&EPA
www. e pa. gov/n h s re
technical BR
SURFACE DECONTAMINATION METHODOLOGIES FOR A WIDE-AREA B. ANTHRACIS INCIDENT
PURPOSE:
To provide decision makers practical information on surface decontaminations options for consideration
during a B. anthracis response. This brief will review a wide range of technologies (e.g., liquids, foams,
gels, wipes, etc.) that have been shown to decontaminate surfaces contaminated with B. anthracis spores.
INTRODUCTION:
EPA has comprehensively evaluated numerous decontaminants for their efficacy against of B. anthracis
spores on a variety of indoor and outdoor surfaces. The tactical procedures for decontaminating a wide-
area contaminated with B. anthracis spores are limited and knowledge gaps exist. However,
recommendations can be made by extrapolating experimental findings from the lab to the field. In many
cases, technologies used for indoor decontamination (e.g., fumigants, liquid or foam sporicides), may be
employed for outdoor areas contaminated with B. anthracis. The decontamination approach chosen for
a particular surface may need to be evaluated in the field (at pilot scale or within a small zone) and refined
as necessary during the course of the response until the desired effectiveness and process-knowledge is
established for wide-scale applications.
This brief is designed to deliver an overview of the surface decontamination technologies evaluated by
EPA, provide potential surface decontamination options based on surface material type, and discuss
current research that may be considered for the decontamination of outdoor surfaces such as building
materials and soil.
PRODUCTS AND APPLICATION PROCEDURES:
Liquid based sporicides with hydrogen peroxide/peracetic acid (H2O2/PAA) or hypochlorous acid (HOCI) as
active ingredients have generally been shown to be the most effective for surface decontamination.
Although, it is important to note that no one sporicidal decontaminant is effective for all material types
and all environmental conditions. Therefore, technical support from decontamination subject matter
experts should be sought during decontaminant selection. Additionally, in the event of wide-area
contamination, resources are likely to be overwhelmed and depleted rapidly. Not all chemicals and
equipment may be readily available and economical. Many surface decontamination approaches will
require extensive manpower and will generate large volumes of waste. Decision makers will need to
consider the available resources, cost, waste production, and the available waste management options
before selecting a method.
Although numerous surface decontaminants have been comprehensively evaluated by EPA's Homeland
Security Research Program (HSRP), only two liquids and one fumigant are currently registered as sporicidal
decontaminants for inactivation of B. anthracis spores on pre-cleaned, hard, non-porous surfaces:
PERIDOX® with Electrostatic Decontamination System (EDS), Steriplex Ultra™, and DIKLOR G Chlorine
Dioxide Sterilant Precursor. (These three registered sporicidal decontaminants have been tested by the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Research and Development, Homeland Security Research Program
July, 2015
-------
vendors themselves and have not been evaluated by HSRP; the vendor supplied data have been approved
by EPA's Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention (OCSPP). The liquid decontaminant, pH-
adjusted bleach (pAB), was previously granted a Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
(FIFRA) crisis exemption for use against 6. anthracis spores. Additionally, EPA recently issued a quarantine
exemption for the use of multiple liquid products against 6. anthracis including: Oxonia Active, Vortexx,
Spor-klenz Ready to Use, and bleach. In addition, several fumigation products were exempted and
include: ethylene oxide, paraformaldehyde, and hydrogen peroxide vapor. The products listed in the
quarantine exemption are supported by available safety and efficacy data, including data from EPA cited
in this brief.
Table 1 lists a summary of surface decontamination technologies evaluated by EPA and found to be
effective against spores of 6. anthracis (and/or simulant) contamination on a variety of surface types. The
table reviews the application procedures and the decontamination efficacy associated with each
researched technology. As a note on the measure of efficacy, products demonstrating a > 6 Log Reduction
(LR) on relevant surfaces are considered effective in accordance with the FIFRA sporicidal decontaminant
testing1. This does not suggest that a product is thereby registered or exempted under FIFRA.
Figure 1 provides a flow chart with options for surface decontamination based on surface material type.
The table and flow chart can be used together to guide decision makers in determining a practical
decontamination approach for several of the surface materials that will be required to be decontaminated
in a wide-area incident.
1 For information visit the U.S. EPA Scientific Advisory Panel website at
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Table 1. Surface Decontamination Technologies evaluated by EPA and found to be effective against B. anthracis (and/or simulant) contamination.
g
-c
Surface Decontaminant: Product;
Manufacturer; Active Ingredients; EPA
Registration #; Product Label
PERIDOX® with EDS; Biomed Protect,
LLC; hydrogen peroxide (24.0%),
peroxyacetic acid (1.2%); 88089-3
(Sporicidal - B. anthracis)
http://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/che
m search/ppls/081073-00002-
20110316.pdf
Application Procedures/Conditions
Efficacy (Spore and Material Type Tested)
The product label includes an instruction manual
detailing the procedures and techniques for the use of
a fully assembled EDS containing PERIDOX® solution
mixed per label instructions. The application process
entails wetting the surface with PERIDOX®, allowing
for a 3 minute contact time, then illuminating the
wetted surface with UV light from the EDS light wand.
Vendor supplied Data obtained by EPA
Office of Pesticide Programs.
