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                    FINAL
Development
Document for
Effluent Limitations
Guidelines and
Standards for the
Nonferrous Metals
Manufacturing
Point Source
Category
Volume X
Primary and Secondary
  Germanium and Gallium
Primary Rare Earth Metals
Secondary Indium
Index

-------
                  ORGANIZATION OF THIS DOCUMENT

This development document for the nonferrous metals manufacturing
category  consists  of  a  general  development  document   which
considers  the general and overall aspects of the regulation  and
31  subcategory specific supplements. These parts  are  organized
into 10 volumes as listed below.

The information in the general document and in the supplements is
organized  by sections with the same type of information reported
in  the same section of each part.  Hence to find information  on
any  specific aspect of the category one would need only look  in
the  same  section  of  the general  document  and  the  specific
supplements of interest.

The ten volumes contain contain the following subjects:

   Volume I    General Development Document
   Volume II
   Volume III
   Volume IV
   Volume V
   Volume VI
   Volume VII
Bauxite Refining
Primary Aluminum Smelting
Secondary Aluminum Smelting .

Primary Copper Smelting
Primary Electrolytic Copper Refining
Secondary Copper Refining
Metallurgical Acid Plants

Primary Zinc
Primary Lead
Secondary Lead
Primary Antimony

Primary Precious Metals and Mercury
Secondary Precious Metals
Secondary Silver
Secondary Mercury

Primary Tungsten
Secondary Tungsten and Cobalt
Primary Molybdenum and Rhenium
Secondary Molybdenum and Vanadium

Primary Beryllium
Primary Nickel and Cobalt
Secondary Nickel
Secondary Tin
   Volume VIII Primary Columbium and Tantalum
               Secondary Tantalum
               Secondary Uranium

   Volume IX   Primary and Secondary Titanium
               Primary Zirconium and Hafnium

   Volume K    Primary and Secondary Germanium and Gallium
               Primary Rare Earth Metals
               Secondary Indium

-------
                DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT

                         for

    EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS

                       for the

NONFERROUS METALS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY

                      VOLUME X

     Primary and Secondary Germanium and Gallium
              Primary Rare Earth Metals
                  Secondary Indium

                  William K. Reilly
                    Administrator
                Rebecca Hanmer, Acting
          Assistant Administrator for Water
              Martha Prothro, Director
      Office of Water Regulations and Standards
            Thomas P. O'Farrell, Director
           Industrial Technology Division
             Ernst P. Hall, P.E., Chief
               Metals Industry Branch
                         and
              Technical Project Officer
                     May 1989
        U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                   Office of Water
      Office of Water Regulations and Standards
           Industrial Technology Division
              Washington, D. C.  20460

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11

-------
                        TABLE OF CONTENTS




Supplement                                      .  Page


Primary and Secondary Germanium and Gallium                5231


Primary Rare Earths           ,                             5353


Secondary Indium                                           5525
For detailed contents see detailed contents list in
individual supplement.

-------
IV

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 NONFERROUS METALS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY


            .DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT SUPPLEMENT


                        for the


Primary and Secondary Germanium and Gallium Subcategory
                   William K. Reilly
                     Administrator
                    Rebecca Hanmer
       Acting Assistant Administrator Cor Water
               Martha Prothro, Director
       Office of Water Regulations and Standards
                              \
             Thomas P. O'Farrell, Director
            Industrial Technology Division
              Ernst P. Hall, P.E., Chief
                Metals Industry Branch
                          and
               Technical Project Officer
                      May 1989
         U.S.  Environmental Protection Agency
                    Office of Water
       Office  of Water Regulations and Standards
            Industrial Technology Division
               Washington, D. C.   20460
                          5231

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5232

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    PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY



                        TABLE OF CONTENTS


Section                                                    Page


I         SUMMARY                                          5241

II        CONCLUSIONS                                      5243

III       SUBCATEGORY PROFILE                              5225

          Description of Germanium and Gallium Production  5255
          Raw Materials                                    5255
          Germanium Production                             5256
          Chlorination                                     5256
          Hydrolysis                                       5256
          Reduction to Metal                               5256
          Purification                                     5257
          Gallium Production                               5257
          Chlorination                                     5257
          Hydrolysis                                       5257
          Reduction to Metal                               5257
          Purification                                     5258
          Solvent Extraction                               5258
          Process Wastewater Sources                       5258
          Other Wastewater Sources                         5258
          Age, Production, and Process Profile             5258

IV        SUBCATEGORIZATION                                5265

          Factors Considered in Subdividing the Primary    5265
            and Secondary Germanium and Gallium
            Subcategory
          Other Factors                                    5266
          Production Normalizing Parameters                5266

V         WATER USE AND WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS         5269

          Wastewater Flow Rates                            5270
          Wastewater Characteristics Data                  5271
          Data Collection Portfolios                       5271
          Field Sampling Data                              5271
          Wastewater Characteristics and Flows by          5273
            Subdivision
          Still Liquor                                     5273
          Chlorinator Wet Air Pollution Control            5273
          Germanium Hydrolysis Filtrate                    5273
          Acid Wash and Rinse Water.                        5274
          Gallium Hydrolysis Filtrate                      5274
          Solvent Extraction Raffinate                     5274


                  TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)


                               5233

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    PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY
Section

VI         SELECTION OF POLLUTANT PARAMETERS

          Conventional and Nonconventional Pollutant
            Parameters Selected
          Toxic Priority Pollutants                        5284
          Toxic Pollutants Never Detected                  5284
          Toxic Pollutants Never Found Above Their         5285
            Analytical Quantification Concentration
          Toxic Pollutants Present Below Concentrations    5285
            Achievable by Treatment
          Toxic Pollutants Detected in a Small Number      5285
            of Sources
          Toxic Pollutants Selected for Further            5286
            Consideration in Establishing Limitations
            and Standards

VII       CONTROL AND TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES               5297

          Current Control and Treatment Practices          5297
          Still Liquor                                     5297
          Chlorinator Wet Air Pollution Control            5298
          Germanium Hydrolysis Filtrate                    5298
          Acid Wash and Rinse Water                        5298
          Gallium Hydrolysis Filtrate                      5298
          Solvent Extraction Raffinate                     5298
          Control and Treatment Options                    5298
          Option A                                         5298
          Option C                                         5299

VIII      COSTS, ENERGY, AND NONWATER QUALITY              5301
          ASPECTS

          Treatment Options for Existing Sources           5301
          Option A             .                            5301
          Option C                             .            5301
          Cost Methodology                                 5301
          Nonwater Quality Aspects                         5302
          Energy Requirements                              5302
          Solid Waste                                      5302
          Air Pollution                                    5304
                               5234

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    PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY



                  TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)

Section                                                    I
IX        BEST PRACTICABLE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY CURRENTLY    5307
          AVAILABLE

          Technical Approach to BPT       •                 5309
          Industry Cost and Pollutant Removal Estimates    5309
          BPT Option Selection                             5309
          Wastewater Discharge Rates                       5310
          Still Liquor                                     5310
          Chlorinator Wet Air Pollution Control            5311
          Germanium Hydrolysis Filtrate                    5311
          Acid Wash and Rinse Water                        5311
          Gallium Hydrolysis Filtrate                      5311
          Solvent Extraction Raffinate                     5311
          Regulated Pollutant Parameters                   5312
          Effluent Limitations                             5312

X         BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY ECONOMICALLY           5319
          ACHIEVABLE

          Technical Approach to BAT                        5319
          Option A                                         5320
          Option C                                         5320
          Industry Cost and Pollutant Removal Estimates    5320
          Pollutant Removal Estimates                      5320
          Compliance Costs                                 5321
-f        Wastewater Discharge Rates                       5321
          BAT Option Selection - Proposal                  5322
          BAT Option Selection - Promulgation              5322
          Regulated Pollutant Parameters                   5323
          Effluent Limitations                             5324

XI        NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS                 5331

          Technical Approach to NSPS                       5331
          NSPS Option Selection - Proposal                 5331
          NSPS Option Selection - Promulgation             5331
          Regulated Pollutant Parameters                   5332
          New Source Performance Standards                 5332
                               5235

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    PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY


                  TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)


Section
XII       PRETREATMENT STANDARDS                           5337

          Technical Approach to Pretreatment               5337
          Industry Cost and Pollutant Removal, Estimates    5338
          Pretreatment Standards for Existing and New      5338
            Sources
          PSES Option Selection - Proposal                 5338
          PSES Option Selection - Promulgation             5339
          PSNS Option Selection - Proposal                 5339
          PSNS Option Selection - Promulgation             5339
          Regulated Pollutant Parameters                   5339
          Pretreatment Standards                           5339

XIII      BEST CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANT CONTROL              5351
          TECHNOLOGY
                               5236

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    PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY
                         LIST OF TABLES
Table                        Title                         Page


III-1     Initial Operating Year (Range) Summary of Plants 5260
          in the Primary and Secondary Germanium and
          Gallium Subcategory by Discharge Type

III-2     Summary of Subcategory Processes and Associated  5261
          Waste Streams

V-l       Water Use and Discharge Rates for Still Liquor   5275

V-2       Water Use and Discharge Rates for Chlorinator    5276
          Wet Air Pollution Control

V-3       Water Use and Discharge Rates for Germanium      5277
          Hydrolysis Filtrate

V-4       Water Use and Discharge Rates for Acid Wash and  5278
          Rinse Water

V-5       Water Use and Discharge Rates for Gallium        5279
          Hydrolysis Filtrate

V-6       Water Use and Discharge Rates for Solvent        5280
          Extraction Raffinate

V-7       Primary and Secondary Germanium and Gallium      5281
          Raw Wastewater Data from Self-Sampling

VI-1      Frequency of Occurrence of Priority Pollutants   5289
          Primary and Secondary Germanium and Gallium
          Subcategory Raw Wastewater

VI-2      Toxic Pollutants Never Detected                  5293
                               5237

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    PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY


                   LIST OP TABLES  (Continued)


Table                      Title                            Paqe
VIII-1    Cost of Compliance for the Primary and Secondary 5305
          Germanium and Gallium Subcategory Indirect
          Dischargers

IX-1      BPT Wastewater Discharge Rates for the Primary   5313
          and Secondary Germanium and Gallium Subcategory

IX-2      BPT Mass Limitations for the Primary and         5314
          Secondary Germanium and Gallium Subcategory

X-l       BAT Wastewater Discharge Rates for the Primary   5325
          and Secondary Germanium and Gallium Subcategory

X-2       BAT Mass Limitations for the Primary and         5326
          Secondary Germanium and Gallium Subcategory

XI-1      NSPS Wastewater Discharge Rates for the Primary  5333
          and Secondary Germanium and Gallium Subcategory

XI-2      NSPS for the Primary and Secondary Germanium and 5334
          Gallium Subcategory

XII-1     Pollutant Removal Estimates for Indirect         5341
          Dischargers Primary and Secondary Germanium and
          Gallium Subcategory

XII-2     Cost of Compliance for the Primary and Secondary 5342
          Germanium and Gallium Subcategory

XII-3     PSES and PSNS Wastewater Discharge Rates for the 5343
          Primary and Secondary Germanium and Gallium
          Subcategory

XII-4     PSES for the Primary and Secondary Germanium and 5344
          Gallium Subcategory

XII-5     PSNS for the Primary and Secondary Germanium and 5347
          Gallium Subcategory
                               5238

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    PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY


                         LIST OP FIGURES


Figure                        Title                        Page


III-l     Primary and Secondary Germanium Production       5262
          Process

III-2     Primary and Secondary Gallium Production Process 5263

III-3     Geographic Locations of the Primary and          5264
          Secondary Germanium and Gallium Plants Operating
          in the United States

IX-1      BPT Treatment Scheme for the Primary and         5318
          Secondary Germanium an Gallium Subcategory

X-l       BAT Treatment Scheme for Option A                5329

X-2       BAT Treatment Scheme for Option C                5330
                               5239

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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY
           THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
                           5240

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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - I



                            SECTION I

                             SUMMARY

This  document  provides  the technical  basis  for  promulgating
effluent  limitations based on best practicable technology  (BPT)
and   best  available  technology  (BAT)  for   existing   direct
dischargers,  pretreatment  standards for existing  and  for  new
indirect dischargers (PSES and PSNSJand standards of  performance
for new sources direct dischargers (NSPS).

The primary  and  secondary  germanium  and  gallium  subcategory
consists of 5  plants.   One  of  the  five plants discharges  to
a  publicly  owned treatment works  (POTW),  and   four   achieve
zero discharge of process wastewater.

EPA first studied the primary and secondary germanium and gallium
subcategory  to  determine  whether differences in raw materials,
final products, manufacturing processes/ equipment, age and  size
of  plants,  and water usage required the development of separate
effluent limitations and standards for different segments of  the
subcategory.   This  involved  a  detailed analysis of wastewater
discharge  and  treated effluent characteristics,  including  the
sources  and  volume of water used, the   processes   used,   the
sources   of   pollutants and wastewaters in the plant,  and  the
constituents of wastewaters,  including toxic pollutants.   As  a
result,     six    subdivisions   have   been   identified    for
this  subcategory that warrant separate   effluent   limitations.
These include:

  o Still liquor,
  o Chlorinator wet air pollution control,
  o Germanium hydrolysis filtrate,
  o Acid wash and rinse water,
  o Gallium hydrolysis filtrate, and
  o Solvent extraction raffinate.

EPA  also  identified  several  distinct  control  and  treatment
technologies  (end-of-pipe)  applicable   to  the   primary   and
secondary germanium and gallium subcategory.  The Agency analyzed
both  historical  and  newly generated data on the performance of
these  technologies,  and  on  their  nonwater  quality   impacts
including   air  quality,  solid  waste  generation,  and  energy
requirements.

Engineering costs were prepared  for  each  of  the  control  and
treatment  options  considered  for the subcategory.  These costs
were  then  used  by  the  Agency  to  estimate  the  impact   of
implementing  the  various  options on the subcategory.  For each
control and treatment option that the Agency  found  to  be  most
effective  and  technically feasible in controlling the discharge
of pollutants, we estimated the  number  of  potential  closures,
number of employees affected, and impact on price.  These results
are  reported  in  a separate document entitled the "The Economic


                           5241

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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - I


Impact Analysis of Effluent Limitations  and  Standards  for  the
Nonferrous Metals Manufacturing Industry."

After  examining  the  various treatment technologies, the Agency
has  selected  BPT  requirements for the primary  and   secondary
germanium    and    gallium   subcategory  based   on    chemical
precipitation  and  sedimentation (lime and  settle)  technology.
Although  there  are no  existing  direct  dischargers  in   this
subcategory,  BPT  is promulgated  because it is a necessary base
against which pleas for variances can be measured. This action is
deemed  necessary   because  wastewaters  from   germanium    and
gallium  operations  which  contain  significant   loadings    of
toxic  pollutants   are  currently  being disposed of in  a  RCRA
permitted surface impoundment.  Future modifications to the  RCRA
standards  may   result  in  a discharge from  germanium  plants.
There are no capital or annual costs for BPT in this  subcategory
because there are no direct dischargers.

EPA is promulgating  BAT limitations for this  subcategory  based
on  chemical precipitation and sedimentation technology.  BAT  is
equivalent  to  BPT technology. Although there  are  no  existing
direct  dischargers in this subcategory, BAT is  promulgated  for
any  existing zero discharger who, at some  point in the  future,
elects  to discharge. This action   was deemed necessary  because
wastewaters  from germanium and gallium operations which  contain
significant  loadings   of toxic pollutants are  currently  being
disposed  of in a  RCRA permitted surface impoundment. There  are
no  capital or annual costs for BAT in this  subcategory  because
there are no direct dischargers.

NSPS  are  equivalent  to the BAT mass limitations.  In selecting
NSPS, EPA recognizes that new  plants  have  the  opportunity  to
implement the best and most efficient manufacturing processes and
treatment  technology.   As such, the technology basis of BAT has
been determined as the best demonstrated technology.

The technology basis for PSES is equivalent to BAT.  To meet  the
pretreatment  standards for existing sources, the primary and the
secondary germanium and gallium subcategory is estimated to incur
a capital cost of $24,600 and an annual  cost  of  $20,300.   For
PSNS,   the  Agency selected end-of-pipe treatment equivalent  to
NSPS.

The best conventional  technology  (BCT)  replaces  BAT  for  the
control of conventional pollutants.  BCT is riot being promulgated
because  the methodology for BCT has not yet been finalized.  The
mass limitations and standards for BPT, BAT, NSPS, PSES, and PSNS
are presented in Section II.
                           5242

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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - II



                           SECTION II

                           CONCLUSIONS


EPA  has  divided the primary and  secondary  germanium  and
gallium subcategory into six subdivisions for the purpose of
effluent limitations and standards.  These subdivisions are:

     (a)  Still liquor,
     (b)  Chlorinator wet air pollution control,
     (c)  Germanium hydrolysis filtrate,
     (d)  Acid wash and rinse water,
     (e)  Gallium hydrolysis filtrate, and
     (f)  Solvent extraction raffinate.

BPT  is  promulgated based on the performance achievable  by  the
application of chemical precipitation and sedimentation (lime and
settle)  technology. The following BPT effluent  limitations  are
promulgated:

(a)  Still Liquor  BPT

   Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average


         mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of germanium chlorinated
Arsenic
Lead
Zinc
Fluoride
TSS
pH Within
131.700
26.460
91.980
2,205.000
2,583.000
the range of 7.5
(b) Chlorinator Wet Air Pollution
58.590
12.600
38.430
1,254.000
1,229.000
to 10.0 at all times
Control BPT
   Pollutant or        Maximum for       Maximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average


         mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of germanium chlorinated

Arsenic                     27.530            12.250
Lead                         5.531             2.634
Zinc                        19.230             8.034
Fluoride                   461.000           262.100
TSS              .          540.000           256.800
pH         Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
                               5243

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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SDBCATEGORY  SECT -  II
 (c)  Germanium Hydrolysis Filtrate  BPT

   Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average


         rag/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of germanium hydrolyzed

Arsenic                     39.440            17.550
Lead                         7.9Z5             3.774
Zinc                        27.550            11.510
Fluoride                   660.500           375.500
TSS                        773.700           368.000
pH          Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
     Acicl Wash and Rinse Water  BPT

   Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average

Arsenic
Lead
Zinc
Fluoride
TSS
pH
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs)
325.500
65.400
227.400
5,450.000
6,385.000
Within the range of 7.
(e) Gallium Hydrolysis Filtrate


of germanium washed
144.800
31.140
94.990
3.099.000
3,037.000
5 to 10.0 at all times
BPT
   Pollutant orMaximum for       Maximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average
          mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of gallium hydrolyzed

Arsenic                     70.450            31.350
Lead                        14.160             6.742
Zinc                        49.220            20.560
Fluoride                 1,180.000           670.800
TSS                      1,382.000           657.300
pH          Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
                               5244

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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - II


 f)  Solvent Extraction Raffinate  BPT

   Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average


      mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of gallium produced by solvent
                           extraction

Arsenic                    39.330            17.500
Lead                        7.904             3.764
Zinc                       27 480            11.480
Fluoride                  658.700           374.500
TSS                       771.600           367..000
pH         Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times


EPA  is promulgating BAT for the primary and secondary  germanium
and  gallium subcategory, based on the performance achievable  by
the application of chemical precipitation and sedimentation (lime
and  settle) technology.  The following BAT effluent  limitations
are promulgated:


(a)  Still Liquor  BAT

   Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average


         mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of germanium chlorinated

Arsenic                    131.700            58.590
Lead                        26.460            12.600
Zinc                        91.980            38.430
Fluoride                 2,205.000         1,254.000
(b)  Chlorinator Wet Air Pollution Control  BAT

   Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average


         mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of germanium chlorinated

Arsenic                     27.530            12.Z20
Lead                         5.531             2.634
Zinc                        19.230             8.034
Fluoride                   461.000           262.100
                               5245

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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - II
 (c)  Germanium Hydrolysis Filtrate  BAT

   Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average
         mg/kg  (Ib/million Ibs) of germanium hydrolyzed
Arsenic
Lead
Zinc
Fluoride
39.440
7.925
27.550
660.500
17.550
3.774
11.510
375.500
(d)  Acid Wash and Rinse Water  BAT
   Pollutant or        Maximum for       Maximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of germanium washed
Arsenic
Lead
Zinc
Fluoride
325.500
65.400
227.400
5,450.000
144.800
31.140
94.990
3,099.000
(e)  Gallium Hydrolysis Filtrate  BAT
   Pollutant or        Maximum for       Maximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average


          mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of gallium hydrolyzed

Arsenic                    70.450            31.350
Lead                       14.160             6.742
Zinc                       49.220            20.560
Fluoride                1,180.000           670.800
                               5246

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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - II


(f)  Solvent Extraction Raffinate  BAT

   Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average


      mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of gallium produced by solvent
                           extraction

Arsenic                     39.330            17.500
Lead                         7.904             3.764
Zinc                        27.480            11.480
Fluoride                   658.700           374.500


EPA is promulgating NSPS for the primary and secondary  germanium
and  gallium subcategory based on the performance  achievable  by
the application of chemical precipitation and sedimentation (lime
and settle) technology.  The following effluent standards for new
sources are promulgated:

(a)  Still Liquor  NSPS

   Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average


         mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of germanium chlorinated
Arsenic
Lead
Zinc
Fluoride
TSS
pH
131.700
26.460
91.980
2,205.000
2,583.000
Within the range of 7.5
58.590
12.600
38.430
1,254.000
1,229.000
to 10.0 at all times
(b)  Chlorinator Wet Air Pollution Control  NSPS

   Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average


         mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of germanium chlorinated

Arsenic                     27.530            12.250
Lead                         5.531             2.634
Zinc                        19.230             8.034
Fluoride                   461.000           262.100
TSS                        540.500           256.800
pH          Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
                               5247

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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT  -  II
 (c)  Germanium Hydrolysis Filtrate  NSPS

   Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
 Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average

Arsenic
Lead
Zinc
Fluoride
TSS
PH
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of
39.440
7.925
27.550
660.500
773.700
Within the range of 7.
germanium hydrolyzed
17.550
3.774
11.510
375.500
368.000
5 to 10.0 at all times
 (d)  Acid Wash and Rinse Water  NSPS
   Pollutant or        Maximum for       Maximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average
           mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of germanium washed
Arsenic
Lead
Zinc
Fluoride
TSS
pH
325.500
65.400
227.400
5,450.000
6,385.000
Within the range of 7.5
144.800
31.140
94.990
3,099.000
3,037.000
to 10.0 at all times
(e)  Gallium Hydrolysis Filtrate  NSPS
   Pollutant or  •      Maximum for       Maximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average


          mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of gallium hydrolyzed

Arsenic                    70.450            31.350
Lead                       14.160             6.742
Zinc                       49.220            20.560
Fluoride                1,180.000           670.800
TSS                     1,382.000           657.300
pH         Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
                               5248

-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - II


(f)  Solvent Extraction Raffinate  NSPS
   Pollutant or        Maximum for       Maximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average


      mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of gallium produced by solvent
                           extraction

Arsenic                     39.330            17.500
Lead                         7.904             3.764
Zinc                        27.480            11.. 480
Fluoride                   658.700           374.500
TSS                        771.600           367.000
pH          Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times


EPA is promulgating PSES for the primary and secondary  germanium
and  gallium subcategory based on the performance  achievable  by
the application of chemical precipitation and sedimentation (lime
and settle) technology.  The following pretreatment standards for
existing sources are promulgated:

(a)  Still Liquor  PSES

   Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average


         mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of germanium chlorinated

Arsenic                    131.700            58.590
lead                        26.460            12.600
Zinc                        91.980            38.430
Fluoride                 2,205.000         1,254.000


(b)  Chlorinator Wet Air Pollution Control  PSES

   Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average


         mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of germanium chlorinated

Arsenic                     27.530            12.250
Lead                         5.531             2.634
Zinc                        19.230             8.034
Fluoride                   461.000           262.100
                               5249

-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - II
 (c)  Germanium Hydrolysis Filtrate  PSES

   Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
 Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average
         mg/kg  (Ib/million Ibs) of germanium hydrolyzed
Arsenic
Lead
Zinc
Fluoride
39.440
7.925
27.550
660.500
17.550
3.774
11.510
375.500
 (d)  Acid Wash and Rinse Water  PSES
   Pollutant or        Maximum for       Maximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of germanium washed
Arsenic
Lead
Zinc
Fluoride
(e) Gallium Hydrolysis

325.500
65.400
227.400
5,450.000
Filtrate PSES

144.800
31.140
94.990
3,099.000

   Pollutant or        Maximum for       Maximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average
          mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of gallium hydrolyzed

Arsenic                     70.450            31.350
Lead                        14.160             6.742
Zinc                        49.220            20.560
Fluoride                 1,180.000           670.800
                               5250

-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - II


(f)  Solvent Extraction Raffinate  PSES

  , Pollutant or        Maximum for       Maximum for  "~
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average


      mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of gallium produced by solvent
                           extraction
Arsenic
Lead
Zinc
Fluoride
39.330
7.904
27.480
658.700
17.500
3.764
11.480
374.500
EPA is promulgating PSNS for the primary and secondary  germanium
and  gallium subcategory based on the performance  achievable  by
the application of chemical precipitation and sedimentation (lime
and settle) technology.  The following pretreatment standards are
promulgated for new sources:

(a)  Still Liquor  PSNS

   Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average
mg/
Arsenic
Lead
Zinc
Fluoride
'kg (Ib/million
2,
Ibs) of
131.700
26.460
91.980
205.000
germanium chlorinated
58.590
12.600
38.430
1,254.000
(b)  Chlorinator Wet Air Pollution Control  PSNS

~Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average


         mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of germanium chlorinated

Arsenic                     27.530            12.250
Lead                         5.531             2.634
Zinc                        19.230             8.034
Fluoride                   461.000           262.100
                               5251

-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - II


(c)  Germanium Hydrolysis Filtrate  PSNS

   Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average


         rag/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of germanium hydrolyzed
Arsenic
Lead
Zinc
Fluoride
39.550
7.925
27.550
660.500
17.550
3.774
11.510
375.500
(d)  Acid Wash and Rinse Water  PSNS
   Pollutant or        Maximum for       Maximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibsj of germanium washed
Arsenic
Lead
Zinc
Fluoride
(e) Gallium Hydrolysis

325.500
65.400
227.400
5,450.000
Filtrate PSNS

144.800
31.140
94.990
3,099.000

   Pollutant or        Maximum for       Maximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average
          mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of gallium hydrolyzed

Arsenic       "             70.450            31.350
Lead                        14.160             6.742
Zinc                        49.22O            20.560
Fluoride                 1,180.000           670.800
                               5252

-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - II


(f)  Solvent Extraction Raffinate  PSNS

   Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average


      mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of gallium produced by solvent
                           extraction
Arsenic
Lead
Zinc
Fluoride
39.330
7.904
27.480
658.700
17.500
3.764
11.480
374.500
EPA  is  not  promulgating best  conventional  pollutant  control
technology (BCT) at this time.
                               5253

-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - II
               THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
                               5254

-------
 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - III



                           SECTION III

                       SUBCATEGORY PROFILE
This section of the primary and secondary germanium  and  gallium
supplement  describes the raw materials and processes used in the
production of germanium and gallium and presents a profile of the
germanium and gallium  plants  identified  in  this  study.

There are many commercial uses for germanium, including  infrared
systems (40  percent),  fiber optics (15 percent), semiconductors
(23  percent),  detectors  (10  percent),  and  other  uses   (12
percent).  Because germanium is transparent to infrared light, it
is  important  in germanium lenses and windows   which   transmit
thermal   radiation  in  a  manner  similar  to  optical    glass
transmitting    visible   light.    Germanium    based   infrared
optical  components are finding an increasing number of  military
and commercial applications.

The principal uses of gallium  are  in  electronic  applications.
High-purity   gallium is used in such items as fiber-optic  light
transmission  cables,  gallium-based  light-emitting  diodes  and
lasers,  electronic  devices  for  computers,  and  research  and
development in solid-state devices.

DESCRIPTION OF GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM PRODUCTION

Germanium  and  gallium  are  produced  from  both  primary   and
secondary  raw materials. Both metals are produced in  a  similar
manner;   however,   their  production  processes   are   treated
separately  in  this study. The germanium production  process  is
presented schematically in Figure III-l (page 5262) and described
below. The gallium production process is  presented schematically
in Figure III-2 (page 5263). Germanium and gallium production can
be  divided  into four distinct stages: chlorination to  tri-  or
tetra-chlorides,  hydrolysis  to produce an oxide,  reduction  to
metal, and further purification.

RAW MATERIALS

The  primary raw materials for germanium and gallium are residues
from   primary    zinc    roasters.     Zinc    ores    in    the
Kansas-Missouri-Oklahoma   and Central Tennessee zinc  districts,
as well as some foreign zinc ores, contain germanium and gallium.
Concentrates typically contain 0.3 to 7 percent germanium and 0.2
to  1  percent  gallium.   Some  facilities  also  use  purchased
intermediates such as germanium dioxide or crude gallium metal.

Secondary  raw  materials  for  germanium  include  both  low and
high-grade scrap.   High grade scrap includes  cuttings  and  saw
dust   from the forming of lenses and windows from pure germanium.
Secondary  raw  materials  for  gallium  include  silicon-caroidp


                           5255

-------
 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - III


abrasives,  and  glass  scrap  consisting  primarily  of  gallium
arsenide.

GERMANIUM PRODUCTION

Germanium   is  normally  produced  using  four  major  steps  or
processes:  chlorination,   hydrolysis,   reduction   to   metal,
and   further  purification.  Each of these  steps  is  described
below:

CHLORINATION

The first step in winning germanium from concentrates  and  scrap
is  chlorination   with   hydrochloric  acid  or  chlorine   gas.
Chlorination   converts  germanium  to  germanium   tetrachloride
vapors,   which   are  recovered  in   a   condenser.   Germanium
tetrachloride  is a clear, colorless liquid at room  temperature.
Vapors  which pass through the condenser are sent through  a  wet
scrubber  which controls acid and chlorine fumes. There  are  two
wastewater  sources  associated with germanium  chlorination,  as
shown in Figure III-l (page 5264). Excess hydrochloric acid along
with  impurities in the raw material which are not  vaporized  by
the  chlorination are discharged as still liquor. If  gallium  is
present in the feed materials, it will remain in the still liquor
and  the still liquor may be used as a raw material  for  gallium
recovery  rather than discharged. Additionally,  scrubber  liquor
from the wet scrubber associated with the chlorination still  may
be discharged.

After  converting  the  germanium in the  feed  material  to  the
tetrachloride, the  germanium  tetrachloride  is  purified  using
stripping    and   distillation.     Several    stripping     and
distillation  processes may occur in series in order  to  achieve
the desired purity.

HYDROLYSIS

Purified  germanium  tetrachloride  is  converted  to   germanium
dioxide  by hydrolysis with water.  The reaction that takes place
is:
          + 2 H2O ---- > GeO2 + 4 HC1.

After hydrolysis, the insoluble germanium  dioxide  is  separated
from  the  liquid  phase by filtration and dried.  The hydrolysis
filtrate may be discharged as a wastewater stream.

REDUCTION TO METAL

Pure germanium dioxide is reduced to metal in a furnace  with   a
hydrogen atmosphere.  The reaction that takes place is:
         + 2 H2 ---- > Ge + 2 H2O

The  germanium  dioxide is reduced to germanium mebal powder, and


                           5256

-------
 PRIMARY" AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - III


the water formed is vented  to  the  atmosphere.   The  germanium
metal powder is then melted and cooled to produce germanium bars.
There   are   no  wastewater  sources  associated  with  reducing
germanium dioxide  to  metal,  or  with  subsequent  melting  and
casting to produce germanium ingots or bars.

PURIFICATION

Germanium  bars  are  cleaned by acid washing and purified by zone
refining.   The bars are washed with a  hydrofluoric  acid-nitric
acid  mixture  to  remove  any oxide coating on the bar, and then
rinsed with water to remove residual acid.  The etched  bars  are
further   purified  by induction heated zone  refining.  In  this
process,  impurities  are concentrated at one point  because  the
impurities  are more soluble in the liquid phase.  The  germanium
bar may be acid washed and zone refined  several  times in  order
to   achieve   the  desired purity.  The only  wastewater  source
associated with this process is the spent acid  and  rinse water.

GALLIUM PRODUCTION

Gallium   production,  shown schematically in Figure III-2  (page
5263), usually consists of four stages; chlorination, hydrolysis,
reduction   to  metal,  and  further   purification.   A  solvent
extraction process can also be used to refine gallium.   Each  of
these  stages  is described below.

CHLORINATION

Crude  gallium  or  gallium arsenide scrap may be  used  as  feed
material for the gallium chlorination process. Hydrochloric  acid
and  chlorine  gas  are used to convert the  gallium  to  gallium
trichloride.  Gallium trichloride is purified using a  series  of
distillation  steps.   No process wastewater is  associated  with
gallium chlorination or purification of gallium trichloride.

HYDROLYSIS

Gallium  trichloride  from chlorination of crude  gallium  metal,
chlorination of gallium scrap or other chlorination is routed  to
the   hydrolysis   process.   Water  and sodium   hydroxide   are
reacted   with   gallium  trichloride  to  produce  an  insoluble
gallium hydroxide.  The  reaction  is  as follows:

    GaCl3 + NaOH + H2O  	>  GaOOH + NaCl + 2 HC1

The  insoluble gallium solids are separated from the liquid phase
by  filtration.  The hydrolysis filtrate is the  only  wastewater
stream associated with gallium hydrolysis.

REDUCTION TO METAL

Gallium    oxide  hydroxide  is  dissolved   and  electrolyticaly
reduced  to gallium metal which collects at the cathode.   Beca^sp
gallium  metal  is  a liquid  at room  temperature with a  deri^.^y


                            5257

-------
 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - III


greater  than water, it sinks to the bottom of  the  electrolytic
cell.  When  electrolysis is  complete,  the residual electrolyte
is  recycled  and  the  gallium   metal   is  routed  to  further
purification.

PURIFICATION

Electrolytic  gallium is washed to remove residual water  soluble
impurities and further purified by zone crystallization to remove
metal  soluble  impurities.  The wash water is  recycled  to  the
process.  High purity gallium (99.9999+ percent) is  produced  in
this  manner.  There  is no process  wastewater  associated  with
crystallization.

SOLVENT EXTRACTION

A solvent extraction process can also be used to recover  gallium
from  gallium  scrap.   The scrap is first dissolved in acid, and
gallium is then extracted from solution into an organic  solvent.
Gallium  is recovered from the solvent and the solvent is reused.
The  depleted  acid or raffinate is the  only  wastewater  stream
associated with the solvent extraction process.

PROCESS WASTEWATER SOURCES

Although  a  variety  of  processes  are  involved in primary and
secondary  germanium  and   gallium   production,   the   process
wastewater sources can be delineated as follows:

1. Still liquor,
2. Chlorinator wet air pollution control,
3. Germanium hydrolysis filtrate,
4. Acid wash and rinse water,
5, Gallium hydrolysis filtrate, and
6. Solvent extraction raffinate.

OTHER WASTEWATER SOURCES

Other   wastewaters  may  be associated with  the  production  of
primary  and secondary germanium and gallium. These  streams  may
include aspirator water, noncontact cooling water, and  equipment
and floor wash water. These wastewaters are  not  considered   as
a  part  of  this rulemaking.   EPA  believes that the flows  and
pollutant   loadings   associated   with   these   streams    are
insignificant relative to the  wastewater  streams  selected  and
are  best  handled   by   the appropriate   permit  authority  on
a  case-by-case basis  under authority of Section 402 of the CWA.

AGE, PRODUCTION, AND PROCESS PROFILE

Figure    III-3  (page 5264) shows  the  location  of  the   five
primary  and secondary  germanium  and  gallium plants  operating
in the United States.  One plant is located in Pennsylvania,  two
are   in  the Oklahoma-Texas  region,   and  two are in  the  far
western  part of the country.  Germanium and gallium plants   are


                               5258

-------
 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - III


usually   located near sources of raw materials, either zinc  ore
deposits, or major electronics manufacturing.

Table III-l (page 5260) shows the initial operating year for  the
plants   in   this  subcategory by discharge type.   All  of  the
plants were built within the last twenty-five  years,   with  two
built  within the last three years.  The average plant age is  12
years.    Table   III-2   (page 5261)  lists   the  various  unit
operations  in this subcategory, and shows the number of   plants
with that process and the number of plants generating wastewater.
                               5259

-------
  PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND  GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - III
                           Table III-1

     INITIAL OPERATING YEAR (RANGE) SUMMARY OF PLANTS  IN THE
     PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY
                        BY DISCHARGE TYPE
Type of Plant


Direct


Indirect


Zero
                     Initial Operating Year  (Range)
                     	(Plant Age in Years)	
 1983-
 1973
(0-10)
  0
 1972-
 1968
(11-15)
    0
 1967-
 1958
(16-25)
                        0
                        2
1957-
1948
(26+)
                         0
                         0
Total
Total
                                   0
                             5260

-------
 PRIMARY 'AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - III




                           Table  III-3

  SUMMARY OF SUBCATEGORY PROCESSES AND ASSOCIATED WASTE  STREAMS


                  Number of Germanium and       Number  of Plants
 Process or         Gallium Plants with       Reporting Generation
Waste Stream      Process or Waste Stream        of Wastewater*


Chlorination                 3
   Still liquor              2                         2
   Wet air pollution         2                         2

Hydrolysis                   3
   Germanium filtrate        2                         2
   Gallium filtrate   .       2                         2

Reduction to metal (dry)     4

Purification                 4
   Acid wash and rinse
   water                     3                         3

Ga solvent extraction        1
   raffinate                 1                         1
*Through reuse or evaporation practices, a plant may "generate" a
 wastewater from a particular process but not discharge it.
                             5261

-------
                                                                                                                                    H
                           To Atnoopliert!
U1
KJ
a\
to
                      High

                     ^Purttj

                      Ge

                    Produi'l
                                                                                      Hydrofluoric and

                                                                                      Nitric Acid Solu-

                                                                                      tion, Water Rinse
Spent Arid

Solution and

Rinse Uater
                                                           Figure  II1-1



                                 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY  GERMANIUM  PRODUCTION  PROCESS
                                                                                                                                    M
                                                                                                                                    O
                                                                                                                                    O
                                                                                                                                    Q
                                                                                                                                    S
                                                                                                                                    lr<
                                                                                                                                    r«
                                                                                                                                    H
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-------
en
m
U)
            Sill I l,l<|uor from
            Oermanlum Cblo
            rinatloi) (If It
            Contains Gall turn)
            Crude tin or
            GaAs Scrap  •
t
urn) (

— »•

Chlorinatlon
GaClj


[•*•
to


Hydrolysis
GaOOH



Electrolysis
Ga



Washing




Crystallization
                                                                         High Purity
                                                                        »Ga Product
                       Either HC1 or
            8cr"'
                                    „
                                    Ga
                                      3+
»
\
H.O and
SaOH


1©
Hydrolysis
filtrate



f 1
Spent
M2 Electrolyte
NaOH i


f 1
H.O Has
2 Hat


Recycle to Hydrolysis ^ 4
 Ga
*Product
                           Acid       Raffinate
                                                                                                                                         o
                                                                                                                                         i
                                                                                                                                         1
                                                                                                                                         w
                                                                                                                                         o
                                                                                                                                         Q
                                                                                                                                         >
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                                                                                                                                         r»
                                                                                                                                         H
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                                                                                               O
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                                                                                               s
                                                             Figure HI-2

                                    PRIMARY  AND SECONDARY GALLIUM  PRODUCTION PROCESS
                                                                                              M
                                                                                              O

-------
en
to
                                                     Indirect Discnarge of Process wastewater

                                                     Zero Discharge of Process Wastewater
                                                Figure III-3


                             GEOGRAPHIC LOCATIONS OF THE  PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
                       GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM PLANTS OPERATING IN THE UNITED STATES
                                                                                                         B
                                                                                                         o
                                                                                                         w
                                                                                                         o
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w
a
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M
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-------
 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - IV





                           SECTION IV

                        SUBCATEGORIZATION
This   section   summarizes  the factors  considered  during  the
designation   of  the  related subdivisions of the  primary   and
secondary   germanium   and   gallium   subcategory.   Production
normalizing    parameters    for    each  subdivision  are   also
discussed.

FACTORS CONSIDERED IN SUBDIVIDING THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY

The factors listed previously for general subcategorization  were
each  evaluated  when considering subdivision of the primary  and
secondary    germanium  and   gallium   subcategory.    In    the
discussion  that follows, the factors will be discussed as   they
pertain  to  this  particular subcategory.

The   rationale  for considering subdivision of the  primary  and
secondary   germanium   and  gallium   subcategory    is    based
primarily  on  differences  in  the  production processes and raw
materials used within this subcategory.  A  number  of  different
operations  are  performed, which may or may not have a water use
or discharge, and which may require the establishment of separate
effluent limitations.  While primary and secondary germanium  and
gallium is still considered a single subcategory, a more thorough
examination   of   the production processes has  illustrated  the
need  for limitations and standards based on a specific  set   of
waste  streams.    Limitations  will be based  on  specific  flow
allowances for the following subdivisions or building blocks:

1. Still liquor,
2. Chlorinator wet air pollution control,
3. Germanium hydrolysis filtrate,
4. Acid wash and rinse water,
5. Gallium hydrolysis filtrate, and
6. Solvent extraction raffinate.

These subdivisions follow directly from  differences  within  the
distinct    production   stages   of   germanium   and    gallium
chlorination,  hydrolysis,  reduction  to  metal,   and   further
purification.

Chlorination   of . germanium  concentrate  or  scrap  to  produce
germanium  tetrachloride  results in the first  two  subdivisions
still  liquor  and chlorination wet air pollution control.  Still
liquor contains impurities present in the raw material as well as
excess  hydrochloric  acid  used  to  chlorinate  the  germanium.
After  recovering  germanium tetrachloride, the acid  fumes   are
scrubbed  with  a  water  or  caustic scrubber.  This creates the


                               5265

-------
 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - IV


need for the chlorination wet air pollution control subdivision.

Hydrolysis  of  germanium tetrachloride to germanium dioxide, and
gallium  trichloride  to a gallium hydroxide,  results   in   two
more  subdivisions  germanium  hydrolysis  filtrate,  and gallium
hydrolysis filtrate.  Both hydrolysis products, germanium dioxide
and  gallium  hydroxide,  are produced  as   solids   which   are
separated  from  the  liquid phase by filtration.  Both germanium
and  gallium  hydrolysis   filtrates   may   be   discharged   as
wastewater streams.

After  germanium  dioxide  is  reduced to metal, it may be washed
with hydrofluoric acid and nitric  acid,  and  then  rinsed  with
water.  The  wash  'and rinse water may be  discharged,  and  this
creates   the need for another subdivision  acid wash  and  rinse
water.

Gallium  can be recovered from some scrap by a solvent extraction
process.   In  this  process,  scrap  is dissolved  in  acid  and
then recovered into an organic solvent. The  spent  acid  may  be
discharged.    The  solvent  extraction raffinate gives  rise  to
the last subdivision.

OTHER FACTORS

The other factors considered in this evaluation were shown to  be
inappropriate  as a basis for subdivision. Air pollution  control
methods,  treatment  costs, and total  energy   requirements  are
functions  of  the selected subcategorization  factors  —  metal
product,  raw  materials, and  production  processes.  Therefore,
they   are  not  independent  factors  and  do  not  affect   the
subcategorization which has been applied. As discussed in Section
IV  of the General Development Document, certain  other  factors,
such as plant age, plant size, and the number of employees,  were
also  evaluated  and determined to be inappropriate  for  use  as
bases for subdivision of nonferrous metals plants.

PRODUCTION NORMALIZING PARAMETERS

As  discussed  previously, the effluent limitations and standards
developed in this document  establish  mass  limitations  on  the
discharge  of  specific  pollutant  parameters.   To  allow these
regulations to be  applied  to  plants  with  various  production
capacities, the mass of pollutant discharged must be related to a
unit  of  production.   This  factor  is  known as the production
normalizing parameter (PNP).

In general, for each production process which  has  a  wastewater
associated  with  it,  the  actual  mass of germanium and gallium
product or intermediate will be used as the PNP.  Thus, the  PNPs
for the six subdivisions are as follows:
                               5266

-------
 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SDBCATEGORY  SECT - IV
     Subdivision

1. Still liquor

2. Chlorinator wet air
   pollution control

3. Germanium hydrolysis
   filtrate
4. Acid wash and rinse
   water

5. Gallium hydrolysis
   filtrate

6. Solvent extraction
   raffinate
     PNP

germanium chlorinated

germanium chlorinated


germanium hydrolyzed


germanium washed


gallium hydrolyzed
gallium produced by
solvent extraction
Other  PNPs  were  considered.   The  use  of production capacity
instead of actual production was  eliminated  from  consideration
because  the mass of the pollutant produced is more a function of
true production than of installed  capacity.   The  use  of  some
common  intermediate  (i.e.,  germanium  tetrachloride or gallium
trichloride) as a basis for PNPs for all processes  was  rejected
since  not  all  plants follow the same production path to get to
the specific end-product.   Additionally, some plants divert part
of their intermediate products (e.g., germanium dioxide) and sell
them   as  by-products  instead  of  processing  all  input   raw
materials to one final product.   If an "end-product" were chosen
as  the  PNP,  plants that had these upstream diversions would be
allowed  to  discharge  more  per  mass  of  product  than  their
competitors who did not.
                               5267

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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - IV
              THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
                              5268

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 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - V



                            SECTION V

            WATER USE AND WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS
This  section  describes  the  characteristics of the wastewaters
associated with the primary and secondary germanium  and  gallium
subcategory.   Data  used to  characterize  the  wastewaters  are
presented.  Finally, the specific source, water use and discharge
flows,   and  wastewater characteristics   for   each    separate
wastewater  source  are discussed.

The  two   principal  data  sources  used  are  data   collection
portfolios (dcp) and field  sampling  results.   Data  collection
portfolios   contain information regarding wastewater  flows  and
production levels.

In  order  to quantify the pollutant discharge from germanium and
gallium plants, a field sampling program was conducted  prior  to
proposal.  A complete list of pollutants considered and a summary
of  the  techniques  used in sampling and laboratory analyses are
included in Section V of Vol. I. Samples were analyzed for 124 of
the   126  priority  pollutants  and  other  pollutants    deemed
appropriate. Because the analytical standard for TCDD was  judged
to be too hazardous to be made generally available, samples  were
never  analyzed  for  this pollutant.  Samples  were  also  never
analyzed for asbestos. There is no reason to expect that TCDD  or
asbestos  would  be present in  nonferrous  metals  manufacturing
wastewater. A   total of two plants were selected for sampling in
the  primary and secondary germanium and gallium subcategory.  In
general,   the  samples  were  analyzed  for  three  classes   of
pollutants: toxic organic pollutants, toxic metal pollutants, and
criteria   pollutants  (which  includes  both  conventional   and
nonconventional pollutants).

After proposal,  EPA gathered additional wastewater sampling data
for  four  subdivisions  in this subcategory.   These  data  were
acquired   through   a self sampling program  undertaken  at  the
specific request of EPA. The data include analyses for the  toxic
metals  antimony,   arsenic,  cadmium,  chromium,  copper,  lead,
nickel,  selenium,  silver,  thallium  and zinc.   The data  also
include  analyses  for the nonconventional  pollutants  fluoride,
germanium  and gallium. These data presented in Table  V-7  (page
5281),  show pollutant concentrations similar to those  indicated
by the data which EPA had acquired for these  subdivisions  prior
to  proposal.  The  data  also  support  the  assumptions   which
EPA  had made  concerning  the  presence  and concentrations   of
pollutants  in  those  subdivisions  where  we   did  not    have
analytical   data for specific  pollutants.   For   this  reason,
the  selection  of pollutant parameters for limitation   in  this
subcategory  (Section VI) has not been revised based on this  new
data.
                               5269

-------
 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - V


As  described  in  Section IV of this supplement, the primary and
secondary germanium and gallium subcategory has been divided into
six  subdivisions  or wastewater sources, so that the promulgated
regulation contains mass discharge limitations and standards  for
six  unit  processes discharging process wastewater.  Differences
in  the  wastewater   characteristics   associated   with   these
subdivisions  are  to  be  expected.  For this reason, wastewater
streams  corresponding  to   each   subdivision   are   addressed
separately  in  the  discussions  that  follow.  These wastewater
sources are:

1. Still liquor,
2. Chlorinator wet air pollution control,
3. Germanium hydrolysis filtrate,
4. Acid wash and rinse water,
5. Gallium hydrolysis filtrate, and
6. Solvent extraction raffinate.

WASTEWATER FLOW RATES

Data  supplied  by  dcp  responses  were   evaluated,   and   two
flow-to-production   ratios,  water  use and wastewater discharge
were  calculated  for  each   stream.    The   two   ratios   are
differentiated  by the flow value used in calculation.  Water use
is defined as the volume of water or other fluid required  for  a
given  process.  Wastewater flow discharged after pretreatment or
recycle (if  these  are  present)  is  used  in  calculating  the
production normalized flow—the  volume  of wastewater discharged
from a given process to further treatment, disposal, or discharge
per  mass of germanium and gallium produced.  Differences between
the water use and wastewater flows associated with a given stream
result   from  recycle,  evaporation,  and  carry-over  on    the
product.   The    production   values   used    in    calculation
correspond to the production normalizing parameter, PNP, assigned
to   each  stream, as  outlined  in Section IV.  As  an  example,
chlorinator  scrubber water flow is related to the production  of
germanium  chlorinated. As such, the discharge rate is  expressed
in   liters  of  scrubber water  per  metric  ton  of   germanium
chlorinated   (gallons   of scrubber water per ton  of  germanium
chlorinated).

The production  normalized  discharge  flows  were  compiled  and
statistically   analyzed   by   stream  type.    These  production
normalized  water  use  and  discharge  flows  are  presented  by
subdivision  in  Tables  V-l  through  V-6  (pages 5275 -  5280).
Where  appropriate, an  attempt  was  made  to  identify  factors
that   could   account   for   variations   in   water  use   and
discharge rates.   These variations are discussed  later  in  this
section  by subdivision.   A similar analysis of factors affecting
the wastewater flows is presented in Sections IX,  X, XI, and  XII
where  representative  BPT, BAT, NSPS, and pretreatment flows are
selected for use in calculating the effluent limitations.

The water use and discharge rates shown do not include nonprocess
wastewater,  such as rainfall runoff and noncontact cooling water.


                               5270

-------
 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - V
WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS DATA

Data used to characterize the various wastewaters associated with
germanium and gallium  production  come  from  two  sources—data
collection  portfolios  and  analytical  data from field sampling
trips.

DATA COLLECTION PORTFOLIOS

In the data collection  portfolios,  the  germanium  and  gallium
plants  that  discharge  wastewater  were  asked  to  specify the
presence  of  priority pollutants  in   their   wastewater.    No
plant indicated that any priority organic pollutants were present
in  their wastewater.    However,   two of the  three  responding
plants stated that they either knew priority metal pollutants  to
be   present  or they   believed  priority metal  pollutants   to
be   present.     The  responses  for  the  priority  metals  are
summarized below1":

                     Known          Believed
Pollutant           Present          Present

Antimony               1                1
Arsenic                1                1
Beryllium              0                0
Cadmium                0                0
Chromium               0                1
Copper                 0                1
Lead                   0                0
Mercury                0                0
Nickel                 0                1
Selenium               1                1
Silver                 0                0
Thallium               0                0
Zinc                   0                0

1Two plants were omitted due to lack of data.


FIELD SAMPLING DATA

In order to quantify the concentrations of pollutants present  in
wastewater  from  primary  and  secondary  germanium  and gallium
plants,  wastewater samples were collected at  two  plants.  Both
of  these facilities claimed the analytical data collected to  be
confidential  and therefore these data are not presented in  this
document. Diagrams and tabulated information usually included  to
describe these operations are also omitted for this same reason.

Several points regarding these tables should  be  noted.   First,
the  data  tables include some samples measured at concentrations
considered not quantifiable.   The base-neutral extractable, acid
extractable, and volatile organics generally are  considered  not
quantifiable  at concentrations equal to or less than 0.010 mg/1.


                               5271

-------
  PRIMARY AND  SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - V


 Below this  concentration  organic  analytical  results  are  not
 quantitatively  accurate;  however,  the  analyses  are useful to
 indicate the  presence of a particular pollutant.   The  pesticide
 fraction  is  considered not quantifiable at concentrations equal
 to or less than 0.005 mg/1.

 Second,  the  detection  limits  shown on the;  data  tables   for
 priority   metals    and    conventional    and   nonconventional
 pollutants  are  not  the  same in all  cases  as  the  published
 detection  limits  for these pollutants by  the  same  analytical
 methods.   The  detection  limits used  were  reported  with  the
 analytical data and hence are the appropriate  limits  to   apply
 to   the  data.    Detection  limit variation    can   occur   as
 a   result    of   a   number   of laboratory-specific, equipment-
 specific,  and operator  specific factors.    These  factors  can
 include day-to-day differences in machine calibration,  variation
 in stock solutions, and  variation in operators.

 Third,  the   statistical  analysis  of data includes some samples
 measured at concentrations considered not quantifiable.  For data
 considered as detected but below quantifiable  concentrations,  a
 value    of    zero    is    used    for   averaging.    Priority
 organic,   nonconventional,   and   conventional  pollutant  data
 reported  with   a  "less   than"   sign   are   considered    as
 detected,  but not further quantifiable.  A value of zero is also
 used  for  averaging.   If   a  pollutant   is  reported  as  not
 detected, it  is assigned a value of zero in calculating the
 average.    Finally,   priority metal  values reported  as   less
 than   a  certain value were considered as not quantifiable,  and
 consequently  were assigned a value of  zero  in the  calculation
 of the average.

 Finally,  appropriate  source  water concentrations are presented
 with the summaries of the sampling data.   The  method  by  which
 each sample was collected is indicated by number, as follows:


 1 - One-time grab

 2 - Manual composite during intermittent process operation

 3 - 8-hour manual composite

 4 - 8-hour automatic composite

 5 - 24-hour manual composite

 6 - 24-hour automatic composite


WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS AND FLOWS BY SUBDIVISION

Since  primary  and  secondary  germanium  and gallium production
 involves  six  principal  sources  of  wastewater  and  each  has
potentially  different  characteristics and flows,  the wastewater


                               5272

-------
 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - V


characteristics  and  discharge  rates  corresponding   to   each
subdivision will be described separately.  A brief description of
why the associated production processes generate a wastewater and
explanations  for variations of water use within each subdivision
will also be discussed.
x

STILL LIQUOR

All of the  plants  which  chlorinate  germanium  raw   materials
generate a still liquor. The production normalized water  use and
discharge  rates  for still liquor are given in Table  V-l  (page
5275)  in liters per metric ton of germanium  chlorinated.  Still
liquor  can  be  characterized  by  treatable  concentrations  of
arsenic, nickel, zinc and germanium, suspended solids, and acidic
pH.   Additional  data for this stream collected  after  proposal
confirm this characterization.

CHLORINATOR WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL

All of the plants which chlorinate germanium raw materials use  a
wet  scrubbing  system for the control of HC1 and Cl2  fumes.  No
plant  reporting  this stream practices recycle  of  this  water.
Table  V-2 (page 5276) presents the production  normalized  water
use and  discharge flows for chlorinator scrubber water in liters
per   metric  ton  of  germanium  chlorinated.  This   water   is
characterized  by  treatable  concentrations  of  cadmium,  lead,
nickel, germanium, suspended solids, and an alkaline pH.

GERMANIUM HYDROLYSIS FILTRATE

Germanium  tetrachloride  is hydrolyzed to germanium  dioxide  by
adding  water.  Germanium dioxide solids are separated  from  the
liquid phase by filtration, and the filtrate may  be  discharged.
Production  normalized  water  use  and  discharge rates for this
waste  stream are presented in Table V-3 (page 5277),  in  liters
per   metric ton of germanium hydrolyzed. This  stream   contains
treatable concentrations  of  nickel  and germanium.

ACID WASH AND RINSE WATER

Germanium ingots or bars are washed with  an  HF-HNO3 mixture and
then rinsed with water to remove the residual acid from the  bar.
The  spent  acid and rinse water are discharged as  a  wastewater
stream.  The production normalized water use and discharge  rates
are presented in Table V-4 (page 5278), in liters per metric  ton
of  germanium  washed. Sampling data for this  wastewater  stream
show that this stream contains treatable concentrations of  lead,
germanium and fluoride.

GALLIUM HYDROLYSIS FILTRATE

Gallium   trichloride   is  hydrolyzed to  an  insoluble  gallium
hydroxide  by  adding  water and sodium hydroxide.  Gallium oxide
hydroxide  solids  are  separated  from  the  waste  solution  by
filtration,  and  the  filtrate  may  be  discharged.  Production


                               5273

-------
 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - V


normalized water use and discharge rates for  this  waste  stream
are presented in Table V-5 (page 5279), in liters per metric  ton
of  gallium  hydrolyzed. This wastewater  stream  contains  toxic
metals,   particularly  arsenic,  and  suspended  solids    above
treatable concentrations.

SOLVENT EXTRACTION RAFFINATE

Gallium  is  recovered  from  gallium   arsenide   scrap   by   a
solvent  extraction process.  In this process, scrap is dissolved
in acid, and gallium is extracted from the acid into  an  organic
phase.   Gallium  is  then recovered from the organic phase.  The
spent   acid   or  raffinate  is  discharged  as   a   wastewater
stream. Production  normalized  water use and discharge rates for
solvent extraction raffinate are shown in Table V-6 (page  5280).
This  wastewater  stream  was  not  sampled,  however,   it    is
expected  to have  similar characteristics to gallium  hydrolysis
filtrate   and   should  be  characterized   by   toxic   metals,
particularly  arsenic,  and  suspended  solids  above   treatable
concentrations.
                               5274

-------
                                             Table V-1
                                                                                                    *«

                          WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOE  STILL  LIQUOR                           H

                                                                                                    5

                                 (l/kkg of Germanium Chlorinated)                                   ^




                      Percent Recycle     Production Normalized     Production Normalized           ^

       Plant Code        or Reuse            Water Use Flow              Discharge Flow
         1140                0                      NR                        NR



         1168                0                    63,000                    63,000
tn
K>
«j
ui
                                                                                                    n
                                                                                                    o
                                                                                                     O

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                                                                                                     >
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                                                                                                    I

-------
                                             Table V-2
                         WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR CHLOEINATOR WET
                                      AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
                                 (1/kkg of Germanium Chlorinated)
                                                                              H
                                                                              I
       Plant Code
         1140
         1168
Percent Recycle
   or Reuse
       0
       0
Production Normalized
   Water Use Flow
        13,170
          NR
Production Normalized
     Discharge Flow
        13,170
           NR
03
M
O
i
o
s
                                                                                                    M
(Jl
-4
a\
                                                                                                    u
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-------
Ol
KJ
                                             Table V-3

                                                                                                    S
                  WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR GERMANIUM HYDROLYSIS FILTRATE                   g

                                                                                                    Hj
                                  (1/kkg of Germanium Hydrolyzed)                                   K



                      Percent Recycle     Production Normalized    Production Normalized
       PlantCode        or Reuse            Water UseFlow             Discharge Flow              |j
                                                                                                    o

                                                                                                    8
         1140                0                    18,870                   18,870                   g

         1168                0                      NR                        NR                    *
                                                                                                    w
                                                                                                    i
                                                                                                    Q
                                                                                                    H
                                                                                                    G
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                                                                                                    I
                                                                                                    W
                                                                                                    M
                                                                                                    O
                                                                                                    1-3

-------
                                      Table V-4



             MATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR ACID WASH AND RINSE WATER



                             (1/kkg of Germanium Washed)
H
                                                                                            o
Plant Code
1116
1140
1168
Ul
NJ
-4
00
rereenc Recycle
or Reuse
0
0
0

rroauccion wormanzea rroauccion wormaiizea &
Water Use Flow Discharge Flow ^
O
155,720 155,720 g
24.7* 24.7* Q
w
NR NR 1
H
                                                                                            n

                                                                                            B
*Acid wash only - does not include rinse water.
                                                                                            o
                                                                                            >
                                                                                            H
                                                                                            w
                                                                                            s
                                                                                            W
                                                                                            O
                                                                                             I

                                                                                            <

-------
                                             Table V-5                                              gj
                                                                                                    H

                   WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR GALLIUM HYDROLYSIS  FILTRATE                    >
                                                                                                    £5
                                   (1/kkg of Gallium Hydrolyzed)

                                                                                                    a

                      Percent Recycle     Production Normalized    Production  Normalized           w
       Plant Code        or Reuse            Water Use Flow              Discharge  Flow             o


                                                                                                    I

         1168                0                    37,850                    37,850                   la
                                                                                                    K!

         1180          ,      0                    29,570                    29,570                   g

VD
                                                                                                     H
                                                                                                    •§
                                                                                                     O
                                                                                                     >
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                                                                                                     W
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                                                                                                     I


                                                                                                     <

-------
                                             Table V-6                                              w

                                                                                                    H

                  WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR SOLVENT EXTRACTION RAFFINATE                    g



                         (1/kkg of Gallium Produced by Solvent Extraction)                          "*


                                                                                                    o

                      Percent Recycle     Production Normalized    Production Normalized            en

       Plant Code        orReuse            WaterUse Flow             Discharge  Flow             Q



                                                                                                    o

         1181                0                    18,820                    18,820                   g
                                                                                                    t<

                                                                                                    Q
SS
03

o
                                                                                                    f
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                                                                                                    a
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                                                                                                    O
                                                                                                    n

-------
 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - V
                            TABLE V-7

          PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM SAMPLING DATA
             RAW WASTEWATER DATA PROM SELF-SAMPLING
POLLUTANT
   Sample Number      88154

Toxic Pollutants

114.  antimony        <0.030
115.  arsenic          1.700
117.  beryllium       <0.050

118.  cadmium          0.230
119.  chromium        <0.500
120.  copper           0.160

122.  lead            <0.200
124.  nickel           2.000
125.  selenium         0.089

126.  silver          <0.001
127.  thallium         0.011
128.  zinc           150.000

Nonconventional Pollutants
aluminum
cobalt
gallium

germanium
iron
fluoride

manganese
molybdenum
tin

titanium
vanadium
 1.500
<0.500
<0.200

31.000
 1.800
 2.200
<0.500
<5.000

<2.000
<1.000
        Concentration (mg/1)

          88155     88156     88157
          <0.020
          <0.100
          <0.050

           0.460
          <0.500
           0.200

           0.450
           1.800
           0.036

           0.0026
           0.015
           0.170
  4.100
 <0.500
 <0.200

470.000
 11.000
  0.250
 <0.500
 <5.000

  2.000
 <1.000
           <0.010
           <0.200
           <0.050

           <0.050
           <0.500
           <0.100

           <0.200
            1.000
            0.116

            0.0022
            0.024
           <0.050
950.000
  0.370
 <0.050
  0.520
 <5.000

 <2.000
 <1.000
            0.044
            0.390
           <0.050

           <0.050
           <0.500
           <0.100

            0.780
           <0.200
           <0.005

            0.066
           <0.010
            0.060
  0.780   350.000
 <0.500    <0.500
 <0.200    <0.200
  454.000
    2.900
40000.000

    0.090
   <0.500
   <5.000

   <3.000
   <1.000
88154 = Still Liquor
88155 = Chlorinator Wet Air Pollution Control

88156 = Germanium Hydrolysis Filtrate
88157 = Acid Wash and Rinse Water
                               5281

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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - V
              THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
                              528?

