/Environmental-
Restoration/Contaminated-Groundwater/
Emerging-lssues/ER-201028
DoD ESTCP. 2012. "In Situ Bioremediation of
Energetic Compounds in Groundwater." ER-
200425. www.serdp.org/Program-Areas/
Environmental-Restoration/Contaminated-
Groundwater/ER-200425
DoD Strategic Environmental Research and
Development Program (SERDP). 2009.
"Engineering Transgenic Plants for the Sustained
Containment and In Situ Treatment of Energetic
Materials." Final Report. SERDP Project ER-1318.
U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT). 1989.
"Hazardous Materials Table and Hazardous
Materials Communications Regulations." Code of
Federal Regulations. 49 CFR 172.101.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
1999. Office of Research and Development.
Federal Facilities Forum Issue. "Field Sampling
and Selecting On-site Analytical Methods for
Explosives in Water." EPA 600-S-99-002.
www.epa.gov/osp/hstl/tsc/Crockett1999.pdf
EPA. 2000. Office of Research and Development.
Explosives Detection Technology. "Barringer
Instruments. GC-IONSCAN." Environmental
Technology Verification Report. EPA 600-R-OO-
046. www.epa.gov/etv/pubs/01 vr barringer.pdf
EPA. 2001. Office of Research and Development.
Research International, Inc. TNT Detection
Technology. "Texas Instruments Spreeta Sensor."
Environmental Technology Verification Report.
EPA600-R-01-064.
www.epa.gov/etv/pubs/01 vr ti.pdf
EPA. 2002. Method 529. "Determination of
Explosives and Related Compounds in Drinking
Water by Solid Phase Extraction and Capillary
Column Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry
(GC/MS)." Revision 1.0. EPA/600/R-05/052.
EPA. 2005. "EPA Handbook on the Management
of Munitions Response Actions." EPA 505-B-01-
001 http://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?
Dockev=P100304J.txt
EPA. 2006. SW-846. Method 8330b. "Appendix A:
Collecting and Processing of Representative
Samples for Energetic Residues in Solid Matrices
from Military Training Ranges." www.epa.gov/
osw/hazard/testmethods/pdfs/8330b.pdf
EPA. 2007a. Method 8095. "Explosives by Gas
Chromatography." www.epa.gov/osw/
hazard/testmethods/sw846/pdfs/8095.pdf
EPA. 2007b. Method 8330A. "Nitroaromatics and
Nitramines, by High Performance Liquid
Chromatography (HPLC)." Revision 1.
www.epa.gov/osw/hazard/testmethods/sw846/pdfs
/8330a.pdf
EPA. 2012a. "2012 Edition of the Drinking Water
Standards and Health Advisories."
water.epa.gov/action/advisories/drinking/upload/
dwstandards2012.pdf
EPA. 2012b. Waste Types - Listed Wastes.
www.epa.gov/osw/hazard/wastetypes/listed.htm
EPA. 2012c. "Site Characterization for Munitions
Constituents." EPA Federal Facilities Forum Issue
Paper. EPA-505-S-11-001.
www.epa.gov/fedfac/pdf/site characterization for
munitions constituents.pdf
EPA. 2013a. Waste Types - Characteristic
Wastes, www.epa.gov/osw/hazard/wastetypes/
characteristic.htm
EPA. 2013b. Regional Screening Level Summary
Table, www.epa.gov/reg3hwmd/risk/human/rb-
concentration table/Generic Tables/index.htm
EPA. 2013c. Superfund Information Systems.
Superfund Site Information.
www.epa.gov/superfund/sites/cursites/
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Technical Fact Sheet - 2,4,6-TNT
Where can I find more information about TNT? (continued)
»> EPA. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS).
1993. "2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) (CASRN 118-
96-7)." www.epa.gov/iris/subst/0269.htm
»> EPA. National Center for Environmental Research
(NCER). 2013. "Final Report: Fate and Transport
of Munitions Residues in Contaminated Soil."
http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncer abstracts/index.cfm/fuse
action/display.abstractDetail/abstract/5251/report/F
Contact Information
Zhu, B., Peng, R., Fu, X., Jin, X., Zhao, W., Xu,
Han, H., Gao, J., Xu, Z., Bian, L, and Q. Yao.
2012. "Enhanced Transformation of TNT by
Arabidopsis Plants Expressing an Old Yellow
Enzyme." PLoS One. Volume 7 (7).
J.,
If you have any questions or comments on this fact sheet, please contact: Mary Cooke, FFRRO, by phone at
(703) 603-8712 or by email at cooke.maryt@epa.gov.
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