Registered sporicidal
decontaminant for inactivation of
Bacillus anthracis spores on dry,
pre-cleaned, hard, non-porous
surface.
Not tested by NHSRC. Application
procedures may need to be
modified for wide area field use.
<
o.
STERIPLEX Ultra™; sBioMed; Silver
(0.03%), hydrogen peroxide (22.0%),
peracetic acid (15.0%); 84545-8
(sporicidal - B. anthracis);
http://www. eoa. aov/pesticides/chem
search/ppls/084545-00008-
20111220.pdf
The product label includes a training manual detailing
the procedures and techniques for preparing and
using the two-part decontaminant system. The
application process entails wetting the surface with a
thin film of product at room temperature, allowing for
a 30 minute contact time, and then rinsing the
surfaces with a clean cloth or sponge several times
with running water.
Vendor supplied Data obtained by EPA
Office of Pesticide Programs.
Registered sporicidal
decontaminant for inactivation of
Bacillus anthracis spores on dry,
pre-cleaned, hard, non-porous
surface.
Not tested by NHSRC. Application
procedures may need to be
modified for wide area field use.
Minncare® Cold Sterilant; Minntech
Corp.; Hydrogen Peroxide (22%),
Peracetic Acid (4.5%); 52252-4
(sterilant, disinfectant, sanitizer);
http://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/che
m search/ppls/052252-00004-
20130924.pdf
Prepare according to manufacturer's instructions on
the day of application. Apply the solution to the
surface using a handheld spray bottle (or chemical
resistant liquid pump sprayer), from a distance of 12
inches until the surfaces is fully wetted. Allow solution
to remain in contact with the surface 10 minutes for
decorative laminate, glass, wallboard paper, and metal
ductwork; 30 minutes for carpet, and cinder block.
Quantitative efficacy for both B. anthracis
and B. subtilis was >7.5 LR on industrial-
grade carpet, decorative laminate,
galvanized metal ductwork, painted
wallboard paper, painted cinder block, and
glass.
Lower efficacy values were found
on bare pine wood, for which
efficacy results for B. anthracis and
B. subtilis were 5.40 and 6.00 LR,
respectively.
Evaluated in laboratory testing.
Application procedures may need to
be modified for wide area field use.
01
o.
~
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00
o
Oxonia Active®; Ecolab, Inc.; Hydrogen
Peroxide (27.5%), Peracetic Acid
(5.8%); 1677-129 (sterilant,
disinfectant, sanitizer)
http://www.kellvsolutions.com/erene
wals/documentsubmit/KellvData%5CV
A%5Cpesticide%5CProduct%20Label%
5C1677%5C1677-129%5C1677-
129 OXONIA ACTIVE 10 31 2005 1
1 00 14 AMSecured.Pdf
On day of application, prepare according to the
vendor's instructions. Apply the diluted Oxonia
Active® using a chemical resistant liquid pump sprayer
from a distance of about 12 inches until the surface is
fully wetted, and then reapplied every 10 minutes
after the initial application for a total contact time of
60 minutes.
Quantitative efficacy for B. anthracis was
>7.0 LR on industrial-grade carpet,
decorative laminate, galvanized metal
ductwork, painted wallboard paper,
painted cinder block, and glass.
No visible damage observed on any
of the test materials after 60
minutes contact time.
Lower efficacy values were found
on bare pine wood (4.64 LR.)
Evaluated in laboratory testing.
Application procedures may need to
be modified for wide area field use.
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Item Surface Decontaminant: Product;
Manufacturer; Active Ingredients; EP
Registration #; Product Label
Peridox® RTU, Biomed Protect, LLC;
Hydrogen peroxide (4.4%), peracetic
acid (0.22%); 88089-4 (sterilant,
disinfectant, sanitizer);
http://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/che
m search/ppls/088089-00004-
20150508.pdf
Application Procedures/Conditions
Follow vendor specifications for contact time, spray
pressure, application and reapplication procedures,
etc. Apply to surface until fully wetted, and then
reapplied as necessary to keep the coupons wetted
throughout the contact time. With non-porous
materials, the contact time is 30 minutes with
reapplication at 10 and 25 minutes after the first
application. With porous materials, the contact time
was 60 minutes, with reapplication at 10, 20, 30, 40,
and 50 minutes after the first application.
icacy (Spore and Material Type Tested)
Quantitative efficacy for B. anthracis was >
6.65 log reduction on stainless steel, glass,
aluminum, porcelain (glazed), granite
(sealed surface), treated wood, and butyl
rubber with no viable spores found on any
of these seven test materials after
decontamination. Efficacy was high (7.22
LR) on asphalt paving, but a small number
of viable spores were found on one of the
replicate asphalt test coupons after
decontamination.
No visible damage was observed on
any of the test materials after the
30 or 60 minute contact times in
the quantitative efficacy testing or
seven days later after completion of
the qualitative assessment of
residual spores.
Evaluated in laboratory testing.
Application procedures may need to
be modified for wide area field use.