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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - VI



                           SECTION VI

                SELECTION OF POLLUTANT PARAMETERS


This  section  examines the chemical analysis data  presented  in
Section  V and  discusses the selection or exclusion of  priority
pollutants for potential limitation. The discussion that  follows
presents and  briefly  discusses  the selection  of  conventional
and  nonconventional  pollutants for effluent limitations.   Also
described is the analysis that was performed to select or exclude
toxic  pollutants  for further consideration for limitations  and
standards.  Pollutants will be considered for limitation if  they
are  present  in  concentrations treatable  by  the  technologies
considered  in this analysis. The treatable  concentrations  used
for  the  toxic  metals were  the  long-term  performance  values
achievable   by   chemical  precipitation,   sedimentation,   and
filtration.  The  treatable  concentrations used  for  the  toxic
organics  were  the long-term performance  values  achievable  by
carbon adsorption.

CONVENTIONAL AND NONCONVENTIONAL POLLUTANT PARAMETERS SELECTED

As  part  of  this study,  the Agency examined  samples  for  two
conventional pollutant parameters (total suspended solids and pH)
and   the  nonconventional  pollutants  fluoride,   gallium   and
germanium.   At  proposal,  the Agency had selected germanium for
limitation in this subcategory.   On March 18,  1985,  the Agency
published a notice of data availability which stated that EPA was
also  considering regulating gallium in  this  subcategory.

The  conventional  and  nonconventional  pollutants  or pollutant
parameters selected for limitation in the subcategory are:

 fluoride
 total suspended solids (TSS)
 PH

Fluoride  was  detected in acid wash and rinse  wastewater  at  a
concentration   of   40,000   mg/1.      This   concentration   is
significantly  higher than the concentration of fluoride which is
achievable with identified treatment technology (14.5 mg/1).  For
this  reason,   fluoride  is  selected  for  limitation  in  this
subcategory.   The  source  of  fluoride in  this  wastewater  is
hydrofluoric acid which is used to wash germanium bars.

Neither germanium nor gallium  is not selected for limitation  in
this subcategory.  The Agency proposed to limit germanium because
it  was  expected  to   be  present    in   the   raw  wastewater.
Germanium  and  gallium  were proposed  for  regulation  but  the
Agency   has  decided  to  not  regulate  these   pollutants   at
promulgation  because they are expected to be controlled  by  the
BPT technology. However, it is possible that these pollutants may
be  present  in  large concentrations  at  an  individual  plant.


                               5283

-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - VI


Therefore,  the  permitting or control  authority  may  establish
specific limitations for these metals on a case-by-case basis.

Although ammonia was detected above its  treatable  concentration
(32  mg/1) in two combined wastewater samples, it is not selected
for limitation in this subcategory.  The two samples  (3400  mg/1
and  20,000 mg/1) are specific to one plant which uses ammonia as
a  raw material in a preliminary wastewater treatment step.   The
two  samples were  taken  after  the  ammonia addition.   Ammonia
is not expected to be present in any other raw wastewater streams
in   this    subcategory    above   treatable     concentrations.
Therefore,    ammonia   is  excluded  from  limitation  in   this
subcategory.

TSS concentrations ranging from 6 to 2150 mg/1 were  observed  in
the  three  raw waste samples analyzed for this study.  All three
concentrations  are   well   above   the   2.6   mg/1   treatable
concentration.    In   three  combined  wastewater  samples,  TSS
concentrations ranged  from 60-1140 mg/1.  Furthermore,  most  of
the   specific  methods  used  to  remove  priority metals  do so
by converting these metals to precipitates, and  these  priority-
metal  containing   precipitates  should   not   be   discharged.
Meeting  a limitation on total suspended solids helps ensure that
removal   of   these  precipitated  priority  metals   has   been
effective.    For  these reasons,   total  suspended  solids  are
selected for limitation in this subcategory.

The  pH  values observed during this  study  ranged   from   less
than 1.0 to 12.95.  Three values were equal to or less than 1.55,
and   two  were greater than 10.  Many  deleterious  effects  are
caused by extreme pH  values  or  rapid  changes  in  pH.   Also,
effective    removal   of   priority  metals   by   precipitation
requires careful control of pH.   Since pH  control  within   the
desirable   limits    is   readily   attainable   by    available
treatment,  pH is selected for limitation in this subcategory.

TOXIC PRIORITY POLLUTANTS

The    frequency    of   occurrence  of   toxic   pollutants   in
wastewaters  of this  subcategory  is  presented  in  Table  VI-1
(page  5289).   Table   VI-1  is  based   on  data   from    five
wastewater  streams. These  data provide   the  basis   for   the
categorization     of     specific pollutants,    as    discussed
below.     Combined  raw   wastewater samples were considered  in
the frequency count.

TOXIC POLLUTANTS NEVER DETECTED

The   toxic pollutants listed in Table VI-2 (page 5293) were  not
detected  in   any raw wastewater samples from this  subcategory.
Therefore,   they   are  not  selected   for   consideration   in
establishing limitations:
                               5284

-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - VI
TOXIC POLLUTANTS NEVER FOUND ABOVE THEIR ANALYTICAL
QUANTIFICATION CONCENTRATION

The   toxic  pollutants listed below were never    found    above
their  analytical   quantification   concentration  in   any  raw
wastewater  samples from this subcategory;  therefore,  they  are
not  selected for consideration in establishing limitations.

21.  2,4,6-trichlorophenol
23.  chloroform
64.  pentachlorophenol
66.  bis {2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
68.  di-n-butyl phthalate
87.  trichloroethylene
123.  mercury


TOXIC POLLUTANTS PRESENT BELOW CONCENTRATIONS ACHIEVABLE
BY TREATMENT

The pollutants listed below are not selected for consideration in
establishing limitations because they were not found in  any  raw
wastewater  samples  from  this  subcategory above concentrations
considered  achievable  by  existing   or   available   treatment
technologies.    These   pollutants  are  discussed  individually
following the list.

117.  beryllium

Beryllium  was  detected  above  its  analytical   quantification
concentration  (0.01  mg/1)  in one of three samples for which it
was analyzed.  The quantifiable concentration was 0.1 mg/1, which
is  less  than  the  0.2  mg/1  to  which  identified   treatment
technology  methods  can  reduce  it.   Since  beryllium  was not
present above its treatable concentration, it is  not  considered
for limitation.

TOXIC POLLUTANTS DETECTED IN A SMALL NUMBER OF SOURCES

The  following pollutants were not selected for limitation on the
basis that they were detected in the effluent from only  a  small
number of sources within the subcategory and are uniquely related
to only those sources.

  4.   benzene
  9.   hexachlorobenzene
 44.   methylene chloride
121.   cyanide

Benzene   was   detected   in  one  sample  above  its  treatable
concentration of 0.01 mg/1.  The treatable concentration measured
was 0.011 mg/1.  Benzene is not used as a process chemical or raw
material in this subcategory and is not expected to be present in
the  wastewater.   Therefore,  benzene  is  not  considered   for
regulation.


                               5285

-------
 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - VI


 Therefore,  the  permitting or control  authority  may  establish
 PRIMARY AND  SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM  SUBCATEGORY   SECT  -  VI
 Hexachlorobenzene was detected  in the one sample for which  it  was
 analyzed  at  a concentration of 0.011 mg/1.  Although  this value
 is  above the concentration  achievable  by   identified   treatment
 technc-logy   (0.01  mg/1),  it  is  below  the  concentration   of
 hexachlorobenzene in the source water  at  the  plant   where   the
 sample  was  taken  (0.26  mg/1).  Also, hexachlorobenzene  is  not
 expected to be  present  in  the  wastewater  based  on  the   raw
 materials  and  production  processes  used.   For these  reasons,
 hexachlorobenzene is not considered for limitation.

 Methylene chloride was detected in the one sample  for  which   it
 was analyzed at a concentration treatable by identified treatment
 technology  (0.01  mg/1).   However,  methylene  chloride   is  not
 attributable to specific materials or processes  associated  with
 germanium and gallium production, but is a common solvent used in
 analytical   laboratories.    No  germanium  and  gallium  plants
 believed this pollutant was present  in  their  wastewater.    For
 these   reasons,   methylene   chloride  is  not  considered   for
 limitation.

 Cyanide was detected in the one sample for which it was analyzed
 at  a  concentration  of  0.069 mg/1.  This concentration exceeds
 that which  is  attainable  by  identified  treatment   technology
 (0.047/1).    However,  cyanide  cannot be attributed to any   raw
 material or production process associated with the germanium   and
 gallium  subcategory,  and  is  not expected to be present in  any
 wastewater from these  industries.   Therefore,  cyanide  is   not
 considered for limitation.

 TOXIC POLLUTANTS SELECTED FOR FURTHER CONSIDERATION IN
 ESTABLISHING LIMITATIONS AND STANDARDS

 The   toxic  pollutants   listed   below   are    selected     for
 further consideration  in establishing limitations and  standards
 for  this subcategory.   The  toxic pollutants    selected     for
 further  consideration   for   limitation   are   each  discussed
 following the list.

 114. antimony
 115. arsenic
 118. cadmium
 119. chromium
 120. copper
 122. lead
 124. nickel
 125. selenium
 126. silver
 127. thallium
 128. zinc

Antimony was detected above  its  treatable  concentration  (0.47
mg/1)    in  four  of  six  samples  analyzed.   The  quantifiable
 concentrations  ranged from 1.0 mg/1 to 16 mg/1.   Since  antimony
was   present  in  concentrations  exceeding  the  concentrations


                               5286

-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - VI


achievable by identified treatment technology, it is selected for
consideration for limitation.

Arsenic was detected  above  its  treatable  concentration  (0.34
mg/1)   in  five  of  six  samples  analyzed.   The  quantifiable
concentrations ranged from 0.72 mg/1 to 47.4 mg/1.  Since arsenic
was  present  in  concentrations  exceeding  the   concentrations
achievable by identified treatment technology, it is selected for
consideration for limitation.

Cadmium  was  detected  above  its treatable concentration (0.049
mg/1)  in  three  of  six  samples  analyzed.   The  quantifiable
concentrations  ranged  from  0.015  mg/1  to  2.05  mg/1.  Since
cadmium   was   present   in   concentrations    exceeding    the
concentrations  achievable by identified treatment technology, it
is selected for consideration for limitation.

Chromium was detected above  its  treatable  concentration  (0.07
mg/1)   in  two  of  four  samples  analyzed.   The  quantifiable
concentrations  ranged  from  0.05  mg/1  to  1.06  mg/1.   Since
chromium    was   present   in   concentrations   exceeding   the
concentrations achievable by identified treatment technology,  it
is selected for consideration for limitation.

Copper was detected above its treatable concentration (0.39 mg/1)
in   three   of   six   samples   analyzed.    The   quantifiable
concentrations ranged form 0.084 mg/1 to 3.27 mg/1.  Since copper
was  present  in  concentrations  exceeding  the   concentrations
achievable by identified treatment technology, it is selected for
consideration for limitation.

Lead  was  detected above its treatable concentration (0.08 mg/1)
in four of six samples analyzed.  The quantifiable concentrations
ranged from 0.03 mg/1 to 16.5 mg/1.  Since lead  was  present  in
concentrations   exceeding   the   concentrations  achievable  by
identified treatment technology, it is selected for consideration
for limitation.

Nickel was detected above its treatable concentration (0.22 mg/1)
in   one   of   three   samples   analyzed.    The   quantifiable
concentrations  ranged  from 0.05 mg/1 to 1.8 mg/1.  Since nickel
was  present  in  concentrations  exceeding  the   concentrations
achievable by identified treatment technology, it is selected for
consideration for limitation.

Selenium  was  detected  above  its  treatable concentration (0.2
mg/1)  in  the  one  sample  for  which  it  was  analyzed.   The
quantifiable  concentrations  is  0.51  mg/1.   Since selenium is
present in concentrations exceeding the concentrations achievable
by  identified  treatment  technology,   it   is   selected   for
consideration for limitation.

Silver was detected above its treatable concentration (0.07 mg/1)
in  the  one  sample  for  which  it  was analyzed.  The observed
quantifiable  concentration  is  0.12  mg/1.   Since  silver  was


                               5287

-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - VI.


present in concentrations exceeding the concentrations achievable
by   identified   treatment   technology,   it  is  selected  for
consideration for limitation.

Thallium was detected above  its  treatable  concentration  (0.34
mg/1)  in the one sample for which it was analyzed.  The observed
quantifiable concentration  is  1.0  mg/1.   Since  thallium  was
present in concentrations exceeding the concentrations achievable
by   identified   treatment   technology,   it  is  selected  for
consideration for limitation.

Zinc was detected above its treatable concentration  (0.23  mg/1)
in  six of six samples analyzed.  The quantifiable concentrations
ranged from 0.39 mg/1 to 289 mg/1.  Since  zinc  was  present  in
concentrations   exceeding   the   concentrations  achievable  by
identified treatment technology, it is selected for consideration
for limitation.
                               5288

-------
                                                                Table  VI -1
                                      FREQUENCY OF  OCCURRENCE  OF PRIORITY  POLLUTANTS
                              PRIMARY  AND  SECONDARY  GERMANIUM AND  GALLIUM  SUBCATEGORY
                                                             RAW  WASTEWATER
                                                                                                                                            H
                                                                                                                                            3
                                                                                                                                            s
Ul
Is)
00
vo
 1.
 2.
 3.
 4,
 5.
 6.
 7.
 8.
 9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
      Pollutant

acenaphthene
acrolein
acrylonltrile
benzene
benzidine
carbon tetrachloride
ehlorobenzene
1,2,.4-trichiorobenzene
hexachlorobenzene
1 2-dichloroethane
1 1,1-trichloroethane
hexachloroethane
1 1-dichloroethane
1 1,2-trlchloroethane
1 1,2,2-eetrachloroethane
chloroethane
bls(chloranethyl) ether
bis(2-chloraethyl) ether
2-chloroethyl vinyl ether
2-chloranaphthalene
2,4,6-tr icnlorophenol
parachloraneta cresol
chloroform
2-chloroplienol
 , 2:-dichlorobenzene
 ,3-dichlorobenzene
 ,4-dichlorobenzene
 ,3'-dichlorobenzidine
 , 1 -rdiehloroethylene
 •2-tran8-dichloroethylene
 ,2-dichloropropane
 ,3-dichloropropylene
2,4-dlinethylphenol
Analytical
Quantification
Concentration
(08/1) (a)
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0,010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
o.oto
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
. 0.010
0.010
0.010
Treatable
Coneentra-
clon

-------
                                                       Table  Vl-1   (Continued)
                                      FREQUENCY OF  OCCURRENCE  OF PRIORITY  POLLUTANTS
                              PRIMARY AND  SECONDARY  GERMANIUM AND  GALLIUM  SUBCATEGORY
                                                             RAW  WASTEWATER
                                                                                                                                                 H
Ul
W
VD
o
          Pollutant

35.  2,4-dlnltrotoluene
'J6,  2,6-dlnitrotoiuene
37.  1,2-dlphenylhydrazine
38.  ethylbaizene
39.  fluoranthene
40.  4-chlorophenyl phenyl ether
41.  4-brofflOphenyl phenyl ether
42.  bls(2-cbloroisopropyl) ether
43.  bis(2-ehloroethoxy)  methane
44.  raethyleiie chloride
45.  methyl chloride
46.  methyl bromide
47.  branofomi
48.  dLchlarubroiiKxnethane
49.  trlchloco£luor«nethane
50.  dlchlorodlEluorotnethane
51.  chlorodibromomethane
52.  hexachlorobutadlene
53.  hexachlorocyclojientadlene
54.  Isophorono
55.  naplithalaie
56.  nitrobenzene
57.  2-nltropiienol
58.  4-nltrophenol
59.  2,4-dinltrophenol
60.  4,6-dlnltro-o-cresol
61.  N-nltrosc>dlinethylanlne
62.  N-nltrosodlpncnylamlne
63.  N-nltrosodi-n-propylanine
64.  pentachlorophenol
65.  phenol
66.  bis(2~ethylhexyl) phthalate
67.  butyl benzyl phthalate
68.  dl-n-butyl phthalate
Analytical
(psntlflcatlon
Goncentratlon
(n«/l)(a)
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
treatable
Concentra-
tion
(•8/1) (b)
0.4)1
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
a 01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0,01
0.01
0.01
0.01
Number of Number of
Streams Satoples
Analyzed Analyzed



                                                                                                  Detected tielow
                                                                                                  Quantification
                                                                                                  Concentration
                                                                                                              lie tec ted
                                                                                                            Ueluw Treat-
                                                                                                            anle Concen-
                                                                                                              tration
 Detected
Above Treat-
able Concen-
  tration
W
M
O
s
O
                                                                                                                                                 e
                                                                                                                                                 o
                                                                                                                                                 s
                                                                                                                                                 M
                                                                                                                                                 O
                                                                                                                                                 O
                                                                                                                                                 W
                                                                                                                                                 M
                                                                                                                                                 n
                                                                                                                                                  4

                                                                                                                                                  <

-------
                                                      Table  VI-1   (Continued)

                                     FREQUENCY OF  OCCURRENCE  OF  PRIORITY POLLUTANTS
                              PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM  AND  GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY
                                                            RAW  WASTEWATER
ui
ro
          Pollutant

 69, di-n-octyl phthalate
 70. diethyl phthalate
 71. dimethyl phthalate
 72. benzo(a)anthracene
 73. benzo(a)pyrene
 74, 3,4-benzofluoranthene
 75. benzo(k)£luoranthene
 76. chrysene
 77. acenaphthylene
 78. anthracene        (c)
 79. benzo($»i)perylene
 BO, fluorene
 81. phenanthrene      (c)
 82. dibena>(a,h)anchracene
 83. indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene
 84. pyrene
 85. tetrachloroethylene
 86. toluene
 87. trichioroethylene
 88. vinyl chloride
 89. aldrln
 90. dieldrln
 91. chlordane
 92. 4,4'-DDr
 93. 4,4'-DDK
 94. 4,4'-DUO
 95. alpha-endosulfan
 96. beta-endoaulfan
 97. endosulfai sulfate
 9B. end r in
 99. endrln aldehyde
100. heptachlor
101. heptachior epoxide
102. aipha-BH3
103. beta-BHC
Analytical
Quantification
Concent rat ion
Ow/D
-------
                                                Table  VI-1  (Continued)

                               FREQUENCY OF  OCCURRENCE OF  PRIORITY  POLLUTANTS
                        PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM  SUBCATEGORY
                                                      RAW WASTEWATER
                                                                                                                                             H
               Pollutait

     104. ga««ia-BHC
     105. delta-BHC
     106. BCB-1242    (d)
     107. HM-1254    (d)
     108. PCa-1221    (d)
     109. rai-1232    (e)
     110. rciJ-1248    (e)
01   111. KM-1260    (e)
to   112. rcB-1016    (e)
^   113. toxaphene
     114. antimony
     115. arsenic
     116. asbestos
     117. beryllium
     118. cadmium
     119. chromium
     120. copper
     121. cyanide     (£)
     122. lead
     123. mercury
     124. nickel
     125. selenium
     126. silver
     127. thallium
     128. -line
     129. 2,3,7.8-tetrachlorodlbenzo-
          p-dkudn (TCDD)
         total suspended solids  (TBS)       5.0
Analytical
QjanclClcatlon
Concentration
(mg/1) (a)
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.100
0.010
10MFL
0.010
0.002
0.005
0.009
0.02
0.020
0.0001
0.005
0.01
0.02
0.100
0.050
Treatable
Concentra-
tion
fe/lKb)
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.47
0.34
10MFL
0.20
0.049
0.07
0.39
0.047
0.08
0.036
0.22
0,20
0.07
0.34
0.23
Nurtber ot
 Streams
Analyzed
    1
    1
    5
    5

    3
    5
    4
    5
    1
    5
    1
    3
    1
    1
    1
    5
Number oC
 Samples
Analyzed
    6
    6
    0
    3
    6
    A
    6
    1
    6
    1
    3
    1
    1
    1
    6
    0

Detected Below
Quantification
I) Concentration
2
1
2
1
1



1





Detected
Below 'treat-
able Concen-
tration


1
2
1
3

2

2




Detected
Above Treat-
able Concen-
tration
4
5

3
2
3
1
4

1
1
I
1
6
                                                                                                                                        O
                                                                                                                                        W
                                                                                                                                        M
                                                                                                                                        O
                                                                                                                                        i
                                                                                                                                        Q
                                                                                                                                        M
                                                                                                                                         O
                                                                                                                                         en
                                                                                                                                         s
                                                                                                                                         o
                                                                                                                                         s
                                                                                                                                         w
                                                   2.6
(a)  Analytical quantification concentration was reported with the data (see Section V).

(b)  Treatable concentrations are based on performance o£ chemical precipitation, sedimentation, and filtration.

(c), (d),  (e)  Reported together.

(f)  Analytical quantification concentration for &m Method 335.2, 'total Cyanide Methods for Qianlcal Analysis ot" rfater and Ktetes, BBV b()U/4-79-020,
    March 1979.
                                                                                                                                              W
                                                                                                                                              M
                                                                                                                                              H

-------
PRIMARY AMD SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT -


                           TABLE VI-2

                 TOXIC POLLUTANTS NEVER DETECTED

 1. acenaphthene
 2. acrolein
 3. acrylonitrile
 5. benzidene
 6. carbon tetrachloride (tetrachloromethane)
 7. chlorobenzene
 8. 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene
10. 1,2-diehloroethane
11. 1,1,1,-trichloroethane
12. hexachloroethane
13. 1,1-dichloroethane
14. 1,1,2-trichloroethane
15. 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane
16. chloroethane
17. bis (choromethyl) ether (deleted)
18. bis (2-ehloroethyl) ether
19. 2-chloroethyl vinyl ether (mixed)
20. 2-chloronaphthalene
22. parachlorometa cresol
24. 2-chlorophenol
25. 1,2-dichlorobenzene
26. 1,3-dichlorobenzene
27. 1,4-dichlorobenzene
28. 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine
29. 1,1-dichloroethylene
30. 1,2-trans-dichloroethylene
31. 2,4-dichlorophenol
32. 1,2-dichloropropane
33. 1,2-dichloropropylene (1,3-dichloropropene)
34. 2,4-dimethylphenol
35. 2,4-dinitrotoluene
36. 2,6-dinitrotoluene
37. 1,2-diphenylhydrazine
38. ethylbenzene
39. fluoranthene
40. 4-chlorophenyl phenyl ether
41. 4-bromophenyl phenyl ether
42. bis(2-chloroisopropyl) ether
43. bis(2-chloroethoxy) methane
45. methyl chloride (chloromethane)
46. methyl bromide (bromomethane)
47. bromoform (tribromomethane)
48. dichlorobromethane
49. trichlorofluoromethane (deleted)
                               5293

-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - VI


                     TABLE VI-2 (Continued)

                 TOXIC POLLUTANTS NEVER DETECTED

50. dichlorodifluoromethane (deleted)
51. chlorodibromomethane
52. hexachlorobutadiene
53. hexachlprocyclopentadiene
54. isophorone
55. naphthalene
56. nitrobenzene
57. 2-nitrophenol
58. 4-nitrophenol
59. 2,4-dinitrophenol
60. 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol
61. N-nitrosodimethylamine
62. N-nitrosodiphenylamine
63. N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine
65. phenol
67. butyl benzyl phthalate
69. di-n-octyl phthalate
70. diethyl phthalate
71. dimethyl phthalate
72. benzo (a)anthracene (1,2-benzanthracene)
73. benzo (a)pyrene (3,4-benzopyrene)
74. 3,4-benzofluoranthene
75. benzo(k)fluoranthane (11,12-benzofluoranthene)
76. chrysene
77. acenapthylene
78. anthracene
79. benzo(g,h,i)perylene (1,11-benzoperylene)
80. fluorene
81. phenanthrene
82. dibenzo (a,h)anthracene (1,2,5,6-dibenzanthracene)
83. indeno (l,2,3-cd)pyrene (w,e,-o-phenylenepyrene)
84. pyrene
85. tetrachloroethylene
86. toluene
88. vinyl chloride (chloroethylene)
89. aldrin
90. dieldrin
91. chlordane (technical mixture and metabolites)
92. 4,4'-DDT
93. 4,4'-DDD (p,p'DDX)
94. 4,4'-DDD (p,p'TDE)
95. alpha-endosulfan
96. beta-endosulfan
97. endosulfan sulfate
98. endrin
99. endrin aldehyde
                               5294

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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGQRY  SECT - VI
                      TABLE VI-2(Continued)

                 TOXIC POLLUTANTS NEVER DETECTED

100. heptachlor
101. heptachlor epoxi.de
102. alpha-BHC
103. beta-BHC104. gamma-BHC (lindane)
105. delta-BHC
106. PCB-1242 (Arochlor 1242)
107. PCB-1254 (arochlor 1254)
108. PCB-1221 (Arochlor 1221)
109. PCB-1232 (Arochlor 1232)
110. PCB-1248 (Arochlor 1248)
111. PCB-1260 (Arochlor 1260)
112. PCB-1016 (Arochlor 1016)
113. toxaphene
116. asbestos (fibrous)
129. 2,3,7,8-tetraehlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)
                               5295

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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - VI
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                               5296

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 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - VII



                           SECTION VII

               CONTROL AND TREATMENT.TECHNOLOGIES
The preceding sections of this supplement discussed the  sources,
flows,  and  characteristics  of the wastewaters from primary and
secondary germanium and gallium plants.  This section  summarizes
the  description of these wastewaters and indicates the treatment
technologies which are currently practiced  in  the  primary  and
secondary  germanium  and  gallium  subcategory  for  each  waste
stream.   Secondly,  this  section  presents  the   control   and
treatment  technology-  options  which were examined by the Agency
for possible application to the primary and  secondary  germanium
and gallium subcategory.

CURRENT CONTROL AND TREATMENT PRACTICES

This  section  presents a summary of the  control  and  treatment
technologies that are currently  being  applied  to each  of  the
sources, generating wastewater in this subcategory. As  discussed
in  Section  V,  wastewater  associated  with  the  primary   and
secondary germanium and gallium subcategory is  characterized  by
the    presence    of   the   priority   metal   pollutants   and
suspended  solids.   This  analysis  is  supported  by  the   raw
(untreated)  wastewater  data  presented  for  specific   sources
as   well   as combined waste streams in Section  V.   Generally,
these  pollutants  are present in each of the  waste  streams  at
concentrations  above treatability  and  these  waste streams are
commonly combined for treatment.   Construction of one wastewater
treatment   system   for combined  treatment  allows   plants  to
take  advantage  of  economic scale and in  some   instances   to
combine   streams   of  different alkalinity to reduce  treatment
chemical requirements.  Two plants in  this subcategory currently
have  combined  wastewater  treatment  systems,  none  have  lime
precipitation  and sedimentation,  but  two have   limestone   pH
adjustment.    As  such,  two  options  have  been  selected  for
consideration  for BPT,  BAT,  NSPS,   and  pretreatment based on
combined treatment of these compatible waste streams.

STILL LIQUOR

Germanium  tetrachloride  is  generated by chlorinating germanium
concentrates or scrap with hydrochloric  acid  or  chlorine  gas.
Still  liquor consists of impurities present in the raw materials
as well as excess hydrochloric acid solution which  remains  when
the  chlorination  reaction  is  complete.  One of the two plants
which produces germanium tetrachloride disposes of the  resultant
still  liquor  by  means  of contractor disposal; the other plant
adjusts the pH with lime and then holds the neutralized waste  in
a RCRA permitted surface impoundment.
                               5297

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  PRIMARY AND  SECONDARY  GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM  SUBCATEGORY   SECT  - VII
 CHLORINATOR WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL

 Plants  which  chlorinate germanium with  hydrochloric  acid  and
 chlorine  use  wet  scrubbers   to  control   air   emissions.  No
 plants  practice  recycle  of   the  chlorinator scrubber  liquor.
 The   scrubber   liquor  was  found to be disposed  by   contractor
 disposal,    or  by  disposal   into , a  RCRA  permitted   surface
 impoundment after adjusting  the pH with lime.

 GERMANIUM HYDROLYSIS FILTRATE

 Germanium   tetrachloride  is hydrolyzed with  water  to  produce
 germanium   dioxide   solids and the solids  separated  from  the
 excess  solution by filtration. As  with  the  still  liquor  and
 chlorinator  scrubber  liquor,  the wastewater may  be  contractor
 disposed  or the pH adjusted with lime and the waste held  in  an
 RCRA  permitted surface impoundment.

 ACID  WASH AND RINSE WATER

 Plants   wash  germanium  bars  with a hydrofluoric   acid-nitric
 acid  mixture  and then rinse them with water.   No   recycle  is
 practiced   for  this wastewater.  In addition to disposal  by  a
 contractor  or into a RCRA impoundment, this wastewater  is  also
 treated and discharged.

 GALLIUM HYDROLYSIS FILTRATE

 Gallium   is  recovered  by   hydrolyzing   gallium   trichloride
 producing  a solid gallium  hydroxide.  Spent or excess  solution
 is  separated  from the gallium product by  filtration,  and  the
 filtrate wastewater stream treated and  discharged or treated  in
 an evaporation pond.

 SOLVENT EXTRACTION RAFFINATE

 One   plant  recovers  gallium   from  scrap  by  using  a  solvent
 extraction  process.   Scrap  is  dissolved  in  acid  and   then
 extracted  into  an organic phase.  The spent acid, or raffinate,
 is disposed of by a contractor  without any treatment.

 CONTROL AND TREATMENT OPTIONS

 The Agency examined two control and treatment technology  options
 that  are  applicable  to the primary and secondary germanium and
 gallium  subcategory.    The  options  selected   for   evaluation
 represent a combination of end-of-pipe treatment technologies.

 OPTION A

Option  A  for  the  primary  and secondary germanium and gallium
 subcategory requires control and treatment technologies to reduce
 the discharge of wastewater pollutant mass.
                               5298

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  PRIMARY  AND  SECONDARY GERMANIUM  AND  GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - VII


 The  Option  A  treatment scheme  consists  of  chemical  precipitation
 and   sedimentation   technology.   Specifically,  lime or  some  other
 alkaline  compound  is used  to  precipitate  toxic metal   ions as
 metal  hydroxides.      The metal  hydroxides    and   suspended
 solids  settle   out  and the  sludge  is    collected.     Vacuum
 filtration  is  used  to dewater sludge.

 OPTION  C

 Option  C  for   the  primary   and secondary  germanium and  gallium
 subcategory consists of  all control and treatment requirements of
 Option  Af  (chemical  precipitation  and    sedimentation)   plus
 multimedia  filtration technology  added  at  the end of the Option A
 treatment  scheme.   Multimedia   filtration   is used   to  remove
 suspended solids, including precipitates of   metals,  beyond  the
 concentration  attainable   by  gravity  sedimentation.   The filter
 suggested is  of the  gravity,  mixed-media  type,  although  other
 forms  of filters,  such  as  rapid  sand filters or pressure  filters
 would perform  satisfactorily.    The  addition  of  filters  also
-provides  consistent  removal during periods of time in which  there
 are   rapid  increases  in   flows  or loadings of pollutants to  the
 treatment system.
                                5299

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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - VII
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                              5300

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  PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - VIII



                           SECTION VIII

            COSTS,  ENERGY,  AND NONWATER QUALITY ASPECTS
 This section presents a  summary  of  compliance  costs  for  the
 primary  and  secondary  germanium  and gallium subcategory and a
 description of the treatment  options  and   subcategory-specific
 assumptions  used  to develop these estimates.   Together with the
 estimated pollutant removal performance presented in Sections IX,
 X, XI, and XII of this supplement, these^ cost estimates provide a
 basis  for  evaluating  each  regulatory  option.    These   cost
1 estimates  are  also  used  in  determining the probable economic
 impact of regulation on the subcategpry  at  different •- pollutant
 discharge  levels.   In addition,  this section addresses nonwater
 quality environmental impacts of wastewater treatment and control
 alternatives, including air pollution, solid wastes,  and  energy
 requirements,  which  are  specific  to the primary and secondary
 germanium and gallium subcategory.

 TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR EXISTING SOURCES

 As. discussed in Section VII,  two  treatment  options  have  been
 developed  for  existing  primary  and  secondary  germanium  and
 gallium sources.  The  treatment  schemes  for  each  option  are
 summarized  below and schematically presented in Figures  X-li and
 X-2 ( pages 5329 and 5330).                                  ;
                                   1       .        .   '        I"    *
 OPTION A

 Option A consists of  chemical  precipitation  and  sedimentation
 technology.

 OPTION C

 Option  C  for  the  primary  and secondary germanium and gallium
 subcategory consists of all control and treatment requirements of
 Option  A,  (chemical  precipitation  and   sedimentation)   plus
 multimedia filtration technology added at the end of the Option A
 treatment scheme.

 COST METHODOLOGY

 A  detailed  discussion  of  the  methodology used to develop the
 compliance  costs  is presented in  Section  VIII   of   Vol.   I-,
 Promulgation  cost estimates did not change from those  developed
 for  the proposed regulation. These cost estimates are  presented
 in  Table"VIII-1 (page 5305). Each subcategory contains a  unique
 set  of  waste  streams  requiring  certain  subcategory-specific
 assumptions  to develop compliance costs. The  major  assumptions
 relevant  to the cost estimates  for the  primary  and  secondary
 germanium and gallium subcategory are discussed briefly below.
                                5301

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  PRIMARY AND  SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM  SUBCATEGORY   SECT  -  VIII


 (1)  Raw waste data  for the acid wash and  rinse; waste  stream   were
 transferred   from   a  simil'ar  stream,  wastewater  from  titanium
 etching with  hydrofluoric  acid  in  the  primary  and  secondary
 titanium subcategory.

 (2)  The germanium  concentration in the acid  wash and rinse waste
 stream is  estimated to be 4000 mg/1 based on  germanium  solubility
 data and estimates  from  plant personnel.  On«:-day  and   ten-day
 treatment  effectiveness  concentrations for g€;rmanium are assumed
 to be 0.44 and  0.18 mg/1, for lime and settle and 0.37  and   0.15
 mg/1 for  lime, settle, and filter.

 A second  set  of  costs  were  generated  in   the   primary  and
 secondary  germanium  and  gallium  subcategory.
 In   general,  the   Agency does not prepare compliance costs   for
 zero  dischargers.  In   this   subcategory,    however,   wastes
 generated     tend    to   be  hazardous   and  fall    under    RCRA
 regulations.    In the event that the plants   presently  achieving
 zero  discharge    would   lose  their  capability    to   impound
 their  wastewaters  due to a change in the RCRA   regulations,  EPA
 wanted   to   study  the  cost  impact  these  plants   would    face
 in   having   to  provide  treatment for their  wastewater   prior
 to   discharge.     These   costs  were  used  for  assessing  the
 potential  economic achievability of these plants to  change their
 discharge  status.

 NONWATER QUALITY ASPECTS

 Nonwater   quality  impacts  specific   to    the  primary     and
 secondary     germanium   and   gallium    subcategory,   including
 energy requirements, solid waste and air pollution  are discussed
 below.

 ENERGY REQUIREMENTS

 The  methodology used for determining the energy requirements for
 the  various options is discussed in Section VIII of   the  General
 Development   Document.   Energy  requirements for the two options
 considered are estimated at 6,253 kwh/yr  and  7,496  kwh/yr  for
 Options   A   and  C,  respectively.   Option  C,  which   includes
 filtration, is estimated  to  increase  energy  consumption  over
 Option  A  by  approximately  20  percent.   Option  C  represents
 roughly three percent of  a  typical  plant's  electrical  energy
 usage.  It is therefore concluded that the energy requirements of
 the  treatment  options  considered  will  not have a significant
 impact on total plant energy consumption.

 SOLID WASTE

 Sludge generated in  the  primary  and  secondary  germanium  and
 gallium   subcategory  is  due  to  the  precipitation  of  metal
 hydroxides and carbonates using lime.    Sludges  associated  with
 the  primary  and secondary germanium and gallium subcategory will
 necessarily     contain   'quantities    of     priority    metal
pollutants.   Sludges   from primary operations are not subject to


                               5302

-------
 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - VIII


regulation as hazardous wastes since wastes generated by  primary
smelters   and refiners  are currently exempt from regulation  by
Act  of Congress (Resource Conservation and Recovery Act  (RCRA),
Section 3001(b)),  as interpreted by EPA.  Wastes from  secondary
metal  operations can  be regulated as hazardous.   However,  the
Agency  examined  the solid wastes that would  be  generated   at
secondary  nonferrous metals   manufacturing   plants   by    the
suggested   treatment  technologies  and believes  they  are  not
hazardous  wastes  under  the Agency's  regulations  implementing
Section   3001   of  RCRA.    This judgment  is  based   on   the
results of Extraction Procedure (EP) toxicity   tests   performed
on     similar    sludges    (i.e.,  priority-metal-bearing  lime
sludges)  generated by other industries such  as  the   iron  and
steel  industry.   A small amount of excess lime was added during
treatment,   and  the  sludges  subsequently generated passed the
toxicity test.   See CFR S261.24.  Thus, the Agency believes that
the   wastewater   sludges  from  both  primary   and   secondary
operations  will  not  be  EP toxic if the recommended technology
is applied.

Although it is the Agency's view that solid wastes generated as a
result of these .guidelines are  not  expected  to  be  hazardous,
generators  of  these, wastes must test the waste to determine if
the wastes meet any of the.  characteristics  of  hazardous  waste
(see 40 CFR S262.ll).

If  these wastes identified should be or are listed as hazardous,
they will come within the  scope  of  RCRA's  "cradle  to  grave"
hazardous waste management program, requiring regulation from the
point  of  generation  to  point  of  final  disposition.   EPA's
generator  standards  would  require  generators   of   hazardous
nonferrous  metals manufacturing wastes to meet containerization,
labeling, recordkeeping, and reporting  requirements.;  if  plants
dispose of hazardous  wastes off-site, they would have to prepare
a  manifest which would track the movement of the wastes from the
generator's premises to  a permitted off-site treatment, storage,
or disposal facility.   See 40 CFR S262.20 [45 FR 33142 (May  19,
1980),  as amended at 45  FR  86973  (December 31,  1980)].   The
transporter  regulations  require transporters of hazardous waste
to comply with the manifest system to assure that the wastes  are
delivered  to  a  permitted facility.   See 40 CFR 8263.20 (45 FR
33151  (May  19,  1980), amended  at 45 FR  86973   (December  31,
1980)].    Finally,  RCRA  regulations  establish  standards  for
hazardous  waste  treatment,  storage,  and  disposal  facilities
allowed  to receive such wastes.  See 40 CFR Part 464 [46 FR 2802
(January 12, 1981), 47 FR 32274 (July 26, 1982)].
           !
Even if these wastes are not identified as hazardous, they  still
must  be  disposed  of  in  compliance  with  the Subtitle D open
dumping standards,  implementing S4004 of RCRA.  See 44 FR  53438
(September 13,   1979).  The Agency has calculated.as part of the
costs for wastewater treatment the cost of hauling and  disposing
of  these  wastes.

The Agency estimates that the  promulgated  PSES  regulation  for


                               5303

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 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - VIII


primary   and   secondary  germanium  and  gallium  manufacturing
facilities will generate 108 metric tons  of  solid  wastes  (wet
basis)  in  1982  as  a  result  of  wastewater  treatment.   The
promulgated BPT and BAT regulations will not generate  any  solid
wastes because there are currently no direct dischargers.

AIR POLLUTION

There  is no reason to believe that any substantial air pollution
problems   will   result   from   implementation   of    chemical
precipitation  and  sedimentation.   These technologies  transfer
pollutants   to  solid  waste  and  are  not likely  to  transfer
pollutants to air.
                               5304

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 PRIMARY AMD SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - ¥111
                          TABLE

The  cost of compliance data are not presented here  because  the
data   on  which  they  are  based  have  been  claimed   to   be
confidential.
                               5305

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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - VIII
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                              5306

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 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - IX



                           SECTION IX


     BEST PRACTICABLE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY CURRENTLY AVAILABLE
This  section  defines  the  effluent  characteristics attainable
through the application of best  practicable  control  technology
currently  available  (BPT),  Section 301(b)(a)(A).  BPT reflects
the existing performance by plants of various  sizes,  ages,  and
manufacturing   processes   within   the  primary  and  secondary
germanium and gallium subcategory, as  well  as  the  established
performance of the model BPT systems. Particular consideration is
given  to  the  treatment  already  in  place  at  plants  within
the data base.

The  factors considered in identifying BPT include the total cost
of applying the technology in relation to the effluent  reduction
benefits   from  such  application,  the  age  of  equipment  and
facilities involved, the manufacturing processes  used,  nonwater
quality  environmental  impacts  (including energy requirements),
and other factors the Administrator  considers  appropriate.   In
general,  the  BPT  level  represents the average of the existing
performances of plants of  various  ages,  sizes,  processes',  or
other  common  characteristics.   Where  existing  performance is
uniformly inadequate, BPT may be  transferred  from  a  different
subcategory  or  category.   Limitations  based  on  transfer  of
technology are supported  by  a  rationale  concluding  that  the
technology  is, indeed, transferable, and a reasonable prediction
that it will be capable  of  achieving  the  prescribed  effluent
limits   BPT   focuses  on end-of-pipe   treatment   rather  than
process   changes   or   internal  controls,  except  where  such
practices are common industry practice.

TECHNICAL APPROACH TO BPT

The  Agency  studied  the,primary  and  secondary  germanium  and
gallium   subcategory  to  identify  the  processes   used,   the
wastewaters  generated,  and  the  treatment processes installed.
Information   was  collected  from  the  category   using    data
collection  portfolios,  and  specific  plants  were sampled  and
the  wastewaters  analyzed. In making  technical  assessments  of
data, reviewing manufacturing processes, and assessing wastewater
treatment   technology   options,  both   indirect   and   direct
dischargers   have  been  considered  as  a  single   group.   An
examination  of plants  and  processes  did  not   indicate   any
process differences based on the type of discharge, whether it be
direct or indirect.

As  explained  in Section IV, the primary and secondary germanium
and gallium subcategory has been subdivided  into  six  potential
wastewater  sources.   Since  the water use, discharge rates, and
pollutant  characteristics  of  each  of  these  wastewaters   is


                               5307

-------
 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - IX


potentially  unique,  effluent  limitations will be developed for
each of the six subdivisions.

For each of the subdivisions, a specific  approach  was  followed
for   the   development  of  BPT  mass  limitations.   The  first
requirement to calculate these  limitations  is  to  account  for
production  and flow variability from plant to plant.  Therefore,
a unit of production or production  normalizing  parameter  (PNP)
was  determined for each waste stream which could then be related
to the flow from the process to determine a production normalized
flow.  Selection of the PNP for each process element is discussed
in Section IV.   Each  plant  within  the  subcategory  was  then
analyzed   to   determine  which subdivisions were  present,  the
specific  flow  rates generated for each subdivision,   and   the
specific  production  normalized flows for each subdivision. This
analysis  is  discussed in detail in   Section   V.    Nonprocess
wastewaters  such as rainfall runoff and noncontact cooling water
are not considered in the analysis.

Production  normalized  flows  for  each  subdivision  were  then
analyzed  to  determine  the flow to be used as part of the basis
for BPT mass limitations.  The selected flow (sometimes  referred
to as the BPT regulatory flow or BPT discharge rate) reflects the
water   use  controls  which  are  common  practices  within  the
category.  The BPT regulatory flow is based on the average of all
applicable data.  Plants with normalized flows above the  average
may  have  to  implement some method of flow reduction to achieve
the BPT limitations.

The second requirement to calculate mass limitations is  the  set
of  concentrations  that are achievable by application of the BPT
level of treatment technology.  Section VII discusses the various
control and treatment technologies which are currently  in  place
for  each  wastewater  source.   In  most cases in the nonferrous
metals manufacturing category, the current control and  treatment
technologies  consist of chemical precipitation and sedimentation
(lime and settle technology).

In the germanium and  gallium  subcategory  current  control  and
treatment   technology   is   inadequate,  and  lime  and  settle
technology must be transferred to  this  subcategory.   Lime  and
settle  technology  is  widely  demonstrated  on wastewaters with
similar characteristics to that found in this subcategory, and it
is realistic to believe that a similar performance is achievable.

Using these regulatory flows and the  achievable  concentrations,
the  next  step is to calculate mass loadings for each wastewater
source  or  subdivision.   This  calculation  was   made   on   a
stream-by-stream   basis,  primarily  because  plants   in   this
subcategory may perform one or more of the operations in  various
combinations.   The  mass  loadings  (milligrams of pollutant per
kilogram of production  mg/kg)  are  based on multiplying the BPT
regulatory flow (1/kkg) by the concentration  achievable  by  the
BPT  level  of  treatment  technology  (mg/1) , for each pollutant
parameter to be limited  under  BPT.   These  mass  loadings  are


                               5308

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 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - IX


published  in  the  Federal  Register  and in CFR Part 421 as the
effluent limitations.

The mass loadings which are allowed under BPT for each plant will
be the sum of  the  individual  mass  loadings  for  the  various
wastewater   sources   which  are  found  at  particular  plants.
Accordingly, all the wastewater generated within a plant  may  be
combined for treatment in a single or common treatment system but
the effluent limitations for these combined wastewaters are based
on  the  various  wastewater sources which actually contribute to
the combined flow.  This  method  accounts  for  the  variety  of
combinations of wastewater sources and production processes which
may  be  found  at  primary  and  secondary germanium and gallium
plants.

The Agency usually establishes wastewater limitations in terms of
mass rather than concentration.  This approach prevents  the  use
of  dilution  as  a treatment method (except for controlling pH).
The production normalized  wastewater  flow  (1/kkg)  is  a  link
between  the  production operations and the effluent limitations.
The pollutant discharge attributable to  each  operation  can  be
calculated  from  the  normalized flow and effluent concentration
achievable by the treatment technology and summed  to  derive  an
appropriate limitation for each plant.

INDUSTRY COST AND POLLUTANT REMOVAL ESTIMATES

In  balancing  costs  in relation to pollutant removal estimates,
EPA considers the volume and nature of existing  discharges,  the
volume  and  nature  of  discharges expected after application of
BPT, the general environmental effects of the pollutants, and the
cost and economic  impacts  of  the  required  pollution  control
level.  The Act does not require or permit consideration of water
quality  problems  attributable  to  particular  point sources or
industries, or water quality  improvements  in  particular  water
quality  bodies.   Accordingly, water quality considerations were
not the basis for selecting the proposed or promulgated BPT.

The methodology for calculating pollutant removal  estimates  and
plant  compliance  costs is discussed in Section X.  Because  the
data on which the cost and pollutant removal estimates are  based
have  been  claimed confidential, these values are  not  included
here.  Pollutant  removal  estimates  and  compliance  costs  for
promulgation  are  the same as those developed for  the  proposed
regulation.

BPT OPTION SELECTION

EPA proposed a two tier approach for regulating this subcategory.
Level  A  provisions  were applicable to  facilities  which  only
reduce germanium dioxide in a hydrogen furnace and wash and rinse
the germanium product in conjunction with zone refining.   Level B
provisions  were  applicable  to  all  other  facilities  in  the
subcategory.   At  proposal  the  BPT technology basis  for  both
Levels A and B was chemical precipitation and sedimentation.


                               5309

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 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - IX
We  are  promulgating  BPT requirements for   the  primary    and
secondary    germanium   and  gallium  subcategory equivalent  to
those  proposed  for  BPT but we no longer  have  two  regulatory
levels.     The  technology  basis for the BPT   limitations  are
chemical  precipitation  and sedimentation technology  to  remove
metals,  fluoride,  and  solids  from combined wastewaters and to
control pH  (Option A).  The pollutants  specifically  promulgated
for   regulation  at  BPT  are  arsenic,  lead,  zinc,  fluoride,
TSS, and pH.

Although  there  are  no  existing  direct  dischargers  in  this
subcategory,  BPT is promulgated for any existing zero discharger
that elects to discharge at  some  point  in  the  future.   This
action  was taken because wastewaters from germanium and  gallium
operations    which    contain  significant  loadings   of  toxic
pollutants are currently being disposed of in  a   RCRA permitted
surface impoundment.

More stringent technology options were not selected for BPT since
they  require  in-process  changes  or  end-of-pipe  technologies
less widely practiced in the  subcategory,  and,  therefore,  are
more    appropriately   considered  under  BAT.     EPA  is   not
promulgating  a two tier regulatory scheme for this  subcategory,
because  there is not much additional removal of pollutants using
the  additional  treatment  technology  of  Option  C.   The  BPT
treatment scheme is presented in Figure IX-1 (page 5318).

WASTEWATER DISCHARGE RATES

A  BPT discharge rate is calculated for each subdivision based on
the average of the flows of the existing  plants,  as  determined
from  analysis  of  dcp.   The  discharge  rate  is used with the
achievable treatment concentrations  to  determine  BPT  effluent
limitations.  Since the discharge rate may be different from each
wastewater source, separate production normalized discharge rates
for  each  of"  the six wastewater sources are discussed below and
summarized in.Table IX-1.  The  discharge rates are normalized on
a production basis by relating the amount of wastewater generated
to the mass of the intermediate or product which is  produced  by
the  process associated with the waste stream in question.  These
production normalizing parameters, or PNPs, are  also  listed  in
Table IX-1.

Section  V  of this document further describes? the discharge flow
rates and presents the water use and  discharge  flow  rates  for
each plant by subdivision in Tables V-l through V-6.

STILL LIQUOR

The   BPT  wastewater discharge rate used for both  proposal  and
promulgation  for  still  liquor   is   63,000   1/kkg    (15,097
gal/ton)   of   germanium chlorinated.   This rate  is  allocated
only  for those plants which chlorinate germanium concentrate  or
scrap with hydrochloric  acid or chlorine to  produce   germanium


                               5310

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 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - IX


tetrachloride.    Water  use and wastewater discharge  rates  are
presented  in  Table V-l.   The  BPT flow  is based on  the  rate
reported by one plant with this process.

CHLORINATOR WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL

The   BPT  wastewater discharge rate used for both  proposal  and
promulgation  for chlorinator  wet  air  pollution   control   is
13,170  1/kkg (3,156 gal/ton) of germanium chlorinated, based  on
zero  percent  recycle. This rate is allocated  only  for   those
plants   which  chlorinate germanium  raw  material   to  produce
germanium  tetrachloride, and use a wet scrubber to  control  air
emissions   from  the  chlorinator.  Water  use  and   wastewater
discharge rates are presented  in  Table V-2.   The  BPT  flow is
based on the rate reported by one plant  with  this  process.

GERMANIUM HYDROLYSIS FILTRATE

The   BPT  wastewater discharge rate used for both  proposal  and
promulgation  for germanium hydrolysis filtrate is  18,870  1/kkg
(4,522  gal/ton)   of  germanium  hydrolyzed.    This   rate   is
allocated  only  for those plants   which   hydrolyze   germanium
tetrachloride   to   germanium dioxide  by   reacting   it   with
water.   Water use and wastewater discharge rates  are  presented
in Table V-3.   The  BPT  flow  is based  on  the  rate  reported
by one plant with this process.

ACID WASH AND RINSE WATER

The   BPT  wastewater discharge rate used for both  proposal  and
promulgation  for  acid  wash and rinse water  is  155,720  1/kkg
(37,316  gal/ton)  of germanium  washed.   This rate is allocated
only  for those plants which wash germanium bars with  acid   and
then   rinse   them   with  water.   Water  use  and   wastewater
discharge  rates  are presented in Table V-4.  The BPT  flow   is
based  on  the rate reported by one plant  with   this   process.
Other   plants   reported insufficient information  to  calculate
this discharge rate.

GALLIUM HYDROLYSIS FILTRATE

The   BPT  wastewater discharge rate used for both  proposal  and
promulgation  for  gallium hydrolysis filtrate  is  33,710  1/kkg
(8,078  gal/ton)  of gallium hydrolyzed.  This rate is  allocated
only  for  those plants which hydrolyze  gallium  trichloride  to
gallium oxide hydroxide by reacting  it  with  water  and  sodium
hydroxide.    Water  use  and  wastewater  discharge  rates   are
presented in Table V-5.  The  BPT flow  is  based  on the average
of the rates reported by plants with this wastewater stream.

SOLVENT EXTRACTION RAFFINATE

The   BPT  wastewater discharge rate used for both  proposal  and
promulgation  for solvent  extraction  raffinate is 18,820  1/kkg
(4,510 gal/ton)  of gallium produced by solvent extraction.   This


                               5311

-------
 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - IX


rate   is  allocated only for those plants which recover  gallium
from  scrap by using a solvent  extraction  process.   Water  use
and wastewater discharge rates are presented  in Table V-6.   The
BPT  flow is based on  the rate reported by the only  plant  with
this waste stream.

REGULATED POLLUTANT PARAMETERS

The  raw wastewater concentrations from individual operations and
the subcategory as  a  whole  were  examined  to  select  certain
pollutant   parameters  for  limitation.   This  examination  and
evaluation  was   presented  in  Section  VI.   A  total  of  six
pollutants  or  pollutant  parameters are selected for limitation
under BPT and are listed below:

115. arsenic
122. lead
128. zinc
     fluoride
     TSS
     pH

EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS

The treatable concentrations achievable  by  application  of  the
promulgated   BPT   are   discussed  in   Section   VII  of  this
supplement.  These  treatment effectiveness concentrations  (both
one day maximum and monthly average values) are multiplied by the
BPT   normalized  discharge flows   summarized  in   Table   IX-1
{page 5313) to  calculate  the  mass  of pollutants allowed to be
discharged  per   mass   of  product.   The  results   of   these
calculations  in  milligrams of pollutant per kilogram of product
represent  the BPT  effluent  limitations  and are  presented  in
Table  IX-2  (page 5314) for each individual  building  block  or
wastewater stream.
                               5312

-------
                                             Table  IX-1

                               BPT WASTEWATER DISCHARGE  RATES FOR THE
                       PRIMARY  AND SECONDARY  GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY
en
        raffinate
                                   BPT  Normalized  Discharge  Rate
Production Normalizing
Wastewater Stream
Still liquor
Chlorinator wet air
pollution control
Germanium hydrolysis
filtrate
Acid wash and rinse
water
Gallium hydrolysis
filtrate
Solvent extraction
1/kkg
63,000
13,170
18,870
155,720
33,710
18,820
gal /ton
15,097
3,156
4,522
37,316
8,078
4,510
Parameters
Germanium chlorinated
Germanium chlorinated
Germanium hydrolyzed
Germanium washed
Gallium hydrolyzed
Gallium produced by
solvent extraction

-------
 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - IX
                           TABLE IX-2
                  BPT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE
     PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY

(a) Still Liquor  BPT

Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
pollutant property     any one day     monthly average

         mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of germanium chlorinated

 Antimony                   180.800              80.640
*Arsenic                    131.700              58.590
 Cadmium                     21.420               9.450
 Chromium                    27.720              11.340
 Copper                     119.700              63.000
*Lead                        26.460              12.600
 Nickel                     121.000              80.010
 Selenium                    77.490              34.650
 Silver                      25.830              10.710
 Thallium                   129.200              57.330
*Zinc                        91.980              38.430
*Fluoride                 2,205.000           1,254.000
 Gallium                     27.720              11.340
 Germanium                   27.720              11.340
*TSS                      2,583.000           1,229.000
*pH    Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times


(b) Chlorinator Wet Air Pollution Control  BPT

Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
pollutant property     any one day     monthly average

         mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of germanium chlorinated

 Antimony                    37.800              16.860
*Arsenic                     27.530              12.250
 Cadmium                      4.478               1.976
 Chromium                     5.795               2.371
 Copper                      25.020              13.170
*Lead                         5.531               2.634
 Nickel                      25.290              16.730
 Selenium                    16.200               7.244
 Silver                       5.400               2.239
 Thallium                    27.000              11.980
*Zinc                        19.230               8.034
*Fluoride                   461.000             262.100
 Gallium                      5.795               2.371
 Germanium                    5.795               2.371
*TSS                        540.000             256.800
*pH    Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times

*Regulated Pollutant
                               5314

-------
 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - IX
                     TABLE IX-2  (Continued)
                  BPT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE
     PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY

 (c) Germanium Hydrolysis Filtrate  BPT

Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
pollutant property     any one day     monthly average

         mg/kg(Ib/million Ibs) of germanium hydrolyzed

 Antimony                    54.160              24.150
*Arsenic                     39.440              17.550
 Cadmium                      6.416               2.831
 Chromium                     8.303               3.397
 Copper                      35.850              18.870
*Lead                         7.925               3.774
 Nickel                      36.230              23.960
 Selenium                    23.210              10.380
 Silver                       7.737               3.208
 Thallium                    38.680              17.170
*Zinc                        27.550              11.510
*Fluoride                   660.500             375.500
 Gallium                      8.303               3.397
 Germanium                    8.303               3.397
*TSS                        773.700             368.000
*pH    Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times


(d) Acid Wash and Rinse Water  BPT

Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
pollutant property     any one day     monthly average

           mg/kg(Ib/million Ibs) of germanium washed

 Antimony                  446.900             199.300
*Arsenic                   325.500             144.800
 Cadmium                    52.940              23.360
 Chromium                   68.520              28.030
 Copper                    295.900             155.700
*Lead                       65.400              31.140
 Nickel                    299.000             197.800
 Selenium                  191.500              85.650
 Silver                     63.850              26.470
 Thallium                  319.200             141.700
*Zinc                      227.400              94.990
*Fluoride                5,450.000           3,099.000
 Gallium                    68.520              28.030
 Germanium                  68.520              28.030
*TSS                     6,385.000           3,037.000
*pH    Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times

*Regulated Pollutant
                               5315

-------
 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - IX
                     TABLE IX-2 (Continued)
                  BPT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE
     PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY

(e) Gallium Hydrolysis Filtrate  BPT

Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
pollutant property     any one day     monthly average

          mg/kg(Ib/million Ibs) of gallium hydrolyzed

 Antimony                    96.750              43.150
*Arsenic                     70.450              31.350
 Cadmium                     11.460               5.057
 Chromium                    14.830               6.068
 Copper                      64.050              33.710
*Lead                        14.160               6.742
 Nickel                      64.720              42.810
 Selenium                    41.460              18.540
 Silver                      13.820               5.731
 Thallium                    69.110              30.680
*Zinc                        49.220              20.560
*Fluoride                 1,180.000             670.800
 Gallium                     14.830               6.068
 Germanium                   14.830               6.068
*TSS                      1,382.000             657.300
*pH    Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times


(f) Solvent Extraction Raffinate  BPT

Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
pollutant property     any one day     monthly average

mg/kg(Ib/million Ibs)gallium produced by solvent extraction

 Antimony                   54.010              24.090
*Arsenic                    39.330              17.500
 Cadmium                     6.399               2.823
 Chromium                    8.281               3.388
 Copper                     35.760              18.820
*Lead                        7,904               3,764
 Nickel                     36.130              23.900
 Selenium                   23.150              10.350
 Silver                      7.716               3.199
 Thallium                   38.580              17.130
*Zinc                       27.480              11.480
*Fluoride                  658.700             374.500
 Gallium                     8.281               3.388
 Germanium                   8.281               3.388
*TSS                       771.600             367.000
*pH    Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times

* Regulated Pollutant
                               5316

-------
                                                             Chealcal Addition
 Still Liquor
 Chlorlnatlon wet air pollution control
 CerMnlm Hydrolyals Filtrate
 Acid Uasli and Rinse Water
J-amu« HydrqlYela_ Filtrate


 Solvent Extraction Rafflnate
                                                                                                    Discharge
                                                                                                             Sludge to
                                                                                                             Disposal
                                                  FIGURE X-l

                                     BPT  Treatment  Scheme  for the
                   Primary  and  Secondary Germanium  and Gallium Subcategory

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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - IX
              THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
                              5318

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 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - X
                           SECTION X
        BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY ECONOMICALLY ACHIEVABLE


These  effluent  limitations are based on the  best  control  and
treatment  technology used by a specific point source within  the
industrial category or subcategory, or by another industry  where
it  is  readily transferable. Emphasis is  placed  on  additional
treatment techniques applied at the end of the treatment  systems
currently used, as well as reduction of the amount of water  used
and   discharged,  process  control,  and  treatment   technology
optimization.

The  factors  considered in assessing best  available  technology
economically  achievable (BAT) include the age of  equipment  and
facilities involved, the process used, process changes,  nonwater
quality  environmental impacts (including  energy  requirements),
and  the costs of application of such technology. At  a  minimum,
BAT   represents  the  best  available  technology   economically
•achievable at plants of various ages, sizes, processes, or  other
characteristics.   Where  the  Agency  has  found  the   existing
performance  to be uniformly inadequate, BAT may  be  transferred
from  a  different  subcategory  or  category.  BAT  may  include
feasible  process changes or internal controls, even when not  in
common industry practice.

The  statutory  assessment of BAT considers costs, but  does  not
require a balancing of costs against pollutant removals. However,-
in  assessing  the proposed and promulgated BAT, the  Agency  has
given  substantial  weight to the economic achievability  of  the
technology.

TECHNICAL APPROACH TO BAT

The  Agency  reviewed  a wide range  of  technology  options  and
evaluated  the  available possibilities to ensure that  the  most
effective  and beneficial technologies were used as the basis  of
BAT.  To  accomplish  this, the Agency  elected  to  examine  two
technology  options  which  could be  applied  to  the  secondary
molybdenum and vanadium subcategory as alternatives for the basis
of BAT effluent limitations.

For  the development of BAT effluent limitations,  mass  loadings
were calculated for each wastewater source or subdivision in  the
subcategory  using  the same technical approach as  described  in
Section  IX for BPT limitations development. The  differences  in
the mass loadings for BPT and BAT are due to increased  treatment
effectiveness   achievable  with  the  more   sophisticated   BAT
treatment technology.

The  treatment  technologies considered for  BAT  are  summarized
below:
                               5319

-------
 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - X


Option A (Figure X-l, page 5329) is based on

  o Chemical precipitation and sedimentation

Option C (Figure X-2, page 5330) is based on:

  o Chemical precipitation and sedimentation

  o Multimedia filtration

The two options examined for BAT are discussed in greater  detail
on the following pages. The first option considered (Option A) is
the  same as the BPT treatment and control technology  which  was
presented  in the previous section. The second option  represents
substantial progress toward the reduction of pollutant discharges
above and beyond the progress achievable by BPT.

OPTION A

Option  A  for the primary and secondary  germanium  and  gallium
subcategory   is   equivalent  to  the  control   and   treatment
technologies  which  were  analyzed for BPT in  Section  IX  (see
Figure  IX).  The  BPT   end-of-pipe  treatment  scheme  includes
chemical precipitation and sedimentation. The discharge rates for
Option  A  are  equal to the discharge rates  allocated  to  each
stream as a BPT discharge flow.

OPTION C

Option  C  for the primary and secondary  germanium  and  gallium
subcategory consists of all control and treatment requirements of
Option   A,  (chemical  precipitation  and  sedimentation)   plus
multimedia filtration technology added at the end  of  Option  A
treatment   scheme  (see  Figure  X-2,  page  5326).   Multimedia
filtration   is  used  to  remove  suspended  solids,   including
precipitates   of   toxic  metals,  beyond   the   concentrations
attainable by gravity sedimentation.  The filter suggested is  of
the  gravity, mixed media type, although other forms of  filters,
such  as  rapid sand filters or pressure filters,  would  perform
satisfactorily.

INDUSTRY COST AND POLLUTANT REMOVAL ESTIMATES

As one means of evaluating each technology option, EPA  developed
estimates  of  the pollutant removals and  the  compliance  costs
associated  with  each option. The  methodplogies  are  described
below.

POLLUTANT REMOVAL ESTIMATES

A  complete description of the methodology used to calculate  the
estimated   pollutant  removal,  or  benefit,  achieved  by   the
application  of  the various treatment options  is  presented  in
Section X of Vol.1. In short, sampling  data collected during the
field sampling program were used to characterize the major  waste


                               5320

-------
 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - X


streams considered for regulation. At each sampled facility,  the
sampling data was production  normalized for each unit  operation
(i.e.,   mass  of  pollutant  generated  per  mass   of   product
manufactured). This value, referred to as the raw waste, was used
to  estimate  the mass of toxic pollutants generated  within  the
primary  and  secondary germanium and  gallium  subcategory.  The
pollutant   removal estimates were calculated  for each plant  by
first  estimating  the  total  mass  of  each  pollutant  in  the
untreated  wastewater. This was calculated by  first  multiplying
the  raw waste values by the corresponding production  value  for
that  stream and the summing these values for each pollutant  for
every stream generated by the plant.

Next,  the volume of wastewater discharged after the  application
of each treatment option was estimated for each operation at each
plant  by comparing the actual discharge to the regulatory  flow.
The  smaller of the two values was selected and summed  with  the
other  plant  flows. The mass of pollutant  discharged  was  then
estimated  by  multiplying the  achievable  concentration  values
attainable   with  the option(mg/l) by the  estimated  volume  of
process  wastewater  discharged by the subcategory. The  mass  of
pollutant removed is the difference between the estimated mass of
pollutant   generated  within  the subcategory and  the  mass  of
pollutant  discharged after application of the treatment  option.
The  pollutant removal estimates for indirect dischargers in  the
primary  and  secondary  germanium and  gallium  subcategory  are
presented in Table XII-1 (Page 5341).

COMPLIANCE COSTS,

In  estimating subcategory-wide compliance costs, the first  step
was to develop a cost estimation model, relating the total  costs
associated   with  installation  and  operation   of   wastewater
treatment technologies to plant process wastewater discharge. EPA
applied  the  model  to  each plant.  A  plant's  investment  and
operating costs are determined by what treatment it has in  place
and by its individual process wastewater discharge. As  discussed
above, this flow is either the actual or the BAT regulatory flow,
whichever  is less. The final step was to annualize  the  capital
costs, and to sum the annualized capital costs, and the operating
and  maintenance  costs  for each plant,  yielding  the  cost  of
compliance  for  the subcategory. Compliance costs  for  indirect
dischargers  are shown in Section XII. These costs were  used  in
assessing economic achievability.

WASTEWATER DISCHARGE RATES

A  BAT discharge rate was calculated for each  subdivision  based
upon  the  flows  of  the existing  plants,   as  determined  from
analysis of the data collection portfolios.  The discharge rate is
used  with the achievable treatment concentrations  to  determine
BAT  effluent   limitations.  Since the  discharge  rate  may  be
different   for  each  wastewater  source,  separate   production
normalized discharge rates for each of the six wastewater sources
were determined and are summarized in Table  X-l (Page 5225).  The


                               5321

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 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - X


BAT wastewater discharge rates are identical to those  determined
for  BPT.  No additional flow reduction measures  are  considered
feasible for this subcategory.

BAT OPTION SELECTION - PROPOSAL

EPA  proposed Level a BAT limitations for this subcategory  based
on chemical precipitation and sedimentation (Option A) for plants
that only reduce germanium dioxide in a hydrogen furnace and then
wash  and  rinse the germanium product in conjunction  with  zone
refining.  Level  B BAT limitations were proposed for  all  other
facilities in this subcategory. The level B effluent  limitations
at  proposal  were  based  on  Option  A  with  the  addition  of
filtration (Option C).

The  pollutants specifically limited under the proposed BAT  were
arsenic,  lead,  zinc, germanium and fluoride. Gallium  was  also
considered  for  regulation as discussed in the  March  18,  1985
Notice  of  Data  Availability and Request  for  Comment  (50  FR
10918). The Agency considered applying the same technology levels
to this entire subcategory but decided to propose this two tiered
regulatory  scheme because there was little additional  pollutant
removal  from the Level A wastewater streams when treated by  the
added Level B technology.

Although  there  are  no  existing  direct  dischargers  in  this
subcategory,   BAT was proposed for any existing  zero  discharger
who  elects to discharge at some time in the future. This  action
was   taken  because  wastewaters  from  germanium  and   gallium
operations   which   contain  significant   loadings   of   toxic
pollutants  are currently being disposed of in a  RCRA  permitted
surface impoundment.

BAT OPTION SELECTION - PROMULGATION

We are promulgating BAT limitations for this subcategory based on
chemical  precipitation  and  sedimentation (Option  A)  for  all
facilities  in  this  subcategory.  This  is  equivalent  to  BPT
technology.  We are not promulgating two tiered  limitations  for
this subcategory because there is not much additional removal  of
pollutants using the more expensive regulatory scheme.

The pollutants specifically limited under BAT are arsenic,  lead,
zinc,  and fluoride. The priority pollutants  antimony,  cadmium,
chromium,  copper,  nickel, selenium, silver and   thallium  were
also  considered  for  regulation  because  they  were  found  at
treatable  concentrations  in  the  raw  wastewaters  from   this
subcategory.   These  pollutants were not  selected  for  specific
regulation  because they will be effectively controlled when  the
regulated   toxic  metals  are  treated  to  the   concentrations
achievable by the model BAT technology.

Although  there  are  no  existing  direct  dischargers  in  this
subcategory,  BAT  is promulgated for any existing zero discharger
who  elects to discharge at some time in the future. This  action


                               5322

-------
 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - X


was   taken  because  wastewaters  from  germanium  and   gallium
operations which contain significant loadings of toxic pollutants
are  currently  being  disposed of in a  RCRA  permitted  surface
impoundment.

REGULATED POLLUTANT PARAMETERS

The raw wastewater concentrations from individual operations  and
the  subcategory  as  a whole were  examined  to  select  certain
pollutants   and  pollutant  parameters  for   limitation.   This
examination  and  evaluation  was presented in  Section  VI.  The
Agency,  however,  has  chosen  not  to  regulate  all  11  toxic
pollutants  selected in this analysis. The high  cost  associated
with  analysis for priority metal pollutants has prompted EPA  to
develop  an  alternative  method for  regulating  and  monitoring
priority   pollutant  discharges  from  the   nonferrous   metals
manufacturing category. Rather than developing specific  effluent
mass  limitations and standards for each of the  priority  metals
found  in treatable concentrations in the raw wastewater  from  a
given  subcategory,  the  Agency is  promulgating  effluent  mass
limitations  only for those pollutants generated in the  greatest
quantities  as shown by the pollutant removal estimate  analysis.
The pollutants selected for specific limitation are listed below:

115. arsenic
122. lead
128. zinc
     fluoride

By  establishing limitations and standards for  certain  priority
metal  pollutants,  dischargers will attain the  same  degree  of
control  over priority metal pollutants as they would  have  been
required  to achieve had all the priority metal  pollutants  been
directly limited.

This  approach  is  technically  justified  since  the  treatable
concentrations used for. chemical precipitation and  sedimentation
technology  are  based  on optimized  treatment  for  concomitant
multiple  metals removal. Thus, even though metals have  somewhat
different theoretical solubilities, they will be removed at  very
nearly   the   same  rate  in  a   chemical   precipitation   and
sedimentation  treatment  system  operated  for  multiple  metals
removal.

The  toxic metal pollutants selected for specific  limitation  in
the  primary and secondary germanium and gallium  subcategory  to
control the discharges of priority metal pollutants are  arsenic,
lead and zinc. The following toxic metal pollutants are  excluded
from limitation on the basis that they are effectively controlled
by the limitations developed for arsenic, lead and zinc:

114. antimony
118. cadmium
119. chromium (total)
120. copper


                               5323

-------
 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - X


124. nickel
125, selenium
126. silver
127. thallium

EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS

The concentrations achievable by application of BAT are discussed
in  Section VII of this supplement. The treatable  concentrations
for  both  one  day  maximum ,and  monthly  average  values   are
multiplied  by the BAT normalized discharge flows  summarized  in
Table X-l (page 5325} to calculate the mass of pollutants allowed
to  be  discharged  per mass of product.  The  results  of  these
calculations  in milligrams of pollutant per kilogram of  product
represent the BAT effluent limitations and are presented in Table
X-2 (Page 5326) for each wastewater stream.
                               5324

-------
                                     Table X-1
                      BAT WASTEWATER DISCHARGE RATES FOR THE

              PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY
                              H
                          BAT Normalized Discharge Rate
Production Normalizing


u>
N)
tn


Wastewater Stream
Still liquor
Chlorinator wet air
pollution control
Germanium hydrolysis
filtrate
Acid wash and rinse
water
Gallium hydrolysis
filtrate
Solvent extraction
1/kkg
63,000
13,170
18,870
155,720
33,710
18,820
gal /ton
15,097
3,156
4,522
37,316
8,078
4,510
Parameters
Germanium chlorinated
Germanium chlorinated
Germanium hydrolyzed
Germanium washed
Gallium hydrolyzed
Gallium produced by
c
ft
c
i
c
K
ft
t-
C
S
C
t"
raffinate
solvent extraction
                                                                                          c
                                                                                          3

                                                                                          V
                                                                                          c
                                                                                          tt
                                                                                          c.
                                                                                          ft
                                                                                          C
                                                                                          c

                                                                                          K
                                                                                          V.
                                                                                          ft

-------
 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - X
                            TABLE X-2
                           BAT FOR THE
     PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY

 (a) Still Liquor BAT

Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
pollutant property     any one day     monthly average


         mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of germanium chlorinated
Antimony
*Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
*Zinc
*Fluoride
Gallium
Germanium
180.800
131.700
21.420
27.720
119.700
26.460
121.000
77.490
25.830
129.200
91.980
2,205.000
27.720
27.720
80.640
58.590
9.450
11.340
63.000
12.600
80.010
34.650
10.710
57.330
38.430
1,254.000
11.340
11.340
(b) Chlorinator Wet Air Pollution Control BAT

Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
pollutant property     any one day     monthly average


mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of germanium chlorinated
Antimony
*Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
*Zinc
*Fluoride
Gallium
Germanium
37.800
27.530
4.478
5.795
25.020
5.531
25.290
16.200
5.400
27.000
19.230
461.000
5.795
5.795
16.860
12.250
1.976
2.371
13.170
2.634
16.730
7.244
2.239
11.980
8.034
262.100
2.371
2.371
*Regulated Pollutant
                               5326

-------
 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - X


                      TABLE X-2 (Continued)
                           BAT FOR THE
     PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY

(c) Germanium Hydrolysis Filtrate BAT

Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
pollutant property     any one day     monthly average


         mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of germanium hydrolyzed
Antimony
*Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
*Zinc
*Fluoride
Gallium
Germanium
54.160
39.440
6.416
8.303
35.850
7.925
36.230
23.210
7.737
38.680
27.550
660.500
8.303
8.303
24.150
17.550
2.831
3.397
18.870
3.774
23.960
10.380
3.208
17.170
11.510
375.500
3.397
3.397
(d) Acid Wash and Rinse Water BAT
Pollutant or           Maximum for     Maximum for
pollutant property     any one day     monthly average


           mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of germanium washed
Antimony
*Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
*Zinc
*Fluoride
Gallium
Germanium
446.900
325.500
52.940
68.520
295.900
65.400
299.000
191.500
63.850
319.200
227.400
5,450.000
68.520
68.520
199.300
144.800
23.360
28.030
155.700
31.140
197.800
85.650
26.470
141.700
94.990
3,099.000
28.030
28.030
*Regulated Pollutant
                               5327

-------
 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - X
                      TABLE X-2  (Continued)
                          BAT FOR THE
     PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY

 (e) Gallium Hydrolysis Filtrate BAT

Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
pollutant property     any one day     monthly average


          mg/kg {Ib/million Ibs) of gallium hydrolyzed
Antimony
*Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
*Zinc
*Fluoride
Gallium
Germanium
96.750
70.450
11.460
14.830
64.050
14.160
64.720
41.460
13.820
69.110
49.220
1,180.000
14.830
14.830
43.150
31.350
5.057
6.068
33.710
6.742
42.810
18.540
5.731
30.680
20.560
670.800
6.068
6.068
(f) Solvent Extraction Raffinate BAT
Pollutant or           Maximum for     Maximum for
pollutant property     any one day     monthly average


mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of gallium produced by solvent extraction
Antimony
*Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
*Zinc
*Fluoride
Gallium
Germanium
54.010
39.330
6.399
8.281
35.760
7.904
36.130
23.150
7.716
38.580
27.480
658.700
8.281
8.281
24.090
17.500
2.823
3.388
18.820
3.764
23.900
10.350
3.199
17.130
11.480
374.500
3.388
3.388
*Regulated Pollutant
                               5328

-------
                                                                              K
                         Chemical Addition
Still Liquor
Chlorlnatlon wet air pollution control
Ce»anluB Hydrolysis Filtrate ^__

Acid Haati and Rinse Hater ^
Calllu* llydrolyata Filtrate ^
Solvent Extraction hafflnate „_
Cn
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	 w








9
/-
1 _..
Equalization
A









i






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Precipitation K
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Vacuun Filtrate ^^ft, "T" /I*-* P
^^^j^X Sludge to
Sludge * £•
Dewatering f
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c
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           Figure  X-l

BAT TREATMENT SCHEME FOR OPTION A
K

r
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-------
                                                                                                                                                   hd
                                                                                                                                                   *J
                                                                                                                                                   H
                                                                                                      Backwash
        Still Liquor
Ul
UJ
U)
o
        Clilorinatlon wet air pollution control
        GermanIUB Hydrolysis Filtrate
        Acid Wash and Rinse Hater
        Gallium tlydrolyata Filtrate
        Solvent Extraction Rafflnate
                                                                             Cheulcal
                                                                          Precipitation
                                                                             do
td
o

1
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                                                                                                                                                   I
                                                             Figure  X-2


                                               BAT  TREATMENT  SCHEME  FOR  OFflON C
K
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1-3
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!*

-------
 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT  - XI



                           SECTION XI


                NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS                ,


This   section  describes  the  technologies  for  treatment    of
wastewater from new sources and presents mass discharge standards
for  regulated pollutants for NSPS in the primary  and  secondary
germanium  and gallium subcategory, based on  selected  treatment
technology.  New plants have the opportunity to design  the  best
and most efficient production processes and wastewater  treatment
technologies  without  facing the added  costs  and  restrictions,
encountered  in retrofitting and existing plant.  Therefore,  EPA
has  considered the best demonstrated process  changes,  in-plant,
controls  and  end-of-pipe treatment  technologies  which  reduce
pollution to the maximum extent feasible as the basis for NSPS.

TECHNICAL APPROACH TO NSPS

New  source  performance  standards are equivalent  to  the  best
available  technology  (BAT) selected for primary  and  secondary '
germanium  and  gallium plants. This result is a  consequence   of
careful  review by the Agency of wide range of technical  options
for new source treatment systems which is discussed in Section  XI
of  the  General Development Document.  Additionally,  there  was
nothing   found  to  indicate  that  the  wastewater  flows   and-1
characteristics of new plants would not be similar to those  from \
existing plants, since the processes used by new sources are  not!
expected   to  differ  from  those  used  at  existing   sources.
Consequently,  BAT production normalized discharge  rates,  which
are based on the best existing practices of the subcategory,  can
also  be  applied to new sources. These rates  are  presented   in '
Table XI-.1 (Page 5333).

Treatment  technologies  considered  for  the  NSPS  options  are
identical  to the treatment technologies considered for  the  BAT
options. These options are:

OPTION A                                                        '"'•

  o Chemical precipitation and sedimentation

OPTION C

  o Chemical precipitation and sedimentation

  o Multimedia filtration

,NSPS OPTION SELECTION - PROPOSAL
         S
EPA proposed that the best available demonstrated technology  for
the  primary and secondary  germanium and gallium subcategory   be
equivalent to Option A (chemical precipitation and sedimentation)


                               5331

-------
 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - XI


for  Level  A  plants,  and  Option  C   (chemical  precipitation,
sedimentation, and multimedia filtration) for Level B plants. The
technology basis for the proposed NSPS is equivalent to that  for
the proposed BAT.

The wastewater flow rates for NSPS were  the same as the  proposed
BAT  flow  rates.  Flow  reduction measures  for  NSPS  were  not
considered  feasible  because no  new  demonstrated  technologies
existed  within  the subcategory that improved on water  use  and
discharge practices.

NSPS OPTION SELECTION - PROMULGATION

EPA is promulgating NSPS for the primary and secondary  germanium
and  gallium  based  on  Option  A  (chemical  precipitation  and
sedimentation). This technology basis for the promulgated NSPS is
equivalent to that for the promulgated BAT.

We  do  not  believe  that new  plants  could  achieve  any  flow
reduction  beyond the allowances promulgated for BAT.  Therefore,
wastewater  flow rates for NSPS  are equivalent to those for  the
promulgated BAT. Because NSPS is equal to BAT we believe that the
promulgated NSPS will not have a detrimental impact on the  entry
of new plants into this subcategory.

REGULATED POLLUTANT PARAMETERS

The Agency has no reason to believe that the pollutants that will
be  found  in treatable concentrations in  processes  within  new
sources  will  be  any  different  than  with  existing  sources.
Accordingly,  pollutants  and pollutant parameters  selected  for
limitation  under  NSPS,  in accordance  with  the  rationale  of
Sections  VI and X, are identical to those selected for BAT.  The
conventional  pollutant parameters TSS and pH are  also  selected
for limitation.

NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS

The NSPS discharge flows for each wastewater source are the  same
as the discharge rates for BAT and are shown in Table XI-1  (page
5333). The mass of pollutant allowed to be discharged per mass of
product  is calculated by multiplying the appropriate  achievable
concentration  (mg/1)   by the  production  normalized  wastewater
discharge  flows (1/kkg). The results of these  calculations  are
the   mass-based   production-related  new   source   performance
standards.  These  standards are presented in  Table  XI-2  (Page
5334).
                               5332

-------
                                                        XI-1
Ul



NSPS WASTEWATER DISCHARGE RATES FOR
PRIMARY


Wastewater Stream

Still liquor

Chlorinator wet air
pollution control

Germanium hydrolysis
filtrate
Acid wash and rinse
water
Gallium hydrolysis
filtrate
Solvent extraction
raff inate










AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM

NSPS Normalized
1/kkg

63,000

13,170


18,870

155,720

33,710

18,820












Discharge Rate
gal /ton

15,097

3,156


4,522

37,316

8,078

4,510












THE
SUBCATEGORY

Production Normalizing
Parameters

Germanium chlorinated

Germanium chlorinated


Germanium hydrolyzed

Germanium washed

Gallium hydrolyzed

Gallium produced by
solvent extraction










sa
H
3
jti
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1
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w
1
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en
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1-3
                                                                                                              X
                                                                                                              H

-------
 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - XI


                           TABLE XI-2
                          NSPS FOR THE
     PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY

 (a) Still Liquor  NSPS

Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
pollutant property     any one day     monthly average

         mg/kg  (Ib/million Ibs) of germanium chlorinated

 Antimony                   180.800              80.640
*Arsenic                    131.700              58.590
 Cadmium                     21.420               9.450
 Chromium              .      27.720              11.340
 Copper                     119.700              63.000
*Lead                        26.460              12.600
 Nickel                     121.000              80.010
 Selenium                    77.490              34.650
 Silver                      25.830       .       10.710
 Thallium                   129.200              57.330
*Zinc                        91.980              38.430
*Fluoride                 2,205.000           1,254.000
 Gallium                     27.720              11.340
 Germanium                   27.720              11.340
*TSS                      2,583.000           1,229.000
*pH    Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times


(b) Chlorinator Wet Air Pollution Control  NSPS

Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
pollutant property     any one day     monthly average

         mg/kg(Ib/million Ibs) of germanium chlorinated

 Antimony                    37.800              16.860
*Arsenic                     27.530              12.250
 Cadmium                      4.478               1.976
 Chromium                     5.795               2.371
 Copper                      25.020              13.170
*Lead                         5.531               2.634
 Nickel                      25.290              16.730
 Selenium                    16.200               7.244
 Silver                       5.400               2.239
 Thallium                    27.000              11.980
*Zinc                        19.230               8.034
*Fluoride                   461.000             262.100
 Gallium                      5.795               2.371
 Germanium                    5.795               2.371
*TSS                        540.000             256.800
*pH    Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times

*Regulated Pollutant'
                               5334

-------
 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - XI


                           TABLE XI-2
                          NSPS FOR THE
     PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY

(c) Germanium Hydrolysis Filtrate  NSPS

Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
pollutant property     any one day     monthly average

        • mg/kg(Ib/million Ibs) of germanium hydrolyzed

 Antimony                    54.160              24.150
*Arsenic                     39.440              17.550
 Cadmium                      6.416               2.831
 Chromium                     8.303               3.397
 Copper                      35.850              18.870
*Lead                         7.925               3.774
 Nickel                      36.230              23.960
 Selenium                    23.210              10.380
 Silver                       7.737               3.208
 Thallium                    38.680              17.170
*Zinc                        27.550              11.510
*Fluoride                   660.500             375.500
 Gallium                      8.303               3.397
 Germanium                    8.303               3.397
*TSS                        773.700             368.000
*pH    Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times


(d) Acid Wash and Rinse Water  NSPS

Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
pollutant property     any one day     monthly average

           mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of germanium washed

 Antimony .                 446.900             199.300
*Arsenic                   325.500             144.800
 Cadmium                    52.940              23.360
 Chromium                   68.520              28.030
 Copper                    295.900             155.700
*Lead                       65.400              31.140
 Nickel                    299.000             197.800
 Selenium                  191.500              85.650
 Silver                     63.850              26.470
 Thallium                  319.200             141.700
*Zinc                      227.400              94.990
*Fluoride                5,450.000           3,099.000
 Gallium                    68.520              28.030
 Germanium                  68.520              28.030
*TSS                     6,385.000           3,037.000
*pH    Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times

*Regulated Pollutant'!!
                               5335

-------
 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - XI


                           TABLE XI-2
                          NSPS FOR THE
     PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY

 (e) Gallium Hydrolysis Filtrate  NSPS

 Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
 pollutant property     any one day     monthly average

          mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of gallium hydrolyzed

 Antimony                    96.750              43.150
 *Arsenic                     70.450              31.350
 Cadmium                     11.460               5.057
 Chromium                    14.830               6.068
 Copper                      64.050              33.710
 *Lead                        14.160               6.742
 Nickel                      64.720              42.810
 Selenium                    41.460              18.540
 Silver                      13.820               5.731
 Thallium                    69.110              30.680
 *Zinc                        49.220              20.560
 *Fluoride                 1,180.000             670.800
 Gallium                     14.830               6.068
 Germanium                   14.830               6.068
 *TSS                      1,382.000             657.300
 *pH    Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times


 (f) Solvent Extraction Raffinate  NSPS

 Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
 pollutant property     any one day     monthly average

 mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs)gallium produced by solvent extraction

 •Antimony                   54.010   -           24.090
 *Arsenic                    39.330              17.500
 Cadmium                     6.399               2.823
 Chromium                    8.281               3.388
 Copper                     35.760              18.820
 *Lead                        7,904               3,764
 Nickel                     36.130              23.900
 Selenium                   23.150              10.350
 Silver                      7.716               3.199
 Thallium                   38.580              17.130
 *Zinc                       27.480              11.480
 *Fluoride                  658.700             374.500
 Gallium                     8.281               3.388
 Germanium                   8.281               3.388
*TSS                       771.600             367.000
*pH    Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times

* Regulated Pollutant
                               5336

-------
 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - XII
                           SECTION XII
                     PRETREATMENT STANDARDS


This section describes the control and treatment technologies for
pretreatment  of  process  wastewaters from new  sources  in  the
primary and secondary germanium and gallium subcategory. PSES are
designed  to  prevent  the discharge  of  pollutants  which  pass
through,  interfere with or are otherwise incompatible  with  the
operation  of  publicly owned treatment works (POTW).  The  Clean
Water  Act  also requires pretreatment for  pollutants,  such  as
toxic metals, that limit POTW sludge management alternatives. New
indirect   discharge  facilities,  like  new   direct   discharge
facilities,   have  the  opportunity  to  incorporate  the   best
available  demonstrated technologies, including process  changes,
in-plant controls, and end-of-pipe treatment technologies, and to
use  plant  site selection to ensure  adequate  treatment  system
function. Pretreatment standards are to be technology based,  and
analogous  to the best available or best demonstrated  technology
for  removal  of  toxic pollutants.  Pretreatment  standards  for
regulated pollutants are presented based on the selected  control
and treatment technology.

TECHNICAL APPROACH TO PRETREATMENT

Before  proposing  and promulgating pretreatment  standards,  the
Agency examines whether the pollutants discharged by the industry
pass through the POTW or interfere with the POTW operation or its
chosen   sludge   disposal  practices.  In  determining   whether
pollutants pass through  a well-operated POTW achieving secondary
treatment,  the  Agency compares the percentage  of  a  pollutant
removed by POTW with the percentage removed by direct dischargers
applying the best available technology economically achievable. A
pollutant  is  deemed to pass through the POTW when  the  average
percentage  removed  nationwide  by  well-operated  POTW  meeting
secondary  treatment  requirements, is less than  the  percentage
removed  by  direct  dischargers  complying  with  BAT   effluent
limitations guidelines for that pollutant.

This   definition  of  pass  through  satisfies   two   competing
objectives   set   by  Congress  that  standards   for   indirect
dischargers  be  equivalent to standards for  direct  dischargers
while at the same time, the treatment capability and  performance
of  the POTW be recognized and taken into account  in  regulating
the discharge of pollutants from indirect dischargers.

The  Agency compares percentage removal rather than the  mass  or
concentration  of pollutants discharged because the latter  would
not  take into account the mass of pollutants discharged  to  the
                           5337

-------
 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - XII


POTW   from  non-industrial  sources  or  the  dilution  of   the
pollutants  in the POTW effluent to lower concentrations  due  to
the addition of large amounts of non-industrial wastewater.

INDUSTRY COST AND POLLUTANT REMOVAL ESTIMATES

The  industry  cost  and  pollutant  removal  estimates  of  each
treatment  option were used to determine the most  cost-effective
option. The methodology applied in calculating pollutant  removal
estimates  and plant compliance costs is discussed in Section  X.
Table  XII-1 (Page 5341) shows the estimated  pollutant  removals
for   indirect   dischargers.  Compliance  costs   for   indirect
dischargers are presented in Table XII-2 (Page 5342).

PRETREATMENT STANDARDS FOR EXISTING AND NEW SOURCES

Options  for pretreatment of wastewaters from both  existing  and
new  sources  are  based  on  increasing  the  effectiveness   of
end-of-pipe   treatment  technologies. All in-plant  changes  and
applicable  end-of-pipe treatment processes have  been  discussed
previously  in Sections X and XI. The options for PSNS and  PSES,
therefore,  are the same as the BAT options discussed in  Section
X.

A  description of each option is presented in Section X, while  a
more detailed discussion, including pollutants controlled by each
treatment  process  is presented in Section VII  of  the  General
Development Document.

Treatment  technologies considered for the PSNS and PSES  options
are;

OPTION A

  o Chemical precipitation and sedimentation

OPTION C

  o Chemical precipitation and sedimentation

  o Multimedia filtration

PSES OPTION SELECTION - PROPOSAL

EPA  proposed PSES based on Option A (chemical precipitation  and
sedimentation)  for  Level  A  plants,  and  Option  C  (chemical
precipitation),  sedimentation,  and multimedia  filtration)  for
Level B plants.

EPA proposed PSES to prevent pass-through of arsenic, lead, zinc,
fluoride,  and  germanium.  These  pollutants  were  specifically
limited in the proposed PSES. Wastewater discharge rates for  the
proposed PSES were equivalent to those proposed for BAT.
                           5338

-------
 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - XII


PSES OPTION SELECTION - PROMULGATION

We  are pomulgating PSES for this subcategory based  on  chemical
precipitation  and  sedimentation  technology  (Option  A).   The
pollutants controlled at PSES are the same as those controlled at
BAT. We are promulgating PSES to prevent pass-through of arsenic,
lead, zinc and fluoride. These POTW achieving secondary treatment
to  an  average  of  33 percent,  while  BAT  technology  removes
approximately 70 percent.

Implementation  of the promulgated PSES would remove annually  an
estimated  20  kg  of toxic metals and 376 kg  of  fluoride.  The
capital and annual costs for the promulgated PSES are $28,300 and
$22,200 (1982 dollars), respectively.

PSNS OPTION SELECTION - PROPOSAL

EPA proposed that the pretreatment standards technology base  for
new  sources in the primary and secondary germanium  and  gallium
subcategory be equivalent to Option A (chemical precipitation and
sedimentation)  for  Level  A  plants,  and  Option  C  (chemical
precipitation,  sedimentation,  and  multimedia  filtration)  for
Level B plants. The proposed PSNS technology basis was equivalent
to that of the proposed BAT.

PSNS OPTION SELECTION - PROMULGATION

We  are promulgating PSNS equivalent to PSES, NSPS and  BAT.  The
technology  basis for the promulgated PSNS is identical  to  NSPS
PSES,  and BAT. The same pollutants pass through as at PSES,  for
the same reasons.

We  believe  that the promulgated PSNS are achievable,  and  that
they  are  not  a  barrier  to entry  of  new  plants  into  this
subcategory  because  they do not include  any  additional  costs
compared to PSES.

The wastewater discharge rates for PSNS are identical to the  BAT
discharge  rates  for  each  waste  stream.  The  PSES  and  _PSNS
discharge rates are shown in Table XII-3 (Page 5343).

REGULATED POLLUTANT PARAMETERS

Pollutants  selected  for  limitation,  in  accordance  with  the
rationale  of Sections VI and X, are identical to those  selected
for  limitation for BAT. It is necessary to promulgate  PSES  and
PSNS  to  prevent the pass-through of arsenic,  lead,  zinc,  and
fluoride, which are the limited pollutants.

PRETREATMENT STANDARDS

Pretreatment standards are based on the treatable  concentrations
from  the selected treatment technology, and the discharge  rates
determined in Section X for BAT. A mass of pollutant per mass  of
product  (mg/kg) allocation is given for each subdivision  within


                               5339

-------
 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - XII


the  subcategory.  This  pollutant allocation  is  based  on  the
product of the achievable concentration from the model  treatment
(mg/1)  and the production normalized wastewater  discharge  rate
(1/kkg).  The  achievable treatment concentrations  for  BAT  are
identical to those for PSES and PSNS. PSES and PSNS are 'presented
in Tables XII-4 and XII-5 (Pages 5344 and 5347).
                               5340

-------
                                             Table XII-1

                         POLLUTANT REMOVAL ESTIMATES FOR INDIRECT DISCHARGERS
                       PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY
                                                                                             H
                                                                                             3
                                                                                                    K
tn
OJ
*>.
Pollutant

Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium (total)
Copper
Cyanide (total)
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Zinc

TOTAL PRIORITY POLLUTANTS

Ammonia
Cobalt
Fluoride
Germanium

TOTAL NONCONVENTIONALS

TOTAL CONVENTIONALS

TOTAL POLLUTANTS
Raw
Waste
(kg/yr)

0.08
0.08
0.06
0
12.26
0
4.29
0
0.35
0
0
0.49
2.86

20.49

0
0
378.16
817.65


1,195.81

0


1,216.30
Option A
Discharge
(kg/yr)

0.05
0.05
0.01
0
0.11
0
0.02
0
0.14
0
0
0.09
0.06

0.55

0
0
2.74
0.19


2.92

0


3.47
Option A
Removed
(kg/yr)

0.03
0.03
0.04
0
12.16
0
4.27
0
0.21
0
0
0.40
2.80

19.93

0
0
375.43
817.46


1,192.89

0


1,212.82
Option C
Discharge
(kg/yr)

0.05
0.05
0.01
0
0.07
0
0.02
0
0.04
0
0
0.06
0.04

0.36

0
0
1.82
0.13


1.95

0


2.31
Option C
Removed
(kg/yr)

0.03
0.03
0.05
0
12.19
0
4.28
0
0.31
0
0
0.43
2.82

20.13

0
0
376.34
817.52


1,193.86

0


1,213.99
-e,
c
V
C
C
2
C
I
K
G
f
N
1
I
C
3
2
5
C
,
3
t
c
|2
C
c
C
(
, j
I-
t
C
<
h

C
t
(
^
       Option A - Chemical precipitation and sedimentation.
       Option C - Chemical precipitation, sedimentation and filtration.

-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND  GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - XII
                          Table XII-2

                   COST OF COMPLIANCE FOR THE
    PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY

                      Indirect Dischargers
                     Total Required           Total Annual
                      Capital Cost                Cost
     Option          (1982 Dollars)          (1982 Dollars)

       A                 24,600                  20,300

       C    .         .    28,300                  22,200
                           5342

-------
OJ
£*

PSES
PRIMARY



Wastewater Stream

Still liquor
Chlorinator wet air
pollution control
Germanium hydrolysis
filtrate


Acid wash and rinse
water

Gallium hydrolysis
filtrate-


Solvent extraction
raffinate











1CLUJ.C All— J
AND PSNS WASTEWATER DISCHARGE RATES
AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM

PSES and PSNS
Normalized Discharge Rate
I/ kkg gal/ ton

63,000 15,130
13,170 13,160

18,870 4,530



155,700 37,400


33,170 8,097



18,820 4,520













FOR THE
SUBCATEGORY


Production Normalizing
Parameters

kkg of Ge chlorinated
kkg of Ge chlorinated

kkg of Ge hydrolyzed



kkg of Ge washed


kkg of Ga hydrolyzed



kkg of Ga produced
by solvent extraction











8
h
S
g
K
t

P

C
K
G
" IB
|
t-
c
S
I
c

•f
t
t
1-
c

D
C
d
r
i-
b
G
C
H
C
<
t-

-------
 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - XII


                           TABLE XI1-4
          PSES FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM
                     AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY

 (a) Still Liquor PSES

Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
pollutant property     any one day     monthly average


         mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of germanium chlorinated
Antimony
*Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
*Zinc
*Fluoride
Gallium
Germanium
180.800
131.700
21.420
27.720
119.700
26.460
121.000
77.490
25.830
129.200
91.980
2,205.000
27.720
27.720
80.640
58.590
9.450
11.340
63.000
12.600
80.010
34.650
10.710
57.330
38.430
1,254.000
11.340
11.340
(b) Chlorinator Wet Air Pollution Control PSES

Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
pollutant property     any one day     monthly average


mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of germanium chlorinated
Antimony
*Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
*Zinc
*Fluoride
Gallium
Germanium
37.800
27.530
4.478
5.795
25.020
5.531
25.290
16.200
5.400
27.000
19.230
461.000
5.795
5.795
16.860
12.250
1.976
2.371
13.170
2.634
16.730
7.244
2.239
11.980
8.034
262.100
2.371
2.371
*Regulated Pollutant
                               5344

-------
 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - XII


                     TABLE XII-4 (Continued)
                          PSES FOR THE
     PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY

(c) Germanium Hydrolysis Filtrate PSES

Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
pollutant property     any one day     monthly average


         mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of germanium hydrolyzed
Antimony
*Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
*Zinc
*Fluoride
Gallium
Germanium
54.160
39.440
6.416
8.303
35.850
7.925
36.230
23.210
7.737
38.680
27.550
660.500
8.303
8.303
24.150
17.550
2.831
3.397
18.870
3.774
23.960
10.380
3.208
17.170
11.510
375.500
3.397
3.397
(d) Acid Wash and Rinse Water PSES
Pollutant or           Maximum for     Maximum for
pollutant property     any one day     monthly average


           mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of germanium washed
Antimony
*Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
*Zinc
*Fluoride
Gallium
Germanium
446.900
325.500
52.940
68.520
295.900
65.400
299.000
191.500
63.850
319.200
227.400
5,450.000
68.520
68.520
199.300
144.800
23.360
28.030
155.700
31.140
197.800
85.650
26.470
141.700
94.990
3,099.000
28.030
28.030
*Regulated Pollutant
                               5345

-------
 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - XII


                     TABLE XII-4 (Continued)
                          PSES FOR THE
     PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY

 (e) Gallium Hydrolysis Filtrate PSES

Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
pollutant property     any one day     monthly average


          mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of gallium hydrolyzed
Antimony
*Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
*Zinc
*Fluoride
Gallium
Germanium
96.750
70.450
11.460
14.830
64.050
14.160
64.720
41.460
13.820
69.110
49.220
1,180.000
14.830
14.830
43.150
31.350
5.057
6.068
33.710
6.742
42.810
18.540
5.731
30.680
20.560
670.800
6.068
6.068
(f) Solvent Extraction Raffinate PSES
Pollutant or           Maximum for     Maximum for
pollutant property     any one day     monthly average


mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of gallium produced by solvent extraction
Antimony
*Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
*Zinc
*Fluoride
Gallium
Germanium
54.010
39.330
6.399
8.281
35.760
7.904
36.130
23.150
7.716
38.580
27.480
658.700
8.281
8.281
24.090
17.500
2.823
3.388
18.820
3.764
23.900
10.350
3.199
17.130
11.480
374.500
3.388
3.388
*Regulated Pollutant
                               5346

-------
 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - XII


                           TABLE XI1-5
                          PSNS FOR THE
     PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY

(a) Still Liquor PSNS

Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
pollutant property     any one day     monthly average


         mg/kg (Ib/raillion Ibs) of germanium chlorinated
Antimony
*Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
*Zinc
*Fluoride
Gallium
Germanium
180.800
131.700
21.420
27.720
119.700
26.460
121.000
77.490
25.830
129.200
91.980
2,205.000
27.720
27.720
80.640
58.590
9.450
11.340
63.000
12.600
80.010
34.650
10.710
57.330
38.430
1,254.000
11.340
11.340
(b) Chlorinator Wet Air Pollution Control PSNS

Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
pollutant property     any one day     monthly average


mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of germanium chlorinated
Antimony
*Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
*Zinc
*Fluoride
Gallium
Germanium
37.800
27.530
4.478
5.795
25.020
5.531
25.290
16.200
5.400
27.000
19.230
461.000
5.795
5.795
16.860
12.250
1.976
2.371
13.170
2.634
16.730
7.244
2.239
11.980
8.034
262.100
2.371
2.371
*Regulated Pollutant
                               5347

-------
 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - XII


                     TABLE XII-5 (Continued)
                          PSNS FOR THE
     PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATSGORY

 (c) Germanium Hydrolysis Filtrate PSNS

Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
pollutant property     any one day     monthly average


         mg/kg  (Ib/million Ibs) of germanium hydrolyzed
Antimony
*Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
*Zinc
*Fluoride
Gallium
Germanium
54.160
39.440
6.416
8.303
35.850
7.925
36.230
23.210
7.737
38.680
27.550
660.500
8.303
8.303
24.150
17.550
2.831
3.397
18.870
3.774
23.960
10.380
3.208
17.170
11.510
375.500
3.397
3.397
(d) Acid Wash and Rinse Water PSNS
Pollutant or           Maximum for     Maximuii for
pollutant property     any one day     monthly average
           mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of germanium washed
Antimony
*Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
*Zinc
*Fluoride
Gallium
Germanium
446.900
325.500
52.940
68.520
295.900
65.400
299,000
191.500
63.850
319.200
227.400
5,450.000
68.520
68.520
199.300
144.800
23.360
28.030
155.700
31.140
197.800
85.650
26.470
141.700
94.990
3,099.000
28.030
28.030
*Regulated Pollutant
                               5348

-------
 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - XII


                     TABLE XI1-5 (Continued)
                          PSNS FOR THE <
     PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY

(e) Gallium Hydrolysis Filtrate PSNS

Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
pollutant property     any one day .    monthly average


          mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of gallium hydrolyzed
Antimony
*Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
*Zinc
*Fluoride
Gallium
Germanium
96.750
70.450
11.460
14.830
64.050
14.160
64.720
41.460
13.820
69.110
49.220
1,180.000
14.830
14.830
43.150
31.350
5.057
6.068
33.710
-6.742
42.810
18.540
5.731
30.680
20.560
670.800
6.068
6.068
(f) Solvent Extraction Raffinate PSNS
Pollutant or           Maximum for     Maximum for
pollutant property     any one day     monthly average


mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of gallium produced by solvent extraction
Antimony
*Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
*Zinc
*Fluoride
Gallium
Germanium
54.010
39.330
6.399
8.281
35.760
7.904
36.130
23.150
7.716
38.580
27.480
658.700
8.281
8.281
24.090
17.500
2.823
3.388
18.820
3.764
23.900
10.350
3.199
17.130
11.480
374.500
3.388
3.388
*Regulated Pollutant
                               5349

-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIOM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - XII
              THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
                              5350

-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - XIII




                          SECTION XIII

         BEST CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANT CONTROL TECHNOLOGY
EPA is  not  promulgating  best  conventional  pollutant  control
technology  (BCT)  for  the  primary  and secondary germanium and
gallium subcategory at this time.
                               5351

-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY GERMANIUM AND GALLIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - XIII
               THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
                               5352

-------
NONFERROUS METALS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY


           DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT SUPPLEMENT


                       for the


        Primary Rare Earth Metals Subcategory
                  William K. Reilly
                    Administrator
                   Rebecca Hanmer
      Acting Assistant Administrator for Water
              Martha Prothro, Director
      Office of Water Regulations and Standards
            Thomas P. O'Farrell,  Director
           Industrial Technology Division
             Ernst P. Hall/  P.E., Chief
               Metals Industry Branch
                         and
              Technical Project Officer
                     May 1989
        U.S.  Environmental Protection Agency
                   Office of Water
      Office  of Water Regulations and Standards
           Industrial Technology Division
              Washington, D. C.   20460
                         5353

-------
5354

-------
             PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCAfEGOlY



                     TABLE OF CONTENTS


Section                                                    Page


I         SUMMARY                                          5363

II        CONCLUSIONS                                      5365

III       SUBCATEGORY PROFILE                              5375

          Description of Primary Rare Earth Metals         5375
            Production
          Raw Materials                                    5376
          Calcium Reduction                                5376
          Mischmetal Reduction                             5376
          Production of Mischmetal                         5376
          Process Wastewater Sources                       5377
          Other Wastewater Sources                         5377
          Age, Production, and Process Profile             5378

IV        SUBCATEGORIZATION                                5387

          Factors Considered in Subdividing the Primary    5387
            Rare Earth Metals Subcategory
          Other Factors                                    5388
          Production Normalizing Parameters                5388

V         WATER USE AND WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS         5389

          Wastewater Flow Rates                            5390
          Wastewater Characteristics Data                  5390
          Data Collection Portfolios                       5391
          Field Sampling Data                              5391
          Wastewater Characteristics and Flows by          5392
            Subdivision
          Dryer Vent Water Quench and Scrubber             5392
          Dryer Vent Caustic Wet Air Pollution Control     5393
          Electrolytic Cell Water Quench and Scrubber      5393
          Electrolytic Cell Caustic Wet Air Pollution      5393
            Control
          Sodium Hypochlorite Filter Backwash              5394
                               5355

-------
             PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY


                  TABLE OF CONTENTS  (Continued)

Section

VI        SELECTION OF POLLUTANT PARAMETERS

          Conventional and Nonconventional Pollutant
            Parameters Selected
          Toxic Priority Pollutants                        5450
          Toxic Pollutants Never Detected                  5450
          Toxic Pollutants Never Found Above Their         5450
            Analytical Quantification Concentration
          Toxic Pollutants Present Below Concentrations    5450
            Achievable by Treatment
          Toxic Pollutants Detected  in a Small Number      5451
            of Sources
          Toxic Pollutants Selected  for Further            5452
            Consideration in Establishing Limitations
            and Standards

VII       CONTROL AND TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES               5463

          Current Control and Treatment Practices          5463
          Dryer Vent Water Quench and Scrubber             5463
          Dryer Vent Caustic Wet Air Pollution Control     5464
          Electrolytic Cell Water Quench and Scrubber      5464
          Electrolytic Cell Caustic Wet Air Pollution      5464
            Control
          Sodium Hypochlorite Filter Backwash              5464
          Treatment Practices                              5464
          Control and Treatment Options                    5464
          Option A                                         5465
          Option B                                         5465
          Option C                                         5465
          Option E                                         5465

VIII      COSTS, ENERGY, AND NONWATER QUALITY ASPECTS      5467

          Treatment Options for Existing Sources           5467
          Option A                                         5467
          Option B                                         5467
          Option C                                         5467
          Option E                                         5467
          Cost Methodology                                 5468
          Nonwater Quality Aspects                         5468
          Energy Requirements                              5468
          Solid Waste                                      5468
          Air Pollution                                    5470
                               5356

-------
             PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY


                  TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)


Section
IX        BEST PRACTICABLE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY CURRENTLY     5473
          AVAILABLE

          Technical Approach to BPT                        5473
          Industry Cost and Pollutant Removal Estimates    5475
          BPT Option Selection                             5475
          Wastewater Discharge Rates                       5476
          Dryer Vent Water Quench and Scrubber             5476
          Dryer Vent Caustic Wet Air Pollution Control     5477
          Electrolytic Cell Water Quench and Scrubber      5477
          Electrolytic Cell Caustic Wet Air Pollution      5477
            Control
          Sodium Hypochlorite Filter Backwash              5478
          Regulated Pollutant Parameters                   5478
          Effluent Limitations                             5478

X         BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY ECONOMICALLY           5486
          ACHIEVABLE

          Technical Approach to BAT                        5485
          Option A                                         5486
          Option B                                         5486
          Option C                                         5486
          Option E                                         5487
          Pollutant Removal Estimates                      5487
          Compliance Costs                                 5488
          BAT Option Selection - Proposal                  5489
          BAT Option Selection - Promulgation              5489
          Wastewater Discharge Rates                       5490
          Dryer Vent Water Quench and Scrubber             5490
          Electrolytic Cell Water Quench and Scrubber      5491
          Regulated Pollutant Parameters                   5491
          Effluent Limitations                             5492

XI        NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS                 5503

          Technical Approach to NSPS                       5503
          NSPS Option Selection - Proposal                 5504
          NSPS Option Selection - Promulgation             5504
          Regulated Pollutant Parameters                   5505
          New Source Performance Standards                 5505
                               5357

-------
             PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY


                  TABLE OP CONTENTS (Continued)


Section                                                    Page


XII       PRETREATMENT STANDARDS                           5511

          Technical Approach to Pretreatment               5511
          Industry Cost and Pollutant Removal. Estimates    5512
          Pretreatment Standards for Existing and New      5512
            Sources
          PSNS and PSES Option Selection - Proposal        5512
          PSNS Option Selection - Promulgation             5512
          PSES Option Selection - Promulgation             5513
          Regulated Pollutant Parameters                   5513
          Pretreatment Standards                           5513

XIII      BEST CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANT CONTROL              5523
          TECHNOLOGY
                               5358

-------
             PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY


                         LIST OF TABLES


Table                   -     Title                         Page
III-l     Initial Operating Year (Range) Summary of Plants 5379
          in the Primary Rare Earth Metals Subcategory by
          Discharge,Type

III-2     Production Ranges for the Primary Rare Earth     5380
          Metals Subcategory

III-3     Summary of Primary Rare Earth Metals Subcategory 5381
          Processes and Associated Waste Streams

V-l       Water Use and Discharge Rates for Dryer Vent     5395
          Water Quench and Scrubber

¥-2       Water Use and Discharge Rates for Dryer Vent     5395
          Caustic Wet Air Pollution Control

V-3       Water Use and Discharge Rates for Electrolytic   5395
          Cell Water Quench and Scrubber

V-4       Water Use and Discharge Rates for Electrolytic   5396
          Cell Caustic Wet Air Pollution Control

V-5       Water Use and Discharge Rates for Sodium         5396
          Hypochlorite Filter Backwash

V-6       Primary Rare Earth Metals Sampling Data Dryer    5397
          Vent Water Quench Raw Wastewater

V-7       Primary Rare Earth Metals Sampling Data Dryer    5407
          Vent Caustic Scrubber Raw Wastewater?

V-8       Primary Rare Earth Metals Sampling Data          5417
          Electrolytic Cell Water Quench Raw Wastewater

V-9       Primary Rare Earth Metals Sampling Data Combined 5427
          Raw Wastewater

V-10      Primary Rare Earth Metals Sampling Data Final    5437
          Effluent

VI-1      Frequency of Occurrence of Priority Pollutants   5455
          Primary Rare Earth Metals Raw Wastewater

VI-2      Toxic Pollutants Never Detected                  5459
                               5359

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             PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY


                   LIST OP TABLES (Continued)


Table                        Title                         Page


VIII-1    Cost of.Compliance for the Primary Rare Earth    5471
          Metals Subcategory Direct Dischargers

IX-1      BPT Wastewater Discharge Rates for "the Primary   5479
          Rare Earth Metals Subcategory

IX-2      BPT Mass Limitations for the Primary Rare Earth  5480
          Metals Subcatego'ry

X-l       Pollutant Removal Estimates for Direct           5493
          Dischargers Primary Rare Earth Metals Subcategory

X-2       Cost of Compliance for the Primary Rare Earth    5494
          Metals Subcategory Direct Dischargers

X-3       BAT Wastewater Discharge Rates for the Primary   5495
          Rare Earth Metals Subcategory

X-4       BAT Mass Limitations for the Primary Rare Earth  5496
          Metals Subcategory

XI—1      NSPS Wastewater Discharge Rates for the Primary  5506
          Rare Earth Metals Subcategory

XI-2      NSPS for the Primary Rare Earth Metals           5507
          Subcategory

XII-1     Pollutant Removal Estimates for Indirect         5514
          Dischargers Primary Rare Earth Metals Subcategory

XII-2.    Cost of Compliance for the Primary Rare Earth    5515
          Metals Subcategory Indirect Dischargers

XII-3     PSES and PSNS Wastewater Discharge Rates for the 5516
          Primary Rare Earth Metals Subcategory

XII-4     PSES for the Primary Rare Earth Metals           5517
          Subcategory

XII-5     PSNS for the Primary Rare Earth Metals           5520
          Subcategory
                               5360

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             PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY



                         LIST OP FIGURES


Figure                       Title                         Page


III-l     Calcium Reduction Process Primary Rare Earth     5382
          Metals Subcategory

III-2     Mischmetal Reduction Process Primary Rare Earth  5383
          Metals Subcategory

III-3     Mischmetal Production Process Primary Rare       5384
          Earth Metals Subcategory

III-4     Geographic Locations of the Primary Rare Earth   5385
          Metals Subcategory Plants

V-l       Sampling Sites at Primary Rare Earth Metals      5447
          Plant

IX-1      BPT Treatment Scheme for the Primary Rare Earth  5483
          Metals Subcategory

X-l       BAT Treatment Scheme for Option A                5499

X-2       BAT Treatment Scheme for Option B                5500

X-3       BAT Treatment Scheme for Option C                5501

X-4       BAT Treatment Scheme for Option E                5502
                               5361

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PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY
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                  5362

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       PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY    SECT - I



                            SECTION I

                             SUMMARY


This  document  provides  the technical  basis  for  promulgating
effluent  limitations based on best practicable technology  (BPT)
and   best  available  technology  (BAT)  for   existing   direct
dischargers,   pretreatment  standards  for   existing   indirect
dischargers  (PSES),  pretreatment  standards  for  new  indirect
dischargers  (PSNS), and standards of performance for new  source
direct dischargers (NSPS).

At  the  time  of promulgation, the  primary  rare  earth  metals
subcategory  consisted of four plants.  Of the four  plants,  one
discharges  directly  to  a surface water, one  discharges  to  a
publicly  owned  treatment works (POTW), and two  plants  do  not
discharge  process wastewater. Since then, one additional  plant,
which does not discharge process wastewater, has been located.

EPA  first  studied the primary rare earth metals subcategory  to
determine whether differences in raw materials,  final  products,
manufacturing processes,  equipment,  age and size of plants,  or
water  usage,  required  the  development  of  separate  effluent
limitations   and  standards  for  different  segments   of   the
subcategory.  This  involved a detailed  analysis  of  wastewater
discharge  and  treated effluent characteristics,  including  the
sources and volume of water used, the processes used, the sources
of pollutants and wastewaters in the plant, and the  constituents
of wastewaters, including priority pollutants.  As a result, five
subdivisions  have  been  identified for  this  subcategory  that
warrant separate effluent limitations.  These include:

  o  Dryer vent water quench and scrubber,
  o  Dryer vent caustic wet air pollution Control,
  o  Electrolytic cell water quench and scrubber,
  o  Electrolytic cell caustic wet air pollution control, and
  o  Sodium hypochlorite filter backwash.

EPA  also  identified  several  distinct  control  and  treatment
technologies  (both  in-plant and end-of-pipe) applicable to  the
primary rare earth metals subcategory.   The Agency analyzed both
historical  and newly generated data on the performance of  these
technologies,  including  their  nonwater  quality  environmental
impacts  and  air  quality, solid waste  generation,  and  energy
requirements.  EPA also studied various flow reduction techniques
reported  in  the  data collection  portfolios  (dcp)  and  plant
visits.

Engineering  costs  were  prepared for each of  the  control  and
treatment  options considered for the subcategory.   These  costs
were  then  used  by  the  Agency  to  estimate  the  impact   of
implementing  the various options on the subcategory.   For  each
control  and  treatment option that the Agency found to  be  most


                               5363

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       PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY    SECT - I


effective  and technically feasible in controlling the  discharge
of  pollutants,  we estimated the number of  potential  closures,
number of employees affected, and impact on price.  These results
are reported in a separate document entitled "The Economic Impact
Analysis of Effluent Limitations and Standards for the Nonferrous
Metals Manufacturing Industry."

After  examining the various treatment technologies,  the  Agency
has identified BPT to represent the average of the best  existing
technology.   Metals  removal based on chemical precipitation and
sedimentation technology is the basis for the BPT limitations. To
meet the BPT effluent limitations based on this  technology,  the
primary  rare  earth metals subcategory is not expected to  incur
any additional capital or annual costs.

For  BAT,  the Agency has built upon the BPT technology basis  by
adding  in-process control technologies which include recycle  of
process  water  from quench and wet air pollution  control  waste
streams.   Filtration  is added as an effluent polishing step  to
the  end-of-pipe  treatment scheme followed by  activated  carbon
adsorption technology for removal of toxic organics.

NSPS  is equivalent to BAT.   In selecting NSPS,  EPA  recognizes
that  new plants have the opportunity to implement the  best  and
most  efficient manufacturing processes and treatment technology.
As such,  the technology basis of BAT has been determined as  the
best demonstrated technology.

The  technology basis for PSES is equivalent to BAT.   For  PSNS,
the  Agency  selected end-of-pipe treatment and  in-process  flow
reduction control techniques equivalent to NSPS.

To meet the effluent limitations and pretreatinent standards based
on  the  BAT-PSES  technology,  the  primary  rare  earth  metals
subcategory is estimated to incur a capital cost of $231,100  and
an annual cost of $117,200.

The  best  conventional  technology (BCT) replaces  BAT  for  the
control of conventional pollutants.  BCT is not being promulgated
because the methodology for BCT has not yet been finalized.

After promulgation, the agency withdrew the BPT and BAT  effluent
limitations  because  of a procedural error in  the  promulgation
process. The promulgated limitations and rationales are  included
in  this  document  for completeness  and  as  best  professional
judgment advise to permit writers should the need for such advise
arise.  The  mass limitations and standards for BPT,  BAT,  NSPS,
PSES, and PSNS are presented in Section II.

The 16 lanthanide group metals included as rare earth metals  are
cerium,   dysprosium,  erbium,  europium,  gadolinium,   holmium,
lanthanum, lutetium, neodymium, praseodymium, samarium, scandium,
terbium, thulium, ytterbium, and yttrium.
                           5364

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       PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY    SECT - II



                           SECTION II

                           CONCLUSIONS

EPA  has divided the primary rare earth metals  subcategory  into
five  subdivisions  for the purpose of effluent  limitations  and
standards.  These subdivisions are:

  (a)  Dryer vent water quench and scrubber,
  (b)  Dryer vent caustic wet air pollution control,
  (c)  Electrolytic cell water quench and scrubber,
  (d)  Electrolytic cell caustic wet air pollution control, and
  (e)  Sodium hypochlorite filter backwash.

BPT  was promulgated based on the performance achievable  by  the
application of chemical precipitation and sedimentation (lime and
settle)  technology. After promulgation the Agency  withdrew  BPT
because  of  a  procedural  error.  The  following  BPT  effluent
limitations  were  promulgated  and are presented  here  as  best
professional advice:

(a)  Dryer Vent Water Quench and Scrubber  BPT

   Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average

   mg/kg(Ib/million Ibs) of mischmetal produced from
                wet rare earth chlorides

Chromium (Total)          4.648             1.901
Lead                      4.436             2.113
Nickel                   20.280            13.420
TSS                     433.100           206.000
pH       Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times


(b)  Dryer Vent Caustic Wet Air Pollution Control  BPT
                                                    \
   Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average

     mg/kg(Ib/million Ibs)of mischmetal produced
             from wet rare earth chlorides

Chromium (Total)           0.323             0.132
Lead                       0.308             0.147
Nickel                     1.409             0.932
TSS                       30.090            14.310
pH        Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
                               5365

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       PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY    SECT - II


(c)  Electrolytic Cell Water Quench and Scrubber  BPT

   Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average

  mg/kg(Ib/million Ibs)of total mischmetal produced

Chromium (Total)          5.580             2.283
Lead                      5.326             2.536
Nickel                   24.350            16.110
TSS                     520.000           247.300
pH       Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times


(d)  Electrolytic Cell Caustic Wet Air Pollution Control  BPT

   Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average

  mg/kg(Ib/million Ibs) of total mischmetal produced

Chromium (Total)          0.000              0.000
Lead                      0.000              0.000
Nickel                    0.000              0.000
TSS                       0.000              0.000
pH        Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times


(e)  Sodium Hypochlorite Filter Backwash  BPT

   Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for"
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average

  mg/kg(Ib/million Ibs)of total mischmetal produced

Chromium (Total)           0.159             0.065
Lead                       0.152             0.072
Nickel                     0.695             0.460
TSS                       14.840            , 7.059
pH        Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times


BAT  was promulgated based on the performance achievable  by  the
application of chemical precipitation, sedimentation,  multimedia
filtration, activated carbon adsorption technology, and inprocess
flow  reduction methods. After promulgation, the Agency  withdrew
BAT  because  of a procedural error. The following  BAT  effluent
limitations  are presented here as best professional  advice  for
the permit writer:
                               5366

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       PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY    SECT —II
(a)  Dryer Vent Water Quench and Scrubber  BAT

   Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average

   mg/kg(Ib/million Ibs) of mischmetal produced from
             wet rare earth chlorides

Hexachlorobenzene         0.042             0.042
Chromium (Total)          1.544             0.626
Lead                      1.168             0.542
Nickel                    2.295             1.544
(b)  Dryer Vent Caustic Wet Air Pollution Control  BAT

   Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average

   mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of mischmetal produced from
              wet rare earth chlorides

Hexachlorobenzene         0.007             0.007
Chromium (Total)          0.272             0.110
Lead                      0.206             0.095
Nickel                    0.404             0.272
(c)  Electrolytic Cell Water Quench and Scrubber  BAT

   Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average

  mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of total mischmetal produced

Hexachlorobenzene          0.094             0.094
Chromium (Total)           3.474             1.409
Lead                       2.629             1.221
Nickel                     5.165             3.474
(d)  Electrolytic Cell Caustic Wet Air Pollution Control  BAT

   Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average

  mg/kg(Ib/million Ibs) of total mischmetal produced

Hexachlorobenzene         0.000              0.000
Chromium (Total)          0.000              0.000
Lead                      0.000              0.000
Nickel                    0.000              0.000
                               5367

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       PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY    SECT - II
(e)  Sodium Hypochlorite Filter Backwash  BAT

   Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average

  mg/kg(Ib/million Ibs)of total mischmetal produced

Hexachlorobenzene         0.004             0.004
Chromium (Total)          0.134             0.054
Lead                      0.101             0.047
Nickel                    0.199             0.134


NSPS  are promulgated based on the performance achievable by  the
application of chemical precipitation, sedimentation,  multimedia
filtration,  activated  carbon technology,  and  in-process  flow
reduction  methods. The following standards are  promulgated  for
new sources:

(a)  Dryer Vent Water Quench and Scrubber  NS3PS

   Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average

   mg/kg(Ib/million Ibs)of mischmetal produced from
                wet rare earth chlorides

Hexachlorobenzene         0.042             0.042
Chromium (Total)          1.544             0.626
Lead                      1.168             0.542
Nickel                    2.295             1.544
TSS                      62.600            50.080
pH       Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times


(b)  Dryer Vent Caustic Wet Air Pollution Control  NSPS

   Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average

   mg/kg(Ib/million Ibs) of mischmetal produced from
                wet rare earth chlorides

Hexachlorobenzene         0.007             0.007
Chromium (Total)          0.272             0.110
Lead                      0.206             0.095
Nickel                    0.404             0.272
TSS                      11.010             8.808
pH       Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
                               5368

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       PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY    SECT - II


(c)  Electrolytic Cell Water Quench and Scrubber  NSPS

   Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average

  mg/kg(Ib/million Ibs)of total mischmetal produced

Hexachlorobenzene          0.094             0.094
Chromium (Total)           3.474             1.409
Lead                       2.629             1.221
Nickel                     5.165             3.474
TSS                      140.900           112.700
pH        Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times

                      i

(d)  Electrolytic Cell Caustic Wet Air Pollution Control  NSPS

   Pollutant or        Maximum for    '.   Maximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million
Hexachlorobenzene
Chromium (Total)
Lead
Nickel
TSS
pH Within the
Ibs) of total
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
range of 7.5
mischmetal produced
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
to 10.0 at all times
(e)  Sodium Hypochlorite Filter Backwash  NSPS

   Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average

  mg/kg(Ib/million Ibs) of total mischmetal produced

Hexachlorobenzene         0.004             0.004
Chromium (Total)          0.134             0.054
Lead                      0.101             0.047
Nickel                    0 199             0.134
TSS                       5.430             4.344
pH       Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
                               5369

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       PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY    SECT - II


PSES  are promulgated based on the performance achievable by  the
application of chemical precipitation, sedimentation,  multimedia
filtration, activated carbon adsorption technology, and inprocess
flow reduction methods. The following pretreatment standards  are
promulgated for existing sources:


(a)  Dryer Vent Water Quench and Scrubber  PSES

   Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average

   mg/kg(Ib/million Ibs)of mischmetal produced from
                wet rare earth chlorides

Hexachlorobenzene         0.042             0.042
Chromium (Total)          1.544             0.626
Lead                      1.168             0.542
Nickel                    2.295             1.544
b)  Dryer Vent Caustic Wet Air Pollution Control  PSES

   Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average

  mg/kg(Ib/million Ibs)of mischmetal produced from
               wet rare earth chlorides

Hexachlorobenzene         0.007             0.007
Chromium (Total)          0.474             0.110
Lead                      0.206             0.095
Nickel                    0.404             0.272
c)  Electrolytic Cell Water Quench and Scrubber  PSES

   Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average

  mg/kg(Ib/million Ibs)of total mischmetal produced

Hexachlorobenzene         0.094             0.094
Chromium (Total)          3.474             1.409
Lead                      2.629             1.221
Nickel                    5.165             3.474
                               5370

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       PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY    SECT - II


(d)  Electrolytic Cell Caustic Wet Air Pollution Control  PSES

   Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs)
Hexachlorobenzene
Chromium (Total)
Lead
Nickel
(e) Sodium Hypochlorite

of total mischmetal produced
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
Filter Backwash

0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
PSES
   Pollutant or        Maximum for       Maximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average

  mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of total mischmetal produced

Hexachlorobenzene         0.004             0.004
Chromium (Total)          0.134             0.054
Lead                      0.101             0.047
Nickel                    0.199             0.134
PSNS  are promulgated based on the performance achievable by  the
application of chemical precipitation, sedimentation,  multimedia
filtration,  activated  carbon  adsorption  technology,  and  in-
process  flow  reduction  methods.  The  following   pretreatment
standards are promulgated for new sources:

(a)  Dryer Vent Water Quench and Scrubber  PSNS

   Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average

   mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of mischmetal produced from
                wet rare earth chlorides

Hexachlorobenzene         0.042             0.042
Chromium (Total)          1.544             0.626
Lead                      1.168             0.543
Nickel                    2.295             1.544
                               5371

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       PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY    SECT - II


 (b)  Dryer Vent Caustic Wet Air Pollution Control  PSNS

   Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
 Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average

   mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of mischmetal produced from
                wet rare earth chlorides

 Hexachlorobenzene         0.007             0.007
 Chromium (Total)          0.272             0.110
 Lead                      0.206             0.095
 Nickel                    0.404             0.272


 (c)  Electrolytic Cell Water Quench and Scrubber  PSNS

   Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
 Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average

  mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of total mischmetal produced

 Hexachlorobenzene         0.094             0.094
 Chromium (Total)          3.474             1.409
 Lead                      2.629             1.221
 Nickel                    5.165             3.474
(d)  Electrolytic Cell Caustic Wet Air Pollution Control  PSNS

   Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average

  mg/kg(Ib/million Ibs) of total mischmetal produced

Hexachlorobenzene         0.000              0.000
Chromium (Total)          0.000    -          0.000
Lead                      0.000              0.000
Nickel                    0.000              0.000
                               5372

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       PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY    SECT - II


(e)  Sodium Hypochlorite Filter Backwash  PSNS
             or        Maximum for       Maximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average

  mg/kg ( Ib/mi 11 ion IBs ) of total mi schmet al produced

Hexachlorobenzene         0.004             0.004
Chromium (Total)          0.134             0.054
Lead                      0.101             0.047
Nickel                    0.199             0.134
EPA  is  not promulgating best conventional technology  (BCT)  at
this time for the primary rare earth metals subcategory.
                               5373

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PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY    SECT - II
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                        5374

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         PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY   SECT - III



                           SECTION III

                       SUBCATEGORY PROFILE


This  section  of  the  primary  rare  earth  metals   supplement
describes  the  raw  materials and processes  used  in  producing
primary  rare earth metals and presents a profile of the  primary
rare  earth metals plants identified in this study.