Spor-Klenz" RTU; STERIS Corp.;
Hydrogen peroxide (1.0%), Peracetic
acid (0.08%); 1043-119
(sterilant/sporicidal, bactericidal,
sanitizer), 1043-120 (concentrate);
http://www.gru.edu/research/animal/
resources/SporKleanz%20label.pdf
Apply Spor-Klenz® RTU from a distance of 30.5 cm
using the handheld spray bottle (or chemical resistant
liquid pump sprayer), until all test coupon surfaces are
fully wetted by the solution. Reapply as needed to
keep surfaces wet for a 30 minute contact time for
nonporous surfaces, 60 minutes for porous materials
(reapplication at 30 minutes after the initial
application regardless of the wetness of the coupons).
Allow surface to air dry.
Quantitative efficacy for B. anthracis was >
7 LR on stainless steel, glass, aluminum,
porcelain (glazed), granite (sealed surface)
and >7.27 LR on brick and butyl rubber.
Efficacy on unpainted concrete, asphalt
paving, and treated wood was
approximately 1.02, 2.56, and 6.16 LR,
respectively.
No visible damage was observed on
the test materials after the 30 min
contact time for non-porous
materials or the 60 min contact
time for the porous materials.
Corrosive damage to a gas-powered
sprayer was observed [16].
Evaluated in laboratory testing.
Application procedures may need to
be modified for wide area field use.
01
T3
Decon Green; Developed by the U.S,
Army; Hydrogen Peroxide (35%);
1043-121 (sterilant, disinfectant,
virucide, fungicide);
http://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/che
m search/ppls/001043-00121-
20071206.pdf
Follow vendor specifications for contact time, spray
pressure, application and reapplication procedures,
etc. For most surfaces, apply to surface until fully
wetted, and then reapply 30 minutes after the initial
application for a total contact time of 30 minutes.
The quantitative efficacy for B. anthracis
was > 7.32 LR on stainless steel, glass,
aluminum, porcelain (glazed), granite
(sealed surface) materials, and > 7.25 and >
6.94 LR on brick and butyl rubber,
respectively with no viable spores were
found after decontamination. Efficacy on
concrete, asphalt, and treated wood was
4.00, 2.97, and 1.91 LR, respectively.
No visible damage was observed on
any of the test materials after the
60 minute contact time with Decon
Green in the quantitative efficacy
testing, or seven days later after
completion of the qualitative
assessment of residual spores.
Evaluated in laboratory testing.
Application procedures may need to
be modified for wide area field use.
01
BO
o
EasyDECON ® 200; EFT Holdings, Inc.;
Hydrogen peroxide <8%; 74436-1 (Part
1), 74436-2 (Part 2) (disinfectant,
mildewstat, virucide);
http://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/che
m search/ppls/074436-00001-
20110401.pdf:
Follow vendor specifications for contact time, spray
pressure, application and reapplication procedures,
etc. Apply to glass, aluminum, and porcelain until fully
wetted, and then reapply 10 and 20 minutes after the
initial application, with a total contact time of 30
minutes. Apply to stainless steel and granite until fully
wetted, and then reapplied 5,10,15, 20, and 25
The quantitative efficacy for B. anthracis
was > 7.51 LR on stainless steel, glass,
aluminum, porcelain (glazed), granite
(sealed surface) materials, and
approximately > 7.14, > 7.28 and > 6.99 LR
on the porous materials unpainted
concrete, brick, and butyl rubber,
No visible damage was observed on
any of the test materials after the
30 or 60 minute contact times in
the quantitative efficacy testing, or
seven days later after completion of
the qualitative assessment of
residual spores.
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Item Surface Decontaminant: Product;
4 Manufacturer; Active Ingredients; EPA
Registration #; Product Label
http://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/che
m search/ppls/074436-00002-
20141007.pdf
Application Procedures/Conditions
minutes after the initial application, with a total
contact time of 30 minutes. Apply to porous materials
until they were fully wetted, and then reapplied 10,
20, 30, 40, and 50 minutes after the initial application,
with a total contact time of 60 minutes.
icacy (Spore and Material Type Tested)
respectively. Efficacy on asphalt and
treated wood was 1.63 and 0.82 LR,
respectively.
E
ro
o
CASCAD™ Surface Decontamination
Foam (SDF); Allen-Vanguard Corp.;
Hypochlorite, hypochlorous acid; none
A specialized sprayer is required to generate the foam.
Cover contaminated area with foam according to label
for a 30 minute contact time, 60 minutes for porous
materials (reapplication at 30 minutes after the initial
application, for a total of two applications).
Quantitative efficacy was > 7.0 LR for both
B. anthmcis and B. subtilis on industrial-
grade carpet, decorative laminate,
galvanized metal ductwork, painted (latex,
semi-gloss) cinder block, and glass. Lower
efficacy values were found only on painted
wallboard paper and bare pine wood.
Another study (Ref. 3) showed quantitative
efficacy for B. anthmcis was > 6.80 LR on
stainless steel, glass, aluminum, porcelain
(glazed), granite (sealed surface), concrete,
brick, asphalt paving, treated wood, and
butyl rubber.