Rare earth metals are presently used in areas such as metallurgy,
ceramics, and electrical and lighting applications   A mixture of
individual  rare earth metals and iron called mischmetal  is  the
rare  earth metal predominately used in metallurgy.   It is added
to  select alloys to increase hardness,  electrical  and  thermal
conductivity,  and  to  improve high temperature  characteristics
with respect to strength and resistance to oxidation.  Mischmetal
is also the main ingredient of lighter flints.  In ceramics, rare
earth  metals  are used in pigments,  heating  elements,  and  in
dielectric  and  conductive ceramics.   Electrical  and  lighting
applications  include using rare earth metal phosphors  in  color
television  tubes,  radar  screens  thermometers,  low  and  high
pressure  mercury  vapor  lamps,  and  trichromatic   fluorescent
lights. Rare earth permanent magnets are used in electric motors,
alternators,  line printers, and disk drive actuators as well  as
other applications.

DESCRIPTION OF PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS PRODUCTION

In  this  supplement  the production of rare  earth  metals  will
focus  primarily  on the production of individual metals  of  the
lanthanide  group  and  on  the  production  of  mischmetal.  The
production  processes  for manufacturing  individual  rare  earth
metals  include  calcium  reduction,  mischmetal  reduction   and
solvent extraction.

Two process operations are used in the production of  mischmetal.
Mischmetal  is an alloy typically composed of cerium,  lanthanum,
neodymium, praseodymium, other rare earth metals, and iron,  with
cerium being the greatest constituent and iron the smallest.   In
the  first operation, the raw material is dehydrated, and in  the
second  operation,  the dried raw  material  is  electrolytically
reduced  to metal. Wastewater is generated during the  production
of  mischmetal  while  the production of  individual  rare  earth
metals does not generates process wastewater.

The  following  paragraphs will further explain these  operations
and  processes.   A schematic diagram for the  calcium  reduction
process  is  shown in Figure III-l (page 5382).   The  mischmetal
reduction  process  is shown in Figure III-2  (page  5383).   The
mischmetal  production  process is shown in  Figure  III-3  (page
5384).
                               5375

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         PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY   SECT - III
RAW MATERIALS

The raw materials that are used by the plants in the primary rare
earth  metals  subcategory  are rare earth  metal  oxides,  metal
hydroxides, metal chlorides, and metal fluoride.

Depending  on  their  availability.  rare  earth  metal   oxides,
hydroxides, chlorides, and fluorides are obtained from foreign or
domestic  companies  which mine, separate, and  concentrate  ores
containing rare earth metals.

CALCIUM REDUCTION

Ten  of  the 14 lanthanide group metals are produced  by  calcium
reduction.    These  include  lanthanum,   cerium,  praseodymium,
neodymium,  gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, and
lutetium, as well as scandium and yttrium.  The raw material form
of  these  metals is the metal fluoride.   The  individual  metal
fluoride  is  placed with calcium metal into a  reduction  vessel
where  a heat-driven reaction produces pure rare earth metal  and
calcium fluoride.   The metals are further purified by melting in
a  vacuum  to remove impurities.   Casting is dependent upon  the
form in which a buyer wants the metal.  Non-contact cooling water
is  used  to cool both the reduction vessel and the  melting  and
casting  equipment.   No process wastewater is generated  in  the
calcium reduction process.

MISCHMETAL REDUCTION

The last four of the lanthanide group metals, samarium, europium,
thulium,  and  ytterbium,  are produced by mischmetal  reduction.
Mischmetal reduces the oxide form of these metals to an elemental
form.   In this reaction  the mischmetal acts as a reducing agent
and  is  oxidized to a mixture of rare earth metal  oxides.   The
process is performed at low pressure and a temperature below  the
melting  point so that the metals vaporize or sublime.   The pure
metal  is condensed and collected in a crystalline mass  of  high
purity.   These  solids may be crushed into powder or melted  and
cast  if  a  solid product form is desired.   Water use  in  this
process  is  limited  to  noncontact  cooling,  thus  no  process
wastewater streams are generated by this production process.

PRODUCTION OF MISCHMETAL
               t
Raw  Material Dehydration: Wet rare earth chlorides  or  hydrated
rare  earth  chloride compounds must be stripped of  their  water
before electrolytic reduction can take place.  This is to prevent
decay of the graphite anode during electrolysis.  The anode could
be  decayed  by  the  reaction of the  liberated  oxygen  in  the
electrolyte with the carbon anode to form carbon dioxide.   Batch
or  continuous  mode  dryers  may be used.   Both  gas  heat  and
electric  heat  have been used to run the  dehydration  furnaces.
The off-gases from the furnaces are treated by water or  alkaline
scrubbers  to  scrub particulates and acid  from  the  off-gases.
The treated  gases are vented and and the scrubber liquor  may be


                               5376

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         PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY   SECT - III


discharged to wastewater treatment.

Electrolytic  Reduction: Dry rare earth chlorides are reduced  to
mischmetal  in  electrolytic cells.  Batch  process  electrolysis
reduces  the  rare  earth salts to metal in eight  to  12  hours.
Excess  slag  is  removed  and may be sold  for  its  rare  earth
chlorides content.  Off-gases from electrolytic reduction include
chlorine  gas, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide gases from  the
carbon  in  the  graphite anodes, and  hydrochloric  acid  fumes.
These gases are contacted with water to cool the gases and absorb
particulates   and  hydrochloric  acid  vapors.   The   partially
cleansed gases are then contacted with sodium hydroxide  solution
where   sodium  hypochlorite  is  formed.  After   a   sufficient
hypochlorite concentration is attained, the solution may be  sold
as a by product.

Since  the  composition of-mischmetal is defined  within  certain
limits,  the  quantities  and types of rare  earth  chloride  raw
materials  must be properly proportioned as they are added to the
electrolytic  reduction cell to produce the specified  mischmetal
composition.   Following the reduction process, the mischmetal is
cast into bars or ingots for future uses primarily in metallurgy.

PROCESS WASTEWATER SOURCES

The process wastewater sources for the primary rare earth  metals
subcategory are subdivided as follows:

     1.  Dryer vent water quench and scrubber,
     2.  Dryer vent caustic wet air pollution control,
     3.  Electrolytic cell water quench and scrubber,
     4.  Electrolytic cell caustic wet air pollution control, and
     5.  Sodium hypochlorite filter backwash.

The building blocks used at proposal were revised because of  new
information provided to the Agency after proposal. Subdivisions 1
and  2  which  were  a single building  block  at  proposal  were
separated at promulgation because not all plants incorporate both
subdivisions in their process operations.

Information  was also supplied in comments after proposal  for  a
sodium hypochlorite filter backwash wastewater stream. The Agency
did  not  give this wastewater stream an  allowance  at  proposal
because  no  plant  had reported it in their  dcp.   However,  in
response  to  industry comments, EPA  has  promulgated  discharge
standards for this wastewater stream.

OTHER WASTEWATER SOURCES

There may be other wastewater streams associated with the primary
rare   earth  metals  subcategory.  These  streams  may   include
noncontact  cooling  water, maintenance and  cleanup  water,  and
stormwater runoff. These wastewater streams are not considered as
a  part  of  this rulemaking.  EPA believes that  the  flows  and
pollutant   loadings   associated   with   these   streams    are


                               5377

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         PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY   SECT - III


insignificant  relative to the wastewaters selected and are  best
handled  by  the appropriate permit authority on  a  case-by-case
basis under authority of Section 402 of the Clean Water Act.

AGE, PRODUCTION, AND PROCESS PROFILE

Figure III-4 (page 5385) shows the locations of the primary  rare
earth metals plants identified in this study.  Three are  located
in  the  Eastern United States while one is in  the  southwestern
region.

Table  III-l  (page 5379) shows the relative  age  and  discharge
status  of  the  primary rare earth metals plants.   Two  of  the
plants  are noticeably older than the others.  Table III-2  (page
5380)  shows the relative production for the primary  rare  earth
metals plants for 1982.

Mischmetal  is the rare earth metal that is produced in  greatest
volume,  but most of the plants that manufacture mischmetal  also
manufacture other alloys and pure rare earth metals and powders.

Table  III-3  (page  5381) provides a summary of  the  number  of
plants  generating  wastewater for the waste  streams  associated
with  various  processes,  and  the number  of  plants  with  the
process.
                               5378

-------
                                              Table III-1

                        INITIAL OPERATING YEAR (RANGE) SUMMARY OF PLANTS IN THE
                        PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY BY DISCHARGE TYPE
ui
                                        Initial Operating Year (Range)
                                             (Plant Age In Years)



Type of Plant
Direct
Indirect
Zero
TOTAL






1983-
1968
(0-16)
1
0
0
1






1967-
1958
(17-26)
0
0
1
1






1957-
1948
(27-36)
0
0
0
0






1947-
1928
(37-56)
0
0
0
0






1927-
1918
(57-66)
0
0
0
0






1917-
1908
(67-76) Total
0 1
1 1
1 2
2 4







«3
w
1
.3
W
Ol
C
ca
o
TEGORY
m
i-i
i
                                                                                                   H
                                                                                                   H

-------
PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY   SECT - III
                  TABLE II1-2

               PRODUCTION RANGES
 FOR THE PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SOBCATEGORY
   These data are not presented here because
  they have been claimed to be confidential.
                      5380

-------
        PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY  SECT -  III
                           Table III-3
         SUMMARY OF PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY
              PROCESSES AND ASSOCIATED WASTE STREAMS
Process
Calcium Reduction
Mischmetal Reduction
Production of Mischmetal
  Dryer Vent Water Quench and
  Scrubber
  Dryer Vent Caustic Wet Air
  Pollution Control
  Electrolytic Cell Water
  Quench and Scrubber
  Electrolytic Cell Caustic
  Wet Air Pollution Control
  Sodium Hypochlorite Filter •
  Backwash
Number of Rare
 Earth Metals
    Plants
 With Process
       1
       2
       2
       2

       1

       2

       2
       1
Number of Plants
   Reporting
   Generation
 of Wastewater*
        0
        0
        2
        2

        1

        2

        0
        1
*Through reuse, evaporation practices, or by-product recovery,
 a plant may '"generate" wastewater from a particular process
 but not discharge it.
                            5381

-------
PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY  SECT  -  III
              Rare Earth
              Fluorides
      Calcium
        Non-Contact
          Cooling
 Calcium
Reduction
                       Reduced
                       Metal
        Non-Contact
          Cooling
  Melting
    and
  Casting
                     I
     Impurities
                Pure Rare Earth
                  Metal Ingot
                                 Calcium
                                 Fluoride
                     Figure  III-1

            CALCIUM REDUCTION PROCESS
     PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY
                      5382

-------
PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGQRY   SECT - III
             Rare Earth
            Metal Oxide
         Mischmetal
                   1	1
      Non-Contact
        Cooling
 Mischmetal
 Reduction
  (Vacuum
Distillation)
                          Mixed Rare
                         Earth Oxides
   Crystalline
 Rare Earth Metal
  Crushing
    and
  Packaging
                        I
                     Rare Earth
                    Metal Product
                    Figure II1-2

          MISCHMETAL REDUCTION PROCESS
     PRIMARY RARE  EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY
                      5383

-------
                           To At*.
                                                                                                             H
                                                                     To Mm,
                                                                               Backwash
Ul
U»
oo
                  and
                  HaOH
Scrubber
*
I
Gas
Quench
i
vl/^ Waste
Streaa
To Atn.
-Q*. "««« H,0 	 »
Stre»» i Scrubber
':
et Rare
Gas
HaOH 	 *
and
H O
n2u
(iX Haste
S treats
H20 	 »
- . Dry Rare Earth
arth Chloride " """ Chloride


1 f^
Scrubber
i
Caa
Quench
i
Gas
Electro-
lytic
Reduction
Cell
i
Dry Rare Earth


Dilute
4aOCl
f
H2O
^Jf, Waste
Stream
^ Hiachmetal to
"" Caatlng/Forulng
r— t
Slag
                                                              Chloride
w




M




m

o

K

I
                                                                                                             cn
                                                                                                             w
                                                                                                             o
                                                Figure  III-3


                                       MISCHMETAL PRODUCTION PROCESS
                                   PRIMARY  RARE EARTH  METALS SUBCATEGORY

-------
La
OS
tn
                                                    D   - Direct Process Wastewater Discharge  Plants

                                                    I   - Indirect Process Wastewater Discharge Plants

                                                    DRY - No  Process Water Generated
                                                                                                               H

                                                                                                               g
                                                                                                               w
                                                                                                               *•
                                                                                                               s
                                                                                                               a
g
CO
                                                                                                               g
                                                                                                               o
                                                                                                               Cl
                                                                                                               o
                                                                                                               Cfl
                                                                                                               m
                                                                                                               o
                                                  Figure  III-4


                GEOGRAPHIC  LOCATIONS  OF THE  PRIMARY RAEE MRTH METALS  SUBCATEGORY PLANTS

-------
PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS S0BCATEGORY   SECT - III
      THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BiANK
                      5386

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        PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY   SECT - IV



                           SECTION IV

                        SUBCATEGORIZATION

This  section  summarizes  the  factors  considered  during   the
designation of the related subdivisions of the primary rare earth
metals  subcategory. Production normalizing parameters  for  each
subdivision are also discussed.

FACTORS CONSIDERED IN SUBDIVIDING THE PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS
SUBCATEGORY

The factors listed previously for general subcategorization  were
each evaluated when considering subdivision of the primary  rare
earth  metals subcategory.  In the discussion that  follows,  the
factors  will  be discussed as they pertain  to  this  particular
subcategory.                '

The rationale for considering further subdivision of the  primary
rare  earth metals subcategory is based primarily on  differences
in  the production process and raw materials used.   Within  this
subcategory, five primary operations are performed which  include
water  use  and  wastewater  discharge,  and  which  require  the
establishment  of  separate  effluent  limitations.   While   the
primary  rare  earth  metals subcategory is  still  considered  a
single subcategory, a more thorough examination of the production
processes  has  illustrated  the need for  limitations  based  on
specific flow allowances for the following subdivisions:

     1.  Dryer vent water quench and scrubber,
     2.  Dryer vent caustic wet air pollution control,
     3.  Electrolytic cell water quench and scrubber,
     4.  Electrolytic cell caustic wet air pollution control, and
     5.  Sodium hypochlorite filter backwash.

The  first two subdivisions result from the use of different  gas
cleaning  systems,  when the raw material — hydrated  rare  earth
chlorides —is dried.  When these salts are in a hydrated  form,
they require drying to inhibit anode decay.  The use of  a  water
quench to cool the gases and collect particulates and the use  of
a caustic scrubber each require a different wastewater flow rate.

The  third  and fourth subdivisions arise from  the  cleaning  of
gases generated by the operation used to reduce dried, mixed rare
earth  chlorides to mischmetal.  In the  electrolytic  reduction,
chlorine  gas and hydrochloric acid are primary  constituents  of
the  off-gases.  A water quench or water scrubber is employed  to
cool  the gases, absorb much of the hydrochloric acid fumes,  and
collect  particulates. Caustic is used to react the chlorine  gas
to  form  sodium hypochlorite which is sold as a  by-product.   A
separate   subdivision  has  been  assigned  to  each  of   these
operations to account for their wastewater discharge.

The  fifth  subdivision  results from filtration  of  the  sodium


                               5387

-------
        PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY   SECT - IV


hypochlorite by-product prior to sale.  Depending on the type  of
filter in use, backwash may be necessary for efficient  operation
of the filter.  This subdivision accounts for the discharge  from
backwashing such a filter.

OTHER FACTORS

The other factors considered in this evaluation were shown to  be
inappropriate as a basis for subdivision.  Air pollution  control
methods,  treatment  costs,  and total  energy  requirements  are
functions   of  the  selected  subcategorization   factors—metal
product,  raw  materials, and production  processes.   Therefore,
they   are  not  independent  factors  and  do  not  affect   the
subcategorization which has been applied.  Certain other factors,
such as plant age, plant size, and the number of employees,  were
also  evaluated  and determined to be inappropriate  for  use  as
a basis for subdivision of nonferrous metals plants.

PRODUCTION NORMALIZING PARAMETERS

As discussed previously,  the effluent limitations and  standards
developed  in  this document establish mass  limitations  on  the
discharge  of  specific  pollutant parameters.   To  allow  these
regulations  to  be  applied to plants  with  various  production
capacities, the mass of pollutant discharged must be related to a
unit  of  production.   This factor is known  as  the  production
normalizing parameter (PNP).

In  general,  for each production process which has a  wastewater
associated  with  it, the actual mass of rare  earth  mineral  or
intermediate product will be used as the PNP,,  Thus, the PNPs for
the five subdivisions are as follows:

          Subdivision                         PNP

1.  Dryer vent water quench and     mischmetal produced from wet
    scrubber                        rare earth chlorides

2.  Dryer vent caustic wet air      mischmetal produced from wet
    pollution control               rare earth chlorides

3.  Electrolytic cell water         total mischmetal produced
    quench and scrubber

4.  Electrolytic cell caustic       total mischmetal produced
    wet air pollution control

5.  Sodium hypochlorite filter      total mischmetal produced
    backwash
                               5388

-------
          PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY   SECT - V



                            SECTION V

            WATER USE AND WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS


This  section  describes the characteristics of  the  wastewaters
associated with the primary rare earth metals subcategory.  Water
use  and  discharge rates are explained and  then  summarized  in
tables at the end of this section.  Data used to characterize the
wastewaters are presented.   Finally,  the specific source, water
use and discharge flows,  and wastewater characteristics for each
separate wastewater source are discussed.

The  two principal data sources used in collecting data for  this
study  are  data collection portfolios (dcp) and  field  sampling
results.    Data   collection  portfolios   contain   information
regarding wastewater flows and production levels.

In  order to quantify the pollutant discharge from  primary  rare
earth  metals  plants, a field sampling  program  was  conducted.
Wastewater  samples  were analyzed for 124 of  the  126  priority
pollutants and other pollutants deemed appropriate.  Because  the
analytical standard for TCDD was judged to be too hazardous to be
made  generally available, samples were never analyzed  for  this
pollutant.  Samples were also never analyzed for asbestos.  There
is no reason to expect that TCDD or asbestos would be present  in
nonferrous  metals  manufacturing  wastewater.   One  plant   was
selected   for  sampling  in  the  primary  rare   earth   metals
subcategory.   In  general, the samples were analyzed  for  three
classes  of  pollutants:  toxic organic pollutants,  toxic  metal
pollutants,   and  criteria  pollutants  (which   includes   both
conventional and nonconventional pollutants).

No  additional sampling data for this subcategory  were  obtained
between  proposal and promulgation.  Characterization of  primary
rare  earth  metals  subcategory  wastewaters  (Section  V),  and
selection of pollutant parameters for limitation (Section VI) are
based upon the same data used for proposal.

Additional  wastewater  flow  and production data  were  received
through industry comments between proposal and promulgation. This
aided   EPA   in  determining  subdivisions  needed   to   proper
characterize the subcategory and to calculate the the appropriate
discharge allowances for all of the subdivisions.

As  described in Section IV of this supplement,  the primary rare
earth metals subcategory has been split into five subdivisions or
wastewater sources,  so that the promulgated regulation  contains
mass  discharge limitations and standards for five unit processes
discharging  process wastewater.   Differences in the  wastewater
characteristics  associated  with these subdivisions  are  to  be
expected.   For this reason,  wastewater streams corresponding to
each subdivision are addressed separately in the discussions that
follow.  These wastewater sources are:
                               5389

-------
          PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY   SECT - V
     1.  Dryer vent water quench and scrubber,
     2.  Dryer vent caustic wet air pollution control,
     3.  Electrolytic cell water quench and scrubber,
     4.  Electrolytic cell caustic wet air pollution control, and
     5.  Sodium hypochlorite filter backwash.

WASTEWATER FLOW RATES

Data  supplied  by dcp responses were evaluated,  and  two  flow-
to-production  ratios, water use and wastewater  discharge,  were
calculated for each stream.  The two ratios are differentiated by
the flow value used in calculation.  Water use is defined as  the
volume  of water or other fluid required for a given process  per
mass  of rare earth product and is therefore based on the sum  of
recycle  and make-up flows to a given process.   Wastewater  flow
discharged  after pretreatment or recycle (if these are  present)
is used in calculating the production normalized flow—the volume
of  wastewater  discharged  from  a  given  process  to   further
treatment, disposal, or discharge per mass of rare earth product.
Differences between the water use and wastewater flows associated
with  a  given  stream  result  from  recycle,  evaporation,  and
carry-over  on  the  product.   The  production  values  used  in
calculation  correspond to the production normalizing  parameter,
PNP,  assigned to each stream, as outlined in Section IV.  As  an
example,  sodium hypochlorite filter backwash flow is related  to
the total production of mischmetal.  As such, the discharge  rate
is  expressed in liters of filter backwash wastewater per  metric
ton  of  total mischmetal produced (gallons  of  filter  backwash
wastewater per ton of total mischmetal produced).

The  production  normalized  discharge flows  were  compiled  and
statistically   analyzed  by  stream  type.     These   production
normalized  water  use  and  discharge  flows  are  presented  by
subdivision in Tables V-l through V-5 at the end of this section.
Where  appropriate, an attempt was made to identify factors  that
could  account for variations in water use and  discharge  rates.
These   variations  are  discussed  later  in . this  section   by
subdivision.   A  similar  analysis  of  factors  affecting   the
wastewater  flows  is presented in Sections IX, X,  XI,  and  XII
where  representative BPT, BAT, NSPS, and pretreatment flows  are
selected for use in calculating the effluent limitations.

The water use and discharge rates shown do not include nonprocess
wastewater, such as rainfall runoff and noncontact cooling water.

WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS DATA

Data used to characterize the various wastewaters associated with
the  primary  rare  earth  metals  subcategory  come  from  these
sources—data  collection portfolios,  analytical data from field
sampling   trips,   and  comments  submitted  on   the   proposed
regulation.
                               5390

-------
          PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY   SECT - V
DATA COLLECTION PORTFOLIOS

In  the data collection portfolios, the rare earth metals  plants
that  discharge wastewater were asked to specify the presence  or
absence of toxic pollutants in their wastewater.  Only one  plant
submitted  partial information in response to this  request.  For
this  reason,  insufficient  data were available  from  the  data
collection  portfolios  to  be presented  at  proposal  as  being
representative   of   the  wastewater  characteristics   of   the
subcategory.    However,  after  proposal  additional  data   and
information  were submitted by the industry which allowed EPA  to
determine the wastewater characteristics of the subcategory.

FIELD SAMPLING DATA

In order to quantify the concentrations of pollutants present  in
wastewater  from  primary rare earth  metals  plants,  wastewater
samples  were  collected at one of the plants belonging  to  this
subcategory.   A  diagram indicating the  sampling  sites,  waste
streams  and  production processes is shown in Figure  V-l  (page
5447)

Tables  V-6 through V-10 (pages 5397 - 5437) summarize  the  data
for  124  priority  pollutants as well as other  pollutants  that
were  considered  appropriate to this subcategory.  Sampling  was
done  at  five points which included the  primary  waste  streams
associated with the production process and other sampling  points
as  will be clarified further. Tables V-6 and V-7  (pages 5397  -
5407) show data taken from the dryer vent water quench stream and
the  dryer  vent  caustic  scrubber  waste  stream.   Table   V-8
tabulates the analysis of the quench water from the  electrolytic
reduction  process of rare earth chlorides. Table V-9  shows  the
analysis of the combined waste streams from the entire plant just
before  treatment,  and Table V-10 is the analysis of  the  final
effluent from this plant.  Note that the stream numbers listed in
the  tables correspond to those given in the plant sampling  site
diagram, Figure V-l.  Where no data are listed for a specific day
of  sampling,  the  wastewater samples for the  stream  were  not
collected.

The  data tables include some samples measured at  concentrations
considered not quantifiable.   The base-neutral extractable, acid
extractable,  and  volatile organics generally are considered not
quantifiable at concentrations equal to or less than 0.010  mg/1.
Below  this  concentration,  organic analytical results  are  not
quantitatively  accurate;  however, the analyses  are  useful  to
indicate  the presence of a particular pollutant.  The  pesticide
fraction  is considered not quantifiable at concentrations  equal
to or less than 0.005 mg/1.

The  detection  limits shown on the data tables for toxic  metals
and conventional and nonconventional pollutants are not the  same
in  all  cases  as  the  published  detection  limits  for  these
pollutants by the same analytical methods.   The detection limits
used  were  reported with the analytical data and hence  are  the


                               5391

-------
          PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY   SECT - V


appropriate  limits  to  apply  to  the  data.   Detection  limit
variation  can  occur  as a result of  a  number  of  laboratory-
specific,   equipment-specific,   and   daily   operator-specific
factors.   These  factors can include day-to-day  differences  in
machine calibration, variation in stock solutions, and  variation
in operators.

The  statistical analysis of data includes some samples  measured
at   concentrations  considered  not  quantifiable.    For   data
considered  as detected but below quantifiable concentrations,  a
value  of  zero  is  used  for  averaging.    Priority   organic,
nonconventional,  and conventional pollutant data reported with a
"less  than"  sign are considered as detected,  but  not  further
quantifiable.   A value of zero is also used for averaging.  If a
pollutant is reported as not detected,  it is assigned a value of
zero in calculating the average.   Finally, priority metal values
reported  as  less  than a certain value were considered  as  not
quantifiable,  and consequently were assigned a value of zero  in
the calculation of the average.

Finally,  appropriate  source water concentrations are  presented
with  the  summaries of the sampling data.   The method by  which
each sample was collected is indicated by number, as follows:

     1   one-time grab
     2   manual composite during intermittent process operation
     3   8-hour manual composite
     4   8-hour automatic composite
     5   24-hour manual composite
     6   24-hour automatic composite

WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS AND FLOWS BY SUBDIVISION

Since  rare  earth  metals  production  involves  five  principal
sources   of  wastewater  and  each  has  potentially   different
characteristics and flows, each waste stream, or subdivision,  is
discussed separately.  Below is a discussion of each  subdivision
including  a description of the process, where the wastewater  is
generated, and the wastewater flow and characteristics.

DRYER VENT WATER QUENCH AND SCRUBBER

Wet  rare earth chlorides are dried before reduction to metal  by
passing the wet chlorides through a furnace or drier.  A wet  air
pollution control system first cools the drier fumes and collects
flue  dust.   The  scrubber liquor is  discharged  to  wastewater
treatment and the gases vented to the atmosphere. The pH of  this
quench  water  is approximately 1-5.  The second  stage  will  be
discussed in the next subdivision.

Table  V-l (page 5395) presents the production  normalized  water
use  and  discharge flows for the operations described  above  in
liters per metric ton of mischmetal produced from wet rare  earth
chlorides.  Table V-6 (page 5397) shows detailed analyses of  the
constituents of this wastewater stream.  From the data it can  be
                               5392

-------
          PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY   SECT - V


seen  that this stream is characterized by acidic  pH,  treatable
concentrations of some toxic metals such as nickel, and treatable
concentrations of suspended solids.

DRYER VENT CAUSTIC WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL

Following  the  dryer vent water scrubber or  quench,  a  caustic
scrubber  is  used  to remove acid vapors from  the, vent  gases.
Scrubber  liquor  is presently recycled and the bleed  stream  is
discharged to treatment.

Table  V-2 (page 5395) presents the production  normalized  water
use  and discharge flows for the caustic scrubber in  liters  per
metric ton of mischmetal produced from wet rare earth  chlorides.
Table   V-7  (page  5407)  presents  detailed  analyses  of   the
constituents in this wastewater stream.  These data  characterize
the  caustic scrubber wastewater as having a high  pH,  treatable
concentrations  of toxic metals such as chromium,  lead,  nickel,
and thallium, and treatable concentrations of suspended solids.

ELECTROLYTIC CELL WATER QUENCH AND SCRUBBER

Dry rare earth chlorides are placed into cells usually lined with
graphite  carbon.   The  salts  are electrolytically  reduced  to
mischmetal,  the composition of which is dictated by the  mixture
of  rare  earth  chlorides fed into  the  cells.   The  reduction
process  produces  chlorine gas, as well as carbon  monoxide  and
carbon dioxide gases.  Water quench or water scrubbers cool these
gases   and  trap  particulate  matter  as  well   as   vaporized
hydrochloric acid.

Wastewater from this operation contains treatable  concentrations
of   lead,   acidic   pH,   and   treatable   concentrations   of
hexachlorobenzene.   Table  V-3 (page 5395)  presents  production
normalized  water use and discharge rates for this  operation  in
liters  per metric ton of total mischmetal produced.   Table  V-8
reports field sampling data on electrolytic cell water quench and
scrubber.

ELECTROLYTIC CELL CAUSTIC WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL

The caustic wet air pollution control system following the  water
quench  or water scrubber is designed to recover chlorine present
in  the gas stream.   Sodium hydroxide is circulated through  the
scrubber   and   the   reaction  with   chlorine   forms   sodium
hypochlorite.   When  a  12 to  15  percent  sodium  hypochlorite
concentration is attained, the solution is drawn off and sold for
industrial use.

Table  V-4  (page  5396) shows  that  the  production  normalized
discharge  flow  for this subdivision is zero.  This  is  because
both plants having the scrubber operation achieve zero  discharge
-through recovery of the scrubber liquor as a salable  by-product,
sodium hypochlorite.
                               5393

-------
          PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY   SECT - V
SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE FILTER BACKWASH

Sodium  hypochlorite  produced in the electrolytic  cell  caustic
scrubber  may contain particulate matter.   In order to produce a
marketable   product,  the  sodium  hypochlorite   is   filtered.
Depending  on  the  type  of  filter  used,  backwashing  may  be
necessary to insure efficient operation of the filter.

This  wastewater  stream was not directly sampled.  However,  EPA
believes  its  characteristics will be similar to  those  of  the
dryer  vent  caustic scrubber wastewater.   The  filter  backwash
wastewater  may  be  characterized by high  pH,  high  values  of
chloride and other dissolved solids, and treatable concentrations
of suspended solids.
                               5394

-------
          PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY
                                SECT - V
                            TABLE V-l

                WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
              DRYER VENT WATER QUENCH AND SCRUBBER

               (1/kkg of mischmetal produced from
                    wet rare earth chlorides)
Plant Code
1106
1113
Recycle
NA
0
                                   Production
                                   Normalized
                                   Water Use

                                      NA

                                   10563
                                 Production
                                 Normalized
                                Discharge Flow

                                    4173

                                   10563
                            TABLE V-2

                WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
          DRYER VENT CAUSTIC WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL

               (1/kkg of mischmetal produced from
                    wet rare earth chlorides)
Plant Code

   1113
Recycle

   90
Production
Normalized
Water Use

 10563
 Production
 Normalized
Discharge Flow

    10563
                            TABLE V-3

                WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
           ELECTROLYTIC CELL WATER QUENCH AND SCRUBBER

              (1/kkg of total mischmetal produced)
                                   Production
                                   Normalized
Plant Code
1106
1113
Recycle
NA
0
Water
NA
12682
                                 Production
                                 Normalized
                                Discharge Flow

                                    9390

                                   12682
                               5395

-------
          PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY
                                SECT - V
                            TABLE V-4

                WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
       ELECTROLYTIC CELL CAUSTIC WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
              (1/kkg of total mischmetal produced)

                                   Production
                                   Normalized
                                   Water Use

                                      NA

                                      NA
Plant Code
1106
1113
Recycle
100
100
                                 Production
                                 Normalized
                                Discharge Flow

                                      0

                                      0
                            TABLE V-5

                WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
               SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE FILTER BACKWASH

               (1/kkg of total mischmetal produced)
Plant Code
   1106
Recycle

   NA
Production
Normalized
Water Use

   NA
 Production
 Normalized
Discharge Flow

     362
                               5396

-------
                                             Table V-6
                              PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SAMPLING DATA

                                      DRYER VENT WATER QUENCH

                                           RAW WASTEWATER
tn
u>
vo
           Pollutant


Toxic Pollutants


  1.  acenaphthene


  2.  acrolein


  3.  acrylonitrile


  4.  benzene


  5.  benzidine


  6.  carbon tetrachloride


  7.  chlorobenzene


  8.  1,2,4-trlchlorobenzene


  9.  hexachlorobenzene


 10.  1,2-dichloroethane


 11.  1,1,1-trichloroethane


 12.  hexachloroethane


 13.  1,1-dichloroethane


 14.  1,1,2-trichloroethane
                                                                                                   H
Stream
Code
429

429
429
429

429

429
429

429
429


429
429
429
429
429
Sample
Typet
5

1
1
1

5

1
1

5
5


1
1
5
1
1
Concentrations (mg/1) >
Source
ND

ND
ND
0.009

ND

ND
ND

ND
ND


ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 1
ND

ND
ND
0.010

ND

ND
ND

ND
ND


ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 2
ND

ND
ND
0.011

ND

ND
ND

ND
ND


ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 3
ND

ND
ND
0.011

ND

ND
ND

ND
0.005


ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
3
w
•B
1
w
$
w
w
cj
w
0
w
8
XI

M
n
(-3
I
<




-------
Ul
CO
vo
00
                                        Table V-6  (Continued)

                               PRIMARY  RARE  EARTH  METALS  SAMPLING  DATA
                                       DRYER VENT  WATER QUENCH
                                            RAW WASTEWATER
           Pollutant

Toxic Pollutants (Continued)

 15.  1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane

 16.  chloroethane

 17.  bis(chloromethyl)ether

 18.  bis(2-chloroethyl)ether

 19.  2-chloroethyl vinyl ether

 20.  2-chloronaphthalene

 21.  2,4,6-trichlorophenol

 22.  p-chloro-m-cresol

 23.  chloroform

 24.  2-chlorophenol

 25.  1,2-dichlorobenzene

 26.  1,3-dichlorobenzene

 27.  1,4-dichlorobenzene

 28.  3,3'-dichlorobenzidine
Stream
Code
429
429
429

429
429
429
429
429
429
429
429
429
429
429
Sample
Typet
1
1
1

5
1
5
5
5
1
5
5
5
5
5
Concentrations (mg/1)
Source
ND
ND
ND

ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.041
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 1
ND
ND
ND

ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.006
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 2
ND
ND
ND

ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
1.010
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 3
ND
ND
ND

ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.010
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
hd
H
K
K
EX
3
H
tr
V.
V.
§
n
to
LTEGOI
K
SECT -
<




-------
01
U)
vo
vo
                                        Table V-6 (Continued)


                               PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SAMPLING DATA
                                       DRYER VENT WATER QUENCH
                                            RAW WASTEWATER
           Pollutant


Toxic Pollutants (Continued)


 29.  1,1-dichloroethylene


 30.  1,2-trans-dichloroethylene


 31.  2,4-dichlorophenol


 32.  1,2-dichloropropane


 33.  1,3-dichloropropene


 34.  2,4-dimethylphenol


 35.  2,4-dinitrotoluene


 36.  2,6-dinitrotoluene


 37.  1,2-diphenylhydrazine


 38.  ethylbenzene


 39.  tiuoranthene


 40.  4-chlorophenyl phenyl ether


 41.  4-bromophenyl phenyl ether


 42.  bis(2-chloroisopropyl)ether
Stream
Code

429
429
429
429
429
429
429
429
429
429
429
429
429
429
Sample
Typet

1
1
5
1
1
5
5
5
5
1
5
5
5
5
Concentrations (mg/1) 3
Source

ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 1

ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 2

ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 3

ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
• ""i
M
M
as
1
in
in
§
0
HJ
1
in
M
n
1





-------
         Table V-6 (Continued)

PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SAMPLING DATA
        DRYER VENT WATER QUENCH
             RAW WASTEWATER


Toxic
43.
44.
45.
Ul
§ 46.
47 .
48.


49.
50.
51.

52.
53.
54.
55.
56.

Pollutant
Pollutants (Continued)
bis(2-ehoroethoxy)methane
methylene chloride
methyl chloride (chloromethane)
methyl bromide (bromomethane)
bromoform (tribromomethane)
dichlorobromomethane


trichlorof luorome thane
dichlorodif luororae thane
chlorodibromome thane

hexachlorobutadiene
hexachlorocyclopentadiene
isophorone
naphthalene
nitrobenzene
Stream
Code

429
429
429
429
429
429


429
429
429

429
429
429
429
429
Sample
Typet

5
1
1
1
1
1


1
1
1

5
5
5
5
5
Concentrations (mg/1) £
Source

ND
0.006
ND
ND
ND
ND


ND
ND
ND

ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 1

ND
0.009
ND
ND
ND
ND


ND
ND
ND

ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 2

ND
0.010
ND
ND
ND
ND


ND
ND
ND

ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 3

ND
0.012
ND
ND
ND
ND


ND
ND
ND

ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
K;
J5
«
3
1
1
w
§
n
H3
M
§
K:
en
M
n
,
<




-------
                                        Table V-6 (Continued)
                               PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SAMPLING DATA

                                       DRYER VENT WATER QUENCH

                                            RAW WASTEWATER
en
ife.
o
           Pollutant


Toxic Pollutants (Continued)


 57.  2-nitrophenol


 58.  4-nitrophenol


 59.  2,4-dinitrophenol


 6U.  4,6-dinitro-o-cresol


 61.  N-nitrosodimethylamine


 62.  N-nitrosodiphenylamine


 63.  N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine


 64.  pentachlorophenol


 65.  phenol


 66.  bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate


 67.  butyl benzyl phthalate


 68.  di-n-butyl phthalate


 69.  di-n-octyl phthalate


 70.  diethyl phthalate
Stream
Code
429
429
429
429
429
429
429
429
429
429
429
429
429
429
Sample
Typet
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
Concentrations (mg/1) »
Source
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.008
0.007
0.003
0.006
ND
Day 1
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
<0.001
0.004
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 2
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.002
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 3
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.030
ND
ND
ND
ND
f-s
W
£
S3
"
in
en
§
0
1
*
en
w
n
i





-------
                                       Table V-6 (Continued)
                              PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SAMPLING DATA
                                      DRYER VENT WATER QUENCH
                                           RAW WASTEWATER
en
*»
O
NJ
           Pollutant

Toxic Pollutants (Continued)

 71.  dimethyl phthalate

 72.  benzo(a)anthracene

 73.  benzo(a)pyrene

 74.  benzo(b)fluoranthene

 75.  benzo(k)fluoranthane

 76.  chrysene

 77.  acenaphthylene

 78.  anthracene   (a)

 79.  benzo(ghi)perylene

 80.  fluorene

 81.  phenanthrene (a)

 82.  dibenzo(a,h)anthracene

 83.  indeno (1,2,3-c,d)pyrene

 84.  pyrene
Stream
Code
429
429
429
429
429
429
429
429
429
429
429
429
429
429
Sample
Typet
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
Concentrations (mg/1) *>
Source
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 1
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 2
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 3
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
a
1
w
%
en
SUBCA1
H
W
O
O
X
en
M
0
i
<




-------
         Table V-6 (Continued)

PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SAMPLING DATA
        DRYER VENT WATER QUENCH
                 WASTEWATER
Toxic
85.
86.
2 87'
S 88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
Pollutant
Pollutants (Continued)
tetrachloroethylene
toluene
trichloroethylene
vinyl chloride (ehloroethylene)
aldrin
dieldrin
chlordane
4,4' -DDT
4,4'-DDE
4,4'-DDD
alpha-endosulfan
beta-endosulfan
endosulfan sulfate
endrin
Stream
Code
429
429
429
429
429
429
429
429
429
429
429
429
429
429
Sample
Tyget
1
1
1
1
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5 •
5
Concentrations (mg/1) g
Source
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 1
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 2
ND
0.001
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 3
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
KJ
W
1
METALS
SUBCA1
* «j
W
Q
O
•K
tn
w
O
?
.<




-------
         Table V-6 (Continued)

PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SAMPLING DATA
        DRYER VENT WATER QUENCH
             RAW WASTEWATER
                                                                    H



Pollutant
Toxic
. 99.

100.
w *
>fe.
2 102.

103.

104.

105.
106,
107.


108.
109.
110.
111 .
112.
Pollutants
(Continued)
endrin aldehyde

heptachlor
heptachlor

alpha-BHC

beta-BHC

gamma- BHC

delta-BHC
PCB-1242
PCB-1254


PCB-1221
PCB-1232
PCB-1248
PCB-1260
PCB-1016


epoxide








(b)
(b)


(b)
(c)
(c)
(c)
(c)
Stream
Code

429

429
429

429

429

429

429
429
429


429
429
429
429
429
Sample
Typet

5

5
5

5

5

5

5
5
5


5
5
5
5
5
Concentrations (mg/1) j>
Source

ND

ND
ND

ND

ND

ND

ND
ND
ND


ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 1

ND

ND
ND

ND

ND

ND

ND
ND
ND


ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 2

ND

ND
ND

ND

ND

ND

ND
ND
ND


ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 3

ND

ND
ND

ND

ND

ND

ND
ND
ND


ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Kj

M
M
fd
1
M
1-3
B
co
CO
G
a
>
El
LrJ
§
Kj
CO
M
0
1-3
i
<




-------
                                        Table V-6  (Continued)
                               PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SAMPLING  DATA
                                       DRYER VENT WATER QUENCH
                                            RAW WASTEWATER
U1

o
Ul

Toxic
113.
114.
115.
117.
118.
119.
120.
121.
122.
123.
124.
125.
126.
127.

Pollutant
Pollutants (Continued)
toxaphene
antimony
arsenic
beryllium
cadmium
chromium (total)
copper
cyanide (total)
lead
mercury
nickel
selenium
silver
thallium

Stream
Code
429
429
429
429
429
429
429
429
429
429
429
429
429
429

Sample
Typet
5
5
5
5
5 -
5
5
1
5
5
5
5
5
5




Concentrations (mg/1)
Source
ND
<0.005
0.160
<0.001
<0.001
0.005
0.02
0.002
<0.001
<0.0002
0.001
<0.005
<0.001
<0.001
Day 1
ND
<0.005
0.067
<0.001
<0.001
0.029
0.005
0.006
0.024
<0.0002
0.002
0.13
0.002
<0.001
Day 2
ND
<0.005
<0.005
<0.001
0.002
0.005
0.019
0.032
0.010
<0.0002
0.005
0.012
<0.001
<0.001
Day 3
ND
0.010
<0.005
<0.001
<0.001
0.007
0.027
0.012
0.033
<0.0002
0.69
0.044
0.077
<0.001
*d
»
H
»
I
m
w
ja
s
K
j-3
F
W
SUBCA'.
' ft
C
C
K
K
ft
- <~:
,
<




-------
Cn
                                        Table V-6 (Continued)

                               PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SAMPLING DATA
                                       DRYER VENT WATER QUENCH
                                            RAW WASTEWATER
    tSample«Type Code:  1  - One-time grab
                        5  - 24-hour manual composite

    (a),(b),(c) Reported together
                                                                                                   H

Pollutant
Toxic Pollutants (Continued)
,128. zinc
Nonconventional Pollutants
Iron


Phenolics
Total Solids (TS)

Conventional Pollutants

Oil and Grease

Total Suspended Solids (TSS)

pH (standard units)

.
Stream
Code

429

429


429
429



429

A in

429

. _i-
Sample
Typet

5

5


1
5



1

j

5


Concentrations (mg/1)
Source Day 1 Day 2

0.02 0.02 0.03

0.16 0.41 0.55


0.031 0.007 0.011
240 280



<1 <1 4.1

20 5

7.9 1.7 1.6



Day 3

0.02

0.46


0.005
250



3.4

3

1.3


S
Kj
1
w
a
fr*<
Hi
>

cn
C
txf
1
M
8
to
K
w
M
O
I
<

-------
                                              Table V-7
                               PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SAMPLING DATA

                                     DRYER VENT CAUSTIC SCRUBBER

                                            RAW WASTEWATER
UI
*».
o
-a
           Pollutant


Toxic Po1lut an t a


  1,  acenaphthene


  2.  aerolein


  3.  acrylonitrlle


  4.  benzene


  5.  benzidlne


  6.  carbon tetraehloride


  7.  chlorobenzene


  8.  1,2,4-trichlorobenzene


  9.  hexachlorobenzene


 10.  1,2-dlchloroethane


 11.  1,1,1-trichloroethane


 12.  hexachloroethane


 13.  1,1-dichloroethane


 14.  1,1,2-trichloroethane
                                                                                                   H
Stream
Code
431
431
431
431 -
431
431
431
431
431
431
431
431
431
431
Sample
Typet
1
1
1
1
5
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Concentrations (mg/1)
Source
ND
ND
ND
0.009
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 1
ND
ND
ND
0.010
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.009
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 2
ND
ND
ND
0.018
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
jrl
Day 3 *
w
ffi
1
1
in
en
s
o
M
O
O
. *
w
w
i
<




-------
Ul
*>,
O
00
                                        Table V-7 (Continued)

                               PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SAMPLING DATA
                                     DRYER VENT CAUSTIC SCRUBBER
                                            RAW WASTEWATER
           Pollutant

Toxic Pollutants (Continued)

 15.  1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane

 16.  chloroethane

 17.  bis(chloromethyl)ether

 18.  bis(2-chloroethyl)ether

 19.  2-chloroethyl vinyl ether

 20.  2-chloronaphthalene

 21.  2,4,6-trlchlorophenol

 22.  p-chloro-m-cresol

 23.  chloroform

 24.  2-chlorophenol

 25.  1,2-dichlorobenzene

 26.  1,3-dichlorobenzene

 27.  1,4-dichlorobenzene

 28.  3,3'-dichlorobenzidine
Stream
Code
431
431
431
431
431
431
431
431
431
431
431
431
431
431
Sample
Typet
1
1
1
.1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Concentrations (mg/1) g
Source
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.041
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 1
ND
ND
ND
ND •
ND
ND
0.001
ND
0.400
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 2
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
1.10
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 3 £
M
1
s
S
CO
CO
§
0
Q
O
*
CO
M
O
H
1
<




-------
                                        Table V-7 (Continued)
                               PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SAMPLING DATA

                                     DRYER VENT CAUSTIC SCRUBBER

                                            RAW WASTEWATER
en
*>
o
           Pollutant


Toxic Pollutants (Continued)


 29.  1,1-dichloroethylene


 30.  1 ,2-t^rans-dichloroethylene


 31.  2,4-dlchlorophenol


 32.  1,2-dlchloropropane


 33.  1,3-dichloropropene


 34.  2,4-dimethylphenol


 35.  2,4-dinitrotoluene


 36.  2,6-dinttrotoluene


 37.  1,2-dlphenylhydrazine


 38.  ethylbenzene


 39.  fluoranthene


 40.  4-chlorophenyl phenyl ether


 41.  4-bromophenyl phenyl ether


 42,  bis(2-chlorolsopropyl)ether
                                                                                                   I
Stream
Code

431
431
431
431
431
431
431
431

431
431
431
431
431
431
Sample
Typet

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
Concentrations (mg/1) 3
Source

ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND

ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 1
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND

ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 2

ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND

ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 3 '
w
w
1
1
W
W
a
td
o
m
8
K
c«
o
1





-------
Ul
*>.
                                        Table V-7 (Continued)

                               PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SAMPLING DATA
                                     DRYER VENT CAUSTIC SCRUBBER
                                                                                                   H

                                           Stream    Sample        Concentrations (mg/1)	    g
               Pollutant                    Code     Typet     SourceDay 1Day 2Day 3   *

    Toxic Po11utants (Continued)                                                                   §
                                                                                                   M
     43.  bis(2-choroethoxy)methane         431        1         ND       ND       ND              w

     44.  methylene chloride                431        1        0.006    0.011    0.011            g

     45.  methyl chloride (chloromethane)   431        1         ND       ND       ND              tt
                                                                                                   >
o    46.  methyl bromide (bromomethane)     431        1         ND       ND       ND              *£

     47,  bromoform (tribromomethane)       431        1         ND      0.006     ND              «

     48.  dichlorobromomethane              431        1         ND      0.330     ND              >
                                                                                                   M
     49.  trichlorofluoromethane            431        1         ND       ND       ND              g

     50.  dichlorodifluoromethane           431        1         ND       ND       ND              *
                                                                                                   w
     51.  chlorodibromomethane              431        1         ND      0.250     ND              w
                                                                                                   H3
     52.  hexachlorobutadiene               431        1         ND       ND       ND               i

     53.  hexachlorocyclopentadiene         431        1         ND       ND       ND

     54.  isophorone                        431        1         ND       ND       ND

     55.  naphthalene                       431        1         ND       ND       ND

     56.  nitrobenzene                      431        1         ND       ND       ND

-------
                                    Table V-7  (Continued)

                           PRIMARY RARE EARTH  METALS  SAMPLING  DATA
                                 DRYER VENT CAUSTIC SCRUBBER
           Pollutant

Toxic Pollutants (Continued)

 57.  2-nitrophenol

 58.  4-nitrophenol

 59.  2,4-dinitrophenol

 60.  4,6-dinitro-o-cresol

 61.  N-nitrosodimethylamine

 62.  N-nitrosodiphenylamine

 63.  N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine

 64.  pentachlorophenol

 65.  phenol

 66.  bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate

 67.  butyl benzyl phthalate

 68.  di-n-butyl phthalate

 69.  di-n-octyl phthalate

 70.  diethyl phthalate
ivrvw writ.
Stream
Code
431
431
431
431

431

431


431
431

431

431
431
431
431
431
> j. LJ n n J. i-Ji\
Sample
Typet
1
1
1
1

1

1


1
1

1

1
1
1
1
1
Concentrations (mg/1)
Source
ND
ND
ND
ND

ND

ND


ND
ND

ND

0.008
0.007
0.003
0.006
ND
Day 1
ND
ND
ND
ND

ND

ND


ND
ND

ND

0.007
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 2
ND
ND
ND
ND

ND

ND


ND
ND

ND

0.040
ND
ND
ND
ND
3
1
Day 3 KJ
ra
1
1
^
CO
CO
a
w
o
(-3
M
§
Kj
CO
w
o
,
<




-------
in
*»
H
NJ
                                        Table V-7  (Continued)

                               PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SAMPLING DATA
                                     DRYER VENT CAUSTIC SCRUBBER
                                            RAW WASTEWATER
           Pollutant

Toxic Pollutants (Continued)

 71.  dimethyl phthalate

 72.  benzo(a)anthracene

 73.  benzo(a)pyrene

 74.  benzo(b)fluoranthene

 75.  benzo(k)fluoranthane

 76.  chrysene

 77.  acenaphthylene

 78.  anthracene   (a)

 79.  benzo(ghi)perylene

 80.  fluorene

 81.  phenanthrene (a)

 82.  dibenzo(a,h)anthracene

 83.  indeno (1,2,3-c,d)pyrene

 84.  pyrene
                                                                                                   H
Stream Sample
Code Typet

431 1
431 1
431 1
431 1
431 1
431 1
431 1
431 1
431 1
431 1
431 1
431 1
431 1
431 1
Concentrations (rag/1) gj
Source

ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 1
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 2
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 3 K
w
M
3
1
r«
w
w
s
n
1
3
w
o
^
i
<

-


-------
                                        Table V-7 (Continued)

                               PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SAMPLING DATA
                                     DRYER VENT CAUSTIC SCRUBBER
                                            RAW WASTEWATER
en
bJ
Toxic
85.
86.
87,
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
Pollutant
Pollutants (Continued)
tetrachloroethylene
toluene
trichloroethylene
vinyl chloride (chloroethylene)
aldrin
dieldrin
chlordane
4, 4 '-DDT
4, 4' -DDE
4,4'-DDD
alpha- endosulf an
beta-endosulfan
endosulfan sulfate
endrin
Stream
Code
431
431
431
431
431
431
431
431
431
431
431
431
431
431
Sample
Typet
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Concentrations (mg/1) g
Source
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 1
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 2
ND
0.001
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 3 K
w
9
1
w
OT
G
03
n
n
g
o
K!
w
o
,
<




-------
en
                                        Table V-7 (Continued)

                               PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SAMPLING DATA
                                     DRYER VENT CAUSTIC SCRUBBER

Toxic
99.
100.
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
111.
112.

Pollutant
Pollutants (Continued)
endrin aldehyde
heptachlor
heptachlor epoxide
alpha-BHC
beta-BHC
gamma-BBC
delta-BHC
PCB-1242 (b)
PCB-1254 (b)
PCB-1221 (b)
PCB-1232 (c)
PCB-1248 (c)
PCB-1260 (c)
PCB-1016 (c)
RAW WASTEWATER
Stream Sample
Code Typet
431 1
431 1
431 1
431 1
431 1
431 1
431 1
431 1
431 1
431 1
431 1
431 1
431 1
431 1



V
H
H
Concentrations (mg/1) pa
Source
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 1
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 2
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 3 ^
w
K
I
1
F
WL
m
s
o
%
M
Q
O
*
w
w
o
I





-------
         Table V-7 (Continued)

PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SAMPLING DATA
      DRYER VENT CAUSTIC SCRUBBER
             RAW WASTEWATER



Toxic
113.
114.

115.
117.
118.

119.

120.
121.

122.

123.
124.
125.
126.
127.


Pollutant

Pollutants (Continued)
toxaphene
antimony

arsenic
beryllium
cadmium

chromium (total)

copper
cyanide (total)

lead

mercury
nickel
selenium
silver
thallium

Stream
Code


431
431

431
431
431

431

431
431

431

431
431
431
431
431

Sample
Typet


1
1

1
1
1

1

1
1

1

1
1
1
1
1



' 1
Concentrations (mg/1) 2
Source


ND
<0.005

0.160
<0.001
<0.001

0.005

0.02
0.002

<0.001

<0.0002
0.001
<0.005
<0.001
<0.001
Day 1

ND
<0.01

0.056
0.002
0.36

1.2

0,66
0.026

2.3

0.0028
3.1
0.22
0.44
1.4
Day 2


ND
<0.02

0.096
<0.001
0.36

1.3

0.66
0.020

2.2

0.0042
0.190
0.510
0.50
1.4
Day 3 '
— — * 	 33
1
W
s
a
g
m
W
a
w
o
S
M
1

en
O
rt
i





-------
                                        Table V-7  (Continued)



                               PRIMARY      EARTH  METALS SAMPLING DATA

                                     DRYER VENT CAUSTIC SCRUBBER

                                            RAW WASTEWATER
U1

*»

H»

O\
           Pollutant



Toxic P o 11 u t an t s (Continued)



128.  zinc



Nonconventional Pollutants



Chloride



Iron



Phenolics



Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)



Conyen 11ona1 Pollutant s



Oil and Grease



Total Suspended Solids (TSS)



pH (standard units)
Stream    Sample    	

 Code     Typet     Source
                                                                   Concentrations  (mg/1)
                                                                         Day  1    Day  2     Day  3
 431






 431



 431



 431



 431






 431



 431



 431
0.02
          0.56
                                                                                   0.56
18   12,000   15,000



 0.16    16       14



 0.31     0.009    0.026



85    1,100  220,000






<1        5.6     <1



                 970



 7.9     11.8      9.8
                                                                                                   §
                                                                                                   m
                                                                                                   g
                                                                                                   a
                                                                                                   Q
                                                                                                   o
                                                                                                   w
                                                                                                   w
                                                                                                   o
                                                                                                   n
    tSample Type Code:  1 - One-time grab



    (a),(b),(c) Reported together

-------
                                          Table V-8
                           PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SAMPLING DATA
                                ELECTROLYTIC CELL WATER QUENCH
                                        RAW WASTEWATER
m

H1
M
           Pollutant

Toxic Pollutants

  1.   acenaphthene

  2.   acrolein

  3.   acrylonitrile

  4.   benzene

  5.   benzldlne

  6.   carbon tetrachloride

  7.   chlorobenzene

  8.   1,2,4-trichlorobenzene

  9.   hexachlorobenzene

 10.   1,2-diehloroethane

 11.   1,1,1-trichloroethane

 12.   hexachloroethane

 13.   1,1-dichloroethane

 14.   1,1,2-trichloroethane
Stream
Code

430
430
430
430
430
430
430
430
430
430
430
430
430
430
Sample
Typet

5
1
1
1
5
1
1
5
5
1
1
5
1
1
Concentrations (mg/1)
Source

ND
ND
ND
0.009
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 1
ND
ND
ND
0.016
ND
0.040
ND
ND
1 .90
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 2
ND
ND
ND
0.014
ND
0.082
ND
ND
2.00
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 3
ND
ND
ND
0.013
ND
0.046
ND
ND
2.00
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
§
M
M
1
1
f
W
G
f*H
3CATEGORY
en
m
a
i
<




-------
         Table V-8 (Continued)

PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SAMPLING DATA
     ELECTROLYTIC CELL WATER QUENCH
             RAW WASTEWATER
                                                                    H



Toxic
15.

16.


17.
tn
£ 18.
00

19.
20.
21.

22.
23.


24.

25.
26.
27.
28.

Pollutant

Pollutants (Continued)
1 ,1 ,2,2-tetrachloroethane

chloroethane


bis (chloromethyl) ether

bis (2-chloroethyl) ether


2-chloroethyl vinyl ether
2-chloronaphthalene
2 ,4, 6-trichlorophenoi

p-chloro-m-cresol
chloroform


2-chlorophenol

1 , 2-dichlorobenzene
1 ,3-dichlorobenzene
1 ,4-dichlorobenzene
3,3' -dichlorobenzidine
Stream
Code


430

430


430

430


430
430
430

430
430


430

430
430
430
430
Sample
Typet


1

1


1

5


1
5
5

5
1


5

5
5
5
5
Concentrations (mg/1) g
Source


ND

ND


ND

ND


ND
ND
" ND

ND
0.041


ND

ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 1


ND

ND


ND

ND


ND
ND
ND

ND
0.009


ND

ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 2


ND

ND


ND

ND


ND
ND
ND

ND
0.041


ND

ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 3


ND

ND


ND

ND


ND
ND
ND

ND
0.053


ND

ND
ND
ND
ND

K
§
1
M
1
H
K
3
M
g
t*
w
tn
§
o
W

a
tn
m
a

i
<

....


-------
         Table V-8 (Continued)

PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SAMPLING DATA
     ELECTROLYTIC CELL WATER QUENCH
             RAW WASTEWATER


Toxic
29.
30.
31.
32.

33.

34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41 .
42.

Pollutant
Pollutants (Continued)
1 , 1 -dichloroethylene
1 , 2-trans-dichloroethylene
2 ,4-dichlorophenol
1 ,2-dichloropropane

1 , 3-dichloropropene

2,4-dimethylphenol
2 ,4-dinitrotoluene
2 ,6-dinitrotoluene
1 ,2-diphenylhydrazine
ethylbenzene
fluoranthene
4-chlorophenyl phenyl ether
4-bromophenyl phenyl ether
bis(2-chloroisopropyl) ether
Stream
Code

430
430
430
430

430

430
430
430
430
430
430
430
430
430
Sample
Typet

1
1
5
1

1

5"
5
5
5
1
5
5
5
5
Concentrations (mR/1) P2
Source

ND
ND
ND
ND

ND

ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 1

ND
ND
ND
ND

ND

ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 2

ND
ND
ND
ND

ND

ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 3

ND
ND
ND
ND

ND

ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
• ><
l?d
fd
K
1
en
en

o
B
M
O
en
M
a
'l





-------
                                       Table V-8 (Continued)

                              PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SAMPLING DATA
                                   ELECTROLYTIC CELL WATER QUENCH
              Pollutant

   Toxic Pollutants (Continued)

    43.  bis(2-ehoroethoxy)methane

    44.  methylene chloride

ui   45.  methyl chloride (chloromethane)

o   46.  methyl bromide (bromomethane)

    47.  bromoform (tribromomethane)

    48.  dichlorobromomethane

    49.  trichlorofluoromethane

    50.  dichlorodifluoromethane

    51.  chlorodibroraoraethane

    52,  hexachlorobutadiene

    53.  hexachlorocyclopentadiene

    54.  isophorone

    55.  naphthalene

    56.  nitrobenzene
RAW WAi
Stream
Code
430
430
430
430
430
430
430
430
430
430
430
430
430
430
JTMWATISK
Sample
Typet
5
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
5
5
5
5
5
Concentrations (mg/1)
Source
ND
0.006
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
.ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 1
ND
0.010
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND -
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 2
ND
0.012
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.021
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 3
ND
0.015
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.012
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
PRIMARY RARE EAR!
3
S
M
1-3
m
en
G
a
o
£a
m
o
o
*
OT
W
n
i
<




-------
*>.
                                       Table V-8  (Continued)

                               PRIMARY RARE EARTH  METALS SAMPLING DATA
                                   ELECTROLYTIC CELL WATER QUENCH
                                           RAW WASTEWATER
           Pollutant

Toxic Pollutants (Continued)

 57.  2-nltrophenol

 58.  4-nitrophenol

 59.  2,4-dlnitrophenol

 60.  4,6-dlnitro-o-eresol

 61.  N-nitrosodimethylamine

 62.  N-nltrosodiphenylamlne

 63.  N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine

 64.  pentachlorophenoi

 65.  phenol

 66.  bls(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate

 67.  butyl benzyl phthalate

 68.  dl-n-butyl phthalate

 69.  di-n-octyl phthalate

 70.  dlethyl phthalate
Stream
Code

430
430
430
430
430
430
430
430
430
430
430
430
430
430
Sample
Typet

5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
Concentrations (mg/1)
Source

ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND .
ND
0.008
0.007
0.003
0.006
ND
Day 1
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.003
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 2
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.013
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 3
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.003
ND
ND
ND
ND
I
K;
w
w
1
EC
S
n
f»
OT
«
a
CT
o
*
o
i
<




-------
                                    Table V-8 (Continued)

                           PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SAMPLING DATA
                                ELECTROLYTIC CELL WATER QUENCH
           Pollutant

Toxic Pollutants (Continued)

 71.  dimethyl phthalate

 72.  benzo(a)anthracene

 73.  benzo(a)pyrene

 74.  benzo(b)fluoranthene

 75.  benzo(k)fluoranthane

 76.  chrysene

 77.  acenaphthylene

 78.  anthracene   (a)

 79.  benzo(ghi)perylene

 80.  tluorene

 81.  phenanthrene (a)

 82.  dibenzo(a,h)anthracene

 83.  indeno (1,2,3-c,d)pyrene

 84.  pyrene
RAW WAST
Stream
Code
430
430
430
430
430
430
430
430
,430
430 ',,
430
430 ;
430 *
430
EWATER
Sample
Typet
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5 '
5
5
Concentrations (rag/1)
Source
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND.
Day 1
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 2
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 3
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
»ij
»
H
M
8
1
w
SUBCATEGOR
*
W
M
O
Hi
1
<




-------
                                        Table V-8 (Continued)
                               PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SAMPLING DATA

                                    ELECTROLYTIC CELL WATER QUENCH
tn
W
u>

Toxic
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.

Pollutant
Pollutants (Continued)
tetrachioroethylene
toluene
trichloroethylene
vinyl chloride (chloroethylene)
aldrin
dieldrin
chlordane
4,4'-DDT
4,4'-DDE
4,4'-DDD
alpha- endosulf an
beta-endosulfan
endosulfan sulfate
endrin
iV**.** »* 4.J.J.
Stream
Code
430
430
430
430
430
430
430
430
430
430
430
430
430
430
j A. t~j « & j, .*. *_* i.\
Sample
Typet
1
1
1
1
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5




tl
H
t-M
igiji
Concentrations >(mg/l) §
Source
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 1
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 2
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 3
ND
ND
ND
ND
- ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
KJ-
W
w
1
1
OT
OT
Q
5"
PEGORY
W
a
•
<




-------
                                        Table V-8 (Continued)

                               PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SAMPLING DATA
                                    ELECTROLYTIC CELL WATER QUENCH
                                            RAW WASTEWATER
                                                                                                   H
en



Pollutant
Stream
Code
Sample
Typet
Concentrations (mg/1) g
Source
Day 1
Day 2
Day 3 3
Toxic Pollutants (Continued)

99.
100.
101.

102.

103.

104.

105.

1 06 .
107.

108.
109.
110.
111.
112.

endrin aldehyde
heptachlor
heptachlor epoxide

alpha-BHC

beta-BHC

gamma-BHC

delta-BHC

PCB-1242 (b)
PCB-1254 (b)

PCB-1221 (b)
PCB-1232 (c)
•PCB-1248 (c)
PCB-1260 (c)
PCB-1016 (c)

430
430
430

430

430

430

430

430
430

430
430
430
430
430

5
5
5

5

5

5

5

5
5

5
5
5
5
5

ND
ND
ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND
ND

ND
ND
ND
ND
ND

ND
ND
ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND
ND

ND
ND
ND
ND
ND

ND
ND
ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND
ND

ND
ND
ND
ND
ND

ND
ND
ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND
ND

ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
§
w
w
1
M
HI
f,
W
W
a
n
1
PJ
Q
O
3
W
n
HI
i
<

—


-------
         Table V-8 (Continued)

PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SAMPLING DATA
     ELECTROLYTIC CELL WATER QUENCH
             RAW WASTEWATER
Toxic
113.
114.
en 1 1 -> .
*»,
S 117.
118.
119.
120.
121.
122.
123.
124.
125.
126.
127. '
Pollutant
Pollutants (Continued)
toxaphene
antimony
arsenic
beryllium
cadmium
chromium (total)
copper
cyanide (total)
lead
mercury
nickel
selenium
silver
thallium
Stream
Code
430
430
430
430
430
430
430
430
430
430
430
430
430
430
Sample
Typet
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
1
5
5
5 •
5
5
5
Concentrations (mg/1)
Source
ND
<0.005
0.160
<0.001
<0.001
0.005
0.02
0.002
<0.001
<0.0002
0..001
<0.005
<0.001
<0.001
Day 1
ND
<0.005
0.022
<0.001
0.02
<0.001
0.033
0.0003
0.140
0.0002
0.050
<0.005
<0.001
<0.001
Day 2
ND
<0.005
0.006
<0.001
<0.001
0.018
0.010
0.0003
0.400
<0.0002
0.013
<0.005
<0.001
<0.001
Day 3
ND
0.010
0.025
<0.001
0.001
0.033
0.026
0.022
0.28
0.002
0.051
0.023
<0.001
0.015
H
s
K|
W
W
s
METALS
SUBCAT
8
H!
w
w
a
i
<




-------
                                    Table V-8 (Continued)

                           PRIMARY BARE EARTH METALS SAMPLING DATA
                                ELECTROLYTIC CELL WATER QUENCH
                                        RAW
Stream    Sample
                                                               Concentrations (mg/1)
                                                                                               H
Pollutant
Toxic Pollutants (Continued)

128. zinc
Nonconventional Pollutants

u, Iron
.ta-
rn Phenoiics
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)

Conventional Pollutants
Oil and Grease

Total Suspended Solids (TSS)

pH (standard units)


Code


430


430
430
430


430

430

430


Typet


5


5
1
5


1

5

5


Source Day 1


0.02 0.19


0.16 20
0.31 0.009
85 220


<1 <1

48

7.9 1.6


Day 2


0.06


14
0.007
250


6.8

25

1.3


Day 3


0.10


12
0.014
290


1.8

25

1.3


K;
1
M
M
1-3
W
3
m
1-3
B
m
m
a
w
n
S
Q
o
K

m
m
a
i
<
tSample Type Code:  1  - One-time grab
                    5  - 24-hour manual composite

(a),(b),(c) Reported together

-------
                                              Table V-9
                               PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SAMPLING DATA
                                       COMBINED RAW WASTEWATER
to
           Pollutant

Toxic Pollutants

  1.   acenaphthene

  2.   acrolein

  3.   acrylonltrile

  4.   benzene

  5.   benzidlne

  6.   carbon tetrachlorlde

  7.   chlorobenzene

  8.   1,2,4-trichlorobenzene

  9.   hexachlorobenzene

 10.   1,2-dlchloroethane

 11.   1,1,1-trichloroethane

 12.   hexachloroethane

 13.   1,1-dichloroethane

 14.   1,1,2-trichloroethane
                                                                                                   a
Stream
Code
432
432
432
432
432
432
432
432

432
432
432
432
432
432
Sample
Typet
5
1
1
1
5
1
1
5

5
1
1
5
1
1
Concentrations (mg/1)
Source
ND
ND
ND
0.009
ND
ND
ND
ND

ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 1
ND
ND
- ND
0.010
ND
0.013
ND
ND

1 .60
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 2
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND

2.60
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 3
ND
ND
ND
0.012
ND
. ND
0.007
ND

1 .30
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
H
1
»
M
M
as
s
M
'H
W
Ui
c
03
O
W
Q
O
Kj
Cfl
m
a
i




-------
                                        Table V-9 (Continued)
                               PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SAMPLING DATA
                                       COMBINED RAW WASTEWATER
Ul
*».
M
00
           Pollutant

Toxic Pollutants (Continued)

 15.  1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane

 16.  chloroethane

 17.  bis(chloromethyl)ether

 18.  bis(2-chloroethyl)ether

 19.  2-chloroethyl vinyl ether

 20.  2-chloronaphthalene

 21.  2,4,6-trichlorophenol

 22.  p-chloro-m-cresol

 23.  chlorotorm

 24.  2-chlorophenol

 25.  1,2-dichlorobenzene

 26.  1,3-dichlorobenzene

 27.  1,4-dichlorobenzene

 28.  3,3'-dichlorobenzidine
                                                                                                   H
Stream
Code

432

432


432

432


432

432
432

432
432


432

432
432
432
432
Sample
Typet

1

1


1

5


1

5
5

5
1


5

5
5
"5
5
Concentrations (mg/1) g
Source

ND

ND


ND

ND


ND

ND
ND

ND
0.041


ND

ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 1

ND

ND


ND

ND


ND

ND .
ND

ND
0.054


ND

ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 2

ND

ND


ND

ND


ND

ND
ND

ND
ND


ND

ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 3

ND

ND


ND
*
ND


ND

ND
ND

ND
0.025


ND

ND
ND
ND
ND

Kj
M
M
5
1-3
ffi
3
M
>
f
M
w
c:
w
o
M
§
s
en
M
o
1-3
I
<

—


-------
                                        Table  V-9  (Continued)
                               PRIMARY  RARE  EARTH  METALS  SAMPLING DATA
                                       COMBINED  RAW WASTEWATER
Ul
NJ
<£>
           Pollutant

Toxic Pollutants (Continued)

 29.  1,1-diehloroethylene

 30.  1,2-trans-dichloroethylene

 31.  2,4-dichlorophenol

 32.  1,2-dichloropropane

 33.  1,3-dichloropropene

 34.  2,4-dlmethylphenol

 35.  2,4-dinitrotoluene

 36.  2,6-dinltrotoluene

 37.  1,2-diphenylhydrazine

 38.  ethylbenzene

 39.  fluoranthene

 40.  4-chlorophenyl phenyl ether

 41.  4-bromophenyl phenyl ether

 42.  bis(2-chloroisopropyl)ether
Stream
Code

432
432

432
432
432
432
432
432
432
432
432
432
432
432
Sample
Typet

1
1

5
1
1
5
5
5
5
1
5
5
.5
5
Concentrations (mg/1)
Source

ND
ND

ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 1
ND
ND

ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
,ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 2
ND
ND

ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 3
ND
ND

ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND.
JMARY E
Z
w
w
H
s
1
W
tn
c
o
w
8
CO
M
O
1




-------
                                       Table V-9  (Continued)




                               PRIMARY  RARE  EARTH  METALS SAMPLING DATA

                                       COMBINED RAW WASTEWATER




                                                                                                  H

                                          Stream    Sample        Concentrations  (mg/1)	    g

               Pollutant                     Code     Typet     SourceDay 1Day 2Day 3   fr
                                                                                                  ^



    Toxic Pollutants  (Continued)                                                                   jg




     43.   bis(2-choroethoxy)methane          432        5         ND       ND       ND       ND     w

                                                                                                  td


     44.   methylene chloride                 432        1        0.006    0.010     ND      0.019   5




     45.   methyl  chloride  (chloromethane)    432        1         ND       ND       ND       ND     s


Ln                                                                                                 S

*>    46.   methyl  bromide  (bromomethane)      432        1         ND       ND       ND       ND     >


0                                                                                                 w

     47.   bromoform (tribromomethane)        432        1         ND       ND       ND       ND     w




     48.   dichlorobromomethane               432        1         ND       ND       ND       ND     £



                                                                                                  S
     49.   trichlorofluoromethane             432        1         ND       ND       ND       ND     w




     50.   dichlorodifluoromethane            432        1         ND       ND       ND       ND     $
                                                                                                  • -i
    «


     51..  chlorodibromomethane               432        1         ND      0.002     ND       ND     w




     52.   hexachlorobutadiene                432        5         ND       ND       ND       ND     H

                                                                                                   i

     53.   hexachlorocyclopentadiene          432        5         ND       ND       ND       ND     <




     54.   isophorone                         432        5         ND       ND       ND       ND




     55.   naphthalene                       432        5         ND       ND       ND       ND




     56.   nitrobenzene                       432        5         ND       ND       ND       ND

-------
                                        Table V-9 (Continued)
                               PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SAMPLING DATA

                                       COMBINED RAW WASTEWATER
en
*»
to
           Pollutant


Toxic Pollutants (Continued)


 57.  2-nitrophenol


 58.  4-nitrophenol


 59.  2,4-dinitrophenol


 60.  4,6-dinltro-o-cresol


 61.  N-nitrosodimethylamine


 62.  N-nitrosodiphenylamine


 63.  N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine


 64.  pentachlorophenol


 65.  phenol


 66.  bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate


 67.  butyl benzyl phthalate


 68.  di-n-butyl phthalate


 69.  di-n-octyl phthalate


 70.  diethyl phthalate
Stream
Code
432

432
432
432

432


432
432

432
432

432

432
432
432
432
Sample
Typet
5

5
5
5

5


5
5

5
5

5

5
5
5
5
Concentrations (mg/1) 13
Source
ND

ND
ND
ND

ND


ND
ND

ND
ND

0.008

0.007
0.003
0.006
ND
Day 1
ND

ND
ND
ND

ND


ND
ND

ND
0.001

0.002

ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 2
ND

ND
ND
ND

ND


ND
ND

ND
ND

0.019

ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 3
ND

ND
ND
ND

ND


ND
ND

ND
ND

0.004

ND
ND
ND
ND
3*
8
B
**^
3
1
ir*
W
Dl
G
tfl
O
M
8
3
M
m
n
i
<




-------
                                       Table V-9 (Continued)

                              PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SAMPLING DATA
                                      COMBINED RAW WASTEWATER
fO
           Pollutant

Toxic Pollutants (Continued)

 71.  dimethyl phthalate

 72.  benzo(a)anthracene

 73,  benzo(a)pyrene

 74.  benzo(b)fluoranthene

 75.  benzo(k)fluoranthane

 76.  chrysene

 77.  acenaphthylene

 78.  anthracene   (a)

 79.  benzo(ghi)perylene

 80.  tluorene

 81.  phenanthrene (a)

 82.  dibenzo(a,h)anthracene

 83.  indeno (1,2,3-ctd)pyrene

 84.  pyrene
Stream
Code

432
432
432
432
432
432
432
432
432
432
432
432
432
432
Sample
Typet

5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
Concentrations (mg/1)
Source

ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 1
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 2
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 3
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
'RIMARY R
§
w
M
JU
1
OT
W
W
a
•W
iTEGORY
W
M
O
1




-------
                                        Table V-9  (Continued)

                               PRIMARY RARE EARTH  METALS SAMPLING DATA
                                       COMBINED RAW WASTEWATER
                                                                                                   !x?

                                           Stream     Sample        Concentrations (mg/1)	
               Pollutant
    Toxic  Pollutant s (Continued)

     85.   tetrachloroethylene

     86.   toluene

     87.   trichloroethylene

*>•    88.   vinyl  chloride (chloroethylene)
CO

     89.   aldrin

     90.   dieldrin

     91.   chlordane

     92.   4,4'-DDT

     93.   4,4'-DDE

     94.   4,4'-DDD

     95.   alpha-endosulfan

     96.   beta-endosulfan

     97.   endosulfan sulfate

     9B.   endrin
Stream
Code
432

432
432
432
432
432
432
432
432
432
432
432
432
432
Sample
Typet
1

1
1
1
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
Concentrations (mg/1) g
Source
ND

ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 1
ND

ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 2
ND

ND
ND f
ND
ND
ND
ND
.ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 3
ND

ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
1
w
M
1
«
M
tr<
m
en
a
w
a
*V^J
VPEGORY
m
M
9
1




-------
ui
                                    Table V-9 (Continued)

                           PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SAMPLING DATA
                                   COMBINED RAW WASTEWATER
           Pollutant
Toxic Pollutants (Continued)

 99.  endrin aldehyde

100.  heptachlor

101.  heptachlor epoxide

102.  alpha-BHC

103.  beta-BHC

104.  gamma-BHC

105.  delta-BHC

106.  PCB-1242  (b)

107,  PCB-1254  (b)

108.  PCB-1221  (b)

109.  PCB-1232  (c)

110.  PCB-1248  (c)

111.  PCB-1260  (c)

112.  PCB-1016  (c)
                                                                                               H
Stream
Code
432

432
432

432

432

432
432


432
432


432

432
432
432
432
Sample
Typet
5

5
5

5

5

5
5


5
5


5

5
5
5
5
Concentrations (rag/1) j3
Source
ND

ND
ND

ND

ND

ND
ND


ND
ND


ND

ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 1
ND
•
ND
ND

ND

ND

ND
ND


ND
ND


ND

ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 2
ND

ND
ND

ND

ND

ND"
ND


ND
ND


ND

ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 3
ND

ND
ND

ND

ND

ND
ND


ND
ND


ND

ND
ND
ND
ND

M
w
s
3
M
3*
W
Cfl
G
(33
O
M
Q
O
K«
W
M
O
Hi
1
<




-------
w
U1
                                       Table V-9 (Continued)


                              PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SAMPLING DATA
                                      COMBINED RAW WASTEWATER
Toxic
113.

114.
115.
117.
118.
119.
120.
121.
122.
123.
124.
125.
126.
127.
Pollutant
Pollutants (Continued)
toxaphene

ant imony
arsenic
beryllium
cadmium
chromium (total)
copper
cyanide (total)
lead
mercury
nickel
selenium
silver
thallium
Stream
Code
432

432
432
432
432
432
432
432
432
432
432
432
432
432
Sample
Typet
5

5
5
5
5
5
5
1
5
5
5
5
5
5
Concentrations (mg/1)
Source
ND

<0.005
0.160
<0.001
<0.001
0.005
0.02
0.002
<0.001
<0.0002
0.001
<0.005
<0.001
<0.001
Day 1
ND

<0.005
<0.005
<0.001
0.03
0.006
0.23
0.0022
0.09
<0.0002
0.052
<0.005
<0.001
0.003
Day 2
ND

<0.005
<0.005
<0.001
0.002
0.010
0.019
0.0082
0.29
0.0007
0.020
0.028
<0.001
0.006
Day 3
ND

<0.01
1.45
<0.001
0.007
<0.001
0.013
0.0082
0.14
0.0002
0.030
0.034
<0.001
<0.001
•u
50
H
m
M
t-3
g
M
1
w
w
G
W
O
•fcl
^TEGORY
cn
M
n
i




-------
                                    Tabie V-9 (Continued)

                           PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SAMPLING DATA
                                   COMBINED RAW WASTEWATER


Pollutant
Toxic Pollutants (Continued)
128. zinc
Noneonventional Pollutants

Chloride

*>• Iron
Phenolics


Conventional Pollutants
Oil and Grease

Total Suspended Solids (TSS)
pH (standard units)

Stream
Code

432


432

432
432



432

432
432

Sample
Typet

5


5

5
1



1

5
5

Concentrations (mg/1) g
Source Day 1

0.02 0.05


18 2,100 1

0.16 8.4
0.031 0.006



<1 <1

20
7.9 1.6

Day 2

0.03


,800 2

7.9
0.007



4.1

21
1.3

Day 3

0.04


,700

6.8
0.012



4.7

27
1 .3

1

M
5
1-3
3
M
(-3
W
m
a
w
H3
w
o
o
w
w
a
tSample Type Code:   1  - One-time grab
                    5 - 24-hour manual composite

(a),(b),(c) Reported together

-------
                                              Table V-10
                                PRIMARY  RARE  EARTH METALS SAMPLING  DATA
                                             FINAL EFFLUENT
Ln
*»
w
-J
           Pollutant

Toxic Pollutants

  1.  acenaphthene

  2.  acrolein

  3.  acrylonitrile

  4.  benzene

  5.  benzidlne

  6.  carbon tetrachlorlde

  7.  chlorobenzene

  8.  1,2,4-trlchlorobenzene

  9.  hexachlorobenzene

 10.  1,2-dichloroethane

 11.  1,1,1-trichloroethane

 12.  hexachloroethane

 13.  1,1-dichloroethane

 14.  1,1,2-trichloroethane
Stream
Code

427

427


427

427


427


427
427

427
427

427
427
427
427
427
Sample
Typet

6

1


1

1


6


1
1

6
6

1
1
6
1
1
Concentrations (mg/1)
Source

ND

ND


ND

0.009


ND


ND
ND

ND
ND

ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 1

ND

ND


ND

0.014


ND


ND
ND

ND
2.10

ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 2

ND

ND


ND

0.012


ND


0.006
ND

ND
1 .30

ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 3

ND

ND


ND

0.013


ND


0.003
ND

ND
0.310

ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
H
s
j§
KJ
W
W
i§
t-i
ffl
S
W
i-l
IT"
OT

cn
c
W
o
t-i
M
O
S
m
o
•9
<




-------
                                        Table  V-10  (Continued)
                               PRIMARY  RARE  EARTH  METALS  SAMPLING DATA
                                             FINAL  EFFLUENT
ut
UJ
00
           Pollutant

Toxic Pollutants  (Continued)

 15.  1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane

 16 *  etiloroethaTie

 17.  bis(chloromethyl)ether

 18.  bis(2-chloroethyl)ether

 19.  2-chloroethyl vinyl ether

 20.  2-chloronaphthalene

 21.  2,4,6-trichlorophenol

 22.  p-ehloro-m-cresol

 23.  chloroform

 24.  2-chlorophenol

 25.  1,2-dichlorobenzene

 26.  1,3-dichlorobenzene

 27.  1,4-diehlorobenzene

 28.  3,3'-diehlorobenzidine
                                                                                                    50
.Stream
Code
427

427
427
427
427
427
427
427
427
427
427
427
427
427
Sample
Typet
1

1
1
6
1
6
6
6
1
6
6
6
6
6
Concentrations (mg/1) |i
Source
ND

ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.041
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 1
ND

ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.230
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 2
ND

ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.160
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 3
ND

ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.220
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
M
td
1
g
td
>
W
m
§
o
td
»
w
w
o
1-3
<




-------
         Table V-10 (Continued)

PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SAMPLING DATA
             FINAL EFFLUENT
                                                                    ha


Toxic
29.
30.

31.
Ul
** 32
u> J *
VD
33,
34.
35.


36.
37.

38.

39.
40.
41.
42.

Pollutant
Pollutants (Continued)
1 , 1 -diehloroethylene
1 , 2-trans-dichloroethylene

2 , 4-diehlorophenol
1 , 2-dichloropropane

1 , 3-dichloropropene
2 , 4-dimethylphenol
2 .4- din itro toluene
.

2 ,6-dinitrotoluene
1 , 2-diphenylhydrazine

ethylbenzene

f luoranthene
4-ehlorophenyl phenyl ether
4-bromophenyl phenyl ether
bis(2-chloroisopropyl) ether
Stream
Code

427
427

427
427

427
427
427


427
427

427

427
427
427
427
Sample
Typet

1
1

6
1

1
6
6


6
6

1

6
6
6
6
Concentrations (mg/1)
Source

ND
ND

ND
ND

ND
ND
ND


ND
ND

ND

ND
ND
ND
. ND
Day 1

ND
ND

ND
ND

ND
ND
ND


ND
ND

ND

ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 2

ND
ND

ND
ND

ND
ND
ND


ND
ND

ND

ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 3

ND
ND

ND
ND

ND
ND
ND


ND
ND

ND

ND
ND
ND
ND
H
5
**•".
fO
S
w
B
M
3
w
i-i
>
tr*
w
OT
a
w
Q
O
3
w
w
o
I-i
1
<




-------
                                         Table  V-10  (Continued)

                                PRIMARY RARE  EARTH METALS  SAMPLING DATA
                                             FINAL EFFLUENT
2


Toxic
43.

44.
45.
46.

47.

48.
49.


50.
51.

52.

53.
54.
55.
56.

Pollutant
Pollutants (Continued)
bis (2-choroethoxy)methane

methylene chloride
methyl chloride (chloromethane)
methyl bromide (bromomethane)

bromotorm (tribromomethane)

dichlorobromome thane
trichlorof luorome thane


dichlorod if luorome thane
chlorodibromome thane

hexachlorobutadiene

hexachlorocyclopentadiene
isophorone
naphthalene
nitrobenzene
Stream
Code

427

427
427
427

427

427
427


427
427

427

427
427
427
427
Sample
Typet

6

1
1
1

1

1
1


1
1

6

6
6
6
6
Concentrations (mg/1) g
Source

ND

0.006
ND
ND

ND

ND
ND


ND
ND

ND

ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 1

ND

0.013
ND
ND

0.006

0.130
ND


ND
0.046

ND

ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 2

ND

0.017
ND
ND

0.009

0.100
ND


ND
0.052

ND

ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 3

ND

0.013
ND '
ND

0.006

0.120
ND


ND
0.046

ND

ND
ND
ND
ND
B

1
w
HJ
g
>
tr<
CO
CO
o
H3
M
Q
o
a
CO
M
O
t-3
I
<




-------
                                    Table V-10 (Continued)
                           PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SAMPLING DATA
                                        FINAL EFFLUENT
           Pollutant

Toxic Pollutants (Continued)

 57.  2-nitrophenol

 58.  4-nitrophenol

 59.  2,4-dinitrophenol

 60,  4,6-dinitro-o-eresol

 61.  N-nitrosodimethylamine

 62.  N-nitrosodiphenylamine

 63.  N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine

 64.  pentachlorophenol

 65.  phenol

 66.  bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate

 67.  butyl benzyl phthalate

 68.  di-n-butyl phthalate

 69.  di-n-octyl phthalate

 70.  diethyl phthalate
Stream
Code
427

427


427

427
427


427
427


427
427

427

427
427
427
427
Sample
Typet
6

6


6

6
6


6
6


6
6

6

6
6
6
6
Concentrations (mg/1) g
Source
ND

ND


ND

ND
ND


ND
ND


ND
ND

0.008

0.007
0.003
0.006
ND
Day 1
ND

ND


ND

ND
ND


ND
ND


ND
ND

0.005

ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 2
ND

ND


ND

ND
ND


ND
ND


ND
ND

0.004

ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 3
ND

ND


ND

ND
ND


ND
ND


ND
ND

ND

ND
ND
ND
ND
S
w
M
50
1-3
K
S
M
|
W
M
C
a
o
M
Q
O
M<
CO
M
9
i
<




-------
         Table V-10 (Continued)

PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SAMPLING DATA
             FINAL EFFLUENT
                                                                    H


Toxic
71.

72.
73.
tn
£ 74.
to
75.

76.

77.
78.
79.

80.

81.
82.
83.
84.

Pollutant

Pollutants (Continued)
dimethyl phthalate

benzo( a) anthracene
benzo(a)pyrene

benzo(b) f luoranthene

benzo(k) fluoranthane

chrysene

acenaphthylene
anthracene (a)
benzo(ghi)perylene

fluorene

phenanthrene (a)
dibenzo( a, h) anthracene
indeno (1 ,2 ,3-c ,d)pyrene
pyrene
Stream
Code


427

427
427

427

427

427

427
427
427

427

427
427
427
427
Sample
Typet


6

6
6

6

6

6

6
6
6

6

6
6
6
6
Concentrations (mg/1) §
Source


ND

ND
ND

ND

ND

ND

ND
ND
ND

ND

ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 1

ND

ND
ND

ND

ND

ND

ND
ND
ND

ND

ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 2

ND

ND
ND

ND

ND

ND

ND
ND
ND

ND

ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 3

ND

ND
ND

ND

ND
-
ND

ND
ND
ND

ND

ND
ND
ND
ND
K
5
M
M
1
g
M
j>
tn
tn
G
ro
3
1-3
M
8
8
tn
M
0
(-3
i
<




-------
                                        Table V-10  (Continued)

                               PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SAMPLING DATA
                                            FINAL EFFLUENT
GO
               Pollutant

    Toxic Pollutants (Continued)

     85.   tetrachloroethylene

     86.   toluene

     87.   trichloroethylene

£    88.   vinyl chloride (chloroethylene)

     89.   aldrin

     90.   dieldrin

     91.   chlordane

     92.   4,4'-DDT

     93.   4,4'-DDE

     94.   4,4'-DDD

     95.   alpha-endosulfan

     96.   beta-endosulfan

     97.   endosulfan sulfate

     98.   endrin
Stream
Code

427
427
427
427
427
427
427
427
427
427
427
427
427
427
Sample
Typet

1
1
1
1
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
Concentrations (mg/1) ^
Source

ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 1
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 2
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 3
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
g
Ki
1
w
s
HJ
en
en
G
w
n
S-j
VTEGORY
en
w
H
i




-------
         Table V-10 (Continued)

PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SAMPLING DATA
             FINAL EFFLUENT
                                                                    H



Pollutant
Toxic Pollutants
99.
100.
101.
en
£ 102.
*>.
103.
104.

105.

106.
107.


108.

109.
110.
111.
112.
(Continued)
endrin aldehyde
heptachlor
heptachlor
alpha-BHC
beta-BHC
gamma -BHC

delta-BHC

PCB-1242
PCB-1254


PCB-1221

PCB-1232
PCB-1248
PCB-1260
PCB-1016

epoxide

^




(b)
(b)


(b)

(c)
(c)
(c)
(c)
Stream
Code

427
427
427
427
427
427

427

427
427


427

427
427
427
427
Sample
Typet

6
6
6
6
6
6

6

6
6


6

6
6
6
6
Concentrations (nig/ 1) §
Source

ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND

ND

ND
ND


ND

ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 1

ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND

ND

ND
ND


ND

ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 2

ND
ND
• ND
ND
ND
ND

ND

ND
ND


ND

ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 3

ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND

ND

ND
ND


ND

ND
ND
ND
ND

g
w
1
2
ETALS
W
S
O
1-3
W
Q
O
a
w
M
O
H3
I
<




-------
         Table V-10 (Continued)

PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SAMPLING DATA
             FINAL EFFLUENT
Toxic
' 113.
114.
115.
01 1 1 -i
*> 117.
Ut
118.
119.
120.
121.
122.
123.
124.
125.
126.
127.
Pollutant
Pollutants (Continued)
toxaphene
antimony
arsenic
beryllium
cadmium
chromium (total)
copper
cyanide (total)
lead
mercury
nickel
selenium
silver
thallium
Stream
Code
427
427
427
427
427
427
427
427
427
427
427
427
427
427
Sample
Typet
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
1
6
6
6
6
6
6
Concentrations (mg/1) g
Source
ND
X0.005
0.160
<0.001
<0.001
0.005
0.02
0.002
<0.001
<0.0002
0.001
<0.005
<0.001
<0.00.1
Day 1
ND
<0.01
0.018
<0.001
0.001
0.001
0.032
0.0022
0.110
<0.0002
0.14
0.067
0.003
<0.001
Day 2
ND
<0.01
0.014
<0.001
0.002
0.018
0.019
0.0022
0.110
<0.0002
0.065
0.200
0.003
<0.001
Day 3
ND
<0.01
0.011
<0.001
<0.001
0.001
0.030
0.0022
0.150
0.0007
0.10
0.027
0.003
<0.001
Kj
i
m
1
3
W
H
m
a
OJ
o
*«SJ
CTEGORY
en
m
O
i




-------
Ul
a\
                                        Table  V-10  (Continued)

                               PRIMARY  RARE  EARTH METALS  SAMPLING  DATA
                                            FINAL EFFLUENT
           Pollutant

Toxic Pollutants (Continued)

128.  zinc

Nonconventional Pollutants

Chloride

Iron

Phenolics

Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)

Conventional Pollutants

Oil and Grease

Total Suspended Solids (TSS)

pH (standard units)
Stream
Code
427



427
427

427
427



427
427


427
Sample
Typet
6



6
6

1
6



1
6


6
Concentrations (rag/1)
Source
0.02



18 1
0.16

0.031
85 3



<1



7.9
Day 1
0.12



,900
12

7.0
,000



<1
95


11 .3
Day




2,100
7.4

10
2,900



3.5
77


10.7
_2 Day 3
0.04



2,300
8.7

130
3,600



15
120


3.8
H
3
IS
M
M
1
ffi
M
£
W
W
o
M
Q
O
8
w
M
O
^
    tSample Type Code:   1  -  One-time grab
                        6  -  24-hour automatic  composite

    (a),(b),(c)  Reported together

-------
                                              Slag
Wet Rare
Earth Chlorides
Dry Rare  Earth Chlorides
                        6.0 gpm
             Gas to  «^-
              Atm.
                                       Electro-
                                         lytic
                                       Reduction
                                         Cell
                                            Gas
                                        Quench
                                           Gas
                                       Scrubber

                                        NaOCl
                                             To Mischmetal
                                             Forming/Casting
                                                                                H2°
                                                       NaOH
                                                  Treatment
                                                    Tank
                                                    (pH
                                                   Adjust)
                                                            Discharge

                                                            8.14 gpm
                                                                          H
                                                                          Kj

                                                                          g
                                                                          »
                                                                          w
                                                                          w
                                                                          a
                                                                                    O
                                                                                    m
                                                                                    Q
                                                                                    O
                                                                                    S
                                                                                    K
                                                                                                             Cfl
                                                                                                             O

                                                                                                              i
                                                                                                             <
                      Figure  V-]

SAMPLING SITES AT  PRIMARY  RARE  EARTH METALS  PLANT

-------
PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBGATEGORY   SECT - V
     THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
                     5448

-------
        PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY   SECT - VI



                           SECTION VI

                SELECTION OF POLLUTANT PARAMETERS


This section examines chemical analysis data presented in Section
V  and  discusses the selection or exclusion of toxic  and  other
pollutants for potential limitation. The discussion that  follows
presents and briefly discusses the selection of conventional  and
nonconventional   pollutants  for  effluent  limitations.    Also
described is the analysis that was performed to select or exclude
priority pollutants for further consideration for limitations and
standards.  Pollutants will be considered for limitation if  they
are  present  in  concentrations treatable  by  the  technologies
considered  in this analysis.  The treatable concentrations  used
for  the  priority metals were the long-term  performance  values
achievable   by   chemical  precipitation,   sedimentation,   and
filtration.   The treatable concentrations used for the  priority
organics  were  the long-term performance  values  achievable  by
carbon  adsorption.

CONVENTIONAL AND NONCONVENTIONAL POLLUTANT PARAMETERS SELECTED

This  study examined samples from the primary rare  earth  metals
subcategory  for  two  conventional pollutant  parameters  (total
suspended  solids and pH) and several  nonconventional  pollutant
parameters.

The  conventional  and  nonconventional pollutants  or  pollutant
parameters selected for limitation in this subcategory are:

     total suspended solids (TSS), and
     pH

None  of  the nonconventional pollutants or pollutant  parameters
was selected for limitation in -this subcategory.

TSS concentrations ranging from 20 mg/1 to 27 mg/1 were  observed
in  the  three raw waste samples analyzed for  this  study.   All
three   concentrations   are  above  the   2.6   mg/1   treatable
concentration.  Most of the specific methods used to remove toxic
metals  do  so by converting these metals  to  precipitates,   and
these   toxic-metal-containing   precipitates   should   not   be
discharged. Meeting a limitation on total suspended solids  helps
ensure  that removal of these precipitated toxic metals has  been
effective. For these reasons, total suspended solids are selected
for limitation in this subcategory.

The  pH values of the raw wastewater observed during  this  study
ranged  from  1.3 to 1.6,  consistently outside the 7.5  to  10.0
range  considered  desirable  for  discharge.   Many  deleterious
effects  are caused by extreme pH values or rapid changes in  pH.
Also, effective removal of toxic metals by precipitation requires
careful  control of pH.   Since pH control is readily attainable,


                               5449

-------
        PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY   SECT - VI
                                                              I

pH  is selected for limitation in this subcategory.

TOXIC PRIORITY POLLUTANTS

The frequency of occurrence of the priority pollutants in the  raw
wastewater samples taken is presented in Table VI-1 (page  5455).
Table VI-1 is based on the raw wastewater data from streams  429,
430,  431,  and  432.   These data  provide  the  basis  for   the
categorization   of  specific  pollutants  as  discussed   below.
Treatment  plant  samples were not considered  in  the  frequency
count.

TOXIC POLLUTANTS NEVER DETECTED

The toxic pollutants listed in Table VI-2 (page 5459)  were   not
detected  in  any raw wastewater samples from  this  subcategory.
Therefore,   they   are  not  selected   for   consideration   in
establishing limitations.

TOXIC POLLUTANTS NEVER FOUND ABOVE THEIR ANALYTICAL
QUANTIFICATION CONCENTRATION

The toxic pollutants listed below were never found  above  their
analytical  quantification  concentration in any  raw  wastewater
samples  from this subcategory. Therefore, they are not  selected
for consideration in establishing limitations;.

       7.  chlorobenzene
      21.  2,4,6-trichlorophenol
      47.  bromoform
      65.  phenol
      86.  toluene
     114.  antimony
     117.  beryllium

TOXIC POLLUTANTS PRESENT BELOW CONCENTRATIONS ACHIEVABLE BY
TREATMENT

The pollutants listed below are not selected for consideration in
establishing  limitations  because  they were not  found  in  any
wastewater  samples  from this subcategory  above  concentrations
considered   achievable  by  existing  or   available   treatment
technologies.    These  pollutants  are  discussed   individually
following the list.

     121.  cyanide (Total)
     123.  mercury

Cyanide   was  detected  above  its   analytical   quantification
concentration  of  0.02 mg/1 in four samples ranging  from  0.020
mg/1  to 0.032 mg/1.  Another seven samples were  detected  below
the quantification concentration.  Since no samples were detected
above  the treatable concentration of 0.047 mg/1,  cyanide is  not
considered for limitation.
                               5450

-------
        PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY   SECT - VI


Mercury  was detected above its quantification  concentration  of
0.001  mg/1 in six samples analyzed.   The remaining five samples
were  below quantification.  The greatest concentration  detected
was  0.0042 mg/1 of mercury.  Since this is  substantially  below
the  0.036 mg/1 treatable concentration, mercury is not  selected
for limitation.

TOXIC POLLUTANTS DETECTED IN A SMALL NUMBER OF SOURCES

The following pollutants were not selected for limitation because
they  were detected in the effluent from only a small  number  of
sources  within the subcategory and are uniquely related to  only
those sources.

       6.  carbon tetrachloride
      23.  chloroform
      44.  methylene chloride
      48.  dichlorobromomethane
      49.  trichlorofluoromethane (Deleted)
      51.  chlorodibromomethane
      66.  bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate

Although  these  pollutants were not selected for  limitation  in
establishing nationwide regulations,  it may be appropriate, on a
case-by-case  basis,  for the local permitter to specify effluent
limitations

Carbon  tetrachloride  was detected in only four  of  11  samples
analyzed.   The detected concentrations ranged from 0.013 mg/1 to
0.082 mg/1.   Treatability for carbon tetrachloride is 0.01 mg/1.
Since  carbon  tetrachloride  is present  in  concentrations  not
significantly  higher  than treatable concentrations,  and it  is
present in a small number of sources, carbon tetrachloride is not
selected for limitation.

Chloroform  was detected in 10 samples.   Two samples were  below
the  quantification concentration,  two were below the  treatable
concentration,   and  six  samples  were  above   the   treatable
concentration  of  0.01 mg/1.  Of these six  samples,  only  four
showed  concentrations  greater than that of  the  source  water,
0.041  mg/1. Chloroform is a common laboratory solvent,  and  the
frequency  of detection may be due to sample contamination.   The
presence  of  chloroform  in the source water  attests  to  this.
Therefore, chloroform is not selected for limitation.

Methylene  chloride  was detected above its treatability of  0.01
mg/1 in nine samples.   The concentrations ranged from 0.010 mg/1
to 0.019 mg/1.   These concentrations are close to the  treatable
concentration   and  would  not  lend  themselves  to   effective
treatment.   In addition, methylene chloride is not  a  pollutant
expected  to be present in wastewaters of this industry based  on
consideration of raw materials and production processes  employed
by this industry.  Therefore, methylene chloride is not  selected
for limitation.
                               5451

-------
        PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY   SECT - VI


Dichlorobromomethane  was detected in only one of  11  wastewater
samples  at a concentration of 0.330 mg/1.   The treatability for
dichlorobromomethane is 0.01 mg/1.   However,  there is no reason
to believe that this pollutant should be present in wastewater of
this  subcategory,  and  this result  cannot  be  generalized  as
characteristic    of   the   entire   subcategory.     Therefore,
dichlorobromomethane is not selected for limitation.

Trichlorofluoromethane was detected in only one of the four waste
streams  sampled.   Out of 11 samples analyzed,  it was  detected
twice,  both  times above the treatability concentration of  0.01
mg/1.  The two samples contained 0.012 mg/1 and 0.021 mg/1. Since
this is just slightly higher than could be achieved by  treatment
and   such   a   small   number   of   sources   indicate    that
trichlorofluoromethane is present, trichlorofluoromethane is  not
selected for limitation.

Chlorodibromomethane  was  detected  in only two  of  11  samples
analyzed.   One  sample  containing  0.002  mg/1  was  below  the
quantification  concentration of 0.010 mg/1.  The other  detected
sample was 0.250 mg/1, above the treatable concentration of  0.01
mg/1.  Since  Chlorodibromomethane was detected in such  a  small
number  of  sources,  its presence cannot be  generalized  to  be
characteristic    of   the   entire   subcategory.     Therefore,
Chlorodibromomethane is not selected for limitation.

Bis(2-ethylhexyl)  phthalate was detected in. seven samples  below
the quantification concentration (0.010 mg/1),  and four  samples
above   the  treatable  concentration  (0.01  mg/1).    Treatable
concentrations ranged from 0.013 mg/1 to 0.040 mg/1.  The  source
water contained 0.008 mg/1 of bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate.   This
compound  is a plasticizer commonly used in laboratory and  field
sampling equipment, and is not considered a pollutant specific to
this subcategory.  Therefore, bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate is  not
selected for limitation.

TOXIC POLLUTANTS SELECTED FOR FURTHER CONSIDERATION IN
ESTABLISHING LIMITATIONS AND STANDARDS

The   toxic  pollutants  listed  below  have  been  detected   in
quantities  above their treatability concentrations.   All  these
pollutants are under consideration to be selected in establishing
limitations  and  standards  for  this  subcategory.   The  toxic
pollutants listed below are each discussed following the list.

       4.  benzene
       9.  hexachlorobenzene
     115.  arsenic
     118.  cadmium
     119.  chromium (Total)
     12O.  copper
     122.  lead
     124.  nickel
     125.  selenium
     126.  silver
                               5452

-------
        PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY   SECT - VI


     127.  thallium
     128.  zinc

Benzene  was  detected above treatable  concentrations  in  seven
samples.   The  treatability for benzene is below the  analytical
quantification  limit  of  0.01 mg/1, and  the  range  of  sample
concentrations  is  from 0.011 mg/1 to  0.018  mg/1.   Comparable
concentrations of benzene were detected in samples from the final
effluent.   For  these reasons, benzene is selected  for  further
consideration for limitation.

Hexachlorobenzene  was found above treatability in  six  samples.
These  ranged  from  1.3 mg/1 to 2.6  mg/1  while  the  treatable
concentration  of  hexachlorobenzene  is  below  the   analytical
quantification  limit of 0.01 mg/1.  Equally high  concentrations
of  this toxic organic were found in the final effluent  samples.
Therefore,    hexachlorobenzene   is   selected    for    further
consideration for limitation.

Arsenic  was  detected  above treatability of 0.34  mg/1  in  one
sample  indicating  1.45 mg/1.  Five samples ranging  from  0.022
mg/1 to 0.096 mg/1 were observed below treatability.  Because  of
its   frequent  occurrence,  arsenic  is  being  considered   for
limitation.

Cadmium  was detected above treatability in two samples from  the
same  waste stream showing 0.36 mg/1 cadmium.   Five samples were
below  the treatable concentration of 0.049  mg/1,  ranging  from
0.002  mg/1  to  0.03  mg/1.   Thus,  cadmium  is  selected   for
consideration for limitation.

Chromium  was detected in one waste stream above treatability  of
0.07 mg/1 at 1.2 mg/1 and 1.3 mg/1.  Seven samples were below the
treatable concenttation and ranged from 0.005 mg/1 to 0.033 mg/1.
Because   of   its  frequency  of  occurrence   above   treatable
concentrations, chromium is considered for limitation.

In  11 samples analyzed for copper,  two samples were  above  the
treatable  concentration of 0.39 mg/1.   Both indicated 0.66 mg/1
copper and were observed in dehydration furnace wet air pollution
control  wastewater.   In addition,  eight samples  ranging  from
0.010   mg/1   to  0.23  mg/1  were  detected   below   treatable
concentrations.   Therefore, copper is being  further  considered
for limitation.

Lead  was  detected  above treatability of  0.08  mg/1  in  eight
samples  ranging from 0.09 mg/1 to 2.3 mg/1.   These samples were
taken from three of the four waste streams analyzed.   Thus  lead
is selected for consideration for limitation.

Two  samples  from  two waste streams detected nickel  above  its
treatable concentration of 0.22 mg/1.   These samples showed 0.69
mg/1  and  3S. 1  mg/1 nickel in  the  wastewater.   Eight  samples
ranging  from  0.005 mg/1 to 0.190 mg/1 were observed  below  the
treatable  concentration  of nickel.  Because  nickel  was  found
                               5453

-------
        PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY   SECT - VI


above   its   treatable  concentrations,  it  is   selected   for
consideration for limitation.

Selenium was detected above its treatability of 0.20 mg/1 in  two
wastewater samples showing 0.22 mg/1 and 0.510 mg/1.  Six samples
below  the treatable concentration ranged from 0.012 mg/1 to 0.13
m/1.   The  source water was found to have less than  0.005  mg/1
silver   detected   concentrations   below   the   quantification
concentration.   Because treatable concentrations of silver  were
detected, silver is considered for limitation.

Thallium  was  detected  above treatable  concentrations  in  two
samples  taken from the same waste stream.  Both  samples  showed
1,4  mg/1  thallium, while the treatable  concentration  is  0.34
mg/1.  All other samples analyzed were below  the  quantification
concentration.    However,  thallium  is  selected  for   further
consideration for limitation.

2inc  was detected above treatable concentrations in two  samples
from  one waste stream.   Both samples indicated 0.56 mg/1  zinc,
and  the  treatable  concentration is 0.23  mg/1.   Pour  samples
showed   zinc  to  be  below  the  treatable   concentration   in
concentrations ranging from 0.05 mg/1 to 0.19 mg/1.  Thus zinc is
selected for consideration for limitation.
                               5454

-------
                                                                   Table  VI-1

                                         FREQUENCY OF  OCCURRENCE  OF PRIORITY  POLLUTANTS
                                                       PRIMARY  RARE  EARTH  METALS
                                                                RAW  WASTEWATER
01
in
ui
          Pollutant

 1. acenaphthene
 2. acroleln
 'J. acrylonltrile
 4. benzene
 5. benzidine
 6. carbon tetrachlorlde
 7. chlorpbenzene
 8. 1.2,4-trlchlorobenzene
 9. hexachlorobenzene
10. 1,2-dlchloroethane
II. 1,1,1-trlchloroethane
12. hexachloroethane
13. 1,1-dichloroethane
14. 1,1,2-trlchlorocthane
15. 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane
16. chloroethane
17. bla(chloromethyl) ether
18. bls(2-chloroethyl) ether
19. 2-ehloroethyl vinyl ether
20. 2-chloronaphthalene
21. 2,4,6-trlchlorophenol
22. parachlorometa cresol
23. chloroform
24. 2-chlorophenol
25. 1,2-dichlorobenzene
26. 1,3-dlchlorobenzene
27. I,4-dIchlorobenzene
28. 3,3'-dlchlaroberas idlne
29. 1,1-dlchloroethylene
30. 1,2-trans-dlehloroethylene
31. 2,4-dlchlorophenol
32. 1,2-dlchloropropane
33. 1,3-dlchloropropylerie
34. 2,4-dlmethyiphenol
Analytical
Quantification
Concent rat ion
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
Treatable
Concentra-
tion
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
O.Oi
0.01
O.Oi
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
Number of
Streams
Analyzed
4
4
4
4
4
4
. 4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
Number of
Samples
Analyzed
11
U
11
11
It
11
II
11
11
11
11
11
11
U
U
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
U
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
ND

11
It
II
 1
11
 1
10
11
 3
11
II
11
11
11
It
II
II
11
II
11
10
II
 1
11
11
11
It
11
11
11
11
(1
11
11
-•
Detected Below
Quantification
Concentration
0
0
6
0
0
0
1
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Detected
Below Treat-
able Concen-
tration
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
u
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
u
0
u
0
0
Detected
Above Treat-
able Concen-
tration
U
0
U
7
0
4
U
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
I)
0
•x)
w
3
Ifc*
K
£0
53
M

M
%
3

n
Hi

tr»
y1
Cfl
c
Cd
>
Hi
m
Q
O

K

01
W
0
Hi
1

t—4
I 1


-------
                                                         Table  VI-1  (Continued)

                                        FREQUENCY OF  OCCURRENCE OF  PRIORITY  POLLUTANTS
                                                      PRIMARY  RARE  EARTH  METALS
                                                               RAW  WASTEWATER
Ul
*»
Ul
CTl
          Pollutant

35. 2.4-dlnltrotoluene
36. 2,6-dlnitrotoluene
37. 1,2-diphenylhydrazlne
38. ethylbenzene
39. fluoranthene
40. 4-chlorophenyl phenyl ether
41. 4-bromophenyl phenyl ether
4'2. bis(2-chlorolaopropyl) ether
43. bis(2-chloroethoxy) methane
44. inethylene chloride
45. methyl chloride
46. methyl bromide
47. bromoCorm
48. dlchlorobromomeLhane
49. trlchlorofluororaethane
50. dlchlorodifluororoethane
51. chlorodlbrunomethane
52. hexachlorobucadlene
53. hexachlorocyclopentadlene
54. tsophorone
55. naphthalene
56. nitrobenzene
57. 2-nitrophenol
58. 4-nitrophenol
59. 2,4-diriltrophenol
60. 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol
61. N-nltrosodimethylaraine
62. N-nltrosodlphenylamlne
63. N-nitrosodl-n-propylamine
64. pentachlurophenol
65. phenol
66. bis(2-eLhylhexyl) phthalate
Analytical
Quantification
Concentration
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
Treatable
Concentra-
tion
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
Nunber of
Streams
Analyzed
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
U
4
4
4
4
4
4
Nuiber of
Samples
Analyzed
11
II
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
ND

11
II
It
11
11
11
11
11
11
 1
11
11
10
10
 9
11
 9
II
11
11
11
u
11
II
11
II
II
II
11
11
 9
 0

Detected Below
Quantification
Concentration
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
7
Detected
Below Treat-
able Concen-
tration
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
U
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Detected
Above Treat-
able Concen-
tration
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
0
0
0
1
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
u
0
0
0
4
w
H

>
3
p
i>
M

M
1
ffi

3
td
H
$*
Tf\
\Jl
CO
c
n

H
td
Q~
o

><

CO
td
n
*"3
i

H


-------
                                                         Table  VI-1   (Continued)

                                       FREQUENCY  OF OCCURRENCE  OF PRIORITY  POLLUTANTS
                                                      PRIMARY  RARE  EARTH  METALS
                                                              RAW  WASTEWATER
tn
*>.
Ul
           Pollutant

 67. butyl benzyl phthalate
 68. dl-n-butyl phthalate
 69. dt-n-octyl phthalate
 70. diethyI phthalate
 71. dimethyl phthalate
 72. benzo(a)anthracene
 73. benzo(a)pyrene
 74. 3,4-benzo£luoranthene
 75. benzo(k)fluoranthene
 76. chrysene
 77. acenaphthylene
 78. anthracene    (c)
 79. benzo(ghl)perylene
 80. fluorene
 81. phenanthrene  (c)
 82. dibenzo(a,h)anthracene
 83. l«deno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
 84. pyrene
 85. tetrachloroethylene
 86. tolnaie
 87. trlchloroethylene
 88. vinyl chloride
 89. aldrin
 90. dleldrln
 91. ehlorilane
 92. 4.4'-DOT
 93. 4,4'-DDE
 94. 4,4'-DM)
 95. alpha-endosulfan
 96. beta-endosultan
 97. endosulfan sulfate
 98. endrln
 99. endrin aldehyde
100. heptachlor
101. heptachlor epoxlde
Analytical
Quantification
Concentration
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
o.oto
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
o.oto
0.010
0.010
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
Treatable
Concentra-
tion
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
Nunber of
Streams
Analyzed
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
Nunfcer of
Samples
Analyzed
11
11
II
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
It
11
11
11
-11
11
11
It
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
It
tt
11
11
It
11
11
11
NO

II
11
II
II
11
II
11
II
II
11
11
11
11
11
11
II
II
11
II
 9
It
11
11
II
It
It
11
11
11
11
11
11
It
11
n

Detected Below
Quantification
Concentration
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Detected
Below Treat-
able Concen-
tration
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Detected
Above Treat-
able Concen-
tration
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
: o
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
3»i
5*3
K;
g
5
M
ta
e
I-3L
ffl-

jsj
a
3*
t-t
w
w
cj
W
O
Hj
M
O
O

Kj

(/)
M
n
Hi
I


-------
                                                       Table VI-1   (Continued)
                                      FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE  OF PRIORITY  POLLUTANTS
                                                    PRIMARY RARE EARTH  METALS
                                                             RAW WASTEWATER
cn
Ul
00
                  Pollutant
102. alpha-BHC
103. beta-BHC
104. gainraa-BHC
105. delta-BHC
106. PCB-1242
107. WB-1254
108. PCB-1221
109. PCB-1232
110. BCB-1248
111. PCB-1260
112. BCB-1016
1 1 3. toxaphene
114. antimony
115. arsenic
116. asbestos
117. beryllium
118. cadmium
1 1 9. chromium
120. copper
121. cyanide
122. lead
123. mercury
124. nickel
125. selenium
126. silver
127. thallium
128. zinc




(d)
(d)
(d)
(e)
(e)
(e)
(e)








(f)







129. 2.3, 7,8-tetrachlorodlbenzo-
p-dioxin
(TO DO)
Analytical
Quantification
Concentration
(ng/1) (a)
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
• 0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.100
0.010
10 MFL
0.010
0.002
0.005
0.009
0.02
0.020
0.0001
0.005
0.01
0.02
0.100
0.050
Not Analyzed
Treatable
Concentra-
tion
OnR/l)(b)
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.47
0.34
10MFL
0.20
0.049
0.07
0.39
0.047
0.08
0.036
0.22
0.20
0.07
0.34
0.23


Number of
Streams
Analyzed
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4

4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4


Number of
Samples
Analyzed
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
Not Analyzed
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11




NO
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Detected Below
Quantification
Concentration

     0
     0
     0
     0
     0
     0
     0
     0
     0
     0
     0
     0
     II
     5

     11
     4
     2
     1
     7
     1
     5
     1
     3
     8
     9
     5
  Detected
Below Treat-
able Concen-
  tration

    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    5

    0
    5
    7
    d
    4
    2
    6
    d
    6
    0
    0
    4
 Detected
Above Treat-
able Concen-
  tratlon

    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    0
    1

    0
    2
    2
    2
    0

    0
    2
    2
    3
    2
    2
                                                                                                                                           XJ
                                                                                                                                           W


                                                                                                                                           1-3
                                                                                                                                           W

                                                                                                                                           W
                                                                                                                                           G
                                                                                                                                           W
                                                                                                                                           O
                                                                                                                                           K;
                                                                                                                                           W
                                                                                                                                           W
                                                                                                                                           O
                                                                                                                                           H3
       (a) Analytical quantification concentration was  reported with the data .(see Section V).

       (b) Treatable concentrations are based on performance of chanical precipitation,, sedimentation, and filtration.

       (c), (d), (e)  Reported together.

       (f) Analytical quantification concentration for  EBV Method 335.2, Total Cyanide Methods for Uianical Analysis of Water and Wastes,
           March 1979.
                                           H

-------
        PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY   SECT - VI


                           TABLE VI-2

                 TOXIC POLLUTANTS NEVER DETECTED

 1.  acenaphthene
 2.  acrolein
 3.  acrylonitrile
 5.  benzidene
 8.  1,2,4-trichlorobenzene
10.  1,2-dichloroethane
11.  1,1,1-trichloroethane
12.  hexachloroethane
13.  1.1-dichloroethane
14.  1,1,2-trichloroethane
15.  1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane
16.  chloroethane
17.  bis (chloromethyl) ether (Deleted)
18.  bis (2-chloroethyl) ether
19.  2-chloroethyl vinyl ether
20.  2-chloronaphthalene
22.  para-chloro meta-cresol
24.  2-chlorophenol
25.  1,2-dichlorobenzene
26.  1,3-dichlorobenzene
27.  1,4-dichlorobenzene
28.  3,3'dichlorobenzidine
29.  1,1-dichloroethylene
30.  1,2-trans-dichloroethylene
31.  2,4-dichlorophenol
32.  1,2-dichloropropane
33.  l,2.dichloropropylene
34.  2,4-dimethylphenol
35.  2,4-dinitrotoluene
36.  2,6-dinitrotoluene
37.  1,2-diphenylhydrazine
38.  ethylbenzene
39.  fluoranthene
40.  4^-chlorophenyl phenyl ether
41.  4-bromophenyl phenyl ether
42.  bis(2-chloroisopropyl) ether
43.  bis(2-chloroethoxy) methane
44.  methyl chloride (chloromethane)
46.  methyl bromide (bromomethane)
50.  dichlorodifluoromethane (Deleted)
52.  hexachlorobutadiene
53.  hexachlorocyclopentadiene
54.  isophorone
                               5459

-------
        PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY   SECT - VI


                     TABLE VI-2  (Continued)

                 TOXIC POLLUTANTS NEVER DETECTED

55.  naphthalene
56.  nitrobenzene
57.  2-nitrophenol
58.  4.nitrohpenol
59.  2,4-dinitrophenol
60.  4,6.dinitro-o-cresol
61.  N-nitrosodimethylamine
62.  N-nitrosodiphenylamine
63.  N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine
64.  pentachlorophenol
67.  butyl benzyl phthalate
68.  di-n-butyl phthalate
69.  di-n-octyl phthalate
70.  diethyl phthalate
71.  dimethyl phthalate
72.  benzo (a)anthracene
73.  benzo (a)pyrene
74.  3,4-benzofluoranthene
75.  benzo (k)fluoranthane
76.  chrysene
77.  acenaphthylene
78.  anthracene
79.  benzo(ghi)perylene
80».  fluorene
81.  phenanthrene
82.  dibenzo (a,h)anthracene
83.  indeno (I,2r3-cd)pyrene
84.  pyrene
85.  tetrachloroethylene
87.  trichloroethylene
88.  vinyl chloride
89.  aldrin
90. * dieldrin
91.  chlordane
92.  4,4'-DDT
93.  4,4 -DDE(p,p'DDX)
94.  4,4'-DDD(p,p'TDE)
95.  alpha-endosulfan
96.  beta-endosulfan
97.  endosulfan sulfate
98.  endrin
99.  endrin aldehyde
                               5460

-------
        PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY
SECT - VI
                     TABLE VI-2 (Continued)

                 TOXIC POLLUTANTS NEVER DETECTED

100. heptachlor
101. heprachlor epoxide
102, alpha-BBC
103. beta-BHC
104. gamma-BBC (lindane)
105. delta-BHC
106. PCB-1242  (Arochlor 1242)
107. PCB-1254  (Arochlor 1254)
108. PCB-1221  (Arochlor 1221)
109. PCB-1234  (Arochlor 1232)
110. PCB-1248  (Arochlor 1248)
111. PCB-1260  (Arochlor 1260)
112. PCB-1016  (Arochlor 1016)
113. toxaphene
116, asbestos (Fibrous)
129. 2.3,7,8-tetra chlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)
                               5461

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PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY   SECT - VI
       THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
                   5462

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      PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY   SECT - VII




                           SECTION VII

                CONTROL AND TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
The preceding sections of this supplement discussed the  sources,
flows,  and  characteristics of the wastewaters generated in  the
primary  rare earth metals plants.   This section summarizes  the
description  of  these  wastewaters and indicates  the  treatment
technologies  which are currently practiced in the  primary  rare
earth metals subcategory for each waste stream.   Secondly,  this
section  presents  the control and treatment  technology  options
which were examined by the Agency for possible application to the
primary rare earth metals subcategory.

CURRENT CONTROL AND TREATMENT PRACTICES

This  section  presents a summary of the  control  and  treatment
technologies  that  are currently applied to each of the  sources
generating  wastewater  in  this subcategory.   As  discussed  in
Section  V,  wastewater associated with the  primary  rare  earth
metals subcategory ,is characterized by the presence of the  toxic
metal  pollutants, treatable concentrations of  hexachlorobenzene
and benzene, and suspended solids.  This analysis is supported by
the  raw  (untreated)  wastewater  data  presented  for  specific
sources  as  well  as  combined  waste  streams  in  Section   V.
Generally,  these  pollutants are present in each  of  the  waste
streams  at  concentrations above treatability  and  these  waste
streams are commonly combined for treatment.  Construction of one
wastewater treatment system for combined treatment allows  plants
to  take advantage of economic scale, and in some  instances,  to
combine  streams  or  different alkalinity  to  reduce  treatment
chemical   requirements.   Both  discharging   plants   in   this
subcategory currently have combined wastewater treatment systems.
One  has  lime  precipitation and sedimentation,  and  the  other
employs a pH control system. Four options have been selected  for
consideration  for  BPT,  BAT, NSPS, and  pretreatment  based  on
combined treatment of these compatible waste streams.