Paint peeled away from the primer
coat on painted cinder block
coupons. No visible damage was
observed on any of the test
materials after either the 30 min or
the 60 min contact
10
o
o
o
Q.
pH-adjusted Bleach (pAB) EPA
developed - no single vendor exists;
Sodium Hypochlorite, Hypochlorous
acid; 67619-8 (CPPC Ultra Bleach 2 is
registered as a disinfectant, but pAB is
not). The solution has been granted
several FIFRA crisis exemptions for use
against B. anthracis spores on pre-
cleaned hard non-porous surfaces.
The pAB solution is made by combining 1 part bleach
(containing 5.25% to 6.0% sodium hypochlorite), 8
parts water, and 1 part white vinegar. The bleach
(Ultra Clorox" or store brand non-scented bleach) and
white vinegar (store brand) are not combined directly
together. Bag and remove porous materials (i.e.,
ceiling tile, mattresses, couches, etc.) and then
decontaminate the remaining items and surfaces by
spraying them with the pAB solution using gas-
powered chemical sprayers. Allow for a 5-minute
contact time. Then, reapply the decontaminant to the
same surfaces for another 5 minutes. Repeat this
process until every surface in the entire area has had a
10-minute contact time accomplished by spraying with
decontaminant two consecutive times. Allow surfaces
to air dry. If necessary squeegee and wet HEPA
vacuum all standing decontaminant liquids from the
horizontal non-porous surfaces.
The decontamination efficacy for B.
anthracis was >7.62 LR on stainless steel,
glass, aluminum, porcelain (glazed), granite
(sealed surface) materials, and was > 6.94
LR on the porous materials brick and butyl
rubber. Concrete, asphalt, and treated
wood exhibited lower efficacy values, at
6.27, 3.60 and 1.90 LR, respectively.
Another Study (Ref. 4) showed that pAB
was highly effective for Bacillus atrophaeus
(approximately 6 LR) on wood and concrete
when used with a thirty-minute contact
time and two applications.
No visible damage was observed on
the test materials after the 60 min
contact time with pH-amended
bleach.
While this is a readily available and
efficacious approach, its
shortcomings include the need for
extensive manpower, the potential
for PPE upgrades due to chlorine
gas generation), and the generation
of large volumes of waste.
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Item Surface Decontaminant: Product;
Manufacturer; Active Ingredients; EP
Registration #; Product Label
Application Procedures/Conditions
11
12
01
Q
Chlorine Dioxide (CIC>2) Gas (non-
registered products are available and
have been tested).
EPA registered against B. anthracis:
DIKLOR G CI02 Sterilant Precursor;
Sabre Oxidation Technologies, Inc.;
sodium chlorite (25%); 73139-3;
http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/chem
search/ppls/073139-00003-
8.pdf).
Klozur®; FMC Corporation; Sodium
Persulfate, activated with hydrogen
peroxide; none
Fumigation: Target concentration of 3,000 ppmv, 2
hour contact time, with minimum 75% RH and 22 °C.
Since CI02 is unstable as a compressed gas, it must be
produced on site. For the laboratory study, aqueous
solutions of CI02 were first prepared, and then
pumped into a sparging column to transfer the CI02
from the liquid to gas phase. Air from the test
chamber was used in the sparging process and
recirculated to establish the desired gaseous CI02
concentration of 3,000 ppmv.
Prepare according to vendor's instructions. The
procedure involves application of Klozur®, followed by
application of the hydrogen peroxide (H202) activating
solution, consistent with the recommended approach
for soil remediation. Klozur® is injected into
contaminated soil or groundwater, and activated by
mixing in appropriate proportions with H202 solutions
of up to 8% H202 by weight, according to instructions
published by FMC Corporation at
http://www.peroxychem.com/media/128552/peroxyc
hem-klozur-h2o2-activation-april-2015.pdf
icacy (Spore and Material Type Tested)
Fumigation tests conducted at a target
concentration of 3,000 ppmv, with an RH of
either 75% or 85% and indoor ambient
temperature (~ 22 °C) provided > 6 LR of B.
anthmcis spores on the AZTD samples at a
2 cm depth (2-4 hr contact time). Topsoil
proved to be more difficult to
decontaminate.
Quantitative efficacy was 3.5 LR on topsoil
containing B. anthracis spores was
substantially greater with the 48-hour
contact time (3.5 LR) than with the 24-
hour contact time (1.65 LR). (Ref. 9)
Additional studies showed > 7 LR for B.
anthracis spores in garden topsoil and
Arizona Test Dust (AZTD) when using three
applications (all applied within the first two
hours) and a one week contact time.
Increasing contact time did
significantly improve efficacy for
topsoil.
Changing the RH level did not
significantly affect the LR results.
Evaluated in laboratory testing.
Application procedures and
fumigation parameters will need to
be modified for wide area field use.
Highly effective in killing B.
anthracis spores in soil. Can
overcome organic loading in soil.
Soils tested include: Earthgro"
Topsoil, Agvise" Topsoil, and AZTD.
Preliminary unpublished data shows
a > 6 LR on outdoor material
including bare pine wood, brick,
concrete, and asphalt. (Ref. 11)
13
Metam Sodium; Buckman
Laboratories, Inc.; Sodium N-
methyldithiocarbamate (42.5%),
methyl isothiocyanate (MITC); 1448-
107 (pesticide);
http://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/che
m search/ppls/001448-00107-
20140820.pdf
For optimum performance, it is recommended that
the soil be free of clods and soil moisture be between
50-80% of field capacity. Metam sodium is applied as a
liquid and converts to gas when it reacts with soil
moisture. It can be applied with tillers, sprinklers, or
other means of distribution to mix into the soil. Once
the metam sodium is added to the soil, it is common
practice to place a tarp or cap over the soil to prevent
the loss of MITC.