The two plants in the rare earth metals subcategory that  produce
mischmetal do not practice treatment of individual waste streams.
The  treatment of wastewater occurs after all waste streams  have
been  combined;  for  this  reason a short summary of  the  waste
streams generated will be followed by a discussion of the present
treatment levels at the two plants in this subcategory.

DRYER VENT WATER QUENCH AND SCRUBBER

Drying  of wet rare earth chlorides produces off-gases which  are
quenched   with  water  or  scrubbed.  The  gases   are   cooled,
particulates removed, and hydrochloric acid is absorbed in  these
operations.
                               5463

-------
      PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY    SECT - VII
DRYER VENT CAUSTIC WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL

After  dryer off-gases are quenched or scrubbed with  water   they
may  be  routed to a caustic scrubber.  This  provides   for   more
complete  removal  of  particulates and  acid  vapors.   Scrubber
liquor  is  discharged to treatment and the gases vented  to   the
atmosphere.

ELECTROLYTIC CELL WATER QUENCH AND SCRUBBER

Reduction  of dry rare earth chlorides by  electrolysis  produces
off-gases  which are quenched by continuous water spray or passed
through  a  water scrubber. Similar to the drier  operation,   the
gases are cooled, particulates removed, and hydrochloric acid  is
absorbed  by  the  quench or scrubber water.  Upon  discharge  to
treatment, this wastewater stream has a pH in the range of 1.5.

ELECTROLYTIC CELL CAUSTIC WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL

After  the  quench or scrubber step described  above,  a  caustic
Scrubber may be used to remove chlorine gas from the gas  stream.
Sodium hypochlorite is formed in the scrubber and after recycling
to  obtain  a desired concentration, it is removed and  sold   for
industrial uses.  Thus the potential wastewater stream  generated
by this operation becomes a by-product.

SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE FILTER BACKWASH

Sodium  hypochlorite  produced in the electrolytic  cell  caustic
scrubber  is  filtered to remove residual particulates  prior  to
storage  as a salable product.  Depending on the type  of  filter
used,  backwashing may be necessary for effective  and  efficient
filtration.  This wastewater stream is discharged to treatment.

TREATMENT PRACTICES

Plants . in  this subcategory treat the combined  wastewater  flow
from  all the production operations. The wastewater  streams  are
combined for treatment in a holding tank, then pumped to a mixing
tank  into which sodium hydroxide or lime is added to  raise  the
pH.   After sediment removal,the neutralized wastewater  is  then
discharged.

CONTROL AND TREATMENT OPTIONS

The Agency examined four control and treatment technology options
that are applicable to the primary rare earth metals subcategory.
As  the sampling and analytical data in Section V  indicate,  the
wastewaters  from  this  subcategory  contain  various  types  of
contaminants  including  dissolved toxic  metals,   and  suspended
solids,  as  well  as treatable  concentrations  of  benzene  and
hexachlorobenzene.   The treatment options selected for evaluation
represent a combination of in-process flow reduction and  end-of-
pipe treatment technologies.
                               5464

-------
      PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY   SECT - VII
OPTION A

The  Option A treatment scheme consists of chemical precipitation
and sedimentation technology.   Specifically,  lime or some other
alkaline  compound is used to precipitate priority metal ions  as
metal  hydroxides.   The  metal hydroxides and  suspended  solids
settle  out and the sludge is collected.   Vacuum  filtration  is
used to dewater the sludge.

OPTION B

Option  B for the primary rare earth metals subcategory  consists
of  the  Option  A  (chemical  precipitation  and  sedimentation)
treatment  scheme  plus flow reduction techniques to  reduce  the
discharge  of wastewater volume.  In-process changes which  allow
for water recycle and reuse are the principal control  mechanisms
for flow reduction.

OPTION C

Option  C for the primary rare earth metals subcategory  consists
of all control and treatment requirements of Option B (in-process
flow  reduction,  chemical precipitation and sedimentation)  plus
multimedia filtration technology added at the end of the Option B
treatment  scheme.   Multimedia  filtration  is  used  to  remove
suspended  solids, including precipitates of metals,  beyond  the
concentration  attainable by gravity sedimentation.   The  filter
suggested  is  of the gravity, mixed-media type,  although  other
forms of filters, such as rapid sand filters or pressure  filters
would  perform  satisfactorily.   The addition  of  filters  also
provides consistent removal during periods of time in which there
are  rapid  increases in flows or loadings of pollutants  to  the
treatment system.

OPTION E

Option  E for the primary rare earth metals subcategory  consists
of all of the control and treatment requirements of Option C (in-
process flow reduction, chemical precipitation and sedimentation,
followed by multimedia filtration) with the addition of  granular
activated carbon technology at the end of the Option C  treatment
scheme.  The activated carbon process is utilized to control  the
discharge   of   hexachlorobenzene  and   other   toxic   organic
pollutants.
                               5465

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PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SU8CATEGORY   SECT - VII
         THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
                     5466

-------
        PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY   SECT - VIII



                          SECTION VIII

           COSTS, ENERGY, AND NONWATER QUALITY ASPECTS


This  section  presents  a summary of compliance  costs  for  the
primary  rare  earth metals subcategory and a description of  the
treatment  options and subcategory-specific assumptions  used  to
develop  these estimates.   Together with the estimated pollutant
removal  performance  presented  in Sections X and  XII  of  this
supplement,  these cost estimates provide a basis for  evaluating
each  regulatory option.   These cost estimates are also used  in
determining  the  probable economic impact of regulation  on  the
subcategory   at  different  pollutant  discharge   levels.    In
addition,  this section addresses nonwater quality  environmental
impacts   of  wastewater  treatment  and  control   alternatives,
including  air pollution, solid wastes/ and energy  requirements,
which are specific to the primary rare earth metals subcategory.

TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR EXISTING SOURCES

As  discussed  in Section VII, four treatment options  have  been
developed  for existing primary rare earth metals  sources.   The
treatment  schemes  for  each option  are  summarized  below  and
schematically presented in Figures X-l through X-4 (pages 5499
5502).

OPTION A

Option  A  consists of chemical precipitation  and  sedimentation
technology.

OPTION B

Option  B consists of in-process flow reduction via holding tanks
with  pH  adjustment for the electrolytic cell water  quench  and
scrubber, and dryer vent water quench and scrubber waste streams,
followed by chemical precipitation and sedimentation.

OPTION C

Option  C  consists  of  Option  B  (in-process  flow  reduction,
chemical  precipitation and sedimentation) with the  addition  of
multimedia  filtration  at  the end of  the  Option  B  treatment
scheme.

OPTION E

Option  E  consists  of  Option  C  (in-process  flow  reduction,
chemical precipitation and sedimentation,  followed by multimedia
filtration)  with  the  addition  of  granular  activated  carbon
technology  at  the  end  of  Option  C  treatment  scheme.   The
activated carbon process is utilized to control the discharge  of
hexachlorobenzene and other toxic organic pollutants.


                               5467

-------
         PRIMARY RARE  EARTH METALS  SUBCATEGORY   SECT - VIII
COST METHODOLOGY

Plant-by-plant   compliance  costs  for  the  nonferrous   metals
manufacturing  category have been revised as necessary  following
proposal.   These   revisions calculate incremental  costs,  above
treatment  already   in  place,  necessary  to  comply  with    the
promulgated effluent limitations and standards and are  presented
in  the  administrative  record supporting  this  regulation.   A
comparison  of the  costs developed for proposal and  the   revised
costs  for  the final regulation are presented  in  Table  VIII-1
(page 5471) for direct indirect dischargers.

Each  subcategory   contains a unique set  of  wastewater   streams'
requiring  certain   subcategory-specific assumptions  to   develop
compliance costs.   The major assumptions specific to the   primary
rare earth metals subcategory are discussed briefly below.

(1)  Activated  carbon  adsorption columns we;re sized  to  remove
     hexachlorobenzene  to  0.01  mg/1.    The  activated  carbon
     exhaustion   rates   were  determined  from   the   influent
     hexachlorobenzene concentration based on sampling data,   the
     desired  effluent concentration (0.01 mg/1),   and a  carbon
     adsorption  isotherm for hexachlorobenzene.   A  50   percent
     excess factor  was also included in the     exhaustion rate.
                                1 ' •            .""' ,              ,  |
(2)  Activated carbon materials costs were bcised on  once-through
     carbon use and subsequent disposal of the spent  carbon as a
     hazardous  waste.   This  option resulted from a  least-cost
     evaluation of  three alternatives:  (1) once-through use   and
     disposal, (2)  off-site regeneration of spent carbon,  and  (3)
     on-site regeneration of spent carbon.


(3)  Recycle   of   quench  water  and  air   pollution    control
     scrubber   liquor  is  based  on  recycle  through    holding
     tanks.    Annual  costs  reflect  a  sodium  hydroxide  feed
     system  included  to  adjust scrubber  effluent  to   neutral
     pH prior to reuse.


NONWATER QUALITY ASPECTS

A  general  discussion  of the nonwater quality  aspects  of   the
control  and  treatment  options considered  for  the  nonferrous
metals category is contained in Section VIII of Vol. I.   Nonwater
quality  impacts  specific  to  the  primary  rare  earth  metals
subcategory,   including energy requirements, solid waste and   air
pollution are discussed below.

ENERGY REQUIREMENTS

The methodology used for determining the energy requirements   for
the  various  options is discussed in Section VIII of the  General
Development  Document.    Energy  requirements for  Option  A  are


                               5468                .

-------
        PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY   SECT - VIII


estimated  at  66,000  kwh/yrf and for  Option  E  the  estimated
requirement  is  92,000  kwh/yr.   Option  E  energy  requirements
increase  over  those for Option A because even though  Option  E
includes wastewater recycle, the benefits of treating less  water
do not surpass the added cost of recycle equipment.  In addition,
Option  E  includes multimedia filtration  and  activated  carbon
adsorption  which are energy intensive processes.  However,  both
options represent less than 1 percent of a typical plant's energy
usage. It is therefore concluded that the energy requirements  of
the treatment options considered will have no significant  impact
on total plant energy consumption.

SOLID WASTE

Sludge  generated in the primary rare earth metals subcategory is
due to the precipitation of metal hydroxides and carbonates using
lime  or other chemicals.   Sludges associated with  the  primary
rare earth metals subcategory will necessarily contain quantities
of  toxic  metal pollutants.   These sludges are not  subject  to
regulation  as hazardous wastes since wastes generated by primary
smelters and refiners are currently exempt from regulation by Act
of  Congress  (Resource  Conservation and  Recovery  Act  (RCRA),
Section 3001(b)),  as interpreted by EPA.   If a small excess  of
lime is added during treatment, the Agency does not believe these
sludges  would be identified as hazardous under RCRA in any case.
(Compliance costs include this amount of lime.)  This judgment is
based on the results of Extraction Procedure (EP) toxicity  tests
performed   on  similar  sludges  (toxic  metal-bearing  sludges)
generated  by  other  industries  such  as  the  iron  and  steel
industry.   A  small  amount  of excess  lime  was  added  during
treatment,  and  the  sludges subsequently generated  passed  the
toxicity test.  See CFR 9261.24.    Thus, the Agency believes that
the  wastewater  sludges  will similarly not be EP toxic  if  the
recommended technology is applied.

Although it is the Agency's view that solid wastes generated as a
result  of  these guidelines are not expected  to  be  hazardous,
generators  of these wastes must test the waste to  determine  if
the  wastes  meet any of the characteristics of  hazardous  waste
(see 40 CFR 262.11).

If these wastes should be identified or are listed as  hazardous,
they  will  come  within the scope of RCRA's  "cradle  to  grave"
hazardous waste management program, requiring regulation from the
point  of  generation  to  point  of  final  disposition.   EPA's
generator   standards  would  require  generators  of   hazardous
nonferrous metals manufacturing wastes to meet  containerization,
labeling,  recordkeeping, and reporting requirements;  if  plants
dispose of hazardous wastes off-site, they would have to  prepare
a manifest which would track the movement of the wastes from  the
generator's premises to a permitted off-site treatment,  storage,
or  disposal  facility.  See 40 CFR 262.20 45 FR 33142  (May  19,
1980),  as  amended  at 45 FR 86973  (December  31,  1980).   The
transporter regulations require transporters of hazardous  wastes
to comply with the manifest system to assure that the wastes  are


                               5469

-------
        PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY   SECT - VIII


delivered to a permitted facility.  See 40 CFR 263.20 45 PR 33151
(May  19, 1980), as amended at 45 FR 86973 (December  31,  1980).
Finally, RCRA regulations establish standards for hazardous waste
treatment,  storage, and disposal facilities allowed  to  receive
such wastes.  See 40 CFR Part 464 46 FR 2802 (January 12,  1981),
47 FR 32274 (July 26, 1982).

Even if these wastes are not identified as hazardous,  they still
must  be  disposed  of in compliance with  the  Subtitle  D  open
dumping  standards, implementing 4004 of RCRA.  See 44  FR  53438
(September  13,  1979).  It is estimated that  the  primary  rare
earth metals subcategory will generate 8,5 metric tons of  sludge
per   year  when  implementing  the  promulgated  BPT   treatment
technology.  The Agency has calculated as part of the  costs  for
wastewater  treatment the cost of hauling and disposing of  these
wastes.

AIR POLLUTION

There  is no reason to believe that any substantial air pollution
problems   will   result   from   implementation   of    chemical
precipitation,    sedimentation,   multimedia   filtration,   and
activated   carbon  adsorption.    These  technologies   transfer
pollutants  to  solid  waste  and  are  not  likely  to  transfer
pollutants to air.
                               5470

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        PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY   SECT - VIII
                          TABLE VIII-1


COST OF COMPLIANCE FOR THE PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY
                 DIRECT AND INDIRECT DISCHARGERS
These costs are not presented here because the data on which  they
are based have been claimed to be confidential.
                               5471

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PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY   SECT - VIII
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                       5472

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    PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY   SECT - IX




                           SECTION IX

     BEST PRACTICABLE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY CURRENTLY AVAILABLE
This  section  defines the  effluent  characteristics  attainable
through  the application of best practicable  control  technology
currently available (BPT). BPT reflects the existing  performance
by  plants  of various sizes, ages, and  manufacturing  processes
within the primary rare earth metals subcategory, as well as  the
established   performance   of  the  recommended   BPT   systems.
Particular  consideration  is given to the treatment  already  in
place at the plants within the data base.

The  factors considered in identifying BPT include the total cost
of applying the technology in relation to the effluent  reduction
benefits  from  such  application,  the  age  of  equipment   and
facilities  involved, the manufacturing processes used,  nonwater
quality  environmental impacts (including  energy  requirements),
and  other factors the Administrator considers  appropriate.   In
general,  the  BPT level represents the average of  the  existing
performances of the plants of various ages, sizes, processes,  or
other  common  characteristics.  Where  existing  performance  is
uniformly  inadequate,  BPT may be transferred from  a  different
subcategory  or  category.   Limitations  based  on  transfer  of
technology  are  supported  by a rationale  concluding  that  the
technology is, indeed, transferable, and a reasonable  prediction
that  it  will be capable of achieving  the  prescribed  effluent
limits. BPT focuses on end-of-pipe treatment rather than  process
changes  or  internal controls, except where such  practices  are
common industry practice.

TECHNICAL APPROACH TO BPT

The Agency studied the nonferrous metals category to identify the
processes  used,  the wastewaters generated,  and  the  treatment
processes  installed.  •Information was collected  from  industry
using  data  collection  portfolios,  and  specific  plants  were
sampled  and  the  wastewaters  analyzed.   In  making  technical
assessments  of  data,  reviewing  manufacturing  processes,  and
assessing wastewater treatment technology options, both  indirect
and direct dischargers have been considered as a single group. An
examination of plants and processes did not indicate any  process
differences based on the type of discharge, whether it be  direct
or indirect.

As  explained  in  Section  IV, the  primary  rare  earth  metals
subcategory  has been subdivided into five  potential  wastewater
sources.   Since  the water use, discharge rates   and  pollutant
characteristics  of  each  of these  wastewaters  is  potentially
unique,  effluent limitations will be developed for each  of  the
five subdivisions.
                               5473

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     PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS  SUBCATEGORY    SECT -  IX


For   each of  the subdivisions,  a  specific approach was  followed
for    the  development  of  BPT  mass   limitations.   The    first
requirement   to  calculate  these limitations  is  to account  for
production and flow variability from plant to plant.   Therefore,
a  unit of production or a production normalizing parameter   (PNP)
was  determined for each waste  stream which could then be  related
to the flow from the process to determine a production normalized
flow.  Selection of the PNP  for each process element is  discussed
in  Section   IV.   Each plant  within  the  subcategory  was  then
analyzed  to  determine  which  subdivisions  were  present,  the
specific  flow  rates  generated for each  subdivision,  and  the
specific production normalized flows for each subdivision.   This
analysis  is  discussed  in detail  in  Section  V.   Nonprocess
wastewater  such as rainfall runoff and noncontact  cooling  water
is not considered in the analysis.

Production  normalized  flows  for  each  subdivision  were  then
analyzed  to  determine the  flow to be used as part  of  the  basis
for  BPT mass  limitations.   The selected flow  (sometimes  referred
to as  the BPT regulatory flow or BPT discharge rate) reflects the
water  use  controls  which are  common  practices  within   the
category.  The BPT regulatory flow is based on the  average of all
applicable data.  Plants with normalized flows above the  average
may  have to  implement some method of flow reduction  to  achieve
the  BPT limitations.

The  second requirement to  calculate mass limitations is the  set
of   concentrations that are achievable by application of the  BPT
level  of treatment technology.  Section VII discusses the various
control  and  treatment technologies which are currently in  place
for  each wastewater source.   In most cases,  the current control
and  treatment technologies consist of chemical precipitation and
sedimentation  (lime and settle technology) and a combination  of
reuse  and recycle to reduce flow.

Using  these  regulatory flows and the achievable  concentrations,
the  next step is to calculate mass loadings  for each  wastewater
source or subdivision.  This calculation was  made on a stream-by-
stream  basis,  primarily because plants in this subcategory  may
perform  one or more of the operations in  veirious  combinations.
The   mass  loadings  (milligrams  of  pollutant   per   kilogram
production  - mg/kg) are based on multiplying the BPT  regulatory
flow (1/kkg) by the concentration achievable  by the BPT level  of
treatment  technology (mg/1) for each pollutant parameter  to  be
limited  under  BPT.  These mass loadings are  published  in  the
Federal Register and in CFR Part 421 as the effluent limitations.

The mass loadings which are allowed under BPT for each plant will
be   the  sum  of the individual mass  loadings  for  the  various
wastewater   sources  which  are  found  at  particular   plants.
Accordingly,  all the wastewater generated within a plant may  be
combined  for treatment in a single or common  treatment  system,
but  the effluent limitations for these combined wastewaters  are
based on the various wastewater sources which actually contribute
to  the combined flow.   This method accounts  for the  variety  of


                               5474

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    PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY   SECT - IX


combinations of wastewater sources and production processes which
may be found at primary rare earth metals plants.

The Agency usually establishes wastewater limitations in terms of
mass" rather than concentration.   This approach prevents the use
of  dilution as a treatment method (except for  controlling  pH).
The  production  normalized  wastewater flow (1/kkg)  is  a  link
between  the production operations and the effluent  limitations.
The  pollutant  discharge attributable to each operation  can  be
calculated  from  the normalized flow and effluent  concentration
achievable  by the treatment technology and summed to  derive  an
appropriate limitation for each plant.

INDUSTRY COST AND POLLUTANT REMOVAL ESTIMATES

In  balancing  costs in relation to pollutant removal  estimates,
EPA considers the volume and nature of existing  discharges,  the
volume  and  nature of discharges expected after  application  of
BPTf the general environmental effects of the pollutants, and the
cost  and  economic  impacts of the  required  pollutant  control
level.  The Act does not require or permit consideration of water
quality  problems  attributable to particular  point  sources  or
industries,  or  water quality improvements in  particular  water
quality  bodies.  Accordingly, water quality considerations  were
not the basis for selecting the proposed or promulgated BPT.

The  methodology for calculating pollutant removal estimates  and
plant compliance costs is discussed in Section X.   The pollutant
removal  estimates made for proposal have been revised  based  on
new  flow and production data, and adjustments in the  number  of
subdivisions.  Table X-l (page 5493) shows the pollutant  removal
estimates  for  each  treatment option  for  direct  dischargers.
Compliance costs for direct dischargers are presented in Table X-
2 (page 5494).

BPT OPTION SELECTION

The technology basis for the promulgated BPT limitations,  Option
A,  is  equivalent  to the proposed  BPT  technology.   Option  A
includes  chemical precipitation and sedimentation technology  to
remove metals and solids from combined wastewaters and to control
pH.   These   technologies  are  demonstrated  and   economically
achievable since they are already in place at direct  dischargers
in this subcategory.

There  are  no expected capital or additional  annual  costs  for
achieving  the promulgated BPT because the technology is  already
in-place. The end-of-pipe treatment configuration for Option A is
presented in Figure IX—1 (page 5483).

WASTEWATER DISCHARGE RATES

A BPT discharge rate is calculated for each subdivision based  on
the  average of the flows of the existing plants,  as  determined
from  analysis of the data collection .portfolios.   The discharge


                               5475

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    PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY   SECT - IX


 rate   is  used with the achievable  treatment  concentrations  to
 determine BPT effluent limitations.  Since the discharge rate may
 be  different  for each wastewater  source,  separate  production
 normalized  discharge  rates  for each  of  the  five  wastewater
 sources  are discussed below and summarized in Table  IX-1  '(page
 5381).  The discharge rates are normalized on a production  basis
 by  relating the amount of wastewater generated to the mass of the
 intermediate product which is produced by the process  associated
 with the waste stream in question.  These production  normalizing
 parameters, or PNPs, are also listed in Table IX-1.

 Section  V of this document further describes the discharge  flow
 rates  and  presents the water use and discharge flow  rates  for
 each plant by subdivision in Tables V-l through V-5.
                                                i              I
 DRYER  VENT WATER QUENCH AND SCRUBBER

 At  proposal,  this  subdivision was  combined  with  the  second
 subdivision  and called dehydration furnace quench and  scrubber.
 The  BPT wastewater discharge rate for the  combined  subdivision
 was  14,800  1/kkg  of mischmetal produced from  wet  rare  earth
 chlorides.  This discharge rate was based on the average reported
 water  use.  The reported water use ranged from 11,600  1/kkg  to
 17,900 1/kkg. Since proposal, new flow and production information
 prompted a study of the combined subdivision. EPA then decided to
 create   two   separate  subdivisions  to  better   address   the
 differences between plants in this subcategory.

 The BPT wastewater discharge rate for dryer vent water quench and
 wet  air  pollution control is 10,563 1/kkg  (2,531  gal/ton)  of
 mischmetal  produced from wet rare earth chlorides. This rate  is
 allocated only for those plants which use a furnace to  dehydrate
 rare earth chloride raw material prior to electrolytic  refining,
 and treat the off-gases with a continuous water quench or with  a
 water  scrubber.  The BPT wastewater discharge rate is  based  on
 the  water  use at a plant reporting no  recycle  of  wastewater.
 This  plant  uses 10,563 1/kkg.  Because other  plants  presently
 operate  with  recycle, recycle is more appropriately used  as  a
 basis  for the BAT discharge allowance.

 DRYER VENT CAUSTIC WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL

 No  separate BPT wastewater discharge rate was proposed for  this
 subdivision  because this present subdivision was  combined  with
 the  above subdivision at proposal. Since EPA has decided to  use
 separate  subdivisions,  a  separate  discharge  rate  for   this
 wastewater stream has been developed.

 The BPT wastewater discharge rate for dryer vent caustic wet  air
pollution  control  wastewater  is 734  1/kkg  (176  gal/ton)  of
mischmetal produced from wet rare earth chlorides.   This rate  is
 allocated only for those plants which use a caustic scrubber,  in
 addition to a water quench.or water scrubber, to treat vent gases
 from  a wet rare earth chlorides dehydration furnace.   This  BPT
wastewater  discharge  rate is based on  the  reported  discharge


                               5476

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    PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY   SECT - IX


flow.

ELECTROLYTIC CELL WATER QUENCH AND SCRUBBER

The   BPT  wastewater  discharge  rate  used  at   proposal   for
electrolytic cell water quench and scrubber wastewater was 16,400
1/kkg  (3,930 gal/ton) of total mischmetal produced.   This  rate
was based on the average of the reported water use data for  this
wastewater  stream.  At proposal, EPA understood  that  no  plant
recycled this wastewater based on dcp information.  Post-proposal
comments  and information indicated otherwise; therefore,  a  new
BPT rate was chosen for promulgation.

The   BPT   wastewater  discharge  rate   at   promulgation   for
electrolytic  cell  water  quench and scrubber  is  12,682  1/kkg
(3,039  gal/ton)  of  total mischmetal produced.   This  rate  is
allocated  only  for those plants which  electrolytically  reduce
rare earth chlorides to mischmetal and treat the off-gases with a
continuous  water  quench or a water scrubber system  before  any
further  treatment  of the exhaust gases.   This  BPT  wastewater
discharge rate is based on the water use at a plant reporting  no
recycle  of  scrubber or quench water.  This  plant  uses  12,682
1/kkg.

ELECTROLYTIC CELL CAUSTIC WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL

The  BPT wastewater discharge rate for electrolytic cell  caustic
wet  air pollution control wastewater is zero liters per  kkg  of
total mischmetal produced.  This rate is allocated only for those
plants  which  electrolytically reduce rare  earth  chlorides  to
mischmetal  and,  after water quenching or  scrubbing,  pass  the
exhaust  gases  through  a caustic  scrubber  to  produce  sodium
hypochlorite.  Plants reporting use of this system  operate  with
zero  discharge.   The scrubber liquor is used  in  a  by-product
recovery  operation  that  produces sodium  hypochlorite  from  a
reaction  between chlorine gas produced in electrolytic  refining
and  the  sodium  hydroxide used as the  scrubber  liquor.   This
solution is then sold for industrial use; thus no waste stream is
generated by this operation.  Because of this, it is  appropriate
that the BPT regulatory flow should be zero.

SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE FILTER BACKWASH

A  BPT discharge rate for sodium hypochlorite filter backwash was
never proposed because dcp information used for proposal did  not
quantify any wastewater discharge from this operation.   Comments
received  from industry after proposal requested an allowance for
the  filter backwash and supplied information so that  water  use
and   discharge  rates  could  be  calculated.  This   wastewater
discharge  rate  is  being  added in  response  to  the  comments
received on the proposed regulation.

The BPT wastewater discharge rate for sodium hypochlorite  filter
backwash is 362 1/kkg (87 gal/ton) of total mischmetal  produced.
This  rate  is allocated only for those plants  which  operate  a


                               5477

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    PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY   SECT - IX


filter for filtering sodium hypochlorite which requires  periodic
backwashing  in order to operate properly and  efficiently.   The
promulgated discharge rate is based on the reported water use for
this wastewater stream.

REGULATED POLLUTANT PARAMETERS

The raw wastewater concentrations from individual operations  and
the  subcategory  as  a whole were  examined  to  select  certain
pollutant  parameters  for  limitation.   This  examination   and
evaluation  was  presented  in  Section  VI.   A  total  of  five
pollutants  or pollutant parameters are selected  for  limitation
under BPT and are listed below:

     119.  chromium (Total)
     122.  lead
     124.  nickel
           TSS
           pH

EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS

The  pollutant  concentrations achievable by application  of  the
promulgated BPT are discussed in Section VII of this  supplement,
These  treatment  effectiveness  concentrations  (both  one   day
maximum  and  monthly average values) are multiplied by  the  BPT
normalized  discharge flows summarized in Table IX-1 (page  5479)
to calculate the mass of pollu-tants allowed to be discharged per
mass of product.  The results of these calculations in milligrams
of  pollutant per kilogram of product represent the BPT  effluent
limitations and are presented in Table IX-2 (page 5480) for  each
individual waste stream.
                               5478

-------
                                      Table IX-1

     BPT WASTEWATER DISCHARGE RATES FOR THE PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY
Wastewater Stream

Dryer Vent Water Quench and
Scrubber

Dryer Vent Caustic Wet
Air Pollution Control

Electrolytic Cell Water
Quench and Scrubber

Electrolytic Cell Caustic
Wet Air Pollution Control

Sodium Hypochlorite Filter
Backwash
                                    BPT Normalized
                                    Discharge Rate
 1/kkg

10,563


   734


12,682


     0


   362
gal/ton

 2,531
   176
 3,039
     0
    87
  Production Normalizing
  	Parameter	

Mischmetal produced from wet
rare earth chlorides

Mischmetal produced from wet
rare earth chlorides

Total raischmetal produced
Total misehinetal produced
Total mischmetal produced
H
g
M

tfl
a
                                                                                             o
                                                                                             8
                                                                                             M
                                                                                             8
                                                                                             S
                                                                                             en
                                                                                             w
                                                                                             a

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    PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY   SECT - IX
                           TABLE IX-2

                  BPT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE
              PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY

 (a) Dryer Vent Water Quench and Wet Air Pollution Control  BPT

   Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average

              mg/kg(Ib/million Ibs)of mischmetal
             produced from wet rare earth chlorides
Arsenic
Cadmium
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Zinc
*TSS
*pH
22.080
3.591
4.648
20.070
4.436
20.280
12.990
4.331
21.650
15.420
433.100
Within the range of 7.5
9.824
1.584
1.901
10.560
2.113
13.420
5.810
1.796
9.612
6.443
206.000
to 10.0 at all times
(b) Dryer Vent Caustic Wet Air Pollution Control  BPT

   Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average

              mg/kg(Ib/million Ibs) of mischmetal
             produced from wet rare earth chlorides
Arsenic
Cadmium
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Zinc
*TSS
*pH
1.534
0.250
0.323
1.395
0.308
1.409
0.903
0.301
1.505
1.072
30.090
Within the range of 7.5
0.683
0.110
0.132
0.734
0.147
0.932
0.404
0.125
0.668
0.448
14.310
to 10.0 at all times
*Regulated Pollutant
                               5480

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    PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY   SECT - IX
                    TABLE IX-2 (Continued)

                  BPT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE
              PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY

(c) Electrolytic Cell Water Quench and Wet APC  BPT

   Pollutant or        Maximum for   ~   Maximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average

       mg/kg(Ib/million Ibs) of total mischmetal produced
Arsenic
Cadmium
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Zinc
*TSS
*pH
26.510
4.312
5.580
24.100
5.326
24.350
15.600
5.200
26.000
18.520
520.000
Within the range of 7.5
11.790
1.902
2.283
12.680
2.536
16.110
6.975
2.156
11.540
7.736
247.300
to 10.0 at all times
(d) Electrolytic Cell Caustic Wet Air Pollution Control  BPT

   Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average

       mg/kg(Ib/million Ibs) of total mischmetal produced

 Arsenic                     0.000               0.000
 Cadmium                     0.000               0.000
*Chromium                    0.000               0.000
 Copper                      0.000               0.000
*Lead                        0.000               0.000
*Nickel                      0.000               0.000
 Selenium                    0.000               0.000
 Silver                      0.000               0.000
 Thallium                    0.000               0.000
 Zinc                        0.000               0.000
*TSS                         0.000               0.000
*pH    Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times


*Regulated Pollutant
                               5481

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    PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY   SECT - IX
                     TABLE IX- 2 (Continued)

                  BPT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE
              PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY

(e) Sodium Hypochlorite Filter Backwash  BPT
             QJ.        Maximum for       Maximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average

       mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of total mischmetal produced

 Arsenic                     0.757               0.337
 Cadmium                     0.123               0.054
*Chromium                    0.159               0.065
 Copper                      0.688               0.362
*Lead                        0.152               0.072
*Nickel                      0.695               0.460
 Selenium                    0.445               0.199
 Silver                      0.148               0.062
 Thallium                    0.742               0.329
 Zinc                        0.529               0.221
*TSS                        14.840               7.059
*pH           Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times


*Regulated Pollutant
                               5482

-------
                                                          Chemical Addition
ui
*-
00
Dryer Vent Water Quench and
Wet Air Pollution Control
Dryer Vent Caustic Wet Air
Pollution Control
Electrolytic Cell Water Quench
and Wet Air Pollution Control	

Sodium Hypochlorlte Filter Backwash
Electrolytic Cell Caustic
Wet Air Pollution Control
                                                                                                      Discharge
                               By-product
                                Recovery
                                                                                                                                                s
                                                                                                                                                »
                                                                                                                                     M
                                                                                                                                     W
                                                                                                                                     O
                                                                                                                                      O
                                                                                                                                      »
                                                                                                                                      K!
                                                                                                                                      W

                                                                                                                                      I
                                                     Figure  IX-1

             BPT TREATMENT  SCHEME  FOR  THE  PRIMARY RARE  EARTH  METALS  SUBCATEGORY

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PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY   SECT - IX
           THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
                           5484

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       PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY   SECT - X



                            SECTION X

        BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY ECONOMICALLY ACHIEVABLE

These  effluent  limitations are based on the  best  control  and
treatment  technology used by a specific point source within  the
industrial  category or subcategory, or by another category  from
which  it  is  transferable. Emphasis  is  placed  on  additional
treatment techniques applied at the end of the treatment  systems
currently used, as well as reduction of the amount of water  used
and   discharged,  process  control,  and  treatment   technology
optimization.

The  factors  considered in assessing best  available  technology
economically  achievable (BAT) include the age of  equipment  and
facilities involved, the process used  process changes   nonwater
quality  environmental impacts (including  energy  requirements),
and  the costs of application of such technology. BAT  represents
the  best available technology at plants of various ages,  sizes,
processes, or other characteristics.  BAT may be transferred from
a  different  subcategory or category and  may  include  feasible
process  changes  or internal controls  even when not  in  common
industry practice.

The  statutory  assessment of BAT considers costs, but  does  not
require a balancing of costs against pollutant removals.  However
in  assessing  the proposed and promulgated BAT  the  Agency  has
given  substantial  weight to the economic achievability  of  the
selected technology.

TECHNICAL APPROACH TO BAT

The  Agency  reviewed  a wide range  of  technology  options  and
evaluated  the  available possibilities to ensure that  the  most
effective  and beneficial technologies were used as the basis  of
BAT.   To  accomplish  this,  the Agency elected to examine  four
technology  options  which could be applied to the  primary  rare
earth  metals subcategory as treatment options for the  basis  of
BAT effluent limitations.

For  the development of BAT effluent limitations,  mass  loadings
were calculated for each wastewater source or subdivision in  the
subcategory  using  the same technical approach as  described  in
Section  IX for BPT limitations development.  The differences  in
the mass loadings for BPT and BAT are due to increased  treatment
effectiveness   achievable  with  the  more   sophisticated   BAT
treatment  technology  and  reductions  in  the  effluent   flows
achieved by recycle and reuse technologies.
                               5485

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       PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY   SECT - X


The  treatment  technologies  considered for BAT  are  summarized
below:

Option A  (Figure X-l, page 5499) is based on:
                                               |        ,      I
     o  Chemical precipitation and sedimentation

Option B  (Figure X-2, page 5500) is based on:

     o  Chemical precipitation and sedimentation
     o  In-process flow reduction of quench water and scrubber
        liquor

Option C  (Figure X-3,. page 5501) is based on:

     o  Chemical precipitation and sedimentation
     o  In-process flow reduction of quench water and scrubber
        liquor
     o  Multimedia filtration

Option E  (Figure X-4, page 5502) is based on:

     o  Chemical precipitation and sedimentation
     o  In-process flow reduction of quench water and scrubber
        liquor
     o  Multimedia filtration
     o  Activated carbon adsorption

The four options examined for BAT are discussed in greater detail
on  the following pages.   The first option considered (Option A)
is the same as the BPT treatment and control technology which was
presented in the previous section.   The last three options  each
represent  substantial progress toward the reduction of pollutant
discharges above and beyond the progress achievable by BPT.

OPTION A

Option  A  for  the  primary rare  earth  metals  subcategory  is
equivalent  to the control and treatment technologies which  were
analyzed for BPT in Section IX (see Figure X-l, page 5499).   The
BPT end-of-pipe treatment scheme includes chemical  precipitation
and sedimentation.  The discharge rates for Option A are equal to
the  discharge rates allocated to each stream as a BPT  discharge
flow.

OPTION B

Option  B for the primary rare earth metals subcategory  achieves
lower  pollutant discharge by building upon the Option A  end-of-
pipe treatment technology.  Flow reduction measures are added  to
the  Option  A  treatment  scheme,  which  consists  of  chemical
precipitation and sedimentation.  These flow reduction  measures,
including  in-process  changes, result in  the  concentration  of
pollutants  in  some  wastewater streams.  Treatment  of  a  more
concentrated  effluent  allows  achievement  of  a  greater   net


                               5486

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       PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY   SECT - X


pollutant  removal and introduces the possible economic  benefits
associated with treating a lower volume of wastewater.

The  method  used  in  Option  5  to  reduce  process  wastewater
generation or discharge rates is recycle of water used in wet air
pollution  control.   There  are two wet  air  pollution  control
wastewater sources regulated under these effluent limitations for
which recycle is considered feasible:

     o  Dryer vent water quench and scrubber, and
     o  Electrolytic cell water quench and scrubber.

Reduction  of flow through recycle represents the best  available
technology economically achievable for these streams.  Recycle of
dryer vent scrubber water and electrolytic cell scrubber water is
demonstrated  by  one  plant in the  primary  rare  earth  metals
subcategory.   Therefore,  the  Agency believes that recycle  for
these  two  streams  is  feasible  for  other  plants.  Necessary
treatment for recycled quench or scrubber water could include  pH
neutralization  with sodium hydroxide solution; solids  build  up
from  flue  dust  would not be  critical  because  of  continuous
blowdown and makeup.  A holding tank for pH neutralization  would
also  aid in water temperature equilibration to inhibit the  need
for cooling the recycled water.

OPTION C

Option  C for the primary rare earth metals subcategory  consists
of  all  control  and treatment requirements of  Option  B  (flow
reduction,   chemical  precipitation  and   sedimentation)   plus
multimedia filtration technology added at the end of the Option B
treatment  scheme  (see  Figure  X-3,  page  5501).    Multimedia
filtration   is  used  to  remove  suspended  solids,   including
precipitates   of   toxic  metals,  beyond   the   concentrations
attainable by gravity sedimentation.  The filter suggested is  of
the  gravity, mixed media type, although other forms of  filters,
such  as  rapid -sand filters or pressure filters,  would  perform
satisfactorily.

OPTION E

Option  E for the primary rare earth metals subcategory  consists
of  all the control and treatment requirements of Option C  (flow
reduction, chemical precipitation, sedimentation, and  multimedia
filtration)  with  the  addition  of  granular  activated  carbon
technology  at  the  end of the Option C  treatment  scheme  (see
Figure X-4, page 5502).  The activated carbon process is provided
to  control  the discharge of hexachlorobenzene and  other  toxic
organic pollutants.

POLLUTANT REMOVAL ESTIMATES

As one means of evaluating each technology option,  EPA developed
estimates  of  the pollutant removals and  the  compliance  costs
associated  with  each option.   The methodologies are  described


                               5487

-------
       PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY   -SECT - X


below.

A description of the methodology used to calculate the  estimated
pollutant  removal  achieved by the application  of  the  various
treatment  options  is  presented in Section X  of  Vol.  I.  The
pollutant  removal  estimates  have been  revised  from  proposal
because of additional waste streams and new production normalized
flows are used for promulgation.  The methodology for calculating
pollutant  removals  has  not  changed, and  the  data  used  for
estimating  removals  are  the  same  as  those  used  to  revise
compliance costs.

Sampling  data collected during the field sampling  program  were
used  to  characterize  the major waste  streams  considered  for
regulation.   At  each sampled facility,  the sampling data  were
production  normalized  for each unit operation  (i.e.,  mass  of
pollutant  generated  per mass of  product  manufactured).   This
value,  referred  to as the raw waste, was used to  estimate  the
mass of toxic pollutants generated within the primary rare  earth
metals   subcategory.   The  pollutant  removal  estimates   were
calculated  for each plant by first estimating the total mass  of
each pollutant in the untreated wastewater.  This was  calculated
by  first multiplying the raw waste values by  the  corresponding
production  value for that stream and then summing  these  values
for each pollutant for every stream generated by the plant.

Next,  the  volume of wastewater discharged after the application
of each treatment option was estimated for each operation at each
plant  by comparing the actual discharge to the regulatory  flow.
The  smaller of the two values was selected and summed  with  the
other  plant  flows.   The mass of pollutant discharged was  then
estimated  by  multiplying the  achievable  concentration  values
attainable  with  the  option (mg/1) by the estimated  volume  of
process  wastewater discharged by the subcategory.    The mass  of
pollutant removed is the difference between the estimated mass of
pollutant generated by each plant in the subcategory and the mass
of • pollutant  discharged  after  application  of  the  treatment
option.   The  pollutant removal estimates  for  all  dischargers
in  the  primary rare earth metals subcategory are  presented  in
Table X-l (page 5493).

COMPLIANCE COSTS

In  estimating subcategory-wide compliance costs, the first  step
was to develop a cost estimation model, relating the total  costs
associated   with  installation  and  operation   of   wastewater
treatment  technologies  to plant process  wastewater  discharge.
EPA applied the model to each plant.  The plant's investment  and
operating costs are determined by what treatment it has in  place
and  by  its individual process wastewater  discharge  flow.    As
discussed  above,  this  flow is either the  actual  or  the  BAT
regulatory  flow,  whichever is lesser.  The final   step  was  to
annualize  the capital costs, and to sum the  annualized  capital
costs,  and the operating and maintenance costs for  each  plant,
yielding   the  cost  of  compliance  for  the  subcategory.     A


                               5488

-------
       PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY   SECT - X


comparison  of the costs developed for proposal and  the  revised
costs for promulgation are presented in Table X-2 (page 5494) for
all  dischargers  in the primary rare earth  metals  subcategory.
Compliance costs for direct and indirect dischargers are shown in
combined  because some of the data on which this table  is  based
are claimed to be confidential.

BAT OPTION SELECTION - PROPOSAL

EPA  selected  Option E for the proposed BAT which  includes  in-
process flow reduction,  chemical  precipitation,  sedimentation,
and   multimedia   filtration,  followed  by   activated   carbon
technology     to    remove    treatable    concentrations     of
hexachlorobenzene-.

The  estimated  capital cost of proposed BAT was  $101,200  (1982
dollars)   and  the  annual  cost  was  $46,410  (1982  dollars).
Implementation  of the proposed BAT technology was  estimated  to
remove  18.3 kilograms of priority pollutants (14.9 kilograms  of
priority  organics and 3.4 kilograms of priority metals) and  198
kilograms of suspended solids over the estimated BPT removal.

BAT OPTION SELECTION - PROMULGATION

After proposal, EPA  received comments reporting a  waste  stream
that  had  not  been included in the  proposed  regulations.   In
addition, wastewater flow rates and production data were obtained
for  several  streams  and  used  to  calculate  new   production
normalized flow rates and regulatory flow allowances.  These data
were  also used for recalculating pollutant removal estimates and
for revising compliance costs.

EPA is promulgating BAT limitations for this subcategory based on
Option  E,  in-process flow  reduction,  chemical  precipitation,
sedimentation,  and  multimedia filtration followed by  activated
carbon technology for control of toxic organics.   The technology
basis for promulgated BAT limitations is the same as that for the
proposed  limitations.  In addition, the treatment  effectiveness
concentrations,  upon which the mass limitations are  based,  are
equal to values used to calculate the proposed limitations.

EPA  is  promulgating multimedia filtration as part  of  the  BAT
technology  because  it  results in additional removal  of  toxic
metals.    Support  for  promulgating  this  type  of   treatment
technology  comes  from presently  demonstrated  applications  of
multimedia  filtration  by  25 plants in  the  nonferrous  metals
manufacturing  category.   Filtration  adds  reliability  to  the
treatment system by making it less susceptible to operator  error
and to sudden changes in raw wastewater flow and concentrations.

Activated  carbon  end-of-pipe treatment was selected to  control
discharges  of hexachlorobenzene from the electrolytic  reduction
cell  quench  wastewater.   The Agency  selected  this  treatment
technology  because  discharges of this toxic  organic  pollutant
cannot  be effectively controlled by more conventional  treatment


                               5489

-------
       PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY   SECT - X


technologies  promulgated for BAT.   Although activated carbon is
not  demonstrated  in this or any other  application  within  the
nonferrous  metals  manufacturing  category,  EPA  believes  that
performance  data from the iron and steel manufacturing  category
provide  a  valid  measure of this  technology's  performance  on
nonferrous metals manufacturing category wastewater.

WASTEWATER DISCHARGE RATES

A  BAT  discharge rate was calculated for each subdivision  based
upon  the  flows  of the  existing  plants,  as  determined  from
analysis  of data collection portfolios.  The discharge  rate  is
used with the pollutant concentration achievable by treatment  to
determine BAT effluent limitations.  Since the.discharge rate may
be  different  for each wastewater  source,  separate  production
normalized  discharge  rates  for each  of  the  five  wastewater
sources  were  determined and are summarized in Table  X-3  (page
5495).  The discharge rates are normalized on a production  basis
by relating the amount of wastewater generated to the mass of the
product  which is processed through the process  associated  with
the  waste  stream  in question.   These  production  normalizing
parameters (PNP) are also listed in Table X-3.

The  BAT discharge rates reflect the flow reduction  requirements
of  the  selected BAT option.   For this reason,  the  two  water
quench  and  scrubber  wastewaters which were targeted  for  flow
reduction through recycle for BAT have lower flow rates than  the
corresponding  BPT flows.   A discussion of these wastewaters  is
presented below.

DRYER VENT WATER QUENCH AND SCRUBBER

The  BAT  wastewater  discharge allowance for  dryer  vent  water
quench and scrubber wastewater is 4,173 1/kkg (1,000 gal/ton)  of
mischmetal  produced  from wet rare earth chlorides. All  of  the
rare  earth  metal plants producing mischmetal  incorporate  this
operation.   One  plant presently recycles the  scrubber  liquor.
Other  plants  do  not  presently  practice  recycle.   The   BAT
wastewater  discharge rate is based on the discharge rate of  the
plant  practicing recycle.  EPA has determined that this rate  is
economically achievable using the best available technology.  The
water  use and discharge rates for this subdivision are shown  in
Table V-l (page 5395).

ELECTROLYTIC CELL WATER QUENCH AND SCRUBBER

The  BAT  wastewater discharge allowance  for  electrolytic  cell
water quench and scrubber is 9,390 1/kkg (2,250 gal/ton) of total
mischmetal  produced.   All  of  the  rare  earth  metals  plants
producing  mischmetal  incorporate  this  operation.   One  plant
presently practices 96 percent recycle while other plants do  not
recycle.   The  BAT  wastewater discharge rate is  based  on  the
discharge  rate  of  the  plant  practicing  recycle.   EPA   has
determined  that this rate is economically achievable  using  the
best available technology.


                               5490

-------
       PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY   SECT - X
REGULATED POLLUTANT PARAMETERS

In   the  development  of  this  regulation  the  Agency   placed
particular  emphasis on the toxic pollutants. The raw  wastewater
concentrations from individual operations and the subcategory  as
a whole were examined to select certain pollutants and  pollutant
parameters . for limitation.  This examination and evaluation  was
presented in Section VI.  The Agency, however, has chosen not  to
regulate all 12 toxic pollutants selected in this analysis.

The  primary  rare earth metals subcategory  generates  only  two
toxic  organic  pollutants  in  concentrations  that  the  Agency
considers   likely   to   cause  toxic   effects,   benzene   and
hexachlorobenzene.  There  are  also trace  quantities  of  other
organic  compounds  present in wastewater  of  this  subcategory.
Because  of  the  high cost associated with  analysis  for  toxic
organic pollutants, EPA is promulgating effluent limitations only
for  those  pollutants generated in the  greatest  quantities  as
shown by the pollutant removal analysis.  Thus, hexachlorobenzene
is  the  only  toxic  organic  pollutant  selected  for  specific
limitation.

By regulating only hexachlorobenzene, the toxic organic pollutant
found  in  greatest concentration in raw wastewater,  the  Agency
believes  that the concentration of benzene will  be  effectively
controlled  by  the technology needed to limit the  discharge  of
hexachlorobenzene.   In addition, the levels of benzene  detected
in raw wastewater from the primary rare earth metals industry are
significantly lower than those for hexachlorobenzene.  Therefore,
removal  of benzene will not adversely impact the performance  of
the   activated   carbon  technology   implemented   to   control
hexachlorobenzene.

The high cost associated with analysis for toxic metal pollutants
has prompted EPA to develop an alternative method for  regulating
and  monitoring  toxic pollutant discharges from  the  nonferrous
metals  manufacturing category.  Rather than developing  specific
effluent  limitations and standards for each of the toxic  metals
found  in treatable concentrations in the raw wastewater  from  a
given   subcategory,   the  Agency   is   promulgating   effluent
limitations  only for those pollutants generated in the  greatest
quantities  as  shown  by the pollutant  removal  analysis.   The
pollutants selected for specific limitation are listed below:

     119.  chromium (Total)
     122.  lead
     124.  nickel

By establishing limitations and standards for certain toxic metal
pollutants,  discharges  will attain the same degree  of  control
over  toxic metal pollutants as they would have been required  to
achieve had all the toxic metal pollutants been directly limited.

This  approach  is  technically justified  since  the  achievable


                               5491

-------
       PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY   SECT - X
                                                            1 I

concentrations used for chemical precipitation and  sedimentation
technology  are  based  on optimized  treatment  for  concomitant
multiple metals removal.  Thus, even though metals have  somewhat
different theoretical solubilities, they will be removed at  very
nearly   the   same  rate  in  a   chemical   precipitation   and
sedimentation  treatment  system  operated  for  multiple  metals
removal. Filtration, as part of the technology basis, is likewise
justified     because    this    technology    removes     metals
nonpreferentially.

The  toxic  pollutants selected for specific  limitation  in  the
primary  rare earth metals subcategory to control the  discharges
of toxic pollutants are hexachlorobenzene, lead, chromium, and
nickel.   The  following  toxic pollutants are  excluded  from
limitation  on the basis that they are effectively controlled  by
the limitation developed for hexachlorobenzene,  lead,  chromium,
and nickel:

       4.  benzene
     115.  arsenic
     118.  cadmium
     120.  copper
     125.  selenium
     126.  silver
     127.  thallium
     128.  zinc

EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS


The concentrations achievable by application of BAT are discussed
in Section VII of this supplement. The achievable concentrations,
both  one day maximum and monthly average values, are  multiplied
by  the  BAT normalized discharge flows summarized in  Table  X-3
(page  5495)  to calculate the mass of pollutants allowed  to  be
discharged per mass of product. The results of these calculations
in milligrams of pollutant per kilogram of product represent  the
BAT  effluent  limitations and are presented in Table  X-4  (page
5496) for each wastewater stream.
                               5492

-------
       PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY   SECT - X
                            TABLE X-l


       POLLUTANT REMOVAL ESTIMATES FOR DIRECT DISCHARGERS
             PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY
These  removals are not presented here because the data on  which
they are based have been claimed to be confidential.
                               5493

-------
       PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY   SECT - X
                            TABLE X-2
                   COST OF COMPLIANCE FOR THE
    PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY DIRECT DISCHARGERS
                                                             ] '

These costs are not presented here because the data on which  they
are based have been claimed to be confidential.
                               5494

-------
                                             Table X-3
           BAT WASTEWATER DISCHARGE RATES FOR THE PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY
en
*»
vo
en
Wastewater Stream
Dryer Vent Water Quench and
Scrubber
Dryer Vent Caustic Wet
Air Pollution Control
Electrolytic Cell Water
Quench and Scrubber
Electrolytic Cell Caustic
Wet Air Pollution Control
Sodium Hypochlorite Filter
Backwash
                                          BAT Normalized
                                          Discharge Rate
                                                  '
1/kkg
4,173
  734
9,390
    0
  362
gal/ton
1,000
  176
2,250
    0
   87
  Production Normalizing
  	Parameter 	
Mischmetal produced from wet
rare earth chlorides
Mischmetal produced from wet
rare earth chlorides
Total mischmetal produced
Total mischmetal produced
                                                               Total mischmetal produced
                                                                                                   M
                                                                                                   W
                                    Cfl
                                    ra
                                    g
                                                                                                   m
                                                                                                   a
                                                                                                   I
                                                                                                   en
                                                                                                   m
                                                                                                   o

-------
       PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS  SUBCATEGORY    SECT - X
                            TABLE X-4

                  BAT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE
              PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY

 (a) Dryer Vent Water Quench and Wet Air Pollution Control  BAT

   Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for~~
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average

              mg/kg(Ib/million Ibs)of mischmetal
             produced from wet rare earth chlorides
Benzene
*Hexachlorobenzene
Arsenic
Cadmium
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Zinc
0.042
0.042
5.800
0.835
1.544
5.341
1.168
2.295
3.422
1.210
5.842
4.256
0.042
0.042
2.587
0.334
0.626
2.546
0.542
1.544
1.544
0.501
2.546
1.753
(b) Dryer Vent Caustic Wet Air Pollution Control  'BAT

   Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average

              mg/kg(Ib/million Ibs)of mischmetal
             produced from wet rare earth chlorides
Benzene
*Hexachlorobenzene.
Arsenic
Cadmium
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Zinc
0.007
0.007
1.020
0.147
0.272
0.940
0.206
0.404
0.602
0.213
1.028
0.749
0.007
0.007
0.455
0.059
0.110
0.448
0.095
0.272
0.272
0.088
0.448
0.308
^Regulated Pollutant
                               5496

-------
       PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY   SECT - X
                      TABLE X-4 (Continued)

                  BAT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE
              PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY

(c) Electrolytic Cell Water Quench and Wet APC  BAT

   Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average

       mg/kg(Ib/million Ibs) of total mischmetal produced
Benzene
*Hexachlorobenzene
Arsenic
Cadmium
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Zinc
0.094
0.094
13.050
1.878
3.474
12.020
2.629
5.165
7.700
2.723
13.150
9.578
0.094
0.094
5.822
0.751
1.409
5.728
1.221
3.474
3.474
1.127
5.728
3.944
(d) Electrolytic Cell Caustic Wet Air Pollution Control  BAT

   Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average

       mg/kg(Ib/million Ibs) of total mischmetal produced
Benzene
*Hexachlorobenzene
Arsenic
Cadmium
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Zinc
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
o.doo
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
*Regulated Pollutant
                               5497

-------
       PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY   SECT - X
                      TABLE X-4 (Continued)

                  BAT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE
              PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY

(e) Sodium Hypochlorite Filter Backwash  BAT

   PollutantorMaximum forMaximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average

       rag/kg (Ib/million Ibs) oftotal mischmetal produced
Benzene
*Hexachlorobenzene
Arsenic
Cadmium
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Zinc
0.004
0.004
0.503
0.072
0.134
0.463
0.101
0.199
0.297
0.105
0.507
0.369
0.004
0.004
0.224
0.029
0.054
0.221
0.047
0.134
0.134
0.043
0.221
0.152
*Regulated Pollutant
                               5498

-------
                                                                   Cheralcal Addition
U1
           Dryer Vent Hater Quench and
           Hot Atr Pollution Control
Dryer Vent Caustic Uet Air
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Electrolytic Cell Uater Quench
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Sodium Hypochlorlte Filter Backwash
Electrolytic Cell Caustic
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                                                            Figure  X-1

                                             BAT  TREATMENT SCHEME FOR  OPTION A

-------
                                        Cbealral AJJIllon
   Dryi'r Vein Hater l)ucnrh and
   Uet Air Pollution Control
   Electrolytic Cell Hater Quench
   and Mel Air Pollution Control
Ul
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                            Pollution Control
Sodium llypoclilorlte Filter Backwash
                            Electrolytic Celt GauntIr
                            Met Air Pollution Control'
                                                         By-product
                                                          Recovery
                                                                       Figure X-2

                                                      BAT  TREATMENT  SCHEME FOR  OPTION  B

-------
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                                           BAT TREATMENT  SCHEME FOR OPTION  C

-------
Dryrr Vrnl VJlcr l|urnrh mi
Ucl Air rnllutlnn CiHllcol
Clcclrolfllc Oil Uatcr Quenth
«nj Uct Air Pollution Control
                                                                                                                                      H
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                                                                                                                                       X
                                                       Figure X-4


                                       BAT TREATMENT  SCHEME  FOR OPTION  E

-------
           PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY   SECT - XI



                           SECTION XI

                NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS


This   section  describes  the  technologies  for  treatment   of
wastewater from new sources and presents mass discharge standards
for  regulated  pollutants  for NSPS in the  primary  rare  earth
metals  subcategory, based on the selected treatment  technology.
The basis for new source performance standards (NSPS) is the best
available  demonstrated  technology (BDT).  New plants  have  the
opportunity  to  design the best and  most  efficient  production
processes  and wastewater treatment technologies  without  facing
the  added costs and restrictions encountered in retrofitting  an
existing   plant.   Therefore,  EPA  has  considered   the   best
demonstrated process changes, in-plant controls, and  end-of-pipe
treatment  technologies  which reduce pollution  to  the  maximum
extent feasible.

TECHNICAL APPROACH TO NSPS

New  source  performance  standards are equivalent  to  the  best
available  technology  (BAT)  selected  for  currently   existing
primary  rare earth metals plants.  This result is a  consequence
of  careful  review by the Agency of a wide  range  of  technical
options  for new source treatment systems which is  discussed  in
Section  XI of the General Development  Document.   Additionally,
there was nothing found to indicate that the wastewater flows and
characteristics of new plants would not be similar to those  from
existing plants, since the processes used by new sources are  not
expected   to  differ  from  those  used  at  existing   sources.
Consequently,  BAT production normalized discharge  rates,  which
are based on the best existing practices of the subcategory,  can
also  be  applied to new sources.  These rates are  presented  in
Table XI-1 (page 5506).

Treatment  technologies  considered  for  the  NSPS  options  are
identical  to the treatment technologies considered for  the  BAT
options.  These options are;

Option A

     o  Chemical precipitation and sedimentation

Option B

     o  Chemical precipitation and sedimentation
     o  In-process flow reduction of quench water and scrubber
        liquor
                               5503

-------
           PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY   SECT - XI
Option C
     o  Chemical precipitation and sedimentation
     o  In-process flow reduction of quench water and scrubber
        liquor
     o  Multimedia filtration

Option E

     o  Chemical precipitation and sedimentation
     o  In-process flow reduction of quench water and scrubber
        liquor
     o  Multimedia filtration
     o  Activated carbon adsorption

NSPS OPTION SELECTION - PROPOSAL

EPA  proposed that the best available demonstrated technology for
the primary rare earth metals subcategory be equivalent to Option
E    (in-process   flow   reduction,   chemical    precipitation,
sedimentation,   multimedia  filtration,  and  activated   carbon
adsorption).

The wastewater flow rates for NSPS were the same as the  proposed
BAT  flow  rates.   Flow reduction measures  for  NSPS  were  not
considered   feasible  because  it  was  believed  that  no   new
demonstrated  technologies  existed within the  subcategory  that
improved  on water use and discharge practices.   Therefore,  EPA
concluded that flow reduction beyond the allowances proposed  for
BAT  was  unachievable, and NSPS flow rates should  be  equal  to
those for BAT.

NSPS OPTION SELECTION - PROMULGATION

EPA  is  promulgating best available demonstrated technology  for
the primary rare earth metals subcategory equivalent to Option  E
(chemical    precipitation,   sedimentation,   'flow    reduction,
multimedia   filtration,   and  activated   carbon   adsorption).
Filtration is demonstrated by 25 plants in the nonferrous  metals
manufacturing  category..  Activated carbon adsorption  technology
is promulgated to control the discharge of hexachlorobenzene.

The  wastewater flow rates for NSPS are the same as the BAT  flow
rates.    Further  flow  reduction  measures  for  NSPS  are   not
feasible,   because  dry  scrubbing  is  not   demonstrated   for
controlling emissions from dehydration furnaces and  electrolytic
reduction operations.  The nature of these emissions (acid fumes,
hot  particulate  matter) technically precludes the  use  of  dry
scrubbers.  Therefore,  EPA is including an allowance  from  this
source at NSPS equivalent to that promulgated for BAT.  EPA  also
does  not  believe that new plants could achieve  any  additional
flow  reduction  beyond the quench water  and  scrubber  effluent
recycle promulgated for BAT.
                               5504

-------
           PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY   SECT - XI
REGULATED POLLUTANT PARAMETERS

The Agency has no reason to believe that the pollutants that will
be  found  in  treatable concentrations in processes  within  new
sources  will  be  any  different  than  with  existing  sources.
Accordingly,  pollutants  and pollutant parameters  selected  for
limitation  under  NSPS,  in  accordance with  the  rationale  of
Sections VI and X,  are identical to those selected for BAT.  The
conventional  pollutant  parameters TSS and pH are also  selected
for limitation.

NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS

The NSPS discharge flows for each wastewater source are the  same
as the discharge rates for BAT and are shown in Table XI-1  (page
5506).   The mass of pollutant allowed to be discharged per  mass
of  product is based on the product of the appropriate  treatable
concentration  (mg/1)  and the production  normalized  wastewater
discharge  flows (i/kkg).  The results of these calculations  are
the  production-based  new source performance  standards.   These
standards are presented in Table XI-2 (page 5507).
                               5505

-------
(ji
ui
o
                                            Table XI-1

           NSPS WASTEWATER DISCHARGE RATES FOR THE PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY
Wastewater Stream

Dryer Vent Water Quench and
Scrubber

Dryer Vent Caustic Wet
Air Pollution Control

Electrolytic Cell Water
Quench and Scrubber

Electrolytic Cell Caustic
Wet Air Pollution Control

Sodium Hypochlorite Filter
Backwash
                                         NSPS Normalized
                                          Discharge Rate
                                                   gal/ton
                                        4,173
                                          734
                                        9,390
0
                                          362
       1,000
         176
       2,250
0
          87
          Production Normalizing
          	Parameter	

        Mischiuetal produced from wet
        rare earth chlorides

        Mischmetal produced from wet
        rare earth chlorides

        Total mischmetal produced
Total mischmetal produced
        Total mischmetal produced
                                                                                              H
                                                                                                    M
il
3
M
t-i
>
t*
W
m
a
w
o
                                                                                                   M
                                                                                                   O

                                                                                                   I
                                                                                                    M
                                                                                                    I


                                                                                                    H

-------
           PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY   SECT - XI


                           TABLE XI-2

       NSPS FOR THE PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY

(a) Dryer Vent Water Quench and Wet Air Pollution Control  NSPS

   Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average

              mg/kg(Ib/million Ibs)of mischmetal
             produced from wet rare earth chlorides
Benzene
*Hexachlorobenzene
Arsenic
Cadmium
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Zinc
*TSS
*pH Within the
0.042
0.042
5.800
0.835
1.544
5.341
1.168
2.295
3.422
1.210
5.842
4.256
62.600
range of 7.5
0.042
0.042
2.587
0.334
0.626
2.546
0.542
1.544
1.544
0.501
2.546
1.753
50.080
to 10.0 at all times
(b) Dryer Vent Caustic Wet Air Pollution Control  NSPS

   Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average

              mg/kg(Ib/million Ibs)  of mischmetal
             produced from wet rare earth chlorides
Benzene
*Hexachlorobenzene
Arsenic
Cadmium
* Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Zinc
*TSS
*pH Within
0.007
0.007
1.020
0.147
0.272
0.940
0.206
0.404
0.602
0.213
1.028
0.749
11.010
the range of 7.5
0.007
0.007
0.455
0.059
0.110
0.448
0.095
0.272
0.272
0.088
0.448
0.308
8.808
to 10.0 at all times
*Regulated Pollutant
                               5507

-------
           PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY   SECT - XI


                     TABLE XI-2 (Continued)

       NSPS FOR THE PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY

(c) Electrolytic Cell Water Quench and Wet APC  NSPS

   Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average

       mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of total mischmetal produced

 Benzene                     0.094               0.094
*Hexachlorobenzene           0.094               0.094
 Arsenic                    13.050               5.822
 Cadmium                     1.878               0.751
*Chromium                    3.474               1.409
 Copper                     12.020               5.728
*Lead                        2.629               1.221
*Nickel                      5.165               3.474
 Selenium                    7.700               3.474
 Silver                      2.723               1.127
 Thallium                   13.150               5.728
 Zinc                        9.578               3.944
*TSS                       140.900             112.700
*pH    Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
(d) Electrolytic Cell Caustic Wet Air Pollution Control  NSPS

   Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average

       mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of total mischmetal produced

 Benzene                     0.000               0.000
*Hexachlorobenzene           0.000               0.000
 Arsenic                     0.000               0.000
 Cadmium                     0.000               0.000
*Chromium                    0.000               0.000
 Copper                      0.000               0.000
*Lead                        0.000               0.000
*Nickel                      0.000               0.000
 Selenium                    0.000               0.000
 Silver                      0.000               0.000
 Thallium                    0.000               0.000
 Zinc                        0.000               0.000
*TSS                         0.000               0.000
*pH    Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times


*Regulated Pollutant
                               5508

-------
           PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY   SECT - XI


                     TABLE XI-2 (Continued)

       NSPS FOR THE PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY

^e) Sodium Hypochlorite Fj.lter Backwash  NSPS

   Pollutant or'Maximum for~Maximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average

       rag/kg(Ib/million Ibs)of totalmischmetal produced

 Benzene                     0.004               0.004
*Hexachlorobenzene           0.004               0.004
 Arsenic                     0.503               0.224
 Cadmium                     0.072               0.029
*Chromium                    0.134               0.054
 Copper                      0.463               0.221
*Lead                        0.101               0.047
*Nickel                      0.199               0.134
 Selenium                    0.297               0.134
 Silver                      0.105               0.043
 Thallium                    0.507               0.221
 Zinc                        0.369               0.152
*TSS                         5.430               4.344
*pH    Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times


*Regulated Pollutant
                               5509

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PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGQRY   SECT - XI
    THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
                    5510

-------
      PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY   SECT - XII



                           SECTION XII

                     PRETREATMENT STANDARDS


PSES  are designed to prevent the discharge of  pollutants  which
pass  through  interfere with or are otherwise incompatible  with
the  operation  of publicly owned treatment  works  (POTW).   The
Clean  Water  Act requires pretreatment for pollutants,  such  as
toxic  metals,  that limit POTW sludge  management  alternatives.
New  indirect  discharge facilities, like  new  direct  discharge
facilities,   have  the  opportunity  to  incorporate  the   best
available  demonstrated technologies, including process  changes,
in-plant controls, and end-of-pipe treatment technologies, and to
use  plant  site selection to ensure  adequate  treatment  system
function.   Pretreatment  standards are to be  technology  based,
analogous  to the best available or best demonstrated  technology
for removal of toxic pollutants.

This section describes the control and treatment technologies for
pretreatment of process wastewaters from existing sources and new
sources   in   the  primary  rare   earth   metals   subcategory.
Pretreatment  standards  for regulated pollutants  are  presented
based on the selected control and treatment technology.

TECHNICAL APPROACH TO PRETREATMENT

Before  proposing and promulgating  pretreatment  standards,  the
Agency examines whether the pollutants discharged by the industry
pass through the POTW or interfere with the POTW operation or its
chosen   sludge  disposal  practices.   In  determining   whether
pollutants pass through a well-operated POTW achieving  secondary
treatment,  the  Agency compares the percentage  of  a  pollutant
removed by POTW with the percentage removed by direct dischargers
applying the best available technology economically achievable. A
pollutant  is  deemed to pass through the POTW when  the  average
percentage  removed  nationwide  by  well-operated  POTW  meeting
secondary  treatment  requirements, is less than  the  percentage
removed  by  direct  dischargers  complying  with  BAT   effluent
limitations guidelines for that pollutant.

This  definition  of  pass through satisfies  the  two  competing
objectives   set   by  Congress  that  standards   for   indirect
dischargers  be  equivalent to standards for  direct  dischargers
while  at the same time the treatment capability and  performance
of  the POTW be recognized and taken into account  in  regulating
the discharge of pollutants from indirect dischargers.

The  Agency compares percentage removal rather than the  mass  or
concentration  of pollutants discharged because the latter  would
not  take into account the mass of pollutants discharged  to  the
POTW   from  non-industrial  sources  or  the  dilution  of   the
pollutants  in the POTW effluent to lower concentrations  due  to
the addition of large amounts of non-industrial wastewater.


                               5511

-------
      PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY   SECT - XII
INDUSTRY COST AND POLLUTANT REMOVAL ESTIMATES

The  industry  cost  and  pollutant  removal  estimates  of  each
treatment  option were used to determine the most  cost-effective
option.  These estimates have been revised since proposal because
of  additional wastewater streams and new  production  normalized
flows   used  for  promulgation.   The  methodology  applied   in
calculating  pollutant  removal estimates  and  plant  compliance
costs is discussed in Section X.

PRETREATMENT STANDARDS FOR EXISTING AND NEW SOURCES

Options  for  pretreatment of wastewaters from both existing  and
new sources are based on increasing the effectiveness of  end-of-
pipe treatment technologies.  All in-plant changes and applicable
end-of-pipe treatment processes have been discussed previously in
Sections X and XI.  The options for PSNS and PSES, therefore, are
the same as the BAT options discussed in Section X.

A  description of each option is presented in Section Xf  while a
more detailed discussion, including pollutants controlled by each
treatment  process  is presented in Section VII  of Vol. I.

PSNS AND PSES OPTION SELECTION - PROPOSAL

EPA  proposed that the pretreatment standards technology base for
the primary rare earth metals subcategory be equivalent to Option
E    (in-process   flow   reduction,   chemical    precipitation,
sedimentation,   multimedia  filtration,  and  activated   carbon
adsorption).

The  wastewater  discharge  rates for both  PSNS  and  PSES  were
equivalent  to  the  proposed  BAT  discharge  rates.    No  flow
reduction  measures  for  PSNS or PSES were  considered  feasible
beyond the recycle proposed for BAT.

PSES OPTION SELECTION - PROMULGATION

The technology basis for promulgated PSES is Option E, in-process
flow reduction, chemical precipitation, sedimentation, multimedia
filtration,  and activated carbon adsorption technology to remove
metals,  solids,  and  organics from combined wastewaters and  to
control  pH.   The  basis of this selection is that  it  achieves
effective  removal  of  toxic  pollutants  without  resulting  in
negative  impacts on the cost of new facilities.   Filtration  is
demonstrated  by 25 plants in the nonferrous metals manufacturing
category,  and  will  not  result in  adverse  economic  impacts.
Activated  carbon adsorption technology is necessary  to  control
the discharge of hexachlorobenzene.

Table XII-1 (page 5514)shows the estimated pollutant removals for
indirect  dischargers  at  promulgation.   Compliance  costs  for
indirect dischargers at promulgation are presented in Table XII-2
(page 5515).


                               5512

-------
      PRIMARY" RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY   SECT - XII
PSNS OPTION SELECTION - PROMULGATION

Option  E  (in-process flow  reduction,  chemical  precipitation,
sedimentation,   multimedia  filtration,   and  activated  carbon
adsorption)  has  been selected by the Agency  as  the  treatment
technology  for  the basis of promulgated pretreatment  standards
for new sources.  The basis of this selection is that it achieves
effective  removal  of priority pollutants without  resulting  in
negative impacts on the cost of new facilities.   The  wastewater
discharge  rates  for  promulgated  PSNS  are  identical  to  the
promulgated BAT discharge rates for each waste stream.  The  PSNS
discharge rates are shown in Table XII-3 (page 5516).

REGULATED POLLUTANT PARAMETERS

Pollutants  selected  for  limitation,  in  accordance  with  the
rationale of Sections VI and X,  are identical to those  selected
for  limitation for BAT.   It is necessary to promulgate PSES and
PSNS to prevent the pass-through of hexachlorobenzene,  chromium,
lead, and nickel, which are the limited pollutants.  These  toxic
pollutants   are  removed  by  a  well-operated  POTW   achieving
secondary  treatment  at  an  average of  28  percent  while  BAT
technology removes approximately 74 percent.

PRETREATMENT STANDARDS

Pretreatment standards are based on the treatable concentrations
from  the  selected  treatment  technology  (Option  E)  and  the
discharge  rates  determined in Section X for  BAT.   A  mass  of
pollutant  per  mass of product (mg/kg) allocation is  given  for
each   subdivision  within  the  subcategory.    This   pollutant
allocation is based on the product of the treatable concentration
from   the  promulgated  treatment  (mg/1)   and  the   production
normalized  wastewater  discharge rate (1/kkg).   The  achievable
treatment concentrations for BAT are identical to those for  PSES
and PSNS.  PSES and PSNS are presented in Tables XII-4 and  XII-5
(pages 5517 and 5520).
                               5513

-------
                                                  Table XII-1
                          POLLUTANT REMOVAL  ESTIMATES  FOE  INDIRECT  DISCHARGERS
                                 PRIMARY       EARTH METALS  SUBCATEGORY
en
ui
      Pollutant

Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium (Total)
Copper
Cyanide (Total)
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Zinc

TOTAL PRIORITY METALS

Hexachlorobenzene

TOTAL PRIORITY ORGANICS

TOTAL NONCONVENTIONALS

TSS
Oil and Grease

TOTAL CONVENTIONALS

TOTAL POLLUTANTS
Raw
Waste
(kg/yr)
0.0168
0.1008
0.0392
0.1399
0.1455
0.0448
1.3659
0.0056
0.3862
0.0896
0.0336
0.0840
0.5710
3.0228
9.0292

9.0292

0

176.2343
14.8061
191.0404
203.0923





Option A
Discharge
(kg/yr)
0.0168
0.1008
0.0392
0.1399
0.1455
0.0448
0.6717
0.0056
0.3862
0.0896
0.0336
0.0840
0.5710
2.3287
9.0292

9.0292

0

67.1731
I4.A06!
81.9792
93.3371





Option A
Removed
Ckj?/yr)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.6941
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.6941
0

0

0

109.0612
n
109.0612
109.7553





Option B
Discharge
(kg/yr)
0.0168
0.1008
0.0392
0.1399
0.1455
0.0448
0.4601
0.0056
0.3862
0.0896
0.0336
p. 0840
0.5710
2.1170
9.0292

9.0292

0

46.0051
14.8061
60.8112
71.9574





Option B
Removed
(kg/yr)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.9058
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.9058
0

0

0

130.2292
0
130.2292
131.1350





Option €
Discharge
(kg/yr)
0.0168
0.1008
0.0392
0.1399
0.1455
0.0448
0.3067
0.0056
0.3862
0.0896
0.0336
0.0840
0.5710
1.9636
9.0292

9.0292

0

9.9678
14,8061
24.7739
35.7667





Option U
Removed
(kR/yr)
0
0
0
0
0
0
1,0592
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.0592
0

0

0

166.2665
0
166.2665
167.3257





Option K
Discharge
(kg/yr)
0.0168
0.1008
0.0392
0.1399
0.1455
0.0448
0.3067
0.0056
0.3862
0.0896
0.0336
0.0840
0.5710
1.9636
0.0383

0.03U3

0

9.9678
14,8061
24.7739
2b.775»





Option K
Removed
(kR/yr)
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.0592
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.0592
8.990a

8.990S

0

166.2665
0
166.2665
176.316b





td
/v
H

5
KI
5*J
§
W

W
M
i-3
X

m
L J
Hi
B
en
en
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w
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O
O
S3

en
M
o
i
X
H
H

-------
                                     Table XII-2
Option
  A
  B
  C
  E
                             COST OF  COMPLIANCE FOR THE
                       PRIMARY  RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY
                                INDIRECT DISCHARGERS
                               (March,  1982 Dollars)
Capital Cost
   49,087
   76,587
   80,575
  126,775
                     Proposal  Costs
AnnualCost
  23,373
  27,182
  29,928
  43,368
                                           Promulgation  Costs
Capital Cost
   39,600
   80,700
  101,200
  146,400
annualCost
  22,000
  31,200
  40,500
  54,300
g
a
                                                                                          o
                                                                                          s
                                                                                          M
                                                                                          Q
                                                                                          O
                                                                                          a
                                                                                           O
                                                                                           I
                                                                                           H
                                                                                           H

-------
                                            Table XII-3

                         PSES AND PSNS WASTEWATER DISCHARGE RATES FOR THE
                               PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY
Ul
en
Mastewater Stream

Dryer Vent Water Quench and
Scrubber

Dryer Vent Caustic Wet
Air Pollution Control
                        W
Electrolytic Cell Water
Quench and Scrubber

Electrolytic Cell Caustic
Wet Air Pollution Control

Sodium Hypochlorite Filter
Backwash
                                          PSES and PSNS
                                            Normalized
                                          Discharge Rate
                                                   gal/ton
           1,000
             176
2,250
               0
              87
                                        4,173
                                          734
9,390
                                            0
                                          362
  Production Normalizing
  	Parameter	

Mischmetal produced from wet
rare earth chlorides

Mischmetal produced from wet
rare earth chlorides

Total mischmetal produced
            Total mischmetal produced
            Total mischmetal produced
                                                                                                   M
                                                                                                   m
&
m
9
F
w
OT
CJ
w
o
>
t-i
M
«
O
                                                                                                   OT
                                                                                                   M
                                                                                                   (1
                                                                                                   HI
                                                                                                   H
                                                                                                   H

-------
      PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY   SECT - XII


                           TABLE XII-4

       PSES FOR THE PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY

(a) Dryer Vent Water Quench and Scrubber  PSES

   Pollutant or        Maximum for     '.  Maximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average

              mg/kg(Ib/million Ibs) of mischmetal~
             produced from wet rare earth chlorides
Benzene
*Hexachlorobenzene
Arsenic
Cadmium
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Zinc
0.042 .
0.042
5.800
0.835
1.544
5.341
1.168
2.295
3.422
1.210
5.842
4.256
0.042
0.042
2.587
0.334
0.626
2.546
0.542
1.544
1.544
0.501
2.546
1.753
(b) Dryer Vent Caustic Wet Air Pollution Control  PSES

   Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average

              mg/kg(Ib/million Ibs)of mischmetal
             produced from wet rare earth chlorides
Benzene
*Hexachlorobenzene
Arsenic
Cadmium
*Chromium
Coppe r
*Lead
*Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Zinc
0.007
0.007
1.020
0.147
0.272
0.940
0.206
0.404
0.602
0.213
1.028
0.749
0.007
0.007
0.455
0.059
0.110
0.448
0.095
0.272
0.272
0.088
0.448
0.308
*Regulated Pollutant
                               5517

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      PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY   SECT - XII

                     TABLE XI1-4 (Continued)
       PSES FOR THE PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY
(c) Electrolytic Cell Water Quench and Wet APC  PSES
   Pollutant orMaximumfor       Maximum  for
Pollutant Property    Any One Day      Monthly Average
       mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of total mischmetal produced
Benzene
*Hexachlorobenzene
Arsenic
Cadmium
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Zinc
0.094
0.094
13.050
1.878
3.474
12.020
2.629
5.165
7.700
2.723
13.150
9.578
0.094
0.094
5.822
0.751
1.409
5.728
1.221
3.474
3.474
1.127
5.728
3.944
    Electrolytic Cell Caustic Wet Air Pollution Control  PSES
   Pollutant or'Maximum forMaximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average
           -••'   Ibs) of total mischmetal  produced
Benzene
*Hexachlorobenzene
Arsenic
Cadmium
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Zinc
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
o.ooo .
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
*Regulated Pollutant
                               5518

-------
              RAR1       METALS SUBCATEGQRY   SECT - XII


                     TABLE XII-4 (Continued)

       PSES FOR THE PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY

(e) Sodium Hypochlorite Filter Backwash  PSSS
             or        Maximum for       Maximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average

             (ib/million Ibs) of total mischmetal produced
Benzene
*Hexachlorobenzene
Arsenic
Cadmium
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Zinc
0.004
0.004
0.503
0.072
0.134
0.463
0.101
0.199
0.297
0.105
0.507
0.369
0.004
0.004
0.224
0.029
0.054
0.221
0.047
0.134
0.134
0.043
0.221
0.152
*Regulated Pollutant
                               5519

-------
      PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SDBCATEGORY   SECT - XII


                           TABLE XI1-5

       PSNS FOR THE PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY

(a) Dryer Vent Water Quench and Wet Air Pollution Control  PSNS

   Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average

              mg/kg(Ib/million Ibs)of mischmetal
             produced from wet rare earth chlorides
Benzene
*Hexachlorobenzene
Arsenic
Cadmium
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Zinc
0.042
0.042
5.800
0.835
1.544
5.341
1.168
2.295
3.422
1.210
5.842
4.256
0.042
0.042
2.587
0.334
0.626
2.546
0.542
1.544
1.544
0.501
2.546
1.753
(b) Dryer Vent Caustic Wet Air Pollution Control  PSNS

   Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average

              mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of mischmetal
             produced from wet rare earth chlorides
Benzene
*Hexachlorobenzene
Arsenic
Cadmium
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Zinc
0.007
0.007
1.020
0.147
0.272
0.940
0.206
0.404
0.602
0.213
1.028
0.749
0.007
0.007
0.455
0.059
0.110
0.448
0.095
0.272
0.272
0.088
0.448
0.308
*Regulated Pollutant
                               5520

-------
      PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY   SECT - XII

                     TABLE XII-5 (Continued)
       PSNS FOR THE PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY
(c) Electrolytic Cell Water Quench and Wet APC  PSNS
   Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average
       mg/kg(Ib/million Ibs) of total mischmetal produced
Benzene
*Hexachlorobenzene
Arsenic
Cadmium
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Zinc
0.094
0.094
13.050
1.878
3.474
12.020
2.629
5.165
7.700
2.723
13.150
9.578
0.094
0.094
5.822
0.751
1.409
5.728
1.221
3.474
3.474
1.127
5.728
3.944
(d) Electrolytic Cell Caustic Wet Air Pollution Control  PSNS
   Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average
       mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of total mischmetal produced
Benzene
*Hexachlorobenzene
Arsenic
Cadmium
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Zinc
0.000
0.000
0.000
0..000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
*Regulated Pollutant
                               5521

-------
      PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY   SECT -XII


                     TABLE XII-5 (Continued)

       PSNS FOR THE PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY

(e) Sodium Hypochlorite Filter Backwash  PSNS

   Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average

       ihg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of total mischmetal produced
Benzene
*Hexachlorobenzene
Arsenic
Cadmium
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Zinc
0.004
0.004
0.503
0.072
0.134
0.463
0.101
0.199
0.297
0.105
0.507
0.369
0.004
0.004
0.224
0.029
0.054
0.221
0.047
0.134
0.134
0.043
0.221
0.152
*Regulated Pollutant
                               5522

-------
          PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SOBGATEGORY   SECT - XIII



                          SECTION XIII

         BEST CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANT CONTROL TECHNOLOGY


EPA  is  not  promulgating best  conventional  pollutant  control
technology (BCT) for the primary rare earth metals subcategory at
this time.
                               5523

-------
PRIMARY RARE EARTH METALS SUBCATEGORY   SECT - XIII
     THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
                     5524

-------
NONFERROUS METALS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY


           DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT SUPPLEMENT


                       for the


            Secondary Indium Subcategory
                  William K. Reilly
                    Administrator
                   Rebecca Hanmer
      Acting Assistant Administrator for Water
              Martha Prothro, Director
      Office of Water Regulations and Standards
            Thomas P.  O'Farrell,  Director
           Industrial  Technology  Division
             Ernst P.  Hall,  P.E.,  Chief
               Metals  Industry Branch
                         and
              Technical Project Officer
                      May 1989
        U.S.  Environmental Protection Agency
                   Office of Water
      Office  of Water Regulations and Standards
           Industrial Technology Division
              Washington, D. C.   20460
                         5525

-------
5526

-------
                 SECONDARY INDIUM SUBCATEGORY



                        TABLE OF CONTENTS

Section
I         SUMMARY                                          5533

II        CONCLUSIONS                                      5535

III       SUBCATEGORY PROFILE                              5539

          Description of Secondary Indium Production       5539
          Raw Materials                                    5539
          Dissolving, Precipitation, and Electrolytic      5539
            Recovery
          Electrolytic Refining                            5540
          Melting and Casting                              5540
          Process Wastewater Sources                       5540
          Other Wastewater Sources                         5540
          Age, Production, and Process Profile             5540

IV        SUBCATEGORIZATION                                5543

          Factors Considered in Subdividing the Secondary  5543
            Indium Subcategory
          Other Factors                                    5543
          Production Normalizing Parameters                5544

V         WATER USE AND WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS         5545

          Wastewater Flow Rates                            5545
          Wastewater Characteristics Data                  5546
          Field Sampling Data                              5546
          Wastewater Characteristics and Flows by          5547
            Subdivision
          Displacement Supernatant                         5547
          Spent Electrolyte                                5547

VI        SELECTION OF POLLUTANT PARAMETERS                5551

          Conventional and Nonconventional Pollutant       5551
            Parameters Selected
          Toxic Priority Pollutants                        5552
          Toxic Pollutants Never Detected                  5552
          Toxic Pollutants Never Found Above Their         5552
            Analytical Quantification Concentration
          Toxic Pollutants Present Below Concentrations .   5552
            Achievable by Treatment
          Toxic Pollutants Detected in a Small Number      5553
            of Sources
          Toxic Pollutants Selected for further            5554
            Consideration in Establishing Limitations and
            Standards
                               5527

-------
                 SECONDARY- INDIUM SUBCATEGORY


                  TABLE OP CONTENTS (Continued)


Section
VII       CONTROL AND TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES               5563

          Current Control and Treatment Practices          5563
          Displacement Supernatant                         5563
          Spent Electrolyte                                5563
          Control and Treatment Options                    5563
          Option A                                         5654
          Option C                                         5564

VIII      COSTS, ENERGY, AND NONWATER QUALITY ASPECTS      5565

          Treatment Options for Existing Sources           5565
          Option A                                         5565
          Option C                ,                         5565
          Cost Methodology                                 5566
          Nonwater Quality Aspects                         5566
          Energy Requirements                              5566
          Solid Waste                                      5566
          Air Pollution                                    5568

IX        BEST PRACTICABLE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY CURRENTLY    5571
          AVAILABLE

X         BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY ECONOMICALLY           5571
          ACHIEVABLE

XI        NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS                 5573

          Technical Approach to NSPS                       5573
          Industry Cost and Pollutant Removal Estimates    5575
          Pollutant Removal Estimates                      5575
          Compliance.Costs                                 5375
          NSPS Option Selection - Proposal                 5576
          NSPS Option Selection - Promulgation             5576
          Wastewater Discharge Rates                       5577
          Displacement Supernatant                         5577
          Spent Electrolyte                                5577
          Regulated Pollutant Parameters                   5577
          New Source Performance Standards                 5578
                               5528

-------
                 SECONDARY INDIUM SUBCATEGORY


                  TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)


Section                                                    Page

XII       PRETREATMENT STANDARDS                           5583

          Technical Approach to Pretreatment               5583
          Industry Cost and Pollutant Removal Estimates    5584
          Pretreatment Standards for Existing and New      5584
            Sources
          PSES Option Selection - Proposal                 5584
          PSES Option Selection - Promulgation             5584
          PSNS Option Selection - Proposal                 5585
          PSNS Option Selection - Promulgation             5585
          Pretreatment Standards                           5586

XIII      BEST CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANT CONTROL              5593
          TECHNOLOGY
                               5529

-------
                 SECONDLY INDIUM SUBCATEGORY
                          LIST OF TABLES
Table
                         Title
Pa<
V— 1
V-2
VI-2
VIII-1

XI-1

XI-2
XII— 1
XII-2

XII-3

XII-4
XII-5
          Water Use and Discharge Rates for Displacement   5549
          Supernatant
          Water Use and Discharge Rates for Spent          5549
          Electrolyte
          Frequency of Occurrence of Priority Pollutants   5556
          Secondary Indium Subcategory Raw Wastewater
          Toxic Pollutants Never Detected                  5560
          Cost of Compliance for the Secondary Indium      5569
          Subcategory Indirect Dischargers
          NSPS Wastewater Discharge Rates for the          5579
          Secondary Indium Subcategory
          NSPS for the Secondary Indium Subcategory        5580
          Pollutant Removal Estimates Secondary Indium     5587
          Subcategory Indirect Dischargers
          Cost of Compliance for the Secondary Indium      5588
          Subcategory Indirect Dischargers
          PSES and PSNS Wastewater Discharge Rates for the 5589
          Secondary Indium Subcategory
          PSES for the Secondary Indium Subcategory        5590
          PSNS for the Secondary Indium Subcategory        5591
                               5530

-------
                 SECONDARY INDIUM SUBCATEGORY






                         LIST OF FIGURES






Figure                   Title                             Page






III-l     Block Diagram for Indium Production              5541



XI-1      NSPS Treatment Scheme for Option A               5581



XI-2      NSPS Treatment Scheme for Option C               5582

-------
  SECONDARY INDIUM SUBCATEGORY
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
                5532

-------
           SECONDARY INDIUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - I



                            SECTION I

                             SUMMARY

This  document  provides  the technical  basis  for  promulgating
pretreatment standards for existing indirect dischargers  (PSES),
pretreatment  standards for new indirect dischargers (PSNS),  and
standards  of  performance  for  new  source  direct  dischargers
(NSPS).

The  secondary  indium subcategory consists of  two  plants.  One
discharges  to a publicly owned treatment works (POTW),  and  one
achieves zero discharge of process wastewater.

EPA  first studied the secondary indium subcategory to  determine
whether   differences   in   raw   materials,   final   products,
manufacturing  processes, equipment, age and size of plants,  and
water  usage  required  the  development  of  separate   effluent
limitations   and  standards  for  different  segments   of   the
subcategory.   This  involved a detailed analysis  of  wastewater
discharge  and  treated effluent characteristics,  including  the
sources  and  volume of water used, the processes used,  and  the
sources  of  pollutants and wastewaters in the  plant,   and  the
constituents  of wastewaters, including toxic pollutants.   As  a
result,   two   subdivisions  have  been  identified   for   this
subcategory  that warrant separate effluent  limitations.   These
include:

     o  Displacement supernatant, and
     o  Spent electrolyte.

Several  distinct  control and treatment technologies  (both  in-
plant  and  end-of-pipe)  applicable  to  the  secondary   indium
subcategory were identified.  The Agency analyzed both historical
and   newly   generated  data  on  the   performance   of   these
technologies,  including  their  nonwater  quality  environmental
impacts  and  air  quality, solid waste  generation,  and  energy
requirements. EPA also studied various flow reduction  techniques
reported  in  the  data collection  portfolios  (dcp)  and  plant
visits.

Engineering  costs  were  prepared for each of  the  control  and
treatment  options considered for the subcategory.   These  costs
were  then  used  by  the  Agency  to  estimate  the  impact   of
implementing  the various options in the subcategory.   For  each
control  and  treatment option that the Agency found to  be  most
effective  and technically feasible in controlling the  discharge
of  pollutants,  the  number of  potential  closures,  number  of
employees  affected, and impact on price were  estimated.   These
results  are  reported  in  a  separate  document  entitled  "The
Economic  Impact Analysis of Effluent Limitations  and  Standards
for the Nonferrous Metals Manufacturing Industry."

There  is no plant currently discharging wastewater to a  surface


                               5533

-------
           SECONDARY INDIUM SOBCATEGORY    SECT - I


water  In the secondary indium subcategory. Therefore, BPT,  BAT,
and   BCT  do  not  apply  to  this  subcategory,  and  are   not
promulgated.

Metals removal based on chemical precipitation and  sedimentation
technology  is the basis for the PSES limitations.   To meet  the
PSES effluent limitations based on this technology, the secondary
indium  subcategory  is estimated to incur  minimal  capital  and
annual cost.
                                                             ! • I
NSPS   and   PSNS  are  based  on  chemical   precipitation   and
sedimentation technology.  In selecting technology for new source
standards, EPA recognizes that new plants have the opportunity to
implement the best and most efficient manufacturing processes and
treatment technology.  As such, the technology basis of PSES  has
been selected as the best demonstrated technology.

The  manufacturers  of  indium originally  claimed  much  of  the
information  made  available to the Agency as the basis  of  this
regulation to be confidential. However, they have released  their
claims of confidentially for the preparation of this text.
          *
The mass limitations and standards for NSPS,  PSES,  and PSNS are
presented in Section II.
                           5534

-------
           SECONDARY INDIUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - II



                           SECTION II

                           CONCLUSIONS


EPA  has  divided  the  secondary  indium  subcategory  into  two
subdivisions   for  the  purpose  of  effluent  limitations   and.
standards.  These subdivisions are:

  (a)  Displacement supernatant, and
  (b)  Spent electrolyte.

We are not promulgating BPT or BAT limitations for the  secondary
indium   subcategory   since  there  are   no   existing   direct
dischargers.

NSPS  are promulgated based on the performance achievable by  the
application of chemical precipitation and sedimentation (lime and
settle)   technology.   The  following  effluent  standards   are
promulgated for new sources:


(a)  Displacement Supernatant  NSPS


Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average

         mg/kg(Ib/million Ibs)ofindium metal produced
Cadmium
Lead
Zinc
Indium
TSS
pH
(b) Spent
2.105
2.600
9.037
2.724
253.800
Within the range of 7.5
Electrolyte NSPS
0.929
1.238
3.776
1.114
120.700
to 10.0 at all times

Pollutant or           Maximum for       Maximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average

        mg/kg(Ib/million Ibs) of cathode indium produced

Cadmium                     12.170               5.370
Lead                        15.040               7.160
Zinc                        52.270              21.840
Indium                      15.750               6.444
TSS                      1,468.000             698.100
pH            Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
                               5535

-------
           SECONDARY INDIUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - II


PSES  are promulgated based on the performance achievable by  the
application of chemical precipitation and sedimentation  (lime and
settle)  technology.   The following pretreatment  standards  are
promulgated for existing sources:


(a)  Displacement Supernatant  PSES

Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average

         mg/kg(Ib/million Ibs) of indium metal produced
Cadmium
Lead
Zinc
Indium
2.105
2.600
9.037
2.724
0.929
1.238
3.776
1.114
(b)  Spent Electrolyte  PSES
Pollutant or           Maximum for       Maximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average

        mg/kg(Ib/million Ibs)of cathode indium produced
Cadmium
Lead
Zinc
Indium
12.170
15.040
52.270
15.750
5.370
7.160
21.840
6.444
PSNS  are promulgated based on the performance achievable by  the
application of chemical precipitation and sedimentation (lime and
settle)  technology.   The following pretreatment  standards  are
promulgated for new sources:
                                                             i

(a)  Displacement Supernatant  PSNS

Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average

         mg/kg(Ib/million Ibs) of indium metal produced

Cadmium                      2.105               0.929
Lead                         2.600               1.238
Zinc                         9.037               3.776
Indium                       2.724               1.114
                               5536

-------
           SECONDARY INDIUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - II


(b)  Spent Electrolyte  PSNS

Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average

        mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of cathode indium produced

Cadmium                     12.170               5.370
Lead                        15.040               7.160
Zinc                        52.270              21.840
Indium                      15.750               6.444
EPA  is  not  promulgating best  conventional  pollutant  control
technology (BCT) limitations at this time.
                               5537

-------
SECONDARY INDIUM SDBCATEGORY    SECT - II
    THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
                    5538

-------
          SECONDARY INDIUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - III



                           SECTION III

                       SUBCATEGORY PROFILE


This section of the secondary indium supplement describes the raw
materials  and processes used in producing secondary  indium  and
presents  a profile of the secondary indium plants identified  in
this  study.

Indium  is  used  primarily in solders,  seals,  lubricants,  and
electrical  conductors.  The low melting point of indium  (156°C)
makes  indium  an ideal metal for use in solders.   In  addition,
indium can increase the electrical conductivity of other metals.

DESCRIPTION OF SECONDARY INDIUM PRODUCTION

The  production  of indium metal from secondary  sources  can  be
divided   into   three  distinct   processes?   dissolution   and
precipitation of low-grade indium, electrolytic refining of high-
grade  indium  and melting and casting operations.   A  schematic
diagram of the secondary indium production processes is presented
in Figure III-1 {page 5443).

RAW MATERIALS

The principal raw materials used for secondary indium  production
are  scrap  indium metal and spent  electrolytic  solutions  from
secondary silver refining operations.

DISSOLVING, PRECIPITATION, AND ELECTROLYTIC RECOVERY

Indium  scrap  is dissolved in hydrochloric acid  to  produce  an
indium-laden solution.  The indium-rich solution then undergoes a
series  of  precipitation steps to  selectively  remove  metallic
impurities  such as tin and  lead. Spent  electrolytic  solutions
from secondary silver refineries may be  added to the the  indium
solution.  The  resulting indium solution is  then  processed  to
precipitate  out the indium.  Zinc ions are added to the  indium-
rich  solution  to displace and precipitate  indium.  The  indium
sponge  is  then  removed and sent to  the  melting  and  casting
operation.  This operation produces indium which is suitable  for
further purification by electrolytic refining.

One  plant  recovers indium from solution using  an  electrolytic
recovery process.   This plant obtains indium-rich solutions from
dissolution  of  low grade indium metal or scrap,  and also  uses
spent  plating solutions.   Electrolytic recovery of indium  from
solution  produces a salable product or one that may  be  further
purified  by  electrolytic  refining.   Spent solution  from  the
electrolytic  recovery  process  is recycled  to  the  dissolving
operation.
                               5539

-------
          SECONDARY INDIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - III
ELECTROLYTIC REFINING

This process is used to produce high purity indium (up to 99.9999
percent).   In  this process, the low grade indium  acts  as  the
anode  in  an  electrolyte solution.   The  electrolyte  solution
contains  very high concentrations of dissolved salts and  metals
and has a pH in the range of 1.5 to 2.5.

A  current  is applied to the electrolytic bath and  high  purity
indium  plates out on the cathode.  This process may be  repeated
until the desired grade of indium is obtained.

MELTING AND CASTING

Indium from the dissolution-precipitation, electrolytic recovery,
or electrolytic refining processes, as well cis scrap indium metal
can  be  melted down and cast into desired  product  forms.   All
indium melting and casting operations are dry.

PROCESS WASTEWATER SOURCES

The  significant wastewater sources associated with the secondary
indium  subcategory  can be subdivided into two  subdivisions  as
follows:
                                                             I
     1.  Displacement supernatant, and
     2.  Spent electrolyte.

OTHER WASTEWATER SOURCES

There  may  be  other  wastewater  streams  associated  with  the
secondary   indium  subcategory.   These  streams   may   include
stormwater  runoff,  and  maintenance and  cleanup  water.  These
wastewaters are not considered as a part of this rulemaking.  EPA
believes  that the flows and pollutant loadings  associated  with
these  wastewaters  are  insignificant  relative  to  the   waste
wastewater   streams  selected  and  are  best  handled  by   the
appropriate  permit  authority  on  a  case-by-case  basis  under
authority of Section 402 of the Clean Water Act.

AGE, PRODUCTION, AND PROCESS PROFILE

The  secondary indium plants operating in the United  States  are
located  in  the  northeastern  United  States.  One  plant  uses
precipitation  and  electrolytic  refining processes  and  is  an
indirect  discharger of treated process wastewater. Other  plants
operate electrolytic recovery and electrolytic refining processes
and achieve zero discharge of process wastewater.
                               5540

-------
                 SECONDARY  INDIUM SUBCATEGORY  ' SECT  - III
                                      Indium Scrap
                    Spent Solution
Product
 Indium
                                     Impurity Removal
                                      (Pb, So) by
                                     Precipitation
                                               _L
                                     Precipitation of
                                        Indium
                                      (Displacement)
                      Low Grade Indium
                    High Grade Indium
                                      Product Indium
                                                      HC1
                                                         Spent Electrolyte from
                                                         Secondary Silver Recovery
 Precipitated
 Impurities
                                                         Zinc
' WastewaCer
                                                      Indium Scrap
                                     Figure  III-1

                     BLOCK DIAGRAM FOR INDIUM  PRODUCTION
                                      5541

-------
SECONDARY INDIUM SOBCATEGORY    SECT - III
     THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
                     5542

-------
           SECONDARY INDIUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - IV



                         '  SECTION IV "

                        SUBCATEGORIZATION

This  section  summarizes  the  factors  considered  during   the
designation  of the related subdivisions of the secondary  indium
subcategory.   Production   normalizing   parameters   for   each
subdivision will also be discussed.

FACTORS CONSIDERED IN SUBDIVIDING THE SECONDARY INDIUM
SUBCATEGORY

The factors listed previously for general subcategorization  were
each  evaluated  when considering subdivision  of  the  secondary
indium subcategory.  In the discussion that follows, the  factors
will be described as they pertain to this particular subcategory.

The   rationale  for  considering  further  subdivision  of   the
secondary indium subcategory is based primarily on differences in
the  production  processes and raw materials used.   Within  this
subcategory,  several different operations are  performed,  which
may  or  may  not have a water use or discharge,  and  which  may
require  the  establishment  of  separate  effluent  limitations.
While indium is considered a single subcategory, a more  thorough
examination of the production processes has illustrated the  need
for  limitations and standards based on a specific set  of  waste
streams.   Limitations will be based on specific flow  allowances
for the following subdivisions:

     1.  Displacement supernatant, and
     2.  Spent electrolyte.

These  subdivisions follow directly from differences  within  the
processes used in the production of secondary indium.

Dissolution  and  precipitation (displacement)  of  scrap  indium
gives  rise to the first subdivision.   The supernatant from  the
displacement   of  indium  is  the  only  source  of   wastewater
associated with this refining process.  The electrolytic refining
method results in the second subdivision.   The spent electrolyte
is  the only potential discharge from this operation.   The final
production  stage,  melting  and  casting  of  indium  is  a  dry
operation,   and   therefore,  does  not   warrant   a   separate
subdivision.

OTHER FACTORS

The other factors considered in this evaluation were shown to  be
inappropriate bases for subdivision.  Certain other factors, such
as plant age, plant size, and the number of employees, were  also
evaluated and determined to be inappropriate for use as bases for
subdivision of nonferrous metals plants.
                               5543

-------
           SECONDARY INDIOM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - IV
PRODUCTION NORMALIZING PARAMETERS

As discussed previously,  the effluent limitations and  standards
developed  in  this  document establish mass limitations  on  the
discharge  of  specific pollutant  parameters.   To  allow  these
regulations  to be applied to any plant which might have  varying
production  capacities, the mass of pollutant discharged must  be
related  to  a unit of production.  This factor is known  as  the
production normalizing parameter (PNP).

For  each  production process which has a  wastewater  associated
with  it,  the actual mass of indium product will be used as  the
PNP.  Thus, the PNPs for the two subdivisions are as follows:

         Subdivision                     PUP

1.  Displacement supernatant      kkg of indium produced

2.  Spent electrolyte             kkg of cathode indium produced

The  use of production capacity instead of actual production  was
eliminated  from  consideration as an alternate PNP  because  the
mass  of  the  pollutant  produced is more  a  function  of  true
production than of installed capacity.
                               5544

-------
               SECONDARY INDIUM SUBCATEGQRY    SECT - V



                            SECTION V

            WATER USE AND WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS

This  section  describes the characteristics of  the  wastewaters
associated  with the secondary indium subcategory.  Data used  to
characterize    the   waste-wastewater   flow    and    pollutant
concentrations are presented , summarized and discussed.

The   two  principal  data  sources  used  are  data   collection
portfolios  (dcp)  and field sampling results.   Data  collection
portfolios  contain  information regarding wastewater  flows  and
production levels.

In  order  to  quantify the pollutant  discharge  from  secondary
indium plants, a field sampling program was conducted. Wastewater
samples  were  analyzed for 124 of the 126 toxic  pollutants  and
other  pollutants  deemed appropriate.   Because  the  analytical
standard  for  TCDD  was judged to be too hazardous  to  be  made
generally  available,  samples  were  never  analyzed  for   this
pollutant.   Samples were also not analyzed for asbestos.   There
is no reason to expect that TCDD or asbestos would be present,  in
nonferrous   metals  manufacturing  wastewater.    Sampling   was
conducted  in the secondary indium subcategory.  In general,  the
samples  were  analyzed for three classes  of  pollutants:  toxic
organic   pollutants,  toxic  metal  pollutants,   and   criteria
pollutants (which includes both conventional and  nonconvenbional
pollutants).

No  additional sampling data for this subcategory  were  obtained
from  EPA sampling efforts or industry comments between  proposal
and   promulgation.    Characterization   of   secondary   indium
subcategory  wastewaters (Section V), and selection of  pollutant
parameters for limitation (Section VI) is be based upon the  same
data used for proposal.

As  described  in Section IV of this  supplement,  the  secondary
indium  subcategory  has been divided into  two  subdivisions  or
wastewater  sources, so that the promulgated regulation  contains
mass  discharge limitations and standards for two unit  processes
discharging   process  wastewater.   It  is  expected  that   the
wastewater   characteristics  for  these  subdivisions  will   be
similar.  However, since each subdivision has differing discharge
and  production rates, wastewater streams corresponding  to  each
subdivision  are  addressed separately in  the  discussions  that
follow.  These wastewater sources are:

     1.  Displacement supernatant, and
     2.  Spent electrolyte.


WASTEWATER FLOW RATES

Data  supplied by dcp responses were evaluated, and two  flow-to-


                           5545

-------
               SECONDARY INDIUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - V


production ratios/ water use and wastewater discharge flow,  were
calculated for each stream.  The two ratios are differentiated by
the flow value used in calculation.  Water use is defined as  the
volume  of water or other fluid required for a given process  per
mass  of  indium  product and is therefore based on  the  sum  of
recycle  and make-up flows to a given process?.   Wastewater  flow
discharged  after pretreatment or recycle (if these are  present)
is used in calculating the production normalized flow—the volume
of  wastewater  discharged  from  a  given  process  to   further
treatment,  disposal, or discharge per mass of  indium  produced.
Differences between the water use and wastewater flows associated
with  a  given  stream  result  from  recycle,  evaporation,  and
carry-over  on  the product.  The production values used  in  the
calculation  correspond to the production normalizing  parameter,
PNPf assigned to each stream, as outlined in Section IV.
                                                         1    I
The  production  normalized  discharge flows  were  compiled  and
statistically   analyzed  by  stream  type.    These   production
normalized  water  use  and  discharge  flows  are  presented  by
subdivision  at  the end of this section, in Tables V-l  and  V-2
(page 5451).

The water use and discharge rates shown do not include nonprocess
wastewater, such as rainfall runoff and noncontact cooling water.

WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS DATA
                                               i
The data used to characterize the various wastewaters  associated
with secondary indium production come from a field sampling trip.

FIELD SAMPLING DATA

In  order to quantify the concentrations of pollutants present in
wastewater from secondary indium plants,  wastewater samples were
collected.  One sampled plant is currently not operating. At  the
time  of sampling, this facility produced indium by  leaching  of
indium-rich  slags  with hydrochloric acid and  precipitation  of
indium from solution by displacement with zinc. A diagram showing
the sampling sites nd processes contributing wastewaters is shown
in  Figure  V-l  (page 5561). The  spent  electrolyte  wastewater
stream was not sampled, however, spent electrolyte wastewater  is
expected to be similar to the displacement tank supernatant which
was sampled. The displacement tank supernatant data will be  used
to characterize the spent electrolyte wastewater stream.

Analytical   results  for  displacement  tank   supernatant   are
summarized  in  table  V-3 (page 5550). When there  no  data  are
listed for a specific day of sampling, the wastewater samples for
that stream were not collected.

The  data tables include some samples measured at  concentrations
considered not quantifiable.   The base-neutral extractable, acid
extractable,  and  volatile organics generally are considered not
quantifiable at concentrations equal to or less than 0.010  mg/1.
Below  this  concentration,  organic analytical results  are  not


                           5546

-------
               SECONDARY INDIUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - V


quantitatively  accurate;  however,  the  analyses are useful  to
indicate the presence of a particular pollutant.   The  pesticide
fraction  is considered not quantifiable at concentrations  equal
to or less than 0.005 mg/1.

The detection limits shown on the data tables are not the same in
all cases as the published detection limits for these  pollutants
by  the same analytical methods.  The detection limits used  were
reported  with the analytical data and hence are the  appropriate
limits to apply to the data.  Detection limit variation can occur
as  a  result  of a  number  of  laboratory-specific,  equipment-
specific, and daily operator-specific factors.  These factors can
include day-to-day differences in machine calibration,  variation
in stock solutions, and variation in operators.

The  statistical analysis of data includes some samples  measured
at  concentrations considered not quantifiable.  These  data  are
considered as detected but below quantifiable concentrations, and
a   value  of  zero  is  used  for  averaging.   Toxic   organic,
nonconventional, and conventional pollutant data reported with  a
"less  than"  sign are considered as detected,  but  not  further
quantifiable.  A value of zero is also used for averaging.  If  a
pollutant is reported as not detected, a value of zero is used in
calculating the average.  Finally, toxic metal values reported as
less   than   a   certain  value   were   considered   as   below
quantification, and consequently a value of zero was used in  the
calculation of the average.

Appropriate  source  water concentrations are presented with  the
summaries of the sampling data.   The method by which each sample
was collected is indicated by number, as follows:

     1    one-time grab
     2    manual composite during intermittent process operation
     3    8-hour manual composite
     4    8-hour automatic composite
     5    24-hour manual composite
     6    24-hour automatic composite

WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS AND FLOWS BY SUBDIVISION

Since secondary indium production involves two principal  sources
of  wastewater and each has potentially different characteristics
and  flows,  the wastewater characteristics and  discharge  rates
corresponding to each subdivision will be described separately. A
brief  description  of  why the associated  production  processes
generate  a wastewater and explanations for variations  of  water
use within each subdivision will be presented.

DISPLACEMENT SUPERNATANT

Scrap  indium  materials are dissolved in  hydrochloric  acid  to
solubilize  the  indium.   The  indium-rich  solution  then  goes
through  ionic displacement steps to remove pollutant metals  such
as  tin  and  lead.   Next, indium is  precipitated  out  of  the


                           5547

-------
               SECONDARY INDIUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - V


solution by zinc ions.  The production normalized water use  rate
reported for this process step is 6190 1/kkg of indium  produced.
The  production  normalized  discharge  rate  reported  for  this
displacement operation is also 6190 1/kkg of indium produced  and
no recycle or reuse is practiced. These rates are shown in  Table
V-l (page 5541).  This wastewater stream is characterized by a pH
of  about  4 and contains treatable concentrations  of  zinc  and
suspended solids.
SPENT ELECTROLYTE

In this process low grade indium is used to produce indium with a
purity of up to 99.9999 percent.  The low grade indium is used as
the  anode  in an electrolyte solution.  High  purity  indium  is
deposited  on  the  cathode  when a current  is  applied  to  the
solution.   All spent electrolyte from this step  has  additional
indium recovered in the dissolution-precipitation process at  the
indium precipitation stage.  The production normalized water  use
rate  reported  by  the  one  plant  for  spent  electrolyte   is
equivalent to the production normalized discharge rate and equals
35,800  1/kkg of cathode indium produced.  These rates are  shown
in  Table V-2 (page 5452).  No sampling data were  collected  for
this wastewater stream; however, it is expected to have pollutant
characteristics  similar  to  those  of  the  displacement   tank
supernatant.   Therefore, this wastewater stream is  expected  to
contain   toxic   metals  and  suspended  solids   at   treatable
concentrations.
                           5548

-------
               SECONDARY INDIUM SUBCATEGORY
                                 SECT - V
Plant Code
   1132
                            TABLE V-l

                WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
                    DISPLACEMENT SUPERNATANT

                   (1/kkg of indium produced)
Percent Recycle

       0
Production
Normalized
Water Use

   6190
  Production
  Normalized
Discharge-Flow

     6190
                            TABLE V-2

                WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
                        SPENT ELECTROLYTE

               (1/kkg of cathode indium produced)
Plant Code
   1132
Percent Recycle

       0
Production
Normalized
Water Use

  35800
  Production
  Normalized
Discharge Flow

    35800
                           5549

-------
                                                Table V-3
                                     SECONDARY INDIUM SAMPLING DATA
                                        DISPLACEMENT SUPERNATANT
                                             RAW WASTEWATER
ui
U1
U1
o
           Pollutant

Toxic Pollutants

  1.  acenaphthene

  2.  acrolein

  3.  aeryionitrile

  4.  benzene

  5.  benzidine

  6,  carbon tetrachloride

  7.  chlorobenzene

  8.  1,2,4-trichlorobenzene

  9.  hexachlorobenzene

 10.  1,2-dichloroethane

 11.  1,1,1-triehloroethane

 12.  hexachloroethane

 13.  1,1-diehloroethane

 14.  1,1,2-triehloroethane
Stream
Code


077


077
077


077

077

077

077

077

077
077
077
077
077
077
Sample
Type*


1


1
1


1

1

1

1

1

1
1
1
1
1
1
Concentrations (mg/1) w
Source


ND


ND
ND


ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 1


ND


ND
ND


ND

ND

ND

ND

ND

ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 2 Day 3 o
	 	 Q
is
t<
H
a
o
H
1
W
C
tn
o
w
Q
o
K
w
w
o
I
<



_


-------
Ln
Ln
en
                                          Table V-3 (Continued)


                                     SECONDARY INDIUM SAMPLING DATA
                                        DISPLACEMENT SUPERNATANT
                                             RAW WASTEWATER
           Pollutant


Toxic Pollutants (Continued)


 15.  1 ,1 ,2,2-tetrachloroethane


 16.  chloroethane


 17.  bis(chloromethyl)ether


 18.  bis(2-chloroethyl)ether


 19.  2--chloroethyl vinyl ether


 20.  2-chloronaphthalene


 21.  2,4,6-trichlorophenol


 22.  p-chloro-m-cresol


 23.  chloroform


 24.  2-chlorophenol


 25.  1,2-dichlorobenzene


 26.  1,3-dichlorobenzene


 27.  1,4-dichlorobenzene
Stream
Code

on

Oil
on


on


Oil

on
Oil

Oil
on
Oil
on
on
on
Sample
Type*

1

1
1


1


1

1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
Concentrations (mg/1)^ £
Source

ND

ND
ND


ND


ND

ND
ND

ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 1

ND

ND
ND


ND


ND

ND
ND

ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 2 Day 3 g
Kj
H
H

CJ
ID
Q

t-3
W
Q
O
fd
Kj
W
o
t-3
I
<





-------
     Table V-3 (Continued)

SECONDARY INDIUM SAMPLING DATA
   DISPLACEMENT SUPERNATANT
        RAW WASTEWATER



Toxic
28.


29.
U1
01 30.
in
31.

32.

33.

34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.


Pollutant
Pollutants (Continued)
3,3' -dichlorobenzidine


1 ,1 -dichloroethylene
1 , 2- trans -dichloroethylene
2 , 4-d ichlorophenol

1 ,2-dichloropropane

1 ,3-dichloropropene

2 , 4-dimethylphenol
2 , 4-dinitrotoluene
2 , 6-dinitrotoluene
1 ,2-diphenylhydrazine
ethylbenzene
fluoranthene
4-chlorophenyl phenyl ether
4-bromophenyl phenyl ether

Stream
Code

077


077
077
077

077

077

077
077
077
077
077
077
077
077

Sample
Type*

1


1
1
1

1

1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1


w
m
Concentrations (mg/1) o
Source

ND


ND
ND
ND

ND

ND

ND
ND
ND
ND
0.012
ND
ND
ND
Day 1

ND


ND
ND
ND

ND

ND

ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 2 Day 3 &
1
H
55
o
H

W
§
o
s
1
8
»

w
w
Q
1
<






-------
     Table V-3 (Continued)

SECONDARY INDIUM SAMPLING DATA
   DISPLACEMENT SUPERNATANT
        RAW WASTEWATER




Toxic
42.
43.

44.
Ul "
Ul
S 46.
47.

48.
49.

50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.

Pollutant


Pollutants (Continued)
bis (2-chloroisopropyl) ether
bis (2-choroethoxy)me thane

methylene chloride
methyl chloride (chloromethane)

methyl bromide (bromome thane)
bromoform (tribromomethane)

dichlorobrotnome thane
trichlorof luorome thane

dichlorodifluorome thane
chlorodibromome thane
hexachlorobutadiene
hexachlorocyclopentadiene
isophorone
naphthalene
Stream
Code



077
077

077
077

077
077

077
077

077
077
077
077
077
077
Sample
Type*



1
1

1
1

1
i

1
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
Concentrations (mg/JL)
Source



ND
ND

0.055
ND

ND
ND

ND
ND

ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 1



ND
ND

0.021
ND

ND
ND

ND
ND

ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 2 Day 3

M
O
o
1
*
H
55
O
H
3
to
c!
W
O
i-3
M
8
a
w
M
O
<





-------
Ol
m
ui
*»
                                       Table V-3 (Continued)

                                  SECONDARY INDIUM SAMPLING DATA
                                     DISPLACEMENT SUPERNATANT
                                          RAW WASTEWATER
           Pollutant

Toxic Pollutants (Continued)

 56.  nitrobenzene

 57.  2-nitrophenol

 58.  4-nitrophenol

 59.  2,4-dinitrophenol

 60,  4,6-dinitro-o-cresol

 61.  N-nitrosodimethylamine

 62.  N-nitrosodiphenylaraine

 63.  N-nitrosodi-B-propylamlne

 64.  pentachlorophenol

 65.  phenol

 66.  bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate

 67.  butyl benzyl phthalate

 68.  di-n-butyl phthalate

 69.  di-n-octyl phthalate
Stream
Code

077
077
077
077
077
077
077
077
077
077
077 .
077
077
077
Sample
Type*

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
i
1
1
1
1
1
1
Concentrations jjng/1)
Source

ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
<0.01
ND
ND
ND
<0.01
ND
Day 1
ND
ND
ND
NO
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.041
0.029
ND
ND
<0.01
ND
Day 2 Day 3 m
" "" M
O
0
1
H
H
W
w
n
1
Q
1
rn
M
O
l-i
<





-------
     Table V-3 (Continued)

SECONDARY INDIUM SAMPLING DATA
   DISPLACEMENT SUPERNATANT
        RAW WASTEWATEI



Toxic

70.
71.

72.
in -,n
in / J.
in
in
74.

75.

•76.

77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.

Pollutant

Pollutants (Continued)

diethyl phthalate
dimethyl phthalate

benzo (a) anthracene
benzo(a)pyrene
benzo(b)fluoranthene

benzo (k) fluoran thane

chrysene

acenaphthylene
anthracene (a)
benzo(ghi)perylene
fluorene
phenanthrene (a)
d ibenzo (a , h) anthracene
indeno (1 ,2,3-c,d)pyrene
Stream
Code



077
077

077
077
077

077

077

077
077
• 077
077
077
077
077
Sample
Type*



1
1

1
1
1

1

1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Concentrations (mg/1)
Source



ND
ND

ND
ND
ND

ND

ND

ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 1



<0.01
<0.01

ND
ND
ND

ND

ND

ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 2 Day 3 g
o
o
25
O
1
H
aj
o
n
TO
c
a
w
o
o
so
K
in
m
o
i
<





-------
Ol
en
in
                                         Table V-3 (Continued)


                                    SECONDARY INDIUM SAMPLING DATA
                                       DISPLACEMENT SUPERNATANT
                                            RAW WASTEWATER
           Pollutant


Toxic Pollutants (Continued)


 84.  pyrene


 85.  tetrachloroethylene


 86.  toluene


 87.  trichloroethylene


 88.  vinyl chloride (chloroethylene)


 89.  aldrin


 90.  dieldrin


 91.  chlordane


 92.  4,4'-DDT


 93.  4,4'-DDE


 94.  4,4'-ODD


 95.  alpha-endosulfan


 96.  beta-endosulfan


 97.  endosulfan sulfate
Stream
Code





077
077


077
077

077

077
077
077

077

077
077
077
077
077
Sample
Type*





1
1


1
1

1

1
1
i

1

1
1
1
1
1
Concentrations (rag/1)
Source





ND
ND


ND
ND

ND

ND
ND
ND

ND

ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 1





ND
ND


ND
ND

ND

ND
ND
ND

ND

_ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 2 Day 3
w
w
D
o
25
O
K
H
z
o
H
i
03
c
o
n
m
1
03
M
O
I






-------
                                         Table V-3 (Continued)

                                    SECONDARY INDIUM SAMPLING DATA
                                       DISPLACEMENT SUPERNATANT
                                            RAW WASTEWATER
en
tn



Toxic

98.

99.
100.
101.
102.
103.

104.
105.


106.

107.
108.
109.
110.
111.

Pollutant

Pollutants (Continued)

endrin

endrin aldehyde
heptachlor
heptachlor epoxide
alpha-BHC
beta-BHC

gamraa-BHC
delta-BBC


PCB-1242 (b)

PCB-1254 (b)
PCB-1221 (b)
PCB-1232 (c)
PCB-1248 (c)
PCB-1260 (c)
Stream
Code



077

077
077
077
077
077

077
077


077

077
077
077
077
077
Sample
Type*



1

1
1
1
1
1

1
1


1

1
1
1
1
1
Concentrations (mg/1)
Source



ND

ND
ND
ND
ND
ND

ND
ND


ND

ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 1



ND

ND
ND
ND
ND
0.0002
,-
ND
ND


ND

ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Day 2 Day 3
a
o
o
a
o
B
*
H
o
H
W
g
P
a
8
s
w
w
o

I
<





-------
                                          Table ¥-3 (Continued)


                                     SECONDARY INDIUM SAMPLING DATA
                                        DISPLACEMENT SUPERNATANT
                                             RAW WASTEWATER
Ul
in
oo
Toxic
112.
113.
114.
115.
117.
118.
119.
120.
121.
122.
123.
124.
125.
126.
Pollutant
Pollutants (Continued)
PCB-1016 (c)
toxaphene
antimony
arsenic
beryllium
cadmium
chromium (total)
copper
cyanide (total)
lead
mercury
nickel
selenium
silver
Stream
Code
077
077
077
077,
077
077
077
077
077
077
077
077
077
077
Sample
Type*
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Concentrations (mg/1)
Source
ND
ND
0.047
<0.001
0.08
0.3
0.049
0.003
0.026
<0.001
<0.0002
0.045
<0.001
0.005
Day 1 Day 2
ND
ND
0.032
<0.001
0.16
20
1.2
0.14
0.150
4.4
<0.0002
0.40
0.63
0.78
Day 3 m
1 M
O
O
s
H
H
W
§
O
W
1
*•
CO
o
i
<





-------
                                         Table V-3 (Continued)


                                    SECONDARY INDIUM SAMPLING DATA

                                       DISPLACEMENT SUPERNATANT
                                            RAW WASTEWATER
en
01
01
\o
           Pollutant


ToxicPollutants (Continued)


127. thallium


128.  zinc


Nonconyent ional Pollutants


calcium


fluoride


magnesium


phenolics (4-AAP)


sulfate


tin


to.tal solids (TS)
Stream
Code

077
077
077
077
077

077
077
077
077
Sample
Type*

1
1
1
1
1

1
i
1
1
1
Concentrations (mg/1)
Source

0.037
0.055
6.5
0.05
1.7

<0.001
21
<0.9
110
Day 1 Day 2

11
260,000
60
0.01
52

0.2
280
1.8
710,000
w
Day 3 ^
1
1
HI
I
OT
§
a
M
Q
O
Kj,

to
W
a
•


-------
                                         Table V-3 (Continued)
                                    SECONDARY INDIUM SAMPLING DATA
                                       DISPLACEMENT SUPERNATANT
                                            RAW WASTEWATER
                Pollutant
    Conventional  Pollutants
    total  suspended  solids  (TSS)
    pH  (standard  units)
Stream
 Code
077
077
Sample
Type*
                                                                    Concentrations (mg/1)
                   Source
         Day 1
Day 2    Day 3
5 .    15,000
7.4        4.1
M
O
§
£
                 55
                 t)
                 H
en
en
    *Sample Type  Code:   1  -  One-time grab
    (a),(b),(c)   Reported  together.
                                                       W
                                                       G
                                                       a
                                                       o
                                                       w
                                                       Q
                                                       O
                                                                                                    W
                                                                                                    •M
                                                                                                    O
                                                                                                     I
                                                                                                    <

-------
         SECONDARY INDIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT  -  V
     Source
     Water
    Displace-
    ment Tank
   Supernatant
Other Nonferrous
Metals Manufacturing"
Wastewater
                           NaOH to
                           pH•- 4.0
                             1
Additional
  Indium
 Recovery
                           Chemical
                          Precipita-
                           tion and
                          Filtration
  Lagoon

                          Discharge
In(OH)3  to
Recycle
                .Solids
                Removed
                          Figure  V-1

    SAMPLING  SITES AT  INDIUM MANUFACTURING FACILITY
                            5561

-------
SECONDARY INDIUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - V
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
            5562

-------
           SECONDARY INDIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - VI



                           SECTION VI

                SELECTION OF POLLUTANT PARAMETERS


Section  V  of this supplement presented data
from  sampling  and subsequent chemical analyses  of  wastewaters
from secondary indium production.
This  section  examines that data and discusses the selection  or
exclusion of pollutants for potential limitation.