For all but one of the eight tests with AZTD,
B. anthracis was completely inactivated,
whereas just one test with B. anthracis-
contaminated topsoil resulted in complete
inactivation. Metam sodium was effective
(> 6 LR) against B. anthracis on topsoil with
a 7 day contact time.
This decontaminant was
significantly more effective on the
AZTD compared to the topsoil for
the majority of the tests.
The effect of moisture content on
decontamination efficacy of the
metam sodium is readily apparent
in the results for B. anthracis on
topsoil, which shows that efficacy
increases with increasing levels of
moisture.
14
Methyl Bromide; Matheson Tri-Gas;
99.5% methyl bromide gas with 0.5%
chloropicrin added as a warning
irritant; none
Fumigation: 212 mg/L methyl bromide, 36 hour
contact time, no drying of soil.
212 mg/L methyl bromide and 36 hour
contact time (no drying of soil) resulted in
complete inactivation of B. anthracis
spores on AZTD and > 7.0 LR on topsoil.
Evaluated in laboratory testing.
Application procedures and
fumigation parameters may need to
be modified for wide area field use.
15
pAB; Sodium Hypochlorite,
Hypochlorous acid (see item number
10)
See item number 10 for preparation instructions.
Application for laboratory testing consisted of
injecting pH-amended bleach into each sample every
Successful in decontaminating AZTD with >
7.0 LR obtained for both B. anthracis and B.
Not efficacious for B. anthracis
contaminated topsoil.
-------
Item Surface Decontaminant: Product;
Manufacturer; Active Ingredients; Ec
Registration #; Product Label
Application Procedures/Conditions
30 minutes for 2 hours (4 total applications) and
mixing the soil and pAB solution thoroughly in the
sample jar using a glass stirring rod.
subtilis with four applications and a two-
hour contact time.
Evaluated in laboratory testing.
Application procedures will need to
be modified for wide area field use.
16
Clorox" Healthcare™ Bleach Germicidal
Wipe; Clorox Professional Products
Co.; Sodium hypochlorite (0-1-1-0%);
67619-12 (O. difficile)
Wipe the area using overlapping S-strokes. 3 min
contact time (for sporicidal wipes, contact time
reflects the prescribed time the surface is to be wet).
All commercially available sodium
hypochlorite-based wipes completely
inactivated all B. atrophaeus spores (>7
logio) on glass, stainless steel, composite
epoxy and low-density polyethylene
materials.
Application procedures may need to
be modified for wide area field use.
12
17
0)
-M
"l_
O
o
Q.
T3
O
if!
it
O
Sani-Cloth" Bleach Germicidal
Disposable Wipe; Professional
Disposables Internationals, Inc.;
Sodium hypochlorite (<1.0%); 9480-8
(Cl. Difficile);
http://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/che
m search/ppls/009480-00008-
20130716.pdf
Wipe the area using overlapping S-strokes. 4 min
contact time (for sporicidal wipes, contact time
reflects the prescribed time the surface is to be wet).
All commercially available sodium
hypochlorite-based wipes completely
inactivated all B. atrophaeus spores (>7
logio) on glass, stainless steel, composite
epoxy and low-density polyethylene
materials.
Application procedures may need to
be modified for wide area field use.
12
01
E
E
o
u
18
Dispatch" Hospital Cleaner
Disinfectant Towel with Bleach; Clorox
Professional Products Co.; Sodium
hypochlorite (<1-0%); 56392-8
(Cl. Difficile);
http://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/che
m search/ppls/056392-00008-
20130814.pdf
Wipe the area using overlapping S-strokes. 5 min
contact time (for sporicidal wipes, contact time
reflects the prescribed time the surface is to be wet).
All commercially available sodium
hypochlorite-based wipes completely
inactivated all B. atrophaeus spores (>7
logio) on glass, stainless steel, composite
epoxy and low-density polyethylene
materials.
Application procedures may need to
be modified for wide area field use.
12
19
Hype-Wipe" Disinfecting Towel with
Bleach; Current Technologies, Inc.;
Sodium hypochlorite (0-525%), 70590-
1 (Cl. Difficile);
http://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/che
m search/ppls/070590-00001-
20131030.pdf
Wipe the area using overlapping S-strokes. 4 min
contact time (for sporicidal wipes, contact time
reflects the prescribed time the surface is to be wet).
All commercially available sodium
hypochlorite-based wipes completely
inactivated all B. atrophaeus spores (>7
logio) on glass, stainless steel, composite
epoxy and low-density polyethylene
materials.
Application procedures may need to
be modified for wide area field use.
12
*Requires crisis exemption by the EPA - has not been specifically registered under FIFRA for use against B. anthracis spores.
Notes:
Use of all products will be in accordance with all applicable precautions and directions specified on the registered labels (or by the vendor) and the requirements listed in
the crisis exemption.
During indoor material removal and decontaminant application procedures, negative air machines (NAMs) can used to maintain negative pressure inside the building
relative to the outside to reduce spore exfiltration. NAMs can also be utilized after decontamination to increase airflow through the facility and to aid in drying the surfaces.
-------
Decontamination
Options*
Effective Surface Decontamination Options According to Surface Type - Reference
Item Number on Table 1 for the Specific Technology and Application Procedures.
Non-Porous Materia
H2O2/PAA
Line items 1-2
H2O2/PAA
Line items 3-6
„ H202
Line items 7-8
HOCI
Lineitems9-10
NaCIOWipes
Line items 16-19
„ H202/PAA
Line items 6
, H202
Line items 7-8
HOCI
Line items 9-10
Stainless
Steel
Line items 1-2
H2O2/PAA
Line items 5-6
„ H202
Line items 7-8
HOCI
Line items 9-10
NaCIOWipes
Line items 16-19
Concrete
(Unpainted)
H202
Line item 8
^^^^^^H
HOCI
Lineitems9-10
„ Klozur®
Line item 12
Linoleum/
Decorative
H2O2/PAA
Line items 1-2
H2O2/PAA
Line items 3-4
Low-density
Polyethelene
^ H2O2/PAA
Line items 1-2
NaCIOWipes
Line items 16-19
H2O2/PAA
Line items 1-2
H2O2/PAA
Line items 5-6
H202
Line items_7-8
HOCI
Line items 9-10
Porcelain
(Glazed)
Line items 1-2
H2O2/PAA
Line items 5-6
H202
Line items 7-8
HOCI
Line items 9-10
H2O2/PAA
Line items 1-2
H2O2/PAA
Line items 5-6 I
Galvanized
Metal
Ductwork
H2O2/PAA
Line items 3-4
HOCI
Lineitem9
3-4
.
H202
Line items 7-8
HOCI
Line items 9-10
Asphal
(Paving
Aggregate)
H2O2/PAA
HOCI
Line item 9
H2O2/PAA
Line items 5-6
H202
Line items 7-8
Industrial
grade
Carpet
Bare Wood
(Pine
Lumbar)
Klozur8
Line item 12
H2O2/PAA
Line items 3-4
-H
Liquid/ Liquid/
Fumigants [^ Fumigants
Line items 11-15
Line items 12-14
*Some of the decontamination options presented here have been proven successful during real-world responses. In contrast, other approaches
have demonstrated to be effective during laboratory testing and have not been fully evaluated at the field-scale level and are recommended
based upon a combination of best professional judgmentand experience of both scientists and emergency responders.
Figure 1. Surface Decontamination Options According to Surface Type
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OUTDOOR SURFACE APPROACHES:
Before employing decontamination technologies outdoors, several outdoor elements need to be
considered, including the following:
• Potential effect of natural attenuation
• Ability to maintain decontaminant concentrations, temperature and RH requirements, and
contact time on surfaces
• Effects of organic loading in soil
• Complexity (porosity, irregularity in shape, etc.) of materials
• Collection and containment of liquid runoff
• Management of waste in an outdoor setting
• Surface corrosion or degradation caused by decontaminants
• Potential impacts on the environment
The primary difference to be expected with decontamination of outdoor materials is that outdoor
materials may be more heavily grimed, most likely diminishing the efficacy of liquid sporicides such as
bleach due to organic loading. In general, most liquid sporicides are more effective when there is less
organic matter present, therefore the pre-cleaning to remove dirt/grime may be necessary in order to
effectively decontaminate the surface. Transport of viable B. anthracis spores in liquid media (e.g., in
runoff) or as aerosols during pre-cleaning step should be considered; containment may be necessary to
avoid spreading contamination or increasing risk of exposure.
If outdoor decontamination is determined necessary, some of the evaluated technologies could be
suitable for outdoor decontamination. The sections below discuss current research that may be
considered for the decontamination of outdoor surfaces, including building materials and soil. Potential
decontamination approaches such as gross wash down, use of liquid, fumigation, and germination-
based decontamination are discussed.
Gross Wash Down
A large-scale spraying or wash down using water hoses, fire trucks, or similar truck-mounted water
spraying systems can distribute water or surfactants in large quantities to help provide immediate but
low level reduction of spores. If performed properly with appropriate containment actions, spraying and
wash down methods may limit the spread of contamination, reduce agent reaerosolization and
therefore reduce exposure risk. However, it will be critical to evaluate the wash down method in the
field to ensure that it will improve the situation, rather than spread contamination.
In an EPA study, pAB spray-based decontamination procedures were evaluated parametrically with
respect to the physical removal, inactivation, and overall fate of spores on "medium-sized" coupons
(35.6 cm x 35.6 cm or 14 in by 14 in) of indoor and outdoor materials [13]. Samples were collected from
the runoff/rinsate and analyzed quantitatively to determine the disposition of viable spores in this
medium. Efficacy results for 15-second pAB applications (no rinse) on outdoor materials showed low LR
values on the surface and viable spores in the rinsate indicating physical removal of the spores. This
study supports the need for containment actions during a wash down. Prior to large-scale wash down,
appropriate methods for runoff collection, containment, and subsequent decontamination of the
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contained liquid would need to be identified. The Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW) would need
to be included early in any remediation planing involving large-scale wash down and/or
decontamination approaches.