The  discussion  that  follows describes the  analysis  that  was
performed  to  select  or exclude toxic  pollutants  for  further
consideration for limitations and standards.  Also,  conventional
and  nonconventional pollutants will be selected for  regulation.
Toxic  pollutants will be considered for limitation if  they  are
present   in   concentrations  treatable  by   the   technologies
considered  in this analysis.  The treatable concentrations  used
for  the  priority metals were the long-term  performance  values
achievable   by   chemical  precipitation,   sedimentation,   and
filtration.   The treatable concentrations used for the  priority
organics  were  the long-term performance  values  achievable  by
carbon adsorption.

CONVENTIONAL AND NONCONVENTIONAL POLLUTANT PARAMETERS SELECTED

This study examined samples from the secondary indium subcategory
for two conventional pollutant parameters (total suspended solids
and pH) and one nonconventional pollutant parameter (indium).

The  conventional  and nonconventional  pollutants  or  pollutant
parameters selected for limitation in this subcategory are:

     indium
     total suspended solids (TSS)
     pH

Although  indium  was  not  analyzed for in  the  sample  of  raw
wastewater from this subcategory, it is expected to be present in
treatable   concentrations  based  on  the  raw   materials   and
production   processes  used.   Indium  is  soluble  in   aqueous
solutions  at  the  raw wastewater pH (4.1)  and,  therefore,  is
expected  in  the  supernatant from the displacement  tank  at  a
concentration exceeding 0.07 mg/1 (treatable concentration).  For
these  reasons,  indium  is  selected  for  limitation  in   this
subcategory.

A  TSS concentration of 15,000 mg/1 was observed in the raw waste
sample analyzed for this study.  This concentration is well above
the  2.6 mg/1 concentration considered achievable  by  identified
treatment technology.   Furthermore, most of the specific methods
used  to remove toxic metals do so by converting these metals  to
precipitates,  and the toxic-metal-containing precipitates should
not  be  discharged.   Meeting  a limitation on  total  suspended


                           5563

-------
           SECONDARY INDIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - VI


solids  helps  ensure that removal of  these  precipitated  toxic
metals  has been effective.   For these reasons,  total suspended
solids are selected for limitation in this subcategory.

The pH value observed during this study was 4.1, which is outside
the  7.5  to  10.0 range considered desirable  for  discharge  to
receiving waters.  Many deleterious effects are caused by extreme
pH  values or rapid changes in pH.   Also,  effective removal  of
toxic  metals  by precipitation requires careful control  of  pH.
Since   pH  control  within  the  desirable  limits  is   readily
attainable by available treatment, pH is selected for  limitation
in this subcategory.

TOXIC PRIORITY POLLUTANTS

The frequency of occurrence of the priority pollutants in one raw
wastewater  sample is presented in Table VI-1 (page 5470).  Table
VI-1  is based on the raw wastewater sample data from  stream  77
(see   Section  V).   These  data  provide  the  basis  for   the
categorization  of  specific  pollutants,  as  discussed   below.
Treatment  plant  samples  are not considered  in  the  frequency
count.

TOXIC POLLUTANTS NEVER DETECTED

The  toxic pollutants listed in Table VI-2 (page 5474)  were  not
detected  in  any raw wastewater samples from  this  subcategory.
Therefore,   they   are  not  selected   for   consideration   in
establishing limitations.

TOXIC POLLUTANTS NEVER POUND ABOVE THEIR ANALYTICAL
QUANTIFICATION CONCENTRATION

The  toxic pollutants listed below were never found  above  their
analytical  quantification  concentration in any  raw  wastewater
samples  from this subcategory? therefore, they are not  selected
for consideration in establishing limitations.

      68.  di-n-butyl phthalate
      70.  diethyl phthalate
      71.  dimethyl phthalate
     103.  beta-BHC
     114.  antimony
     115.  arsenic
     123.  mercury

TOXIC POLLUTANTS PRESENT BELOW CONCENTRATIONS ACHIEVABLE BY
TREATMENT

The pollutants listed below ara not selected for consideration in
establishing  limitations because they were not found in any  raw
wastewater  samples  from this subcategory  above  concentrations
considered   achievable  by  existing  or   available   treatment
technologies.    These  pollutants  are  discussed   Individual1v
following the list.

-------
           SECONDARY INDIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - VI
     117.  beryllium
     120.  copper

Beryllium was detected at a concentration of 0.16 mg/1.   This is
below  the  0.2O  mg/1  concentration  considered  achievable  by
available  treatment.  Therefore, beryllium is not  selected  for
limitation.

Copper was detected at a concentration of 0.14 mg/1.   Since this
concentration  is  below the 0.39 mg/1  concentration  considered
achievable  by  identified treatment technology,  copper  is  not
selected for limitation.

TOXIC POLLUTANTS DETECTED IN A SMALL NUMBER OF SOURCES

The  following pollutants were not selected for limitation on the
basis that they are detectable in the effluent from only a  small
number  of  sources  within the  subcategory,  and  are  uniquely
related to only these sources:

      44.  methylene chloride
      64.  pentachlorophenol
      65.  phenol
     121.  cyanide

Although  these  pollutants were not selected for  limitation  in
establishing nationwide regulations,  it may be appropriate, on a
case-by-case basis, for the local permitting authority to specify
effluent limitations.

Methylene chloride was detected at a concentration of 0.021 mg/1.
Methylene  chloride is a common laboratory reagent often detected
in  blank and source water samples.   At the sampled  plant,  the
source water was measured at 0.55 mg/1 methylene  chloride.   The
observed  concentration of methylene chloride is probably due  to
laboratory  contamination.   Methylene chloride is therefore  not
selected for limitation.

Pentachlorophenol  was found to be present at a concentration  of
0.041  mg/1.   This  is above its treatability  concentration  of
0.010 mg/1;  however,  pentachlorophenol. was also detected in the
source  water.  Pentachlorophenol  is not expected to be  present
because  it  is  not  used as a raw material  or  produced  as  a
by-product   or  an  intermediate.   Additionally,  because   the
detected  concentration is only slightly above  the  treatability
level, very little removal would be achieved.  For these reasons,
pentachlorophenol is not selected.

Phenol  was detected at a concentration of 0.029  mg/1.   Because
this  value  is  only slightly  greater  than  the  concentration
considered  achievable by identified treatment technology  (0.010
mg/1)  and  because  the Agency has no-  reason  to  believe  that
treatable concentrations of phenol should be present in secondary
indium wastewaters, phenol is not selected for limitation.


                           5565

-------
           SECONDARY INDIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - VI
Cyanide  was detected at a concentration of 0.15  mg/lr  slightly
higher than its treatability concentration of 0.047 mg/1. Cyanide
was also detected in the source water ar a concentration of 0.026
rag/1.   Its presence in the wastewater is not expected to be  due
to the process since it is not used as a raw material or produced
as a product or intermediate.  Treatment for cyanide would result
in  very little removal since the detected concentration is  only
slightly higher than the treatability limit.   Therefore, cyanide
is not selected for limitation.

TOXIC POLLUTANTS SELECTED FOR FURTHER CONSIDERATION IN
ESTABLISHING LIMITATIONS AND STANDARDS

The  toxic  pollutants  listed below  are  selected  for  further
consideration in establishing limitations and standards for  this
subcategory.    The   toxic  pollutants  selected   for   further
consideration  for  limitation are each discussed  following  the
list.

     118.  cadmium
     119.  chromium
     122.  lead,
     124.  nickel
     125.  selenium
     126.  silver
     127.  thallium
     128.  zinc

Cadmium  was  detected above treatability lesvel  of  0.049  mg/1.
Therefore,  cadmium  is selected for  furthesr  consideration  for
limitation.

Chromium was detected above chromium's treatability concentration
of  0.07  mg/1.   Therefore, chromium  is  selected  for  further
consideration for limitation.

Lead  was detected above the 0.08 mg/1 attainable  by  identified
treatment technology.  Because of this finding, lead is  selected
for further consideration for limitation.

Nickel  was  found  at  a  concentration  greater  than  nickel's
treatability  concentration of 0.22 mg/1.  Therefore,  nickel  is
selected for further consideration for limitation.

Selenium  was  detected  at  a  concentration  above   selenium's
treatability concentration of 0.20 mg/1.  Selenium, therefore, is
selected for further consideration for limitation.

Silver   was  detected  at  a  concentration  higher   than   the
treatability concentration of silver which is 0.07 mg/1.  Silver,
therefore, is selected for further consideration for limitation.
                           5566

-------
           SECONDARY INDIUM SOBCATEGORY   SECT - VI
Thallium  was detected at a concentration above its  treatability
concentration of 0.34 mg/1.  Therefore/ thallium is selected  for
further consideration for limitation.

Zinc  was  detected at a concentration  substantially  above  the
treatability  concentration  of 0.23 mg/1.  Zinc,  therefore,  is
selected for further consideration for limitation.
                            5567

-------
                                                                   Table VI-1

                                         FREQUENCY OF  OCCURRENCE OF  PRIORITY  POLLUTANTS
                                                      SECONDARY  INDIUM SUBCATEGORY
                                                                 RAW WASTEWATER
Ul
Ul
a\
ot>
          Pollutant

 1,  acenaphthaie
 2,  acroleln
 3.  acryionltrlle
 4.  benzene
 5.  benzldtne
 6.  carbon tetrachlorlde
 7.  chlorobenzene
 8.  1,2,4-trlchlorobenzene
 9.  hexaehiorobenzene
10.  1,2-dlchlotoethane
11.  1,1,1-trichloroethane
12.  hexachloroethane
13.  1,1-dlehloroethane
14.  1,1,2-trlchlotoethane
15.  1,1,2,2-Cetrachloroethane
16.  chloroethane
17.  bls(ehlora»ethyl) ether
18.'bis(2-chloroethyl) ether
19.  2-chloroethyl winyl ether
20.  2-chloronapnthalene
21.  2,4,6-trlGhlorophenoi
22.  parachlorcraeta creaol
23.  chlorofora
24.  2-ehlorophenol
25.  1,2-dlchlorobenzene
26.  1.3-dlchlorobenzene
27.  1,4-diehlorobenzene
28.  3,3'-dlchlorobenzidine
29.  1,1-dichloroethylene
30.  1,2-trana-dlchloroethylene
31.  2,4-d icniorophenol
32.  1,2-dichloropropane
33.  1,3-dlehloroprcpylene
34.  2,4-dlmethylphenol
Analytical
Quantification
Concentration

-------
                                                           Table  VI-1  (Continued)

                                         FREQUENCY  OF OCCURRENCE OF  PRIORITY POLLUTANTS
                                                      SECONDARY INDIUM SUBCATEGORY
                                                                 RAW WASTEWATER
m
tn
O\
IO
          Pollutant

35,  2,4-dinitrotoluene
36.  2,6-dinltrotoluene
37.  1,2-diphenylhydrazlne
38.  ethyibenzene
39,  fluoranthene
40.  4-chlorophenyl phenyl ether
41.  4-bromophenyl phenyl. ether
42.  bis(2-ehloroi3opropyl) ether
43.  bl8(2-ehloroethoxy) methane
44.  methylene chloride
45.  methyl chloride
46.  methyl bromide
47.  bromoform
48.  dlchlorobromomethane
49,  trlchtorofluoromethane
50.  diehlorodlfluoroioethane
51.  chlorodibranomethane
52.  hexachlorobutadiene
53.  hexachlorocyclopentadiene
54.  Isophorone
55.  naphthalene
56,  nitrobenzene
57.  2-nitrophenol
58.  4-nitrophenol
59.  2,4-dlnltropher»l
60.  4,6-dlni.tro-o-cresoi
61.  N-nltrosodiinethylanlne
62.  N-nitroaodlpnenylamine
63.  N-nitrosodl-n-propylamine
64.  pentachlotophenoL
65.  phenol
66.  bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
67,  butyl benzyl phthalate
68.  dl-n-butyl phthalate
Analytical
Quantification
Concentration
(rag/1) (a)
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
Treatable
Concentra- Umber of Number of
tion Streams Samples
(ng/l)(b) Analyzed Analyzed
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
1
1
































                                                                                                   ND

                                                                                                     1
                                                                                                     1
                                                                                             Detected Below
                                                                                             Qjantlt'icatton
                                                                                             Concentration
                                                                                                                            Detected
                                                                                                                          Below Treat-
                                                                                                                          able Concen-
                                                                                                                            tration
 Detected
Above Treat-
aule Concen-
  tration
CO
M
O
O
                                                                                                                                                       a
                                                                                                                                                       H
               W

               O

               M


               X.
                                                                                                                                                       M
                                                                                                                                                       O
                                                                                                                                                        I


                                                                                                                                                       H

-------
                                                         Table  VI-1  (Continued)

                                        FREQUENCY OF  OCCURRENCE  OF  PRIORITY POLLUTANTS
                                                     SECONDARY INDIUM SUBCATEGORY
                                                               RAW  WASTEWATER
Ol
m
-4
O
           Pollutant

 69. dl-n-octyl phthalate
 70. dlethyl phthalate
 71. dimethyl phthalate
 72. benzofa)anthracene
 73, benzo(a)pyrene
 74. 3,4-benzofluoranthene
 75. benzo(k)fluoranthene
 76. chryaene
 77. aeenaphthylene
 78. anthracene         (c)
 79. benzo(ghi)perylene
 80. fluorene
 81, phenanthrene       (c)
 82. dLbenzo(a.h)anthracene
 83. indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene
 84. pyrene
 85.' tetrachloroethylene
 86. toluene
 87. trlchloroethylene
 88. vinyl chloride
 39. si.tjifi.il
 90. dieldrln
 91. chlordane
 92. 4,4'-DDT
 93. 4,4'-DDE
 94. 4,4'-ODD
 95. alpha-endoaulfan
 96. beta-endoaulfan
 97. endosulEan sulfate
 98. endrln
 99. endrln aldehyde
100. heptachlor
101. heptachlor epcseide
102. alpha-BHC
103. beta-BHC
Analytical
Quantification
Concentration
(mm (a)
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
Ttea table
Concentra- Number of Number of
tlon Streams Samples
(BB/l)(b) Analyzed Analyzed
0.010
0.010
0,010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0,010
o.oio
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010



'






























•
                                                                                                 ND
Detected Below
Quantification
Concentration
  Detected
Below Treat-
able Concen-
  tration
 Detected
Abore Treat-
able Concen-
  tration
                                                                                                                                                   M
                                                                                                                                                   M
                                                                                                                                                   O
                                                                                                                                                   Q
                                                                                                                                                   K
                                                                                                                                                   H
                                                                                                                                                   O
                                             cn
                                             a
                                             K
                                             O
                                                                                                                                                   a
                                                                                                                                                   o
                                                                                                                                                   a
                                                                                                                                                   in
                                                                                                                                                   m
                                                                                                                                                   o
                                                                                                                                                   n

-------
                                                      Table VI-1  (Continued)

                                      FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF PRIORITY  POLLUTANTS
                                                  SECONDARY  INDIUM SUBCATEGORY
                                                            RAW WASTEWATEE
Ul
in
-4
                 Pollutant
104. gamna-BHC
105. delta-BHC
106. KB- 1242
107. PC8-1254
108. BOB- 1221
109. PCB-1232
110. PCB-1248
111. BCiJ-1260
112, FCB-1016
113. toxaphene
114. antimony
115. arsenic
116. asbestos
117. beryllium
118. cadmium
119. chromium
120. copper
121. cyanide
122. Lead
123, mercury
124. nickel
125. selenium
126. silver
127. thallium
128. zinc


(<1)
(d)
(d)
(e)
(e)
(e>
(e)








(f)







1 29. 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodlbenzo
p-dloxln
(TCDO)
Analytical
Quantification
Concentration
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.005
0.100
0.010
10MFL
0.010
0.002
0.005
0.009
0.02
0.020
0.0001
0.005
0.01
0.02
0.100
0.050
Not Analyzed
Treatable
Concentra-
tion
.(«B/ll(.bl
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.010
0.47
0.34
10MFL
0.20
0.049
0.07
0.39
0.047
0.08
0.036
0.22
0.20
0.07
0.34
0.23

                                                                   Number of
                                                                    Streams
Number ot
 Samples
Analyzed
Nl)
Detected Below
Qjantiflcation
Concentration

Detected
Below Treat-
able Concen-
tration

Detected
Above Treat-
able Concen-
tration

SECOND.

                                                  w
                                                  c
                                                  a
                                                  o
                                                  B
                                                                                                                                           en
                                                                                                                                           H
       (a)  Analytical quantification concentration was reported with the data (see Section V).

       (b)  Treatable concentrations are based on performance of lime precipitation, sedimentation, and filtration.

       (c), (d), (e) Reported together.

       (f)  Analytical quantification concentration for EHV Method 335.2, Total Cyanide Methods tor Chanical Analysis of Water aid Wastes, EM WQ/4-/9-020,
           March 1979.

-------
           SECONDARY INDIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - VI


                           TABLE VI-2

                 TOXIC POLLUTANTS NEVER DETECTED

1.  acenaphthene
2.  acrolein
3.  acrylonitrile
4.  benzene
5.  benzidine
6.  carbon  tetrachloride  (tetrachloromethane)
7.  chlorobenzene
8.  1,2,4-trichlorobenzene
9.  hexachlorobenzene
10. 1,2-dichloroethane
11. 1,1,1-trichloroethane
12. hexaehloroethane
13. 1,1-dichloroethane
14. 1,1,2-trichloroethane
15, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane
16. chloroethane
17. bis (chloromethyl) ether (deleted)
18. bis  (2-chloroethyl) ether
19. 2-chloroethyl vinyl ether (mixed)
20. 2-chloronaphthalene
21. 2,4,6-triehlorophenol
22. paraehlorometa cresol
23. chloroform (trichloromethane)
24. 2-chlorophenol
25. 1,2-dichlorobenzene
26. 1,3-dichlorobenzene
27. 1,4-dichlorobenzene
28. 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine
29. 1,1-dichloroethylene
30. 1,2-trans-dichloroethylene
31. 2,4-dichlorophenol
32. 1,2-dichloropropane
33. 1,2-dichloropropylene (1,3-dichloropropene)
34. 2,4-diraethylphenol
35. 2,4-dinitrotoluene
36. 2,6-dinitrotoluene
37. 1,2-diphenylhydrazine
38. ethylbenzene
39. fluoranthene
40. 4-chlorophenyl  phenyl  ether
41. 4-bromophenyl phenyl  ether
42. bis(2-chloroisopropyl) ether
43. bis(2-choroethoxy) methane
45. methyl    chloride    (chloromethane)
46. methyl    bromide (bromomethane)
47. bromoform    (tribromomethane)
48. dichlorobromomethane
49. trichlorofluoromethane (deleted)
                           5572

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           SECONDARY INDIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - VI


                     TABLE VI-2 (Continued)

                 TOXIC POLLUTANTS NEVER DETECTED

50. dichlorodifluoromethane (deleted)
51. chlorodibromomethane
52. hexachlorobutadiene
53. hexachlorocyclopentadiene
54. isophorone
55, naphthalene
56. nitrobenzene
57. 2-nitrophenol
58. 4-nitrophenol
59. 2,4-dinitrophenol
60. 4,6-dinitro-o-eresol
61. N-nitrosodimethylamine
62. N-nitrosodiphenylamine
63. N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine
66. bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
67. butyl benzyl phthalate
69. di-n-octyl phthalate
72. .benzo  (a)anthracene  (1,2-benzanthracene)
73. benzo (a)pyrene (3,4-benzopyrene)
74. 3f4-benzofluoranthene
75. benzo(k)fluoranthane (11,12-benzofluoranthene)
76. chrysene
77. aeenaphthylene
78. anthracene     (a)
79. benzo(ghi)perylene (1,11-benzoperylene)
80. fluorene
81. phenanthrene    (a)
82. dibenzo  (a,h)anthracene (1,2,5,6-dibenzanthracene)
83. indeno (l,2,3-ed)pyrene   (w,e,-o~phenylenepyrene)
84. pyrene
85, tetrachloroethylene
86. toluene
87. trichloroethylene
88. vinyl  chloride  (chloroethylene)
89. aldrin
90, dieldrin
91. chlordane  (technical mixture and metabolites)
92. 4,4'-DDT
93. 4,4,-DDE(p,p'DDX)
94. 4,4 -DDD(p,p'TDE)
95. alpha-endosulfan
96. beta-endosulfan
97. endosulfan sulfate
98. endrin
99. endrin aldehyde
                           5573

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           SECONDARY INDIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - VI


                     TABLE VI-2 (Continued)

                 TOXIC POLLUTANTS NEVER DETECTED
100. heptachlor
101. heptachlor epoxide ,
102, alpha-8HC
104. gamma-8HC (lindane)
105. delta-BHC
106. PCB-1242    (b)
107. PCB-1254     {b)
108. PCB-1221    (b)
109. PCB-1232    (c)
110. PCB-1248     (c)
111. PCB-1260    (c)
112. PCB-1016     (c)
113. toxaphene
116. asbescos   (Fibrous)
129. 2,3,7,8-tetra
chlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)

(a),(b),(c) ~ Reported together
                           5574

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         ^SECONDARY INDIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - VII



                           SECTION VII

               CONTROL AND TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES


The preceding sections of this supplement discussed the  sources,
flows,  and  characteristics of the  wastewaters  from  secondary
indium plants.  This section summarizes the description of  these
wastewaters  and indicates the treatment technologies  which  are
currently practiced in the secondary indium subcategory for  each
wastewater  stream.   Additionally,  this  section  presents  the
control  and treatment technology options which were examined  by
the  Agency  for  possible application to  the  secondary  indium
subcategory.

CURRENT CONTROL AND TREATMENT PRACTICES

This  section  presents a summary of the  control  and  treatment
technologies  that  are currently being applied to  each  of  the
sources generating wastewater in this subcategory.  One plant  in
this  subcategory currently practices chemical precipitation  and
sedimentation.  Two options have been selected for  consideration
for pretreatment and new source standards.

DISPLACEMENT SUPERNATANT

Indium  is  recovered  by  dissolving  indium-bearing  scrap   in
hydrochloric acid.  The indium-rich solution is processed through
several  displacement steps to remove metallic  contaminates  and
the  purified indium precipitated by zinc ions. One indium  plant
practices    chemical   precipitation   and   sedimentation    on
displacement supernatant.

SPENT ELECTROLYTE

In  this  process  high grade indium is  produced  by  passing  a
current through an electrolyte so that indium is deposited on the
cathode.   All  spent electrolyte from this  process  is  further
processed  in  the dissolution-precipitation process  to  recover
indium  remaining  in solution.  This is  an  additional  product
recovery   operation.   As  a  result  of  this  process,   spent
electrolyte  is combined with displacement tank  supernatant  and
treated with chemical precipitation and sedimentation.

CONTROL AND TREATMENT OPTIONS

The  Agency examined two control and treatment technology options
that  are applicable to the secondary  indium  subcategory.   The
options  selected for evaluation represent end-of-pipe  treatment
technologies.  No wastewater streams which are suitable  for  the
application of flow reduction technology are present in secondary
indium  refining processes.  Therefore,- Option B, which  includes
flow reduction, was not further considered.
                           5575

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          SECONDARY INDIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - VII
OPTION A

The Option A treatment scheme consists of chemical  precipitation
and   sedimentation   technology.   Specifically,  lime   or   an
equivalent  alkali  is added to precipitate toxic metal  ions  as
metal  hydroxides.   The metal hydroxides  and  suspended  solids
settle  out  and the sludge is collected.  Vacuum  filtration  is
used to dewater sludge.

Due  to the large zinc loading in the wastewater/  EPA considered
the  necessity  of a two-stage chemical precipitation  system  at
proposal.   One  stage would include use of an alkaline  chemical
such  as  lime,  and the second stage would  include  some  other
chemical,  such  as  sodium  sulfide.   Comments  received  after
proposal   from  the  current  discharger  in  this   subcategory
indicated  that  the plant would have no difficulty  meeting  the
effluent  regulations  using lime and  settle  technology  alone.
Therefore,  EPA  decided not to promulgate  effluent  regulations
based on a two-stage precipitation system.

OPTION C

Option  C  for the secondary indium subcategory consists  of  all
control   and  treatment  requirements  of  Option  A   (chemical
precipitation  and  sedimentation)  plus  multimedia   filtration
technology  added  at the end of the Option A  treatment  scheme.
Multimedia  filtration  is  used  to  remove  suspended   solids,
including  precipitates  of  metals,  beyond,  the   concentration
attainable by gravity sedimentation.  The filter suggested is  of
the  gravity, mixed-media type, although other forms of  filters,
such  as  rapid sand filters or pressure  filters  would  perform
satisfactorily.  The addition of filters also provides consistent
removal during periods of time in which there are rapid increases
in flows or loadings of pollutants to the treatment system.

Due  to the large zinc loading in the wastewater,  EPA considered
the  necessity  of a two-stage chemical precipitation  system  at
proposal.   One  stage would include use of an alkaline  chemical
such  as  lime,  and the second stage would  include  some  other
chemical,  such  as  sodium  sulfide.   Comments  received  after
proposal   from  the  current  discharger  in  this   subcategory
indicated  that  the plant would have no difficulty  meeting  the
effluent  regulations  using lime and  settle  technology  alone.
Therefore,  EPA  decided not to promulgate  effluent  regulations
based on a two-stage precipitation system.
                           5576

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          SECONDARY INDIUM SUBCATEGORY
                                          SECT - VIII
                          SECTION VIII

           COSTS.  ENERGY, AND NONWATER QUALITY ASPECTS
This  section  presents  a summary of compliance  costs  for  the
secondary  indium subcategory and a description of the  treatment
options  and  subeategory-specific  assumptions used  to  develop
these estimates.  Together with the estimated pollutant reduction
performance presented in Sections XI and XII of this  supplement,
these  cost  estimates  provide  a  basis  for  evaluating   each
regulatory  option.   These  cost  estimates  are  also  used  in
determining  the  probable economic impact of regulation  on  the
subcategory   at  different  pollutant  discharge   levels.    In
addition,  this seccion addresses nonwater quality  environmental
impacts   of  wastewater  treatment  and  control   alternatives.
including  air pollution, solid wastes, and energy  requirements,
which are specific to the secondary indium subcategory.

TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR EXISTING SOURCES

As  discussed  in Section VII,  two treatment options  have  been
considered for existing secondary indium sources.   The treatment
schemes  for  each option are summarized below and  schematically
presented in Figures XI-1 and XI-2 (pages 5495 and 5496).
OPTION A

Option  A  consists of chemical precipitation
end-of-pipe technology.
                                               and  sedimentation
Due to the large zinc loading in the wastewater,  EPA  considered
the  necessity  of a two-stage chemical precipitation  system  at
proposal.   One  stage would include use of an alkaline  chemical
          lime,  and  the second stage would include  some  other
           such  as  sodium  sulfide.   Comments  received  after
           from  the  current  discharger  in  this   subcategory
           that  the plant would have no difficulty  meeting  the
          regulations  using lime and  settle  technology  alone,
            EPA  decided not to promulgate  effluent  regulations
such  as
chemical,
proposal
indicated
effluent
Therefore,
based on a two-stage precipitation system.

OPTION C,

Option C consists of chemical precipitation,  sedimentation,
multimedia filtration end-of-pipe treatment technology.
                                                              and
Due  to the large zinc loading in the wastewater, EPA  considered
the  necessity  of a two-stage chemical precipitation  system  at
proposal.   One stage would use of an alkaline precipitant,  such
as lime, and the second stage would use another precipitant, such
as  sodium  sulfide.  Comments received after proposal  from  the
current  discharger in this subcategory indicated that the  plant
would  have no difficulty meeting the effluent limitations  using
                           5577

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          SECONDARY INDIUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - VIII


lime and settle technology alone.  Therefore,  EPA decided not  to
promulgate   effluent   regulations   based   on   a    two-stage
precipitation system.

COST METHODOLOGY

A  detailed  discussion of the methodology used  to  develop  the
compliance  costs  is  presented  in  Section  VIII  of  Vol.  I.
Promulgation  cost estimates did not change from those  developed
for the proposed regulation.  These cost estimates are  presented
in Table VIII-l(page 5483).

Each  subcategory may contain a unique set of wastewater  streams
requiring  certain  subcategory-specific assumptions  to  develop
compliance costs.  The major assumption specific to the secondary
indium subcategory is:

     (1)   Information was made available indicating  the  indium
     concentration  in  the raw wastewater to  be  130,000  mg/1.
     Lime  and  settle  and lime, settle, and  filter  long  term
     achievable   concentrations   of  0.084   and   0.07   mg/1,
     respectively, were used in the costing process.

NONWATER QUALITY ASPECTS

Nonwater  quality  impacts  specific  to  the  secondary   indium
subcategory,  including energy requirements, solid waste and  air
pollution are discussed below.

ENERGY REQUIREMENTS

The methodology used for determining the energy requirements  for
the  various options is discussed in Section VIII of the  General
Development  Document.   Energy  requirements for  Option  A  are
estimated at 5,900 kwh/yr.  Option Cf which includes  filtration,
is  estimated  to increase energy consumption over  Option  A  by
approximately 25 percent.  Further, the total energy  requirement
for  Option C is approximately 1 percent of the  estimated  total
plant  energy usage.  It is therefore concluded that  the  energy
requirements  of  the treatment options considered will  have  no
significant impact on total plant energy consumption.

SOLID WASTE

Sludge  generated  in the secondary indium subcategory is due  to
the  precipitation of metal hydroxides and carbonates using  lime
or other chemicals.  Sludges associated with the secondary indium
subcategory  will necessarily contain quantities of  toxic  metal
pollutants.   Wastes  generated by secondary metal industries can
be  regulated as hazardous.   However,  the Agency  examined  the
solid  wastes  that  would be generated at  secondary  nonferrous
metals   manufacturing   plants  by   the   suggested   treatment
technologies and believes they are not hazardous wastes under the
                           5578

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          SECONDARY INDIUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - VIII


Agency's  regulations implementing Section 3001 of  the  Resource
Conservation  and  Recovery Act.  None of  the  secondary  indium
subcategory wastes are listed specifically as hazardous.  Nor are
they likely to exhibit a characteristic of hazardous waste.  This
judgment  is  based  on the recommended  technology  of  chemical
precipitation, sedimentation, and filtration.  By the addition of
a  small  excess  of  lime  during  treatment,  similar  sludges,
specifically  toxic  metal-bearing sludges,  generated  by  other
industries  such  as  the  iron and  steel  industry  passed  the
Extraction  Procedure  (EP) toxicity test.  See 40  CFR  S261.24.
Thus,  the  Agency  believes that  the  wastewater  sludges  will
similarly  not  be  EP toxic if  the  recommended  technology  is
applied.

Although it is the Aaercy's view that solid wastes generated as a
result  of  these guidelines are not expected  to  be  hazardous,
generators  of  these wastes must test the waste to determine  if
the  wastes  meet any of the characteristics of  hazardous  waste
(see 40 CFR 262.11).

If these wastes should be identified or are listed as  hazardous,
they  will  come  within the scope of RCRA's  "cradle  to  grave"
hazardous  waste management program,  requiring regulation,  from
the  point of generation to point of  final  disposition.   EPA's
generator   standards  would  require  generators  of   hazardous
nonferrous metals manufacturing wastes to meet  containerization,
labeling,  recordkeeping, and reporting requirements;  if  plants
dispose of hazardous wastes off-site, they would have to  prepare
a manifest which would track the movement of the wastes from  the
generator's premises to a permitted off-site treatment,  storage,
or  disposal facility.  See 40 CFR 262.20, 45 FR 33142  (May  19,
1980).,  as  amended  at 45 FR 86973  (December  31,  1980).   The
transporter regulations require transporters of hazardous  wastes
to comply with the manifest system to assure that the wastes  are
delivered  to  a permitted facility.  See 40 CFR  263.20,  45  FR
33151  (May  19, 1980), as amended at 45 FR 86973  (December  31,
1980).   Finally,  RCRA  regulations  establish   standards   for
hazardous  waste  treatment,  storage,  and  disposal  facilities
allowed  to receive such wastes. See 40 CFR Part 464, 46 FR  2802
(January 12, 1981), and  47 FR 32274 (July 26, 1982).

Even if these wastes are not identified as hazardous,  they still
must  be  disposed  of in compliance with  the  Subtitle  D  open
dumping standards, implementing Section 4004 of RCRA.  See 44  FR
53438 (September 13, 1979).  The Agency has calculated as part of
the  costs  for  wastewater treatment the  cost  of  hauling  and
disposing of these wastes.  It is estimated that 170 metric  tons
per  year  of  sludge  will  be generated  as  a  result  of  the
promulgated PSES for the secondary indium subcategory.

AIR POLLUTION

There  is no reason to believe that any substantial air pollution

problems   will   result   from   implementation   of    chemical


                           5579

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          SECONDARY INDIUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - VIII


precipitation,  sedimentation, and multimedia filtration.   These
technologies  transfer  pollutants  to solid waste  and  are  not
likely to transfer pollutants to air.
                           5580

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          SECONDARY INDIUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - VIII
                          Table VIII-1

     COST OP COMPLIANCE FOR THE SECONDARY INDIUM SUBCATEGORY
                      INDIRECT DISCHARGERS

                      (March, 1982 Dollars)


                       Total Required        Total
             Option     Capital Cost      Annual Cost

These costs are not presented here because the data on which they
are based have been claimed to be confidential.
                           5581

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SECONDARY INDIUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT -
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                 5582

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           SECONDARY INDIUM S0BCATEGORY    SECT - IX



                           SECTION IX

     BEST PRACTICABLE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY CURRENTLY AVAILABLE


EPA  is  not  promulgating effluent  limitations  based  on  best
practicable control technology currently available (BPT) for  the
secondary  indium subcategory at this time because there  are  no
existing direct dischargers in this subcategory.
                            SECTION X

        BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY ECONOMICALLY ACHIEVABLE


EPA  is  not  promulgating effluent  limitations  based  on  best
available  technology  economically  achievable  (BAT)  for   the
secondary  indium subcategory at this time because there  are  no
existing direct dischargers in this subcategory.
                           5583

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SECONDARY INDIUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - X
    THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
                5584

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               SECONDARY INDIUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XI



                           SECTION XI

                NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS

The basis for new source performance standards (NSPS) is the best
available  demonstrated  technology (BDT).  New plants  have  the
opportunity  to  design the best and  most  efficient  production
processes  and wastewater treatment technologies  without  facing
the  added costs and restrictions encountered in retrofitting  an
existing   plant.    Therefore  EPA  has  considered   the   best
demonstrated process changes, in-plant controls, and  end-of-pipe
treatment  technologies  which reduce pollution  to  the  maximum
extent feasible as the basis for NSPS.

TECHNICAL APPROACH TO NSPS

New source performance standards are based on the most  effective
and  beneficial  technologies currently  available.   The  Agency
reviewed  and evaluated a wide range of technology  options.  The
Agency  elected  to examine two technology  options,  applied  to
combined  wastewater  streams,  which  could be  applied  to  the
secondary  indium  subcategory as alternatives for the  basis  of
NSPS effluent limitations.

Treatment  technologies  considered  for  the  NSPS  options  are
summarized below:

OPTION A (Figure XI-1, page 5495) is based on:

     o  Chemical precipitation and sedimentation

OPTION C (Figure XI-2, page 5496) is based on:

     o  Chemical precipitation and sedimentation
     o  Multimedia filtration

As explained in Section IV,  the secondary indium subcategory has
been subdivided into two potential wastewater sources.  Since the
water use, discharge rates, and pollutant characteristics of each
of these wastewaters is potentially unique,  effluent limitations
will be developed for each of the two subdivisions.

For  each of the subdivisions,  a specific approach was  followed
for  the  development of new source performance  standards.   The
first requirement to calculate these standards is to account  for
production and flow variability from plant to plant.   Therefore,
a  unit  of production or production normalizing parameter  (PNP)
was determined for each waste stream which could then be  related
to the flow from the process to determine a production normalized
flow.  Selection of the PNP for each process element is discussed
in  Section  IV.   Each plant within  the  subcategory  was  then
analyzed  to determine which subdivisions were present,  specific
flow  rates  generated  for each subdivision,  and  the  specific
production normalized flows for each subdivision.  This  analysis


                           5585

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               SECONDARY INDIUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XI


is discussed in detail in Section V.  Nonprocess wastewater  such
as rainfall runoff and noncontact cooling water is not considered
in the analysis.

Production normalized flows for each subdivision were analyzed to
determine  which  flow was to be used as part of  the  basis  for
NSPS.   The  selected  flow  (sometimes  referred to  as  a  NSPS
regulatory  flow or NSPS discharge flow) reflects the  water  use
controls  which  are common practices within the  industry.   The
NSPS  normalized flow is based on the average of  all  applicable
data.   Nothing  was found to indicate that the wastewater  flows
and  characteristics of new plants would not be similar to  those
from existing plants, since the processes used by new sources are
not expected to differ from those used at existing sources.

The  second requirement to calculate mass limitations is the  set
of  concentrations that are achievable by application of the NSPS
level of treatment technology.  Section VII discusses the various
control  and treatment technologies which are currently in  place
for  each wastewater source.   The current control and  treatment
technology  consists of chemical precipitation and  sedimentation
(lime and settle) technology.

Using  these regulatory flows and the achievable  concentrations,
the  next step is to calculate mass loadings for each  wastewater
source or subdivision.  This calculation was made on a stream-by-
stream  basis,  primarily because plants in this subcategory  may
perform  one or more of the operations in  various  combinations.
The  mass  loadings (milligrams of pollutant: per  metric  ton  of
production  -  mg/kkg) were calculated by  multiplying  the  NSPS
regulatory  flow (1/kkg) by the concentration achievable  by  the
NSPS  level  of treatment technology (mg/1)  for  each  pollutant
parameter  to  be limited under NSPS.  These;  mass  loadings  are
published  in  the Federal Register and in CFR Part 421   as  the
effluent limitations.

The  mass  loadings which are allowed under NSPS for  each  plant
will  be the sum of the individual mass loadings for the  various
wastewater   sources  which  are  found  at  particular   plants.
Accordingly,  all the wastewater generated within a plant may  be
combined  for treatment in a single or common  treatment  system,
but  the effluent limitations for these combined wastewaters  are
based on the various wastewater sources which actually contribute
to  the combined flow.  This method accounts for the  variety  of
combinations of wastewater sources and production processes which
may be found at secondary indium plants.

The Agency usually establishes wastewater limitations in terms of
mass  rather than concentration.   This approach prevents the use
of  dilution as a treatment method (except for  controlling  pH).
The  production  normalized  wastewater flow (1/kkg)  is  a  link
between  the production operations and the effluent  limitations.
The  pollutant  discharge attributable to each operation  can  be
calculated  from the normalized flow and  effluent  concentration
achievable  by the treatment technology and summed to  derive  an


                           5586

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               SECONDARY INDIUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XI


appropriate limitation for each subcategory,

INDUSTRY COST AND POLLUTANT REMOVAL ESTIMATES

As one means of evaluating each technology option.  EPA developed
estimates  of  the  pollutant removal and  the  compliance  costs
associated  with  each option.   The methodologies are  described
below.

POLLUTANT REMOVAL ESTIMATES

Since  there are no existing direct dischargers in the  secondary
indium subcategory,  the estimated pollutant removal analysis was
only carried out for indirect dischargers.

Sampling  data collected during the field sampling  program  were
used  to  characterize  the major waste  streams  considered  for
regulation.   At  each sampled facilityr the  sampling  data  was
production  normalized  for each unit operation  (i.e.,  mass  of
pollutant  generated  per mass of  product  manufactured).    This
value,  referred  to as the raw waste  was used to  estimate  the
mass  of toxic pollutants generated within the  secondary  indium
subcategory.  The pollutant removal estimates were calculated for
each  plant by first estimating the total mass of each  pollutant
in  the  untreated  wastewater.  This  was  calculated  by  first
multiplying the raw waste values by the corresponding  production
value  for  that stream and then summing these  values  for  each
pollutant for every stream generated by the plant.

The volume of wastewater discharged after the application of each
treatment  option was estimated for each operation at each  plant
by  comparing the actual discharge to the regulatory  flow.   The
smaller of the two values was selected and summed with the  other
plant flows.  The mass of pollutant discharged was then estimated
by  multiplying  the achievable concentration  values  attainable
with  the  option  (mg/1)  by the  estimated  volume  of  process
wastewater discharged by the subcategory.  The mass of  pollutant
removed is the difference between the estimated mass of pollutant
generated  within  the  subcategory and  the  mass  of  pollutant
discharged  after  application  of  the  treatment  option.   The
pollutant  removal  estimates  for indirect  dischargers  in  the
secondary  indium subcategory are presented in Table XII-1  (page
5501).

COMPLIANCE COSTS

In  estimating subcategory-wide compliance costs,  the first step
was to develop a cost estimation model,  relating the total costs
associated   with  installation  and  operation   of   wastewater
treatment  technologies  to plant process  wastewater  discharge.
EPA applied the model to each plant.  The plant's investment  and
operating costs are determined by what treatment it has in  place
and  by  its individual process wastewater  discharge  flow.   As
discussed  above,  this  flow is either the actual  or  the  NSPS
regulatory  flow,  whichever is lesser.  The final  step  was  to


                           5587

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               SECONDARY INDIUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XI


annualize  the capital costs, and to sum the  annualized  capital
costs,  and the operating and maintenance costs for  each  plant,
yielding  the cost of compliance for the subcategory  (See  Table
XII-2,  page 5502).  These costs were used in assessing  economic
achievability.

NSPS OPTION SELECTION - PROPOSAL

EPA proposed that the best available demonstrated technology  for
the  secondary  indium  subcategory be  equivalent  to  Option  C
(chemical    precipitation,   sedimentation,    and    multimedia
filtration). The pollutants and pollutant parameters specifically
proposed  for  limitation under NSPS were  cadmium,  lead,  zinc,
indium, total suspended solids, and pH.  The Agency believed that
the  proposed  NSPS were economically achievable, and  would  not
have a detrimental impact on new plants in this subcategory.

Due to the large zinc loading in the wastewater,  EPA  considered
the   necessity  of  a  two-stage  chemical   precipitation   and
sedimentation system at proposal.  One stage would use an  alkali
such  as lime, and the second stage would use  another  chemical,
such as sodium sulfide.

NSPS OPTION SELECTION - PROMULGATION
                                                             i
EPA   is  promulgating  that  NSPS  for  the   secondary   indium
subcategory  be  based on Option A,  chemical  precipitation  and
sedimentation.   The end-of-pipe treatment configuration for  the
NSPS  option  selected is presented in Figure XI-1  (page  5495).
The pollutants and pollutant parameters specifically  promulgated
for limitation under NSPS are cadmium, lead, zinc, indium,  total
suspended solids and pH.  The toxic pollutants chromium,  nickel,
selenium,   silver,  and  thallium  were  also   considered   for
regulation  because they are present at treatable  concentrations
in  the raw wastewaters from this subcategory.  These  pollutants
were  not selected for specific regulation because they  will  be
effectively  controlled  when the regulated priority  metals  are
treated to the concentrations achievable by the model technology.

The  toxic metal pollutants cadmium, lead, and zinc, as  well  as
the  nonconventional  metal pollutant  indium,  are  specifically
limited  to  ensure the control of the  excluded  priority  metal
pollutants.   These pollutants are indicators of the  performance
of the treatment technology.

These  NSPS are equivalent to PSES technology.   We believe  that
the  promulgated NSPS are economically achievable,  and will  not
have  a  detrimental impact on the entry of new plants into  this
subcategory.

The  proposed  NSPS  model  technology  was  lime  precipitation,
sedimentation,  and filtration.  Since the addition of  a  filter
would  only remove an additional 0.2 kg/yr of  toxic  pollutants,
the  Agency  determined that the costs involved  do  not  warrant
selection of filtration as part of the NSPS model technology.  At


                           5588

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               SECONDARY INDIUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XI


proposal/  EPA considered the necessity of a  two-stage  chemical
precipitation system.  One stage would include use of an alkaline
chemical  such as lime/ and the second stage would  include  some
other chemical/ such as sodium sulfide.  Comments received  after
proposal   from  the  current  discharger  in  this   subcategory
indicated  that  the plant would have no difficulty  meeting  the
effluent  regulations  using lime and  settle  technology  alone.
Therefore,  EPA  decided not to promulgate  effluent  regulations
based on a two-stage precipitation system.

WASTEWATER DISCHARGE RATES

A NSPS discharge rate is calculated for each subdivision based on
the  average of the flows of the existing plants,  as  determined
from  analysis of dcp data.  The discharge rate is used with  the
achievable treatment concentrations to determine NSPS.  Since the
discharge  rate  may  be different for  each  wastewater  source,
separate  production normalized discharge rates for each  of  the
two  wastewater  sources are discussed below  and  summarized  in
Table XI-1 (page 5493).  The discharge rates are normalized on  a
production  basis by relating the amount of wastewater  generated
to  the  mass  of the product which is produced  by  the  process
associated  with the waste stream in question.  These  production
normalizing parameters, or PNPs, are also listed in Table XI-1.

Section  V of this document further describes the discharge  flow
rates  and  presents water use and discharge flow rates for  each
plant by subdivision in Tables V-l and V-2.

DISPLACEMENT SUPERNATANT

The  proposed and promulgated NSPS wastewater discharge rate  for
displacement  tank supernatant is 6,190 1/kkg (1/483 gal/ton)  of
indium  produced.   Indium production is measured as  the  amount
recovered  in  the  displacement tanks and does not  include  the
amount  recovered electrolytically.   This rate is  allocated  to
those  plants which recover indium from scrap via a  dissolution-
precipitation  process.    Water  use  and  discharge  rates  are
presented  in Table V-l.

SPENT ELECTROLYTE

The  proposed and promulgated NSPS wastewater discharge rate  for
spent  electrolyte  is 35,800 1/kkg (8,579  gal/ton)  of  cathode
indium  produced.   This rate is allocated to those plants  which
recover indium from scrap using an electrolytic refining process.
Water  use and discharge rates are presented in Table  V-2.   The
NSPS  flow is based on the rate at the only plant reporting  this
waste stream.

REGULATED POLLUTANT PARAMETERS

The  raw wastewater concentrations from individual operations and
the  subcategory  as  a whole were  examined  to  select  certain
pollutant  parameters  for  limitation.   This  examination   and


                           5589

-------
               SECONDARY INDIUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XI


evaluation  was  presented  in  Section  VI.   A  total  of   six
pollutants  or pollutant parameters are selected  for  limitation
under NSPS and are listed below:

     118.  cadmium
     122.  lead
     128.  zinc
           indium
           TSS
           pH

The  Agency  has chosen not to regulate all  eight  toxic  metals
selected in Section VI for further consideration.

The  high  cost  associated  with  analysis  for  priority  metal
pollutants  has prompted EPA to develop an alternative method for
regulating and monitoring priority pollutant discharges from  the
nonferrous metals manufacturing category.  Rather than developing
specific  effluent mass limitations and standards for each of the
priority  metals found above treatable concentrations in the  raw
wastewater from a given subcategory,  the Agency is  promulgating
effluent  mass limitations only for those pollutants generated in
the  greatest  quantities  as  shown  by  the  pollutant  removal
analysis.

By establishing limitations and standards for certain toxic metal
pollutants,  dischargers  will attain the same degree of  control
over  toxic metal pollutants as they wouli have been required  to
achieve had all the toxic metal pollutants been directly limited.

This  approach  is  technically  justified  since  the  treatable
concentrations used for chemical precipitation and  sedimentation
technology  are  based  on optimized  treatment  for  concomitant
multiple metals removal.  Thus, even though metals have  somewhat
different theoretical solubilities, they will be removed at  very
nearly   the   same  rate  in  a   chemical   precipitation   and
sedimentation  treatment  system  operated  for  multiple  metals
removal.

NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS

The  treatable  concentrations achievable by application  of  the
promulgated NSPS are discussed in Section VII of this supplement.
These treatable concentrations (both one day maximum and  monthly
average  values) are multiplied by the NSPS normalized  discharge
flows  summarized  in  Table  XI-1  to  calculate  the  mass   of
pollutants  allowed  to be discharged per mass of  product.   The
results  of  these calculations in milligrams  of  pollutant  per
kilogram   of  product  represent  the  new  source   performance
standards  and are presented in Table XI-2  (page 5494)  for  each
individual waste stream.
                           5590

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              SECONDARY INDIUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XI
                          TABLE XI-1

            NSPS WASTEWATER DISCHARGE RATES FOR THE
                 SECONDARY INDIUM SUBCATEGORY
Wastewater Stream
 NSPS Normalized
  Discharge Rate
1/kkg    gal/ton
Production
Normalizing
 Parameter
Displacement Super-     6,190     1,483
natant

Spent Electrolyte      35,800     8,579
                     indium produced
                     cathode indium
                      produced
                          5591

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               SECONDARY INDIUM SUBCATEGORY
                        SECT - XI
                           TABLE XI-2
            NSPS FOR THE SECONDARY INDIUM SUBCATEGORY
(a) Displacement Supernatant  NSPS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
            mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of indium produced
*Cadmium
Chromium
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
*Zinc
*Indium
*TSS
*pH Within
(b) Spent Electrolyte
2.105
2.724
2.600
11.880
7.614
2.538
12.690
9.037
2.724
253.800
the range of 7.5
NSPS
0.929
1.114
1.238
7.861
3.405
1.052
5.633
3.776
1.114
120.700
to 10.0 at all times

Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
        mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of cathode indium produced
*Cadmium
Chromium
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
*Zinc
*Indium
*TSS
*pH Within the
12.170
15.750
15.040
68.740
44.030
14.680
73.390
52.270
15.750
1,468.000
range of 7.5
5.370
6.444
7.160
45.470
19.690
6.086
32.580
21.840
6.444
598.100
to 10.0 at all times
*Regulated Pollutant
                           5592

-------
Ul
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vo
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olo


a
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                                              Figure XI-1


                                  NSPS  TREATMENT SCHEME  FOR OPTION A

-------

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            Figure XI-2



NSPS TREATMENT SCHEME FOR OPTION C

-------
          SECONDARY INDIUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XII



                           SECTION XII

                     PRETREATMENT STANDARDS
This section describes the control and treatment technologies for
pretreatment of process wastewaters from existing sources and new
sources in the secondary indium subcategory. PSES are designed to
prevent the discharge of pollutants which pass through, interfere
with,  or  are  otherwise  incompatible  with  the  operation  of
publicly  owned  treatment  works (POTW).  The  Clean  Water  Act
requires pretreatment for pollutants, such as toxic metals,  that
limit   POTW  sludge  management  alternatives.    New   indirect
discharge facilities, like new direct discharge facilities,  have
the  opportunity to incorporate the best  available  demonstrated
technologies,  including process changes, in-plant controls,  and
end-of-pipe  treatment  technologies,  and  to  use  plant   site
selection  to  ensure  adequate  treatment  system  installation.
Pretreatment  standards are to be technology based, analogous  to
the best available or best demonstrated technology for removal of
toxic pollutants. Pretreatment standards for regulated pollutants
are  presented  based  on  the  selected  control  and  treatment
technology.

TECHNICAL APPROACH TO PRETREATMENT

Before  proposing  and promulgating pretreatment  standards,  the
Agency examines whether the pollutants discharged by the industry
pass through the POTW or interfere with the POTW operation or its
chosen   sludge  disposal  practices.   In  determining   whether
pollutants pass through a well-operated POTW achieving  secondary
treatment,  the  Agency compares the percentage  of  a  pollutant
removed by POTW with the percentage removed by direct dischargers
applying the best available technology economically achievable. A
pollutant  is  deemed to pass through the POTW when  the  average
percentage  removed  nationwide  by  well-operated  POTW  meeting
secondary  treatment  requirements, is less than  the  percentage
removed  by  direct  dischargers  complying  with  BAT   effluent
limitations guidelines for that pollutant.

This  definition  of  pass through satisfies  the  two  competing
objectives   set   by  Congress  that  standards   for   indirect
dischargers  be  equivalent to standards  or  direct  dischargers
while  at the same time the treatment capability and  performance
of  the POTW be recognized and taken into account  in  regulating
the discharge of pollutants from indirect dischargers.

The  Agency  compares percentage removal rather than the mass  or
concentration  of pollutants discharged because the latter  would
not  take into account the mass of pollutants discharged  to  the
POTW   from  non-industrial  sources  or  the  dilution  of   the
pollutants  in  the POTW effluent to lower concentrations due  to
the addition of large amounts of non-industrial wastewater.
   *

                           5595

-------
          SECONDARY INDIUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XII
INDUSTRY COST AND POLLUTANT REMOVAL ESTIMATES
                                                             I
The  industry  cost  and  pollutant  removal  estimates  of  each
treatment  option were used to determine the most  cost-effective
option.  The methodology applied in calculating pollutant removal
estimates and plant compliance costs is discussed in Section  XI.
Table  XII-1  (page 5501) shows the estimated  pollutant  removal
estimates   for  indirect  dischargers.   Compliance  costs   for
indirect dischargers are presented in Table XII-2 (page 5502).

PRETREATMENT STANDARDS FOR EXISTING AND NEW SOURCES

Options  for  pretreatment of wastewaters from both existing  and
new sources are based on increasing the effectiveness of  end-of-
pipe treatment technologies.  All in-plant changes and applicable
end-of-pipe treatment processes have been discussed previously in
Section XI.   The options for PSNS and PSES,  therefore,  are the
same  as the NSPS options discussed in Section XI. A  description
of each option is presented below.

Treatment  technologies considered for the PSNS and PSES  options
are  listed below and shown schematically in Figures XI-1 and XI-
2 (pages 5495 and 5496)

OPTION A

     o  Chemical precipitation and sedimentation

OPTION C

     o  Chemical precipitation and sedimentation
     o  Multimedia filtration
       *                       ,
PSES OPTION SELECTION - PROPOSAL

EPA  proposed PSES for the secondary indium subcategory based  on
Option   A,  chemical  precipitation  and   sedimentation.    The
pollutants  specifically proposed for regulation under PSES  were
cadmium, lead, zinc, and indium.

Implementation of the proposed PSES limitations was estimated  to
remove  586 kg of toxic metals and 288 kg of indium annually.

Due  to the large zinc loading in the wastewater,  EPA considered
the  necessity  of a two-stage chemical precipitation  system  at
proposal.
                                                             I
PSES OPTION SELECTION - PROMULGATION
                                            1 '  '            '  i
EPA  is promulgating PSES for this subcategory based on Option A,
chemical   precipitation  and  sedimentation.     The   pollutants
specifically  regulated under PSES are cadmium, lead,  zinc,  and
indium. The toxic pollutants chromium, nickel, selenium,  silver,
and thallium were also considered for regulation because they are

                                               '              !
                           5596

-------
          SECONDARY INDIUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XII


present  at treatable concentrations in the raw wastewaters  from
this  subcategory.   These  pollutants  were  not  selected   for
specific  regulation because they will be effectively  controlled
when the regulated toxic metals are treated to the concentrations
achievable by the model technology.  We are promulgating PSES  to
prevent  pass-through of cadmium, lead, zinc, and indium.   These
toxic  pollutants  are  removed by a  well-operated  POTW  at  an
average of 30 percent while PSES technology removes approximately
99 percent.

The wastewater discharge rates for promulgated PSES are identical
to  the promulgated NSPS discharge rates for each  waste  stream.
The PSES discharge rates are shown in Table XII-3 (page 5503).

Implementation  of the promulgated PSES limitations would  remove
annually  an  estimated  586 kg of toxic metals  and  288  kg  of
indium.

At proposal, EPA considered the necessity of a two-stage chemical
precipitation system.  Comments received after proposal indicated
that  plants  would  have  no  difficulty  meeting  the  effluent
regulations  using lime and settle technology  alone.  Therefore,
EPA  decided  not to promulgate effluent regulations based  on  a
two-stage precipitation system.

PSNS OPTION SELECTION - PROPOSAL

EPA  proposed PSNS for the secondary indium subcategory based  on
Option C,  chemical precipitation,  sedimentation, and multimedia
filtration.

The wastewater discharge rates proposed for PSNS were  equivalent
to the proposed NSPS discharge rates.  No flow reduction measures
for PSNS were considered feasible.

PSNS OPTION SELECTION - PROMULGATION

EPA   is   promulgating  PSNS  based  on   Option   A,   chemical
precipitation  and sedimentation technology.  The  proposed  PSNS
model  technology included filtration.  Since the addition  of  a
filter  would  only  remove  an additional  0.2  kg/yr  of  toxic
pollutants, the Agency determined that the costs involved do  not
warrant  selection  of  filtration  as part  of  .the  PSNS  model
technology. The same pollutants pass through at PSNS as at  PSES,
for  the  same reasons.  The PSNS flow allowances  are  based  on
minimization of process wastewater wherever possible.

We  believe that 'the promulgated PSNS are  achievable,  and  that
they  are  not  a  barrier  to entry  of  new  plants  into  this
subcategory.

The wastewater discharge, rates for PSNS are identical to the NSPS
discharge rates for each waste stream.   The PSNS discharge rates
are shown in Table XII-3 (page 5503).
                           5597

-------
          SECONDARY INDIUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XII
PRETREATMENT STANDARDS

Pretreatment  standards  for  existing sources are based  on  the
achievable concentrations from the selected treatment  technology,
(Option A),  and the discharge rates determined in Section XI for
NSPS (see Table XII-3 for discharge rates for PSES and PSNS).   A
mass of pollutant per mass of product (mg/kg]i allocation is given
for  each  subdivision within the  subcategory.   This  pollutant
allocation is based on the product of the treatable concentration
from   the  promulgated  treatment  (mg/1)  and  the   production
normalized  wastewater discharge rate (1/kkg).  Because PSNS  and
NSPS  are  both  based  on Option  A,  the  achievable  treatment
concentrations for NSPS are identical to those for PSNS.
                           5598

-------
                                               Table XI1-1

                                       POLLUTANT REMOVAL ESTIMATES
                                       SECONDARY INDIUM SUBCATEGORY
                                           INDIRECT DISCHARGERS
Ul
tn
\o
vo
      Pollutant

Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium (Total)
Copper
Cyanide (Total)
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Zinc

TOTAL PRIORITY POLLUTANTS

Fluoride
Indium

TOTAL NONCOVENTIONALS

TSS
Oil and Grease

TOTAL CONVENTIONALS

TOTAL POLLUTANTS
Raw
Waste
(kg/yr)
0.0092
0
5.7560
0.3454
0.0403
0.0432
1.2663
0
0.1151
0.1813
0.2245
3.1658
575.6000
586.7471


0.0029
287.8000
Option A
Discharge
(kg/yr)
0.0055
0
0.0207
0.0220
0.0239
0.0256
0.0314
0
0.0684
0.0785
0.0262
0.1309
0.0864
0.5196


0.0017
0.2618
Option A
Removed
(kg/yr)
0.0037
0
5.7353
0.3234
0.0164
0.0175
1.2349
0
0.0467
0.1028
0.1983
3.3049
575.5136
586.2275


0.0012
287.5382
Option C
Discharge
(kg/yr)
0.0053
0
0.0124
0.0177
0.0231
0.0248
0.0202
0
0.0557
0.0506
0.0177
0.0860
0.0582
0.3718


0.0017
0.1754
Option C
Removed
(kg/yr)
0.0039
0
5.7436
0.3276
0.0172
0.0184
1.2461
0
0.0594
0. 1 307
0.2068
3.0798
525.5418
586.3752


0.0012
287.6246
05
M
o
§
1
%
H
1
H
3
en
C
trl
sjs-»
O
B
w
O
a
w
M
O
H
l
                                   287.8029
0.2635
287.5394
0.1771
287.6258
4,317.0000
0
4,317.0000
5,191.5499
3.1417
0
3.1417
3.9247
4,313.8583
0
4,313.8583
5,187.6252
0.6580
0
0.6580
1.2069
4,316.3420
0
4,316.3420
5,190.3430
                                                                                                      H

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          SECONDARY INDIUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XII
                           TABLE XI1-2

                   COST OF COMPLIANCE FOR
                  SECONDARY INDIUM SUBCATEGORY
                      INDIRECT DISCHARGERS

                      (March  1982 Dollars)


                        Total Required       Total
             Option      Capital Cost     Annual Cost
                                                             i

These  costs  are not presented here because the data  on  which
they are based have been claimed to be confidential.
                           5600

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          SECONDARY INDIUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XII
                          TABLE XII-3

        PSES AND PSNS WASTEWATER DISCHARGE RATES FOR THE
                  SECONDARY INDIUM SUBCATEGORY
                          PSES and PSNS
                            Normalized         Production
                          Discharge Rate       Normalizing
Wastewater Stream        1/kkg    gal/ton       Parameter

Displacement Super-     6,190     1,483      indium produced
natant

Spent Electrolyte      35,800     8,579      cathode indium
                                             produced
                           5601

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          SECONDARY INDIUM SUBCATEGORY
                   SECT - XII
                           TABLE XII-4

            PSES FOR THE SECONDARY INDIUM SUBCATEGORY

(a) Displacement Supernatant  PSES
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
            mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of indium produced
* Cadmium
Chromium
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
*Zinc
*Indium
2.105
2.724
2.600
11.880
7.614
2.538
12.690
9.037
2.724
0.929
1.114
1.238
7.861
3.405
1.052
5.633
3.776
1.114
(b) Spent Electrolyte  PSES
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
        mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of cathode indium produce
*Cadmium
 Chromium
*Lead
 Nickel
 Selenium
 Silver
 Thallium
*Zinc
*Indium
      12.170
      15.750
      15.040
      68.740
      44.030
      14.680
      73.390
      52.270
      15.750
           5.370
           6.444
           7.160
          45.470
          19.690
           6.086
          32.580
          21.840
           6.444
*Regulated Pollutant
                           5602

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          SECONDARY INDIUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XII


                           TABLE XI1-5 '

            PSNS FOR THE SECONDARY INDIUM SUBCATEGORY


(a) Displacement Supernatant  PSNS
Pollutant or           Maximum for     Maximum for
pollutant property     any one day     monthly average
            mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of indium produced
*Cadmium
Chromium
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
*Zinc
* Indium
2 105
2.724
2.600
11.880
7.614
2.538
12.690
9.037
2.724
0.929
1 114
1.238
7.861
3.405
1.052
5.633
3.776
1.114
(b) Spent Electrolyte  PSNS
Pollutant or           Maximum for     Maximum for
pollutant property     any one day     monthly average


        mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of cathode indium produced

*Cadmium                     12.170               5.370
 Chromium                    15.750               6.444
*Lead                        15.040               7.160
 Nickel                      68.740              45.470
 Selenium                    44.030              19.690
 Silver                      14.680               6.086
 Thallium                    73.390              32.580
*Zinc                        52.270              21.840
*Indium                      15.750               6.444
*Regulated Pollutant
                           5603

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SECONDARY INDIUM SUBCATEGORY  "  SECT - XII
     THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
                 5604

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          SECONDARY INDIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - XIII



                          SECTION XIII

         BEST CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANT CONTROL TECHNOLOGY


EPA  is  not  promulgating best  conventional  pollutant  control
technology  (BCT)  for the secondary indium subcategory  at  this
time.
                           5605

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SECONDARY INDIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - XIII
     THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
                 5606

-------