Germination-Based Decontamination
Some research has focused on the possibility of using germinants to convert spores to vegetative cells,
facilitating inactivation of the cells through natural attenuation or other decontamination processes. The
EPA conducted an investigation of the persistence of vegetative cells of 6. anthracis both with and
without exposure to UV-A/B radiation (representing sunlight) on several surfaces including glass, bare
pine wood, unpainted concrete, and topsoil [14]. The results show that natural attenuation may also be
a viable option for the decontamination of non-soil materials, provided that germination is effective in
converting spores to vegetative cells. (As of the writing of this brief, no germinants have been
demonstrated to be 100% effective in converting all spores to vegetative cells.) For soils, natural
attenuation may also be a viable decontamination option provided that longer attenuation times (e.g.,
approximately a week) are acceptable, and the soil can be kept relatively dry.
Application of Liquid Sporicide or Foam
Numerous liquid and foam decontaminants have been comprehensively evaluated for their efficacy
against spores of B. anthracis on non-porous and porous building materials and soil. Several studies [6,
14-17] have shown that the most effective sporicidal liquids (spray-applied to the test coupons and
remained in contact for exposure times ranging from 10 to 70 min) for outdoor materials are H2O2/PAA,
and HOCI chemistry. Examples of H2O2/PAA technologies include Minncare* Cold Sterilant and Oxonia
Active* (see Table 1, items 3 and 4). Both of these are EPA registered sterilants. Examples of HOCI-based
decontaminants are CASCAD™ SDF, pAB (see Table 1, items 9 and 10), and the electrochemical
generation of anolyte solution (generated using the EcaFlo® system [18]).
However, due to organic loading, pAB is not effective at decontaminating B. anthracis in soil [10], and
this will likely be the case with other decontaminants utilizing HOCI chemistry. Although, the use of pAB
with a surfactant such as trisodium phosphate (TSP) may be useful in decontaminating heavily grimed
surfaces that are found in urban areas [13]. Another evaluated chemical, sodium persulfate (see Table 1,
item #12), which is made commercially for soil remediation, may be the best liquid sporicidal option for
decontamination of soil or other high organic material, such as grime. An EPA study showed that sodium
persulfate activated with hydrogen peroxide can overcome organic loading in soil [10].
An EPA study that evaluated pAB, CASCAD™ SDF, Oxonia Active", and Klozur" (sodium persulfate) for
decontaminating test coupons of topsoil containing B. anthracis spores found that efficacy was slightly
better with the 120-minute contact time than with the 60-minute contact time for pAB, CASCAD™ SDF,
Oxonia Active". However, efficacy with these three decontaminants never exceeded about 1 LR, even
with several applications onto the topsoil coupons. With Klozur", efficacy was substantially greater with
the 48-hour contact time than with the 24- hour contact time, and both Klozur" efficacy results were
significantly higher than any efficacy result with the other three decontaminants. [9]
EPA is currently completing a study evaluating the efficacy of sodium persulfate against spores of 6.
anthracis on outdoor materials. Preliminary unpublished data shows a > 6 LR on outdoor material such
as wood, brick, concrete, and asphalt under certain parameters. [11]
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Use of Fumigants
Gaseous or vaporized products (often applied in the same manner as fumigants used in the agricultural
industry) may be used to decontaminate soil and outdoor building materials. Methyl bromide has been
shown to decontaminate B. anthracis on outdoor building material [19]. Test data also support the
notion that CIO2 (see Table 1, item #11) may be an effective decontaminant for soil [8] and surfaces
covered with dirt or grime [20].
Additionally, metam sodium and methyl bromide have shown effectiveness against spores of 6.
anthracis in soil (see Table 1, item # 13 and 14). Metam sodium is the most widely used soil fumigant in
the United States. It is applied as a liquid and converts to gas when it reacts with soil moisture. A study
showed that metam sodium was effective (> 6 LR) against 6. anthracis on topsoil. In the same study,
methyl bromide was effective (> 6 LR achieved) against B. anthracis on topsoil at 25 °C when using a
concentration of at least 180 mg/L and contact time of 36 hours [10].
CONCLUSION:
Many surface decontamination technologies exist. Some of the decontamination approaches presented
in this brief have proven successful during real-world responses. In contrast, other approaches have
been demonstrated to be effective during laboratory testing and have not been fully evaluated at the
field-scale level. Therefore, many of the recommended techniques are based upon a combination of
best professional judgment and experience of both scientists and emergency responders. During the
response, users of this brief may need to evaluate and modify the decontamination techniques
presented here to help establish the process-knowledge required for the environmental- and site-
specific conditions.
DISCLAIMER:
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency through its Office of Research and Development funded and
managed the research described herein under several contractual agreements listed in the references.
Compilation of this technical information was conducted by Booz Allen Hamilton under EP-G13C-00404.
This summary has been subjected to the Agency's review and has been approved for publication. Note
that approval does not signify that the contents reflect the views of the Agency. Mention of trade
names, products, or services does not convey official EPA approval, endorsement, or recommendation.
REFERENCES:
1. U.S. EPA. Evaluation of Liquid and Foam Technologies for the Decontamination of B. anthracis and 6.
subtilis Spores on Building and Outdoor Materials. Washington, D.C.: US Environmental Protection
Agency, EPA/600/R-09/150, 2009.
2. U.S. EPA. Systematic Investigation of Liquid and Fumigant Decontamination Efficacy against
Biological Agents Deposited on Test Coupons of Common Indoor Materials. Washington, D.C.: U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, EPA/600/R-11/076, 2011.
3. U.S. EPA. Biological Agent Decontamination Technology Testing. Technology Evaluation Report.
Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA/600/R-10/087, 2010.
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4. U.S. EPA. Effectiveness of Physical and Chemical Cleaning and Disinfection Methods for Removing,
Reducing or Inactivating Agricultural Biological Threat Agents. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, EPA/600/R-11/092, 2011.
5. U.S. EPA. Bio-Response Operational Testing And Evaluation (BOTE) Project, Phase 1:
Decontamination Assessment. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA/600/R-
13/168, 2013.
6. Wood, J.P., Choi, Y.W., Rogers, J.V., Kelly, T.J., Riggs, K.B. and Willenberg, Z.J. Efficacy of Liquid Spray
Decontaminants for Inactivation of B. anthracis Spores on Building and Outdoor Materials. J Appl
Microbiol 110, 1262-1273, 2011.
7. Wood, J.P., Calfee, M.W., Clayton, M., Griffin-Gatchalian, N., and Touati A. Optimizing Acidified
Bleach Solutions to Improve Sporicidal Efficacy on Building Materials. Article first published online:
DOI: 10.1111/J.1472-765X.2011.03162.X, 27 OCT 2011. |
8. U.S. EPA. Inactivation of 6. anthracis Spores in Soil Matrices with Chlorine Dioxide Gas. Washington,
D.C.: US Environmental Protection Agency, EPA/600/R-12/517, 2012.
9. U.S. EPA. Evaluation of Liquid and Foam Technologies for the Inactivation of 6. anthracis Spores on
Topsoil. Washington, D.C.: US Environmental Protection Agency, EPA/600/R-10/080, 2010.
10. U.S. EPA. Decontamination of Soil Contaminated with B. anthracis Spores. Washington, D.C.: US
Environmental Protection Agency, EPA/600/R-13/110, 2013.
11. U.S. EPA. Decontamination of Outdoor Materials Contaminated with Anthrax using Sodium
Persulfate or Chloropicrin. Washington, D.C.: US Environmental Protection Agency, DRAFT Report,
May 2015.
12. Meyer, K., J. Tufts, W. Calfee, AND L. Oudejans. Efficacy of Sporicidal Wipes for Inactivation of a
Bacillus anthracis Surrogate. Journal of Applied Microbiology. Blackwell Publishing, Maiden, MA,
(117):1634-1644, 2014.
13. U.S. EPA. Assessment of Liquid and Physical Decontamination Methods for Environmental Surfaces
Contaminated with Bacterial Spores: Evaluation of Spray Method Parameters and Impact of Surface
Grime. Washington, D.C.: US Environmental Protection Agency, EPA/600/R/12/591, 2012.
14. US EPA. Environmental Persistence of Vegetative B. anthracis and Yersinia pestis. Washington, D.C.:
US Environmental Protection Agency, EPA/600/R-14/150, 2014.
15. Calfee, M.W., Choi, Y., Rogers, J., Kelly, T., Willenberg, Z. and Riggs, K. Lab-Scale Assessment to
Support Remediation of Outdoor Surfaces Contaminated with B. anthracis Spores. Journal of
Bioterrorism and Biodefense 2, 1-8, 2011.
16. Calfee, M.W., Ryan, S.P., Wood, J.P., Mickelsen, L., Kempter, C., Miller, L., Colby, M., Touati, A.,
Clayton, M., Griffin-Gatchalian, N., McDonald, S. and Delafield, R. Laboratory Evaluation of Large-
Scale Decontamination Approaches. J Appl Microbiol 112, 874-882, 2012.
17. U.S. EPA. Assessment of Liquid and Physical Decontamination Methods for Environmental Surfaces
Contaminated with Bacterial Spores: Development and Evaluation of the Decontamination
Procedural Steps. Washington, D.C.: US Environmental Protection Agency, EPA/600/R-12/025, 2012.
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18. U.S. EPA. Evaluating a Decontamination Technology Based on the Electrochemical Generation of
Anolyte Solution against 6. anthracis Spores. Washington, D.C.: US Environmental Protection
Agency, EPA/600/R-11/124, 2011.
19. U.S. EPA. Methyl Bromide Decontamination of Indoor and Outdoor Materials Contaminated with 6.
anthracis Spores, EPA/ 600/R-14/170, 2014.
20. U.S. EPA. Interactions of CIO2 and H2O2 Fumigants with Dirt and Grime on Subway Concrete.
Washington, D.C.: US Environmental Protection Agency, EPA/600/R-14/226, 2014.
CONTACT INFORMATION:
For more information, visit the NHSRC Web site at
Technical Contact: (ryan.shawn@epa.gov)
General Feedback/Questions: (nickel.kathy@epa.gov)
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